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LIBRARY 
 
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 THE BANCROFT LIBRARY- 
 Class 
 
POPULAR BIOGRAPHY: 
 
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 EMBRACING THE MOST EMINENT CHARACTERS 
 
 OF EVERY AGE, NATION AND PROFESSION; 
 
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 INCLUDING 
 
 PAINTERS, POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, POLITICIANS, 
 HEROES, WARRIORS, &C., &C . 
 
 ILLUSTRATED vVlT^'^O FIXE POjiTEAITS. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY LEAVITT & ALLEN, 
 No. 379 F. n o A D \v A Y . 
 
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by S. G. Goodrich, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THE English work, of which this is substantially a reprint, 
 was prepared with care and accuracy, and brought down to 
 the end of the year 1831. Various alterations and improve- 
 ments have been made, and several European, and about 
 three hundred American names have been added in the pres- 
 ent edition It is now believed' to be a correct and conveni- 
 ent manual of biography, and weii adapted to the wants of 
 the American 
 
DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 ABA 
 
 AA, VAN DER, the name of an ancient and 
 distinguished family in the Netherlands. 
 Gerard van der Aa, and his sons Adpiphus 
 and Philip, bore a prominent part in the 
 noble resistance to the tyranny of Philip 
 II. and his agents, and contributed greatly 
 to the liberation of the United Provinces 
 from the Spanish yoke. 
 
 AAGESEN, SVEKD, a Danish histori- 
 an, better known by his Latin name of 
 SUENO AGONIS, flourished about the year 
 1186 and seems to have been secretary to 
 Arcnbishop Absalom, the minister of state, 
 who directed him to write a compendium 
 of the history of Denmark. Aagesen is 
 also the author of a History of the Military 
 Laws of Canute the Great. 
 
 AARON of ALEXANDRIA, a Christian 
 priest and physician, flourished early in 
 the seventh century. His work, entitled 
 Pandects, in thirty books, is a commenta- 
 ry, of no great merit, on tha writings of 
 the Greek physicians. Aaron was the first 
 who wrote on the smallpox, which disease 
 he considers to be of Egyptian origin. 
 
 AARSENS, FRANCIS VAN, a Dutch 
 sink-small, the son of the secrelary of state 
 to the United Provinces, was born at the 
 Hague, in 1673, and was early placed un- 
 der the care of Duplessis Mornay. He 
 was at first agent, and subsequently am- 
 bassador, from Holland to the court of 
 France ; but after having resided there for 
 fi;u>en years, and been fn high favour, he 
 cave such offence that he was recalled. 
 On returning to his own country, he took 
 a:i active and dishonourable part in the 
 proceedings against Barneveldt. The re- 
 mainder of his life was spent in diplomatic 
 missions to Venice, the Italian and Ger- 
 man princes, England, and France. In 
 the latter country" he gained the esteem of 
 l,e wily Richelieu, who declared that he 
 bad never known more than three great 
 politicians, Orenstiern, Viscardi, and Aar- 
 sens. He died in 1741. 
 
 ABAU/IT. FIHMIX, a French writer, 
 was born * T " p -5 ! . in 1679, and c.i.,1 :.t 
 
 ABB 
 
 Geneva, in 1767. Though he published 
 very little, he acquired an extensive scien- 
 tific reputation, and was esteemed, for his 
 genius, judgment, and profound learning, 
 by the most eminent men of the age, many 
 of whom consulted him upon difficult ques- 
 tions. " You," said Newton, " are a fit 
 person to judge between Leibnitz and 
 me." Rousseau has given a glowing 
 panegyric upon him in the Nouvelle He- 
 loise. The modesty of Abauzit was not 
 less conspicuous than his erudition. 
 
 ABBADIE, JAMES, a Protestant theo- 
 logian, was born at Nay, in Beam, in 
 1 657, accompanied Marshal Schomberg to 
 England, and was with him at the battle 
 of the Boyne. Till he was promoted to 
 the deanery of Killaloe, he officiated at 
 the French church in the Savoy. As a 
 preacher he was much admired ; but was 
 at length obliged to quit the pulpit by the 
 failure of his memory. He died in Mary- 
 lebone, in 1727. Abbadie's principal work 
 is his Treatise on the Truth of the Chris- 
 tian Religion, which has been equally and 
 justly applauded by Protestants and Cath- 
 olics. His compositions, though formed in 
 his mind, were sometimes not committed 
 to paper till the moment when they were 
 sent to the press. 
 
 ABBOT, GEORGE, archbishop, bom n 
 1362, and educated at Oxford, was the 
 .v<T<)'.>/l son <>f a clothworker, at Guildforrl 
 
 2351 70 
 
in Snr" 
 
 University < u of Wi5< 
 
 rice-chancellor ofQxford, bishop of Likh- 
 fieki, and of London. and archbishop of 
 Canterbury'. Of Calvinism he was a 
 xealous friend, and displayed great acri- 
 mony against V.c followers "of Arminius. 
 James I. he offended by opposing the 
 Boo^ of Sports, and the divorce of the 
 countess of Essex ; and Charles I. by re- 
 fusing to license a slavish sermon which 
 Sihthorpe had preached to justify one of 
 Charles's unconstitutional proceedings. 
 For this last honourable act he was sus- 
 pended from his functions, but was soon, 
 though not willingly, restored to them. 
 Laud and Buckingham were his inveterate 
 enemies. A case of deep sorrow to him, in 
 his latter days, was, his having accident- 
 ally, while a'iming at a deer, shot one of 
 Lord Zouch's keepers. He died in 1633, 
 and was buried at Guildford. He wrote 
 several theological works, among which 
 are six Latin Lectures on Divinity, and an 
 Exposition of the prophet Jonah. " 
 
 ABBOT, ROBERT, the elder brother of 
 the archbishop, was born in 1550, was 
 educated at Oxford, and soon became a 
 very popular preacher, and acquired the 
 reputation of being one of the first polemi- 
 cal divines of the age. James I. whose 
 chaplain he was, did him the honour to 
 print his own Commentary on the Apoca- 
 lypse along with Abbot's Antichristi De- 
 monstratio. After having obtained several 
 valuable preferments, he was raised, in 
 1615, to be bishop of Salisbury, but he 
 enjoyed his elevation little more "than two 
 years. 
 
 ABBT, THOMAS, r German writer, born 
 in 1738, was a nativi of Ulm, and, at the 
 a.ge of only thirteen, published a disserta- 
 tion of considerable merit, entitled Histo- 
 riae Vitae Magistrae. Abandoning theology, 
 he directed his studies to philosophy and 
 mathematics, and was successively profes- 
 sor of the former at the university of Frank- 
 fort, and of the latter at that of Renteln, 
 in Westphalia. He died at the early 
 age of twenty-eight, universally lamented. 
 Among his numerous works, all bearing 
 the stamp of genius, his Treatise on Merit 
 is conspicuous; it gained him the friend- 
 ship of the reigning prince of Schaumburg- 
 Lippe, who made Tnim one of his counsel- 
 lors, buried him in his own chapel, and 
 wrote his epitaph. 
 
 ABEILLE, CASPAR, a French dramat- 
 ic writer, was born, in 1648, at Riez, in 
 Provence, and died at Paris in 1718. He 
 wrote several tragedies, comedies, and 
 operas, which have been long consigned 
 to oblivion. His poems have shared the 
 same fate. In private life he was much 
 Mteemed. His conversation was animated. 
 and he had ! e art of giving piquancy 
 
 ABE 
 
 even lo the commonest bon-mots. Hi* 
 face, which was ugly and wrinkled, had 
 such an extraordinary flexibility, that, 
 when he was reading a drama or a Vile, 
 lie could vary his features to suit the va- 
 rious characters, as effectually as though 
 he had assumed a mask for each person 
 age. 
 
 ABELARD, or ABAILARD 
 
 celebrated for his erudition and his unfof- 
 tunate love, was born at Palais, near 
 Nantes, in Britanny, in 1079. Devoted to 
 learning from his infancy, he early acquir- 
 ed all the knowledge and science of the 
 age ; scholastic philosophy was especially 
 cultivated by him. After having studied 
 under William de Champeaux, and other 
 eminent masters, he opened a school of 
 theology and rhetoric, which was soon 
 attended by more than three thousand pu- 
 pils of all nations. While he was thus in 
 the zenith of his popularity, he became 
 enamoured of, and was beloved by, hit 
 pupil Heloise, the young, beautiful and 
 accomplished niece of Fulbert, canon of 
 Paris. Their imprudent intercourse gave 
 birth to a son. They were at length pri- 
 vately married ; but the lady, with a sin- 
 gular perversion of judgment, preferred 
 being considered as the mistress of Abel- 
 ard, and denied the marriage to her uncle. 
 Irritated at Abelard, who had placed his 
 wife in a monastery, Fulhert basely hired 
 ruffians, who broke into the chamber of 
 the husband at night, and emasculated 
 him. The unfortunate victim then hid his 
 sorrows and his shame in a cloister, and 
 Heloise took the veil. His subsequent lire 
 was" not more tranquil. His theological 
 doctrines were censured as heterodoy ; h 
 was condemned by a council ; ivas driven 
 from place to place ; and was even impris- 
 oned. The tempestuous existence of Abel- 
 ard was closed in 1142, at the monpstery 
 of St. Marcellus, near Chalons. (See 
 HEI.OIPE.) 
 
 ABELL, JOHN, an English musician 
 celebrated for his vocal powers, and hi 
 performance on the lute. Being a Cntho- 
 l.c, he was dismissed from the Cbnpe 
 Royal, in 1638, after which ho went abroad 
 
AI5E 
 
 His taltnis gained him large rewards, but 
 i? squandered his money so rapidly, that 
 he was often compelled to travel on foot, 
 with his lute at his hack. Having refused 
 to sing to the king of Poland, the despotic 
 monarch ordered rum to be drawn up in a 
 chair to a considerable height, while seve- 
 ral bears were turned loose into the hall 
 below him, and then gave him his choice 
 of singing or being let down and devoured. 
 Abell preferred the first; he returned to 
 England, and was at Cambridge towards 
 the end of Queen Anne's reign; but the 
 .ime of his death is not known. 
 
 A BEN-EZRA, ABRAHAM, a rabbin, sur- 
 aained the Wise, the Great, the Admirable, 
 was born at Toledo, in 111, and is be- 
 lieved to have died at Rhodes, in 1174. 
 He was at. once an able astronomer, phi- 
 losopher, poet, philologist, grammarian, 
 and commentator on the Scriptures. He 
 travelled extensively in England, Italy, 
 and Greece. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE, JOHX, a horticultu- 
 rist, was the son of a person of the same 
 profession, near Edinburgh. At the age 
 of eighteen he came to London, and was 
 employed in one of the royal gardens. He 
 died in 1306, aged eighty. Various works 
 on gardening were published by him ; but 
 the most popular is the Gardener's Calen- 
 dar, which was originally given to the 
 world as the production of Mr. Mawe, 
 who was at that time better known to the 
 public than the real author was. 
 
 ABERCROJVLBY, PATRICK, a physi- 
 cian, was a native of Forfar, born in 1656, 
 and educated at St. Andrew's. He abjur- 
 ed the Protestant faith, and was appointed 
 physician to James II. The date of his 
 death is not exactly known ; some stating 
 it to be 1716, and others 1726. The Mar- 
 tial Achievements of Scotland, in two vol- 
 umes folio, is his principal work. 
 
 ABERCROMBY, SIR RALPH, was 
 born in 1738, at Tillibodie, in Clack- 
 inannanshire, entered the army when only 
 eighteen, and served with honour during 
 the seven years' war and the American 
 war. In 1737, he attained the rank of 
 
 ABS 5 
 
 major-general. During the disastrous ci jn- 
 paign of 1794 and 1795, in Flanders and 
 Holland, he distinguished himself by his 
 activity and skill, and was rewarded with 
 the order of the Bath. In 1796, he held 
 the chief command in the West Indies, 
 and reduced Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vin- 
 cent, Trinidad, Demarara, and Essequibo. 
 After his return, he commanded in Ireland 
 and Scotland, and, in 1799, bore a con- 
 spicuous part in the expedition to Holland. 
 Had he been at the head of it, that ex- 
 pedition would most probably have had a 
 less disgraceful termination. His last 
 service was performed in Egypt, which, in 
 1801, he was sent to rescue from the 
 French. In spite of a vigorous opposition, 
 he made good nis landing, and also defeat- 
 ed the enemy on the 13th of March. The 
 British army was again attacked, on the 
 21st, in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, 
 and an obstinate battle ensued, which end- 
 ed in the total defeat of the French. Un- 
 fortunately, however, the victors bought 
 their success with the loss of their general. 
 In the course of a charge, Sir Ralph was 
 unhorsed, and wounded in two places, but 
 succeeded in disarming his adversary, and 
 remained on the field throughout the day. 
 He died, however, a week afterwards, and 
 was interred at Malta. Parliament voted 
 a monument to his memory, which has been 
 erected in St. Paul's, and a pension to 
 his family ; and his widow was created a 
 baroness, with reversion of the title to his 
 male heirs. 
 
 ABERNETHY, JOHN, a dissenting min- 
 ister, born at Coleraine, in Ireland, in 1 680, 
 died in 1740. He is the author of some 
 controversial tracts, and of six volumes of 
 sermons, which bear testimony to his tal 
 ents and theological knowledge. 
 
 ABLANCOURT, NICHOLAS PERBOT 
 D', a member of the French academy, was 
 born at Chalons sur Marne, in 1606, and 
 died in 1664. Like our Philemon Holland, 
 d'Ablancourt was an indefatigable transla- 
 tor. He translated several of the classics, 
 among which are Lucian, Xenophon, Am- 
 an, Thucvdides, Caesar, and Tacitus. 
 
 ABSALOM, ARCHBISHOP, whose real 
 name was Axel, was born in the Danish 
 island of Zealand, in 1128. He rose to 
 be primate of Denmark, Sweden and Nor- 
 way, and was at once minister and general 
 under Waldemar I. and Canute VI. As a 
 statesman, a churchman, and a warrior, 
 he was equally estimable. How boldly 
 he maintained the independence of his 
 country, may be seen in his answer to the 
 Emperor Frederic Barbarossa's ambassa- 
 dor. " Learn, Count Siegfrid," said he, 
 " that Denmark is not Thuringia; tell thy 
 master that, to dispose of this kingdom, it 
 must be conquered; and that the conquest 
 can be achievrd only by those who woai 
 
6 ABU 
 
 coats of mail and steel gauntlets ; let him 
 know that the Danes have swords by their 
 sides, with which they maintain thei: 
 liberty, and prove their right to their con 
 quests; tell him, in short, that the king nn 
 master cares very little for the emperor 
 of Germany's friendship, and has no fear 
 at all of his anger." This spirited prelate 
 died at the aue'of seventy-lour. 
 
 ABUBEKER, or ABU-BECR, the fa 
 ther of Avesha, the favourite wife of Ma 
 hornet, tie was a steady and useful fol 
 lower of the pseudo-prophet, for the truth 
 of whose revelations and pretended mira- 
 cles he readily vouched. In the year 652 
 he was chosen to succeed him, but he diec 
 after having held the caliphate only two 
 years,and three months. 
 
 ABU-HANIFAH, surnamed AL Noo- 
 MAK, the founder of the Hanefites, one of 
 the four orthodox sects of Islamism, was 
 born at Cufa, in 699, and was originally a 
 weaver, but afterwards studied the law. 
 Being a partisan of the house of Ali, he 
 was thrown into prison, and poisoned, al 
 Bagdad, in 767, by Abdallah II. There 
 is an anecdote, which testifies strongly to 
 his forbearance and forgiving spirit. Hav- 
 ing received a blow from a brutal man, he 
 merely said, " Were I vindictive, I should 
 return violence for Violence ; were I an in- 
 former, I should accuse you to the caliph ; 
 but I like better to pray to God, that he 
 will allow me to enter "into heaven with 
 you at the dav of judgment.'' 
 
 ABUL-FARAI, or ABULPHARAGI- 
 US, GREGORY, was born in 1226, at Mala- 
 tia, in Armenia. He was of the Christian 
 sect of the Jacobites, and died bishop of 
 Aleppo, in 1268. His Universal History 
 was translated into Latin, by Dr. Pococke. 
 ABUL-FAZEL, deemed the best and 
 most learned writer of the east, of whom 
 it was said that monarchs dreaded his pen 
 more than they did the sword of his mas- 
 ter, was the secretary and vizier of the 
 Mogul emperor Akbar, and was murdered 
 in 1604, by order of Sultan Selim, son of 
 Akbar, who was jealous of his influence. 
 His loss was deeply lamented by his sove- 
 reign. He wrote a History of the Mogul 
 Emperors, down to the year 1594, and 
 superintended the compiling of the Ayeen 
 Akbery. or Institutes of the Emperor Ak- 
 bar. 
 
 . ABUL-FEDA, ISMAEL, prince of the 
 Syrian city of Hamah, was born in 1273, 
 nd was equally remarkable for his military 
 ind literary talents, and for his love of 
 science. In early life, he repeatedly dis- 
 tinguished himself by his valour ; and, after 
 bis accession to his principality, from 
 which he had been excluded for twelve 
 years, he sedulously cultivated literature, 
 and patronized learned men. His death 
 look place in i:;'5l. !;- \vn-te many 
 
 ACC 
 
 works, of which the chief are, his Abridjj 
 ed History of the Human Race, and his 
 geography, entitled The True Situation oi 
 Countries. 
 
 ABUL-GHAZI-BEHADER, khnn of 
 the Tartars, descended on both sides in a 
 direct line from (ienyfiis Khan, \v;is born, 
 in the capital of Kharism, in 16 f >5. After 
 having' reigned with honour for twrv'y 
 years, he resigned the throne to his son, 
 and devoted his hours of retirement to 
 writing a Genealogical History of the Tar- 
 tars. He died in 1663. 
 
 ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, on the 
 Tigris, immortalized himself by an act of 
 Christian charity, which he performed 
 during the war between Theodosius the 
 Younger and Varanes, king of Persia. 
 About the year 420, he sold the church 
 plate of his diocess, to ransom and sei A 
 back to their country seven thousand Per- 
 sian slaves. Varanes was so much a fleeted 
 by this generosity, that he requested an in- 
 terview with the bishop, and subsequently 
 concluded a peace. 
 
 ACCIAJUOLI, DONATCS, sprung from 
 an ancient Florentine family, and was born 
 at Florence in 1428. The most eminent 
 masters were employed to form his mind, 
 and he soon became an accomj-'' ?hed man, 
 and one of the first hellenists of the age, 
 and was admitted to the literary conversa- 
 tions which were held under the auspice? 
 of Lorenzo di Medici. He filled several 
 offices in the state, and, in 1473, was made 
 gonfalonier of the republic. He died, in 
 1478, at Milan, while on an embassy, and 
 his body was transported to Florence, and 
 buried at the public charge. So disinter- 
 ested was Acciajuoli, that he left his fivtr 
 children without fortune; but his grateful 
 country portioned his two daughters, and 
 provided for his sons. His principal works 
 are his Commentaries on the Ethics, and 
 on the Politics, of Aristotle. 
 
 ACCIUS, or ATTIUS, Lccirr, a Ro- 
 man tragic poet, was born in the year of 
 Rome 584. He was the author of several 
 tragedies, the subjects of which, with a 
 single exception, were borrowed from the 
 Greek theatre. His style was n 1 polished ; 
 yet so highly was he esteemed jat a citi- 
 zen was severely reprimand. <) the mag- 
 strate, for having mentioned hi.- .lame in"o 
 disrespectful manner. Accius was also (he 
 author of Historical Annals in verse, and 
 of other works. Of his productions only a 
 'ew verses are now extant. 
 
 ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS, FRAX- 
 cis, an Italian lawyer, born et Florence, 
 but whether in 1151, or 11S2, i a matter 
 )f dispute. He resigned his professorship 
 it I-!oi(i<rna. to devote himsp'fto the com- 
 tosing of a work explanato) '('the laws; 
 ie completed it in seven ye., s, and it 
 oars the name of The G'jat'GlooS. Thia 
 
ACH 
 
 immense collection, which contains the 
 decisions of preceding jurists, with his 
 comments, occupies six folio volumes, and 
 has been as much undervalued by some 
 He died 
 
 2 was 
 lured, 
 
 in the university of Bologna, on the Roman 
 law. 
 
 ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS, MARI- 
 ANO ELUS, an eminent critic, who flourish- 
 ed in the early part of the sixteenth century, 
 was born at Aquila, in the Neapolitan 
 territory. Charles V. held him in much 
 esteem. He lived thirty-three years at the 
 court of that monarch, who employed him 
 01 various missions in Germany, Poland, 
 and other northern countries. Collecting 
 of old MSS. was his predominant passion, 
 but he was also a man of wit and of elegant 
 accomplishments. Ammianus Marcellinus, 
 and several classic authors, are indebted 
 to him for numerous and valuable correc- 
 tions. Having been wrongfully accused of 
 plagiarism, he indignantly asserted his 
 innocence, by a singular kind of oath, 
 which is to be found in his fable, entitled 
 Testudo. 
 
 ACHARD, FRANCIS CHARLES, an 
 eminent chemist, a native of Prussia, was 
 born in 1754, and died in 1821. To his 
 experiments and exertions the manufacture 
 of sugar from the beet root is greatly in- 
 debted for the perfection which it has ac- 
 quired. 
 
 A CHEN WALL, GODFREY, a celebrat- 
 ed publicist, was born in 1719, at Elbing, 
 in Prussia. In 1746 he taught history, 
 statistics, and the law of nations, at Mar- 
 burg, whence, in 1743, he removed to 
 Gottingen, where he became a professor, 
 and his lectures were in high repute. He 
 died in 1770. Achenwall was tne creator 
 of the science of statistics. Among his 
 chief works are The Elements of Natural 
 Law, and the Constitutions of the European 
 Kingdoms and States. 
 
 ACHERY, DOM JOHN LUKE D', a 
 French benedictine and antiquary, was a 
 native of St. Quentin, born in 1609, and 
 early embraced a monastic life. Indefati- 
 gable in his studies, he lived perfectly re- 
 tired, seldom indulging in visits, or even 
 in conversation. His works are numerous 
 and voluminous, and display great erudi- 
 tion. The best known of them is his Spici- 
 legium, in thirteen quartos, which contains 
 an immense number of valuable and curious 
 pieces relative to the middle age. He died 
 in 1635, at the abbey of St. Germain de 
 Pres. 
 
 ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of 
 Alexandria, lived about the end of the 
 icc^nd century. He was converted to 
 Christianity, and became a bishop. He is 
 the author of a History of Great Men. 
 
 ACU 7 
 
 Treatises on the Sphere and on Tactic*. 
 and a romance, entitled The Loves 
 Clitophon and Leucippe. 
 
 AC1DALIUS, V A LENS, a German crit- 
 ic, was born at Wittstock, in 1567, and 
 died in 1595. He studied medicine in 
 Italy, but never practised. He wrote com- 
 ments on Quintius Curtius, Paterculus, 
 Plautus, Tacitus, and other classic authors. 
 A short time before his death, he was ex- 
 posed to much odium, as the .supposed 
 author of a satirical tract, denying women 
 to be rational beings ; which tract, howe- 
 ver, he appears only to have transcribed, 
 and recommended to his printer as a witty 
 production. 
 
 ACKERMANN, CONRAD, a celebrated 
 actor, whom the Germans consider as th 
 creator of their stage, was born in the be- 
 ginning of the eighteenth century. In 
 1765, he undertook the management of the 
 Hamburgh theatre ; a circumstance which 
 formed an epoch in the dramatic history of 
 Germany. Lessing aided him with all the 
 weight of his powerful talents. Ackermann 
 excelled in comic parts. His wife also was 
 an admirable actress. He diea at Ham- 
 burgh, in 1771. 
 
 ACOSTA, URIEL, a Portuguese gentle- 
 man, born at Oporto, towards the end of 
 the sixteenth century, of a family origi- 
 nally Jewish, was a iran of learning and 
 talent ; but his life was rendered a burthen, 
 by the endless persecutions which the fickle- 
 ness of his religious opinions brought upon 
 him. Born a Christian, he apostatized to 
 Judaism, and ended by being a deist and 
 a materialist. He shot himself in 1647. 
 In his Exemplar Vitce Humanse, he gives 
 an account 01 some of the miseries which 
 he had suffered. 
 
 ACROPOLITA, GEORGE, a Byzantine 
 statesman and historian, was born at Con- 
 stantinople, in 1220, filled, with Teat rep- 
 utation, some ojf the highest ofnc^s of the 
 Greek empire, and died about the year 
 1232. Gregorius Cyprius, the patriarch, 
 says of him that " he was equal to Aris- 
 totle in philosophy, and to Plato in divine 
 things and attic eloquence." This praise 
 is, undoubtedly, exaggerated, but it proves 
 that Acropolita was no ordinary character. 
 A Chronicle of the Bvzantine Empire, from 
 1204 to 1260, is his chief work. 
 
 ACUNA, DON ANTONIO OSORIO D', a 
 Spaniard, of a noble family, was bishop of 
 Zamora, under the reigns of Ferdinand th 
 Catholic and Charles V. When, in de- 
 fence of their liberties, the Spanish com- 
 mons formed the union which was, not un- 
 worthily, denominated " the holy league," 
 he became one of its most distinguished 
 leaders. Though in his sixtieth year, he 
 fought at the head of five thousand men 
 with all the ardour of youth. After tht 
 fatal defeat of the army of the commont 
 
f ADA 
 
 at Villalar, in 1321, Acunn was taken 
 prisoner, and beheaded in the cast It- of Si- 
 mancas. 
 
 ACUNA, FERDINAND D', a native of 
 Madrid, was born in the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century, and died in 1580, bavin- 
 acquired reputation in amis and in poetry. 
 Mis poems gained him the approbation of 
 his contemporaries, and especially of the 
 celebrated Garcilaso de la \ ega, who was 
 his friend. 
 
 ADALBERT, ST. bishop of Prague, is 
 considered as the apostle of Bohemia. 
 Hun-ary. and Prussia. He was martyred 
 }iy the infidels in 997, and Boleslaus, prince 
 ( j Poland, ransomed his body with an 
 equal weight of sold. The Polo* venerate 
 him as tiie author of the warlike hymn 
 ilodzica, which t'.iey were accustomed 
 to sing before a battle. 
 
 ADALBERT, or ADELBERT, created 
 archbishop of Bremen and Hamburgh, in 
 1043, was one of those churchmen of a 
 ^rk age who employed great talents in 
 promoting the interests of their own order, 
 at the expense of both monarchs and peo- 
 ple. Ambitious, subtle, magnificent, and 
 eloquent, he spent his whole fife in endeav- 
 ouring to aggrandize his see, which he as- 
 pired to raise to the rank of a patriarchate. 
 Vet, on one occasion, he refused the tiara. 
 While acting as regent, during the minority 
 of Henry IV. of Germany, he excited uni- 
 versal batted by his despo'tic conduct. To- 
 wards the close of his career, he lost two 
 thirds of his domains ; and he at length 
 died, in 1072, when he was beginning to 
 recover his ascendancy. 
 
 ADAM DE LA HALE, supposed to be 
 one of the earliest of the French dramatists, 
 lived in the thirteenth century. Some of 
 his pieces are extant. He lea a dissipated 
 life, and ended his days in a convent. 
 
 ADAM, ALEXANDER, a schoolmaster 
 and compiler, was born at Ruffbrd, in the 
 shire of Moray, in 1741, and died in 1S09. 
 He obtained the degree of LL.D.^and was 
 for many years head master of'the high 
 school at Edinburgh. He compiled Ro- 
 man Antiquities, a Latin Lexicon, and 
 other school books. 
 
 ADAM, ROBERT, an architect, was born, 
 in 1723, at Kirkaldy, in Fife, was educat- 
 ed at Edinburgh university, learnt the 
 principles of architecture from his father, 
 and studied the art in Italy. After his re- 
 turn, he published, in a splendid folio, with 
 engravings, an Account of Diocletian's Pal- 
 ace at Spalatro, was appointed architect to 
 his majesty, chosen a member of the Royal 
 and Antiquarian Societies, and subsequent- 
 ly elected M. P. for the shire of Kinross. 
 Many of the most eminent men of the a_ r e 
 were his friends. In conjunction with his 
 brother .*mes. he erected numerous man- 
 sions, awd public buildings, among which 
 
 ADA 
 
 is the Adclphi. He died in 1792, and hit 
 brother in 1794. 
 
 APA.MS, JOHN, a distinguished patriot 
 of the American revolution, was born, in 
 :;t 1'raintree, Massachusetts. He 
 \v;is educated at the university of Cam- 
 bridge, and received the degree of mastei 
 of arts in 1 758. At this time he entered the 
 office rvf Jeremiah Gridley, a lawyer of the 
 highest eminence, to complete "his legal 
 studies ; and in the next year he was admit- 
 ted to the bar of Suffolk. Mr. Adams at an 
 early age espoused the cause of his country, 
 and received numerous marks of the public 
 confidence and respect. He took a prom- 
 inent part in every leading measure, and 
 served on several committees which report- 
 ed some of the most important Slate papers 
 of the time. He was elected a member of 
 the Congress, and was among the foremost 
 in recommending the adoption of an inde- 
 pendent government. It has been affirmed 
 by Mr. Jefferson himself, " that the great 
 pillar of support to the declaration of in- 
 dependence, and its ablest advocate ana 
 champion on the floor of the house, was 
 John Adams." In 1777, he was chosen 
 commissioner to the court of Versailles, in 
 the plnce of Mr. Dean, who was recalled. 
 On his return, about a year afterwards, 
 he was elected a member of the convention 
 to prepay a form of government for the 
 State of Massachusetts, and placed on the 
 sub-committee chosen to draught the pro- 
 ject of a constitution. Three months altw 
 his return, Congress sent him abroad with 
 two commissions, one as minister plenipo- 
 tentiary to negotiate a peace, the other to 
 form a commercial treaty with Great Brit- 
 ain. In June 1780, he was appointed in 
 the place of Mr. Laurens ambassador to 
 Holland, and in 1762 he repaired to Paris, 
 to commence the negotiation for peace, 
 having previously obtained assurance that 
 Great Britain would recognize the inde- 
 pendence of the United States. At the 
 close of the war Mr. A. was appointed the 
 first minister to London. In 1789 he \vns 
 elected vice-president of the United States, 
 and on the resignation of Washington, suc- 
 ceeded to the presidency in 1797. After 
 his term of four years had expired, it was 
 found, on the new election, that his adver- 
 sary, Mr. Jefferson, had succeeded by the 
 majority of one vote. On retiring to his 
 farm in Quincy, Mr. A. occupied himself 
 with agriculture, obtaining amusement from 
 the literature and politics of the day. The 
 remaining years of his life were passed in 
 almost uninterrupted tranquillity. He died 
 on the fourth of July lS2ti, with the same 
 words on his lips, "which fifty years be- 
 fore, on that glorious day, he had uttered 
 on the floor of Congress " Independence 
 forever." Mr. Adams is the author of 
 An Essay on Canon and Feudal Law 
 
ADA 
 
 ft series of letters published under the sig- 
 nature of Novanglus; and Discourses on 
 Davila. 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL, one of the most re- 
 markable men connected with the Ameri- 
 can revolution, was born at Boston in 1722. 
 He was educated at Harvard College, and 
 received its honours in 1740. He was one 
 of the first who organized measures of re- 
 sistance to the mother country ; and for 
 the prominent part which he took in these 
 measures he was proscribed by the British 
 government. During the revolutionary war, 
 he was one of the most active and influen- 
 tial asserters of American freedom and in- 
 dependence. He was a member of the 
 legislature of Massachusetts from 1766 to 
 1774, when he was sent to the first Con- 
 gress of the old Confederation. He was 
 one of Ithe signers of the declaration of 
 1776, for the adoption of which he had al- 
 ways been one of the warmest advocates. 
 In 1781 he retired from Congress, but only 
 to receive fi>~n his native state additional 
 proofs of her confidence in his talents and 
 integrity. He had already been an active 
 member of the convention that formed her 
 constitution ; and after it went into effect, 
 he was placed in the senate of the state, 
 and for several years presided over that 
 body. In 1789 he was elected lieut. gov- 
 ernor, and held that office till 1794; upon 
 the death of Hancock, he was chosen gov- 
 ernor, and was annually re-elected till 1797, 
 when he retired from public life. He died 
 in 1803. .The following encomium upon 
 Mr. Adams is from a work upon the Amer- 
 ican Rebellion, by Mr. Galloway, publish- 
 ed in Great Britain 1780 : " He eats little, 
 drinks little, sleeps little, thinks much, and 
 is most indefatigable in the pursuit of his 
 object. It was this man, who by his supe- 
 rior application, managed at once the fac- 
 tions in Congress at Philadelphia, and the 
 factions of New-England." 
 
 ADAMS, HANNAH, a native of New- 
 Sngland, whose literary labours have made 
 ner name known in Europe, as well as in 
 her native land. Amang her works are 
 the View of Religions, Historv of the Jews, 
 Evidences of the Christian Religion, and 
 a History of New-England. She was a 
 
 woman of high excellence and purity of | at which he became acquainted with 
 character. She died in 1331, at the age i Steele, and the Colleges of Queen's and 
 of 76. | Magdalen at Oxford, have the honour of his 
 
 ADANSON, MICHAEL, a celebrated ! education. The first written proofs which 
 botanist, was born, in 1727, at Aix, in j he gave of his talents were Latin poems, 
 Provence. His whole life was devoted toj of very superior elegance. Some English 
 ihe improvement of botanical science. He ! poems, a translation of the fourth Georgic, 
 sacrificed his patrimonial property, for the and a Discourse on the Georgics, sustained 
 
 ADD 9 
 
 form the basis of an immense work which 
 he had planned. The revolution reduced 
 him to penury, and in his latter days ho 
 was partly indebted for subsistence to the 
 devoted attachment of a female domestic 
 and her husband. Napoleon, however, 
 heard of his situation, and snatched him 
 from want. Adanson was small in stature, 
 and at first sight his countenance was not 
 pleasing. He was, in the highest degree, 
 disinterested ; but, towards the close of his 
 life, his temper was somewhat soured by 
 misfortune and age. He died in 1806. 
 His chief published works are his Voyage 
 to Senegal, and his Families of Plants. 
 
 ADDISON, LANCELOT, a native of 
 Westmoreland, born in 1632, was educated 
 at Oxford, where he distinguished himself 
 by his ability and application. During 
 the period of the Commonwealth, he lived 
 retired in the neighbourhood of Petwortii. 
 but was active in disseminating church and 
 king principles. After the restoration, he 
 was chaplain at Dunkirk, and at Tangier, 
 and subsequently obtained the living oi 
 Milston, in Wilts, and was made a prebend, 
 a dean, and an archdeacon. He died iu 
 1703. His literary talents were consider- 
 able, and he published several works, most- 
 ly theological. 
 
 ADDISON, JOSEPH, one of the orna- 
 ments of English literature, was the sun 
 of dean Addison, and was born at Milston 
 in 1672. At his birth, it is said that he 
 was supposed to be dead born, and was 
 accordingly laid out. The Charter House, 
 
 purpose of exploring Senegal, where he 
 remained five years, and made a multitude 
 nf observations in all the departments of 
 natural history. In 1775, he presented to 
 the Academy of Sciences 120 MS. volumes, 
 and 75,000 "figures of plants, intended to 
 
 his reputation, and his praise of King 
 William gained him the patronage of Lord 
 Sprners. In 1699, Somers obtained for 
 him an annual pension of ..300 to enable 
 him to travel in Italy. In that country 
 he remained nearly three years, wher., hi* 
 
10 
 
 ADD 
 
 pension being lost by the death of King 
 William, necessity drove him home. Dur- 
 ing his absence, he collected materials tor 
 a narrative of his tour, and wrote his Let- 
 ter to Lord Halifax, his Dialogues on 
 Medals, anil four acts of Cato. On his 
 return, he published his Travels. It was 
 not, however, till 1704 that fortune began 
 to smile upon him. At the suggestion of 
 Halifax, he was then employed to cele 
 hrate in verse the splendid victory of 
 Blenheim ; and, as soon as he had shown 
 hi* patrons the simile of the angel, he was 
 rewarded with the place of Commissioner 
 of Appeals. In 1705, he attended Lord 
 Halifax to Hanover; in 1706, he was ap- 
 jHiinted under secretary of state ; and in 
 tie went over to Ireland as secretary 
 to the lord lieutenant, the Marquis of 
 W barton, and also received the almost 
 sinecure office of keeper of the records at 
 Dublin, with a salary of ..300 a year. 
 During this period, he wrote the opera of 
 Rosamond, and contributed a prologue 
 and some scenes to Steele's Tender Hus- 
 band. The Taller was begun by Steele 
 while Addison was in Ireland, and with- 
 oul ihe knowledge of the latter, who, how- 
 ever, soon detected his friend, and came 
 forward to his aid. In 1711, in conjunction 
 with Steele, he began the Spectator, 
 which alone would immortalize his name. 
 As an essayist, he subsequently contribut- 
 ed to the Guardian, the Lover, the Whig 
 Examiner, the Freeholder, and the Old 
 Whig. In 1713, his Cato, to which Pope 
 gave a prologue, was brought upon the 
 stage, and the state of parties at that time, 
 at least as much as its intrinsic merit, en- 
 sured its complete success. It did not, 
 however, escape from the critics, among 
 whom Dennis was conspicuous for his 
 acuteness and bitterness. This tragedy, 
 the comedy of the Drummer, and the opera 
 of Rosamond, constilule the whole of Ad- 
 dison's dramatic efforts. He projected a 
 tragedy on the death of Socrates, but 
 went no further. In 1716, after a long 
 courtship, he married the countess dowager 
 of Warwick ; a union which was produc- 
 tive of nothing but one daughter and infeli- 
 city. The lady was a woman vain of her 
 rank, who had 'the folly to think that she 
 had honoured a commoner of genius by 
 giving him her hand ; and the result was 
 such as was naturally to be expected. 
 Though Hymen frowned on him, his ambi- 
 tion was gratified in the following year by 
 the post of secretary of state. But the 
 toil, his own inaptilude for business, and 
 'lis sufferings from asthma, soon compelled 
 him to resign it, and he received a yearly 
 pension of .1500. After his retirement, 
 be'eoiipleted his Treatise on the Christ- 
 ian. Religion, and was engaged in a politi- 
 cal content with his old friend Steele whom 
 
 ADR 
 
 he treated wtlh a contemptuous asperitj 
 thai cannot easily be defended. He died 
 at Holland House, on the l?th of June, 
 1719. in his last moments, he sent for 
 Lord Warwick, whom he was anxious tc 
 reclaim from irregular habits and errone- 
 ous opinions, and, pressing his hand, faint- 
 ly said, " I have sent for you thai you 
 may see in what peace a Christian can 
 die." As a man, Addison was of blame 
 less morals ; as a statesman, he was ill 
 calculated for office, for he had not the 
 nerve, promptitude of action, and readi- 
 ness of resource, which are more necessary 
 in such a character than even the loftier 
 intellectual powers; as a poet and drama- 
 tist, he cannot aspire to more than a place 
 in the second class, and, perhaps, not a 
 high place in that class ; but as .an essay- 
 ist, he stands unrivalled for ethic instruc- 
 tiveness, skill in delineating life and man- 
 ners, exquisite humour, fine imagination^ 
 and a dulcet, graceful, idiomatic flow 01 
 language, which amply justifies the eulogi- 
 um of Johnson, that " whoever wishes to 
 attain an English style, familiar but nol 
 coarse, and elegant out not ostentatious 
 must give his days and nights to the vol- 
 umes of Addison." 
 
 ADELARD, or ATHELARD, an Eng- 
 lish Benedictine monk, who lived under 
 the reign of Henry I. Already possessed 
 of superior knowledge to most of his con- 
 temporaries, he resolved to increase it by 
 travelling, and accordingly visited not on- 
 ly various parts of Europe, but also Egypl 
 and Arabia. From the Arabic, he tians- 
 lated into Latin, with other works, th 
 Elements of Euclid, before any Greek 
 copy had been discovered. Some of his 
 MSS. on mathematics and medical sub- 
 jects are still preserved al Oxford. 
 
 ADELUNG, JOHN CHRISTOPHER, an 
 eminent German lexicographer and litera- 
 ry character, was born, in 1734, at Span- 
 fekew in Pomerania, became professor at 
 tht Erfurl gymnasium, removed thence to 
 I Leipsic, and was subsequently appointed 
 librarian to the elector, al Dresden, where 
 he died in 1806. He was never marritd ; 
 it was said of him, that his writing desk 
 was his wife, and the seventy volumes 
 which he wrote were his children. Ade- 
 lung was an agreeable companion, and 
 loved good cheer ; he was so fond of pro- 
 curing a variety of foreign wines, that his 
 cellar, which he used to call his Bibliothe- 
 ca selectissima, contained forty kinds. In 
 this country he is best known by his Gram- 
 matical and Critical Dictionary of the 
 German Language, in five vols. 4to. As 
 an original writer, however, he is of no 
 mean class. 
 
 ADRIAN, PUBLIUS JEtivs, the fii- 
 teeuth Roman emperor, was of a Spanish 
 family, and, according to some historian* 
 
AET 
 
 11 
 
 was a nat'ive of Spain, ihoflgh others affirm 
 Rome to have been his birth place. lie 
 was bora A. D. 76, and served early in 
 Spain and Mresia. Having married" the 
 niece, of the empress Plotina, he rose rap- 
 idly by the aid of her influence and his 
 own merit, and filled the offices of questor, 
 consul, tribune of the people, and pretor. 
 For his conduct in the Dacian war, Tra- 
 jan gave him the diamond which he him- 
 self had received from Nerva, as the sign 
 of adoption. On the death of Trajan, in 
 the year 1 1 7, Adrian succeeded to the em- 
 pire. During his long reign of twenty-one 
 years, he visited almost every part of his 
 dominions. While in Britain, he built the 
 famous wall between the Sol way and the 
 Tyne, to prevent the incursions of the 
 Caledonians. The Jews having revolted, 
 he defeated and almost exterminated them. 
 Adrian had a robust constitution, went 
 bareheaded, and usually made long march- 
 es on foot ; he had an extraordinary me- 
 mory, was condescending, enacted many 
 good laws, and loved poetry and the arts 
 and sciences. On the other hand he was 
 suspicious, not unfrequently cruel, and dis- 
 graced himself by his unnatural passion 
 for AntinoQs. He died at Baise, in his 
 sixty-second year; having, for some time 
 previously, been so tormented by disease, 
 as to entreat his friends to terminate his 
 existence. A few days before his death 
 he composed the Latin lines to his soul, 
 which have been often translated into vari- 
 ous language_s. 
 
 ^ELIAN, CLAUDIUS, ai historical wri- 
 ter, born at Praeneste about the year 160, 
 was a teacher of rhetoric at Rome, under 
 the emperor Antoninus. He is the author of 
 Various History, and a History of Animals, 
 in Greek, of which language he was a per- 
 fect master. 
 
 J5LIANUS, MECCIUS, a Greek physi- 
 cian of the second century, was the master 
 of Galen, who mentions him in terms of 
 high praise. He was the first who made 
 use of the theriaca as a remedy and pre- 
 servative against plague. 
 
 ^ESCHINES, a philosopher of Athens, 
 a disciple of Socrates, by whom he was 
 much esteemed, visited the court of Dio- 
 .lysius, at Syracuse, and was rewarded by 
 him for his Socratic dialogues. He re- 
 turned to Athens, and taught philosophy 
 and t ratory. Three of his dialogues on 
 moral philosophy are extant. 
 
 /ESCHINES, a celebrated orator, the 
 ival of Demosthenes, was born at Athens 
 B. c. 32 r of a respectable family. Being 
 worsted in his struggle with Demosthenes. 
 <ie retired to Rhodes, and opened a school 
 of rhetoric. He died at Samos, aged 
 seventy five. Of his orations only three 
 are extant ; twelve epistles are also attri- 
 buted to him. 
 
 .ESCHYLUS, one of Ue three giea* 
 tragic writers of Greece, and the improve* 
 of die scenic art, was born at Athens aboul 
 400 years B. c. With his brothers Cyn- 
 egirus and Aminius, he distinguished him. 
 self at Marathon, Platsea, and Salamis. 
 But neither his valour nor his transcend- 
 ent genius could, at a later period, shield 
 him from a charge of impiety, and a con- 
 sequent sentence of death, which would 
 have been executed, had not his brother 
 Aminius saved him, by throwing off his 
 own cloak, and showing to the judges his 
 arm, reft of a hand at the battle of Salamis. 
 JEschylus was pardoned ; but, disgusted 
 with the manner in which he haoT been 
 treated, and perhaps also by the triumph 
 of his rival Sophocles, he withdrew to Si- 
 cily. There, in his Sk-ty-ninth year, he 
 was killed by an eaale etting fall a t^r- 
 toise on his bald head, which me bird mis- 
 took for a stone. Unfortunately, of ninety 
 tragedies which he wrote, only seven have 
 reached us. Sublimity is the characteris- 
 tic of J2schylus. 
 
 JESOP, the prince of fabulists, and of 
 whom so many fables have been written, 
 was a native of Phrygia, who flourished 
 about 600 years before Christ. The ac- 
 count which is given of his repulsive de- 
 formity seems to be entitled to no credi 
 It appears that he was a slave at Atheus. 
 procured his freedom by his virtue and 
 talents, and was patronised by Croesus, 
 who sent him on a mission to Delphi, the 
 inhabitants of which city, in revenge for 
 his having censured and ridiculed them, 
 brought against him a calumnious charge 
 of sacrilege, and precipitated him from a 
 rock. 
 
 jESOP, CLODIUS, a Roman actor, the 
 contemporary and rival of Roscius, was, 
 like him, the friend of Cicero, to whom he 
 gave lessons in oratorical action. He was 
 luxurious and extravagant, yet he died 
 worth a hundred and sixty thousand pounds. 
 At one of his feasts there was served up a 
 pie made of singing birds, which cost near- 
 ly nine hundred pounds. He left a son. 
 who surpassed him in profuseness. 
 
 AETIUS, a physician, who 
 
11 
 
 
 wards ihc end of the filth, or legitimist, , 
 the suth century, was a native of Amid 
 in Mesopotamia. He is the nuthor of a 
 work in Greek, entitled Tetrabiblos. which 
 is a sort of compendium of all the medica 
 knowledge of that period. Aetius excelled 
 in treating disorders nf the eyes. He has 
 sometimes heen confounded with Aetius, a 
 heretic of the fourth century, who original- 
 ly practised medicine. 
 
 HI'S, a Roman general, was a na- 
 tive of Moesia, hut of Scythian descent. 
 He learned the art of war under Alaric, 
 to whom he had heen given as a hostage. 
 When the usurper John^attempted to seize 
 the throne, Aetius raised for him an army 
 of Huns, hut he subsequently submitted to 
 Valentinian, who took him into favour, and 
 conferred on him the title of count. A ri- 
 valship for power ensued between him and 
 Count Boniface, which terminated in the 
 death of the latter, who was slain in hat- 
 ile. The character of Aetius was stained, 
 "in this struggle, by the unworthy means to 
 which he had recourse. He soon, howev- 
 er, covered himself with r>ory by his con- 
 duct in Gaul. After having thrice van- 
 quished the Burgundians and Franks, he 
 marched against the terrible Attila, who 
 kad invaded Gaul with innumerable hordes 
 of Huns A decisive battle was fought, in 
 45 lj on the plains of Chalons, in which 
 Attila was entirely defeated ; more than 
 three hundred thousand men fell on both 
 sides. The fame which the victor thus 
 acquired excited the jealousy and fears of 
 the dastardly Valentinian, who, in 454, in- 
 vited him to the imperial palace, and sud- 
 denly assassinated him with his own hand. 
 
 AFRANIUS, Lucius, a Latin comic 
 poet, lived about a century B. c. Cicero 
 and Quintillian mention him with praise ; 
 Horace speaks of him as an imitator of 
 Menander. He did not, however, confine 
 himself to subjects borrowed from the 
 Greek theatre, but described the manners 
 and satirized the follies of his country. 
 Obscenity was the fault of his writings, all 
 of which are now lost. 
 
 AGASIAS, an Ephesian sculptor, of 
 whom nothing is known but that we are 
 indebted to his chisel for the fine statue 
 which bears, though no doubt erroneously, 
 the name of the dying gladiator. He has 
 been said to be the disciple, or the son, of 
 Pasitheus. 
 
 AGATHIAS, an historian and poet of 
 L.e sixth century, was a native of Myrine 
 ia, and practised as a barrister at 
 Constantinople. He wrote, in five books, 
 a continuation of Procopius's history, and 
 collected the works of the Greek epigram- 
 matists who lived posterior to the reign of 
 Augustus. Many of his own epigrams are 
 preserved in the third volume of Drunk's 
 Analects. 
 
 .UlATilOri.Ms, ivram of $n-ilv. was 
 tin- sou of a potter. From the raii1< of a 
 private soldier he raised himself not only 
 to that of general, but also to I e master of 
 Syrariise and of the whole of Sicily. Heine 
 defeated in Sicily, and his capital besieged 
 by the Carthaginian*, he Conceived the 
 daring project of attacking Carthage itself ; 
 and this scheme he carried into effect with 
 such spirit and military gcnms, that he 
 brought Carthage to the brink of ruin. 
 After bis return home, ho underwent ninny 
 vicissitudes, and was at length poisoned, 
 in his seventy-second year, B. c. '2^^, by 
 his son Arcagathus. tic was a sanguinary 
 and faithless being, but of transcendent 
 talenis and popular manners. 
 
 f, A I) AS, or AGKLAS, a celebrat- 
 ed Grecian sculptor, a native of Argos, 
 flourished in the fifth century B. c. An 
 infant Jupiter and a beardless Hercules 
 \vere among the most admired of*his works. 
 Myron and Polycletes were his pupils. He 
 is said to be the first who correctly imitat- 
 ed the veins, muscles, and hair. 
 
 AGESANDER, a Rhodian sculptor 
 flourished in the fifth century B. c. ; and, 
 in conjunction with his son Alhenodorus 
 and Polydorus, produced that admirabl*; 
 group of Laocoon and his Children, which 
 is a masterpiece of art. 
 
 AGES1LAUS II., kine of Sparta, the 
 son of Archidemus, was lame, deformed, 
 and of diminutive stature, but he nobly 
 redeemed these defects by the qualities of 
 his head and heart. He defeated the Per- 
 sians, the Athenians, and the Boeotians, and 
 obtained victories in Egypt. He died, B 
 c. 361, at Menelas, on the African coast, 
 at the age of eighty-four, having reigned 
 forty-four years. 
 
 AGIS IV., the greatest of the Spartan 
 kings, was the son of Eudadimas II., and 
 ascended the throne B, c. 243. Though 
 brought up in the lap of ease, he relinquish- 
 ed all pleasures, ana endeavoured to restore 
 the laws of Lycurgus, in order to reinvigo- 
 rate the declining republic. He was re- 
 warded with death by his degenerate and 
 ungrateful countrymen. His fate has heen 
 the subject of tragedies, by several authors. 
 
 AGLIOIVBY, JOHN, a* divine, a native 
 of Cumberland, was educated at Queen's 
 College, Oxford, and was afterwards chap- 
 lain to Queen Elizabeth, and principal of 
 Kdniund Hall. He died in 1610, aged 
 forty-three, at Islip, of which place he was 
 rector. He was one of the translators of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 AGNESI, MARIA GAETANA, a native 
 of Milan, born in 1718, gave early indica- 
 tions of extraordinary abilities, devoted 
 lierself to the abstract sciences, and at the 
 age of nineteen supported a hundred and 
 ninety-one theses, which were afterwards 
 published. In mathematics she attained 
 
AGR 
 
 such consummate skill, that the pope allowed 
 her to succeed her father, as professor a) 
 BoJogna. Her knowledge of ancient and 
 modern languages was also extensive. She 
 died, in 1799, at Milan, where, several 
 years before, she had taken the veil. Her 
 great work is intitled Analytical Institu- 
 tions, and has been translated by professor 
 Colson. 
 
 AGNOLO, BACCIO D\ a Florentine 
 sculptor and architect, born in 1460, and 
 diad in 1543, was originally a ?ort of or- 
 amental carver in wood; he became 'a 
 culptor in the same material, and, lastly, 
 an eminent architect, and embellished Flo- 
 rence with many splendid edifices. 
 
 AGORACRITES, a Greek sculptor, 
 born at Puros in the fifth century B. c., 
 was the favourite pupil of Phidias, and 
 was worthy of that distinction. One of 
 his most celebrated works was a statue of 
 Venus. 
 
 AGRICOLA, CNEIUS JULIUS, a Ro- 
 rna-j general, was born A. D. 40, at Frejus, 
 in Gaid. He served early in Britain, un- 
 der Suetonius fyulinus, and filled several 
 higlj offices under the reign of Nero. Ves- 
 |.'i<ia:i, whose cause he had espoused, sent 
 him i:ito Britain to reduce the twentieth 
 logion to obedience, and on Agricola's re- 
 turn he was made a patrician, and governor 
 of Aquitania. In the year 77 he became 
 consul with Domitian, and in the following 
 year he was appointed to command in Brit- 
 ain. There he conciliated the natives, ex- 
 tended his conquests, built a line of forts 
 from the Clyde to the Forth, and defeated 
 Galgacus, the champion of Caledonian in- 
 dependence. Jealous of his successes, Do- 
 mitian recalled him, defrauded him of the 
 triumph which was his due, and is said at 
 last to have put an end to the hero by poi- 
 son, A. D. 93. Tacitus, the son-in-law of 
 Agrippa, wrote a life of him which is wor- 
 thy of its subject. 
 
 AGRICOLA, GEORGF a physician, 
 and the most eminent metallurgist of his 
 age, was born in 1494 at Glauchen, in 
 Misnia. Several works on mineralogy and 
 metallurgy proceeded from his pen, but the 
 chief of them is in twelve books, and is in- 
 titled De re metallica. He was the first 
 mineralogist who appeared after the revi- 
 val of ecience. He died at Chemnitz in 
 1555, and as he had been hostile to the 
 Lutherans, they revenged themselves by 
 refusing him a grave among them; so that 
 he was buried at Ziest. 
 
 AGRICOLA, JOHN, a German divine, 
 whose real name was Schnitter, was born 
 *t Eisleben, in 1490 or 1492, and was a 
 disciple of Luther, and a popular minister. 
 The sect of the Antinomians was founded 
 by him; but it appears to be a calumny 
 i hat he taught the inutility of good works. 
 His opinions gave extreme ofience to Lu- 
 
 AGU 
 
 11 
 
 ther and other reformers. Agricola was 
 one of the divines whom Charles V. em- 
 ployed in composing the Interim. Besides 
 his controversial and theological works, he 
 left a Collection of seven hundred and fifty 
 German proverbs, with a commentary. } le 
 died at Berlin in 1566. 
 
 AGRICOLA, RODOLPH, whose real 
 name was Huessman, was born, in 1443, 
 near Groningen, studied under Thomas a 
 Kempis, travelled into Italy, and acquired 
 such a mastery of languages, literature, and 
 the elegant arts, as was very uncomfnou in 
 that age. He returned in 1477, became 
 professor at Heidelberg, and contributed 
 greatly to spread classical taste and knowl- 
 edge throughout Germany. He died in 
 1485. 
 
 AGRIPPA, MEN EMUS, named consul 
 in the year of Rome 251, is celeuated for 
 having defeated the Sabines, and still more 
 for having, by means of the ingenious apol- 
 ogue of the belly and the members, appear- 
 ed the anger of the Plebeians, who, indig- 
 nant at the tyranny of the Patricians, had 
 withdrawn to the Mons Sacer. 
 
 AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS, a Ro- 
 man general, the friend of Augustus, was 
 born in the year of Rome 690. He fought, 
 with great valour, at Actium and Philippi, 
 and obtained several victories in Gaul and 
 Germany, for which he refused the honours 
 of a triumph. Rome was embellished by 
 him with magnificent edifices, one of which, 
 the Pantheon, is still an object of admira- 
 tion. He married first the niece, and af- 
 terwards the daughter, of Augustus; and 
 died, universally lamented, in the fifty-first 
 year of his age. 
 
 AGRIPPA, HENRY CORNELIUS, a 
 man of extraordinary abilities, born a 
 Cologne, in 1486, was, by turns, a soldier, 
 philosopher, physician, chemist, lawvei , 
 and writer, and in all these discordant char- 
 acters displayed eminent talent. So su- 
 perior in knowledge was he to iiis contem- 
 poraries, that he was believed to be a ma- 
 gician, and to be accompanied by a famil- 
 ar spirit in the shape of a black dog. Yet, 
 notwithstanding his intellectual superiority, 
 lie lived an unquiet, embarrassed, wandei- 
 ing life, often persecuted, and often involv- 
 ed in quarrels, and is said to have at length 
 died in a hospital at Grenoble, in 1535. 
 The most celebrated of his works are his 
 Vanity of the Sciences, and his Occult 
 Philosophy. 
 
 AGUESSEAU, HENRY FRANCIS u',a 
 native of Limoges, born in 1668, was a sou 
 of the intendant of Languedoc, and early 
 distinguished himself at the bar bv his elo 
 quence and legal knowledge. After hav- 
 ing, with honour to himself, and great ad- 
 vantage to the interests of justice, filled tlia 
 offices of advocate and procurator general, 
 he was raised, in 1717, to be chancellor. 
 
II AIK 
 
 From that office he was twice remored, 
 
 and wai even exiled, but was finally re- 
 ft. .red in 1727, and held the seals till his 
 death, \\hieh took | lace in 17~>1. It was 
 .ui, that lie thought like 
 a philosopher, and spoke like an orator. 
 lli> foiviibic and other works form 13 vuls. 
 in 4to. 
 
 A11KKNDT, an eminent antiquary and 
 jraphcr, was a native >f llolstein, 
 and journeyed on font through .Norway, 
 Sweden, DeMMUrkj France, Spain, and 
 Italy, to study Scandinavian and Runic 
 remain*, and "the alphabets of the ninth, 
 tenth, and eleventh centuries. He was con- 
 tinually travelling, and the singularity of 
 /us manners and appearance involved him 
 ral unpleasant adventures. He died 
 i 1*-1M. U he was returning from Italy. 
 
 AIGNAN, STKPHKN, a member of the 
 French Academy, was born, in 1773, at 
 Beaugencv sur Loire. He adopted the 
 principles of the revolution, and when only 
 nineteen, held a legal situation in the dis- 
 trict of Orleans. Subsequently he filled 
 \arious offices under Napoleon. He died 
 in 1824. He is the author of several dra- 
 mas and poems, and of a verse translation 
 of the Iliad, which was severely handled 
 by the critics. He also translated the Vi- 
 car of Wukefield, and other workj from 
 the English. 
 
 AIKIN, JOHN, M. D. (the brother of 
 Mrs. Barbanld) was born at Kibworth, in 
 Lancashire, in 1747, educated at Warring- 
 ton and Edinburgh, and took hi* degree at 
 Ley den, in 1784. He first settled as a sur- 
 geon at Chester, whence he removed to 
 \\ in ington. It was at the latter place 
 tint he commenced his career as an author, 
 by publishing, in conjunction with hi:- 
 ." \olume of Miscellanies. Aft'-r having 
 laken his degree, he fixed his residence at 
 Yarmouth, where he remained for some 
 NeaiB He then removed to the metropo- 
 lis, in winch, or its vicinity, he continued 
 till In- . Dec. -nib -r, 
 
 1822, HI Stoke Newington. Dr. Aikin 
 was a man ot erudition and an elc -gant 
 writer. Bennies producing a Life of Hnet, 
 Medical Biography, and other original 
 
 AKI: 
 
 works, he edited the first twenty voluni?i 
 of the Monthly Magazine; the Atheir.vuin ; 
 and various eiliii -; and was 
 
 one of the writers of a tu-ncral i'ii"gia- 
 phical Dictionary, in 10 volumes 4to. 
 
 A1KM A N , \\ n. 1. 1 \ M,a Scotch painter, 
 born in lti>2, \\as originally intended for 
 the law, but \\as all,wed' to follow the 
 beotofhifl inclination for painting. After 
 having travelled in Italy, Tin key, and the 
 Levant, he returned home in 1712, was 
 patronised by the Duke of Arg\le and 
 Lord Burlington, and became fashionable 
 as a delineator of portraits. He died in 
 1731. Aikman was the friend of Allan 
 Ramsay and of Thomson, the latter of 
 \\hom he as>istt d with his interest; and 
 Thomson, in return, bewailed the artist's 
 death in an elegy which contains some 
 lines of exquisite pathos. 
 
 AITON, WILLIAM, an eminent gar- 
 dener and botanist, was born, in 1731, 
 near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. The cel- 
 ebrated Millar obtained him a place in one 
 of the royal gardens, and in 1759 he was 
 appointed l>otanical superintendent at Kew. 
 In 1789, he published, in 3 volumes 8vo., 
 his Hortns Kewensis. He died in 1793. 
 
 Al.NSWORTH, ROBERT, a gramma- 
 rian, born in 1660, at Woodyale, in Lan- 
 cashire, kept a boarding school at Bolton, 
 and at various villages in the neighbour- 
 hood of London. His exertions being 
 rewarded by a competency, he retired from 
 business, and amused his leisure by col- 
 lecting old coins and curiosities at brokers' 
 and other shops. Ainsworth was a Fellow 
 of the Antiquarian Society, and published 
 some tracts on antiquities; but his princi- 
 pal and most useful work is his Latin and 
 English Dictionary, which has passed 
 through numerous editions. He died in 
 1743. 
 
 AKBAR, MOHAMMED, one of the 
 greatest of the Mogul sovereigns, was only 
 fourteen years of age when, in 1555, he 
 succeeded his father Humaoon. The tota 1 
 defeat of the Patans, in the following \ear 
 was one of the first events that signalized 
 his reign. He held the throne for fitK 
 years, during a considerable part of whi<r. 
 time he had to contend against insurrec- 
 tions and foreign enemies. His arms 
 were, successful in all quarters. Akbar 
 was valiant, generous, and the friend and 
 liberal patron of learning; he displayed a 
 clemency uncommon in AH oriental mon- 
 arch; and a freedom from bigotry which 
 was equally surprising in a Mn.-'siihnan. 
 He died in 1605. and his death was caused- 
 or accelerated, by grief for the loss of a 
 favour i;> 
 
 AKKNSIDK, MARK, born, in 1721, at 
 Newcastle upon Tyue, was the son of a 
 respectable butcher, who sent him tc etudy 
 divinity - Edinburgh, to qualify hinj fof 
 
ALA 
 
 becoming a dissenting minister. Prefer- 
 ring Uowever, the medical profession, he 
 
 nwrt to Leyden, where, in 1744, he took 
 h.,8 doctor's degree. In that year he pub- 
 lished the Pleasures of Imagination, for 
 vhich Pope is said to have advised Dods- 
 ley not to make a niggardly offer, as the 
 author was no every-day writer. His 
 Epistle to Curio (Pulteney),and ten Odes, 
 appeared in the following year. He first 
 settled as a physician at "Northampton; 
 but, being unsuccessful there, he removed 
 first to Hampstead, and next to London; 
 his friend Mr. Dyson generously allowing 
 him three hundred pounds a year, to ena- 
 ble him to make the necessary appearance. 
 Gradually he rose in reputation, and would, 
 perhaps, have succeeded to the full extent 
 of his wishes, had he not been carried 
 off by a putrid fever in 1770. Akenside 
 was a learnethman, and an advocate for 
 civil and religious liberty; but he is'accu- 
 sed of having been vain and irritable, a 
 charge which has often been brought 
 against men of genius, conscious of their 
 own worth, and repelling the insolence of 
 dunces. His Pleasures of Imagination 
 will be read as long as the English lan- 
 guage endures; it is a poem which clothes 
 lofty thoughts in highly poetical diction, 
 and" masterly blank verse. His Odes, 
 th nigh not equal to his great work, have 
 been unjustly depreciate? by Johnson. It 
 is unnecessary to say any thing of his pro- 
 fessional productions. 
 
 AKER^LAD, a Swedish philologist, 
 died at Rorr-c, in 1819, in the prime of 
 Jfe. He had an extensive knowledge of 
 Egyptian antiquities, discovered the key to 
 some Coptic characters, and, had he lived, 
 would perhaps have deserved to rank with 
 Or. Young and M. Champollion, those able 
 slucidators of hieroglyphic lore. 
 
 ALAMANNI, Louis, a poet, born at 
 Florence, in 1495, of one of the most dis- 
 tinguished families of the republic. He 
 was compelled to fly from his country, in 
 consequence of having conspired to kill 
 Cardinal Julio de Medici, returned in 1527, 
 
 ALB 
 
 restoration of the Medici. 
 
 15 
 
 Francis I. of 
 
 France gave him an asylum, and even ap- 
 pointed him his ambass'ador to Charles V. 
 after the peace of Crcpy. Alamanni had 
 previously addressed Francis in a poem, 
 in which, alluding to the imperial eagle, 
 he said, 
 
 -" rapacious eagle he, 
 
 Two beaks who bears, that more he may 
 
 i ' * 
 
 devour. 
 
 In his speech, on being presented, he com- 
 menced several of his periods with the 
 word Eagle, on which Charles repeated 
 aloud the above cited verses. Alamanni, 
 however, without hesitation, made such a 
 reply as won for him the esteem of Charles. 
 He died, at Amboise, in 1566. Of his nu- 
 merous works, among which are two heroic 
 poems, each in twenty-four books (Giron 
 the Courteous and the Avarchide), his di- 
 dactic poem on Agriculture is the most 
 popular. 
 
 ALAND, SIR JOHN FORTESCUE, an 
 eminent lawyer, was born in 1670, anf 1 
 educated at Oxford. In 1714 ne was ap- 
 pointed solicitor general to the prince of 
 Wales, and, the next year, to the king. 
 He was successively a'jndge in the ex- 
 chequer, the king's bench, and the common 
 pleas. In 1746, he resigned his office in 
 the common pleas, and was created an 
 Irish peer, under the title of Lord For- 
 tescue. He died soon after. He was the 
 friend of Pope, to whom he furnished the 
 burlesque case of Stradling versus Styles. 
 His nose, which was remarkable for its flat- 
 ness, drew down on him a repartee from 
 a one-armed sergeant. " You argue this 
 matter rather lamely," said Aland. " I 
 will make it as plain as the nose on your 
 lordship's face,*' retorted the counsel. 
 
 ALARIC I., king of the Visigoths, de 
 scended from the noble family of the Balti, 
 served for some years in the Roman ar- 
 mies, but, in consequence of being refused 
 preferment, he revolted A. r. 396, and 
 .ravaged Pannonia, Dacia, and Greece. 
 After a short pause from hostilities, he in- 
 vaded Italy in the year 400, and carried 
 off an immense spoil and many captives. 
 This predatory incursion he several times 
 renewed, and, though more than once de- 
 feated, he at length, in 410, compelled Rome 
 to open its gates. He died in the following 
 year, while he was meditating the conquest 
 of Sicily and Africa. 
 
 ALBA NO, FRANCIS, denominated the 
 painter of the Graces, and the Anacreon 
 of painting, was born, at Bologna, in 1578, 
 and was a pupil of Calvart and the Ca- 
 rar-ci. Guido was his fellow student, and 
 aided him by his counsels. Albano excels 
 n the delineation of female and infantine 
 scanty; in every thing that requires soft- 
 
 md M'as again forced to withdraw on the ! ness and clcjance. Tne landscape scenery 
 
16 ALB 
 
 of his pictures is also admirable. He died 
 in 1660 
 
 ALBEROM. Jri.irs, Cardinal, 
 
 though not fortunate statesma-i, was the 
 5011 of a gardener, and \vas ln>rn, in 1664, 
 At Firen/uola, a village in the Parmesan. 
 Ho had risen in the church to the dignity 
 nf canon, \\lien he became known to the 
 duke of Vend me, the French general, who 
 ,nrk with his manners and conver- 
 sation, made him his secretary, and took 
 him to the army in Spain, where he em- 
 
 . him 
 the sei \ ico 
 
 various secret missions for 
 of Philip V. The duke of 
 
 Parma afterwards appointed him hi? polit- 
 ical auent at .Madrid. While tilling that 
 post, he acquired the confidence of Philip, 
 and succeeded in bringing about a marriage 
 ln'twcen that monarch and the prin< 
 Parma. His subsequent rise was rapid. 
 He was made archbishop of Valencia, car- 
 dinal, and prime minister. Ambitious of 
 restoring Spain to her pristine glory, he 
 introduced many domestic reforms, i- 
 creased and re-inspirited the naval and 
 military force, planned confederacies with 
 oilier powers, wrested Sardinia from the 
 emperor, invaded Sicily, and projected the 
 dethroning of George* 1., and tho expul- 
 sion of the duke of Orleans from the 
 French regency. The union of England 
 and France, and the invasion of Spain by 
 the latter in 1720, compelled his sovereign 
 to dismiss him, as the price of peace. Al- 
 beroni retired to Italy, where he was per- 
 se.'-utcd for three years, and even imprison- 
 ed ; but he at length recovered his liberty 
 and his clerical dignities, and was more 
 th;ui once neat being elevated to the papal 
 throne. He died in 1752. Shallow per- 
 sons have laughed at the projects of Alber- 
 oni; but those projects could have been 
 conceived only by a man of genius, would 
 have raised Spain in the eyes of the world, 
 and were frustrated by circumstances which 
 coula neither be foreseen nor controlled. 
 
 ALBERTI, or DE ALBERTIS, LEO, 
 B APT IST, an eminent writer, painter, sculp- 
 tor, and architect, denominated the Floren- 
 tine Vitruvius, sprung from one of the oldest 
 families of Florence, was born in that city, 
 in 1398 or 1400, took orders, and became 
 a canon and abbot. At the age of twenty 
 he wrote a Latin comedy, which was at 
 first believed to be the work of Lepidus, 
 an ancient dramatist. But, though his abil- 
 ities as a writer, painter, and sculptor, 
 were great, he is principally indebted for 
 his fame to his architectural talents, of 
 which many striking proofe remain at Flo- 
 ~ence, Rome, Mantua, and Rimini. He 
 died in 1490. Alberti was an indefatiga- 
 ble student, amiable, generous, and entirely 
 free from envious feelings. 
 
 ALBERTI, ARISTOTLE, a Bolognian 
 architect and engineer, of thi fifteenth cen- 
 
 ALB 
 
 tury, >vho is said to have removed entire 
 the tou.-r ( ,f St. Mary, with all its bell?, 
 to a distance of thirty pares, and et upright 
 another which leaned ii\o f-et. For hi* 
 services in Hungary he was knighted, and 
 had the extraordinary privilege of coining 
 money in his own name. 
 
 ALBERTINELLI, M A RIOTTO, a cele- 
 brated Florentine painter, died in 1520, at 
 the aije of forty-live. He was a fellow pu- 
 pil, and inclose friendship, with Baccio 
 della Porta. and so identical was their 
 stylo, that Baccio Inning left unfinished 
 his picture of the Last Judgment, hi* friend 
 Completed it in such a manner that it 
 seemed to be entire y by one hand. Al- 
 bertinelli was of a changeful disposition, 
 and was too much addicted to pleasure. 
 
 ALBERTTS MAG NTS, whose epithet 
 of great was given him for his extraordi- 
 nary acquirements, was of a noble family, 
 was born at Lauingen, in Swabia, either 
 in 1193 or 1205, and studied at Pavia. 
 After entering the Dominicans, he lectured 
 on the philosophy of Aristotle with unpre- 
 cedented success, was made, in 1254, pro- 
 vincial of his order in Germany, and set- 
 tled at Cologne, where he die'd in 1280. 
 Albertua constructed an automaton, said to 
 be capable of moving and speaking, which 
 was destroyed by his disciple Thomas 
 Aquinas, who imagined it to be a work of 
 the devil; and he performed many curious 
 experiments, which in that agr of dark- 
 ness were attributed to magic. His phi- 
 losophical and other compositions have 
 been collected in 21 folio volumes ; many 
 of the pieces in this enormous mass are, 
 however, erroneously ascribed to him. 
 
 ALBINOVANUS, C. PEDO, a Latin 
 poet, a friend of Ovid, by whom, and by 
 Martial and Seneca, he is highly praised*. 
 He composed elegies, epigrams, and othei 
 poems ; but nearly the whole of his works 
 are lost. Of the iwo elegies that remain, 
 there is a tame English translation. 
 
 ALBINUS, BERNARD, a German phy- 
 sician, whose real name was Weiss, was 
 born at Dessau, in 1653, and, after study- 
 ing at Leyden, where he took his degree, 
 and travelling through France and Flan- 
 ders, was made professor at Frankfort on 
 the Oder, and afterwards physician to the 
 elector of Brandenburg, who heaped wealth 
 and honours on him. In 1702 he berime 
 professor at Leyden, where he died in 1721. 
 His medical works are numerous, and were 
 much esteemed. Afbinoi had the merit of 
 resigning a rich sinecure canonship, b- 
 eimse it so increased his fortune, that he 
 feared dissatisfaction and envy might be 
 excited among the members of hia profes- 
 sion. 
 
 ALBINUS, BERNARD SIOFRIED, a 
 son of the preceding, was bom at Frank- 
 fort on the Oder, in 1697, and died al 
 
ALB 
 
 Leyden, in 1750. Educated under men of 
 great anatomical knowledge, he became 
 one of the most eminent anatomists of the 
 age; and when only twenty-two, he was 
 appointed professor at Leyden. Am >ng 
 his excellent works may be distinguished 
 his History of the Bones, and his History 
 of the Muscles. His brother, CHRISTIAN 
 BERNARD, was also eminent in the same 
 tcience. 
 
 ALBIZZI, BARTHOLOMEW, known 
 also as Bartholomew of Pisa, was a Fran- 
 5,?can monk, born in the fourteenth centu- 
 ry, and is indebted for a somewhat sinister 
 celebrity to his absurd volume on The Con- 
 formities of St. Francis with Jesus Christ, 
 i;i which he places the actions of his fa- 
 vourite saint on an equality with those of 
 he Saviour. As a testimony of their ap- 
 probation, the order made him a present 
 of the dress worn by St. Francis when 
 tilive. Albizzi died in 1401. His volume 
 is rarely to be found unmutilated. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO D', de- 
 nominate*, the Great, and the Portuguese 
 Mars, was born at Lisbon, in 1452, of a 
 family which drew its origin from the kings 
 of Portugal. Having previously, by his 
 valour, twice acquired honour on the Mo- 
 zambique coast, and in India, he was, in 
 150S, appointed viceroy of the settlements 
 in the latter country. With a very inade- 
 quate foice he reduced Goa, Malacca, Or- 
 muz, and various other places, and raised 
 die Portuguese oriental empire to a height 
 of power which it had never attained be- 
 fore. In spite, however, of his splendid 
 services, he was doomed to experience the 
 proverbial ingratitude of monarchs. Lopez 
 Soarez, his personal enemy, was appointed 
 to replace him, and this disgrace, which he 
 keenly felt, seems to have aggravated a dis- 
 order under which he was labouring, and 
 thus to have hastened his death. He died 
 at Goa in 1515, and "his last sighs re- 
 proached'the faith of kings." Emanuel, 
 when too late, bitterly regretted the loss of 
 such a servant, and, as a proof of his re- 
 pentance, lavished favours on Blaise, the 
 son of Alphonso, and made him assume his 
 lather's Christian name. Blaise published 
 Memoirs of his illustrious parent. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE, MATTHIAS D', a 
 Portuguese general, wa? sent to Brazil in 
 1628, and successfully defended the prov- 
 ince of Pernambuco against the Dutch, but 
 was recalled in 1635. He embraced the 
 party of Braganza, wa? made commander 
 of the army in 1643, obtained various ad- 
 vantages, and, the next year, gained the 
 decisive victory of Campo Mayor, for 
 which he was created count of Alegrete, 
 ind a grandee of Portugal. Being thwarted 
 by his officers in the ensuing campaign, he 
 repaired to court to make complaints, was 
 
 ALC 
 
 17 
 
 coldly received, and died soon after of 
 vexation. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE COELHO, ED. 
 WARD D', marquis of Basto, a native of 
 Portugal, fought with great bravery against 
 the Dutch in the Brazilian war, continued 
 faithful to Spain after Brazil was repoa 
 sessed by the Portuguese, retired to Mad- 
 rid, where he wrote a history of the con 
 test in the colony, and died in 1C'68. 
 
 ALC.EUS, a celebrated Greek lyric 
 poet, who flourished about 600 years E, c 
 at Mitylene, in the isle of Lesbos, was a 
 contemporary of Sappho, of whom he is 
 said to have been also a rejected lover. As 
 a poet, he was worthy of the highest praise ; 
 as a man, he had few claims to esteem. In 
 a battle against the Athenians, he threw 
 away his arms, and took flight; and, after 
 having brutally lampooned Pittacus for per- 
 sonal defects, and raised against him an 
 insurrection, he was reduced to accept a 
 pardon from him. Of his works, only a 
 few fragments remain. He was the invent- 
 of of the Alcaic measure. 
 
 ALCALA Y HENARES, ALPHONSO 
 DE, a Spaniard, born in 1599, who settled 
 at Lisbon, where he died in 1682, was by 
 profession a merchant, but amused himself 
 with literature. He is the author of a 
 work intitlcd Viridiarum Anagrammati- 
 cum, and of five Tales, in the latter of 
 which productions he has displayed much 
 perverse ingenuity, each tale having one of 
 the five vowels wholly excluded from it. 
 
 ALCAMENES, a statuary, the pupil 
 and rival of Phidias, was a native of Ath- 
 ens. His most celebrated works were, a 
 Venus Aphrodite, a Juno, a Vulcan, and 
 the Battle of the Centaurs and Lapithae,on 
 the pediment of the temple of Jupiter Olyin- 
 piu?. 
 
 ALCAZARA, BARTHOLOMEW DE, a 
 Spanish poet, born at Seville, was a con- 
 temporary of Cervantes. He particularly 
 excelled in epigrams. His compositions 
 of that kind were collected, in 1605, by 
 Peter Espinosa, in his Flowers of Illustri- 
 ous Poets. 
 
 ALCIATI, ANDREW, an eminent civil- 
 ian, was born at Milan in 1492. So early 
 did he acquire a consummate knowledge of 
 jurisprudence, that at the age of fifteen he 
 wrote a work of great merit on the sub- 
 ject. He was appointed law professor at 
 Avignon, and afterwards at Milan, in which 
 city jealousy of his success excited such a 
 host of persecuting enemies. that he was 
 obliged, to take refuge in France, where 
 Francis I. gave him the professional chair 
 at Bourges. Alciati, however, was re- 
 called to his country by Francis Sforza. 
 He successively taught at Pavia, Bologna, 
 and Ferrara, and died at Pavin in 1550. 
 He was greedy of money , and wo* equally 
 
18 ALC ALD 
 
 greedy of good cheer. His numerous pro- 1 A ix la Chapelle, and other places. He 
 auction!, in law and literature, occupy four .died in S04, aged nearly seventy. 
 folio volumes in the last edition. AI.DKKKTK. PIK<;O GRACIAIC DE,a 
 
 Al.Cll'.l AIM'.S, a famous Athenian ge- learned Spaniard, born toward? the close 
 neral and statesman, born B. c. 450, the of the fifteenth century, died, aged nearly 
 on of (Mini Dionomache, the ninety, under the reign of Philip II., to 
 
 nister of Pericles, was a disciple of Soc- 
 rates. In 41b' In- was charged with the 
 expedition to Sicily, of the conquest of 
 hich is.iud ho wa< himself the adviser. 
 
 whom, as well as to Charles V., he was 
 private secretary. He was a good man, 
 in great credit with his sovereign*, and 
 much respected at court. Spanish litera- 
 Reing accused of impiety during his ah- ture is indebted to him for elegant trans- 
 wenre, his property wa* confiscated, and he lations of Xenophon, Thucydides, and 
 
 compelled to seek refuge at Sparta. 
 H.' \\as subsequently obliged to lly from 
 thence to Tissaph- f the Persian 
 
 satraps. In 407 he was recalled by his 
 oountrymen, and, under his command, they 
 rd tln-ir ascendency over the Spar- 
 Having, however, "again become an 
 . b ' of popular displeasure, he sought 
 the protect i Hi of Pharnaba/us, another 
 Persian satrap, by whom, at the instig;*- 
 tion of Lysander, he was put to death in 
 
 404. 
 
 ALCIPHROX, a Greek writer, of the 
 
 third century B. c. His letters, which 
 
 have been translated by Beloc and .Monroe, 
 
 i excellent picture of Grecian crs- 
 
 t id manners. It lias, however, been 
 
 oilier Greek writers. 
 
 ALDHELM, or ADELM, ST., an emi- 
 nent scholar of the seventh century, rela- 
 ted to king Ina, was born at Mulmesbnry, 
 where he built a stately monastery, of 
 which he was abbot more than thirty yean. 
 In 705 he was consecrated bishop of Shcr- 
 burne, and died in 709. He was a man of 
 extensive learning, the first Saxon who 
 wrote prose and verse in Latin, was skilled 
 in music and mathematics, and was de- 
 clared by king Alfred to be the best of all 
 the Saxon poets. 
 
 ALDKICH, HENRY, a learned divine, 
 born at London in 1647, was educated at 
 Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, 
 and became D. D. in 1681. As a contro- 
 
 Mispected that they are<in reality, a pro- versialist against the catholics, he so dis 
 
 duction of the fourth century of the Chris- 
 tian era. 
 
 ALCMAN, an ancient Greek lyric poet, 
 wss b;>rn ai Sardis, in Lydia, about the 
 year 670 B. c., and was admitted a citizen 
 of Sparta. Of his works, consisting of a 
 drama, and six books of verses in the 
 Doric dialect, only a few lines are preserv- 
 ed. He died of the morbus pediculosus. 
 
 ALCOCK, JOH.V, an English prelate, 
 born atBeverley, in Yorkshire, and educa- 
 ted at Cambridge. He obtained a deanery 
 n 1461, and rapidly rose to the highest 
 offices in church and state. He was bish- 
 op of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, and 
 twice lord chancellor; was a man of infi- 
 nite liberality and learning, and an ex- 
 cellent architect. Jesus College, Cam- 
 bridge, and a grammar school and chapel 
 at Hull, were founded by him; and he 
 erected various elegant edifices. He died 
 in 1500. Alcock wrote several theological 
 works, and was famous for preaching long 
 ermonn. 
 
 ALCUIN, or ALCUINUS, FLACCUS 
 ALBINUS, a native of Yorkshire, one of 
 the most learned men of his age, at once 
 a theologian, philosopher, orator, historian, 
 poet, mathematician, and linguist, was sent 
 on 411 embassy from OlVa tn Charlemagne, 
 w(v> t'>ok him into his service and friend- 
 ship, and rewanie,,! him immiliceiitly. Al- 
 cui.'i was ernplne.l by that sovcieign in 
 negotiations, and in disseminating knc^v- 
 e.igf. ai"! f 'tin \<- \ ma".y schools it Pan.*, 
 
 tinguished him.-elf that, at the Revolution, 
 he was rewarded with the deanery of Christ 
 Church. In that station his conduct was 
 exemplary. In 1702 he was chosen prolo- 
 cutor of the Convocation. He was one of 
 the joint editors of Clarendon's History 
 He died in 1710. Aldrich was a good 
 Latin poet, was skilled in musical compo- 
 sition, and has left striking proofs of archi- 
 tectural talent in his designs of Peckwater 
 Square, All Saint's Church, and Trinity 
 College Chapel. 
 
 ALDROVANDUS, ULYSSES, a natu- 
 ralist, born in 1527, at Bologna, in which 
 city he became professor of philosophy and 
 physic. He spent nearly his whole life 
 and fortune in collecting materials for his 
 Natural History, in 13 vols. folio, of which, 
 however, only four were published by him- 
 self. It is "said that he. died poor and 
 blind, in 1605, at a hospital in Bologna; 
 but the truth of this is now doubted. The 
 senate of his native city subsequently voted 
 a considerable sum to continue the publi- 
 cation of his work. 
 
 ALDRUDE, countess of Bertinoro, a 
 native of Italy, rendered herself celebrated 
 towards the end of the twelfth century by 
 her eloquence and her courage. She" was 
 left a widow in the bloom of youth, and 
 her court became the resort of all the 
 Italian chivalry. Ancona \\a.- besieged by 
 the imperial troops, and was reduced tu 
 extremity. Aldrude, howeTer, harangued 
 her courtier knights, led them to the relief 
 
ALE 
 
 of the place, and succeeded in saving An- 
 cona. 
 
 ALEMAN, MATTHEW, a native of Se- 
 ville, was born about the middle of the 
 sixteenth century, and was one of the 
 superintendents and comptrollers of the 
 finances to Philip II. He is the author 
 of several works, but his fame rests upon 
 his life of Gasman d'Alfarache, which 
 baa been translated into several languages. 
 
 ALEMBERT, JOHN LK ROND D',born 
 at Paris in 1717, was the natural son of 
 M Destouches and the celebrated Madame 
 de Tencin. He was left on the steps of a 
 church by his unworthy parents, and was 
 BO weak that, instead of sending him to the 
 Foundling Hospital, the commissary of po- 
 lice intrusted him to the care of a poor 
 glazier's wife. Repenting of his barbarity, 
 his father subsequently settled on him an 
 annuity of fifty pounds. D'Alembert was 
 brought up at Mazarin College, where IK. 
 made surprising progress in mathematics. 
 On his quitting the college he went to re- 
 side with his nurse, with whom he continu- 
 ed for forty years, and loved her with filial 
 affection. He was admitted a member of 
 the Academy of Sciences in 1741, and soon 
 acquired a distinguished reputation by se- 
 veral mathematical works. His merit at 
 length obtained for him a pension from 
 the government. He next cooperated with 
 Diderot in compiling the Encyclopaedia, 
 for vhich he composed the preliminary 
 discourse. Nor* was he only, celebrated as 
 a mathematician; for he gave to the world 
 seveml aluable historical and philosophi- 
 cal productions. Among them are the 
 Eulogies on the Members of the French 
 Acade:ny, o( which body he became secre- 
 tary in 1772. Splendid offers were made 
 to hun by the empress Catherine and the 
 king of Prussia, if he would quit his coun- 
 try; but they were refused. D'Alembert 
 died in 1783. 
 
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT, son of 
 
 Philip of Macedon, was born at Pella, 
 
 B. c 356, and very early gave indications 
 
 of that spirit which blazed forth in his 
 
 per years. Leonidas, Lysimaclms, and 
 
 ALE if 
 
 Aristotle, were his instructors, but prin- 
 cipally the last, who poured forth to hi 
 
 eager pupil ail the treasures of a nngruj 
 mind. From Lysimachus the youthful hero 
 received only injury, his disposition being 
 corrupted by the mercenary adulation ol 
 his tutor. During the life of his father, 
 his undaunted courage was displayed on 
 various occasions, particularly at Cbero- 
 mea. Alexander ascended the throne in hia 
 twentieth yfAr, and immediately prepared 
 to execute his father's projected invasion of 
 Persia. It was previously necessary, how- 
 ever, to chastise the neighbouring barbari- 
 ans, and to rivet the chains of the Greeks, 
 and this he rapidly accomplished. Thebes, 
 having revolted, was destroyed, with the 
 exception of the house of Pindar. At the 
 head of nearly forty thousand men, Alex- 
 ander now (B. c. 334) crossed the Helles- 
 pont, defeated the forces of Darius on the 
 banks of the Granicus, and in one cam- 
 aaig^n, reduced Asia Minor. In the fol- 
 
 owing year a dangerous illness for a time 
 arrested his arms; but, on his recovery, he 
 utterly routed the Persians, to the number 
 
 f six hundred thousand men, at the buttle 
 of Issus, and took prisoners the whole 
 family of Darius. He then subdued Tyre, 
 where he disgraced himself by his baiba- 
 rity; Egypt, where he ordered Alexandria 
 to be built; and penetrated into Libya, 
 where he caused the Ammonian oracle to 
 declare him the son of Jupiter. Resuming, 
 next year, his operations against the Per- 
 sian monarch, he completely defeated him 
 at Arbela, and this battle decided the fate 
 of Persia. Pausing awhile from conquest, 
 he indulged in cruelty and debauchery, 
 burned Persepolis, to gratify the courtesan 
 Thais, murdered his veteran general Par- 
 menio, and shortly after, in a fit of intoxi- 
 cation, stabbed his friend Clytus. Having 
 put down some insurrections, he pursued 
 his course to India, crossed the Indus, and, 
 after many sanguinary contents with Porus 
 and other kings, he pushed forward beyond 
 the Hydaspes, where, at length, his 'pro- 
 gress was stopped, by the refu.ii! of hit 
 soldiers to advance any furthor. On th 
 
20 ALE 
 
 Iwnks of the Hydaspes he built the cities 
 of Nica-a and Bucephala, and then began 
 nis retrograde movement ; dispatching 
 Neari-hns, with the licet, down tin 1 Indus, 
 to 'he Persian gulf. After a toilsome 
 march ho reach. -d Susa, \\henee ho pro- 
 lo Eebatana, and la.-tlv, to Babylon. 
 In the latter city his ca;. > d. A 
 
 fever, said to In- caused, or atri:i'a\ated, by 
 .if drinking, cai ried him off, on the 
 12th of April, B. c. 323, in the thirty - 
 Jiird year ot li:< ago, and the thirteenth 
 of his reign. His remains were interred 
 at Alexandria. The praise of \almir, mili- 
 tary genius, extensive view.", a !<>\e of 
 learning, and, occasionally, noble feelings, 
 must be awarded to Alexander; but his. 
 character is deeply stained with vanity, 
 arrogance, and cruelty, and with a reckless 
 luM df victory, dominion, and fame, to 
 gratify which the blood and tears of millions 
 of his fellow beings were nnspari ugly shed. 
 
 ALEXANDER SLVICRUS, one of the 
 l>est of the lloman emperors, was a native 
 of Aera, in Phoenicia, born about A. D. 209, 
 and was caretully educated by his mother 
 Mam-oca. Adopted by his cousin Helioga- 
 balus, he soon, by his popularity, excited 
 the hatred of that despicable being, who 
 made a fruitless attempt to poison him. 
 When the tyrant was slain by the pretorian 
 guards, they elevated Sevenis in his stead. 
 Though in a few instances he displayed 
 weakness, the youthful monarch adorned 
 the throne by his virtues and his love of 
 literature; but, in the year 235, he was un- 
 fortunately murdered in a mutiny of the 
 army, occasioned by his efforts for the res- 
 toration of discipline. 
 
 ALEXANDER, NEVSKOI, i Russian 
 paint and hero, the son of tlw ^rand duke 
 Jaroslaf, was born in 1218. it the battle 
 of the Neva, he was victorious over the 
 combined Swedes, Dai^rs, and Teutonic 
 knights; he defeated the Tartars; and he 
 emancipated Russia from the tribute paid 
 by her to the successors of Genghis Khan. 
 He died at Gorodetz, in 1262. National 
 gratitude enrolled him among the saints, 
 and Peter tt-s Great instituted an order of 
 knighthood, which bears his name. 
 
 ALEXANDER VI., POPE. This dis- 
 grace to the papal chair, whose family 
 name was Borgia, was born at Valencia, 
 in Spain, in 1431, and succeeded Pope 
 Innocent VIII. in 1492. His life was a 
 series of crimes. By his concubine Va- 
 nozzi, ne had five children, worthy of svch 
 a father, and of these Caesar, the" most in- 
 famous, was his favourite. In all his poli- 
 tical connexions he was treacherous, be- 
 yond the usual measure of treachery in 
 politicians. The pontifical claims to su- 
 premacy lost nothing in his hands. It was 
 he who divided between the Spaniards and 
 r*-lugt>e.tt th* rrrently diccovered realms 
 
 ALE 
 
 of America, by drawing a line from pulf 
 to pole, a hundred leagues to the westward 
 of the A /.(ires, and a-.-igning to the for 
 mer people all the realms to the v\ >t of it 
 and to the latter, all I'm >e to the ea->t 
 This hateful pontili" died in the > raj 
 1503; and is said to have fallen, by mis 
 lake, a victim to poison, which he and his 
 Mm ( 'a-sar had prej 
 
 ALEXANDER, PoLTHlSTOR, a philo 
 ?oplier, geographer, and historian, a nativj 
 of Phngia, lived eailv in the lirsl cmt-jij 
 B. c., was made prisoner in tl.e wars 
 against Mithridates, and \\u. b.mglu by 
 Cornelius Lentulus, who confided to I nn 
 the education of his children, and af.ti- 
 wards liberated him. He was burnt in his 
 house at Laurentum, and his wife destrv jed 
 herself from grief for his loss. Forty-two 
 works were written by him, none of which 
 are extant. 
 
 ALEXANDER, PSF.UDOM ANTIS, n 
 celebrated impostor, was born at Abonoti- 
 chos, in Asia Minor, and flourished in the 
 reign of Marcus Aurelius. Bv dint of 
 boundless impudence, and such tricks as ev- 
 ery slight-of-hand man can now excel, he 
 contrived, for twenty years, to have innu- 
 merable devoted admirers, and to raise an 
 enormous income from their credulity. He 
 died of an ulcer in his leg, at the age cf 
 seventy years. 
 
 ALEXANDER, TRAI.LIANUS, a na- 
 tive of Tralles, in Asia Minor, was cele- 
 brated, as a philosopher and a prof 
 the medical art, in the middle of the sixth 
 century. Dr. Friend regards him as one 
 of the best practical physicians of antiqui- 
 ty. He was among the first, perhaps the 
 first, who made a liberal internal use of 
 preparations of iron. 
 
 ALEXANDER, SIR WILLIAM, a 
 Scotch poet and statesman, born in 1580, 
 was made a knight, and gentleman usher 
 to Prince Charles, in 1613 ; received a 
 grant of Nova Scotia, in 1621 ; was ap- 
 pointed secretary of state for Scotland, in 
 1626; and, in *1630 and 1633, was cre- 
 ated viscount and earl of Stirling. He 
 died in 1640. His poems and tragedies 
 have considerable merit, and were | raix-d 
 by contemporary poets, and also by iddi- 
 son. 
 
 ALEXANDER, NOEL, a learned Do- 
 minijan. professor of theology, and dcctor 
 of the Sorbonne, was born at Rouen, in 
 1639, and died at Paris, in 1724, after 
 having been for some years blind. He la 
 the author, among other works, of an Ec- 
 clesiastical History, in 26 vols. Svo. and 
 of a History of the Old Testament ; the 
 former of which, being favourable, to the 
 liberties of the Gallican church, was pro- 
 scribed by Innocent XI. 
 
 ALEXANDER I. emperor of Ruwua 
 and king of Poland, was born, December 
 
ALE 
 
 22 1777, and, on the murder of his father, 
 in 1801 , he succeeded to the throne. Till 
 
 1805, his attention was confined to his own 
 dominions; but, in that year, he coalesced 
 with Austria against France. The coali- 
 tion, however, was broken, by the success 
 of Nanoleon at Austerlitz. In the follow- 
 ing year, he joined with Prussia ; but, in 
 1807, after having been defeated at Fried- 
 land, he signed, at Tilsit, a peace with the 
 French emperor, very soon after which he 
 became one of his closest allies. The in- 
 terval between 1807 and 1812, was filled 
 up with the seizure of Finland, and a war 
 against Turkey. In the latter year hostili- 
 ties were again commenced between France 
 and Russia, and were actively continued 
 till the downfal of Napoleon. During the 
 campaigns of 1813 and 1814, Alexander 
 bore a share in the dangers of the field. 
 On the conclusion of peace, he visited 
 England. As the reward of his military 
 assistance, Poland was erected into a king- 
 dom by the congress of Vienna, and he 
 was crowned in 1815. He died at Tagan- 
 rok, in November, 1825. His talents were 
 above mediocrity ; and he did much to ame- 
 liorate the condition of his subjects. 
 
 ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, a majer- 
 peneral in the American army, during the 
 revolutionary war, was born in the city of 
 New-York, but passed a portion of his 
 life in New-Jersey. He acted an impor- 
 tant part throughout the revolution, and 
 distinguished himself particularly in the 
 battles of Long Island, Germantown, and 
 Monmouth. He died at Albany, in 1783, 
 at the age of fifty-seven years, leaving be- 
 hind him the reputation of a brave officer 
 and a learned man. 
 
 ALEXANDRINI, JULIUS, a physician, 
 who died at Trent, in 1590, aged eighty- 
 five, was the author of various medical 
 works, some of which are in verse. He 
 was the first who endeavoured to show the 
 connexion between the passions of the mind 
 and the diseases of the body. 
 
 ALEXIS DEL ARCO, a Spanish 
 , known also inder the name of cl 
 
 ALP 11 
 
 Sordillo de Pereda, because he was (leaf 
 and dumb, and the pupil of Pereda. He 
 was born at Madrid, in 1625, and, in spite 
 of his natural defects, acquired considera- 
 ble reputation, especially in portraits. His 
 drawing and colouring "are good. Alexis 
 died at Madrid, in 1700. 
 
 ALFARABI, or ALFARABIUS, qp 
 called from Farab, his birth place, but 
 whose real name was Mohammed, was 
 born in the tenth century. lie studied at 
 Bagdad, travelled through many countries, 
 and became the most eminent of Arabic 
 philosophers. He is said to have spoken 
 seventy languages ; many of them, no doubt, 
 were only dialects. He died, in 950, at 
 Damascus; the sultan of which city was 
 his patron. Among his works are several 
 treatises on Aristotle ; a Treatise on Mu- 
 sic ; and an Encyclopaedia, the MS. of 
 which is in the library of the Escurial. 
 
 ALFIERI, VICTOR, the most eminent 
 of Italian tragic poets, was born at Asti, 
 in Piedmont, in 1749. His family was rich 
 and noble. In his early youth he gave no 
 promise of that talent which he finally dis- 
 played; he learned little or nothing, and 
 the violence of his temper was a bar to his 
 obtaining esteem. At the age of sixteen, 
 he became his own master, and the seven 
 succeeding years were spent in travelling, 
 as fast as horses could carry him, over the 
 greatest part of Europe, and in adventures) 
 which were marked only by dissipation and 
 licentiousness. After his return to Turin, 
 love inspired him with the spirit of poetry; 
 and, in 1775, he produced his tragedy of 
 Cleopatra, and a burlesque upon it. Thence- 
 forth he continued constant to the Muses 
 and to study; and the result was no less 
 than fourteen dramas in seven years, be- 
 sides many compositions in verse and prose. 
 He mastered Latin, French, and other lan- 
 guages, of which till then he had been ut- 
 terly ignorant; and, even at the late age of 
 forty-eight, he began Greek, and acquired 
 such a knowledge of it as to translate se* 
 eral works. In France, where he ne.\( 
 settled with the Pretender's widow, the 
 countess of Albany, whom he married, he 
 composed five more tragedies. The fall of 
 the throne, in 1792, drove him from 
 France; his property there was unjustly 
 confiscated ; and Alfieri ever after enter- 
 tained a deadly hatred of that country. 
 Worn out by hij> incessant literary labours, 
 he died at Florence, in 1803, and over hii 
 remains his widow erected a monument bv 
 Canova. In the following year came forth 
 his posthumous works, iii thirteen vol- 
 umes, two of which are occupied by his 
 auto-biography. As a tragic writer, Alfieri 
 has" had many imitators in Italy, but his 
 throne is still unshared by any rival, no 
 one has yet equalled him in nervous dia* 
 
AI.G 
 
 ALI 
 
 logue, in grandeur of style, or in the delta- 1 sciences, were all known to him. At the 
 ration of strong pMMOM and energetic age of twenty-one, he wrote his Newtorii- 
 
 Ladies, intended to render 
 
 characters. 
 
 ALFRED, justly denominated the 
 GREAT, the youngest son of Fthelwolf, 
 was born at Wantage, in Berkshire, in 
 849, and succeeded to the English throne, 
 in 871, on the death of Ethetred, the last 
 survivor of his brother. From his acces- 
 sion to the year 877. he was engaged in 
 almost continual contests with the Danes', 
 who, at last, compelled him to abandon the 
 throne, and conceal himself, in disguise, in 
 the cottage of one of his herdsmen. It was 
 while he was thus concealed, that he was 
 harshly reproved by his hostess, for having 
 allowe'd some cakes to be burned, the bak- 
 ing of which she had directed him to watch. 
 He next retired, with a few followers, to 
 die isle of Athelney, where he remained till 
 he was called again into the field by a vic- 
 tory which the earl of Devonshire had ob- 
 tained over the enemy. Summoning round 
 him his nobles, he completely routed the 
 Danes at Eddington, and recovered his 
 throne. During a part of the remainder 
 f his reign, he had to contend against re- 
 
 inisin for the 
 the discover!' :i comprehensible 
 
 o the fair 5cx. lie was as much beloved 
 or his manners and virtue? as admired for 
 nis abilities. Frederick the Great made 
 him his chamberlain, and pave him the title 
 of count, the king of Poland appointed him 
 a pi iw counsellor, and the Pope and many 
 Italian princes highly distinguished him. 
 He died at Pisa, in 1764. The first edi- 
 tion of his works is in four volume* 8vo. 
 
 ALHAZEN, an Arabian astronomer, of 
 the tenth and eleventh centuriefl, was a na- 
 tive of P>assora. Having vaunted that he 
 could render regular the inundations of the 
 Nile, the caliph Hakem employed him to 
 accomplish that purpose, and rewarded 
 him beforehand. Alhazen, however, Hav- 
 ing examined the course of the river, jis- 
 covered the folly of his scheme, and feigned 
 madness to avert the wrath of the caliph. 
 He died at Cairo, in 1038. His Treatise 
 on Optics has been translated by Rismer, 
 and that on Twilight by Gerard of Cremo- 
 na. KepU-r is said to have taken many 
 ideas from the latter work. 
 
 ALI, the cousin, son-in-law, and fast 
 friend, of Mahomet, distinguished himself 
 so greatly, bv his aothity and valour in 
 the service of that impostor, that he gave 
 him his daughter in marriage. After the 
 death of the pseudo-prophet, Ali was ex- 
 cluded from the caliphate, by the intrigues 
 of Ayesha. He succeeded to it, however, 
 in 655, on the death of Othman; but hit 
 reign was a perpetual struggle against his 
 enemies in the field ; and at the end of four 
 years he was assassinated. By the Per- 
 sians, who venerate him as a martyr, he is 
 considered as the only successor of Ma- 
 
 ft 
 
 hornet, for which the Turks detest them as 
 
 peated invasions, but was uniformly sue- heretics. Ali had a well informed mind, 
 cessful in repelling them. By sea and land j aiid was brave, generous, and a hater of 
 he fought no less than fifty-six battles, treachery. 
 As soon as he resumed his authority, he 
 began to cultivate the arts of peace. 
 
 He 
 
 reformed the laws; established trial by 
 jury; divided the country into shires and 
 hundreds ; encouraged commerce and mar- 
 itime discovery; invited learned men from 
 all quarters; endowed seminaries ; restor- 
 ed, if not founded, the university of Oxford; 
 and gave lustre to literature, in the eyes 
 of the people, by himself composing and 
 translating numerous works, on a variety 
 of subjects. This exemplary sovereign 
 died A. D. 900 (or 901), and was succeed- 
 ed by his son, Edward the Elder. 
 
 ALGAROTTI, FRANCIS, an Italian 
 author, of multifarious knowledge and tal- 
 
 ALI BEY, born in the neighbourhood 
 
 of the Caucasus, about 1728, was sold into 
 Egypt, at the age of twelve or fourteen 
 years, as a slave; became one of the twen- 
 ty-four beys who governed that country; 
 and, in 1756, attained the supreme power, 
 and threw off his obedience to the Porte. 
 In conjunction with Shiek Daher, who had 
 also revolted in Syria, he several times de- 
 feated the Turkish armies; but, at length, 
 he was overthrown, by the treason of one 
 of his own generals, and was either pois- 
 oned or died of his wounds. Among other 
 plans, formed during his success, Ali med 
 itated the revival of the ancient mode of 
 carrying on the commerce of Europe with 
 
 ent, was the son of a merchant, and was India, bv way of the Red Sea. 
 
 born at Venice, in 1712. The learned Ian- ALI,TEPELiNi,Pachaof Jannina. Thii 
 
 (uafes, die elegant aru, and the abstruse i extraordinary man waa descended frort 
 
ALK 
 
 n ntustriouR Albanian family, and was 
 uorn at Tepelini, in Albania, in 1744. He 
 
 lost his father when he was only sixteen, 
 and made brave but fruitless efforts to de- 
 fend his paternal inheritance against the 
 neighbouring pachas. After having sus- 
 tained everal defeats, he was taken pris- 
 oner; but, at length, recovered his liberty, 
 and withdrew into a solitary retreat. This 
 latter circumstance is said to have led to 
 his subsequent greatness. While, lost in 
 reverie, he was one day involuntarily push- 
 ing a stick backward and forward in the 
 and, his attention was roused by the stick 
 meeting with resistance from a solid body. 
 He looked, and saw in the sand a box, 
 which proved to be filled with gold. With 
 this treasure he was enabled to raise two 
 thousand men, and take the field against 
 his enemies. He was victorious, and en- 
 tered triumphantly into his native place. 
 From that period, during fifty years of 
 constant warfare, he was uniformly suc- 
 cessful, and he brought under his sway a 
 wide extent of territory, which the Porte 
 sanctioned his holding, with the title of 
 pacha. He received agents from foreign 
 powers, and alternately intrigued with 
 England, France, and Russia. At length, 
 in the spring of 1820, he threw off the 
 mask, and declared himself king of Epi- 
 rus. After a brief struggle, however, he 
 was deserted by the majority of his troops, 
 and even by his sons, and was compelled 
 to take refuge in a fort, which he had con- 
 structed in an island of the lake of Jannina. 
 From that retreat he was at last decoyed, 
 by the Turkish general, under pretence 
 that the Porte had pardoned him, and he 
 was then assassinated ; but not till he had 
 slain two of his assailants, and dangerously 
 wounded a third. He perished on the 5th 
 of February, 1822. Ali was brave, intel- 
 ligent, and active ; but sanguinary and per- 
 fidious in the highest degree. 
 
 ALKMAAR, HENRY OF, whose real 
 name is believed to be Nicholas Biuiman, 
 and who flourished towards the latter end 
 of the fifteenth century, is the author of 
 
 ALL tt 
 
 he popular German satire of Reynard the 
 Fox, which Goethe has deemed worthy of 
 '>eing modernized, and paraphrased in 
 hexameters It has been translated into 
 several languages. Bauman is said to have 
 aeen an East Frieslander, and a civilian, 
 and to have died in 1501. 
 
 ALLEGRI. See CORREG1O. 
 
 ALLEN, ETHAN, a brigadier general 
 in the revolutionary army, was born in 
 Salisbury, Connecticut, but was educated 
 principally in Vermont. In 1775, soon 
 after the battle of Lexington, he collected a 
 body of about three hundred Green Moun- 
 tain boys, as they were called, and march- 
 ed against the fortresses of Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point; and in each of these 
 enterprizes he was successful. He was 
 shortly after taken prisoner and sent to 
 England; of the events of his captivity he 
 has himself given an interesting narrative. 
 On releiiBe from his confinement he repahvJ 
 to the head quarters of general Washing- 
 ton, where he was received with much 
 respect. As his health was much injured, 
 he returned to Vermont, after having made 
 an offer of his services to the commander 
 in chief in case of his recovery. He died 
 suddenly at Colchester, in 17.89. Among 
 other publications Allen was the author of 
 
 work entitled Allen's Theology, or the 
 Oracles of Reason, the first formal at- 
 tack upon the Christian religion issued in 
 the United Statei. He was a man of an 
 exceedingly strong mind, but entirely rough 
 and uneducated. 
 
 ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS, an 
 eminent mathematician, was born, in 1542, 
 at Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire, and educat- 
 ed .it Oxford. Selden and Camden speak 
 in the highest terms of his extensive know 
 ledge. Such was his mathematical skill, 
 that the vulgar regarded him as a magician 
 His acquaintance was courted by the great, 
 and the earl of Leicester, who always con- 
 sulted him on important affairs, offered 
 him a bishopric, but his love of study ani 
 retirement induced him to decline tht 
 tempting offer. He died in 1632. He 
 published, in Latin, the Second and Third 
 Books of Ptolemy on the Stars, with a& 
 expos i ion 
 
 ALLEYN, EDWARD, a celebrated act- 
 or, was born in London, in 1566, and, after 
 having acquired both popularity and riches, 
 became proprietor of the Fortune play- 
 house, and joint proprietor of the Royal 
 Bear Garden, by which his fortune was 
 still further increased. The wealth thus 
 obtained, he noblv devoted to the founda- 
 tion of Dulwich College, which was com- 
 pleted in 1617, and in which he and his 
 wife resided till their decease. He died in 
 1626. Vulgar credulity long believed, thai 
 the charitable Allevn was induced to found 
 
S4 ALO 
 
 this college in consequence of hii having 
 been terrified by the appearance of 
 tleinon, while he was playing the part of 
 one. 
 
 AI.I.IOM. CHARI.KS a Piedmontcse 
 physician and botanist, was born in 17~">. 
 and died in 1804, a man of extensive 
 knowledge, and a member of many learned 
 societies His works, chiefly botanical, 
 are numerous, but the most prominent of 
 
 ALP 
 
 wrested from them some of their pr mnces 
 and was bfjSjiegiag Siani when dea.h put 
 
 stop to his 
 
 lie died in 1760, in 
 
 the fiftieth yc.ir ol 
 
 ALPHONSO III. (called the GREAT) 
 king of Leon and Asturias, was born in 
 id succeeded hi? father, Ordogno, in 
 his eighteenth year. The early part of his 
 reign was spent in repressing liis factious 
 nobles. This being accomplished, he at- 
 
 ihem is his Piedmonti-sc Flora, in three tacked tlie Moors, gained numerous \icto- 
 folio volumes, with plates. His name was lies, and considerably enlarged his king- 
 
 given, by Leoffling, to a genus of plants. 
 
 ALMAGRO,DiFc,o D', one of the Spa- 
 nish conquerors of America, born about 
 the year 1463, is believed to have been a 
 foundling. Though an uneducated man, 
 he rose in the military service, acquired 
 wealth and influence at Panama, and, in 
 conjunction with Pizarro, conquered the 
 empire of Peru. A contest for supremacy 
 soon, however, took place between him 
 and Pizarro, which ended- in his downfall. 
 He was strangled in prison, in 1538. His 
 son, DIE GO, avenged his father's death, by 
 the assassination of Pi/arro, but was ulti- 
 mately overcome, in 1542, and beheaded 
 
 n> de Vaca. 
 
 " ALMUDOVAR, the duke of, a native 
 of Spain, was successively ambassador to 
 the courts of Russia, Portugal, and Eng- 
 land. On his retirement from public life, 
 he devoted himself to the cultivation of 
 literature. He published, at Madrid, a 
 species of literary journal, and translated 
 llaynal's history of the Indies. He died, 
 at Madrid, in 1794. 
 
 ALMON, JOHN, born at Liverpool, in 
 1738, served his apprenticeship to a book- 
 seller, went to sea, and, lastly, settled it 
 London, hi 1759, and became a politica 
 writer, and afterwards a bookseller. He 
 died in 1805. His principal works are 
 Reviews of the Reign of George II., and 
 of the first Mr. Pitt's Administration ; 
 Anecdotes of Lord Chatham; and Biogra- 
 phical Anecdotes of eminent Persons. The 
 first regular publication, in numbers, of 
 the Parliamentary Debates, was begun bv 
 Almon, in 1774. 
 
 ALOMPRA, ALOMPRAW, or LI - 
 ONG-PRAW, a Birman of low extrac- 
 tion, known by the humble name of 
 Aumd/ea, or the huntsman, gained a 
 crown, and immortalized his memory, by 
 delivering his country from the yoke of the 
 Peguans. About the year 1753, though 
 only the chief of an inconsiderable village. 
 he took up arms against the Peguan mon- 
 arch. The flames of insurrection were 
 rapidly spread by him, his valour and pru- 
 dence were conspicuously displayed, and, 
 after a desperate struggle of four years, 
 the sovereign of Pegu was dethroned. 
 Abnapi-a afterwards attacked the Siamese, 
 
 dom. The taxes, however, which his wars 
 ned, excited revolt, in which his 
 wife and eldest ton joined, and Alphonso 
 was compelled to abdicate. He (lied at 
 Zamora, in 912. A Chronicle, from 
 Wamba'c reign to Ordogno's, is attribu- 
 ted to him. 
 
 ALPHONSO X. (surnamed the Ah- 
 TRONOMKR and the PHILOSOPHER) w-.s 
 l>orn in 1203, succeeded to the tirone ->f 
 Lon and Castile in 1253, and imlae vam 
 efforts to ascend the imperial throne, to 
 which he had been elected by a faction. 
 After a stormy reign, he was deposed, in 
 1282, by the nobles and his own sun, and 
 he fruitlessly endeavoured to recover liis 
 authority by the aid of the Moors. He 
 died in 1284. Alphonso was by far 1 1n- 
 most learned prince of his age. Spain is 
 indebted to him for the Alphonsine Tal;lf-s, 
 and the code of laws denominated Laa 
 Partidas. 
 
 ALPHOXSO V. (snrnamed the MAG- 
 NAMMOi's) king of Arragon, Naples, and 
 Sicily, succeeded his father in 1416, and 
 almost his first act was the generous one 
 of destroying, without reading it, a list of 
 nol.'les who had conspired against him. 
 He died in 1458, at the age of seventy- 
 four, after an active and brilliant reign. 
 HIE valour was often proved in his con- 
 tinual wars; lie was eloquent, courteous, 
 and humane; loved, understood, and pro- 
 tected literature and the sciences ; abhorred 
 
 dupl 
 
 md had but one defect, that of 
 
 an immoderate fondness for women. 
 
 ALPHONSO I. Hi NRICUK/., the 
 founder and legislator of the Portuguese 
 monarchy, was lx,rn in 1094, and assumed 
 the title of king after the celebrated battle 
 of Onrique, or Castro Verde, which he 
 gained over the Moors, in 1139. He died 
 in 1185, and was buried at Coimbra. Al- 
 phonso was of extraordinary stature, being 
 seven feet high 
 
 ALPIM, PROSPER, a celebrated bot- 
 anist, was born at Marostica, in the Ve- 
 netian states, in 1553, and quitted the 
 army to studv physic and botany. In these 
 sciences, especially in the latter, he ac- 
 quired much celebrity. He resided three 
 years in Egypt, with the Venetian consu., 
 and gained an intimate knowledge of ever > 
 
ALT 
 
 thing relative to that country. For soina 
 years before his death, which took place in 
 1616, he was professor of botany at Padua. 
 He wrote several valuable medical and 
 botanical works. A genus of plants takes 
 from him the name of Alpinia. 
 
 ALSTEDIUS, JOHN HENRY, aGerman 
 divine, was born, in 1588, at Herborn, in 
 Nnssau, was professor of philosophy and 
 theology in his native town, and, subse- 
 f|innfly, at Weissemberg, in Transylvania. 
 II? died at the latter place in 1638. Als- 
 tedius was such an indefatigable writer, 
 that his name was anagramnfotized into 
 icdulitas (activity) by some of the word- 
 di*torters of that age. Among his numer- 
 ous works may be mentioned, a Treatise 
 on, the Millenium, asserting that it will 
 commence in 1694; an Encyclopaedia; and 
 a Biblical Encyclopaedia, in which he ab- 
 surdly attempts to prove, that the princi- 
 ples and materials of all the arts and 
 sciences should be sought for in the Scrip- 
 tures. 
 
 ALSOP, RICHARD, a man of letters, 
 was born at Middlctown in Connecticut, 
 and resided in that place during most of 
 his life. His works are numerous, and 
 embrace a great variety of subjects. He 
 was one of tho contributors to the Echo, 
 a journal that obtained considerable ce- 
 lebrity in it.s !ay lor humour and smart- 
 ness. He published various translations 
 from the French and Italian, a ul left in 
 manuscript a poem of considerable length 
 railed the Charms of Fancy. He died in 
 1815, at the age of 57, 
 
 ALSTON, CHARLES, a Scotch physi- 
 cian, born in 1683, was educated at Glas- 
 gow and Leyden, and settled at Edinburgh, 
 where he lectured on botany and the ma- 
 teria medica. His lectures on the latter 
 subject were published by Dr. Hope, i;i 
 1770, in two quarto volumes. Alston is 
 also the author of Tirocinium Botanicum 
 Edinburgense, in which he makes a formi- 
 dable attack on the Linnsean system. He 
 died in 1760. Mutis has given the name 
 of AL-tonia to a new genus of plants. 
 
 A'.STROEMER, JONAS, a Swede, who 
 deserves to be numbered among national 
 benefactors, was born, in 1685, of poor 
 parents, in the province of Westrogothia, 
 wade a fortune in England, by commercial 
 peculations, and then returned to his na- 
 tiie land. He introduced into Sweden 
 impioved breeds of sheep, the use of pota- 
 toes, and the cultivation of dying drugs, 
 established refineries of sugar, and con- 
 tributed to the formation of the Levant and 
 Ea*t India companies. For these services 
 he was ennobled, and had a statue erected 
 to hia on the Exchange. He died in 1761. 
 Claade, one of his sons, was a pupil of 
 
 LillMBUM. 
 
 ALTHUSEN,orALTHUSIUS,JoH.N, 
 
 ALV n 
 
 a German civilian, was born nboui the 
 middle of the sixteenth century, and died 
 early in the seventeenth. He was pro- 
 fessor of law at Herborn, and syndic of 
 Bremen. In 1603, he published" his Po- 
 litica Method ice Digesta, in which h<; 
 boldly taught that kings are nothing mon- 
 than magistrates, that to the people belongs 
 the sovereignty, and that, as a natura 
 consequence, they may change and evo 
 punish their rulers. Althusen is the au 
 thor of several other works, the principa 
 of which is a Latin Treatise on Roman 
 Jurisprudence. 
 
 ALVA, FERDINAND ALVAREZ DE 
 TOLEDO, duke of, a descendant of one 
 of the most illustrious families in Spain, 
 which he disgraced by his crimes, was 
 born in 1508, entered the army early, and 
 served in Italy, Hungary, and Africa. He 
 became a general in 1538; but hit first 
 marked exploit was his gaining, in 1547, 
 the battle of Muhlberg. From that time, 
 he distinguished himself as a warrior and 
 a statesman. In 1566, he was sent into 
 Flanders, as viceroy, to crush the rising 
 spirit of the Flemings ; and he exercised 
 his authority with the most infamous bar- 
 barity. Eighteen thousand individuals 
 perished on the scaftbld, and more than 
 one hundred thousand emigrated. After 
 his recall, he was sent forawnile into exile, 
 but was soon restored to favour, and em- 
 ployed in reducing Portugal to subjection. 
 This- sanguinary monster died in, 1582. 
 
 ALVARADO, DON PEDRO, one of the 
 conquerors of Spanish America, was born 
 at Badajoz. He accompanied Cortes in 
 his Mexican expedition, produced an in- 
 surrection in Mexico, by his cruelty and 
 rapacity, and narrowly escaped with life. 
 He was subsequently appointed to the 
 government of Guatimala; had violent 
 contests with Pizarro; made discoveries 
 on the Californian coast; and was, at 
 length, killed in 1541. 
 
 ALVARADO, ALPHONSO D', born at 
 Burgos, accompanied Pizarro in his expe- 
 dition against Peru, distinguished himself 
 greatly on various occasions, particularly 
 at the battle of Salinas, was appointed 
 captain-general, acted with such cruelty 
 that he excited a revolt, was defeated by 
 the revolters, and died, in 1553> partly 
 -from vexation that he had been vanquished. 
 
 ALVAREZ, FRANCIS, a native of Por- 
 tugal, born at Coimbra, towards the end 
 of the fifteenth century, was almoner to 
 King Emanuel, and was sent, in 1515, as 
 secretary, with Galvao, on an embassy to 
 Abyssinia. After residing in that country 
 twelve years, he returned, was rewarded 
 with a rich benefice, afld, in 1540, pulv- 
 lished a folio volume, bearing the title of 
 True Informatior concerning the Comitry 
 of Prester John, according to what was 
 
AMD 
 
 seen by Francis Alvarez. His wink con- 
 tains ranch curious information. 
 
 ALXINGER, JOHN BAPTIST D', a 
 German poet, born'at Vienna, in 17 
 a rich family, early acquired a thorough 
 knowledge of the classics. Though lie lx>- 
 came a doctor of laws, and held the title 
 of court advocate, lie availed himself of 
 his le^ul stati'in only to make up disputes, 
 or plead for the poor. Poetry was his fa- 
 Tourite pursuit. Resides minor pieces, he 
 wrote Doolin of Went/, and Bliomberis, 
 two chivalresqne epics, in Wieland's style. 
 Alxinger was liberal, and firmly attached 
 to his friends. He died in 1797. 
 
 AMAK, a Persian poet of the eleventh 
 century, is believed to h.ixe been a native 
 of Bokhara, and was patronised by Sulta 
 
 AMF 
 
 "Let Ambrose be our bishop!* 1 nnd (i* 
 multitude,, who locked upon tins as a sug- 
 gestion from Heaven, accordingly elected 
 him. IN or did lie prove himself unworthy 
 of the episcopal dignity. His firmness was 
 nobly displaced, in refusing to allow tbf 
 Emperor Theodosins to enter the rhurch, 
 till he had, as far as possible, atoned foi 
 the massacre of Tbessalonica. He died at 
 Milan, in 387. His works form two folio 
 volumes. He is the author of the Te Deuin 
 Laudamus. 
 
 AMEILIION, HI-BFRT PASCAL, a jn- 
 dicious French historian, and a member of 
 the Academy of Inscriptions, and of th 
 Institute, was born at Paris, in 1730, and 
 died in 1811. Besides many minor 
 
 dissertations, he wrote the History of 
 
 Khedar Khan, who placed him at the hear 'the Commerce of the Egyptians under th 
 
 of a poetical academy. His in >?t celebrated 
 work is, The Loves of Josepl. and Zuleika. 
 adva iced age, and 
 fortiiitc than bards 
 
 Amak lived to a very 
 ".-as more favoured by 
 
 in general are; his slaves were numerous, 
 an j he possessed thirty riding horses, rich- 
 ly caparisoned. 
 
 ' AMALTHvEUS, J F.ROME, a member 
 of a family which produced many literary 
 men, was born in Frinli, in 1506, and be- 
 came eminent as a physician, philosopher, 
 and Latin poet. For many ve.irs he taught 
 medicine and moral philosophy at Padua. 
 He died in 1574. Of the merit of his po- 
 etry a judgment may be formed from his 
 beautiful epigram on Aeon and Leonilla, 
 which has been so often translated. 
 
 Ptolemies, and a continuation of Le Beau's 
 History of the Lower Empire. 
 
 AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, 
 ABRAHAM NICHOLAS, was born at Or- 
 leans, in 1634, and died poor at Paris, in 
 1706. At the age if thirty-live he was ap- 
 pointed secretary to the Fiench ambassa- 
 
 dor at Venice, in which 
 
 he resided 
 
 several years. He translated Tacitus, Vel- 
 ferus's History of the Government of Venice, 
 and other works, published ihe Letters of 
 Cardinal d'Ossat, and wrote <> original 
 pieces, which are now forgott. 
 
 AMELUXGHI, JEROME, surnamed, 
 from his deformity and the place of his birth, 
 the Hunchback of Pisa, an Italian poet, 
 appears to have been the inventor of bur- 
 lesque poetry among his countrymen. Ht 
 
 AMBOISE, GEORGE D', cardinal, 
 
 born in 1460, of a noble French family, at published his War of the Giants, in 1566, 
 Cb,aumont sur Loire, was a bishop at four- 'under the name of Forabosco. It was ao 
 
 teen, and was successively archbishop <f 
 IVarbonne and of Rouen. "Louis XII. ob- 
 tained for him the rank of cardinal, and 
 appointed him his prime minister, in which 
 post he maintained domestic tranquillity, 
 diminished the taxes, improved the manner 
 of administering justice, and reformed the 
 religious orders. As papal legate, he act- 
 ed with equal uprightness. D'Amboise as- 
 pired to be pope, but was defeated by a 
 Ftratageti of Julian de la Rovere. He died, 
 in 1510, at Lyons, and is said, on his death 
 bed, to have often exclaimed to the friar, 
 his attendant, " Brother John! why have I 
 not all my life been brother John 1 .'' Prob- 
 ably he then repented of having incited his 
 master to war against the Venetians, in 
 revenge for their having contributed to ex- 
 clude him from the papal throne. 
 
 AMI'.KOSK. ST., a son of the prefect 
 
 companied by the War of th Dwarfs, at- 
 tributed to Francis Aminta, but which, 
 most probably, was by Amelunghi. 
 
 AMERBACH, JOHN, acelebra'ed print- 
 er of the fifteenth century, was born al 
 Rutlingen, in Swabia, but'settled at Basil. 
 His editions are much valued for their cor- 
 rectness. Ameibach was the inventor of 
 the Roman type, which he substituted for 
 the old gothic and italic. It was first used 
 in a reprint of St. Augustine's works. He 
 died in 1515. 
 
 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS. See VE- 
 
 PUCCI. 
 
 AMES, FISHER, one of the most elo- 
 quent of American writers and statesmen, 
 was born at Dedliam in Massachusetts, in 
 the year 1758. He was educated at Harr- 
 ard College, where he received his degre* 
 in 1774. About seven years afterwards h 
 
 of Gaul, was born at Aries, in 340, and began the practice of the law, and an op- 
 received an excellent education. Being i portmiitv soon recurred for the display of 
 made g(,\ernor of Liguria, he lived his re- .his superior qualifications both as a epeak- 
 eidence at Milan.^ Auxentius, the Li.-hop er and essay writer, lie distinguUhcd 
 of that city, having i!i-l, an asse.nblv wa- himself as a member of the Massachusetts 
 lieid to elect a snece^snr. :it which a tumult eonxenti u fir nuifu'g the Con.-titutio* 
 look place. A l l at once ;i rhii.l rx.-l.,i,i.f<l, in 17*rS, and from lliis b.d> passed to tl 
 
AMI 
 
 house .Y representatives in the State legis- 
 lature. Soon after he was elected the first 
 representative of the Suffolk district in the 
 Congress of the United States, where he 
 remained with the highest honour during 
 the eight years of Washington's administra- 
 tion. On the retirement of the first Presi- 
 dent, Mr. Ames returned to the practice 
 of hi.? profession in his native town. Dur- 
 ing the remaining years of his life his health 
 was very much impaired, but his mind still 
 continued deeply interested in politics, and 
 he published a considerable number of es- 
 says on the most stirring topics of the day. 
 He died in 1808. In the following year 
 his works were issued in one volume octa- 
 vo, prefaced by a biographical notice from 
 the pen of his friend, the Rev. Dr. Kirk- 
 .and. 
 
 AMES, JOSEPH, a typographical anti- 
 quary, was born, in 1689, at Yarmouth, 
 in Norfolk, served his time to a plane 
 maker in 
 came an ironmon^e 
 
 AM.tl 
 
 27 
 
 London, and subsequently be- 
 nmonger and ship-chandler in 
 Wapping. He died in 1759. Ames was 
 a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian 
 Societies, and secretary of the latter socie- 
 tv. His principal works are, his Typo- 
 graphical Antiquities (which has since 
 been greatly enlarged by Herbert and 
 Dibdin), and the Parentalia, or Memoirs 
 of the Family of Wren, the latter of which 
 he drew up from the MSS. of Wren. 
 
 AMHERST, JEFFREY, lord, born in 
 1717, at Riverhead, in Kent, was a de- 
 scendant of an ancient family. At the age 
 of fourteen he entered the army, and, at 
 the battles of Roucoux. Dettingen, and Fon- 
 tenoy, was aid-de-camp to Lord Ligonier. 
 In 1758, being then a major-general, he 
 reduced Louisbourg and its dependencies. 
 Being appointed chief commander in Amer- 
 ica, he took several forts, and contributed 
 to the conquests of Canada, and was re- 
 warded with the order of the Bath and a 
 peerage. Between 1763 and 1795, he held 
 many high military situations, among 
 which was that of commander in chief. 
 In 1796 he was made field marshal, and 
 in the fallowing year he died. 
 
 AMIIURST, NICHOLAS, a political 
 writer, was born at Marden, in Kent, and 
 educated at Oxford, whence he was ex- 
 pelled, for which he jvenged himself by 
 bitterly satirising that universky, in his 
 Terrae Filius. He then settled in London, 
 and published a volume of Miscellanies, 
 and a poem called The Convocation. He 
 was next engaged in The Craftsman, and 
 carried it on for many years, with infinite 
 spirit an;' success. When his party made 
 theii peace with the crown, they deserted 
 him, and he soon afti>r died cf a broken 
 
 heart, in 1742. 
 
 AMll.CAR, surname! BART \ 
 thaginian g^nsra!, ?pnr><r fmni 
 
 Car- 
 
 anciently the kings of Tyre. He was c.riy 
 entrusted with military command, and for 
 five years distinguished himself in Sicily, 
 against those universal robbers the Romans. 
 The defeat, however, of Hanno, by the 
 consul Lutatius, induced Carthage to make 
 peace. On Amilcar's return he quelled 
 the formidable rebellion of the mercenary 
 troops, defeated the Numidians, and re- 
 stored tranquillity. Spain was the next 
 scene of his serv ices. There, he conquer- 
 ed several nations, and founded Barcelona 
 After having remained in that country nin* 
 years, he was slain in a battle against the 
 Vettones. He was the father of Anntbal. 
 
 AMIOT,. Father, a Jesuit missionary, 
 was born at Toulon, in 1718, and died 
 at Pekin, in 1794. During a residence of 
 forty-three years in China, he obtained a 
 profound knowledge of the arts, antiquities, 
 and history of that empire, and of the Chi- 
 nese and Tartar languages. On these sub- 
 jects he wrote many valuable dissertations. 
 He is also the author of a Life of Confucius, 
 and of a Tartar-mantcheou Dictionary, in 
 three quarto volumes. 
 
 AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS, a Latin 
 listorian, was a native of Antioch, born in 
 the fourth century, and, in his youth, serv- 
 d with distinction in Germany, Gaul, and 
 Persia. Retiring from a military life, he 
 went to reside at Rome, where he wrote a 
 valuable History of the Roman Emperors, 
 'rom Nerva to Valens. It consisted of 
 hirty-one books, of which the first thirteen 
 are lost. He was also the author of a work 
 in Greek, on the Grecian orators and his- 
 torians, of which only a fragment remains. 
 He died A. D. 390. 
 
 AMMIRATO, SCIPIO, a Neapolitan, 
 born at Lecce, in 1531, was designed for 
 the law, but abandoned it for literature. 
 After many adventures and wanderings, he 
 settled at Florence, under the patronage of 
 the Grand Duke Cosmo, who employed 
 him to write the History of Florence. 
 This is his principal work. He died in 
 1601. 
 
 AMMONIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, 
 who was one of the masters of Plutarch. 
 He endeavoured to reconcile the doctrine 
 of Aristotle with that of Plato. Plutarch 
 wrote his life, which is lost. 
 
 AMMON1US-SACCAS, or SACCO- 
 PHORUS, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
 lived towards the end of the second centu- 
 ry. Though born in poverty, and earning 
 a subsistence by carrying sacks of wheat 
 (whence his name of Saccophorus), he stu- 
 died philosophy with ardour. He is con- 
 sidered as the founder of the mystic philos- 
 ophy, known as the Alexandrian, or neo- 
 plutonio. Plotinus, Lofiginus, and Origen, 
 were among his pupils. His system was, 
 in fact, a jmnble of heterogenou* opinions, 
 !> 'in-owed from vnrimis schools. He ie aid 
 
AMY 
 
 ANA 
 
 to have apostatized from Christianity, bul[ Auxerre, in 1593.. Among his various 
 
 n-.-rks, chiefly translations, the most cele- 
 brated is his version of Plutarch, which 
 remains unsurpassed in the French Ian 
 
 AMYRAUT, MOSES, a French Trot- 
 
 e.-ta;it divine, born at Bourgeiiil, in 1596, 
 
 iucatcd for the civil lav, hut pre- 
 
 thia is denied by some. There was anoth- 
 er Amman ins, an eclectic philosopher, who 
 Jived about tin; middle of the fifth century. 
 AMO, AWTHOHY WILLIAM, a negro. 
 
 born on the Gold Coast, about the begin- 
 ning of the eighteenth century, was brought 
 to Holland, in 1707, and presented to the 
 
 duke of Brunswick, who sent him to the fcrred theology, and became professor of 
 university of Halle, whence he removed to divinity at Saumur. In that profession* 
 Wittenln-rg. He had a perfect knowledge he acquired the highest reputation. Such 
 of astronomy, and spoke Hebrew, GreA, was his influence that he succeeded in 
 Latin, German, Dutch, and French. Af- introducing the doctrines of Arminius into 
 ter his patron's death, lie fell into a deep the French reformed churches, to the great 
 melancholy, and at length quitted F.i'rope, displeasure of the zealous ('alvinists. Be- 
 to lead a solitary life in his own country. 
 He died in one of the Dutch* company's 
 
 forts. 
 
 inij a friend to the doctrine of passive obe- 
 dience, he was looked on with a favourable 
 c\e by Richelieu and Ma/.arine. 
 
 Amy- 
 
 AMONTONSy WlLLlAM, waa born at rant was a man of moderation and can- 
 Paris, in 1663. Earlv in youth, h? be- dour, and had the rare fortune to be 
 came deaf, and, being thus partly cut oli esteemed by men of all sects. His theo- 
 from society, he sought for resources in logical works are numerous. He died in 
 .he cultivatfon of his talents. He leanu d Hit '4. 
 
 drawing 1 and architecture, and was < in- ANACHARSISf a Scythian philoso- 
 ployed on several public works. Hut his ] her, was sent on an embassy to Athens, 
 attention was principally directed to me- about 592 B. c., became the friend and 
 rhanics and natural philosophy. Svveivd disciple of Solon, and was the first for- 
 improvements were made by him in tin- cigner who was made a citizen of Athens, 
 construction of barometers, thermometers, After he, quitted Athens, he travelled into 
 and hydrometers, and he was the original otl,< r countries, and then returned to 
 inventor of the telegraphic art. Amon- Sex thia, where he was killed by some of 
 tons died at Paris, at the age of forty- his wn countrymen. There is considera- 
 two. ble | ith and point in some of his recorded 
 
 A.MORY, THOMAS, DR., a dissenting sayiu e s. 
 divine, born at Taunton, in 1700, was an 
 active and valuable minister. He diec\ in 
 1774. He wrote two volumes of sernv ns, 
 and the Lives of Grove, Benson, jnd 
 Chandler. 
 
 AMORY, THOMAS, a son of cou jai 
 Amorr, secretary for the forfeited Wtatea 
 in Ireland, is supposed to ha* * been 
 brought up to the medrcal prrieuio., but 
 he never practised. His character was 
 singular one; he lived leclar*;, shunned 
 tompany, and never kft lx-/r.e till the 
 evening Ke died m 1?3*?, aged ninety- 
 seven. Amcrv is the author of Memoirs 
 .oneernin^ the Li*cs of certain Ladies of 
 Sreat Britain, &nd ct the Life of John 
 Bunch. 
 
 AMY OT, JAM is, was born at Melun, 
 m 1513. His parents were so poor that, 
 while he was finishing his education at 
 Paris, all the aid they could give him was 
 H weekly loaf. It is said, also, that, unable 
 to purchase oil or candles, he studied by 
 fire light. On leaving college, liowevri , 
 his merit gained him friends, and he at 
 l:-ir_nh rose to l>e preceptor of the king's 
 children. Francis I. gave him an abbey; 
 Charles IX., his pupil, appointed him 
 grand almoner of France; and Henry III. 
 
 A \ACREON, a celebrated Greek poet, 
 born alwut 5.30 B. c. at Teos, in Ionia, 
 was, according to Plato, of a family which 
 
 reckoned Codriis, the. last king of Athens, 
 unong its ancestors. Polycrates, of Sa- 
 mos, invited him to his court, and granted 
 him his friendship. On the death of Poly- 
 crates, the poet went to Athens, and resided 
 w ; th Hippaichus, till the latter \\ as assassi- 
 nated ; Me then returned to Teos, where 
 
 he continued 
 
 the revolt of HistKUi 
 
 Compelled him to remove to Al .dera, \\Vre 
 he finally settled. ' me choked 
 
 him, in his eighty-filth \ear, while he wag 
 
 Viadc him a commander of the order of 
 
 ihe llolv Ghost. One of his drfects was in the act of drinking. Only a part of his 
 
 in except! ire love of money. He di;d at j works is extant; but the OdW which timt 
 
ANA 
 
 ha* spared, are masterpieces of their kind 
 No one has ever equalled Anacreon in sweet- 
 ness and elegance. Of his morals little that 
 is favourable can be said ; they were tainted 
 by intemperance and impurity of the worst 
 kind. His poeais have been often translated 
 into English, but the version by Moore is 
 far superior to every other. 
 
 ANAXAGORAS, a Grecian philoso- 
 pher, born at Clazomene, in Ionia, B. c. 
 500, became a disciple of Anaximenes, at 
 Miletus, and next settled at Athens, where 
 lie taught philosophy, and numbered the 
 most eminent men of the age among his 
 pupils. Being falsely accused of impiety, 
 he was condemned to death; but the sen- 
 tence was commuted for banishment, and 
 he retired to Lampsacus, where he died 
 428 years B. c. His philosophical doc- 
 trines, though in some points erroneous, 
 were far superior to those of his contem- 
 poraries. It was he who first assigned the 
 creation of all things to a purely spiritual 
 cause. 
 
 ANAXARCHUS,a philosopher of Ab- 
 dera, accompanied Alexander the Great in 
 bis Asiatic expedition, and, on various oc- 
 casions, reproved the pride and presumption 
 of that conqueror. Yet his enemies have 
 not scrupled to accuse him of adulation. 
 It is, however, not probable thut he could 
 be a sycophant, who is acknowledged to 
 have sometimes spoken the honest truth ; 
 and who taught that virtue is the sovereign 
 good, and that the happiness of a real sage 
 is independent of external objects. Nico- 
 creon, tyrant of Cyprus, whom he had 
 offended, is said to have pounded him to 
 death in a mortar, after the death of 
 Alexander; but the truth of this story is 
 doubtful 
 
 ANAXIMANDER, a Grecian philoso- 
 pher, born at Miletus, 610 years B. c., was 
 the disciple and successor of Thales, the 
 founder of the Ionic sect. He is said to 
 have discovered the obliquity of the eclip- 
 tic, fixed the epoch of the equinoxes and 
 solstices, invented the sphere and -the 
 pnomon, and taught that the earth re- 
 volves, and that the sun is a globe of fire. 
 Some of his philosophical opinions, how- 
 ever, were grossly absurd. He died 547 
 years B. c. 
 
 ANAXIMENES, a philosopher of Mi- 
 letus was the disciple and successor of 
 Anaximander. According to his system, 
 all t lings originated from the air; the sun, 
 moon, and stars were formed from detached 
 parts of the earth ; the earth was a plain 
 figure, and the heavens were a solid con- 
 cave one, in which the stars were. fixed 
 like nail*. He died 504 years B. c. 
 
 AN AXLMEN ES, a native of Lampsa- 
 cus, was a phil.sM| her, orator, and histo- 
 rian, un*l one a tut- preceptors of Alcxan- 
 Jer the Great, lid wrote lives of Philip 1 
 
 AND 29 
 
 and Alexander, am* A History of Greece, 
 all of which are lost. By a stratagem, he 
 saved his natal city from ruin. Lawpcacus 
 having sustained a long siege against Alex- 
 ander, he resolved on its destruction, and 
 foreseeing that Anaximenes would plead 
 for it, he positively swore to do the con- 
 trary of what his preceptor should desire, 
 Aware of this, Anaximenes requested him 
 to destroy it; and the necessary conse- 
 quence was, that Larnpsacus was saved. 
 
 ANCHIETA, JOSKPH, a Portuguese 
 Jesuit, denominated the Apostle of the 
 New World, was born in 1533, in the 
 island of Tenerifie. In 1553 hs landed in 
 Brazil, an'd there, in conjunction with 
 Nobrega, he for many years exerted him- 
 self strenuously in converting and civiliz- 
 ing the Indian tribes; displaying a cour- 
 age, fortitude, and Christian spirit which 
 lave seldom been equalled. He died in 
 1597. 
 
 ANDERSON, EDMUND, SIR, a native 
 of Lincolnshire, was educated at Oxford, 
 went from thence to the Inner Temple, 
 was made a judge about 1571, and chief 
 justice of the Common Pleas in 1582, and 
 died in 1605. He was one of the commis- 
 sioners for trying the Queen of Scots. 
 Anderson was of an intolerant spirit, and 
 an inveterate enemy to the principles of 
 iberty. His Reports of Cases, and his 
 Resolutions and Judgments in the Courts, 
 were published after his death. 
 
 ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, a native 
 f Aberdeen, professor of mathematics at 
 Palis, flourished in the seventeenth ceii- 
 tury, and published several mathematical 
 works; among which may be mentioned 
 Supplementum Apollonii Redivivi, and 
 some of Vieta's posthumous productions. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES, a Scottish ad- 
 vocate, eminent as an antiquary, was born 
 at Edinburgh, in 1662, and died in 1728. 
 He published Collections relative to the 
 History of Mary, Queen of Scotland, four 
 vols. quarto; Selectus DSplomatum et Nu- 
 mismatum Scotiao; and other works. 
 
 ANDERSON, ADAM, a native of Scot- 
 land, was for forty years a clerk in the 
 South Sea House; he was also a trustee 
 for establishing the colony of Georgia, and 
 one of the court of assistants of the Scotch 
 Corporation. He died in 1765. He id the 
 author of that laborious and useful work, 
 the Historical and Chronological deduction 
 of the Origin of Commerce, the best edi- 
 tion of which is in four volumes quarto. 
 
 ANDERSON, WALTER, a Scottish 
 clergyman and historian, who died in 1800. 
 at his liv,ing of Churnside, whirh he had 
 hi- Id for linlT a century. In 1769, he pub 
 lished a History of France, during th 
 reigns of Francis I. and Cliai los IX., 
 which, in 1773 and 1783, he continued 
 down to tlio peace of Mum-tcr. lie 13 aim 
 
ANH AM) 
 
 the author of the Philosophy of ancient the first Eun pean fleet which e>er visited 
 
 .ted ; and of a Life of Cru>- the coast of China. Wht n he wa< depart- 
 
 us. ^ i ing from a port, he proclaimed thai if any 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES, a Scotch agri- native bad been injured b v a Portuguese, 
 
 cnUurist, and miscellaneous writer, was and would come forward, lie should receive 
 born at HermutoA, near Edinburgh, in reparation, and the offender should b 
 17:59, and commenced farmin-, as master, puni.-hed. His equity and moderation weie 
 t the 6arly age of fifteen. His exertions on the point of being rewarded, by the 
 were sucres.-fal. He was as active, though general opening < f the Chinese ports to hia 
 not quite as precociously, with his pen as countrymen, when all his ho| es were fi us. 
 wUh his aratory instruments, and produc- tratcd, by the arrival of another tieet, un- 
 cd many valuable works. His first produc- der his brother Simon, a man of an opj o- 
 tion was a series of Essay* on Planting, site character, w ho excited universal di- 
 collected into a vol.ime in 1777, which as- gust by his rapacity an.! \i .lence. 
 fisted to obtain for hiiii the degree of j ANDREINl, Is A R KM, A, an eminent 
 LL. D. from the university of Edinburgh, comic actress, but still more celebrated for 
 Be.-ides his original compo.-it inns, chiefly ag- her literary talents and acconij IL-hmen'g, 
 ricultural, he edited the Bee and the Kecre- was barn at Padua, i:i 1502, and disj lay- 
 ations in Agriculture, and contributed to ed such extraordinary prcsvciiv of genius, 
 the Encvclopa'dia Britunnica, and the that she composed a pastoral when she was 
 Monthly Review, lie died in 1808. [scarcely able to read. She was well vers- 
 
 ANDERSON, GF.ORGK, born at Wes- ' ed in philosophy and languages, sang and 
 ton, in Buckinghamshire, in 1769, was 'played divinely ,"was beautiful, and crowned 
 originally a day labourer; but, in conse- the" whole by irreproachable morals. She 
 quence of his displaying great skill in died at Lyons, in 1G04. Her compositions 
 arithmetic, the Rev. Mr. King sent him to ' consist of poems, letters, and dialogues. 
 Wadham College, and afterwards procured FRANCIS, her husband, an actor, was in 
 him a situation under the Board of Con- consolable for her loss; he was a man of 
 troul. He rose to ba accomptant general, considerable abilities, and was the author 
 His death took place in 1796. He trans- 1 of three dramas, and of some miscellaneous 
 lated the Arenarius of Archimedes; and pieces. 
 
 wrote A General View of the East India A.XDREIM, JOHN BAPTIST, the son 
 Company's Affairs. of the preceding, was born at Florence, in 
 
 ANDRADA, THOMAS i>, a Portu- i 1578. Like his parents, he was on the 
 guese, better known under the name of j stage ; and, like them, he possessed talents. 
 Thomas of Jesus, was the reformer of the | As an actor he was admired in Italy and 
 barefooted Augustine friars, and belonged France. His poems and dramas are not 
 to a family which numbered literary men without merit, but they betray a deficiency 
 and learned theologians among its mem- of judgment, and their style 'is deplorably 
 bers. His claim to biographical notice vitiated by the bad taste which the exam- 
 rests, however, on still higher grounds than j pie of Marino rendereil prevalent at that 
 theirs. He was t:ken prisoner in Sebas- i perio'. Ilis Adamo, a sacred drama, has 
 tian's fatal expedition to Africa; and j acquired celebrity, from the circumstance 
 though money was sent over for his ran- j of some persons having maintained that it 
 som, he applied it to the benefit of his com- gave Milton the first idea of Paradise Lost. 
 panions in misfortune, and voluntarily re- 
 
 mained in slavery, that he might console 
 
 ANDREOSSI, FRANCIS, a mathema- 
 tician and engineer, was born at Paris, in 
 
 and support them. In the performance of; 1633, and died in 1688. He was emplo ? '- 
 this pious ortice he died. While in captiv- ed by Riquet, to assist in forming the cana 
 ity he wrote a work intitled the Suffer- of Languedoc ; and, after the lapse of mor 
 ings of Je.-us. J than a century and a quarter, a strenuouf 
 
 ANDRE, JOHN, an adjutant genera! in but ineffectual attempt was made, by one 
 the British army in North America during of his descendants, to claim for hin the 
 the. revolutionary wai . Being employ- honour of having projected that magnifi- 
 ed to negociate with Arnold the delivery cent work. He was, however, a man of 
 of the works at West Point, he was appre- talent, and succeeded to the superintend- 
 hended in disguise within the American ance, on the death of Riquet. He publish- 
 lines. He was condemned as a spy from ed a map of the canal in three folio sheets. 
 
 the enemy, and, according to the establish- 
 ed usages of war, was executed in 1780, 
 
 ANDREOSSI, Count ANTHONY FRAN- 
 CIS, eminent as a soldier, diplomatist, and 
 
 at the age of twenty-nine years. A monii- writer, was born at Castlenaudary, jn Lan- 
 ment has b.jen erected to his i!icmor\ in gin-doc, in 1761, was a lieutenant of artil- 
 He i> the author of lery at twenty, and served vvilh distinction 
 
 - poem e::tit!i-.l Tlir Cuu- C/iase. j in Italy and Egypt. Aapoleon raised him 
 
 A.NDREADA, FKRDIN AND, a Pcntu- to the ranks of general and count. He wai 
 
 gucM! admiral IU command**!, in 1-313, successively ambassador to London, Vt*> 
 
AND 
 
 na, and "Conttantinople. On the return of 
 Napoleon from Elba, Andreossi espoused 
 his cause; and lie was one of the commis- 
 sioners chosen to treat with the allies by 
 the provisional government. He died in 
 1827. Among his works are, a History of 
 the Canal of La.igue.loc ; the Campaign of 
 the Gallo-Batavian Army oit the Mayn and 
 Rednitz; and Constantinople and the Thra- 
 cian Bosphorua. 
 
 ANDREW OF CYRENE, a Jew, 
 whom Eusebius surnames LUCUAS, was 
 an impostor, who, under the reign of Tra- 
 jan, ha 1 the art to persuade his fellow coun- 
 trymen, that he was ordained to be their 
 liberator. He incited the Jews to a revolt, 
 which extended through Egypt, Libya, and 
 the island of Cyprus, anJ during which the 
 most h>rrible cruelties were committed on 
 both sides. It was not suppressed till after 
 many sanguinary battles had been fought. 
 
 ANDREWS, LANCELOT, an eminent 
 divine, born at London, in 1565, was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, where he became so 
 celebrated for his preaching and his theo- 
 logical acquirements, that he obtained thej 
 patronage of the Earl of Huntingdon and| 
 Sir Francis Wal.-jingh.am; and, in no long 
 time, rose to be master of Pembroke Hall 
 (his own college), chaplain to Queen Eliza- 
 beth, and dean of Westminster. He might 
 have had a bishopric from Elizabeth, if he 
 would have submitted to the spoliation of 
 its revenues. Under her sucoessor he at- 
 tained that dignity. James was pleased 
 with his preaching, and still more with his 
 defence of him against Bellarmin, who had 
 attacked the monarch's book on the Rights 
 of Kings. The divine was successively 
 raised to the sees of Chichester, Ely, and 
 Winchester, and was appointed lord almo- 
 ner, and a privy counsellor of England and 
 Scotland. He died in 1626. Milton wrote 
 a Latin elegy on his death. His works 
 attest his erudition; but are deformed by 
 the bad taste and pedantry of the age in 
 which he lived. Andrews was charitable, 
 raun-ficent, and a patron of learning. Wal- 
 ler has recorded an instance of this pre- 
 late's wit. Neile, bishop of Durham, and 
 Andrews, were standing behind the king's 
 chair at dinner, when James suddenly turn- 
 ed to them, and said, " My lord?, cannot I 
 take my subjects' money when I vtant it, 
 without all xhis formality in parliament!" 
 Bishop Neile quickly replied, " God for- 
 bid, sir, but you should ; you are the breat 1 * 
 of our nostrils." On this the king said io 
 the bishop of Winchester, " Well, my T:rd, 
 and what say you!" " Sir," replied An- 
 drew*, " I have no skill to judge '/f par- 
 liamentary cases." The king ar^wered, 
 " No puts off', my lord ; answer IP? present- 
 ly." " The:i. sir," s^id V, ' I think it 
 lawful f jr yo' . J-e My '*v nor Neile's 
 aioney, fur I/ . ** * * 
 
 AM) 
 
 81 
 
 AN DREW,-?, J A M KS PKTTIT, was born 
 at Shaw-bouse, near Newbury, in Berk- 
 shire, in 1737, and died at Broinpton in 
 1797. In his youth, he was an officer in 
 the Berks militia, and was a police magis- 
 trate at the time of hi* decease. He is the 
 author of a History of Great Britain, con- 
 nected with the Chronology of Europe; 
 a Continuation of Henry's English History; 
 and other works of merit. A pamphlet 
 from his pen occasioned the first statute 
 that was passed for the protection of chim- 
 ney-sweepers. 
 
 ANDREWS, MILES PETER, was the 
 second son of an eminent London merch- 
 ant, and became principal proprietor of the 
 lucrative Dartford Powder Mills, on the 
 death of his brother. On receiving this 
 accession of fortune, he purchased a splendid 
 mansion in Cleveland Row, mingled with 
 the circles of fashion, and devoted his leis- 
 ure hours to writing for the stage; theatri- 
 cals being his favourite amusement. Of 
 his nine comedies not one is now acted. 
 Many prologues and epilogues were contri- 
 buted by him to other dramatists. An- 
 drews was of a hospitable disposition, and 
 kind to men of letters. He died in 1814. 
 
 ANDRIEU, BERTRAND, was born at 
 Bordeaux in 1761, and died at Paris in 
 1822 ; he distinguished himself greatly as 
 an engraver of medals, of which art he is 
 considered as the restorer in France. A 
 large part of the meda's in the royal cabi- 
 net and library, whicl. are looked upon a 
 masterpieces, are the work of Andrieu. 
 
 ANDROMACHUS, head physician of 
 Nero, was the inventor of that heterogene- 
 ous and absurd composition the Theriaca, 
 known by the moderns as Venice treacle, 
 and which was lo.ig supposed to be a sove- 
 reign antidote" against poison. The Greek 
 verses, addressed to Nero, in which he 
 describes the composition of this boasted 
 remedy, are ar.ill in existence. 
 
 ANDRONICUS, of Cyrresthes in Ma- 
 cedonia, a i architect, built the octagonal 
 Tower of '.he Winds at Athens, and invent- 
 ed weat'jarcocks. The tower is now con- 
 verted .into a mosque for dervises. It has 
 more <!ian once been imitated in modern 
 buildings. 
 
 'iNDROIf ICUS, LIVIUS, the most an- 
 cient of the Latin comic poets, lived about 
 340 years B.C. He is said to have been a 
 Greek slave, and to have acted in his own 
 pieces. Andronicus aL>o composed hymns 
 in honour of the gods. Nothing remains of 
 his works, except some insulated verses. 
 
 ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a peripate- 
 tic, philosopher, who flourished at Rome 63 
 years B c., was the first who arranged the 
 medited ttorks of Aristotle, and composed 
 suinmai ir^ and tables of the different books 
 1 le also wrote commentaries on them, which 
 are lost. 
 
82 ANG 
 
 ANDROUETDUCERCEAU, JAMES, 
 
 an eminent French architect of the six- 
 teenth century, \v:is a native of Orleans, 
 or, as !" Paris lie began die 
 
 Pont Neuf in 1;">7S, built several niagnili- 
 cent nnns'uns, and was chosen !A llc,;rv 
 I\". t-> continue tlie gallery of the Louvre. 
 Anclrouct, however, did not complete the 
 latter undertaking; he being eotii[)ellcd to 
 leave France bei-aiiM. 1 he was a prote.-tant. 
 r l'he |)lacc and time of his death are un- 
 known. He left several works on his art, 
 ol M hich the engravings were executed by 
 himself. 
 
 i.TRIX, a British poet and chief- 
 tain, wh > was called the prince of the 
 hards. He distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Cattraeth, which conllict he made 
 the subject of a poem. None of his compo- 
 sitions are extant, except that piece, and 
 another, intitled the Odes of the Montis. 
 Ancurin died about A. D. 570. He has 
 been supposed to be the same ])erson with 
 Gildas. 
 
 A.NGELIO, or DEGLI ANGELI, PE- 
 TEK, a modern Latin poet, born, in 1517, 
 ut Barga, in Tuscany, was master of Greek 
 and Latin at ten years of age, relinquished 
 the st'uly of law for literature, was obliged 
 to quit Bologna in consequence of having 
 written some satirical verses, and became, 
 during three years, a copyist of Greek 
 MSS. for the French ambassador at Ven- 
 ice. He visited Constantinople, Asia Mi- 
 nor, and Greece, passed through several 
 adventures, in which he manifested his cour- 
 age, and was, from 1546 to 1575, profes- 
 sor of Greek and Latin at Reggio, and at 
 Pisa. He subsequently resided at Rome, 
 and at Florence, under the liberal patron- 
 age of Ferdinand de Medicis, and at length 
 died at Pisa, in 1596. His principal works 
 are the Cynogeticon, a poem in six books, 
 and the Syrias, in twelve books, on the de- 
 liverance of the holy land. 
 
 A. \GOSCIOLA, or ANGUSSALA, 
 j- IPHONISBA, an Italian lady, of a noble 
 Creinoness family, born in 1535, manifest- 
 ed an early love of drawing, and was put 
 under the tuition of G.atti. In a short 
 time she became a complete mistress of 
 painting, and acquired a high reputation. 
 Philip II. invited her to Spain, patronised 
 her liberally, and gave her in marriage to 
 Don Fabricio de Moneada, who took her 
 to Sicily, his native country. After his 
 death, she married a noble Genoese. At 
 the age of sixty-seven, she lost her sight; 
 but she continued to be the charm of the en- 
 lightened s K-iety which she collected around 
 her. She died" at Genoa, about 1G20. 
 
 . M'lLLAKA, .! ."TU-.w 
 
 DgLL*, one of the most celebrated Italian 
 
 -f the sixteenth eenturv, was born .it 
 Sum, in Tu-.-a-iv, I'miit 1-"17; the |rri.>! 
 f bis dc-.iili '* i.uU.i.nv!). Uit iuit:-t Lue 
 
 ANN 
 
 been subsequent to 1564. Ills t>rincij<aJ 
 work is his Translation of Ovid s .Mela- 
 morphoMB, \\hicb, though often unfaithful, 
 and shining against good tn>to, has great 
 merit. For the representation of his trag- 
 edy of (Kdipus, a theatre was built at Vi- 
 eeiv.a by the celebrated Palladio. Auguil- 
 lara, however, lived and died in poverty. 
 
 A MCI I. I'KI KK, the son of a peasant, 
 near Inspruck, in the Tyrol, was born in 
 172.'5, and his early youth was spei t in ag- 
 ricultural labours." "At the age of twenty- 
 eight, however, his thirst for knowledge 
 induced him to go to the college of Insprurk, 
 where, under the tuition of the Jesuits, he 
 soon became an excellent geometer and 
 astronomer, and one of the first mechani- 
 cians in Europe. He constructed globes 
 and mathematical instruments, and at EeQg%h 
 undertook a general survey of the T\iol, 
 on an extensive scale, which he completed 
 in an admirable manner. The empress 
 granted him a trilling pension, but he did 
 not enjoy it more than two months, lie 
 died in 1766. 
 
 AMELLO, THOMAS, commonly called 
 M A s \ NI KLLO, a native of Amalli, born 
 in 1623, though only an humble seller of 
 fish at .Naples, shook to its basis the au- 
 thority of the Austrian government over his 
 native country. After having long oppres- 
 sed the people, the duke of Arcos, die Aus- 
 trian viceroy, imposed, in 1646, a tax upon 
 all sorts of fruit; an onerous impost on the 
 poor, as fruit constituted nearly their sole 
 food. Stimulated by AnieUo, the multi- 
 tude rose, destroyed the toll-houses, and 
 rilled the palace of the viceroy, who with 
 diliiculty made his escape to a church. All 
 power remained in the hands of Aniello, 
 who was at the head of more than an hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand men, besides vast 
 numbers of armed women; and the vice- 
 roy was at length under the necessity of 
 yielding to the demands of the populace. 
 Aniello, however, did not long enjoy his 
 triumph, for he was shot by four assassins, 
 who were employed by the viceroy. 
 
 A.N.NA COMNENA, daughter of the 
 Greek emperor Alexis I., was born in 1083, 
 and, after her father's death, conspired to 
 place the' crown on her husband's head, to 
 the prejudice of her brother John. Her 
 scheme was frustrated, but her brother 
 treated her with lenity, and she spent the 
 rest of her days in retirement and literary 
 pursuits. Her death took ulace in 1148. 
 She is the author of the Alexiad, in fifteen 
 books, a history of her father's reign; a 
 work of merit, but in which filial alTecti* ii 
 times d.n-s violence to truth. 
 
 A.X.NK'JT, PI:TKK, a (!eist'.f-i. v.i're., 
 said to l/e a native of Liverpool, and edu- 
 cated as a prot::staiit dissenting minister 
 !! is i!if author. ,nnong oth-r thinjj.-, of 
 Y'.ic llii-t.irv ol the Man af'rr Gc<i' owp 
 
ANN 
 
 Heart, and the Free Inquirer, for which 
 latter work he was pilloried and imp..son- 
 ed. While Annett was in the King's 
 Bench, his necessities were relieve 1 by 
 archbiehop Seeker. He died in 1778, 
 
 ANNIBAL, one of the greatest, perhaps 
 the greatest, general of antiquity, was a 
 Carthaginian, the son of Amilcar Barcas, 
 and was born 247 years B.C. When he 
 was only a child, his father made him 
 swear at the altar eternal enmity to the 
 Romans, and never was vow better kept. 
 At the age of twenty-five, he succeeded to 
 the command of the army in Spain, on the 
 death of Asdrubal. In three years he re- 
 duced Spain to subjection, and completed 
 his achievement by the destruction of Sa- 
 gunturn, an ally of the Romans. Hence 
 arose the second Punic war. Having 
 conceived the daring scheme of attacking 
 Rome in the very centre of her power, An- 
 nibal passed the Pyrenees with a formida- 
 ble army (B. c. 218), traversed Gaul, cros- 
 sed the Alps, in spite of almost insurmount- 
 able obstacles, and penetrated into Italy, 
 where, at the outset, he vanquished Scipio 
 on the Ticino, and Sempronins on the 
 Trebbia. In the following year, he entire- 
 ly defeated Flaminius, at the battle of 
 Thrasymsne. Fabius, by his prudent ma- 
 meuvres, for a while held him at bay; but 
 the battle of Cannae, brought on (B. c. 216) 
 by the presumption of Varro, reduced Rome 
 to the verge of ruin. , More than forty 
 thousand Romans perished on that terrible 
 day The fores of Annibal, however, not 
 beuvj sufficient for the reduction of the 
 city of Rome, he bent his march to Ca- 
 pua, which opened its gates to Hin, and 
 he there took up his winter quarters. It 
 has been idly said, that the luxury of Ca- 
 
 1>ua proved fatal to Annibal and his army. 
 Jut this ridiculous assertion is refuted by 
 the fact that, though faction deprived him 
 of succours from home, he kept his ground 
 in Italy for more than twelve years after 
 the battle of Cannse, and did not quit it till 
 he was recalled to defend Carthage against 
 Scipio. The decisive battle of Zama, 
 which was fought B. c. 201, compelled the 
 ft 
 
 ANQ 83 
 
 Carthaginians to submit to a humiliating 
 peace. His countrymen now conferred on 
 Annibal the pretorship, and he began to 
 introduce the reforms which were necessa- 
 ry to give vigour to the state; but the 
 mean dread and hatred of the Romans pur- 
 sued him, and they sent commissioners to 
 insist on his being delivered into their 
 hands. He was compelled to fly ; and the 
 remainder of his life was spent in almost 
 continual wanderings:, and endeavours to 
 excite hostility against the Roman domi- 
 nation. Having faile/. in inspiring Anti- 
 ochus, king of Syria, with his own spirit 
 and fortitude, he lastly took refuge with 
 Prusias, king of Bithynia, and at the 
 court of that contemptible monarch he 
 poisoned himself, B. c. 183, in the sixty- 
 fourth year of his age, to avoid being sur- 
 rendered up to those whom he had so often 
 vanquished. 
 
 ANN I US, of Viterbo, whose real name 
 was JOHN NANNI, was a Dominican, 
 born at Viterbo, about 1 432, and died at 
 Rome, in 1502. He was a learned man, 
 but disgraced his learning by applying it 
 to purposes of deception. He forged vari- 
 ous works, which he pretended to be the 
 compositions of Berosus, Fabius Pictor, 
 and many other ancient writers. These he 
 published with a commentary, and it was 
 some time before the cheat was discovered. 
 
 ANQUETIL, Louis PSTER, a French 
 historian, born at Paris, in 1723, was edu- 
 cated for the church, and obtained much 
 celebrity as a theologian. Under the reign 
 of Napoleon, he was a member of the In- 
 stitute, and was employed by the minister 
 of the foreign department. Anquetil was 
 an indefatigable student; ten hours of each 
 day were devoted to study. He was more 
 than eighty when he began his History of 
 France, which extends to fourteen volumes. 
 He died in 1808. Of his works, the prin- 
 cipal are, the Spirit of the League ; the 
 History of France; and a Summary ot 
 Universal History. 
 
 ANQUETIL DU PERRON, ABRA- 
 HAM HYACINTH, the brother of Louis 
 Peter, was born at Paris, in 1731, and 
 was intended for the church, but devoted 
 himself almost solely to the study of th 
 oriental languages Such was his fondnesa 
 for those languages, that, a Zend MS. hav- 
 ing fallen into his hands, he actually enlist- 
 ed as a common soldier, in an expedition 
 ,to India, in order to have an opportunity 
 of learning the Zend, Pehlevi, and San- 
 scrit. He remained in India, encountering 
 many hardships, till 1762, when he return- 
 ed to Europe, with one hundred and eightj 
 MSS. A pension and the situation of 
 oriental interpreter in the king's library 
 were given to him. He died in 1805 
 His productions consist of, a Translation 
 of <hc ZondaTCrtta ; and of a Persian work, 
 
VI ANS 
 
 entitled Secrets not to In? rex eu led; Oi i- 
 fntal Legislation; Historical and Geo- 
 graphical Researches in India; India as 
 connected xvith Europe; and a Treatise on 
 the Dignity of Commerce. 
 
 ANSELM, a native of Aoste, in Pied 
 mont, xvas born in 10o.'". He xvas arch 
 oishop of Canterbury in the reigns of Wil 
 liam Rufus and Richard I. He w.is ; 
 strenuous supporter of Papal supreme % x 
 and was the first xvho enforced cleir :.a 
 Celibacy in England. Anselm xvas a learn 
 ed man, ar cording to the learning of th< 
 age in xxhich he lived, and his xvorks dis 
 plav acuteness of intellect. He was canon 
 izeil in the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 AN SON", GEORGE, Lord, was born, ii 
 1697. at his father's seat in Staffordshire 
 and manifested early an inclination to the 
 sea. He first obtained a command in 1722 
 but did not acquire celebrity till he xvas 
 placed at* the head of an expedition to the 
 South Sea, in 1740. After losing all his 
 ships but one, and encountering many 
 difficulties, but not xvithout having severely 
 harassed the Spanish settlements, he was 
 so fortunate as to capture a rich galleon, 
 on her passage from Acapulco to Manilla, 
 and to reach England in safety, after an 
 absence of nearly four years. He was 
 successively made rear-admiral of the blue, 
 a lord of the admiralty, rear-admiral of 
 the white, and vice-admiral of the blue. In 
 1747, he defeated a French squadron, and 
 captured six men of war, and four' East 
 Indiamen. He was rewarded with 
 barony, and rose through all the inter- 
 mediate ranks of the navy till he became 
 admiral, and commander in chief of the 
 British fleet. Lord Anson died in 1762. 
 He was a brave and skilful seaman, but 
 had little knowledge of the world, and his 
 love of play made him the dupe of sharp- 
 ers. 
 
 AXSPACH, the Margravine of, Lady 
 Elizabeth Berkeley, the youngest daughteV 
 of the Earl of Berkeley, xvas born in 1750, 
 and at the age of seventeen was married 
 to the Hon. Mr. Craven, afterwards Lord 
 Craven. After a union of thirteen years, 
 the ill conduct of her husband compelled 
 her to separate from him. She travelled 
 on the continent, and an attachment took 
 place between her and the Margrave of 
 Anspach, w r ho married her in 1791, and 
 came to reside vith her in England. The 
 Br'tish court, however, refused to receive 
 her, and she xvas disowned by her daugh- 
 ters. She died in 1827 The Margravine 
 -ed considerable talents. Among her 
 literary productions are her oxvn Memoirs ; 
 her Travel.- ; and some dramatic oieces and 
 poems 
 
 AXSTEY, CHRISTOPHER, a poet, 
 born in 1721, vas educated at Bury St. 
 (ulward'i, Etor, and King's College, Cam- 
 
 ANT 
 
 I bridge. At college he obtained a 
 ship, which lie resigned in 1754, on hii 
 succeeding to his patrimonial property. 
 me time he blended the occupation! 
 of a country ;:rntlcnian xx ith literary pur- 
 suits; but/afterxvards, resided principally 
 at Bath. In 17(i() appeared his .\exv Bath 
 Guide, xxhich obtained lapid and deserved 
 popularity. It has been often imitated, 
 but its xvlt, humour, and playfulness, have 
 not xet been equalled. Anstey produced 
 several other poems, all of considerable 
 merit, but inferior to the New Bath Guide, 
 lie di.-d in 1805. 
 
 A! NSTIS, JOHN, an antiquary, wa 
 born at St. Neots, in Cornwall, in 16G9, 
 and xvas educated at Exeter College, Ox- 
 ford, whence he removed to the Middle 
 Temple. In 1702, he xvas elected M. P 
 for St. Germain's, and in 1713 was ap- 
 pointed garter king at arms. He died 
 in 1744. Of his works, all of which are 
 heraldic, the principal is the Register of 
 the Order of the Garter, in txvo folio vol- 
 umes. 
 
 AXTHEMIUS, a native of Tralles, iu 
 Lydia, xx-as at once an architect, sculptor, 
 and able mathematician. Justinian em- 
 ployed him to rebuild the church of Saint 
 Sophia, at Constantinople, which still re- 
 mains a magnificent monument of his 
 talents, though he did not live to finish it. 
 From certain facts, which history has pre- 
 served respecting Anthemius, it appears 
 that he had no slender portion of chemical 
 knoxvledge, and that he must have invented 
 a composition closely resembling, if not the 
 same with, jrunpoxvder. He died in 534. 
 
 ANTHIXG, FREDERIC, known by 
 is biography of the famous field-marshai 
 Suwarrof, xxhose companion in arms he had 
 jeen. He was born in Gotlm, travelled 
 hrough Europe, and went to St. Peters- 
 )urgh, where he supported himself by cut- 
 ting profiles on paper, and died in 1805. 
 
 ANTHONY, ST., the founder of mo- 
 laslic institutions, xvas an Egyptian, born 
 near Heraclca, in the year 251. Taking 
 iterally the scriptural injunction to give 
 ill to the poor, he distributed to them the 
 whole produce arising from the sale cf his 
 property, and then retired into the desert, 
 whither his reputation for sanctity drew 
 rowels of disciples. He died at the ad- 
 anced age of one hundred and fixe. 
 
 ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of 
 Alexander the Great, xvas the son of 
 'hilip, a Macedonian nobleman. On the 
 jartition of Alexander's entire, Pamphy- 
 ia, Lycia,and Phrygia Major were assign- 
 ed to Antigonus, to which Lycaonia xvas 
 ubsequently added. After having dc- 
 troyed Eumenes, he reduced Asia Minor 
 nd Syria, and assumed the title of king 
 )f Asia. Several leagues were formed 
 against nim.over which nc triumphed; but 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 ke war '. ength defeated and slain, at jverv white. The mind of Antoinette waa 
 the batt'e A Ipsus, which he fought with I naturally powerful, and had been caiefuily 
 Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysiniachus, cultivated. 
 
 801 years B. c. Anttgonas was a man of 
 frer.t talents, and amiable in domestic 
 iie. 
 
 A NT OXIDES, JOHN, sur named Van- 
 
 der Goes, fi\ 
 
 his native town of Goes, 
 He dis- 
 
 in Zealand, was born in 1647. 
 
 ANTIGONUS SOCH^EUS, a Jew, played an early talent for poetry, and soon 
 ived in the time of the hijjh priest Elea-jrose to a high rank among the poets of his 
 
 He 
 
 priest , 
 
 .ar, about 300 years B. c., was a disciple ; country. Me is 
 
 )f Simeon the Just, and, in contradiction I work?, the most celebrated of which is a 
 
 among the poets of his 
 the author of several 
 
 iO the Pharisees, held that men ought to 
 reivo God solely for the 1 >ve of him, with- 
 out the h >pe of temporal reward; a doc- 
 trine whicn his followers Sadoc and 
 Bahhos'.is pushed so far, as to teach that 
 
 Descriptive Poem, in four cantos, on the 
 River Y. He died at the age of thirty- 
 eight. 
 
 ANTONINUS PIUS,TiTus AURELI- 
 us Fui,vius,a Roman emperor, was born 
 
 n > future recompense ought to be expected, at Lanuvium, A. D. 86, raised to the consul - 
 nnd, consequently, that there would be no ship in 120, and in 138 succeeded Adrian, 
 re.surrecti.jn. Hence arose the sect of the by whom he had been adopted. His reign, 
 SadJi 
 
 A.NTISTHENES, founder of the sect 
 
 which lasted twenty-three years, \vas a 
 happy period for the Roman people. Cle- 
 
 of Cynics, was born at Athens, B. c. 423, jment, equitable, modest, and virtuous, he 
 and was first instructed by the sophist , was a model for sovereigns, and his death, 
 Gorgias, and afterwards "by Socrates. [ which took place A. D. 161, was justly re- 
 The lessons of the latter he nobly repaid ' garded as a public calamity. 
 Ly avenging him, it being he who procured j ANTONINUS, MARCUS ANNIUS Au- 
 the death of Melitus, and the banishment j RELIUS, surnamed the Philosopher, was 
 of Aiiytus, the two accusers of Socrates, iborn A. D. 121, and adopted by Antoninus 
 His works are lost, with the exception of j Pius, who gave him his daughter Faustina 
 a few apophthegms; for two declamations | to wife. At a very early age he was deep- 
 and some letters, which are attributed to j ly imbued with the stoical philosophy. On 
 him, are believed to be spurious. From 'hi's accession, he associated Lucius Verus 
 his book on physics Cicero quotes a re- with himself in the government of the em- 
 markable sentence " The gods of the pire. After the death of Verus, in 169, 
 people are many, but the God of nature is I Marcus Aurelius carried on the Pannonian 
 
 one." Diogenes was his disciple. 
 
 ANTOINETTE, MARIA, arch-duch- 
 ess of Austria, daughter of the emperor 
 
 war In person, during five campaigns, in 
 which he endured the toils of a military 
 life, and the rigour of the climate, without 
 
 Francis I. and of Maria Theresa, was I a murmur. From this war he was called 
 born at Vienna in 1755. On the 16th of 
 May, 1770, she married the dauphin of 
 France, afterwards Louis XVI., and her 
 
 arrival in France was celebrated 
 every demonstration of public joy. 
 
 away by tlie revolt of Avidius 
 
 which, however, was soon ended by Avidius 
 
 falling a victim to a conspiracy of his ovtn 
 
 ferocious events of the revolution brought 
 on the memorable sixth of October, when 
 the sanjainary mob of Paris appeared at 
 Versailles, threatening aloud that they 
 would tear her to pieces. Forced to ac- 
 
 with i officers. After an absence of eight years, 
 The Marcus returned to Rome, where he re- 
 
 mained but a short time, and then departed 
 to take the field against the Marcomanni. 
 On this expedition he died, of a pestilential 
 disorder, at Vindobonum, now Vienna, A. 
 D 180. The whole Roman empire mourned 
 
 company the king to Paris in a journey j his death, and his name was enrolled among 
 of six hours, while the heads of two of I its tutelary deities. The sorrow which 
 her murdered bodv-gnards were raised on his loss excited was but a just tribute to 
 pikes by the side of her carriage, and his public and private virtues. His Medi- 
 while insults, threats and blasphemies tations, which do honour to his heart, have 
 every moment rent the air, she preserved descended to us, and have been translated 
 a singular and noble p"-wnitv. On the into many languages, 
 twentieth i-f June, and the tenth of Au- 
 gust, 1792, those days of horror and an- 
 
 .archy, sheajain saw herself insulted, and! was in the service of Alphonsoof Arra^on. 
 ea\eU v'*t\\ difficulty from the hands of as-! He composed various pieces in prose and 
 sassins; and in the assembly she heard Iverne; and is said to have sold one cl his 
 unmoved, the decrees which robbed the i 2states, to procure money for the purchase 
 monarch of his throne. She was executed of a manuscript Livy, copied by Poggio. 
 >n 1793, by order of the revolutionary tri- ANTONIUS, MARCUS, commonly cU- 
 bunal. She was then near thirty-eight, i led MARK ANTHONY, was grandson of 
 but it is remarkable that her misfortunes j the celebrated orator of the same name, 
 bad changed tht. colour of her hair to a sil-' Anthony was left tin orphin when voting, 
 
 ANTONIO, of Palermo, was born in 
 1394, and died at Naples, in 1471. H 
 
86 
 
 an-i he 
 
 APC 
 
 wasted his whole fortune 
 
 in riotouw excesses. After having served 
 in Syria ami Egypt, he joined Ciesar in 
 Gaul, bv whm lie was .-upj lied wilh the 
 means of returning to Rome, ud obtaining 
 tlie qoMtorship, an<l subsequently the tri- 
 hunr.-hip. lie aMjMOOltded Ciesar inliis 
 -upreme power, and was made 
 nsnl will) him. It was IIP who, at 
 -;i\al of the Lupercalii, thrice offered 
 Ca-sar the imprrjal diadem, lie hoped, 
 on the Heath of tl.e dictator, to obtain the 
 n power, and he succeeded in pro- 
 curing the expulsion of Brutus and Cassius 
 from 11 >i'.>e. They, however, formed a 
 union with Oetavius. and a contest ensued, 
 winch ended in Octavius joining him, and, 
 .vith Lepidus, forming the second triumvi- 
 rate. A bloody proscription followed, of 
 which Cicero was one of the victims. 
 The defeat of Brutus and Cassius, at Phil- 
 ippi, which was chiefly occasioned by the 
 talent and valour of Anthony, left the tri- 
 umvirs uncontrolled masters of the world. 
 In the east, which was his portion of the 
 spoil, he reigned with exceeding splendour. 
 There he became enamoured of Cleopatra, 
 queen of Egypt, and his passion led him 
 to divorce Octavia, the sister of Octavius, 
 whom he had married after the death of 
 Kivlvia. A war was the consequence, in 
 which he was defeated at the battle of Ac- 
 tium, and, being eventually almost wholly 
 deserted by his troops, lie fill upon his 
 pword, in the fifty-sixth year of hia age, B. 
 c 30. 
 ANVARI, 
 
 celebrated Persian poet, a 
 
 API 
 
 ever, he quitted for the church. He rot* 
 to be bishop of Dijon, and archbishop of 
 Audi, and was a Bright example of virtue 
 and charity. In a violent Conflagration, 
 he intrepidly risked his own life to snatrS 
 two children from the llames. Thisexce'- 
 lent prelate died at Paris, in 1783, in h.* 
 sixtieth 
 
 APELLE8, the most celebrated of a 
 c'u-nt painters, ir said bv Pliny to hair 
 been born at Cos, but others assign Ephe 
 sus as his birthplace. He was contempo 
 rary with Alexander the Great, who heh 
 his talents in such estimation, thai lit 
 would permit no other artist to paint hit 
 picture; and even gave up to him the beau- 
 tiful Cauvpaspe, his mistress, with whom 
 the painter had fallen in love. Exquisite 
 grace was the principal characteristic of 
 his style. The time and place of his death 
 are unknown. 
 
 APER, MARCUS, a Latin orator, was 
 Gaul by birth, and distinguished himself 
 as an advocate at the Roman bar. He 
 also took a part in politics, and was suc- 
 cessively senator, questor, tribune, and 
 pretor. The celebrated Dialogue of Ora- 
 tors, which has been attributed to Tacitus 
 and Quintilian, is now generally believed 
 to be of his composition. He died about 
 A. P. 51. 
 
 APIAN, PKTFR, a mathematician and 
 astronomer of eminence, was born in Mis- 
 ilia, in 1495, and became professor of ma- 
 thematics at Ingolstadt. Charles V. es- 
 teemed his talents so highly that he knight- 
 ed him, and made him a present of three 
 
 native of Khorasan, was patronised bv thousand pieces of gold. Hedied in 1552, 
 Sultan Sangiar; but, being a dabbler in and his son, Philip, succeeded him as ma- 
 :i.-:nd' gy, he had the folly to predict that thematical professor. Alpian was the 
 a destructive tempest would happen en a first to make known that the tails of corn- 
 certain day, which day, however, proved j ets are always projected in an opposite di- 
 to be unusually calm. This unluckv prog- i rection from the SUH, and to propose the 
 
 nostication, which had spread universal 
 terror among the people, lost him the fa- 
 Tour of the sultan, and he retired to Balk, 
 where lie died in the year 1200. 
 
 A.XV1LLE, JOHN BAPTIST BOUR- 
 D', one of the most eminent of 
 geographers, was b.irn at Paris, 
 
 modern 
 
 discovery of the longitude by lunar obser- 
 vations. 
 
 APlCIUS,a name which seems to have 
 been consecrated to gluttony. There were 
 three Romans who bore it ; the first under 
 
 Sylla, the second under Augustus and Ti 
 
 -- r - - -* berius, the third under Trajan. ^The sec- 
 
 in 1G97, anoi lus attention was first attract- ond is the most notorious ; he is comiuem 
 ed to geographical studies by a map convng orated by Seneca, Pliny, Juvenal, and 
 into his hands when he was only twelve Martial." The treatise De Re Culinu; a 
 ! !. Prom that time, all the tenure is attributed to him. He poisoned him- 
 moments, of his youth were em; l\ed in self, on discovering that his fortune waa 
 tracing out on charts the march of armies. ' too much diminished to allow of his indulg- 
 and the boundaries of empires. As he yi^ in tlie luxury of the table to the same 
 grew up, he devoted himself to the sci- extent that he had done. The third Api- 
 ence of geography, a:id the numerous a'id cius is more advantageously known as th 
 valuable' maps and works which he pub- inventor of a, mode of pickling oysters, 
 tislied left him without a rival. For fifty, APION, an Egyptian grammarian, of 
 years he is said to have lab'mred fifteen considerable talents, but full of boastful 
 
 hours a dav. He (Ked in 1782. 
 
 vanity (f r 
 
 latter quality Tiberiui 
 
 APCHON, CL. MATIK A.vr. i>', a na- called him the drum of the world), was 
 live of Montbrison, in France, was brought born in Egypt, during the first century of 
 p to the military profc.<.ion, which, ROW-lOOT era, and was a b'tter enemy of UM 
 
APO 
 
 ews He u>' only r'diculed them in his 
 writings, but is also said to have stinuila- 
 ted Caligula to persecute them. His mis- 
 representations were refuted by Josephus. 
 
 APOLLODOaUS, an Athenian paint- 
 er, flour i.she I about 403 years B. c. Me 
 was the firs', wlv: blended and Harmon tied 
 the colours, and made a proper distribu- 
 tion of the shadows. He considered him- 
 self as the prince of pa;nters; but, in his 
 litter days, his glory was eclipsed by that 
 of Zeiixis. 
 
 APOLLODORUS, a native of Damas- 
 cus, was celebrated as an architect, in the 
 reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He con- 
 structed Trajan's forum, the gigantic 
 bridge over the Danube, and many other 
 admirable structures. His plain speaking 
 cost him his life. A temple of Venus hav- 
 ing been erected, from a faulty de/ig.i by 
 Adrian, Apollodorus criticised it, and ex- 
 claimed, that if the goddess should wish to 
 go out, she could not do it without break- 
 ing her head against the door frame. To 
 avenge himself for this sarcasm, the des- 
 pot put him to death, about th.- year ISO. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, an Athenian sculptor, 
 said to have lived soon after Alexander the 
 Great, produced the statue, believed to be 
 a reposing Hercules, of which the body, 
 all that remains, is known by the 'name of 
 the Belvedere Torso. Mutilated as this 
 statue is, it is one of the finest remains of 
 a-t that has descended to us from ancient 
 times. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, of Rhodes, an emi- 
 nent statuary, who sculptured, in conjunc- 
 tion with Tauriscus, the fine group which 
 is railed the Farnese Bull, the remains of 
 which were found in the baths of Caracal- 
 la. He is supposed to have lived some 
 vears subsequently to Alexander the Great. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, a native of.Perga, in 
 Pamphyiin, is one of the four authors who 
 have a title to be considered as the fathers 
 of the science of mathematics. Euclid, 
 Archimedes, and Diophantus are the other 
 three. He flourished at Alexandria, under 
 the reign of Ptolemy Philopator, 200 years 
 B c. The only part of his woiks which 
 has survived is a Treatise on Conic Sec- 
 tions, in eight books, of which only the 
 first four are extant in the original lan- 
 guage; three have been translated from 
 the Arabic, and the fourth was restored by 
 Ha] ley, from other sources. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, surnamed RHODIUS, 
 a Greek poet, was a native of Alexandria, 
 or, as some say, of Naucrate*, and was 
 born about 194 years B. c. Callimachus 
 was his tutor, and, conceiving himself to 
 have been treated ungratefully, he took 
 his revenge by satirising his pupil. Apol- 
 lonius taught rhetoric at Rhode?, and \\as 
 subsequently made librarian at Alexandria. 
 His poem on the Argonaiuic expelition 
 
 APU 87 
 
 has many beauttes, some of which Virgil 
 did not disdain to copy 
 
 APOLLONIUS, TYASEUS, a native 
 of Tyana, in C;ippadocia, a follower of the 
 doctrine of Pythagoras, was born r.bout 
 the commencement of the Christian era. 
 His history is so interwoven with fa'olcs, 
 that it is difficult, if 11.0 1 impossible, to 
 separate the true from the false. That ho 
 must be called an impostor is certain, for 
 he pretended to divine attributes: but his 
 doctrines and his morals were, neverthe- 
 less, pure. Several of the Roman emperors 
 honoured him, temples were erected to 
 him, and his memory was revered till t!ie 
 downfall of paganism. He is saxd to have 
 travelled into Asia Minor, Persia, India, 
 and Egypt, and to have settled at Ephesu.*, 
 where he is supposed to have died, at the 
 age of ninety-seven, during the reign of 
 Nerva. The miracles which he was pre- 
 tended to have performed were opposed by 
 the pagans to those of Jesus Christ. Of 
 the works of Apollonius nothing remains 
 but his Apology to Domitian, and eighty- 
 four epistles. 
 
 APOLLONIUS, surnamed DYSCOLUS, 
 from his moroseness, was a native of Alex- 
 andria, flourished about A. D. 136, and is 
 the author of dip first extant Treatise on 
 Syntax. He was the father of Herodian, 
 a famous grammarian. 
 
 APPIAN, a Greek historian, born at 
 Alexandria, lived under the emperors Tra- 
 jan, Adrian, and Antoninus, and was a 
 pleader at Rome. He is the author of a 
 Roman History, originally consisting of 
 twenty-four books, a work of great merit, 
 but of which, unfortunately, only a part 
 has escaped the ravages of time. 
 
 APPIANI, ANDREW, a celebrated 
 Italian painter, was born in the Upper 
 Milanese, in 1754. He died in 1818, 
 while executing an immense work in the 
 palace of Milan. Appiani often proved 
 himself no unworthy rival of Corregio, and 
 particularly excelled in fresco paintings. 
 He was a member of the Italian Institute, 
 and was patronised by Napoleon, who gave 
 him the cross of the legion of honour and 
 nominated him his paintet. 
 
 APRES DE MANNEVILLETTE, 
 JOHN BAPTIST NICHOLAS DKNIS D% 
 a French hvdrographer, was born at Havre, 
 in 1707, and brought up to the naval ser- 
 vice. He died in 1780. To him the naval 
 profession is indebted for the Oriental 
 Neptune, an excellent collection of charts 
 of the eastern seas, the first edition of 
 which appeared in 1743. A supplement 
 was published after his death. He de 
 rived much valuable assistance from the 
 friendship of Dalrymple. 
 
 APULEIUS, Lucius, a philosopher of 
 the Platonic school, was born at Madaura, 
 in Africa, in the seervwd century. His 
 
ARA 
 
 ARA 
 
 Uiiist uf knowledge led him to travel much, ' surely to a comprehension of the most Jiffi 
 nnd this, and his lil>erality to his teachers, j cult authors in the deck and Latin lilera 
 having exhausted his fortune, ho settled at tures. He also studied anil made himself 
 Rome, and practised at the liar. Theme perfect in Hebrew, and with the?e great 
 he returned to Cai tha-^e, where he married ae(|iiirements he gained h>s livelihood, l>y 
 
 south >i' 
 
 a rich widow named Pudentiila. Enraged 
 at being thus shut out from Mianng in her 
 pro|XMty, her iclations accu.-ed h -n, before 
 the proconsul, of having won h -r by ma- 
 gical art? He-, however, refuted them in 
 an eloquent defence, which is still extant. 
 The time of his death is unknown. Of 
 th.it part of his works which has l>ecn pre- 
 served, The Golden Ass, in eleven books, 
 is lli: most celebrated. 
 
 AQl.'INAS, ST. THOMAS, a celebrated 
 theologian, to whom the hyperbolical ad- 
 miration of the dark a<jes gave the sound- 
 ing titles of the Angelical Doctor, the l-'ifth 
 Doctor of the Church, the Eagle of Divines, 
 and the Angel of the Schools. He was 
 descended from the counts of Aquino, in 
 Calabria, born in 1224, and educated at 
 tne university of Naples. At the age of 
 seventeen he entered into the Dominican 
 
 eir,M_,Mng in several schools in the 
 England. 
 
 school at 
 
 I i IT.'.T, lu- came to tlut free 
 Lynn, a perfect master of tho 
 
 most abstruse studies, ami i.equ. tinted with 
 heraldry and botany. He had begun to 
 make collection.-- -* radical comparisons 
 between tne modern and ancient languages, 
 and already more than three thousand words 
 were vfleeted to establish this surprising 
 affinity in a comparative lexicon, when hi 
 labour! were arrested by the hand of jus- 
 tice. He was taken up at Lynn in 1758, 
 for the murder e.f Daniel Clark, a hhoema- 
 ker ofKnaresborough, who had disappeared 
 thirteen years before, Mid after a trial in 
 which he defended himself with singular 
 coolness and ability, he was found guilty 
 of the crime, and after attempting to com. 
 mil suicide, he was executed at York in 
 1759. He acknowledged the justice of 
 
 order, contrary to the wishes of his mother; | the sentence, and alleged his suspicion of 
 and when only twenty-four he taught dia-'au unlawful intercourse between Clark and 
 lectics, philosophy, and theology, in the | his wife, as his motive for the commission 
 university of Paris, with great applause. 
 After having lectured on divinity in several 
 universities, he settled at Naples, the arch- 
 bishopric of which citv he refused. Heiof Vesalius and of Maggius, was born, in 
 died in 1274, and. was canoni/ed in 1323. 1 1530, at Bologna, in which city he became 
 The Roman Catholic Church considers his professor of surgery and anatomy. He held 
 
 the professional chair for 
 
 of the murder. 
 
 ARANZI, or ARANTIUS, JULIU. 
 
 , a celebrated anatomist, a pupi. 
 
 thirty-two years, 
 
 and greatly distinguished himself. Aranzi 
 w light on the muscular system, the 
 
 threw 
 
 ing him in his closet a heap of wealth, the 
 pope said, " You see the time is gone by 
 
 writings as of high authority; and the} 
 gave rise to a sect which l>orc the name of 
 the Thomists. They form seventeen vol- 
 umes; the most celebrated of them is the i theory of the circulation, and the structure 
 Summa Theologhe. One anecdote is re-|of the ff-tus and its appendages. He died 
 corded of his readiness of repartee. Show-pin 15S9- 
 
 ARATUS, a Greek poet, bom at Soles, 
 in Cilicia, is the author of a Greek astro- 
 
 when the church could say ' silvet and gold nomical poem, intitled Phenomena, which 
 have I none.'" "True, holy father,"! was translated into Latin by Cicero, and 
 replied Aquinas; "and so is the time quoted by St. Paul. His other works aro 
 when she could say to the palsied, ' take up lost. He was patronised by Ptolemy Phi- 
 ;hy l)ed ami walk."' " ladelplu.s. 
 
 ARAGON, TIJLMA I)', a descendant ARATfJS, of Sicyon, one of the great 
 of an illegitimate branch of the regal house i men of the declining age of Greece, was 
 of Aragon, was celebrated in Italy, towards born B. c. 273. At the age of only twenty, 
 tlir middle of the sixteenth century, for her he delivered Sicyon, his native place, from 
 
 beauty, wit, learning and varied accom- 
 plishments. Her merits were the favourite 
 theme of the most eminent men of the age. 
 She is the author of Poems, a Dialogue of 
 Love, and II Meschino, a poem in thirty- 
 six cantos. 
 
 AR AM, Euc KN K, a native of Yorkshire, 
 
 the tyranny of Nieocles, but would not 
 allow a drop of blood to be shed. Being 
 entrusted with the government, he joined 
 the Ac luean league, and was advanced to 
 be general of the confederacy. In thi 
 capacity, he, by an admirable stratagem, 
 recovered the citadel of Corinth from the 
 
 and son of a gardener, was born in 1704. | Macedonians. Circumstances, however, 
 His genius displayed itself while he follow-: subsequently rendered it necessary for him 
 f his father, to unite w'ith Macedon, and he", accord- 
 
 ed the humble occupation of 
 
 He rapidly acqu'ucd a knowledge of ma- 
 thematics, and with the most unwearied 
 
 stered tin Latin of Lilly's grammar, 
 and afterwards Jamden's Creek, till this 
 
 real mastered ti 
 and afterwards 
 elf- Ui ugh I i l.'-.r advanced gradn;.l!y but I 
 
 'y, became the ally of Antigonus, and, 
 next, of Philip. The latter monarch i 
 suspected to have caused his death by slow 
 poison He died n. c. 216, sincerely 
 lamented by hi* fellow citi/.eiis. His Coin 
 
ARC 
 
 mentnfies, containing the history of his 
 own actions and ti.ues, are, unfoi tunately, 
 lost. 
 
 ARBUTHNOT, JOHN, Dr., was the 
 on of a Scotch episcopal clergyman, and 
 was born at Arbulhnot, near Montrcse, 
 soon after the Restoration. Having com- 
 pleted his studies, and taken his medical 
 degree, at Aberdeen, he proceeded to Lon- 
 don, where, for some time, he supported 
 himself by teaching the mathematics. In 
 1704, the merits of his paper, On the Re- 
 gularity of the Births of the two Sexes, 
 procured his admission into the Royal 
 Society. He rose in his profession to be 
 the queen's physician in ordinary, and a 
 fellow of the College of Physicians; but 
 his practice does not appear to have been 
 extensive. Acquainted with Pope, Swift, 
 and the other wits of the age, lie took a 
 phare in their literary enterprises, and 
 contributed largely to the Memoirs of 
 Martinu* Set ihlerus. The History of John 
 Bull, A Treatise on the Scolding of the 
 Ancients, and The Art of Political Lying, 
 with many other pieces of wit and humour, 
 were the offspring of his pen. After long 
 lingering under asthma and dropsy, which 
 he bore with exemplary patience, he died 
 in February, 1735. Swift gave his cha- 
 racter ia few words "He has," said he, 
 " more wit than all our race, and his hu- 
 manity is equal to his wit." Nor is there 
 any tiling of the exaggeration of friendship 
 in this praise. Among his serious works, 
 part of which are medical, may be named 
 his Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and 
 Measure*. 
 
 ARCHIAS, AULUS LICINIUS, a Greek 
 poet, a native of Antioch, the contemporary 
 and friend of Cicero a;:d Lucullus, the 
 former of whom pronounced on his behalf 
 the eloquent oration Pro Archia Poeta 
 Archias wrote a verse History of the Cim- 
 bnc war, and other works ; but only a few 
 epigrams of his are extant. 
 
 AllCHILOCHUS, a G eek poet and 
 musician, born about the y:ar '00 B.C., 
 mas tiie son of Telesicles < f Paros, a man 
 of high rank !!<.> u? e*l; braled f..r hii 
 
 ARC ^ 30 
 
 talent-?, the bitterness of his satire, 
 ; the invention of iambic ve.-se, and his cow- 
 ardice. In battle he threw away his shield, 
 to fly more expeditiously ; an ac-tion which 
 he defended by saying, that " it was easiei 
 to get a new buckler than a new exist- 
 ence." Such was the deadly virulence ot" 
 his invective, that Lycambes hinged him- 
 self in consequence of having been exposed 
 to it; a visitation, however, which he 
 brought on his own head, by marrying his 
 daughter to a rich suitor, after he had 
 promised her to Archilochus. The poet 
 was at last killed, by Corax of Naxos. 
 
 ARCHIMEDES, one of the most cele- 
 brated geometricians and mechanicians of 
 antiquity, was born at Syracuse, about the 
 year 287 n. c., and was related to King 
 Hiero. He, tvjwever, took no part in 
 state affairs, but devoted himself to the 
 cultivation of the sciences. As a mathe- 
 matician he had few rivals ; as a mechani- 
 cian he had none. The combination of pul- 
 leys for raising vast weights, the endless 
 screw, and the screw which bears his 
 nam?, were invented by him. He is also 
 said to have constructed a machine, which 
 represented the motions of the heavenly bod- 
 ies. But it was in defence of Syracuse, 
 when that city was besieged by Mareellus, 
 that his inventive genius was the most 
 splendidly displayed. By his mechanical 
 inventions the besieging force was long 
 held at bay. Among these was a burning 
 glass, composed of reflecting mirrors, by 
 which he h'red the hostile fleet. The city 
 was at last taken by storm, and Archi- 
 medes fell by the hand of a soldier, u. c. 
 212, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. 
 Several of his works are extant. 
 
 ARCHYTAS, a Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher, born at Tarentum, about 408 years 
 B. c., was at once a mathematician, a 
 general, and a statesman, and was eminent 
 in each (if these pursuits. He was seven 
 times at the head of the government, and 
 often commanded the army, without ever 
 being vanquished. As a mechanician, he 
 invented the screw, the crane, and various 
 hydraulic mechanics. To the philosophy 
 of Archytas, Aristotle was indebted for 
 many idea?. He was shipwrecked on the 
 coast of Apulia. His only extant produc- 
 tion is a metaphysical work. On the Uni- 
 verse. 
 
 ARCON, LF.MICEAUU i>', a French 
 general and engineer, was born at Pontar- 
 jier, in 1733, and died in 1800. H was 
 intended for the church ; but, from an early 
 ago, the time that he should have dedicated 
 to languages and 'theology, he spent in 
 drawing plans of fortifications. His pictura 
 having been painted as an abb?, he oblite- 
 rated the clerical dress, and replaced it by 
 that of a.n engineer; and this silent hint 
 induced his parent to comply with htl 
 
40 ARE 
 
 wishes. I)'Arc.on distinguished himself, 
 during the seven years \v:ir, in the defence 
 of Cassel. In 17K), he invented tho float- 
 ing batteries, which we-e intended to re- 
 duce Gibraltar. They failed; not. howev- 
 er, hv iiis f.iul; ; r.i object ef 
 \\ in> n:. a.-ure merit by 
 
 success: they. nevertl:cl. ,-s, did honour to 
 the genius ct" the pi oj-vfoi . ]>'Arc;on is 
 the author of several woiks on his pn (Vs- 
 sion, which, though faulty in style, 
 i>id skill. 
 
 ARDERN, JOHN, an En<rl : sh surgeon, 
 settled at Nevvaik, in 13-19, and removed 
 to Lorelon, in 1370, in consequence of his 
 extensive reputation. The title <,{ re\iver 
 of surgery in England in Kie fourteenth 
 century has been given to him. He WHS 
 particularly successful in the cure of fistula, 
 the mode of operating for which he much 
 improved. 
 
 ARETAPHILA, a female of Cyrene, 
 jdio lived about the time of the wars be- 
 tween Mithridates and the Romans, deliv- 
 ered her country from the tyranny of Nico- 
 crates, and of his brother Lysander, the 
 former of whom had murdered her hus- 
 band. After having given wise laws and 
 institutions to the Cyreneans, she refused 
 to accept the sovereign authority, and re- 
 tired to a private station. 
 
 ARETINO,GuiDo,orGunJOD'AREz- 
 ZO, born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, about the 
 year 995, was a Benedictine monk. To 
 him music is indebted for the invention of 
 the gamut, and other discoveries. His 
 merit excited such envy among his confra- 
 ternity, that he was obliged to quit his 
 convent; but for this he was amply indem- 
 nified by the praise and the patronage of 
 the pope. The time of his death is not 
 recorded. 
 
 ARETINO, LEONARD, so called from 
 Arezzo, where he was born in 1S69, but 
 whose real name was Bruni, was an Italian 
 historian, of considerable merit, and es- 
 teemed for his virtues. He was secretary 
 to several popes, and chancellor to the 
 Florentine republic. lie dier" . r lorence, 
 in 1444. His principal works '-ire, a His- 
 tory of his own Times; a History of Flo- 
 rence; and his Letters, which contain 
 much informal! "\ respecting the literature 
 of that age 
 
 ARCT1NO, PETER, a celebrated satir- 
 ist, or lather 'ibeller, was a native of Arex- 
 zo, in Tuscany, and was born in 1492. He 
 acquired the title of the Scourge of Prin- 
 ces, and was KO A am of his power, that he 
 caused a medal to be struck, on which he 
 etvl'd himself the divine Aretino. and re- 
 presented himself seated on a throne re- 
 ceiving the envoys of sovereigns. By some 
 monarchs, among whom was Charles V. 
 and Francis I. he was bribed to silence; 
 but others insured his forbearance, or pun- 
 
 ARG 
 
 Uhed his accession, by the more propot 
 means ofcoiporeal chas' ise-.aent. Such was 
 his propensity t.> it;-] a irr;ck, that he was 
 said I.) !;\r tj ared il'.r I'eity in his satire 
 only because he <ii<i noi k"eu him. Some 
 tif his n m;-i':-i:iou.- aie i f :t<e i;r:\-s.vt < b- 
 
 seetiity. Yet he wrote hvmn?, dwotional 
 
 . a:id li\< s . f suiais! lie died at 
 
 AU(;i:.\S, JOHN BAPTIST i>r. BOY- 
 y K. Mar(|ris d', burn nt Aix, i;i I'ro\ence, 
 in 1704, was the SDH of the solicitor gr-nri al 
 to the parliament, and t.is in'tended f.r thr* 
 law, but enteic-d (lie army against (lie wish 
 of his father, and, after many curious ad- 
 ventures, was disinherited. A fa 1 .! tVom 
 liis hoischaviiir incapacitated him for mil- 
 itary service, lie settled in Holland, took 
 up the pen for his livelihood, and produced 
 his Jewish, Chinere, and Cabalistic Let- 
 ters. Frederic the Great invited him to 
 Potsdam, made him his chamberlain, and 
 gave him his friendship and a pension. He 
 died at Aix, in 1771, while on a visil to 
 his family. His numerous works, once 
 popular, are fallen into greater neglect 
 than they deserve, considering the talent 
 and erudition which they display. 
 
 ARGENSOLA, LUPKRCIO LEONAU- 
 DO D', a Spanish historian and poet, born 
 at Balbastro, in Aragon, about 1565, was 
 secretary of war and state at Naples, un- 
 der the viceroy count <!c Lemos. He died, 
 in 1613, in the Neapolitan capital He is 
 the author of poems, and of three tragedies, 
 Isabella, Philip, and Alexander. 
 
 ARGENSOLA, BARTHOLOMEW, bro- 
 ther of Lupercio, born in 1566, was canon 
 of Saragossa and chaplain of the Empress 
 Maria of Austria, accompanied his brother 
 to Naples, was appointed, after his return, 
 historiographer of Aragon, and died at Sa- 
 ragossa, in 1631. He is the author of a 
 History of the Conquest of the Moluccas, 
 and a Continuation of Zurita's History of 
 Aragon. It was said of the two brothers, 
 that the perfect resemblance of their tal- 
 ents made their countrymen believe them 
 to be twins of Apollo and a Muse. 
 
 ARGOLI, JOHN, the son of a celebra'ed 
 mathematician, was bora in 1009, at Tag- 
 liacozzo, in the Neapolil&n territory, and 
 lied about the year 1C(:0. Several philo- 
 logical nad archaeological works proceeded 
 from his pen, but he is best known as a 
 poet. When only fifteen, he wrote his 
 Id\l on the silkworm, and two years sub- 
 sequently his Eudymion, in twelve cantos, 
 which he complete:! in seven months, during 
 which period he shut himself up, and suf- 
 fered no one to enter his room, except to 
 bring Ins food. 
 
 ARGONNE, NOEL, called Dom Bona- 
 venture d', born at Paris, in 1634, died 
 in 1704. He was originally a barrister, 
 but at the nge of twenty-eight entered tb 
 
ARI 
 
 Caucasian oruVr. He is the author of a 
 Treatise on the Reading of the Fathers, 
 ami of another intitled E.W.ation, Max- 
 ims and Reilections of JY1 de Moncada, 
 &c. ; but he is best known . y his Histori- 
 cal and Literary Miscellanies, published 
 under the name of Vignenil Marvillo 
 
 ARGUIPO, DON JUAND', a Spanish 
 ]>oet, and the Maecenas of his literary con- 
 temporaries, was born at Seville, in the 
 seventeenth century. Lopez de Ve^a ded- 
 
 A 111 41 
 
 AiioPto in various embassies, and nomi- 
 nated him to the government of Grafignana. 
 While holding the latter office, he is said 
 to have fallen in with a party of banditti, 
 who infested the Apennines, but who, on 
 hearing his name, conducted hinj to his 
 
 astle with the utmost respect. 
 
 H< 
 
 died 
 
 at Ferrara, in 3533. Besides his great 
 work, he is the author af satires, dramas, 
 
 and miscellaneou 
 
 s poems. 
 
 wever, 
 
 on the Orlando that his fame principally 
 
 his only bed was a cloak spread upon the 
 bare boards. Among his most esteemed 
 works is his Treaties on Jewish Antiqui- 
 ties. 
 
 icated to him many of his works. So lib- 1 rests; and, while the most splendid fancy, 
 eral was Arguipo, to men of talent, that land the most exqui.-ire powers of 
 his fortune, though large, was insufficient 
 to keep pace with his excess of generosity. 
 ARIAS MONTANUS, BENEDICT,** 
 Spanish orientalist, born in Estrcmadura, 
 in 1527, died in 1598. In addition to his 
 thorough knowledge of the oriental and 
 classical languages, he spoke fluently the 
 German, Flemish, French, and Portuguese. 
 Philip II. of Spain confided to him the 
 editing of the Polyglot Bible, which is 
 known as the Antwerp or Royal Bible. 
 Arras was as remarkable for his modesty 
 and disinterestedness as for his learning; 
 a bishopric was o tiered to him, but he pre- 
 ferred the retirement of his hermitage, and 
 
 tion, continue to charm mankind, that fa-ne 
 can never die. 
 
 ARISTJ3NETUS, a Greek writer of 
 the fourth century, the friend of the rheto- 
 rician Libanins, w is born at IN ic;na, and 
 perished at Nicomerlia, in the earthquake 
 of A. D. 358. He is the author oi two 
 books of Love Epistles, part of which 
 were translate:! by Tom Brown, and, more 
 recently, by Halhed and Sheridan. 
 
 ARI^TARCHUS, a native of Samos, 
 supposed to have flourished about 230 
 
 years 
 
 B. c. was the firs* who asserted the 
 
 double motion of the earth, round its axis 
 and round the sun. He also invented a 
 
 particular kind of sun dial. A treatise of 
 his is extant, on the dimensions and dis- 
 tance of the sun and moon. 
 
 AR1STARCHUS, the grammarian and 
 critic, was a native of Samothrace, corn 
 ICO years B.-c., resided at Alexandria, and 
 was tutor to the children of Ptolemy Phi- 
 lometer, by which monarch he was much 
 esteemed. He revised Homer's poems, 
 and scrutinized each verse with such critical 
 rigour, that his name has evor shire been 
 applied to all very rigid censors. Finding 
 himself attacked by a cureless dropsy, he 
 starved himself to death, in the isle of 
 Cyprus, at the age of seventy-two. 
 
 AltlSTIDES, an Athenian, whose equity 
 and integrity gained for him the glorious 
 appellation of the Just, was the son of 
 Lysimachus. Being an admirer of the laws 
 I of Lycurgu.s, he preferred an oligarchy to 
 AR1OSTO, LEWIS, a poet, one of the I a democracy, and was, consequently, the 
 Coasts of Italian literature, was of a family | great opponent of Themistocles, the head 
 allied to the dukes of Ferrara, and was j of the democratical party. The di&sensioni 
 born at Rcg'io, in Lombardy, in 1474. j between these two eminent men were so 
 His father wishing him to follow the pro-' prejudicial to the common weal that Aris- 
 lession of the civil law, he studied live i tides himself once exclaimed that '' the 
 years at Padua; but was at length allowed ! Athenians would never prosper till he and 
 to follow the bent of his own inclinations.! Themistocles were consigned to the dungeon 
 The duke of Ferrara invited him to his | for condemned criminals." Thesclldeni.il 
 court, where he became a favourite of car- and patriotism of Aristides were strongly 
 dinal Hippolito of Este, who retained him' manifested by his giving up his share uf 
 fifteen years in his service. While thus the command to Miltiades, before the battle 
 engaged, he began his Orlando Furioso J of Marathon; and his conduct after the 
 Cardinal Bembo had advised him to com- battle, when entrusted to divide the spoils, 
 pose only in Latin; hut, luckily, Ariosto was equally praiseworthy. In the ycai 
 declined to follow h.3 advice. It was in 491 B. c. he was archon, or chief magis- 
 lf'15 that the Orlando was given to the f rate ; an oftir-e which he filled with lii^h 
 %orid. The dr.ke of Ferrara employed reputation. ThemistorU:*, however, sue 
 
43 ATtl 
 
 eeeded in having him sentenced to Ian ali- 
 ment by ostracism. On this occasion, a 
 voter who could not write, and did not 
 know him, met him, and asked him to in- 
 scribe the name of Ari.-tidcs on il.e shell 
 for him. " Did Aristides over injure yon I " 
 said the patriot. " No," replied the man, 
 " I ut 1 am weary (.f hearing him called 
 tlie Just." Aristides wrote his own name, 
 and returned the shell. Hcing reralled 
 from banishment, when Xerxes \\ as pre- 
 paring to invade Greece, he laid all private 
 ditVerences aside, and acted in perfect con- 
 cert wiih Themistocles. At the battle of 
 Plata-a he commanded the Athenian forces, 
 and fought bravely, and, subsequent to the 
 battle, his wisdom put an end to a danger- 
 ous quarrel which arose between the con- 
 federates. He died of old age alxjut 467 
 years B. c., and did not leave sufficient 
 property to defray the expense c.f his 
 funeral. He was buried at the public cost, 
 a pension and an estate were given to his 
 son, and suitable portions to his daugh- 
 ters. 
 
 ARISTIDES, of Miletus, a Greek wri- 
 ter, who flourished in the second century 
 before the Christian era, is the author o"f 
 various historical works blended with fable ; 
 but is better known as the author of The 
 Milesiacs, a collection of obscene tales. 
 Plutarch tells us, that Surena, after his 
 victory over Crassus, found these tales in 
 the baggage of Rustius, and sent them to 
 the senate of Seleucia, as a proof of the 
 dissolute manners of the Romans. 
 
 ARISTIDES, ^ELius, an orator and 
 sophist, was born at Adriani, in Mysia, 
 A. D. 129, travelled four times through the 
 whole of Egypt, penetrated into Ethiopia, 
 and at last settled at Smyrna, where his 
 eloquence gained him high reputation. 
 Smyrna having been destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, A. D. 178, he so pathetically de- 
 Bcribe ' the calamity to Antoninus, that the 
 emperor instantly ordered the city to be 
 rebuilt. For this service the grateful in- 
 habitants erected a statue to Aristides, in 
 the temple of Esculapius. His works were 
 published at Oxford, by Jebb, in two 
 quarto volumes. 
 
 ARISTIPPUS, a native of Gyrene, 
 whence the sect which he founded was 
 called the Cyrenaic, flourished about 400 
 years B. c. He quitted his native place 
 to become the disciple of Socrates; but he 
 oon found the doctrines of his master too 
 ri^id, and deviated widely from them. 
 His extravagance having injured his for- 
 tune, he opened a school of rhetoric, and 
 was the first of the Socratists who taught 
 for gain. After several adventures at 
 ^Egina, Coiinth, and Rhodes, he visited 
 the court of Dionysitis at Syracuse, and 
 appears to hai j resided there for a con- 
 uderabJe time He, however, returned to 
 
 AR1 
 
 Athens. The time of his death fas unknown 
 but must have been subsequent to B.C. 3b6. 
 Aristippus was a man of wit and elegant 
 manners, but is charged with having been 
 too marli addicted to pleasure. 
 
 AlilSTOGFFO.V an Athenian, who, in 
 conjunction with his friend Haimodius, 
 formed a conspiracy against the tyrants 
 Hipparclms and Hip'pias, B. c. 516." Hip- 
 parchus was slain, but Hippias escaped, 
 and caused them to be put to death. The 
 Athenians, afterward-, p.mi almost divine 
 honours to their mcmnrv. 
 
 A KIST( ).M i:.\ F.S, a'Grerk warrior and 
 patriot, was the son of Nicomedes, a Je- 
 scendant of tljn ancient Messenian kings- 
 Imli^nant at the subjection in which his 
 countrymen were held by the Spartans, 
 he raised the banner of freedom, E. o 685, 
 and, by acts of almost romantic-, valour, 
 long made head against the oppressors. 
 He died at Rhodes, while on a visit to his 
 son-in-law. A colony of Messenians, under 
 his son, founded Messina, in Sicilv, B.C. 
 668. 
 
 ARISTOPHANES, an Athenian comic 
 dramatist, lived about the middle of the 
 fifth century B. c. and was contemporary 
 with Euripides, Plato, and Socrates. The 
 latter philosopher he attacked in his com- 
 edy of The Clouds, and is therel>y supposed 
 to have contributed to the unjust death ol" 
 the object of his satire This popular idea, 
 however, appears manifestly alnurd, when 
 we consider that twenty years elapsed be- 
 tween the representation of The Clouds 
 and the death of Socrates. Aristophanes 
 was the author of fifty-four comedies, of 
 which only eleven have descended to us. 
 His style has always been admired for itM 
 Attic elegance; his wit for its poignancy 
 and his delineation of manners for its per- 
 fect fidelity. 
 
 A RISTOTLE.often called the Staginte, 
 a Grecian philosopher, was the son of 
 Nicomachus, phvsician to Amvntas, king 
 of Maccdon, and" was born at Stagyra, in 
 Thrace, B. c. 384. He lost his parent! 
 while in his childhood, and at the age of 
 seventeen became the disci pie of Plata, 
 
ARL 
 
 nliti valued him highly, and with whom 
 he remained for twenty years. During 
 this period he was unwearied in his atten- 
 tion to study, and his acquirements were 
 commensurate with his diligence. Such 
 waj his fame for learning that, B. c. 341, 
 he was chosen by Philip of Macedon to 
 educate Alexander, who was then fourteen 
 years of age, and in this occupation he 
 epcut eight years. After the departure of 
 Alexander on his Asiatic expedition, Aris- 
 totle ~eturned to Athens, where he opened 
 his school, in a building called the Lyceum, 
 and fourded the sect of Peripatetics, so 
 called ir.-iii his having walked about while 
 he lectan\'. When he had pursued this 
 course lev thirteen years, he was com- 
 pelled to m '( Athens, in consequence of a 
 frivolous a.v' '. ilumnious charge of impiety 
 being broug'M against him. He withdrew 
 to Chalcis, is Eubaea, where he died in 
 the sixty-third year of his age. Aristotle 
 was versed in i.very science then known ; 
 and he illustrated "them, in his writings, 
 with all the resources of a nighty mi ml. 
 Though his works have lost much of the 
 authority which they once possessed, yet 
 his name will ever be venerated as that of 
 onp of the greatest philosophers of ancient j 
 times. 
 
 ARIUS, a presbyter of the church of 
 Alexandria, the founder of the Arian sect, 
 flourished in the beginning of the fourth 
 century ; whether he was a nathe of Alex- 
 andria, or of Libya, is not ascertained. 
 His disputes with bishop Alexander, res- 
 pecting the second .person in the Trinity, 
 gave rise to a schism in the church, and to 
 infinite persecution. He owned Christ to 
 be God; but denied him to be coequal 
 and co^ternal with the Father. This opinion 
 was pronounced heretical by the Nicene 
 council, and Arius was banished. He was, 
 however, ultimately recalled; but there 
 eeems to be every reason to believe that 
 his opponents cut short his triumph by 
 poisoning him, A. D. 336. 
 
 ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD, an 
 English manufacturer, to whom his country 
 is highly indebted for improvements in cot- 
 ton spinning, was born at Preston, in Lan- 
 cashire, in 1732, and was originally in the 
 humble situation of a country barber. He 
 afterwards became a travelling hair mer- 
 chant. Having a talent for mechanics, he 
 turned his attention to the inventing a ma- 
 chine for spinning cotton; or, as his oppo- 
 nents contended, availed himself of tiie ideas 
 of others; and, after many trials and fail- 
 ures, succeeded in accomplishing his pur- 
 pose. His patent was, indeed, ultimately 
 Bet aside ; but not before he had amassed a 
 orincely fortune, as the proprietor of im- 
 mense cotton worKs, ai Cromford, in Der- 
 wshir*. He died in 1792. 
 
 ARLOTTO-MAL\AR1K), a Florentine, 
 
 ARM 48 
 
 born in 1395 died in 1433, was a parish 
 minister in the bishopric of Fiesole. His 
 fame, which was extensive, was not ac- 
 quired by any thing connected with his pro- 
 fession, but by his jests and facetious 
 speethes, which were in every body's 
 mouth, and gained him large presents from 
 several princes. Arlotto, however, was 
 not a mere joker; he nrngled good sense 
 with his wit, and performed benevolent 
 actions. A collection of his witty saying* 
 \vas published after his death. 
 
 ARMLMUS, or HERMANN, the de- 
 liverer of Germany, was the son of Sigl- 
 mer, a chief of the Cherusci. Sent to 
 Rome as a hostage, he was educated there, 
 served with distinction in the Roman ar- 
 mies, and was made a citizen and .knight 
 by Augustus. He was not, however, to be 
 seduced by benefits received from the op- 
 pressors of his country. Having incited 
 the Germans to revolt, he defeated and 
 slew Varu*, and jieurly exterminated the 
 Roman arrny, in the defiles of Teutberg, 
 A. 1>. 9; and he subsequently battled all the 
 efforts of Germanicus to subdue him. He 
 was assassinated in the thirty-ninth year 
 of his age, A. D. 20. 
 
 ARMLMUS, JAMES, whose real name 
 wus HARMENSF.N, a celebrated divine, 
 was born in the year 1560, at Oudewater, 
 in Holland. He lost his father in infancy; 
 and his mother, sister, and brother were 
 put to the sword by the Spaniards, while 
 he wa? at the university of Marpurg. In 
 1588, he became a preacher at Amsterdam, 
 and, afterwards, was appointed professor 
 
 of divinity at Leyden. 
 refute a work against 
 
 Being engaged to 
 Beza's doctrine of 
 
 predestination, he was converted by the 
 writer's arguments; and his teaching the 
 new doctrines that he had espoused gave 
 such deadly offence to the bigoted Calvin- 
 ists, that they spared no pains to embitter 
 his existence. He died in 1609, worn out 
 by continued persecution. Arminiuswas 
 learned, eloquent, amiable, tolerant, and 
 virtuous. His motto was " a good ron- 
 science is paradise." His followers bear 
 the name of Arminians; and in Holland 
 that of Remonstrants; the' latter appella- 
 tion they derive from a remonstrance ad- 
 dressed to the states of Holland, in 1610. 
 ARMSTRONG, JOHN, a poet and phy- 
 sician, was born at Castleton, in Roxburgh- 
 shire, about 1709, was educated and took 
 his degree at Edinburgh, and settled in 
 London. In 1760, he was appointed phy- 
 sician to the army in Germany, whence he 
 returned in 1763. He made the tour of 
 Italy, with Fuseli, the painter, in 17J1, 
 and died in 1779. His practice was lu.uted, 
 but he contrived to save a considerable 
 sum of money. He is the author of sev- 
 eral poems and prose compositions, some 
 of the latter of which are on medical iub 
 
44 A UN 
 
 Jects. The work to which he owes hta per- 
 manent reputation is The Art of preserv- 
 ing Health, a p- om. which is superior to 
 any other didaiic production in VCIM-. 
 
 ARNALL, \V it. 1.1 AM. a political \\ritor, 
 jndcr the adnv.nistration of Sir Rol ert 
 NValpolr, of which minister he was one of 
 the hired defenders, was In-ril an attorney, 
 but turned to literature, and succeeded 
 en in the British Journal. I'ut his 
 principal engine in the premiers l;chalf 
 was The True Triton. Though he is paid 
 o have received from the treasury ele\en 
 Jiousand pounds in four years, he fell into 
 want, and put an cud to his existence in 
 17-11, when only twrntv-six \c;u> . 
 
 AKNAri), '!)> M i i'., a troubadour of 
 the twelfth century, was horn of noble pa- 
 rents in the province of Perigord. Dante 
 praises his prose ns well as his verse pro- 
 ductions, and Petrarch styles him '' the 
 g.-and master of love." He was a musi- 
 cian also, and the inventor of a species of 
 c< r.i-.Msition named sestino. 
 
 A UN A I" D , D K V 1 1. T. i : ,\ F. r v r. , so ral led 
 from the place of his birth, believed to be- 
 near Montpelier, was a highly talented 
 physician ami philoso| her, born" about the 
 middle of the thirteenth century. In pur- 
 suit of knowledge he travelled into Italy 
 and Spain, in which latter country he ac- 
 quired, from the Arabian doctors, profound 
 skill in medicine. Being suspected of her- 
 esy, he was compelled to quit France, and 
 retire into Sicily. He perished by ship- 
 wreck in 1310. 
 
 ARNAUD, FRANCIS BACULARD D', 
 a dramatist and poet, born at Paris in 
 1718, died in that city in 1805. He was 
 of a noble Provencal family, and was early 
 countenanced by Voltaire, who gave him 
 both money and advice. Before he was 
 seventeen he wrote three tragedies. After 
 having resided for some time at Berlin, a? 
 the. friend of the great Frederic, he re- 
 turned to Paris, where he applied himself 
 wholly to literature, and at length became 
 indigent. Of his tragedies only ; the Count 
 de Comminges was acted. His poems and 
 romances are numerous. 
 
 ARNAULU; HENRY, a French eccle- 
 siastic, the son of an eminent advocate, 
 v.-as born in 1597, and, after having been 
 entrusted with important missions to Rome, 
 and othr Italian courts, was made bishop 
 of Angers, in 1649, and thenceforth de- 
 voted himself strictly to the performance of 
 his episcopal duties. His piety and char- 
 ity were exemplary, and the only time, 
 during nearly half a century, that he quit- 
 led hi.' diocese, was to reconcile the prince 
 of Tarento with his father. Anders having 
 revolted, the queen mother th.eatencd that 
 city with se\< .< :i,l vvas long 
 
 indexible. Aruaiild at ie.igth saved it, by 
 saying, uhen he adro in littered to her the 
 
 A UN 
 
 sacramtnt, " Receive, madam, your Oo<V 
 wlh> pardoned his enemies, even when hr 
 was d\iii on the cross." To a friend, 
 who told him that he on^ht to take ore day. 
 in the week fi r i eci cat i,.n, lie replied, ' I 
 will readily do so, if yon will point out any 
 (lay on Ahich I am not a bi.-lmp." This 
 worthy prelate died in 1W2, deeply la- 
 mented by his dock, who considered him 
 as a saint, and eaerly sought to obtain 
 oven the merest trifles that had or.rr I e- 
 l.ui^ed to him. His Negotiation* in Italy 
 \\eio publi.-hed, in 17-1S, in five voli:n.es.' 
 AliNAl'Ll), ANTHONY, brother of 
 Henry, was born at l'ari>, in 1612, studied 
 in the colleges of Calvi and the Soi bonne, 
 and took his doctor's decree in 1(1-11. llip 
 publiMiing, in 16-13, of his work < .n l'ie- 
 Iquent Communion, which was \iru!ently 
 I attacked by the Jesuits, was his first ap- 
 pearance on the arena of controversy, 
 I where, during the remainder of his life, he 
 made so conspicuous a figure. He next 
 espoused the cau.-eof Jansenius, for which 
 he was expelled from the Sorbonne. The 
 result of this was, that he was compelled 
 to live in retirement till the year 1GGS, and, 
 while thus secluded, he produced many 
 treatises. The Calvinists were the next 
 objects of his attack; after which he had a 
 contest with Malebranche. The intrigues 
 of his enemies having rendered itneces.-ary 
 for him to quit France, he withdrew to the 
 Netherlands, where he continued hostili- 
 ties against the Jesuits and Protestan^. 
 He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnauld 
 was a man of extensive erudition, and an 
 indefatigable and excellent writer on a va- 
 riety of subjects, literary and philosophical 
 as well as theological. 1 1 is works extend 
 to no less than forty-five quarto volumes. 
 Though in social life his manners were mild 
 and simple, he was of an impetuous dispo- 
 sition. Nicole, his fellow labourer in some 
 of his controversies, having declared to him 
 that he was tired of ceaseless warfare, and 
 wished to rest, " Rest !'' exclaimed Ar- 
 nauld, " will you not have all eternity to 
 rest in 1" 
 
 ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTUS, the s^n 
 of an upholsterer, was born in 1710, edu- 
 cated at Eton, and brought up to the law; 
 but, during" his clerkship, he, by stealth, 
 made far greater progress in the principles 
 of harmony *,han in the legal drudgery to 
 which he was condemned. Finding it in 
 vain to contend against nature, his father 
 allowed him to pursue the study of music. 
 Arne first came before the public, as a 
 composer, in Addison's opera of Rosamond, 
 which was acted in 1783 His next great 
 effort was the settirg of Miltoirs Coi ins, 
 in 1728. From that pci iod his popularity 
 continued to increase; an.l in son^s lu> 
 vrM confessedly without n rival. In !"."/), 
 tho university <>( Oxford conferred <<u hy* 
 
ARN 
 
 ilie rlcjfree of doctor in imi*ic. He died 
 in 1778. Arne composed at least thirty 
 pierps for tlie stag?, among which, besides 
 those already mentioned, may be noticed 
 the opera of Artaxerxes, and the masque 
 of Alfred. In the latter, was first gi\cn 
 to the world the spirit stirring song of 
 Rule Britannia. 
 
 A RN OB I US, (denominated the Elder, 
 to distinguish him from a bishop of Gaul) 
 taught rhetoric at Siren, i:i Africa, add 
 was originally a zealous idolater. During 
 the persecution under Diocletian, however, 
 he was converted to the Christian faith, in 
 dcifuuce of which he wrote an animate.! 
 lreati.-;e, in seven book?, which is still ex- 
 tant. The time of his death is unknown. 
 Lactantitn was his disciple. 
 
 ARNOLD, of Brescia, an Italian monk, 
 pf the t \velfdi century, was a dLscij le of 
 Ytxdard. lie was charged with heresy; 
 o it it is probable his real crime was his 
 having taught that the church ought to be 
 divested of its worldly possessions, aid 
 reduced to its primitive simplicity. Being 
 condemned by the council of Latcran, he 
 fled to Switzerland ; but , some years af.er, 
 he went to Rome, hoisted there the stand- 
 ard of civil and clerical reform, accom- 
 plished his purpose, and for ten years pos- 
 sessed the chief power. Adrian IV. suc- 
 ceeded in expelling him, and he retired 
 .o Tuscany; there, however, he was 
 sei/.ed, and was taken back to Rome, 
 where he died by the hands of the cxecu- 
 ioner, A. D. 1155. AraolJ was a man 
 of great eloquence and erudition, and of 
 an irreproachable character. 
 
 ARNOLD, BENKDICT, known for his 
 listinguisbed services, and daring ti each- 
 cry in the American Revolution, was born 
 n Connecticut of an obscure parentage, 
 tnd received an education suitable to his 
 nimble condition. Eager for renown, ami 
 jfrendy of money, he embraced the cause 
 of his countrymen at an early period, and 
 took the command of a company of volun- 
 teers at New Haven. He soon won a high 
 military reputation, and was employed by 
 Washington in expeditions that required 
 the h-ghest skill and courage, and placed 
 i'i >2 command of posts of the highest im- 
 poi -.ance. When the English evacuated 
 rYiv.'adelphia, Arnold was directed to take 
 possession of that city with some troops 
 of the Pennsylvania line. Here he was 
 guilty of the most profligate extravagance 
 and the meanest peculation*. Charges were 
 preferred against him, he was tried before 
 a court martial, and condemned to be re- 
 primanded by the commander in chief. 
 He immediately quitted the army, and 
 thenceforth nourished an implacable hatred 
 against the cause which he had so bril- 
 liantly defended. Having subsequently 
 entered into a corresuorideuce with Sir 
 
 ARR 43 
 
 Ilenrj Clinton, and a direct communica- 
 tion with the English general having been 
 established, it was agreed between them 
 that Arnold shot:!.! dissemble his real feel- 
 ings aad make every effort to obtain a 
 comma-id from general Washington. He 
 was but too successful, and the fortress of 
 West Point, a military etation of very 
 great importance was confidently intrusted 
 i to him. Tills fortress he bargained with 
 
 Igtneial Clinton to deliver into his hands; 
 and the price of his treachery was the 
 ( promise <..f 0,000 pounds sterling, and the 
 I rank of brigadier general in' the Britisl 
 army. The treason was discovered b*, tlu 
 accidental arrest of Andre, the agent of 
 the British, general in effecting the nego 
 ciation. Arnold escaped with dimcultj 
 on board a British ship of war, and on tlie 
 cow I'ision of the war was rewarded by nis 
 employers with a pension. He died in 
 London in 1801. 
 
 ARNOLD, DR. SAMUEL, an eminent 
 musical composer, war- born at London, 
 in 1739, and received his scientific instruc- 
 tion from Mr. Gates and Dr. Nares. About 
 the year 17CO, he became composer to 
 Covent Garden theatre, and in 1776 was 
 engaged to conduct the musical department 
 at the Hay-market theatre. In 176'7, ho 
 brought out the oratorio of the Cure of 
 Saul, whi'.'h was succeeded by several 
 othe'S. His Prodigal Son was performed 
 at the instalment of Lord North as chan- 
 cellor of Oxford. In 1771 he purchased 
 Marylebone Gardens, for which he com- 
 posed several excellent, hurlettas. Till the 
 close of life, he continued to increase in 
 fortune and reputation. He died in 1802. 
 Besides his Oratorios, Operas, and other 
 compositions, the public is indebted to 
 him for a splendid and uniform edition of 
 Handel, aad four volumes of cathedral 
 music, in continuation of Dr. Boyce't 
 work. 
 
 ARNOLFO DI LAPO, an Italian ar- 
 chitect, born in 1232; died in 1300. He 
 fortified Florence, and erected many pala- 
 ces and other buildings in that city; but 
 his masterpiece is the celebrated calhedral 
 of Santa Maria del Fiore, a majestic edi- 
 fice, which, however, he did not live to 
 finish, the cupola being the work of Bru- 
 nelleschi. 
 
 ARRIA, a Roman 'ady, the wife of 
 Caeeina Psetus, whose fortitude and con- 
 jugal affection have immortalized her 
 name. Several acts of noble firmness were 
 crowned by that which terminated her 
 existence. Her husband, having rebelled 
 against Claudius, was ordered to destroy 
 himself. Seeing him hesitate, Arria 
 plunged the poniard into her own breast, 
 and then presented it to him, saying, at 
 the saaie time, " Pretus, it is not painful!" 
 JVRRIAN, FLA vi us, aGr ick historian, 
 
ART 
 
 4SC 
 
 corn in the second century, at Nicomedia, and killed, at the battle of Rosbecq, in 
 was the disciple of EmctetOf, and bore M 
 
 arms under Adrian, who made him go 
 vernor of Cappadocia. That province lie 
 
 .November, 1382. 
 
 A li I'll IR, a British prince, 5aid to 
 have 1 cen the son of Cther, whom he *uc- 
 
 dr. I ended against tlie Alans, aiu. was re- .corded in the year 516. His history is so 
 \varde<l with the consular dignity, tlie title blended with t'lie wildest fiction, that it is 
 
 of senator, and the high priesthood of 
 Ceres and Proserpine. Several of his 
 works are lost; among those which remain 
 nre The Expedition of Alexander, and the 
 Manual of Epictetus. 
 
 ARROWSMITII, -\VKON, an eminent 
 constructor of maps ard charts, and hydro- 
 grapher to his majesty, was a native of 
 the metropolis, and died, at the age of 
 
 difficult to collect the truth. It appears, 
 however, that he carried on war success- 
 fully against the Saxons, Scots, and Picts, 
 and that he was mortally wounded, A. f>. 
 542, in a : v ">fest with Mordred, his re- 
 volted nephew. 
 
 ARTICAS, DON JOHN, was born at 
 Monte Video, in 17CO, and was originally 
 in the Spanish service, but quitted it to 
 
 seventy-four, in May, 1823. Many of his fight for the independence of his country, 
 maps are on a large scale, ant} finely en- After having "really contributed to c.tal>- 
 graved. Among them may be mentioned j lish the republic of Buenos Ayres, he be- 
 his India, Alpine Countries, Southern came an object of suspicion to the govern- 
 It..Iy. Environs of Constantinople, &c. &c. ment of that slate, was declared a traitor, 
 ARSACES I. tike founder of the Par- and compelled to take up arms. For some 
 thian monarchy, and of the dynasty of the years he kept possession of the territory 
 Arsacides, flourished about 250 years B.C. called the Banda Oriental. At length, 
 Irritated by aa unnatural insult which the! however, he was defeated, and compelled 
 governor of the province had offered to | to seek refuge in Paraguay, where he died 
 his voting brother, he raised the standard in 1826. 
 
 of revolt in Parthia against Seleucus, suc- 
 
 emancipating his countrymen, 
 rewarded by them with the 
 
 ceeded in 
 
 and was 
 
 diadem. He conquered Hyrcania, and 
 
 reigned prosperously for thirty-eight years. 
 
 ARTEDI, PETKR, a Swedish physi- 
 cian and naturalist, born in 1705, was 
 drowned at Amsterdam in his thirtieth 
 year. He was the fellow student and 
 bosom friend of Linnaeus, who, in honour 
 of him, gave the name of Artedia to one 
 class of umbelliferous plants. Mis only 
 work is the Ichthyologia, or History of 
 Fishes, which was published by Linna.ii?, 
 afier the author's death. 
 
 ARTEMON, a native of Cl.uomene, 
 
 was a cbntemporary of Pericles, whom he 
 
 accompanied to the siege of Samos. He 
 
 rnp: 
 
 is said to have invented~the battering ram 
 and the testudo. 
 
 ARTEVELLE, JAMES, a brewer 
 
 ARUIVDEL, THOMAS, second ?on of 
 the earl of Arundel, was born in 1353, 
 became bishop of Elv at the age of twenty- 
 two, and was successively lord chancellor, 
 archbishop of York, and archbishop of 
 Canterbury, to which latter see he was 
 raised in 1396. He was banished for his 
 resistance to Richard II., but was restored 
 to the primacy on the accession of Henry 
 IV. Arundel was a rigorous persecutor 
 of the Lollards or Wicklimte?, and forbad 
 the translation of the Scriptures into the 
 vulgar tongue. He died, in 1413, of an 
 inflammation of the throat, and as his dis- 
 ease happened shortly after he had excom- 
 municated Sir John 6ldcastle, the I-ollards 
 attributed it to divine vengeance. 
 
 ARUNDEL, THOMAS HOWARD, earl 
 of, a nobleman of taste, learning, anil a 
 [munificent spirit, in the reigns of James I. 
 of and Charles I. He sent Petty into the 
 
 Ghent, in the fourteenth century, acquired , Levant, in search of antiquities, who ob- 
 by his eloquence, talents, and riches, a tained for him, among other things, the 
 more powerful influence over the Flemings celebrated Arundelian marbles, which the 
 than their sovereigns had ever possessed, earl's grandson afterwards presented to the 
 He even succeeded in compelling the count university of Oxford. Artmdel left Eng- 
 of Flanders to take refuge in France; land when the civil war commenced, and 
 after which he formed an alliance with died at Padua, in 1646. 
 Edward III. and strove to transfer the j ARU.XDEL, BLANCHE, lady, a daugh- 
 Flemish sovereignty to the Black Prince, tor of the earl of Worcester, and wife of 
 He was slain in a tumult at Ghent, in 1345. Lord Arundel of-Wardour, merits to 1> 
 ARTEVELLE, PHILIP, the son of enrolled among heroines for her noble de- 
 James, was cho.sen by the Flemings an fence of Wardour Castle. With only 
 their leader, when they revolted against twenty-five men, she held out a siei^e of 
 their Count, in 1:582. His first act was to ten days against Sir Edward Htmgerford's 
 avenge the murder <.<f his father. He de- force of thirteen hundred men, and at 
 -ate.d the Count, and made himself master length obtained honourable ttnm. She 
 jf Bruges ; but the French having sent a died in l(if!f), aged sixty-: i*. 
 numerous ..rmy to the a-si.-tan-o of the ASCHAM, Ro<;KK,"a learned writer, 
 Jrthronc'l prm , Aite\e!le a.- defo.iied IH.-II, in 1515. at K i by Wiske, in Yuik 
 
ASG 
 
 Tiire, was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees, 
 and obtained a fellowship, and the places 
 of Greek professor and university orator. 
 In 1544, he published his Toxophilus, 
 which Henry VIII. rewarded with a pen- 
 sion of ten pounds In 1548, he became 
 classical tutor to the Princess Elizabeth, 
 which office he threw up after having held 
 it two years, and accompanied the English 
 ambassador to Germany, as his secretary. 
 He was Latin secretary to Mary, and to 
 his former pupil Eli/.abeth. Being of 
 careless habits, and fond of cockfighting 
 and gaming, he died poor, in 1568. As a 
 scholar and a writer he stands high in 
 estimation. Of his works those most fre- 
 quently read are the Toxophilus and the 
 Schoolmaster. 
 
 ASDRUBAL, son-!n-law of Amilcar, 
 the father of Annibal, was elected as general 
 by the army in Spain, after the death of 
 
 ASP 
 
 4? 
 
 : army 
 ar, wh 
 
 Amilcar, whom he had accompanied thither. 
 Annibal served under him during three 
 campaigns. Asdrubal extended the Car- 
 thaginian conquests in that country, and 
 built New Carthage, now Carthagena, to 
 secure them. After having governed for 
 eijjht years, he was assassinated (B. c. 
 220) by a Gaulish slave, whose master he 
 
 Hit to death. 
 
 1DRUBAL BARCA, brother of An- 
 
 had 
 A! 
 
 nibal, was left to command in Spain bv 
 Annibal, and obtained many successes in 
 that country. His brother standing in 
 need of assistance, Asdrubal crossed the 
 Alps, and was advancing along the coast 
 of the Adriatic, when he was met by tlte 
 Romans", near the Metaurus(B. c. 207), 
 was defeated, and, with fifty-six thousand 
 of his troops, was slain. His head was 
 cut oft", and thrown into Annibal's camp, 
 who, at sight of it, is said to have confess- 
 ed that his hopes, and those of Carthage, 
 were annihilated. 
 
 ASELLI, CASPAR, a native ofCremona, 
 flourished early in the seventeenth century, 
 and was professor of anatomy at Pavia. 
 Anatomical science is indebted^ to him for 
 the important discovery of the lacteal ves- 
 sels, which he first observed while dissect- 
 ing a dog. He died, in 1626, at Milan. 
 
 ASGILL, JOHN, an English barrister, 
 birn about the middle of the seventeenth 
 centurv, a man of griyat talents and humour, 
 
 was expelled froii 
 
 Irish 
 
 parliament, 
 
 unbroken and at length died, in 1738, at 
 a very advanced age. 
 
 ASHMOLE, ELIAS, an antiquary, born 
 at Litchfield, in 1617, settled at London in 
 1638, as a chancery solicitor, but became 
 a student of Brazennse College at the 
 breaking out of the civil war. He, how- 
 ever, did not confine himself to collegiate 
 pursuits, for he ser\ed the king in the ord- 
 nance department, both at Oxford ann 
 Worcester. On the downfal of the royal 
 cause, he went to London, and wasted hia 
 time in studying the occult sciences, on 
 which he published several works. After 
 the Restoration he received the reward of 
 his loyalty, l>eing appointed Windsor her 
 aid, and a commissioner of excise. The 
 former ofhce he resigned in 1675. He 
 died in 1692. His great production is the 
 History of the Order of the Garter. In 
 1683, he gave his cabinet of curiosities to 
 the university of Oxford, to which he af- 
 terwards added his library and his MSS. 
 This was the commencement of the Mu- 
 seum Ashmoleanum. 
 
 ASPASIA, a celebrated Grecian cour- 
 tesan, was a native of Miletus, in Ionia, 
 who settled at Athens, where she acquired 
 great influence by her beauty and talents. 
 Her skill in politics, philosophy, and rheto- 
 ric was extensive, and her eloquence was 
 of a superior order. Socrates was her 
 friend, or, as some say, her lover; and 
 Pericles was so fondly attached to her, 
 that, in order to marry her, he divorced 
 his wife. After the death of Pericles, she 
 WHS united to Lysicles, an obscure man, 
 whom she raised to importance in the 
 state. Cyrus gave the name of Aspasia to 
 his favourite mistress Milto, incompliment 
 to her charms. 
 
 ASPINWALL, WILLIAM, was born in 
 Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1743, and 
 was graduated at Harvard University in 
 1764. Immediately* afterwards he began 
 the study of medicine, and completed his 
 course at the hospital of Philadelphia, in 
 the university of which city he received 
 his medical degree about the year 1768. 
 He acquired great skill and celebrity ir, 
 inoculating for the small-pox, and erected 
 hospitals for the purpose in Brookline, 
 where large numbers resorted. As a phy- 
 sician, Dr. A. obtained great distinction, 
 and devoted himself with unremittiugze.il 
 for forty-five years to the duties of H veiy 
 
 and then from the English, for writing a extensive practice. For some years oefoje 
 bo.k in whic i he maintained that man \ his d< atli he was afflicted with bliiidiic-v, 
 mijjht be translated to heaven without a misfortune which he bore with tranquillity 
 passing through death. For this, though and resignation. He died in 1823. 
 he strenuously asserted his belief in the' ASPRK.MO.NT, FRANCIS, Viscount d\ 
 Scriptures, he w:is persecuted as abl.is) he- j was governor of Hayonne, in the reign of 
 Tu-.r and an inlidf The list thirty years the in mster diaries IX., and is iminor 
 of Ins life were spent in the King'.- Hunch, 'tali/ed by his heroic answer TO that mo- 
 whrre he continued 'o present' his .] hits !ianh, who had cumm nuled 'in> io mas.-i 
 
43 AST 
 
 ere the Calvhiists. " Sire," replied he, 
 " amo-.i-j the ciu/.ens and s..l:liers, I ha\e 
 f.uind im*n devoted to your m:j"sty. but 
 iv. t a iitioner. They and I. 
 
 herrfiiv. entreat you to imke u<e of our 
 arms and our lives only in things which 
 are possible, ho\\c\er d.u/^erous they may 
 I e." 
 
 \icii-ii.AS, Chevalier d', cap- 
 t <in of the French regiment of Auveru r ne. 
 acquired imperishable fame by devoting 
 h'mself, in the campaign of 1700, on the 
 Khine, for the safety of the army to which 
 ne belonged. While on a reconnoitring 
 party, he was sei/.ed by a hostile column, 
 which was advancing to surprise the 
 Fie ich. Though threatened with death 
 if he uttered a word, he unhesitatingly 
 ir.ive the alarm, and instantly fell, pierced 
 \\ iih numerous wounds. Louis XVI. grant- 
 ed a perpetual pension of one thousand 
 fr-nics to the eldest descendant of the Ass- 
 sis' family. . 
 
 ASSER, a celebrated Jc\\ 5-sh doctor, 
 born at Babylon, in 353, was the principal 
 compiler of the Babylonian Talmud. At 
 the :i_re of fourteen he was made president 
 of the academy at Sora, and attained the 
 highest repute as a teacher. His scholars 
 \\i-ie 'wo thousand f-.mr hundred in num- 
 ber Ho died in 427. 
 
 ASSER, or ASSERIUS, MFNKVF.N- 
 si, a learned ecclesiastic, supposed to 
 have been a native of Wales, was educated 
 at Saint David's, of which city he .subse- 
 quently was archbishop. Being invited to 
 the court of Alfred the Great, he became 
 the friend, chaplain, and instructor of that 
 monarch, who rewarded him with the two 
 ich monasteries of Ambrosebury and 
 Barnwell, and, afterwards, with the bish- 
 opric of Exeter, and, lastly, that of Sher- 
 oornn. *He died about 909. His prin- 
 cipal ascertained work is a Life of his 
 patron Alfred. 
 
 ASTELL, MARY, the daughter of a 
 merchant at Newcastle, was born in 1C68, 
 and learnt Latin and French, mathematics 
 and philosophy, from her uncle, a clergv- 
 pian. About her twentieth year she, set- 
 tled at Chelsea, and continued to rende in 
 I he neighbourhood of London during the 
 remainder of her life. A cancer termina- 
 ted her existence in 1731. Her works 
 chiefly relate to religious controversy, and 
 advocate high church principles. Locke 
 vnd Tillotson were among the objects of 
 her attacks. 
 
 ASTLE, THOMAS, an arckeologiat, son 
 of the keeper of Need wood Forot, was 
 born at Yoxall, in Sta!ford>h:re, and was 
 educated for an attorney. Very early, he 
 displayed a love of antiquities, and a tal- 
 ent for decyphering ancient records. In 
 1763 he obtained the patronajp of Mr 
 
 ATI I 
 
 Grrm ille, then prime minister, and wta 
 employed in a commission to superintend 
 the regulating the records at Westminster 
 By the death of his fatner-in-law, Mr. 
 Morant, in 1770, he obtained an estate. 
 After having fdled several minor offices, 
 he became keeper of the records in the 
 Tnwer, in which situation he died in 1803. 
 His principal work is the Origin and Pro- 
 f Writing. 
 
 ASTUl'C. JOHN, a celebrated French 
 physician, was born at Same, in HIM. 
 and studied medicine at Montpelier, where 
 lie suhse (iiently became professor. In 
 17-13, he was appointed king's physician, 
 and professor of the royal college of I'uri*. 
 For a \\liile he resided at Warsaw, as first 
 physician to thr Polish monarch; but he 
 returned to Paris, where he died in 17(i(). 
 His medical works are numerous, and 
 have considerable merit; but he is said to 
 " have contributed nothing to the fortunate 
 revolution by which medicine was brought 
 back to the safe ami good principles of 
 Hippocrates." 
 
 ATAIDE, DOM Louis r>\ a Portu- 
 guese noble, distin .uishcd himself early 
 under Stephen deC.ama, and, for his ser- 
 vicea, was made a knight at the age of 
 twenty-two. On h s return to Euro|>e, he 
 accompanied Char.es V. to the battle of 
 Muhlberg, and was rewarded by him for 
 his valour and good counsel. In 15C9, he 
 was appointed viceroy of India, at a pe- 
 riod when all the native powers were com- 
 bined to expel the Portuguese. He baffled 
 all their efforts, restored order in the ad- 
 ministration, and returned to Lisbon in 
 1575. Being a second time sent out, as 
 viceroy, he died at Goa, in 1580. 
 
 ATHA, a celebrated impostor of the 
 eighth century, was a native of Meron, 
 and originally a fuller. He entered as a 
 I soldier in the army of Abu Moslem, the 
 'leader of a sect, "the head of which he 
 became on the death of Abu. He pre- 
 tended that the divine spirit, after having 
 inspired Adam, Noah, the great prophets, 
 and Abu, had been transmitted to him. 
 Being besieged irt the castle of Kech, by 
 the army of the caliph, he set fire to the 
 place, and destroyed himself, his wives 
 and all his followers willingly sharing his 
 fate; some say they all took poison. Hav- 
 ing lost an eye in battle, he wore a golden 
 veil, whence he had the name of Mokanna. 
 He is the hero of Moore's Veiled Prophet 
 in the poem of Lalla Roohk. 
 
 ATHANASIUS, ST., one of the fa- 
 ther's of fhe church, was born at Alexan- 
 dria, of heathen parents, about A. u. 296, 
 and was instructed by the patriarch of 
 that city, who made him his secretary 
 On the: death of the patriarch, Athanasius 
 was elected to succeed him. From thaf 
 
ATK 
 
 ATT 
 
 peiiod his life wa? a perpetual struggle [try, where he died in 1709. Atkyns 
 against Arius and theArians, whom he ab- a sound lawyer, a firm friend of the consti- 
 horred, and was marked oy an alternation ' 
 
 of defeats and triumphs ; he being banished 
 or reca'led, according as the head of the 
 governi tent was favourable to the Arians 
 or their antagonists. On the accession of 
 Jovian the victory of Athanasius was com- 
 plete, and he remained in possession of his 
 see till his death, in 371. His works 
 cpmpose three folio voiumes. For the 
 creed falsnly called the Athanasian he is 
 not responsible; it is supposed to be the 
 uoik of Vigilius, an African bishop of the 
 fifth century. 
 
 ATHENAIS, Empress of the West, 
 was the daughter of an Athenian sophist, 
 who cultivated her natural talents by a 
 careful education. Charmed by the mai- 
 den's learning, grace, and modesty, Pulche- 
 ria, sister of Theodosins the Younger, 
 recommended her to him for a wife, Athe- 
 nais renounced Paganism, and took the 
 name of Eudoxia. The emperor, how- 
 ever, soon became jealous of her, and she 
 was banished to Jerusalem, where she 
 died, in 460, after an exil of more than 
 
 twenty years. She 
 works, among whirh 
 
 produced several 
 was an hexameter 
 
 verse translation of part of the Old Tes- 
 tament. 
 
 ATHEN2BUS, a native of Naucratis, 
 in Egypt, was a celebrated grammarian 
 of the" third century. A1J that remains of 
 his writings IK the Deipnosophists, or Ta- 
 ble Talk of the Learned, in fifteen books, 
 which is nearly perfect, and is a treasure 
 of erudition. The extensive reading and 
 tenacious memory of Athenaeus have made 
 him be denominated the Varro, < r Pliny, 
 of the Greeks. 
 
 ATHENION, a Cilician slave, in ron- 
 junction at first with Salvius, and after- 
 wards as supreme chief, headed the slaves 
 of Sicily, during their struggles with the 
 Romans to obtain their liberty. He more 
 than once defeated the Roman armies, and 
 he kept the field for four campaigns, but 
 was at length slain by the consul Aquilius, 
 101 years B. c. 
 
 4TK.YNS, SIR ROBERT, an English 
 ji.Jge, born in Gloucestershire, in 1621, 
 wad educated at Oxford, studied the law at 
 Lincoln's Inn, was made a knight of the 
 Hath at the Restoration, and in 1672 was 
 apjiointed one of the judges of the court of 
 common pleas. Disgusted, however, with 
 the arbitrary proceedings of the govern- 
 ment, he resigned the jndgeship in 1679, 
 nd retired into the country. While in his 
 retreat, he manifested his love of liberty on 
 various occasions. At the Revolution he 
 was made lord chief baron of the exche- 
 quer, and, the year after, speaker of the 
 house of lords. In 1695 he laid down his 
 cificef, and again withdrew into the coun- 
 3 
 
 tution, and an honest and virtuous 
 His Legal Tracts, one volume octavo, are 
 much valued. His son, SIR ROBERT, 
 who was born in 1646, and died in 1711, 
 sustained with honour the character of a 
 country gentleman, and is the author of a 
 History of Gloucestershire. 
 
 ATTERBURY, FRANCIS, an English 
 prelate, was born in 1662, at Milton 
 Keynes, in Buckinghamshire, of which 
 parish his father was rector. He was ed- 
 ucated at Westminster and Oxford, and 
 while at college is supposed to have borne 
 an anonymous part in the contest between 
 Bentley and Boyle. Having taken orders, 
 he came to London, in 1693. Among his 
 first preferments was the office of chaplain 
 in ordinary to William and Mary, and 
 thenceforward he continued to advance in 
 his profession. In 1700, he became arch 
 deacon of Totness; in 1704 dean of Can- 
 isle; and in 1712 dean of Christ Church 
 During this time he was much admired as 
 a preacher, and was more than once en- 
 gaged in controversy, as a champion of 
 high church principles. In 1713, he ob- 
 tained the bishopric of Rochester, and 
 deanery of Westminster, and is said to 
 have looked forward to the primacy ; but 
 all his prospects were blighted by the death 
 of Queen Anne. There seems little reason 
 to doubt that, on her demise, he urged the 
 proclaiming of the pretender, and was in- 
 dignant at his friends for their timidity in 
 declining to act on his suggestion. Such 
 a person was not likely to be a good sub- 
 ject to the newly introduced house of 
 Brunswick. Accordingly, on every occa- 
 sion, he manifested his hatred of it. At 
 length, in 1722, he was apprehended on 
 suspicion of treason, and committed to the 
 Tower, and a bill of pains and penalties 
 was brought into parliament against him. 
 He defended himself with spirit and elo- 
 quence, but was condemned to deprivation 
 of his offices and to exile. He died at 
 Paris, in 1731. As a preacher and a 
 writer, Atterbury is entitled to much 
 praise; as a minister of the gospel, and 
 a politician, he deserves at least an equal 
 portion of censure. 
 
 ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS, a Ro- 
 man knight, who acquired his surname 
 from his attachment to Athens, where he 
 long resided, and his familiarity with its 
 
 and 
 
 He 
 
 took 
 
 any part in public affairs, but his virtue* 
 and talents won for him the esteem of men 
 of opposite parties. Cicero was one of 
 his particular friends. He composed sev- 
 eral works, which are lost He died, aged 
 seventy -seven, B. c. 32. 
 
 ATTILA. king of the Huns, whose ra- 
 vages gained him the appellation of th 
 
AUO 
 
 of God, l>egan 
 
 his career by 
 
 and 
 
 Scourge 
 
 ravaging the empire of the Fast 
 making tributary the younger Throdosius, 
 after which he traversed western (.Vnnany, 
 and entered (iaul, A. P. 450, at tlie In-ad 
 of five hundred thousand men. Being 
 repulsed from before Orleans, he. retired 
 to the neighbourhood of Chalons, where 
 he fought a sanguinary battle \\iih Aetius 
 and Thoodoric, in which he lost more than 
 one fourth of his army. In 452 he deso- 
 lated Italy, and destroyed Aquilea and 
 
 bign ; was" n Protestant, and, :>n me deat> 
 of his father, IIP entered ialo the army of 
 the prince of Comic. Henry IV., when 
 onlv king of iVavarre, took him into hi* 
 service, lived for many years in habits <>' 
 the closest friendship with him, and em 
 ployed him, with equal advantage to tJ 
 royal cause, in the council and in the, fielrl. 
 His frankness, however, at length, lout him 
 the favour of the monarch, and he with- 
 drew to Geneva, where he spent the rest 
 of his days in literary pursuits. Besides 
 
 keral other cities. He returned to Pan- 1 a Universal History, from 1550 to 1561, 
 nonia, and died, in 453, bv the breaking ' he wrote several works inverse and prose 
 
 AUBREY, JOHN, an English antiqua- 
 
 jiuiiict, dun urou| j 
 
 of a blood vessel. 
 
 ATWOOD, GEORGE, 
 
 a mathemati- 
 
 cian, born in London, in 1745, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and early manifested 
 eminent mathematical talents. In 1784, 
 he published the Lectures on Experimental 
 Philosophy, which he had delivered before 
 the whole university, and also a Treatise 
 on the Rectilinear" Motion and Rotation 
 of Bodies. Mr. Pitt, who was his friend 
 
 ry, born, in 1625 or 1626, at Easton Tier 
 cy, in Wiltshire, was educated at Oxford 
 and the Inner Temple. By insHiits li 
 was unfortunately reduced to indigence, 
 but he bore his ill fate with a fortitude that 
 does honor to his character. l..rty Long, 
 of Draycot, in Wilts, supported him in 
 his latter years. He died in 1700. Au- 
 brey was one of the first members v.f the 
 Royal .Society; wrote several antiquarian 
 
 at college, gave him a sinecure oflice, that works, and contributed to the Monasticon 
 he might devote the major part of his I Anglicamim ; and possessed considerable 
 time to financial calculations; in which j abilities, but was exceedingly credulous 
 he proved exceedingly useful ^0 the minis- and superstitious. 
 ter. Atwood died, unmarried, in 1807.; AUBUSSON, PETER D', who obtain 
 
 Besides the works already mentioned, he 
 published Treatises on the Construction of 
 Arches, and on the Stability of Ships. 
 
 AUBERT, JOHN Louis, Abb-, profes- 
 sor of literature in the royal college, was 
 born at Paris, in 1731, and died in 1814. 
 His poetry, in general, is characterized by 
 case and elegance; but he particularly 
 excelled in the apologue. For some of his 
 efforts in the latter species of composition 
 he was warmly applauded by Voltaire, and 
 his countrymen considered him as no un- 
 worthy follower of La Fontaine. 
 
 AUBIGNAC, FRANCIS HEDELIN, Ab- 
 be d',born at Paris in 1C04, died in 1676. 
 The bar was his original profession, but 
 *M quitted it for the church, and was pat- 
 ronised by Richelieu, who entrusted him 
 with the education of his nephew, the duke 
 de Fronsac. He was intimate with all 
 the literary men of the age, and obtained 
 considerable reputation; out his tragedies 
 and romances are now forgotten. His 
 tragedy of Zenobia being hissed, he in- 
 dignantly pleaded that it was written in 
 itrict conformity w ith the rules of Aris- 
 totle. " I give you credit," replied the 
 great Conde to hjm, " for having so care- 
 fully followed tne rules of Aristotle; but I 
 cannot forgive Aristotle's rules for having 
 
 made vou produce such a wretched play." 
 AUBIGNE, THEODORE AGRIPPA'I)', 
 was born in 1550, at St. Maury, in Sain- 
 tonge, and died at Geneva, in 1630. He 
 was of a noble family. At eight years old, 
 he translated Flato into French. D'An- 1 active pat t. He died ii IS1-1. Hii chi;f 
 
 ed the title of the Buckler of the Church, 
 was at first in the service of the Emperor 
 S'gismund of Luxemburgh, and fought un- 
 der him against the Turks, in Hungary. 
 Having entered the order of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, he became grand master, and, 
 in 1480, after a gallant defence of txvo 
 months, compelled Mahomet II. to raise 
 the siege of -Rhodes. D'Aubusson has 
 been accused, but it appears wrongfully, 
 of treachery, in giving up Prince Zizim to 
 the Pope. He died, in 1503, of melan- 
 choly, occasioned by this charge, and by 
 the failure of a project for a new crusade 
 against the infidels. 
 
 AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEX, Lord, 
 a British statesman and diplomatist, the 
 third son of Sir Robert Eden, of Wot 
 Auckland, Durham, was educated at Eton 
 and C.irist Church College,Oxfoi d, and was 
 called to the bar.in 1769. Inl772, he \\-,\ 
 appointed under secretary of state ; in 1778, 
 he accompanied the commissioners sent to 
 negotiate with the Americans; in 17. C 0, he 
 went to Ireland with the viceroy, Lord 
 Carlisle, as chief secretary; in 17F6 and 
 1787, he negotiated the commercial treaty 
 with France; in 1788, he was ambassador 
 to Spain; and in the following year he ob- 
 tained an Irish peerage, and was sent as 
 ambassador to Holland. For his exertions 
 in the latter capacity, lie was rev:irdrd 
 with a British peerage in 1793, and lie 
 then retired from diplomatic life, lu par- 
 iament, however, lie continued to take an 
 
AUG 
 
 works are, the Principles of Penal Law; 
 Five Letters to the Earl of Carlisle; Re- 
 marks on the apparent Circumstances of 
 the War; and speeches. 
 
 AUDEBERT, JOHN BAPTIST, was 
 born atRochefcrt, in France, in 1759, anc 
 died in 1800, a.i excellent arm nefc*. .gable 
 artist. Originally a miniature painter, he 
 quitted that profession to become a natu- 
 ralist and engraver of natural history. His 
 coloured engravings of birds, in which he 
 employed oil colours and gold, are tl 
 most perfect of their kind. His great 
 works, each forming a folio volume, are 
 the History of Monkeys, and the History 
 of Humming Birds. 
 
 AUDOUIN, PETER, a French engra- 
 ver, was born in 1768, and died at Paris, 
 in 1822. He was a prolific artist, his bu- 
 rin having produced nearly a hundred 
 plates, but he ranks only in the second class 
 of his profession. Among his best works 
 are reckoned, Christ in the tomb; the 
 handsome female gardener, from Raphael ; 
 and a figure of Charity. 
 
 AUDRAN, CHARLES, a French engra- 
 ver, uncle of the celebrated Gerard Audran, 
 was born at Paris, in 1594, and died in 
 1674. It was in Italy that he perfected 
 himself in the art of engraving, and his 
 works are chiefly from Italian masters. 
 The most esteemed of them is an Annun- 
 ciation, from Annibal Caracci, and an 
 Assumption, from Domenichino. 
 
 AUDRAN, GERARD, one of the most 
 celebrated historical engravers, was born 
 at Lyons, in 1640. After having studied 
 at Rome for three years, he was called 
 home, at the suggestion of Colbert, and 
 obtained a pension, and the appointment 
 of royal engraver, from Louis XIV. For 
 that monarch he engraved Le Brun's Bat- 
 tles of Alexander, and this masterpiece put 
 the seal to his reputation. The Academy 
 of Painting nominated him one of its coun- 
 sellors. His works are numerous, and all 
 highly esteemed. He died in 1703. Seve- 
 ral of his relations excelled in the same 
 art. 
 
 AUGER, ATHANASIUS, a French eccle- 
 oiastic, was born at Paris in 1734, and 
 died there in 1792. He translated Demos- 
 thenes, aad other Greek orators, but his 
 versions, though correct, are deficient in 
 spirit. His best work is the Constitution 
 of the Romans under the Kings, and dur- 
 ing the Period of the Republic, on which 
 he was occupied more than thirty years. 
 
 AUGER, Louis SIMON, a member of 
 the French Academy, was born at Paris, 
 in 1772, and put an end to his existence 
 in 1829. He was a man of much erudition 
 and talent. He conducted several Jour- 
 nals ; was one of the principal authors of 
 fho Universal Biography; wrote Eulogies 
 n Boileau and Corneille; and edited and 
 
 AUG 51 
 
 commented upon a variety of ctandard 
 works. 
 
 AUGEREAU, PETER FRAKCI* 
 CHARLES, marshal of France, duke of 
 Castiglione, was born at Paris, in 1757, 
 entered the army early, served in the 
 French and Neapolitan ranks, became a 
 fencing master at Naples, returned to 
 France in 1792, distinguished himself, as 
 brigadier general, against the Spaniards, 
 was sent into Italy, as general of division, 
 and acquired high reputation under Bona- 
 parte, especially at Castiglione and Ar- 
 cole. After having, between 1797 and 
 1804, filled several high commands, he 
 was raised, in the latter year, to the rank 
 of marshal. In the campaigns of 1805, 
 1806, 1807, 1809, 1812, and 1813, he bore 
 
 active part, and enhanced his reputa- 
 tion; but his conduct in 1814, when he 
 was entrusted with the defence of the de- 
 partments between the Rhone and the 
 Alps, was severely criticised. He was 
 even suspected of having betrayed his 
 trust ; and this suspicion was not weaken- 
 ed by his being one of the first to submit 
 to the Bourbons, and even to abuse his late 
 sovereign, for which he was amply re- 
 arded by Louis XVIII. When Napoleon 
 returned, Augereau would have rejoined 
 is standard, but his services were rejected. 
 He died in 1816, little regretted by any 
 :>arty, his want of principle having thrown 
 a shade over the lustre of his military 
 talents. 
 
 AUGUSTINE, ST., a celebrated father 
 of the church, was born, in 354, at Tag- 
 aste, in Africa, and his early youth was 
 die, dissipated, and incontinent. When 
 le was nineteen he became a Manichean, 
 and remained so for ten years. During 
 that period he taught rhetoric and gram- 
 mar at Tagaste, Carthage, and Rome. 
 From the latter city, in 383, he removed 
 to MHan, where he was appointed profes- 
 sor of rhetoric. There, by the sermons o 
 Ambrose, and the arguments of two pious 
 men, he was converted to the catholic 
 aith. In 386, he relinquished nis profes- 
 'ion for the study of theology; in 391, ho 
 was ordained presbyter; and, in 393, bo 
 
63 AIT, 
 
 wan nppoi-ted joint bishop of Hij po. 
 The remainder of his lite was spent in the 
 duties of his office, and in perpetual con- 
 troversy with heretics, towards whom he 
 manifested an intolerance which, especially 
 considering his o\\ n past errors, was little 
 to his credit. He died in 4;iO. His works 
 form eleven folio volume-. 
 
 ArtM'STI.NE.or A I" STI.N. ST., com- 
 monly denominated (he Apostle of the 
 Engli^i, flourished alxmt the clos-e of the 
 fixth century, and was originally a monk 
 at Rome. l'o| e (injury I. sent him, with 
 forty of his fraternity, to convert the 
 Anglo Saxons. Their exertions were suc- 
 cessful, and Augustine became the first 
 archbishop of Canterbury. In his exer- 
 tions to bi ing the Welsh bishop? under the 
 papal voke he failed, and he covered him- 
 self with infamy by the sanguinary means 
 which he adopted to revenge his disap- 
 pointment. This haughty prelate died 
 early in the seventh century. 
 
 A'UGUSTULUS, ROMULUS, the Ir.st 
 emperor of the West, was proclaimed at 
 Ravenna, in 475, by his father, the patri- 
 cian Orestes, who, however, retained the 
 power in his own hands. Augustulus did 
 not long hold even his nominal sovereignty ; 
 for, in 476, he was conquered and de- 
 throned bv Odoacer, king of the Heruli. 
 His life w : as spared, and a pension was al- 
 lowed him. 
 
 AUGUSTUS, CAIUS JULIUS 
 OCTAVIANUS, a Roman emperor, known 
 oefore his accession by the name of Octa- 
 vins, was the nephew and adopted son of 
 Julius Cresar. He was born at Rome, B.C. 
 63. When he was only four years of age 
 he lost his father; after which event he 
 was brought up by Caesar. At the time 
 when his uncle was assassinated, Octavius 
 was in Epirus, whence he immediately re- 
 turned to secure his inheritance. He was 
 then only eighteen, and was derided by his 
 enemies as a boy ; but his talents soon a .- 
 quired for him extensive influence. At 
 first, he joined the party which was hos- j 
 tile to Antony, but was soon reconciled to 
 him, and, in conjunction with that leader 
 *nd Lepidus, formed the famous second 
 
 AUN 
 
 triuu' .irate. In this partition of power 
 the west fell to his share, and in the exer- 
 ci<e of his authority he deeply stained tin 
 character by a merciless proscription, of 
 which Cicero was one of the victims Af- 
 ter having borne a part in the battle of 
 I'hilippi, he returned to Koine, and divi- 
 ded among his veterans the estates of the 
 vanquished. Lepidus was now compelled 
 to resign his portion of the tyranny, and 
 the empire of the world was divided be- 
 tween Octavins and Antony. Disputes 
 speedily arose, but a temporary reconcil- 
 iation was effected by the marriage of An- 
 tony to the sister of Octavius. Enamoured, 
 however, of Cleopatra, Antony deseited 
 Ortavia, and her brother took up arms to 
 avenge her. The contest between the ri- 
 , als was terminated by the complete defeat 
 of Antony, at the battle of Actium, and his 
 subsequent death. After this victory, Oc- 
 tavins added Egypt to the Roman empjre. 
 He then revisited Rome, celebrated three 
 triumphs, closed the temple of Janus, re- 
 ceived from the senate the titles of Impe- 
 rator and Augustus, and remained in full 
 possession of absolute sway. In this ex- 
 alted rank he was no less remarkable for 
 moderation and clemency, than he had be- 
 fore been for qualities diametrically oppo- 
 site. Literature flourished under his aus- 
 pices; he enacted many salutary laws; 
 and so emlxjllished the Roman capital, that , 
 he was declared " to have found it of brick, 
 and left it of marble." He is said to have 
 twice resolved to retire into private life, 
 but to have been dissuaded by Mocapnas. 
 Agustus died of a dysentery, at Kola, in 
 the seventy-sixth year of his age. 
 
 AULISIO, DOMINIC, an Italian, of 
 consummate erudition, was born at Naples, 
 in 1639. At nineteen he was capable of 
 giving lectures in poetry to the Neapolitan 
 nobles. He was professor of civil law at 
 the age of twenty-five. There were few 
 sciences of which he was not master, and 
 his knowledge of all the oriental and Eu- 
 ropean languages was prof;>und. He pub- 
 lished several works on law and antiqui- 
 ties, and left others in manuscript. He 
 died, at Naples, in 1717. 
 
 AULUS GELLIUS, a Latin gramma- 
 rian, is the author of a work, in twenty 
 books, intitled Attic Nights, because it 
 was composed at Athens, during winter 
 evenings. Il was originally written for 
 the instruction of his children, and is valu- 
 able, in consequence, of its containing man? 
 fragments from writers whose compositions 
 are lost. Auhis Gellius was a judge at 
 Rome, and died in the beginning of the 
 reign of M. A. Antoninus. 
 
 AUNGERV1LLE, RICHARD, or Rich- 
 ard of Bury, born at St. Edmundsbury, in 
 1281, and educated at Oxford, was tutor 
 to Prince Edward, wbo, when he became 
 
AUV 
 
 Edward HI , successively made him bishop 
 of Durham, high chancellor, and treasurer 
 of England. Aungerville merited his pre- 
 ferments; he was munificent, charitable, 
 and learned, a patron of learning, and 
 possessed more books than all the other 
 bishops of England united. He formed a 
 library at Oxford, for the us? of students. 
 His Philobil los, ia twenty chapters, does 
 honour to him. 
 
 AURELIAN, Lucius DOMITIUS Au- 
 R K. L i A N u s , a Roman emperor, was born in 
 Pannonia, about the year 220, early dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Mogun- 
 tiacmn, commanded, in 259, the armies <.f 
 Illyria and Thrace, and was raised to the 
 empire in 270. He drove back the Goths, 
 Vandals, Sarmatians, and Marcomanni, 
 vanquished and took prisoner Zenobia, and 
 defeated Firraius in Egypt, and Tetricus 
 in Gaul. On the return of peace, he em- 
 bellished Rome, reformed the laws, and 
 diminished the taxes. He was assassina- 
 ted, in 275, by his sul.liers, whom Mnesth- 
 eus had excited to mutiny. 
 
 AURENGZEBE, the Great Mogul, or 
 Emperor of Hindostan, was born in 1619, 
 and was the third son of Shah Jehan. In 
 his youth he assumed a hypocritical ap- 
 pearance of sanctity, but at length threw 
 on" the mask, dethroned his father, in 1660, 
 and murdered his brothers. It must be 
 owned, however, that he made some good 
 laws, administered justice impartially, and 
 extended greatly the limits of his empire, 
 both northward and southward. During 
 the major part of the last fifteen years of 
 his life he was constantly in the field. 
 Embassies were sent to him, not only from 
 the neighbouring states, but also from the 
 European powers. He died in 1707, and 
 with his death began the decline of the 
 mogul empire. 
 
 AUSONIUS, DECIUS, or DECIMUS 
 MAGNUS, a Latin poet of the fourth cen- 
 tury, was born at Bordeaux, and became 
 professor of grammar and rhetoric in his 
 native ci*v; i:i which office he acquired 
 such reputation, that the Emperor Valen- 
 tinian appointed him preceptor to h'u son 
 Gratian. When the latter inherited the 
 throne, he rewarded him by nominating 
 nim pretorian prefect of Gaul, and, after- 
 wards, consul. The period of Ausonius's 
 death must have been subsequent to 392. 
 It is doubtful whether he was a Christian. 
 His poems manifest talent, but are stained 
 by obscenity. 
 
 AUTREAU, JAMES, a French painter 
 and dramatist, died in 1745, at the age of 
 eighty-nine. He was sixty before he began 
 to write for the stage. His works compose 
 four volumes. Though many of them were 
 successful, he closed his existence in pov- 
 erty. 
 
 AUVERGNE, TnropHtr.us MALO 
 
 AVA 53 
 
 I I>K LA. TOUR D', a French rej-uolican, dis- 
 tinguished by hia learning and his heroic 
 
 qualities, was descended from an illegiti- 
 mate branch of the house of Bouilkr, and 
 was born in 1743, at Carhaix, in Lower 
 Britanny. He served with honour in tlie 
 army during the American war, and was 
 living in retirement, on his half pay, when 
 ! the revolution called him again into the 
 field. Though he refused any higher rank 
 than that of cap-tain, he was entrusted with 
 1 the command of a corps of right thousand 
 i grenadiers, at the head of which he signal- 
 ized himself on the Spanish frontier. The 
 peace with Spain, in 1795, allowed him to 
 return to his studies; but he once more 
 quitted them, in 1799, for the benevolent 
 purpose of taking the place of a friend's 
 only son, who had been drawn for the con- 
 scription. In the following year, Bona- 
 parte conferred on him the honourable title 
 i of First Grenadier of France. He fell, 
 universally lamented, at the battle of Neu- 
 burg, in 1800. La Tour d'Auvergne was 
 humane, singularly disinterested, knew all 
 tiie European languages, and was thorough- 
 ly versed in ancient history. He is the 
 | author of a Franco-Celtic Dictionary, 
 ! Glossary of Forty-five Languages; and 
 1 other philological works. 
 
 AUZOUT, ADRIAN, a celebrated 
 French mathematician, and member of the 
 Academy of Sciences, was born at Rouen, 
 and died in 1691. He is said to have in- 
 j vented the micrometer with moveable 
 threads, and, with Picard, to have been 
 the first who applied the telescope to the 
 i astronomical quadrant; though this honour 
 I is claimed for Mr. Gascoigne, an English- 
 man. The truth appears to be, that both 
 parties are entitled to the merit of origin- 
 ality, the French astronomers having been 
 ignorant of Gascoigne's discovery. 
 
 AVALOS, FERDINAND FRANCIS D*, 
 marquis of Pescara, a Neapolitan, of an 
 illustrious family, entered the military ser- 
 vice in 1512, at the age of twenty -one, and 
 was made prisoner at the battle of Ravenna. 
 I While a captive, he amused himself with 
 ! writing a Dialogue on Love, which he 
 dedicated to his wife, the accomplished 
 
M AVE 
 
 Victoria Colonna, herself a pott. ILs 
 liberation .ook place in the following 
 
 and he dirtinguished himself greally on 
 various occasions, particularly at the battles 
 of Viceir/.a, Bicocca, and Pavia. He 
 died, at Milan, in 1525. 
 
 AVALOS, Ai.ru <N so D', marquis del 
 Vasto, and nephew of Ferdinand, wins horn 
 at Naples, in 1502, and first served under 
 his uncle. The brilliant valour which he 
 displayed at the siege of Pavia gained him 
 the command of the imperial army, on the 
 death of Pescara. He subsequently acquir- 
 ed high reputation, and was made captain- 
 general of the duchy of Milan. Avalos 
 was defeated at the battle of Cerisoles, but 
 he prevented the conqueror from making 
 
 advantage of his victory. He died 
 
 1546. The French writers, 
 
 admit 
 
 his bravery and military talents, accuse 
 him of harshness, vanity, and perfidy. 
 
 AVANZI, NICHOLAS, a native of Ve- 
 rona, and an engraver of cameos and prec- 
 ious stones, gained much praise by a Nativ- 
 ity of Jesus Christ, engraven on a small 
 piece of lapis lazuli, which \e considered 
 ac- a masterpiece in this branch of art. 
 
 AVAUX, CLAUDE DK MKSMES, Count 
 d', an able French statesman and diploma- 
 tilt, rendered eminent services to his coun- 
 tiy, as ambassador to Venice, Rome, Turin, 
 Germany, Denmark, Poland, and Sweden. 
 He also filled with honour several consid- 
 erable offices under the government. I)'- 
 Avaux was well versed in languages, lite- 
 rature, and history, was at once preposses- 
 sing and dignified in his manners, and 
 wrote and spoke with facility and elegance. 
 He died, in 1650, at the age of fifty-five. 
 
 AVAUX, JOHN ANTHONY, Count d', 
 followed the same career as Claude, his 
 great uncle, and with equal ability and 
 success. He concluded tire treaty of Nim- 
 eguen, and was afterwards ambassador at 
 Amsterdam, London, and Stockholm. He 
 died in 1709, aged sixty-nine. His Nego- 
 tiations in Holland were published, in six 
 volumes, by the Abbe Mallet. 
 
 AVELLANEDA, ALPHONSO FERDI- 
 NAND D', a Spanish author of the sixteenth 
 century, was a native of Tordesillas. He 
 continued Don Quixote, to the great dis- 
 pleasure of Cervantes, who, in his second 
 part, does not spare the interloper. Avel- 
 
 AVI 
 
 able to teach it. His memory wms pro- 
 , and he could pour forth poetry ex- 
 
 Pineda's work, though far inferior to the some critics, been attributed to Ftavitu 
 Brilliant original, is not without merit. It Avi 
 
 been translated into English. 
 AVERANI, BKNKIHCT, a native of 
 Florence, born in 1645, was so fond of 
 learning that, even in childhood, he prefer- 
 red readms to boyish aui'isc-monts, and 
 an extraordinary rr.-gress in his 
 studies. Arithmetic, a.-trouomy, mathe- 
 matics, :;rd (ireek, lie acquired without 
 i he. aid of a master; the latter so perfect- 
 ly ia tlw shoit pnci of six months, as to author of Commentaries on the War ca 
 
 temporaneously in the Latin and Italian 
 languages. He died, in 1707, at Pisa, of 
 which university he was one of the pro- 
 
 AVERROES, or AB\ KOSCH, a .t 
 Arabian philosopher and physician of the 
 twelfth century, was the sen' of the chief 
 magistrate of Cordoba, whom he succeeded 
 in his office. He was invited to .'Morocco, 
 to superintend the administration of justice, 
 in that city; but this honour brought on 
 him many enemies, and much persecution, 
 by which his life was endangered* Juris- 
 prudence, mathematics, and medicine 
 were among his studies; but he was rather 
 a theoretical than a practical physician, as 
 is proved by his work intitled Coll \ yet, 
 in seven books. Averroes was the first 
 translator of Aristotle, and was also a 
 voluminous commentator on that philoso- 
 pher's works. He died, at Morocco, in 
 the year 1198. 
 
 AVICENNA, or ABU-EBN-SINA, a 
 celebrated physician and philosopher, was 
 born in the neighbourhood of Bokhara, in 
 the year 980, and before he was ten years 
 old "knew the Koran by heart, and" was 
 acquainted with the principles of law and 
 literature; after which he acquired every 
 science then known, but made medicine 
 the particular object of his study. Though 
 his fame was widely spread, and though 
 he was vizier and physician to several 
 princes, he lived an agitated life, and died 
 at last, in 1037, at Hamadan, a victim to 
 his own excesses, and to poison, which 
 was given him by a slave. Avicenna was 
 a voluminous author, on a variety of sub- 
 jects, and his Medical Canons were long 
 exclusively followed in the European medi- 
 cal schools; but his works are now en- 
 tirely neglected, 
 
 AVIENUS, RUFUS FKSTUS, a Latin 
 poet, who lived at the beginning of the fifth 
 century, translated into his own language 
 the Phenomena of Aratus, the Description 
 of the Earth by Dionysius, and forty-two 
 of ^sop's Fables. He also wrote a pc.cai 
 in iambic verse, Ora Marit'Mia, which la 
 supposed to have been borrowed from Car- 
 thaginian writers: only one book of it is 
 extant. The version of the fables has, by 
 
 ienus, who lived two hundred and forty 
 years before Rufus. 
 
 AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louis D f , born 
 at Placentia, in Spain, distinguished him- 
 self as a diplomatist, warrior, and historian, 
 under Charles V. He acted as ambassa- 
 lor from his sovereign to the council of 
 
 Trent, c 
 
 ed the cavalry at the sic<:e 
 
 of .Met/, and recorded the events of the 
 period in which he flourished. He ia thr 
 
 ' i * r* ,1 -\1~ 
 
ATA 
 
 ried on m Germany, bv Charles, in 1346 
 and 1547; and also on the war which that 
 monarcli waged in Africa. The last of 
 these works was never printed, and is now 
 lost. Charles V. so much admired d'Avila's 
 writings, that he deemed himself more for- 
 tunate than Alexander, in having such an 
 h : >torian. 
 
 A VI LA, JOHN J>', a Spanish priest, 
 was Ixjrn in New Castle, about the year 
 1300. At the age of thirty, he began to 
 journey through the Andalusian mountains 
 and forests, enforcing the doctrines of the 
 gospel, both by precept and example. This 
 course of conduct he pursued for forty 
 rears, till he died, in 1369, and it gained him 
 the appellation of the Apostle of Andalusia, 
 lie was also the author of several theolo- 
 gical works. 
 
 AVISON, CHARLKS, a musical com- 
 poser, is believed to' have been born at or 
 near Newcastle, in which town he was 
 organist, first to St. John's church, and 
 afterwards to St. Nicholas's. In his youth 
 lie travelled into Italy, and received in- 
 structions from Geminiani. He died at 
 Newcastle, in 1770. He is the author of 
 an Essay on Musical Expression, in which, 
 not much to the credit of his judgment, he 
 endeavours to depreciate Handel. 
 
 AVOGADRO, LUCIA, an Italian poetess, 
 flourished about the year 1560, displayed 
 early poetical talents, and won the praise 
 ->f even Tasso. Of her compositions only 
 a few lyric pieces are extant; but they 
 justify the applause which was bestowed 
 upon her. She died in 1568. 
 
 AVOGRADO, JKROME, who flourished 
 *t Brescia, in 1486, was the son of a civi- 
 lian, of a noble family. He cultivated 
 literature, and was the Mecrcnas of men of 
 letters. He is said to have been the first 
 editor of the collected works of Vitruvius. 
 
 AVRIGNY, HYACINTH ROBILLARD 
 D', a Jesuit and historian, was born at 
 Caen in 1675, and died in 1719. During 
 his life time he lived in obscurity, but he 
 achieved posthumous fame by two excel- 
 lent historical works which he left behind 
 him. These are Memoirs relating to 
 General and to Ecclesiastical History, from 
 1GOO to 1716, each work consisting of four 
 volumes. D'Avigny is said to have died 
 f chagrin, occasioned by the extensive 
 alterations which were made in his inanu- 
 icripts by Father Lallemant, to whose 
 revision the superiors of the Jesuits had 
 compelled him to submit them. 
 
 AVALA, PKTF.R LOPKZ D', a Spanish 
 * fttatesman, historian, and general, was 
 born in Murcia, in 1332, and served under 
 four Castilian monarch.-*, both in the coun- 
 cil and the Held, and with equal applause 
 in both. Fond of learning, lie was at once 
 the most brave, eloquent, and erudite man 
 in Spain. Ha trans! itetl Livv, and other 
 
 AY* 55 
 
 authors, an/1 wrote a Chronicle of the 
 Kings of Castile. He died in 1407. 
 
 AYESHA, the second and most beloved 
 of all Mahomet's wives, was the daughter 
 of Abubeker. She accompanied her hus- 
 band in all his expeditions. After his 
 death she made an obstinate opposition to 
 Ali, but was at length defeated by him in 
 a pitched battle. She died at Mecca, in 
 the year 677. Her memory is venerated 
 by the Mussulmans, who give her the title 
 of Prophetess, and consider her as one of 
 the four incomparable women who have 
 appeared on earth. 
 
 AYLMER, JOHN, an English prelate, 
 born at Aylmer Hall, in Norfolk, in 1521, 
 was educated at Cambridge. Lady Jane 
 Grey was subsequently under his tuition. 
 Having rendered himself obnoxious by his 
 protestant zeal, he retired to Zurich, on 
 the accession of Mary. On Elizabeth 
 ascending the throne he returned, and, ID 
 1576, was made bishop of London. The 
 rigour with which he persecuted the Puri- 
 tans was little in accordance with the spirit, 
 of Christianity. He was, in truth, of an 
 arrogant and arbitrary disposition. He 
 died exceedingly rich, in 1594, though, at 
 the age af forty, he had declaimed against 
 the superfluous wealth of churchmen. Ayl- 
 mer is the author of an answer to Knox'a 
 attack upon female sovereigns. 
 
 AYLOFFE, SIR JOSEPH, of Frara- 
 field, Sussex, an antiquary, was born about 
 1708, and educated at Winchester and Ox- 
 ford. He was keeper of the state papers, 
 in the Paper Oflice, and a fellow of the 
 Royal and Antiquarian Societies. Leland's 
 Collectanea, the. Liber Niger, and other 
 works of the kind, were edited by him; 
 he contributed to the Archseologia"; and 
 he published the Universal Librarian, and 
 Calendars of the ancient Charters, &c. in 
 the Tower. He died in 1783. 
 
 AYOLAS, JOHN DE, a Spaniard, 
 governor of Buenos Ayres, in 1536, ob- 
 tained great advantages over the Indians, 
 and founded the city of Assumption ; but, 
 in an attempt to open a communication by 
 land with Peru, he and his troops were 
 destroyed by the savages. 
 
 AYRENHOFF, C. VON, an officer of 
 high rank in the imperial service. He 
 produced, with great success, a consider- 
 able number of tragedies and comedies, 
 of the former, his Aurelius, Antiope, and 
 Cleopatra, and of the latter, the Noble 
 Passions, are considered as the best. He 
 died towards the latter end of the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 AYSCOUOTI, SAMUEL, the son of a 
 tradesman in Nottingham, was, in early 
 life, in consequence of his father's bank 
 ruptcv, compelled to fill several menial 
 , situations. On coming to town, he ob- 
 | uincd n place of the same kind in Ui 
 
56 
 
 BAH 
 
 British Museum, where he displayed so 
 much diligence, and desire of gaining 
 knowledge, that he was raised to be as>i>t- 
 ant librarian. He afterwards took orders, 
 and had respectable church preferment. 
 A variety of laborious indexes and cat i- 
 
 BAC 
 
 and studied at Salamanca, where he highly 
 distinguished himself. He manifested also 
 a M.-te for the fine arts, and contracted a 
 friendship with Mcnjjs, the painter. In 
 17t>,) he entered on the diplomatic career, 
 and was sent to Rome, as agent fur ei:c!e- 
 
 logues were compiled by him, of which the siastical affairs. On the death of the 
 
 important are an Index to Shaks|xare. 
 and a Catalogue of tl>e British Mnseun 
 He di?d in ISO I, at the age of fifty-nine. 
 
 AYM'OfGH. GK...KCK. KIMVARD, a 
 military officer, was the son of the dean of 
 Bristol", and nephew of Lord Lyttleton. 
 He is the author of Semiramis, a tragedy, 
 for which Sheridan wrote a prologue, and 
 of Letters from an Officer in the Guards, 
 giving an account of France and Italy. 
 Ayscough died, in 1779, of a consump- 
 tion. 
 
 AYSCUE, SIR GEORGE, an admiral, 
 was a descendant of a good Lincolnshire 
 family, entered the naval service in his 
 youth, and was knighted by Charles I. In 
 ihe struggle between f.l>o parliament and 
 the king, however, he adhered to the former, 
 reduced Sicily, Barbadoes, and Virginia 
 to obedience, and acted with spirit in the 
 war against Holland. In 1666, while en- 
 gaged with the Dutch, his ship struck on 
 A sand bank, and, in spite of all his efforts, 
 he was obliged to surrender. His subse- 
 quent life was spent in retirement. 
 
 AZARA, DON JOSEPH NICHOLAS D', 
 a native of Arragon, was born in 1731, 
 
 ambassador there, A/.ara was appointed to 
 sin -i -ceil him. He continued at Rome till 
 he \\as driven from thence by the French 
 invasion. Subsequently, he was named 
 ambassador to Paris. A/.ara died in 1804. 
 He wrote a Life of Mengs, and a Funeral 
 Eulogium on Charles III., and translated 
 Middleton's Life of Cicero, and various 
 other works. 
 
 AZNAR, Count of Gascony, was cent, 
 in 824, by Pepin, king of Aquitain?, to 
 put down a revolt of the Navarrese Gas- 
 cons, a task which he accomplished. Pepin, 
 however, having subsequently given him 
 cause for discontent, Aznar put himself at 
 the head of the same Gascons, passed the 
 Pyrenees, in 831, seized on a part of INa- 
 varre, and became the founder of the king- 
 dom of that name. He died in 836. 
 
 AZUM, DOMINIC ALBERT, an Ital- 
 ian civilian, was born in Sardinia in 1760, 
 and died in that island in 1827. Among 
 his works, all of which are much esteemed, 
 are a History of Sardinia; a Dictionary 
 of Mercantile Jurisprudence; and a Sys- 
 tem of the Principles of the Maritime Law 
 of Europe. 
 
 B 
 
 BAB A, a Turkisn sectary, who made 
 his first appearance in the city of Amasia, 
 in the year 1240, pretended to be sent by 
 God, and succeeded in raising a numerous 
 army, with which he ravaged Anatolia. 
 It required the united forces of the Franks 
 and the Mussulmans to vanquish this im- 
 postor. 
 
 BABEK, KHOREMT, or HARRAMI, a 
 celebrated Pers'an impostor, denominated 
 the Libertine, and the Impious, .appeared as 
 the apostle of a new religion in tne early 
 pirt of the ninth century. His doctrines 
 ;ir said to have been a compound t>f the 
 errors of various sects. For twenty years 
 he foiled all the caliph's generals, and 
 struck terror even into Bagdad ; but he 
 was at length taken, A. D. 837, and put to 
 a barbarous death. 
 
 BABRIUS, or BABRIAS.a Greek po- 
 et, the period of whose e?fistence is un- 
 known. It appears certain, however, that 
 lived prior to Phx-drns. Tvrwhitt 
 
 and Moschus. He made an elegant ver- 
 sion of ^Esop'a Fables, in Greek iambic 
 verse, which, with the exception of some 
 fragments, is unfortunately lost. 
 
 BABUR, or BABR, MOHAMMED, the 
 great grandson of Tamerlane, was born in 
 1483, and in 1494 was proclaimed sovereign 
 of the Mogul empire in western Tartary 
 and Khorassan. Some years were spent 
 in struggles for the throne with various ri- 
 vals ; after which he subdued Candahar and 
 Cabulistan. In 1525 he invaded Hindos- 
 tan, defeated the Indians at the battle of 
 Panniput, and made himself master of the 
 country. Hedied in 1530. His posterity 
 reigned over India for two centuries anI 
 a half. Babur wrote a history of his own 
 life. 
 
 BACCALAR Y SANNA, VINCENT, 
 Marquis of San Feline, a Spanish general 
 and statesman, under Charles II. and 
 Philip V., was a native of Sardinia, born 
 about 1G50, and died in 1726. He i> the 
 author of a History of the Hebrew Mou- 
 
 rns. 
 
 thinks that 'he flour i.-hed a little In-fore th: _ 
 
 reign of Augustus, and Coray ima/rus ', archy, and of Memoirs of the Jilurtory of 
 niui to have l*vn a rnitrnijiurary ^f iJ'ion lluhp V. from ItOO to 172a. 
 
BAC 
 
 BACCHYLIDES, a Greek lyric poet 
 (h nephew of Si'monides, a native of Cos, 
 was the riva. jf Pindar, and flourished 
 alxnit 450vears B. c. Hiero preferred him 
 to Pindar, and Horace imitated him. Only 
 a few fragments of his works are extant. 
 
 BACCICI. The real name of the art 
 ist thus called was JOHN BAPTIST GAUL- 
 LI. He was a native of Genoa, born in 
 1639, and died in 1709. In portraits and 
 historical paintings he acquired great rep- 
 utation; he particularly excelled in fore- 
 hortoaing his igures, and giving force and 
 relief to them. To give animation to his 
 portraits, he made those who sat to him 
 talk and gesticulate; he did not, he said, 
 want to paint statues. Gaulli was of a vi- 
 olent temper., which caused him the loss of 
 his son, who drowned himself, in conse- 
 quence of having received a blow from his 
 father before a large company. 
 
 BACCIO DELLA PORTA, better 
 known under the name of FRABARTOLO- 
 MEO DI SAN MARCO, an eminent paint- 
 er, was born, in 1469, at Savignano, in 
 Tuscany. For a while he abandoned the 
 pencil, to become a Dominican monk, but 
 lie resunied it, and was more successful 
 than ever. Many of his productions are 
 excellent; but his St. Mark, St. Sebastian, 
 and Marriage of St. Catharine, are mas- 
 terpieces of art. He was the first who 
 painted drapery in a finished style, and 
 made use of the jointed lay figure. He 
 died in 1517. 
 
 BACELLAR, ANTHONY BARBOSA, a 
 celebrated Portuguese civilian, historian, 
 and lyric poet, was born at Lisbon, in 1610. 
 His defence of the right of the house of Bra- 
 ganza to the throne, gained him the favour 
 of the court, and opened his way to hon- 
 ours and fortune; but it diverted his at- 
 tention from poetry, in which he had early 
 acquired reputation. He is the author of 
 an historical work on the War of Brazil, 
 and of another on the Campaign of 1659 
 in Portugal. He died in 1663. 
 
 BACH, JOHN SEBASTIAN, one of the 
 most eminent of German musicians, was 
 born at Eisenach, in 1685, and died at 
 Leipsic, in 1754. He was an inimitable 
 performer on the organ, and left many com- 
 positions of high scientific merit. Bach 
 had eleven sons, all musicians, four of whom 
 attained celebrity; namely, WILLIAM 
 FREDERIC; CHARLES PHILIP EMAN- 
 UEL; JOHN CHRISTOPHER FREDERIC; 
 and JOHN CHRISTIAN: of these the sec- 
 ond and the fourth were the most famous. 
 H&ydn is supposed by Dr. Burney to have, 
 in some degree, taken Charles Philip aa 
 his model. 
 
 BACHAUMONT, FRANCIS LE COIG- 
 HEUX DE, a native of the Fret -h metro- 
 polis, born in 1624, was the son >f a pres- 
 ident of the parliament of Paris. He took 
 
 BAC 
 
 7 
 
 a part in the proceedings of the faction of 
 the Fronde, and it was to him that the fac- 
 tion owed its name. In conjunction with 
 his friend Chapelle, he wrote the celebra- 
 ted Journey to Montpellier, in alternate 
 prose and ver^e, which is considered as a 
 masterpiece of the kind. He died in 
 1702. (See CHAPELLE.) 
 
 BACHELIER, J. J., a French painter, 
 born in 1724, Avho died in 1805, was di- 
 rector of the royal manufactory of Sevres. 
 The lost process of encaustic painting, and 
 the composition which the ancients used to 
 preserve marble from being injured by the 
 air, were rediscovered by him. He gener- 
 ously devoted sixty thousand francs (two 
 thousand five hundred pounds) to the estab- 
 lishment of a school for gratuitously teach- 
 ing to artisans the principles of drawing. 
 
 BACLER D'ALBE, Baron AUBERT 
 Louis, a French painter and geographical 
 engineer, was born at St. Pol, in 1761, 
 and died at Paris, in 1824. He was con- 
 stantly employed by Napoleon, was in 
 great "favour with him, and was director of 
 his topographical cabinet. His map of 
 the theatre of war in Italy is on an exten- 
 sive scale, and of beautiful execution. He 
 also published several picturesque works. 
 
 BACON, ROGER, an English monk, 
 born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire, in 1214, 
 was educated at Oxford and at Paris, en- 
 tered the Franciscan order in his twenty- 
 fifth year, and returned to Oxford. His 
 lectures and experiments, in which he dis- 
 played talent and knowledge far transcen- 
 ding what was possessed by his contempo- 
 raries, soon excited wonder and envy. 
 His admirers gave him the deserved title of 
 " the wonderful doctor ; " his stupid and ma- 
 lignant enemies accused him of magir. 
 The latter prevailed. His lectures WCK 
 interdicted, and he was confined to his 
 cell. His seclusion lasted ten years, dur- 
 ing which he composed many excellent 
 works. He himself collected several of his 
 writings, and gave to the collection the title 
 of Opus Majus. After having obtained his 
 liberty, he died in 1292. Gunpowder, the 
 camera obscura, the burning glass, and the 
 telescopic properties of convex and concave 
 glasses, seem to have been known to him; 
 and his acquirements in every science wera 
 truly surprising. He wrote about eightjr 
 treatises. 
 
 BACON, SIR NICHOLAS, father of ths 
 celebrated Lord Verulam, was born at Chis- 
 Ihurst, in Kent, in 1510, and studied at 
 Cambridge and Gray's Inn. Henry VIII. 
 gave him various manors in Suffolk, be- 
 longing to the dissolved monastery of St. 
 Edmundsburv: and Elizabeth, with whom 
 also he was a favourite, made him a privy 
 counsellor and keeper of tne great seal. 
 The latter office he retained for twenty 
 yuavs, till his death, which took place iu 
 
SB RAC 
 
 1579. He v as a good speaker, 
 statesman, and an e({iiital)l(> judge. Se\- 
 enl of hi.- MSS on law, polities', and thc- 
 .in- extant 
 
 BACON. ANNK, seo.nd wife of Sir 
 Nicholas, and mother of fiord Verulam, 
 was the daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, tu- 
 tor of Edward VI., she was born about 
 152S, and died about 1600. Lady Bacon 
 woman of tali-ill and acquirements. 
 She understood the ancient and modern 
 languages; and translated from the Italian 
 ihe Sermons of Achimis, and fi Dm the 
 Latin, Bishop Jewel's Apology for the 
 Church of England. 
 
 BACON, SIK NATHANIEL, the son of 
 Sir Nicholas, by his first wife, was a paint- 
 er of no mean merit. He travelled and 
 tudied in Italy, but belongs to the Flem- 
 sh school. Several of his pictures are, or 
 recently were, extant. He died about 1615. 
 
 BACON, NATHANIEL, a leader of in- 
 surgents in Virginia while under the royal 
 government, wus an Englishman of fine 
 talents, commanding person, and singular 
 eloquence He was educated to the pro- 
 fession of the law, and came to Virginia 
 aboul the year 1675 with a high reputation 
 for ability and legal knowledge, v\hich soon 
 rendered him conspicuous, and obtained 
 him a seat in the provincial Council. Va- 
 rious obnoxious measures of the British 
 government had at that time exasperated 
 the people of the colony, and induced them 
 to take up arms. Bacon was elected their 
 leader, and after keeping the colony in a 
 Etate of anarchy and continual alarm for 
 several months, he died suddenly in the 
 year 1677, and tranquillity was soon re- 
 ctored. This rebellion cost ihe colony one 
 hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 BACON, SIR FRANCIS, Viscount of 
 St. Albans, whom Pope, in one emphatic 
 line, has truly characlerized as " the wisest, 
 brightest, meatiest of mankind," was 
 the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and was 
 born January 22, 1561. The promise of 
 hia future talents waa so early displayed, 
 that Queen Elizabeth was accustomed 
 to call him her " young lord keeper." 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, had the hon- 
 
 BAC 
 
 our of his education; and, while there, 
 1; 'lure IIP was sixteen, he began to dissent 
 from the Aristotelian philosophy. On hi* 
 return to England, after having accompa- 
 nied Sir Amius I'aulet to France, he en- 
 tered <-f (iray's Inn, and, at the age of 
 eight and tuentv, became one of the queen'a 
 counsellors. lieing the friend of I 
 to \\hom Cecil was hostile, Huron was 
 shut out from preferment. For this, how- 
 ever, Ei-sex generously compensated him, 
 by the gift of a considerable estate. The 
 reward \\hich Essex received was, that 
 Bacon pleaded against him on his trial, 
 and, afterwards, wrote a pamphlet to blast 
 the memory of his benefactor. Having, 
 previously to the access-ion of James 1.. 
 I contrived to obtain the good graces of the 
 | Scottish party, that monarch, as soon at 
 he ascended the throne, knighted him, and 
 gave him pensions to the amount of one 
 hundred pounds per annum. But it was 
 not till 1607 that he obtained the long 
 coveted post of solicitor general. In 1611, 
 he was appointed a judge of the marshal's 
 court; and in 1613, attorney general. As 
 a crown lawyer, he was slavishly obse- 
 quious to the sovereign, and a dangerous 
 enemy of freedom. At length he attained 
 the summit of his ambition. In 1617, he 
 was made lord keeper; in 1619, lord high 
 chancellor, with the title of Baron Veru- 
 lam; and, in 1620, he was created Vis- 
 count St. Albans. 
 
 Fortunately for posterity, the mind of 
 Bacon was not wholly engrossed by am- 
 bition ; philosophy and science held a large 
 place in it. His great labour, the Novum 
 Organon, was given to the world in 1620. 
 He iiad already published his Essays; the 
 Advancement of Learning; the treatise on 
 the Wisdom of the Ancients; and. some 
 other works. 
 
 But, at the very moment when the trU 
 uni|.h of his genius was completed, hia 
 political downfal was near at hand. Li> 
 1621 , he was accused in parliament of gross 
 bribery and corruption. He pleaded guilty, 
 and was sentenced to pay a fine of fortv 
 thousand pounds-; to be imprisoned during 
 the royal pleasure; and to be rendered in- 
 ca| able of filling any cilice, sitting among 
 the | eers, and coming within the verge of 
 the court. The fine and imprisonment, 
 however, were soon remitted, and a pension 
 was even granted to him. The remainder 
 of his life was spent in retirement, and in 
 the ardent pursuit of literature and sci- 
 ence ; often embittered by the embarrass- 
 neiits which arose from his habits of lavish 
 expenditure. He died atHighgate,on the 
 9th of April, 1626. As a courtier and 9 
 politician, he merits no snail severity of 
 censure ; as a man of genii.! and a philoso- 
 pher, no language can be .x> lofty for hi* 
 praue 
 
DAD 
 
 BACON, JOHN, an eminent sculptor 
 t tn in Southwark, in 1740, was originally 
 a painter of porcelain, and a modeller of 
 ina figures. Having, however, a geniu 
 for sculpture, he applied himself to the 
 stady of the art with such diligence as to 
 acquire great proficiency in it. It was 
 about the year 1 763 that he began to work 
 in marble; and, from that period he yearly 
 increased in skill and reputation. His 
 statue of Mars first brought him into public 
 notice. He died in 1799, respected as an 
 artist and a man Among his principal 
 works may be reckoned the statues of 
 Judge Blackstone, Johnson, and Howard; 
 a bust of George III. ; and the monuments 
 of Lord Chatham, Mrs. Draper, and Guy, 
 the founder of the hospital. 
 
 BADCOCK, SAMUEL, an English divine 
 and writer, .was born, in 1747, at South 
 Moulton, in Devonshire, and was, for some 
 years, a dissenting minister, but at length 
 conformed to the church, and became as- 
 sistant preacher at the Octagon Chapel, 
 Bath. He died in London, in 1783. As 
 a pulpit orator, he was much admired; 
 and as a literary man, he displaced talent; 
 far above mediocrity. He was one of the 
 best writers in the Monthly Review; was 
 a correspondent of several magazines; and 
 contributed largely to Dr. White's Bamp- 
 ton Lectures : but published nothing sepa- 
 rately, except a Sermon, and a pamphlet 
 on Dr. Priestley. 
 
 BADEN, JA"MES,a Dane, born in 1735, 
 is considered as one of - the founders of 
 Danish literature. In 1760, on his return 
 from his travels, he gave, at Copenhagen, 
 the first course of lectures on the belles 
 lettres that had ever been delivered in the 
 language of the country. He was profes- 
 sor of eloquence and Latin in the university 
 of Copenhagen, and held other offices con- 
 nected with pubii ' instruction. His Critical 
 Journal, from 1768 to 1779, contributed 
 much to improve the Danish taste. He 
 translated Tacitus, and other classics, and 
 published a Latin and Danish Dictionary, 
 and several grammars. 
 
 BADGER, Louis, a native of Lyons, 
 has immortalized his memory by an heroic 
 instance of fraternal affection. To save his 
 brother, who had assisted in defending 
 Lyons against the republicans, and who 
 
 was 
 
 o( death 
 
 consequently exposed 
 ath after the surreiv 
 
 to the penalty 
 surrender, he assume^ 
 his name, and cheerfully suffered for him. 
 
 BADIA Y LEBLICH, DOJIINGO, a 
 Spaniard, was born in 1766, and educated 
 at Valencia. Being well skilled in Arabic, 
 he resolved to travel in the East ; and, ac- 
 cordingly, after having been personally 
 qualified to pass as a Mahometan, he as- 
 sumed the name of Ali Bey. Under his 
 dibguise he visited Tripoli, Egypt, Mecca, 
 and Syria undiscovered, and wan every 
 
 BAI 59 
 
 where received with favour, as a true be- 
 liever. On his return to Spain, he espoused 
 the cause of Joseph Bonaparte, and, after 
 the battle of Vittoria, he took refuge in 
 France. He died in 1824. His Travels 
 in Africa and Asia were published in two 
 quarto volumes. 
 
 BAFFIN, WILLIAM, an able English 
 navigator, was born in 1584, and acted as 
 pilot to several of the voyagers to the arctic 
 regions. Geographers have given his name 
 to the vast bay which he explored, and 
 which, commences at Davis's Straits. Its 
 existence has been doubted, but has re- 
 cently been verified. Baffin proposed to 
 attempt a passage round Northern and 
 Eastern Asia, but could not obtain sup- 
 port. He was killed at the siege of Or- 
 muz, in 1622. 
 
 BAGE, ROBERT, a novel * riter, was 
 jorn, in 1728, at Darley, in Derbyshire, 
 was nearly self-educated, and for many 
 years carried on the business of a paper 
 maker, at Tarn worth, where he died in 
 1801. As a writer, he is much above 
 mediocrity. His first publication, which 
 appeared in 1781, was Mount Kenneth. 
 It was succeeded by Barham Downs, the 
 Fair Syrian, James Wallace, Hermsprong, 
 and other productions of the same spe- 
 cies. 
 
 BAGLIVI, GEORGE, an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Ragusa, in 1668, and 
 was educated at Naples and Padua. Cle- 
 ment XIV., on the ground of his great 
 merit appointed him, while yet young, 
 professor of surgery and anatomy in the 
 college of Sapienza, at Rome. Baglivi is 
 entitled to the praise of having contributed 
 to bring back medical science to proper 
 principles. He died in 1706. His works 
 have been collected into a quarto volume. 
 
 BAGOLINO, SEBASTIAN, a native of 
 Alcamo, in Sicily, born in 1560, was re- 
 markable for the variety of his talents; 
 he being at once poet, painter, and musi- 
 cian, and speaking with equal facility and 
 sloquence in Latin, Spanish, and Italian 
 He was a fertile writer, but only a few of 
 works were published. He died in 
 1604. 
 
 BAGRATION, Prince, a Russian gene- 
 ral, senator, and counsellor of the emperor, 
 
 ignalized himself in the Polish campaigns 
 of 1793 and 1794, and the Italian cam- 
 paign of 1799 ; in the latter of wnich Su- 
 varoft" gave him the title of " ms right 
 rnn." In 1805, 1806, and 1807, he en- 
 lanced his reputation in the field. The 
 command of the second Russian army was 
 entrusted to him in 1812; and, though 
 closely pressed by a superior force, he ef- 
 
 ected his junction with the oth6r armies, 
 rfe was mortally wounded at the battle of 
 Borodino. 
 BAIF, JOHN ANTHONY DE,the son of 
 
BA1 
 
 BAR 
 
 Lazarua Baif, who was himself a man ot bring it back to natural principle*. Th 
 talent and learning, was born at Venire, disease called croup, which has, in these, 
 where his father was ambassador, in 1532. times, been supposed to.be a new disease, 
 At an early age lie brcame tlie friend of appears to have been observed bv him. 
 
 Ronsard, and published a volume of poems. 
 Poetry was, thenceforth, his occupation, 
 and no important event took place without 
 his celebrating it; but he was scantily re- 
 war-Vi and complained heavily of in- 
 gratitud* and ill fortune. He died poor, 
 in 1570. He was the first who founded in 
 France an academy of poetry and music, 
 but the institution was short fived. 
 
 BAILEY, NATHAN, a grammarian and 
 lexicographer, died in 1742, at Stepney, 
 where he kept a school. He-edited sever- 
 
 11 is works form four volumes in quarto. 
 
 l'>. MI.LY, JOHN SH.VAIN, a French 
 astronomer and literary character of emi- 
 nence, was born at Paris, in 1736, and at 
 an early period manifested an indefatiga- 
 ble ard'our in the pursuit of science and 
 philosophy. The reputation which he ac- 
 quired was commensurate with his exer- 
 tions. Politics, however, at last fatally 
 interfered with his scientific occupations. 
 After the breaking out of the revolution, 
 he was an active member of the national 
 
 ,1 school books, and compiled a Household assembly, and was next chosen mayor of 
 
 Paris. In the latter capacity, he excited 
 the inextinguishable hatred of the jaco- 
 bins, by using military force to disperse 
 m>e of their insurrectionary meetings. 
 They avenged themselves when they had 
 seized the reins of government; and, on tl> 
 llth of November, 1793, Bailly was sent 
 to the scaffold with circumstances of the 
 
 Dictionary, and Antiquities of London and 
 Westminster; but his best known work 
 is an English Etymological Dictionary, 
 which, \\ith successive enlargeneuts, pas- 
 sed through many editions. 
 
 BAILLET, A'DRIAN, a laborious and 
 learned French writer, was born, of poor 
 parents,' at Neuville, in Picardy, in 1649. 
 He took orders, obtained a small living, njcst disgusting barbarity. Of his works, 
 and was afterwards made librarian to M. the most celebrated are, his Histories of 
 Lamoignon. He wrote various theological, I Ancient, of Modern, and of Oriental As- 
 historical, and other works; among which | tronomy; Letters on Plato's Atlantis; 
 are Lives of the Saints, 3 vols. folio; the . and Letters on the Origin of the Sciences. 
 Life of Descartes, 2 vols. 4to. ; a History j BAIXBRIDGE, JOHN, a physician and 
 of Holland, 4 vols. 12mo.; and lives of j astronomer, was born, in 1582, at Ashby 
 celebrated Children, 2 vols. 12mo. The ide la Zouch, and was educated at Email- 
 work, however, by which he is best known, uel College, Cambridge. So high a repu,. 
 is his Jugemeus des Savans, 9 vols. 12mo. tation did he acquire for scientific knoul- 
 He died in 1706. |*dgWi that Sir Henry Savile chose him lo 
 
 BAILLIE, WILLIAM, an English ama-ibe his first astronomical professor at Ox- 
 teur. artist, was born about 1736, and was ; ford. He died in that city, in 1643. He 
 originally a captain of cavalry; but quit- ! published a Description of the late Comet; 
 ted the army, in order to devote himself ; Canicularia; and an edition of Proclus on 
 to engraving. He displayed much talent, the Sphere; and U*> many manuscript ol> 
 and produced about a hundred plates, sev- servations. 
 eral of which are from Rembrandt. He 
 
 died at the beginning of the nineteenth 
 
 century. 
 
 BAILLIE, MATTHEW, the son of a di- 
 vinity professor at Glasgow, was born in 
 17GO, and was educated at his native city 
 
 BAKER, Sin RICHARD, was born at 
 Sissinghurst, in Kent, in 1568, was knight- 
 ed bv James I., and in 1620 was high sher- 
 iff f Oxfordshire. An unfortunate mar- 
 riage ruined him, and he was incarcerat- 
 ed n the Fleet, where he wrote his Chro 
 
 and at Oxford, at which latter place he j nicies of the Kings of England, and other 
 took his degree of M. D. Being a ncp- works. He died, a prisoner, in 1645, 
 
 hew of Dr. William Hunter, he was so 
 
 BAKER, THOMAS, an eminent matha- 
 
 fortunato as to receive the valuable instruc- matician, was born at Ilton, in Somerset- 
 lions of tnat celebrated man. Aided by j shire, jn 1625, was educated at Oxford, 
 this advantage, and his own great talents, and became minister of Bishop's \ymnict, 
 he soon obtained an extensive medica Jin Devonshire. He died in 1690. He is 
 |iractic3 " -, the metropolis, and accumulat-, the author of the Geometrical Key, or the 
 
 *d a 
 1824. 
 
 i; fortune. Dr. Baillie died HI 
 He is the author of the Morbid An- 
 work of EU- 
 
 Gate of Equations Unlocked. 
 
 BAKER, THOMAS, an antiquary, born 
 at Lanchester, Durham, in 1656, MCMM 
 a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 and obtained the living of Long Newton. 
 The living he resigned, because lie would 
 
 Paris, in 1538, and died in 1616. He not take the oaths to William III.; from 
 was one of those who contributed to einan- the fellowship he was expelled for refusing 
 cipate the medical art in France from the \ to take them to George I. He died in 
 buckles of the Arabian school, and to | 1740, with the character of an amiabl*. 
 
 atomy of the Human Body: 
 perior excellence. 
 
 BAILLOU, WILLIAM DE, a physician, 
 called the. French Sydenham, was born at 
 
liAL 
 
 6) 
 
 worthy, <\rul learned man Ilia Reflections 
 on Learning went through several edi- 
 tions; hut the work has Ion* ceased to be 
 valued. His manuscript collections on the 
 antiquities of Cambridge, form thirty-nine 
 folio volumes, and were intended as the 
 basis of a history similar to that jf Antho- 
 
 ny Wood. 
 BAKER. 
 
 HENRY, a naturalist, was 
 
 born at London, in 1693, and made a con- 
 siderable fortune r>y instructing the deaf 
 and dumb. He was a member of the Royal 
 and Antiquarian Societies, and of the So- 
 ciety of Arts; and left to the first of these 
 an annuity of a hundred pounds, for a 
 yearly oration on experimental philosophy, 
 or natural history. He published the Mi- 
 croscope made easy; the Universe, a po- 
 em; the Universal" Spectator; and other 
 works. 
 
 BAKER, SIR GEORRK, Bart., was 
 born in Devonshire, i.i 1722, educated at 
 Eton and Cambridge, rose to high practice 
 as a physician in London, and was ap- 
 pointed physician to the king and' queen. 
 He was also president of the College of 
 Phvsiciana, and a fellow of the Royal So- 
 
 cian, philosopher, historian, geographer, 
 antiquary, orator, arid poet; understood 
 the ancient and oriental languages, and al- 
 
 most all the European ; had 
 memory, a sound judgment 
 
 ad a pro 
 it, and it 
 
 digious 
 idefati 
 
 gable application, Baldi is the mthor of 
 several poems and scientific works. H 
 died in 1617. 
 
 BALDINUCCI, PHILIP, a native of 
 Florence, b;>rn in 1624, was a painter, 
 sculptor, and writer. Though he display- 
 ed talents in the first two of these pursuits, 
 he owes his permanent fame to his literary 
 labours. He is thr; author of Liv?s of the 
 Painter?, from 1260 to 1670; and the 
 Lives of celebrated Engravers. To the first 
 of these works the finishing hand was put 
 by his son. He died in 1696. 
 
 BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, eminent as a 
 statesman, and president of the university 
 of Georgia, was graduated at Yale College 
 in 1772. He was a member of the Con- 
 vention which formed the constitution of 
 the United States in 1787, and held a seat 
 successively in both houses of Congress. 
 He died at Washington in 1807. 
 
 BALE, JOHN, an English divine, was 
 
 ciety. He died in 1819. He published j born, in 1495, at Cove, in Suffolk, was 
 soms medical tracts, which he afterwards ! educated at Norwich and Cambridge, and 
 Collected under the title >f Opuscula, and j became a zealous convert from popery to 
 \v:is a contributor to the Philosophical and | protestantism. Unujr Edward VI. he was 
 Medical Transactions Imade bishop of Ossoiy, and excited the 
 
 BAKEWELL, ROBERT, a grazier, was I hatred of the Irish catholics by his reform- 
 born in 1726, at Dishley, in Leicester- ing zeal. When Mary ascended the throne, 
 fljire, on the estate of his father, and ob- he tied to Basil, but returned on the acces- 
 tained celebrity by his strenuous efforts to sion of Elizabeth, and was appointed a 
 iaiprove the breed of cattle. In further- I prebend of Canterbury. He died in 1563. 
 ance of this object, he travelled over Eng- His works are numerous; but chiefly con- 
 land, Ireland, and Holland, His efforts troversial ; and his writings of this class, 
 .vere eminently successful. His rams were some of which were published under the 
 
 let at enormous prices; a single ram hav- 
 ing brought eight hundred guineas in one 
 icason. He died in 1795. 
 BALBINUS, DECIMUS C(ELIUS, was 
 
 name of Hat 
 
 are abundantly acri- 
 
 monious. He appears to have been tha 
 last writer of those religious dramas called 
 Mysteries. The work by which principal- 
 
 elected Roman emperor, in conjunction ! ly he is remembered is his Latin Account 
 with Maximus, after the death of the Gor- t/f the Lives of eminent British Authors. 
 
 dians, A. l). 237. After a little more than 
 a year, he, as well as his colleague, was 
 murdered by the Praetorian guards. 
 
 BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ DE, was 
 born in Spain, about 1475, and, having 
 dissipated his property, sought to amend 
 his fortune by nis exploits in the New 
 World, After having distinguished him- 
 se I greatly on the coast of Darien, he pen- 
 etr ted into the interior, discovered the 
 Pacific Ocean, and obtained information 
 respecting the empire of Peru. Jealous 
 of his talents and success, his enemies at 
 length accused him of treason, and he wa? 
 beheaded in 1517. 
 
 BALD1, BERNARDIN, an Italian, of 
 almost universal genius, was boru at Ur- 
 bino, in 1553, and was made abbot of 
 Giii.stalla, by the sovereign of that state. 
 tie was at once a theologian, mathcmati- 
 
 BALEN, HENRY VAN, an eminent 
 Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp 
 studied in Italy, and rose to high reputa- 
 tion. His death took place in 1632 
 Vandyke received' his first instruction* 
 from him. 
 
 BALES, PETER, a great master of pen- 
 manship, was born in 1547, and died, in 
 indigence, about the year 1610. Some of 
 his performances were astonishing for their 
 minuteness and perfect legibility. Bale* 
 taught his art at Oxford and London, and 
 was employed by Walsingham, in coun- 
 terfeiting hand writings, for the purpose 
 of detecting treasonable correspondence. 
 He is the author of the Writing School- 
 master. 
 
 BALGUY, JOHN, an eminent divine, 
 was born at Sheffield, in 1686, and educa- 
 ted at Cambridge. He entered the church 
 
62 BAL 
 
 but, though an excellent writer ami minis- 
 ter, he i sver had any oilier preferment 
 than tlie vicarage of North Ailort.m, and 
 a prel>end in the church of Salisbury In 
 the Baagprion controversy he drew the 
 pen on the side o( Bishop" Hoadley ; and, 
 in reply to Lord Shaftesbnry, lie published 
 Two Letters; to a deis ; and the Founda- 
 tion of Moral Virtue. Of his other works, 
 llie principal is two volumes of Sermons. 
 He died in 1~IS. His son, THOMAS, who 
 was born in 1716, and died in 1795, was 
 archdeacon of Winchester, and printed his 
 Sermons and Charges, and some other the- 
 ological pieces. 
 
 BALLARD, GKORGF, born at Camp- 
 den, in Gloucestershire, was originally a 
 stay and habit maker; but devoted his 
 leisure hours to study, and made himself 
 master of the Saxon language. A subsn -ip- 
 tion was raised to educate him at Oxford, 
 and he ultimately became beadle of the 
 university, which post he held till his 
 death, in" 1733. In 1752, he published his 
 Memoirs of British Ladies. Many of his 
 m muscript collections are in the Bodleian 
 l.brary. 
 
 BALSHAM, BEDESALE, or BELE- 
 SALE, HUGH DE, who, in 1247, was cho- 
 sen bishop of Ely, is believed to have been 
 a native of Balsham, in Cambridgeshhe. 
 He died in 1286, and was buried in Ely 
 Cathedral. St. Peter's College, Cam- 
 bridge, was founded by him in 1280. 
 
 BALUE, JOHN LA, a French prelate 
 and statesman, was a native of Poitou, of 
 an obscure family, and was born in 1421. 
 At his outset in life, he signalized himself 
 by fraudulently appropriating property, of 
 which he was" left the executor. Having 
 obtained the confidence of Louis XL, he 
 was loaded with preferment! by that mo- 
 narch, and was his prime minister in all 
 but the name. He, however, betrayed his 
 royal patron, and was punished by* eleven 
 years incarceration in an iron cage, only- 
 eight feet square. While in the height of 
 power, he had been created a cardinal; 
 and papal influence at length obtained his 
 release from imprisonment. He settled in 
 Italv, and died, in 1491, bishop of Preneste. 
 
 BALZAC, JOHN Louis GUEZ UK, who 
 is considered as one of the restorers of the 
 French language, was born at Angoul"in', 
 in 1594. He was in the service of the 
 duke of Epernon ; and, afterwards, in that 
 of cardinal la Valette, whom he accom- 
 panied to Rome. On his return, he retired 
 to his estate. Richelieu gave him a pension, 
 a:i:I appointed him a counsellor ^,t state, 
 and historiographer of France. lie died 
 in 1655. Among his principal works may 
 be mentioned his Letters; the Prince; the 
 Christian Socrates; and Ari.tipp;:s. It 
 was he wh.) first g.r.e precision, clegince, 
 and correctii':.-.} to French prose. 
 
 BAN 
 
 BANCROFT, RICHARD, un Cnclie*. 
 prelate, was born at Farneworth, in Lan- 
 cashire, in 1544, and was educated at 
 Christ College, Cambridge. In 15S4, he 
 obtained the living of St. Andrew's, Hol- 
 biirn, and thenceforward continued rising 
 in his profession, till, in 1597, he obtained 
 the bishopric of London, and in 1604, the 
 archbishopric of Canterbury. Bancroft wan 
 a violent assertor of the privilege! of his 
 order, and an intolerant assailant of those 
 who dissented from the church. His lite- 
 rary exertions seem to have been confined 
 to a sermon and two tracts against the 
 Puritans, and an unpublished letter on 
 pluralities. He died in 1610. 
 
 BANDELLO, MATTHEW, an Italian 
 dominican, was born at Castelnuovo di 
 Scrivia, in 1480. Though belonging to a 
 religions order, the greater part c nis life 
 was spent in secular pursuits. He was 
 preceptor to the celebrated Lucretia Gon- 
 zaga, was employed in negotiations by 
 Italian princes, and resided with various 
 noble personages. In 1550, he was made 
 bishop of Agen, in France. His death 
 occurred subsequently to 1561. His great 
 work is his Tales, which is reckoned 
 among the classical productions of modern 
 Italy. 
 
 BANDINELLI, BACCIO, a celebrated 
 sculptor, the son of a goldsmith, was born 
 at Florence, in 1487. He gave the first 
 indication of nis talent in boyhood, by 
 making a gigantic figure out of snow. In 
 manhood, he realized the promise of his 
 early years, and his productions were 
 much admired. Among his best works ai e, 
 a copy of the Laocoon; an Orpheus; and 
 a Hercules binding Cacus. Painting, also, 
 he attempted, but did not succeed. Ban- 
 dinelii was vain, proud, and envious. He 
 died in 1559. 
 
 BAMER, or BANNER, JOHN Gu- 
 TAFFSON, a celebrated Swedish field mar- 
 shal, was born at Diursholm, in Upland, 
 in 1596. He began his career in Livonia, 
 in 1625, served with distinction in the 
 PolUh campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus, 
 and obtained the rank of general. At tho 
 battle of Leipsic, in 1630, that heroic mo- 
 narch confessed that, " next to God, he 
 owed the victory to Banirr." But it wan 
 after the death of Gustavus that the geniuo 
 of Banier shone forth with full lustre. 
 After the loss of the battle of Nordlingen, 
 he upheld the sinking foi tunes of the 
 Swedes, battled all the e (Torts of the ene- 
 my, and gained several victories, and was 
 known by the glorious title of the Second 
 Gustavus. He died in 1641. 
 
 BANIEIl, ANTHONY, a native of Au- 
 
 , Wn in 1670, was educated in the 
 
 Jesuit college of Clermont, took orders, 
 
 l.e'-ame an abbe, and was employed by 
 
 it Diiiiict/. a.s preceptor to hid son* 
 
BAN 
 
 |{ was a Member of the Academy of 
 Inscriptions and Belles Lettrcs, to llie 
 Transact ions of which body he contributed 
 largely. His principal work, which is a 
 valuable one, is Mythology and Fable ex- 
 plained by History. He died in 1741. 
 
 BANKS, JOHN, a dramatist, was orig- 
 inally a lawyer, but relinquished his pro- 
 fession to write for the stage. Between 
 1677 and 1696, he produced seven trage- 
 dies, of which the best known is The 
 Unhappy Favourite. The time of his birth 
 and of his death is equally unascertained. 
 He was buried in St. James's Church, 
 Westminster. His style and versification 
 are bad, but he has considerable pathos. 
 
 BANKS, THOMAS, an eminent sculptor, 
 was born, in 1735, iii Gloucestershire, and 
 was brought up under Kent, the architect. 
 His genius, however, led him to sculpture. 
 Having gained prizes from the Royal 
 Academy, he was sent by that body to study 
 in Italy. After having completed his stud- 
 ies, he resided two years in Russia, and 
 the empress purchased his statue of Cupid. 
 On his return home, he attained high repu- 
 tation, and was much employed till his 
 death, in 1805, 
 
 BAR 
 
 C3 
 
 in the Philosophical Transaction, and a 
 tract on the Rust in Wheat. His collec- 
 tion of books on natural history was the 
 most complete in Europe. 
 
 BANNAKER, BENJAMIN, a negro of 
 Maryland, who died in 1807. By dint of 
 talents, without any other assistance than 
 Ferguson's works and Mayer's Tables, he 
 acquired, in his leisure hours, a complete 
 knowledge of mathematics, and for many 
 years calculated and published th Mary- 
 land Ephemerides. 
 
 BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a 
 Spanish physician and poet, a native of 
 Luceria, in Andalusia, continued, under 
 the title of the Tears of Angelica, the ro- 
 mance of Ariosto, and executed his task 
 in such a manner as to gain the applause 
 of Cervantes. He is also the author of 
 some eclogues, stanzas, and sonnets. 
 
 BARATIER, JOHN PHILIP, a youth of 
 uncommonly premature talents, was born 
 in 1721, .at Schwabach, in the margraviate 
 of Anspach. At four years of age, he spoke 
 in Latin, German, and French; at six, 
 he mastered the Greek; and at eight, he 
 became a proficient in Hebrew. Mathe- 
 matics and astronomy he learned in three 
 months. The law of nations, ancient and 
 modern literature, architecture, medals and 
 inscriptions, Greek, Roman, and oriental 
 antiquities, and the deciphering of hiero- 
 glyphics were all objects of his studies 
 lie died at the age of nineteen. He trans* 
 Uted, from the Hebrew, Benjamin of T.u 
 dela's Travels, and published Anti-Art' 
 nonius, and other works. 
 
 BANKS, SIR JOSEPH, was born, i,i 
 1743, at Revesby Abbey, in Leicestershire, 
 and educated at Eton and Oxford, His 
 love of travelling, and of natural histo- 
 ry, prompted him to explore foreign coun- 
 tries; and, accordingly, in 1763, he made 
 a voyasro to Labrador and Newfoundland ; 
 in 1768, accompanied the great navigator 
 Cook; and, in 1772, visited Iceland and 
 the Western Isles of Scotland. While 
 with Captain Cook, he nearly lost his life 
 by the intense cold, at Terra del Fuego. 
 On his return, the university of Oxford 
 conferred on him the degree of doctor of 
 laws In 1778, he obtained the order of 
 the Bath, and the presidency of the Roy:il 
 Society; but, after having held the latter 
 about five years, Jii* conduct so deeply 
 offended many scientific members, that a 
 schism was on tTie point of taking place. 
 
 The differences were, however, arranged, 
 - ._ i i. _ _ . 11 i. : . .. * * : M i. .. ,i : ,. .] *i. _ 
 
 BARBAULD, ANNA LETIMA, wn 
 born at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, in 
 1743, and received an excellent education 
 from her father, the Rev. Dr. Aikin. In 
 1772, she published a volume of poems, 
 
 which jjuve her a 
 
 place among her 
 
 oetical contemporaries; and, in the fol- 
 lowing year, she joined her brother in 
 giving to the press a volume of MiscelKi- 
 nies. Her marriage tock place in 1774. 
 Fur the last forty years of her life, she 
 
 esided in the vicinity of the metropolis; 
 
 and he held his seat till lit) djed, on the first at Hampstead, and next : t Stoke 
 JMj of Muv, 1820. He wrote ORJC ropers Xewinyton. :u \\]\\r\\ latter place she died, 
 
4 BAR 
 
 on the 0th of April, 1S25. Her liteiary 
 productions are. numerous. Anion^ the 
 most proiniiifMU of them may be named, 
 Early Lessons and HYNHM, in pn^p; a 
 poetical Epistle to Mr. \V ilbei force ; 
 Eighteen Hoadred and Eleven, -\ perm; 
 and Miographical and Critical E.-.-a\s. 
 prefixed to a selection from the- Tailor , 
 Spectator, and Guardian, to Rictmrdoon'l 
 -pondence, and to an edition of the 
 best English novels. 
 
 BARBA/AN, ARNOLD WILLIAM, a 
 valiant and noble minded French general, 
 who lived under the reigns of Charles \ I. 
 Mid VII. His strict pr.ibity, and eminent 
 
 tervices to the crown, gained for him the S\< 
 
 BAR 
 
 notices in Choisetd Gi ufi'u-r's I'i 
 Journey i>i ( i ~> i-ivr. 
 
 BARl'lEII, ANTIM-.NY A i.r\.\ NOF.R, 
 horn in 17t>o, at C<>|.>m:r.iers, in France, 
 was educated f-r the ihurch, hut <jiiitted it, 
 and \vas s!icccsM\clv librarian to the l)i- 
 reetorv, to .Napoleon, and to Louis XVIII 
 From the service <.| L:.uis, h.i\\ever, ho 
 was dismissed in l!"'i.'2, and this circum. 
 stance prevcd upon his spirits, and proba- 
 bly aggravated the d:M'a>e, an aneurism, 
 of which he died in l>2o. Of his biblio- 
 graphical works, all of which are esteem- 
 ed, the principal is a Dictionary of Anony- 
 ms and Pseudonymous Woiks, 4 voL? 
 
 glorious appellations of " the Irrcpruacha- 
 ole Knight," and " the Restorer of the 
 Kingdom." After a victorious career, he 
 died, in 1432, of the wounds which he re- 
 ceived at the battle of Bullegneville. He 
 was interred in the royal cemetery of St. 
 Dennis, and with regal honours. 
 
 BARRAROSSA, ARUCH, a Turkifh 
 pirate, who murdered the pi ince of Algiers, 
 whom he had been invited to succour, and 
 usurped his throne. He afterwards sub- 
 dued Tunis and Tremecen ; but was ulti- 
 mately slain, in 151S, in an engagement 
 with the Spaniards. 
 
 BARBAROSSA, HF.YRADDIN, or 
 KHAIR-EDDIN, the brother of Aruch, 
 
 succeeded to him 
 
 Algiers, and 
 
 protection ( 
 
 gave him the command of 
 
 the sovereignty of 
 
 rt hi* kingdom under 
 the Porte. Soliman 
 
 the 
 II. 
 
 the Turkish 
 
 marine, and he subjugated Tunis, but was 
 driven from it by the Spaniards, under 
 Charles V. He afterwards ravaged Italy, 
 reduced Yemen* to the Turkish dominion, 
 and performed various naval exploits. He 
 died in 1547. 
 
 BARBIER D'AUCOUR, JOHN, a 
 French literary character, was born at Lan- 
 gres, about 1641 , and qualified himself to act 
 as counsel; but having, in his first speech, 
 been unable to proceed further than a few 
 sentences, he thenceforth confined himself 
 to chamber practice. He lived and died 
 in poverty. His death took place in 1694. 
 Of his works, chielly critical, the Senti- 
 ments of Cleanthes, which is an excellent 
 examination of Bouhour's Conversations 
 of Aristus and Eugenius, is the only one 
 th it is now read. 
 
 BARBOUR, JOHN, a Scotch poet, born 
 about 1316, and died in 1396, was chap- 
 lain to David Bruce, who employed him 
 in ?everal embassies. He is the author of 
 a verse history of the Life and Actions of 
 Robert Bruce." 
 
 BARCLAY, or BERCLAY, ALKXAN- 
 
 DER, a writer 
 but whether a 
 
 )f the sixteenth century, 
 mtive of England or of 
 
 BARBEYRAC, JOHN, a native of Be- 
 ziers, in France, was born in 1674, and 
 quitted his country with his parents, on 
 he revocation of the edict of Nantz. He 
 was successively professor of belles lettres, 
 law, and history, at Berlin, Lausanne, and 
 Groningen; and died in 1729. Barbeyrac 
 translated, among other works, the writ- 
 ings of Puffendorf, Grotius, and Cumber- 
 land, on the law of nations, and published 
 a History of Ancient Treatises ; a Treatise 
 on Gaming; and a Treatise on the Mo- 
 ralir.y of the Fathers. 
 
 BARBIE DUBOCAGE, JOHN DENIS, 
 a geographer, the only pupil of d'Anville, 
 and not unworthy of 4iis master, was born 
 at Paris, in 17(iO, lx*came geographer for 
 
 foieien affairs to Napoleon, and was a ' and, after the death of his father, visited 
 member of the Institute, and of other sci- England, where he was patronised by 
 entific bodies. He died in 1825. His James I., and resided for ten years He 
 productions are numerous and valuable. ! then removed to Rome, where "he died in 
 
 Scotland is not known, was educated stt 
 Oriel College, Oxford ; subsequently trav- 
 elled into Germany, Italy, and France; 
 and died, in 1552, minister uf Allhallows, 
 Lombard Street. Of his various works, 
 the principal is the Shyp of Folis, partly 
 translated from Brandt, and printed by 
 Pynson in 1509. 
 
 "BARCLAY, WILLIAM, born in Aber- 
 deenshire, in 1541, emigrated tt> France, 
 and became counsellor of state to the duke 
 >f Lorraine, and afterwards professor of 
 civil law at Angers, where he died in 
 1C06. Barclay was one of the most emi- 
 nent civilians of his time Of his woiks, 
 the principal are, a Treatise against Re- 
 publican Doctrines, and another against 
 the Power assumed over Princes by the 
 Po 
 
 me. 
 
 BARCLAY, JOHN, son of the preceding, 
 was born, in 15S2, at Pont a Mousson, 
 
 Among them are the maps to the 
 
 of Anacharsis; a fine map of the Morea; 
 
 1621. He wrote several works, of which 
 the best known are, Euphormion, a satire; 
 
 and the map* and varioui geographical | and Argenis, a romance: both in Latia 
 
BAR 
 
 The Argenis has been four times transla- 
 ted into English. 
 
 BARCLAY, ROBERT, the celebrated 
 vindicator of the Quakers, was born, in 
 1648, at Gordonstown, in Scotland, and 
 was the son of a colonel. By his uncle, 
 the principal r.f the Scotch college at Paris, 
 to whom he was entrusted at an early age, 
 he was brought up a catholic; but. hearing 
 of this, \\'.B lather took him home, and 
 having himself become a quaker, he pre- 
 vailed on his son to follow his example. 
 At the age of two and twenty the convert 
 began to distinguish himsejf as a defender 
 of the Society of Friends, ny the publish- 
 ing of a tract intitl :d Truth cleared of 
 Calumnies; which was followed by other 
 'vorks of a similar kind. His groat 
 wnk, however, which appeared in 1676, 
 is his j'.istly celebrated Apology fur the 
 Quakers, the English translation of which 
 l*e dedicated to Charles II. Barclay vis- 
 ited a considerable part of England," Hol- 
 land, and Germany, in company with Wil- 
 liam Penn ; and died on his estate of Urie, 
 in Scotland, in 1690. 
 
 BARCLAY DE TOLLY, a Russian 
 field marshal, and minis-ter of war, distin- 
 guished himself in the German and Polish 
 campaigns of 1806 and 1807, and succeed- 
 ed Kutusow as commander in chief. At 
 the battle of Leipsic, he headed the Rus- 
 sian troops. In 1814 he commanded them 
 in Champagne, and in the following year 
 he again led them into France, with the 
 title of prince. He died in 1818. 
 
 BARCOCHEBAS, BARCHOCHE- 
 BAS, or BARCOCHAB,.a Jewish delu- 
 der, who, in the reign of Adrian, declared 
 himself to be the Messiah. His original 
 name, a very appropriate one, is said to 
 have been Bar Coziba (the son of ly- 
 ing), which he changed into Barcochebas 
 (the son of a star). Having, by audacity 
 and some juggling tricks, cheated multi- 
 tudes of the Jews into a belief of his 
 divinity, they revolted against the Romans. 
 After the war had lasted for two years, Ju- 
 lius Severus besieged them in Befhcr, took 
 the city by assault, and the pseudo messiah 
 and fifty thousand of his followers" were 
 slain. Though, in a religious point of 
 view, Barcochebas was an impostor, it 
 must be allowed that he possessed patriot- 
 ism, courage and talents. 
 
 BARDESANES, a heretic of the sec- 
 ond century, born in Syria, was a man of 
 great genius and learning, and had trav- 
 elled into India to acquire knowledge. He 
 adopted the doctrine of two principles, 
 and taught that Christ descended from 
 heaven nut with a real but an aerial body, 
 to recover mankind from the corruption 
 into which they had been plunged by the 
 prince of darkness. 
 
 HARETT1. JOSEPH, a native of Tu- 
 
 BAR 65 
 
 rin. born about 1716, came to England, ,n 
 1750, after having spent his paternal pro- 
 perty; he acted as a teacher of languages, 
 and acquired the friendship of Dr. John- 
 son, who ultimately introduced him as tutor, 
 to the family of Air. Thiale. In 1760 he 
 revisited Italy, and commenced a paper, 
 called the Literary Scourge, which did not 
 succeed. He returned to England, aaj 
 was appointed foreign .secretary to the 
 Royal Academy, and pensioned by gov- 
 erment. He died in 17S9. Barer! was a 
 man of integrity, and of considerable jynv- 
 ers. Besides an Italian Dictionary, and 
 various school books, and minor works, 
 he published Travels through France, 
 Spain, Portugal, and Italy, in four octavo 
 volumes. 
 
 BARKER, ROBERT, inventor of the 
 panorama, was lx>rn at Kells, in Ireland, 
 about 1740; and, having failed in business, 
 became a miniature and portrait painter. 
 He settled at Edinburgh, in that capacity ; 
 and, while viewing the landscape from the 
 Gallon Hill, was first struck vith the idea 
 of representing similar scenes in a circular 
 picture. Eminent artists treated the project 
 as chimerical; but he persisted, and ulti- 
 mately succeeded in accomplishing what 
 may be considered as the triumph of picto- 
 rial illusion. It was in 1787 that his first 
 attempt was exhibited; and liis exhibition 
 soon became so popular that he gained a 
 considerable fortune. He died, in Saint 
 George's Fields, in 1806. 
 
 BARLAAJU, a Greek monk, who, in 
 1339, was sent into the weft, by the younger 
 Andronicus, the Greek emperor, to solicit 
 assistance against the Turks, and to nego- 
 tiate an union between theCatinand Greek 
 church. On his return, he was censured, 
 as heterodox, by a council ; upon which he 
 ,vent back to Italy, and obtained th& bish- 
 >pric of Hieracium, in Calabria. He 
 died about 1348. Barlaam introduced the 
 study of Grecian literature into Italy ; and 
 Petrarch and Boccacio were his disciple?. 
 
 BARLOW ,THOM As,an English prelate, 
 was born, in 1607, at Langhill, in West- 
 moreland, and educated at Oxford. He 
 was raised to the bishopric of Lincoln, in 
 1675, and held it till his death, in 1691. 
 His principles were anvthing but inflexi- 
 ble. He wrote against popery during the 
 reign of Charles II. ; vindicated the regal 
 power of dispensing with the laws, under 
 James II.; and, finally g;ive his allegiance 
 to William III. Nor" did he properly ful- 
 fill his episcopal duties. He was, however, 
 a learned and a tolerant man. His woiks 
 consist of some tracts; a Collection of 
 Cases of Conscience Resolved; and Genu- 
 ine Remain*. 
 
 BARLOW, JOEL, an American poet and 
 diplomatist, was born at Heading, in Con- 
 necticut, alx>ut the year 1755. His fatiie* 
 
66 BAR 
 
 died while he was yet a lad at school, dnd 
 left him little more tluiu sufficient to defray 
 the expenses of a lil>eral education. He 
 was first placed at Dartmouth College, 
 New-Hamps'jire, the in its infancy, and 
 after a very short residence there n-m.>\ed 
 to Yale College, New-Haven. From this 
 ina.hution he received a degree in I77S, 
 when he first came tafore the public in his 
 poetical character, by reciting an original 
 poem which was soon after published. On 
 leaving College he was successively a chap- 
 lain in the revolutionary army, an editor, a 
 bookseller, a lawyer, and a merchant. He 
 next visited England, and published in 
 London the first part of Advice to the priv- 
 ileged Orders; and in the succeeding year 
 a poem called The Conspiracy of Kings. 
 In the latter part of 1792, he waa appoint- 
 ed one of the deputies from the London 
 Constitutional Society to present an address 
 to the National Convention of France. 
 Information of the notice which the Brit- 
 ish government had taken of this mission, 
 led him to think that it would be unsafe to 
 return to England, and he continued to re- 
 side in Paris for about three years. It was 
 about this time that he composed his most 
 popular poem, entitled Hasty Pudding. 
 He was subsequently appointed" Consul for 
 the United States at Algiers, with powers 
 to negotiate a peace with the Dey, and to 
 redeem all American citizens held in slavery 
 on the Coast of Barbary. After discharg- 
 ing these duties he returned to Paris, and 
 again engaging in trade, amassed a consid- 
 rable fortune. In 1805 he returned to his na- 
 tive country and fixed his residence atWash- 
 ington, where he displayed a liberal hos- 
 pitality, and lived on terms of intimacy 
 with most of our distinguished statesmen. 
 He now devoted himself to the publication 
 of the Columbiad, which was based upon 
 a poem written while he, was in the army, 
 and published soon after the close of the 
 War, under the title of The Vision of 
 Columbus. This was issued in a style of 
 elegance which few works, either American 
 or European, have ever equalled. In 1S11, 
 he wa appointed Minister to France, and 
 in October of the following year was in- 
 vited to a conference with the emperor 
 Napoleon at Wilna. He immediately set 
 off on this mission, travelling day and 
 night; but sinking under the fatigue, and 
 want of food and sleep to which he was 
 obliged to submit, he fell into a state of 
 debility and torpor from which he never 
 recovered. He died In December, 1812, 
 at Zarnawica, a village in Poland near 
 Craeow. 
 
 BAKLOWK.WiM.i AM, son of William 
 Barlowe, bishop of Ckicheirter, was born 
 in Pembrokeshire, educated at Oxford, 
 rose to be archdeacon of Salisbury, and 
 die-1 in 1625. Burloue was tire first who 
 
 BAR 
 
 displayed a thorough knowledge of UM 
 properties of the loadstone; taught the 
 proper mode of making compasses, touch- 
 ing magnetic needles, and cementing load- 
 stoues; and discovered the difference be- 
 tween iron and steel for magnetic purposes. 
 He is the author of the Navigator's Sup- 
 ply; Magnet ieal Advertisement ; and an 
 Answer to Dr. Ridley. 
 
 BARNARD, SIR JOHN, born at Read- 
 ing, in Berkshire, in 1685, was brought 
 up a quaker, but conformed to the church 
 when he was nineteen. He was a wine 
 merchant by trade; and, in his thirty- sixth 
 year, having distinguished himself by ably 
 pleading at the bar of the lords the cause 
 of the wine merchants, he was elected one 
 of the city members, and sat in parliament 
 for forty years. He also filled the office* 
 of sheriff and lord mayor. Barnard vas so 
 universally respected for sound ser.se and 
 integrity, that, long before his death, 
 which took place in 1764, hid fellow citi- 
 zens erected his statue in the Royal Ex- 
 change. 
 
 B ARN A VE, ANT HONYPETER JOSEPH, 
 a native of Grenoble, was born in 1761, 
 practiced in his native city as a barrister, 
 was elected a member of the states general 
 in 1789, and had a seat in the two succeed- 
 ing legislative bodies. Possessed of splen- 
 did talents, and extraordinary eloquence, 
 he became very popular. His popularity, 
 however, declined on his adopting moderate 
 principles. He retired from public life, 
 but his political enemiea did not forget him, 
 and he was condemned to the guillotine in 
 October, 1793. 
 
 BARNES, JOSHUA, an eminent Greek 
 scholar, born a. London, in 1654, was 
 educated at Christ's Hospital and Cam- 
 bridge, at which latter seminary he became 
 professor of Greek, in 1695. "In 1700, he 
 married a widow of great fortune, and 
 died in 1712. Barnes was said by his 
 enemies to have a good memory and a de- 
 fective judgment; and, accordingly, they 
 proposed as hfs epitaph, " Joshua Barnes. 
 Felicis Memoriae, Judicium ExpectaiM " 
 Besides editions of Euripides, Anacreon, 
 and Homer, he published a History of Ed- 
 ward III.; SacredPoems; and other works. 
 
 BARNEVELDT, JOHN D'OLDKN, a 
 celebrated Dutch stateMiian, was born 
 about 1549, and filled many high offices, 
 with great integrity and patriotism ; among 
 them was that of grand pensionary of the 
 states of Holland. Being, however, a 
 strenuous opponent of the ambitious pro- 
 jects of Prince Maurice, tnat prince suc- 
 ceeded in procuring him to be condemne 1 
 to death, on the shameles.-ly ful-e pretence 
 of having betrayed his country to the Span- 
 iurds. The sentence was executed in 1C19 
 
 BARNEY, JOSHUA, a distinguished 
 naval commander in the sen 1 ice of UM 
 
BAR 
 
 United States, was born at Baltimore, Ma- 
 rylu^d, in 1759. He went to sea at. a very 
 early age, and when the war commenced 
 oeUv.jen Great Britain and the colonies, 
 Barney offered his services to the Litter, 
 and obtained the situation of master's 
 mate in the sloop of war Hornet. During 
 the war he was several times taken pris- 
 oner by the enemy, and displayed on nu- 
 merous occasions great valour and enter- 
 prise. In 1795 he received the commission 
 of Captain in the French service, but in 
 1800 resigned his command and returned 
 to America. In 1812, when war was de- 
 clared against Great Britain, he offered 
 his services to the general government, and 
 was appointed to the command of the flo- 
 tilla for the defence of the Chesapeake. 
 While in this situation, during the summer 
 of 1814, he kept up an active warfare with 
 the enemy; ad in the latter part of July, 
 he was severely wounded in a land engage- 
 ment near Bladensburg. In the following 
 year he was sent on a mission to Europe. 
 He died at Pittsburg in 1818, in the sixti- 
 eth year of his age. 
 
 BAROCCIO, FREDERIC, an Italian 
 painter, was born at Urbino, in 1528. 
 Raphael and Correggio were his models in 
 design and colouring, and he was no un- 
 worthy follower of those great masters. He 
 died in 1612, after having suffered severely 
 for the major "part of his life, from the 
 effects of poison given to him by some 
 of his base rivals, who envied his suc- 
 cess. 
 
 BARON, MICHAEL (whose real name 
 was BOYKON), was born at Issoudun, in 
 1653, and was the son of an actor, who 
 had been brought up to trade. He had a 
 fine person, and displayed such admirable 
 talents, that he was considered as the Ros- 
 citis of France. His vanity was at least 
 equal to his talents. Baron, however, 
 was not without other claims to respect 
 than those derived from his theatrical pow- 
 ers. He is the author of seven comedies, 
 which are above mediocrity. He died in 
 1729. 
 
 BARONIUS, CJESAR, an ecclesiastical 
 historian, was born, in 1538, at Sora, in the 
 Neapolitan Territory, entered the church, 
 and, in 1598, rose to the dignity of cardi- 
 nal. But for the opposition of the Span- 
 ish court he would have fdled the papal 
 chair. His death took place in 1607. lie 
 wrote several works; but the production 
 on which his fame rests is the Ecclesiasti- 
 cal Annals, from the first to the twelfth 
 century* 
 
 BARRALJER, H. F. N. D., a youth 
 of precocious talents, was bjrn at Mar- 
 eilles, in 1S05, acquired a knowledge of 
 .anguages with extraordinary facility, and, 
 oeforc he was s-xteen, wrote a Discourse 
 on the IimnorU lity of tlis Soul ; a Trea- 
 
 BAR 
 
 67 
 
 tJse on Morality ; and some poems. He 
 died i-i 1821. 
 
 BARRAS,PAUL JoHNFRANcis,Count 
 de, a prominent character of the French 
 revolution, was born, in 1755, at Fox, in 
 the department of the Var, and was of so 
 ancient a family that it was proverbially 
 said to be " as old as the rocks of Pro- 
 vence." After having served with applause 
 in India, he returned to Paris, where he 
 wasted his patrimony in dissipation. When 
 the revolution broke out he espoused its 
 principles, and he subsequently assisted in 
 dethroning the monarch, and, as a member 
 of the Convention, voted for his death. 
 To the overthrow of the Girondist party 
 he also contributed. The Jacobins, how- 
 ever, regarded him with suspicion, and 
 their fears were justified by his lending 
 his strenuous aid to effect the downfall of 
 Robespierre. When the directorial gov- 
 ernment was established, Barras became 
 one of the five directors, and he held thn 
 high office till 1799. While, in the latter 
 year, he was secretly negotiating the resto- 
 ration of the Bourbons, the directory was 
 dissolved by Napoleon, and Barras retired 
 to Brussels. After having been foiled in 
 some political intrigues in 1813 and 1814, 
 he lived in privacy till his decease, which 
 took place on the 29th of January, 1829. 
 
 BARREAUX, JAMES VALLEE DES, 
 born at Paris, in 1602, was famous as an 
 epicurean, a man of wit, and a writer of 
 songs and pleasant verses. He was a man 
 of fortune, and his whole life was spent in 
 the pursuit of pleasure. He diecj^in 1673. 
 Of his works nothing is extant, feut a re- 
 pentant Sonnet, composed during illness; 
 and even this is denied to him by Voltaire, 
 who ascribes it to the abbe de Lavau. 
 
 BARRET, GEORGE, an eminent land- 
 scape painter, was born in Dublin, about 
 1728; and, with little or no instruction, 
 acquired reputation as an artist. He gained 
 prizes from the Dublin Society, and from 
 the London Society of Arts. The estab- 
 lishment of the Royal Academy was, in a 
 great degree, brought about by his exer- 
 tions. He died in 1784. 
 
 BARRINGTON, JOHN SHUTE, the 
 first viscount Barrington, born in 1678, 
 was the son of a merchant, named Shute, but 
 changed his name on a fortune being left 
 him. He was a member of parliament, 
 held various olSces under government, was 
 created an Irish baron and viscount in 
 1720, and died in 1734. He is the author 
 of Miscellanea Sacra, 2 vols. 8vo., and 
 other works. His eldest son, WILLIAM 
 WILDMAN, who was born in 1717, and 
 died in 1795, held several high offices, 
 among which were those of secretary at 
 war, and chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 BARRLN'GTON, DAINES, fourth BOM 
 of Viscount Barrinyton, was born in 1727, 
 
68 BAR 
 
 and died in 1SOO. He was educated at 
 Oxford and the Inner Temple, ami n^e to 
 be second justice of Chester. His prin- 
 cipal works are Observations on the Sta- 
 tutes; the .Naturalists' Calendar; Miscel- 
 lanies; and Tracts on the Possibility of 
 reaching the North Pole. It was at his 
 suggestion that the arctic voyage of Captain 
 Phipps was undertaken. 
 HARRINGTON, SAMOKL, fifth son of 
 
 BAR 
 
 French Jesuit, born in 1741, at \ i 
 
 de Berg, was conductor of the Kcelesias- 
 tical Journal, from 1787 to 1792, hut was 
 obliged to tly to England after the deposi- 
 tion of Louis XVI. When the consulate 
 Itablithed, he returned to France 
 His hest known work is. Memoirs fora 
 History of Jacobinism, 5 vids. 8\o.; a 
 production which blends some facts with 
 much fiction, and proves either the credu- 
 
 Lord Harrington, was born in 1729, en- ! lity or the had faith of the author. 
 
 tered early into the navy, distinguished j "BARRY, GIRAI.D, usually known by 
 
 himself ia the wars that ended in 1748i the appellation of (iiu A i.nrs CAM BR E N- 
 
 and 1762, was made rear-admiral in 1778, sis, was horn in 1146, in Pembrokeshii -e, 
 
 look St. Lucia, in the face of a superior ' ' 
 
 force, was wounded in the engagement of 
 
 the 1st of July, 1779, and died in 1800. 
 
 BARKOS, JOHN DOS, one of the hest 
 ^f the Portuguese historians, was horn at 
 Viseu, in 1496, held various highly im- 
 portant offices in the colonies, and died in 
 1570. Barros is the author, among other 
 tilings, of a Romance; Moral Dialogues; 
 and the first Portuguese Grammar that was 
 
 published. But his great 
 
 His- 
 
 tory of Portuguese Asia, in four decades, 
 which is looked upon as a classical pro- 
 duction. 
 
 BARROW, ISAAC, a divine and mathe- 
 matician, born in 1630, was the son of a 
 linendraper ef London, and was educated 
 at the Chattel house and at Cambridge. 
 After his education was completed, he tra- 
 velled in France, Italy, and ,the Levant, 
 and resided for a year at Constantinople. 
 In his voyage to Smyrna, the ship was 
 attacked by an Algerine, and Barrow dis- 
 played an undaunted- courage which much 
 contributed to the success of the engage- 
 ment. In 1659, he returned to England, 
 successively filled 
 was made must* r 
 
 1 several professorships, 
 r of Trinity College in 
 
 and descended of a noble family, allied to 
 the princes <;f the country. Tie received 
 an excellent education, obtained several 
 preferments in the church, and was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to Henry II., but though 
 more than once chosen bishop of St. Da- 
 vid's, he could m:\er obtain the papal con- 
 firmation of his dignitv. He died in re- 
 tirement about 1220. He was a man of 
 varied talents, and his writings are vo- 
 luminous. His principal works are his 
 Irish Topography, and his Itinerary of 
 Wales. 
 
 BA RRY, S P R A N G F. R , an eminent actor, 
 was born at Dublin, in 1719, on the stage 
 of which city he first appeared, in 1744, 
 with great success. In 1746, he canle 
 forward in London, and was long con- 
 sidered as no unworthy rival of Garrick 
 He died in 1774 
 
 BARRY, JAMKS, a painter, born at 
 Cork, in 1741, displayed *T early taste for 
 drawing, and before" he was twenty-two 
 produced a picture which gained him the 
 patronage of Edmund Burke, who fur- 
 nished him with the means of studying in 
 Italy. Barry returned to England in 1771, 
 and in 1777 began his series of pictures at 
 the house of the Society of Arts. He be- 
 came a royal academician, and in 1782 
 was chosen professor of painting; but from 
 both these situations he was expelled in 
 1799, in consequence of his political opin- 
 ions having given ofience. His death 
 took place in 1806. Barry was i man of 
 genius, but eccentric, misanthropic, and 
 negligent of the decorums of life. His 
 literary works have been published in two 
 volumes quarto. 
 
 BARRY* JOHN, a distinguished naval 
 oflicer in the service of the United State.", 
 was born in Ireland in 1745. He arrived 
 in America when onlv 14 or 15 years old, 
 
 1672, vice chancellor in 1675, ami died in and obtained employment from sonic of 
 
 1677. In wit, in learning, in scientific the most respevtabl.- merchants of the day, 
 
 knowledge, ia \ersatih: talent, Barrow had until the commencement of hostilities l,e- 
 
 few rivals. His numerous mathematical tween the colonies and the mother country. 
 
 productions attest his excellence as a geo- F.mb: aciog the ca^.e e.f the colonies, me 
 meter; and his theological woiks, which reputation for skill and experience pro- 
 fill three volume.--, are equally honourable cured for him out- ,f t'.i" lir.-t uava. co.u- 
 
 to him as a divine. 
 
 BARRUEL. ABBE Aur.isriN, 
 
 ! .us from congress During the \vdr 
 a be :er\e.l with g.'f.u ix-iit-fit t> his country 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 and credit to himself, and after the cessa-j member of the French Academy, ami of 
 tion of hostilities he was appointed to ; the most celebrated foreign societies. 
 
 building of the frigate BARTHES, PAUL JOSEPH, a celcbra- 
 
 . o 
 
 superintend the 
 United States in 
 
 Miiladelphia, which 
 
 ted French medical practitioner and writer. 
 
 designed for his command. He was highly was born at Montpellier, in 1734, and died 
 respected in private life, and died much in 180'). He was one of the physicians of 
 lamented and honoured in 1803. Napoleon. Though it has been said of 
 
 BARTAS, WILLIAM DK SALLUST DU,J him, that he destroyed more old errors 
 French poet, warrior, and statesman,! than he discovered new truths, the French 
 
 was born at Me itfort, in 1544. During 
 tli reign of Henry IV 7 . he'displayed equal 
 a soldier. 
 
 talents as a negotiator and 
 ... i . 
 
 He 
 
 tiated with success in England, Scot- 
 lam!, and Denmark; and he fought gal- 
 la itly on various occasions, particularly at 
 th:; buttle of Ivry. He died in 1590. He 
 was a voluminous writer, but his works, 
 though often poetical, are in such a barba- 
 rous taste, that they are now entirely 
 neglected. His Wek0, ami several other 
 of his poems, were translated into English 
 bv Sylvester. 
 
 "BARTH, JOHK, a celebrated French 
 naval officer, w*as born at Dunkirk, in 
 1651, and was the son of a fisherman. By 
 his extraordinary bravery and success he 
 acquired a distinguished reputation. Des- 
 perate courage, however, not consummate 
 skill, seems to have been his chief qualitv; 
 and, though he rose to high rank in his 
 profession, he retained the manners of his 
 
 original station. He died i 
 BARTHE, NICHOLAS 
 
 1702. 
 THOMAS, 
 
 consider him as the regenerator of physi- 
 ology and medical philosophy. Among his 
 principal works may be mentioned, New 
 Elements of the Science of Man; .and 
 New Mechanism of the Motions of Men 
 and Animals. 
 
 BARTHOLINE, G ASPAR, a celebrated 
 physician, was born at Malmoe, in Scania, 
 in 1585, and was long professor of medi- 
 cine in the university of Copenhagen ; bjt, 
 late in life, relinquished medicine for the- 
 ology, and became theological professor. 
 He died ia 1629. His principal work is, 
 Institutionea Anatomies?, which was en- 
 larged by his son. 
 
 BARTHOLINE, THOMAS, second son 
 of Gaspar, was born at Copenhagen, in 
 1616, studied at Leyden, Padua, and Ba- 
 sil, and acquired extensive erudition and 
 knowledge of languages. For fourteen 
 ye*ars he was professor of anatomy in his 
 native city. His works are numerous, and 
 of great merit; and to him is attributed 
 the discovery of the lymphatic vessels. He 
 had two sons GASPAR, born at Copen- 
 hagen, in 1650, an eminent anatomist and 
 plusicia-i, author of several excellent trea- 
 tises; and THOMAS, professor of history 
 and civil law, and keeper of the royal . 
 archives, in the Danish metropolis, who, 
 am m^ other thin 
 Da! 
 gentilibus contemptje. 
 
 ings, published Antiquitates 
 De Causis Mortis a Dan'a 
 
 French dramatist, was born at Marseilles, 
 in 1734, and, when very young, went to 
 Paris, where he died in 1785. He is the 
 author of the Selfish Man; the Jealous 
 Mother; and other dramas; and of vari- 
 ous poems and fugitive pieces. When 
 Colardeau, the poet, was on his deathbed, 
 Barthe persisted in reading to him the 
 whole of the Selfish Man. As soon as the 
 author had concluded, Colardeau said to 
 him, " You have forgotten one essential 
 trait in your leading character; th;it of a 
 man who comes to re~>d a five 'act comedy 
 
 to a dying friend." I his own opposition, his virtues raised him 
 
 BARTHELEMY, JOHN JAMES, was' to be archbishop of Braga. Eight years 
 born in 1716, at Cassis, in Provence, edu- before his death, which took place in 1590, 
 cated at the Jesuit's College at Marseilles,' he resigned his see. Bartholomew \vas 
 and, with some knowledge of mathematics j hostile to the pride and luxury of church- 
 and astronomy, acquired a proficiency in i men, and distinguished himself by his zeal 
 the an:ient and oriental languages, and in and charity, during a famine and plague 
 antiquities In 1753 he was made keeper 
 of the royal cabinet of medals, and in 1755 
 he visited Italy, and explored the treasures 
 of Herculaneum. On his return, he was 
 
 patronised by the duke de Choiseul, who 
 
 fave him a pension and t\vo valuable offices, 
 n 17" 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW OF THE MAR- 
 TYRS, a Portuguese prelate, so called from 
 the church, at Lisbon, in which he was 
 baptised, was born^ in 1514. In spite of 
 
 hich desolated the city of Braga. He 
 wrote some religious works. 
 
 BART LETT, JOSIAH, governor of 
 New-Hampshire, was born in Massachu- 
 setts in 1729. Without the ad vantages of a 
 
 preparatory liberal education, he began the 
 
 appeared his Travels of Ana- j study of medicine at a very early age, and 
 charsis, on which he had been thirty years j commenced the practice of his profe? 
 employed, and which has stamped his fame. 
 He died in 1795. Besides ths Travels of 
 
 Anacharsis, he is the author of the romance 
 of Carite and Polvdore ; Travels in Italy ; 
 and various ^u<iite works. He was a 
 
 i at 
 He soon 
 
 Kingston N. H. in the year 1750. 
 obtained very considerable reputation, and 
 was elected a member of the legislature 
 of his province. When the troubles cou 
 menced between the colon ie? and the moth 
 
70 BAR BA3 
 
 er country, Dr. Bartlett espoused the pop- ' mother was the sister of the celebrated Hit- 
 
 11. ar cause, and in 1775 was elected to the teahoit-e. In 17^t) lie went to (Ireat Brit- 
 
 continental Congress. He was re-elected aia and pursued his medical Mudics at 
 
 in the ensuing year, and had the honour of Edinburgh and London. He afterwards 
 
 being the fn>t to vote for, and the first af- visited (Jottiiigen, and there obtained the 
 
 ter tlie president, to .-i^n the declaration i. f decree of I)ortor in Medicine. On his 
 
 independence. In 1779 Dr. Bartlett was return from Europe in 17SJ, he established 
 
 appointed chief-justice of the court of himself as a physician in Philadelphi i, and 
 
 common pleas, and in 1788 he was ad- soon obtained 'an oxtensi a prar; 
 
 vanccd to the head of the bench. In 1793 the same year he was appointed professor 
 
 lie \\as fie. -ted first governor of the State, of natural history and l>otany in the college 
 
 and filled the office with his accustomed of Philadelphia. On the "resijnatiovi of 
 
 fidcljty until the infirm state of his health Dr. (irilliths he was appointed professor 
 
 obliged him t> retire wlu.llv from public of materia mediea ; and succeeded Dr. Rush 
 
 biv'mcss. He died in 1795, much res- in the department of the theory and prac- 
 
 pected for his ability and integrity. tice of medicine. He died itt 1815. His 
 
 BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, one of the 
 
 most celebrated civilians of the middle age, 
 was born at Sasso Ferrato, in Italy, about 
 j\c year 1313, and died at Perugia, in 
 1356. He was law professor in several of 
 .he Italian universities, and contributed 
 more than any other person to aggrandize 
 
 and elucidate the science o 
 Accordingly, he was denominat 
 
 ndence. 
 the G 
 
 pheus of law expounders, the lanthern of 
 equity, the star of lawyers, and the master 
 of truth. His commentaries on the Roman 
 Law, and his Treatises, were printed at 
 Venice, in 1590. 
 
 BARTOLI, DANIEL, a learned Jesuit, 
 esteemed one of the purest and most pcr- 
 epicuoui of the Italian writers, was born 
 at Ferrara, in 1608, and died at Rome, in 
 1685. His principal work, in six volumes 
 folio, is a history of the society to which 
 he belonged. His other vritings ha\e 
 been collected in three quarto volumes. 
 
 BARTOLOZZI, FRANCIS, an engraver 
 of great merit, was born at Florence, in 
 1728, and was taught painting by Hugford, 
 after which he applied to engraving. In 
 
 chief publication is Elements <,f Zoology 
 an 1 Botany. 
 
 BARTRAM, JOHN, one of the most dis- 
 tinguished of American botanists, was born 
 in Pennsylvania, in 1701. He was a simple 
 farmer, s'elf taught in the science of botany, 
 and in the rudiments of the learned lan- 
 guages, medicine, and suVgerv. So great 
 was his progress in his favourite pursuit, 
 that Lintucus pronounced him the " great- 
 est natural botanist in the world." He 
 contributed much to the gardens of Europe, 
 .ml received honours from several foreign 
 
 societies and acado 
 
 At the time of 
 
 his death, which happened in 1777, he 
 held the office of American botanist to 
 George III. of England. 
 
 B ART RAM, WILLIAM, a celebrated 
 naturalist, son of the preceding, was born 
 in Pennsylvania, in 1739. In early life he 
 was occupied with mercantile pursuits, but 
 an attachment to natural science induced 
 him to relinquish them, and in 1773 he 
 embarked for Charleston, with the inten- 
 tion to visit the Floridas and the western 
 parts of Georgia and Carolina, to examine 
 
 1764 he came to England, and five years ! their natural productions. In this employ- 
 subsequent to his arrival was admitted a | nient he was engaged nearly five years ; 
 member of the Royal Academy. The pro- land in 1790 he published an account of 
 ductions of his graver were numerous and i his travels and discoveries in one volume 
 highly esteemed. Poverty, however, com- octavo. After his return from his travels, 
 
 pelled him, in 1S02, to accept an invitation 
 from the p 'nee regent of Portugal, who 
 gave him a pension, and he died at Lisbon 
 in 1815. 
 
 BARTON, ELIZABETH, a religions 
 impostor, known, in the reign of Henry 
 VIII., by the denomination of the Holy- 
 Maid of Kent, was originally a servant at 
 Allington; but was taught bythe priests to 
 thro\v her face and limf^ imo contortions, 
 to pretend to prophetical powers, and to 
 
 dsnounce divine vengeance 
 
 he: flics. 
 
 he devoted himself to science, and was 
 elected a meml>er of several learned socie- 
 ties both at home and in Europe. His 
 contributions to the natural history of our 
 country have been highly valuable. He 
 died suddenly, in 1823. 
 
 BARUFFALDI, JF.ROMK, an Italian 
 poet and literary character, was born at 
 Ferrara, in 1675, and died in 1753. His 
 works, in his native language and in Latin, 
 amount to more than an hundred, among 
 which are live dramatic pieces. His poem 
 
 Venturing, however, to aim her predictions intitled II Canapaja, the subject of which 
 against the king, she and her is the culture of hemp, is considered as hi a 
 
 were executed at T\burn, fjr high treason, best production, and ranks among the most 
 in 1534. ! esteemed specimens of Italian didactic 
 
 BARTOX, BKNJAMIS S., professor in poetry. 
 
 the university <'fPeins\ Ivania, was boni at BASEDOW, JOHN BAPTIST, a CJpr- 
 ti-, PR iij4\ Kauia, in 17(jf>. His' man theologian and writer, w;u l;orn at 
 
BAS 
 
 Hamburgtt, in 1723, and died at Magde- 
 ourgn, in 1790. His works are numer- 
 ous; and some of hi theological produc- 
 tions drew on him vehement persecution 
 for their alleged heterodoxy. One of the 
 great objects of Basedow's life was to in- 
 troduce a reform into the system of educa- 
 tion, and he pursued it with indefatigable 
 real. In manners he was unpolished; and 
 he was too fond of wine; but lie was a 
 man of talent, learning, and good inten- 
 tions. 
 
 BASIL, ST., surnamed the Great, a 
 celebrated father of the Greek church, was 
 born, in 326, at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, 
 and, after having studied at Athens, he 
 for a while taught rhetoric and practised 
 at the bar. Thase occupations, however, 
 he relinquished for a monastic life, and 
 became the founder of a convent in Pontus. 
 In 370, he was chosen bishop of Caisarea ; 
 filled the episcopal seat with much piety 
 and courage; and died in 379. His 
 works compose three folio volumes. 
 
 BASINGE, JOHN I>E, or BAS1.\G- 
 STOCHIUS, so called from Basingstoke, 
 the place of his birth, was educated at 
 Oxford and Paris; travelled to Atn^ns, 
 and became an excellent Greek scholar; 
 and, on his return, obtained the arch dca- 
 conries of London and Leicester. He 
 died in 1252. Basinge brought many 
 MSS. from Greece, and contributed much 
 to spread in his own country a knowledge 
 of the Greek language. 
 
 BASKERVILLE, JOHN, one of the 
 most celebrated English printers and type 
 founders, was born, in 1706, at Wolveriev, 
 in Worcestershire, and was originally a 
 writing master, and next a japanner. In 
 1750, he turned his attention to letter- 
 founding, and at lengtU produced types 
 which were long unrivalled. To the busi- 
 ness of a letter-founder he added that of a 
 printer, and editions of many classic and 
 standard authors issued from his pre?s. 
 He died in 1775. Baskerviiie was not 
 withe it a portion of that singularity which 
 is supposed to be a concomitant of talent. 
 
 BASNAGE, BKXJAMIN, a French pro- 
 testant minister, was born, in 1580, at 
 Carentan, in Normandy, and died in 1652. 
 His Treatise on tlie Church was once held 
 in much estimation. 
 
 BASNAGE DE BEAUVAL, JAMKS, 
 an eminent protestant divine, was born at 
 Rouen, in 1653, and educated at Saumur 
 and Geneva. When the edict of Nantz 
 was revoked, he retired to Rotterdam, and, 
 in 1709, was chosen one of the Walloon 
 pastors at the Hague. Being in favour 
 with the grand pensionary Hemsius, and 
 Mill preserving lii* attachment to Trance, 
 he rendered surh services to his couutrv, 
 in facilitating the treaty "f aliiaac with 
 Holland, that hy w;is r-wai? 'cd with his 
 
 BAS Tl 
 
 recall and the restoration of his property. 
 He died in 1723. Basnage was a man of 
 erudition, sincerity, and virtue; and of 
 such enlarged political views and talent.*, 
 that Voltaire declared him to be more fit 
 for a minister of state than of a parish. 
 Among his principal works are, a History 
 of the Church; a History of the Jews; a 
 History of the Re.igion of the Reformed 
 Church; and Annals of the United Pro~ 
 \inces. 
 
 BASNAGE DE BEAUVAL, HENKY, 
 brother of James, was born, in 1656, at. 
 Rouen, been me an advocate in 1679, and 
 in 1639 retired to Holland, where lie died 
 in 1710. He succeeded Bayle in writing 
 the History of the Works of the Learned; 
 and he performed his task in a manner 
 which did honour to his candour and tal- 
 ents. 
 
 BASSI, LAURA MARIA CATHERI.VK 
 (by marriage VKRATTI,) a learned Italian 
 lady, was born at Bologna, in 1711, and 
 her talents were carefully cultivated by 
 education. At the age of twenty-one she 
 publicly sustained a philosophical thesis, 
 and received a doctor's degree. The sen- 
 ate of her native place conferred on her 
 the professorial chair of philosophy, and 
 she continued to teach till her decease, in 
 1778. She was well versed in Givek, 
 metaphysics, geometry, algebra, and natu- 
 ral philosophy; is said to have written an 
 epic poem on the Italian wars; and was 
 an unaffected, amiable, and virtuous woman. 
 
 BASSOMPIERRE, FRANCIS DE, a 
 French marshal, of a noble family, was 
 born, in 1579, in Lorraine; served against 
 the duke of Savoy and the Turks, in 160'2 
 and 1603; and was patronised by Henry 
 IV. Louis XIII. made him a marshal, 
 ;nd employed him, as a general and as an 
 i ambassador. Having, however, given of- 
 fence to the despotic Richelieu, he was 
 thrown into the Bastile, where he was de- 
 tained for twelve years. He died in 1646. 
 Bassompierre was an accomplished and 
 handsome man ; and was so much the fa- 
 vourite of the court ladies, that he is said 
 to have destroved more than six thousand 
 ! tender letters from the most eminent of 
 j them, when he heard that he was to l.e 
 imprisoned. . He is the author of his own 
 j Memoirs ; of an Account of his Ernbassi r ; 
 and of Remarks on Dupleix's Lives of 
 Heiiry IV. and Louis XIII. 
 
 BASTWICK, JOHN, a physician, born 
 at Writtle, in Essex, in 1593J was educat- 
 ed at Cambridge, and took his degree at 
 Padua. Having offended the heads of the 
 church by his publications, l;c was twice 
 prosecuted bv the tyrannical high commis- 
 sion court. The first time, lie u:is heavily 
 lined a.-)il imprisoned ; the ^e'onJ, he \\as 
 F")te iced to pay (he ih.msa i.l pounds, tu 
 lo.-c l-.is ears in th.- [ ill >ry, and t o ntKietjf' 
 
T2 BAT 
 
 perpetual imprisonment. In 1640, how- 
 ever, the house of commons released and 
 indemnified him. He died, it is supposed, 
 
 about !<;:,<>. 
 
 BATE, Gr.onr. K, was horn, in 1603, 
 at Maid's .Morton, in Buckinghamshire, 
 and \\a* educated at Oxford, Such was 
 his happy flexibility of principle, that he 
 \vas successively physician to Charles 1.. 
 Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II. He 
 was one of the first members of the Royal 
 Society. Bate died in 1669. His chief 
 work is a narrative, ui Latin, of the civil 
 war, which bears the title of Elenchus 
 Motmnn, &c. The Royal Apology is also 
 attributed to him. 
 
 BATH, WILLIAM PULTENEY, Earl 
 of, a descendant of an ancient family, was 
 born in 16S2, and educated at Westmin- 
 ster, and Christ Church, Oxford. On 
 his return from his travels, he was elected 
 to the house of commons, and became one 
 of the most celebrated of the whig party. 
 At first he was the friend of Walpole, but 
 
 BAU 
 BATHURST, HI.VKY, Earl, the BOB 
 
 of the above, was born in 1714, brought 
 up to the law, and rose rapidly in his pro- 
 fession. In 1754, he became 'chief justice 
 of the common pleas; and in 1771 was 
 created baron Apsley, and made lord chan- 
 cellor. In 1778 he resigned (\\c seals, and 
 died in 1794. He is author of the Theory 
 of Evidence; and a pamphlet called the 
 Case of Miss S\vordle^er. 
 
 BATHYLLl'S, one of the most cele- 
 brated pantomimists of antiquity, was burn 
 at Alexandi ia, and was a slave of Ma-ee- 
 nas, who, however, enfranchised him. He 
 was the rival of Pvladcn, and the Roman 
 - eople took a warm part in the jealousies 
 .nd disputes of these stage IK roes. The 
 time, of his death is uncertain. 
 
 BATON! , POMPKY, an Italian painter, 
 was born at Lucca, in 1708, and early 
 manifested a high degree of talent and a 
 passionate fondness for his ait. Nature, 
 the antique, and the works of RalVaelle, 
 were the objects of his study; and hin 
 
 at length was converted into one of his j success was such as might be expected 
 
 " 
 
 called the Craftsman. 
 struck out of the list 
 
 most determined and formidable oppo- 
 nents, both in Parliament aad in the paper 
 In revenge, he was 
 >f privy counsellors 
 and the commission of the peace. When, 
 however, his party came into power, in 
 1741, he was created Earl of Bath. In 
 this instance, as it his been in many 
 others, the title was an extinguisher of 
 He died on the 8th of June, 
 
 popularity. 
 1764. 
 
 BATHURST, RALPH, born in 1620, 
 at Howthorpe, in Northamptonshire, was 
 educated at Coventry school and Oxford, 
 and studied for the church, but, during the 
 civil wars, acted as a physician. He re- 
 sumed his clerical character on the resto- 
 ration, and became dean of Wells and vice 
 chancellor of Oxford. He died in 1704. 
 Hathnrst was one of the founders of the 
 Royal Society. As a Latin orator and 
 poet he stands deservedly high. 
 
 BATHURST, ALL EX, Earl, the son of 
 a baronet, was born in 1684, educated at 
 Oxford, and, in 1705, was chosen member 
 Tor Cirencester. His Tory principles 
 were rewarded by his becoming one of the 
 twelve peers whom Queen Anne so uncon- 
 ftitu'ionaliv created iu 1711. Walpole's 
 administration he warmly opposed, and, 
 on its downfall, he was made a privy 
 counsellor. On the accession of George 
 III. Bathvrst obtained a pension, and, in 
 1772, an earldom. He died in 1775. 
 With Pope, Bolingbroke, and, indeed, all 
 the celebrated men of the age, he was on 
 terms of intimate frk-iid.-hip ; he wa.s a 
 man of parts, wit, and taste; and he pre- 
 served his spirits unljroken, and his temper 
 unsomed, till his decease in his ninety-first 
 yeai 
 
 from his choice of models. He is con- 
 sidered as the restorer of the mortem 
 Roman school. He died at Rome, in 17 W 7. 
 
 BATTEUX, CHARLES, a member of 
 the French Academy, and of the Academy 
 of Inscriptions, was born in 1713, and 
 was a professor of rhetoric at the a^e < f 
 twenty. He died in 1780. His principal 
 works, besides translations from (he (las- 
 sies, are a Course of Belles Lcttres, in 
 5 vols. ; Elementary Course for the use 
 of the Military School, in 45 vols.; and 
 Memoirs on the History, Sciences:, &.c. of 
 the Chinese, in 15 vols. quarto. 
 
 BATTISHILL, JONATHAN, an emi- 
 nent musician, was born in London, ir 
 1738, -and died at Islington, in 180!. 
 His anthems and hymns, and his catches 
 and glees, are highly esteemed. The most 
 popular of his songs is Kate of Aberdeen. 
 
 BAUDELOQUE, JOHN Lori?, an 
 eminent French surgeon and man midwife, 
 was born in Picardy, in 17-16, and died in 
 1810. Such was his reputation that Napo- 
 leon appointed him principal midwife to 
 the Empress Maria Louisa. lie had t'ne 
 merit of simplifying his art, and di.-card- 
 ing the unnecessary use of in; ti timents 
 Principles of Mi. Iwiferv, and Art f 
 
 dwif 
 
 are considered as standard 
 
 works. The first was reprinted at the ex- 
 I ciise of tin- internment, tor the instruc- 
 tion of country female practitioners. 
 
 BAUHIN, JOHN, a celebrated botan- 
 ist. was born at Basil, in 1541, and made 
 such progress in botany, that, before he 
 was eighteen, he corresponded with, and 
 was highly valued by Conrad Gesner. The 
 
 whole of his life 
 
 devoted to botanical 
 
 pursuits. In 1570, he was appointed pby- 
 eician to the duke of Wirtemberg, t* 
 
RAU 
 
 which office he died, at Montbelliard, in 
 1613. riia principal work is a General 
 History of Plants, which was not publish- 
 ed till nearly forty years after his death. 
 
 BAUHIN, GASPAR, born at Basil, in 
 1560, was the brother of John, and, like 
 him, an excellent botanist. In 1596, he 
 was chosen one of the physicians of the 
 duke of Wirtemoerg; and, in 1614, first 
 medical professor at Basil. He died in 
 1624. His anatomical works are numer- 
 ous. Of his botanical works, the princi- 
 pal are Phytopinax; and Pinax. His 
 to"n, JOHN GASPAR, who was also a man 
 of talent and a botanist, published the first 
 volume of the Theatrum Botanicum which 
 his father left in manuscript. 
 
 BAUME, NICHOLAS AUGUSTUS DE 
 LA, Marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal 
 of France, was born in 1636, and distin- 
 guished himself from his earliest youth by 
 his daring valour. Yet, after having re- 
 peatedly braved death in the field of bat- 
 lle, he died, in 1716, of fright, occasioned 
 by the most ridiculous superstition. The 
 contents of a saltcellar having been acci- 
 dentally thrown on him, lie turned pale, 
 exclaimed that he was a dead man, and 
 expired in four day?. 
 
 BAUME, ANTHONY, a French apothe- 
 cary, who acquired considerable Reputation 
 as a chemist, was born at Senlis, in 1728, 
 and died in the vicinity of Paris, in 1804. 
 His whole life and fortune were devoted 
 to the improvement of chemistry. Among 
 other works, he is the author of Experi- 
 mental and Analytical Chemistry; Manual 
 of Chemistry; and Elements of Phar- 
 macy. 
 
 BAUSSET, Cardinal Louis FRANCIS 
 DE, an eminent French prelate, born at 
 Pondicherry, in 1748, was educated in 
 France, and was made bishop of Alais 
 before the revolution. That bishopric he 
 resigned in 1802. Napoleon patronised 
 him; and Louis XVIII. made him a pear, 
 and obtained for him the cardinal's hat. 
 He died in 1824. He is the author of a 
 History of Fenelon, 4 vote. ; and of a 
 History of Bossuet, 4 vols. ; both works 
 of merit, but of which the first is far su- 
 perior to the second. 
 
 BAUTRU, WILLIAM, Count de Seran, 
 a French academician, was born, in 1558, 
 at Angers, and filled several important 
 diplomatic missions. Bautru had the rep- 
 utation of a man of wit and repartee, and 
 for this reason was a favourite at court; 
 but many of his jokes were abortions, and 
 his character was not unstained. He died 
 in 1665. Among his best things may be 
 reckoned the following. Having found an 
 exceedingly ignorant librarian at the Escu- 
 rial, he advi-xsd the Spanish monarch to 
 make hi:* his minister of finance; and 
 when uked whv, he replied, " because he 
 4 
 
 BAX 
 
 71 
 
 never meddles with what ia entrusted to 
 him." 
 
 BAXTER, RICHARD, an eminent non- 
 conformist divine, was born at Rowton, 
 in Shropshire, in 1615, and for many yean 
 was a school-master, first at Wroxeter, and 
 then at Dudley; but, in 1640, he became 
 minister of Kidderminster. Though he 
 acted as chaplain in the parliamentary 
 armies, he was hostile to Cromwell's usur- 
 pation, and even defended monarchy in 
 his presence. At the restoration he was 
 made one of the king's chaplains, and was 
 offered the bishopric of Hereford, which 
 he declined. He was, however, soon in- 
 volved in, and suffered much by, the gene- 
 ral persecution of the non-conformists ; 
 and in 1685, he was tried before the brutal 
 Jefleries, grossly insulted by him, and sen- 
 tenced to fine and imprisonment; but the 
 punishment was shortly after remitted by 
 the king. Baxter died in 1691. No less 
 than a hundred and forty-five treatises 
 were produced by his pen; some of which 
 were extremely popular. In his theolo- 
 gical doctrines he held a course between 
 Calvinism and Arminianism,and gave rise f 
 to a sect bearing the name of Baxterians. 
 
 BAXTER, WILLIAM, a nephew of 
 Richard, was born, in 1650, at Lanlugan, 
 in Shropshire, and died in 1723. Though 
 at the age of eighteen he was unable to 
 read, he subsequently attained a high de- 
 gree of learning. Among his works are, 
 editions of Anacraon and Horace; a Latin 
 Grammar; and a Dictionary of British 
 Antiquities 
 
 BAXTER, ANDREW, an eminent meta- 
 physician, was born, in 1686 or 1687, at 
 Aberdeen, and educated at King's College, 
 in that city; after which he gained a sub- 
 sistence by teaching private pupils. He 
 died at Whittington, in East Lothian, in 
 1750. His works are, an Inquiry into the 
 Nature of the Human Soul, a production 
 which Warburton highly praised; and 
 Matho, sive Cosmotheoria Puerilis, which 
 the author afterwards translated and en- 
 larged. In his Inquiry, he maintains the 
 doctrine that dreams are caused by die 
 agency of separate immaterial beings. 
 
74 BAY 
 
 BAYARD, PETER DU TF.RRAIL DK, 
 a French military' commander, burn of a 
 noble family, in the valley of (tresivaudan, 
 in Dauphiny, in 147(>, whose valmr, virtue, 
 generosity, "and courtesy, pruned him the 
 glorious appellation of "the lea; less and 
 irreproachable knight." Such was the 
 reverence felt for his character, that Fran- 
 cis I. ehose to receive the order of knight- 
 hood from his hand. In numerous battles 
 and sii>jp, particularly at the biidgeof 
 Garig iano, at Agnadcl, Ravenna, Marig- 
 nano, and Mezicrcs, he displayed admi- 
 rable bravery and tali'iits. lie was mor- 
 tally wounded, in 1524, at Romagnano, in 
 the Milanese, while covering the retreat 
 of the French army. Finding that his 
 cad was approaching, he refused to be 
 carried away I " 1 will not, on the point 
 of death," said he, " turn my back to the 
 enemy for the first time. Place jne so that 
 I may face them." The constable of 
 Bourbon having expressed his sorrow for 
 him, he replied, " It is not I who am to 
 be pitied, but you, who are fighting against 
 your king and your country." As his 
 corse passed through the states of the duke 
 of Savoy, in its way to Grenoble, that 
 prince paid to it the same funeral honours 
 as were destined to the remains of princes 
 of his own family. 
 
 BAYER, JOHN, a native of Augsburg, 
 born about the end of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, was a minister of the gospel, but 
 owes his fame to his astronomical talents, 
 which also caused him to be ennobled by 
 the emperor. In 1603, he published his 
 Uranometria, containing "buo charts of all 
 the constellations, with i nome<\lature ; 
 fhe stars being denoted, according "o their 
 magnitude, by Greek fetters ihis> work 
 he subsequently enlarged and ini"--ved. 
 The time of his death is unknown 
 
 BAYER, THEOPHILUS ?IGFRIED, 
 supposed to be a grandson 01 tne astrono- 
 mer, was born, in 1694, at Ko^nigsberg, 
 and died in 1738. Of the oriental lan- 
 guages, especially the Chinese, he had an 
 extraordinary knowledge. His produc- 
 tions, on chronology, history, and philo- 
 logy, are numerous. Among the principal 
 are, the Museum Sinicum; and the His- 
 toria Asrhoena. 
 
 BAYLE, PETER, one of the most emi- 
 nent of modern philosophers and critics, 
 was the son of a protestant minister, and 
 was born in 1647, at Carlat, in France. 
 In his youth he manifested uncommon 
 talents, and studied so intensely as to do 
 permanent injury to his health. For a 
 vhile he was Deduced to the catholic reli- 
 gion, but he soon abandoned it. In 1675, 
 after having for some time subsisted by 
 private tuition, he became pn,i". 
 philosophy at Sedan; arrl uh.-n,six years 
 uhwquently, (he C'dlogp. i/f Sedan' was 
 
 NBAT 
 
 suppressed, he obtained the same jfrofensor- 
 ship at Rotterdam. The latter, however, 
 he was deprived of, in 1(196, by the caiunt 
 nies and exertions of his quondam friend 
 Jurieu, who nc\cr ceasrd to persecute him. 
 Bayle died at Rotterdam, in 1706, of a 
 disease in the che>f. His works are nu- 
 merous; they compote eight t'lio volume?, 
 of which four are occupied by his justly 
 celebrated Critical Dictionary. Among 
 thr? principal of his minor productions may 
 be mentioned his Thoughts on Comets; 
 Rf-olv to the Questions of a Provincial; 
 and Intelligence of the Republic of Letters 
 The latter, which is an excellent review, 
 w;is commenced in 1684, and continued 
 for three years. 
 
 BAYARD, JAMFS \., an eminent 
 America!! lawyer and politician, was born 
 in Philadelphia, in 1767, and educated at 
 Princeton college. In the year 1784 he 
 engaged in the study of the law, and on 
 admission to the bar settled in the state of 
 Delaware, where he soon acquired prac- 
 tice and consideration. lie was elected 
 to a scat in congress towards the close of 
 the administration of Mr. Adams, and first 
 particularly distinguished himself in con- 
 ducting the impeachment of senator Blount. 
 In 1S04 he was elected to the senate of 
 the United States by the legislature of 
 Delaware, and remained for several years 
 a conspicuous member of that assembly. 
 In 1813 he was appointed by President 
 Madison one of the ministers to conclude 
 a treaty of peaco with Great Britain, and 
 assisted in the successful negociatioiis at 
 Ghent, in the following year. He then 
 received the appointment of minister to 
 the court of St. Peteraborgh, but an alarm- 
 ing illness induced him to return immedi- 
 ately to the United States. He died soon 
 after his arrival home, in July 1815. 
 
 BAYLEY, RICHARD, an "eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Fairfield, Connect ic;it, 
 in the year 1745. Having completed his 
 medical studies, and attended the Uvtnres 
 and hospitals in London for more than a 
 year, he commenced practice in New Yoik 
 in 1772. In the autumn of 1775, he re- 
 visited London, and in the follow ing sprinjj 
 returned to New-York, in the capacity of 
 surgeon in the English army under Lord 
 Howe. This post he resigned in 1777, 
 and during the rest of his life continued 
 the practice of his profession in the same 
 city. In 1792 he was appc'nted professor 
 of anatomy in Columbia college, and m 
 1793 became professor of surgery, which 
 was his favourite subject. He published a 
 treatise on the Croup, a:id i work on tho 
 Yellow Fo\i-r. He died in 1H)1. 
 
 BAYLY, LKWIS, a native of Caennar- 
 then, was> educated at Oxford, ami, ill 
 1016, WM conse.cnited bishop of Huu^or. 
 He did i;i ItflM. The Trudge <>f Piety, 
 
work which was long popular, and went 
 through sixty English editions, besides seve- 
 ral in Welsh, was written by this prelate. 
 BEATON, or BETHUNE, Cardinal 
 DAVID, primate of Scotland, was born in 
 1494, filled several high offices, was made 
 cardinal in 1538, and the next year suc- 
 ceeded his uncle as archbishop of Saint 
 Andrew's. An attempt which he made to 
 share in the regencv, after the death of 
 James, at Solway Moss, occasioned his 
 imprisonment; but he was liberated by 
 the earl of Arran, and appointed high 
 chancellor. The reformers he persecuted 
 fiercely, and is said to have witnessed the 
 burning of George Wishart. He was as- 
 sassinated in May, 1546. 
 
 BEATTIE, JAMES, LL. D., was born, 
 in 1735, at Laurencekirk, in Kincardine- 
 shire, and educated at Marischal College, 
 Aberdeen. After having for some time 
 acted as a country parochial schoolmaster, 
 he was, in 1761, chosen professor of m^ral 
 philosophy at Marisch il [College. In the 
 same year he made his first public appear- 
 ance as a poet, in a volume of original 
 Poems and Translations. With these 
 poems he was afterwards dissatisfied, and 
 he endeavoured to suppress "them. His 
 Essay on Truth, published in 1770, became 
 highly popular, and procured him the de- 
 gree of LL. D., from the university of Ox- 
 ford, and a private interview and a pension 
 from George III. Solicitations wer% also 
 made to him to enter the church of Eng- 
 land; but he declined, in the fear that his 
 motives might be misrepresented. In the 
 eame year, he gave to the world the first 
 book of the Minstrel ; and the second book 
 in 1774. This work sealed his fame as a 
 poet. He subsequently produced Disserta- 
 tions ; Evidences of the Christian Religion ; 
 Elements of Moral Science; and an Ac- 
 count of the Life and Writings of his eldest 
 Son. After having languished for some 
 time in a melancholy state, and suffered 
 two paralytic strokes, he expired at Aber- 
 deen, in August, 1803. 
 
 BEATTIE, JAMKS HAT, the eldest son 
 of the above, was born in 1768, assisted 
 his father in the professorship at the age 
 of nineteen, and died in 1790. His poems 
 and miscellaneous pieces were published 
 bv his father. 
 
 "BEAUCHAMP, JOSEPH, was born, in 
 1752, at Vesoul, in France, and blended! 
 lis theological studies with the astronomi- 
 ca. lessons of Lalande. Being employed! 
 in the Levant, first as vicar general," by I 
 his uncle, a bishop; next, as consul, by' 
 the government ; he made numerous astro- ' 
 nomical observations, constructed a map! 
 of the Tigris and Euphrates, and surveyed 
 the Black Sea. Bonaparte invited him to 
 Egypt; but he was taken on his passage, 
 ana imprisoned for thre years as a ?py. 
 
 BEA 71 
 
 He was released in 1801, but his health 
 was ruined, and he died in the same year 
 BEAUCHATEAU, FRANCIS MAT- 
 THIAS CHATELET DE, a precocious 
 genius, born at Paris, in 1645, was the son 
 of an actor. At seven years of age he 
 spoke several languages, and wrote verseg 
 almost extempore upon a eiven subject, 
 and at twelve he published a volume of 
 poeras, under the title of tne 1 oung Apol- 
 lo's Lyre, for which pensions were given 
 to him by cardinal Richelieu and chancellor 
 Seguier. After having visited England, 
 he went to Persia, in 1661, and his subse- 
 quent fate is unknown. 
 
 BEAUFORT, MARGARET, Countess 
 f Richmond and Derby, daughter of the 
 duke of Somerset, was born, in 1441, at 
 Bletsoe, in Bedfordshire, and died in 1509. 
 She was thrice married to the earl of 
 Richmond, to Sir Henry Stafford, and to 
 Lord Stanley. Her son by her first hus- 
 band was afterwards Henry VII. Christ's 
 and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge, and 
 the divinity professorship, were founded 
 bv her. She wrote the Mirroure of Golde 
 fo"r a sinful Soul; and translated the first 
 book of Thomas a Kempis. 
 
 BEAUHARIN 7 OIS, EUGENE, son of 
 the Empress Josephine, by her first hus- 
 band, was born in 1780. When his mother 
 married Bonaparte, Eugene entered the 
 army, and was his father in law's aid-de- 
 camp in Italy and Egypt. In 1804, he 
 was created a French prince, and vice- 
 chancellor of state. In 1805 he wn* ap- 
 pointed viceroy of Italy, which office he 
 held till 1814. He governed with mild 
 ness and equity. In the campaigns of 
 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814, he acquired 
 distinguished reputation; particularly at 
 Raab, Wagram, Borodino, and Viazma, 
 and in defending Italy against a far supe- 
 rior force. On the downfall of iiis patron, 
 he retired into the states of the Bavarian 
 monarch, whose daughter he had married, 
 and who now made him duke of Leuchtei- 
 berg. He died February 21, 1824. 
 
 BEAUMARCHAIS, PETER AUGUS 
 TIN CARON DE, an eminent French dra- 
 matic writer, born at Paris, in 1732, was 
 the son of a watchmaker, and, when young, 
 invented a new kind of escapement. His 
 talents, however, and his proficien in mu- 
 sic, soon raised him above the sphere of 
 his profession. Having made some im- 
 provements on tle harp, he was introduced 
 to the daughters of Louis XV. The)' en- 
 gaged him to teach them the harp and gui- 
 tar, and admitted him on the footing of 
 friendship to their private concerts and 
 parties. Here he became acquainted with 
 the rich financier, Paris Duverney, aided 
 by whom he engaged in speculations from 
 which he derived an ample fortune. While 
 thu* occupied he did not neglect (iterator*. 
 
7 BEA 
 
 In 1767, he produced the drama of Eugenia, 
 and in 1770, that of the Two Friends. But 
 it was to a lawsuit that he was first in- 
 debted for his astonishing popularity as an 
 author. The memorials and pleadings 
 \vhirh he drew up wore at once so full of 
 sound reasoning, and of exquisite wit, 
 satire, and comic spirit, that all France 
 admired (hem. He sustained his reputation 
 by the Barl>er of Seville, in 1775, and the 
 Marriage f Figaro, in 1784. Subsequently 
 he brought out the opera of Tarare, anil 
 Uie drama of the Guilty Mother, which 
 were inferior to his former pieces. His 
 latter days were not fortunate. lie nearly 
 exhausted his property by unlucky spe MI- 
 htions, among which" was an expen.-ive 
 edition of Voltaire, and he was imprisoned 
 during the reign of terror. He died of 
 apoplexy, in 1799. His collected works 
 form seven volumes octavo. 
 
 BEAUMELLE, LAURENCE ASGLI- 
 VIEL DE LA, a French critic and writer, 
 was l>orn at Vallaragues, in Languedoc, in 
 1727, and was for some time professor of 
 belles lettres in Denmark, in which coun- 
 try his health, however, did not permit him 
 to remain. AtBerlin he met and quarrelled 
 with Voltaire, and the quarrel was contin- 
 ued through life. Voltaire, nevertheless, 
 could not deny that his antagonist was a 
 man of wit. In France La Beaumelle was 
 twice imprisoned in the Bastile, for speak- 
 ing truth too boldly. He died in 1773. His 
 chief works are, a Defence of the Spirit 
 of Laws; My Thoughts; Letters to Vol- 
 taire; and a Commentary on the Ilen- 
 riade. 
 
 BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN, son of a 
 judge, an elder brother of the dramatist, 
 was born, in 1582, at Grace Dieu, in Lei- 
 cester, was made a baronet in 1626, and 
 died in 1628. He is the author of Bos- 
 worth Field, a poem; and of other poems 
 and translations; which have considerable 
 merit. 
 
 BEAUMONT, FRANCIS, a dramatic 
 writer, eminent in an age which was fer- 
 tile in such characters, was born at Grace 
 Die. i, in 1585. He was educated at Ox- 
 ford, and became a student of the Inner 
 Temple. In 1612 his Mask of the Inner 
 Temple and Gray's Inn was acted and 
 published. He had already formed a dra- 
 matic connection with Fletcher; for their 
 first joint play was produced in 1607. 
 That connection continued till the death of 
 Beaumont, in 1616. So close, indeed, 
 was their friendship, that they lived toge- 
 ther, and seemed almost to be animated by 
 one mind. Besides his plays and mask, 
 Beaumont wrote some poems which entitle 
 him to an honourable place among British 
 poets 
 
 BEAUMONT, JOSEPH, an ecclesiastic 
 *nd .yjet, born in 1615, at Hadleigh, in 
 
 EEC 
 
 Suffolk, was educated at Cambridge. H 
 was expelled from his fellowship during 
 the civil wars; but, after the restoration, 
 was made master of Jesus College, and 
 afterwards of Peter-house, and divinity 
 professor. He died in 1699. He is the 
 author of Psyche, a poem ; Poems in 
 English and Latin, with Remarks on St 
 Paul's Epistle t<> the Colossians. 
 
 r>r,A("SOBRE,l5AAC,aprotestantthc- 
 olngian, born in 1659, at Niort, in Poitou, 
 was compelled to quit France by the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantz, and took ref- 
 uge in Holland, and subsequently in Prus- 
 sia. In the latter country he became king's 
 chaplain, and held various ecclesiastical 
 offices. He died in 1738. His principa. 
 works are, a Critical History of Maniche- 
 ism; a History of the Reformation, from 
 1517 to 1630; and Sermons. His two 
 sons, CHARLES Louis, and Louis, were 
 men of talent and authors. The latter was 
 educated at the expense of Frederic the 
 Great, who continued his patronage to him 
 throughout his life. 
 
 BKAUZEE, NICHOLAS, an eminent 
 French grammarian, was born at Verdun, 
 in 1714, and died at Paris, in 17S9. On 
 the death of Uumarsais, Beauzee was en- 
 gaged to write the grammatical articles in 
 the Encyclopedia. He produced, besides 
 other works, excellent translations of Sal 
 lust and Quintus Curtius; an enlarged edi- 
 tion of Girard's Synonvines; an abridged 
 Exposition of the Historical Proofs of 
 Religion; and a General Grammar, or 
 Analytical Exposition of the Elements of 
 Languages. 
 
 BECCARIA, JOHN BAPTIST, an eccle- 
 siastic, and a philosopher of great merit, 
 was born, in 1716, at Moudovi, in Pied- 
 mont, filled professorships at Palermo and 
 Rome, and was recalled to Turin, to be- 
 come professor of experimental philosophy, 
 and tutor to the princess of Savoy. All 
 his hours were devoted to scientific pur- 
 suits. His knowledge extended to all 
 branches of philosophy; but he is princi- 
 pally celebrated for his researches into the 
 nature of the electrical fluid; on whifh 
 subject he published Letters on Electricity; 
 and other works. He died at Turin, "in 
 1781. 
 
 BECCARIA, Marquis CMSAK BONK- 
 SANA, an eminent Italian, was born at 
 Milan, in 1735. About 1763 he formed a 
 literary society in that city, the niMiilrrs 
 of which produced a periodical work inti- 
 tied the Coffee House. Beccaria con- 
 tributed largely. In 1764, appeared his 
 Treatise on Crimes and Punishment*, 
 which was translated into several langua- 
 ges, and universally admired. I:i 1768 the 
 Austrian government established a profes- 
 sorship of political economy at Milan, and 
 appointed Beccaria the professor. He died 
 
BLC 
 
 Mi 1793. His Lectures were published in 
 1804. 
 
 BECHER, or BECCHER, JOHN JOA- 
 CHIM, a celebrated German chemist, was 
 born, in 1645, at Spire. At various periods 
 he held the offices of medical professor at 
 Mentz, aulic counsellor at Vienna, and 
 principal physician to the elector of Bava- 
 ria. But his life was a wandering and 
 troubled one, and he often quarrelled with 
 his patrons. Becher had great mechanical 
 knowledge, but was still more eminent as 
 a chemist; he was, indeed, one of the first 
 who studied chemistry on philosophical 
 principles. He died at London, in 1685. 
 His principal work is intitled Physica 
 Snbterranea. 
 
 BECKET, THOMAS h, a celebrated En- 
 glish prelate, the son of a merchant, was 
 born at London, in 11 19, studied at Oxford, 
 Paris,. and Bologna, and, on his return 
 home, entered the church. Henry II. made 
 him high chancellor and preceptor to prince 
 Henry, in 1153, admitted him to the closest 
 intimacy and confidence, and, in 1162, 
 raised him to the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury. Becket now entirely gave up his 
 courtier habits, assumed a rigid austerity 
 of manners, and Became a stubborn cham- 
 pion of the exorbitant privileges of- the 
 clergy. A violent contest ensued between 
 the sovereign and the prelate, and the lat- 
 ter was at length obliged to fly fnyii the 
 Kingdom. In 1170, however, he was re- 
 stored, and he instantly recommenced his 
 resistance to the monarch. Irritated by 
 this fresh disobedience, Henry uttered a 
 hasty speech, which three of his knights, 
 not unnaturally, construed into a command 
 to rid him of the pertinacious archbishop. 
 They accordingly hastened to England, and 
 murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral, 
 on the 22d of December, 1170. He was 
 canonized two years afterwards. 
 
 BECKMANN, JOHN ANTHONY, a na- 
 tive of Hoya, in Hanover, was born in 1739, 
 travelled in Russia and" Sweden, and, in 
 J766, was chosen professor at Gottingen, 
 where, for nearly half a century, he lec- 
 tured, with great applause, on subjects 
 connected with rural an, political econo- 
 my and technology. He died in 1811. 
 His works are numerous. Among the 
 principal are a History of Discoveries and 
 Inventions; History <>f the earliest Voya- 
 ge* made in Modern Times; and Elements 
 of Rural Economy. 
 
 BECI.ARD, PETER AUGUSTUS, one of 
 Jie mo-t eininent of modern anatomists, 
 wxs born at Angers, in 1785. At a very 
 early period he obtained the first anatomi- 
 cal, physiological, philosophical, and che- 
 mical pnV.es; and from 1818 to 1825, in 
 whidi latter year he died, he was cele- 
 brated as a lecturer on physiology and 
 anatoim . i! j id the author of Anatomical 
 
 BED 
 
 77 
 
 Memoirs; and he published an edition of 
 Bichat's Treatise of General Anafomy, 
 with additions. 
 
 BEDA, or BEDE, usually denominated 
 the VENERABLE BEQE, one of the most 
 eminent ecclesiastics and writers of the 
 time in which he lived, was born, in 652 
 or 673, in the vici ity of Wearmouth, in 
 the county of P j'nam. His fame was so 
 great, that Pope SBrgius invited him to 
 Rome, but he never quitted his native 
 country. His greatest work is his English 
 Ecclesiastical History; but he wrote on a 
 variety of subjects, and with high talent. 
 His last labour was the translation of Saint 
 John's Gospel into Saxon. A few minutes 
 after he had dictated the concluding sen- 
 tence of it he expired, in May, 735. 
 
 BEDDOES, THOMAS, a physician, 
 born at Shifnal, in Shropshire, in 17CO, 
 was educated at Oxford and Edinburgh. 
 He obtained the chemical professorship at 
 Oxford, but lost it bv his political princi- 
 ples. He afterwards settled at Clifton, 
 near Bristol, where he died in 1808. Ilia 
 chemical, scientific, and other woiks, are 
 numerous, and display considerable talent. 
 
 BEDELL, WILLIAM, a divine, emi- 
 nent for piety, learning, and benevolence-, 
 was born at Black Notlev, in Essex, edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, and travelled into 
 Italy, where he became the friend of the 
 celebrated Father Paul. After his return 
 he obtained church preferment, and, in 
 1629, was made bishop of Kilmore, in 
 Ireland. He held that see till the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, when he was ejected, 
 but was not injured, his virtues having 
 acquired universal esteem. He died i'n 
 1641. The rebels fired -a volley over his 
 grave, in honour of him, and exclaimed, 
 " May the last of the English rest in 
 peace !'' 
 
 BEDFORD, JOHN, Duke of, third son 
 of Henry IV., distinguished himself in 
 early youth at the battle of Shrewsbury, 
 w;t-< appointed regent of France, by the 
 wil\ of Henrv V., in 1422, and sustained 
 the glory of the EnglUh arms till his 
 death, in" 1435. He died at Rouen. It is 
 to be regretted, that the memory of thb 
 
TS BEL 
 
 brave and able man, who also loved the 
 arts, is plained by the death of Joan of Arc. 
 
 BEETHOVEN, Lmwir, VON, a cele- 
 brated composer, the son of a tenor sin-er 
 in the elector of Cologne's chapel, was 
 born, in 1770, at Bonn. His early genius 
 induced the elector to send him to Vienna, 
 to study under Haydn, and he settled in 
 the Austrian capital. His compositions, 
 whim are numerous, rank him very high 
 among musical composers. He died in 
 1827. 
 
 BEHAIM, or BF.HEM, MARTIN, a 
 cosmographer and navigator, was born, of 
 a noble family, at Nuremberg, alxmf 140, 
 and died at Lisbon in 1506. Br.haim was 
 employed by the Portuguese monarch, and 
 either discovered Fayal, or settled a c> lony 
 of Flemings there. The discovery of Bra- 
 zil, and the straits of Magellan, "in 1484, 
 are even claimed for him, which would 
 make him the first discoverer of the west- 
 ern world ; and it must be owned that the 
 evidence in his favour is not without 
 weight. 
 
 BEHN, APHRA, known by the poet- 
 ical name of Astrea, a dramatist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born in the reign 
 of Charles L, and went, when young, with 
 her family to Surinam, where she became 
 acquainted with the African prince Oroo- 
 nooko, on whose story she founded a novel, 
 which Southerne dramatized. On her 
 coming back to England, she married 
 Mr. Behn. Charles II. employed her to 
 gain intelligence on the continent, for 
 which purpose she resided at Antwerp; 
 and is said to have furnished, as to the 
 intended Dutch attack on Chatham, infor- 
 mation which was unfortunately disre- 
 garded. After her return to her native 
 country, the rest of her life was spent in 
 literary labour, and in the company of 
 wits and men of talent. She died in 1689. 
 Her works consist of novels, poems, and 
 seventeen plays. Pope, in language which 
 might safely have been stronger, alludes 
 to the gross licentiousness which disgraces 
 her dramas. 
 
 BEKKER, BALTHAZAR, a Dutch di- 
 vine and writer, was born, in 1634, at 
 Warthuisen, in tho province of Groningen, 
 and was, in 1660, appointed minister of 
 Franeker, in the same province, which 
 situation, however, he was compelled to 
 qiiit,.-)i) account of his being persecuted on 
 a charge of heterodoxy. In 1679, he set- 
 tled at Amsterdam, where, in 1691, he 
 published his World Bewitched, a work 
 which denies the possibility of demoniacal 
 influence and which raised against hi. a a 
 furious clamour, and caused his dcp<8;tioni 
 from the pastoral ollice. He died in 1698.1 
 His K ' .acts is one 
 
 of hi.-' best production*. 
 
 I, BERNARD FOREST i , a 
 
 BXL 
 
 native of Catalonia, boro in 1697, dl* 
 played such an early proficiency in the 
 mathematical science*, that, when quite 
 young, he was apj-sinlcd royal jir 
 at the artillery school of La Fere. Other 
 situations of the same kind were after- 
 wards conferred on him, and he was in- 
 spector of artillery when he died, in 176" 
 at Paris. Of his'works, the most celebra- 
 ted are his Treatise on Fortifications; 
 Science of Engineers; Hydraulic Archi- 
 tecture; and French Bombardier. 
 
 BELISAR1US, a Roman general, one 
 of the most celebrated of his age, lir.-t >cr 
 ved with distinction in the guards of Jus- 
 tinian, and sutaequcntly rote -o military 
 eminence under that emperor. He defeat- 
 ed Cabades, and subsequently (' 
 king of Persia, dethroned Gelimer, ki:i. 
 of the Vandals, routed the Gotlis in S icily 
 and Italy, and performed other glorious 
 actions. Justinian, however, confiscate.! 
 his estates, but at length restored them, 
 and took him again into favour. He died 
 A. I). 565. The story of his blindness 
 and being reduced to beg is a fiction. 
 
 BELKNAP, JKREMY, an American 
 historian and divine, was born at Boston, 
 Massachusetts, in 1744, and was graduated 
 at Harvard College in 1762. He was first 
 settled in the Christian ministry at Dover, 
 New Hampshire, and afterwards in his na- 
 tive town. He was one of the founders 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 and devoted much of his time to the pro- 
 motion of its objects and interests. Hu 
 published works are the History of New 
 Hampshire, American Biography, and a 
 number of political, literary and religious 
 tracts. His writings are characterized by- 
 great research, clear arrangement, and per- 
 spicuity of style. He died at Boston in 
 1798. 
 
 BELL, JOHN, an eminent surgeon of 
 Edinburgh, and a man of very considera- 
 ble literary talents, died at Rome, in 1820. 
 He is the autlwsr of the Anatomy of the 
 Human Body; Principles of Surgery 
 and other anatomical and .surgical workfH 
 and of excellent Observations on Italy. 
 
 BELLA, STKFANO DKI.LA, an erai- 
 nent Florentine engraver, born in 1610, 
 was for a considerable time employed I y 
 Cardinal Richelieu, to engrave the con- 
 quests of Louis XIII. ; and, after his re- 
 turn home, was liberally patronised by ;h 
 house of Medici. His death took place in 
 1684. The number of his plates is said to 
 amount to one thousand four hundred. 
 
 BELLA KM IN, Cardinal ROBERT, the 
 great chaii'jnon of the Roman catholic 
 church, was born, in 1542, at Monte-Pid- 
 ciano, in Tuscany, and entered the JetUlU* 
 
 teen. Sue!', an 
 
 as entertained of his learning, that he 
 wua sent into the Low Countries to clveck 
 
BEL 
 
 Che progress of the Reformers, and he resi- 
 ded there some years. In 1599, he was 
 created cardinal, 'and in 1602, archbishop 
 of Capua. He died in 1621. His great 
 work is intitled a Body of Controversy, 
 and is the arsenal from which the catholic 
 theologians generally supply themselves 
 v ilh their polemical weapons. 
 
 BELLAY, Cardinal JOHN DU, a French 
 prelate and statesman, was born in 1492. 
 Francis I. employed him in several nego- 
 tiations, raised him to the archbishopric 
 of Bordeaux, and entrusted him with the 
 defence of Paris, when Charles V. invaded 
 France. Yet, though in all these offices 
 he displayed high talents, he was slighted 
 after the death of Francis; and he accord- 
 ingly retired to Rome, where, in 1560, he 
 died" bishop of Ostia. He obtained the 
 cardinal's hat in 1535. Bellay was a 
 scholar and a lover of learning. He in- 
 duced the king to found the Royal College 
 at Paris; he patronised Rabelais; and he 
 wrote prose and verse, in Latin and 
 French, with great elegance. 
 
 BELLAY, JOACHIM DU, who was call- 
 ed the French Ovid and Catullus, was 
 born at Lir% in Anjou, about 1524, and 
 died in 1560. He was a nephew of the 
 cardinal, but lost his favour, inconsequence 
 of being charged with immorality and 
 irreligion. Among the poets of that day 
 he was considered as holding the next 
 place to Ronsard. 
 
 BELLEAU, RKMI, a French poet, so 
 celebrated in his day as t<5 be one of the 
 seven poets who were called the Pleiads, 
 was born at Nogent le Rotrnu, in 1528, 
 served under the Marquis of Elbeuf, hi 
 Italy, and was appointed tutor to his son. 
 He died in 1577. His most curious pro- 
 duction is a macaronic poem on the war 
 against the Huguenots. 
 
 BELLEISLE, CHARLES Louis AU- 
 GUSTUS FOCQUET, Count de, a French 
 marshal, was born in 1684, entered early 
 into the army, and distinguished himself 
 on various occasions. In 1742, he com- 
 iftanded in Bohemia, and acquired high 
 reputation by his masterly retreat from 
 Prague. In 1757, he was appointed war 
 minister, and till his decease, which hap- 
 pened in 1761, he possessed great influence 
 in the <*ouncil. 
 
 BELLENDEX, or BELLENDENUS, 
 WILLIAM, a Scottish writer, born in the 
 latter end of the sixteenth century, was 
 educated at Paris, and was professor of 
 belles lettres there, in 1602. The time of 
 his death is unknown. He is the author 
 of three Latin tracts, elegantly written, 
 which he collected into a volume in 1616, 
 and published under t!ie title of Bell<-n- 
 dmus de Statu. To this woi k Dr. Mid- 
 d'eton is supposed to be considerably in- 
 debted It wns repuUuhed, i;i 1787," with 
 
 BEL T 
 
 a Latin preface by Dr. Parr,_\\b.ich ex 
 
 cited much attention, from its reference to 
 the political characters of that period. 
 
 BELLOY, PETER LAURENCE BUR- 
 ETTE DE, a French dramatic writer, and 
 member of the Acadamy, was born at St. 
 Flour, in 1727. Being destined by hie 
 uncle to the profession of the law, which 
 he detested, he eloped, and for some years 
 was an actor in the theatres of the north 
 of Europe. This step made his uncle a 
 determined enemy. After the death of 
 that relative, he jeturned to France, and 
 acquired reputation as a writer of tragedy. 
 He produced the Siege of Calais, which 
 was extremely popular; Titus; Zelmira; 
 Gaston and Bayard ; Gabrielle de Vergy ; 
 and Peter the Cruel. The failure of the 
 latter play is said to have brought on an 
 illness, 01 which he died in 1775. 
 
 BELOE, WILLIAM, a divine and critic, 
 was bo; - n at Norwich, in 1756 and educa- 
 ted at Cambridge. After having been as- 
 sistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head 
 master of Norwich school, he took orders, 
 and obtained church preferment. He was, 
 finally, rector of Allhallows, a prebendary 
 of St. Paul's, and librarian of the British 
 Museum. The latter situation, however, 
 he lost, in consequence of a visitor to the 
 Museum having purloined some valuable 
 prints. In conjunction with Dr. Nares, 
 lie established the British Critic. He in 
 the author of Anecdotes of Literature and 
 Scarce Books ; the Sexagenarian ; and 
 other works; and the translator of Hero- 
 dotus and Aulus Gellius. He died in 1817. 
 
 BELON, PETER, an eminent French 
 naturalist an-rl physician of the sixteenth 
 century, was born" in Maine, about 151S, 
 travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia, 
 and England ; published, in 1553, a very 
 interesting account of his travels ; and was 
 assassinated in 1564. He is the author of- 
 several valuable works on natural history, 
 particularly on fishes. Bclon is considered 
 as the inventor of comparative anatomy, 
 and one of the founders of natural history. 
 
 BELSHAM, WILLIAM, an historical, 
 political, and miscellaneous writer, was 
 born in 1752, and died in 1827. He is 
 the author of many productions, of which 
 the principal are Essays, Philosophical, 
 IIistorical,and Literary, published in 1785; 
 and a history of Great Britain, from the 
 Revolution to the Peace of Amiens. Little 
 can be said in favour c-f him as an historian. 
 
 BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MORON, 
 HENRY FRANCIS XAVIER DE, a virtu- 
 ous and humane French prelate, was born 
 in 1671, at the ca-tle of La Force, in Per- 
 igord. In 1709, he was made bishop of 
 MaiTeHlos, and when that city was visited 
 by the plague, in 1720, instead of desert- 
 ing his llock, he hourly hazarded hi* life to 
 a fiord them si-c.-our nnd consolation. At 
 
BEX 
 
 a reward, he was offered the rich bishopric 
 of Laon, which conferred the title of duke ; 
 out he replied, that <f he would not quit n 
 church to which he had devoted his life." 
 A college wa founded by him in his epis- 
 copal city. This exemplary pastor, who 
 died in 1735, wr-ie a History of the Bish- 
 ops of his Diocese; Pastoral Instructions; 
 and the Life of Mademoiselle de Foix. 
 
 BELZONI, JOHN BAPTIST, one of the 
 most eminent travellers in Egypt, was 
 born at Padua, in Italy, came to England 
 in 1S03, and resided in this country for 
 nine years. Being involved in pecuniary 
 difficulties, he for a while obtained a sub- 
 sistence by di?playing feats of strength and 
 activity at Astley's Amphitheatre; for 
 which his colossal stature and muscular 
 powers particularly qualified him. From 
 1815 to 1819 he was incessantly occupied 
 in exploring and bringing to light the an- 
 tiquities of Egypt. The talent which he 
 displayed, and the success which he met 
 with, in this pursuit, are extraordinary. 
 Few men, indeed, could have accompliflhed 
 as much as Bel/oni. In 1820, he published 
 a Narrative of his Operations, quarto, with 
 forty-four illustrative plates; and, in the 
 following year, he exhibited a model of a 
 pplendid tomb which he had discovered 
 near Thebes. In 1823, he sailed to the 
 const of Guinea, with the intention of pene- 
 trating to Honssa and Timbuctoo; but, on 
 the third of December, his career was, un- 
 fortunately, arrested by the hand of death. 
 He died, of the dyseuterv, at Benin. 
 
 BEMBO, PETKR, a cardinal and noble 
 Venetian, one of the restorers of literature, 
 was born at Venice in 1470, studied under 
 Urticio and Lascnris, and completed his 
 education at Padua. In his twenty-eighth 
 year he published his poem of Azalini, 
 which gained much popularity. After hav- 
 ing lived six years at the court of L'rbino, 
 he went to Koine in 1512. Leo X. ni;uie 
 him his secretary; and Paul III. C 
 him a cardinal and bishop of GuLl-to. He 
 died in 1517. His works f>rm four folio 
 volumes; the princij ;il of them i- his ilia- 
 lory of Venice 
 
 BENBOW, JOHN, a valiant Fn;jli>h 
 
 BEN 
 
 admiral, was born at Shrewsbury, 
 1650, began his career in the merchants* 
 sen ice, and was promoted to a sloop of 
 war, by James II., for his conduct in an 
 action with an Algerine rover. During 
 the reign of William 111. he was actively- 
 employed, and raised to the rank of vice 
 admiral. In 1702, he brought the French 
 admiral Ducasse to action in the West 
 Indies, displayed admirable bravery and 
 skill, and would have obtained a complete 
 victory, but for the cowardice or disaffec- 
 tion of some of his captains. One of his 
 legs was shot away in the engagement ; but 
 he would probably have recovered, had not 
 his wounded feelings aggravate.* .us bodily 
 sufferings. He died at Jamaica. 
 
 BENEDICT, ST., one of the origina- 
 tors of monastic institutions in the west, 
 was born at Nursia, in Italy, in 480. Early 
 in life, he retired into a desert, and spent 
 three years in a cavern. Being discovered, 
 his sanctity drew to him such numbers of 
 people, that he founded twelve convents 
 In 529, he went to Monte Cassino, built a 
 monastery on the site of the temple of 
 Apollo, gave rise to the Benedictine order, 
 and died in 543 or 547. 
 
 BENEDICT XIII., Pope, a son of the 
 duke of Gravina, a Neapolitan nobleman, 
 was born in 1649, and was raised to the 
 papal chair in 1724. He was pious, vir- 
 tuous, and liberal; but, unfortunately, 
 placed too much confidence in Cardinal 
 Coscia, his minister, who shamefully op- 
 pressed the people. A fruitless attempt 
 which he made to reconcile the Romish, 
 Greek, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, 
 bears honourable testimony to his tolerant 
 spirit. His theological works form three 
 folio volumes. He died in 1730. 
 
 BENEDICT XIV., Pope, whose name 
 was PROSPER LAMEERTINI, was of an 
 illustrious family at Bologna, in which city 
 he was born, in 1675. After having been 
 bishop of Ancona, and archbishop of Bo- 
 logna, he was elected pope in 1740. He 
 protected the arts and iciences, endeavour- 
 ed to heal the disscntions and reform the 
 discipline of the church; and displayed such 
 a liberal spirit, that he was sometimes call- 
 ed the* Protestant Pope. In private life 
 lie was extremely amiable. He died in 
 1758. His works fill sixteen volumes in 
 folio. 
 
 BKNEZET, ST., or Little Benedict, to 
 called on account of his shortness, was a 
 native ofVivarais, born in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and is said to have been originally a 
 sliej herd. Mauv accidents occurring Ht 
 the | asi-;ige of the Khoiie, at A\ig>ion, he 
 .:te.l on them till he imagined himself 
 inspiifd \>\ Hi-axen to proeiue the erection 
 of a b. i.l^c; there; and he sii-cec>dcd in ac- 
 ci.iiiplishi: ,<j his project- The bridge wat 
 hepm i.i 1177, und he suprri.itiM.Uid the ev- 
 
BEN 
 
 cation of it till his death in 1134 ; for which 
 good work he was sainted. 
 
 BENEZET, ANTHONY, a philanthro- 
 pist, was born in 1713, at St. Quentin, in 
 Picardy, of protestant parents, who first 
 settled in London, and afterwards at Phil- 
 adelphia. He was intended for a mer- 
 chant, but apprenticed himself to a cooper, 
 and subsequently became a schoolmaster, 
 and a member of the society of Friends. 
 Hiii whole life was spent in acts of benevo- 
 lence, and he was one of the earliest oppo- 
 nents of the atrocious slave trade. A few 
 hours before his death, he rose from his 
 bed, to give, from his bureau., six dollars 
 to a poor widow. His funeratwas attend- 
 ed by thousands; and at the grave, an 
 American officer exclaimed, " I would 
 rather be Anthony Benezet in that coffin, 
 than George Washington with all his fame." 
 Benezet died at Philadelphia in 1784. He 
 is the author of a Caution to Great Britain 
 and her colonies; and an Historical Ac- 
 count of Guinea. 
 
 BEXGER, ELIZABETH OGILVY, was 
 born at Welles, in 1778, and had to strug- 
 ~le with inSfcy difficulties in early life. So 
 
 v books could she procure, that she used 
 to read the open pages of die new publica- 
 tions in the window of the only booksel- 
 ler's shop in the little town which she in- 
 habited, in Wiltshire, and return, day 
 after day, in the hope of finding another 
 page turned over. She, nevertheless, ac- 
 quired a respectable portion of learning. 
 On her removal to London, she obtained 
 reputable literary friends and patronage, 
 and was generally esteemed for her virtues, 
 manners, and talents. She died January 
 the 9th, 1827. Besides a drama, two 
 novels, and poems, she wrote .Memoirs of 
 Mrs. Hainilton,Tohin, and Klopstock; and 
 Lives of Anne Bolevn, Mary Queen of 
 Scots, the U-.iee.-i of Bohemia^ and Henry 
 
 
 
 IV. of France. 
 
 BENJAMIN OF TUDELA,aJe\ 
 
 BEN 81 
 
 emy, was born in 1612, at Lyons le Foret, 
 in Normandy. He was patronised first by 
 Richelieu, and afterwards by Mazarine and 
 Louis XIV., and was a great favourite at 
 court, in consequence of his conversational 
 powers, his readiness of repartee, and the 
 facility with which he composed verses for 
 the court ballets. In his later years liia 
 popularity declined. He died in 1691. His 
 works consist of poems, theatrical pieces, 
 and Ovid's Metamorphoses put into Ron- 
 deaux. His famous Sonnet on Job, and 
 that of Voiture on Urania, divided the 
 courtiers into two parties, under the title 
 of Jobelins and Uranians. 
 
 BENTHAM, JAMES, an antiquary, wa 
 born at Ely, in 1706, was educated at 
 Cambridge,' and obtained several church 
 preferments ; the last of which were a pre- 
 bend of Ely and the rectory of Bow-Brick- 
 hill. In 1771, he published the History 
 and Antiquities of Ely Cathedral, a work 
 which displays great knowledge of ancient 
 architecture. He died in 1794. 
 
 BENTIVOGLIO, HERCULES, born at 
 Bo'ogna, in 1506, was patronised by the 
 duke of Ferrara, and was eminent as a ne- 
 gotiator and a poet. He died in 1583. Hu 
 works consist of poems and two comedies. 
 
 BENTIVOGLIO, Cardinal Guv, was 
 born at Ferrara, in 1579, was succaesrvely 
 legate in Flanders and in France, obtained 
 the cardinal's hat in 1621, and would pro- 
 bably have been pope, in 1644, had he not 
 died while the conclave was sitting. He 
 is the author of several works of merit; 
 the principal of which is a History of the 
 War in Flanders. 
 
 BENTIVOGLIO,HippOLYTUS,born at 
 Ferrara, in the latter end of the sixteenth 
 century, was a man of varied accomplish- 
 nenfe, and eminent as a dramatic and 
 lyric poet. Among his dramas may be 
 mentioned, Annibal at Capua, and Achilles. 
 
 at Scyros. His son CORNELIUS, who 
 was born in 1668, and died in 1739, was 
 
 -abbi, was born about the middle of the! also a poet, and attained the dignity of 
 we.lfth century, at Tudela, in Navarre. ! cardinal. He translated Statius. 
 
 Little more is known of his life than that! 
 
 he travelled wall the design of visiting all 
 
 the European synagogues. His Itinerary, 
 
 written in Hebrew, did not see tile light 
 
 till 1343, when it appeared at Constanti- 
 
 rj.'pL-. Baralier translated it into French, 
 
 and wrote a dissertation to prove that it is 
 
 a compil.iti'.ni, aid not the. narrative of a 
 
 real journey. 
 
 BivXMTSKI, ALEXANDER PETRO- 
 
 rtrsi'H, a Russian poet, who died in 1808, 
 
 at the age of twenty-eight, is the author of 
 
 a variety of tales, fables, and other pieces; 
 
 among which may be- mentioned Ibrahim. 
 
 or the Generous Man, a tale; Komala, a 
 
 poem; and a translation of Oasian. 
 
 BENSERADE, ISAAC, a French wit 
 and poet, a member of the French Acad- 
 
 BENTLEY, RICHART., one of the moot 
 eminent T>f English culics and scholars, 
 was born, in 1662, at Oulton, near Wake- 
 
82 
 
 BEN 
 
 BER 
 
 field, in Yorkshire, and was educated at \ BERAUD, LAURENCE, a native of Lf 
 
 i>t.Joh ' '.unbridge. He took his i ons, born in 1703, belonged to the societj 
 
 decree that university in 1684, of Jesuits, and was eminent as an astrono. 
 
 uiiii at Oxford in ItW). Stillmgllect, bishop mer, metaorologiat, and natural philoso- 
 of Worcester, t*> whoe son he had lieen phcr. Lalande, Montucla, and other cele- 
 
 ;a.ide him his chaplain, and, in 1692, 
 ga\e him a prei>ond in his cathedral. In 
 1693, he was appointed keeper of t'.i 
 ihrary at St. James's, and in 1694, he 
 ub'i<hed his Discourses against Atheism, 
 xvhien he had delivered as preacher of the 
 lectures instituted In Boyle. Having de- 
 nied the genuineness of tlw Epistles of 
 Phal.iris, iic was e i^a^i-d in a warm con- 
 tr.iversy with all the leading wits of the 
 age. His antagonists claimed a triumph, 
 but posterity has decreed in his favour. 
 In 1700, he was appointed master of Trin- 
 ky College, Cambridge; but this prefer- 
 
 brated men, were his pupils. He died in 
 1777. 
 
 BERENGER, or, BEREXGARIUS, 
 archdeacon of Angers, was born at Tours, 
 at the beginning of the eleventh century, 
 and was a disciple of Fnlbert of Chartres. 
 He died in 10SS. His disbelief of the doc- 
 trine of transubstantiation drew down upon 
 him much persecution; he was excommu- 
 nicated, and deprived of his benefices; 
 but he at length conformed to the tenets of 
 the church 
 
 BEREiNGER, JAMES, a physician and 
 anatomist of the sixteenth century, w 
 
 ment was not a bed of roses: it involved j born at Carpi, in Italy, and is often called 
 
 by the name of his birthplace. He was 
 
 him in disputes with the vice-master and 
 some of the fellows, which ended in a law- 
 suit of twenty years' duration. In 1717, 
 a demand which he made of fees, brought 
 on him another litigation, and he was even 
 degraded from his olhces in the university. 
 After a struggle of eleven vears, however, 
 the court of kind's bench decreed in his 
 favour. Thenceforth, he enjoyed his col- 
 lege honours and emoluments in quiet, till 
 is tlealh, in 1742. His editions of Horace, 
 Terence, and Pluedrus; his Annotations 
 on Aristophanes; his IS'oteson Menander ; 
 and his Dissertation on the Epistles of 
 Phalanx, establish his character as a pro- 
 found scholar. His edition of Paradise 
 Lost, with conjectural emendations, is, on 
 the contrary, a decided failure. 
 
 BENTLEY, RICHARD, the only ran of 
 Dr. Bentley, was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, by his father. He was a man of ele- 
 gant talents, but imprudent, and conse- 
 quently often embarrassed. At length, he 
 obtained a small place and a pension, which 
 gave comfort to his latter days, lie died 
 in 1782. Bentley is the author of three 
 plays, Philodamus, the Prophet, and the 
 Wishes; and of Patriotism, a satirical 
 poem. 
 
 BENYOWSKV, MAURICE AUGUS- 
 TUS, Count de, a native of Hungary, born 
 in 1741, was a nobleman of that kingdom 
 and of Poland. Having joined the Polish 
 Confederacy against the infamous ambition 
 of Russia, he was taken prisoner, and ban- 
 shed to Kamtschatka. The governor there 
 iyed him as tutor to his daughters, 
 Benyowsky gained the affection of one 
 of them. Bv mrans of a conspiracy among 
 the exiles, he overpowered the military, 
 and made his escape in a vessel with h'is 
 companions and his mistress. After manv 
 romantic, adventures, he was at last klain 
 by the French, in 1786, while he was en- 
 deavouring to establish an independent 
 sovereignty in h island of Madagascar. 
 
 emplo 
 amlB 
 
 one of the first who practised dissection to 
 a considerable extent, and he made several 
 important anatomical discoveries. Beren- 
 ger was almost among the earliest of those 
 who employed mercury in cases of lues. 
 He died, in 1550, at Ferrara* 
 
 BERENICE. The name of several fe- 
 males, most of them Egyptian princesses. 
 The most celebrated of them was the 
 daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who 
 married her brother Euergttes. Being 
 passionately attached to him. she made a 
 vow to consecrate her beautiful locks to 
 Venus, in case of his safe return from a 
 dangerous expedition. He came home un- 
 hurt, and she performed her vow. Conon, 
 the astronomer, published that they had 
 been placed among the stars, and he gave 
 to a constellation the name of Berenice's 
 hair, which it still retains. She was put 
 to death, bv her own son, B. c. 221. 
 
 BEREIS'ICIUS, a strange character, 
 whose name and country are unknown. 
 He appeared in Holland in 1670, and gain- 
 ed a livelihood by sweeping chimneys and 
 grinding knives. But, notwithstanding the 
 lowness of his occupation, he was a man 
 of genius and extensive learning. He could 
 turn a Flemish conversation into extempore 
 Latin verse, and a newspaper into Latin or 
 Greek. He was at last smothered in a 
 bog while drunk. The Georgarchonioma- 
 thia is attributed to him. 
 
 BEHGERAC, SAVIMAN CYRANO 
 DK, was born about 1620, at the castle of 
 Bergerac, in Perigord, received but an in- 
 different education, and obtained a com- 
 mission in the army. He was equally 
 brave and quart elsome ; being perpetually 
 engaged in duels, either as principal or 
 second. His nose was exceedingly deform- 
 ed, and whoever looked at it was sure to 
 be called into the field. Having received 
 two severe wounds in war, he retired from 
 the army, and amused himself with lite-* 
 
BER 
 
 tr-e. He in the author of Agrippina, a 
 tragedy; the Pedant Tricked, a comedy; 
 a Journey in the Moon; and a Comic His- 
 tory of the States and Ernpirea of the Sun. 
 Moliere, Fontenelle, Swift, and Voltaire, 
 are supposed to have borrowed some ideas 
 from him. He died in 1655. 
 
 BERGHEM.or BERCHEM, NICHO- 
 LAS, one of the most celebrated Flemish 
 \ndsrape painters, was born at Haarlem, 
 n 1624, and died in 1683. It has justly 
 been observed of him, that he painted 
 .-< TV part of his subjects so extremely well, 
 a-i to render it difficult to determine in 
 \\liii h he excelled. Of so cheerful a tem- 
 per was he that he always sang when he 
 worhtd; and he was an indefatigable art- 
 ist. Rei-yhom also executed some etchings. 
 
 BERG MANN, SIR TORBERN, a na- 
 tive of Sweden, was born in West Goth- 
 land, in 17i>, and died in 1784. He was 
 professor of chemistry at Upsal, and a 
 member of nearly all the learned societies 
 in Europe. His knowledge was extensive 
 in mathematics, natural history, and vari- 
 ous branches of science; but it is to his 
 chemical labours that he is indebted for his 
 fame. The laws of elective attraction, or 
 chemical affinity, formed a prominent ob- 
 ject of his successful researches ; in analy- 
 sis he particularly excelled; and some of 
 ihe mineral acids were discovered by him. 
 
 BERING, BEERING, or BEHRING, 
 Virus, a Danish navigator, who, in 1704, 
 entered into the service of Russia, under 
 Peter the Great, and distinguished himself 
 against the Swedes. In 1728, 1729, and 
 1741, he was employed in voyages of dis- 
 covery on the coast of Asia and America, 
 and in his last voyage was shipwrecked, 
 and died on an island which has been 
 named from him. The name of Bering 
 was given by Captain Cook to the strait 
 which divides Asia from America. 
 
 BERKELEY, GKORGE, an eminent 
 prelate and metaphysical philosopher, to 
 whom Pope, with little of poetical exagger 
 r.tion, has attributed " every virtue under 
 heaven," was horn at Kiterin, near Thom- 
 as Town, in Ireland, in 1684. He was 
 educated at Kilkenny school and at Trinity 
 'College, Dublin. In England, he became 
 acquainted with, and beloved by, Pope, 
 Kw;ft, Addison, and all the other wits and 
 great men of the age. The duke of Graf- 
 ton, on being appointed lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland, made. him one of his chaplains, 
 and in 1724 Berkeley obtained the deanery 
 of Derrv. In 1728 he sailed to America, 
 for the purpose of establishing a missiona- 
 ry college, for the conversion of the In- 
 dians; but, after he had resided two years 
 there, the scheme was frustrated, by Sir 
 Robert Walpole withholding the funds 
 which were necessary. In 1733, Berkeley 
 wia promoted to the bishopric of Cloyne, 
 
 BER 
 
 83 
 
 and though he was subsequently offeree a 
 see of twir.e the value, he refused to give 
 up his flock. He died suddenly, in Janu- 
 ary, 1753. His works have been collected 
 n three quarto volumes. It is in the Prin- 
 ;5ples of Human Knowledge, and the Dia- 
 ogues between Hylas and Philonous, that 
 te developes his curious theory of the non- 
 ;xistence of matter. 
 
 BERKLEY, SIR WILLIAM, a native 
 )f London, educated at Mertnn College, 
 D-xford, and for many years governor of 
 ;he province of Virginia. He made a col- 
 ectionofthe laws of the provinces; pub- 
 .ished an account of the country, in folio ; 
 and was also the author of a tragi-comedy 
 called The Lost Lady. He returned to 
 England and died in 1677. 
 
 BERKENHOUT, JOHN, a physician 
 and literary character, born at Leeds, was 
 the son of a Dutch merchant, and, after 
 laving served in the Prussian and English 
 military service, gtudied physic at Edin- 
 ourgh, and took his degr'ee at Leyden. He 
 weht to America with the British commis- 
 sioners in 1778, and on his return received 
 a pension. He died, aged about sixty, in 
 1791. He is the author of various works, 
 among which may be mentioned Biographia 
 Literaria; a continuation of Campbell's 
 Lives of the Admirals; and outlines of the 
 Natural History of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land. 
 
 BERNARD OF MENTHON, arch- 
 deacon of Aosta, was born in 923, near 
 Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated 
 among" his contemporaries for his learning 
 and piety; but his claims to the notice ot 
 later ages rest on his having been the be- 
 nevolent founder of the two admirable in- 
 stitutions on the Great and Little Saint 
 Bernard, by means of which the lives of so 
 many traveller! have been saved. He die<J 
 in 1008. 
 
 BERNARD OF THURINGIA, a fa- 
 natical hermit of the tenth century, who 
 threw almost all Europe into consternation, 
 by preaching that the end of the world was 
 at hand. Multitudes relinquished their oc- 
 cupations, and became pilgrims; and oth- 
 ers were so frightened at an eclipse of tho 
 sun, which then occurred, that they hid 
 themselves in caverns and holes in the 
 rocks. The terror spread by this man was 
 not wholly removed till towards the end 
 of the eleventh century. 
 
 BERNARD, ST.,' the first abbot of 
 Clairvaux, was born at Fontaine, in- Bur- 
 gundy, in 1091, of noble parents. All 
 ecclesiastical dignities he constantly refus- 
 ed ; but his virtues and talents gained him 
 a higher influence in the Christian world 
 than was possessed even bv the pope him- 
 self, and the disputes of die church were 
 often referred to his arbitration. Hia elo- 
 quence was powerfully displayed in th* 
 
84 HER 
 
 multitudes that he induced to assume the 
 characters of crusaders. He died in 1153. 
 There are editions of his works in six vol- 
 umes, and in two voHimes, folio. 
 
 BERN AUH. CLA0DB, a nativi of Di- 
 
 jon, born in 1588, who assumed the title 
 <:f " the poor pr nhy of com- 
 
 f \ i . i ' : 
 
 HER 
 
 BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, a philan- 
 thropist and scholar, was born at Lincoln, 
 in 1759. He received his education at 
 Harvard Collar in New-England, and on 
 his return to his native country hecame a 
 
 the poor, attending the sirk in 
 the hospitals, and preparing criminals for 
 
 student of Lincoln's Inn. He was the pro- 
 jector of the Society for bettering the Con- 
 
 uion for his ardent and persevering dilion of the Poor, and an active promoter 
 rharitv. His whole life was devoted to j of many other charities. He died at Lea- 
 
 mington Spa, in 1818. Besides various 
 pamphlets, he is the author of Spurina, 01 
 the Comforts of Old Age. 
 
 BERNARDEZ, DIEGO, a poet, bora 
 in the province of Entre Minho e Douro, 
 \vho died in 1596, is den>ininated the Por- 
 tuguese Theocritus by his countrymen. 
 His pastoral poems, under the title of tho 
 Lyma (the name of a river), appeared at 
 Lisbon on the year of hid decease, and 
 
 d?ath For these purposes he not only soli- 
 cited benefactions from the rich, but sold his 
 own inheritance, which was worth nearly 
 twenty thousand pounds. He died in 1641. 
 BERNARD, EDWARD, a divine and 
 mathematician, was born, in 1638, at Paul- 
 er's Perry, in Northamptonshire, and was 
 educated at Merchant "Tailors School and 
 
 at Oxford. In 1673, he succeeded Sir .have passed through numerous editions. 
 Christopher Wren, as Savilian professor He succeeded also in other kinds of poe- 
 of astronomy. He died in 1696. Among try. Bernardez was a warrior as well as 
 his works are, some astronomical papers in a poet; and, after having fought with chiv- 
 the Philosophical Transactions; a Tceat- alric bravery, was taken prisoner by the 
 ise of the Ancient Weights and Measures; Moors at the fatal battle of Alcazarquivir 
 Private Devotions; and Etymologicum 
 Britannicum. 
 
 BERNARD, JAMES, was bdrn at Ny- 
 ons, in Dauphin?, and educated at Geneva. 
 He afterwards settled in Holland. He con- 
 tinued Le Clerc's Universal Library, and 
 Bayle's Intelligence of the Republic of 
 Letters, and published several works, one 
 jf which was a Supplement to Moreri. He 
 died at Leyden, in 1718, at the age of sixty. 
 
 BERNARD, JOHN FREDERIC, a book- 
 seller of Amsterdam, at the beginning of 
 the eighteenth century, was a man of talent 
 and learning, and the author and editor of 
 several works, among which may be men- 
 tioned a Collection of Voyages to the 
 North; Memoirs of Count de fSrienne; 
 Religious Ceremonies and Customs of all 
 Nations, in nine folio volumes; and An- 
 cient and Modern Superstition?, in two vol- 
 umes folio. He died about 1751. 
 
 BERNARD, PETER JOSEPH, a French 
 \ioet, the son of a sculptor, was born, in 
 1710, at Grenoble, was taken into Italy, 
 by the marquis de Pezay, in 1734, and 
 fought at the battles of Parma and (Jinas- 
 talla, and was subsequently patronised by 
 the marshal de Coig'iy, on the express con- 
 On the 
 
 BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, 
 JAMES HENRY, was born at Havre, in 
 1737, and is said to have been a descendant 
 of the celebrated Eustace -de St. Pierre, 
 the patriotic mayor of Calais. At the age 
 of twenty he entered into the engineer ser- 
 vice; and he successively served at Malta, 
 in Russia, and in Poland. On his revisit- 
 ing his native country, he obtained a cap- 
 tain's commission in the engineer corps, 
 and was sent to the Isle of France, fn m^ 
 whence, however, after a residence of tluc 
 ycajs, he returned, with no other fortune 
 than a collection of shells and insect*, and 
 voyage. The latter, 
 
 dition of his not making verses 
 
 death ot" the marshal, i$em;;rd devoted a narrative of his 
 
 himself to society and to the Muses. His; which was his first literary eliort, was 
 conversation being delightful, his company ] published in 1773; and he, thenceforth, 
 was eagerly s.ui/iit. In the latter part of devoted himslf to literature. His Studio 
 hu life, he Mink into a state of mental im- 1 of Nature appeared in 1784, and passed 
 becility. His poems are elegant but vo-; rapidly through several editions. Paul 
 luptuous. Among bis principal works arc) mid Virginia was published in 1788, and 
 the Art of Love; Phrwine and Melidor; this delightful tale acquired an unprece- 
 and the opera of Castor and Pollux. Vul- i dented popularity, and set the seal on his 
 taire ptyled him le gentil Bernard, and thei reputation. During the reign of terror, he 
 epithet 'remains attached to his name. He' narrowly escaped the scaffold. From Na- 
 died in 1775. |...!i ,n and his brother Joseph he received 
 
BER 
 
 tension*, which gave comfort to his latter 
 days. He died in 1814. His Harmonics 
 of Nrtiure was given to the press after his 
 death. The best edition of his works i.s 
 in twelve octavo volumes. The philosophy 
 of St. Pierre is occasionally eccentric"; 
 but the purity of his morality, and the 
 beauty of his style, deserve the highest 
 Braise. 
 
 BERNERS, or BARNES, JULIANA, 
 a sister of Lord Berners, is supposed to 
 have been born about tne year 1388, and 
 was a native of Essex. She was prioress 
 of Sopewell Nunnery, and wrote the Boke 
 of Hawkyng and Huntyng, which was one 
 of the first works that issued from the 
 English press. 
 
 BERNI, FRANCIS, one of the must 
 eminent Italian poets of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, was born at Lamporecchio, in Tus- 
 cany, and died of poison, in 1536 He 
 remodelled Bojardo's Orlando Innamoralo. 
 His Rime Burlesche, and his Latin poems, 
 are to be found in various collection?. 
 
 BERNI, Count FRANCIS, a civilian, 
 orator, and poet, was born at Ferrara, in 
 1610, and died in 1673. He was greatly 
 i:i favour with Pope Innocent X., Alex- 
 ander VII., and Clement IX., and with 
 two successive dukes of Mantua. He ex- 1 
 celled in dramatic pieces, of which he I 
 wrote eleven. A volume of his miscella- | 
 nies was published with the title of Aca- 
 demia. 
 
 BERNIER, FRANCIS, a physician and 
 traveller, was born at Angers. In 1655, 
 
 after 
 
 passed through Syria and 
 
 Egypt, he visited India, where he resided 
 for some years, as physician to Aurung- 
 zebe. On his return to Fiance he pub- 
 lished his Travels, a work of great interest 
 and authenticity.. He died at Paris, in 
 16S8. Berriier was universally admired 
 for the graces of his mind and person. 
 His principal work, besides his Travels, is 
 an Abridgment of Gasscndi's Philosophy, 
 in eight volumes. 
 
 BERNINI, JOHN LAURENCE, who was 
 at once a painter, a sculptor, and an archi- 
 tect, and whom his contemporaries de- 
 nominated the modern Michael Angelo, 
 was barn at Naples, in 1598. At the 
 early age of eight years, he manifested his 
 genius by sculpturing the head of a child 
 m marble. Some of his finest works were 
 produced before he was twenty. He was 
 patrtr.ized by popes Urban VIII., Alex- 
 ander VII., and Innocent X., and was 
 nvited to France by Louis XIV. His 
 finest productions are at Rome. He died 
 n that city in 1680. Bernini had a fine 
 genius; but he is accused of mannerism, 
 and.of having often violated the principles 
 of true taste. 
 
 BERN1S, Cardinal FRANCIS JOACHIM 
 DC PJKRRZI DI, a French poe> and 
 
 HER 85 
 
 statesma-i, was born at St. Marcel de 
 I'Aid r'nr, i i 1715. In early life, he pub- 
 li.-hcd s.niK- light poetry ^ which gained him 
 the patronage of Madame de Pompadour, 
 through whose influence he was pensioned, 
 and received into the Academy; he was 
 subsequently employed to negotiate in Italy, 
 Spain, and Austria, promoted to be minis- 
 ter f>r foreign affairs, and gratified with 
 the dignity of cardinal. In 176-1, he was 
 made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769 was 
 sent ambassador to Rome. The revolution 
 deprived him of his revenues; but he ob- 
 tained a pension from Spain. He died at 
 Rome in 1794. He left behind him a 
 poem, with the title of Religion Avenged. 
 
 BERXOUILLI, JAMKS, an eminent 
 mathematician, was born at Basil, in 1654, 
 and died in 1705. He was originally in- 
 tended for the church, but studied geome- 
 try and astronomy in secret, contrary to 
 the wishes of his father, which ma;!e him 
 take for his device Phaeton conducting the 
 car of the sun, with the motto Invito patre 
 sidera verso. He was professor of mathe- 
 matics at Basil, and a member of many 
 learned societies. His works were pub- 
 lished complete in 1744. 
 
 BERNQUILLI, JOHN, brother of the 
 preceding, was born at Basil, in 1667, 
 became professor of mathematics at Gro- 
 ningen, and succeeded his brother at Basil. 
 He died in 1748. His works form four 
 quarto volumes; and his correspondence 
 with Leibnitz occupies two more. He 
 was the master of Euler. His eldest son, 
 NICHOLAS, was also a mathematician of 
 talent. He died in 1726, at Petersburgn, 
 where he was professor of mathematics. 
 He was, however, far exceeded by his 
 brother. 
 
 BERNOUILLI, DANIEL, wa? born 
 at Groningen, in 1700, and died in 1782. 
 He was one oi the most eminent of an 
 eminent family, and his manners were a=j 
 modest as his science was extensive. He 
 is the author of the first published treatise 
 on Hydrodinamics; and of many other 
 valuable works. Several other members 
 of this family excelled in the abstract sci- 
 ences. 
 
 BERNOUILLI, JOHN, grandson of the 
 abovementioned John, was born at Basil, 
 in 1744, and died, in 1807, at Berlin, 
 where he was director of mathematics in 
 the Royal Academy. He was also a vo- 
 luminous writer. Among his principal 
 works are, Travels in Germany, Switzer- 
 land, &c. 3 vols.; and in Prussia, Russia, 
 and Poland, 6 vols.; a Collection of Voy- 
 ages and Travels, 16 vola. ; and Archive* 
 of History and Geography, 8 vols. 
 
 BERNSTORF, JOHN HARTWIG ER- 
 NEST, Count de, a native of Hanover, 
 born in 1712, settled in Denmark, where 
 he became prime minister, and tlistin- 
 
96 BER 
 
 flushed himself by his successful adminis- 
 tration, and his encouragement of manu- 
 facture.*, commerce, arts ami sciences. lie 
 enfranchised his peasants, and they ex- 
 pressed their gratitude by erecting an obe- 
 lisk in honour of him. In 1770 lie was 
 removed from his office, and he died at 
 Hamburgh, in 1772. 
 
 BEK.NSToiiF. ANDREW PKTKR, 
 Count de, tlie nephew (-f John, was, like 
 his uncle, a native of llanmer, where lie 
 was lx>rn in 1735. Like him, he filled the 
 office of Danish prime minister; and like 
 him, too, he governed with wisdom, and 
 introduced numerous reforms of the utmost 
 importance. He procured the enfranchise- 
 ment of the peasants, improved the crimi- 
 nal code, abolished monopoly, and estab- 
 
 lished a new system of finances. This 
 able statesman died in 1797. 
 
 BEUOSUS, a priest of Belus, at Baby- 
 l.m, in the time of Alexander, wrote a 
 History of Chaldea, which is now lost; 
 and is* said to have opened a school of 
 astronomy at Co?, and invented a new sun 
 dial. Some, however, believe the historian 
 and the astronomer to have been different 
 person?. 
 
 BEKQUEN, or BERKEX, LEWIS DE, 
 n native of Bruges, was the first who in- 
 vented, in 1456, the art of cutting and 
 polishing diamonds, by means of a wheel 
 a-id diamond powder. His grandson, 
 ROBERT, published the Wonders of the 
 East Indies, or a Treatise on I'recious 
 Stones. 
 
 BERQUIX, ARNOLD, an elegant and 
 amiable writer, who devoted his pen to 
 the instruction of youth, was born at Bor- 
 deaux, in 1749, and died at Paris, in 1791. 
 His works, consisting of Idylls; the 
 Children's Friend; the Youth's Friend; 
 the Little Grandison; the Family Book; 
 and several similar productions, form 
 twenty volu:nea. The Children's Friend 
 is, in part, imitated from the German of 
 Weiss. 
 
 BERRUYER, JOSEPH ISAAC, a Jesuit, 
 was born ^at Rouen, in 1682, and died at j Savoy 
 Paris, in*1758. He acquired a. sinister 
 kind of celebrity by his History of the 
 People of God, in eleven quarto volumes; 
 a work founded on the Bible, and written 
 with some degree of elegance; but the 
 events in which are tricked out in all the 
 meretricious ornaments of romance, and 
 are sometimes even indecently described. 
 The reading of it was prohibited bv seve- 
 ral French prelates ; two popes condemned 
 it; and tne parliament of Paris summoned 
 tlie author before them; all which, of 
 course, only procured for it an accession 
 of reader?. 
 
 BEKTAU'f . JOHN, a French poet, was 
 born U Caen, in 15.52, and died in 1611. 
 
 !! WOK bih.*|l of S-'f/., .111(1 ci'llUJIKK 10 
 
 BER 
 
 Mary d* Medicis. Though occasionally 
 del'irmed by the defects of the age, hi* 
 iiave'a considerable degree of feel- . 
 i etness, and clejjarce. His Stan 
 /as, beginning " Fclii-iti' j'a.-s.-'c," are s-ti 
 popular. 
 
 KERTIIIER, AI.KXAMIKR, a di-trt 
 <jni>hrd officer, was hoi n at Vei>aill-s, ii> 
 rved in America during the war ol 
 independence, and attained the rank ot 
 major-general in 17J>2. After hav.ing 
 f'.u_;ht ii.illantlv in Vendee, he was made 
 general of di\ision, and was placed at the 
 head of Bonaparte's staff in Italy. He 
 afterwards acted in the same capacity 
 with him in Egypt. In both countries he 
 signalized his talents and bra\ery. On 
 the establishment of the consulate, he be- 
 came minister of the war department. He 
 was subsequently raised to be a marshal, 
 vice constable of the 
 of Neufchatel and Wa 
 confidence was reposed in him by Napo- 
 leon. On the first restoration of Louis 
 
 empire, and prince 
 ra<rram. Unlimited 
 
 XVIII. Berthier immediately recognized 
 his authority, and was created a peer; but 
 when Napoleon returned, his old com- 
 panion and confidant withdrew to Barn- 
 berg, where, in a fit of frenzy or remorse, 
 he threw himself from a window, and died 
 on the 1st of June, 1815. 
 
 BERTHOLLET, CLAUDE Louis, ao 
 eminent chemist, was born at Talloire, in 
 in 1748, and studied medicine at 
 Turin. Having been appointed physician 
 to the duke of Orleans, he settled at Paris, 
 and became a member of the Academy of 
 Sciences. His chemical researches were 
 extensive, and the results highly important. 
 In 1799 he accompanied Bonaparte to 
 Egypt; and, under the empire, he wa 
 made a senator and an officer of the legion 
 of honour. He was, however, one of the 
 first to desert Napoleon, and was rewarded 
 with tUe title of count. He died in 1822. 
 Among his principal works are, Elements 
 of the Art ofDveing; Essay on Chemical 
 Statics; and Inquiry icto the I.au of Af- 
 finity. 
 
 BERTHO U D, F E RDI N A N i>, one of the 
 ibu; ,-.,.;., ..-.! ittcchanSss zrA ir.nktm of 
 
BES 
 
 BET 
 
 Jiionometers, was born at Planremont, in Nkhohs. His death took place at Ra- 
 
 IVciifchalcl, in 1727, and settled at Parin, vr-mia, in 1472. Bessarion was a man of 
 
 in the neighbourhood of which city he died, tale-it, and a promoter of literature. The 
 
 in l. c '()7. He w the awthor of a History of work bv which he is best known is his 
 
 the Measuring of Time by mean.* of Clocks, 
 two volumes quarto; and of several other 
 valuable works relative to his art. His 
 nephew, Louis, inherited his talents. 
 
 BERTIN, ANTHONY, one of the most 
 elegant of the French amatory poets, was 
 
 Def.viee of Plato. 
 
 BE.SSIERES, JOHN BAPTIST, Duke 
 of Istria, a French marshal, was born in 
 Poitou, in 176f), and entered the army in 
 1792. He distinguished himself in Italy 
 and in Egypt, and at Austerlitz, Jena, and 
 
 born in 1752, in the isle of Bourbon, and Evlau; commanded a corps in Spain; and 
 educated in France. He died at St. Do- ; the cavalry of the imperial guard in 1812 
 mingo, in 1790. His elegies, in four; and 1S13. He was killed in the combat 
 books, published in 1782, under the title* of | that preceded the battle of Lutzen; and 
 the Loves, are his principal productions, 
 and do honour to his poetical talents. 
 
 BERTINAZZI, CHARLES ANTHONY, 
 
 his loss was greatly regretted by Napoleon. 
 Bessieres was a general of talent, a.id an 
 
 honourable man. 
 
 better known under the name of CARLINI,! BETHENCOURT, JOHN DE, a cele- 
 was born at Turin, in 1713, and was at brated adventurer, of a noble family, born 
 fust an ensign, but exchanged a military in Normandy, in the fourteenth century, 
 f>r a theatrical life. For more than forty j was chamberlain to Charles VI. Wishing 
 years he was one of the most distinguished; to avoid bearing a part in the dissensions 
 comic actors at Paris. He was also cele- by which France was desolated, he resolved 
 brated for his gaiety and wit. He died in i to undertake the conquest of the Canaries 
 17S8. I This purpose he accomplished at the head 
 
 BERTRANDI, JOHN AMBROSE MA-jof a band of resolute men, and received 
 RiA,an eminent Italian anatomist and sur-jthe investiture of the islands, as sovereign, 
 goon, was born at Turin, in 1723, and died i from Henry III. of Aragon. He died, in 
 
 . 1 ~rr~ T c / llirtr 1 ' * IfcT 
 
 in 1765. He was professor of surgery and 
 chemistry in his native city, and head sur- 
 geon to the king. His works form thir- 
 teen vols. 8vo. 
 
 The principal c 
 a Treatise on Surgical Operatio 
 
 1425, on his estate in Normandy. 
 
 BETHLEM-GABOR, the son of a poor 
 Transylvanian calvinist gentleman, was 
 
 of them is patronised by Gabriel Battori, then de- 
 ns, throned him, and, in 1613, proclaimed 
 
 BERWICK, JA'MKSFIT/JAMKS, Duke j himself prince of Transylvania. In 1618, 
 of, a natural son of James II., was born, I he reduced Hungary, assumed the title of 
 in 1671. at Moulins, in France, and served! king, and invaded Austria and Moravia; 
 with distinction in Hungary, Ireland, and j whence, however, he was e*j oiled by Til- 
 Flanders. In 1704, he commanded injly. A treaty ensued, and he relinquished 
 chief, the French troops in Spain; in the his Hungarian conquests; but remained 
 following year, he was opposed to the Lan- sovereign of Transylvania till his death, in 
 guedocian insurgents; and in 1706, being i 1629. 
 then a field marshal, was again at the head | BETTERTON, THOMAS, a celebrated 
 
 of the army in Spain, and gained the battle 
 of Almanza. In four subsequent cam- 
 
 nrtor, was born, in 1635, at Westminster, 
 *. id began life as an apprentice to a book- 
 
 pagns, successfully defended Dauphine j binder. At the age of twenty, however, 
 against tiu- attempts of the duke rf Savoy, j he went upon the stage, and ultimately ac- 
 Hu last service in the succession war was | quired a high degree of reputation as a 
 
 the reduction of Barcelr 
 
 In 1734, he 
 
 was placed at the head of the French ar- 
 my on the Rhine, and was killed on the 
 
 tragic actor; especially in some of Shak- 
 speare's principal characters. In 1695, he 
 opened a new theatre in Lincoln's Inn 
 
 12th of June*. ;vt the siege of Philipsburg. j Fields; but this speculation was unsuccess- 
 He is the author of his own Memoirs. By, ful. He died in 1710. Several pieces 
 Lord Bolingbroke he is considered as the! were altered by him for the stage. 
 
 BETTINELLI, XAVIER, an elegant 
 Italian writer, was born at Mantua, in 
 1718, and became a member of the society 
 of Jesuits. For some years he had the di- 
 rection of the college of nobles at Parma, 
 and afterwards was professor of eloquence 
 at Mudena. He continued his literary ca- 
 reer till his death, which took place at 
 Venice, in 1808. His works occupy 24 
 
 great man that ever lived. 
 IESSARION, Cardinr.UoiiN, a native 
 i\( T-bi/.oii(l, born in 13.95, was made 
 bishop cl Nic-.ra, by John Paleologus, and 
 sent by him into Italy, to negotiate the 
 union of the Greek and Roman churches. 
 Pope Eugene IV. gave him a cardinal's 
 bat. Be&sarion's efforts, however, gave 
 such o Hence to those of his own commun- 
 "on, that he thought it prudent to remain 
 
 at Koiue; and Pius II. ga\e him the title! tragedies, and three by poems. Of his 
 of patriarch of Constantinople. He was! prose works, one of the "most celebtated . 
 very near being elected pop on the death of j Letters of Virgil. Bettinelli was an aU* 
 
 vols. 12mo., of which two are occupied by 
 
88 BEZ 
 
 gant miuded, an amiable, and a p o ;s 
 man. 
 
 BEUCKELS, WILLIAM, a fislierrran, 
 a native of Dutch Flamiers, is oiu- <>f t'lose 
 men who have a claim to l>e considered us 
 benefactors of their country. About the 
 beginning of the lifteeiuh century, he dis- 
 covered the art of curing and bun-oiling 
 .lerrings; a discovery which proved in the 
 highest degree beneficial to his native land. 
 His countrymen erected a statue to his 
 memory, and his tomb was visited by 
 Charles V. Konrkels died in 1 1 19. 
 
 BEl'K.NONVILLE, PETER RIEL, 
 Count de Beurnonville, a Fronrh marshal, 
 was born in Burgundy, in 1752, served in 
 the East Indies, and under Dumourier^and 
 was mide minister of war in 1793. He 
 was one of the republican commissioners 
 whom Dnmourier gave up to the Austrian*, 
 and was imprisoned, at Olmutz, till 1795. 
 On his return to France, he was appointed 
 to the command of the armies of the Sam- 
 bre and the Meuse, and of Holland. During 
 the consulate he was ambassador at Berlin 
 and Madrid; and, under the empire, was 
 grand officer of the legion of honour, sena- 
 tor and count. He voted for the deposi- 
 tion of Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent, 
 was rewarded with the title of marshal, 
 and died in April, 1821. 
 
 BEVERIDGE, WILLIAM, an English 
 prelate, and an eminent orientalist and 
 theologian, was born at Barrow, in Leices- 
 tershire, in 1636, and . educated at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge. Before he was 
 twenty, he acquired a critical knowledge of 
 the oriental languages. He was offered 
 the see of Bath and Wells in 1691, but 
 declined it, on conscientious motives. In 
 1704, however, he was made bishop of St. 
 Asaph. He died in 1707. Of his volu- 
 minous works, part posthumous, his Ser- 
 mons, above one hundred and fifty in num- 
 ber, and his Private Thoughts onReligion, 
 are, perhaps, the best known. 
 
 BEWICK, JOHN and THOMAS, reviv- 
 ers of the art of wood engraving, which, 
 till tneirtime, was sunk to the lowest state, 
 resided at Newcastle upon Tyne, where, in 
 1790, they published a History of Quadru- 
 peds, which was succeeded, in 1797, by a 
 History of British Birds. John Bewick 
 died in 1795, and his brother Thomas in 
 1828. 
 
 BEZA, or BEZE, THEODORE, oneof 
 the most eminent of the reformers, was born 
 at Vezelai, in the Nivernois, in 1519, and 
 was originally a catholic, and intended for 
 the law. At the age of twenty, he gained 
 an unenviable reputation, by the composi- 
 tion of Latin poetry which was at once ele- 
 gant and licentious, and which, some years 
 afterwards, he published under the title of 
 Juvenile Poems. Though not in orders, he 
 povMssed benefices of considerable value. 
 
 KIA 
 
 These, however, he abandoned in 1548, 
 and retired to Geneva, where he publiclj 
 
 abjured popery. To this he was induced 
 by his having meditated, dt/ ing illness, 
 upon the doctrines which he haJ heard 
 from his protestant tutor, Melchior Wol- 
 mar; and, perhaps, also, in some measure, 
 by his attachment to a lady, whom he 
 carried with him to Geneva, and married. 
 He now accepted the Greek professorship 
 at Lausanne, which he held for ten years 
 It was while he was thus occupied thai 
 he produced his tragedy of Abraham's 
 Sacrifice, his version of the New Testa- 
 ment, and his hateful defence of the right 
 of the magistrate to punish heritics. In 
 1559 he removed to Geneva, and became 
 the colleague of Calvin, through whom 
 he was appointed rector of the academy, 
 and theological professor. Two years 
 after this, he took a prominent part in the 
 conference at Poissy, and was present at 
 the battle of Dreux". He returned to Ge- 
 neva, in 1563, succeeded Calvin in his 
 offices and influence, and was thence- 
 forward considered as the head of the cal- 
 vinistir. church. After an exceedingly ac- 
 tive life, he died on the 13th of October, 
 1605. His theological works are numer- 
 ous, but are now nearly forgotten. 
 
 BEZOUT, STEPHEN, a celebrated 
 mathematician, and mathematical exam- 
 iner of the naval and artillery schools, was 
 born at Nemours, in 1730, and died in the 
 Gatinois, in 1783. He is the author of 
 a General Theory of Algebraic Equations; 
 and" two Courses of Mathematics, the 
 one in four volumes, the other in six, for 
 the use of the royal marine and artillery 
 schools. One anecdote proves the kind- 
 ness and courage of Bezout. Though he 
 had never had the small pox, he ventured 
 to the bedside of two youths of the naval 
 academy, who were labouring under it, 
 and who would have been thrown back a 
 year in their promotion, had he not ex 
 ami ned them. 
 
 BIANCHI, JOHN BAPTIST, a cele- 
 brated Italian naturalist, was born at Tu- 
 rin, in 1681, took his doctor's degree at 
 the early age of seventeen, and WM pr* 
 
BIC 
 
 fessor at Turin till his death, in 1761. 
 His anatomical works are numerous; 
 among them may be mentioned Ductus 
 Laerymalis Novi; De Lacteorum Vaso- 
 rum;" Letterasull'insensibilita; and Histo- 
 ria Hepatica. 
 
 BIANCHI, JOHN an Italian naturalist, 
 better known under the Latin name of 
 JANUS PI.ANCUS, was born at Rimini, in 
 1693, and died there in 1775. He was 
 eminent as a naturalist, physician, and an- 
 atomist; collected in his travels a fine cabi- 
 net of natural history; and was the reviver 
 of the Academy of the Leincei. 
 
 BlAJVCHIm, FKANCIS, an eminent 
 Italian mathematician and antiquary, was 
 born at Verona, in 1662, and died in 1729. 
 He was patronised by three popes, enno- 
 bled by the Roman senate, corresponded 
 with the most celebrated men of his time, 
 and displayed the most persevering activity 
 and talent in mathematical and antiquarian 
 pursuits. His works are numerous, and 
 distinguished by erudition ; among them 
 are Memoirs on the Comets of 1684 and 
 1702; the first part of a Universal His- 
 tory; and Miscellaneous Pieces. His 
 nephew JOSEPH was also a man of learn- 
 ing and an author. 
 
 131 AS, one of the seven sages of Greece, 
 who flourished about B. c. 565, was a na- 
 tive of Priene, one of the principal cities 
 of Ionia. He was equally remarkable for 
 his virtues and his knowledge. When 
 the cause of his friends was just, he would 
 plead for them befire the tribunals; but 
 he would never lend his talents to injus- 
 tice; whence the phrase, "a cause of the 
 Prienian orator," was used to signify a 
 good cause. He died at an advanced age. 
 
 BIBBIENA, Cardinal BERNARD, 
 whose name was DOVIZZK, was bom at 
 Bibbiena, in 1479, rose to the dignity of 
 cardinal in 1513, and died suddenly in 
 1520, supposed to have been poisoned. 
 Bibbiena ranks among the restorers c,f the 
 Italian theatre; his comedy, intitied La 
 Calandria, being the first that was written 
 according to the rules of the ancients. 
 
 BICHAT, MAKIE FRANCIS XAVIKR, 
 a French physician and physiologist, was 
 born at Thoisette, in Bresse, in 1771, and 
 was a pupil of Petit and of Dussault. He 
 succeeded Dussault as medical professor 
 at the Hotel Dieu, and retained the situa- 
 tion till his decease, in 1802. His talents 
 were of a high order, and his countrymen 
 look upon him as the man who raised 
 pathological anatomy to the dignity of a 
 science. He is the author of a Treatise 
 *n tlie Membranes; Physiological l\e- 
 eearches on Lite and Death; and Anatomy 
 in general, as applied to Physiology and 
 iMedicine. This last work, which is in 
 (b'ir volumes, is regarded as his master- 
 
 BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, an American 
 laval officer, was born in Philadelphia, in 
 1750. He entered the British fleet in 
 1770, having previously served several 
 years as a seaman on board merchant 
 dtips. On the commencement of hostili- 
 ties between the colonies and the raothei 
 country, he returned to Philadelphia, :uic 
 received from Congress the captaincy of 
 the Andrew Doria, a brig of 14 guns, 
 employed in the expedition against New- 
 Providence. Towards the close of 1770, 
 he received command of the Randolph, a 
 new frigate of 32 guns, with which he 
 soon captured a Jamaica fleet of four sail 
 richly laden. This prize he carried into 
 Charleston, and was soon after furnished 
 by the government of that town with four 
 additional vessels, to attack several Brit- 
 ish cruisers, at that time harassing the 
 commerce of the vicinity. He fell in with 
 the royal line of battle s'hip Yarmouth, of 
 64 guns, on the 7th of March, 1778, and 
 after an action of twenty minutes, perish- 
 ed with all his crew except four, by die 
 blowing up of the t\\\p. 
 
 BIDDLE, JOHN, an eminent Socinian 
 writer and preacher, was born at Wootton 
 under Edge, in 1615, was educated at Ox- 
 ford, and, in 1641, became master of 
 Gloucester Free School. From this office, 
 however, he was expelled, in consequence 
 of his having oppugned the doctrine of the 
 Trinity. For the same cause he was 
 twice imprisoned, was in peril of his life, 
 and was banished to Sicily. Cromwell 
 liberated him in 1658, and he became pas- 
 tor of an independent congregation. In 
 1662, he ^s again apprehended, fined a 
 hundred pounds, and committed to prison, 
 where he died of the gaol fever, in Sep- 
 tember. Biddle was a virtuous and be- 
 nevolent man. lie is regarded as the fa- 
 ther of the modern Unitarians. 
 
 BIDLAKE, JOHN, burn at Plymouth, 
 in 1755, was a divine, who attained some 
 reputation as a poet. He took his degree 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, and was ap- 
 pointed master of Plymouth school. In 
 1811, while delivering" a Bamptun lecture, 
 he was seized with an epileptic fit, which 
 brought on total blindness. He died in 
 1814. He published three volumes of 
 sermons and lectures; Eugenio, a tale; 
 Virginia, a tragedy; the poems of the 
 Sea, the Country Parson, the Summer's 
 Eve, and Youth;" and a volume of minor 
 poetry. 
 
 BIDLOO, GODFREY, an eminent ana- 
 tomist, born in 1649, at Amsterdam, v\as 
 successively anatomical professor at the 
 l j a;;ue and at Leyilen. He emitted his 
 situation at the latter place to be physician 
 to King William, but resumed it on ihe 
 monarch's doath. He is the author <;f va- 
 rious woikd all uicritdiioiu but his r uin 
 
M BIL 
 
 rests chiefly on the Anatomy of toe Human 
 I>odv, in Latin, which is illustrated by one 
 hundred and fourteen p.ate?. He died in 
 1713. 
 
 BIELFELD, JAMES FRCDKRU , Bar- 
 on de. was born at Hamburgh, in 1716, 
 and was tutor to the king of Prussia's 
 
 brother, and afterwards curator of 
 universities, and a privv counsellor. 
 
 the 
 He 
 
 died in 1770. Two of his tast works, 
 Political Institutions, and Elements n{ 
 Universal Erudition, have been translated 
 into English. 
 
 RIEVKE, MARECHAI,, Marquis de, a 
 eon of the king's head surgeon, was born 
 at Paris, in 1747, and acquired a reputa- 
 tion by his repartees, and, especially, by 
 his pertinacious spirit of punning; no 
 word or expression escaped him on which 
 he could make a pun. He was, however, 
 capable of better things; for, among other 
 
 BIR 
 
 she returned to the London stage, ami w> 
 
 tonishfd the whole world by her Mandane, 
 a performance tlr.t has never sinre beer 
 equalled in Engli.-h opera. In 1817 ne 
 quitted England for ever, and died aft' r a 
 short illness at an estate she had pur- 
 chased in the Venetian territories. 
 
 BILSO.N, THOMAS, a prelate, l>orn al 
 Winchester, in 1536, where, and at Ox- 
 ford, he was educated. The Perpetual 
 Government of Christ's Church, which ne 
 published in 15.93, led to his obtaining the 
 see of Worcester, whence he was transla- 
 ted to that of Winchester. In the Hamp- 
 ton Court conference he bore a prominent 
 part; and, in conjunction with Bishop 
 Smith, had the revision of the new trans- 
 lation of the Bible. He died in 1616. He 
 produced various controversial works and 
 sermons. 
 
 BINGHAM, JOSEPH, an eminent di- 
 
 works, he produced two comedies, the vine, was born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, 
 
 Seducer, and the Reputations, the first of 
 which has considerable merit. He died 
 in 1789. Even on the brink of the grave 
 he persisted to pun. His decease took 
 place at Spa, and just before it he said to 
 a friend, " Je pars de Spa (de ce pas)." 
 His jests have been collected into a vol- 
 ume, called Bievriana. 
 
 BILFINGER, GEORGE BERNARD, a 
 man of almost universal learning, was born 
 at Canstadt, in Wurtemberg, in 1693. In 
 1725, being then professor of logic and 
 metaphysics at Petersburg!!, his Disserta- 
 tion, on the cause of the weight of bodies, 
 gained the prize offered by the Prussian 
 Academy of Sciences. His reputation 
 caused him to be recalled to Wurtemberg, 
 where the duke appointed hilh a privy 
 counsellor, and placed unbounded confi- 
 dence in him. Bilfinger did much for the 
 advancement of education, agriculture, 
 and commerce, in his native country. He 
 died in 1750. Among his works may be 
 mentioned Dilucidationes Philosophic^ ; 
 and De Harmonia Anima et Corporu IIu- 
 
 1668, and educated at Oxford, where 
 he obtained a fellowship, which he resign- 
 ed, in consequence of being censured for 
 heterodox opinions concerning the Trinity. 
 He then retired to his living of Head- 
 bourne Worthy, in Hampshire. In 1712, 
 he obtained the rectory of Havant : in 
 1720, he was nearly ruined by the South 
 Sea bubble; and he died in 1723. His 
 Origines Ecelesiasticie is a valuable work. 
 
 BION, a Greek pastoral poet, a native 
 of Smyrna, was a contemporary of Theo- 
 critus, and the friend of Moschtis; and is 
 said to have died by poison, about B. c. 
 300. Some, however, maintai , that he 
 lived a century later than Theocritus. His 
 Iiiyllia are remarkable for elegance and 
 pastoral sweetness. 
 
 BION, a Greek philosopher, of Bory*- 
 thenes, in Scythia, died about B. c. 240. 
 
 He was first a cvnic, then a disciple of 
 - - - - r rr. 
 
 Theodorus, the atheist, and lastly of Theo- 
 phrastus. Bion was skilled in music and 
 poetry, and had a talent for repartee. 
 
 BIRAGUE, CLKMENT, an engraver of 
 precious stones, was a native of .Milan, 
 BILLINGTON, ELIZABETH, the most ! and flourished in Spain, about the middle 
 
 celebrated English singer of her day, was 
 born in England in 1770, being the daugh- 
 ter of .Mr. Weichsell, a German. At the 
 age of fourteen she made her first appear- 
 ance as a singer, at Oxford, and two years 
 afterwards married Mr. Billington, whom 
 she accompanied to Dublin. Here she 
 made her debut in the opera of Orpheus 
 and Kuridice. On returning to London, 
 he appeared at Covent Garden with 
 great success, and rapidly acquired a high 
 eputation. She afterwards visited the 
 continent to avail herself of the instruc- 
 tions of the masters of the art in Paris and 
 Italy. In 1796 she appeared at Venice 
 and at Rome, receiving every where the 
 loudest expressions of applaus*. In 1801 
 
 of the sixteenth century. He was the 
 ventor of enerajinz on the diamond, and 
 his first work of tlvit kind was a portrait 
 of the unfortunate Don Carlos. 
 
 BIRCH, THOMAS, a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, of more research than elegance, was 
 born in Clerkenwell, in 1705, and was orig- 
 inally a (maker. He took orders, obtained 
 various church preferments, and was made 
 D. D. and one of the secretaries of the 
 Royal Society. He was killed by a fall from 
 his horse, in 1766. Among his numerous 
 works are a History of the Royal Society; 
 Lives to Houbraken and Vertue's heads; 
 Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth; Lives of 
 Boyle, Trtlotson, Greaves, War:, Kaleigk, 
 and Henry Prince of Wales. 
 
BIB 
 
 BIRD, WILLIAM, an eminent musician, 
 who flourished in Queen Elizabeth's reign, 
 
 BLA 
 
 91 
 
 S n : 
 
 died in 1623, at the age of eighty. He 
 coint >osed a great number of pieces of sa- 
 cred music; and " Non nobis, Domine," 
 is generally attributed to him. 
 
 BIRD, EDWARD, R. A. a painter of 
 considerable merit, especially in comic sub- 
 jects. He was patronised by the marquis 
 of Stafford, and was appointed historical 
 painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. 
 lie died at Bristol, in 1819. 
 
 BIREN, JOHK ERNEST DE, Duke of 
 Courland and Semigallki, was born in 
 1687, and \s said to have been the son of a 
 Courland peasant. He, however, was well 
 educated, and had a handsome person ; 
 and by these means he obtained an un- 
 bounded influence over Anne, duchess of 
 Courland, the daughter of Peter I. When 
 he ascended the throne of Russia, she 
 committed the reins of government to Biren, 
 who ruled tyrannically, but with talent. In 
 1737 she made him duke of Courland, and 
 on her death, in 1740, left him the regency 
 of Russia. A revolution banished him to 
 Siberia; but he was afterwards allowed to 
 reside at Yaraslof. He was recalled by 
 Peter III., and his duchy was restored to 
 him by Catherine. After having reigned 
 six years with great mildness, he resigned 
 the throne to his son, and died in 1772, at 
 Mittau. 
 
 BIRKENHEAD, SIR JOHN, an active 
 political writer, was born in 1615, and was 
 the son of a saddler at North wich, in 
 Cheshire. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and became amanuensis to Laud, who pro- 
 cured him a fellowship at All Souls. Du- 
 ring the civil wars he conducted the Mer- 
 curius Aulicus, and wrote many pieces on 
 the king's side, for which he was often 
 imprisoned. At the restoration, he was 
 rewarded by knighthood, and by various 
 offices, and was chosen a member of par- 
 liament. He died in 1679. 
 
 BIRON, ARMAND DE GONTAUT, Ba- 
 ron de, a celebrated French marshal, was 
 born about 1524, in Perigord, began his 
 military career in Piedmont, and continued 
 it in F"rance, during the civil wars. He 
 fought at Dreux, St. Denis, and Montcon- 
 tour. In 1560, he concluded the peace 
 between the protestants and catholics. Bi- 
 ron was one of the first who recognised the 
 title of Henry IV., and was highly valued 
 by him. He was killed at the siege of 
 Epernay, in 1592. 
 
 BIRON, CHARLES DE GONTAUT, 
 Duke of, son of Armand, was born in 1561 
 He acquired great glory at the battles of 
 Arques and Ivry, the combat of Aumale 
 and he sieges of Paris and Rouen. Hen- 
 ry IV. loaded him with honours, consider 
 ed him as one of his bosom friends, aiu 
 appointed him I"s ambassador to England 
 
 he Netherlands, and Switzerland He 
 ;ven exposed himself to save his life, at 
 he skirmish of Fontaine-Francaise. Biron, 
 icvertheless, conspired with Spain and 
 vavoy against his sovereign, and was con- 
 equently beheaded in 1602. 
 
 BISHOP, SAMUEL, a divine, born at 
 Condon, in 1731, was educated at Merchant 
 Tailors' and at Oxford, and became mas- 
 er of Merchant Tailors' school, and rector 
 >f St. Martin Outwich, and Ditton, in 
 Kent. He died in 1795. His poems, 
 many of which have considerable merit, 
 orm two quarto volumes. 
 
 BISSET, EGBERT, a native of Scot- 
 and, was bred at Edinburgh, for the church, 
 nit took the degree of D. C. L., and be- 
 came a schoolmaster, at Chelsea, in which 
 profession, however, he failed. He then 
 levoted himself to literature. He died in 
 1805, at the age of 46 years. Among 
 other things, he is the author of a History 
 of the Reign of Georg* III.; a Life of 
 Burke; a Sketch of Den ocracy ; Douglas, 
 a novel ; and Lives appended to an edition 
 of the Spectator. 
 
 BITAUBE, PAUL JEREMIAH, a na- 
 ive of Konigsberg, in Prussia, the son of 
 French refugee parents, was born in 1732, 
 educated as a protestant divine, and became 
 i member of the Royal Academy of Berlin. 
 lie settled at Paris, was incarcerated dur- 
 ing the revolution, and was subsequently 
 admitted into the Institute, and made one 
 of the first members of the legion of hon- 
 our. He died in 1808. His works have 
 aeen collected in nine volumes octavo. The 
 principal of them are, Joseph, a poem; 
 he Batavians, a poem; and a translation 
 of Homer. % 
 
 BIVAR, DON RODRIGO DIAZ DE, a 
 Spanish hero, known 'n history and ro- 
 mance under the name of the "Cid, was 
 born at Burgos, about 1040. In numerous 
 encounters with the Moors he displayed 
 astonishing valour; and though he was 
 twice unjustly banished, he still fought in 
 behalf of his country. He died, in 1099, 
 at Valencia, which city he had conquered 
 at the head of a few knights who followed 
 his fortunes. 
 
 BLACK, JOSEPH, an eminent modern 
 chemist, was born at Bordeaux, in 1728, 
 of British parents, was educated at Bel- 
 fast, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, and studied 
 chemistry under Dr. Cullen. He took his 
 doctor's degree in 1754, and in 1765 ob- 
 tained the chemical professorship at Edin- 
 burgh. His death took place December 6, 
 1799. His various discoveries, particularly 
 with respect to fixed air and latent heat, 
 have immortalized his name in the records 
 of philosophy. H is Lectures on Chemistry 
 were published in 1803, by Professor Rob* , 
 insoN. 
 BLACKBURNE, FRANCIS, a tbeok* 
 
n BLA 
 
 gian, wa* born at Richmond, in Yorkshire, 
 n 1705, and was educated at Cambridge. 
 In 1750, he was made archdeacon of 
 
 Cleveland. He was a friend to religious 
 liberty, and hostile to confessions of faith. 
 On this subject he was deeply involved in 
 controversy. The most celebrated of his 
 performances on it is the Confessional, 
 which appeared in 1776. His works have 
 been collected in six volumes octavo. He 
 died in ITS?. 
 
 BLACKLOCK, THOMAS, a divine and 
 poet, was born at Annan, in Dumfries, in 
 1721, and lost his sight by the small pox, 
 When he was only six months old. To 
 an.use and instruct him, his father and 
 friend used to read to him, and by this 
 means he acquired a fund of information, 
 and even some knowledge of Latin. At 
 the age of twelve he began to versify, and 
 his devotion to the Muses was continued 
 through life. Considering his circumstan- 
 ces, his poems have great merit. He studi- 
 ed at the university of Edinburgh for ten 
 years, and his progress in the sciences was 
 verv considerable. He was ordained min- 
 ister of Kircudbright, but, being opposed 
 by the parishioners, he retired on an annu- 
 ity, and received students at Edinburgh as 
 boarders, and assisted them in their studies. 
 Besides his poems, he is the author of some 
 theological works, and an article on the 
 education of the blind: the latter was 
 printed in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
 He died in July, 1791, regretted by all his 
 friends. 
 
 BLACKMORE, Sir RICHARD, a poet 
 and physician, was born in Wiltshire, ed- 
 ucated at Oxford, took his degree at Padua, 
 and was knighted by William III. who 
 also appointed him his physician. He was 
 afterwards physician to Queen Anne. In 
 1696, he published his first poem, Prince 
 Arthur, which was rapidly succeeded by 
 other works ; nor was he deterred from 
 pursuing his career by the ridicule which 
 was heaped upon him by Dryden, Pope, 
 and nearly all the wits of the age, whose 
 dislike of him was sharpened by his whig 
 princip^s. He is the author of nearly 
 thirty works, in verse and prose; of the 
 latter many are on medical subjects. His 
 best poem is intitled Creation. Blackmore 
 was an indilferent poet, but he was un- 
 doubtedly possessed of considerable talent, 
 and was a pious and worthy man. He 
 died in 1729. 
 
 BLACKSTONE, Sir \Vu.i.i A M , an em- 
 inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk 
 mercer, and was born in London, in 1723. 
 After having been for sever;.! vears at the 
 Charter House, he completed his education 
 at Pembroke College, Oxford, and at both 
 rior talent. When 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 BLA 
 
 Having chosen 
 
 the pro- 
 
 the law, and entered the Middle 
 
 he was only tuuiity, he composed, for his 
 
 Temple, in 1741, he wrote his elegant val- 
 edictory poem, the Lawyer's Farewell to 
 his Muse. In 1743, he was elected a A-llow 
 of All Souls, and in 1746, he was called it. 
 the bar, and went the circuit, but obtained 
 little practice. He remained in compara- 
 tive obscurity till 1753, when he began to 
 deliver, at Oxford, his lectures on the En- 
 Ijli.-hlaws; which, in 1765 and the four fol- 
 lowing years, he published, with the title of 
 Commentaries on the Laws of England. 
 In consequence of these lectures, lie was 
 elected Vinerian professor of law in the 
 university, and obtained a g.-e-it accession 
 of business. In 1761, he sat in parliament^ 
 as member for llindon, and was made* 
 king's counsel, and solicitor-general to the 
 queen. In 1770, he was offered the place 
 of solicitor-general, but declined it, and 
 was made a judge of the king's bench, 
 whence he was soon after transferred to 
 the common pleas. He died in 17SO. 
 His Law Tracts were published in 1762, 
 and his Reports, two volumes folio, after his 
 death. Blackstone was the first who wrote 
 on the dry and repulsive subject of En- 
 glish law in such a manner as not to excite 
 disgust in a reader of taste Like almost 
 all lawyers, he leans to the suie cf prero- 
 
 gative; nor is 
 largement in 1 
 
 there much more of en- 
 principles of religious 
 
 liberty. For this reason he was expo- ed 
 to attack from Priestley, Beutham, ;siid 
 Junius. 
 
 BLACK\yELL, ELIZABETH, a wo- 
 man of considerable talent, who, to provide 
 subsistence for her husband, who was in 
 prison for debt, published, in two volumes 
 folio, 1737 and 17:JJ>, a Herbal, containing 
 five hundred plates, drawn, engraved, and 
 coloured by herself. Her husband, A I. KX- 
 AMDII, was born at Aberdeen, brought 
 OD M a physician, and went to S\v<!en, 
 about 1740, where he was beheaded on a 
 charge of being ccn-.enied iu Count Tes- 
 sin's plot. 
 
 IM.ACKWKLL, THOMAS, brother of 
 Alexander, was born at Aberdeen, in 1701 
 
 Treatise on the Elements of I and at the aye of twenty-one Lcraw#> ( MC k 
 
BLA 
 
 professor at Marischal College, of which, 
 in 1748, he was appointed principal. He 
 died in 1757. He is the author of an 
 Inquiry into the Life and Writings of 
 Homer; Letters concerning Mythology; 
 and Memoirs of the Court ot Augustus. 
 The bad taste which marked the style of 
 the latter work, drew down upon its au- 
 'or the caustic criticism of Johnson. 
 
 BLAEU, WILLIAM, a pi inter and geo- 
 grapher of Amsterdam, the scholar and 
 friend of Tycho Brahe, was born at Am- 
 sterdam, in 1571, and died in 1638. His 
 great work is his Theatrum Mundi, three 
 volumes folio, which was republishcd in 
 fourteen volumes, by his sons JOHN and 
 CORNELIUS; the former of whom pro- 
 duced valuable geographical works on Bel- 
 gium, Italy, and Piedmont. 
 
 BLAIR, ROEKRT, a divine and poet, 
 was born at Edinburgh, in 1699, and edu- 
 cated at that university. He was minister 
 of Athelstaneford, in East Lothian, where 
 he died in 1747. His poem of the Grave is 
 popular, and deservedly so, and has obtain- 
 ed him a place among our standard poets. 
 
 BLAIR, JOHN, a phrenologist, was a 
 native of Edinburgh, and a near relation 
 of Dr. Hugh Blair, who materially assisted 
 him in the composition of his principal 
 work, the Chronology and History of the 
 World, which was published in 1754, and 
 to which he afterwards added maps of 
 ancient and modern geography. This 
 work procured him considerable church 
 preferment. He died in 1782. 
 
 great felicity of language and argu 
 His lectures still remain a standard 
 
 BLAIR, DK. HUGH, was born at Edin- 
 burgh, in 1718, and was the son of a mer- 
 chant. He was educated at the university 
 of his native city, and was licensed to 
 preach in 1741, when he became minister 
 of Colessie, in Fife. In 1743 he was ap- 
 pointed minister of the Canongate, Edin- 
 burgh; in 1754 he was removed to Lady 
 Yester's ; and in 1759 to the High Church, 
 where lie continued during the remainder 
 of his life. A professorship of rhetoric 
 and belles lettres having been founded by 
 his majesty, in 1762, Dr. Blair was ap- 
 ointed professor; and here originated his 
 jectures on Composition, which he pub- 
 
 BLA M 
 
 lished in 178JJ. The first volume of his 
 Sermons was published in 1777, and ac- 
 quired such a rapid popularity, that he 
 not only obtained a large sum of money for 
 the succeeding volumes, but was rewarded 
 with a pension of two hundred pounds per 
 annum. Dr. Blair died at Edinburgh, in 
 1800. In his Sermons his style is elegant, 
 and he enforces the moral duties with 
 
 ment. 
 vvoik. 
 
 BLAKE, ROBKRT, one of the most 
 celebrated of British admirals, was born 
 at Bridgewatcr, in 1599, and educated at 
 Wadham College, Oxford. By the interest 
 of the puritans, he was elected member for 
 Bridgewater, in 1640. In the struggle 
 between Charles I. and his people, "he 
 espoused the cause of liberty, and distin- 
 guished himself by his gallant defence of 
 Taunton, and other exploits. In 1649 he 
 was put in command of the' fleet. His first 
 achievement was the destruction of Prince 
 Rupert's squadron, at Malaga. In 1652 
 and 1653 he fought four desperate engage- 
 ments with the Dutch fleet, under Van 
 Tromp, in two of which the enemy were 
 defeated with great less. The next theatre 
 of Blake's glory was the Mediterranean, 
 to which he sailed in 1654, and where he 
 destroyed the Tunisian castles ofGoletta 
 and Porto Ferino, and intercepted the 
 Spanish plate fleet. Having received in- 
 telligence that another plate tleet was lying 
 at Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, he Bailed 
 thither, forced his way into the harbour, 
 burned the ships, and came out without 
 having sufi'ered any loss. His health was 
 now entirely broken, and he bent his course 
 homeward, but expired Auj '.=t 27, 1657, 
 while the fleet was entering Plymouth 
 Sound. His body was interred by a pub- 
 \\c funeral, in Henry the Seventh's Cha| el; 
 but on the restoration of Charles II. it 
 was torn from its resting place, and buried 
 in a pit in St. Margaret's churchyard ; a 
 base act, well worthy of a monarch who 
 became a traitor to his country and a pen- 
 sioner of France. Blake was not merely 
 a man of courage and talent ; he was pious, 
 just, and singularly disinterested. 
 
 BLARE, JOACHIM, a Spanish general, 
 was born at Velez Malaga, and served, 
 first as captain, and next as major, in the 
 war, from 1793 to 1795, between France 
 and Spain. When .Napoleon seized the 
 crown of Spain, Blake espoused the cause 
 of his country; but with more valour and 
 zeal than success. Though defeated at 
 Rio Seco and Espinosa, he still sustained 
 his military character. In 1810 he was 
 appointed one of the regency, from whicn 
 rank he was transferred to that of captain 
 I general. Having been defeateu at Mur 
 viedro, he shut himself up with his army 
 in Valencia, but wa at length compelled 
 
BLO 
 
 P.LF/TTERIE, JOHN PHILIP 
 UK LA, was born at Rennes, in 1696, and 
 died in 1772. He was professor of elo 
 quencc at the Royal Coli.'ge, and a mem 
 tar of the Academy of Belles Letlres. MB 
 wrote Lives of Julian and Jovian; and 
 translated part of Tacitus. Gibbon highly 
 praises the Lives, and his countrymen 
 
 4 r.i.A 
 
 to surrender Tn 1S20, on the establish- 
 ment of the constitution, he was admitted 
 into the council of state; and his attach- 
 ment to that constitution subsequently ex- 
 posed him in danger. He died at Vallu- 
 dobd, in IS27 
 
 BJ.AKKLY, JOHNSTON, a captain in 
 the l'*':C-/d S'ates' navy during tti'- we 
 war, wasborr in Ireland in 17S1. Two consider them as models of impartiality, 
 
 ifter, /uj father emigrated to the pension, elegance, and judgment. 
 United Stawi and settled in .North Can.- BLI.N DK SALVMORE, ANDREW 
 lina. Vouin- Rlakely was placed, in 17<>6, MICHAEL II VAC i NTH, was born at Paris, 
 at the university of North Carolina, but in 1733. At the very outset of his career 
 circuaistanccs h* /ing deprived him of ihe he Jo.st all his fortune, but his literary 
 means of adequMe. support, he left college, | talents procured him friends, and he PIIC- 
 uiid in 1800 ol'.amed a midshipman's war- ;cessi\ely filled several honourable, oflices 
 rant. In 18' .i he was appointed to the | connected with literature, the last of which 
 command of the Wasp, and in this vessel was that of conservator of the library of 
 ooklus IV '.tanuie Majesty's ship Reindeer, ! the arsenal. He died in 1807 He is the 
 after an action of nineteen minutes. The i author of Orpheus, a tragedy, and of many 
 Wasp af.erwards put into I/O; lent ; from hero.c epistles and fugitive poems of no 
 which port she sailed August 27. On : lie common merit. 
 
 evening of the first of September, 1814, j JU.OCH, MARK ELEAZAR, a Jewish 
 she fell in with four sail, at considerable plusician and ichthyologist, was born, in 
 distances from each other. One of these 1723, at Anspach, in Franconia, of parents 
 was -the brig-of-u'ar Avon, which struck 
 after a severe action; but captain B. was 
 prevented from taking possession l>y the | nineteen, he was ignorant even 
 
 so poor that they could give him no edu- 
 cation; and, accordingly, at the age of 
 
 Bv 
 
 of application, however, 
 
 .pproach of another vessel. The enemy 
 reported that they had sunk the Wasp by 
 the first broadside, but she was afterwards 
 spoken by a vessel off the Western Isles. 
 After this we hear of her no more. Cap- 
 tain Blakely was considered a man of un- 
 commun courage and intellect. 
 
 BLANCHARD, JAMES, an eminent 
 painter, who bears the honourable denomi- 
 nation of the French Titian, was born in 
 1600, and died in 1638. He was an inde- 
 I'ati^able artist, and left many pictures. 
 His finest work is the Descent of the Holy 
 Ghost, which is considered as one of the 
 best productions of the French school. 
 
 BLANCHET, FRANCIS, the son of pa- 
 rents in humble life, was born in 1707, at 
 Angerville, and educated at the college of 
 Louis XIV. lie was first a professor in 
 two provincial colleges, next employed 
 himself in private tuition, and, lastly, ob- 
 tained an office in the king's library and 
 
 cabinet. He died in 1784, after a painful! of the humidity of the climate. Blondel 
 illness of many years. Blanchc-t was one ' was a man of learning, had a minute ac- 
 of the most amiable o;" men, and the most 
 affectionately paternal of tutors. As an 
 
 he acquired Latin, and a knowledge of 
 anatomy and suigory, and obtained a doc- 
 tor's degree. His great work is a Natural 
 History of Fishes, in twelve quarto vol- 
 umes, with four hundred and thirty-two 
 plates. He died in 1799. 
 
 BLOCK, JOANNA KOERTEN, an artist 
 of a singular kind, was born at Amster- 
 dam, in 1650, and died in 1715. She ex- 
 celled in cutting landscapes, sea pieces, 
 flowers, and even portraits, out of paper, 
 with the most perfect resemblance to na- 
 ture. Her productions sold at enormous 
 prices, and she was patronised by several 
 sovereigns. 
 
 BLONDEL, DAVID, ft protestant writer 
 and minister, was born, in 1591, at Chalons 
 sur Manic. In 1650 he was invited to 
 Amsterdam, to succeed Vasorius, as pro- 
 fossor of history, and he died there in 1655, 
 after having lost his sight in consequence 
 
 author he has great merit. His Apologues 
 and Tales are to-ld with spirit and grace. 
 
 BLAYNEY, BENJAMIN, a divine and 
 biblical ciitic, was educated at Oxford, 
 
 quaintance with history, and was a fluent 
 speaker. Among his works, one of the 
 most curious is his refutation of the silly 
 story of Pope Joan. lie has the merit of 
 having written in favour of liberty of con* 
 
 where he became M. A. in 1753, and D. D. | BLONDEL, FRANCIS, an eminent 
 in 1787. He was prof-ssor of Hebrew at ' French architect and diplomatist, was 
 that university, canon of Christ Church, : born, in 1617, at RjbeOMMt, in Picardy. 
 and rector of I'ol.sln.t, Wilts. He died in! After having been sent as envoy to Con- 
 1801. He trans!. it.-. 1 Jcremiuh, the- L;i- .-tuiti.iople, he \vas appointed counsellor of 
 ment'itio'm, and /'-rliariah ; edited the Mate, mi" of the dauphin'^ prece, tors, pro. 
 Oxford Bii)!c in 17(!>; and wio'e a IMS- fc.-s-ir of the royal college, and member of 
 tcrr.t:i"!i on l).i:ji-:lV .S-.e.it\ V, th;> Academy of Sciences. The noble tri 
 
BLO 
 
 Bmphal arch of St. Denis was erected hy 
 him. He wrote various works, on literary, 
 architectural and military subjects. His 
 deatli took place in 1686. 
 
 BLONDEL, JAMES FRANCE, was 
 horn at Rouen, in 1705, and, like his un- 
 cl'?, \vas an architect of great talent. The 
 merit of a course of architectural lectures, 
 which he delivered at Paris, obtained him 
 the appointment of professor at the acade- 
 my. In his final illness, he had himself 
 removed to his school at the Louvre, that 
 he might yield up his last breath where he 
 had taught his art. He died in 1775. J. 
 F. Blondel is the author of French Archi- 
 tecture, four volumes folio; a Course of 
 Civil Architecture, nine volumes octavo; 
 and other works of a similar kind. 
 
 BLOOD, THOMAS, a singular despera- 
 do, was originally an officer in Cromwell's 
 army. His first remarkable enterprise 
 was an attempt to surprise the castle of 
 Dublin, which was frustrated by the duke 
 of Onnond. He subsequently seized the 
 duke in the streets of London, with the 
 intention of hanging him at Tyburn, and 
 was very near accomplishing his purpose. 
 His last exploit was an attempt to carry 
 away the crown and regalia from the 
 Tower. For some inexplicable reason, 
 Charles II. not only pardoned him, but 
 gave him an estate of five hundred pounds 
 per annum. He died in 1680. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT, a poet, born 
 at Honington, in Suffolk, in 1766, was 
 the son of a tailor, and was early left fath- 
 erless. He was -taught to read by his 
 mother, who kept a village school, and this 
 was, in fact, his only education. At the 
 age of eleven he was employed in such 
 husbandry labour as he could perform ; 
 but, his constitution being delicate, he was 
 subsequently apprenticed to the trade of 
 fihoemaking, at which he worked as a 
 journeyman for many years. His leisure 
 hours were spent in reading and in the 
 composition of verses. His poem of the 
 Farmer's Boy was at length brought be- 
 fore the public, by the benevolent exertions 
 of Capel Loft, and it procured the author 
 both fame and profit. He subsequently 
 published other poems, among which may 
 be mentioned Wild Flowers, and the Banks 
 of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune 
 clouded the latter years of this modest and 
 meritorious writer, and he died in 1823, 
 whe.i he was almost on the verge of insanity. 
 
 BLOUjVT, SIR HENRY, was born at 
 Tittevdianoher, in Hertfordshire, in 1602; 
 travelled in the East in 1634, lG35,.antl 
 1636; fought under the banner of Clvirlcs 
 at Edgehill; was, nevertheless, employed 
 by Cromwell; and died in 1682. He is 
 the author of a Voyage to the Levant; 
 the Exchange Walk, a satire; a:id other 
 works. 
 
 BLU M 
 
 BLOUNT, SIR THOMAS POPE, eldest 
 son of Sir Henry, was born in 1649 and 
 died in 1697. He produced Censura Cele- 
 briorum Auctorum; DeRePoetica; Es- 
 says on several subjects; and Natural His 
 tory. 
 
 BLOUNT, CHARLES, the youngest son 
 of Sir Henry, was born in 1654, an. 1 made 
 himself conspicuous by his deistical opin- 
 ions, and by considerable talent. His An- 
 ima Mundi was suppressed, and publicly 
 burnt. This work he followed up by three 
 of the same kind. The Life of Apollnnius 
 Tyaneus; Great is Diana of the Ephes- 
 ians ; and Religio Laici. Of the Revolu- 
 tions of 1688 he was a warm friend; but 
 he acted little in consonance with its prin- 
 ciples, when he published his King Will- 
 iam and Queen Mary Conquerors, to assert 
 their right to the crown by conquest. The 
 commons ordered this tract to be burnt by 
 the hangman. He shot himself, in 1693, 
 in consequence of the sister of his deceased 
 wife having refused to marry him. 
 
 BLOUNT, THOMAS, was born at Bar- 
 desley, in Worcestershire, in 1618, and 
 died in 1679. He published Glossograph- 
 ia ; a Law Dictionary ; and various other 
 works; the most curious and valuable of 
 which is, Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or An- 
 cient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Cus- 
 toms of Manors. 
 
 BLOW, JOHN, a musician, was born, 
 in 1648, at North CaHingham, in Notting- 
 hamshire, received a doctor's degree from 
 Archbishop Sancroft; and, on the death 
 of Purcell, became organist of Westmin- 
 ster Abbey. He died in 1708. His secu- 
 lar compositions, were collected, in 1700, 
 under the title of Amphion Anglicus. His 
 church music receives qualified praise from 
 Dr. Burncy. 
 
 ELUCHER, GEBARAT, LEBRF.CHT 
 VON, a celebrated general, was born at 
 Rostock, in 1742, entered the Swedish 
 servii-e at the a-^e of fourteen, and waa 
 ; made prisoner by the Prussians. He join- 
 j ed the banners of Frederic the Great, 
 st-rved during the seven years war, and 
 J*OM to the rank rf captain; hut, being 
 ^'-iiu- rcvil or i>ii:iin<. 
 
M CLU _ 
 
 he demanded his dismission in such i 
 haughty manner, that Frederic granted i 
 in the following pithy terms " C'apfiii 
 Blucher has permission to quit th ' service 
 and to go t.t the devil, if lie p!.- LSI I.* 1 1 i 
 many years Blucher lived in retirement 
 r.t in agricultural pursuits; but, in 
 ITSi, he \\.v- rivalled to the army, with the 
 rank of major. In the campaigns of 1792 
 1793, and 1791, he bore an active part 
 a ad rose to be m.ijor-general. It was nol 
 till 1805 that lie had an opportunity ofagain 
 displaying his military talents. In that 
 year he commanded the advanced gu ml at 
 A.iei-stadt, and als > distinguished himself 
 by his obstinate, 1 defence of Lubeck, where 
 lu was taken prisoner, lie was, however, 
 speedily exchanged for the duke of Belluno. 
 In 1813, he was once more called into the 
 field, and displayed astonishing ardour and 
 activity. He signa'i/.e 1 himself at Lutzen, 
 utterly" defeated Macdonal 1 on the Katz- 
 barh, and contributed greatly to the victory 
 of Leipsie. His unintermitting exertions 
 gained him the rank of field marshal, and, 
 from the allied troops, the appellation of 
 " Marshal Forward." In the campaign 
 of 1814, he was alternately victorious and 
 defeated; he sustained heavy losses at 
 Champ Aubert, Montmirar!, "and Vaux- 
 champs, but triumphed at Dienville and 
 Laon, and in the attack upon Paris. At 
 the conclusion of the contest he visited 
 England, and was received with enthusi- 
 asm. .When the war again broke out, he 
 was once more entrusted with the com- 
 mand of the Prussian troops. On the six- 
 teenth of June, 1815, he was defeated at 
 Lignv, by Napoleon, and narrowly escaped 
 with" his" life, he being^ thrown from his 
 horse, and charged over Dy both the French 
 and Prussian cavalry. He, nevertheless, 
 brought up his army in time to render the 
 battle of Waterloo decisive. His subse- 
 quent conduct at Paris was. not that of a, 
 generous enemy. For his service he re- 
 ceived the title of Prince of Wahlstadt. 
 He died at Krilnvit/., September 12, 1819. 
 Blucher was intrepid, indefatigable, prompt 
 in his movements, and undismayed by re- 
 verses; but he did not belong to the higher 
 clu? of military leaders; he is believed to 
 have been but an indifferent strategist, and 
 to have been indebted to general Gnlescnau 
 for his most successful plans of operation. 
 
 BLUM, JOACHIM CHRISTIAN, a Ger- 
 man poet and literary character, was b<trn 
 at Rathenau, in Brandeburg, in 1739. His 
 works consist of lyric poems, idvlls, fpi- 
 grams, a drama, My Walks, and a Dic- 
 tionary of German Proverbs. Blum, who 
 was niu'-h e<teem-d, died in 1790. 
 
 BLUMAUER, ALOYS, an Austrian, was 
 born at Steyer, in 1755, and in his youth 
 belonged to the society of Jesuits. He 
 acquired reputation as a satirical and bur- 
 
 * BOC 
 
 lesque poet. Of his productions, which 
 extend to eight volumes, the Printing 
 House; the Eulosrium of the Ass; an Ad- 
 dress to the Desil; and the Eneid Tra 
 vestied, are the most popular, lie died in 
 17.0S. 
 
 BOAPirF.A, BOrnilT.A, or IU).\. 
 DIVA, a Briti.-h heroine, the widow of 
 PraaUtagUB, and queen of the leeni. Hav- 
 ing been basely treated by the Romans, she 
 raised the Britons in anus against them, 
 and obtained several advantages; but was 
 at length utterly defeated by Suetonius 
 Paulinus, A. D. 61, and died of grief, or 
 by poison. 
 
 " BOBROFF, SIMON SCBOIEVITSCH,* 
 Russian poet, who died, in 1810, at Saint 
 Petersburg!!, enjoyed considerable repiUa 
 lion. His best poem is said to be the 
 Chersonide, or a Summer's Day in the 
 Crimea. His lyrical works have been col- 
 lected in four volumes. 
 
 BOCCACCIO, JOHN, one of the classic 
 
 riters of modern Italy, was the son of a 
 Florentine merchant, and was born at 
 Paris, in 1313. He early devoted himself 
 to poetry, but he was discouraged by th 
 superior merit of his friend Petrarch, and 
 committed to the flames many of his own 
 yrical and amatory verses. As a prose 
 writer, however, he deservedly acquired 
 fame. His principal work is the Decame- 
 ron, a collection of tales, many of which, 
 unfortunately, are deformed by licentious- 
 ness. The Valdarfer edition of the Deca- 
 meron, published in 1471, was sold at the 
 Roxburgh sale for the enormous sum of 
 wo thousand two hundred and sixty pounds. 
 Boccaccio first introduced the works of 
 Homer and other Greek writers into Tus- 
 cany. He died in 1375, at Certaldo. 
 
 BOCCAGE, MARY ANNF. LK PACK 
 DU, a French poetess of considerable merit, 
 and possessed of great accomplishments 
 and benevolence, was born at Rouen, in 
 1710, and died in 1802. Her principal 
 >vorks are, an imitation of Paradise Lost; 
 :he Colombian 1 , an epic poem; and the 
 Amazons, a tragedy. 
 
 BOCCALINI, TRAJAN, an Italian sat- 
 rist, the son of an architect, was born, in 
 1556, at Loretto. He successively held 
 various governments in the pope's domin- 
 ons; but his satirical writings having ren- 
 lered him obnoxious, and complaints hav- 
 ng also been made of his administration, 
 le retired to Venice, where he died in 1613. 
 t has been asserted that he was beaten to 
 leath with sand bags, by four hired 
 umans, but this story is a fiction. Hii 
 hief work is intilled "News from Parnas- 
 sus. 
 
 BOCH, JOHN, a Flemish poet, denomi- 
 nated the Belgic Virgil, was born at Brm- 
 lels, in 1555. He accompanied Cardinal 
 ladzivil to Rome, studied theology there 
 
BOD 
 
 ander BIlarrfun, and afterwards travefled 
 into Poland, Livonia, and Russia. The 
 duke of Parma appointed him secretary to 
 the town house of Antwerp. He died in 
 1609, and his poems were collected by his 
 on Ascanius, who was himself a poet. 
 
 BOCHART, SAMUEL, an eminent di- 
 vine and oriental scholar, the son of a 
 protestant clergyman, was born at Rouen, 
 in 1599, educated at Paris, Oxford, and 
 Loyden, and became minister at Caen. He 
 died of apoplexy, in 1667. His principal 
 works are Phaleg and Canaan, sen Geo- 
 graphia Sacra; and Hierozoicon. 
 
 BOCK, JEROME, a German botanist, 
 tter known under his Latin name of 
 TRAGUS, was born at Heidesbach, in 1498, 
 ras a schoolmaster, and then a physician, 
 uid died at Hornbach, in 1554. Bock 
 nay be considered as one of the founders 
 f modern botany; he was the first who 
 endeavoured to form a natural botanical 
 arrangement. He is the author of a Her- 
 bal of German Plants. 
 
 BODE, CHRISTOPHER AUGUSTUS, a 
 learned German orientalist, was born at 
 Wermgerode, in 1723, and acquired, by 
 MIA own exertions, the Arabic, Syriac, 
 Chaldee, Samaritan, Ethiopian, rabbinical 
 Hebrew, Armenian, Turkish, and Coptic 
 languages. He was professor of philosophy 
 in the university of Helmstadt. He died 
 in 1796. His principal woiks consist of 
 translations of the Scriptures from the ori- 
 ental languages. 
 
 BODI.V, JOHN, a French lawyer and 
 literary character, was born at Angers, 
 about "1530, and was brought up to the 
 bar, but retired from it for want of success. 
 For awhile he enjoyed the favour of Henry 
 III., which, however, he lost by his patri- 
 otic conduct. He died, in 1596, at Laon, 
 whcie he was chief magistrate. Among 
 his works, the most remarkable are, a 
 treatise on government, intitled De la 
 Rcpublique, and another, called Demon- 
 vmania, in which he asserts the existence 
 >f witchcraft. 
 
 BODLEY, SIR THOMAS, a native of 
 xetec, born in 1544, was educated at 
 Geneva and Oxford, and was employed by 
 Quren Elizabeth in various embassies. In 
 1597 he retired from public business. His 
 nc;blt- foundation of the Bodleian library at 
 Oxford, for which he spared no expense to 
 procure books and manuscript*, and to 
 viiich he bequeathed nearly all his property, 
 has immortalized his name. He was 
 knighted at the accession of James I., and 
 died January the 18th, 1612. 
 
 BODMEll, JOHN JACOB, a Swiss poet, 
 was born at Griefenberg, near Zurich, in 
 1698, and, after having declined the church, 
 and made a brief trial of a mercantile situ- 
 ation, he obtained a college tutorship at 
 Zurich, and devotrd himmf to literature. 
 
 BOB 
 
 fl 
 
 He wrote an epic poem ca Jed Noah, 
 translated the Iliad, the Paradise Lost, and 
 other works, and, in conjunction with hi* 
 friend Breitinger, published a paper on the 
 model of the Spectator. He died in 1783. 
 
 BODONI, JOHN BAPTIST, a celebrated 
 Italian printer, was born in 1740, at Sa- 
 luzzo, in Piedmont. He had at first the 
 direction of the ducal press at Parma, at 
 which many of hiobest works were printed, 
 a d afterwards established a printing office 
 of his own, which soon became femoua 
 throughout Europe for its splendid produc- 
 tions. Napoleon gave him a pension of 
 three thousand francs, and a present of 
 eighteen thousand. Bodoni is the author 
 of a Letter on Printing ; and a Typograph- 
 ical Manual: the latter was a posthumous 
 publication. He died in 1813. 
 
 BOECE, or BOETHIUS, HECTOR, a 
 Scottish historian, was born at Dundee, 
 about 1470, and educated at Perth and 
 Paris. He was the first person appointed 
 principal of King's College, Aberdeen. 
 He wrote in Latin, a Life of Elphinstone, 
 the founder of the college ; and also a His- 
 tory of Scotland, elegant in style, but filled 
 with fictions. He died about 1550 
 
 BOEHM, BOEHMEN, or BEHME> 
 JACOB, a German fanatic, was born, IB 
 1575, in a small village, near Goerlitz, in 
 Lusatia, and was by trade a shoemaker. 
 Insanely believing, or artfully affecting to 
 believe, that he was favoured with revela- 
 tions and inspirations from the Deity, he 
 published numerous works, and gained 
 many followers. Mosheim justly charac- 
 terizes his productions as " a strange mix- 
 ture of chemical terms, mystical jargon, 
 and absurd visions." They also at least 
 verge on spinosfem and manicheism. Yet 
 the pious Law became the English editor 
 of them. Boehm died in 1624. 
 
 BOERHAAVE, HERMAN, one of the 
 
 most eminent of modern physicians, waa 
 born, in 1668, at Voorhout, "near Leyden. 
 His father, the minister of .Voorhout, edu- 
 cated him for his own profession, and he 
 made an honourable progress in his studies. 
 But, on the death of his parent, who left 
 him Rlpndrly provided for, h* obtained 
 
6 BOO HOI 
 
 a subsistence by mnthemnfical lectures, died ia I C 03. II; 1 is theanthor of rano a 
 nd at length devoted himself to the medi- \\<>iks; among \vni>-!i may In- nu'niimird 
 cal profession. For that profession be had Douschenka, a romantic poem; Russian 
 imbibed an early liking, by the circiim- Proverbs; the Sl.ivi, a drama; and an 
 stance of his having nurd l:i:ns.Mf of an Historical Picture of Russia. He also 
 leer in the thigh, which had foile I (lie edited two journals, intitled In.mcent 
 faculty fir .-i\ years. He took the <!c^,c- Amusement, and the St. Petersburg!) 
 
 I). a! the university i:f Hardrrwick, (Courier. 
 
 in H,!>:5. At first hi.- success was limited , P.OHF.MONI), MARK, a Norman ad- 
 bat at length he became professor of pbysi- venturer, son of tlie celebrated Robert 
 cal lt:inv :U Lt^dcn. an.l his lectures at (iuiscard, was distinguished in his youtli, 
 
 :an: ed the lame of the unmvHlty l>y deeds of arms, in Italv and tin- eastern 
 and established hi? own. In 1714 he be- empire, which he surpassed in Palestine 
 cam? rector of th" university. Patients during the first crusade. He made himself 
 
 i to him from all quarters, \\oaltli master of Antioch, in 1097, and founded 
 consequently flowed hi upon him, and he a principality which existed for nearly 
 contrast', !lv stood :'t the head of modern two centuries. He was taken prisoner in 
 physicians. From his multifarious knovrl- Mesopotamia, but succeeded in Obtaining 
 rd'V. Boi'ihauvc lias beea called the Vol- his liberty after a captivity of two years. 
 taire of science. l!edied September the While taking measures to renew his at- 
 23d, 1738. His works are numerous; tempts against the Greek empire, lie died, 
 among the principal may bo mentioned, in 1111, in Apulia. 
 
 Jnstittitionos Medicre; Aphorism! dc Cog- BO1ARDO, MATTED MARIA, Count 
 noscendis et Curandis Morbis; Index ! of Scandiano, an Italian poet, was burn, 
 Plantarum ; and Elementa Chimi-.c. 'about 1434, at Seandiano, in the duchy of 
 
 BOETHIl "S, A MCIUS M AM. IDS TOR- Modena, was educated at Ferrara, and 
 QUATUS SEVKKIM'S, u Latin statesman, held several honourable offices, among 
 philosopher, and writer, was of a noble which was that of governor -of Reggio. 
 Roman family, and was bjrn in 455. He He died at Reggio, in 1494. Boiardo 19 
 wis thrice consul, and was f>r many years the author of several productions of merit, 
 a favourite of Theodoric, kin^ of the (.Joths. but his fame rests on his poem of Oilando 
 His zeal for orthodoxy, however, at length Innamorato, which was the first example 
 excited the anger of Theodoric, who was of epic romance, and led the way to the 
 an Arian. Boethius was unjustly charged , Orlando of Ariosto. 
 
 \\ith treason, his property was confiscated, BOILEAU, JAMKS, an elder brother 
 and he was thrown into prison, where he of the celebrated poet, born at Paris, in 
 \vasbeheaded in 526. While a captive, i 1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a 
 lie wrote his famous Consolations of Phi- 'canon, and dean and grand vicar of Sens, 
 losophy; a work which has been transit- j He died in 1716. He is the author of 
 ted by two of the moot illustrious of the ; several theological and other works in the 
 British soA'ereigns, Alfred and Elizabeth, j Latin language, the most celebrated of 
 
 which is the Historia Flagellantium. 
 James Boileau, like his brother, was caustic 
 and witty. Being asked why he always 
 
 The whole of his compositions occupy two 
 folio volumes. 
 
 BOETTCHER, JOHN FREDERIC, a 
 
 native cf Brandenberg, was born about the! wrote in Latin, he replied, " for fear the 
 end of the seventeenth century; he lived , bishops should read me, in which case I 
 with an apothecary at Berlin, where he should be persecuted." The Jesuits ho 
 studied alchemy, and was obliged to fly ! designated as men " who lengthened the 
 from that city, in consequence of a report creed, and abridged the decalogue." 
 'hat he had "discovered the philosopher's; BOILEAU-DRSPREAUX, NICHO- 
 Rtoue. On Boettchwrs taking refuge in! LAS, one of the most eminent of French 
 Saxony, the electors shut him up in Ko- | satirists and poets, was born, in 1686, at 
 nigstein, and insisted on his prosecuting Crone, near Paris. In his youth he labour- 
 
 his search for the lonjr sought stone. The 
 alchemist failed of coiuve, but he was in- 
 
 ed under ill health, was considered a* 
 natured but dull, and seems to have been 
 
 demnified by the discovery of the mode of , slighted by his relatives. He was educated 
 making that beautiful species of porce- \ for tllfe bar, and received as an advocate; 
 lain which is now known as the Saxon or but soon deserted the profession, to the 
 Dresden. For this he \vas ennobled by : great annoyance of his kindred, particu- 
 the elector. He died in 1719. i larly of his br ther in law, Dongois, who 
 
 BOGDANOVITSCH, HIPPOLTTUS declared that Mi-holis would be nothing 
 TH EonoROViTSCH, one cf the most di.s- but a fool all his life. In the study of 
 tinguished Russian liteiary characters of divinity he was not more successful. At 
 the reign of Catherine, was born ii. Little length he devoted himself to literature { 
 Russia, in 1743, was employed as a diph- and, at the age of thirty, astonished hu 
 vatist, and in othrr official Situation?, and friends, and delighted France, by his fir* 
 
BOI 
 
 Satires. His fame was at once 
 established. The reputation which he had 
 thus acquired, he supported by the publi- 
 tation of additional Satires, the Art of 
 Poetry, Epistles, in the manner of Horace, 
 and the mock heroic poem of the Lutrin. 
 The latter appeared in 1674. His talents 
 gained him the favour of Louis XIV., who 
 gave him a pension, and made him royal 
 historiographer, in conjunction with Ra- 
 cine. In 1684 he became a member of 
 the French Academy. Till the close of 
 his days Boileau continued in habits of 
 close friendship with the most eminent of 
 his contemporaries; and though, during 
 his life, and since his decease, many 
 attacks have been made on him, he still 
 retains his lofty station on the French 
 Parnassus. Boileau is to France that 
 which Pope is to England. He died, on 
 the 13th of March, 1711, of a dropsy in 
 the chest. 
 
 BOISROBERT, FRANCIS MKTELDE, 
 a French wit and comic writer, was born 
 at Caen, about 1592, and was a favourite 
 of Cardinal Richelieu, who, among other 
 benefices, gave him the abbey of Chatillon 
 sur Seine. Boisrobert, however, was more 
 attentive to gaming, good living, and the- 
 atrical amusements, than to clerical duties, 
 lie died in 1662. His poems and other 
 works', including eighteen plays, are now 
 forgotten. It was on the suggestion of 
 Boisrobert that Richelieu founded the 
 French Academy. 
 
 BOISSY, Louis DE, a native of Vic, in 
 Auvergne, was born in 1694, *nd com- 
 menced his literary career-as satirist; 
 but soon relinquished satire, and became 
 a writer of comedies. Though many of 
 his pieces, which are forty in number, 
 were eminently successful, he sank into 
 such poverty, tlrat he and his wife shut 
 themselves up, and resolved to perish of 
 hunger; and they were saved only by the 
 chance entrance of a friend. Hearing of 
 this circumstance, Madam de Pompadour 
 patronised the unfortunate author, and ob- 
 tained for him the editorship of the Gazette 
 de France and of the Mercure. Boissy 
 died in 1758. His comedies form nine 
 volumes. 
 
 BOISSY D'ANGLAS, FRANCIS AN- 
 THONY*, Count de, an eminent French 
 legislator and literary character, was born 
 in the vicinity of Annonay, in 1756, and 
 originally held a considerable situation in 
 the household of Monsieur, brpther of 
 Louis XVI. He sat in the national assem- 
 bly, and in the convention, and uniformly 
 displayed a pure and enlightened love of 
 liberty. Few iiien passed through the 
 revolution with a character so unstained 
 as Boissy d'Anglas. When, in 1795, an 
 infuriated jacobin rnob bn.ke into the hall 
 f the convention, whil? ho wa? tilting a 
 
 BOL M 
 
 president, and a hundred muskets were 
 pointed at him, and the bleeding head of 
 one of his colleagues was raised to his 
 face, he preserved an immovable courage 
 and dignity. In 1797, he was elected a 
 member of the council of five hundred; 
 ind, in September, he was sentenced to 
 banishment, but succeeded in escaping. 
 Napoleon made him a senator and com- 
 mander of the legion 01 honour. Louis 
 XVIII. created him a peer, in 1814; but 
 Boissy having subsequently recognised the 
 authority of Napoleon, he was deprived of 
 iis title. It was, however, soon restored. 
 He died at Paris, in 1826. He was the 
 author of various tracts and published 
 speeches; an Essay on the Life of Males- 
 "icrbes ; and the Literary and Poetical 
 Studies of an Old Man, or Miscellany 01 
 Verse and Prose, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 BOLEN, or BOLEYN, ANNE, daugh- 
 ter of Sir Thomas Bolen, was born in 1507, 
 ittonded, when only seven years old, the 
 Princess Mary to France, returned thence 
 in 1527, and was appointed maid of honour 
 to Catherine of Arra-gon. The lustful 
 tyrant Henry VIII. became enamoured of 
 her, and, after having obtained a divorce, 
 married Anne in 1533. In September she 
 gave birth to a princess, afterwards Queen 
 Elizabeth. Having transferred his affec- 
 tions to Jane Seymour, Henry accused the 
 unfortunate Anne of violating the marriage 
 vow, and, on this pretext, she was be^ 
 headed, May the 19th, 1536. 
 
 BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHF, 
 Lord Viscount, son of Sir Henry St. Johr, 
 was born at Battersea, in 1672, and edu- 
 cated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. 
 He obtained a seat in parliament in 1700, 
 and in 1704 was appointed secretary of 
 war and the marines, but resigned the 
 secretaryship in 1707. In 1710, he again 
 formed a part of the ministry, as secretary 
 of state, and had a principal share in the 
 peace of Utrecht. In 1712 he was created 
 Viscount Bolingbroke; but, dissatisfied 
 with not having obtained an earldom, and 
 with other circumstances, he became the 
 enemy of his colleague Harley, of whom he 
 had long been the friend. On the acceesio* 
 
E 
 
 100 BOL BOL 
 
 of George I. an impeachment of Holing-] zucla were united in a single s\*Le nn!er 
 broke being meditated, he lied t> Fra-u e, ' the title of the Republic of Colombia. The 
 and, at Inij-th, accepted the !:. present constitution was adopted in 1821, 
 
 tarv to the pretender, lie \\as s-v.n, how- and P>olivar was chosen the first president 
 ever, dismissed from th>;< new scr\ i -e, and. Fa 1^2.">hc was declared perpetual pro- 
 in the meanwhile, had been impeached te.-tur of the republic of Bolivia, a ^tate 
 and attainted in England. After a re i- which had detached itself from the 
 dence in France till 172-1, h- u.is par- meat of Bnea ^ A\ res, and been named in 
 doni'd. and hi* e.- talcs \\ere re.-tnie.l, but honour of the liberator. For this republic 
 i.t all uve.l t> sit in the h .use of he u as requested to proj are a constitution ; 
 M -re indignant at this evclu.ion which he accordingly completed, and pre- 
 iiiiirl bv hi.< pardon, he I. i to the congress of Bolivia in May, 
 
 one of the chief opponents ot Sir K. \\ al- 1S2(J. '1 his famous code \\ as accompanied 
 tole, an. I by the power of his pea contri- by an address expressive of hi.s sentiments 
 juted greatly to the overthrow of that in respect to the form of government ne- 
 minister. In 1735, he agiin withdrew to ccssarv for the new republics of the South. 
 France, and remained there till the death Some of the provisions of this code were 
 of his father, after which event IK- scttk-d considered anti-republican, and excited 
 at Battersea, where he resi.led till 17.~>1, the liveliest apprehensions among the 
 when ho died of a cancer i:i tin: face, friends of liberty. A rebellion now de- 
 Bolingbroke was, intimate v\i'.li and be- manded his immediate return to Colombia, 
 love. I bv Pope, Swift, and the m >st emi- where all signs of insurrection vanished at 
 nent men of his age; his talents were of his approach. Bolivar had been re-elected 
 the first order; he possessed great el >- to the office of president, and should have 
 queace; and, in point of style, his writings been qualified anew as such in January 
 rank among the bttt in the English Ian- 1827. But in February he addressed a 
 tjuage. His compositions were published letter to the president of the senate, re- 
 by Mallet in five quarto volumes. j notmcing the presidency of the republic, 
 
 B'UiIVAK, SIMO.K, the great captain and declaring his intention to repel the 
 ot South America, was born in the city of i accusations that had been made against 
 Caracas in 1783. After acquiring the! him, by a voluntary retirement. Notwilh- 
 first cle:nents of a liberal education at home,! standing the distrust of Bolivar entertained 
 he repaired to Europe to complete his stn- by the friends of the republic, he was re- 
 dies at Madrid. From Spain he passed i appointed to the presidency, and again 
 into France, and resided for a considerable' accepted it, taking the oaths prescribed by 
 period at Paris, where he was a witness! the constitution, in the September follow- 
 of some of the later events of the revolu-jing, at Bogota. In 1828 he assumed the 
 tion. Fie returned to Madrid in 1802, chief power in Colombia, by a decree, 
 where he married the daughter of Don B. ! dated Bogota, Aug. 27, which invested 
 
 ri! . I I 1_ J ' . t- l_ -_- *V .- A "_ l'_- .! I !.. 1 .1 '. 1 
 
 Torn, and embaiked with her for America 
 in 1809. He lived for a while in a retired 
 
 him with almost unlimited authority, but 
 provided that he was to be assisted in the 
 
 manner on his estates at Caracas, bull exercise of executive powers by the coun- 
 the premature death of his wife induced cil of ministers. . In January, 1830, Boli- 
 
 him again to visit Europe as a relief to his 
 sorrow for her loss. On his return, he 
 was one of the chief promoters of the revo- 
 lutionary movements in Caracas in 1810, 
 
 var issued a proclamation resigning his 
 military and political offices; and in May 
 the constituent congress of Colombia 
 elected Joaquin Mosquera president. In 
 
 and received a colonel's commission from the September following, having been re- 
 the new patriotic government. He gradu- appointed, Bolivar accepted the presidency, 
 ally rose by the weight of his talents and and on the seventeenth of Deccml>er died 
 services to higher offices, and in 1814,' at San Pedro Alejandrino, a country seat 
 a convention of the principal civil and alM>ut a league from Santa Martha. Hit 
 military officers at Caracas confirmed body was embalmed and laid in state for 
 th;: dictatorial powers that circumstances three days; the people flocking in crowns 
 had already thrown upon him. After va- to look upon the remains of their -liberator 
 rious reverses of fortune in the patriotic Four days previous to his death, he" issued 
 cause, Bolivar, in 1816, was recognized as a decree" to the citizens of Colombia, which 
 supreme chief, and before the close of the ' concluded, in the following words: "Co 
 ensuing year had fixed hi.s head-quarters luinbians I leave you but mv last prayer* 
 -tnra. The campaign of 1819 was are offered up for the tranquillity of Cofom- 
 distin^uished by several splendid victories, bia and if my death will contribute to 
 and Bolivar was universally hailed as the this desirable end, by a discontinuance of 
 liberator and father of his country. Taking party feeling, and consolidate thu union, I 
 advantage of the favourable moment, lie shall" descend with feelings of contentment 
 obtained the passage of a law, by which into the tomb which will soon be pre|>arcd 
 the republics of New Grenada and Vene-'for me." 
 
BO.M 
 
 BOLLANDUS, JOHN, a Jesuit, born 
 tn the Netherlands, in 1596, was chosen 
 by his fraternity to carry into efl'ect ROP- 
 weide's plan (if the Acta Sanctorum, or 
 Li^es of the Saint.. lie completed five 
 folio volume?, the first part of which he- 
 published in 1643. Since his decease, in 
 1663, the woik has been continued, by 
 Henscheniu? and others, to the extent (if 
 fifty three volumes., ah. I is still incomplete. 
 
 BOLTON, EUWAXD, an English anti- 
 quary, the lime of \\hose birth and death 
 is unknown. He was a catholic, and a 
 retainer of the first duke of Buckingham. 
 Of his productions, the principal is JVcro 
 Ca:sar, or Monarchy Depraved ; a eurious 
 work, which was published in 1624, and 
 dedicated to his patron. 
 
 BOMBELLI, RAPHAEL, one of the 
 most celebrated Italian algebraists of the 
 sixteenth century. He was the first who 
 invented a uniform method of resolving 
 equations. His Tieatise of Algebra was 
 printed at Bologna, in 1572 and 1579. 
 
 BONA, orBONNA, a shepherdess of 
 the Valtelme, was first the mistress, and 
 Subsequently the wife, of Peter Brunoro, 
 an Italian warrior. She gave numerous 
 proofs of heroic courage. In the wa;s of 
 the Venetians she greatly distinguished 
 herself, , particularly in taking by assault 
 the castle of Pavona. She assisted her 
 husband in defending; Negropoht, and, after 
 his death, expelled the Turks from the 
 island. She died in 1-1C6. 
 
 BONAPARTE. See NAPOLEON. 
 
 BONARELLI DELLA ROVERE, 
 GUY UBALDO, an Italian diplomatist and 
 literary character, was born at Urbino, in 
 1563, was employed in many important 
 negotiations by the dukes of Modena and 
 Ferrara, and died in 1608. His pastoral 
 of Phiil's of Scyros, which is considered 
 as standing next in merit to the Aminta 
 and the Faithful Shepherd, is his princi- 
 pal woik. 
 
 BONARELLI DELLA ROVERE, 
 PROSPER, brother of Guy Ubaldo, died at 
 Ancona, in 1659. He is the author of 
 Suliman, a tragedy, nine musical dramas, 
 and \ariotis. comedies, letters, and miscel- 
 laneous poems. 
 
 BON CHAMP, ARTHUR DE, a cele- 
 brated general of the Vendean royalists, 
 was born in Anjoii, in 1759, and served 
 with distinction in the army, during the 
 American war. In 1793, he was chosen 
 one of the principal Vendean leaders, and 
 he distinguished himself by his talents and 
 v..lour in numerous combats. On the 17th 
 of October, 1793, he was mortally wounded 
 at the battle of Cboltet. Bunchamp was a 
 riuxn i,f abilities and luur.anity. The last 
 act of hi.-, life was the t-a\ing i.f five thou- 
 sand prisoners, whom the exasperated 
 vv-r about to iaa<'ja^re. 
 
 BON 101 
 
 i P.< A I), J <HVt , a crJtH ypd grammarian, 
 \Yas born "i/i ' SbmeiselsKirfr,* in J;'J;"(), was 
 educated at Winchester and Oxford, be- 
 came master of Taunton grammar school, 
 and afterwards a physician, and died in 
 1612. He wrote Annotations on Horace 
 and Persius. 
 
 BONER, a German fabulist, who lived 
 in the thirteenth and fourteenth century, 
 of \\hose life no particulars are recorded. 
 II if Fables, partly borrowed from the Latin, 
 form a valuable portion of what has been 
 handed down to us of the poems of the 
 Minnesinger. The first edition of them 
 appeared in 1461, and is one of the earliest 
 printed book?. 
 
 BONIFACE, ST., whose real name was 
 WILFRID, was born at Crediton, in De- 
 vonshire, about A. D. 680; travelled, 
 about 716. through many parts of Germany 
 (of which he is called the apostle), to con- 
 vert the heathens ; was consecrated a 
 bishop, at Rome, by Gregory II. in 723; 
 returned to Germany, and reclaimed the 
 Bavarians from paganism ; and was, finally, 
 massacred in Friesland, in 755. 
 
 BONINGTON, RICHARD PARKES, a 
 painter, who died, in 1802, at the early 
 age of twenty-six, was born in London, 
 was first a pupil of Gros, at Paris, and 
 afterwards studied in Italy. Bonington 
 was a man of genius, and his presiaVure 
 death was a heavy loss to the pictorial art. 
 He excelled in various departments of 
 painting. Among his finest pictures is a 
 view on the great canal of Venice. 
 
 BONNEFONS, or BONNEFONIUS, 
 JOHN, a Latin erotic poet, was born, in 
 1554, at Clermont, in Auvergne; studied 
 ci\il law, under Cujas; practised as a 
 barrister; was made lieutenant-general of 
 the bailiwick of Bar-sur-Seine; and died 
 in 1614. His collection of amatory pcems 
 under the title of Pancharis, ranks him 
 among the best modern writers in the Ro- 
 man language. 
 
 BONNER, EDMUND, a prelate, " damn- 
 ed to everlasting fame," under the appel- 
 lation of " bloody bishop Bonner." was 
 the son of a peasant, at Hanley, in Wor- 
 cestershire, and was educated at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford. Henry VIII. made him 
 his chaplain, bishop of Hereford, and then 
 of London, and employed him on embas- 
 sies to France, Germany, and the pope. 
 He was imprisoned and deprived of his 
 bishopric, in the reign of Edward VI.; 
 but was restored by Mary, and signalised 
 himself by his vindictive and persecuting 
 spirit. Queen Elizabeth imprisoned him in 
 the Marshalsea. and he died there, in 1569, 
 after ten years' confinement. Bonner was 
 a man of learning and talent; but so san- 
 guinary, that, in allusion to his excessive 
 corpulence, he was said to have abundance 
 of guts, but no bov nU. 
 
Mi BON 
 
 BONN -ST. cr HO.XKT. THE JPHILI-S. 
 a phy>rc. : ;h, \vu>:'t^rn 'it (e.r\/i, in .f>20, 
 where he died in ll>S9. His fame princi- 
 pally rest, on his having been the first 
 pathologic ' anatomist. The work wliich 
 gives him thv> claim is named Scpulchre- 
 tuni, sen Anatomia Practiea. lie also 
 wrote Pharos Medicorum, and compiled 
 various inedira. treatises. 
 
 Kn.WKT. rii vui.Ks, a celebrated na- 
 turalist, was h >rn at Geneva, in 1720, and 
 w:is de>u'!ied for the law, but was inspired 
 with an irrepressible lo\e of natural his- 
 tory, by ch .Hiring to peruse a book on that 
 science. His whole subsequent life was 
 devoted to natural history and physiology, 
 and his discoveries were numerous. He- 
 died of a dropsy in tiie chest, May the 
 20lh, 1793. His works form nine vol- 
 um-s in quarto, and many of them have 
 b,^e.i translated into various language*. 
 The Contemplation of Mature, two volumes 
 octavo, is one of his most popular produc- 
 tk>MU 
 
 BONXEVAL, CLAUDE ALEXANDER, 
 Coant de, born in 1675, of a nobl-j Limou- 
 sin family, signalized his valour under 
 'l\ jrville, Catinat, and Vend.'me; (]uittcd 
 hi- country in consequence of a dispute 
 wi h the minister Chamiilard; entered the 
 Ai itrian service; and bore u distinguished 
 pa t in many achievements, particularly 
 in "orciag the lines before Turin, and de- 
 fea ing the Turks at Pelerwaradin. In 
 17/ 0, his haughty and intractable dispo- 
 siti^n involved him in a quarrel with the 
 cou t of Vienna, and he was compelled to 
 fly. He took refuge in Turkey, where he 
 bee une a Mahometan, under the name of 
 Acl -net Pacha, and was made master of 
 the ordnance. He died in 1747, at the 
 mordent when he was said to be intending 
 to escape from the Turkish dominions. 
 
 EOXNIVET, WILLIAM GOUFFIER 
 DE. admiral of France, distinguished him- 
 self it the siege of Genoa, in 1507, and at 
 the battle of Spurs, in 1513. Francis I. 
 also employed him as a negotiator in Eng- 
 land and Germany. Bonnivet afterwards 
 com aande:! in Spain and the Milanese, 
 opp< ed peace, committed many military 
 fault (, and fell, at last, at the battle of Pa"- 
 via, in 1525, which was fought by his ad- 
 vice It was mainly by his intrigues that 
 the constable of Bourbon was driven into 
 Mbe'Uon 
 
 Bv '\\YCASTI.E, JOHN, was a native 
 of \Vhitchun h, in Bucks, and, after hav- 
 ing been tutor to the sons of the earl of Pom- 
 fret, was appointed one of the mathemati- 
 cal masters at Woolwich. He resided 
 there fir I'irty years, an 1 b -cam:- pi 
 of mathematics to tlu Royal Military 
 Aca inn/. He di.-d in 1821. As a mail 
 of science lie enjoys a deserved reputation i 
 lilt various work* mi) be met ' 
 
 BOO 
 
 tioned his Treatises on Geometry, 
 
 nometry, Algebra, and Astronomy; and 
 his contributions to luvs's Cyclopedia. 
 
 BO.XOMF, .Josr.iMi, an architect, was 
 a native of Italy, but .spent a great part 
 of his life in England, and was one of the 
 associates of the Royal Academy. His 
 architectural talents were of a high order. 
 He died in March, 1SOS, at the age of 
 sixty-nine. 
 
 BOOM:. DSMI I., one of thp earlier 
 settlers in Kentucky, was born in Virginia, 
 and was from infancy addicted to hunting 
 in the woods, lie set out on an expedi- 
 tion to explore the region of Kentucky, 
 in May, 1769, with five companions. Af- 
 ter meeting with a variety of adventures, 
 Boone was left witl-i his brother, the only 
 white men in the wilderness. They pa.'d 
 the winter in a cabin, and in the summer 
 of 1770 traversed the country to the Cum- 
 berland river. In September, 1773, Boonc 
 commenced his removal to Kentucky with 
 his own and five other families. He was 
 joined by forty men, who put themselves 
 under his direction ; but being attacked by 
 the Indians, the whole party returned to 
 the settlements on Clinch river. Boone 
 was afterwards employed by a company of 
 North Carolina, to buy, from the Indians, 
 1; .d* on the south side of the Kentucky river. 
 In April, 1775, he built a fort at salt- 
 spring, where Boonesborough is now situ- 
 ated. Here he sustained several sieges 
 from the Indians, and was once taken pris- 
 oner by them while hunting with a number 
 of his men. In 1782 the depredations of 
 the savages increased to an alarming ex- 
 tent, and Boone, with other militia officers, 
 collected 176 men, and went hi pursuit of 
 a larye body, who had marched beyond the 
 Blue Licks, forty miles from Lexington. 
 From that time till 1798, he resided alter- 
 nately in Kentucky and Virginia. In that 
 year, having received a grant of 2000 
 acres of land from the Spanish authorities, 
 he removed to Upper Louisiana, \\ith his 
 children and followers, who were presented 
 with 800 acres each. He settled with 
 them at Charette, on the Missouri ri\er, 
 where he followed his usual course of lii'-, 
 hunting and trapping bears, till Sep- 
 tember, 1S22, when he died in the cii,i. 
 fifth year of his age. He expired while 
 on his knees, taking aim at some object, 
 and was found in that position, with hia 
 gun resting on the trunk of a tree. 
 
 BOOTH, BARTON, a celebrated actor 
 in the reigns of Anne and George I., -was 
 born, in 1681, in Lancashire, and was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, under Dr 
 Busby. At the age of seventeen, how- 
 ever, lo joined a strolling company of 
 players; his talents, at length, gained him 
 a footing on the regular theatre; his popu- 
 larity continually increased ; and hi per 
 
BOH 
 
 formance of Cato, in 1712, set the teal 
 upon his histrionic reputation. In 1715, 
 ne became one of the joint patentees and 
 manager.- of Drnry Lane theatre. He di- 
 ed in 1733. Booth was the author of a 
 mask called Dido and Eneas, and of some 
 songs and minor pieces. 
 
 BORDA, JOHN CHARLES, a celebra- 
 ted mathematician and astronomer, was 
 born at Dax, in Gascony, in 1733; served 
 as an engineer in the French army in 1757; 
 then became a naval officer; accompanied 
 Pingre, in 1771, on a voyage to the South 
 Sea, to make experiments on timekeepers; 
 was captain of the Solitaire, in 1781, and 
 displayed great gallantry in an action with 
 the English ; was employed with Delam- 
 bre and Mechain in measuring an arc of 
 the meridian; and died in March, 1799. 
 He invented the reflecting circle, and a 
 mensuration rod, and made many improve- 
 ments in hydraulics, and experiments to 
 determine the length of the pendulum. 
 
 BORDE, or BOORDE, ANDKKW, a 
 physician, born at Pevensey, about 1500, 
 was educated at Oxford, and travelled all 
 over Christendom, and a part of Africa. 
 He settled at Winchester, and afterwards 
 at London, at which latter city he died in 
 the Fleet, in 1549. He is tlie author of 
 various works, among which are a Book 
 of the Introduction of Knowledge; the 
 Breviary of Health; and Merrye Tales of 
 the Madmen of Gotham. 
 
 BORDELON, LAURENCE, a volumin- 
 ous writer of novels, dramas, and miscel- 
 laneous works, \vas born at Bourges, in 
 1653, and died at Paris, in 1730. Of his 
 works the best known are, Curious Varie- 
 ties; the Extravagant Fancies of M. 
 Oufile; and Dialogues of the Living. In 
 company one day, Bordelon said, " my 
 works are my deadly sins ; " to which a 
 bystander replied, " the public does pen- 
 ance for them." 
 
 BORELLI, JOHN ALPHONSO, a phi- 
 losopher and mathematician, was born in 
 1608, studied at Rome, and liecame pro- 
 fessor of natural philosophy and mathe- 
 matics at Pisa and Florence. From the 
 latter city he went to Messina, where he 
 had once held a professorship; but, in 
 1674, he was banished from it for political 
 reasons. He settled at Rome, and died 
 there in 1679. He was the first who ap- 
 plied mathematical calculation and me- 
 chanical principles to explain muscular 
 action. Among his numerous produc- 
 tions, his poettumoug work, De Motu Ani- 
 malium, is tnr only one which is remem- 
 bered. 
 
 BORGHESE, MARIK PAULINE, prin- 
 cess, originally Bonaparte, sister of Na- 
 Gjleon, was born in 1780, at Ajaccio. 
 ier first husband was general Leclerc, 
 ami. after hid death in 1802, she married 
 
 DOR 
 
 103 
 
 the prince C.iriiillo Borghese. With Na- 
 poleon, \\\\) loved her tenderly, she had 
 many dttputeg, and as many recoiu.ilia- 
 ticns; for if he was capricious, she was 
 also proud. Before the battle of Water- 
 loo she placed all her diamonds, which 
 were of great value, at his disposal; and 
 they were in Uis carriage, which was ta- 
 ken in that battle, and exhibited in Lon- 
 don. She lived, afterwards, separated 
 from her husband, at Rome; where her 
 house was the centre of refined and fash- 
 ionable society. She died at Florence, in 
 June, 1825. " 
 
 BORGIA, C^SAR, the wicked offspring 
 of a wicked paren. was the natural son of 
 Pope Alexander \ I. His father made 
 him an archbishop and cardinal; but he 
 was afterwards secularized, and the French 
 king created him duke of Valentinois. 
 He is said to have caused his brother, and 
 several other persons, to be assassinated. 
 After having performed many splendid 
 military actions, and sustained many re- 
 verses of fortune, he was slain, in 1507, at 
 the siege of Viana. 
 
 BORJA, or BORGIA, FRANCIS DE,a 
 Spanish poet and statesman, a descendant 
 from Pope Alexander VI., was appointed 
 viceroy of Peru, in 1614, and governed 
 that province in a manner which wa 
 honourable to him. He returned to Spain 
 in 1621, and cultivated literature till his 
 decease, which occurred in 1638. As a 
 poet, he is most esteemed for his lyrical 
 compositions. 
 
 BORLACE, EDMUND, the son of one of 
 the lords justices of Ireland, was educated 
 at Dublin, and settled as a physician at 
 Chester, where he died in 1682. Hia 
 principal work is a History of the Irish 
 Rebellion. 
 
 BORLASE, WILLIAM, an antiquary 
 and topographer, was born, in 1695, at 
 Pendeen, in Cornwall, was educated at 
 Oxford, and, till the end of his days, was 
 rector of Ludgvan and vicar of St. Just, 
 in his native country. The first of these 
 preferments he obtained in 1722. In 1749 
 he was made F. R. S. and, in 1766, LL. D. 
 He died in 1772. His chief works are, 
 the Antiquities of Cornwall; Observations 
 on the Scilly Islands; and a Natural His- 
 tory of Cornwall. 
 
 BORN, IGNATIUS, Baron, a mineralo- 
 gist and miscellaneous writer, was born, 
 in 1742, at Calrsburg, in Transylvania, 
 and, in 1772, obtained an appointment in 
 the department of the mines at Prague. 
 His mineralogical talents induced the Em- 
 press Maria Th'eresa, to fix him at Vienna, 
 and he was in high favour with her suc- 
 cessor Joseph II. He died in August, 
 1791. Born was a zealous member c-f the 
 Illuminati, and poignant y ridiculed th 
 monks in his Monachologia. His wcrlu 
 
104 BOS 
 
 principally relate to mineralogy and mm- 
 ing, and are much valued. The process of 
 amalgamation was greatly impiuved hv him. 
 f BORROMEO. .a cardinal, 
 
 justly celebrated for his virtues, was of an 
 illustrious Lombard family, and was born, 
 in 1538, at the castle of Arona, in the Mi- 
 lanese. He was created a cardinal and 
 archbishop of Milan, by his uncle Pope 
 Pius IV. He was a model of piety and of 
 charity, and a munificent patron of learn- 
 ing. His efforts to reform the monastic 
 orders drew on him the vengeance of a 
 fanatical monk, who attempted, but, hap- 
 pilv, without success, to assassinate him. 
 Borromeo died in 1584; in 1610, he was 
 canonized; and in 1697 a colossal bronze 
 tatue of him, sixty-six feet high, was 
 erected at Arona. His theological works 
 occupy five folio volumes. 
 
 BORROMEO, FREDERIC, cousin 
 german of Cardinal Charles, was also a 
 cardinal, created in 1587, and archbishop 
 of Milan in 1595. He died in 1631, at 
 the age of sixty-eight. He founded the 
 famous Ambrosian library, and two Acad- 
 emies, at Milan; is the author of various 
 theological works; and emulated his cousin 
 and virtue. 
 
 L piety and virtu* 
 BORROMI.M, 
 
 FRANCIS, an Italian 
 architect, was born at Bissona, in the 
 Milanese, in 1599, was a pupil of Maderno, 
 and succeeded him as architect at St. 
 Peter's at Rome. His public works are 
 numerous; but, though he was of undoubt- 
 ed talent, his taste was faulty. Jealousy 
 of his rival Bernini's success is said to 
 have rendered him insane, and, in a fit of 
 frenzy, he put an end to his own existence, 
 in 1667. 
 
 BOS, LAMBERT, an eminent philologer 
 and scholar, was born, in 1670, at Wor- 
 eum, in Friesland; became a Greek pro- 
 fessor at Franeker, in 1704; and died, of 
 consumption, in 1717. His most popular 
 production is an excellent work on Greek 
 ellipses. He published an edition of the 
 Septuagint, with a prolegomena and vari- 
 ous readings. 
 
 BOSC, Louis AUGUSTUS WILLIAM, 
 a French naturalist and agricultural writer, 
 
 BOSCAIt-ALMOGAVER, JOHX, a 
 
 celebrated Spanish poet, was born a: Bar- 
 celona, in 1491, servrd in the army when 
 young, and was admitted to the court of 
 ('liail.-s V., who valued him much. Hr 
 w.is :il~c> entrusted with the education ol 
 tlie duke of Alba. The use of hemieca- 
 syllabi introduced by him into 
 
 the Spanish language, or. at'least, wag 
 rendered popular. His poems were print- 
 ed in conjunction with those of his friend 
 Garcila 
 
 BOSCAWEN, EDWARD, a brave and 
 skilful admiral, second son of Viscount 
 Falmouth, was born, in 1711, in Corn- 
 wall, entered the navy early, and in 1740 
 obtained the command of the Shorcham, 
 whence, in 1744, he was removed to the 
 Dreadnought. He distinguished himself 
 at Porto-B'jllo and Carthagena, and, under 
 Anson. in tne battle off Cape Finistorre. 
 Being made rear-admiral, and sent with a 
 squadron to the East Indies, he failed in 
 an attempt on Pondicherry, but took Ma- 
 dras. On his return, he was appointed 
 one of the admiralty board. In 1755, he 
 captured two sail of the line; in 1758, as- 
 sisted in reducing Louisbourg; and in 1759, 
 completely defeated a French fleet off 
 Cape Lagos. A pension, the thanks of 
 parliament, and the rank of general of the 
 marines, were the rewards of these servi- 
 ces. He died in January, 1761. 
 
 BOSCAWEN, WILLIAM, a nephew of 
 the admiral, was born in 1752, and edu- 
 cated at Eton, Oxford, and the Middle 
 Temple; became a commissioner of bank- 
 upts and of the victualling board; and 
 died in 1811. He published a Translation 
 of Horace ; the Progress of Satire ; and a 
 Treatise of Convictions on Penal Statutes. 
 
 BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH, a na- 
 tive of Ragusa, born in 1711, was educa- 
 ted by the Jesuits, at Rome, entered their 
 order, and displayed Mich early talents, 
 that, even before he had completed hii 
 studies, he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics and philosophy at the Roman 
 College. He was employed hy Pius VI. 
 on various public undertakings; among 
 others, the draining of the Pontine marshes ; 
 
 ._ born, in 1759, at Paris, and died and was afterwards patronised by the grand 
 there in,1828. In 1784 he was appointed ! duke of Tuscany, and the king of France, 
 secretary of the post office, and was sub- the latter of wh'om gave him the place of 
 
 sequentlv promoted 
 
 still higher sta- 
 
 tion in that office. In 1793 he was driven 
 from his place by the jacobins, and he took 
 up his residence in the forest of jMontmo- 
 renci, where he lived for three vears 
 
 director of optics for the navy. Bosco 
 vich died at Milan, in 1787. His collective 
 philosophical works R;rm five quarto vol- 
 umes. Among them is a very elegant Latin 
 poem on eclipses. , 
 
 olitude, and devoted himself to the study } BOSSU, RENE LF,, a French critic, 
 of natural history, to which he had always born at Tans, in 1631, died in 1680, tub- 
 been partial. His latter years were wholly prior of the abbey of St. .! h>i of Chart! es. 
 devoted to science. Among hi* numc-rous His principal work ifl aTiratiseon Epic 
 works are a History of Shells, Worms. Pi.rtrv, which was once popular, but Li 
 &c. ; two Dicliotiarte* of Agriculture ; RttyttMnwHunoct forgotten. 
 NfW nlttinnarv ' Natur/ Mjsiurv. ! 9O6SUXT. jAMKf B9VIKVS.OMtf 
 
ROS 
 
 EOT 
 
 105 
 
 <kfc6l e*o<uient of French preacher*, nnd J was called to the English bar, but had 
 
 ,, of controversialists, was born, in (little practice, and never obtained any 
 
 1627, Tt Dijon, and aftsr having studied [other legal preferment than the recorder- 
 at the college of Navarr.", he became canon ' *-. 
 
 of Meta 
 
 , 
 
 From Met/, his reputation spread 
 to the capital, and he was invited to Paris, 
 to preach before the queen mother and the 
 king. There h's fame soon eclipsed that 
 of all his predecessors and contemporaries. 
 In 1669 he was roucle bishop of Condom ; 
 in 1670 preceptor to the dauphin; and, in 
 1681 , bishop of Meaux. He died in 1704. 
 His Funeral Orations are masterpieces of 
 eloquence; and in his controversy with the 
 protestants he displays admirable learning 
 and skill. Of his works, which form 
 twenty quarto volume?, the principal are 
 his Sermons; Discourse on Universal His- 
 .ory; Exposition of the Catholic Fa th; 
 and History of the Variations of the Pro- 
 testant Churches. 
 
 BOSSUT, CHAULF.S, an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was born in the Lyonese, in 
 17SO, studied in the Jesuits' college at Ly- 
 ons, was taught mathematics by d'Alem- 
 bert, and at the age of twenty-two was 
 professor of the engineers' school at Metz. 
 He died in 1814, universally regretted, 
 both as an individual and as a man of sci- 
 ence. His chief works are, a History of 
 Mathematics; and, a Course of Mathema- 
 tics ; the last of which is highly popular. 
 
 BOSTON, THOMAS, a Scotch divine, 
 was born at Dunse, in 1676, and died min- 
 ister of Ettrick, in 1732. He is chiefly 
 remembered by his Human Nature in its 
 Fourfold State; a work which has gone 
 through numerous editions. 
 
 BOSWELL, JAMES, the biographer of 
 Dr. Johnson, was the son of a Scotch 
 judge, and was born at Edinburgh, in 1740. 
 In 1763 lie began his travels, in the course 
 of which he visited Corsica. Of that 
 island he afterwards pave an account, \vith 
 Memoirs of General Paoli. Having bv-en 
 Admitted an advocate of the Scottish coin to, 
 he took a prominent part in thp celebrated 
 Douglas cause, and also wrote a pamphlet 
 on the subject. In 177o he attended John- 
 *on to the Hebrides , an excursion of 
 which he published a nirnal i 1785. He 
 
 ship of Carlisle. Of Johnson i.e was for 
 more than tur.nty year.* the intimate friend, 
 and his Life of that eminent character, 
 uhi'jh appeared in 17SO, deservedly ranks 
 hi among the most amusing and interest- 
 ing of biographers. Boswell likewise pro- 
 duced the Hypochondriac, a series of pa- 
 pers in the London Magazine, and some 
 fugitive pieces. He died May the 19th, 
 1795. . 
 
 BOTELLO, Don NUNO ALVAREZ DE, 
 one of the mos Celebrated Portuguese vice- 
 roys of India. He sailed from Lisbon in 
 1624, and gained several victories over 
 the Dutch. In 1628, he assumed the gov- 
 ernment of the Portuguese possessions in 
 Hindostan, succoured Malacca, and de- 
 stroyed the besieging Achenese army and 
 fleet; for which he received the title of 
 father of the country. After having ob- 
 tained other successes, he was unfortun itely 
 killed, in 1629, by being crushed between 
 his own and an enemy's vessel. 
 
 BOTH, JOHN and ANDREW, Dutch 
 painters, natives of Utrecht, and pupils of 
 Blomaert, were as remarkable for their 
 fraternal affection as for their talents. 
 They studied, lived, and painted together, 
 and seemed to have but one mind. John 
 excelled in landscapes, Andrew in figures. 
 AndiMW was drowned at Venice, in 1650, 
 and his brother pined with grief for his 
 b.s, and died at Utrecht, in 1656. 
 
 BOTT, JOHN DE, an engineer, born at 
 Florence, in 1670, of French parents, served 
 successively the prince of Orange (William 
 III.); the elector of Brandenberg, and the 
 elector of Baxony, He fortified Wesel, 
 and erected the afsenal at Berlin, and sev. 
 end line edifices at Dresden, He died in 
 1745, 
 
 BOTTAUI,JcHsGAETANO,a learned 
 Italian prelate, was born at Florence, in 
 X689, and died at Rome, in 1775. The 
 Crimea Academy intrusted to him the SUT 
 perintendence of the new edition of its Dicr 
 tionary ; the grand duke of Tuscany placpd 
 him at the head of his printing establish- 
 ment; and Pope Benedict XIV. made him 
 librarian of the Vatican, h"is almoner, and 
 a canon. Bottari is the author of various 
 works, relative to literature and the arts. 
 
 BOTZAR1S, MARK, one of the gallant 
 dpfenders of liberty in modern Greece, waa 
 born in A|bi>nia, in 178Q, and is said to 
 have been, at an early period of his life, in 
 the French service." When the Greeks 
 rose to throw off the Ottoman joke, he ar- 
 dently espoused the cause of hi* country 
 
 and 
 
 chosen Etratarch of Western 
 
 Greece. The Turks having invaded Eto- 
 l:a with a large army, he, at the head of 
 ;wo hundred n:;d fifty volunteers, made 
 
pu 
 
 itWJ BOU BOU 
 
 nocturna attack on the enemy* jump, a:>-1 ; <rid died in 1711. He was no less re- 
 I great numbers of them to he Mvotd; mrukable for generosity, probity, and mod* 
 
 than for military talent. 
 
 BOUFFLERS, STANISLAUS, Marquis 
 
 of, a descendant of the duke, was born at 
 Luneville, i;i 1737, and was celebrated for 
 wit, talents, accomplishments, and elegance 
 of manners. He early embraced a military 
 life, and became a knight of Malta, and 
 
 to.vards the close of the routes!, he 
 received a mortal wound. Hi* compan- 
 ions in arms, ! y a <ie*|:era;e e:i'.:'t, MIC- 
 
 ct-eded 
 
 him from the field, and 
 
 Among his principal \v 
 ligares of the fountai. 
 
 ne expired at Mi.-snlonghi on the following 
 dav, Aii-nst 23, 1 
 
 BOUCHARDON, KPMV, a rcl.-brated 
 French sculptor, was born, in 1698, at 
 Chaumont in Bassigni, and died in 1762. 
 ipal works are, a part of the 
 untai.i of Neptune at Ver- 
 sailles; the monument of the duchess of 
 Ixiuraguais; and the fountain of Grenelle 
 :. He designed also, particularly in 
 red chalk, with admirable spirit and taste. 
 
 BOUDINOT, ELIAS, a descendant of 
 one of the Huguenots, was born in I'liila- 
 'itdphia, in 1740. He received a liberal 
 education, and entered into the practice of 
 the law in New-Jersey, where he soon rose 
 to considerable eminence. In 1777 he was 
 chosen a member of Congress, and in 1782 
 was elected president of that body. On 
 the return of peace he resumed his profes- 
 sion, but in 1789, was elected to a seat in 
 the house of representatives of the United 
 States, which he continued to occupy for 
 six years. He was then appointed by 
 Washington Director of the National Mint, 
 ji which oflice he remained for alx>ut 
 twelve years. Resigning this oflice he re- 
 tired to private life, and resided from that 
 time in Burlington, New-Jersey. Here he 
 ' passed his time in literary pursuits, lib- 
 eral hospitality, and in discharging all the 
 duties of an expansive and ever active be- 
 nevolence. Being possessed of an ample 
 fortune, he made munificent donations 10 
 various charitable and theological institu- 
 tions, and was one of the earliest and most 
 efficient friends of the American Bible So- 
 ciety. Of this institution he was the first 
 president, and it was particularly the ob- 
 1 bounty. He died in 
 
 jcct of his princely- 
 October, 1821. 
 
 BOUCICAUT, JOMN LE MAINGRE 
 
 DE, a marshal of France, one of the bravest 
 atid be.st of his countrymen, was born at 
 Tours, in 13G4 ; served at the age of twelve 
 years under Dugnesclin ; acquired distin- 
 guished honour at the battle of Nicopolis, 
 in 1396, where, however, he was taken 
 prisoner; governed the city of Genoa for 
 nine years with humanity and integrity; 
 was made captive at the battle of Azincour, 
 which was fought against his advice; and 
 ilied in England, in 1421, after a captivity 
 of six > 
 
 BOUFFLERS, Louis FRANCIS, Duke 
 
 governor of 
 
 During the revolu- 
 
 polished and playful, but 
 licentious; his prose wo 
 
 tion he emigrated to Berlin, and was chosen 
 a meml)er of the Academy of that city. 
 He died at Paris, in 1815. His poems 
 some of them 
 prose works, also have 
 considerable merit. 
 
 BOUGAINVILLE, Louis ANTHONY 
 DE (brother of JOHN PETER, who trans- 
 lated the Anti-Lucretius, and wrote a 
 Parallel between the Expeditions of Alex- 
 ander and Kouli Khan), was born at Paris 
 in 1729. In Canada he acted as aid-de- 
 camp to Montcalm, and displayed such 
 bravery in many actions, that he obtained 
 the rank of colonel, and a gift of two can- 
 non. He next made a voyage round the 
 world, which was completed in 1769. 
 The narrative of it was published in 1772. 
 He rose to high military and naval rank; 
 but retired from the service in 1790. Un- 
 der the empire he was made a senator, and 
 a member of the Institute. The Royal So- 
 ciety also chose him one of its members. 
 He died in 1811. Besides his Voyage, he 
 gave to the press a Treatise on the Inte- 
 gral Calculus, 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 BOUGEANT, WILLIAM HYACINTH, 
 a Jesuit, born at Quimper, in 1690, who 
 died at Paris, in 1743, is the author of 
 various works of merit ; among the most 
 prominent of which are a History of the 
 Treaty of Westphalia, and a volume on 
 the Language of Beasts. The latter pro- 
 duction, in which he maintains that beasts 
 are animated by demons, was merely meant 
 as a pleasantry ; but some stupid animals 
 about the court having taken him seriously, 
 they procured his temporary exile. His 
 end is said to have been hastened by the 
 virulence of his literary assailants. 
 
 BOUGUER, PETER, eminent as a 
 mathematician and hydrographer, was born 
 at Croisic, in Lower Britanny, in 1698, 
 and at thirteen possessed such mathematical 
 knowledge that he publicly foiled a pro- 
 fessor. He was sent with Condamine and 
 others to measure a degree in South Amer- 
 ica; a task on which they were ten years 
 employed. Bouguer invented the helio- 
 meter, and made numerous observations 
 >n the pendulum, the atmosphere, the ex- 
 
 of, an eminent French marshal, was born pansion of metals, and other subjects, 
 in 1644; served with distinction under! He died in 1758. Among his works aio 
 
 Crequi, and Turenne; immortalized him- 
 self by his defence of Lisle, in 1708, and 
 bis retreat after the battle of Malplaquet; 
 
 Treatises on the Construction of Ships-, 
 on Navigation and Pilotage ; and on Light. 
 BOUHOURS, DOMINIC, a critic, ruaa 
 
BOU 
 
 of letter*, and member cf the Society of 
 Jesus, was born at Pans, in 1628, and was 
 tutor to the sons of the duke of Longue- 
 ville and the son of Colbert. lie died in 
 the French capital, in 1702. His princi- 
 pal works are, Conversations of Ariatiu 
 and Eugenius; Remarks and Doubts on 
 the French Language; and the Art of 
 forming a correct Judgment on Literary 
 Productions. 
 
 BOUILLE, FRANCIS CLAUDE AMOUR, 
 Marquis de, a native of Auvergne, was 
 born about 1733, and commanded with 
 great success in the West Indies during 
 the American war. When the French 
 revolution Began, he warmly espoused the 
 royal cau.se, and was compelled to emi- 
 grate. After having vainly endeavoured 
 to rouse Russia and Sweden to a war 
 against France, he settled at London, where 
 he died, November 14, 1800. His Memoirs 
 nf the French Revolution is a valuable 
 work. 
 
 BOULAINVILLIERS, HENRY, Count 
 de, a native of Normandy, was born at 
 St. Saire, in that province, in 1658, and 
 died in 1752. As an historian he is depre- 
 ciated by Henault, but Montesquieu and 
 Voltaire speak of him with considerable 
 respect. He was an idolater of the feudal 
 times, which he considered as the -golden 
 age of the monarchy! He is the author 
 of a History of the Ancient Government of 
 France; the State of France; the Life 
 of Mahomet ; a History of the Arabs ; and 
 various other works. 
 
 BOULANGER, NICHOLAS ANTHONY, 
 a native of Paris, was born in 1722, and 
 died in 1759. lie was brought up as an 
 engineer, and appointed superintendant of 
 roads and bridges. In his principles he 
 was dcistical. He contributed some arti- 
 cles to the Encyclopedia, and wrote Anti- 
 quity Unmasked; and an Inquiry into the 
 Origin of Eastern Despotism. Damila- 
 ville's obnoxious work, intitled Christianity 
 Unmasked, has erroneously been attributed 
 to Bonl;uirer. 
 
 BOULTER, HUGH, an eminent prelate, 
 was born in London, or its vicinity, in 
 lo'71, and was educated at Merchant 
 Tailors' school, and Christ Church, Oxford. 
 After having enjoyed the minor prefer- 
 ments of minister of St. Olave, Southwark, 
 archdeacon of Surrey, chaplain to the king, 
 ile-nof Christ Church, and bishop of Bris- 
 tol, he was, in 1721, nominated archbishop 
 of Armagh, and primate of all Ireland, 
 which dignities he held till his death, in 
 1742. lie wsu iso thirteen times one of 
 the lords justices of Ireland. Boulter was 
 an al.le and benevolent man, and did much 
 to relieve the wants of the country in which 
 he was placed; but his policy was narrow, 
 us it tended to keep the Irish in a stute of 
 perpetua leru'ession, and consequently of 
 
 BOU 107 
 
 hostility against those whom tney consid- 
 ered as their oppressors. 
 
 BOULTON, MATTHEW, an eminn 
 engineer, was born at Birmingham, in 
 1728, and established there a manufactory 
 of hardware, in which he brought work* 
 in polished steel to the highest perfectfon 
 In 1762, he built his immense manufactory, 
 at Soho, two miles from Birmingham, ana 
 in 1769 he entered into partnership with 
 the celebrated James Watt. From that 
 time their establishment became famous 
 throughout Europe for its steam engines, 
 and numerous other productions. Boulton, 
 
 ho was a fellow of the London and Edin- 
 burgh Royal Societies, and an associate of 
 other scientific institutions, died, at Soho, 
 August 17, 1809. 
 
 BOURBON, CHARLES, Duke of, son 
 of the count of Montpensier, was born in 
 1489, and received the constable's staff, 
 from Francis I., at the age of *wenty-six. 
 He displayed consummate valour at the 
 battle of Marignan, and was made viceroy 
 of Milan. Unfortunately, however, the 
 persecution inveterately carried on against 
 him by Louisa, the king's mother, whose 
 love he had rejected, at length drove him 
 into rebellion. He gave his services to the 
 emperor, and contributed to the victory of 
 Pavia. He was slain in an assault upon 
 Rome, on the 5th of May, 1527. 
 
 BOURCET, PETER JOSEPH DE, a 
 French officer and topographer, was born 
 in 1700, at Usseaux, in the valley of Pra- 
 gelas, served with distinction in the cam- 
 paigns of 1733, 1741, and 1756, and died a 
 lieutenant-general, in 1780. He is the au- 
 thor of a fine map of Upper Dauphine ; 
 Military Memoirs on the Frontiers of 
 France and Piedmont; and Historical Me- 
 moirs of the War in Germany, from 1757 
 to 1762. 
 
 BOURCHIER, THOMAS, son of the 
 earl of Eu, was educated at Oxford, be- 
 came chancellor of that university, and was 
 successively bishop of Worcester and of 
 Ely, and, in 1454, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He was subsequently made a cardi- 
 nal'and lord chancellor; and died in 1486. 
 Three English sovereigns were crowned by 
 him. He is said to have introduced print- 
 ing into England, in 1464; but this in 
 doubted. 
 
 BOURCHIER, JOHN, Lord Berners, 
 was born about 1469, and was educated 
 at Oxford. In 1495 he took an active 
 part in suppressing the Cornish rebellion, 
 and he distinguished himself at the siege 
 of Teronenne. Henry VIII. made him 
 chancellor of the exchequer, and after- 
 wards governor of Calais. Lord Bernera 
 died at Calais, in 1532. His love of lite- 
 rature was as remarkabfa as his valour. 
 }Je wrote various pieces, and translated 
 some French ronvincea ; but his greateil 
 
i<* nor 
 
 work is his translation of Froissart's Chro- twice Ju|'ed mmi home to moid it. T!* 
 
 nicle ; reading of mystical works inflamed r*r 
 
 BOURDALOUE, Louis, a Jesuit, ami imagination, a'nd she believed that she hai) 
 
 H French preacher of consummate elo- vi.-ions and ecstatic trances, in which she 
 
 quence, was born at llourges, in 1().'>2. \\us commanded t> re.-tore the true evan- 
 
 The reputation which he acquired by -^dical spirit in the world. She wanderrn 
 
 preaching in the country induced his supe- about iace^santlv, and was expelled from 
 
 riors to send him to Paris, where he imme many countries; but she made numerous 
 diately acquired popularity, and became; proselytes, among whom were men of abil- 
 
 the favourite preacher of Louis XIV., who ities. The virtue of charity she certainly 
 
 pent him into Languedoc, to convert the (lid not possess ; for she never gave alms 
 
 prutestants. The latter part of his life was She died at Franeker, in Holland, in 1680 
 
 e=pchi in visiting the sick and the prisons, Her reveries (ill twenty-two volumes, 
 mid in other works of charity. He died, 
 universally regretted, in 1704." His sermons 
 occupy sixteen volumes, and have often 
 been reprinted. 
 
 BOURLJE, AHTHOHT 
 
 Abbe de la, who is known in English 
 history as the marquis de Guiscard, was 
 bora in Quercy, in 1658, and entertd the 
 
 BOURDON, SEBASTIAN, a painter of church. For some crime, however, he was 
 merit in various styles, but particularly I compelled to fly. Failing in an nttempl 
 in landscape, was born at Montpelier, in to spread the revolt of the Cevennes, he 
 1616, and studied al Rome, where he was! took refuge in England, where he received 
 the friend of Claude Lorraine. In 1652, a pension from Q,ueen Anne's ministers; 
 wishing to avoid the civil wars which but, having betrayed them to his own gov- 
 
 1 ernmenl, he was summoned before the 
 privy council. There he stabbed Mr. 
 Harley, and, in return, was so danger- 
 
 threatened France, he visited Sweden, and 
 was patronised by Christina. She made 
 him a present of some pictures which 
 
 Gustavus had brought from Dresden; but,|ously "wounded by some of the counsellors, 
 on examining them, Bourdon disinterest-: that he died in Newgate, in 1711. 
 
 odly told her that she ought not to part 
 with so valuable a collection. Christina 
 afterwards took them to Rome, and they 
 at length formed a part of the famous 
 Orleans gallery. Bourdon died at Paris, 
 
 in 1671. 
 painter 
 
 He was an engraver as well as a 
 
 BOURNE, VINCENT, one of the most 
 elegant of modern Latin poets, was educat- 
 ed at 'Westminster and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, took his degree of M. A. in 
 1721, and did undermaster of Westmin- 
 ster school in 1747. Cowper describes him 
 as having been the neatest of all men in 
 
 BOURGEOIS, Sir FRANCIS, whose j his vers : fbation, the most slovenly in hi* 
 
 parents were Swiss, was born in London 
 in 1756, and was designed for the army, 
 but displayed such an attachment to paint- 
 ing that he was placed under Louther- 
 bourg. After having travelled for improve- 
 ment, he became a royal academician. In 
 1791 he was appointed painter to the king 
 of Poland ; and, in 1794, landscape painter 
 to George III. He died in 1811. The 
 splendid collection of pictures which Mr. 
 Desenfans had bequeathed to him, Sir 
 Francis left to Dulwich College, with ten 
 thousand pound* to build 3 gallery for them. 
 BOURGOING, JOHN FRANCIS, Baron 
 de, was born tit Nevers, in 1748, served 
 early in the army, and successively acted 
 as secretary of legation, and lastly as 
 ambassador at various courts. He died, 
 envoy at Dresden, in 1811. Of IPS writ- 
 
 person; and, as a poet, he thinks him not 
 at all inferior to Ovid. 
 
 BOURRIT, MARK THEODORE, a na- 
 tive of Geneva, born in 1739, and died in 
 1819, was a chanter in the cathedral of his 
 native city. He is known to the public 
 by his various journeys to the Alps, and 
 particularly to the glaciers and Mont Blanc ; 
 of which he published narratives in 1772 
 and 1785. The last of these works was 
 reprinted in 1789, with a Description of 
 the Glaciers of the Pennine and Rhetian 
 Alps. 
 
 BOURSAULT, EDMUND, a French 
 writer, was born at Muci 1'Eveque, in Bur- 
 gundy, in 1638, and though his father, a 
 dissipated officer, to prevent him from 
 knowing more than himself, wojlcl give 
 him no education, he acquired a consuni- 
 
 ings the principal are, the Picture of Mod- 1 mate knowledge of the French languago 
 ern Spain, 3 vols. ; and Historical and He wrote several c.oiredie.*, particularly 
 Philosophical Memoirs of Pius VI. Es;>p in Town, and Esop at Court, three 
 
 BOURIGNON, ANTOi.\KTTA,a fanat- romances, and other works of considerable 
 
 ic, born at Lisle, in 1616. So frightful ! merit, among which nviy be mentioned Let- 
 was her appearance at her birth, that neruers to Babet Boursault was a man of a 
 parents hesitated whether the ouht not modest mind 
 to destroy her as a monster. 
 however 
 
 He 
 
 ght not j modest mind and a forgiving spirit. 
 As jhe grew 'died in 1701 
 
 up, owever, her appearance improved,) BOUSMARD, M. DE, a military engi- 
 and she gave signs of considerable talent, necr, after having been in the French jser- 
 littviug an aversion to matrimony, the \ie, passed, in 1792, into that 
 
pht 
 luicj 
 
 BOW ttOY 109 
 
 unl ruse to the rank of major general. HejDougn*, the detector of Lauder. He 
 was killed, by a bomb, at the siege of j died in 1766. Lower conducted the His- 
 Dantzick, May 25, 1807. He is the author' tor ia Lileraria;' wrote a very indifferent.. 
 of a valuable Essay on Fortification, in 'History o-f the Popes; and contributed 
 four quarto volumes, with a volume of largeU to the l~r.ivt>i >;:! History. 
 htes; and of a Defence of Vauban, who JBOWYER, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 cj been attacked by Lnclos* s' h.Jar and typographer, was born in Lon- 
 
 BOWDLF.R, THOMAS, the son of n;d:jn, in 1699, and, after having been for 
 physician at Bjth, wan born in 1754, and ; pome time at St. John's College, Cam- 
 died in 1825. lie wrote Reform and Ku- 'bridge, became a partner with his father 
 in; Letters written in Holland; and edited! in tho printing business. He was printer 
 tne Family Shakspearc; and an cxpurgai-j to various learned bodies, and to the hou?fe 
 ed edition of Gibbon's History. His two | of lords. He published several philologi- 
 :si:-ters, .lane and Hannah, and his brother leal tracts, and added notes to many erudite 
 John, all possessed literarv talents. {works from his press; but his principal 
 
 BOWDICH, THOMAs'EmvARi), a na- 1 production is an edition of the New Tenta- 
 tive of Bristol, where he was born in 1793, i men t in (neck, with conjectural emenda- 
 received a good education, and engaged in tions. He died in 1777. 
 trade at his native place, but relinquished BOYCE, WILLIAM, was born in Lon- 
 it to become a writer in the service of the j don, in 1710, and studied music under 
 African Company. In 1816, he as rent | Greene, the organist of St. Paul's. Not- 
 on a mission, from Cape Coast Caske, to i withstanding that he unfortunately became 
 the king of Asbantee. Of this embassy he! deaf in his youth, he attained to high emi- 
 
 subsequently published a valuable narra- 
 tive. By nis exposures and representa- 
 tions government was induced to dissolve 
 the company. Eager to pursue his discov- 
 eries in Africa, he again visited that coun- 
 try ; but, unfortunately for geography and 
 science, disease, brought oij by anxiety and 
 toil, closed his career, on the 10th of Jan- 
 uary, 1824, shortly after he reached the 
 river Gambia. 
 
 BOWDOIN, JAMES, a governor of 
 Massachusetts, was born at Boston in the 
 
 nence in his profession. He became Mus 
 D., master of the king's band, and organ 
 ist and composer to his majesty. Both in 
 sacred and secular compositions he dis- 
 played great talent. He died in 1779. 
 
 BOYI), MARK ALEXANDER, a Scotch 
 poet, who was considered as a second 
 " admirable Crichton," was born in Gallo- 
 way, in 15C2, studied at Glasgow and Par- 
 is, wandered over the continent for four- 
 teen years, and died at his father's seat, 
 " khill, in 1601. Some of his Latin 
 
 year 1727, and was graduated at Harvard { poems are in the Delicia 1 Poetarum Scot- 
 Ccllegs in 1745. He took an early stand! orum ; and many of his manuscripts are 
 against the encroachments of the British! said still to exist. 
 
 government upon the provincial rights, andl BOYD, HUGH MACAULAY, whose ori- 
 in 1774 was elected a delegate to the first jginal name was Macaul y, was born in 
 Congress. The state of his health prevent-! Ireland, in 1746, and educated at Trinity 
 ed his attendance, and his place was after-' College, Dublin. For some time he was 
 wards filled by Mr. Hancock. In 177S he ; a political writer in London; after which 
 was chosen president of the convention he accompanied Lord Macartney to Ma- 
 which formed the constitution of Massa- dras, \\here he died in 17S1. The Letters 
 chusetts, and in 1785 was appointed gov- <>f Junius have absurdly been atti-ibuted to 
 rrnor of that State. He was a member -his po. His Incompetence to produce 
 cf the Massachusetts convention assembled those Letters \'\ however, amply proved 
 to deliberate, on the adoption of the Con- 1 by hi* own work?, \\hkh have been col- 
 Ftituticn of the United States, and exerted lected in two volumes. Talent he had, but 
 Mmself in its favour. He was the first far fadeed inferior to the talent of Juntas. 
 president of the Academy of Arts and Sci-' BOYDELL, JOHN, was born in Staf- 
 e'lces established at Boston in 17SO, and ! fordshire, in 1719, and was originally 
 was admitted a member of several f.-.reign'an engraver. Toms was his preceptor in 
 i nf distinction. He died at Boston the art. Having gained some money by 
 i'i 1" ihis talents and industry, he commenced 
 
 P.OWER. ARCHIBALD, a uati\e of business as a printseller," and soon became 
 Dundee, born in 16S6, was educated at | one of the most eminent in Europe En- 
 St. OIIKM-, entered the order of the Jesuits, ' terprising and liberal, he was a great en- 
 and became a counsellor of the inquisition, j courager of painters and engravers. The 
 at Macerata, in the papal states. He, j most celebrated artists were employed by 
 however, (led to England, in 1726, embrac- him to paint pictures for the Shak'speare 
 ed the protestant faith, and was patronised . Gallery, of which, in consequence of his 
 by persons of eminence. But his sincerity j trade being injured by the continental war, 
 was much Joubted, and I .a conduct was I he at length disposed by lottery. After 
 attacked by many, part :ularly by Dr. j having bpen iheriff, alderman, aad lord 
 
no 
 
 mayor of Lon on, 
 
 BRA 
 he died December the 
 
 ]' >Y !:';. \r,Fi.. n Fro.irh h'U'.io-.vit, 
 
 '. i hit) I, qakicd 1-Vamv 
 
 on th.' rcv'i-.itioa of the edii-t of Xa.-.t/.. 
 
 la 1. id.i!i. lie die 1 i 
 He published vari.iiis u>>T.d works, partly 
 coui ( -il.i:ions, a:no:i; which a.c his Politi'- 
 
 c.il Sure i.f Europe ; 
 William; a i.l \nna! 
 but he is best known l> 
 
 His-, 
 
 ot" King 
 
 >f Queen A line: 
 his French unit 
 
 English Dictionary and Grammar. 
 
 BOYLE, ROBERT, a philosopher, who 
 
 ranks with Bac n and with Xewton, was la? ge fortune. 
 
 the seventh son of tho celebrated earl of 
 
 Cork, and was born at Lisniore, in Iie- 
 
 )anl, January the 26th, 1626; th,i year 
 
 that Bacon die 1. Eaton has the honour 
 
 of felt early education, wbicii \\as perfect- 
 
 ed by private tutors, and lastly at Geneva. 
 
 After having travelled over various parts 
 
 of the continent, he settled in England, 
 
 and devoted himself to science, especially 
 
 to natural philosophy and to chemistry; 
 
 und till the close of his existence, he unre- 
 
 mittingly persevered in his scientific pur- 
 
 suits. Of the Roval Society he was one 
 
 of the first members, but ha declined the 
 
 office of president, as he did also that of 
 
 provost of Eton College. Philosophy, 
 
 however, did not wholly engross his time; 
 
 much of his leisure was given to theological 
 
 studies, to the composition of moral and 
 
 religions works, and to the advancement 
 
 of religion, for which latter object he ex- 
 
 BRA 
 
 ached, a-id with whom he had lived 
 for th.> most pail of nenrly half a century, 
 liis numerous wn-ks have been collected 
 
 i>i l;\e \ !. HMOS f.dio, and also in MX vo- 
 
 . I.E. See BURM.NGTON, CORKE, 
 
 , : V . 
 
 I'.OYLSTOX, X\<i>iK.r., was born at 
 i'.r.K kl.nc, Ma.^a.-liiiseits, in 16S4. He 
 studied medicine at Boston, and entered 
 into the practice of his profession in that 
 ].ia ;'. Iii 1721, when the sin:>ll-nox broko 
 out ia Boston and spread alarm through 
 the whole country, the practice of inocu- 
 lation was introduced by Dr. Bo\lston, 
 notwithstanding it was discouraged by the 
 rest of the faculty, and a public or.i, nance 
 was pas.-ed to prohibit it. He persevered 
 in his practice in spite of the most v A lent 
 opposition, and had the satisfaction of 
 seeing inoculation in general use in New 
 England, for some time before it became 
 common in Great Britain. In 1725 he 
 visited England, where he was received 
 with much attention, and was elected a 
 fellow of the Royal Society. Upon liis re- 
 turn, he continued at the head of his pro- 
 fession for many years, and accumulated a 
 
 , - 
 
 pended very considerable sums. Among 
 his pious acts was the founding of a lecture 
 for the defence, of natural and revealed re- 
 
 the royal society, he published 
 
 tises o"n the Small 1'ox. He di 
 
 Besides communications to 
 two trea- 
 He died in 1766. 
 
 BOYSE, SAMUKL, the son of a dissent- 
 ing minister, was born at Dublin, in 1708. 
 He embraced literature as a profession, 
 and was employed in various compilations, 
 and in the Gentleman's Magazine. II is 
 poetical powers obtained for him the 
 patronage of the duchess of Gordon, and 
 other persons of rank and fortune, but 
 
 ho wa 
 pation 
 
 patronage was bestowed in vain on Boyse, 
 negligent and fond of low dissi- 
 After having, for several years, 
 experienced every variety of wretchedness, 
 he expired, in 1749, at a miserable lodging 
 in Shoe Lane. Some of his poems have 
 been admitted into the collected works of 
 the British poets. Of his productions, the 
 principal is The Deity, a religious poem, 
 which, in spite of many faults, is honour- 
 able to his talents. 
 
 BRACCIOLI.M, FRANCIS, an Italian 
 
 poet, was born at 
 died in 1645. He 
 
 Pistoia, in 1566, and 
 was secretar to car- 
 
 '<gion. As an experimental philosopher, dinal Barbarini, and having celebrated 
 
 he displayed indefatigable ardour, and un- 
 comaion penetration and skill, and he, 
 Undoubtedly, opened th:: way to many mo- 
 dern discoveries. As a man, his character 
 
 prelate's elevation to the popedom 
 ( L'rban VIII.), his patron gave him the 
 surname of deiPApi, in allusion to the bee, 
 which ave the arms of the Barbarini family. 
 
 wa> of the most c-timabh kind; his man- 1 Bracciolini \\-ia a fertile and not con- 
 ners wer" .i i^du- iy miiil and courteous, | temptible poet, in various stsles. Ilia 
 and he p s < .-.-e : piety without I :igotry, 'principal works are, an heroic poem, called 
 learning \\it!nut aivoga.icf, and charity the Cross Reconquered ; and a ir;ock heroic 
 without oste itation. Boyle was never poem, Le Scherno dejjli Dei, 'n ridicule 
 Qiani-.l. He died on t!,e. ^O'.h of Dec".-!,- of the heathen deities. 
 Or, 1 )'!)!, a week after his favoni it" sister, BRACTON, HKKRT DE, a native of 
 
 Lady 
 
 t:> whom he was a.Tertioii- I)evon.hi:v), and educated at Oxford, 
 
BRA BRA 111 
 
 made one of the judges itinerant by Henry | fiAy pounds was, In consequence, eoi.ferred 
 III. in 1214. The timo of his death is] on him. Bradley immortalized his name, 
 unknown, lie o\\co his fame to his valu-j and extended the bounds of astronomical 
 able work on the Laws and Customs of : science, by his discoveries of the aberra- 
 England, ulii<-h was first publi>hed in 1569. jtion of the fixed stars, and the nutation of 
 BRADBURY, THOMAS, a dissenting the earth's axis. A part of his Voluminous 
 
 minister, born at Wakefield, in 1G77, be- 
 came tin: successor of Daniel Burgess, and 
 an imitator of that preacher's style of 
 pulpit eloquence He died in 1759. His 
 Sermons possess considerable merit, and 
 his character was much esteemed. 
 
 BRADDOCK, EDWARD, major-general 
 of the British army, and commander of 
 the detachment engaged in the expedition 
 
 against the F 
 
 nt eng 
 
 French 
 
 on the river Ohio, in 
 
 1755, arrived in Virginia in February of 
 
 year, 
 
 and in the 
 
 sprn 
 
 marched 
 
 aganst 
 
 l.)u Quesne. On his march 
 thither he fell into an ambuscade of the In- 
 dians, by which lie lost nearly one half of his 
 
 troop*, and receiv 
 
 ed himself a mortal wound. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, the second 
 governor of Plymouth colony, was born in 
 England in 15SS. In 1COS "he removed to 
 Holland, that he might enjoy the benefits 
 of religious freedom, and in 1620 he em- 
 barked for America with the church of Mr. 
 Robinson. After their arrival at Plymouth, 
 he distinguished himself by his talents and 
 
 activity, and 
 
 1621 
 
 chosen chief 
 
 magistrate ; he was continued in this office, 
 with the exception of a few years, till 1657, 
 \\hcn he died. He was much loved and 
 revered for his public spirit, wisdom, and 
 piety. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 lawyer, was born in Philadelphia in 1755. 
 After graduating at Princeton College, he 
 pursued the study of the law, and in 1779 
 was admitted to the bar of the supreme 
 court of Pennsylvania. In 1780 he was 
 appointed attorney-general, and in 1791 
 he was made a judge of the supreme court 
 af his native state. In 1794 he was ap- 
 oointed attorney-general of the United 
 States, and held this oliice till his death. 
 In 1793, he published an Inquiry how far 
 the Punishment of Death is necessary in 
 Pennsylvania. He died in 1795. He was 
 a man of integrity, industry, and talent. 
 
 BRADLEY, Du. JAM us, an eminent 
 astronomer And mathematician, was born, 
 in 1902, at Shirehorn, in G.oucestershire, 
 educated at Baliol College, Oxford, and 
 took orders, but resigned two livings, in 
 ordsr to give himself up wholly to astro- 
 nony. He was successively Savilian pro- 
 fessor at Oxford, lecturer on astronomy 
 and experimental philosophy, and astrono- 
 mer royal. The latter oliice he held, with 
 high reputation from 1741 till his death 
 in 1672 In 1751, George II. o'Veied him 
 the rich living < ( Gree iwich, but Bradley 
 declined it as incompatible \\iih his other 
 
 and valuable observations, made at the 
 roval observatory, was published in 1798. 
 BRADLEY., RICHARD, a once popular 
 writer on gardening and husbandry, was a 
 member of the Royal Society, and profes- 
 sor of botany at Cambridge. The date of 
 
 his birth is unknown; he died 
 
 1732. 
 
 The original idea of the kaleidoscope has 
 been erroneously attributed to him. Among 
 other works, he wrote a History of Succu- 
 lent Plants; the Gentleman's and Garden- 
 er's Kalendar; a General Dictionary of 
 Husbandry and Gardening; and a Botani- 
 cal Dictionary. 
 
 BRADSHAW, JOHN, celebrated as 
 president of the tribunal by which Charles 
 I. was tried, is said by some to have been 
 born in Derbyshire, and by others in 
 Cheshire, in 1586. He studied the law in 
 Graj 's Inn. In the contest between Charles 
 and the people, Bradshaw espoused the 
 cause of the latter. The parliament made 
 him chief justice of Chester, and he was 
 also chosen to preside in the high court of 
 justice which sat upon the king. Crom- 
 well, to whose usurpation he was hostile, 
 deprived him of the chief justiceship. 
 Bradshaw died in 1659; and, at the resto- 
 ration, his remains were disinterred, and 
 hanged at Tyburn. 
 
 BRADWARDINE, THOMAS, denomi- 
 nated the profound doctor, was born at 
 Hortfield, in Cheshire, late in the thir- 
 teenth century, and educated at Merton 
 College, Oxford. He was the confessor of 
 Edward III., and attended him to France. 
 In 1349, he was made archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, but died six weeks subsequently. 
 Bradwardine was scarcely less eminent as 
 a mathematician than as a theologian. 
 Among his works are, De Causa Dei; and 
 Geumetiia Spectdativa. 
 
 BRADY, ROBK.RT, a physician and his- 
 torian, a native of Norfolk, was educated 
 at Cair.s College, Cambridge; of which 
 college he became master. He was also 
 keeper of the records in the Tower, regiui 
 professor of physic at Cambridge, physi- 
 cian to James II., and one of the represen- 
 tatives for Cambridge. He died in 1700. 
 His principal works aie, an Introduction 
 to the old English History; a Complete 
 History of England; and a Treatise on 
 Burghs. Gilbert Stuart justly observes of 
 Brady, that " he prostituted an excellent 
 i:n.!e. standing, and admirable quickness, 
 to \ indicate tyranny, and to destroy the 
 riirr.t- .f his nation." 
 
 r.lJADY, NICHOLAS, a divine and 
 
 it'ulies: a pension of i-.vo h-.nuhvd aa.l : |.- ct, bor:i in 1G59, at Bandon, in It jland, 
 
ani, 
 
 112 BRA rtR.Y 
 
 was educated at Westminster, CKfoid, and; BIlAI.N'Kltl), DAVIT, t:;e 
 Dublin; obtained various preferments in missionary, \\ is bom ?;t K':id:!a 
 
 i, among which was that of chap- Inecticnt, in 1718. Froiii an eariy ; rri<;d 
 William III.; and died ia 17~(>. he was ci:rn kai !;> f >: a : el: ;'. i s jurn of 
 He tran-dated the Eneid, and wrote a tra- mind, and in 11;.'!) became a number of 
 iff three volumes of sermons ; but i:- 
 
 iid\v remembered only by his version of the fir :; 
 
 , executed in conjunction with Tate. I conduct. Ho w.~ (Vein this in- 
 
 BRAHE, Tvruo, uii) liis been railed stiiittioa in 17 !'_'. i.i consequence f having 
 the restorer uf astronomy, was born at said, in the wa; ;:ith < f his religious /cal, 
 Knudstorp, i:i Scania, in 1.3 1(5, of a noble, that one of thr tutors \\.-vs ;\< dc\oidof 
 family, nil love of astronomy was early grace a> a chair. la the spring of 1742 
 manifested, and his discovery, in l.~72, uf he began the study of divinity, and at the 
 a new star in the constellation Cassiopeia end of July was licen.-.-d to pr( : ach. Having 
 made him known to the scientific world. re eived from the; society, for propagating 
 After many travels and adventures, he was Christian knowledge, an appointment aa 
 patronised by his sovereign, Frederic II., ! missionary to the Indians, he commenced 
 who gave him a pension, and the island of , his labours at Kaunanuek, a \illa^e of 
 Hwen, in the Sound, on which Brahe built Massachusetts, situated between 
 a splendid observatory, named I'ranibiirgh. bridge and Albany. He remained there 
 There he resided nearly twenty years, as- about twelve months, and on the removal 
 siduously labouring in his astronomical pur- i of the Kaunamecks to Stockbridge, he 
 suits. Soon after the death of Frederic, j turned his attention towards the Delaware 
 however, Brahe lost his pensions, became Indians. In 17-14 he was ordained at 
 an object of persecution, and was compel- 1 Newark, New Jersey, and fixed his resi- 
 led to quit his country. The Emperor . dence near the folks of the Delaware in 
 Rodolph invited him to Prague, and the Pennsylvania, where he remained about a 
 
 expatriated astronomer settled there, in 
 1598; but he did not 1 >ng survive this re- 
 moval, for he died in the Bohemian cani- 
 tal, in 1601. Brahe discovered two new 
 inequalities in the motion of the moon. 
 made other valuable observations on that 
 satellite, was, perhaps, the first who had 
 correct ideas of the nature of comets, and, 
 with less happiness, invented a new plane- 
 tary system, which was vainly intended to 
 supersede that of Copernicus. lie is the 
 aiuhor of a Treatise on the New Phenom- 
 ena of the Heavens; and other astronomi- 
 cal works. 
 
 BRAIDWOOD, THOMAS, a native of 
 Edinburgh, the first person in Great-Brit- 
 ain, who to any extent, undertook to ticed to a carpenter; but very early evinced 
 
 year. From this place, he removed to 
 Crosweeksung, in New Jersey, where his 
 efforts among the Indians were crowned 
 with great success. In 1747, he went to 
 Northampton, Massachusetts, where he 
 passed the remainder of his life in the 
 family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. 
 He died after great sufferings in 17-17. 
 His publications are a narrative of hid 
 labours at Kaunameek, tutd his journal of 
 a remarkable woik of grace among a num- 
 ber of Indians in New Jersey and Penn- 
 sylvania, 1746. 
 
 " BRAMAH, JOSEPH, an eminent mecha- 
 nician and engineer, born in 1749, at 
 Stainsborongh, in Yorkshire, was appro 
 
 rpe 
 for 
 
 afford instruction to the deaf and dumb. | his genius for mechanics. Removin 
 In 1763 he began to practice his valuable 
 art; and, in 1783, he removed his estab- 
 
 o to 
 
 London, he commenced business, and laid 
 the foundation of his fortune bv an im- 
 
 lishment from Edinburgh to Hackney. He provement on water-closets. He became, 
 died in 1806. His daughter, who died in however, still better known by his inge 
 1819, also conducted a seminary of the ! nious locks, which cunnot be picked, and 
 same kind. I for which lie obtained a patent. Many 
 
 BRAINARD, J. G. C., a poet avid man other inventions fallowed; among which 
 of .ettc-rs, was born in Connecticut, and one of the most useful is the hvdraulic" 
 was graduates at Yale College ia 1^15. pi ess, on the principle of tho hydrostatic 
 He Studied the profession of the. law and paradox: the power of this pres. may ha 
 eiUercd into practice at 31 iddletown, Conn. ; said to he unlimited, and is of extensive 
 but not finding tl;. ial application. Bramah died in 1815. 
 
 he expected, he returned i'i a short time I1RAMANTE D'UKBI.NO, FRANCIS 
 to his native town, whence be removed to I. v/.\ KI~S ;i:i Italian architect, born aJ 
 Hartford, to undertake tlie editorial charge I Cartel Durante, in 1444, was much es- 
 of the Connecticut Mirror. His i ted and employed by Pope Julius If 
 
 were chiefly short pieces, composed for the ; He executed main great works, at Home 
 colum-'s of this paper, and afterwards cu!- and other cities; but his fame principally 
 lected in a volume. They display much rests upon his having planned and begun 
 patnos, boldness, and originality. Brain- ! Saint Peter's Church; which, however, he 
 ard died of consumption in 1828. 'did not live to tinuh, aa he died in 1514 
 
BRA 
 
 Raphael was hi* c nisin, and \\-* instructed 
 by him in architecture. Bramante was 
 an amiable man, and was skilled in poetry, 
 painting, engraving, and music. He is 
 Faid to have invented a mode of construct- 
 by 
 clone in moulds. 
 
 BRAMIIALL, JOHN, an eminent pre- 
 late, was born at Pontcfract, in 1593, and 
 educated at Sidney College, Cambridge. 
 After having obtaiued several preferments 
 in England, and been one of the king's 
 high commissioners, he went to Ireland, 
 where he rose to be bishop of Londonder- 
 ry, and took an active part in church af- 
 fairs. In 1641, however, articles of trea- 
 son were exhibited against him, but the 
 proceedings were subsequently dropped, 
 /hiring the civil wars he was highly ser- 
 viceable to the royal cause; and v. hen the 
 parliament triumphed he withdrew to Brus- 
 sels. After the restoration he was made 
 archbishop of Armagh. He died in 1C63. 
 Like Laud, Bramhall was a high church 
 and prerogative champion, but had more 
 temper and moderation. His woiks form 
 a f .lio volume. 
 
 BRANCAS-LAURAGAIS, the Duke 
 of, a French nobleman, equally remaik;.fcle 
 for his generosity, wit, and love of science, 
 was born, in 1735, and died in 1824. He 
 had a share in discovering the basis of the 
 diamond, improved the manufacture of 
 porcelain, and contributed greatly to spread 
 inoculation throughout France. He is the 
 author of several literary, scientific, and 
 political works ; among which are the 
 tragedies of Clytemnestra and Jocasta. 
 
 BRAND, JOHN, a native of Newcastle 
 on Tyno, born in 1743, was originally a 
 thoeinakef, but fortunately obtained "the 
 means of bsing educated at Oxford. He 
 died, in 1806, rector of St. Mary Hill, 
 London, and secretary of the Antiquarian 
 Society. II is principal works are, a llis- 
 torv (.f Newcastle, two volumes quarto; 
 and Observations on Popular Antiquities. 
 
 BRAND, JOHN, a divine, and political 
 wtitor, took his master's degree at Cains 
 College, Cambridge, in 1769, and obtained 
 the lixin;;.-; of St. Geonje, Southwaik, and 
 Wickha:.! Skeigh, in Suft'dk, which he re- 
 tained till his decease, in 1808. His chief 
 
 oductious are, a Defence of Mr. Reeves; 
 
 BRA 
 
 111 
 
 [1'utorical Essav on P 
 
 il Associations ; 
 
 Stra&uui'gh, ia 1454, and was successively 
 professor of law at Basle and Strasburgh, 
 of which latter city he became syndic and 
 chancellor. He died in 1520. He is the 
 author, among other works, of a satire 
 called the Ship of Fools, \\hich has been 
 translated into several languages. 
 
 BBAIVDT, GERARD, a poet and divine, 
 was born at Amsterdam in 1626, and died 
 there in 1685. He was pastor of a con- 
 gregation of Remonstrants. His most im- 
 portant works are, a History of the Re 
 formation in the Low Countries, four vol 
 nines quarto; a Life of De Ruyter; and 
 Latin Poems. 
 
 BRANDT, a noted half-blooded Indian 
 Chief of the Mohawk tiibe, was educated 
 by Dr. Wheelock, of Dartmouth College, 
 and made very considerable attainments in 
 knowledge. In the revolutionary war he 
 attached himself to the British, and headed 
 the party which destroyed the beautiful 
 village of Wyoming, lie resided in Canada 
 after the war, and died there in 1807. 
 
 BRANTOME, so called from an abbey 
 which he possessed, but whose name was 
 PETKR DE BOUKDEILLES, was born in 
 Perigord, in 1527, served in the army with 
 reputation, was gentleman of the bed- 
 chamber to Charles IX. and Ilenrv HJ. of 
 France, and dii 
 Richemont. His Memoiis of his Contem- 
 poraries, which have been repeatedly print- 
 ed, together with the supplement, form 
 fifteen volumes. It is truly observed of 
 Brantome, by M. de Bararite, that he is 
 one of the most attractive and useful of 
 modern historians, his narratives being a 
 living and animated picture of the whole 
 age in which he lived. 
 
 BRATHWAYTE, RICHAF.IJ, a poet, 
 was born at Warcop, in Westmoreland, in 
 15S8, educated at Oxford and Cambridge, 
 became a captain, justice, and deputy lieu- 
 tenant for Westmorland, and died in 
 1673. His works arc numerous: among 
 them are the Golden Fleece; the Poet's 
 Willow; the Prodigal's Tears ; and Spirit- 
 ual Spicery. The best known of them ia 
 Itiiierarium Barnabii, or Drunken Barua- 
 by's Journal. 
 
 BRAY, Sir REGINALD, a statesman and 
 architect, the second son of Sir Richard 
 Bray, was a favourite of Henry VII., who 
 conferred on him many honours and im- 
 
 1614, at hiscatdle of 
 
 and a Vindication of Marquis Wellesley, portant offices. He died in lr.03. u-itN 
 oil the Oude charge. j the character of a virtuous, charitable, and 
 
 BIIANDES, JOHN CHRISTIAN, an ac-iable man. His architectuial skill is prov- 
 tor and dramatist, was born at Stettin, in ' ed by Henry the Seventh's Chapel, 
 1735, and died at Berlin, in 1799, after a 
 
 life of singular vicissitude. 
 
 iiuiil'ereiit actor; 
 
 lie was an 
 
 Westminster Abbey, and St. George's 
 Chape! at Windsor, the former of which 
 
 but as an author he had was built, and the latter completed, under 
 merit, and lias been called the G<-ldoni of I his Direction. 
 'lermanv. lii> works l";ru right octavo i BRAY, THOMAS, D. D., was born at 
 rolumes. He also wrote his own Memoirs. < Marton, in Shropshire, in 1656, and de<J 
 BRANDT, SEBASTIAN-, wa? bori at i is IT.'O, r:tor of St. B . -l| h's Aldgai* 
 
Ill 
 
 BKE 
 
 BRI 
 
 His whole life was spent in efforts to pro- j BRETON, NICHOLAS, a pot-t whj en- 
 mote religion and works of utility and joyed considerable reputation, in the reigr 
 charilv. lie was the originator of paro-'of Eli/abeth, as a writer cf pastorals arid 
 chial libraries fir the clergy, and mainly madrigals, was a native of Staffordshire. 
 contributed to the establishment of the His ballad of Phiilis and Corydon, in 
 Sorittv fir the Propagation of the Gospel. Percy's colliction, is a pleasing specimen 
 
 BREBCUF, WILLIAM in , a poet,h.>m of hia talent*. 
 
 at Thorig'iy, in Normandy, in 161S, was P>K F.l'v J ! 1 EL. There were four eminent 
 disappointed of the promi.-ed patronage of painters of this name. P ). i i r. , commonly 
 Cardinal Ma/.arin, and retired to Yenoix, known as <)KJ Breughel, from his being the 
 near Caen, where he died in 1661, after father of Peter the younger, and the Droll, 
 having for muse than twentv years been from his choice of subjects, was born near 
 the victim of continual fever. Brebeufwas Breda, in 1510, excelled in landscape and 
 a pioirs, gentle, and modest man, of no ludicrous pictures, and died in 1570. JOHN, 
 mean talents His principal works are a his son, called, from his dress, Y< Ivet 
 
 translation of Lncan's Pharsalia; a Sati- 
 rical Travesty on the first book of Lncan ; 
 and Miscellaneous Poems. 
 
 BREGUET, ABRAHAM Louis, one of 
 
 Breughel, was born at Brussels, in 15(X), 
 attained high reputation, and died in 1625. 
 He sometimes painted in conjunction with 
 
 Rub-ens. PETER, the younger, another 
 
 the most eminent watch and chronometer ; son of the elder, denominated Hellish 
 makers in Europe, was born in Switser- 1 Breughel, from his love of the horrible, 
 land, ji 1747, and settled at Paris, after died in 1642. ABRAHAM, a native of 
 having served his apprenticeship at Ver- ! Antwerp, surnamed the Neapolitan, was 
 sailles. At his outset in life he had severe , born in 1672, excelled in fruit and flowers, 
 pecuniary difficulties to contend with, but and died at Naples. 
 
 he surmounted them by perseverance and BREWER, ANTHONY, a dramatic wri- 
 talent, and established the most celebrated ter, of the reign of James I. Thouh he 
 manufactory on the continent. His im- 1 enjoyed great reputation, nothing is known 
 provements in watches and time pieces of his life. Six of his pieces are extant, 
 were numerous and highly important. He By acting at Cambridge in one of these, 
 died in 1823. His business and his talents named Lingua, or the Five Senses, the 
 are inherited by his son. dormant ambition of Cromwell is said to 
 
 BREITKOPF, JOHN GOTTLIEB EM- have been first 
 
 awakened. This story, 
 
 MANUEL, one of the most eminent of Ger- however, is exceedingly apocryphal. 
 man printers and letter-founders, was born 
 at Leipsic, in 1719, and died there in 1794. 
 The whole of his life was spent in improv- 
 ing typography and the art of casting j fatigable zeal in travelling to almost every 
 
 BRIDAINE, JAMES, a French ecclesi- 
 astic, born near Uxes, in 1701, was cele- 
 brated for his eloquence, and for his inde- 
 
 types 
 
 gave elegance to the German 
 
 letter, rendered types twice as durable as 
 usual, and invented musical types and 
 moveable characters for printing Chinese. 
 Breitkopf is the author of an Essay on the 
 Invention of Printing ; and an Essay on the 
 Origin of Playing Cards. 
 
 BRENNUS, a general of the Gauls, 
 who invaded Italy, about 891 years B. c., 
 defeated the Romans at the battle of Allia, 
 and captured and ransomed Rome, but was 
 
 at length expelled from Italy by 
 lus. Another BRENNUS invaded 
 
 Camil- 
 Greece, 
 
 at the head of one hundred and seventy- 
 five thousand Gauls, about 125 years B. c. 
 After having committed great ravages, he 
 was completely defeated, and, in conse- 
 quence, put an end to his own existence by 
 poison. 
 
 BREREWOOD, EDWARD, a mathe- 
 matician, was born at Chester, in 1565, 
 studied at Oxford, was appointed, in 1596, 
 the first astronomical professor atGresham 
 College, and died in 1613. He is tire au- 
 thor of De Ponderibus et Pretiis Vetcrum 
 Niunmoium; Inquiries touching the Diver- 
 ity of Languages and Religions; and va- 
 ricAiM other vt arks. 
 
 part of France to preach. In the course 
 of his life he undertook two hundred and 
 fifty-six journeys through the kingdom, and 
 there was scarcely a village where he did 
 not display his powers. His Spiritual 
 Songs have gone through forty-seven edi- 
 tions. He died in 1767. 
 
 B RIDEL, SAMUEL UE, a poet and bo- 
 tanist, was born, in 1761, at Grassier, in 
 the Pays de Valid, became tutor to the 
 princes of Saxe Gotha, was subsequently 
 employed in negotiations by the duke of 
 Saxe Gotha, and died in 1828. He is the 
 author of Poetical Recreations ; a collec- 
 tion of Miscellaneous Poems; Muscologia 
 Recentiorum, six volumes quarto; Bryo- 
 logia Univ., two volumes octavo; and 
 other works. His brother JOHN Louis, 
 born in 1759, arid died in 1S21, was also 
 a man of talent. 
 
 BRIDGEMAN, Sir ORLANDO, the son 
 of the bishop of Chester, was, after the 
 restoration of Charles II., successively 
 made chief baron of tne exchequer, chief 
 justice of the common p.eas, and lord 
 keeper. Of the latter office he was de 
 prived in 1672. The period of his death 
 la uncertain. He IB the author of Convey- 
 
BRI 
 
 nets; being Select Precedents of deeds 
 and instruments. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGER- 
 1 ON, Duke of, who deserves to be com- 
 memorated as the individual who first de- 
 monstrated to his country the benefits of 
 c:nal navigation, was born in 1736, and 
 succeeded to the title in 1748. Seconded 
 by the genius of BRINDLEY, he expended 
 large sums in forming canals, and was at 
 length amply repaid. His first canal, from 
 Worslev to Manchester, was opened in 
 1760. "He died in 1803. 
 
 BRIDPORT, ALEXANDER HOOD, Ad- 
 miral Lord, the youngest brother of Vis- 
 count Hood, like his relative, entered the 
 navy early, and, like him, distinguished 
 himself on many occasions, as an able and 
 gallant seaman. He bore a part in the ac- 
 tion of the first of June, 1794, and, in 
 June, 1795, defeated a French squadron, 
 and captured three sail of the line. He 
 was created an Irish peer in 1794, an 
 English peer in 1796, and died in 1814. 
 
 BRIGGS, HENRY, a mathematician, 
 born near Halifax, in 1536, was educated 
 at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first 
 professor of geometry at Gresham College, 
 and afterwards at Oxford. He resided at 
 Oxford till his decease, in 1630. Briggs 
 was a friend of Lord Napier, and mainly 
 contributed to improve and diffuse the 
 valuable invention of logarithms. To him 
 also, in fact, belongs the discovery of the 
 binomial theorem, the differential method, 
 and other things, which have been attri- 
 buted to a later period. Among his works 
 are, Arithmetics Logarithmica; Trigono- 
 metria Britannica (completed by Gelli- 
 brand) ; and Tables for the Improvement 
 of Navigation. 
 
 BRILLAT-SAVARIN, ANTHELME, 
 was born at Belley, on the Savoy frontier 
 of France, in 1755, and at the time of his 
 death, in 1826, filled a place in one of the 
 higher French tribunal*. He produced 
 various works; but is best known by his 
 Physiology of Taste, or Meditations of 
 transcendental Gastronomy, which has 
 passed through several editions. 
 
 BRINDLEY, JAMES, born in 1716, at 
 Tunsted, in Derbyshire, received but a 
 lender education, and was originally a 
 iniL wight. His mechanical genius, how- 
 ever, soon manifested itself, and he com- 
 menced business as an engineer, in which 
 he acquired considerable practice and repu- 
 tation. But the circumstance which first 
 raised him into eminence was his being 
 employed by the duke of Bridgewater, in 
 1759, to form the canal from Worsley to 
 Manchester. When Brindloy first pro- 
 posed to carry this canal over the naviga- 
 ole river Irwell, by means of an aqueduct, 
 an eminent engineer sneeringly remarked, 
 that " he had before krard of castled in 
 
 BRI 
 
 115 
 
 the air, but had never till then been shown 
 where one was to be built." The bold 
 projector, however, was completely suc- 
 cessful. Thenceforth he was fully occu- 
 pied in canals and other hydraulic works. 
 Among these canals may be mentioned the 
 Grand Trunk, Birmingham, Droitwich, 
 and Chesterfield. Brindley died in 1772. 
 So impressed was he with the superiority 
 of canals over rivers, that he is said to 
 have told a committee of the house of com- 
 mons, that the latter were created only for 
 the purpose of feeding the former. 
 
 BRINV1LLIERS, MARY MARGARET, 
 Marchioness de, a woman whose crimes 
 have gained her a niche in the temple of 
 infamy, was the wife of the marquis de 
 Brinvilliers, whom she married in 1651 
 Having entered into an illicit connexion 
 with St. Croix, a young Gascon officer, 
 who had been taught the art of compound- 
 ing the most subtle poisons by the cele- 
 brated Italian Exili, she became a deter- 
 mined poisoner, and her father, sister, 
 two brothers, and many other persons, 
 fell victims to her diabolical skill. She 
 was at length detected, put to the torture, 
 beheaded, and burned, in 1676. At her 
 execution she displayed extraordinary cour- 
 age, and the stupid mob afterwards Bought 
 for her bones, in the belief that she was a 
 saint ! 
 
 BRIOT, NICHOLAS, a French engra- 
 ver of the mint, under the reign of Louis 
 XIII. , for whom his countrymen claim the 
 invention of the balance press, which su- 
 perseded the hammer in coining. That 
 machine, however, appears to have been 
 invented, long before, by Bruchet, and to 
 have ben used, both in England and 
 France ; though it had, undoubtedly, fallen 
 into disuse, till reintroduced by Briot, first 
 in England, and next in his own country. 
 
 BRISSON, MATHURIN JAMFS, a 
 French naturalist, was born at Fontenay 
 le Compte, in 1723, and died in 1806. 
 Among his numerous works, which possess 
 considerable merit, are his Ornithology; 
 Specific Gravity of Bodies; and Physico- 
 Chemical Elements or Principles. 
 
 BRISSOT, JOHN PETER, one of the 
 most active of the French revolutionists, 
 and from whom a faction was denomina- 
 ted, was born near Chartres, in 1757, and 
 was originally brought up to the law. He, 
 however, abandoned that pursuit, and be- 
 came a literary character, and editor of 
 the Courier de 1'Europe. His first works 
 of any importance were a Theory of 
 Criminal Law, and a Philosophical Library 
 of Criminal Law. After having visited 
 England, he returned to Paris, was patron- 
 ised by the duke of Orleans, and was sent 
 to the Bastite for an alleged libel. A sec- 
 ond time he was on the point of being 
 imprisoned, but he made bis escape, le 
 
116 BKO BRO 
 
 1788 he went to America ; but he did nut the crown. He also wrote the Cttrmin* 
 long remain thrre. He came back to Lovers, a comedy; translated part of 
 France in 1789, published his Travels, and Horace; and published an edition of ten 
 became an active political writer, par- of Richard Brume's plays. His own com* 
 tieularly in the journal called the French positions form an octavo volume. 
 Patriot! To royalty lie was decidedly BROM FIELD, Wi i.i.i AM, an eminent 
 hostile. In 1791*he was elected a raember surgeon, the pupil of Ranby, was born at 
 of the legislative assembly, and he bore a London, in 1712. In conjunction with the 
 prominent part in it, as well as in its Rev. M. Madan, IK; founded the Lock 
 successor, the convention. The war be- Hospital, of which he became first surgeon. 
 tvvecn France and Austria and Great He was also surgeon to the St. George's 
 Britain was brought about cliietly bv his Hospital, and to the queen's household 
 exertions and intrigues. After the death He die-l ia 1792. His principal work \a 
 of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction gained Chirurgical Cases and Observations, 2 
 the ascendancy^, and Brissot was at length vols. octavo. 
 
 Bent to the scat told, on the 31st of October, BROtfGNIART, AUGUSTUS Lou.:, 
 1793. apothecary to Louis XVI., was one of those 
 
 BRITTON, TKOMA9, a native of Hig- who earliest and most sedulously contri- 
 ham Ferrers, was born in 1G54, and, from buted, by his lectures, to diffuse a know- 
 his trade and his musical taste, was known ledge of physics and chemistry in France, 
 as ' the musical small ceal man." Though He died at 1'ariy, in 1804. Besides nriny 
 he cried hc small coal about the streets, 'scientific essays, he is the author of an An- 
 he gave concerts at his humble dwelling, aKtical Description of the Combinations 
 at which some of the most eminent pro- and Decompositions of various Substances, 
 fessors and persons of fashion attended. I BROOKE, H KNRY, a writer of consid- 
 He was also a proficient in chemistry, and erable merit, was born in 1700', at Ranta- 
 a collector of books and curiosities. Brit- van, in Ireland, -and was bred to the bar. 
 ton was at last frightened to death, in In his youth he was the friend of Swift and 
 1714, bv a brutal ventriloquist, who pre- Pope, the latter of whom is said to have 
 dieted to him his approaching end. The assisted him in his poem called Universal 
 terrified votary of music took to his bed, Beauty, which appeared in 1732. Dar- 
 and died in a few da vs. win appears to have made the versifica- 
 
 BROCKLESBY, 'RICHARD, a physi- tion of this poem the modal of his own. 
 cian, was born at Mtnehead, in 1722, took Brooke's next production was the tragedy 
 his degree at Leyden, in 1745, and, after of Gustavus Vasa, which, in consequence 
 having been physician to the army in Ger- cf its supposed political tendency, the li- 
 many, settled in London, where he became censer would not allow to be acted. The 
 popular. He died in 1797. Brocklesby author, however, published it by subscrip- 
 was a liberal minded man, and was in tion, and gained a thousand pounds. Re 
 habits of friendship with the most eminent turning to Ireland, he obtained the post of 
 of his contemporaries. Some medical barrack master, and resided in his native 
 tracts, and a Dissertation on the Music of land till his decease, in 1783. In his la- 
 the Ancients, are his only productions. ter days, his intellectual faculties were 
 
 BROGLIE, VICTOR FRANCIS, Duke much weakened. One of the most popu- 
 de, a French general, was born in 1718, lar of his woiks is the Fool of Quality, in 
 and bore, with considerable reputation, a five volumes. His dramatic and miscella- 
 part in the wars carried on by his country neons works form four volumes octavo, 
 during the last century, between 1734, and BROOKE, FRANCES, whose maiden 
 1761. From 1759 to 1761, he commanded name was MOORE, wr.s the daughter of a 
 in chief in Germany. In 1789 he emigra- clergyman. The time of her birth is tin- 
 ted, and in 1792 he was at the head of a known; she died in 17S9. Her first liter- 
 corps of emigrants in Champaigne. He ary production was a periodical woik, e;il- 
 died, in 1804, at Munster. i led the Old Maid, which came out in 1755 
 
 BROME, RICHARD, a dramatist, who and 1756. She wrote the tragedies of 
 died in 1652, was originally a servant of Virginia and the Siege of Sinope; the 
 Ben Jonson, but nothing further is known musical dramas of Rosina and Marian; 
 of his life. His plays, which are fifteen tlv novels of Lady Je.lia Mandeville, Emi- 
 in number, possess considerable merit ly Montague, the Excursion, and tli. 
 The Jovial Crew was revived with ap- inoirs of the Marquis de St. Foi laix ; and 
 Clause at Covent Gaiden, in the middle translated Lady Catesby's Letters, and 
 of the list century. Mill >fs History of England. 
 
 !i', ALEXANDER, who was born BROOKS, JOHN. J!H- si 'ii >T a 
 in 1C20, and <!i.-d i:i 1(J66, was a spi.-ked a!,le fanner, was b TII in Medford, A! 
 and fertile writer <f i chusetU, . 37f>2. After nceiv. 
 
 epigrams ;.g ilnst tlie parliament party, ing a comr.i:>n tn-\\ v 1 e hiration, ha wa 
 during the srvii^jli" b twc^a the people and placed w it'i Ih\ Tr.ft.* to itidy thw profe* 
 
BRO BRO 117 
 
 lion of medicine. On completing his stud- ed edition? of various classics, among 
 
 ies, he commence*! jiractice in the neigh- 
 oouring town of Rending, a short time be- 
 f ire the commencement (;f the revolution. 
 When this event occurred, he was appoint- 
 o.l to command a company of minute men, 
 and was so-)ii after raised to the rank of 
 major in the continental service. Ho was 
 distinguished for his knowledge of military 
 .i- tics, and acrpiired the confidence of 
 Washington. In 1777, he was appointed 
 lieutenant-coloiu'l, and took a conspicuous 
 part in the capture of Burgoyne at Sara- 
 toga. On the disbanding of the armv, 
 Col mel Brooks resumed the practice of 
 medicine in Medford and the vicinity, and 
 was soon after fleeted a member of the 
 Massachusetts Medical Society. He was 
 for many years major-general of the mili- 
 tia of his countv, and his division render- 
 ed efficient service to the! government in the 
 insurrection of 1786. General Brooks also 
 represented his town in t!ie general court, 
 and was a delegate to the State convention 
 for the adoption of the federal constitution. 
 In the Lite war with England, he was the 
 adjutant-general of governor Strong, wh jm, 
 on his retirement from oilice, he was chos- 
 en to succeed. He discharged the duties 
 cf chief-magistrate with mush ability for 
 seven successive years, when he retired to 
 private life. -His remaining years Were 
 passed in the town of Medford, where he 
 died in 1825. 
 
 BROOME, ^yIT,I.IAM, was the son of 
 humble parents in Cheshire, and received 
 his education at Eton and Cambridge. 
 Pope employed him in making notes from 
 Eustatliiiis, for the Iliad, and, afterwards, 
 made him one of his associates in trans- 
 lating the Odyssey. Broome complained 
 of his scanty remuneration, and Pope, in 
 revenge, gave him a j.la:c in the Dunciad. 
 He died vicar of Eye, in Suffolk, in 1745. 
 Besides his share in the Odyssey, he pro- 
 duced a volume a " poems, and "translated 
 part of Anacreon. 
 
 BROSSES, CHARLES or, born in 
 1709, died in 1779, was first president of 
 the parlianifi. i of Burgundy ; but devoted" 
 his leisure hours to literature. He was the 
 schoolfellow, and,- through life, the attach- 
 ed friend of ButTon. Of his works the 
 rrincipal ary Letters on Herculaneum; 
 listory of Voyages to the Southern Re- 
 gions; and a History of Rome, partly from 
 S'dllust. ftp was also a liberal contributor 
 to the Encyclopedia. 
 
 BROTIER, GABRIEL, a French Jesuit, 
 born at Tannay, in 1723, was libiarian to 
 the coll.'ge of Lewis the Great; and, after 
 his order was suppressed, Jie speat the last 
 twenty-six yean of his life with a friend. 
 He died at'Paris, in 1789. Brotier was 
 n excellent classic.;'.! scholar, a:;d publi*h- 
 
 which his Tacitus stands preeminent 
 
 BROTIER, ANDREW CHARI.KS, a 
 nephew of Gabriel, was born at Tannay, 
 in 1751, and became professor of nathe- 
 matics at the Paris military school In 
 1797, he was deeply implicated in a royal- 
 ist conspiracy, for which he was transport- 
 ed to Guiana, where he died in 1798. He 
 pubfished some posthumous woi ks of his 
 uncle, and translated Aristophanes and 
 Plautus. 
 
 BROUGHTON, THOMAS, a divine ami 
 literary character, was born in London, in 
 1704, studied at Eton and Cambridge, and 
 died, vicar of Bedminster, St. Mary Red- 
 elide, Bristol, and a prebendary of" Salis- 
 bury, in 1774. He was one of the princi- 
 pal contributors to the Biographia Brit- 
 unnica; and also wrote several works, 
 among which is a Dictionary of all Reli- 
 gions, two volumes fulio. 
 
 BROUSSONET, PKTKR AUGUSTUS 
 MARIA, a French naturalist, v, as born at 
 Montpelier, in 1761, became a member of 
 the Academy of Sciences and of the Roy^l 
 Societv, consul at Tenerifie, and, lastiv, 
 professor of botany at his native place, 
 where lie died in 1807. Among 1m prin- 
 cipal works are his Ichlhyologia ; and a 
 kind of Farmer's Journal, which extended 
 to eight, volumes quarto. Broussonet was 
 the first who introduced merino sheep and 
 Angora goats into France. During the 
 last months of his life, in consequence of a 
 fall, he entirely lost the power of remem- 
 bering propei names and nouns ; while, on 
 the contrary, French and Latin adjectives 
 crowded into his memory, and he used 
 them to designate those objects of v.hicli 
 he wished to speak. 
 
 BUOWN, ROBKRT, the founder of the 
 cect of Brownirts, was born at Northamp- 
 ton, and was related to Lord Burleigh. 
 He pursued his studies at Cambridge. 
 About 1580, he began to attack the gov- 
 ernment and liturgy of the church, had 
 many followers, and was soon imprisoned 
 by the ecclesiastical commissions, but was 
 liberated by the interest of Lord Burleigh. 
 He then settled at Middleburgh, in Hol- 
 land, collected a congregatiofe, and wrote 
 a book, intitled a Treatise of Reforma- 
 tion without tarrying for any Man. In 
 1585, however, he returned to England, 
 became engaged in contests with the bish- 
 ops, was disowned by his father, and was, 
 at length, excommunicated. Conviction, 
 or, perhaps, policy, now induced him to 
 m, and, in 1580, he obtained a living 
 
 , p 
 
 nfor 
 
 in Northamptonshire. His end 
 unison with his life. At the age cf more 
 than eighty, he was committed to gaol, 
 for striking a const. ble and abusing a ma- 
 gistrate, and he died, in 130, shortly affer 
 
IIS 
 
 BRO 
 
 his committal. He used to boast, M tliat 
 he had been incarcerated in thirty-two 
 prisons, it. some of which he could nut see 
 his hand at no<.mlay." His sect 1 >:'g 
 survived him. In the civil wars it bore 
 the name of the Independents. 
 
 BROWN, THOMAS, a writer of talent 
 and of considerable though coarse wit, was 
 the son of a fanner nt Shifnal, and was 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxford, but 
 quitted college <>n account of hi.-- irregular- 
 ities. For a while he was a sch >ol-m;ister 
 at Kingston, in .Surrey. Quitting this sit- 
 uation, however, he settled in London, as 
 an author by profession, and gained noto- 
 riety by his lampoons, his humour, and his 
 conversational powers. He died in 1704. 
 His works form 4 vols. 12 mo. 
 
 BROWN, ULYSSES MAXIMILIAN, an 
 Austrian field-marshal, the son of an expa- 
 triated Irish officer, was born at Basil, in 
 1705; served with distinction against the 
 Turks, and at the battles of Parma and 
 Guastalla; was made field-marshal in 
 1739; signalized his talents in Italy, from 
 1744 to 174G, particularly at the battle of 
 Placentia; and died in the Bohemian cap- 
 ital in 1757, of the wounds which he receiv- 
 ed at the battle of Prague. 
 
 BROWN, Jons, I). D., a nvin ef mul- 
 tifarious talents, some of whose works 
 onre enjoyed great popularity, was born at 
 Rotlibury, in Northumberland, in 1715, 
 and was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. He took orders, but in the 
 year 1745, he acted with much spirit as a 
 volunteer against the rebels. In the church 
 he obtained considerable preferment, and 
 ic was indefatigable as a writer. He put 
 in end to his existence, in a fit of insanity, 
 .n 1766. His poems and tragedies have 
 merit. But the work by which he most 
 attracted public notice was his Estimate 
 of the Manners and Principles of the 
 Times, published in 1757, in whi-h his 
 countrymen are represented as being sunk 
 into a state of utter degeneracy. It ran 
 through seven editions in one year. Splen- 
 did British victories soon, however, proved 
 the falsehood of its assertions. Of his oth- 
 er productions, one of the best is, Essays 
 on Lord Shaftesbury's Characteristics. 
 
 BROWN, LANCELOT, a landscape gar- 
 dener (conmi'Hl. y known by the designation 
 of Capability Brown, from his frequent use 
 of tin phrase " this spot has great capabil- 
 ities"), was born at Kirliarle, in Northum- 
 berland, in 1715; attained high reputation 
 in laying out grounds; made a large for- 
 tune, and was high sheriff f.jr Huntingdon- 
 fhire; and divd in 1782. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, -i s-lf educated Scotch 
 Jivinr, was born, in 1722, at Kerpoo, in 
 Perthshire, became, ;i minister and school- 
 uuter, and died in 17^7. His principal 
 
 BRO 
 
 works aie, the Self Interpreting Bib<e, 1 
 vols. 4t. ; and a Dictionary of the Bible, 
 2 vo!>. ?\,>. 
 
 BROWN. JOHN, celebrated as the pn 
 rent uf the Brunonian system of medicine, 
 w;is born, in 17.'?."), at Burele, in Berwick- 
 shire, and originally studied with a \ iew 
 to the church, but afterwards commenced 
 the study of physic. For a while he was 
 patronised by Dr. Cullen. He, however, 
 quarrelled with that gentleman, and ta 
 came his active opponent. After many 
 struggles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon- 
 don, in 1786, and died there in October, 
 1788, leaving a numerous family in want. 
 His misfortunes principally arose from his 
 habits of intemperance. His medical sys- 
 tem is developed in his Elementa Medi- 
 < in;e, and has, at least, the merit yf simpli- 
 city, as it classes all diseases under vt 
 heads those of deficient and those of e- 
 dundant excitement. 
 
 BROWN, JoHN x an eminent landscape 
 engraver, was a fellow pupil of Woollet, 
 and for some time worked in conjunction 
 with him. Their teacher's name was Tm- 
 ney. Brown acquired considerable repu- 
 tation for the taste and spirit of his burin, 
 and became an associate of the Royal 
 Academy. He died, at the age of sixty, 
 in October, 1801. 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM, a celebrated gem 
 engraver, was born, in 1748. At the com- 
 mencement of his career he was patronised 
 by Catherine of Russia, and subsequently 
 by Louis XVI. The French revolution 
 drove him from Paris, and he settled in 
 London, where he produced many excel- 
 lent works. He died in 1825. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, a painter, was born 
 at Edinburgh, in 1752, resided ten years 
 in Italy, and acquired there a knowledge 
 of all the elegant arts. On his return, he 
 settled at Edinburgh, in which city he 
 died in 1787. He was the intimate friend 
 of Lord Monboddo, to whom he addressed 
 his Letters on the Poetry and Music of the 
 Italian Opera. They were published by 
 the learned judge in 1789. 
 
 BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN, an 
 American novelist and man of letters, was 
 born in Philadelphia in January 1771 
 After a good school education, he com 
 menced the study of the law in the office 
 of an eminent member of the bar. Dur- 
 ing the preparatory term, his mind was 
 much engaged in literary pursuits, and 
 when the time approached for his admis- 
 si >n into the coi:rts, he resolved to aban- 
 don the profession altogether. His passion 
 for letters, and the weakness of his physi- 
 cal constitution, disqualified him fir the 
 bustle of business. His first publication 
 was Alcuiri, a Dialogue on the Rights of 
 Wo:;i-:i, written in the autumn and win et 
 
BRO 
 
 f 1797. The first of his novels, issued 
 in 1798, was Wieland, a powerful and 
 original romance, which soon acquired rep- 
 ntation. After this, followed Ormond, 
 Arthur Mervyn, Edgar Huntley and Clara 
 Howard, in rapid succession, the last being 
 published in 1801. The last of his novels, 
 Jane Talbot, was originally published in 
 London, in 1804, and i.s much inferior to 
 its predecessors. In 1799, Brown publish- 
 ed the first miMiber of the Monthly Maga- 
 zine and American Review ; a work which 
 he continued for about a year and a half 
 with much indut-try and ability. In 1805 
 he commenced another jonrral with the 
 title of the Literary Magazine and Amer- 
 ican Register; and in this undertaking he 
 persevered for five years. During the 
 same interval he found time to write three 
 large political pamphlets, on the Cession 
 of Louisiana, on the British Treaty, and 
 on Commercial Restrictions. In 1806, he 
 commenced a semi-annual American Regis- 
 ter, five volumes of which he lived to com- 
 plete and publish, and which must long be 
 consulted as a valuable body of annals. 
 Besides these works, and many miscella- 
 neous pieces published in different periodi- 
 cals, he left in manuscript an unfinished 
 system of geography, which has been rep- 
 resented to possess uncommon merit. He 
 died of consumption in 1810. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, was born, in 1736, in 
 Providence, Rhode Island, and was a. lea- 
 der of the party which, in 1772, destroyed 
 the British Sloop of War Gasper in Nar- 
 raganset Bay. He became an enterprising 
 and wealthy merchant, and was the first in 
 his native state who traded with the East 
 Indies and China. He was chosen a mem- 
 ber of Congress, and was a generous 
 patron of literature, and a great projector 
 
 of works of public utility. He died in 
 1803. 
 
 BROWN, DR. THOMAS, a man eminent 
 as a metaphysician, moral philosopher, and 
 poet, was born at Kirkmabreck, in Scot- 
 land, in 1777, and displayed an early 
 acuteness and thirst for knowledge. His 
 first education was received in the vicinity 
 of London, and was completed at the 
 university of Edinburgh. At the age of 
 t;vc:ty, he wrote a masterly answer to 
 Darwin's Zoonomia. In 1810, he suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh, as 
 professur of moral philosophy, and soon 
 gained universal admiration as a lecturer, 
 by his eloquence and talents, and affection 
 by his kindness to the students. His bril- 
 liant career was unfortunately cut short, 
 by consumption, on the 2d of April, 1820. 
 As a philosopher, his reputation is estab- 
 lished by his inquiry into the ReHtion of 
 Cause and Efiect ; Lectures on (lie Phi Jos- 
 
 two tolumes ; 
 
 BRO 11 
 
 Agnes; the Wanderer of 
 
 Norway; and the Paradise ot Coquettes 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM, a poet, born in 
 1590, was a native of Tavistock, and was 
 educated at Oxford. In 1624, he became 
 tutor to the earl of Caernarvon, who fell 
 at the battle of IVewbury, and he suose- 
 quently resided in the family of tlie earl 
 of Pembroke. His* death is supposed to 
 have taken place about 1645. His Bri- 
 tannia's Pastorals, which were published 
 in his twenty -third year, and his Shepherd's 
 Pipe, have great merit. Discursiveness 
 and an occasional quaintness are the faults 
 of his poetry, but they are redeemed by a 
 lively fancy, much power of description, 
 and flowing numbers. 
 
 BROWNE, SIR THOMAS, a physician 
 and eminent writer, was born in London, 
 in 1605, and educated at Winchester and 
 Oxford. He took his degree at Leyden, 
 and settled at Norwich, where he gained 
 extensive practice. His Religio Medic 
 having been surreptitiously published, he 
 gave to the world a correct edition in 1642, 
 which was soon translated into several 
 languages, and repeatedly reprinted. It 
 was attacked by many writers, some cf 
 whom, with equal absurdity and injustice, 
 accused the author of being an infidel, 
 and even an atheist. This work was fol- 
 lowed by his celebrated Treatise on Vulgar 
 Errors; and Hydriotaphia, or a Treatise 
 on Urn Burial, published together with 
 the Garden of Cyrus. He died in 1682. 
 Browne was a man of great benevolence, 
 and of extensive erudition. His style is 
 singular and pedantic, but hns generally 
 strength, and often felithy of expression. 
 His son EDWARD, who was born about- 
 1642, and died in 1708, was president of 
 the College of Physicians, and is the author 
 of an Account, in 2 vols. 4to., of his own 
 Travels in Austria, Hungary, Thcssaly, and 
 Italy. 
 
 BROWNE, SIMON, was born at Slicp- 
 ton Mallet, in 1680, and became a d-ssci*. 
 i'.i<4 minister, first at Portsmouth, and next 
 in the Old Jewry, in which latter situation 
 
 frpiiV of the Human Mittd ; a:id Physiol -gy h- r<>;-i:uned till 17l ? :>, when his reason 
 f ihe Mind: as a poet, by his poems, in! '<vus shaken by the lo?s of his v. ife and hia 
 
120 HKO Hilt) 
 
 only ton. The monomania which afflicted was born in 1703, and wnt originally a 
 
 him wak of aa extraordinary kind. Though penrntter; but, through the interest of 
 
 retaining 1 the power of reasoninj acutely, liarxey, IK> c.btained orders, aid the living 
 
 he believe I diat God " bad annihilated in of Olnoy, in Buckinghamshire, lie died 
 
 him the thinking substance/' and that ia 17*7, at Morden College, of wliicli he 
 
 th..u;;h lie seeaied to speak rationally. IK- was chaplain. He i.< the author of several 
 
 had " mi more m>ti'>n of what h-> said th in works, the principal of which are Piscatory 
 
 a parrot." Imagining hia:s;-lf n:> IMIV^.T 1 .nid Sunday Thoughts. Browne 
 
 a moral acent, he tefus<-d tn bear a part in \\ as a givat lover of angling, and published 
 
 any art of worship. While ia this stale, an eilition of Walton's Angler. 
 
 BR< >\\'.NE, ISAAC HAWKIN8,n nati\o 
 of Burton upon Trrnt, was born in 1706, 
 at V 
 
 however, he continued to write forcibly, 
 and, among other things, produced a De- 
 fence of the Religion of Nature, and the studied at Westminster. Cambri-1 
 Christian Revelation, against Christianity Lincoln's Inn ; was called to the bar ; and 
 as old as the Creation. To this he prefixed became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a 
 a dedication to (iiieen Caroline, in which man of infinite wit, he was mute in par- 
 he alVeciingly expatiated on his soulless liumi-nt. He is the author of an excellent 
 Ftate. His friends suppressed this nv.-lan- . Latin p ,em, on the Immortality of the 
 choly pro 'f of his singular insanity; but! Soul, which has been more than once 
 it is preserved in the Adventurer. He translated; and also of Poems. Of his 
 
 minor poems, the Pipe of Tobacco, in 
 which he admirably imitate* six poets of 
 that period, i* the: best known, and is de- 
 
 died in 1732. He is the- author of hymns, 
 Fenmn*, and various controversial and 
 theological piec.-> 
 
 BROWNE. Si 11 WIT.M A v, a physician, 
 an eccentric but amiabl'o character, was 
 b:>r:i in 1692, studied at Cambridge, and 
 seuh-d at Lynn, whence he removed to 
 London, where hn dic-d in 1774. In dress, 
 style, and manners, he was a complete 
 
 servedly p(,<pular. He died in 1766. 
 
 BROWNE, PATRICK, a botanist and 
 physician, was born at Crossboync, in 
 Ireland, in 1720, and studied physic at 
 Paris and Leyden. He then went to the 
 West Indies, which he had visited in hi\ 
 
 . _______________ , ________ _ ______ _____ ...... 
 
 oddity; a circumstance which exposed ! youth, and finally took up his abode at 
 him to the shafts of satire. lie had, how- 1 Jamaica. Returning at length to Ireland, 
 
 ever, (he good sense and dignity of mind 
 to smils at such attacks. At "Lynn, he 
 nailed to his house door a pamphlet which 
 was written against him: and when Foote 
 caricatured him, in the Devil on Two 
 Sticks, Browne sent him a note, praising 
 the accuracy of the mimic'l personation, 
 and pending him his own muff, to complete 
 the picture. Browne left three gold medals 
 tc be yearly given to Cambridge under- 
 graduates, for Greek and Latin compo- 
 sitions; and founded a scholarship at 
 Peterhouse, where he was educated. He 
 translated Gregory's Elements of Diop- 
 trics; and collected, under the title of 
 Opnscula, his own light pieces. 
 
 BROWNE, GF.OHGK, Count de, an 
 Irish catholic, born in 1698, entered into the 
 Russian service. He saved the Empress 
 Anna Ivamvna from ihe "conspiracy of the 
 
 he died in 1720, at Rusbrook, in the c;.lmty 
 of Mayo. His chief work is the Civil and 
 Natural History of Jamaica. 
 
 B ROW N E , " W 1 1. 1. 1 A M GEORGE, an 
 English traveller, a man of fortune, who 
 penetrated into the interior of Africa, and 
 was the first who gave an account of the 
 African kingdoms of Darfur and Bornou. 
 His Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, 
 from 1792 to 179S, were published in 1799. 
 About the year 1814 he was murdered, in 
 Persia, while on his way to explore the re 
 gions south of the Caspian. 
 
 BRUCE, ROBF.UT, the deliverer of 
 Scotland from the English yoke, was a de- 
 scendant, by the female side, from David, 
 brother of William I. Like his father, 
 who was a competitor for the crown with 
 Baliol, he at first fought under the English 
 
 banners. He, however, at length, H 
 
 guards, and served with distinction under! his right to the sovereignty, and was 
 Lascy, Mu-iich, and Keith. On the banks : crowned at Scone, in 1306. After many 
 of the Volg-i he stepped with only three j reveries, he totally defeated Edward II.", 
 thousand mei the whol Turkish army, j in 1314, at Bannockburn, and thus e.-t a It- 
 
 was, however, taken prisoner by the 
 Turks and f-old ;>s a slave, but escaped. 
 In the seven years war, he distinguished 
 
 lishr-d himself firmly on the throne. He 
 died ia 1329. Tradition says that, after 
 one of the defeats which lie sustained at 
 
 hiihself at the battles of Prague, Kollin. the outset of his career, when Bruce was 
 
 ! *rf, and Zorndorii". His services hiding from his enemies, and almost dis- 
 
 were rewarded with the government of posed to relinquish his enterprise in des- 
 
 Livonia. After ha\ ing held it thirty years, pair, lie was animated to perse. erauce by 
 
 he wished to retire, but Catherine II. the example of a spider, \\hich he Raw 
 
 replied, " death id. me shall part us." He j foiled in nine attempts to reach a certain 
 
 d.ed in 1792. | point, but which persisted, and ?nccceed*d 
 
 /I R/>W NT,, >!<'<;>:, a Hivlnr and p-->rt. iu th" tenth. 
 
BRU 
 
 BRUCE, JAMES, a celebrated traveller, 
 ivas boiii in 1730, at Kinnaird House, in 
 Stirlingshire. He was educated at Harrow 
 and Edinburgh. After having been, for a 
 short time, in the wine trade, he relin- 
 quished it, and, in 1763, was appointed 
 consul at Algiers. While holding this of- 
 fi-e, he explored a part of Northern Afri- 
 ri, proceeded to Cyprus, Syria, and Asia 
 Minor, and made drawings of Palmyra and 
 Balbeck. In 1768, he began his famous 
 expedition to Abyssinia, to discover the 
 sources of the Nile, and he reached the 
 Abyssinian capital in February, 1770, 
 where he soon acquired considerable influ- 
 ence at court, by his manners, courage, 
 multifarious knowledge, and personal ap- 
 pearance. That he reached what some 
 have considered as the source of the Nile is 
 certain ; but it is at least doubtful whether 
 the springs which he visited form the real 
 head of the Nile. He did not return to his 
 native country till 1778, and the narrative 
 of hi* Travels did not appear till 1790, 
 when it came forth in four quarto volumes. 
 That narrative excited infinite criticism 
 and cavil, and has, in fact, been treated 
 with disgraceful illiberality. Bruce was 
 Killed by a fall down stairs, in April, 1794. 
 
 BRUCE, MICHAKL, a poet, born at 
 Kinneswood, in Scotland, in 1746, was a 
 village schoolmaster, and died at the early 
 ge of twenty-one, after having long con- 
 tended with poverty and sicltness. His 
 poems have much merit. One of them, on 
 his approaching end, is truly pathetic. 
 
 BRUCKER, JOHN JAMES, a learned 
 Lutheran clergyman, was born at Augs- 
 ->sirg, in 1696, and died minister of Saint 
 Ulric's, in his native city, in 1770. Of his 
 works, the most valuable and the best 
 known is the History of Philosophy, in 6 
 vols. 4to., of which Dr. Enf.eid published 
 an English abridgment. Brucker was 
 nearly fifty years employed on it; and it 
 displays a degree of erudition, judgment, 
 and impartiality, which is highly honour- 
 able to its author. 
 
 BRUEYS, DAVID AUGUSTIN, a 
 French dramatic writer, was born at Aix, 
 in 1610, and died at Montpelier, in 1723. 
 Th comedies of Brueys, two of which 
 vvrre written in conjunction with Palaprat, 
 M to full of comic spirit. He also wrote 
 inr?e tragedies. At his outset in life he 
 was a protestani, but was converted by 
 Bossuet, and obtained ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferments. Like most apostates, he be- 
 came violently liostile to the church which 
 he had deserted. 
 
 BRUEYS, FRANCIS PAUL, a French 
 naval officer, born about 1750, became an 
 admiral during the revolution, and was 
 entrusted with the command of the squa- 
 dron which conveyed the army of Bona- 
 parte to Egypt. He wa. killed at the bat- 
 6 
 
 BRU 111 
 
 tie of the Nile, in 1798. When mortally 
 wounded, he refused to go below. " A 
 French Admiral," said he, "ought to die 
 on his quarter deck." 
 
 BRUGNATELLI, Louis, a chemist 
 and physician, was born at Pavia, in 
 1761, was medical and chemical professor 
 in that university, and died in 1818. Sci- 
 ence is indebted to him for r.'merous ex- 
 periments, and also for discoveries with 
 respect to the gastric juice and to coml.us- 
 lion. He is the author of Elements of 
 Chemistry ; and was the editor of several 
 scientific journals. 
 
 BRUMOY, PETER, a Jesuit and au- 
 thor, was born at Rouen, in 1688; dis- 
 tinguished himself as a theologian, critic, 
 and teacher of mathematics ; and died in 
 1742. He continued the History of the 
 Gallican Church, and produced other 
 works; but his reputation chiefly rests on 
 his Greek Theatre, in 3 vols. 4to. His 
 Latin Poems, especially those on the Pas- 
 sions and on Glass Making, are much 
 above mediocrity. 
 
 BRUNCK,R'icHARD FRANCIS FRED- 
 ERICK, an eminent critic, was born af 
 Strasburg, in 1729, and died there in 1803. 
 The learned world is indebted to him for 
 the Greek Anthology, and for excellent 
 editions of Apollonius Rhodius, Aristopha- 
 nes, Sophocles, Virgil, Plautus, and Te- 
 rence. His latter days were clouded with 
 pecuniary difficulties, which compelled him 
 to sell a considerable part of his library. 
 
 BRUNE, WILLIAM MARY ANN, a 
 French marshal, was born at Brive la 
 Gaillarde, in 1763; espoused warmly the 
 cause of the revolution; and, after having 
 been a printer and an editor of a paper, he 
 entered the army in 1793. In 1796 and 
 1797 he served under Bonaparte, and his 
 distinguished merit gained him rapid pro- 
 motion. In 1799, he was commander in 
 chief of the united French and Dutch forc- 
 es, and displayed high military talents in 
 the defence of North Holland against the 
 duke of York, whom he reduced to a mor- 
 tifying capitulation. Under the consular 
 government, he had a prominent share in 
 the pacification of the royalist provinces. 
 From 1803 to 1805, he \\nis ambassador to 
 Constantinople; and, during his absence, 
 was made a marshal. Having, in 1807, 
 been appointed governor of the Hanseatic 
 cities, he gave dissatisfaction to Napoleon, 
 who, during the remainder of his first reign, 
 did not employ him. Brune submitted to 
 the Bourbons; but, being slighted by them, 
 he joined Napoleon on his return from 
 Elba, who gave him a command in the 
 south of France. After the second abdica- 
 tion of the emperor, Brune was assassinated 
 at Avignon, August 2, 1815, by a b-iod of 
 royalist murderers, who were a1k>wJ to 
 remain unpunished. 
 
in BUU mil] 
 
 BRUNELLESCHI, PHILIP, the son <.( and Prussian f >rco, and published a violent 
 a notary, was born at Florence, in 1377, and impolitic manifesto, he was compelled 
 and was originally apprentice to a gold- to retreat, by an inferior army under l)u- 
 emith; but a journey to Rome inspired him mourier. In 1791 he resigned the com- 
 with a love of architecture. 1 le sedulously maud. Till 1MH), he was occupied with 
 studied the principles of the art, and be- the peaceful labours of government ; but in 
 came the classical restorer of it in Italy, that year he was appointed leader of fh 
 He erected many grand structures; panic- Prussian army, and was mortally wounded 
 ularlv the admirable dome of the cathedral, at the fatal battle of Auerstadt. He ex- 
 the churches of the Holv (ilmst and of St. piled at Altona, on the 10th of December. 
 Lomr/.o, and the Pitt i Palace, at Fbrer.ce, BRUNSWICK WOU'KNP.CTTKI. 
 and the monastery of Fiesote. Brunellescht DELS, FRKDKRIC AUGUSTUS, Prince 
 was also a sculptor, an engineer, and a poet, of, a younger brotlicr of the preceding, 
 He died in 1444. I was born in 1740, and gained applau.se as 
 
 BRUNO, ST., the founder of the Car- a general tlicer ; n 'he Prussian sf-r\ice; 
 thusian order, was born at Cologne, in but his highest fame is deri\ed from hi* 
 1030; established the first house of his literary talents. He is the author of .several 
 order, in 1084, at the Chartreuse, in Dau-! works, among which are, Critical Remark* 
 phine; was invited into Italy, by Pope on the Character of Alexander the Gieut ; 
 Urban II.; refused the archbishopric of and a Military Life of Prince Frcde: ic 
 Reggio; founded a second monastery in Augustus of Brunswick Lunenburg. He 
 the mountains of Calabria; died in 1101; died at Weimar, in ISO."). 
 and was canonized in 1514. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTF.L, 
 
 BRUNO, JORDANO, was born nt Nola, MAXIMILIAN JULIUS LEOIMJLI*, Prince 
 in the kingdom of Naples, about the mid- of, a brother of the preceding, was born in 
 die of the sixteenth century, and was oiig- 1751, and commanded a regiment in gam- 
 inally a Dominican, but quitted his convent, son at Frankfurt on the Oder, where be 
 fled to Geneva, and embraced the protestant was universally beloved for his benev>- 
 reiigiop. Beza and Calvin, however, ex- lencc, and his charity to the poor. In 
 pelled hiffi from that city. After having] 1785, a terrible inundation of the O.ier 
 visited France, England, and Germany, he spread destruction in the neighbourhood of 
 settled at Padua. 'There he was arrested, Frankfort. To save the life of a family 
 and was sent to Rome, where, after two surrounded by the waters, the prince hero- 
 
 S;ars imprisonment, he was burnt, in 1600. ically put off in a boat, but he was s \\cpt 
 f his numerous philosophical works the away by the torrent, u-r.i perished, to the 
 most celebrated is the Demolition of the deep regret of every friend of humanity. 
 
 Triumphant Beast, a satire on superstition, 
 which kas unjustly been charged with athe- 
 istical principles. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, FERDINAND, Duke of, 
 was born in 1721, and, after his return 
 *rom his travels, entered into the Prussian 
 service, and distinguished himself in the 
 Silesian war. In the seven years' war, he 
 was placed at the head of the combined 
 British and Hanoverian forces, manifested 
 talents of the first order, and defeated the 
 French on many occasions, especially at 
 Creveldt and Minden. The peace of 1763 
 terminated his military career ; and he died 
 at Brunswick, July 3, 1792. 
 
 B R U N S W I C K L U N E N B U R G, 
 CHARLES WILLIAM FERDINAND, Duke 
 f, nephew of Ferdinand, was born in 1735, 
 studied the art of war under his uncle and 
 Frederic of Prussia, and gained groat repu- 
 tation in the seven years' war, and in the 
 war of 1778 with Austria. In 1780, he 
 succeeded to the duchy, and proved himself 
 
 the friend of internal improvement and of 
 literature. He resumed his military career 
 in 1787, when, at the head of the Prussian 
 
 BRUiNTON, MART, the daughter of 
 Colonel Balfour, was born in Barra island, 
 one of the Orkneys, in 1776, married a 
 minister of the Scotch church in 1796, and 
 died in 1818, equally admired for her tal- 
 ents and beloved for her disposition and 
 virtues. She is the author of Discipline, 
 and of Self Control, two excellent novels; 
 and she left an unfinished tale called Km- 
 meline, and some minor pieces, which her 
 
 hut-band puDiisi 
 BRUT US, L 
 
 bibbed. 
 
 u c i u s J u N i u s , the f Hinder 
 
 of the republican government in Rome, 
 was a grandson of Tarquin the Elder, by 
 Tarquinia. His father and elder brother 
 having been murdered by Tarqiiin the 
 Proud, Brutus, for several \ears, simula- 
 ted insanity to save his own life; but, on 
 the violation < f Lucretia, by Tavquin, he 
 threw ofi" the ma.sk, and animated the Ro- 
 mans to become free, ilis sons having 
 con.spired against the republic, he himself 
 sentenced tluiin to death. He was slain 
 
 u. c. 505, in a single combat with Aruna, 
 who al.so fell at the same moment. 
 
 I 'ITS, MARCUS JUMUS, a dr- 
 
 army, he restored the authority of the stadt- i sci.-ndant of Lucius J Minus, ami nej -Lew of 
 holder in Holland. In his next ent- e if Pum;;ey; but, 
 
 he was unsuccessful. Ha-.ing invaded . after the |.;,i;!e of i'Ku.-.dia, be was re- 
 , at the head i-f j powerful Austrian ' ccivvJ into favour by the concn:Tor, cn> 
 
DRY 
 
 misted with the government of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, and made praetor of Rome. He, 
 nevertheless, joined, in the conspiracy of 
 Cassius and others, and assisted in putting 
 Csesar to death. Being finally vanquished, 
 at the battle of Philippi, B. c. 42, he ter- 
 minated his own existence, in the forty- 
 third year of his age. Of all the conspi- 
 rators, Brutus alone is believed to have 
 been actuated by purely patriotic motives. 
 
 BRUYERE, JOHN DE LA, a celebrated 
 French writer, was born, in 1644, at 
 Dourdan, in the Isle of France; was ap- 
 pointed historical tutor to the duke of 
 Burgundy, who subsequently pensioned and 
 retained him about his person ; was admit- 
 ted into the French Academy, in 1693; 
 and died, of apoplexy, in 1697. His ad- 
 mirable Characters appeared in 1687. 
 Delille justly observes, that " he who 
 would describe La Bruyere ought to pos- 
 FCSS his genius, and that inimitable tal- 
 ent which comprises so much sense in a 
 phrase, so many ideas in a word, and ex- 
 presses in so novel a manner that which 
 has before been said, and in so pointed a 
 manner that which has never been . said 
 before." La Bruyere also translated the 
 Characters of Theophrastus; and wrote 
 Dialogues on Quietism, 
 
 BRUYN, CORNELIUS LE, a native of 
 the Hague, where he was born in 1652, 
 acquired reputation both as a painter and 
 a traveller ; but particularly in the latter 
 capacity. In two voyages, which lasted 
 several years, he yisiled Italy, Asia Mi- 
 nor, Egypt, the Archipelago, Russia, Per- 
 sia, and the Indian continent and isles. 
 He returned to his native country in 1708. 
 The time of his death is unknown. His 
 Voyages form 2 vols. folio. 
 
 BRUYN, NICHOLAS, a Dutch poet, 
 who was born at Amsterdam, in 1671, is 
 the author of seven tragedies, and of many 
 poems, which have been collected in eleven 
 volumes. His tragedies still keep pos- 
 session of the stage. Among his best po- 
 ems are three descriptive pieces, illustra- 
 tive of the beauties of North and South 
 Holland, and of the river Vecht. 
 
 BRUYS, PKTKR DK, a native of Dau- 
 phin^, who was burnt, as a heretic, at St. 
 Gilles, in Languedoc, in 1180, was the 
 founder of a sect called Petrobrussians. 
 He opposed transubstantiation, infant bap- 
 tism, and the use of churches, crucifixes, 
 and prayers for the dead. 
 
 BRYAN, MICHAKL, an eminent con- 
 noisseur in the fine a/ts, who was at one 
 period a picture dealer, was born in 1757, 
 and died in 1821. He in the author of a 
 valuable Biographical and Critical Dic- 
 tionary of Painters and Engravers, 2 vols. 
 4to. 
 
 BRYANT, JACOB, a philologist and 
 y. u;is bun at Plymouth. i- 1715. 
 
 BI c is 
 
 and received his education at Eton and 
 King's College, Cambridge. The duke of 
 Maryborough, to whom he had been tutor, 
 gave him a place in the ordnance depart- 
 ment. He settled at Cypenham, in Berk- 
 shire, and died November 14, 1804, of a 
 mortification in the leg, occasioned by 
 bruising the skin against a chair. Bryant 
 was an indefatigable and a learned writer, 
 but fond of paradox. He wrote one work 
 to maintain the authenticity of the pseudo 
 Rowley's poems, and another to prove 
 that Troy never existed. His principal 
 production is a New System or Analysis 
 of Ancient Mythology, in three volumes 
 quarto, which was published in 1774 and 
 1776. It is ingenious and erudite; but 
 often fanciful and erroneous. Among his 
 other compositions are, Observations rela- 
 tive to Ancient History; a Treatise on 
 the authenticity of the Scriptures; Obser- 
 vations on the Plagues of Egypt; and Dis- 
 sertations on the Prophecy ol Balaam, &c. 
 
 BRYDONE, PATRICK, a native of 
 Scotland, was born in 1741, and travelled 
 in Italy, as companion to Mr. Beckf}>rd 
 and other gentlemen. He was appointed 
 comptroller of the stamp office, which situ- 
 ation he held till his decease, in 1819. 
 The publication of his Travels in Sicily 
 and Malta, gained him admission to the 
 Royal Society, to the Transactions of 
 which body he contributed several papers. 
 The narrative of his travels is well writ- 
 ten; but much dissatisfaction was excited 
 by some of his statements, which militato 
 against the Mosaic account of the creation. 
 
 BUACHE, PHILIP, a geographer, the 
 pupil and son in law of William Delisle, 
 was born at Paris, in 1700, and died in 
 1773. Buache published many charts and 
 maps, and some geographical works. He 
 maintained the existence of a southern 
 continent, and framed a system of physi- 
 cal and natural geography, which has been 
 overturned by subsequent discoveries. 
 
 BUAT NANCAY, Louis GAKRIEL, 
 Count du, a learned French writer, was 
 born at Livarot, in Normandy, in 1782, 
 was a pupil of Folard, became envoy at 
 Dresden and Ratisbon, and died in 1787. 
 His principal works are, the Ancient His- 
 tory of the European nations; the Origins, 
 or "the Ancient Government of France, 
 Germany, &c. ; and the Maxims of Mo- 
 narchical Government. 
 
 BUC, GEORGE, an historian and anti- 
 qiury, a native of Lincolnshire, was one 
 of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to 
 James I., who made him master of the 
 revels, and knighted him. He wrote the 
 Art of ReveJs; the Third Universitie of 
 England; and a Life of Richard HI. The 
 'after, in which he vindicates the character 
 of that monarch, is the best known of his 
 work? Malone attributes it to Sir 
 
124 
 
 BUC 
 
 George's son, but R it. son maintains thr 
 claim of the lather. 
 
 B1CEK. M\KI-I.\, ono of the fathers 
 of the Reformation, was horn, in 1 1H1, 
 at Schleafadt. in Alsace. 1 lc \\ as a Domi- 
 nican, but was comeitrd to protestantism 
 In Luther. The new doctrines were in- 
 troduced by him at Strashm -gh, wheie he 
 was minister and pr<.fe,-..M>r rf iheolr<;\- for 
 twenty \ears. P>uecr lahonred. Im't in 
 vain, to reconcile the disputes of Luther 
 and Zuingle. In 154S lie went to Au^s- 
 burgh to siijn the Interim; after \\liich lie 
 v as invited to |ngland hy ('runnier. lie 
 died, in L")51, at Cambridge, win-re he \\as 
 theological professor. During the reign 
 of the persecuting Mary, his bones \\ere 
 disinterred and committed to the Humes. 
 His works are numerous. 
 
 P.rcil \.\, WILLIAM, a Sn.idi physi- 
 cian, was horn at Ancram, in 1729, educa- 
 ted at Edinburgh, and became physician 
 to the Foundfing Hospital at A ck worth, 
 in Yorkshire. He afterwards practised in 
 London with tolerable success. Buchan, 
 however, was too fond of society to attend 
 diligently to his profession, lie was first 
 brought into repute by his Domestic Medi- 
 cine, which was published in 1770, and 
 acquired extensive popularity. His bock, 
 though it is creditable to the author's tal- 
 ent and knowledge, has done no small mis- 
 chief, by its effect on the hypocondriacal, 
 and by its inducing many ignorant persons 
 to tamper with their maladies. Buchan 
 died in 1805. Besides his Domestic Medi- 
 cine, he wrote a Treatise on Lues; and 
 
 Advice to Mothers. 
 BUCHAN, ELIZABETH, 
 
 a Scotch 
 
 BUC 
 
 latter city the freedom of his opinion* 
 again caused his imprisonment. He next 
 
 fanatic, the wife of a maker of delft at 
 Glasgow, began, about 1779, to prophecy 
 the approaching end of the world, and to 
 exhort her hearers to abandon worldly 
 connections and pursuits, in order to be 
 ready to receive Christ. This insane wo- 
 man gained a considerable number of fol- 
 lowers, who were called Buchanists. She 
 died in 1791; and on her deathbed is said 
 to have declared herself to be the Virgin 
 Mary, and promised to return to life. 
 BUCHANAN, GEORGE, one of the 
 
 of Scottish literature, was born, in deficient in judgment; as a man he w;uj 
 1506, at Killairn, in Dumbartonshire, and, nnainiable; and as a politician, he was 
 
 spent f wr years at Paris, as tutor to the 
 marshal de Brissac's son. During th.s 
 continental residence, he composed his Bap- 
 tisles and Jepthes, translated the Medea 
 and Alcestes of Euripides, and bc^an his 
 Lati'i version of the Psalms. In 15(50 
 he returned to his native land, and em- 
 braced protestantism. Yet he had the 
 favour of the court, obtained a pension 
 from Mary, was made principal of St. Leo- 
 nard f s College, at St. Andrew's, and was 
 chosen as preceptor to James VI. When 
 subsequently reproached with ha\ing made 
 his royal pupil a pedant, Buchanan is said 
 to ha\e replied, that " It was the best he 
 could make of him." After having accom- 
 panied Murray to England, to prefer char- 
 ges against the unfortunate Mary, he pub- 
 lished, in 1571, his virulent Detectio 
 Maria; Regni. The prevailing faction 
 made him one of the lords of the council, 
 and lord privy seal, and Elizabeth gave 
 him an annual pension of one hundred 
 pounds. In 1579, however, he forfeited all 
 royal favour, by his bold and masterly 
 work, De Jure Regni, which asserts the 
 rights of the people. The closing years 
 of his life were spent in the composition 
 of his History of Scotland; a work of 
 which the style, but not the matter, is 
 worthy of praise. Buchanan died poor, 
 in 1582. As a Latin poet, lie ranks among 
 
 n po 
 
 the highest of the moderns; as an historian 
 he is elegant and vigorous, but partial and 
 
 after having punned his studies at Paris 
 and St. Andrew's, and served for a while 
 in the army, he was appointed tutor to the 
 
 Unscrupulous and violent. 
 
 P,rCHA.\A.\,Cl. \rmus, I). P., si di- 
 
 ine, was born, in 176'6, at Cambuslang, 
 
 earl of Cassilis, with whom he remained near Glasgow, and, alter ha\ ing 1 cm a 
 in France during five years. Returning tutor, and an attorney's clerk in London, 
 
 from Paris with the earl, he was made 
 tutor to the natural son of James V. Two 
 satires which he wrote on the monks soon 
 
 patronised by Mr. Thornton, who 
 
 enabled him to complete his education at 
 Cambridge. Me was appointed one c.f 
 
 drew down their vengeance upon him. the East Indian company's chaplains in 
 and he was imprisoned, but was fortunate Bengal; and was the tirst vice-provost and 
 f;iiouga to escape. Once more visiting the classical professor of ti.e college at Fort 
 continent, he successively taught at Paris, \\illiam. During his \ ice-provostshij), he 
 t Bordeaux, and ut Coimbra, at which 'gave prizes to the Oxford, Cambridge, 
 
BUC 
 
 BUG 
 
 125 
 
 rd Glasgow notVarsitvSkj for sermons and naps, have lost his power. But the acres- 
 e?ay, on the propagation of religion in sion of Charles I., in 1625, rendered (!io 
 (lie east. He returned to England in 1806, favourite still more potent. In vain the 
 and died in LSI"), while superintending an parliament attacked him ; it was dissolved, 
 
 edition of tlie Svriac Testament, for the and he enjoyed a conip'ete triumph. He 
 use of eastern rhristians. He is the author next plunged the nation into a war \vilh 
 of Christian Researches in Asia; and of France; and being entrusted with the 
 -arious works connected with the same command of^an army, he lost the flower 
 subject. 'of it in an ill conducted attack on the isle 
 
 BUCHOZ, P. JOSEPH, tt naturalist and of Rh". He returned to England to refit 
 botanist, one of the most industrious and his shattered armament, and was again 
 multifarious of compilers., uas "jorn at about to sail when he was assassinated at 
 Mel/, in 1737, and died at 1'aris, in 1F07. Portsmouth, on the 23d of August, 1628, 
 His labours form more than three lunvlred by a lieutenant by the name of Felton. 
 volumes, of which ninety-five are folios; BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILL- 
 and, as may well be expected, they are IERS, Duke of, son of the preceding 
 crude, and disfigured by many errors, i duke, \vas born in 1627, studied at Cam- 
 Among them are. a II istorv of the Plants bridge, served the king zealously in the 
 of Lorraine, in 13 vols. ; a Natural History civil wars, and was present at the battle of 
 of France, in 14 vols.; and a Universal Worcester: By marrying a daughter of 
 History of the Vegetable Kingdom, with Lord Fairfax, he recovered a considerate 
 more than one thousand two hundred part of his forfeited estates ; and, at the 
 p'afes. Restoration, he was made a lord of the bed- 
 
 BUCKHOLD, or BOCCOLD, JOHN, | chamber, master of the horse, and lord 
 known as John of Leyden, from the place lieutenant of Yorkshire. These honours, 
 of his birth, was a fanatic of the sixteenth however, he lost in 1666, for being engaged 
 century. Headed by Buckhold, and by in a conspiracy against the king; but he 
 Matthias, a baker, the anabaptists made recovered the royal favour, was once more 
 themselves matters of Minister; in which, "the life of pleasure and the soul of whim" 
 city, however, they were soon besieged at court, and was employed as ambassador 
 by "the bishop. Matthias being killed in I to France. Villiers was one of the mos 
 a sally, Buckhold succeeded him, assumed i versatile, projecting, and profligate of 
 the titles of king and prophet, married i mankind. Dryden has drawn his charac- 
 fourteen wives, and committed numerous ter admirably, under the name of Zimri 
 enormities. After the surrender of the i This witt and unprincipled nobleman 
 
 city, in 1536, he was put to death by the 
 most horrible torments, in the twenty-sixth 
 year of hi* age. 
 
 BUCKINCK, ARNOLD, a German, the 
 places and dates of whose birth and death 
 are unknown, was the first person who 
 engraved maps upon copper; and he at 
 (/nee brought the art to considerable per- 
 fection. The only work which he appears 
 to have illustrated is an edition of Ptolemy, 
 
 published at Rome, in 1478. 
 BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE 
 
 VILL- 
 
 IERS, Duke of, the unworthy favourite of 
 James I. and Charles I., was born, in 1592, 
 at Brookesliy, in Leicestershire, and was 
 the son of Sir George Villiers. Having 
 attracted the notice of James I. in 1615, 
 that monarch appointed him his cupbearer, 
 became his tutor, and rapidly and succes- 
 sively raised him to be gentleman of the 
 bedchamber, lord admiral of England, war- 
 den of the cinque ports, master of the horse, 
 baron, earl, marquis, and duke. More a 
 sovereign than the sovereign himself, the 
 dispensation of all graces and favours was 
 in his hand, and his insolence and t\ranny 
 excited general disgust in the nation. His 
 strange expedition t > .Madrid, and his con- 
 duct there, is ^aid to have \\eakened th 
 
 died, at Kirby Moorside, in Yorkshire, 
 April 16, 1688, of a fever caught in fox- 
 hunting. Of his works, the most celebra- 
 ted is the comedy of the Rehearsal, which, 
 undoubtedly, affords a decisive proof that 
 his talents were of a superior order. 
 
 BUCKINGHAMSH 
 
 per 10 
 IRE, 
 
 JOHN SHEF- 
 
 FIELD, Duke of, the son of the earl of 
 Mulgrave, was born in 1649; served under 
 Turenne; relieved Tangier; took a part 
 in the revolution of 1688; was created 
 marquis of Normandy and duke of Buck- 
 inghamshire; and died in 1720. Bucking 
 
 ham H 
 
 was erected by him. His 
 
 poetical and prose works form two vol- 
 umes. 
 
 BUCKMINSTER, JOSEPH STEVENS, 
 a celebrated pulpit orator, was born in Ports- 
 mouth, New-Hampshire, in 1784. His 
 male ancestors, on both sides, for several 
 generations, were clergymen, and some of 
 
 them of considerable 
 
 emnence. 
 
 He 
 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1800, 
 with much distinction; and spent the ensu- 
 ing four years in the study of theology and 
 general literature lie was ordained" min- 
 ister over the clmrch i:i Brattle-street, 
 Boston, in January, 1F05. In the ensuing 
 year he embarked for Europe with the 
 
 'nfauialion of James 1. for him, and had I hopes of repairing his constitution, which 
 that monarch !! ed, Villiers might, per-' had suffered much from attacks of epilepsy 
 
1*6 
 
 HUD 
 
 He returned in the autumn of 1807, and 
 resumed the exercise of his piofession; his 
 Fermons placing him in the first rank of 
 popular preachers. In 1810 he superinten- 
 ded an American edition of Grieshach's 
 Greek Testament, and wrote much in vindi- 
 cation of this author's erudition, fidelity and 
 accuracy. In 1S11, he was appointed the 
 first lecturer on Biblical Criticism at the 
 university of Cambridge, on the foundation 
 established by Samuel Dexter. He imme- 
 diately began a course cf laborious and 
 exten.-ive preparation for the duties of this 
 office, but was interrupted by a violent 
 atta.-k of his old disease, which prostrated 
 his intellect, and gave a shock to his frame 
 which he survived' but a few days. He 
 died in 1812, at the completion of his 
 twenty-eighth year. Two volumes of his 
 sermons have been collected and published 
 since his decease; one in 1814, the other 
 in 1829. The first was prefaced with a 
 well-written biographical sketch. 
 BUCCiUOI, CHARLES BONA VENTURE 
 
 11 K LONGUKVAL, Count de, an eminent 
 general, was born in 1551, entered early 
 into the Spanish service, and signalized h " 
 
 valour in the Low Countries. 
 
 gn 
 In 
 
 1620, in 
 
 conjunction with the Duke of Bavaria, lie 
 entirely defeated the protestant army near 
 Prague; but he stained his laurels by his 
 subsequent cruelties. After having reduc- 
 ed Moravia, he was killed, in 1621, at the 
 siege of , Nenhansel. 
 
 BUDE, or BUDyKUS, WILLIAM, born 
 at Paris, in 1467, where he died in 1540, 
 spent a youth of dissipation, but at length 
 applied himself so closely to study, that 
 his classical acquirements gained for him 
 the title of the Prodigy of France. He 
 was employed on embassies by Louis XII. 
 and Francis I., to the latter of whom he 
 was secretary and librarian. Bude trans- 
 lated some treatises from Plutarch, and 
 wrote several works, the chief of which 
 are, his Tractatus de Asse; and Conunen- 
 tarii Linguae Greca^. 
 
 BUDGELL, Eu STACK, was born at 
 St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 1685, and 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxford. Addi- 
 6<>n, who was related to him, took him to 
 Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that 
 country Budgell rose to ollices of great 
 trust and profit, and to be a member of 
 the Irish parliament. While filling those 
 oflices with diligence and honour, he con- 
 tributed to the Spectator and Guardian, 
 translated the Characters of Theophrastus, 
 
 BUF 
 
 more in vnin attempts to obtain a seat in 
 
 the house of 
 
 commons; an 
 
 1 at last he l>c- 
 
 came involved in lawsuits and embarra**- 
 iiicnts. The finishing stroke was put to 
 his fate, bv thr- setting aside the will of 
 Dr. .Matthew Tindall, in which appeared 
 a bequest of two thousand pounds to 
 Budgell. 1 1 is difficulties, and the digrace 
 of having a forgery attributed to him, stung 
 
 him to the heart, and 
 
 ded his exist- 
 
 and 
 tide 
 
 wrote various pieces in verse. The 
 of fortune, however, at length turned 
 
 _ ainst him. He was dismissed from his 
 oitice of aec.omptant and comptroller gene- 
 ral in Ireland, for satin/ing the lord lieu- 
 tenan., who had treated him ill; he lost 
 twenty thousand pounds in, the South Sea 
 
 ence by throwing himself into the Thames, 
 .May 4, 1737. Besides the works already 
 mentioned, he cstabli.-hed a periodical 
 called the Bee; assisted in the Craftsman; 
 and wrote the History of Clcomenes; and 
 Memoirs of the Family of the Boyles. 
 
 BUFFIER, CLAUD'K, a Jesuit, was born 
 in Poland, of French parents, in 1661* and 
 studied at the college of Rouen, where he 
 afterwards held the situation of theological 
 professor. He died in 1737. Buliier was 
 employed in the Mcmoires de Trevoux, 
 and likewise produced a great number of 
 theological, metaphysical, biographical, 
 and geographical works. Several of them 
 were collected in a folio volume, with the 
 title of a Course of Sciences on new and 
 simple Principles. Though sometimes su- 
 perficial, he is, on the whole, an elegant 
 and instructive writer. 
 
 BUFFON f , GEORGE Louis LE CLERC, 
 Count de, the Pliny of France, was the 
 son of a counsellor of the parliament of 
 Dijon, and was born September 7, 1707, 
 
 at Montbard, in Burgt 
 
 He studied 
 
 the law at Dijon, but never practised it; 
 his inclinations leading him to mathemati- 
 cal and physical science, and Euclid being 
 his constant pocket companion. After 
 having travelled into Italy and England, 
 he succeeded to his paternal estate at Mont- 
 bard, between whicn and Paris his time 
 was spent. In 1739 he was appointed 
 keeper of the royal garden and cabinet at 
 Paris, the treasures of which he greatly 
 increased. His patent of nobility he ob- 
 tained in 1771. He was also a member 
 of the French Academy, and of the Acad- 
 em of Sciences. Bullbn died Aril the 
 
 IGth, 1788. As 
 
 he was fond of 
 
 ousaiui pounds in, the BHHIUI &ea lutn, 1700. As a man, lie was lond 01 
 he upeut five thousand pounds' dress and display, lax in his morals, and 
 
BUL 
 
 Wimeaaurdbly vain. Newton, Bacou, Leib- 
 nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were the 
 only persons whom he would allow to be 
 great geniuses! His first literary woiks 
 were, Translations of Hales 's Vegetable 
 Statics, and Newton's Fluxions. But for 
 his fiine he is indebted to his Natural 
 History, in thirty-six volumes, which has 
 been naturalized in almost every European 
 language. Though always immethodical, 
 though often inaccurate, and though full of 
 the wildest theories, it is undoubtedly an 
 astonishing work, whether we consider the 
 extent of its information, the spirit of its 
 descriptions, or the eloquence of its style. 
 
 BULL, JOHN, a doctor of music, was 
 born in Somersetshire, about 1563, and 
 died at Lubeck, in 1G22. He was organist 
 to Queen Elizabeth, the first musical pro- 
 fessor at Gresham College, and chamber 
 musician to James I. More than two 
 hundred pieces, chiefly for the organ and 
 virginals, were composed by him; and it 
 eeems to be now fully established, that we 
 are indebted to him for the national an- 
 them of God save the King. 
 
 BULL, GKORGE, an eminent prelate 
 and theologian, born at the city of Wells, 
 in 1634, was educated at Tiverton and 
 Oxford, and was ordained at the age of 
 twenty-one. Having passed through the 
 minor dignities of the church, he was made 
 bishop of St. David's in 1705, and died in 
 1709. His Hiirmonia Apostolica was pub- 
 lished in 1669, to the great annoyance of 
 the Calvinists; his main work, Defensio 
 Fidei Nicenfe, appeared in 1685; and his 
 Judicimn Ec,clesi;n Catholicum, in 1694. 
 For the latter production he received the 
 thanks of Bossuet and various French di- 
 vines. He likewise produced other pieces 
 of less note, and many sermon.*. 
 
 BULL, WILLIAM, M.D. was the firs-: 
 white person born in South Carolina, and 
 if supposed to be the first American who 
 obtained a degree in medicine. He was a 
 pupil of the great Boerhaave, and acquired 
 gome literary and professional distinction. 
 In 1734 lie defended and published at the 
 university of Ley den, his inaugural thesis 
 DC 3ofica Pictonum. After returning from 
 Europe to his native state, lie was suc- 
 cessively a member of the Council, speaker 
 of the House of Representatives, and Lieu- 
 tenant Governor. When the British troops 
 removed from South Carolina in 1782, he 
 accompanied them to England, and died in 
 London, in 1791, in the eighty -second year 
 of his age. 
 
 BULLET, PJ-.IKR, an eminent Frenc 
 architect, the pupil of F. Blondi-l, was 
 born about the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, and constructed sp\eral magnifi- 
 cent edifices, pawticularls the gate of St. 
 Martin, and the church of St. Thomas 
 Aquinas, at Paris. Ho alto wrote a Ttca- 
 
 127 
 
 Use on Practical Architecture; a Treatise 
 on Levelling; and other works. The date 
 of his death is not recorded. 
 
 BULLET, JOHN BAPTIST, born in 
 1699, at Besan^'on, was professor of theo- 
 logy in the university of that city, and diod 
 in 1775. He is the author of several theo- 
 logical works, among which is a History 
 of the Establishment of Christianity; but 
 lis principal production is Memoirs on 
 he Celtic Language, in 3 vols. folio. 
 
 BULLIARD, PKTER, a native o" lie 
 Barrois, in France, where he was born 
 ibout 1742, combined the talent of an artist 
 ,vith that of an eminent botanist. He 
 limself designed and engraved the plates 
 ivhich embellish his works. He died in 
 1703. He is the author of a Parisian 
 Flora ; a History of the Poisonous Plant* 
 of France; a History of French Champig- 
 lons; and other productions. 
 
 BULLINGER, HENRY, one of the 
 early reformers, was born in the canton of 
 Zurich, at Baumgarten, in 1504. The 
 works of Melancthon converted him to 
 H'otestantism, and he became closely con- 
 iccted with Zuingle, to whom he suc- 
 ceeded as pastor of Zurich. He was one 
 of the authors of the Helvetic Confession, 
 and assisted Calvin in drawing up the 
 Formulary of 1549. Bullinger was a mod- 
 erate and conscientious man; and it ia 
 nuch to his honour that, on the ground of 
 t being inconsistent with Christianity for 
 any one to hire himself out to slaughte" 
 those who had never injured him, he suc- 
 cessfully opposed a treaty- for supplying 
 France with a body of Swiss mercenaries. 
 He died in 1575. His printed works form 
 ten folio volumes. 
 
 BULOW, HENRY WILLIAM, a native 
 of Prussia, born at Falkenberg, adopted 
 the military profession, and bore a part in 
 the ephemeral insurrection of the Nether- 
 lands against the Emperor Joseph ; after 
 which he visited America on an abortive 
 commercial speculation; and next became 
 a Swedenborgian preacher in that country. 
 On his return to Europe, he resorted to 
 his pen for subsistence, and wrote various 
 military works. Of these, the most cele- 
 brated is, Principles of Modern War, in 
 
 hich he proposes a new stratagetical sys- 
 tem, that has excited much controversy. 
 His History of the Campaign of 1805 
 having given oflence to Russia, he was in 
 carcerated, and he died in prison, at Riga, 
 in July, 1807. 
 
 BUNYAN, JOHN, the author of the 
 Pilgrim's Progress, an admirable allegory, 
 which enjoys an unexampled but deserved 
 popularity, was of humble birth, being the 
 son of a travelling tinker, and was born, 
 in 1C28, at El<to\v, i Bedfordshire. For 
 some time he follower his father's otciipa 
 tion, und led' a wandei ing dissipated life- 
 
128 "BUG 
 
 after which he served in the parliament 
 army, and was at the siege of Leicester. 
 
 Religion having now made an impression 
 on his mino, he joined the anabaptists, and, 
 about 1655, became a teacher among them 
 at Bedford. Subsequent to the restoration, 
 his preaching brought him within the gripe 
 of the law, and he was for nearly thirteen 
 years immured in Bedford gaol, where he 
 supported himself and his family by tagging 
 laces. His leisure hours were spent in 
 writing the Pilgrim's Progress, and other 
 works, similar in kind, but inferior in 
 merit. He was at last released, through 
 the interposition of Bishop Barlow of Lin- 
 coln, and he resumed his ministry at Bed- 
 ford. His death took place at London, 
 in 1688- His works form two folio vo- 
 lumes. BunVan had a talent for repartee. 
 A quaker vis'ited him in Bedford gaol, and 
 declared that, by order of the Lord, he had 
 sought for him in half the prisons of Eng- 
 land. " If the Lord had sent you," re- 
 plied Bunyan, "you need not have taken 
 so much trouble to find me out; for the 
 Lord knows that I have been a prisoner in 
 Bedford gaol for the last twelve years." 
 
 BUONAMICI, CASTRUCCIO, a native 
 of Lucca, born in 1710, at which city he 
 died in 1761, after having been in the 
 military service of the king of Naples, is 
 considered as one of the most elegant of 
 modern Latin writers. His principal work 
 is, his Commentaries on the War in Italv: 
 it gained him the title of count from the 
 luke of Parma, and a present from the 
 Genoese republic, and was translated into 
 English and French. 
 
 BUONAROTTI, MICHAEL ANGELO, 
 more generally known under the name of 
 Michael Angelo, was at once preeminent 
 as painter, sculptor, and architect, and 
 was no mean poet. lie was torn at Arezzo, 
 in 1474, of a noble but poor family, and 
 his love of the arts is supposed to have 
 
 BUG 
 
 in the gardens of Lorenzo de 
 
 One of these productions 
 
 Medicis. 
 
 btained him the 
 
 patronage of Loreu/.o. \\lio received him 
 into his family. 1 lere. aiming other works, 
 lie executed an admirable basso relievo, 
 the Battle of the (Vutaurs. After the 
 death of his patron, Bnonarotti pursued his 
 at Bologna, ami then again at Flo- 
 rence. JH the latter city he sculptured his 
 David and Gidiath, and painted a battle 
 for the ducal palace. His reputation 
 mm- caused him to be invited to Koine by 
 ijhe pope, and that reputation was en- 
 hanced by the \\oiks he. performed there, 
 both in sculpture and painting; among 
 them was the statue of Moses, the pic- 
 ture of the Holv Family, and the ear- 
 toon of the War "of 1'isa." Having taken 
 umbrage at the manner in which he was 
 treated by Julius II. he suddenly departed 
 from Rome; but the pontiff, not without 
 difficulty, induced him to return, and then 
 employed him in casting his statue in 
 bronze, and in painting the dome of the 
 Sistine chapel. The latter task he accom- 
 plished in twenty months. It was not, 
 however, till several years later, that he ex- 
 ecuted his noble composition of the Last 
 Judgment, in the same chapel. Under the 
 pontificate of Leo X. the talents of Miclnel 
 
 marble 
 Under 
 
 that of Adrian VI. he was chiefly occupied 
 on the monument of Julius II* In the 
 years 1529 and 1530, he was engaged in 
 toils which have nothing in common with the 
 fine arts. He was chosen engineer and 
 superintendant of their fortifications by the 
 Florentines, during their brief struggle for 
 their liberty, and in this new capacity he 
 acquitted himself with honour. After the 
 restoration of peace, Clement VII. recal- 
 led him to Rome, and confided to him, on 
 the death of San Gallo, the glorious labour 
 of carrying on the building of St. Peter's. 
 For seventeen years, till tlie time of his 
 death, February 17, 1563, Michael An- 
 gelo continued his exertions to make that 
 magnificent structure one of the wonders i,f 
 the world ; nor would he accept of any re- 
 muneration whatever. The other works 
 which he executed during his last resi- 
 dence at Rome are too numerous to be de- 
 scribed within our narrow limits. " Sub- 
 andeur of form, and 
 
 Angelo were wasted in opening 
 quarries and constructing roads. 
 
 limity of conception, gr 
 breadth of manner," 
 
 he, elements of Michael Angelo's style; 
 and In these principles he selected or re- 
 
 ected the objects of imitation. A? painter, 
 sculptor, or architect, he attempted, and 
 
 been first inspired by his being nursed in {beyond any oilier man succeeded, to unite 
 a village which contained many carver- munificence of plan, and endless variety 
 .'.(itors in stone. Ghirlandaio was I of subordinate parts, with the utmost sim- 
 his tutor in painting; and uliile under! plicity and breadth." The poetry of this 
 that master, he amused himself with mo- ^icat mail is stanij ed with ilie yanie fe- 
 deliing figured in day, frnni the antiques t.nesas the creations of his hund. HJ 
 
BUR BUR 129 
 
 personal character Is well described by I a son. Burckhardt was naturalized in 
 Uuatremere de Quincy: " In his youth, he | France, in 1799; succeeded Lalande at the 
 knew no other want than that of occupying i observatory of the Military School; and 
 his mind, no other pleasure than that of died in June, 1815. He wrote various sci- 
 
 cultivating the arts. When at a more ad- 
 vanced age he became rich, he despised 
 luxury, and was careless of even llie con- 
 veniences of lite. To s.f ep in his clothes, 
 to live often upon bread and water alone, 
 and to pass the nights in toil, or in solitary 
 rambles, are among the least of the traits 
 
 entific works, and translated Laplace'* 
 Celestial Mechanism into German. 
 
 BURCKHARDT, JOHN LKWIS, the 
 son of a Swiss colonel, was born at Lau- 
 sanne, in 178-1, and studied at Leipsic and 
 Gottingen. Being of an enterprising dis- 
 position, lie offered his services to the Af- 
 
 which may characterize his habits of liv-jrican Association, to explore Africa. They 
 ing. Had he lived among the Greeks, lie were accepted ; and, after he had acquired 
 would have been admired as a philosopher Arabic and a knowledge of physic and sur- 
 oefore he had been praised as an artist; gery at Cambridge, he sailed in 1809. In 
 
 but, indisputably, he would have been of 
 the sect of Zeno. Economy, frugality, dis- 
 interestedness, austerity of morals, inflex- 
 ibility of purpose, contempt of fortune, and 
 even of glory; such were the stoical virtues 
 which he always professed. Michael An- 
 gelo was beloved and sought after by the 
 great; but he shunned them." Yet with 
 these severe virtues he was kind hearted, 
 and was sometimes singularly indulgent to 
 the weakness or vanity of others. 
 
 BUONAROTTI, MICHAEL ANGELO, 
 the Younger, a nephew of the great M i- 
 chael Angelo, was bom at Florence, jn 
 1558, and died in 1646. He was a patron 
 of literature and the arts; a member of the 
 Florentine and Crusca Academics; wrote 
 two comedies, la Tancia, and la Fiera, and 
 two mythological scenic representations; 
 and published an edition of his uncle's po- 
 ems. His comedy, as it is called, of la 
 Fiera, is, in fact, a series of five comedies 
 on the same subject. 
 
 BURCH, EDWARD, one of the most 
 
 eminent of modern 
 
 whose 
 
 gem engravers, 
 productions almost rival those of antiquity, 
 was born about 1740; was chosen librarian 
 of the Royal Academy on the death of 
 Wilson; a'nd held that situation till his 
 death in 1814. 
 
 BURC1UELLO, an Italian poet, whose 
 real name was DOMINICO, was born at 
 Florence, in 13^0, and died at Rome, in 
 1448. Burchieilo was a barber, and his 
 shop was the resort of all the wits of the 
 city. Such celebrity did this bumble abode 
 obtain, that the representation of it was 
 painted in the Medicis gallery. With 
 much wit and elegance, his poems are in 
 stvle the most e; -centric, and often unintel- 
 
 ligible, that can be imagined. 
 BUJU.'KIIARDT, JOHN 
 
 CHARLES, 
 
 )orn at Leipsie, in 1773, and began tt 
 study mathematics e\en in his childhood. 
 Reading Lalande's works decided him to 
 become an astronomer, and he learned al- 
 most all modern languages, to read astro- 
 nomical books. liis ardour for calculation 
 was indefatigable. Baron Zach, with 
 wnom he resided for two years, recommen- 
 
 yria he remained two years and a half, in 
 the character of a mussulman, and learned 
 the spoken Arabic dialects. His first jour- 
 ney included Nubia, the eastern coast of 
 the Red Sea, Mecca, and Medina. He 
 reached Cairo in 1815, and was preparing 
 to penetrate to Timbuctoo, when he died 
 of a dysentery. 
 
 BURDON, WTLLIAM, born at New- 
 castle upon Tyne, in 1764, was educated at 
 Emanuel College, Cambridge, and died in 
 London, in May, 1818, He is the author 
 of various works, the principal of which 
 are, Materials for Thinking; a Life of Bon- 
 aparte ; and Thoughts on Politics, Moral- 
 ity, and Literature. 
 
 "BURETTE, PETER JOHN, a native of 
 Paris, born in 1665, was the son of a sur- 
 geon who cultivated music. His delicate 
 health prevented him from being sent to 
 school, and he studied only music ; which 
 he acquired so perfectly that, in his eighth 
 year, lie played before Louis XIV. When 
 he was eighteen, however, he resolved to 
 become a physician; and, accordingly, he 
 dedicated Ifmuelf to learning, and rapidly 
 obtained all the college degrees. In the 
 oriental languages his knowledge was pro-, 
 found. After having been medical and surgi. 
 cal professor, royal censor, and a member 
 of several academies, he died in 1747. For 
 thirty-seven years he was one of the editors 
 of the Journal des Savans, and he wrote 
 numerous erudite papers in the Transaction* 
 of the Academy of Inscriptions. 
 
 BURGER, GODFRED AUGUSTUS, a 
 poet, was born at Wolmerswende,. in the 
 principality of llalbcrstadt, in 1748, and 
 displayed an early fondness for poetry, 
 
 he made but slow progress in his 
 ng. He was originally intended for 
 
 thoui 
 
 Icai 
 
 the church, but he never Entered it. Bur- 
 ger was, indeed, for several years, too idle 
 and dissipated to apply senoiisly to any 
 regular occupation. In poetry, however, 
 he acquired a splendid reputation, partic* 
 nlarly in the ballad st\le. His Leonora, 
 his Wild Huntsman, and some of his other 
 Compositions, have been translated into 
 English, and become highly popular Bur- 
 
 | 
 him to Lalande, who treated him like {er was thrice married; liis first wile 
 
Itt 
 
 made unhappy ; his third wife made him 
 so, and he obtained a divorce; his second, 
 the sister of hi.- first, to whom he was 
 madly attached, he lost soon after their 
 union. In 1779, Burner obtained ihe editor- 
 ship of th. 1 Alinvmack of the Muses; and in 
 17S7 he was appointed professor of belles 
 lettres at Gottin^en He died in June, 
 1794, having for a considerable time pre- 
 viously languished in indigence, sickness, 
 and sorrow. His works form four octavo 
 volumes. 
 
 BURGESS. IVvMKl,, an able but ec- 
 centric dissenting divine, was born, in 
 1645, at Staincs, in Middlesex; was edu- 
 cated at Westminster and Oxford ; resided 
 in Ireland, from 1667 to 1674, as chaplain 
 and schoolmaster ; was imprisoned, under 
 the act of uniformity, after his return to 
 England; became an exceedingly popular 
 minister, for many years, in London; and 
 died in 1713. His piety and learning were 
 alloyed by too much of humour and droll- 
 ery. In one sermon, he declared, that the 
 reason why the descendants of Jacob were 
 named Israelites was, that God would r>ot 
 have his chosen people called Jacobites. 
 In another, he exclaimed, " if you want a 
 cheap suit, you will go to Monmouth street ; 
 if a suit for life, you will go to the court of 
 chancery; but for an eternally durable suit, 
 you must go the Lord Jesus, and put on his 
 robe of righteousness." 
 
 BURGH, JAMES, the author of the 
 Dignity of Human Nature; Political Dis- 
 quisitions; and other works of merit; was 
 born, in 1714, at Madderty, in Perthshire, 
 and was educated at St. Andrew's. After 
 having been a linen draper, an assistant at 
 a grammar school, and a corrector in Bov\ r - 
 yer's printing office, he opened an acade- 
 my at Stoke Newington, which he conduc- 
 ted for nineteen years. He died in 1775. 
 BURGOYNE', Lieut. Gen. JOHN, was 
 a natural son of Lord Bingley; entered 
 early into the army; and in 1762 displayed 
 much talent and enterprise, in command 
 of a party of the British troops in Portugal. 
 In the American war, he led the army 
 which was to penetrate from Canada into 
 the revolted provinces. At first, he was 
 successful; but. insuperable obstacles thick- 
 ening round him, he was ultimately com- 
 pelled to surrender at Saratoga. Disgusted 
 by the conduct of the ministry after his 
 'eturn, he resigned all his employments. 
 He died in August, 1792. Burgoyne wrote 
 the dramas of the Heiress, the Maid of the 
 Oaks, the Lord of the Manor, and Richard 
 Coeur de Lion ; some pamphlets in his own 
 defence; and a Probationary Ode. 
 
 BURIDAN, JOHN, a native of Bethune, 
 in Flanders, born in the fourteenth century, 
 u nominalist philosopher, was rector of the 
 university of Paris; and has, but errone- 
 ously, been deemed the foundei o. ic uui- 
 
 BUR 
 
 y of Vienna. He is believed to have 
 
 died about l'.}^. His memory has been 
 perpetuated by his dilemma of 'the ass be- 
 tween tw<> bundles of hay, which he used to 
 illustrate the doctrine of tree will, and which 
 lias thrown into a proverb. 
 
 BURIGN Y, JOHN Li VF.S^CI, a French 
 
 writer, member of tin- Academy i f Inscrip- 
 tions, was b.irn at Rhcims, ill 1691, and 
 died at Paris, in I ?>>.'). HP wrote Histo- 
 ries of Pagan Philosophy; Sicily; and the 
 ( '.mslantinopolitan empire; Lives of Gro- 
 tius, Erasmus, Bossuet, and Cardinal da 
 Perron; a Treatise on the Papal Authori- 
 ty; and numerous other productions. 
 
 BURKE, E DM I'M), whose name fills so 
 large a space in our political and literary 
 annals, was the son of an eminent attorney, 
 and was born at Dublin, January 1, 1730. 
 After having received his early education 
 from Abraham Shackleton,a quaker school- 
 master of Ballytore, he went to Trinity 
 College, Dublin, in 1746, where he re- 
 mained three years, and pursued an exten- 
 sive course of study, on a plan of his own. 
 In 1753, he entered as a law student at 
 the Temple, but applied himself almost 
 wholly to literature; his unremitting atten- 
 tion to which at length injured his health. 
 During his illness he became an inmate in 
 the house of Dr. Nugent, a physician, to 
 whose daughter he was afterwards united. 
 This union he always described as the chief 
 blessing of his life. II is first acknowledged 
 work, which was of course published anony- 
 mously, was his Vindication of Neural 
 Society; an admirable imitation of Lord 
 Bolingbroke's style and manner of icason- 
 ing, which deceived even some of the best 
 judges. This was followed, in the ensuing 
 
 S-ar, by his Essay on the Sublime and 
 eautiful. It completely established his 
 reputation as a man of genius and a fine 
 writer, and brought him acquainted with 
 some of the most eminent personages of tl4 
 age. His political career did not com- 
 mence till 1761, when he accompanied tht 
 Irish secretary, William Gerard Hamilton, 
 to Ireland. Nor can he be said to have 
 entered fully on that career till 1765, when 
 he became the private secretary and friend 
 
BUR 
 
 of the HiArquis of Rockingham, then the first there are few 
 
 loul of the treasury, who brought him into 
 
 parliament, as member for Wendover. 
 
 Thenceforth lie took a prominent part in 
 
 the debates of the house of commons. Injcated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and 
 
 177-1, without any solicitation on his part, became vicar of Dedliarn. in Essex, in 
 
 he was elected for Bristol ; but this seat he j 1692, where he died v\ 1703. His Prae- 
 
 lost. at the next election, in consequence of lical Exposition of the New Testament II.-M 
 
 his having displayed too much liberality of gonr-. through many editions, and still con- 
 
 BUR 131 
 
 who equal, am none who 
 transcend him. 
 
 BURKITT, WILLIAM, a divine, bora 
 1(550, at Hitdiam, in Suffolk, was edu- 
 
 tinues to be popular. 
 
 BURLAMAQUI, JOHN JAMES, bora 
 at Geneva, in 1694, and who died there in 
 1748, was at first professor of law jn his 
 
 native city ; resi 
 
 ded for 
 
 principle, with respect to the catholics and 
 to Ireland. He subsequently sat for Mai- 
 ton. In the mean while he gave to the 
 public his Observations on Grenville's State 
 of the Nation; a Short Account of a late 
 
 short Administration; Thoughts on the Hesse Cassel, with the prince, who had 
 Causes of the present Discontents; and his I been his pupil; and then returned to Ge- 
 speee-hes on American Affairs. To the j neva, where he became a member of the 
 impolitic contest with America he made a sovereign council. His great works are, 
 strenuous and eloquent resistance as a scn-| the Principles of Natural Law; the Prin- 
 
 some years at 
 
 ator. On the downfall of Lord North's 
 ministry, Burke obtained the office of pay- 
 master-general, and a seat in the council; 
 and he availed himself of this opportunity 
 to carry his celebrated reform bill, which 
 
 brought forward in vain. 
 
 the coalition ministry of 
 
 he had previously b 
 The expulsion of tl 
 
 course deprived him of his office. 
 
 y ot 
 
 The 
 
 prosecution of Mr. Hastings, and the op- 
 position to Mr. Pitt's regency bill, were 
 among his next and greatest parliamentary 
 efforts. Though the former of these has 
 irawn down upon him much censure, and 
 even calumny, there can be no doubt that 
 ne undertook it as a sacred and imperative 
 duty. This is irrefragably proved by his 
 recently published letters to Dr. Lawrence. 
 When the French revolution took place, he 
 early foresaw the result, and, in 1790, he 
 
 ciples of Political Law; and the Princi- 
 ples of the Law of Nature and Nations. 
 
 BURLEIGH, WILLIAM CECIL, Lord, 
 whom one of his early biographers charac- 
 terizes as " the oldest, the gravest, and the 
 greatest statesman in Christendom," was 
 born, in 1520, at Bourne, in Lincolnshire, 
 was educated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, and studied the law at Gray's Irin. 
 In the reign of Edward VI. he was 
 patronised by the protector Somerset, was 
 knighted, and became a privy counsellor, 
 master of requests, and secretary. With 
 Elizabeth he was in still higher favour 
 which, indeed, he earned by his political 
 sagacity and his devotion to her. Leicester 
 endeavoured, but in vain, to overthrow him, 
 and is even said to have aimed against his 
 life. In 1571 , he was created Lord Burleigh, 
 
 produced his celebrated Reflections on that i and, in the following year, he was appointed 
 event. A breach between him and Mr. lord high treasurer, and received the order 
 Fox was also occasioned by their difference I of the Garter. To Burleigh must, in a 
 
 of opinion on this important subject. In 
 1794, he retired from parliament, and a 
 pension of one. thousand two hundred 
 pounds a year was bestowed on him by the 
 government. From the time when his Re- 
 flections were published, till his decease, 
 his literary hostility to the doctrines of 
 revolutionary France was continued with 
 unabated vigour. The last work which he 
 gave to the press was Two Letters on a 
 Regicide Peace: the concluding two were 
 posthumous. He died on the 8th of July, 
 1 797. His compositions have been collected 
 in sixteen volumes octavo. In private life 
 Burke was amiable and benevolent; in 
 public, indefatigable, ardent, and abhorrent 
 of meanness and injustice. It was this 
 latter quality which rendered him a perse- 
 vering advocate of the Irish catholics. As 
 an orator he ranks among the first of mod- 
 ern times; and as a writer, whether we 
 consider the splendour of his diction, the 
 richness and variety of his imagery, or the 
 boundless stores of knowledge which he 
 it must be acknowledged that 
 
 great measure, be attributed the sufferings 
 and death of the unfortunate Mary, queen 
 of Scots. He died in 159^ Burleigh, 
 though not a man of genius, was a man of 
 great parts and prudence, whose state pol- 
 icy was not always reconcilable with the 
 principles of morality. Of literary merit 
 he was, to say the least, no patron; and, 
 accordingly, he is alluded to with much 
 bitterness by many of his contemporary 
 poets. 
 
 BURLINGTON and CORKE, Kiev. 
 ARD BOYLE, Earl of, was born in 1695, 
 was made a knight of the garter, in 1730, 
 and died in 1753, when the title of Bur- 
 lington became extinct. Lord Burlington 
 was a man of a liberal mind, and possessed 
 an admirable taste in architecture. He was 
 the first patron of bishop Berkeley, and 
 Pope dedicated to him his fourth epistle. 
 His residence at Chiswick, the dormitory 
 at Westminster school, and other buildings, 
 were designed bv him, and he improved 
 the mansion built, in Piccadilly, by hm 
 father. 
 
in BUR BUR 
 
 BURMAN, PETER, an eminent critic, I London, where lie was made n fellow >f 
 
 \va> bi-rn at I trecht, in 1668, aiul \\as the Ko\al Society, lie took orders, and 
 
 , eloquence, and Greek, \\--.\n presented i> tin- living of Saltoun. 
 
 iirst at Utrecht, and afterwards at I.eulen. While he htdd this living, his h 
 
 He subsequently became professor of his- in drawing up a memorial against the 
 
 tory and chief librarian to the I'niied abuses committed by the Scntti.-h bishops, 
 
 Province*. He died in 1711. Besides excited the iiidi-'iaiinn of Archbishop 
 
 publishing v.'.luable editions of many of Sharpe, \\\i \ would lain ha\e puni.-heil 
 
 ihe Lati. md an edition of Bu- his In.ldness by depriving ;UH 1 excommu- 
 
 rhanan's works, he wrote Latin poems, 
 and various critical and philological disser- 
 tations, dix-ouives, and epistle.-. 
 
 Bl'KMAN, Jons, a physician and bot- 
 anist, the pupil of Boerhaave, and nephev 
 
 licating him. " Bclu>-n lt;<>5 and 1673, 
 Buriiet was made professor of divinity at 
 Glasgow, and chaplain in ordinary to the 
 king; twice declined a .Scottish bishopric; 
 
 i-pnew and wrote, among other productions, Me- 
 
 of the celebrated critic, was born in 1707, inoir s of the Duke of Hamilton, and a 
 and died in 17- S 0. He was professor of bot-j work, of which, no doubt, he soon repen- 
 any at Amsterdam. Barman, among other ted, in defence of the regul prerogatives 
 things, pufaUabed a Catalogue of Ceylonian of die crown of Scotland The court 
 1'lants, in which Linnaeus assisted him; 
 .and Descriptions of rare African and 
 American Plants ; and translated into Latin 
 Rumphius's Herbal of Amboyna. 
 
 BURMAN, I'KTER, brother of the bot- 
 anist, was born at Amsterdam, in 1714, 
 and was brought up by his uncle, whom 
 
 :ed in his critical labours, and of continued. "The most important of These 
 whom he was no unworthy rival in eru- was the History of the Reformation, the 
 
 favour which he had thus gained, .le, how- 
 ever, soon lost, by his opposition to popery, 
 and he was struck out of the list of chap- 
 lains. Settling in London, he was appoin- 
 ted preacher at the Rolls Chapel, and lectu- 
 rer of St. Clement's, and became popular. 
 His literary lalxuirs were indefatigably 
 
 dition. He was professor of eloquence at 
 Franeker, and afterwards, professor of 
 poetry, librarian, and keeper of the gym- 
 nasium, at Amsterdam, where he died of 
 an apoplexy in 1778. He wrote a volume 
 of Latin poems, and edited Aristophanes, 
 Claudius, Propertius, and other classical 
 writers. Like his uncle, he was irascible, 
 
 and was frequently 
 literary quarrels. 
 
 engaged in violent 
 
 BURN, RICHARD, a native of Kirk by 
 Stephen, in Westmoreland, was educated 
 
 first volume of \\hich came forth in 1679. 
 For this he received the thanks of both 
 hniises of parliament. His known hostility 
 to the designs of the court, his having 
 attended Lord Russel on the scaffold, and 
 having preached, on the 5th of November, 
 an obnoxious sermon, at length occasioned 
 him to be deprived of his lectureship and 
 the oilice of preacher at the Rolls. On 
 the death of Charles, Burnet travelled 
 through France, Italv, and Switzerland, 
 and, in 1687, settled at the Hague," where 
 
 at Oxford, and became vicar of Orton, in] he was high in the confidence of the Prince 
 his native county, a magistrate, and chan-! of Orange, and assisted in forming the 
 cellor of Carlisle. He died in 1789. He plans for the liberation of his country. 
 is the author of the useful book known asj A prosecution for treason was set on fuot 
 Burn's Jus?ice; a similar work on Eccle- against him at home, and James required 
 
 1_T* *,. . _i"*U_ V T_ *l. L'^^s. 1 1* - I * _ r ^ 1-fc 
 
 siastical Law ; a History of the Poor Laws ; 
 and, in conjunction w ith Nicholson, a His- 
 tory of Westmoreland and Cumberland. 
 
 BURNET, GILBERT, the son 
 Scotch lawyer, was born at Edinburgh, in 
 1643, and was educated at Aberdeen. 
 
 the States to deliver him up. But Burnet 
 had now married a Dutch lady of fortune, 
 and the States refused to give up one who 
 was thus become a naturalized subject. 
 In 1688 he attended the Prince of Orange 
 to England as chaplain ; and, in the follow- 
 ing year, was made bishop of Salisbury. 
 A Pastoral Letter, which he addressed to 
 the clergy of his diocese, asserting the 
 right of William and Marv to the crown 
 by conquest, excited the anger of parlia- 
 ment, and was burnt by the common 
 executioner. In 1698 he was appointed 
 p;e'-eptor to the duke of Gloucester; in 
 j 1704 he had the satisfaction of 
 i carried into e fleet his scheme for the aug- 
 'nii-ntatioii of small livings; and in March, 
 1714-15, lie died, in his seventy-second 
 year. He left a History of his own Times, 
 which was published by his son Thomu 
 Burnet. Burnet's character has l>een the 
 
 travelled in Holland, and visited! theme of invective and ridicule to lories; 
 
BUR 
 
 hat he was an honest, benevolent, find pious 
 man, ami a sincere friend to the liberties 
 of his country. 
 
 BURNET, THOMAS, a philosopher and 
 divine, born at Croft, in Yorkshire, about 
 1635, was educated at Cambridge; was 
 travelling tutor to the sons of several 
 noblemen ; was appointed master of the 
 Charterhouse, in 1685; became chaplain 
 and clerk of the closet to King William; 
 and died in 1715. As muster of the Char- 
 terhouse, he distinguished himself by boldly 
 resisting the attempts, of James II. to make 
 a Roman catholic a pensioner of the estab- 
 lishment. As a literary character, he ac- 
 quired reputation by various works of merit, 
 
 BUR 
 
 133 
 
 quired reputation i>y \ 
 
 but particularly by 
 
 his Telhi 
 
 ns sacra 
 
 Theoria, which he subsequently translated 
 
 into English, with the title of the Sacred 
 Theory of the Earth, and which, though 
 its philosophy i* radically defecihe, will 
 always be admired, f>r the sublimity <<f 
 its imagery and the eloquence of its stvle. 
 
 1757, and educated at the Charter House, 
 
 Cains College, Cambridge, and Aberdeen. 
 After having been an assistant to an acade 
 my at Highgate, and, afterwards, to Dr. 
 Rose, of Chiswick, whose daughter he 
 married, he established a school ;it Ham- 
 mersmith, which at a subsequent period he 
 removed to Greenwich. He obtained the 
 livings of I)eptf;rd and of Clili'e, and a 
 prebend at Lincoln, and was appointed one 
 of the king's chaplains. He died Decem- 
 ber 28, 1817. Dr. Burncy was one of the 
 most consummate G reek scholars in Europe. 
 His classical acmiirements were first dis- 
 played in his criticisms in the Monthly 
 Review. He p.ublished an Appendix to 
 Scapula; an edition of the Choral Odes 
 of /Eschylns; and other erudite works. 
 His valuable library was purchased foi the 
 British Museum. 
 
 1 5 U R .\ E r. Rear Admiral J A M r. s , a son 
 of the historian of music, was born in 
 1739; accompanied Captain Cook in two 
 
 Account of the Russian Eastern 
 
 first volume of which, however, he did not 
 give to the press till 1776. In 1760 he 
 returned to the capital,- and in 17G6 brought 
 out, at Drury Lane, an English version 
 of the Devil) du Village. In 1770 and 
 1772, he travelled through France and 
 
 Voyages; and some philosophical 
 He died of apoplexy in 1820. 
 
 tracts. 
 
 BUR'NfiT, WlLLlAM, the *on of Bishop! of his voyages; was much beloved by 
 Burnet, was born at the lla^ue in 1688. 1 Johnson ; and displayed a respectable por- 
 After having held the office of comptroller tion of the literary talent of his family, in 
 of the customs in England, he was in 1720 a History of Voyages of Discovery, 5 vols. 
 appointed governor of New-York and New- -tto ; 
 Jersey. In 1728 he was appointed to the 
 government of Massachusetts and New- 
 Hampshire; where his administration was 
 rendered unpleasant by a controversy with 
 the assembly. He died at Boston in 1729. 
 He was a man of learning, and published 
 several works on theological and philosoph- 
 ical subjects. 
 
 BURNET, JAMES. See MONBODDO. 
 
 BURNEY, CHARLES, a doctor of mu- 
 sic, and literary character, was born at 
 Shrewsbury, in 1726, and studied music 
 under Dr Arne. In 1749, lie produced, at 
 Drury Lane, the musical pieces of Alfred, 
 Robin Hood, and Queen Mab. He then 
 settled at Lynn, where he resided nine 
 \ears, during which period he was employ- 
 ed on his General History of Music, the 
 
 BURNS, ROBKRT, a poet of whom 
 Scotland has reason to be proud, though 
 her scanty patronage of him ought to make 
 her blush", was the son of a small farmer 
 and gardener, and was born near Ayr, ii 
 1759. Some education he received, ana 
 he acquired the French language and prac- 
 
 Italy, and Germany and the Netherlands; tical mathematics. Reading was his delight, 
 of which "ours he published interesting and every leisure moment was devoted to 
 narratives. He became a member of the | it. The perusal of some of the best English 
 Royal Society after his second return, and I po"ts gave him a taste for poetry, and love 
 
 ins t ired him to pour forth his feelings in 
 
 contributed to their Transactions an Ac- 
 count of young Crotch. He died in 1814, 
 at Chels'ea Hospital, of which he was 
 organist. Besides the productions already 
 
 At his outset in life. Burns was 
 engaged in the labours of agriculture. He 
 then became a flax dresser, at Irvine; 
 
 mentioned, and many musical compositions", i but his premises were destroyed by fire 
 he produced several works, one of the In conjunction with his younger brother, 
 
 chief of which is, a Life of Metastasio, in 
 three volumes. 
 
 BURN E Y, CH A RL E s, second son of the 
 musical :onipostTj was born ut Lynn, in 
 
 he next took a small farm, and in this 
 also he was unsuccessful. Fortune now 
 seemed resolved to thwart all his wishes; 
 for a female whom he loved, and who 
 
194 
 
 BUR 
 
 was pregnant by him, was refused <o him 
 by her parents!, and ho was at once in 
 danzer from list 1 kirk and the Magistrate. 
 In this situation, he re.v.Ived to print his 
 poems, for the purpose of raisin.: sum^ 
 money, and then to seek his fortune in the 
 West In. lie.;, as an nssi.-ta:it o\ ersi-er. 
 Hi=. ; actnallv engaged when 
 
 n letter from Dr. Bl.ickl.ck, nvuinmend- 
 iug a visit to Edinburgh, put aa end to 
 kis whette of emigration. In the Scottish 
 Capital his poems had excited universal 
 Admiration. Brighter prospecUthiu open- 
 td upon him. For more than twelve 
 noutha he remained in Edinburgh, invited, 
 ieasted, praised, and caressed, In the fair 
 ^nd the great : at length, with" tlie sum 
 %.f five hundred pounds, the produce of his 
 r-vjems, he \vitlidrevv to the couutrv, mar- 
 ried tiie object of his affection, took a 
 firm, and ul.-io obtained the office of an 
 exciseman. Of ail the olii'-es which could 
 have been given to him, this was the most 
 unpoetical and thy most unsuitable. It is 
 marvellous that none of his professing and 
 powerful friends saw the disgrace and 
 ridicule of suffering their favourite bard to 
 be thus degraded. Among the numerous 
 places, either sinecures or of little labour, 
 which are so lavishly distributed, one 
 might surely have beon conferred on him 
 whom the "Scotch flighted to honour ! 
 No effort, however, appears to have been 
 made in his behalf. For three years and 
 a half he strove to derive a subsistence 
 from his farm. But his confirmed habits 
 of intemperate conviviality, and other cir- 
 cumstances, forbad success ; and he was 
 at length compelled to give up his lease, 
 remove to Dumfries, and depend upon his 
 profession of an exciseman. While he 
 was occupied in watching stills and hunt- 
 ing smugglers, and, at the same time, 
 labouring under disease and dejection, he 
 wrote his admirable songs, for Thompson's 
 Collection. Worn out with vexation, and 
 the consequences of his love of inebriating 
 liquors, he died on the 26th of July, 1796, 
 leaving his wife and family in an unpro- 
 vided state. A subscription made by his 
 friends, and the profits arising from an 
 edition of his works, raised his familv 
 above want; and a splendid monument 
 has, within these few years, been erected 
 to his memory. Humour, pathos, vivid 
 imagery, energy, and no small share of 
 elegance, distinguish the poems of Burns. 
 His prose, though sometimes overstrained, 
 is flowing and full of spirit. In convei - 
 sation, too, which is not always the c;.se 
 with men of genius, he- fully sustained tin- 
 character which he had Required by his 
 writing. 
 
 BURRILL, JAMKS, an eminent lawyer 
 fcnd 'tatCHinan, v as born in Providence, 
 Rbcxie I = la:id. in 1772, and reco'ne.l his; 
 
 BUR 
 
 education it > -own university, where at 
 graduated in i S^. lie studied the pro 
 fe.-sion of la , and ?<>on acquired high 
 ition in Its prncti;-e. In 17.07 he 
 w.is appointed attorney-general of thr state, 
 and continued to discliavg" the duties of 
 this o.'iice f:>r over sixteen years, with un- 
 common abili.'y. In 1813 "the decline of 
 his health induced him to retire from the 
 bar. lie wa.i immediately Heated to a 
 seat in the st; te legislature, and in the 
 following year v ;i.s chosen -;ieaker of tile 
 house of it precutatives. In 1816 he 
 was appointed chief justice of the supreme 
 court, and in the next year was elected to 
 a scat in the Senate of the United State*. 
 Of this body he continued a conspicuous 
 and highly esteemed member till his death 
 in 1820. " 
 
 B URROUG IIS , G E o R a K , who suflered 
 death for the alleged crime of witchcraft, 
 during the mournful delusion on that sub- 
 ject, was a graduate of Harvard college, 
 and settled in the ministry at Salem in 
 1681. In 1692 he was arraigned at Salem 
 for having, by the arts of witchcraft, " tor- 
 tured, afflicted, pined, consumed, wasted, 
 and tormented" one Mary Wolcott, and 
 also for having performed several feata 
 which required wonderful strength. He 
 was convicted upon these accusations, and 
 executed on the nineteenth of August. 
 
 BURROW, Sir JAMES, a lawyer, mas- 
 ter of the crown office, was appointed pro 
 tempore, president of the Royal Society, 
 in 1772, on the death of Mr. West. He 
 died in 17S2. His works consist of four 
 volumes of Reports; a volume of King's 
 Bench Decisions; an Essay on Punctua- 
 tion; and Anecdotes of Cromwell and his 
 Family. 
 
 BURROW, REUBEN, a mathenuu - 
 cian, born at Hoberly, in Yorkshire, wan 
 originally a clerk to "a merchant, then an 
 usher, and next a schoolmaster. He waa 
 employed by Dr. Maskelvne in the obser- 
 vations on Sehehallien, and was made 
 drawing master at the Tower; after which 
 he went to Bengal, where he died, in 
 1791, while engaged in a trigonometrical 
 survey. He was a member of the Asiatic 
 Society. While in England, he edited the 
 Gentleman's and Lady's Diaries. Hi* 
 chief work is a Restitution of Apolloniu* 
 on Inclinations. 
 
 BURTON, ROBERT, an original and 
 learned writer, was born at Lindley, in 
 Leicestershire, in 1576, and received his 
 education at Brazenose and Christ Church 
 Colleges, Oxford; after which he obtained 
 the living of St. Thomas, Oxford, and, 
 subsequently, that of Segrave, in Leices- 
 tershire. He died in 1639-40. Burtcn 
 was subject to fits of hypochondria, and in 
 .said to have written his celebrated Anatotay 
 of Mclaicholy with tiu \iow of diverting 
 
BUS 
 
 hit mind from his besetting malady. His 
 work has great and diversified merit; and 
 later writer*, especially Sterne, have been 
 indebted to it for much that has been ad- 
 mired in t -.cir volume.-. 
 
 BURTON, HENRY, burn at BirdsaH, 
 in Yorkshire, about 1579, was educated at 
 Oxford; was clerk of the closet to Prince 
 Henry, and, afterwards, rector of Saint 
 Matthew's, Friday Street. Two sermons, 
 in a coarse and puritanical style, reflecting 
 f/n the bishops, which, in 1G36, he preached 
 to his parishioners, drew on him the ven- 
 geance of the detestable star chamber. 
 Every principle of justice was violated in 
 the course of the proceedings against him; 
 
 BUT 
 
 131 
 
 and he was condemned to 
 five thousand pounds, to 
 
 to pay a 
 be derad 
 
 fine of 
 raded from 
 
 the ministry and from his degrees, to have 
 his ears cut off in the pillory, and to be 
 perpetually imprisoned, without the use 
 of pen, ink, and paper, and without seeing 
 any one but his keeper. The mutilation 
 of his ears, which was executed with ex- 
 traordinary cruelty, he bore with the ut- 
 most fortitude. In 1640 he was liberated 
 by the parliament, and he died in 1648. 
 He wrote many theological tracts, which 
 have sunk into oblivion. 
 
 BUSBECQ, or BUSBEQUIUS, Au- 
 GIER GutsLEN, a natural son of the lord 
 
 of Busbecq, was born at Commines, in j born in 1618, and served with reputation 
 Flanders, in 1522; received letters of legit- j in the army for some years. He shone as a 
 imation on account of his genius; and courtier till his scandalous chronicle, called 
 was employed on various embassies, par- J the Amorous History of the Gauls, and hia 
 ticularly on a mission to the Emperor j lampoons on the king's connection with 
 Soliman It., during which he remained sev- ! Mademoiselle de la Valiere, occasioned him 
 eral years at Constantinople. Maximilian j to be imprisoned in the Bastile for twelve 
 II. entrusted to him the education of his ! months, and banished from court for fifteen 
 Fons. Busbecq died in France, in 1592. 'years. By dint of mean solicitations he 
 Among other works, he wrote an Account j was recalled ; but was so coldly treated by 
 of his Travels in the East. [the monarch, that he again withdrew to 
 
 BUSBY, DR. RICHARD, was born; his estate, wbere he died in 1693. He 
 
 of MatbeflMCiefl proves his cientiflc knowl 
 
 edge. 
 
 BUSCHINGj ANTHONY FREDERIC, 
 one of the creators of statistics and mod- 
 ern geography, was born, in 1724, at 
 Stadthagrn, in Westphalia, and studied at 
 Halle. After Iraving been tutor to the son 
 of Count Lynar, he settled for a while at 
 Copenhagen, where he commenced hia 
 geographical labours. In 1754, he was 
 chosen extraordinary professor of philoso- 
 phy at Gottingcn ; and, in 1761, he was 
 invited to Petersburgh, to be pastor of the 
 German Lutheran church. At Petersburgh 
 he established a public school, which soon 
 became one of the most flourishing in the 
 north; but the persecution which he expe- 
 rienced from .Marshal Munich, to whom he 
 would not implicitly submit, compelled 
 him to quit Russia. He finally settled at 
 Berlin, where he was patronised and highly 
 esteemed by the king and the royal family, 
 and where he died in 1793. His works, 
 philosophical and geographical, extend to 
 more than a hundred volumes. Two of 
 the principal are, a System of Geography, 
 6 vols. 4to. ; and an Historical and Geo- 
 graphical Magazine of modern Times, 22 
 vols. 4to. 
 
 BUSSY-RABUTIN, ROGER, Count 
 de, a French writer and courtier, was 
 
 at Lutton, in Leicestershire, in 1606, and 
 educated at Westminster and Christ 
 
 had wit, courage, and personal accom- 
 plishments ; but was inordinately vain, 
 
 Church, Oxford. In 1640, he was ap-i splenetic, and malignant. Besides the 
 pointed master of Westminster school ; j work already mentioned, he is the author 
 
 which situation he retained more than 
 fifty-five years, till his decease in 1695. 
 He nlo held various church preferments. 
 Busby was an excellent classical teacher, 
 but a severe disciplinarian. IS'onc^of his 
 pupils \\ere spoiled by a sparing use" of the 
 rod. 
 
 BUSCII, JOHN GEORGE, a native of 
 
 of Letters; Memoirs; and an Abridged 
 History of Louis the Great 
 
 BUTE, JOHN STUART, Earl of, of 
 an ancient Scotch family, was born early 
 in the eighteenth century, and, in 1738, 
 was appointed one of the lords of the bed- 
 chamber to Frederic, prince of Wales, the 
 father of George III. He possessed the 
 
 I.uneburg, who was born in 1728, and died [entire confidence of the princess of Wales, 
 in 1SOO, was director of the Commercial and is said to have exercised a prejudicial 
 Academy at Hamburgh, and is the author j influence in the political education of the 
 of several standard woiks on commerce ' future sovereign, of whom, however, he 
 and political economy. Among them may ! became a favourite. On his accession, 
 be mentioned, the Theory of Commerce"; George III. made him groom of the stole, 
 Essays on Commerce ; on Banks; and on and one of the privy council, and, in 1761, 
 the Circulation of Money. Busche under- 'appointed him one of the secretaries c-f 
 el-.od all the European languages; was state, in the room of Lord Holderness 
 verseu in the mathematics; and was a In the following year Bute became first 
 ITuly pturiotic citizen. Ilia E::CVC]I.JM -.!'. i ! >r<i nf t\^> tn-.iv.iry. Under his aur/Kfa, 
 
136 
 
 HUT 
 
 a treaty, which disappointed the ho]. -\ to have !:( i lust, by Irinjj put 
 
 the nation, was concluded \\ilh 1'iaiice out upon !i;i.! Mvutity. The second and 
 
 and Spain. Ho. soon after, apparently tliinl narts ef Hudibra:? appeared in !('!> I 
 
 retired from public hu.-iness; lint he is ami 1(>7S. Th;> remain:!. -r of Iii.-- works 
 
 believed to have long influenced th(> moas- was not given In tlie world tiil Ion;; after 
 
 nres of llie monarch. He died ia 17M2. hi.- de/ea.-e-. The poet, died, in coniparu- 
 
 In his private life. Unto was an amiahlr the ( bsrurity, in ItiiSO. ami was buried in 
 
 and worthy man, and a l,.\er of science, the churchyard of St. Paul's, Covcnt d'ar- 
 
 To batany he was particularly partial, and den. In originality, \\it, and felicit\ -of 
 
 liad an extensive knowledge f 
 
 illustration and allusion, lludibras remains 
 
 Bl'TLKH, CHARLES, an Kngli.-h di- without a rival, and seems likely to remain 
 
 \ine, ho ru in 1 .").":), ; a lii-h \V\combe, so. Even thechangeof customs and habits, 
 
 Bucks, was educated at Oxford, and, about 
 1600, became vicar of Lawrence \Vottou, 
 'Hant-, uliere he died in 16-17. Of liis 
 works, the chief are, the Feminine M.m- 
 nrcliy, or a Treatise on Bees, a curious 
 a. id elever production; and the Principles 
 of Music, which has been highly praised 
 \ Dr. Burney, a judge whose competence 
 to decide on such a subject admits of no 
 appeal. 
 
 BUTLER, SAMI-XI., 
 
 wittiest of 
 
 which time has produced, has not destroyed 
 its attractions; and no poem in our lan- 
 guage, perhaps, allords so fertile or f.o 
 fi-eijuent a source of ludicrous ((notation. 
 
 BUTLER, JosKi'H, an eminent pre- 
 late and theological writer, was Iwirn, in 
 ](iJ)2, at Wantage, in Berkshire, and was 
 originally a dissgfiter, but eonfiirmed to 
 the church, and studied at Oriel College, 
 Oxford. He was successively preacher at 
 the Rolls College, rector of Houghton and 
 
 of Stanhope, a prebend of Rochester, and 
 clerk of the closet to Queen Caroline. In 
 173<) he published his celebrated Analogy 
 of Religion; in 1738 he was made bishop 
 of Bristol ; and in 1750 bishop of Durham 
 He died in 1752. Besides the Analogy, 
 lie printed a volume of Sermons, and a 
 Charge to his Clergy, on the subject of 
 external religion. 
 
 BUTLER, AI.BAN, a catholic divine, 
 of great learning, was born at Appletree, 
 in .Northamptonshire, in 1710; was edu- 
 cated at Douay; became tutor to the duke 
 of Norfolk's nephew; and died, in 1773, 
 ^~,^^., ._,....... ,.~, ...v- ,..*.~ u . . president of the English College at St. 
 
 English poets, was born in 1612, and waslOmers. Of his works, the principal is, 
 the son of a farmer at Strensham, in Wor- the Lives of the Saints, in 5 vols. 4to. 
 
 cester.shire. The first part of his educa- 
 tion he obtained at Worcester school; but 
 whether he completed it at Oxford or 
 Cambridge is a point in dispute, though 
 
 the weiht of evidence and 
 
 opnon s n 
 
 favour of the latter university. After he 
 left college, he was successively clerk to 
 a justice of peace named Jeffreys, and an 
 inmate in the families of the countess of 
 Kent, and of Sir Samuel Luke, a Bed- 
 f irdshire gentleman, wh;> was a commander 
 
 under (Yoni\ 
 
 While he was in this 
 
 last situation he is believed to have written 
 his Hudibras, the hero of which is Sir 
 Samuel Luke liim.-e'.f. The first part of 
 Hudibras was pnUUu.-d in 1663, and im- 
 mediately became popular. Lord Dorset 
 called the attention of the court to it, but 
 the author benefited little by this, circum- 
 stance. A gratuity of three hundred pounds 
 to have been the only reward which 
 was bestowed on him by the worthless 
 ign. Hv the earl of Carbi-rv lie was 
 appointed steward of Ludlow Castle; and 
 he married Mrs. Herbert, a woman of 
 
 BUTLER. See ORMOND. 
 
 BUTTNER, CHRISTIAN WILLIAM, a 
 German naturalist and philologist, born at 
 Wolfenbuttle, in 1716, was originally an 
 apothecary, but relinquished that profession 
 to study the primitive history of nations, 
 and the fdiation of their languages. In 
 pursuit of this object, and of natural history, 
 he restricted himself to what was barely 
 necessary to support life, making only one 
 frugal meal a day, and expending his 
 savings upon books. For a quarter of a 
 century he was- professor at Gottingen, 
 and contributed greatly to spread a love of 
 philological studies. ' He died in 1801. 
 His published works are, unfortunately, 
 few in number: among them is, Compara- 
 tive Tables of the Alphabets of Ancient 
 and Modern .Nations, lie left in MS. a 
 I'rodromus Linguarum. 
 
 BUTTON, Sir THOMAS, a navigator, 
 who was in the service of Prince Henry, 
 son of James I. In 1612, he sailed with 
 two \essi Is, to follow up the discoveries 
 of Henry Hudson. He wintered in Nel- 
 
 ome fortune; which fortune, however, is son's river, which was discovered by 
 
BYL 
 
 and returned to England in the autumn of 
 1613. Button was the first who, on the 
 u estcrn side of Hudson's Bay, readied the 
 eastern roast of America. In this expedi- 
 tion he displayed much ability and sound 
 
 i'lise 
 
 I ; I X I'. A I ' M, JOHN CHRISTIAN, a 
 4 Jerman botanist, born at Merseburg, in 
 1G94, \vas one of the foreigners whom the 
 (V.ar Peter invited'intoRussia. He formed 
 ,he boianic: gardrn at Petersburg!! ; was 
 rok-s.-or of the, imperial college in that 
 ity; and was sent to travel, for botanical 
 iiiposes, in Turkey, in Siberia, and on 
 he Persian frontier. His chief work is 
 vne on the plants of Turkey. Linnaeus 
 ;ave the name of Buxbaumia to one division 
 f the family of the mosses. 
 
 BLXTON, JKDADIAH, an extraordi- 
 nary calculator, was born at Elm ton, in 
 Derbyshire, about 1704; and, though the 
 Ron of a schoolmaster, he received no edu- 
 cation whatever He possessed, however, 
 uncommon powers of calculation and ab- 
 straction for, in the midst of a crowd, he 
 could solve the most difficult arithmetical 
 questions. But he had no ideas beyond the 
 mental use of figures. In 1754, he walked 
 to London, and was presented to the Royal 
 Society. While he was in the metropolis, 
 Re was taken to the theatre, where he em- 
 ployed himself solely in counting the steps 
 of the dancers, and the words which Gar- 
 rick uttered. He died at the age of about 
 seventy. 
 
 BUXTORF, JOHN, the first of a family, 
 the members of which, during two centu- 
 ries, were famous for a profound knowledge 
 of Hebrew and Chaldee, was born at Ca- 
 men, in Westphalia, in 1564, and became 
 professor at Basil, where he died in 1629. 
 Among his works are, a Chaldaic, Talmu- 
 dic, and Rabbinic Lexicon ; a Hebrew 
 and Chaldaic Dictionary; and a Hebrew 
 Bible, with the Rabbinical and Chaldaic 
 Paraphrases. 
 
 BUXTORF, JOHN, a son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Basil, in 1599; suc- 
 ceeded his father, as professor, in 1630; 
 and died in 1664. He compiled a ChaKUxic 
 and Syriac Lexicon; translated JMaimo- 
 nides "into Latin; and produced several 
 philological and other works. At the early 
 a^; of four years, he is said to have been 
 uble to read German, Latin, and Hebrew. 
 JOHN, his son, and JOHN, his nephew, 
 were also consummate Hebraists. 
 
 BYLES, MATHER, a congregational 
 minister, was born in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, in 1706. He was educated at Har- 
 vard university, and after completing his 
 theological studies, was ordained the lirst 
 pastor of the church in lloll : -t street, Bos- 
 ton, in 1732. Byles, contributed many 
 essays to the New England Weekly Jour- 
 Dai, and wrote several occasional poems, 
 
 BYR 137 
 
 which \\ere afterwards collected in a vol- 
 ume. He obtained considerable literary 
 reputation, and corresponded with Pope, 
 Lansdowne, and Watts. Though in his 
 day a popular preacher, and a poet of some 
 merit, he if now chiefly remembered by his 
 reputation for u ready and powerful wit. 
 In 1776 his connection with hie congrega- 
 tion was dissolved on account of his tory- 
 ism, and in the following year he was de- 
 nounced publicly as, an enemy to his country, 
 and afterwards tried before a special court. 
 He passed the last twelve years of his life 
 in retirement, ami died in 1788. 
 
 BY r NG, the Hon. JOHN, fourth son of 
 Viscount Torrington, was born in 1704) 
 and, having manifested an early inclina- 
 tion to the sea service, he, at the age of 
 thirteen, accompanied his father. During 
 the war which ended in 1748, he acquired 
 the reputation of a good officer, and rose 
 to be vice-admiral of the red. In 1756, 
 he was sent, with an inadequate force, to 
 relieve Minorca, in which he failed. His 
 indecisive engagement with the French 
 excited public clamour, and a despicable 
 ministry resolved to save themselves by 
 making him the victim. He was sentenced 
 to be shot, a sentence which, in utter con- 
 tempt of justice, was executed on the 14th 
 of March, 1757. He met death with a 
 firmness which amply refuted the calum- 
 nies of his persecutors. 
 
 BYNG. See TORRINGTON. 
 
 BYNKERSHOEK, CORNELIUS VAN, 
 a celebrated publicist, was born at Middle- 
 burgh, in Zealand, in 1673, and died, at 
 the Hague, in 1743, at which period he 
 was president of the council in Holland. 
 In 1699 he established the Hague New 
 Mercury, which was soon suppressed as 
 being too satirical. His observations on 
 the Roman Laws, and other works of the 
 same kind, are of high authority. 
 
 BYRNE, WILLIAM, was born at Lon- 
 don, in 1742, and was originally an en- 
 graver of ciphers and arms; but, display- 
 ing superior talents, he was sent to Paris, 
 to study the higher branches of the art, 
 under Aliamet and Wille. On his return 
 to England he soon acquired reputation. 
 Among his principal works are, the Anti- 
 quities of Britain, and Smith's Italiaa 
 Scenery. He died in 1805. 
 
 BYROM, JOHN, a poet, and the in- 
 ventor of an excellent system of stenog- 
 raphy, was born, in 1691, at Kersall, near 
 Manchester, and educated at Merchant 
 Tailors' School and Cambridge. His pas- 
 toral of Colin and Phoebe, and Essays on 
 Dreaming, printed in the Spectator, gained 
 him the patronage of Dr. Bentley, through 
 whose interest Jie obtained a fellowship 
 This, of course, he forfeited by his mar 
 ria^e; and he then taught short hand for 
 a sul-p stence, till he came into possession! 
 
1^ BYR 
 
 of v "aim i estate by the decease of his 
 eh.cv othe-. Byroni was a member of 
 the 5- j Society. He died in 17(>:?. His 
 metrl-c* eompoaitionfl have been admitted 
 into thf British Poets. 
 
 BYR N, the Hon. JOHN, grandfather 
 of the c lebrated poor, was burn at Ncw- 
 tead A I : -ry, in 1723; entered the navy at 
 an early -\ge ; and was wrecked, on a 
 desert isl-..id ni-ar t'hiloe, in the \Vat, r er, 
 one of the iquadron which Auaon led to 
 tlie South Seas. After suffering in the 
 most dreadful manner bv famine, the re- 
 mains of th<s crew surrendered to the Span- 
 iards, anil vrre captives during five years. 
 Of these calamitous adventures Byron after- 
 wards published a good Narrative. From 
 1764 to 1766, Hi was employed, with the 
 rank of captain, in a circumnavigators- 
 voyage of discovery. He rose to ue an 
 admiral, and commanded in the West In- 
 dies, during the American war. His de- 
 cease took place in 17S6. 
 
 BYRON, GEORGE Gom * v, Lord 
 Byron, the son of Captain Byroi., --ho was 
 notorious for his dissipated conWt, and 
 of Miss Gordon, was born at Dov.. Janu- 
 ary the 23d, 1788. Deserted by o ;r hus- 
 band, who had squandered het fwrtnne, 
 and who died not long after his dexi. tion 
 of her, Mrs. Byron retired with her eon 
 to Aberdeen, where, possessed of a \rry 
 confined income, she lived in pei \*rt 
 seclusion. The youthful Byron was of 
 delicate health, in consequence of whio.i 
 his studies were often interrupted, and Iv 
 was treated with an indulgence that, per- 
 haps, went beyond the bounds of prudence. 
 By the death "of his great uncle, in 1798, 
 ne succeeded to the family title and estates, 
 and became a ward of his relative, the 
 carl of Carlisle, by whom he was placed at 
 Harrow School. At the age of sixteen he 
 was removed to Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. At neither of these seminaries did 
 he particularly distinguish himself; and hi 
 contempt of academic rules often exposed 
 him to animadversion. It was at this pe- 
 riod of his life that he contracted an ar- 
 dent attachment to Mirs Chaworth, and a 
 bitting wound was indicted ;n his hear: by 
 
 BYR 
 
 her ultimate preference of an older suitor. 
 In his nineteenth year he quitted the uni- 
 versity, and took up his residence at the 
 family seat of Xewstead. It was during 
 his residence at Neustead that he publish- 
 ed his first work, with the title of Hours 
 of Idleness. This volume gave undoubted 
 indication* of talent; but the Edinburgh 
 Reviewers pounced upon it with a rabid 
 violence that was thoroughly disgusting. 
 They soon found, however, to their cost, 
 that they had made a wrong selection of 
 their victim. His lordship retorted upon 
 them in English Bards and Scottish Re- 
 .iewers, one of the most pungent satires of 
 modern times, and thus rendered them ob- 
 jerts of public laughter. In consequence 
 if his having become the friend of several 
 of the individuals satirised, he suppressed 
 this satire after it had reached a fourth 
 edition. On his coming of age, Byron 
 took his seat in the house of peers; but in 
 that house he never delivered more than 
 three speeches. He was now engaged in 
 a career of dissipation which was injurious 
 u>!ike to his fortune and to his health. 
 Breaking, however, through the Circean 
 snares that beset him, he proceeded on his 
 travels, with his friend Mr. Hobhouse,and 
 visited Spain, Portugal, and Greece; in 
 which latter country, the land of his idola- 
 try, he continued for a considerable time. 
 In 1811 he returned to England, and, a few 
 months afterwards, he gave to the world 
 the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pil- 
 grimage, which at once placed hi" n the 
 foremost rank of British poets. This work 
 was rapidly succeeded by the Giaour; tlie 
 Bride of Abydos : the Corsair ; Lara ; and 
 an Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte; all of 
 which, with the exception of the latter, ac- 
 quired unbounded popularity. Byron was, 
 in fact, the poetical idol of the day. On 
 the 2d of January, 1815, he married Miss 
 Milbanke. This ill starred union termin- 
 ated in a final separation, after the birth 
 of a daughter. After having given to the. 
 public his Hebrew Melodies; the Siege of 
 Corinth; and Parasina; he quitted Eng- 
 land, to which country he was destined 
 never to return. For a while he lived on 
 the borders of the Lake of Geneva, whenco 
 he removed to Italy, where he fixed him- 
 self, first at Venice, and subsequently al 
 Pisa. During this period his mind wa> 
 incessantly active; and, in rapid succes- 
 sion, he produced the last two cantos of 
 Clil<le Harold ; the dramas of Manfred, Ma- 
 rino Falieri, Sardanapalus, the Two Fos- 
 cari and Cain; the poems of the Prisoner 
 of C : illon, Monody on Sheridan, the La- 
 mo.nl of Tasso, the Prophecy of Dante, 
 Mazrroa, Beppo, and Don Juan; a con- 
 troven.r with Mr. Bowles, respecting tU 
 merit? *" Pope ; and a large portion of a 
 public* in which bore the title of the Lib- 
 
CAB 
 
 era!. Greece was now struggling for her 
 *reedom, ar.d her struggles could not be 
 viewed by Byron wita indifference. Re- 
 linquishing the tranquillity of private life, 
 he resolved to devote to her cause his for- 
 tune, his pen, and his sword. According- 
 ly, in the autumn of 1823, he joined the 
 Greeks, and had already made himself ven- 
 erated by his personal exertions and his 
 generous pecuniary aid, when he was at- 
 tacked by a fever, which terminated fatal- 
 ly on the" 20th of April, 1824. He expired 
 at Missolonghi, at the early age of thirty- 
 peven, leaving behind him a name that will 
 be as imperishable as language itself. His 
 loss was mourned by the Greeks as that of 
 a public benefactor, and almost regal hon- 
 ours weie ordered by the provisional gov- 
 ernment, to be paid to his memory and his 
 remains. Of the poetry of Byron little 
 
 CAB 
 
 139 
 
 need be said: it is of the highest order. 
 Few have ever called from the lyre, with 
 equal skill, such varied and seemingly in- 
 compatible tones. He is by turns sublime, 
 pathetic, tender, satirical, and sportive; 
 and in each of these dissimilar styles, he 
 displays an equal degree of excellence. 
 
 BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, ABRAHAM, 
 a Polish dominican, was born at Prosc- 
 zovie, in 1567, and settled at Rome, where 
 he died in 1637. He wrote various works, 
 of which the principal is, a Continuation, 
 in nine volumes, of the Annals of Baronius. 
 Bzovius having, in this production, spoken 
 unfavourably of the Emperor Louis IV. of 
 Bavaria, several Bavarian writers drew 
 their pens against him, and the elector in- 
 stituted a suit, the result of which was, 
 that Bzovius was compelled to retract Ins 
 assertions. 
 
 CABANIS, PETER JOHN GEORGE, a 
 French physician and literary character, 
 the son or an agriculturist of talent, was 
 born at Conac, in 1757, and in early life 
 visited Poland, where the political ser- 
 vility and coiruption, which he witnessed 
 on a great occasion, inspired him, as he 
 tells us, with a precocious contempt of man- 
 kind, and a disposition to melancholy. 
 This, however, did not prevent him from 
 manifesting infinite kindness and benevo- 
 lence in his subsequent career. On his re- 
 turn to his native country, he chose the 
 medical profession, and attained high rep- 
 utation. Tn politics he also bore a part. 
 He was the bosom friend of Mirabeau, and 
 satin the council of five hundred, and in 
 the ser-ate of Napoleon. He died in 1807. 
 His collected medical and other works 
 have been published in seven octavo vol- 
 ume?. 
 
 CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, 
 WILLIAM, a Provencal troubadour of the 
 thirteenth century, is celebrated for his tal- 
 ents and misfortunes. A lady, of whom 
 he was enamoured, rendered him insane by 
 a love pot'on; and after he recovered his 
 senses a severer fate awaited him. Ca- 
 bcstan having entered into the service of 
 the wife of Raymond de Seillans, Ray- 
 mond became jealous of him, put him to 
 death, about 1213, and served up the heart 
 of the poet, dressed, to his wife, who did 
 of grief on hearing what she had eaten, or, 
 as some say, threw herself from a window. 
 Some of Cabestan's poems are still in ex- 
 istence. 
 
 CABOT, SEBASTIAN, a celebrate! nav- 
 gator (the son of John Cabot a Venetian, 
 who was also eminent for nautical knowl- 
 
 edge), was born at Bristol, in 1477. In 
 1497, the Cabot family being then in the 
 service of Henry VII., he bore a part in 
 the voyages in which his father discovered 
 Newfoundland and the American continent. 
 In 1517 Sebastian made a fruitless attempt 
 to reach the East Indies by a new track. 
 He soon after entered into the Spanish ser- 
 vice, in which he remained for some years, 
 and explored the Rio de la Plata and part 
 of the coast of South America. Under the 
 reign of Edward VI. however, he returned 
 to this country, and was pensioned, made 
 grand pilot of" England, and consulted on 
 all maritime and commercial affairs. He 
 died in 1557. Sebastian Cabot was the 
 first who noticed the variation of the com- 
 pass. He published an account of his Voy- 
 ages in the Northern Regions. 
 
 CABOT, GEORGE, was born in Salem, 
 Massachusetts, in the year 1752, and spent 
 the early part of his life in the employment 
 of a shipmaster. He possessed a vigorous 
 and inquisitive mind, and took advantage 
 of every opportunity of improvement and 
 acquisition, even amid the restlessness and 
 danger of a seafaring life. Before he was 
 twenty-six years of age, he was elected a 
 member of the provincial Congress of Mas- 
 sachusetts, which met with the visionary 
 project of establishing a maximum in the 
 prices of provision. There he displayed 
 that sound sense, and that acquaintance 
 with the true principles of political econo- 
 my, for which he afterwards became EO 
 much distinguished. Mr. Cabot was a 
 member of the State Convention assem- 
 bled to deliberate on the adoption of the 
 federal constitution, and in 1790 was elect- 
 ed to a seat in the senate of the United 
 
140 
 
 CM) 
 
 State*. Of this body he l>ecame one of 
 tne most distinguished members, and en- 
 'oved the unlimited confidence and friend- 
 ship of Hamilton and Washington. In 
 l x <)s lie became a member of the council 
 of Massachusetts, and in isi t was ap- 
 pointed a delegate to the convention which 
 met at Hartf >rd, and uas chosen to pre- 
 side ii\er its deliberations. He died at 
 B-'>to:i in H2o, at ihe a^e of 72 yean. 
 He po.-seed a mind of u'rcat en. 
 penetration, and in private L-fe wa> much 
 loved and esteeau-d. As a public man lie 
 uas pine ir.nl disinterested, on hi:;h 
 Iv and persuasive eloquence. His favour- 
 lie studies were political economy and the 
 science of <;o\ernmcnt. 
 
 CA15SIAL, PKDRO ALVARK/, a Por- 
 tuguese, commaDded a fleet which, in 1500, 
 was lilted out for thu East Indies, by 
 Emanuel of Portugal. To avoid the cal.ns 
 of the African coast, Cabral steered so far 
 westward that ho reached the American 
 shore, where he discovered Brazil: so that 
 the new world would have been revealed 
 even had Columbus not succeeded in his 
 attempt. Cabral afterwards sailed to the 
 Ea-t ; reduced the Zamorin of Calicut to 
 eue for peace; and, in 1501, returned home 
 richly laden. He dice', in Portugal. His 
 Account of his Voyage was translated and 
 published at Venice. 
 
 CACAULT, FRANCIS, a French diplo- 
 matist and literary character, was born at 
 Nantz, in 1742, and became mathematical 
 professor of the military school ; after which 
 he travelled in Italy for six years, whence 
 he returned in 1775. In 1785, he was ap- 
 pointed secretary of embassy at Naples, 
 and he subsequently was ambassador at 
 Rome and Genoa. He signed the treaty of 
 Tolentino, and opened the negotiation for 
 the Concordat. In France, he was thrice 
 one of the representatives of the people. 
 He died a senator in 1805. Cacault trans- 
 lated the Lyric Poems of Ramler, and the 
 Dramaturgia of Lessing. 
 
 CADALSO, JOSK, one of the late wri- 
 ters of Spain, was born of a noble familv, 
 at Cadi/., in 1741. He was educated in 
 Paris where In- obtained an acquaintance 
 with the principal languages of modern 
 Europe, and afterwards travelled through 
 England. France, Portugal, (lermany and 
 Italv. At the age of 20 he returned home 
 and joined the army, where he remained 
 I'll his death, attentive to his military du- 
 ties, though devoted to literature. 11 was 
 killed at the Me_M- of Gibraltar in 17*2. 
 He is the author <.f Cartas Marrn 
 series of letter-; po~-e-.-;n_' ni'icli merit; a 
 satne called Erudit"- i It Vi'deta; a tra- 
 gedy; and se\i-ral poetical pie (.- under the 
 till'- n|' ( > \ - .1" mi Juve.itud. 
 
 CADAMOSTA, 1. n is n v, a Venetian 
 avigalor, uho, in 1454, w;is takm iato 
 
 C.KC 
 
 the service of Prince Henry of Portugal, 
 and, in the following year, explored the 
 African coast as far as the Gambia. In 
 1 l")o', he di.-co\ered the Cape Verd islands. 
 Cadamosta returned to Venice on the death 
 of Prince Henry, and drew up an excellent 
 \arrative of his \o\:i^es, which was pub- 
 lished at Vicen/.a, in 1307. 
 
 CADET DE \ A IX. LXTHONI \i.r.\- 
 is, the son of a chemist and apothecary 
 of considerable talent, was born, in 1743, 
 at Paris, and died in 1.^2S. He uas a 
 member of various learntd societie 
 tablished the Journal de Paris; edited and 
 contributed to some other journa's; and 
 wrote various works of merit, chie'ly on 
 agriculture, among \\hich are Treatist s . u 
 the Cultivation of Potatoes and Tobacco, 
 and the Manufacture of Wine. 
 
 CADET DE GASSICOURT.CHARLKi 
 Louis, (brother of Cadet de Vaux), 
 was born at Paris, in 17G9, and, after the 
 death of his father in 1199, quitted the bar 
 to devote himself to chemistry and philoso- 
 phy. He died in 1821. His works, in 
 various departments, are numerous and 
 meritorious. Aming them may be men- 
 tioned his Dictionary of Chemistry, in 4 
 vols. ; Travels in Austria, .Moravia, and 
 Bavaria; Letters on London and the Eng- 
 lish .Nation; Travels in Normandy, and 
 the Supper of Moliere. He likewise was 
 a liberal contributor to all the scientific 
 journals. 
 
 CADOGAN, WILLIAM, first earl of 
 Cadogan, was the son of a counsellor, and 
 entered the army early in life. In 1703 
 he was made a brigadier-general, and next 
 year he distinguished himself at the battle 
 of Blenheim. He was the friend of Marl- 
 borough, and the companion of that great 
 general in all his victories; and was also 
 mployed as plenipotentiary in the Low 
 Countries and at the Hague. In 1716, he 
 was created a baron, and in 171S an earl, 
 and he succeeded Marlborough as com- 
 mander in chief and master general of the 
 ordnance. He died in 1727. 
 
 CADWA1.ADEK, JOHN, was born in 
 Philadelphia, and rose to the rank of brig- 
 adier-general in the American army during 
 the revolutionary war. He was a man of 
 indexible cotirag", and possessed in a high 
 legree the esteem and confidence of Wasli- 
 ngton. In 177S, he was appointed by 
 Congress general of cavalry, an appoint- 
 ment which he declined on the score of 
 being more useful in the situation he then 
 occupied. After the war he was a nu mber 
 of the assembly of Maryland, and died in 
 17S(i, in th;- 44th year .'f his a 
 
 C.EC1 Ell'S STATICS, a native of 
 Milaa, who died at Koine, n. c. lu'S wan 
 riginallv a s!a\e, bat uas emancipated in 
 oiiM-ijtu -'ice <if his talent as a dramatic 
 writ. -i He wr.-te f uty comedies, of wL'icJl 
 
CJES 
 
 only few fragments remain Csecilius 
 has the nine merit of having been gencroib 
 to a rival. When Terence was young, and 
 as yet unknown, his first piece was liberally 
 praised, and recommended to public notice, 
 
 li\ ( Veilius. 
 
 'C.KIKJS AURELIANUS, a Latin 
 phvsician, the founder, or at least the first 
 writer, of the medical sect of the Metho- 
 dists, is said by some to have been born at 
 in Asia, and by others, at Sicca in 
 Some fix his existence in the 
 while others make him a 
 
 Aria 
 
 fifth 
 
 century ; 
 
 contemporary of Galen. Two of his 
 works, on acute and chronic disorders, are 
 still extant, and possess considerable merit. 
 The system of the Methodists seems to have 
 given rise to that of Brown. 
 
 CJ&SALPINU3, A.NDKKW, an Italian 
 physician and botanist, was born at Arex/o, 
 in 1519; became chief physician to Pope 
 Clement VIII. ; and died at' Rome in 1603. 
 CtesalpiiHM appears to have had an idea of 
 the circulation of the blood, and was the 
 first who invented a regular system of 
 plants. He is the author of an excellent 
 Latin Treatise on Plants, and of various 
 medical and philosophical works. 
 
 CJTiSAR, CAIUS JULIUS, the first Ro- 
 man emperor, the son of Lucius Ciesar and 
 Aurelia, the daughter of Cotta, was born 
 at Rome, B. c. 100, and lust his father at 
 the age- of sixteen. Being connected, by 
 his own marriage and that of his aunt, 
 with the faction of Marius, his destruction 
 was resohe-l upon In Sylla. By the inter- 
 cession cf friends, however, the dictator was 
 induced to spare him; but he at the same 
 tini;- told the intercessors that thev would 
 repent of their interference, for that in the 
 youth who was the object of their solicitude 
 he f >resaw many Mariuses. After having 
 made a campaign in Asia Miii'ir, and at- 
 
 14 
 
 million i-ix. hundred thousanl poi.nds. I. 
 was while he was passing through a poor 
 village in the Alps, on his way to Spain, 
 that he uttered the speech which is so 
 characteristic of his towering ambition: 
 " 1 had rather be the first man in this 
 place, than the second at Rome." On hi* 
 return to the Roman capital, he formed the 
 first triumvirate, with Pompey and Crassus, 
 
 and became consul, B. c 
 
 pey J 
 
 . 59. 
 
 When his 
 
 consulship was expired, he received the 
 command in Gaul, for five years, with four 
 legions; and his commission was subse- 
 quently extended to another five years. 
 While he was in Gaul, he reduced that 
 country to complete subjection, defeated 
 the German tribes, and twice nvaded 
 Britain. In the course of his Gallic wars, 
 there fell a million of men; eight hundred 
 cities and towns were taken by him, and 
 three hundred tribes subdued. A wider 
 sphere of action, however, and more un- 
 controlled power, now awaited him. Jeal- 
 ous of Cu-sar's influence, or envious of his 
 renown, Pompey was become his enemy, 
 and he induced the senate to strip him of 
 his command; while he himself was allow- 
 ed to retain his own. Caesar refused to 
 obey, passed the sacred boundary of the 
 Rubicon with his army, put Pompey to 
 Might, and in sixty days was master of It- 
 aly. Thence he hastened into Spain, and 
 overthrew the partisans of Pompey. Re- 
 isiting Rome, he was declared dictator, 
 and then consul; after' which he led his 
 forces into Greece, and gave Pompey a 
 ilecisive defeat at Pharsalia, B. c. 48. He 
 followed tle defeated leader into Egypt; 
 but though, before his arrival, Pompey was 
 no more, Ciesar had a perilous struggle 
 with the Egyptians. Thev were, however, 
 vanqui.-hcd. 1 harnaces, king of Pontus 
 was next rapidly subdued. '* Veni, vidi, 
 vici, I came, l" saw, I conquered," was 
 the language of Ca-sar to a friend, with re- 
 spect to the \\ar in Pontus. After a brief 
 stay at Rome, he proceeded to Africa, 
 where he overcame the partisans of Pom- 
 pey, who were; headed by Scipio and Cato. 
 For these achievements he was honoured 
 with four se\eral triumphs. The sons of 
 Pompey, meanwhile, had gathered a for- 
 midable army in Spain. Cirsar pursued 
 them, and put an end to the hopes of the 
 Pom* elan faction by the battle of Munda; 
 in which, however, his fortune seemed for 
 a moment on the point of deserting him. 
 The world \\as now his own. lie was 
 
 tended the lectures of ApoHooius M ,!:> at I created perpetual dictator, and was ofler- 
 Rliodes, (Vsar returned to Rome, and let ed, but declined to accept, the title of king. 
 
 The power which he had gained by so iaa- 
 ny Struggles he did not long enjoy. A con- 
 
 slip no opportunity of winning the a'lectien 
 of the people. He filled the offices of chief 
 
 pontiff ami pr.rtor, and then obtained the 
 government of Spain, in which he acquired 
 money sufficient to pay his debts, though 
 they amounted to the enormous sum of one 
 
 spiracy was formed against him by Brutus, 
 ( 'assiits, and others, and he fell a victim 
 to it, in the seiu te house, being pierced 
 with twenty-three wounds, on the 15th of 
 
142 
 
 CA1 
 
 Marci, B. c. 44. Transcendent as were 
 his military talents, (Vsar was not eminent 
 for military talents alone. lie was a con- 
 summate orator, and an admirable writer. 
 Unfortunately, of his composition?, only his 
 
 CIL 
 
 by studying theology; but soon devoted 
 himself 'to astronomy. Cassini obtained 
 for him a place in the observatory; and 
 he assisted the younger Cassini in verify- 
 ing the meridian throughout France. Being 
 
 Commentaries are extant. Science is also ' appointed professor of mathematics at the 
 indebted to him for the reformation of the Mazarine college, nc delivered there a 
 calendar. His placability and clemency, scries of highly valuable lectures. In 1750 
 rare virtues as they are in an ambitious he went to the Cape, to examine the stars 
 
 man and a conqueror, are entitled to no 
 scanty share of praise. To subvert the 
 liberties of our country is, indisputably, a 
 crime of the deepest dye, and of this Cjesar 
 is accused ; but it may, perhaps, admit of a 
 doubt, whether, at the period in which he 
 lived, liberty, in the true sense of the word, 
 had any existence at Rome, and whether 
 the interests of the human race would have 
 been benefited by the triumph of Pompey 
 over his illustrious antagonist. 
 
 BASS US, a Roman lyric 
 poet and grammarian, of the reign of JVero, 
 was buried in his country house by an erup- 
 tion of Vesuvius, A. D. 79. Quintilian and 
 Pliny praise his lyric poetry, and Persius 
 addressed one of his satires to him ; but, 
 with the exception of a few fragments, his 
 works have perished. 
 
 CAGLIARI, or CALTARI, PAUL, a 
 celebrated painter, generally known by the 
 name of PA PL VERONESE, was born at 
 
 Verona, in 1532, and 
 
 instructed in 
 
 painting by his uncle Badile. Having ac- 
 companied an embassy to Rome, he profit- 
 ed from studying the works of Michael 
 Angelo and Raphael. His pictures are 
 numerous, and in high estimation. The 
 Marriage of Cana is the finest of them. 
 Cagliari excels in colouring and composi- 
 tion; but is defective in drawing and cos- 
 tume. He died at Venice, in 1588. His 
 sons, CARLKTTO and GABRIEL, and his 
 brother BENEDICT, were all painters 
 
 CAGLIOSTRO, Count ALEXANDER, 
 an adventurer, whose real name is said to 
 have been JOSEPH B A LSAMO, was born at 
 Palermo, in 1743. Under various names, 
 and ostensibly in the character of a chemist 
 and physician, but, as some aflirm, really in 
 that of a swindler, he wandered through 
 Greece, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and other 
 countries. In 17?0, he visited France, 
 where he lived in a st\le of great splen- 
 dour, and was much admired for his medi- 
 cal skill, and his liberality- He was, 
 however, intulred with the cardinal dc 
 Kchan, in the mysterious atl'air of tin- 
 diamond neck'a:e, :ind confined in the 
 Basilic; but was finally pronounced inno- 
 cent. He was tried at Rome, in 1789, as 
 being guilty of freemasonry, and he died. 
 
 ttle < ( >Sai;it 
 
 in 1795, a "prisoner i 
 
 Angelo. 
 
 CAILLE, NlCHGLlJ I.'Hi^ n> i. A. a 
 French nr.themal.icia i and as-'trnnoiii-r, 
 vas b-jra, in 1713. at lt;unijny, aad began 
 
 of the southern hemisphere; and, during 
 his residence there of two year?, he ascer- 
 tained the position of nine thousand eight 
 hundred. Astronomy also owes to him 
 many other important services. He died 
 in 1762. Besides his Elementary Lessons, 
 the substance of his lectures, he published 
 Elements of Optics, and \arious other 
 works. 
 
 CAILLET, WILLIAM, a French peas- 
 ant, born at Mello, in the Beauvaisis, wan 
 the leader of the famous insurrection called 
 the Jacquerie, which broke out in the north 
 of France, in 1358, extended its ravages 
 to several provinces, and C'uised the 
 slaughter of many noblemen and gentle- 
 men, and the burning of more than two 
 hundred castles. The insurgents were at 
 length subdued, and Caillet was beheaded 
 in 1359. 
 
 CAILLY, JAMES Dr., n French poet, 
 better known under the name of d'Aceilly, 
 was Wn at Orleans, in 1604; and died 
 in 1673, one of the king's household. He 
 is the author of a great number of epi- 
 grams, many of which are pointed and 
 
 CAIUS, or K AYE, JOHN, a physician, 
 was born in 1510, at Norwich; was edu- 
 cated at Gonville Hall, Cambridge; took 
 his degree at Bologna ; and became suc- 
 cessively physician to Edward VI., Mary, 
 and Elizabeth. He endowed Gonvillt 
 Hall with several estates, and converted 
 it into a college, by the name of Caiut 
 College, of which he was the first master, 
 and where he died in 1573. His epitaph 
 is truly laconic. " Fui Caius." HP. wrote 
 various works on medicine and natural 
 philosophy; and a History of Cambridge. 
 
 CAJETAN, Cardinal, "so denominated 
 from Cajeta, or Gaeta, where he was born 
 in 1469, but whose real name was THOMAS 
 
 DE Vio, 
 
 sent bv Leo X. into Ger- 
 
 many, to incite the emperor against the 
 Turks, and to stop the progress of Luther's 
 doctrines. By his haughtiness to the re- 
 former, however, in tbe conferences which 
 he hold with him, he only augmented the 
 evil. He died in 1534. "Though all his 
 life he was actively engaged in public 
 affairs, 
 
 never failed to devote some 
 hour* daily to study. He wrote various 
 works, of which the chief are, Commen- 
 taries on the Bible; and a Treatise on the 
 . 
 
 (lt:i>Ti-., or 
 
 apal Authority. 
 
 CALABER, 
 
CAL 
 
 SM YRNvEUS, a Greek poet, is supposed 
 to have been a native of Smyrna, in the 
 Jiird century. He wrote a supplement to 
 the Iliad, which, in the fifteenth century, 
 was discovered in a Calahrian monastery, 
 by Cardinal Bessarion. This supplement 
 is in fourteen books, and possesses much 
 poetical merit. The best edition is that 
 of Tychsen, published in 1807. 
 
 CALAMY, EDMUND, a celebrated non- 
 conformist divine, was born at London, in 
 1600, and studied at Cambridge. Having 
 embraced presbyterianism, he took an ac- 
 tive part in the religious disputes of the 
 age, and was one of the authors of the 
 treatise which bore the title of Smectym- 
 nus, and was directed against episcopacy. 
 He was a member of the assembly of di- 
 vines at Westminster; but he strenuously 
 opposed the trial of the king, and the 
 usurpation of Cromwell, and had a share 
 in effecting the restoration of Charles the 
 Second. The restored monarch offered 
 him the bishopric of Litchfield, but he re- 
 fused it, and he was subsequently expelled 
 from his living by the act of uniformity. 
 Such was his grief in consequence of the 
 fire of London, that he i? said to have 
 died of it, in 1666. He produced many 
 sermons and controversial writings. 
 
 CALAMY, EDMUND, grandson of the 
 preceding, was born in 1671, succeeded 
 Mr. Alsop, in Westminster, as presbyte- 
 rian preacher, and died in 1732. He 
 abridged Baxter's Life and Times; pub- 
 lished some tracts and sermons; and wrote 
 An Historical Account of my own Life, 
 with some reflections on the Times I have 
 lived in, which has recently l>een printed. 
 
 CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, of 
 the sect of gymnosophists, accompanied 
 Alexander in his Indian expedition. He 
 was then in his eighty-third year; and 
 being taken sick, he "voluntarily burned 
 himself to death on a pile, B. c. 325, in 
 presence of the whole Greek armv. 
 
 GALAS, JOHN, an unfortunate merchant 
 of Toulouse, of the protestant religion. 
 When his son, Marc Antoine, who had 
 embraced the tenets of the catholic?, had 
 strangled himself in a fit of melancholy, 
 the father was seized by the suspicious 
 government, as guilty of the murder. iVo 
 proof could be offered against him, and 
 self-evident as it was that a weak old man 
 could not execute such a deed of violence 
 on a yout-t full of strength, in a house 
 where the family was then resident, even 
 if the feelings of a parent were put out of 
 the question, yet he was condemned and 
 broken upon the wheel in 1762, in the 
 MXty-tifth year of his age. The- family of 
 the unhappy man retired to Geneva, and 
 Voltaire subsequently undertook to defend 
 his memory. He succeeded in drawing 
 public attention towards ihs rircum. tanros 
 
 CAL 14 
 
 of the case, and a revision of the tria. wi 
 granted. Fifty Judges once more examine^ 
 the facts, and declared Calas altogethe 
 innocent. 
 
 CALASIO, MARIUS, a Franciscan fri 
 ar, was born at Calasio, near Aquila, ii 
 the Neapolitan territory, about 1550. H 
 died in 1620, just as he was on the poin. 
 of publishing his Concordance of tin 
 Bible, in four folio volumes; an excellen. 
 work, which forms a complete Hebrew 
 Lexicon, and on which he had spent fort} 
 years of incessant labour. Hebrew was 
 as familiar to Calasio as his native lan- 
 guage. His Concordance appeared in 1621, 
 and was republished by Romaine, in 1747. 
 
 CALDARA, POLIDORE, a celebrated 
 painter, called also CARAVAGGIO, from 
 his native place, in the Milanese, was born 
 in 1495, and went to Rome as a common 
 labourer. From observing Giovanni da 
 Udina and other painters, while thev were 
 j employed on their productions, he acquired, 
 I however, such a knowledge of painting, 
 that Raphael gave him lessons, and en- 
 trusted him to paint the friey.es for his 
 works in the Vatican. Gaidar. i resided 
 for many years in Naples and in Sicily, 
 where his works were much esteemed. 
 Most of his compositions were in fresco; 
 and, unfortunately, many of them have 
 perished. He was murdered in his bed, 
 by his servant, in 1543. 
 "CALDERON DE LA BARCA, DON 
 PEDRO, one of the most famous of the 
 Spanish dramatists, was born in 1600, and 
 produced his first piece at the age of four- 
 teen. Like Cervantes, he became a sol- 
 dier, and he served several campaigns in 
 Italy and the Netherlands. Philip IV., 
 however, who was fond of the theatre, in- 
 vited him to Madrid, knighted, and patron- 
 ised him. In 1652 Calderon took orders, 
 and became a canon of Toledo. He died 
 in 1687. His printed plays form ten 
 quarto volumes; but he is said to have 
 produced the astonishing number of more 
 than fifteen hundred pieces. It may easily 
 be imagined that, though displaying bril- 
 liant talent, his dramas are often disfigured 
 by absurdity and extravagance. 
 
 CALDERWOOD, DAVID, a Scotch 
 presbyterian divine, was born in lf>75, 
 and strenuously opposed the plan of James 
 VI. to establish conformity between the 
 English and Scotch churches; for which 
 opposition he was banished. Retiring to 
 Holland, he published, in 1625, his work 
 j entitled Altaic Damasceiv.ini; a severe 
 j attack on episcopacy. He returned to 
 Scotland; contributed greatly to the estab 
 i lishmcnt of prr-siiyterianisn; ; and died in 
 :1651. Culderwood left a voluminous His- 
 tory of the Church (.f Scotland, of which 
 (.nlv ;i portion lias been printed. 
 
 ' ALKriM>, or PA CALKl'IO, AM- 
 
144 
 
 CAL 
 
 Aumistine friar, wa- ' 
 C.ilepio, near r>er_ r ;im, in Italv, in 1 lo.~>. 
 
 i 1 in lol I. lie i-'il;-.- compi- 
 
 A'hich has : j .1 and 
 
 led. 
 CALIDASA, an Indian drama;! 
 
 by Sir William Jones to have 
 but Bent ley 
 
 ic peri id of hi- c late as 
 
 ill century. He is considered to be 
 the principal of the nin<.- poets wl, 
 th:' title of the .Ni'u- Pearb, II s drama 
 of Sacontala has been translated by Sir 
 William Jones. Other works of his are 
 l-xta-it. 
 
 C \LICi LA, CAM- called 
 
 from his wearing tin- cali^a, was a Roman 
 emperor, the son of ( Jermanicus and AITI ip- 
 pina; succeeded Tiberius, A. I>. .'57 ; and 
 .:ui- months rei_> led worthilv. He 
 50011, however. ^.,ve way to all kinds of 
 debauchery, cruelty, and tyranny; acted 
 on many occasions as if insane; and was 
 at last assassinated, after a reigu of three 
 
 ml ten months. 
 
 CALlI'IMS.a Creek astronomer and 
 mathematician, a native of Cyzicus, who 
 flourished about 30 years E. c., is the in- 
 ventor of a new cycle of seventy-six years, 
 tin- Calippic period, formed to rem- 
 edv the incorrectness of the cycle invented 
 oy .Melon. 
 
 CALIXTUS, GF.ORGE, a Lutheran 
 
 theologian, was born, in 1386, at .Medel- 
 bni, in Holstein ; became professor of 
 divinity at Helmstadt; and bore a promi- 
 nent part in the conference at Thorn, which 
 
 was convoked in 1645. Calixtus strove, 
 with all his eloquence and zeal, to bring 
 about a union between the Lutherans and 
 the other protestant sects; but his well 
 intended efforts were repaid only by re- 
 proach and calumny from all parties. The 
 few who espoused his opinions were called 
 Syncretists and Calixtins; and, as well as 
 their leader, were considered as little if at 
 all better than heretics. Bossuct, how- 
 denominates him " the most able 
 Lutheran of our times, and the one who 
 ha- written the most learnedly against us." 
 Calixtus. died in ](>o6. His theological 
 vroiks are nnmei 
 
 CALLCOTT. JOHN W.M.T,, Doctor of 
 
 Minic, was born at Kensington, in 1766. 
 
 He was intended for the medical profes- 
 
 ion; but, having led by wit- 
 
 an operat ion, he turned his attention 
 
 \ t the: same- time he acquired 
 
 ide-rable knowleii. al and 
 
 oriental literature. lie as.-isted Dr. Arnold 
 
 in forming the G!ee Club; in which club, 
 
 and in the .\ol I h Club, of 
 
 which member, he 
 
 obtained numereiu- pri/.ei. He died i:i 
 
 M in a melaii 
 
 CAL 
 
 I intellect. He is the author of a 
 Musical Grammar. The most celebrated 
 of his admirable cat . and canon* 
 
 have been published, in two Volumes, by 
 his son in law Mr. lior.-lev. 
 
 CALLICRATI k architect, 
 
 who lived at Athens in the ei-lilv -fourth 
 Olympiad, was, in conjunction will) li li- 
 nns, the arti.-t wh . the famous 
 Parthenon, of which the; se-ulptun 
 decorations were the work of 1'lii.i: 
 
 CAI.LI.MAC1MS, a native of Corinth, 
 flourished about the year u. c. 540 
 
 an architect, sculptor, 
 
 and painter. To him is ascribrd the in- 
 vention of the Corinthian order; lh 
 of which is said to have been suggested to 
 him by see-in^ the foliage of an acanthus 
 encircling a basket, on the top of which 
 i ile-. 
 
 CAI.LIMACm S, a Cre-ek poet, a na- 
 tive of Cv rene, flourished at Alexandria, 
 in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphia. He 
 wrote many works, but only his Hymns, 
 which have twice been translated into 
 Kuglish, are- extant. Apedlonins Ivhoelius 
 was his pupil, and having acted u 
 fully towards him, Callimaclms a 
 himself by a satirical poem, which was 
 entitled Ibis. 
 
 CALLLMCUS, an architect*, was born 
 at lleliopolis, in Egypt, in the; seventh 
 'en'ury, and discovered the Greek lire, 
 which was so long one of the most effective 
 defences of the eastern empire. With this 
 powerful means of attack, he destroyed 
 the whole of the Saracen fleet off Cy- 
 /.icns. 
 
 CALLL\US,orCALLINOUS,aGreek 
 poet and orator, a native of Ephesns, 
 flourished in the eighth century u. c. The 
 invention of elegiac pen-try is attributed to 
 him. A few fragments, preserved in 
 Brnnck's Analecta, are all that time has 
 spared of his works. 
 
 CALLLSTHFNES, a Greek philoso- 
 pher and historian, who, recommended by 
 his friend and master Aristotle, accompa- 
 nied Alexander on his cxpcelitin-,.. 
 honest to (latter, he re-fused to pa\ divine 
 honours to the- monarch. For thi,-." lie wad 
 
 ! of conspiracy, mutilated, ani 
 j.endeel in an iion cage, till Lvsimaclmsj 
 in pity, ga\e him poison to end li 
 meats, i;. c. ;',2s. None of his works are 
 extant. 
 
 CALL( >T..I.\M1. -, an fvim 
 born at Nancy, in Lorraine, in 15!>3, was 
 taught drawing at Koine by I'ari^i, and 
 engraving by Thomassin. On the artist's 
 return to Lonaine, the- duke became his 
 patrr n, and yave him a pension. In this 
 happv situation, ('allot woike.d with inele- 
 fatigable ardour, and exee nte-d no 1. 
 one thousand six lumdreel plates. When 
 . conquered Lorraine, he wislied 
 
CAL 
 
 */> employ Caflot to perpetuate his triumph ; 
 out the artist nobly replied, " I will sooner 
 cut off my thumb than do any thing derog- 
 atory to the honour of my prince and my 
 country." He died in 1635. The en- 
 gravings of Callot are remarkable for spirit, 
 and his drawings are even more so. 
 
 CALMET, AUGUSTINE, an erudite 
 divine and critic, and a monk of the Bene- 
 dictine order, was born near Commercy, 
 in Lorraine, in 1672; became abbot of 
 St. Leopold near Nancy, and, afterwards, 
 ofSenones; and died in 1757. Calmet is 
 n voluminous author, and his works abound 
 in information, but they are exceedingly 
 prolix, and written in an ungraceful style. 
 The most popular of his numerous pro- 
 ductions is, a Commentary on the Bible, 
 in twenty-six volumes quarto, which, in a 
 compressed form, has been naturalized in 
 the English and other languages. 
 
 CALOGERA, ANGELO, a learned na- 
 tive of Padua, and a Camaldulian monk, 
 was born in 1699, and commenced, in 1729, 
 an Italian scientific and philological peri- 
 odical, which he continued to the extent 
 of nearly sixty volumes. He also published 
 eighteen volumes of a kind of review; con- 
 tributed to the Minerva; and translated 
 Telemachus into Italian. He died in 1768. 
 
 CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDER 
 DE, a French minister of state, was born 
 at Douav, in 1734; was brought up to the 
 bar, and, after having filled several im- 
 portant offices, was raised, in 1783, to be 
 comptroller general of the finances. The 
 tinaiu-es, however, were in such a shattered 
 state, that it was impossible to restore 
 them. In order to obtain the means of 
 filling up the deficiency, Calonne advised 
 the king to convoke the notables; and to 
 that body he proposed measures which 
 would have obliged the privileged orders 
 to bear a part of the public burthens. 
 These orders were immediately in arms 
 against him, and, in 1787, they "succeeded 
 in having him exiled to Lorraine. He 
 emigrated in 1791 ; and for four years his 
 fortune and all his faculties were devoted 
 to the supporting of the royal cause. In 
 1796, however, ne retired from public life, 
 and he resided in England till 1802, when 
 l-r returned to France, where he died, in 
 tlic October of the same year. Calonne 
 was an elegant and animated writer, and 
 produced several works, the most remark- 
 able of which is an octavo volume, on the 
 Present and Future State of France. His 
 ta.ste in the fine arts was also conspicuous. 
 
 CALPRENEDE, GAUTIER DE COS- 
 TES, Sieur de la, one of the gentlemen of 
 t\\f. king of France's bedchamber, was born 
 at Toulgon, in Perigord, in 1612, and ob- 
 tained high favour at court for his plea- 
 wntry and talent. He was killed, in 1663, 
 by a kick from a horre. Calprenede wrote 
 T 
 
 CAL 
 
 140 
 
 tragedies and romances, the latter of whicK, 
 though prolix beyond measure, and full of 
 bad taste, were in that age universally 
 read and admired. His Cleopatra occu- 
 pies twenty-three octavo volumes, and his 
 Cassandra ten. The whole of his works 
 are now completely forgotten. 
 
 CALPURNIUS, or CALPHURNIUS, 
 TITUS JULIUS, a pastoral poet, a native 
 of Sicily, is supposed to have been born in 
 the reign of Diocletian. He was a con- 
 temporary of Nemesianus, to whom he 
 dedicated his eleven Eclogues, seven of 
 which are extant. 
 
 CALVERT, GE OR G E, descended from a 
 noble family, was born at Kipling, in York- 
 shire, 1585. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and after his return from the tour of En- 
 rope, he became secretary to Robert Cecil. 
 In 1605 he attended James I. on his visit 
 to the university of Oxford, and was there 
 made M. A., and afterwards he was made 
 clerk to the privy council, was knighted 
 by the king in 1617, in 1619 made secre- 
 tary of state, and the next year honoured 
 with a pension of JC. 1,000 out of the cus- 
 toms. He was created Lord Baltimore 
 in 1625. He twice visited Newfoundland, 
 where the king had granted him a large 
 tract of land, out abandoned his property 
 in this part for the neighbourhood of Vir- 
 ginia, when Charles I. granted him a 
 patent for Maryland. He died at London 
 in 1632. His son, who inherited his en- 
 terprising spirit, planted in Maryland a 
 colony of about two hundred families, 
 which bore the name of Baltimore. 
 
 CALVERT, FREDERIC, Baron of 
 Baltimore, and proprietor of Maryland, 
 succeeded Charles, lord Baltimore, in 1751. 
 He corresponded with Linnaeus, was a man 
 of learning and talent, and a fellow of the 
 Royal Society. He published a Tour in 
 the East, and a volume of prose and poet- 
 ical works, entitled Gaudia Poetica, La- 
 Itina, Anglica, et Gallica lingua Compoiita 
 He died at Naples in 1771. 
 
 CALVIN, JOHN*, one of the apostle* d 
 the reformation, and the founder of tba 
 1 sect of the Calviniste, was born at Noyon, 
 in Picardy, in 1509. Hit family namt 
 
.46 
 
 CAM 
 
 was Cauvin, which he latinized into Cal- 
 Yinus. He was rirst intended for the church, 
 and, subsequently, for the profession of 
 civil law. Having embraced the princi- 
 ples of protestantism, he was under the 
 necessity of quitting France; and he settled 
 at Basil, where lie published his celebrated 
 Institutions of the Christian Religion. After 
 having visited Italy, he was returning bv 
 the way of Geneva, in 1536, when Farcl 
 and other reformers induced him to take 
 up his abode in that city. He was chosen 
 one of the ministers of the gospel, and pro- 
 fessor of divinity. A dispute with the 
 city authorities soon compelled him to 
 leave Geneva, and he withdrew to Stras- 
 burg; whence he was recalled in 15-11. 
 From the time of his recall, he possessed 
 almost absolute power at Geneva; and he 
 exerted himself vigorously in establishing 
 the presbyterian form of church govern- 
 ment. He died in 1564. The most re- 
 markable of his tenets is, that of predes- 
 tination to eternal happiness or misery by 
 the absolute decree of God! Calvin was a 
 learned and pious man, of eminent talents, 
 but of an arrogant and persecuting spirit; 
 and his conduct to Servetus, whom he 
 brought to the stake, has fixed an indelible 
 tain upon his character. The theological 
 and 'controversial works of Calvin form 
 nine volumes folio. 
 
 CALVO, JOHN SAUVKUR DE, known 
 
 * r the name of the brave Calvo, was born 
 
 Barcelona, in 1625; entered the service 
 of Louis XIV. ; and was made governor 
 of Mastrecht, which he successfully de- 
 fended against the prince- of Orange. When 
 pressed by his engineers to capitulate, on 
 the ground of the place being no longer 
 tenable, he replied, " Gentlemen, I know 
 nothing of the regular mode of defending a 
 fortress; all I know is, that I will not sur- 
 render." He was made a lieutenant 
 general; distinguished himself in Catalo- 
 nia in 1688 and 1689, and died in 1690. 
 
 CAMBACERES, JOHN JAMES REGIS, 
 one of those individuals whom the French 
 revolution raised to high station, was born 
 at Montpellier, in 1753, and brought up to 
 the law; and, in 1791, wa appointed 
 president of the criminal tribunal of the 
 department of the Herault. As a member 
 of the convention, he gave a modified vote 
 for the death of the king; bore a promi- 
 nent part in all judicial questions in the 
 committees; and, after the downfall of 
 Robespierre, had for awhile the manage- 
 ment of foreign affairs. He was also a 
 member of the council of five hundred. 
 Subsequently he was minister of justice; 
 and was next chosen by Bonaparte to be 
 second consul. When Napoleon became 
 emperor, he created him areh-ehaiicellor, 
 grand officer of the legion of hon-iur. a 
 prince, aid duke of Parma, and confided 
 
 CAM 
 
 l> him the organization of the judicial 
 system. He joined Napoleon after liia 
 return from Elba; was banished by Louis, 
 but soon recalled ; and died in 1824. 
 
 CA.MKIASO, LrcAS, sometimes incor 
 rectly called Cangiangi, an eminent painter, 
 was U>rn at Genoa, in 1527; was em- 
 ployed by Pope Gregory XIII. and by 
 Philip II" of Spain; and died in 1585. 
 He painted with great rapidity, and equal- 
 ly well with both hands. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN, the 
 son of an opulent Turkey merchant was born 
 at London, in 1717, and was educated at 
 Eton and St. John's College, Oxford. He 
 studied the law at Lincoln's Inn: but his 
 fortune placed him above the necessity of 
 practising Jt. He died in 1802. Cambridge 
 is the author of the Scribleriad, a poem of 
 great merit; a History of the War on the 
 Coromandel Coast ; and twenty-one papers 
 in the World. " You look very serious, 
 my dear," said his wife to him one day. 
 " Well I may," replied he, " for I am 
 thinking upon the next world." 
 
 CAM DEN, WILLIAM, an eminent anti- 
 quary and historian, was born in London, 
 in 1551, and educated at Christ's Hospi- 
 tal. St. Paul's School, and Oxford. In 
 1575, he was appointed second master of 
 Westminster School ; in 1593, head mas- 
 ter; and, in 1597, Clarencieux king at 
 arms. The first edition of his Britannia, 
 an octavo volume, appeared in 1586. It 
 was subsequently enlarged to a quarto, 
 from information which he had obtained by 
 travelling in Wales and the west of Eng- 
 land. He died, November the 9th, 1623. 
 Among his other works, the most celebra- 
 ted is, the Annals of Queen Elizabeth. 
 Camden founded a professorship of history 
 at Oxford. 
 
 CAMDEN. See PRATT. 
 
 CAMERARIUS, RODOLI-H JAMES, a 
 physician and botanist, was born at Tu- 
 bingen, in Germany, in 1665, and became 
 professor of botany and medicine in his na- 
 tive place, where he died in 1721. He 
 was one of the earliest assertors of the ex- 
 istence of sexes in plants. His on, AL- 
 EXANDER, who was born in 1695, and 
 died in 1736, was also an eminent botanist. 
 
 CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, a dis- 
 tinguished Roman, of the Furii family, 
 who flourished in the fourth century of 
 Rome. He was five times dictator, and 
 enjoyed four triumphs. He overcame the 
 Hernici, Volsci, Latini, Etruscans, and 
 other tribes, and compelled Veii to surren- 
 der. His ungrateful countrymen, however, 
 banished him, on an accusation of having 
 embe/.'iU'd some of the spoils of Veii ; but 
 they were compelled to recall him to make 
 head against Bremuis. He died, aged 
 eighty, n. c. .'U)5. 
 
 I OF. \S, I.oui- , the mont ce!rhrtd 
 
CAM 
 
 of the Portuguese poets, a man who may 
 oc considered as at once " the glory and 
 the shame" of Portugal, was of a noble 
 family, and was born at Lisbon. By come, 
 the time of his birth is fixed in 1517; by 
 others, about 1524. His education he re- 
 ceived at Coimbra. By his poetical tal- 
 ent and his gallantries he soon made him- 
 self conspicuous at court; and the latter 
 occasioned his exile to Santarem. Weary 
 of inactivity, he served as a volunteer in 
 the fleet which was sent to succour Ceuta, 
 and in this service he lost an eye by a mus- 
 ket shot. On his return to court, he found 
 that neither his courage nor his genius 
 could procure hi? advancement; and, in 
 disgust, he left his country, in 1553, and 
 sailed to India. In the East, his life was 
 chequered by numerous adventures. He 
 bore a part in an expedition to Cochin; 
 made a voyage to the Red Sea ; and was 
 banished from Goa to Macao, in conse- 
 quence of his having written a satire on 
 .he viceroy's maladministration. At Macao 
 he resided for five years, and there he fin- 
 ished the Lusiad. At length, he was re- 
 called to Goa; but, on his way thither, he 
 was shipwrecked off the mouth of the Me- 
 con. The Lusiad alone he saved, by hold- 
 ing it above the waves as he swam ashore. 
 New persecutions assailed him at Goa. 
 He was charged with malversation at Ma- 
 cao, and when cleared of that charge, was 
 arrested for debt. As soon as he was lib- 
 pOicd, he accompanied Pedro dc Barreto 
 as a volunteer to Sofala. But he now be- 
 gan to languish for his native land; and, 
 accordingly, in 1569, he returned to Lis- 
 bon. The Lusiad came forth in 1572, and 
 was universally applauded. The laurel of 
 Caraoens was, however, a barren one. 
 King Sebastian accepted the dedication, 
 but rewarded the poet with such a contemp- 
 tible pension that it was utterly inadequate 
 to furnish him with the means of subsist- 
 ence. Even this despicable pittance was 
 withdrawn by the inglorious Henry, who 
 eucceeded Sebastian; and Camoens was 
 reduced to exist on the alms which were 
 nightly begged for him in the streets, by a 
 faithful slave whom he had brought from 
 India. Worn out by poverty and sorrow, 
 he expired in an almshouse, in 1579; for- 
 tunate, at least, in not living to seethesub- 
 jtion of his country, 'which so speedily 
 jwed his death. A splendid monument 
 was erected to him fifteen years after his 
 decease. The minor poems of Camoens are 
 animated and harmonious. It is, however, 
 on the Lusiad that his fame principally rests. | 
 In spite of some incongruities, this epic will ' 
 always delight the lover of true poetry. 
 The truth and spirit of its descriptions, 
 the grandeur of some of its personifications, 
 and the melodv of its verse, mii?t command 
 . With rrsrx-ct to his English i 
 
 CA-M t47 
 
 translators, me fate of Camoens is some* 
 what curious. The version by Fanshaw 
 hardly reaches mediocrity. Mickle hai 
 given a paraphrase beautiful, indeed, but 
 still a paraphrase of the Lusiad ; and sev- 
 eral of the smaller poems of the Portuguese 
 bard have undergone a similar transforma- 
 tion under the hands of Lord Strangford. 
 
 CAMPANELLA, THOMAS, a Domini- 
 can monk, born at Stillo, in Calabria, in 
 1568, is celebrated for his talents and mis- 
 fortunes. Having, in his PhilosophiaSen- 
 sibus demonstrata, published at Naples in 
 1591, attacked the philosophy of Aristotle, 
 he became an object of inveterate hatred to 
 all the Aristotelians. An old professor, 
 whom he had overcome in a dispute, ac- 
 cused him of magic, and he was compelled 
 to fly. Returning, however, to his native 
 country, he was arrested on the charge of in- 
 tending to make himself king of Calabria. 
 He was seven times put to the torture, and 
 was imprisoned for twenty-seven years. 
 Pope Urban VIII. at length obtained his re- 
 lease, and he retired into France, where he 
 was pensioned by Louis XIII. He died at 
 Paris, in 1639. His works are numerous. 
 Campanella is said to have possessed the 
 extraordinary power of abstracting his at- 
 sention from bodily suffering, and that to 
 such a degree, as to be able to endure the 
 rack without feeling much pain. 
 
 CAMPBELL, COLIN, an eminent ar- 
 chitect, who flourished early in the last cen- 
 tury, built various edifices, among which 
 was Wanstead House, which was pulled 
 down a few years since. He also publish- 
 ed, in three "folio volumes, in 1715,1717, 
 and 1725, Vitruvius Britannicus, a collec- 
 tion of architectural designs, which has 
 since been completed by Gandon and 
 Wolfe. 
 
 CAMPBELL, the Hon. ARCHIBALD, 
 of the Argyle family, a nonjuror, was elec- 
 ted bishop of Aberdeen, in 1721; resigned 
 that office three years afterwards-; and died 
 in 1744. He is the author of a learned and 
 curious work, called the Doctrine of the 
 Middle State between Death and the Res- 
 urrection. 
 
 CAMPBELL, GEORGK, a learned 
 Scotch divine, was born at Aberdeen in 
 1709; he studied at Marischal College; and 
 was articled to an attorney, but relinquish- 
 ed law for divinity. He became one of the 
 ministers of his native city. In 1759, he 
 was appointed principal of Marischal Col- 
 lege; and, in 1771, professor of divinity. 
 The professorship, however, he resigned 
 some years before his death, anditceived a 
 pension from the king. He di in 1796. 
 His Dissertation on Miracles; Puilosophy 
 of Rhetoric; Translation of the Gospels; 
 and other works, are deservedly held in 
 hi'j;h estimation. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHIS D. !> muhifa- 
 
148 
 
 CAM 
 
 rioua writer, was a native of Edinburgh, 
 horn in 1709, and came to England at the 
 age of five years. He was brought up to 
 the law, but relinquished it for literature. 
 His first work was the Military History of 
 Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlbor- 
 ough, in two folio volumes; and it was so 
 successful, that he was thenceforth con- 
 stantly employed by the booksellers. Among 
 his numerous works <tre, a considerable 
 part of the Universal History; lour vol- 
 umes of the first edition of tlic Biographia 
 Britannica; the Lives of the Admirals; 
 Ilermippus Redivivus; and a Political Sur- 
 vey of Great Britain. A pamphlet which 
 he wrote, in defence of the peace of Paris, 
 was rewarded by Lord Bute with the agen- 
 cy of the colony of Georgia. Campbell 
 was a worthy and amiable character; he 
 was industrious, extensively informed, and 
 possessed of respectable talent; but his 
 judgment is sometimes questionable, and 
 his style is never elegant. 
 
 CAMPER, PETER, an eminent natur- 
 alist and physician, born at Leyden, in 
 1722, was a pupil of Boerhaave, and suc- 
 cessively filled professorships of the medi- 
 cal sciences at Franeker, Amsterdam, 
 and Groningen. Being appointed a mem- 
 ber of the council of state, he removed to 
 the Hague, where he died in 1789. His 
 principal works are, Demonstrationum An- 
 atomico-pathologicarum, two volumes fo- 
 lio; a Treatise on the Difference of Human 
 Features; and a Dissertation on the Vari- 
 eties of the Human Race. His writings 
 have been collected in eight octavo vol- 
 umes. 
 
 CAMPISTRON, JOHN GUALBERT 
 DE, a French dramatist, and member of 
 the Academy, was born at Toulouse, in 
 1656, of a good family, and was so fortu- 
 nate as to enjoy the friendship and dramatic 
 instruction of Racine, who also introduced 
 him to the duke of VendJme. Vendjme 
 made him his secretary, obtained for him an 
 Italian marquisate, and was accompanied 
 by him in all his campaigns. Carnpistron 
 was indolent, and especially detested letter 
 writing. " He is answering his correspon- 
 dents," paid the duke, who, one day, saw 
 him throw into the fire several unopened 
 epistles. He died, of apoplexy, in 1723. 
 His dramas, principally tragic, form three 
 volumes. The most popular of his tragedies 
 were, Virginia, Andronicus, Alcibiades, 
 a<sd Tiridates. 
 
 CAMPOMANES, PEDRO RODRI- 
 GUEZ, Count de, a learned and enlightened 
 Spanish statesman, was born in the Astu- 
 rias, in 1710; entered the council of Castile 
 in 1765; and, in 1788, became minister of 
 state. His administration was beneficial 
 to his country, but it was short ; for he was 
 deprived of all his offices when Florida 
 Blanca becwrae prime minister. He retired, 
 
 CAIN' 
 
 without repining, into private life, and died 
 early in the nineteenth century. His works 
 on political economy, history, antiquities, 
 and other subjects are numerous. He also 
 wrote a Complete History of the Spanish 
 Marine, which remains unpublished. 
 
 CAMUS, JOHN PETEK, a French pre- 
 late, was born at Paris, in 1582, and was 
 made bishop of Belley by Henry IV. After 
 having held his see for twenty years, he 
 resigned it to live in retirement; but his 
 virtues and piety soon occasioned him to be 
 drawn from his retreat. He was appointed 
 vicar-general to the archbishop of Rouen ; 
 and, subsequently, bishop of Arras. He 
 died in his seventieth year, when on the 
 point of going to his new diocese. His 
 works, which are said to amount to more 
 than two hundred volumes, have fallen into 
 oblivion. Of the mendicant monks he was 
 a determined and persevering enemy, and 
 he incessantly attacked them with the 
 keenest raillery and satire. 
 
 CAMUS, Cardinal STEPHEN LE, born 
 at Paris, in 1632, was in his youth one of 
 the most dissipated personages of the Court ; 
 but, at length, he gave up the pursuit of 
 pleasure, and, in 1671, was appointed 
 bishop of Grenoble. In his new character 
 he distinguished himself by his unaffected 
 piety, charity, and self denial. He was, 
 in truth, the father of his flock, and his 
 memory is still venerated in the diocese. 
 He died, at Grenoble, in 1707; bequeath- 
 ing his property to the poor. He is the 
 author of some theological works. 
 
 CAMUS, ARMAND GASTON, born at 
 Paris, in 1740, was brought up to the law. 
 He was one of the deputies from Paris to 
 the States General in 1789; bore a promi- 
 nent part in the labours of the constituent 
 assembly ; and was elected a member of die 
 convention, in which capacity he voted for 
 the death of the king. Camus was one of 
 the conventional commissioners, whom Du- 
 nourier put into the hands of the Austrians, 
 when they came to arrest him. After his 
 liberation, he became a member of the 
 :ouncil of five hundred, and he opposed the 
 establishment of the consular government. 
 He was, nevertheless, confirmed by Ilona- 
 partc, jn his office of archivist, which he had 
 held for some years. He died in 1804. Ca 
 mus produced many woiks. Among them 
 are, the Matrimonial Code; Tra\cls in the 
 recently united Departments; and transla- 
 tions of Aristotle's Animals and the Manual 
 of Epictctup. 
 
 CANALETTO, CANALETTI, or CA- 
 \ALI, ANTHONY, a Venetian painter, was 
 born at Venice, in 1697. His father was a 
 scene painter, and brought him up to that 
 branch of the arts. After having studied at 
 Rome, however, Canaletto dedicated him- 
 self to landscape, in which he attained a 
 high degree of excellence- His views in 
 
CAN 
 
 Venice an admirable works. lu 1746, he 
 visited England, and, during- a residence 
 of two years, produced many fine pictures. 
 Camiletto was the first who made the ca- 
 mera obscura useful in painting. He died 
 in 1768. 
 
 CANAN1, or CANNANI, JOHN BAP- 
 TIST, an Italian anatomist, of the sixteenth 
 century, was born at Ferrara, in the uni- 
 %-ersity of which city he became professor 
 of medicine and anatomy. He died in 
 1578. The discovery of the valves in the 
 veins is attributed to him. He is tV>e 
 author of a scarce book, with plates, tne 
 Description of the Muscles. 
 
 CANDIAC, JOHN Louis DE MONT- 
 CALM , a child of wonderfully precocious tal- 
 ents, was a brother of the Marquis de Mont- 
 calm, who was killed at the battle of Que- 
 bec. He was born in 1719, and died of 
 hydrocephalus, in 1726; but in the brief 
 pace of seven years he learned French, 
 Latin, Greek, Hebrew, arithmetic, herald- 
 ry, geography, and much of fabulous, and 
 sacred and profane history. At three years 
 old he read French and Latin fluently. His 
 extraordinary acquirements were a theme 
 of panegyric to many literary characters of 
 the age. 
 
 CANGE, CHARLFS DUFRESNE, 
 Sieur Du, a justly celebrated glossarist and 
 historian, was born at Amiens, in 1610. 
 After having been at the bar for some years, 
 he retired from it, to devote himself to his 
 historical studies. He died in 1688. Du 
 Cange was one of the most indefatigable 
 of writers. Rocquefort observes, that in 
 the productions of Du Cange are combined 
 the qualities of a consummate historian, an 
 accurate geographer, a profound civilian, 
 an enlightened genealogist, and a learned 
 antiquary, thoroughly versed in the knowl- 
 edge of medals and inscriptions. Among 
 his many works may be noticed, a History 
 of the Empire of Constantinople, fulio; a 
 Glossary of lower Latinity, 3 vols. folio; 
 and a Glossary of the Greek Language of 
 the Middle Age, 2 vols. folio. He also left 
 many valuable manuscripts. 
 
 CANNING, the Right Hon. GCORGK, 
 ocrn in London, A-ptil 11, 1770, VJUB the 
 
 149 
 
 son of an Irish barrister, who was a man 
 of talent and a poet, but who died in such 
 embarrassed circumstances that he left his 
 family wholly unprovided for. The future 
 prime minister was placed at Eton by his 
 father's relations, at which seminary he 
 distinguished himself as a classical scholar, 
 and one of the principal authors of the Mi- 
 crocosm. From Eton he removed to Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he gained several 
 prizes; after which, he entered himself a 
 member of Lincoln's Inn, intending to make 
 the law his profession. The exhortationi 
 of his friend Sheridan, however, induced 
 him to relinquish that intention, and to en- 
 ter on the career of politics. In 1793, there- 
 fore, he obtained a seat in the house of 
 commons, as member for Newport, in the 
 Isle of Wight, and in 1796 he was appoint- 
 ed under secretary of state, and returned 
 for the treasury borough of Wendover. In 
 1798 he contributed some brilliant satirical 
 pieces, among which are New Morality, 
 and parodies on Darwin and Southey, 10 
 the Anti-Jacobin weekly paper. In 1799, 
 he married Miss Scott, the sister of the 
 duchess of Portland, and this marriage put 
 him in possession of an ample fortune. 
 He resigned with Mr. Pitt; proved a 
 severe scourge to the Addington adminis- 
 tration; returned again to office with Mr. 
 Pitt, as treasurer of the navy; and held 
 that situation till the death of the premier. 
 After having been once more in opposition 
 for a short time, he again formed a part of 
 the ministry, as secretary of state for foreign 
 affairs. Btil, in 1809, the Walcheren ex- 
 pedition produced a quarrel between him 
 and Lord Castlereagh. The result was a 
 duel, in which he was severely, wounded in 
 the thigh, and his resignation of the secre- 
 taryship. In 1812, he was elected one of 
 the members for Liverpool, and was subse- 
 quently thrice returned, though never with- 
 out a strenuous contest. In. 1816, he was 
 sent ambassador to Lisbon, and on his re- 
 turn, in 1818, he became president of the 
 board of coutroul; but he relinquished that 
 place, and went abroad, in order to avoid 
 taking part in the proceedings against the 
 queen. He was appointed governor gen- 
 eral of India, in 1822, and was on the point 
 of embarking, when the death of Lord Lon- 
 donderry opened to him the post of secre- 
 tary for foreign afiairs. This he held ti . 
 the sudden illness of the earl of Liverpoo. 
 broke up the cabinet, when he was raised 
 to the dignity of prime minister. He did 
 not, however, long retain this splendid 
 prize of his talents and exertions; for, 
 worn out by mental and bodilv toil, he 
 died on the 8th of August, 1827, to the 
 deep regret of the majority of hi country- 
 men, \vho had hailed with gratitude and 
 delight the energy and liberal spirit which 
 ht disi layod in hip Ky&tcin of government 
 
1 CAN 
 
 A* an oiator, Canning has never boeu ex- 
 celled for finished elegance, classical taste 
 and allusion?, and the powers of wit, sar- 
 casm, and satire. His writings are char- 
 acterised by the same qualities. As a 
 talesman, especially in the latter period 
 of his existence, he'ranks among the most 
 distinguished which his country has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 CANO, jAME5,a Portuguese navigator, 
 was dispatched to the East Indies, in 1484, 
 by King John of Portugal; discovered, on 
 his passage, the kingdom of Congo; and 
 returned to give an account of his dis- 
 covery. He was sent back, on an embassy 
 to the chiefs of the newly found country, 
 and he explored the coast for two hundred 
 leagues beyond the Zaire. He died about 
 the close of the fifteenth century. 
 
 CANO, JOHN SEBASTIAN DEL, a na- 
 tive of Biscay, born at Guetaria, late in 
 the fifteenth century, is commemorated 
 as the first circumnavigator of the glolxj. 
 He sailed with Magellan, and, after the 
 death of that officer, he conducted the ex- 
 pedition to a successful end. His ship, 
 the Victory, was long preserved with care 
 by the Spaniards. He died in 1526, while 
 on a voyage to the South Sea. 
 
 CANO, ALOXZO, a painter, considered 
 as the Michael Angelo of Spain, from 
 his excelling in painting, sculpture, and 
 architecture, was born at Grenada, in j 
 1600. Architecture he learned from his j 
 father, painting from Pacheco and Juan 
 del Castillo, and sculpture he acquired 
 without a master. Removing to Madrid, 
 he was patronised by the duke of Olivarez, 
 and appointed king's painter and archi- 
 tect. His .good fortune waa, however, soon 
 clouded. Being suspected of having mur- 
 dered his wife, he was put to the torture; 
 his right arm being exempted, in consider- 
 ation of his talent. As no confession could 
 be extorted from Iwm, he obtained his re- 
 lease. He now entered into orders, and 
 was admitted one of the chapter of Gre- 
 nada ; but he still continued in the sedulous 
 practice of his art. He died in 1676. 
 Many of his pictures are in the churches 
 of Grenada and Malaga; and one of the J 
 finest of them, a weeping Magdalen, adonis 
 church at Madrid. 
 
 CANOVA, ANTONIO, one of the great- 
 est of modern sculptors, was born, in 1757, 
 at Passagno, a village in the Venetian 
 states. The first indic.ation of his talent 
 he is said to have given when he was 1 
 twelve years old, by modelling a lion in 
 butter, to be sent up to the table of Falieri, 
 tire seigneur of the village. Struck with 
 the genius that .vas llms displayed, Falieri 
 took hi:u under his protection, and coin-, 
 milted him to the tuition of Torretti. At 
 the age of seventeen, he produced his 
 itatuc of Eundice. On lh death of 
 
 CAN 
 
 Torretti, CanoTa commenced eculptor on 
 his own account at Venice. I'i 1779, lie 
 
 was invited to Rome, by the Venetian 
 ambassador to the pope, and there Sir 
 William Hamilton introduced him to all 
 his friends. The pontiff and the nobility 
 also vied in finding occupation for him. 
 Pius VII. knighted him, and appointed 
 him inspector general of the fine arts. la 
 1802, at the desire of the first consul, he 
 visited Paris, was received with respect, 
 and chosen a foreign associate of the In- 
 stitute. When, however, he next went to 
 Paris, in 1S15, his presence excited only 
 feelings of anger and hatred. He then 
 appeared as ambassador from the pope, to 
 superintend the sending back to Italy its 
 plundered works of art. Sarcasm and 
 witticisms were lavished on him; and it 
 was said that he ought to be called the 
 pope's packer instead of his ambassador 
 For this, however, he was amply indemni- 
 fied by his reception in England, where he 
 was treated as a brother by all lovers of 
 art, and was presented with a brilliant 
 snuff box by the prince regent. On his 
 return to Rome, the Academy of St. Luke 
 went in a body to meet him; and the pope 
 gave him a pension of three thousand 
 crowns, created him Marquis of Ischin, 
 and inscribed his name in the Book of the 
 Capitol. The pension Canova dedicated 
 entirely to the benefit of the arts and art- 
 ists. Nor was he a scanty dispenser i,f 
 his private fortune. He established pi i/es, 
 endowed academies, and relieved tlu> a<jed 
 and unfortunate. He died at Venice, 
 October 22, 1822. Exquisite grace i.= one 
 of the most distinguishing characteristics of 
 Canova's sculpture. Among hid principal 
 works are, several sepulchral monuments; 
 and statues and groups of Psyche, Cupid 
 and Pysc.he, Venus and Adonis, a repent- 
 ai;t ifagdalea, Perseus, Hebe, the Gracef, 
 several Venus.es, and a crowned Religion 
 of colossal si/.e. The last of those statues 
 is erected in a church built by Canova a f 
 his birthplace. 
 
 ('.\\TACUZENUS, JOHN, an empe- 
 ror of the east in the fourteenth century 
 Ho originally held one of the highest office* 
 
CAN 
 
 >f the court, and distinguished himself as 
 a statesman and a warrior. Andronicus 
 III. left him regent, during the minority of 
 John Paleologus; but he was persecuted 
 by the empress queen and her party, and 
 was ultimately compelled, by the nobles 
 and the army, to assume the purple in self 
 defence. He reigned eight years in con- 
 junction with John Paleologns; and then, 
 to prevent a civil war, voluntarily abdica- 
 ted, and retired into a monastery, where 
 he died in 1410, at the age of more than 
 a hundred. In his retreat, he wrote vari- 
 ous woiks, among which are a Byzantine 
 History, from 1320 to 1357; Four Apolo- 
 gies for the Christian Religion; and Four 
 Discourses against Mahometanism. Can- 
 tacuzenus was one of the most eminent 
 characters that lived during the decline of 
 the eastern empire. 
 
 CANTEMIR, DEMETRIUS, son of the 
 vaiwode of Moldavia, was born at Jassy, 
 in 1673; and, after having in tin first in- 
 stance been disappointed by a rival, was 
 raised to the government of the princi- 
 pality. With the hope of transmitting 
 Moldavia in sovereignty to his descend- 
 ants, he revolted to the czar Peter, in 
 1710; and wad consequently obliged to 
 take refuge in Russia, where he was crea- 
 ted a prince. He died in 1723. Cantemir 
 was a man of learning, understood eleven 
 languages, and wrote several works. His 
 principal production is, a History of the 
 Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Em- 
 pire. 
 
 CANTEMIR, CONSTANTINE DEME- 
 TRIUS (or, according to some biographers, 
 ANTIOCHUS), the youngest son of Deme- 
 trius, was born at Constantinople, in 1707; 
 was Russian ambassador at the courts of 
 England and France ; and died at Paris, 
 in 1744. Like his father, he was highly 
 informed and accomplished, and attached 
 to literary pursuits. He produced the 
 Petreid, a poem, Satires, Odes, Fables, 
 and other poems, in Russian ; and trans- 
 lations from Anacrcon, Horace, Montes- 
 quieu, Fontenelle, and Algarotti. 
 
 CANTON, JOHN, a native of Stroud, 
 in Gloucestershire, born in 1718, was the 
 ton of a cloth weaver ; devoted his leisure 
 moments to mathematics; and first mani- 
 fested hi* talent, and obtained patronage, 
 by cutting out a sundial upon stone with 
 a common knife. He was sent to London, 
 ind articled to the master of an academy 
 in Spitul Square, of whom he became the 
 partner, and ultimately the successor. His 
 experiments on the Ley den phial made 
 him a member of the Royal Society, and 
 obtained for him their gold medal! His 
 communications to the Transactions were 
 many and iir.portant. Among them is a 
 valuable paper on the making of artificial 
 toafuets. Lie died iu 1772. 
 
 CAP 
 
 161 
 
 CAPr^L, ARTHUR, Lord, the son of 
 Sir Henry Capel, was elected knight of 
 the shire for Hertford, in 1640, and at first 
 voted with the reforming party; but, find- 
 ing that they were going farther than he 
 deemed proper, he espoused the cause of 
 the king, and was created Lord Capel. 
 During the civil war, he fought for Charles; 
 and, in 1649, conjointly with Lucas and 
 Lisle, he gallantly defended Colchester 
 against Fairfax. " He was beheaded the 
 same year. He is the author of Daily 
 Observations, or Meditations; and of some 
 beautiful verses, written while he was >i 
 the Tower. 
 
 CAPELL, EDWARD, a dramatic critic, 
 was born in 1713, at Troston, near Bury, 
 in Suffolk; obtained the office of deputy 
 licenser of plavs ; and died in 1781. He 
 published an edition of Shakspeare, in ten 
 volumes; the notes and various readings 
 to which, were given to the world after hia 
 decease. He also edited a volume of an* 
 cient poetry, under the title of Prolusions; 
 and adapted Antony and Cleopatra to th 
 stage. 
 
 CAPELLO, BIANCA, a Venetian lady, 
 who, after marrying a person of inferior 
 rank, retired to Florence, where she be- 
 came the mistress of Francis, son of th 
 gr-and duke Cosmo. After the death of ner 
 husband, she artfully prevailed upon her 
 lover to marry her, and she was formally 
 recognized, in consequence of an embassy 
 to the Venetian states, as a true daughter 
 of Venice. Though possessed of a pow- 
 erful mind, and much energy of character, 
 she showed herself odious and tyrannical 
 at Florence, so that her memory is still 
 held there in abhorrence. The sudden 
 death of her husband and of herself, within 
 a few days of each other, in October, 
 1587, was attributed to poison administer- 
 ed, it is said, by cardinal Ferdinand, their 
 brother. 
 
 C 4PM ANY, DON ANTONIO, a cele- 
 brated Spanish writer, was born in Cata- 
 lonia, in 1754, and died in Andalusia, ia 
 1810. He is the author of several esteemed 
 works, among which are, the Philosophy 
 of Eloquence, Svo. ; History of the Ma- 
 rine, Commerce, and Arts of Barcelona, 
 4 vols. 4to. ; and Historical and Critical 
 Theatre of Spanish Eloquence, 5 vols. 4to. 
 
 CAPO D'ISTRIA, JOHN, Count of, 
 president of Greece, the son of a physician 
 of Corfu, was born in 1780, and studied 
 medicine at Venice. He entered into the 
 service of the Russian government, and 
 was sent as ambassador to Vienna. In 
 1812 he conducted the diplomatic affairs 
 of the army of the Danube, and subse- 
 quently of the whole Russian army, under 
 the immediate direction of the emperor 
 who admitted him to his entire confidence. 
 Soon afterward?., he was engaged r.t publu 
 
in r.vn 
 
 oegociutioo* of the highest importance, 
 was appointed secretary of state for tne 
 department of foreign affaire, and received 
 several orders of nobility. In 1813, he 
 
 CAI4 
 
 Louis, was born at Bologna, hi 1558, and 
 was intended to be a goldsmith, but becnmt 
 a pupil of Louis and of Fontana. and speed- 
 
 ilv proved himself an admirable painter 
 i f _ . i . 1 1 _ j _ i . ' . 
 
 was Russian ambassador to Switzerland, lie also excelled in engraving, his principal 
 and in the ensuing year he was present i master in which, was Cornelius Cort. Au- 
 
 pustin assisted Annibal in the Farnese 
 Gallery, but the jealousy which the latter 
 felt of his brother's talents soon produced 
 a separation. He died in 1602. 
 
 CARACCI, ANNIBAL, a brother of Au- 
 girstin, was born at Bologna, in 1560. In 
 early life he worked with his father, who 
 was a tailor; but he was taken as a pupil 
 by his cousin Louis, and made a rapid 
 progress. His reputation induced Cardinal 
 Farnese to invite him to Rome to paint the 
 gallery of the Farnese palace. This admi- 
 rable work cost Annibal the labour of eight 
 years, and his mean employer rewarded 
 him with the beggarly sum of five hundred 
 
 as Russian plenipotentiary at the congress 
 of Vienna. The downfall of Napoleon 
 recalled him to the head-quarters nf 
 the allies at Paris, where he subscribed 
 the treaty of November 20, 1815, and 
 returned with his monarch to St. Peters- 
 burg. Here be for some years look an 
 active part in the affairs of the council of 
 state; and in 1819 visited his native isl- 
 and and formed a connection with the He- 
 taria. In 1822, when the Russian minister 
 returned from Constantinople, Count D'ls- 
 tria left the Russian service and retired as 
 a private man to Germany and Switzer- 
 land, where he resided till 1827, when he 
 
 rgely 
 char- 
 
 was appointed to the presidency of the golden crowns. Vexation at being thus 
 Greek republic. In this station, he re- treated, threw him into a desponding state, 
 mained till his assassination in October, 
 1831. 
 
 CAPRARA, ALBERT, a Count of the 
 Roman empire, and nephew of the cele- 
 brated Piccolomini, was born at Bologna, 
 in 1631, and died in 1707. He served 
 with distinction in forty-four campaigns; 
 was one of the negociators at the congress 
 of Nimeguen; and was twice Austrian 
 ambassador to the Porte. Even amidst 
 the din of arms, he found time for literary 
 pur** : ts. He translated various works 
 from the Latin, Spanish, and French ; and 
 wrote some miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 CARACALLA, MARCUS AURELIUS 
 ANTONINDS, a Roman emperor, the son 
 of Septimus Sevefus, was born at Lyons, 
 A. D. 188; and, in conjunction with his 
 brother Geta, succeeded his father in the 
 year 211. He was a monster of cruelty 
 stabbed his brother in their mother's arms ; 
 slaughtered thousands of the Alexandrians 
 for having offended him by a jest; and 
 committed various other enormities; but 
 was at length assassinated, A. D. 217. 
 
 CARACCI, Louis, the founder of the 
 school of the Caracci, was born at Bologna, 
 in 1555, and was a pupil of Fontana and 
 Tintoretto. On his first initiation into the 
 
 which, aided by an irregular course of life, 
 brought him to the grave, in 1609. He 
 was buried by the side of Raphael. Of all 
 the Caracci, Annibal was the most la 
 endowed with genius. In his private 
 acter he was the least an.iable of them. 
 His pupil ANTHONY, a natural son of Au- 
 gustin, born at Venice, in 1583, was strong- 
 ly attached to his master, and was a painter 
 of high talent. One of his most celebrated 
 productions is a picture of the Deluge. He 
 died at Rome, in 1618. 
 
 CARACCIOLI, Loots ANTHONY, a 
 native of Paris, was born in 1721, and 
 died in the French capital, in 1803. Of 
 his many works, the best known is, Let- 
 ters of Clement XIV., which were long 
 believed to be really the composition of that 
 pontiff. 
 
 CARACTACUS, whose real name was 
 CAKADOG, was a British prince of the 
 Silures, who for a while resisted the Roman 
 power, but was at length defeated by O- 
 torius, A. D. 75. Cartismundua, queen of 
 the Brigantes, \vith whom he had sought an 
 asylum, 
 was sent a 
 
 treacherously gave him up, and he 
 a prisoner to Rome. His firm anc 
 
 dignified behaviour, however, produced 
 such an effect on Claudius, that he set him 
 
 art of painting, he made so little progress: at liberty. Mason has made Caractacua 
 that his teachers despaired of him, and his the subject of a drama. 
 
 fellow students nicknamed him the Ox. 
 
 CARAMUEL DE LOBKOWITZ, 
 
 He soon, however, displayed talents of the JOHN, a Spanish theologian, was born at 
 first order, and though envy and ignorance Madrid, in 1606, and studied at Salamanca 
 carped at his novel style, his productions ! and Alcala. He was successively abbot of 
 were widely sought for and admired. HeJMelrose and of Disemburg, and bishop of 
 died, at his native place, in 1619. Louis Missy, Koningsgratz, Campana, and Vige- 
 Caracci was no less amiable as a man than vano. The sword, however, Feems to have 
 eminent as an artist, and was entirely free had in his eves at least equal claims with 
 from that jealous spirit with which the thu crosier ;" for he fought in the Nether- 
 character of men of genius has too often | lands, and assisted in defending Prague 
 toeen blemished. 'aw;iinst the Swedes. He died in lfrS2 
 
 Arm* M is, a eouain of Cnraniucl wrot neaily thre 
 
CAR 
 
 worki on H variety of subject!. It was 
 laid of him, that he had eight parts of 
 genius, five of eloquence, and only two of 
 judgment. 
 
 CARAUSIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS 
 VALERIUS, a native of Belgic Gaul, born 
 in the third century, was entrusted by 
 Maximian with a fleet for the defence of 
 the Armorican and British coasts. The 
 emperor, however, became jealous of his 
 wealth, and meditated his death; upon 
 winch Carausius landed in Britain, and, 
 in A. D. 287, assumed the imperial title. 
 The Romans were obliged to acknowledge 
 his independence, and he reigned till A. D. 
 293, when he was assassinated by Allectus, 
 one of his domestics. 
 
 CARAVAGGIO, MICHAEL ANGELO 
 AMERIGI DE, a native of Caravaggio, in 
 the Milanese, the son of a mason, was born 
 in 1569; acquired the art of painting with- 
 out a master; and rose to high excellence. 
 He died in 1609. In his private character 
 Caravaggio deserved little praise. He was 
 quarrelsome, envious, and unjust. His 
 paintings are true to nature, and striking 
 in effect, but are deficient in grace and 
 dignity. 
 
 CARDAN, JEROM, a philosopher, 
 mathematician, and" physician, born at Pa- 
 via, in 1501, was the illegitimate son of a 
 physician and civilian of Milan, and his 
 mother endeavoured to destroy him before 
 his entrance into the world. He was care- 
 fully educated by his father at Milan, and 
 completed his studies at Pavia. His medical 
 skill was in such high repute, that he was 
 invited to Scotland, to restore to health 
 the archbishop of St. Andrew's. He visited 
 London, on his way homeward, and was 
 introduced to Edward VI. Cardan pre- 
 dicted length of days to the young sove- 
 reign, who, however, died in the following 
 year. This was not the only occasion on 
 wh ich the predictions of Card'un were falsi- 
 fied ; yet he obstinately persisted in main- 
 taining the trutli of astrology. He died, in 
 1576, at Rome, where he was a member of 
 the college of phvsicians, and had a pension 
 from the pope. It is said by some, that he 
 starved himself, in order that he miglit not 
 belie his astrological calculation relative to 
 the period of his own death. Cardan was 
 unfortunate in his offspring; both of his 
 eons having proved thoroughly worthless, 
 and one of them beiivg a murderer. He 
 was himself, even from his own showing, 
 in his autobiography, an unamiable and 
 unprincipled character. He has absurdly 
 been accused of atheism, but he wac, in 
 truth, weakly superstitious. His talents 
 and erudition were of a high order. In 
 algebra he made some discoveries, which 
 have indissolubly connected his name with 
 that science. Ilia works form ten folio 
 volume* 
 
 CAR 1SS 
 
 CARDON, ANTHONY, an engraver, 
 was born at Brussels, in 1772; ame over 
 to England, in 1792; and died, in London, 
 in 1813. Cardon was an artist of much 
 taste and talent. His Woman taken in 
 Adultery, after Rubens, and his Marriage 
 of Catherine of France with Henry V. are 
 among his most prominent works. 
 
 CARDONNE, DENNIS DOMINIC, an 
 eminent orientalist, was born at Paris, in 
 1720, and at nine years of age went to 
 Constantinople, where he remained twenty 
 years, and acquired a thorough knowledge 
 of oriental languages, customs, and man- 
 ners. After his return home, he became 
 interpreting secretary to the king, royal 
 censor and librarian, and professor of the 
 Persian and Turkish languages at the Royal 
 College. He died in 1783. Cardonne 
 published, a History of Africa and Spain 
 under the Arabian dominion; and Miscel- 
 lanies of Oriental Literature; and contin- 
 ued the translation, which Galland began, 
 of Ancient Tales and Fables, from Bidpay. 
 
 CAREW, RICHARD, an antiquary, was 
 born at Anthony, in Cornwall, in 1555, 
 and educated at Oxford and the Temple. 
 After having travelled, he settled in Corn- 
 wall, and was high sheriff in 1596. He 
 died in 1620. He translated Tasso's Jeru- 
 salem and Huarte's Examination of Men's 
 Wits; but is principally known by his 
 Survey of Cornwall. 
 
 CAREW, THOMAS, a poet, supposed 
 to have been born in 1589, was educated 
 at Corpus Christ! College, Oxford; and, 
 after returning from his travels, was ap- 
 pointed a gentleman of the bedchamber, 
 and sewer in ordinary to Charles I. His 
 early life was dissipated ; but he became 
 thoroughly reformed before his death in 
 1639. As a poet, he has all the elegance 
 of Waller, with less affectation, and pow- 
 ers of a higher order. His Masque, inti- 
 tled Coeluin Britannicuni, contains many 
 fine passages; and his epitaph on Lady 
 Mary Villiers, has a degree of simplicity 
 and "pathos which is almost unrivalled in 
 English Epitaphs. 
 
 CAREY, HENRY, Earl of Monmouth, 
 was born in 1596; educated at Exeter 
 College, Oxford; and died in 1661. In 
 i the number of his translations he rivalled 
 i the untirable Philemon Holland. He trans- 
 lated Bentivoglio's United Provinces ; Boc- 
 i calini's Parnassus ; Paruta's Venice; Bi- 
 i ondi's Civil Wars of England ; and several 
 | other works ; and died while engaged upon 
 a version of Priorato's History of France. 
 
 CAREY, HENRY, a composer and poet, 
 the period of \rhose birth is unknown, 
 was an illegitimate son of the marquis of 
 Halifax. His poems were printed by 
 subscription in 1737, and his dramatic 
 works in 1743. In the latter year he put 
 his own existence. Of his dim 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 mas, Chro .onhotonthologos, the Contrivan- to Constantinople; visited many parts of 
 ces, Thomas and Sally, and the Dragon of the Levant; and, at his return, ob-aincd 
 Wantlev, are br?t known. Of his musical thv rectory of Newcastle upon Tyne. He 
 compositions, Sally in our Allvy, the words died in 1804. His productions are, Spo 
 of which are also his own, dosi-rvfdlv OMi- 'cimcns of Arabian Poetry; Poems sug- 
 tinucs popular. Carry way an ainiahh- gcsted by scenes in Asia Minor, &c. ; and 
 man, and is said to h.ive l>een the projector ! a Latin translation of Jemaleddin's Egyn 
 
 of the Musical Fund. His son, GEORGE 
 SAVILK, gained a livelihood by his lec- 
 tures on lu-ads,and similar entertainments; 
 
 tian Annals. 
 
 CARMATH, HAMDAX, was, in tha 
 ninth century, the founder of an Arabian 
 
 wrote some farces; and died in 1807. | sect, which was hostile to Mahometanism; 
 CAREY, FELIX, son of Dr. William I and, indeed, to the existence of society 
 Carey, the missionary, was born in 1786; itself. He taught a community of property 
 assisted his father in his pious labours in | and of women; rejected revelation, prayer, 
 
 Bengal ; and died at Serampore, in 1822. 
 Among his works are, a Grammar and 
 Dictionary of the Burman Language; a 
 Pali Grammar; and other philological 
 productions. 
 
 CARINUS, MARCUS AURELIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, succeeded his father Ca- 
 ms, A. D. 283, conjointly with Numerian, 
 
 fasting, and alms ; and allowed free scope 
 to the exercise of the worst passions. The 
 time and mode of his death are unknown- 
 but the former is supposed to have been 
 about A. D. 900. 
 
 CARMONTELLE, M., a French wri- 
 ter, born at Paris, in 1717, where he died 
 in 1806, is the author of various works, 
 
 his brother. Effeminate, cruel, and coarse [ but is celebrated for his Dramatic Proverbs, 
 minded, before his accession, he displayed short pieces, which have great comic merit, 
 his vices still more prominently on "the Carmontelle also painted with the same 
 throne While engaged in a contest for facility that he wrote; and had a particu- 
 empire with Diocletian, he was assassinated Jar talent for drawing transparencies, which 
 A D. 285, by a tribune, whose wife he had contained a series of scenes, and were 
 seduced. | from one hundred to one hundred and sixty 
 
 CARISSIMI, JAMES, a celebrated feet in length. 
 
 Italian composer, considered as the re-j CARNEADES, a celebrated Greek 
 former of music in Italy, was born at ; philosopher, a native of Cyrene, supposed 
 Venice, in 1600. He was chapel master to have been born about 'B. c. 218, was 
 to the pope, and to the German college at the founder of the third or new Academy. 
 Rome; and was living in 1672, but the j His doctrine was a mitigated pynhonism. 
 year of his death^s unknown. His Motets > The Athenians sent him to Rome, with 
 and Cantatas are much esteemed; par- Diogenes and Critolaus, to obtain the re- 
 ticularly the cantatas of Jeptha's Sacrifice, mission of a fine; during which embassy 
 and the Judgment of Solomon. Carneades displayed such eloquence in 
 
 CARLE! ON, Sir GUY, Earl of Dor- maintaining both sides of a question, that 
 Chester, was born, in 1724, at Strabanejhe captivated the people, and Cato the 
 in Ireland; distinguished himself at the 'censor induced the senate to send back the 
 sieges of Quebec and the Havannah; was; philosophers, to prevent the morals of the 
 made governor of Quebec in 1772; success-! Roman youth from being injured. He 
 fully defended Canada against the Amen- died at the age of ninety; yet had inces- 
 cans; succeeded Clinton, in 1781, as com- > pantly complained of the "brevity of life, 
 mander in chief; was, in 1786, created a 
 peer, and appointed governor of Nova Sco- 
 tia, New Brunswick, and Canada; and 
 died in 1808. 
 
 CA.RLI, JOHN RINALDO, Count de, ani 
 Italian writer on political economy and i 
 antiquities, was born at Capo d'Istria, in! 
 1720; became president of the council of' 
 commerce and finance at Milan; and died 
 in 1795. His excellent Treatise on Italian 
 Coinage and money extends to six volumes; 
 and his American Letters, in which he 
 refutes Pauw, form three volumes. His 
 Italian Antiquities are in five volumes 
 uuarto, and are highly esteemed. 
 
 CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRF., a divine 
 and poet, was born at Carlisle, in 1759, 
 and educated at Cambridge, at which uni- 
 versity he became Arabic professor in 1794. 
 He accompanied Lord Elgin on his embassy 
 
 CARNOT, LAZARUS NICHOLAS, one 
 of the most prominent actors in the French 
 revolution, was born in Burgundy, in 1753; 
 entered the engineer corps at the age of 
 eijjhtee ; tiid uecame *o distinguished fot 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 155 
 
 talent that Prince Henry Invited him, but i Nova, in the March of Ancona. After 
 in vain, into the Prussian service. In having been secretary to Prince Pico Louis 
 1791. the department of the Pas de Calais Farnese, and to cardinals Ranuccio and 
 chose him one of its representatives to the Alexander Farnese, by whom he was liber- 
 legislative assembly; by which assembly ! ally rewarded, he died in 1566. Of his 
 he- was nominated a member of the military works, several of which are translations, 
 
 committee. In both capacities he was 
 active, and his principles were decidedly 
 irpublican. He was reelected to the con- 
 vention, and voted for the death of Louis 
 XVI. Of the too celebrated committee of 
 public safety he was a member. The mili- 
 tary operations of the French armies were 
 under his superintendence, and, though 
 Napoleon depreciates his abilities, there 
 can be little doubt that the plans of Carnot 
 contributed largely to the triumph of 
 France. When the directorial govern- 
 ment was established, he was chosen one 
 of the five directors; but, in September, 
 
 the principal are a version of the Eneid, 
 in blank verse; a volume of Poems; and a 
 comedy. 
 
 CARPI, HUGH m, a designer and en- 
 graver on wood, born at Rome, about 1486, 
 was one of the first who introduced into 
 Italy the use of three plates to produce one 
 print; one for the outline, another for tho 
 half-tints, and the third for the shadows. 
 The invention itself is of German origin. 
 
 CARPOCRATES, a heresiarch of the 
 second century, was a native of Alexan- 
 dria, and lived under the reign of Adriau 
 He believed Jesus Christ to have been 
 
 1797, he was proscribed with his colleague | merely the son of Joseph and Mary, but 
 Barthelemy, and nearly seventy members 
 of the councils, as a royalist, and he took 
 refuge in Germany, to avoid transporta- 
 tion. When Bonaparte became first con- 
 tul, he recalled him, and made him war 
 minister; an office, however, which Carnot 
 retained only for a few months. Thoroughly 
 republican in his feelings, he saw with in- 
 finite displeasure the strides which Bona- 
 parte was making towards the throne; 
 and, as a member of the tribunate, he 
 entered his protest against the establish- 
 ment of the imperial government. He 
 lived in retirement, and in somewhat nar- 
 row circumstances, for several years after 
 the accession of Napoleon, but at length a 
 pension was given to him. In 1813, when 
 the star of the French emperor was on the 
 wane, Carnot came forward to offer his 
 services ; he was entrusted with the defence 
 of Antwerp; and he amply justified the 
 confidence which was reposed in him. 
 Disgusted with the impolitic conduct of 
 the Bourbons, he drew up, early in 1815, 
 a Memorial to the King, which became 
 public, and produced an extraordinary 
 effect. When Napoleon returned from 
 Elba, he appointed him minister of the 
 home department, and gave him the title 
 of count ; and, after the downfall of the 
 emperor, Carnot was chosen one of the 
 eminent, in which character 
 to prevent a sove- 
 
 tcmporary government, 
 he laboured strenuously 
 rtig.i from being forced upon his country 
 allies. He was exiled in 1816, 
 
 more richly endowed by the Creator than 
 other men. He is also accused of having 
 denied the resurrection, and of haviug 
 taught various doctrines subversive of 
 morality. 
 
 CARR, JOHN, was born at Muggles 
 wick, in the county of Durham, in 1732: 
 was educated at St. Paul's School; be- 
 came usher and subsequently master of 
 Hertford School ; received the degree of 
 doctor of laws from Marischal College; 
 and died in 1807. He translated Lucian, 
 in 5 vols. 8vo. ; and wrote some poems. 
 
 CARR, Sir JOHN, a native of Devon 
 shire, was brought up to the law; but 
 seems to have abandoned his profession, to 
 become a tourist. His first work was the 
 Stranger in France, published in 1808. 
 It was succeeded by a Tour round the 
 Baltic; and that was followed by others 
 in Holland, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain. 
 His Stranger in Ireland procured for him 
 the honour of knighthood, and drew down 
 upon him the ridicule of an unmerciful 
 satirist, for whose attack the knight ab- 
 surdly and vainly sought redress in a court 
 of justice. He died about 1822. Sir John 
 Carr is a lively but superficial writer. 
 Besides his tours, he produced some very 
 indifferent , poems. 
 
 CARRE, Louis, a French geometri- 
 cian, and member of the Academy of Sci- 
 ences, was the son of a husbandman in the 
 province of Brie. He was born in 1663, 
 and died in 1711. From Mallebranche, 
 
 and died :u Magdeburgh in August, 1823. 1 to whom he was an amanuensis, he learned 
 
 x' A :.i. .1 ....i: i... t... j K..I.I l.:~u A| ~_*! ir_ . ., r n~*! 
 
 Notwithstanding he had held so many higl 
 oluces, he lived and died poor; for he was 
 riidiy disinterested and incorrupt. He is 
 .he author of various mathematical and 
 uilitary works, among which are the Geo- 
 netry of Position ; and a volume on the 
 Defence of Fortresses. 
 
 CARO, ANNIBAL, a distinguished lite 
 
 mathematics. He wrote a Treatise on 
 Music; another, on the Application of the 
 Integral Calculus; and various papers in 
 the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, 
 and in the Journal des Savant.*. 
 
 CARRIER, JOUN BAPTIST, one of the 
 mut infamous of the French revolutionists, 
 !x>rn near Aurillac, in 1756, and wa* 
 
 ary Italian, was born, in 1507, at Citta au obscure buyer when tho revolution 
 
1M 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 commenced. Being elected a member of burgh. la ftivour of the union, and of ifce 
 the convention, he wa* one of the foremost | establishment of the house of Hanover, he 
 in all sanguinary measures. He declared j took an active part. He died in 1715 
 that one third of" the inhabitants of France] Carstares was an honest, enlightened, and 
 ought to be got rid of. He was sent on patriotic man, and of such benevolent 
 a mission into Vendee; and, acting up to 1 feelings, that he delighted in succouring 
 liis infernal system, he there committed even those who professed principles dia- 
 
 the most horrible cruelties. Thousands of 
 victims, among whom were great numbers 
 of women and children, were drowned, 
 shot, or beheaded. After the fall of Ro- 
 besp'rrre, justice overtook Carrier, and he 
 perished on the scaffold in 1795. 
 
 CARRION, EMANUEL RAMIREZ DE, 
 a learuid Spaniard, who lived towards the 
 latter end of the sixteenth century, was 
 one of the first persons who undertook to 
 teach the deaf and dumb. He had great 
 uccess. Among his pupils were the Mar- 
 quis de Priego and Don Louis de Velasco. 
 
 metrically opposite to his own. Nor 
 his charity the child of ostentation; for 
 much of the good which he did was done 
 by stealth. 
 
 ('AUSTENS, ASMUS JACOB, a Danish 
 painter, was born at Schleswick, in 1754, 
 and was the son of a miller. At the age 
 of nine years, he manifested a love of 
 drawing, and was taught the rudiments by 
 his mot'ier. In 1783, he made a vain at- 
 tempt to reach the papal capital, in order 
 to study, but poverty obliged him to desist 
 after having proceeded to Milan. In 1792, 
 however, he took up his residence at 
 Rome, and he died there in 1798. Among 
 his best works are his Fall of the Angel.s; 
 Megapontum; CEdipus; and Visit of the 
 Argonauts to Chiron. 
 
 CARTE, THOMAS, an historian, w.i* 
 born at Dunsmoor, in Warwickshire, in 
 1686, and educated at Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge; and, after making the tour of 
 Europe as a tutor, he took orders ; but he 
 subsequently assumed the lay habit, in con- 
 sequence of his Jacobite principles not 
 allowing him to swear allegiance to the 
 house of Hanover. He was secretary to 
 Bishop Atterbury, and being more than 
 once suspected of taking part in the plots 
 against the government, he was compelled 
 to fly to France, where he resided for sev- 
 eral year*. On his return to his native 
 country, he engaged in literary pursuits. 
 His History of England was, at the outset, 
 extensively patronised; but, on the publi- 
 cation of the first volume, many of the 
 subscribers, particularly the corpo'ration of 
 London, withdrew their support; he hav- 
 ing disgusted them by inserting a silly 
 story of a man being cured of the king's 
 evil by the touch of the pretender. De- 
 fective in style and many historical quali- 
 I ties, and disfigured by tory prejudices, hit 
 in Holland, he was introduced to the prince work is, nevertheless, valuable for the 
 
 He is the author of a work called the 
 Wonders of Nature. 
 
 CARROLL, JOHN, first Catholic bishop 
 of the United States, was born in Mary- 
 land, in the year 1734. He was sent at 
 the age of thirteen to the College of St. 
 Oliver's, in Flanders, where he remained 
 for six years, when he was transferred to 
 the colleges of Liege and Bruges. In 
 1769 he was ordained a priest; and soon 
 after became a Jesuit. He returned to 
 America in 1775, and when the Roman 
 Catholic clergy in the United States re- 
 quested from the pope the establishment of 
 a hierarchy, Mr. Carroll was appointed 
 vicar-general, and fixed his residence at 
 Baltimore. In 1789 he was named bishop, 
 and in the ensuing year was consecrated 
 in England. In the same year he returned 
 to his native country, and, from the seat of 
 his episcopal see, assumed the title of 
 Bishop of Baltimore. A few years before 
 his death he was raised to the dignity of 
 arch-bishop. He died in 1815, much es- 
 teemed and regretted. 
 
 CARSTARES, WILLIAM, a native of 
 Scotland, eminent as a divine and a politi- 
 cian, was born, in 1649, at Cathcart, near 
 Glasgow, and completed his studies at the 
 universities of London and Utrecht. While 
 
 of Orange, who honoured him with his 
 confidence. Af;er hi* return to England, 
 he became connected with the party which 
 strove to exclude James from the throne, 
 and, on suspicion of being one of the Rye- 
 house conspirators, he was put to the tor- 
 
 industrious research which it display 
 
 Besides his History, 
 to 1654, he wrote a 
 
 He died in 1754. 
 
 vvhich comes do 
 
 Life of James Duke of Ormond, and othc-t 
 
 works. 
 
 CARTER, ELI7.AKKTH, a female of 
 nshrinking; exte;if-i\ t learning, was the (laughter of a 
 went back rlrrpvman, and was born at Deal, in Kent, 
 
 She was educated 
 
 firmness. On hi.-* liberation, hf went 
 
 to Holland, and l>ecatne one of the priaee December 16, 1717. 
 of Orange's chaplains. He accompanied , by her father, and acquired the Hebrew, 
 William to England in 1688; was appoint-l Arabic, Greek, Latin, Italian, Portuguese, 
 ed king's chaplain for Scotland; and, till tliej Spanish, French, and German language* 
 leath of the. monarch, was consulted with i Before she was seventeen, many of her 
 
 on all Scotch affairs. Queen Anne made] poetical attempts appeared in the Gentle- 
 university of Edin-i man's Magazine, ana were higuly anp.aua 
 
 principal of the uni 
 
OAR 
 
 en In ner twenty-second year, she trans- 
 ited Cronzas's Remarks on the Essay on 
 Man, and Algarotti's Explanation of S>w- 
 lon's Philosophy for the Ladies. Her 
 translation oi Epictetus appeared in 1758; 
 and a volume of her poems in 1762. Mrs. 
 Carter was in habits of friendship with 
 Johnson, Dr. Seeker, the carl of Bath, 
 Mrs. Montague, and nearly all the eminent 
 literary characters of the age; and had 
 interviews with the queen and other mem- 
 bers of the royal family. She died Febru- 
 ary 19, 1806. As an erudite female she 
 
 CAR 
 
 157 
 
 persecuted by Wnitgift,Griuda.i, and AyW 
 mer, was more than once '.iiprisoned, and 
 was compelled to reside "broad for two 
 years. He died in 1C03 Besides con- 
 troversial t: iirts, he wrote a Latin Harmony 
 of the Gospels; a Comn cntary on the 
 
 has seldom been equalled; as a poetess she 
 
 takes no lofty flights, but is pleasing and 
 elegant. 
 
 CARTER, NATHANIEL H., 
 
 born in Concord, New Hampshire, and 
 
 Proverbs ; a Confutation o f the 
 Testament; and other work"-. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, WILIMM, a dhine 
 and poet, was born, in 1611, i^ar Tewks- 
 bury, in Gloucestershire, and educated at 
 Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford. 
 As a preacher he was highly popular; and 
 as a man of talents and a poet, h 
 
 the lavish praise of many of hr emin- 
 ent contemporaries. Posterity, however, 
 was though not denying considerable merit to 
 
 him, has not ratified the lofty panegyrics 
 
 graduated at Dartmouth college in 1811. j bestowed on him by his friends. He died 
 In 1816 he was chosen professor of Ian-! at Oxford, in 1643, and Charles I., who 
 guages at the college where he was educa- 1 was then at that city, wore black on the 
 
 ted, and was subsequently editor of the 
 New York Statesman. He is the author 
 of a few occasional poems, and of Travels 
 in Europe, in two vols. 8vo. He died in 
 Marseilles, where he had gone on account 
 of his health, in January, 1880. 
 
 CARTER, JOHN, an architect, anti- navy in early life, and was present at the 
 qmry, and draughtsman, was born in Pic- [taking of Cherbourg, and the battle be- 
 
 Cor 
 
 day of his funeral. He is the author of 
 poems; four dramas; and a sermon. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, Major JOHN, a na- 
 tive of Nottinghamshire, distinguished as 
 a steady partisan of parliamentary reform, 
 was born 'n 1740, served in the army and 
 
 radilly, in 1747, and was brought up 
 builder. The Sessions House, on Clerk- 
 enwcll Green, was designed by him. He 
 died, September 8, 1817. Carter was an 
 enthusiastic admirer of Gothic architec- 
 ture, and was thoroughly versed in all its 
 details. Any modern artists who deviated 
 from its true principles were sure to en- 
 counter his severest censure. He is the 
 author of Specimens of Ancient Sculpture 
 and Painting in England, 2 vols. folio; 
 Ancient Architecture of England, folio; 
 Views in England, 7 vols. 12mo. ; and 
 
 tween Hawke and Conflans. He left the 
 sea service previously to 1774, and became 
 a warm advocate for the American colo- 
 nists. About this time he obtained a ma- 
 jor's commission in the Notts militia, and 
 he held it for seventeen years till he was 
 superseded. In 1780 he joined with Dr. 
 Jebb and Granvitle Sharpe in establishing 
 the Society for Constitutional Information. 
 For nearly half a century he incessantly 
 continued his exertions, both personally 
 and with his pen, to effect a reform in the 
 house of commons. In 1821, he was tried 
 
 Letters, in the Gentleman's Magazine,! with others, for a conspiracy, in conse 
 
 quence of his having attended a public 
 meeting at Birmingham, on the subject of 
 
 under the signature of an Architect. 
 
 CARTERET. See GRANVILLE. 
 . CARTIER, JAMES, a French naviga- 
 tor of the sixteenth century, was a native 
 of St. Maloes. His offer to explore the 
 
 the Manchester massacre. He was sen- 
 tenced to pay a fine of one hundred pounds. 
 He died September the 23d, 1824. Hia 
 
 as accepted i integrity and 
 
 by Francis I., who entrusted him with the ! acknowledged by all parties. He is the 
 command of two small vessels, each of j author of the A^gis of Britain; the Coin- 
 about sixty tons burthen. With these monwealth in Danger; and various other 
 Cartier sailed in April, 1584. In his first .works; the style of winch is not such us 
 voyage he coasted a part of Labrador, and can be honestly praised by a reader of taste, 
 discovered the mouth of the St. Laurence ; | CARTWRfGHT, Ei> WA K u, a younger 
 in his second, in 1585, he penetrated up brother of Major Cartwrigjit, was educated. 
 the river as far as where Montreal now for the church, and obtained preferment 
 stands He was dispatched to Canada a; His reputation, however, is derived from 
 third time, in 1640 The date of his death i his poetical and mechanical talent. As a 
 is uncertain. poet, he is honourably known by his 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS, an emi- Armyne and Elvira, and" other poems; a* 
 nent divine, was born in Hertfordshire,' a mechanician, by his weaving machine, 
 about 1535, and was educated at St. John's j by his methods of" combing wool, and ma- 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge He was king ropes, and by various agricultural 
 freatly admired aa a preacher; but, being improvements. He also contributed to 
 f puritan principles, he wa* repeatedly I the Monthly Review. He died in 1824. 
 
158 
 
 OAR 
 
 CARUS,MAXCDS AuRELii-9, * Ro- 
 man ""ern^ror, the successor of 1'robus, 
 was born at N'arl>onne, about A. I). 230. 
 After having defeated the Sarmatians, lie 
 marched against the Persians, and had 
 made himself master of the cities of Seleu- 
 ria nnd Ctesiphon, when he was killed by 
 lightning, in the latter city, A. n. 2 
 
 CARVER, JONATHAN", a North Amer- 
 ican, born in Connecticut, in 1732, wad a 
 grandson of the governor of that provide. 
 He was educated for the medical profes- 
 sion, but embraced a military life, and 
 served with reputation till the peace of 
 1763. The jears 1766, 1767, and 1768, 
 he spent in exploring the interior of North 
 America, and he added considerably to 
 our knowledge of that country. Me visited 
 England, in 1769, hoping for the patronage 
 of government, but he was disappointed. 
 In 1778, he published his Travels, while in 
 the situation of clerk of a lottery, in 
 Boston; and, subsequently, a Treatise on 
 the Cultivation of Tobacco. After having 
 long contended with poverty, he died, in 
 1780, of disease which is believed to have 
 been produced by want. 
 
 CARVER, JOHN, the first governor of 
 the colony of Plymouth, New-England, 
 was a native of England, and belonged to 
 the church of Mr. Robinson, which emigra- 
 ted to Leyden. Having obtained a patent 
 from the Virginia Company, he sailed 
 from Plymouth, in 1620, with one hundred 
 emigrants, and striking the coast of Amer- 
 ica in the vicinity of Cape Cod, he landed 
 and commenced the settlement of New- 
 England. The place selected for this pur- 
 pose was called Plymouth, and Mr. Carver 
 was chosen first governor of the new col- 
 ony. He died in the April of the next 
 year. 
 
 CARY. See FALKLAND. 
 
 CARYL, JOSEPH, a nonconformist 
 divine, born at London, in 1602, and educa- 
 ted at Oxford, was an active minister, and 
 bore some part in political affairs, under 
 the commonwealth. Being ejected from 
 his living in 1662, he collected a congrega- 
 tion, to which he preached till his decease, 
 in 1673. He wrote a Commentary on Job, 
 which forms twelve quarto or two large 
 folio volumes. The subject and the enor- 
 mous magnitude of it have afforded to the 
 wits an abundant source of ludicrous 
 allusion. 
 
 CARYSFORT, JOHN JOSHUA PRO- 
 BY, Earl of, the won of the first baron 
 Carysfurt, was born in August, 1751 ; was 
 educated at Eton, and at I'rinity C'olie^-, 
 Cambridge; obtained an Irish earldom i:i 
 1789, and an English peerage in ItOl; 
 held various state employments, among 
 which were those of envoy to Berlin, and 
 ambassador to St. Petersburgh ; and died 
 the 7th of Ajril, 1823. His lord.-hip 
 
 CAS 
 
 ' was a man of taste, talent, and learn u.jr 
 great amenity of manners ; and a trJiy 
 benevolent heart. His Poems and Dramas, 
 2\cl-. i^vo., contain inanv fine passages 
 lie was aUo the author of' two politica 
 pamphlets 
 
 ('ASA, JOHN DELLA, an era input oia- 
 't, and prelate, was born at Mugello, 
 ne.ir Florence, in 1503, and is hflieved to 
 h.i\e studied at Bologna and Padua. Being 
 patronised by the Cardinals Fainese, one 
 of whom became Pope Paul III., he fillet] 
 various impoi "unt offices, nnd was made 
 arcnbishop of Benc-vento. He died in 
 1556. His best works are, his Galateo, 
 or Art of Living in the World; and his 
 Lvrical Poems. 
 
 VASAS, BARTHOLOMEW DE LAS, a 
 
 | Spanish prelate, of a noble family, .\as 
 
 j born at Seville, in 1474, and, at the age of 
 
 nineteen, visited the new world with his 
 
 I father. On his return to Spain he em- 
 
 I braced the ecclesiastical profession, thai 
 
 i he might act as a missionary in the wester* 
 
 j hemisphere. Having settled in St. Dcmir>- 
 
 I go, " he spent his days there in preaching 
 
 I the gospel to the Indians, and humanity 
 
 j to their oppressors." In truth, his whole 
 
 j existence, for half a century, was devoted 
 
 ! to struggling with the Spanish tyrants, and 
 
 consoling the persecuted natives. Twelve 
 
 times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the 
 
 foot of the Spanish throne the cause of the 
 
 wretched Indians. Lns Casas was bishop 
 
 of Chiapa, but he resigned his see in 
 
 1551, and returned to his native country, 
 
 where he died, at Madrid, in 1566. It 
 
 has been asserted that he gave rise to the 
 
 horrible traffic in African slaves, in order 
 
 to save the American Indians from slavery; 
 
 but this calumny is refuted by Gregoire, 
 
 and by passages in his own writings. Of 
 
 his works, which form five quarto parts, 
 
 the most celebrated is his Short Narrative 
 
 of the Destruction of the Indies. 
 
 CAS AUBON, Is A AC, a celebrated critic 
 and calvinist theologian, was born at Ge- 
 neva, in 1559, and made an early and 
 extraordinary progress in his classical 
 studies. After having held the chair of 
 Greek professor at Geneva for fourteen 
 years, he removed to Montpcllier, and 
 thence to Paris, where Henry IV. appointed 
 him royal librarian. On the death of 
 Henry, Casuubon settled in England, where 
 James I. made him a prel.end of West- 
 minster and Canteibury, and gave him it 
 pension. He died i i 1614, and was buried 
 in Westminster Abl.ey. His liberality ot 
 feeling induced inanv to accuse him wrong- 
 fidly of leaning towards popery. He puu 
 li.-hcd editions cf Strubo, Polyanius, Aris- 
 totle, Theophrustutf, Polvhius, and several 
 other ancient authors; and produced some 
 original works, among whirh are nearh 
 one thousand tuo hn:id. r-d letters. 
 
CAS 
 
 CASAUBON, MKRIC, the son of Isaac, 
 WAS born at Geneva, in 1599; he studied 
 at Sedan, and Christ Church, Oxford; 
 obtained a prebend of Canterbury, and 
 two livings, from which lie was ejected 
 during trie civil war; refused a liberal gift, 
 offered by Cromwell ; was restored to his 
 
 CAS 
 
 ISO 
 
 the fortifications of fort Urbino, and tlie 
 .senate of Bologna placed under his super- 
 intendance the navigation of the Po. In 
 1C69 Colbert invited him to France, where 
 he intended to remain only six years, but 
 he was ultimately prevailed upon to take 
 up his permanent residence there. lie died 
 
 is. a Treatise on En- 
 
 livings on the return of Charles II.; and 'in 1712, having been blind for some years. 
 
 died in 1671. Meric was a man of piety Cassini stands high as an astronomer. 
 
 and erudition. He produced several works, Among other things, he solved a problem 
 
 by which Kepler had been foiled; ascer- 
 tained the true nature of comets ; continued 
 the French meridian line; made valuable 
 observations on the sun, Mars, Venus, and 
 Jupiter; and discovered the zodiacal light 
 and four of the satellites of Saturn. 
 
 CASSI.M, JAMES, born at Paris, in 
 1667, succeeded his father as royal astron- 
 
 the best of which 
 thusiasm. 
 
 CASLON, WILLIAM, a celebrated type 
 founder, was born, in 1692, at Hales Owen, 
 in Shrop&hire, and served his apprentice- 
 ship to an engraver of ornaments on gun 
 barrels. He also made tools for book- 
 binders; and Bowyer, the printer, was so 
 
 opposition to Newton, that the form of the 
 globe is an oblate spheroid. This gave 
 rise to the scientific expeditions for rnea 
 
 much pleased with the elegance of his tools jomer, and proved himself the worthy heir 
 for lettering, that he, and two other prin-jof his parent's situation and abilities. He 
 ters, encouraged him to attempt type foun- made various important discoveries, and 
 ding. Caslon succeeded so admirably in proceeded with the meridian line which hi* 
 this art, that his types became famous all father had continued. He died in 1756. 
 over Europe, and he acquired a handsome! In his work On the Magnitude and Figure 
 fortune. He died in 1766. The business of the Earth, he erroneously maintained, in 
 is stiil carried on by his descendants. 
 
 CASSAS, Louis FRANCIS, a French 
 paJ.-Jter and architect, born in 1756, at 
 
 A/ay le Feron, a pupil of Vien and the! Hiring a degree in the polar circle and at 
 younger Lagrenee, was inspector general j the equator. Among his other productions 
 and professor of drawing at the Gobelin is, Elements of Astronomy, 
 manufactory. He explored Istria, Dal- CASSIM DETHURY, C^CSAR FRAN- 
 matia, Syria, and Palestine; and published cis, a son of James, was born, in 1714, at 
 the result of his observations in two splen- Paris, and died, of small pox, in 1784. He 
 did works, folio, with numerous plates, was director of the French Observatory, 
 under the titles of Picturesque Travels in and a member of various scientific societies. 
 Istria and Dalmatia, and Picturesque Tra- In talent he proved himself no degenerate 
 vels in Phenicia and Palestine. He died scion of his race. Even when he was only 
 in 1S27 j ten years old, he possessed extensive astro- 
 
 CASSERIO.orCASSERIUS.Jui.iusJnomical knowledge. His great labour ia 
 an eminent anatomist, was born, in 1545, his Map of France, in 182 sheets, which 
 of humble parents, at Placentia, in Italy, has served as a model for all subsequent 
 From being servant to Fabricius, he be- j works of the same kind. He is also the 
 came his pupil and assistant, and eventu- author of various productions on astronom- 
 ally, in 1609, his coadjutor. He died in ' ical subjects, or connected with them. 
 1616. Casserio made the most generous j CASSIODORUS, MARCUS AURELI- 
 exertions to advance the science of anat- i us, a statesman and historian of the fifth 
 omy. Almost all that he gained by and sixth centuries, was born at Squillace, 
 teaching, he expended in purchasing sub- in Italy, about A. l). 470, was minister to 
 jects for dissection, and in paying artists . Theodoric, king of the Goths, and preto- 
 und engravers to make and engrave de- rian prefect under three subsequent sove- 
 eigns. He is the author of De Vocis reigns. Some years before his death, he 
 Auditusque Organis; and of other valuable retired to a monastery, where he died 
 works. ; about A. D. 516. Several of the most 
 
 CASSIIS 7 !, JOHN DOMINIC, a native of valuable of his works are lost, among 
 Nice, was born in 1625. His attention which is a history of the Goths. Such of 
 was first turned to the study of the heavenly his theological and other works as have 
 bodies by the chance perusal of a work on escaped the ravages of time form two fulio 
 astrology, anil he soon became so consum- volumes 
 
 mate an astronomer that, at the age of j CASSIUS LONGINUS, CAIUS, one 
 twenty-five, he was chosen to fill the astro- of the murderers of Ca?sar, originally dis- 
 nomical chair in the university of Bologna, tinguished himself in the Parthian war, 
 He held this oilicc fjr many years, and, when he was quiestor to Crastms. In the 
 while at Bologna, traced a new meridian struggle Itttwcen Caesar and Pompey, he 
 line, in the church of St. Petronius. The espoused the cause of the latter; but pub- 
 pope also employed him as injector of nutted to Ctcur after the battle of phar- 
 
sion from the citv, but, in conjunct 
 Beza, heaped upo 
 
 lt CAS 
 
 alia, and was kindly received. He, how- 
 ever, was the prime mover of the conspi- 
 racy in which C;rsar perished. He slew 
 himself at I'hilippi, R. c. 42, in consequence 
 of believing the battle to be irrecoverably 
 lost. 
 
 CASTALION, SKB \STIAN, whoso 
 family name was Chateillon, \\as born in 
 Dauphinc, in 1513. In 1530 lie went to 
 Geneva, where, through the friendship of 
 Calvin, he obtained the professorship of 
 languages in the college. Castalion, how- 
 ever, was of a tolerant spirit, and, besides, 
 demurred to some of the doctrines of his 
 friend. The ire of Calvin was roused by 
 this, and he not only procured hi* expul- 
 v i conjunction with 
 the most calumni- 
 ous accusations. Castalion retired to Basil, 
 where he died poor, in 1563. He is best 
 known by his translations of the Bible. 
 The Latin version is not always accurate, 
 and violates the dignified simplicity of the 
 original by an affectation of fastidious 
 elegance. "The French version, on the 
 contrary, has the opposite defect of coarse- 
 ness; so that Henry Stephens described it 
 as being composed in the jargon of beggars. 
 
 CASTANHEDA, FERNANDO LOPKZ, 
 a Portuguese historian, was born early in 
 the sixteenth century; went, when young. 
 to India with his father, who was a judge; 
 and, on his return to Portugal, devoted 
 the remainder of his life to composing a 
 History of the Discovery and Conquest of 
 India by the Portuguese. Though prolix 
 and faulty in style, his work is valuable 
 for his faithful adherence to fact. 
 
 ('ASTEL, Louis BF.RTRAND, a Jesuit 
 eminent as a mathematician and philoso- 
 uher, was born at Montpellier, in 1668 
 and settled at Paris, in 1720, where he 
 published several scientific woiks. Of 
 these the principal are, A Treatise on 
 
 CASTl, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italki re**, 
 born in 1721, at Montefiai*one, iti Ui 
 Papal territory. After having been pro- 
 tV>s:ir of Greek a -d Latin at hi? \sli\e 
 l:i.-e, he obtained a cutumry in the cathe- 
 Iral of HonteflMCOne. Beiiij* fond ot trav- 
 Iliiijj, he visited several f>roig!i countries. 
 \t the death of Mctastasio, Casti was ap- 
 lointed imperial poet lam cat; ln:t he re- 
 igned this office on the decease of Joseph 
 II. In 1798 lie settled at Paris, and he 
 lied there in February, 1803. To the 
 atest period of life hr retained all the viva 
 -ity of youth. He is the author of numerous 
 Pales and minor poems; a Satire upon the 
 Russian Court ; and three burlesque operas ; 
 ">ut his great work is, The Speaking Ani 
 mals, a satirical poem in 26 cantos; a part 
 )f which has been imitated by Mr. Stewan 
 Rose. Though not always decorous hu 
 poetry is full of wit, gaiety, and elegance. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, BALTHASAR, an 
 Italian statesman and writer, was born of 
 a noble family, in 1468, at Casatico, r^ai 
 Mantua. In early youth he serve*, the 
 duke of Milan, and subsequently was em- 
 ployed on important embassies by the duk 
 >f Urbtfto, Leo X., and Clement VII. 
 Charles V. nominated him bishop of Avila, 
 but he did not long enjoy this dignity lie 
 died at Toledo in 1529. Of his works, 
 The Courtier, which the Italians call " tha 
 golden book," is the principal; it ha 
 been often reprinted, as have also hii 
 Poem?. 
 
 CASTILLO, BKRNAL DIAZ DEL, a 
 native of Medina del Campo, born towardi 
 the close of the sixteenth century, was on 
 of the adventurers who accompanied Cor- 
 
 Universal Gravity; and another 
 
 Uni- 
 
 al Mathematics. Castel was the in- 
 ventor of an instrument called the Ocular 
 Harpsichord; intended to afteot the eye 
 l)v colours in the same manner that the ear 
 is affected by sounds. He died in 1757. 
 
 CASTELL, EDMUND, a divine am 
 lexicographer, was born at Hatley, it 
 
 as edu- 
 
 tes to Mexico. After the conquest, he 
 that country, where he died 
 
 settled 
 
 about 1560. His History of the Expedi- 
 tion of Cortes is written in an unpolished 
 style, but is highly interesting, from the 
 minute and vivid pictures which it pre- 
 sents of the difficulties and the daring 
 spirit of the Spanish invaders. It has 
 been translated into English by Keating. 
 CASTILLO Y SAAVEDRA, ANTHO- 
 NY, an eminent Spanish painter, the sou 
 of a painter, was born at Cordova, in 1603; 
 in the cathedral and churches of which art 
 many of his bost pieces. 
 
 Cambridgeshire, in 1G06, and was cdu- many of his best pieces. He studied undei 
 cated at Kmaimel and St. John's C.. Ilexes, his father and Ziubaran. The cause of hit 
 While at the university, he compiled his j death is singular. In 1666, he returned tc 
 Dictionary of Seven Language**, on \\hich Seville, where he had been educated. 
 he Ijestowed the labour of seventeen years. Some pictures by Murillo were there shown 
 TLe publication of it ruined him. He was, ' him. It was the first time he had beheld 
 however, rescued from povert\ , In bei:ig the works of that great painter. He looked 
 appointed king's chaplain and Arabic pro- at them with astonishment: at length, he 
 
 fessnr at Cambridge, to which was after- 
 wards added a prebend of Canterbury and 
 some livings. He died in 1685, rector of 
 Higham Gobion, in Bedfordshire. Dr. 
 Walton was assisted by him in the Polyglot 
 Bible. 
 
 exclaimed, with a sigh, " Castillo is no 
 more!" He died of grief in less than a 
 vear. It was not envy that thus consumed 
 him for he was a liberal and amiable 
 man but an overpowering feeling of hu- 
 miliation at his inferiority, and of regret 
 
CAT 
 
 fflftt, at his age, he could not hope to attain 
 perfection in his art. 
 
 CASTRO, JOHK tK, a celebrated Por- 
 tuguese general, was born at Lisbon, in 
 1500, and was of an ancient family. After 
 having attended Charles V. in the expedi- 
 tion against Tunis, and served in the Red 
 Sea, he was appointed governor of India 
 in 1545, and was subsequently named vice- 
 roy. He died at Goa, in 1548; having, 
 in the course of his three years' adminis- 
 <ation, gained immortal honour by his 
 .umerous victories. Castro was intrepid, 
 Hsinterested, affable, and well versed in 
 ftnguages and mathematics. Such was his 
 ontempt of riches, that, after his death, 
 nlv three rials were found in his coffers! 
 
 CASTLEREAGH. See LONDONDER- 
 RY. 
 
 CASTRO, GUILHEN DE, a Spanish 
 poet, a contemporary of Lopez de Vega, 
 by whom he is highly praised. His Dra- 
 matic Works form two volumes 4to. Among 
 them is a tragi-comedy on the subject of 
 the Cid ; from which, and from Diamante's 
 play on the same theme, Cornei lie borrowed 
 many ideas. 
 
 CASTRUCCI-CASTRACANI, a na- 
 tive of Lucca, born in 1281, early embraced 
 a military life ; served in England, France, 
 and various parts of Italy; and, after 
 many vicissitudes, became duke of Lucca. 
 He held his dignity for fifteen years, de- 
 feated the Florentines and Pisans in many 
 engagements, and displayed great military 
 abilities. He died in 1328. Castrucci 
 was one of the most conspicuous leaders of 
 the Ghibelline party. 
 
 CATESBY, MARK, an English natural- 
 ist, was born in 1680: went to Virginia in 
 1712; and remained there for seven years. 
 On his return, he was encouraged, by Sir 
 Hans Sloane and others, to revisit Ameri- 
 ca, for the purpose of describing and de- 
 lineating the natural productions of that 
 country. The result was, The Natural 
 History of Carolina, Florida, and the Ba 
 hama Islands. 2 volumes folio, the numerous 
 plates of which were etched by himself. 
 The Roval Society elected him a fellow. 
 He died" in 1749. 
 
 CATHELINEAU, JAMES, a French 
 royalist chief, almost the first who roused 
 tli : Vcndeans to insurrection, was born i 
 1753, and was a weaver at Pin-en-Mauge, 
 in the department of the Maine and Loire. 
 In 1793, he incited the young men of the 
 canton of St. Florent to resist by force the 
 conscription; gained several victories over 
 the republicans; was made generalissimo 
 of the royalists; but was at last mortally 
 wounded in attacking .\ant/, and died on 
 tlie 10th of July. Cathcliueau was brave 
 and disinterested, and had such a reputa- 
 tion for piety that he was called the Saint 
 f Au;n i. 
 
 CAT 101 
 
 CATHERINE II. empreM of Rnstia, 
 born in 1729, was a daughter of the Prince 
 
 of Anhalt Zerbst, and was originally named 
 Sophia Augusta, but changed her name in 
 1745, on being married to Peter, the grand 
 duke of Russia. After her husband s ac- 
 cession to the throne, in 1761, he is said 
 to have intended to divorce her. To pre- 
 vent him from carrying his intentions into 
 effect, he was first dethroned, and then 
 murdered. Catherine was crowned at 
 Moscow in 1762. In 1768 she engaged in 
 a war with Turkey, which terminated suc- 
 cessfully in 1774. While this was pro- 
 ceeding, she concluded, in 1772, with the 
 king of Prussia and the emperor of Ger- 
 many, the infamous partition treaty, by 
 which the first blow was given to the exist- 
 ence of Poland. Still pursuing her scheme 
 of expelling the Turks from Europe, and 
 reigning at Constantinople, she, in 1783, 
 seized on the Crimea, and a part of the 
 Kuban, and annexed them to her empire. 
 In 1787, the Porte declared war against 
 her, and hostilities were continued till 1792, 
 when the dread of a coalition against her 
 compelled her to consent to a peace. For 
 her disappointment on the side of Turkey, 
 however, she indemnified herself by dis- 
 membering Poland, in the years 1793 and 
 1795, in which latter year that unfortunate 
 kingdom was annihilated. She \vas on the 
 point of turning her arms against republi- 
 can France, when she died, of apoplexy, 
 on the 9th of November, 1796. In some 
 respects the character of Catherine is open 
 to severe censure; in others it is worthy 
 of admiration. Her animal passions she 
 indulged in a manner which may be called 
 shameless; and her grasping ambition was 
 restrained by no feelings of justice or com- 
 punction. But, on the other hand, she was 
 a mild and beneficent ruler of her subjects. 
 She herself drew up a code of lawn; ame- 
 liorated the various branches of the admin- 
 istration; introduced many valuable im- 
 provements among the jeojJe; patronised 
 literature, arts, and sciences; a'\d encour- 
 aged education and the diffusion of knowl- 
 edge. She corresponded with Irarned men 
 in all emintrie? : and enrolled b TK\( in th 
 
Ml CAT 
 
 list of author*, by producing several Dra- 
 matic Pieces, Tales, and other works. 
 
 CATILINE, Lucius SEROIUS, a Ro- 
 man noble, descended from one of the firs 
 patrician families, was of the party of 
 Sylla, and through his influence obtainci 
 some high offices. Endowed with eminenl 
 talents, he was also eminently vicious and 
 profligate. In conjunction with others of 
 his own stamp, he formed a conspiracy to 
 destroy the consuls and senators, and as- 
 sume the government ; but it was frustrated 
 by the vigilance of Cicero. Catiline then 
 broke out into open rebellion, and was at 
 length slain, fighting with desperate bra- 
 very, in a battle in Tuscany, B. c. 62. 
 
 CATIiVAT, NICHOLAS, one of the most 
 celebrated of the French generals, was born 
 at Paris, in 1637. He was brought up to 
 the bar, but relinquished the gown, in con- 
 sequence of his losing a just cause. En- 
 tering the array, he distinguished himself 
 on innumerable* occasions, and was raised 
 to the rank of lieutenant general in 1688. 
 The victories of StafTarda and Marsaglia 
 over the duke of Savoy gained for him 
 the dignity of marshal, and that well 
 earned dignity excited the envy and hatred 
 of many of his unworthy rivals. In 1701, 
 from causes over which he had no control, 
 he was unsuccessful against Prince Eugene 
 in Italy. He died in 1712. Catinat was 
 as remarkable for his virtues as for his 
 military talents. He was disinterested, 
 modest, sincere, and pious. 
 
 CATO, MARCUS PORTIUS, called the 
 Cfensor, was a native of Tusculum, born 
 B. c. 232. At the age of seventeen he 
 served in the army, and displayed great 
 valour. Through the influence of Valerius 
 Flaccus, he was made a military tribune in 
 Sicily, and he successively filled the stations 
 of quaestor under Scipio, aedile, and praetor 
 in Sardinia He was elected one of the 
 consuls E. c. 195; and ten years subse- 
 quently he was chosen censor. The latter 
 office he exercised with unsparing severity. 
 He died B. c. 147. Carthage was the ob- 
 ject of his bitter hatred, and all his speech- 
 es were closed with " Carthage must be 
 destroyed." Scipio was scarcely less an 
 object of his hatred. Cato has been praised 
 at least as much as he deserves. He had, 
 undoubtedly, great qualities -ind talents; 
 but he was vainglorious, by no means free 
 from absurd prejudices, sometimes incon- 
 sistent, and not quite so immaculate in his 
 own conduct as a man ought to have been 
 who was so rigid a judge of the conduct of 
 others. Of his works, only a Treatise on 
 Husbandry is extant. 
 
 CATO, MARCUS PORTIUS, known as 
 Cato of Utica, was the great-grandson of 
 the Censor, and was born B.C. 95. At the 
 early age of fourteen, he manifested his 
 haired of tyrants, by desiring his tutor to 
 
 CAU 
 
 i give him a sword, that he might slay 
 Sylla, and deliver his country from op- 
 pression. From Antipater of Tyre he im- 
 bibed the stoical philosophy. He served 
 with distinction against Spartacus; was 
 tribune in Macedonia ; filled the ofiice of 
 qua-stor with general applaOM; and was 
 afterwards tribune and praetor. He vigor- 
 ously seconded Cicero, in defeating the 
 conspiracy of Catiline. In the civil war, 
 he gave his support to Pompey ; and, after 
 the death of that general, he "fortified him- 
 self in Utica. Hopeless, however, of re- 
 sistance, he stabbed himself on the approach 
 of Caesar, B. c. 46. Before he struck the 
 fatal blow, which deprived liberty of one 
 of its most ardent friends, he is naid to 
 have twice read Plato's Treatise on the 
 Immortality of the Soul. 
 
 CATROU, FRANCIS, a Jesuit, cruic, 
 and historian, was born at Paris, in 1659, 
 and died iu 1737. He contributed largely 
 to the Trevoux Journal ; translated Virgil ; 
 and wrote a History of the Mogul Empire, 
 and a History of the Fanaticism of the 
 Protestant Religions. But his great work, 
 which was translated into English by 
 Bundy, is a History of Rome, 20 volumes 
 quarto, with annotations by Rouille. 
 
 CATS, JAMES, a Dutch poet and states- 
 man of a distinguished family, was born, 
 in 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. 
 After having acquired great reputation as 
 an advocate, he held various eminent ofn- 
 . He was twice sent ambassador to 
 England, and, for fifteen years, filled the 
 lii<rh station of Pensionary of Holland. 
 His last years were spent in the retirement 
 which he loved. He died in 1660. Cats 
 nolds a considerable rank among the poet* 
 of his country, and has been called the La 
 Fontaine of Holland. 
 
 CATULLUS, CAIUS VALERIUS, a 
 Latin poet, was born at Verona, or, accord- 
 'ng to others, at Sirmium, B. c. 86; Mas 
 jf a family distinguished for rank and for- 
 tune; and was intimate with the most 
 eminent of his contemporaries. He is said 
 to have died at the early age of thirty ; 
 hough some affirm that he lived ten or fif- 
 een years longer. His verses breathe the 
 very soul of poetry ; and would be nearly 
 aimless, were they not often stained by 
 jross indecency. 
 
 CAULAINCOURT, AF-NAND Aucus- 
 TIN Louis DE, duke of Vjcenza, was of 
 an ancient family, and was born at Caulain- 
 court, in Picardy, in 1773. At the age of 
 ifteen he entered the army, and served for 
 several campaigns. He was aid-de-camp 
 o the first consul, who, when he became 
 emperor, made him grand equerry, a supe- 
 ior officer of the legion of honour, and 
 duke of Vicenza. Caulaincourt fo.lowed 
 Siapoleon in nearly all Inn campaigns; but 
 was, nevertbelets,better known UM a diplo* 
 
CAT 
 
 nmtist than as a warrior. After having 
 been intrusted with minor missions, he 
 resided for four years as ambassador at 
 St. Petersburg!!. He was subsequently 
 employed as a negotiator at Pleswitz, 
 Prague, Frankfort, and Chatillon, and in 
 the treaty which led to the abdication of 
 the emperor; and he was minister for the 
 home department during Napoleon's second 
 reign. The accusation that he participa- 
 ted in the seizure of the duke of Enghein 
 appears to be groundless. He died at Paris, 
 1111828. 
 
 CAUSSIN, NICHOLAS, a Jesuit, born 
 at Troyes, in 1583, was for a while confes 
 eor to Louis XIII.; but was displaced in 
 consequence of having intrigued against 
 Cardinal Richelieu. He died at Paris in 
 1651 . A number of devotional works were 
 written by him, of which the principal is 
 The Holy Court. It has been translated 
 into several languages. Its popularity in- 
 duced the wits to say, that Caussin had 
 managed matters better at The Holy Court 
 than at the French court. 
 
 CAVALCANTI, Guy, a Florentine 
 poet and philosopher, the friend of Dante, 
 was an active Ghibelline, and was, in con- 
 eequence, banished by the Guelfs ; but was 
 permitted to return to Florence, where he 
 died in 1300. Cavalcanti was one of the 
 first Italian poets who paid attention to 
 elegance of style. His Canzone on the 
 nature of love is one of the best of his 
 productions. 
 
 CAVALIER, JOHN, the son of a French 
 peasant, and himself originally only a jour- 
 neyman baker, was born in a village of the 
 Cevennes, in 1679, and acquired lasting 
 fame as the leader of the Camisards, or 
 protestants of Languedoc, when an attempt 
 was made to exterminate them by Louis 
 XIV. By his courage and talents, Cava- 
 lier foiled all the efforts of Marshal Mon- 
 trevel ; and the successor of Montrevel, 
 Marshal Villars, deemed it more eligible 
 to conclude a treaty with the Calvinist 
 chief than to continue the contest. Cava- 
 lier entered into the English service ; 
 commanded a French refugee corps, at the 
 battle of Almanza; was appointed gover- 
 nor of Jersey; and died, at Chelsea, in 
 1740. 
 
 CAVALIERI, BON AVENTURE, an Ital- 
 ian fi iar, eminent as a mathematician, was 
 born at Milan, in 1598; was a pupil of 
 Galileo; and became professor of mathe- 
 matics at Bologna; where he died in 1647. 
 He was the inventor of the Geometry of 
 Indivisibles, which approaches nearly to 
 the Infinitesimal Calculus. He wrote a 
 work on this subject, and others on Conic 
 Sections and Trigonometry. 
 
 CAVALLO, TIBERIUS, a native of Na- 
 oles, the son of a physician, was born in 
 1749, aud came over to England, ia 1771, 
 
 CAV it* 
 
 to be initiated in commerce. Science, 
 however, had more charms for uim ; and 
 to that he wholly and successfully devoted 
 himself. The Royal Society admitted him 
 one of its members, and he contributed 
 largely to its Transactions. He is the 
 author of various Treatises on Electricity, 
 Magnetism, Gases, and Aerostation. 
 
 CAVAMLLES, ANTHONT JOSEPH, a 
 Spanish botanist, was born, at Valencia, 
 in 1743; took orders; and was appointed 
 preceptor to the duke of Infantado's chil- 
 dren, whom he accompanied into France. 
 He resided at Paris twelve years, and was 
 an intimate friend of Bernard de Jussieu. 
 He died, in 1801, 9t Madrid, where he was 
 director of the royal garden. Of his works 
 the principal are, a Description of Native 
 and Foreign Plants, six volumes folio, w itb 
 601 plates, designed and engraved by him 
 self; and Observations on the Natural His 
 tory, Agriculture, &c. of Valencia, two 
 volumes folio. 
 
 CAVE, WILLIAM, a divine and ecclesi- 
 astical historian, the son of a clergyman, 
 was born at Pickwell, in Leicestershire, in 
 1637; was educated at St. John's College, 
 Cambridge; and died in 1713, canon of 
 Windsor, and vicar of Isleworth. His prin- 
 cipal works are, Scriptorum Ecclesiastico- 
 runi, two volumes folio; Primitive Christi- 
 anity; AntiquitatesAponolici; Apostolici ; 
 and Ecclesiastici. Dr. Cave paid such a 
 blind deference to the authority of the early 
 Christian fathers and writers, that Jortin 
 denominates him " the whitewasher of the 
 ancients." 
 
 CAVE, EDWARD, a native of War- 
 wickshire, was born at Newton, in 1691, 
 and educated at Rugby School. After hav- 
 ing been a clerk to a collector of the excise, 
 lie learned the trade of a printer, and oc- 
 casionally wrote for the newspapers. He 
 obtained the situation of clerk of the franks 
 to the post office, but was dismissed in con- 
 sequence of his having too rigidly performed 
 his duty. In 1731, he established the Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine, the parent of modern 
 periodicals, and had the happiness to suc- 
 ceed to the fullest extent of his wishes. He 
 died in 1754. 
 
 CAVEDONE, JAMES, an Italian paint- 
 er, was born at Sassuolo, near Modena, in 
 1577, and died in 1660. The Caracci and 
 Guido were his masters. In fresco he par- 
 ticularly excelled. In his latter days, a 
 'all from a scaffold, grief for the loss of a 
 >eloved and talented son, and other cir- 
 cumstances, almost extinguished his intel- 
 lectual and pictorial powers: the unfortu- 
 nate artist became a beggar, and at length 
 wreathed his last in a stable. 
 
 CAVENDISH, Sir WILLIAM, a native 
 f Suffolk, was born about 1505, and be- 
 came usher to Cardinal WoUey, to whom, 
 unlike come dependent!, he remained t .- 
 
184 
 
 CAX 
 
 lached after his fell. Henry VUJ. knighted 
 him, made him a privy counsellor, and 
 comerred various ouices upon him. He 
 was also in favour with Edward VI. and 
 Mary. He died in 1557. Cavendish wrote 
 a Life of Cardinal Wolsey. < hie of his s, .is 
 was the first earl of Devonshire. 
 
 (' AVK.M)1SH, THOMAS, a: , English 
 navigator, in the reign of Elisabeth, was 
 a native of Suffolk, and inherited an estate 
 at Trimlry St. Martin, which he injured by 
 living at court. To retrieve his fortune, lie 
 fitteof out three ships, in July, 15S6, with 
 which he laid under contribution the west- 
 ern coast of America, and took a rich 
 Spanish vessel. In September, 1588, he 
 returned to England, having effected a 
 shorter circumnavigation of the globe than 
 any previous adventurer. In a second voy- 
 age he was unsuccessful: he was battled by 
 tempests, sickness, and other circumstan- 
 ces, and died, in 1591, on the coast of 
 Brazil. 
 
 CAVENDISH, HF.NRY, the third son 
 of Lord Charles Cavendish, was born at 
 Nice, October 10, 1731, and educated at 
 Cambridge, where he entered deeply into 
 the study of chemistry and natural philoso- 
 phy. His whole life, after he quitted col- 
 lege, was devoted to scientific inquiries, 
 and his success was commensurate to his 
 assiduity. In his temper he was more than 
 commonly reserved, and he took no part 
 whatever in public affairs. He died Feb. 
 14, 1810; leaving the immense fortune of 
 1,200,000. Cavendish, among other 
 things, explained the theory of animal elec- 
 tricity; ascertained the levity of hvdrogen 
 gas ; discovered the composition of water, 
 and of nitrous acid; improved the eudiom- 
 eter; and invented an apparatus for deter- 
 mining the density of the earth. 
 
 CAVENDISH. See DEVONSHIRE 
 and NEWCASTLE. 
 
 CAWTHORN, JAMES, a poet, was 
 born at Sheffield, in 1719; was educated 
 at Cambridge ; took orders ; and became 
 master of Tunbridge School. He died, by 
 a fall from his horse, in 1761. His Po- 
 ems, which have been admitted into the 
 collection of British PoeS, are above me- 
 diocrity. 
 
 CAXTON, WILLIAM, a man worthy to 
 be held in immortal memory, as the first 
 who gave to England the means for the 
 diffusion of knowledge, was born in the 
 weald of Kent, about 1410. Having been 
 brought up a mercer, he was employed by 
 the Mercers' Company as their agent in the 
 Netherlands; a situation which he filled 
 during twenty-three vcars. He also nego- 
 tiated a commercial treaty between Kd- 
 waid IV. and the duke of Burgundy, and 
 was subsequently in tin; service of Lady 
 Margaret, the duke's wife. He had learned 
 '.ha a't of printing and, nt tap reque>t "f 
 
 era 
 
 the duche>, he translated The Recuvell of 
 the Historyes of Trove, from the French, 
 and printed it, in ) 471, at Cologne. This 
 is the earliest typographical production in 
 English, and is" now so scarce that, at th- 
 Roxburgh sale, a ropy of it sold for JC1060. 
 He returned to England, but in what year 
 is uncertain. It must, however, have been 
 previous to 1474, as he then had a press in 
 Westminster Abbey. The first book exe- 
 cuted in this country, was the Game and 
 Playe of the Chesse. Caxtoii Continued 
 his labours for nearly twenty years, and ii 
 supposed to have died about 1492. 
 
 CAYLUS, ANNE CLAUDE PHILIP, 
 Count de, was born at Paris in 1720, and 
 served with distinction in Catalonia and 
 Germany, after which he travelled through 
 Turkey, Greece, and Asia Minoi and, 
 lastly, in Germany, Holland, and En4and 
 The remainder of* his life was spent in the 
 study of antiquities, and in the cultivation 
 of literature and the arts. His talents 
 gained admission for him into numerous 
 learned bodies. He died, at Parid, in 
 1765. He rediscovered the ancient art of 
 encaustic painting, and published srverai 
 works, of which the principal are, A Col- 
 lection of Egyptian, Cft-eek, Roman, and 
 Gaulish Antiquities, seven -chimes 4to; 
 and twelve volumes of his Romances and 
 miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 CAZALES, JAMES ANTHONY MARIA 
 DF, one of the most eloquent of modern 
 French orators, was born, in 1752, at Gre- 
 nade sur la Garonne ; and served for some 
 time as a captain of cavalry. In the States 
 Gei eral, and in the National Assembly, he 
 was one of the most active and most highly 
 gifted of the defenders of the monarchy. 
 The talent of extempore speaking he pos- 
 sessed in an extraordinary degree; and in 
 eloquence he was the rival of Miraleau. 
 After having twice emigrated, and fought 
 in the campaign of 1792, he returned to 
 France in 1801, and died in 1805. In 
 private life he was one of the most hon- 
 ourable and amiable of men. By Burke 
 he was held in high estimation. 
 
 CAZOTTE, JAMES, a French literary 
 character, was born, in 1720, at Dijon; 
 was appointed a naval commissioner in 
 1747; and retired in 17GO. The hours of 
 his leisure were devoted to literature and 
 society, and he was much admired for his 
 wit, gaiety, and conversational powers. 
 During the horrible massacres of Septem- 
 ber, 1792, at the abbey prison, he was 
 saved by the heroism of his daughter; but 
 he was guillotined soon after. He i.* the 
 author of Olivier, a poem in twelve cantos, 
 and of several volumes of tales and miscel- 
 laneous pieces, of considerable m.'i it. 
 
 CEBES, a philosopher of the fourth 
 century, R. c., was a n,iti\e of " r l'el>cH, and 
 a di*ci.L* nf Btictxte*, ul wboa u urt iuu 
 
CEL 
 
 ments he was present. Of his works, only' 
 that known by the name of the Picture of 
 Human Life has descended to posterity. 
 It is a production which does honour to its 
 author. Some have doubted the claim of 
 Cebus to it ; but their doubts appear to be 
 unfounded. 
 
 CECIL, WILLIAM. See SALISBURY. 
 
 CELLARIUS, CHRISTOPHER, an eru- 
 dite writer, born, in 1638, at Smalcalde, in 
 Franconia, was chosen, in 1668, professor 
 of ethics and oriental languages at Weis- 
 eenTels; and died, in 1707, professor of 
 rhetoric and history at Halle. He publish- 
 ed editions of several classics; and various 
 works on history, and the Latin, Hebrew, 
 and Syriac languages. The production, 
 however, by which he is remembered, is 
 an Ancient Geography, in two quarto vol- 
 umes, with maps, which has been more 
 than once reprinted. 
 
 CELLINI, BKNVENUTO, a celebrated 
 sculptor, engraver, and goldsmith, was born 
 at Florence in 1500, and was apprenticed 
 to a goldsmith. He was employed by Pope 
 Clement VII., the grand duke of Florence, 
 and Francis I. the French monarch; and 
 executed many admirable works. He died 
 in 1570, in his native city. Cellini was a 
 man of high talent and acquirements; but 
 vain, singular in manner, irascible, and 
 quarrelsome. He wrote two Treatises on 
 the arts in which he excelled. His most 
 valuable literary production, however, is a 
 Biography of himself. If Cellini may be 
 credited, he fired the shot by which the 
 constable de Bourbon was slain. 
 
 CELSIUS, OLAUS, a Swedish orien- 
 talist and naturalist, was born in 1670, and 
 died in 1756. He was the founder of natu- 
 ral history in Sweden, and has the merit 
 of having extended the most liberal patron- 
 age to Linmrus, when that distinguished 
 character was young and poor. Celsius 
 twice refused the archb^hopric of Upsal. 
 Besides various theological and antiquarian 
 dissertations, he published, with the title 
 of Hierobotanicon, a learned woik on the 
 plants mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 CELSUS, AURELIUS CORNELIUS, a 
 celebrated Roman physician of the Corneli- 
 an family, who lived under the reigns of Au- 
 gustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, was born 
 either at Rome or Verona. He wrote va- 
 rious works, but his Treatise on Medicine, 
 in eight books, of which the style is ex- 
 tremely elegant, is his chief production. 
 Celsus has been denominated the Roman 
 Hippocrates. 
 
 CELSUS, an Epicurean philosopher of 
 the second century, is famous for having 
 been one of the most inveterate and acute 
 assailants of the Christian religion. His 
 woik, called A True Discourse, is lost; 
 but some fragments which remain bear 
 to the talent it displayed. It was 
 
 CER 
 
 161 
 
 answered by Origen. Cefeus was a friend 
 of Lucian, who dedicated to him his Pseu 
 domantis. 
 
 CENSORINUS, a critic and gramma- 
 rian, who lived in the third century, is the 
 author of a work, written about A. D. 238. 
 to which he gave the name of De Die 
 Natalio, in consequence of his having com- 
 posed it on occasion of the birthday of a 
 friend. It treats on the natural history of 
 man, religious rites, music, astronomy, and 
 various other matters; and has been of 
 great use in enabling chronologers to fix 
 the date cf remarkable events. 
 
 CENTLIVRE, SUSANNA, a dramatic 
 writer, was born about 1667, in >eland, 
 where her father, Mr. Freeman, a Lincoln- 
 shire gentleman, and a partisan of the 
 Commonwealth, nad deemed it prudent to 
 settle, on the restoration of Charles II. 
 At the age of twelve years, she was left an 
 orphan, by the death of her mother. Un- 
 kind treatment from those who had the 
 care of her induced her to adopt the wild 
 resolution of proceeding to London. While 
 travelling hither on foot, she is said to 
 have met with Anthony Hammond, father 
 to the author of the Love Elegies, who 
 gained her affection, and induced her to 
 accompany him to Cambridge, and live 
 with him for some months, disguised as a 
 boy. When only sixteen, she married a 
 nephew of Sir S'tephen Fox. He died i.? 
 little more than twelve months, and she 
 became the wife of an officer named Car- 
 rol, who, at the end of eighteen months, 
 ^vas killed in a duel. Distress drove her 
 to write for the stage, and, in 1700, she 
 produced a tragedy, called the Perjured 
 Husband. This play she followed up by 
 several comedi')?, many of which were 
 successful. Her dramatic pieces are nine 
 teen in number. Some of them, among 
 which are, The Busy Body, The Wonder, 
 and A Bold Stroke "for a" Wife, still keep 
 possession of the stage. For a while she 
 was an actress, and, in this capacity, she 
 i captivated her last husband, Mr. Centlivre, 
 i yeoman of the month to Queen Anne. She 
 ! died in 1723. As a dramatist, she excels 
 J in plot, incident, and character; her dia- 
 i logo*, though by no means contemptible, is 
 of an inferior order, and it partakes of the 
 licentiousness which stained the theatrical 
 productions of that period. 
 
 CERCEAU, JOHN ANTHONY DU, a 
 Jesuit, dramatist, and poet, was born at 
 Paris, in 1676, and was accidentally shot, 
 in 1720, by the prince of Conti, to whom 
 he was tutor. He produced a volume of 
 Latin poems, and another of French? se- 
 veral comedies, one of the best of which 
 is the Inconveniences of Greatness; and 
 various prose works. 
 
 CERDA, Donna BERNARDA FERREI- 
 RA DE LA, a Portuguese lady of unconv 
 
168 CER 
 
 mon talents, was born at Oporlo, in the 
 beginning of the seventer nth century, and 
 died about 1650. She produced several 
 poems and comedies" of great merit ; was 
 the best musician of the age; played upon 
 all kinds of instruments ; spoke serial 
 hngnagos; and was versed in rhetoric, 
 mathematics, and philosophy. Philip III. 
 of Spain invited her to his court, to initi- 
 ate his sons, Charles and Ferdinand, into 
 Latin literature. 
 
 CERINI, JOSEPH, an Italian poet, born 
 in 1738, at Solferino, in the duchy of Man- 
 tua, was brought up to the bar. Having 
 married a portionless female, his parents 
 discontinued a small pension, on which he 
 had subsisted. He removed to Milan, and, 
 after suffering much misery, lie died in 
 1779, at a period when fortune was begin- 
 ning to smile upon him. He is author of 
 the successful comedies of Clary, and the 
 Bad Mother- in-Law; and of a volume of 
 elegant Anacreontic poems. 
 
 CERINTHUS, an heresiarch of the first 
 century, was born at Antioch, of a Jewish 
 family, and studied at Alexandria. He is 
 said to have been a disciple of Simon 
 Magus. He taught various heterodox doc- 
 trines, among which was, that Jesus was 
 a mere man, on whom Christ, the Son of 
 God, descended at the period of baptism, 
 and that, at the crucifixion, Jesus alone 
 suffered, Christ quitting his body, and re- 
 turning to his Father in heaven. 
 
 CERRETTI, Louis, a native of Mo- 
 dena, born in 1738, filled the offices of 
 secretary, and afterwards of professor of 
 history and eloquence, at the university of 
 Padua. Having been employed under the 
 Cisalpine republic, he was compelled to 
 fly in 1799. In 1801, however, he return- 
 ed. He died in 1808. His Lyric Poems 
 are esteemed. 
 
 CERVANTES, SAAVF.DR A MICHAEL, 
 one of the most distinguished literary cha- 
 racters of Spain, was born at Alcala de 
 Henares, in 1547, of a good but not rich 
 family, and was well educated. At an 
 early age he lie^an tu sacrifice to the Mu- 
 se*. Ill 1569 ho visited Italy, and l>erame 
 pU to Cardinal Aqnavhn. The hop*- of 
 
 CES 
 
 glory, however, and perhaps of fortu**, 
 Jed him to serve ;is a volunteer under Murk 
 Anthony Colonna, duke of Paliano, who 
 comm -inded the pope's jjalleys. He fought 
 bravely at the battle of Lepauto, and re- 
 reived a wound in his left arm, which 
 crippled him for life. Notwithstanding 
 his lameness he continued in the service 
 till 1575, when, as he was return in? to 
 Spain, he was taken prisoner by an Aljje- 
 rine corsair. At Algiers he continued a 
 captive for six years, during which period 
 he dbttficmshea himself by his indomitable 
 courage, his daring plans to brin'^ about 
 an insurrection, and his magnanimity in 
 taking on himself the whole responsibility 
 when his schemes were discovered. lie- 
 ing at length ransomed, he u turned to 
 Spain in 1581. In 1584, lie published his 
 Galatea, and married Donna Catalina Sa- 
 lazar. Of the subsequent life of Cervantei 
 the memorials are but scanty. We know 
 little more than that he seems to have reli- 
 ed upon his pen for subsistence; that he 
 obtained the patronage, such as it was, 
 ot the Count de Lemos ; that he sufferer 
 much from poverty, adversity, and the ha- 
 tred of rivals; and that he was even im- 
 prisoned for debt. Yet it would appear 
 that he was once in good circumstances; 
 for, in the Journey to Parnassus, A|M>llo 
 upbraids him with having ruined his for- 
 tune by want of economy. Cervantes died 
 at Ma'drid, on the 23d of April, 1617. 
 Among his works are about thirty dramas; 
 twelve Tales; a poem, in eight cantos, 
 called A Journey to Parnassus; and the 
 romance of Persiles and Sigismunda, which 
 was his last production, and published 
 posthumously. But these are all eclipsed 
 by that masterpiece of Spanish literature, 
 Don Quixote. The first part of this was 
 given to the world in 1605. The conclu- 
 sion was delayed for ten years. In th 
 mean while a writer, under the name of 
 Avellenada, not only published a second 
 part, but also heaped abuse upon the orig- 
 inal author. Of this surreptitious sequel, 
 though it is not utterly contemptible, wft 
 may say what a critic once said of a simi- 
 lar attempt to carry on the Sentimental 
 Journey, that " it is much surh a continua- 
 tion of the genuine work as the dead wnll 
 in Pimlico is of Buckingham House." 
 Don Quixote, as a biographer of (Vr- 
 vantes has justly remarked, had no model, 
 and still remains without a rival; and 
 though manners have changed, and other 
 follies have succeeded to those which the 
 writer wished to destroy, the hero of La 
 Mancha still interests men of all coimtrieu, 
 of all ranks, and of all ages. 
 
 CESAROTTI, MF.LCHIOR, a volumin- 
 ous and eminent Italian author, was born 
 at. Padua in 1730; was professor of rhet<- 
 ri there, at vYi age of nineteen, nnd mH~ 
 
wntly 
 
 admired t 
 
 mur, and the quay at Rouen. But the in- 
 vention of the cones to form the harbour of 
 Cherbourg is considered as his greatest 
 effort of talent. He died in 1806. 
 
 CEZELLI, CONSTANCE, a heroine of 
 
 CHA CHA 1 
 
 of Greek and Hebrew; was! CHALONER, Sir THOMAS, a son of 
 and pensioned by Napoleon, and the above, was born in 1559; received an 
 .died, at his native place, in 1808. His excellent education ; and improved hi ms-lf 
 works, including translations, amount to j by travelling in foreign countries. In 1591 ' 
 forty-two volumes ; he produced versions lie was knighted. He discovered, on his 
 of Homer, Demosthenes, Juvenal, and Os- estate near Gisborough, the first aium mine 
 eian; a Course of Greek Literature; and that was worked in Great Britian. Under 
 various original compositions, both in verse; pretence, however, that it was a mine 
 and prose. j royal, he was deprived of it by the crown ; 
 
 CESSART, Louis ALEXANDER DE,:but the Long Parliament restored it to his 
 a civil engineer, was born at Paris, in i sons. He died in 1603. He is the author 
 1719; and was originally an officer in the j of a tract on the Virtue of Nitre. 
 army. Ill health, however, obliged him to CHAMBERLAYNE, EDWARD, was 
 quit the military service, and he then studi- born at Odington, in Gloucestershire, in 
 ed civil engineering, and at length became 1616; educated at Oxford; became a inem- 
 inspector-general of roads and bridges. I ber of the Royal Society, and tutor to the 
 Among his works are the bridge at Sau- duke of Grafton and Prince George of 
 
 Denmark; and died in 1703. He wrote 
 and translated various works, now all for- 
 gotten, of which The Present State of 
 England was the most popular. Yet, such 
 an overweening opinion had he of his own 
 literary merits, that he directed some of 
 his publications to be covered with wax, 
 and buried with him to benefit posterity! 
 
 CHAMBERLEN, HUGH, a physician 
 and man-midwife, was born in 1664; edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Cambridge; and 
 died in 1728. He translated Mauriceau's 
 Treatise on Midwifery; and invented an 
 improved kind of forceps for assisting 
 delivery. 
 
 CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM, the compiler 
 of a well known dictionary of arts and 
 sciences, was born at Milton, in West- 
 moreland ; educated at Kendal School ; 
 and afterwards apprenticed to Senex, the 
 mathematical instrument and globe maker. 
 While he was in the service of Senex, 
 Chambers projecred his Dictionary, and 
 some of the articles were written br.-hind 
 the counter. It came forth in 172S, in 
 two folio volumes, and the next year he 
 was chosen a member of the Royal Society 
 Five editions of his work appe'ared in the 
 course of eighteen year^. He translated 
 the Jesuit's Perspective from the French ; 
 and joined with Martyn in translating and 
 abridging the Memoirs of the Royal Acade- 
 
 the sixteenth centur 
 Montpellier. In 1 
 
 tury, 
 
 590, 
 
 was a native of 
 her husband, Barri 
 
 de St. Annez, who was governor of Leu- 
 cate, for Henry IV'., fell into the hands of 
 the Spaniards. They threatened Constance 
 that they would put him to death, if she 
 did not surrender the fortress. She re- 
 fused, but offered all her property to ran- 
 som him. After having been foiled in two 
 assaults, the Spaniards raised the siege, 
 but barbarously murdered their prisoner. 
 Constance magnanimously prevented her 
 garrison from retaliating upon a Spanish 
 officer of rank. As a reward for her pa- 
 triotism, Henry IV. allowed her to retain 
 the government of Leucate till her son came 
 
 5HALMERS, GEORGE, a native of 
 Scotland, was born in 1744; was educated 
 at Aberdeen; and settled in America as a 
 barrister; but returned to England when 
 the colonies assumed independence. He 
 was for many years Chief Clerk of the 
 Board of Trade; and died in January, 
 1826. His productions, in antiquities, 
 criticism, biography, and political econo- 
 my, are very numerous. Among them is 
 
 of a 
 
 Caledonia, or a Topographical History of I my at Paris. He died in 1740. It is not, 
 North Britain, 3 vols. 4to. ; an Estimate as some have supposed, to Chambers that 
 
 we are indebted for the first Cvcl ij;;rdi,i 
 
 but to Dr. John Harris, who published hi* 
 Lexicon Technicum in 1708. 
 
 of the Comparative Strength of Great 
 Britain ; and an Apology for the Believers 
 
 in the Shakspeare Papers. His works Liexiuuu i r* iimci-m m uuo. 
 display considerable research; but his style CHAMBERS, Sir WILLIAM, an archi- 
 is heavy and monotonous. tect, born at Stockholm, but descended 
 
 CHALONER, Sir THOMAS, a states-! from a Scotch family, was brought to 
 man, soldier, and writer, was born in Lon-| England when two years old, and was edu- 
 don, about 1515; was in the expedition cated at Rippon. After having \isitcd 
 of Charles V. -to Algiers", and narrowly 1 China, as supercarg of a Sweden vessel, 
 escaped drowning; fought at the battle of he settled in London as a draughtsman; 
 Musselhurgh, and was knighted; was sub-; became, through the i. terest of Lord But,-, 
 sequently ambassador to Germany and j architectural drawing master to George 
 Spain; and died in 1565. His principal \ HI. ; and was subscquc-.\'y appointed fyuJ 
 work is, On the right ordering >( the Eng- architect ami surveyor y f -\! c'~ the '.x.'urd 
 ish Commonwealth. 'of wn.ks. Lord Rr^Hiv"*h' \illa l 
 
lt CHA CHA 
 
 Rochampton was his first work of Import- from further service, lest, in the viursitudcf 
 atice. In laying out the royal garden? at of war, he should fall into the hands of the 
 Kew, his introduction of the Chinese style enemy, and perish upon a gibbet. He died 
 exjjosed him to the pungent ridicule of the in Kentucky about the year 1797. 
 author of the celebrated Heroic : Epistle to CUAMPLAIN, SY'MIT.I., a French 
 Sir William Chambers In 1775, the naval officer, was born in the sixteenth 
 building of Somerset House was intrusted century, at Brouaje, in the province of 
 to him; and, with all its faults, the struc- Sainto'nge. He pursued, in 1603, the dis- 
 ture does honour to his talents. He died coveries of Carlier in Canada, and wae 
 in 1796. Sir William, who was a Swedish governor of the province from 1608 to 1635, 
 knight, and a member of the Royal and in which latter year he died. To his ex- 
 Antiquarian Societies, is the author of ertions France was indebted f.ir the e.-tab- 
 variotis professional works, the principal lishment of the colony. (Quebec v. us 
 of which is A Treatise on Civil Archi-| founded by him, and one of the American 
 
 lecture. 
 
 CHAMFORT, 
 
 SEBASTIAN ROCHE 
 
 NICHOLAS, a French writer, the natural 
 eon of an unknown father, was born in 
 1741, near Clermont, in Auvergne. He 
 was eduqated at Grassin's College, at Paris, 
 where he gained several prizes. He ap- 
 
 lakes still bears his name. 
 
 CHANCELLOR, RICHARD, an Eng- 
 lish navigator, accompanied Sir Hugh 
 Willoughby, in 1553, in one of the \ 
 which was fitted out to seek u north-east 
 passage to the East Indies. Chancellor 
 was separated from Willoughby by tcm- 
 
 plied to literature for his subsistence, and i pests, and discovered the White Sea 
 soon acquired considerable reputation. In [Hearing of his arrival, the Russian grand 
 1781 Chamfort was admitted a member of j duke invited him to Moscow, and there 
 the French Academy, on the death of St. Chancellor succeeded in laying the foumla- 
 Falaye. His principal titles to this honour' tion of the commercial intercourse between 
 were" his Eulogy on La Fontaine, comedy | England and Russia. After having made 
 of the Young Indian, and tragedy of Mus^ two subsequent voyages to Archangel, he 
 tapha and Zeangir. The latter also ob-j was unfortunately shipwrecked in a third, 
 taincd for him the place of secretary to tliC| towards the end of the year 1556. 
 Prince of Conde. Chamfort espoused thei CHANDLER, EDWARD, a native of 
 cause of the revolution, and feU a victim | Dublin, was educated at Cambridge; bc- 
 
 to it. After having been once imprisoned 
 and released, he put an end to his exist- 
 ence, in April, 1794, on being a second 
 time arrested. His works have been col- 
 lected in four volumes 8vo. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, PHILIP DE, a painter 
 of the Flemish school, was born at Brus- 
 sels, in 1602, and, after having acquired 
 the rudiments of his art, completed his 
 studies at Paris, under Poussin. He died 
 in 1674. Champagne was indefatigably 
 active; had a wonderful readiness of exe- 
 cution; 
 order. 
 
 and possessed talents of a high 
 Among his best pictures are, The 
 Nuns; the Vow of Louis XIII.; a Lord's 
 Supper; and a Magdalen at the Feet of 
 
 JOHN, a soldier in the 
 
 Christ. 
 
 CHAMPE, 
 
 American revolution, was born in Loudon 
 county, Virginia. In the year 1776 he 
 was a'ppointed a sergeant -major in Lee's 
 regiment of cavalry, and after the discovery 
 of Arno d's treason was employed by 
 Washington in a service of much danger 
 and difficulty; this was, to visit the British 
 army an a deserter, in order to ascertain 
 if anv other American officers were en- 
 gaged* in that conspiracy, and to secure 
 if possible the person of Arnold. In the 
 latter object of his enterprise he unfortu- 
 nately failed, but he effected his own es- 
 cape in safety, and returned to his com- 
 panions. Washington treated him munifi- 
 crnlly, nnd presented him with his discharge 
 
 came bishop of Litchfield in 1717, and of 
 Durham in 17GO; and died in 1750. He 
 
 is the author of A Defence of Chritt 
 
 mty, 
 
 in answer to Collins; A Vindication of 
 the Defence; Eight Sermons; and some 
 productions of minor consequence. 
 
 CHANDLER, SAMUKI,, a dissenter, of 
 great talents, was born at Malmesbury in 
 1693, and completed his studies at Levden. 
 After having been minister to a> congrega- 
 tion at Peekham, during which period he 
 was also a bookseller, he was chosen lec- 
 turer at the Old Jewry, and. about 1726, 
 pastor at the latter place: this last otiice 
 
 he held during forty yeai 
 universities of Edinburgh 
 
 In 1748, the 
 and Glasgow 
 
 gave him the degree of D. D. He died in 
 1766. Dr. Chandler is the author of nu 
 merous works; among which arc, Sermons 
 in 4 volumes; A Review of Annett's His- 
 
 tory of Da> 
 
 A Critical H 
 
 of 
 
 David; and a Vindication of the Christian 
 Religion. Dr. Chandler possessed exten- 
 sive influence among the dissenters, and 
 was highly respected by the clergy of the 
 established church. 
 
 CHANDLER, RICHARD n divine and 
 antiquary, was born in 1738 received hia 
 education and doctor's degree at Oxford; 
 travelled, in 1764.. through Asia Minor 
 and Greece, at the expense of the Dille- 
 tanti Society, and died, in 1810, at hii 
 living of Tifehurst, in Berkshire. He in 
 the author, among other work*, of Mar- 
 
CHA 
 
 g&ura Oxoniensia; Ionian Antiquities; 
 Travels in Asia Minor ; Travels in Greece ; 
 ami the History of Ilium. 
 
 CHANDOS, JOHN, an English warrior, 
 of the fourteenth century, distinguished 
 himself greatly, on numerous occasions^ in 
 France ; particularly at the battle of Au- 
 r.iy, in 1364, in which he took prisoner 
 the celebrated Bertrand du Guesclin. In 
 1366, he gained equal honour at the battle 
 of N ajara, against Henry of Transtamare. 
 He was killed, in 1369, at the bridge of 
 Leusue, near Poitiers. Chandra was ad- 
 mired and esteemed, even by the French, 
 for his generosity and moderation; and as 
 a general he was second in fame only to 
 the Black Prince. 
 
 CHAPELAIN, JOHN, a French poet, 
 was born at Paris, in 1595. After having 
 been tutor to the children of a nobleman, 
 and afterwards his steward, he obtained 
 the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu. His 
 undoubted learning, the influence which he 
 possessed, and some minor poem?, rendered 
 him for a while " the oracle of all writers, 
 *nd especially of all poets." He was, in- 
 deed, considered as at the head of French 
 literature. The publication of his Pucelle, 
 a poem on the subject of the Maid of 
 Orleans, the composition of which had 
 occupied thirty years of his life, at once 
 destroyed his reputation. It was covered 
 with ridicule by Boileau. and the other 
 satirical wits of the age. Chapclain died 
 in 1674. Though avaricious in the high- 
 est degree, he was a kind, disinterested, 
 and honourable man. 
 
 CHAPELLE, CLAUDE EMANUET, Lu- 
 ILLIER, was born in 1626, at La Chapelle, 
 near Paris, and numbered Gassendi among 
 his preceptors. He was intimate with all 
 the eminent literary characters of the 
 period, and was much admired for his 
 convivial qualities, his wit, and his verses. 
 He died in 1686. Besides his poems, he 
 wrote, in conjunction with Bachaumont, 
 the sprightly Journey to Montpelier, which 
 Voltaire justly describes as a masterpiece 
 of its kind. 
 
 CHAPMAN, GEORGE, one of the ear- 
 liest poetical translators, was born in Kent, 
 in 1557; was educated at Trinity College, 
 <Jxford; and died in 1634. He" was inti- 
 mate with Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Mars- 
 ton, Spencer, and others of his celebrated 
 contemporaries. He is the author of several 
 dramatic pieces. The first seven books of 
 his version of the Iliad appeared in 1596; 
 the remainder was completed four or five 
 years afterwards; and the Odyssey was 
 published in 1614. He also translated the 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice; and the 
 works of Hesiod and Musa-u*. 
 
 CHAPONE, HESTF.R, was the daugh- 
 ter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twywell, in North 
 mptonthire, and was born r.t that 
 
 CHA 16* 
 
 in 1727. When only nine years old, she 
 is said to have written a romance. Her 
 mother, however, who seems to have been 
 actuated by jealousy of her daughter'* 
 talents, endeavoured to obstruct her stud- 
 ies. Hester Mulso, nevertheless, succeeded 
 in making herself mistress of Italian and 
 French. The story of Fidelia, in the 
 Adventurer, an Ode to Peace, and some 
 verse* prefixed to her friend Miss Carter's 
 Epictetus, were among her earliest printed 
 efforts. In 1760 she married Mr. Cbapone, 
 but he was snatched from her by death in 
 less than ten months. In 1770 she accom- 
 panied Mrs. Montague on a tour in Scot- 
 land; in 1773 she published her Letter* 
 on the Improvement of the Mind; tnd 
 in 1775, her Miscellanies in Pro.se and 
 Verse. After having lived happily for 
 many years in the society of those who 
 loved tier, her latter days were heavily 
 overclouded by the loss of friends and rela- 
 tions, by impaired intellect, and by bodily 
 debility" She died at Hadley, near Bar- 
 net, December 25, 1801. Her verses are 
 elegant, and her prose writings are pure 
 in style and fraught with good sense and 
 sound morality. 
 
 CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, JOHN, a 
 French astronomer and mathematician, 
 was born at Mauriac, in Auvergne, in 
 1722, of a noble family, and was brought 
 i:p to the church. Mathematics, astro- 
 nomy, and designing, were early and suc- 
 cessful objects of his study. In 1759 he 
 succeeded Lalande as assistant astronomer, 
 and in the following year the Royal Acad- 
 emy, of which he was a member, sent him 
 to Tobolsk, in Siberia, to observe the 
 transit of Venus over the sun's disk. On 
 his return, he published his Travels in 
 Siberia, in two vols. 4to. His account of 
 the Russians was so unfavourable, that th* 
 Empress Catherine was provoked to write 
 a refutation of it. Chappe d'Auteroche 
 died in Calefornia, in 1761, which country 
 he had visited to observe another transit 
 of Venus. His Voyage was published 
 after his death. 
 
 CHAPPE, CLAUDE, a nephew of the 
 astronomer, born in 1763, at Brulon, in 
 Maine, was the person who first brought 
 the telegraph to perfection in France. He 
 drowned himself, in 1805, in a fit of in- 
 sanity, brought on by the perpetual attempts 
 which his rivals were making to depreciate 
 his merit as an inventor. 
 
 CHARDIN, Sir JOHN, a celebrated 
 traveller, was the son of a jeweller, and 
 was born at Paris, in 1643. He journeyed 
 twice into Persia and the East Indies, and 
 each time spent several years there. In 
 1681 he settled in England, where he wan 
 knighted, married, and published his Trav* 
 els. He died at Chiswick, in 1713. Hi* 
 TraveN. thp bppt edition of which is that 
 
I7t 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 by Langles, in ten vols. Svo. are of hign 
 value. Chardin also wrote an Account of 
 the Coronation of Soliman II. of 1 
 Observations on I' -i ipture 
 
 explained by Eastern Customs (the MS. 
 of which was lost for many years); anil 
 contributed to thn Philosophical Transac- 
 
 a Greek statuary, born at 
 
 lions. 
 
 V.RES, 
 
 Lindus, was a pupil of Lysippus, and 
 flourished about the 121st Olympiad. He 
 is fa id to have made the famous Colossus 
 of Rhodes. Pliny also ascribes to him a 
 
 FIELD, fail rf, 
 
 born in Dublin, 74 
 
 17l2S. After having tmvelled, for ?oraa 
 year?, in France, Italy, Greece, and Asia 
 .Minor, he returned to Ins native country, 
 and, in 17G.S, \vas created enrl of Charle- 
 mont. From that period till his decease 
 he touk an active and enlightened part in 
 politics, and was acquainted with, and es- 
 teemed by, Burke, Flood, and many other 
 eminent characters. He commanded tl>e 
 Irish volunteers; and this delicate ta.-k ho 
 performed with no common share of pru- 
 dence and dignity. Lord Charlemont wns 
 
 fine colossal head, which was placed in the fond of and successfully cultivated "itera- 
 
 ture; and to him Ireland is mainly indebt 
 
 Capitol by the cc 
 CHARETTE 
 
 consul P. Lentuhu 
 
 LA CONTRIE, 
 FRANCIS ATHANASIUS, one of the most 
 celebrated of the French royalist chiefs, 
 was born in 1763, near Ancenis, in Brt- 
 tanny, and was brought up to the naval 
 service. In March, 1793, the insurgent 
 peasants of Lower Britanny chose him as 
 their leader, and he justified their choice 
 by his gall-intry in numberless, combats 
 against the republicans. In 1795, he con- 
 
 ed for the establishment of the Roal Irish 
 
 Academy. Of 
 
 institution he was 
 
 annually chosen president'. He died in 
 1799. " 
 
 CHARLES M ARTEL, a natural eon 
 of Pepin d'Heristal, succeeded in obtain- 
 ing the dukedom of Australia, after the 
 death of his father. Under the title of 
 mayor of the palace, he was, in fact, sove- 
 
 re igv 
 
 of France for more than twenty-fix 
 the 
 
 eluded a treaty ; which, however, he broke J years, during the nominal reigns of the 
 before the close of the year. He was I last of the Merovingians. He repeatedly 
 taken prisoner, and shot, in March, 1796. 1 vanquished the Suevians, Prisons, Alle- 
 Charette was brave, enterprising, active,' mans, and Saxons. P>ut his most splendid 
 and possessed of considerable talents; but] exploit was his overthrow of the Saracens 
 he was sanguinary, and his inordinate am- at the terrible battle of Poitiers, by which 
 
 he probably saved Europe from the infidel 
 yoke. The surname of Martel, or the 
 Hammer, he acquired by this victory. He 
 died in 741, at Querey sur Oise. 
 
 CHARLES XII. king of Sweden, was 
 born at Stockholm, June 26, 1682, and 
 succeeded his father in 1697. In his earli- 
 est years he gave indications of that indo 
 mitable spirit which became the terror of 
 his foes. A trailing themselves of the oppor 
 tunity which they supposed to be afFordefl 
 by his youth, the czar, and the kings o! 
 Denmark and Sweden, formed an alliance 
 
 was sanguinary 
 
 bition was exceedingly prejudicial to the 
 royal cause by inducing him to intrigue for 
 th 1 ? supreme command, and to refuse to co- 
 operate with the other Vendean chiefs on 
 many important occasions. 
 
 CHARLEMAGNE, or CHARLES I. 
 emperor of the west, and king of France, 
 was born, in 742, at the castle of Saltz- 
 burg, in Upper Bavaria, and was the son 
 of Pepin the Short, and the grandson of 
 Charles Martel. In conjunction with his 
 brother Carloman, he succeeded to the 
 crown in 768, and became sole monarch, 
 by the death of his brother, in 771. He 
 was crowned emperor in 800. He over- 
 threw the kingdom of the Lombards; re- 
 duced the Saxons to obedience, after a 
 gallant struggle on their part ; and made 
 an irruption into Spain, which was at first 
 successful, but at the close of which his 
 rear-guard was routed by the Gascons, at 
 the famous battle of Roncesvalles. He 
 died at Aix la Chapelle, his capital, in 
 814. Charlemagne was brave; endowed 
 with grsat talents for war and for govern- 
 ment; encouraged commerce; and patron- 
 ised literature and the arts; but his virtues 
 were deeply shaded by faults, especially by 
 the shameful barbarity which he exercised 
 upon the vanquished .Saxons. His Capitu- 
 laries, or Laws, were chiefly issued in 
 805 and 806; and were collected, in 822, 
 
 against 
 
 Charles, however, attackec 
 
 Denmark with the rapidity of lightning 
 and compelled her sovereign to sue for 
 peace. Russia next felt the force of his 
 arms. He landed in Livonia, and (Nov. 30, 
 1700), with about eight thousand Swedes, 
 utterly routed eighty thousand Russians 
 who were intrenched under the walls of 
 Narva. In the two following campaigns 
 he expelled Augustus king of Poland, and 
 raised Stanislaus to the throne. The de- 
 posed monarch he pursued into Saxony, 
 and forced to sign a treaty. He, now re- 
 solved to achieve the conquest of Russia 
 and for that purpose directed his inarch 
 upon Moscow. But, after having obtained 
 some successes, he was entirely defeated at 
 the battle of Pultowa, oa the 27th of Ju y, 
 1709. Charles sought refuge in Turkey, 
 
 by Ansegise, abbot of St Wandrille, and j where he was at first honourably received. 
 Benedict, deacon of Mcnt/. IV i (. h-tvsren Turkey and Russia, ho 
 
 CHARLEMONT, JAMES CAUL- 1 ever, render*! hi? 
 
CHA 
 
 in the Turkish dominions, and he was re- 
 quested to ler.ve them. As he refused to 
 comply, orders were given to expel him by 
 force. Charles defended himself with des- 
 perate bravery, in his house at Bender, till 
 the building was se* on fire. He then sallied 
 forth, fell into the hands of the assailants, 
 and was kept prisoner for some time. At 
 length he departed, and after encountering 
 many difficulties and dangers reached Slral- 
 eund, which was soon besieged by his ene- 
 mies. During the siege he displayed his 
 accustomed talent and valour, but he was 
 finally compelled to abandon the city, and 
 sail to Sweden. His death took place on 
 the 80th of November, 1718, from a shot, 
 while he was besieging Fredericshall, in 
 Norway ; and there seems reason to suspect 
 that he fell b^ the band of a Swedish assas- 
 sin, and not by that of an honourable ene 
 
 CHA 171 
 
 the middle of the fifth century B. c. He 
 gave laws to the Catanians and other Eu- 
 boean colonies. To one of those laws he is 
 said to have fallen an honourable victim 
 He had enacted that no one should enter 
 the public assemblies armed, under pain of 
 death. On his return from an expedition, 
 he inadvertently hurried to a meeting of the 
 people without taking off his sword. " You 
 break the law," exclaimed a spectator. 
 " No," replied he, instantly plunging the 
 weapon into his own body, " on the con- 
 trary, I confirm it." 
 
 CHARRON, PETER, a French moral- 
 ist and divine, was born at Paris, in 1541, 
 and died there, suddenly, in 103. As a 
 preacher he enjoyed great celebrity. He 
 was the friend of Montague, who es'teemed 
 him so much that he bequeathed to him 
 permission to assume his family arms. 
 
 my. Charles had many virtues, but they \ His first work, which bore the title of the 
 
 were partly neutralized by his faults; his 
 firmness too often degenerated into obsti- 
 nacy, and his courage into rashness. Yet 
 there are circumstances which authorize a 
 belief that, had he lived, he would have 
 
 Three ^Truths, was published in 1594; his 
 Christian Discourses, in 1600; and his 
 Treatise on AVisdom, in 1601 . The last of 
 these was violently attacked by Chanet, 
 Garasse, and others, as the dangerous pro- 
 
 UClftCI iiiai, iia.ii uc MWUJ ic VTV/UHJ. i. ^ i V^CAI o.^;?^, BMU viu^i o j no nit; uaugc&uuo pi u 
 
 reformed his errors, and, perhaps, ulti- duction of one who was an enemy to relig 
 
 .1 t _ A *i *_ i _ . _i_ .*_ j.i_ ; mi- _ 'I* *r _ itr! j * 
 
 mately have contributed as much to the 
 happiness of Sweden, as he had already to 
 its glory. 
 
 CHARLEVAL, CHARLES FACCON DE 
 R1S, lord of, was born in Normandy, in 
 1612 or 1613, and though originally "sup- 
 posed to be too weakly to live, he reached 
 the age of eighty by dint of regimen. Scar- 
 ron said of him, that " the Muses fed him 
 on nothing but chicken broth and blanc- 
 mange." He died in 1693. Charleval was 
 an elegant writer both in prose and verse, 
 and was a liberal friend to literary men 
 who were in narrow circumstances. 
 
 CHARLEVOIX, PETER FRANCIS 
 XAVIER DE, a Jesuit, born at St. Quen- 
 tin, in 1682, was sent on a mission to 
 North America in 1720, and remained 
 there for two years; conducted the Tre- 
 voux Journal for twenty years after his 
 return ; and died in 1761. " He is the au- 
 thor of various works, of which the prin- 
 cipal are, A History and Description- of 
 Japan, two vols. 4to.; A General History 
 of New France, three vols. 4to.; and A 
 General History of Paraguay, six vols. 
 
 12mo. 
 
 CHARNOCK,JoHN, 
 
 ,-asborn in 1756; 
 
 ion. The Treatise on Wisdom survives; 
 the attacks upon it have sunk into oblivion. 
 
 CHARTIER, ALAN, a French poet and 
 writer, of great reputation in the fifteenth 
 century, was born at Bayeux, in Norman 
 dy, in"l386, and is supposed to have died 
 about 1457 or 1458. His works are now 
 sunk into oblivion. Yet, in such esteeir 
 was he held, that Pasquier tells us, the wife 
 of the Dauphin once kissed the lips of Char- 
 tier when she found him asleep ; and, on her 
 attendants seeming astonished, she declared 
 that it was not the man she kissed, but the 
 mouth whence so much eloquence had flow- 
 ed. 
 
 CHARTIER, RENATUS, a native of 
 Vendome, born in 1572, was eminent as a 
 physician, and published ten folio volumes 
 of an edition of the works of Hippocrates 
 and Galen; the remaining three were print- 
 ed after his death. By this work he bene- 
 fited medical science, but ruined his for- 
 tune. He also wrote some Latin tragedies 
 and poems. He died in 1654. 
 
 CHASE, SAMUEL, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of independence, was b >rn 
 in Somerset county, Maryland, in 17 11. 
 He was educated by his father, a learned 
 
 was educated at Winchester, and Merton clergyman ; and after studying for two 
 College, Oxford; served a.s a volunteer in years the profession of law, he was admit- 
 thc navy; subsequently became an author; ted to the bar, at Annapolis, at the age of 
 and at length died in the King's Bench, in twenty. In 1774, he was sent to the con- 
 1807. His chief works are, A History of press "of Philadelphia as a de egate from 
 Naval Architecture, three vols. 4to. ; Bio- Maryland, and he continued an active, bold, 
 
 E-aphia Navalis, six vols. Svo ; and The eloquent, and etiicient member of this body 
 ife of Nelson, Svo. | throughout the war, when he returned to 
 
 CHARONDAS, a Greek legislator an. 1 the practice of his profession. In 1791, 
 philosopher, was born at Catania, in Sicilv, he accepted the appointment of chief jus- 
 nd i? supposed to have flourished abmit ttcc of the general court of Maryland J and 
 
172 
 
 CHA 
 
 in ITPfi president Washington made him 
 an associate judge of the supreme court of 
 the I'nited States. He remained upon the 
 bench for fifteen years, and appeared with 
 ibi-lity and dignity. It was his ill fortune, 
 however, to have \\\s latter days embittered 
 by an impeachment by the house of repre- 
 sentatives at Washington. Tins imj carh- 
 mrnt originated in political animosities, 
 from the offence \\hieli his conduct in the 
 circuit court had given to the democratic 
 party. The trial of the judge before th 
 
 is popularity and sharpened 
 it. After having been ten 
 
 CHA 
 
 justice and impolicy, deprived him of hi 
 commission. This unconstitutional acl on- 
 ly enhanced his 
 
 his resentment. After having 
 years in opposition, he was, early in 1746, 
 appointed joint vice-treasurer of Ireland, 
 and, in the same year, treasurer and pay 
 master general of the army, and a privy 
 counsellor. During his treasurership, he 
 invariably refused to benefit by the large 
 balances "of money which necessarily re- 
 mained in his hand?. In 1755, he was dis- 
 
 senate is memorable on account of the ex-! missed; in 1756, he obtained a brief rein 
 
 citenicnt which it occasioned, the ability 
 of the defence, and the nature of the ac- 
 quittal. Judge Chase continued to exercise 
 his judicial functions till 1811, \\hen his 
 
 statement in power as secretary of state, 
 and was again dismissed ; but, in 1757, de- 
 feat and disgrace having f-illen on the coun- 
 try, the unanimous voice of the people com- 
 
 health failed him, and he expired on the pelled the sovereign to place him at the 
 nineteenth of June, in that year. He was head of the administration. Under his 
 
 a sincere patriot, and a man of high intel- 
 lect and undaunted courage. 
 
 CHASTELET, GABRIFLLK EMILIA 
 
 auspices Britain was, during four years, 
 triumphant in every quarter of the globe. 
 Thwarted in his measures, after the acces- 
 
 LETONNELIERDE BRETEUIL,mar- sion of George III., he resigned, in Octo- 
 chioness of, one of the most learned and ; her, 1761, an office which he could no 
 accomplished of modern females, was born , longer hold with honour to himself or 
 at Paris, in 1706, and died at Lune\ ille, in advantage to the nation.- A pension was 
 
 1749. She was a proficient in Latin, Ital- 
 ian, and English ; and possessed considera- 
 
 granted to him, and his wife was created 
 a baroness. On the downfall of the Rock- 
 
 ble knowledge of geometry, astronomy, and ingham administration, Pitt was appointed 
 
 natural philosophy. She published 'insti- lord privy seal, and was raised to the peer- 
 
 tutes of Physics, with an Analysis of Lcib- age with the title of earl of Chatham. He 
 
 itz's Philosophy, and translated Newton's acquired no glory as one of the new and 
 
 Principia. Though Madame du Chastelet 
 was married, chastity does not appear to 
 have been one of her virtues. Among her 
 ardent admirers was Voltaire. 
 
 CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT, earl 
 cf, one of the most able and successful min- 
 isters that England ever possessed, was born 
 November 15, 1708, and was the son of 
 Robert Pitt, Esq. of Boconnock, in Corn- 
 wall. His education he received at Eton, 
 and at Trinity College, Oxford. His en- 
 
 trance into public life \vas as a cor 
 
 net of 
 
 horsey and in 1735, through the intlucnce 
 of the duchess dowager of .Marlborongh, he 
 was returned to parliament as member for 
 Old Sarum. He subsequently sat for Sea- 
 ford, Aldborough, and Bath. As a senator 
 he soon rendered himself so obnoxious to 
 Walpole, that the minister, with equal in- 
 
 assorted ministry, and 
 from it in November, 1768. 
 
 he withdrew 
 Though suf- 
 
 fering severely from gout, he continued to 
 speak in parliament upon all important 
 questions. The American war, in particu- 
 lar, he opposed with all his wonted vigour 
 and talent. On the 8th of April, 1778, 
 while rising to speak in the House of Lords, 
 he fell into a convulsive fit, and he expired 
 on the llth of the following May. He 
 was interred, and a monument raised to 
 him, in Westminster Abbey, at the public 
 expense; and a perpetual annuity of jC. 4000 
 was granted to his heirs. Some short 
 poems, and a volume of letters to his 
 nephew, have appeared in print. The 
 character of Lord Chatham is thus ably 
 summed up by Grattan: "There was in 
 this man something that could create, sub- 
 vert, or reform ; an understandings a spirit, 
 and an eloquence, to summon mankind to 
 society, or to break the bonds of slavery 
 asunder, and to rule the wilderness of free 
 minds with unbounded authority; some- 
 thing that could establish 
 empire, and strike a b^ 
 that should resound through the universe." 
 CHATTERTON, THOMAS the moM 
 remarkable instance that pernaps ever 
 appeared of precocious talent, wa? the 
 posthumous son of the. master of the Free 
 School in Pyle Street, Bristol, ai.d wa* 
 born November 20, 1752. The rudiment* 
 of education he received at Colston VChajr- 
 
 or overwhelm 
 in the world 
 
CHA 
 
 ity School, in his native city; and, alout 
 hw tenth year, be acquired a tsiste for 
 reading. In his general disposition he was 
 grave and pensive, though at times exceed- 
 ingly cheerful. In 1767, he was bound 
 apprentice to an attorney, with whom he 
 remained nearly three years. It was dur- 
 ing this period that he seems to have pro- 
 duced many of his acknowledged works, 
 and also those which he attributed to Row- 
 ley. He sought the patronage of Horace 
 VValpole, but was treated with neglect. 
 Encouraged by promises from booksellers, 
 he visited London in April, 1770, and for 
 a while was a frequent writer in the Town 
 and Country Magazine, and several other 
 publications. Distress, however, soon 
 overtook him, and on the 24th of August, 
 1770, the unhappy youth terminated his 
 existence by swallowing arsenic. The 
 number and variety of his compositions 
 are astonishing; the genius which they 
 display is still more so. Imagination, 
 pathos", caustic satire, vivid description, 
 and sublime imagery, are all to be found 
 in the productions of this highly gifted 
 stripling. The poems ascribed to Rowley 
 gave rise to a vehement controversy among 
 antiquaries, but they are now generally 
 admitted to belong to" Chatterton 
 
 CIIA 
 
 173 
 
 CHAUCER, GEOFFREY, wno has been 
 called the day-star and the father of English 
 poetry, is believed to have been born in 
 London, in 1323, to have been educated 
 both at Oxford and Cambridge, and to have 
 studied law in the Temple. He was pat- 
 ronised by John of Gaunt, the sister of 
 whose mistress he married He was ap- 
 pointed to various lucrative offices, and 
 more than once was sent upon missions to 
 foreign countries. Having, however, im- 
 bibed the doctrines of Wicklifie, he was 
 compelled to fly to Zealand, whence want 
 of resources soon obliged him to return. 
 Imprisonmei t awaited him at home, and 
 he regained his liberty only by disclosures 
 which drew down upon him the indigna-l 
 tion of his party. At length, In- recovered I 
 the pensions of \\hu-h liv had hc'cri deprived,! 
 and the remainder of his life was spe.it in i 
 retirement, first Ht Woodstock, ami noxt 
 
 at Donnington Castle. He died, in 1400, 
 in London, to which city he had journeyeu 
 upon business. Considered merely with 
 reference to his own merits, Chaucer ranks 
 high among poets; compared with his pre- 
 decessors, his contemporaries, and many 
 of his successors, he is absolutely unrivalled*. 
 His great work, The Canterbury Tales, 
 was not begun till he was far advanced in 
 year?, but it displ;ivs all the freshness, 
 vigour, and variety of youth. 
 
 CHAUDET, ANTHONY DENNIS, an 
 eminent French sculptor, was burn at 
 Paris, in 1763, and was a pupil of StouC 
 At the age of nineteen he gained the high- 
 est prize of the Academy, for a basso 
 relievo of Joseph sold by his Brethren. He 
 died in 1810, professor of the schools of 
 sculpture and painting. His statues and 
 groups are numerous, and he excelled with 
 the pencil no less than with the chisel. 
 
 CHAUDON, Louis MAYEUL, an au- 
 thor, was born, in 1737, at Valensoles, iu 
 Provence, and died in 1817. He was a 
 Benedictirfe monk of the order of Cluny. 
 Of his numerous original works and com- 
 pilations, the best known is The New 
 Historical Dictionary, which was first 
 published in only four volumes, in 1766. 
 It was enlarged, in successive editions, till 
 it reached thirty volumes; but the eighth 
 edition, in thirteen volumes, was the last 
 which Chaudon superintended. 
 
 CHAUFFEPIE, JAMES GEORGE DE, 
 the author of several works, among which 
 is a continuation of Bayle, in four folio 
 volumes, was born at Leuwarden,in Fries- 
 land, in 1702, and was the son of a French 
 protestant refugee. Like his father, he 
 was an ecclesiastic, and was successively 
 pastor at Flushing, Delft, and Rotterdam, 
 at which latter city he died in 1786. His 
 supplement to Bayle, more than one half 
 of which is translated from the English, is 
 far inferior to the learned aid acute pro- 
 duction of his great predecessor. 
 
 CHAULIEU, WILLIAM AMFRYE DE, 
 a French poet, was born, in 1639, at Fon- 
 tenai, and died in 1720. Being a man of 
 considerable fortune, fond of good cheer, 
 and devoid of ambition, his whole life was 
 spent in enjoying the pleasures of society. 
 He resided at the Temple in Paris, of 
 which he was called the Anacreon. Ilia 
 poems, though often incorrect, are distin- 
 guished by gaiety, voluptuousness, and un- 
 studied elegance. They have gone through 
 many editions, and are still popular. 
 
 CHAUNCY, CHARLES, second presi- 
 dent of Harvard College, was born in 
 England in 1589. He received his gram- 
 mar education at Westminster, and took 
 the degree of M. 1). at the university of 
 Cambridge. He emigrated to New Eng- 
 land in 1638, and after serving for a num- 
 ber of vears in th ministry at ScituaM* 
 
174 
 
 CUE 
 
 was appointed in 1654, president of har- 
 vard College. In this office he remained 
 till his death in 1671, performing all its 
 duties with industrious fidelity. He was 
 eminent as a physician, and was of opinion 
 that there ought to be no distinction be- 
 tween physic and divinity. 
 
 CHAUNCEY, BirHKMKY, was born 
 o Hertfordshire, in 1632; studied at Caius 
 College, Cambridge, and the Middle Tem- 
 ple; was knighted in 1681, and made a 
 Welsh jiulgi? in 1688; and died in 1700. 
 He is the author of Historical Antiquities 
 of Hertfordshire, in folio; a work of con- 
 
 siderable merit. 
 CHAL'SSARD, 
 
 PKTER, a poet and 
 
 criticised, and as enthusiastically prais 
 Fashionable Prejudice, Melanide, T 
 
 miscellaneous author, was born at Paris, 
 in 1766. He was one of the partisans of 
 the French revolution, and filled some sub- 
 ordinate offices during the early part of it. 
 He died in 1823. Of his numerous works 
 the chief are, a Translation of Arrian; 
 The Festivals and Courtisans of Greece; 
 Heliogabalus; and some Poems. 
 
 CHAUSSEE, PETER CI>AUDE XI- 
 VELLE DE LA, a dramatist, the father of 
 sentimental comedy in France, was born 
 at Paris, in 1692, and died in 1754. He 
 was past the age of forty when he began to 
 write for the stage. The species of drama 
 which he introduced has been severely 
 
 f. 
 The 
 
 School for Mothers, Lo\e for Love, and 
 the Governess are among his most popular 
 pieces. His works form five volumes. 
 
 CHAUSSIER, FRANCIS, a French 
 physician, was born at Dijon, in 1716, 
 and died at Paris, in 1828. He was 
 equally celebrated as a practitioner and a 
 lecturer; was looked up to as the head of 
 his profession in the capital; and contri- 
 buted much to the progress of physiological 
 BI ience. He is the author of various medi- 
 cul tracts and dissertations. 
 
 CHAZELLES, JOHN MATTHEW, a 
 French astronomer and hydrographer, was 
 born at Lyons in 1657, and was a pupil of 
 Cassini, whom he assisted in forming his 
 great planisphere at the Observatory, and 
 drawing the meridian line. He was ap- 
 pointed hydrographical professor at Mar- 
 seilles, in 1685. Chazelles visited Greece, 
 Turkey, and Egypt, in the latter of which 
 countries he measured the pyramids. 
 During the last nirre \ears of his life, he 
 was employed in collecting materials for a 
 description of the Mediterranean coasts. 
 He died in 1710. Severa. of his charts 
 are in the French Neptune. 
 
 CHEKE, Sir JOHN, a statesman and 
 classic.-.il scholar, was born at Cambridge, 
 in 1514, and educated at St. Joh.: 
 k-ge. After having tra\elled on the con- 
 tinent, he was nfide regius professor ot 
 
 CHE 
 
 ntroduced some changes in the pronunciA 
 tion of the language, \\hich produced dis* 
 putes with the chancellor. Bishop Gardiner 
 In 1544, he was appointed tutor to the 
 young p Lice, afterwards Edward VI. , 
 who, on occoming king, loaded him with 
 favours, among which \\erc the honour of 
 
 knighthood, and the posts of secretary of 
 state and privy counsellor, llavii 
 poused the cause of Lady Jane Grey , Cheke 
 was imprisoned by Queen Mary," but was 
 liberated in a few months, and allowed to 
 travel. While he wa? absent his prop-rty 
 was confiscated, ami he was at len-th sent 
 home a captive. To save his life, though 
 with infinite reluctance, he abjured ih* 
 protestant faith; in con.-ejjuence of which 
 he is said to have died of grief, in 1557 
 He is the author of various works, some of 
 which have been printed. Among these 
 are, The Hurt of Sedition; and a tiansla- 
 tion of six of St. Chrysostom's Homilies. 
 
 CHEMMTZER, "IVAN IVANOVITCH, 
 a Russian fabulist, of a German family, was 
 bonr at Petersburg, in 1744; commenced 
 his career in the army; and was subse- 
 quently consul general at Smyrna, xvhere 
 he died in 1784. Chemnitzer is considered 
 as the Russian La Fontaine; and in hit* 
 character, as well as in his writing?, he 
 resembled the French writer. Like La 
 Fontaine he was subject to fits of absence, 
 which sometimes produced ludicrous scenes. 
 
 CHEMER, MARY ANDREW vv., a 
 French poet, born, in 1762, at Constanti- 
 nople, where his father was consul general, 
 distinguished himself early by his love of 
 learning and his poetical talent?. He es- 
 poused the principles of the revolution ; 
 but, being a friend of v oderate measures, 
 he was arrested in 1793, and was brought 
 to the scaffold in July, 1794. His poems, 
 which are few in number, possess consider- 
 able merit. 
 
 CHEMER, MARY JOSEPH, a French 
 poet and dramatist, was born at Constan- 
 tinople in 1754, studied at Paris, and en- 
 tered the army in 1781, but quitted it in 
 1783, to devote himself to literature. In 
 1786, he produced, unsuccessfully, his tra- 
 gedy of A/emire. In 1789, however, partly 
 in consequence of its political tendency, 
 his Charles IX. was more fortunate. It 
 was succeeded by Henry VIII., John Ca- 
 las, Cains Gracchus, Feneloit, and Timo- 
 leon. Besides his dramas, he wrote many 
 works of merit in verse and prose. His 
 collected works, to which are. added his 
 
 brother's 
 member 
 
 form nine volumes. He was a 
 f all the legislative bodies be- 
 
 tween 1792 and 1802; voted fur the death 
 of Louis XVI.; and, from his numerous 
 patriotic Its mns and songs, may be consid- 
 ered as the poet laureat of republicanism. 
 Chenier died in 1811 
 
 Gie< ; k ul Cambridge. In thi* cu[ acity he | C II E R S I P H R O N, CTESIPHON, 
 
CHE Till J7I 
 
 A.RCHIPHKOM, or CRES1PHON (for .frequently enij,lu)ffd, with powerful effect, 
 he is thus variously denominated by differ- { \n the Craftsman and other papers. It 
 rit writers,) was born at Gnossus, in the j was not till January, 1745, that the govern- 
 sland of Crete. It was he who, about 684 rncnt once moie availed itself of his tal- 
 E. c., drew the plan and commenced the^ents. In that month he was sent to Hol- 
 building of the famous temple of Diana at ; land, as ambassador extraordinary ; and on 
 Ephesus. In concert with Metagenes, his i his return, in May, he went over to Ireland 
 son, who continued the construction of the ! as lord lieutenant. The viceregal power 
 temple, he also determined the proportions he held rather less than twelve months, 
 of the Ionic order. i but the equity and beneficence of his sway 
 
 CI1F.SELDE.N, WILLIAM, an eminent; is still remembered with gratitude. Iw 
 anatomist and surgeon, was born, in 1688, ! October, 1746, he was nominated secretary 
 
 at Burrow on the Mill, in Leicestershire. 
 Anatomy he studied under Cowper, and 
 surgery at St. Thomas's Hospital. In 1713 
 appeared his first work, The Anatomy of 
 
 of state, and this office he held till the 
 beginning of 1748, when the state of his 
 health induced him to resign it. In the 
 senate he continued to 'speak till increasing 
 
 the Human Body. He subsequently pub- ! deafness incapacitated him for oratorical 
 lished a Treatise on the high operation for 'exertions. But his pen did not remaiu 
 the stone; Osteography; a translation of I idle. He contributed largely to The World; 
 Le Dran's Surgery; and various papers in among his contributions were the two pa- 
 the Philosophical Transactions. Of these 'pers which drew forth the celebrated letter 
 the first two involved him in a controversy ! addressed to him by Dr. Johnson. He 
 with Dr. Douglas. He was surgeon to St. ! died March 24, 1773. Chesterfield was a 
 Thomas's, St. George's, and Chelsea Hos-jman of highly polished manners, extensive 
 pitals, and to the Westminster Infirmary. 'acquirements, and versatile talents. He 
 He died in 1752. Cheselden had co.isid- jheld no mean place among diplomatists, 
 erable architectural knowledge: Surgeon's | statesmen, wits, writers, and orators; in 
 Hall, in the Old Bailey, was designed by the latter capacity he has been called the 
 him. British Cicero. His works consist of his 
 
 Letters to his Son, in four volumes, and 
 Miscellaneous Pieces, in four volumes. He 
 has been severely and justly censured foi 
 the lax morality of several passages in hits 
 Letters to his Son. 
 
 CHEYNE, GEORGE, an eminent phy- 
 sician and mathematician, born in 1671, 
 was a native of Scotland, and was origi- 
 nally intended for the church, but subse- 
 quently studied medicine under Pitcairue, 
 and settled in London. He died at Bath, 
 in 1743. Having rendered himself corpu- 
 lent and exceedingly asthmatic by free 
 living, he recovered his health and activity 
 by a milk and vegetable diet. He is the 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER 
 
 in 1694, and was educated at Cambridge. 
 Before he was of age, he sat in parliament 
 as member for Lostwithiel, and spoke with 
 eo much violence as to provoke from his 
 antagonists a hint, that his minority might 
 possibly be taken advantage of to move 
 for his exclusion. In 1726, he succeeded 
 to the earldom of Chesterfield. The ac- 
 cession of George II. opened to Stanhope 
 the road to political honours. He was 
 worn a privy counsellor; was appointed, 
 in 1728, ambassador extraordinary to Hol- 
 land; received the Garter in 1730; and 
 was nominated steward of the household. 
 
 author of a Treatise on the Gout; an Es- 
 
 STAN HOPE, earl of, was born in London, say on Health; a New Theory of Fevers; 
 
 The English Malady; The Natural Method 
 of curing Diseases; Philosophical Princi- 
 ples of Religion ; and Fluxionum Metho- 
 dus Inversa. 
 
 CHIABRERA, GABRIEL, who bears 
 the lofty title of the Italian Pindar, wa* 
 born at Savona, in 1552, a'nd did not 
 manifest his poetical talent till he was of 
 a mature age. As soon, however, as his 
 productions became known, his fame spread 
 widely and rapidlv. It is not alone in the 
 style of the Theban bard that he excels ; 
 for he often proves himself the worthy rival 
 
 of Anacreon and Horace. Besides his 
 The latter oflke lie resigned in 1733; and j Odes, he is the author of several dramas, 
 for many years he continued in strenuous and uf four epic poems. He died in 
 opposition to the measure's of Sir Robert 
 
 Walpole. Amonv the anti-ministerial peers 
 he stood conspicuous for activity and elo- 
 quence. At the stunt) time hia pen was 
 
 1637. 
 
 CHIARI, PETER, an Italian dramatist 
 
 and 
 
 the 
 
 eighteenth century, 
 war born at Brescia, where he ilso died* 
 
ITS cno 
 
 in 1787 or 1788, at an advanced ajje. lie 
 19 the author of more than sixty comedies, 
 four tragedies, and several romances. Chi- 
 ari was the rival <>f Goldom, and had 
 considerable theatrical success; but he is 
 inferior to the writer whom he stro\o to 
 otit\ ie. 
 
 CHICHLEY,orCHICHELE,HEHRT, 
 
 eminent for learning and munificence, was 
 born at Hicham Ferrers, in .Northampton- 
 shire, in lo(>2, and was educated at Oxford. 
 After having held various high ecclesiasti- 
 cal dignities, he rose, in 1414, to the arch- 
 bishopric of Canterbury, which elevated 
 station he filled with becoming dignity for 
 nearly thirty years. He died in 1443. 
 He founded and endowed All Souls Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and a college and hospital at 
 his native place; built the west tower of 
 Canterbury cathedral ; and improved the 
 archiepiscopal palace at Lambeth. 
 CHILLING WORTH, 
 
 , a di- 
 vine and controversial theologian, was born 
 at Oxford, in 1622, and educated at Trin- 
 
 cnn 
 
 downfall of the Jesuits, and addto Corsica 
 to France. 
 
 cnoisF.ri. GOUFFIER, Count MA. 
 KY GABJUEL AUGUSTUS I..-U-RF.NCF., a 
 
 member of the French Academy, was born 
 in 17f)2, and visited Greece in 1776. Sub- 
 sequently to liis return, he published, in 
 1779, the firtt volume of his Journey in 
 Greece. He was appointed ambassador to 
 Constantinople, which station he held till 
 a. republic was established in France, when 
 he settled in Russia. In 1802 he revisited 
 his native country ; and he died, at Aix 
 la Chaj-.eile, in 1817. Besides his splendid 
 Journey in Greece, in three volumes folio, 
 he is the author of several learned disser- 
 tations in the Transactions of the French 
 Academy. 
 
 CHRISTIAN, CHARLES, whose real 
 nanje was Charles Christian Riesen, was 
 the son of a Dane, and was born in the 
 British metropolis towards the close of the 
 seventeenth century. He is one of the 
 most celebrated modern gem engravers 
 
 ity College, of which he became a fellow 
 
 in 1628; was for a while a convert to the] Charles XII. of Sweden. 
 
 catholic church, but returned to protestant- London, in 1725. 
 
 One of his best works is a portrait of 
 He died, in 
 
 ism; obtained the chancellorship of Salis- 
 bury, the prebend of Brixworth,'and the 
 mastership of Wigston's Hospital; espous- 
 ed the royal cause, and actexl as engineer 
 at the siege of Gloucester; was taken 
 prisoner at Arundel; and died, a captive, 
 in 1644. His principal production is, The 
 Religion of Protestants a safe Way to 
 His works, including his Ser- 
 
 Salvation. 
 mons. form 
 
 CHILO, one of the Seven wise men of 
 Greece, was an ephonis of Sparta, about 
 600 B. c. One of his most celebrated 
 maxims is, Know thyself. He died of joy, 
 c. 597, while embracing his son, who 
 
 had been a victor in 
 
 the Olympic*games. 
 
 Chilo was remarkable for his upright con- 
 duct as a magistrate. 
 
 CHISHULL, EDMUND, a divine and 
 antiquary, was born at Eyworth, in Bed- 
 fordshire", and educated at Corpus Christi 
 College, Oxford. After having been chap- 
 lain at Smyrna, he obtained the livings of 
 Walthamstow and South Church, in Essex, 
 and was made chaplain to the queen. He 
 died in 1733. His principal works are, 
 Travels in Turkey ; and Antiquitates Asi- 
 aticae Christianam seram antecedentes. 
 
 CHOJSEUL, STEPHEN FRANCIS DE, 
 duke of Choiseul and Amboise, was born 
 in 1714, and, after having been ambassa- 
 dor at Rome and Vienna, was raised to he, 
 in fact, prime minister of France, through 
 the influence of Madam de Pompadour. 
 In 1770, he was dismissed from office, and 
 exiled to one of his estates. He died iu 
 1785. Choiseul brought about the Family 
 
 CHRISTIAN, EDWARD, chief justice 
 of the Isle of Ely, and law professor of 
 Downing College, Cambridge, was educa- 
 ted at St. John's College, Cambridge. He 
 died, at Downing College, in 1823. He is 
 the author of various works, among which 
 are, Treatises on the Bankrupt Laws, and 
 on the Game Laws. He also edited an 
 edition of Blackstone, to which he added 
 numerous notes. To him belongs the de- 
 merit of having been the originator of the 
 iniquitous law which extorts from everv 
 author eleven copies of any work that he 
 may publish. 
 
 CHRISTINA DI PISANI, an accom 
 
 plished female of the fourteenth century, 
 was born at Venice, in 1363, and was 
 taken to France at the age of five veara 
 by her father, whom Charles V. had ap- 
 pointed his astronomer, or rather astrolo- 
 ger. She became celebrated for her beauty 
 and talents, and was pensioned by Charles 
 VI. The period of her death is unknown. 
 Her poems and prose works are numerous ; 
 many of them are still in manuscript. 
 
 CHRISTINA, queen of Sweden, the 
 only child of the great Gustavus Adoiphus, 
 was born in 1626, succeeded to the throne 
 at the age of five years, and assumed the 
 reins of government at eighteen. She 
 seems to have been naturally of a mas- 
 culine character, and that character was 
 strengthened by the manner in which she 
 was educated. For some years she govern- 
 ed in a manner which did honour to her. 
 She likewise invited eminent men to her 
 court, and corresponded with others in va- 
 
 Compact, made many reform in the annv, rimis part* of Europe. During the latter 
 increased the naval forco, contributed to toe I portion of her reign ther ua* n < hang in 
 
CHU 
 
 her conduct. At length, In 1654, she ab- 
 dicated the crown in fevjur of Prince 
 Charles Gustavus, and quitted Sweden 
 Her next step was to adopt the Catholic 
 religion. For a while she resided in 
 France, where she drew on herself the 
 hatred of mankind by her murder of Mo- 
 naldeschi, her master of the horse. She 
 died at Rome, in 1689. Christina no 
 doubt possessed talents, and some of the 
 elements of greatness, but they were de- 
 graded by meanness, caprice, and vindic- 
 tive passions 
 
 CHRISTOPHE, HENRY, king of 
 Hayti, was a black slave, born in 1767, 
 in Grenada. He served during the war in 
 America, and was subsequently taken t 
 St. Domingo. His activity against the 
 whites gained for him, from Toussaint 
 Louverture, the rank of brigadier-general, 
 and his subsequent conduct raised him, on 
 the death of Dessalines, to the dignity of 
 president and generalissimo of Hayti. In 
 1811 he was crowned king of Hayti, and 
 he reigned till October, 1820, when, in 
 consequence of a general insurrection 
 against him, he put an end to his own 
 existence. 
 
 CHRYSIPPUS, an eminent Stoic phi- 
 losopher, was born at Solis, in Cilicia, 
 about 280 or 290 B. c. and died 207 B. c. 
 He was a subtle logician, but fond of deal- 
 ing in paradoxes. Of several hundred 
 treatises which he wrote, only a few frag- 
 ments remain. 
 
 CHRYSOSTOM, ST. JOHN, was born 
 at Antioch, about A. D. 344. He was of a 
 noble family, and his father, whose name 
 was Secundus, was a general of cavalry. 
 The name of Chrysostom, which signifies 
 golden mouth, he acquired by his elo- 
 quence. He has also been called the 
 Homer of orators,, and compared to the 
 sun. Successful at the bar, for which he 
 was educated, he quitted it, to become, 
 .or six years, an ascetic. When he 
 efmerged from his retirement, he became 
 a preacher, and gained such high repu- 
 tation for his piety and oratorical talents, 
 that ho was raised to be patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople, A. D. 398. At length he in- 
 curred tha hatred of the Empress Eudoxia, 
 and was sent into exile, in which he died, 
 A. D. 407. There are three editions of his 
 works iu eight, ten, and thirteen folio 
 volumes. 
 
 CHUBB, THOMAS, a controversial de- 
 ist, was born, in 1679, at East Harnham, 
 near Salisbury, was successively a glover, 
 a tallow-chandler, and a sort of humble 
 companion or dependent in the family of 
 Sir Joseph Jekyll. He died in 1747. His 
 
 CHU 
 
 lished in two volumes in 1748. 
 
 m 
 
 However 
 
 erroneous his opinions may be, Chubb was 
 a well meaning and modest m:m, with a 
 respectable share of talent and information. 
 
 CHURCH, BENJAMIN, a physician of 
 some eminence, and an able writer, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1754, and, 
 after going through the preparatory stud- 
 ies, cstab.li.shod himself in the- practice of 
 medicine in Boston. For several years 
 before th Revolution, he was a leading 
 character among the whigs and patriots; 
 and on the commencement of the war he 
 was appointed physician general to the 
 army. While in the performance of ihe 
 duties assigned him in this capacity, he 
 was suspected of a treacherous correspond- 
 ence with the enemy, and immediately ar- 
 rested and imprisoned. After remaining 
 some time in prison, he obtained permission 
 to depart for the West Indies. The vessel 
 in which he sailed was never heard from 
 afterwards. He is the author of a number 
 of occasional poems, serious, pathetic, and 
 satirical, which possess considerable merit ; 
 and an oration, delivered on the fifth of 
 March, 1773. 
 
 CHURCHILL, Sir WINSTON, was born 
 in 1620, at Wootton Glanville, in Dorset- 
 shire, and educated at St. John's College, 
 Oxford; fought in the cause of Charles I. 
 and was consequently deprived of his 
 estate; was restored to his property and 
 knighted by Charles II. ; published, in 
 1675, under the title of Divi Britannici. 
 Remarks on the Lives of the British Mon 
 archs; and died in 1688, The great duke 
 of Marlborouah was his son. 
 
 CHURCHILL. 
 CHURCHILL, 
 
 See M ARLBOROOGH. 
 CHARLES, who has 
 
 sometimes teen called the British Juvenal, 
 
 was born in Westminster 
 
 1T31, and 
 
 educated at Westminster School, where he 
 neglected his studies so much that, on the 
 ground of his insufficiency, he was refused 
 admission at Oxford, In* 1756 he entered 
 into orders, and became a curate, but he 
 
 soon ceased to consider the clerical 
 
 pro- 
 
 fession as his spheie of action, He be 
 gan his poetical career, in 1761, by The 
 Ror-ciad, which at once brought him into 
 public notice. It was rapidly succeeded 
 by The Apology, Night, Tire Ghost, The 
 Prophecy of Fumine, and many other po- 
 ems, most of them political, and all, though 
 often careless, abounding with keen satire 
 '.nd splendid passages. Of Wilkes he 
 vas the bosom friend and ardent partisan. 
 While he was thus acquiring popularity as 
 i writer, he was injuring his health and 
 lis character by dissipation. 1 1 is friends, 
 lowever, could" not but love him for his 
 
 first work^, which appeared in 1715, was generous feelings, and the warmth of his 
 intitled, The Supremacy of the Father ittachment to them. He died November 
 
 asserted, and this was followed by several 
 others. His postliumoft pieces were pub- 
 Si 
 
 4, 1764. Though time has rendered the 
 production* of Churchill lew interesting 
 
178 
 
 CIC 
 
 CIC 
 
 rue too! poet* , acquired the rudiments of writing. 
 ic spirit of i and supplied the want of pen and ink by 
 
 Mi\ion. ; rae uice and Ijits o 
 
 than ther originally were, the* 
 thoroughly imbued with the true 
 poetry to ue ever con>iu;ied to oblivion. j grape juice and bits of wood. With these 
 
 ClBBl'lv. ' Ml i ., 'i .-ruh.tnr, ' rude materials her first verses were written 
 
 was a native of 1 lolstein, hern at Fie ns- in her tenth year. At a more mature age, 
 bur.?, and s-.-ttK'd i.i London a .-ii >rt time sh made herself mistress of natural j:hil.-s- 
 hef.re the restoration of th- Stewart.'-. He'ophy, and of th" English and French Ian- 
 died in England, in 1700. The two figures, uuages, and studied the works of Locke and 
 representing mel.inrlh.lv and raving niad- Newton. Her Anacreontic \crs?es were 
 D0M, which were formerly over the gate of I distinguished by their graceful ease and 
 Bedlam in Moorfields. andaic now pro- their spirit. In private life she was virtu- 
 served in the new hospital, bear testimony ous and amiable. She died in 1794. 
 to his talents. The basso relievo on the ; 
 pedestal of the Monument is also his work. 
 
 CIBBER, COLLKY, a son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in London, in 1671. He 
 was educated at Grantham school, and was 
 for a short time in the army, which, how- 
 ever, he emitted for the Drury Lane stage 
 before he was eighteen. For some years 
 h<; acted subordinate parts, till, at length, 
 his personation cf the character of Fondle- 
 wife brought him forward, and his reputa- 
 tion as a comic actor continued thenceforth 
 to increase. In tragedy also he had con- 
 siderable merit. His first dramatic effort, 
 Love's Last Shift, appeared in 1695, and 
 it was followed by Woman*! Wit, The 
 
 Careless Husband, The iS'onjuror, and 
 
 CICERO, MARCUS TULMCS, OTIC of 
 the greatest orators of antiquity, was of an 
 
 other comedies a>nd tragedies, to the num- ancient family, and was born at Arpinum, 
 ber of twenty-five, some of which remain ] E. c. 105. His talents were manifested at 
 stock pieces. In 1711 he became one of ian early age, and they were cultivated by 
 the joint patentees of Drury Lane; in i the most eminent masters. His first ap- 
 
 1730 he was appointed Poet Laurcat, an 
 office which he rendered ridiculous, for he 
 was not a poet; and in 1757 he died. 
 Besides his Plays, five volumes, he is the 
 author of a most amusing Apology for my 
 own Life; and an Essay on the Conduct 
 
 pearance at the bar as an advocate was in 
 liis twenty-sixth year, and his success 
 against a "freed man of Sylla renderet} it 
 prudent for him to quit Rome for a while. 
 He, therefore, retired to Athens, and pur- 
 sed his studies. On his return to Rome 
 
 and Character of Cicero. Having given I he rapidly rose to distinction as a pleader. 
 
 some offence to Pope, the irritable poet 
 substituted him, in the place of Theobald, 
 as the hero of The Dunciad ; an act of 
 vengeance by which the poem was injured, 
 without the desired effect being produced 
 of inflicting injury on Gibber. 
 
 CIBBER, SUSANNA MARIA, one of 
 the most celebrated of our tragic actresses, 
 wag a sister of Dr. Arne, and was born 
 about 1716. Before she was twenty she 
 was so unfortunate as to be married to 
 the dissipated Theophilus Gibber, the son 
 of Colley Gibber. He was accessary to 
 her adulterous intercourse with a gentle- 
 man, and Lien sued him for heavy damages, 
 but was defeated. After her separation 
 frozi him her conduct was decorous. She 
 died in 1766. St. Foix's drama of The 
 Oracle was translated by her. 
 
 CICGI, M A KI A Lou is A, an accomplish- 
 ed Italian lady, was born at Pisa, in 1760. 
 Wnen she was seven years old her father 
 placed her in a convent, ordered her to be 
 instructed merely in domestic duties, and 
 forbade her even to be taught to write. By 
 stealth, however, shu read Mrae of the best 
 
 After having served the offices ot quaestor 
 in Sicily, and of aedile and praetor in the 
 Roman capital, he attained the dignity of 
 consul. While he held this high station 
 he gained the glorious title of father of his 
 country, and second founder of the republic, 
 by frustrating the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 It was not long, however, before he was 
 driven into exile by the intrigues of his 
 enemy Clodius, and he took refuge at Thes- 
 salomca. But he was soon unanimously 
 recalled liy the senate and people, in a man- 
 ner which was highly honourable to him. 
 In his fifty-sixth year he was proconsul in 
 Cilicia, ami made a successful campaign 
 against the Parthians. He espoused the 
 cause of Pompey against Caesar, but was 
 reconciled to the latter after the battle of 
 Pharsalia: He at length fell a victim to 
 the resentment of Antony, to whom he was 
 ungratefully sacrificed by Octavius, and his 
 head and hands were placed upon the ros- 
 trum of Rome, B. c. 43. As an orator, 
 Cicero has but one rival; as a writer he 
 possesses transcendent merits. In private 
 life, with some few cxcerfcions, such as di- 
 
cm 
 
 Torcing his wife for gain, his conduct was 
 entitled to praise; bin he was deficient in 
 political courage; and even his wondrous 
 powers are inadequate to a fiord a palliation 
 For his inordinate vanity. 
 
 CIMA1UJE, JOHN, who bears the hon- 
 ourable title of the Father of Modern Paint- 
 ers, wad born at Florence, in 1240; dis- 
 played an early fondness for draw in g; and, 
 with no other masters tha-i seme indifferent 
 Greek artists, soon became the first painter 
 of his age. His works were regarded with 
 enthusiasm by his fellow citizens, and sov- 
 ereigns visited him in his painting room. 
 He died in 1300. 
 
 CIMAROSA, DOMINIC, was born at 
 Nafles, in 1754, and studied under Aprile 
 und Fenaroli. He soon acquired fame as 
 a dramatic composer, and was invited to 
 Petersburg!! by the Empress Catherine. 
 He was subsequently conductor of the 
 Italian opera at Vienna; after which he 
 returned to bis native country. Being a 
 partisan of reform in Italy, he very nar- 
 rowlv escaped from being punished with 
 death, on the expulsion of the French 
 from Naples in 1799. He died at Vienna, 
 in 1801. More than a hundred excellent 
 operas were composed by him, of which 
 one of the most popular is 11 Matrimonio 
 Segreto. His modesty was equal to his 
 talent. 
 
 CIMON, an Athenian general, was dis- 
 sipated in his youth; but became virtuous 
 as he attained riper years. At the battle 
 of Salamis he greatly distinguished him- 
 self; and, as admiral of the Grecian fleet, 
 he subsequently obtained many splendid 
 victories over the Persians. Among hie 
 exploits was the recovery of the Chersone- 
 sus. He was, however, banished through 
 the influence of his enemies; but was soon 
 recalled, and began a new career of glory. 
 He died P.. c. 449, aged fifty-one, while 
 besieging Citium, in Cyprus. 
 
 CI \CHON, The Countess of. This lady, 
 the wife of the viceroy of Peru, was the 
 first person who brought the Peruvian bark 
 to Europe, and made known its virtues. 
 This took place in 1632. In honour of 
 lier, Linnaeus gave the name of Cinchona 
 to the genus of plants by which the bark is 
 produced. 
 
 CINCINNATUS, Lucius QUINCTIUS, 
 one of the most illustrious of the Romans, 
 flourished in the fifth century B. c. The 
 payment of a heavy fine for his sen reduced 
 him to cultivate a small farm with his own 
 hands. From this situation, however, he 
 was thrice called by his countrymen, once 
 as consul, and twice as dictator, when they 
 were in circumstances of danger, and he 
 overcame the Volscii, Equii, and Prenes- 
 tines. He lived to tne age oi between 
 eighty and ninety. 
 
 CIJS N \, Lucius COUNKI.H .*, a Roman 
 
 CLA m 
 
 general, of the Cornelian family, was one of 
 the most active and sanguinary partisans of 
 Marius. By his means Marius was restor- 
 ed to power. CimiH was four times consul 
 Ih was, at length, slaia in a mutiny by a 
 centurion, A. 
 
 CINO DA PISTOIA, ;;n Italian civil- 
 ian and pf'fit, was born at Pistoia, in 1270; 
 was successively professor of law at Trevi 
 so, Perugia, and Florence; and died in 
 11337. His Commentary on the Code wa* 
 'highly esteemed, and his poema are, per- 
 haps, among the lest of the age in which 
 he lived. Dante was his friend. 
 
 CIPRIANI, JOHN BAPTIST, a painter, 
 was born at Pistoia, in Tuscany, in 1727, 
 came to England in 1755, with Sir W. 
 Chambers and Mr. Wilton; was one of 
 the original members of the Royal Acade- 
 my; and died, at Chelsea, in 1785, leaving 
 behind him a high character for probity, 
 simplicity, and benevolence. His draw- 
 ings, many of which were engraved by 
 Bartolozzi, were admired for grace, cor- 
 rectness, and fertility of invention. 
 
 CIRILLO, DOMINIC, an eminent b.o 
 tanist and physician, was born, in 1734, at 
 Grugno, in the kingdom of Naples, and 
 displayed an early fondness for the study 
 of botany and medicine. During his trav- 
 els, he attended the lectures of William 
 Hunter, and was chosen a member of the 
 Royal Society. On his return to his own 
 country, he became deservedly popular for 
 his talents and benevolence. He was put 
 to death in 1799, for having taken a part 
 in the establishment of the Neapolitan re- 
 public. Among hia productions are, The 
 Philosophy of Botany; a Flora of rare 
 Neapolitan Plants; a work on Prisons and 
 Hospitals ; and another on Neapolitan En- 
 tomology. 
 
 CLAIRAUT, ALEXIS CLAUDE, an 
 eminent geometrician, was born at Paris, 
 in 1713, and acquired such an early profi- 
 ciency in geometry, that when little more 
 than twelve years old he presented to the 
 Academy of Sciences a scientific paper on 
 four remarkable kinds of curves. At 
 eighteen he became a member of the Acad- 
 emy. He was one of the mathematicians 
 sent to Lapland, to measure a degree of the 
 meridian. He died in 1765. Among hia 
 works, all of which are valuable, are, Ele- 
 ments of Geometry ; Elements of Algebra ; 
 a Theory of the Moon ; and a Theory of 
 the Nature of Comets. 
 
 CLAIRON, CLAKA, JOSF.PHA DE LA 
 TUDK, one of the most celebrated actresses 
 of France, was born, in 1723, near Conde, 
 and went upon the stage when only twelve 
 years old. Phedra was the character in 
 which she first displayed all her theatrical 
 talents. In 1765 she quitted the stage, 
 after which ?he was for many years the 
 cf rlie margrave of Anffjiacli. Sli 
 
t90 
 
 CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 died in 1803. Clairon was insufferably ; lit became unpopular, and the kindness uf 
 Arrogant, anil her private life was liceu- his master began to cool. At last, in \u 
 
 .ions. She wrote her own Memoirs. 
 
 CLAPPERTON, HUGH, was born at 
 Annan, in Scotland, in 1788, and was 
 
 gust, 1667, he was removed from all hit 
 employments. Not satisfied with this, the 
 Commons proceeded to impeach him, and 
 
 apprenticed to the sea-sen uv. Having Clarrndon found it prudent to go into vol- 
 inadvertendy violated the excise laws, by untary exile. After having resided seveo 
 conveying ashore a few pounds of rock salt, years in France, whence he more than 
 
 once vainly solicited to oc recalled, he 
 died at Rouen, December 7, 1674. Be- 
 sides his History of the Civil War, which, 
 the sty If, and 
 is an admirable 
 
 work, he is the author of an Account of 
 his own Life; and of a folio volume of 
 Miscellaneous Pieces. His daughter, Anne, 
 married James, duke of York, afterwards 
 
 he was sent on board of a man of war, 
 where he was speedily promoted to the 
 rank of midshipman. His zeal and activ- 
 ity, his useful and amusing talents, made in spite of some defects in 
 him a general favourite; and, in 1814, he some erroneous principles, i 
 was raised to the rank of lieutenant, and 
 appointed to the command of the Confiance 
 schooner, on Lake Erie. In 1817, he re- 
 turned to England, and remained on half- 
 pay till 1822, when he was chosen to! James II. 
 accompany Dr. Oudney and Lieutenant CLA HEX DON, HENRY, earl of, the 
 Denham, "on an expedition to penetrate ! son of the chancellor, was born in 1638; 
 into the heart of Africa. In this expedi- : opposed the Exclusion bill with great \t;- 
 tion Oudney died, but Clapperton and hisjhemence; was appointed lord lieutenant 
 companion greatly extended our knowledge ( of Ireland by James II., but soon recalled ; 
 of African geography. .After having been i was for a while imprisoned in the Towei 
 at home less than six months, he was a 
 
 iecond time dispatched to Africa, in No- 
 vember, 1825. He succeeded in attain 
 reaching Sackatoo, but there his career 
 was closed by disease, April 13, 1827. 
 
 CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, earl 
 of, was born, in 1608, at Dinton, in Wilt- 
 ihire; studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 
 and the Middle Temple; and was called 
 
 at the revolution; and died in retirement 
 in 1709. He wrote a. History of the Irial 
 Rebellion; and his Diary and State Let- 
 ters were published in 1763. 
 
 CLARKE, ABRAHAM, a signer of the 
 declaration of independence, was born in 
 New Jersey in 1726. He -was a delegate 
 to the continental congress, a member of 
 the general convention which framed the 
 
 to the bar His first appearance in the constitution, and a representative in the 
 Commons vas in 1640, as member for second Congress of the United States. He 
 Wootton Bassett, and he sat for Saltash in died in 1794. He was a man of exempla- 
 
 he consequently threw his weight into 
 cale of the king. He joined Charles 
 
 the Long Parliament. At the outset he 
 was desirous to see a redress of grievances, 
 but he soon became convinced that the pre- 
 vailing party designed to overthrow the 
 kingly and ecclesiastical establishment, 
 and 
 
 the scale 
 
 I. at York, who knighted him, and ap- 
 pointed him chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and a privy counsellor. In 1644 he was 
 one of the royal commissioners at Ux- 
 bridge. When the king's cause was ru- 
 ined, Hyde retired to Jersey, where he 
 resided for nearly three years, and wrote 
 a considerable part of his History of the 
 ReUllion. From 1648 till the Restora- 
 tion le was employed by Charles II. on the 
 continent, at Paris, Antwerp, Madrid, and 
 oilier places, and suffered severely from in- 
 
 digence. 
 
 the Restoration, brighter 
 
 prospects dawned on him. He had, in 
 1657, obtained the then barren honour of 
 being made lord chancellor ; he was now 
 elected chancellor of the University of Ox- 
 ford, created Lord Hyde, and soon after, 
 earl of Clarendon, and received some grants 
 from the crown. In his judicial capacity 
 his conduct was h reproachable ; but some 
 of his political measures it is impossible 
 
 ry piety and unsullied integrity. 
 
 CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, colonel 
 in the service of Virginia against the In- 
 dians in the revolutionary war, distin- 
 guished himself greatly in that post, and 
 rendered efficient service to the inhabitants 
 of the frontiers. In 1779 he descended 
 the Ohio and built fort Jefferson on the 
 eastern bank of the Mississippi; in 1781 
 he received a general's commission. He 
 died in 1817 at his seat near Louisville, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 CLARKE, SAMUEL, a native of Brack- 
 ley, in Northamptonshire, was born in 
 1623, educated at Merton College, Oxford, 
 and died, in 1669, superior beadle of law 
 and architypographus to the university. 
 He is the author of Septimum Bibliorun- 
 Polyglottum, Varise Lectiones; and Sci 
 entia Metrica et Rythmic.i; and he gavf 
 assistance to Walton's Polyglott. 
 
 CLARKE, DR. SAMUEL, eminent as 
 a theologian and a philosopher, was the 
 son of an alderman of Norwich, at which 
 city he was born, in 1675. At Caius Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, he was conspicuous for 
 talent, published a ne.w translation of Ro 
 hault, and contributed grcii!y tc, diffuse 
 the philosophical prinopl.-s of Newton. 
 
 not to coidemn. It was not long before j Clarke having take:; order*, Moore 
 
CLA 
 
 p of Norwich, appointed him hi* domes- 
 lie chaplain, and gave him the rectory of 
 Drayton, and a parish in Norwich. At a 
 later period, he introduced him to Queen 
 4nne, who m;:de him one of her chaplains, 
 and presented him to the rectory of St. 
 James's, on which occasion he took his 
 doctor's decree at Cambridge, and sup- 
 ported a thesis with universal applause. 
 By this time he had acquired extensive 
 reputation bath as a learned man and a 
 preacher. He had twice preached the 
 Boyle lecture, entered into controversy with 
 Tolcind and Dodwell, translated Newton's 
 Optics into Latin, and published a Para- 
 phrase of St. Matthew, and other works. 
 Between 1712 and 1729, he gave to the 
 world an edition of Ciesar's Commentaries, 
 a Latin version of Homer's Iliad, a Con- 
 troversy with Leibnitz, Remarks on Col- 
 lins'g Inquiry, a volume of Ser;mon.--, ;;nd 
 the Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity; of 
 which the last "drew upon him the censure 
 of the Convocation. The mastership of 
 the Mint was offered to him on the death 
 of Newton, but he declined it; the master- 
 ship of Wigston's Hospital, at Leicester, 
 he accepted. Dr. Clarke died of pleurisy, 
 May 11, 1729. Ten volumes of his Ser- 
 mons, and an Exposition of the Catechism, 
 were published after his death. Clarke 
 was a man of profound learning, an acute 
 reasoner, amiable in his disposition, and 
 unimpeachable in his conduct. 
 
 CLARKE, EDWARD DAMEL, a son 
 of the author of Letters on the Spanish 
 Nation, was born in 1767, and educated 
 at Jesus CoHege, Cambridge. In 1794, he 
 accompanied Lord Berwick to Italy, and, 
 in 1799, he set out, with Mr. Cripps, on 
 a tour which extended over the whole of 
 Scandinavia, and through Russia, Circas- 
 sia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, Pales- 
 tine, Egypt, and Greece, and was not ter- 
 minated till 1802. By his exertions the 
 library of Cambridge was enriched with 
 nearly a hundred volumes of manuscripts, 
 and the colossal statue of the Eleusinian 
 Ceres. He was rewarded with the degree 
 of LL. D. by the University. He also ob- 
 tained for this country the sarcophagus of 
 Alexander, on which he published a Dis- 
 sertation. His Travels form five volumes, 
 4to. Shortly after his return he was in- 
 stituted to the rectory of Harlton, in Cam- 
 bridgeshire. In 1806 he began, at the 
 university, a series of mineralogical lec- 
 tures, and, in 1808, a professorship of 
 mineralogy being founded, he was ap- 
 pointed to the chair. The lectures which 
 lie delivered in that capacity were highly 
 popular, and his experiments "with the oxy- 
 hydrogen blowpipe were productive of im- 
 portant scientific results. Dr. Clarke died 
 m Pall Mall, March 9, 1821. 
 
 CLAUDE LORRAINE whoe real 
 
 CLA 181 
 
 name was CLAOUE GELEE, waj born, in 
 1600, in the diocese of Toul. His parent* 
 were poor, and he was apprenticed to a 
 pastry-cook. Escaping from this unpoeti- 
 cal occupation, he obtained some instruc- 
 tions in drawing, and made his way to 
 j Rome, where he learned the rudiments of 
 'painting from Tassi. By the time that he 
 ! was thirty he had acquired a high reputa- 
 jtion. His fame continued to spread more 
 widely till his decease, which took place 
 at Rome, in 1682. Nature was the con- 
 stant object of his study, and the result of 
 his observations he transferred to the can- 
 va.- with unrivalled felicity. 
 
 CLAUDE, JOHN, a celebrated French 
 jCalvinist minister, was born at Sauvetat, 
 Jin 1619, studied at Montauban, and was 
 ordained in 1645. He was considered as 
 the most able and eloquent protestant the- 
 ologian of the age, and distinguished as a 
 preacher, and in controversy against Bos- 
 suet, Nicole, and Arnauld, all of them for- 
 midable antagonists. The revocation of 
 the edict of Nantl expelled him from his 
 country, and he died at the Hague, in 
 1687. His polemical and other works are 
 numerous. 
 
 CLAUDIAXUS, CLAUDIUS, was a na- 
 tive of Alexandria, in Egypt, and flourish- 
 ed under the reigns of Theodosius, Arca- 
 dms, and Honorius. He was patronised 
 by Stilicho, and, after the fall of his pro- 
 tector, Claud ian spent the rest of his li& 
 in retirement. The time of his death is 
 not known. Among the secondary Roman 
 poets he is entitled to a distinguished 
 place. 
 
 CLAUDIUS, TIBERIUS DRUSUS, em- 
 peror of Rome, uncle of Caligula, was 
 born B. r. 9. at Lyons, and was originally 
 called Germanicus After having passed 
 fifty years of physical and moral weakness, 
 he was raised to the throne on the death 
 of Caligula. At first he performed some 
 praiseworthy acts, but he soon became 
 contemptible, and was finally poisoned by 
 his wife Agrippina, A. I). 54. 
 
 CLAUDIUS II., MARCUS AURELIUS 
 FLAVIUS, surnamed GOTHICUS, emperor 
 of Rome, was a native of Illyria, born A. 
 D 214, and served with distinction under 
 Decius, Valerius, and Gallienus. On the 
 assassination of the latter, Claudius was 
 placed on the throne; and, by his virtues 
 and his victories, he proved himself worthy 
 of empire. He defeated Aureolus, who 
 had assumed the purple, and he then 
 marched against the Goths. At N ussa, 
 (now Nissa, in Servia), he overthrew thorn 
 in a sanguinary battle; and he followed 
 up his success with such vigour that he ex- 
 terminated the invading army of more thap 
 300,000 men. He died shortly after, a 
 Sirrr.ium, A. I>. 270. 
 
 CLAVIGERO, FRANCIS XATIER. * 
 
IS2 
 
 CLE 
 
 native of Vera Cruz, in Mexico, born about 
 1720, \vaa a Jesuit, nnd resided in that 
 country for thirty-six years. On the ex- 
 pulsion of his t'nhn- "fivm Ainci u-a, h:- 
 M-itlM at (Ysi-'vi, in Italy, and employed 
 his leisure in writing a Ili.-tt>; v 
 
 which was published, in 17SO and i?M, 
 in f.mr volumes, Svo.; and v.hich, though 
 defective in some points, contains 
 valuable information. 
 
 ( '] . A VTON, ROBERT, a son of the dea-i 
 
 CLE 
 
 Alexandria. The time and place of hi* 
 death are unknown. The best edition of 
 his theological works is th.it by Potter, in 
 
 ' ud'imes. 
 
 rLF.ME.NT XIV. Popr, whose name 
 ' . \ NG A s r T.I.I, was born 
 at St. near Mimini, in 1705; 
 
 obtained the cardinal's hat in 1759; wa.j 
 i,) the pontificate in 1761; and died 
 io 1775. The. Jesuits were .suppressed by 
 
 him in 1773. Clement v. as 
 
 of the 
 
 of Killala, was born at Dublin, in 1G!>5; most enlightened, benevolent, and disin- 
 was educated at Westminster School and ' terested men that ever wore the tiara. He. 
 Trinity College, Dublin; and rose surcvs- ; founded the Museum which is now called 
 sively to the bishoprics of Killala, Cork, ! the Pio-Clementine. The Letters attribtit- 
 and Clogher. Having rendered Iris ortho-jed to him are spurious, 
 doxy doubtful, he was on the eve of being! CLEMENT, JOHN MARY BF.RNARD, 
 deprived of his bishopric, when he died, ' a critic, to whom Voltaire pave the name 
 of a nervous disorder, in 1758. Among I of Inclement, was born at Dijon, in 1742, 
 his works are, An Introduction to the I and died at Paris, in 1812. He is the 
 History of the Jews; A Dissertation on j author of Medea, a tragedy; Satires, 
 Prophecy; An Essay on Spirit; and A ; translations from Achilles Tatius, Cicero, 
 Vindication of the Old and IV ew Testa-; and Tasso; and various severe criticisms 
 
 on Voltaire, Laharpe, and other eminent 
 
 mcnj, 
 
 CLEANTHES, a stoic philosopher, 1 writers, 
 born at Assus, in Lydia, was originally a CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise 
 wrestler, but went to Athens, and studied j men of Greece, was the son of Evagoras, 
 philosophy, first under Crates, and lastly j of Lindus, in the isle of Rhodes; though 
 under Zeno; maintaining himself, mean- : some declare him to have been born in 
 the most laborious Caria. He died, B. c. 564, at the age of 
 seventy- His daughter, Cleobulina, was 
 celebrated for her talents. 
 
 CLEOMENES, an Athenian sculptor, 
 is said to have lived about 180, B. c. To 
 him is attributed the inimitable statue of 
 the Medicean Venus. He also, as Pliny 
 
 while, by performing the 
 offices. When Zeno died, 
 deemed worthy of supplying his 
 He starved himself to death at : 
 
 Clean thes was 
 place. 
 L very 
 
 advanced age. Cleanthes flourished about 
 260 B. c. 
 
 CLEAVER, WILLIAM, a critic and di- 
 
 vine, was born at Twyford, Berks, in 1742; j tells us, produced an admirable group, 
 was educated at Oxford; became principal \ representing The Muses, which was called 
 of Bra/.enose College, in 1785; successively [The Thespiades. 
 
 filled the bishoprics of Chester, Bangor, CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, was 
 and St. Asaph; and died in 1815. He the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. She 
 wrote Sermons; Observations on Herbert I was successively the mistress of Julius 
 Marsh's Dissertation; and Directions to Caesar and of Anthony, by the former of 
 the Clergy on the Choice of Books; and whom she had a son. She ^atftmCNMNBsWv 
 edited the Grenville Homer. jher existence by means oa*..ap, B. c. SO, 
 
 CLEGHORN, GEORGE, a physician, 'to avoid being exhibited in the triumph of 
 was born near Edinburgh, i-n 1716; was j Augustus at Rome. With her ended the 
 educated in that city; became a pupil of .kingdom of Egypt. 
 
 Dr. Alex. Munroj'and was one of the! CLERFAYT, FRANCIS SEBASTIAM 
 founders of the Royal Medical Society of ' CHARLES JOSEPH RE CROIX, Count 
 the Scottish Metropolis. After having re- de, an able officer, was born, in 1733, at 
 
 fl 
 
 4 
 
 sided for thirteen years at Minorca, as 
 army surgeon, he settled at Dublin, where 
 
 Binch, in Hainault, and served with so 
 much distinction in" the seven years' war, 
 
 he acquired a well merited reputation. He that he was one of the first who received 
 died in 1789. His Treatise on the Dts-lthe crogs of Maria Theresa. From the 
 eases of Minorca is honourable to his skill 'conclusion of that war till 1788 Clerfayt 
 and talent. Cleghorn is considered as one ! lived in the bosom of his family, cultivat- 
 of the first who employed vegetable acids ing his estate, and gaining universal es- 
 in putrid and intermittent fevers. teem. During that year and the following 
 
 CLEMENS, Trrus FLAVITS, known he took an active part in the contest with 
 !i Clemens Ak-xandrinus, or Clement of '. the Turks. In 1792, he commanded the 
 A lexandria, or.'e of the fathers of the- (hard), Austrian corps in Champagne; and in the 
 i::d distinguished Dr learning and elo- : campaigns of 1793 and 1794 be sustained 
 j-.ience, war- b-;rn about A. r>. 217; was his leputalion, though in the latter he was 
 onvi-Med to chri.-'ianitv ; a:;d succeeded overborne bv a superior furte. Inl795ha 
 t!e : rterhetiral t-\\;tn\ ;f way iiiade field- narrshal, and commander* 
 
CLI 
 
 in-chief on the Rhine, and he then closed 
 his military career hy completely foiling the 
 republicans. He died at Vienna, in 1798, 
 and that city erected a splendid monument 
 to his memory. 
 
 CLEVELAND, or CLIEVELAND, 
 JOHN, tiie son of a clergyman, was barn at 
 Loughborough, in Leicestershire, in 1613, 
 and was educated at Christ's College, Cam- 
 bridge. Previously to and during the war 
 between Charles I. and his parliament, he 
 was an active satirist of the republicans, 
 and his productions enjoyed great popular- 
 ity among his own party. The Rebel Scot 
 was his first satire. He was taken prison- 
 er at Newark, but Cromwell released him. 
 He died in 1659. His poems went through 
 many editions, but are now seldom read. 
 
 CLIFTON, WILLIAM, was the son of 
 a wealthy quaker in Philadelphia, and was 
 born in 1772. He is said to have mani- 
 fested an eager love of literature at a very 
 early age, and as his health was very feeble, 
 he was not educated with a view to any 
 particular profession. His earliest per- 
 formances were various satirical effusions 
 in prose and verse upon the most prominent 
 political topics of the day. The best of 
 his productions is the Epistle to Mr. Gif- 
 
 CLI 
 
 18* 
 
 us pr 
 brd, 
 
 ford, published anonymously in the first 
 American edition of Mr. Giftbrd's poems. 
 He died in December 1799. 
 
 CLIFFORD. See CUMBERLAND. 
 
 CLINTON, Sir HENRY, an English 
 general, served in the Hanoverian war, and 
 was sent to America in 1775, with the rank 
 of major-general. He distinguished him- 
 
 estates. He waa, however, frequently call 
 ed from retirement by the unsolicited voice 
 of his fellow citizens; and was a member 
 of the con vent 'XMI for the adoption of tin 
 present Constitution of the United States 
 He died in 1812. 
 
 CLINTON, GEORGE, vice-president 
 of the United States, was born in the 
 county of Ulster, New York, in 1739, and 
 was educated to the profession of the law. 
 In 1768 he was chosen to a seat in the 
 colonial assembly, and was elected a dele- 
 gate to the Continental Congress in 1775. 
 In 1776, he was appointed brigadier gen- 
 eral of the militia of Ulster County, and 
 some time after a brigadier in the army of 
 the United States, and continued during 
 the progress of the war to render impor- 
 tant services to the military department. 
 In April 1777, he was elected both govern- 
 or, and lieutenant governor of New York, 
 and was continued in the former office for 
 eighteen years. He was unanimously cho- 
 sen president of the convention which 
 assembled at Poughkeepsie, in 1788, to de- 
 liberate on the new federal constitution. 
 In 1801 he again accepted the office of 
 governor, and after continuing in that 
 capacity for three years, he was elevated 
 to the vice-presidency of the United States ; 
 a dignity which he retained till his death 
 at Washington in 1812. In private he 
 was kind and amiable, and as a public man 
 he is entitled to respectful remembrance. 
 
 CLINTON, DK WITT, was born in 
 1769, at Little Britain, in Orange county, 
 New York. He was educated at Colum- 
 
 *elf at the battle of Bunker hill, evacuated jbia college, commenced the study of the 
 Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charleston I law, and was admitted to the bar, but 
 in 17SO; for this last service he was thank- j was never much engaged in professional 
 ed bv the house of commons. He returned j practice. He early imbibed a predilection 
 to England in 1782, and soon after published i for political life, and was appointed the 
 an account of the campaign in 1781 83, | private secretary of his uncle, George 
 which lord Cornwallis answered, and to Clinton, then governor of the state. In 
 
 which sir Henry made a reply. He 
 governor of Gibraltar in 1795, and also 
 member for Newark, and died spon after. 
 He was the author of Observations on 
 Stedman's History of the American War. 
 CLINTON, JAMES, was born, in 1736, 
 at the residence of his father in Ulster 
 
 1797, lie was sent to the legislature from 
 the city of New York; and two years 
 after was chosen a member of the State 
 Senate. In 1801 he was appointed a 
 senator of the United States, and contin- 
 ued in that capacity for two sessions. He 
 retired from the Senate in 1S03, in conse- 
 
 county, New York. He displayed an early quence of his election to the mayoralty of 
 inclination for a military life, and held sue- ; New York; an office to which he was 
 
 cessively several offices in the militia and 
 provincial troops. During the French war 
 he exhibited many proofs of courage, and 
 received the appointment of captain-cora- 
 
 annually reelected with the intermission 
 of but two years, till 1815, when he was 
 obliged to retire by the violence of party 
 politics. In 1817, he was elected, almost 
 
 mandant of the four regiments levied for unanimously, governor of the state, waa 
 the protection of the western frontiers of again chosen in 1820, but in 1822 declined 
 the counties Ulster and Orange. In 1775 being a candidate for reelection. In 1810, 
 
 he was appointed colont'l of the third regi- 
 ment of New York forces, and in the same 
 year marched with Montgoniety to O.ueber. 
 
 Clinton had been appointed, by the 
 re ;a'e of his state, one cf the board of 
 canal commiisi >ners, but the displeasure of 
 
 l)i'riug the war he rendered eminent sc:\i- nis political op; onents, luning been txcit- 
 ces to his country, and on the conclusion of ; e.l, he was remove 1 from this oliice in 1823, 
 it retired to eajoy repo.-e u:i l:i a.n; lo b, :i vote rf Iv.th branches of the lug i.- la 
 
184 
 
 CLI 
 
 -ure. This insult created a sti\ :.g reaction 
 in popular feeling, and Mr. C inton was 
 immediately nominated for governor, and 
 elected by an unprecedented majority. In 
 1826 lie was auain elected, but he died 
 before the commotion of his term. lie 
 expired very suddenly, whilst sitting in his 
 library after dinner, Feb. 11, 1S2S. Mr. 
 Clinton was not only eminent as a stales- 
 man, but he occupied a conspicuous rank 
 as a man of learning. He was a member 
 of a large part of the benevolent, literary 
 
 ami scientific societies 
 
 the I'nitrd 
 
 State?, and an honorary member of several 
 foreign societies. His ^productions are 
 numerous, consisting of his speeches and 
 messages to the state legislature; his dis- 
 courses before various institutions; hi.- 
 speeches in the senate of the Union; his 
 addresses to the army during the late war; 
 his communications concerning the canal ; 
 his judicial opinions; and various fugitive 
 pieces. His national services were of the 
 highest importance; and the Erie Canal, 
 
 accomli -h hi 
 
 con 
 
 - s \ V ere alv\a u>. 
 
 apnsn M* purp< 
 accordance with strict morality. 
 
 UTET, M. a Frrnch chemist and 
 
 mathematician, was b irn near Me/.ieres, 
 
 in 17,")1. Fiance is indebted to him fur 
 
 perfe -led the mantifacture of cast 
 
 steel, and for an i;nita'i>n of the Daims- 
 
 mitar blades. He died at Cayenne, 
 in 1801. Clonct wasn i le?s i cinai kable for 
 eccentricity than for talent. He slept lut 
 little, and upon straw, made his own 
 clothes, aod cooked his own victuals, 
 winch were of the crarsest kind. 
 
 CLYMER, GEORGE, one of the sign- 
 ers of the declaration of independence, 
 was born in Philadelphia in 1739. He 
 was left an orphan at the age of seven 
 years, and after the completion of his 
 studies, he entered the ct inting house of 
 his uncle. When the difficulties commen- 
 ced between Great Britain and the colo- 
 nies, Mr. Clymer was among the first to 
 aise his voice in opposition to the arbitrary 
 acts of the mother country, and was chosen 
 
 especially, though the honour of projecting' a member of the council of safety. In 
 
 it may telong to another, will remain a 
 perpetual monument of the patriotism and 
 perseverance of Clinton. 
 
 1775 he was appointed one of the first 
 continental treasurers, but resigned this 
 office soon after his first election to Con- 
 
 CLIVE, ROBERT, lord, was born at i gress in the ensuing y*ar In 1780 he was 
 Styche, in Shropshire, of a good family, again elected to congress, and strongly 
 in 1725, and in his nineteenth year was advocated there the establishment of a 
 sent as a writer to Madras. In 1747, how- national bank. In 1796, he was appointed 
 ever, he passed from the civil to the ! together with Colonel Hawkins and Colo- 
 military service, and soon displayed those ' nel Piekins to negocute a treaty with the 
 talents which induced Lord Chatham to I Cherokee and Creek Indians, in Georgia. 
 
 call him "a heaven-born general." The 
 first occasion on which he distinguished 
 himself was at the storming of Devicotlah. 
 
 He was subsequently president of the Phi- 
 ladelphia bank, and the Academy of Fine 
 Arts. He died in 1S13. 
 
 In 1751 he put the seal to his reputation! CLUVIER, or CLUVERIUS, PHILIP, 
 by his capture and subsequent defence of a geographer, was born at Danuic, in 
 A'rcot. Having visited England, in 1753,: 1580, and was originally intended for the 
 he was gratefully received bv the East legal profession. After having served for 
 India Company, and he returned to India two years in the imperial army, and tra- 
 with the raids" of lieutenant-colonel, and; veiled into England, France, Germany, 
 the governorship of Fort St. Davias. j and Spain, he died at Leyden, in 1623. 
 After having reduced the pirate AngriaJ Clnvier spoke fluently the Greek and Latin, 
 he sailed to Bengal, where he recovered and seven modern languages. He is the 
 Calcutta, defeated Surajah Doulah, at the author of D Tribus Rheni; Germania 
 battle of Plassey, dethroned him, and es-l Antiqua ; Sicilia Autiqua ; Italia AnttqOtt ; 
 tablished Meer Jaitier in his place. He and an Introduction to Ancient and Mod- 
 also destroyed a considerable Dutch force, ern Geography. 
 
 By these exploits he gained the title of an COBB, JAMF.S, a dramatic writer, was 
 omra'i of the Mogul empire, an Irish peer- born in 175(1, and became secretary to the 
 age, and enormous wealth. In 1764 he East India Company, which office he held 
 \va? made governor of Bengal, whence, in till his death, in 1S18. He is the author 
 17i7, he finally returned to England. A of The Haunted Tower; The Siege ot 
 sciere attark was made upon him, in 1773, Belgrade; Love in the East ; and tevers. 
 in the House of Common;, respecting his other comic operas. 
 
 political conduct in India; but the motion COBOUltG, FREDERIC JOSIAH, 
 wasrejefted, and a vote wa-- passed dr- Prince of SAXE, an Austrian general, 
 claratory of his >'.T\i<-rs. His death took commanded in 1789 the imperial army on 
 place, by hid own hand, in the November the Danube, and fought witli varied success 
 of the fJllowing year, dive must be con- against the Turks. In 1793 he ga:.ed the 
 idered as the founder of the British empire lattle of Nerwinde, expelled the French 
 in Hindoatan;'but it is more than doubtful, from the Netherlands, and invaded France; 
 whether the measures which he adopted to bat in tho following year he was defeated, 
 
COK 
 
 185 
 
 army at the age of sixteen, and, after 
 greatly distinguishing himself in numerous 
 jattles and sieges, rose to the .*ank of 
 ieutenant-general and chief engineer. He 
 died in 1704. Bergen op Zoom is his mas- 
 terpiece in fortification. He is the author 
 of A New Method of fortifying Places. 
 
 CUH 
 
 and competed to abandon the Low Coun- 
 tries, and he then resigned his command. 
 He died in 1815. 
 
 COCCE1US, JOHN, a native of Bre- 
 men, born in 1603, was appointed theolo- 
 gical professor at Leyden, in 1649, and 
 held that office till his death, in 1669. 
 His biblical commentaries and writings on 
 divinity fill no less than twelve folio 
 volumes. He was a believer in the Mil- 
 lenium, and also held that the words and 
 phrases of scripture ought to be understood 
 in every sense of which they were suscep- 
 tible; that, in fact, they did mean all that 
 t was possible for them to mean. He gave 
 rise to a sect denominated Cocceians. 
 
 COCKBURN, CATHERINE, whose 
 uaiden name was Trotter, vas born in 
 London, in 1679, and died in I -49. She 
 was a woman of learning and talent. At 
 Jie age of seventeen, she wrote her tragedy 
 of Agnes de Castro, and she subsequently 
 produced three other tragedies and a com- 
 edy. In her twenty-second year she 
 printed a Defence of Locke's Essay on the 
 Human Understanding, and, at a much 
 later period, she twice resumed the pen on 
 the same subject. Her last work was Re- 
 marks on Dr. Rutherford's Essay on Virtue. 
 Her Miscellanies were collected in two 
 volumes, 8vo. 
 
 CODRINGTON, CHRISTOPHER, a 
 native of Barbadoes, born in 1668, was 
 educated at Oxford, entered the army, and 
 became captain-general of the Leeward 
 Islands. He died in 1710. A few of his 
 Latin and English verses are extant. He 
 left .10,000 and his books to All Soul's 
 College, and his West Indian estates to 
 the Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel. 
 
 COELLO, AI-ONZO SANCHEZ, anative 
 of Portugal, to whom Philip II. gave the 
 name of the Portuguese Titian, was born 
 in 1515, and died in 1590. He was a pupi" 
 of Moro. Coello was in high favour witl 
 several of his contemporary sovereigns. 
 Many of his works are in theEscurial; 
 but his best piece, a St. Sebastian, is i 
 the church of San Geronimo at Madrid. 
 
 COGAN, THOMAS, a physician, was 
 born, in 1736, at Kibworth, in Leice^ter- 
 , and was educated under Dr. Aikin. 
 In conjunction with Dr. Hawes he founded 
 the Humane Society. A considerable part 
 of his life was spent in Holland. He died 
 in 1818. He translated the works of 
 
 Camper, and published some original i lie had thus excited he continued to merit 
 works; among which are, The Rhine, or during the remainder of his senatorial 
 
 ' career, from 1623 to 1628, and he had a 
 
 COKE, Sir EDWARD, a celebrated 
 judge, was born at Mileham, in Norfolk, 
 in 1549. His studies were pursued at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Inner 
 Temple. In 1578 he pleaded his first 
 cause, and was appointed reader of I 'ona 
 Inn, where he acquired great reputation 
 by his lectures. The fortune which he 
 gained by an extensive practice he increased 
 by two advantageous marriages, the last of 
 which being with the sister of Burleigh 
 gave him also political influence. In 1592 
 and 1593 he was made solicitor and attor- 
 ney general, and in the latter office dis- 
 graced himself by the manner in which he 
 conducted the prosecution of the earl of 
 
 Essex. This 
 
 he repeated in his 
 
 prosecution of Raleigh. In 1603 he wa,s 
 knighted; in 1606 appointed chief justice 
 of the Common Pleas; and in 1615 was 
 raised to be chief justice of the King's 
 Bench, and a privy counsellor. As a judge 
 his conduct was honourable to him. In 
 1616, however, falling into disfavour with 
 James I. he was dismissed from his high 
 office, and from the council, in a manner 
 which was more disgraceful to the monarch 
 than to the judge. It is to be regretted 
 that Coke endeavoured, though vainly, to 
 recover his places by mean concession to 
 the minion Buckingham. To the council 
 he vas, indeed, at length restored, but was 
 soon expelled again, and committed to the 
 Tower for his spirited and patriotic beha- 
 viour in parliament. The hatred which 
 
 A Journey from Utrecht to Frankfort; A. 
 
 share in framing the celebrated 
 
 etition of Right. He died at Stoke 
 
 Philosophical Treatise on the Passions; 
 Ethicw Questions; and Theological Di s -- 
 
 quisitions. ! Fogies, in Buckinghamshire, in 1634. Pre 
 
 COHORN, Baron Mr. NNO, who is called ', eminent in legal knowledge, acute, and of 
 
 the Dutch Vnuban, was born near Leeu-ja solid judgment, Coke had none of those 
 
 warden, in Friesland, in 1641, entered t^e ' fiiw intellectual qtialitu-d which sl<nl a 
 
tfit COL 
 
 lustre round their possessor. Il Li only us 
 a judge and as a senator that he can be re- 
 garded with satisfaction. His works may 
 be considered as law classic.-;. .Among the 
 most celebrated of them are his Reports; 
 Book of Entries; and Institutes of the 
 Laws of England. 
 
 COKE, Dr. THOMAS, an active mis- 
 sionary, was born at Brecon, in South 
 Wales', in 1747; was educated at Oxford; 
 and, about 1775, became acquainted with 
 Wesley, whose opinions he imbibed. In 
 1784, he sailed on a mission to America, 
 to which country he made eight subsequent 
 voyages, and h'* efforts were crowned with 
 much success. He died in 1814. Dr. 
 Coke is the author of A Commentary on 
 the Bible; A History of the West Ind'ics; 
 and other works. 
 
 COLARDEAU, CHARLES PETKK, a 
 French poet; was born at Janville, in 
 Beauce, in 1732, and commenced his lite- 
 rary career by a spirited imitation of Pope's 
 Eloisa. He subsequently produced the 
 tragedies of Astarbe and Calista, a comedy, 
 and several poems. These procured his 
 election to the French Academy, but he 
 died, in 1776, the day before he was to 
 take his seat. The great charm of his 
 works is the beauty of the versification. 
 Colardeau was modest, friendly, and ab- 
 horred the idea of giving pain. 
 
 COLBERT, JOHN BAPTIST, a French 
 minister of state, was born at Reims, in 
 1619, and is said to have been the son of 
 a woollen and wine merchant of that city. 
 He himself, however, claimed descent from 
 a noble Scotch family, a younger branch 
 of which settled in France about 1281. 
 But, if not illustrious by birth, he was in- 
 disputably illustrious by talent. Mazarin, 
 whom he had served with equal ability and 
 zeal, as his confidential agent, recom- 
 mended him to Louis XIV r . as worthy of 
 being implicitly trusted; and, after the 
 fa I' of Fouquet, the sole management of 
 tilt finances was committed to Colbert, 
 with the title of controller-general. This 
 office he held till 1683, when he died, worn 
 out with incessant toil, and the incessant 
 anxiety and vexation arising from the in- 
 trigues of his enemies. During his ad- 
 ministration France made a rapid progress 
 in power, internal prosperity, and the cul- 
 tivation of manufactures, literature, the 
 ciences, and the arts. It has been justly 
 icmarked, that if Louis XIV. gamed the 
 name of The Great, it is to Colbert that he 
 is indebted for that glorious appellation. 
 
 COLBERT, JOHN BAPTIST, Marquis 
 de Torcy, a nephew of the minister, was 
 born in 1665 at Paris, and, after having 
 been employed as a negotiator in Portugal 
 Denmark, and England, filled successive!} 
 the post* of secretary and high treasure! 
 of itite, minister for foreign affairs, nnc 
 
 CO!, 
 
 was 
 wa 
 
 superintendent general of post*. It 
 ic who, in the privy council, led the 
 n advising that the will of the king of 
 <pain should be accepted; and he contri- 
 buted, by his negotiations, to put an end to 
 he war which was caused by that accept- 
 imv. Torcy was deprived "of his offices 
 v the regent, duke of Orleans. He died 
 n 1746. His Diplomatic Memoirs have 
 )cen published in three volumes. 
 
 GOLDEN, CADVVAI.LADER, was born 
 n Dunse, Scotland, in 1688. After Btudy- 
 ng at the university of Edinburgh, he 
 urned his attention to medicine and mathe- 
 matical science until the year 1708, when 
 ic emigrated to Pennsylvania, and prac- 
 ised physic with much reputation till 1715. 
 He then" returned to England, and attracted 
 some attention by a paper en Animal Se- 
 cretion, which was read by Dr. Halley 
 before the Royal Society. Again repair- 
 ug to America, he settled, in 1718, in the 
 city of New York, and relinquishing the 
 practice of physic, turned his attention to 
 oublic affairs, and became successively 
 surveyor general of the province, master in 
 chancery, member of the council, and lieu- 
 tenant-governor. His political character 
 ,\ as rendered very conspicuous by the firm- 
 icss of his conduct during the violent com- 
 motions which preceded the revolution. 
 In 1775 he retired to a seat on Long Island, 
 where he died in September of the follow- 
 ing year, a few hours before nearly one 
 fourth part of the city of New York was 
 reduced to ashes. His productions were 
 numerous, consisting of botanical and 
 medical essays. Among them were trea- 
 tises on the Cure of Cancer, and on the 
 Virtues of the Great Water Dock. His 
 descriptions of between three and four 
 hundred American plants were printed in 
 the Acta Upsaliensia. He also published 
 the History of the Five Indian Nations, 
 and a work on the Cause of Gravitation, 
 afterwards republished by Dodsley under 
 the title of The Principles of Action in 
 Matter. He left many valuable manuscripts 
 on a variety of subjects. 
 
 COLET, Dr. JOHN, was born in Lon- 
 don, in 1466; was educated at Oxford; 
 travelled on the continent for seven years; 
 and obtained church preferment whe'n very 
 young. In 1502, he was made dean of 
 St. Paul's; in which capacity his endea- 
 vours to restore discipline brought on him, 
 though happily without effect, a charge of 
 heresy. In 1512, he founded and endowed 
 the noble institution of St. Paul's School, 
 for 153 scholars. He died in 1519. 
 
 COLIGNI, CASPAR DE, admiral of 
 France, son of marshal de Coligni, was 
 born at Chatillon sur Loing, in 1517. 
 Entering in early youth on the career of 
 arms, he distinguished himself at Cerisolr, 
 Carignan, Renli, SL Quentin, and on many 
 
COL 
 
 occasions. Placed at the head of 
 the protestant party, he fought gallantly at 
 Dreux, Jarnac, and Montcontour, an;l suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining an advantageous peace. 
 After having so often braved death in the 
 field, he perished by the daggers of assas- 
 sins, in the horrible massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, August 24, 1572. 
 
 COLLE, CHARLES, secretary and 
 reader to the duke of Orleans, was born at 
 Paris, in 1709, and died there, in 1783. 
 His comic pieces are lively and witty. The 
 Hunting Party of Henry IV. is one of the 
 most popular of them. As a song writer 
 he was in such high repute as to be called 
 the Anacreon of the age. He is also the 
 author of an Historical Journal, published 
 twenty years after his death, which con- 
 tains much bitter criticism on many au- 
 thors his contemporaries. 
 
 COLLIER, JEREMY, an eminent non- 
 juring divine, was born, in 1630, at Stow 
 Qui, in Cambridgeshire. He took his 
 degree at Caius College, Cambridge, in 
 1676, and obtained a living, which he 
 resigned for the lectureship of Gray's Inn. 
 At the Revolution, he not only refused 
 the oaths, but was active in bejialf of the 
 dethroned monarch. For nearly ten years 
 he continued inveterately hostile to the 
 government, (luring which period he pub- 
 lished several bitter pamphlets, was twice 
 imprisoned, and at length outlawed. His 
 most indecorous act was, in concert with 
 two others, his attending Friend and Per- 
 kins on the scaffold, and giving them 
 public absolution. At last he turned his 
 talents to better ends, and made war on 
 the licentiousness of the theatre. His first 
 work on this subject was A Short View of 
 the Immorality and Profaneness of the 
 Stage. The wits in vain opposed him, for 
 viitue was on his side; and, after a ten 
 years struggle, he accomplished his object. 
 The rest of his life was spent in various 
 literary labours, among which were Essays ; 
 a translation of Moreri ; an Ecclesiastical 
 History of England ; and Discourses on 
 Practical Subjects. He died in 1726. 
 Collier was a man of talents; and, how- 
 ever we may be inclined to censure his 
 political principles, it would be unjust to 
 deny him the praise of having been an 
 honest and disinterested man. 
 
 COLLIN, HENRY DK, a German poet, 
 one of the aulic counsellors belonging to 
 the financial department, was born, about 
 1772, at Vienna, where he died in 1811. 
 Among the German tragic dramatists he 
 holds a distinguished place. His Wai- 
 Songs arc full of animati-.n. Ccllin left 
 i nfinished nn epic, called The Rodolphiad. 
 
 COLLIN D'HARLEVILLE, JOH.V 
 FRANCIS, a French dramatist and poet, 
 was born, in 1755, at Maintenon, in the 
 department of the Eure ud Loire, and 
 
 COL 
 
 died at Paris in 1806. 
 a comedy 
 
 187 
 
 The Inconstant, 
 acted in 1786, was his first 
 piece, and it was followed by the Optimist, 
 Castles in the Air, and twelve or thirteen 
 others, some of which retain possession of 
 the stage. His works have been collected 
 in four volumes 8vo. 
 
 COLLING WOOD, CUTHBERT, lord, 
 was born at Newcastle in 1748, and en- 
 tered the naval service in his thirteenth 
 year. In the action of the 1st of June, 
 1794, he commanded the Prince, admiral 
 Bowyer's flag-ship; and in the action off 
 Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, he gallantly 
 seconed his friend Nelson, as captain of 
 the Excellent. In 1799, 1801, and 1804, 
 he rose to be rear-admiral of the white, 
 of the red, and of the blue; and he bore 
 a part in the fatiguing blockade of Brest. 
 At the battle of Trafalgar he was second 
 in command, and he carried his ship into 
 action in such a manner as to call forth 
 from Nelson an exclamation of delight. 
 His services were rewarded with a peer- 
 age, the rank of vice-admiral, and the 
 command of the Mediterranean fleet. He 
 died, off Minorca, March 7, 1810. Com- 
 bining bravery with prudence, indefatiga- 
 ble in his duty, full of resources, strictly 
 preserving discipline, yet winning the love 
 of his men by justice and kindness, Col- 
 lingwood may be safely held up as a model 
 to every officer who aspires to be honour- 
 ably remembered in the annals of his 
 country. His Correspondence, which has 
 been published since his death, places in a 
 striking light his virtues and his talents. 
 
 COLLINS, ANTHONY, a controversial 
 deist, of no mean talents, was born at 
 Heston, near Hounslow, in 1676; was 
 educated at Eton, and King's College, 
 Cambridge; and, being a man of property, 
 spent his life in literary pursuits, and in 
 performing the duties of a magistrate. 
 He died in 1729. His religious principles 
 brought him into violent collision with 
 Bentley, Chandler, and many others. 
 Among his works may be mentioned, 
 Priestcraft in Perfection ; A Discourse on 
 Freethinking; A Philosophical Inquiry 
 concerning Human Liberty; and A Dig* 
 
198 COL 
 
 course on the G rounds ami Ken sons of the 
 Christian Religion. 
 
 COLLINS, AuTHfR, n genealogist, 
 was born at F.xeter in ll>S2, ;:nd died at 
 Battersea in 17CO. His principal works 
 are, a Pecrajj", in four volumes; a Baron- 
 rt;io, in Ji\e volumes; and Livrs of Lord 
 Burieigh and Kdward the Black Prince. 
 
 COLLINS, WILLIAM, the son of a liat- 
 tor at Chichester, was horn in 1720 or 1721, 
 and received his education at Winchester, 
 and at Magdalen College, Oxford. While 
 at Oxford, he published his Oriental 
 Eclogues. In 1744 he quitted the uni- 
 versity, and took up his abode in London 
 as an author. His projects were numer- 
 ous, but want of patronage or want of 
 diligence, or both, prevented them from 
 being executed. He published, however, 
 his Odes, which, to the- disgrace cf the 
 ge, were utterly neglected. from the 
 pecuniary distress which he suffered, lie- 
 was at "length relieved by a leg.iey of 
 JC2000, but fortune came too late; he 
 sank into a state of nervous imbecility, 
 and died at Chiehester, in 1756. His Odes, 
 '.hose pearls which lie cast before swine, 
 have given him a place among the greatest 
 lyrical writers of his country. They re- 
 main unsurpassed in vivid imagination, a'nd 
 high poetical feeling and diction. 
 
 COLLINSON, PETKR, F. R. S. was 
 born near Kendal, in Westmoreland, in 
 1694, and died in 1768. Many valuable 
 trees and shrubs in our gardens were in- 
 troduced by Collinson, who carried on a 
 correspondence in every part of the world. 
 Linnaeus, with whom he was intimate, gave 
 the name of Collinsonia to a genus of plants. 
 He was the first also to whom Franklin 
 communicated his discoveries in electricity. 
 
 COLLOT D'HERBOIS, JOHN MARY, 
 one of the most sanguinary characters of 
 the French revolution, was born at Marin- 
 tenon, near Chartres. Originally he was 
 a provincial actor, and a dramatist; and, 
 though he gained little praise in those ca- 
 pacities, he was esteemed for the correct- 
 ness of his conduct. In that conduct, how- 
 ever, a woeful change took place, partly 
 produced, it would seem, by falling into 
 habits of drunkenness. He became one 
 of the moat violently Jacobinical members 
 of the Convention, and being sent on a 
 mission to Lyons, after the surrender of 
 that city, he committed the most horrible 
 atrocities* He, however, contributed to 
 tle fall of Robespierre. In 1795 he was 
 tr-rui-poiled to Cayenne, and he died there 
 in 1796. 
 
 COLLVER, JOSKPH,! IB son of parents 
 both of whom displayed '.ttrary talents, 
 was born in Lorulou, in 1745, and died 
 there in 1827. lie uas irstructed in eti- 
 jraring by Anthony and W Ibm Walker, 
 aiu.itful la eminence, n^ win elected 
 
 COL 
 
 ae Engraver of the Royal Aradeirt) 
 Among hi* best works arc, The Flamifb 
 Wake of Teniers, The Venus ofSirJofllua 
 Reynolds, and portraits of George IV'., 
 Queen Charlotte, and Sir William Young. 
 
 ( l >LM A.\ , ( i KoniiK, born at Florence, 
 in 1733, was a son of the British resident 
 to the Tuscan court, and of a sister of the 
 countess of Hath. 1 1 is education he re- 
 ceived at Westminster School, nd at 
 Christ Church, Oxford; and, while be 
 was at college, he published The Conn.ij- 
 seur, conjointly with Bonnet Thorit.in. 
 Law lie studied at Lincoln's Inn, but 
 never practised. In 1760 he made his 
 first attempt as a dramatist, by bringing 
 out at Drury Lane his lively farce of Poll/ 
 Honeycombs, which met with great suc- 
 cess. The Jealous Wife, in the following 
 year, established his character as a comic 
 writer. In the whole, he produced thirty- 
 live pieces, a few of which continue to be 
 acted. His fortune being increased by 
 legacies from Lord Bath and General 
 Pulteney, he purchased a share in Covent 
 Garden Theatre; bit ultimately sold it, 
 and became the proprietor of 'the Hay- 
 market Theatre. In 1780, a derangement 
 of his intellects took place, which gradually 
 increased, and he died, in 1784, in a luna- 
 tic asylum. Colman wrote The Genius, 
 and many other pieces, in the St. James's 
 Chronicle, which was his property; and 
 translated Terence and Horace's Art of 
 Poetry, to the latter of which he added a 
 valuable commentary. 
 
 COLOMA, DON CARLOS, marquis of 
 Espina, was born at Alicant, in Spain, in 
 1573; served with distinction in the Low 
 Countries ; was governor at Cambray and 
 in the Milanese, and ambassador in Ger- 
 many and England; held some of the 
 highest offices at court; and died in 1637. 
 He wrote the Wars of the Netherlands; 
 and translated Tacitus. 
 
 COLONNA, VICTORIA, wife of Don 
 Ferdinand Francis d'Avalos, marquis of 
 Pescara, was born in 1490. She was one 
 of the most accomplished females of Italy; 
 equally remarkable for virtue and talents 
 After the death of tier husband, she refuse*, 
 the hand of several princes. She died IP 
 1547. Her poems rank among the moi 
 happy imitations of Petrarch. 
 
 COLQUHOUN, PATRICK, a native of 
 Dumbarton, in Scotland, born in 1745, 
 was brought up to commerce, and, after 
 a residence of five years in America, set- 
 tled as a merchant a"t Glasgow. In 17?9, 
 he took up his abode in London, and in 
 1792 was appointed a police mug i.-t rate. 
 He resigned in 1818, and died in 1*?0. 
 Mis best known w;.iks are treatises On 
 ;he Police c,f tie Metropolis, and On the 
 Police of the Rher Tlumes. He i aluo 
 ', the nuihor of \aiioii5 trad*, and of 
 
COL 
 
 fVVw Svetem of Education fbr the Poor; a 
 Treatise on Indigence; and a Treatise on 
 the Population, &c., of the British Empire. 
 CO1 STO.N, EDWARD, a munificent and 
 philanthropic merchant, was born at Bris- 
 tol in 1636, and acquired a splendid fortune 
 in the Spanish trade. He died in 1721. 
 The whole life of Colston seems to have 
 been devoted to doing good. In private 
 nml public charities, while he lived, he is 
 supposed to have spent more than 150,000. 
 He founded and endowed St. Augustine s 
 School, for a hundred boys, at Bristol; 
 and various almshouses and benevolent 
 institutions in other places. 
 
 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, the dis- 
 coverer of the new world, whose real name 
 was Colombo, was born in the Genoese 
 territory in 1441, but whether at Genoa 
 Savona, Nervi, or Cogoreo, was long a 
 matter in dispute. That it was at Genoa 
 is no longer a matter of doubt. It has 
 been asserted that his origin was humble 
 This is of the least possible consequence 
 or it would not be difficult to produce 
 evidence that he was well descended. Hi 
 studied awhile at Pavia,but quitted theuni 
 versity at an early period to follow' a mari- 
 time life. Between thirty and forty years 
 were spent by him in voyages to various 
 parts of the world, during which geometry 
 astronomy, and cosmography, occupier 
 much of his attention. At length he settlec 
 at Lisbon, where he married the orphai 
 daughter of Palestrello, an Italian naviga 
 tor. His geographical investigations, sup- 
 ported by the evidence of pieces of carvec 
 wood, trunks of trees, and canes, driftec 
 across the Atlantic, induced him to believ 
 that, by stretching across the ocean in a 
 westerly direction, the shores of Eastern 
 Asia might be reached, and he resolved tc 
 obtain from some sovereign the means ol 
 making the attempt. Years of solicitation 
 were spent in vain; hi? proposals were no 
 listened to at Genoa, Lisbon, or London 
 At length they were tardily accepted b\ 
 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. On th 
 2nd of August, 1492, Columbus with thre 
 small vessels sailed on his daring adventure 
 from th* port of Pnloa. He stopped at the 
 
 COM . 180 
 
 ^nnaries, whence he departed on the 6th 
 f September, and continued his onward 
 ourse for thirty-five days, seeing nothing 
 round him but the billows and the sky. 
 Already daunted by the terrors of unknown 
 us, the variation of the compass, which 
 vas now first observed, overpowered the 
 ourageof the sailors, and they were more 
 han once on the point of breaking into 
 ->pen mutiny, and steering back to Spain. 
 The long sought land at last appeared, on 
 he night of the llth of October, 1492. It 
 was Guanahani, one of the Bahamas, to 
 which he gave the name of San Salvador. 
 \ftcr having built a fort, and left in it 
 jiirtv-eight men, he returned to Europe, 
 DM! "anchored at Palos on the 15th of 
 March, 1493. The people received him 
 with enthusiasm, the court heaped honours 
 ipon him Columbus made three more 
 ,-oyagrs to the western world; one in the 
 autumn of 1493, another in 1498, and the 
 l:ist in 1504; and considerably enlarged 
 the sphere of his discoveries. His latter 
 years were imbittered by insult and injury. 
 Complaints of his conduct at Hispaniolu, 
 in 1499, having been made to the court, 
 Bovadilla was dispatched to the island to 
 investigate the charges, and that brutal 
 commissioner sent Columbus to Europe in 
 irons. For this shameful indignity he re- 
 ceived but an imperfect reparation. He 
 died May 20, 1506. 
 
 COLUMELLA, Lucius JUNIUS Moi>- 
 ERATUS, a Latin writer, one of the best 
 agriculturist* of antiquity, was a native of 
 Gade?, in Spain, and resided at Rome in 
 the reign of Claudius. He is the author 
 of a Treatise on Agriculture, in twelve 
 books, which is still extant. 
 
 COLUTHUS,a Greek poet, who flour- 
 ished in the reign of Anastasius about 
 A. u. 491, was a native of Lycopolis, in 
 Egypt. He wrote the Calydonics, and 
 the Persies; but they are lost. His only 
 extant poem is the Rape of Helen, the 
 manuscript of which was found, by Cardi- 
 nal Bcssarion, in the monastery of Casoli, 
 near Otranto. 
 
 COMLN'ES, PHIMP DE, lord of Argen- 
 ton, was born, in 1445, at Comines, in 
 Flanders. The early part of his life was 
 passed at the court "of Charles the Bold, 
 duke of Burgundy, from whose service he 
 passed into Uiat of Louis XI. of France, 
 who employed him in various negotiations. 
 Comines, having taken a part in the in- 
 trigues of the duke of Orleans, was impris- 
 oned for some months in 1485, but was at 
 length pardoned, and again trusted as 
 negotiator. He died in 1509. His Me- 
 moirs, which are written in a pleasing 
 style, abound with valuable information 
 and judicious reflections. 
 
 COMMELIN, JOHN, a botanist, *rai 
 born at Amsterdam in 1629, and died in 
 
190 CON CON 
 
 1692. He had the direction of the botanic I'Franche Cointr, in 1663; the passage of 
 
 garden of his native city, and ho spared (lie Rhine, in 1<>72; and the battle of Se- 
 
 , '.either labour nor expense to improve it. ne(T, in 1674. He died, in 1686, at Fon- 
 
 lle pi'blished The Hi'spcridcs of the Low taineblenn. Comic was active, daring, 
 
 CuMBtries, and other work*. Hit nephew, full of resources, and inflexibly persever- 
 
 GASFAR, is the author of Flora Malaha- in<j in spite of obstacles; but it is impon- 
 
 rica, and various botanical productions. sible to deny that lie was culpably lavish 
 
 COMMERSON,PHILIBJCRT,a French of the blood of his soldiers; a fault which 
 
 physician and botanist, was born, in 1727, sonic have vainly attempted to palliate by 
 
 at Chatillon les Doinbrs, and died, in 1773, urging that he was equally lavish of his own. 
 
 at the Isle of France, whither he had ac- 
 companied Bougainville, in his voyage 
 
 COM)ILLAC,STF.PI1KN BO.H.NOTUK, 
 
 a brother of the Abbe de Mablv, was tarn, 
 
 round the world. Before he set out on in 1715, at Grenoble, and died, on hin 
 his voyage, he composed a Martyrology estate near Bcaugenci, in 1780. For the 
 of Botany, which is a history of botanists use of Prince Ferdinand of p arma, to 
 who have fallen victims to their botanical whom he was tutor, he drew up t Course 
 ! ibours. The name of Commcrsonia was of Study, in thirteen volumes. The whole 
 gnen by Forster to a genus of Polynesian Of his works form twenty-three volumes in 
 plants. * j8vo. Among them are, An Essay on Hu- 
 
 COMMODUS, Lucius AURKLIUS man Knowledge (his first production) ; and 
 ANTONINUS, emperor of Rome, the son of a Treatise on Sensations. As a mQtaphy- 
 Marcus Aurelius, was born A. D. 161, and sician Condillac has a high reputation, 
 succeeded his father A. D. 180. Cruel though some have endeavoured to tarnish 
 and licentious in the extreme, without a it, by accusing him of borrowing from 
 single virtue, he disgraced the throne and Locke, and of advancing principles which 
 ecourged the people for twelve years. He tend to materialism. 
 
 was at length poisoned by his" concubine i CONDORCET, JOHN ANTHOWT 
 Martia, and, the poison acting too slowly, 1 NIC; OLAS CARITAT, marquis of, was 
 his death wa.s completed by strangulatic^. born at Ribcmont, in Ficardy, in 1763. 
 
 CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARY LA, Mathematics and natural philosophy, for 
 a mathematician and philosopher, who ^ which he displayed an early fondness, he 
 joined ardour and perseverance with an studied at the college of Navarre, and ac- 
 insatiable thirst of knowledge, and who quired such a mastery of them that, at the 
 was also a man of wit and a writer of age of twenty-two, he published his work 
 verses, was born at Paris in 1701, and On Integral Calculus; which, in the course 
 died in 1774. He travelled much in his! of three years, was followed by his Solu- 
 youth, and, in 1736, was one of those tion of the Problem of the Three Bodies, 
 who were sent to Peru to measure a de-land the first part of the Essay on Analysis. 
 gree of the meridian. Condamine was ! He was secretary of the French Academy, 
 remarkable for boundless curiosity, some land of the Academy of Sciences; and in 
 ludicrous instances of which are recorded, [this capacity composed his celebrated Eu- 
 His principal works are, A Journal of a logies of the deceased members. In 1786 
 Voyage to the Equator; and Observations in land 1787 he gave to the world Lives of 
 a Voyage, on the River Amazons. I Tnrgot and of Voltaire. Condcrcct was 
 
 CO'NDE, Louis II. of BOURBON, closely connected with Voltaire, D'Alem- 
 nrince of, snrnamed the Great, was born bert, and the rest of his contemporary 
 it Paris in 1621. When only twenty-two, philosophers, and he lent the aid of his pen 
 So was intrusted with the command of an and his voice to forward the. French revo- 
 army against the Spaniards, and he utterly lution. He was a member of the Legisla- 
 defeated them at Rocroi. In 1645, 1646, the Assembly and of the Convention. In 
 and 1648, he gained the victories of Fri- the latter bodv he was one of the Girondist 
 bourg, Nordlingen, and Lens, and reduced party, and this circumstance sealed his 
 Dunkirk; but lie was foiled in the siege doom. Proscribed by Robespierre, he long 
 of Lerida. During tne war of the Fronde, remained in concealment, but was at length 
 he at first joined the court, but afterwards taken, upon which he put an end to his 
 broke with it, and was punished by an existence by poison in March, 1794. Con- 
 imprisonment <jf thirteen months. Burn- dorcet was a man of multifarious talents, 
 ing with a thirst for revenge, he took up and possessed many good qualities ; but he 
 arms against the government ; had a des- was a confirmed sceptic, and utterly unfit 
 peratc engag'-mrnt with the royal troops for a politician. He left sonic posthumous 
 in the suburb of St. . \ntoine ; and at lfiitli works, among which is a Sketch for an 
 fled from France, and entered the service Historical Picture of the Pn gress of the 
 of Spain, in which he fought whh alternate ! Human Mind. It was written \\hilehe 
 good and bad fortune. In !<;.">!> lie \\av \\ ;is hiding from his enemies, and asserts 
 permitted t-> n-!iirn to lii- ,,.ui!i\. His !ii.- f.nouril'' doctrine of the infmi'-e per- 
 !.( military art. WM^, th run'jn\-t of fer'il iliiy of the human race. 
 
CON 
 
 CONFUCIUS, or KON-FU-TSE, a 
 Chinese philosopher, was born 550 B. c. 
 in the kingdom of Lu, which is now the 
 province of Shungtung, and died in his 
 seventy-tli ird year. lie was the most 
 learned and virtuous man of his age, and 
 laboured strenuously in reforming the man- 
 ners of his countrymen. His memory and 
 the moral works which ha wrote arc held 
 in the highest veneration by the Chi- 
 nese. 
 
 CONGREVE, WILLIAM, one of the 
 wittiest of British dramatists, was born at 
 Bardsey Grange, near Leeds, in 1670; 
 was educated at Trinity College, Dublin; 
 and studied at the Middle Temple. At 
 seventeen, he wrote the romance of Incog- 
 nita, or Love and Duty reconciled. His 
 comedy of The Old Bachelor was acted 
 in 1693, and raised him at once to fame 
 and affluence. Three lucrative offices were 
 given to him by Lord Halifax. Between 
 1694 and 1697 he produced, and with suc- 
 cess, Love for Love, The Double Dealer, | 
 and The Mourning Bride. Collier cen- 
 sured his indecency ajid profaneness, and 
 the dramatist replied, but was unable to 
 refute the charge. In 1700, his Way of 
 the World was so coldly received that, in 
 disgust, he resolved to write no more for [ 
 the stage. He, however, continued to 
 write verses; but they have long ceased to 
 find readers. On the accession of George 
 I. the gift of another sinecure office in- 
 creased the income of Congreve to JG1200 
 per annum. His latter days were, never- 
 theless, heavily overckmded. He was 
 afflicted by total blindness and by the gout; 
 and at length the latter, and an internal 
 injury from being overturned, terminated 
 his existence on the 19th of January, 
 1728-9. 
 
 CONGREVE, Sir WILLIAM, F.R.S. 
 the son of a lieutenant-general, entered the 
 military service early, and rose to the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel. He sat in parliament 
 for Gatton, and afterwards for Plymouth. 
 Having unfortunately taken a censurable 
 part in one of the bubble speculations of 
 1825, he quitted his country; and he died 
 at Toulouse in 1828. For inventive talents 
 he has seldom been surpassed. Among his 
 numerous inventions may be mentioned his 
 formidable rockets, a hydro-pneumatic ca- 
 nal lock, and a new mode of manufacturing 
 gunpowder. 
 
 CONON, an Athenian general, tlve son 
 of Timotheus, was defeated by Ly. c ander, j 
 at the naval battle of ^Egospotr.mos, and i 
 for a while withdrew into voluntary ban- 
 ishment. Having obtained aid from A r- 
 taxerxcs, he returned, and runted and 
 killed the Spartan admiral, Pisander, near 
 Cnidos. Conon then restored the fortifica- 
 tions of Athens. Artaxerxes is said to 
 nnvc put him to death on a faW accusation : 
 
 CtN 1*1 
 
 but some contend that he died in Cyprw 
 B. c. 390. 
 
 CONSTANS I., FLAVIUS JULIUS, 
 born A. D. 320, succeeded, on the death of 
 his father Constantine the Great, to the 
 sovereignty of Africa, Italy, and western 
 Illyricnm. His brother Constantine en- 
 deavoured to wrest it from him, but was 
 defeated and slain; and his dominions foil 
 into the power of Constans. The victor, 
 however, governed so disgracefully, thai 
 popular discontent encouraged Magnentiui 
 to hoist the standard of revolt, and Con- 
 stans was. put to death while trying to 
 escape, A. i>. 350. 
 
 CONSTANTINE, CAJUS FLAVIUI 
 VALERIUS AURELIUS CLAUDIUS, sur- 
 named the Great, emperor of Rome, the 
 son of Constituting Chlorns and Helena, i 
 believed to have been horn at Naissus, in 
 
 esia, about A. D. 274. After the death 
 of his father, he had a severe struggle for 
 empire with Maxentius, who was at length 
 routed, and drowned in the Tiber, near 
 the Mivian bridge. It was before this ac- 
 tion that Constantine is pretended to have 
 seen a blazing cross in the heavens, with 
 an inscription importing, " By this thou 
 rthalt conquer/' His next contest was 
 with Licinius, whom also he vanquished 
 He subsequently chastised the Goths. But 
 the two great events of his reign were his 
 embracing the Christian religion and ren- 
 dering it the dominant faith, and his remo- 
 ving the seat of empire from Rome to 
 Byzantium, which was thenceforth called 
 Constantinople. He died at IS'icomcdia, 
 A. D. 337. That Constantine had a large 
 share of talent, and some virtues, is unde- 
 niable, but when we consider his many 
 faults, among which was a cruelty that did 
 not spare even his own children, his claim 
 to the title of great becomes somewhat 
 more than dubious. 
 
 CONSTANTINE II., CLAUDIUS FLA- 
 vius JULIUS, the eldest son of Constan- 
 tine the Great, was born in 316, and, on 
 the death of his father became sovereign 
 of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. Coveting 
 the dominions of his brother Constans, he 
 attacked him, but was slain in an ambush, 
 A. D. 340. 
 
 CONSTANTINE VII., PORFHT RO- 
 OK MTU s, a Greek emperor, was born at 
 Constantinople in 905, and died in 959. 
 He was ah accomplished and well meaning 
 but weak prince. His virtues, however, 
 caused him to be regretted by his subjects. 
 Constantine wrote a Description of tho 
 Provinces of the Umpire; a Life of the 
 Empeior Basil, the Macedonian; a Trea- 
 tise on the Government of the Empire; 
 and another on the Ceremonies of the By- 
 zantine Court. 
 
 rn.NSTANTINE, OR \cosvs or PA- 
 L.r.->LO(,rs. the la.-t of the Greek 
 
192 
 
 COO 
 
 rors, was born In 1403, and succeeded his 
 brother, John Pahrologns, in 1449. Threat- 
 ened by the Sultan Mahommed II., he 
 vainly endeavoured to obtain aid from 
 Christi.in Europe. In 1453, Mahomet be- 
 sieged Constantinople with 00,000 men. 
 i ml defence was made tor fifty-three 
 days, but the City was t;d\< n by storm on 
 the 29th of May, and Constantino fell, 
 after having displayed a derive of heroic 
 valour which demands admiration. 
 
 CO. \STA.\TI IS, Fi.AVirs J 
 who from his paleness was cnlled CHLO- 
 Ri's, was the son of Eutropius; was born 
 about A. i). 250; and was appointed gov- 
 ernor of Dalmatia, A. D. 282. Ten years 
 afterwards, he was made Caesar, and asso- 
 ciated with Diocletian and Maximian. 
 having under him Gaul, Spain, and Brit- 
 ain, the last of which provinces he recovered 
 from Allectus. fie became sole emperor 
 in 305; fifteen months subsequently to 
 which event he died at York. 
 
 CONSTAiNTIUS II., FLAVIUS JU- 
 LIUS, second son of Constantino the Great, 
 was born A. D. 317, and was declared 
 Caesar at an early age. On the death of 
 his father, he is said, in violation of a sol- 
 emn oath, to have murdered nine of his 
 relatives. After a long and doubtful contest 
 with Magnentius, he became sole master 
 of the empire, A. D. 353. His subsequent 
 sway was marked by weakness and vio- 
 lence. He died A. >. 361, while inarch- 
 ing against Julian, who had assumed the 
 purple. 
 
 COiXWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR, sec- 
 ond son of. Lord Con way, was born in 
 1720; and, after having served with ap- 
 plause in the seven years' war, was a 
 member of the English and Irish House 
 of Commons, and, from 1765 to 1768, 
 joint secretary of state. In 1782, he 
 was appointed commander-in-chief, and 
 in 1795 he died, being then the senior 
 British field-marshal. He wrote some po- 
 erns, political pamphlets, and the comedy 
 of False Appearances. 
 
 COlVYBEARE, JOHN, a native of De- 
 vonshire, born at Pinhoe, in 1692, was 
 educated at Exeter College, Oxford, of 
 which he afterwards became the head. In 
 1732 he published a Defence of Revealed 
 Religion, in answer to Christianity as old 
 as the Creation, for which he was made 
 dean of Christ Church. In 1750 he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Bristol, in which 
 tte he died in 1757. Two \olnrnes of his 
 Sermons were published after his death. 
 
 COOK, JAMES, an eminent circumnavi- 
 gator, was born at Marlon, in Yorkshire, 
 in 1728, of humble parents, and recei\cd 
 only the commonest rudiment! of education. 
 After having served for some \cars in the 
 mercantile marine, he entered into the navy 
 to 1755, and displayed 50 nvuh conduct 
 
 COO 
 
 and capacity that he was appointed master 
 While thus employed, he made a chart of 
 
 the St. Lawrence, and surveys of the har- 
 bour of Placentia, and of the islands of St. 
 Pierre and Miquelon. He was now pro- 
 moted to be marine surveyor, in which ca- 
 pacity he twice resided for a considerablrt 
 period at Newfoundland. It was \\hile 
 resident there that he communicated to 
 the Royal Society an observation on a 
 solar eclipse; which, with his well known 
 nautical skill, induced the government to 
 give him the command of the Endeavour, 
 with the rank of lieutenant. That ship 
 was intended to convey to Otaheite the 
 astronomers who were to observe the transit 
 of Venus over the sun's disk. Cook sailed 
 j in 1768, and returned in 1771 ; having par- 
 ticularly explored the coasts of IX eu Zea- 
 land and New Holland. He was made 
 master and commander, and, in 1772, he 
 again sailed, in company with Captain 
 Furneaux, to solve the problem of the ex- 
 istence of a southern circumpolar continent. 
 They were stopped by the ice, in the latitude 
 of seventy-one. In this voyage, \\hich was 
 not terminated tili 1775J Captain Cook 
 took such excellent precautions, that only 
 one man died of scurvy on board :f his 
 ship. For this he was chosen F. R. S. and 
 received the Copleyan gold medal; and 
 was appointed a post-captain, and captain 
 of Greenwich Hospital. In 1776 he de- 
 parted, with two ships, the Resolution and 
 the Discovery, to search for an arctic j as- 
 sage between the Pacific and the Atlantic. 
 In this voyage he perished. On the 14th 
 of February he was slain by the natives of 
 Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich Islands. 
 Foreign countries no less than England 
 lamented his loss, and vied with each other 
 in doing honour to his memory. 
 
 COOKE, THOMAS, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born in 1702, at Braintree, in 
 . and died in 1756. He wrote some 
 forgotten poems and dramas; published 
 editions of Marvell's works, and of Virgil; 
 and translated Terence, Hesiod,and Cicero 
 de Natura Deoruin. His Hesiod, long th 
 only English version, is now superseded by 
 the more poetical work of Elton Popr 
 
coo 
 
 cor 
 
 whom he hud attacked in the Battle of the I called the Vandyke of that branch of hii 
 Poets, cave him a niche in the Dunciad. art, was born in London in 1689, and 
 
 **. s-Ss'Pw - n r 11- -1 f TT 1- ! . 1. * 1_ 1* 
 
 COOKE, WILLIAM, a poet and biog- 
 rapher, was born at Cork, in Ireland He 
 came to England about 1766, and applied 
 himself at first to the law; but, after a 
 brief trial of it, he purchased shares in two 
 newspapers, and gave himself up wholly to 
 literature. He died April 3, 1824. He is 
 the author of The Art of Living in London, 
 a poem; Conversation, a didactic poem; 
 biographies of Afacklin and Foote; The 
 Elements of Dramatic Criticism; and a 
 pamphlet on parliamentary reform. 
 
 COOKE, GEOKGE FKEDKRIC, an ern- 
 iiiciit actor, was born in Westminster, in 
 1756. Printing and the navy, both of which 
 he tried in early life, he abandoned for the 
 stage, on which he at length acquired so 
 n.uch reputation, that he appeared at Co- 
 vent Garden, in 1800, as Richard III. 
 Thenceforth he stood high among perform- 
 ers. Sir Giles Overreach, Shylock, Sir 
 Pertinax M'Sycophant, and many other 
 characters, he personated with consummate 
 skill. But habits of intemperance often 
 drew on him the public anger, and eventu- 
 ally shortened his days. He died in Ame- 
 rica., in 1812. 
 
 COOKE, EL ts H A , a physician of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard 
 College, in 1657. He distinguished him- 
 self by his vigorous efforts in advocating 
 popular rights, during the contentions be- 
 Iween the legislature of the colony and the 
 royal gcvernors. In 16S9 he went to Eng- 
 land as agent of Massachusetts, to procure 
 the restoration of the charter. He was 
 bold and patriotic, and possessed much 
 Ftrength of intellect. After holding vari- 
 ous important offices in the province, he 
 died in 1715. Ei.isHA,son of the preced- 
 ing, and also distinguished in the early 
 political contentions of the province, was 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1697, 
 held several public offices, and died in 
 1737. 
 
 COOMBE, WILLIAM, a writer, of ver- 
 satile talent, is said to have been the son cf 
 a London tradesman, who left him a good 
 fortune, which, however, he dissipated in 
 the circles of fashion. He was educated 
 at Eton and Oxford. Driven to literature 
 for a subsistence, his first production was 
 a patire, called The Diaboliad, which had 
 an extensive but transient popularity. His 
 novel of The Devil on Two Sticks fn Eng- 
 land had the same fate. His numerous 
 political pamphlets are forgotten. Late in 
 life, however, he gained a large share of 
 pt'blic attention by his amusing Tours of 
 Dr. Syntax, and other poems of a similar 
 kind. Among his last works, is a History 
 of Westminster Abbey. He died in 1823. 
 
 COOPER, SAMUEL, a painter, who so 
 
 nch excelled in 
 9 
 
 miniature that he was 
 
 was a pupil of Hoskins, his uncle. Hi 
 eminence, however, vas attained by study- 
 ing the works of Vandyke. He died in 
 1676. His brother, ALEXANDER,. was a 
 portrait painter. 
 
 COOPER, SAMUEL, a congregational 
 minister, was born in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, in 1725. He was graduated at 
 Harvard College in 1743, and, devoting 
 himself to the church, acquired great repu- 
 tation as a preacher, at a very early age. 
 After an useful and popular ministry of 
 thirty-seven years, he died in 1783. He 
 was a sincere and liberal Christian, and in 
 his profession perhaps the most distinguish- 
 ed man of his day, in the United States. 
 He was an ardent friend of the cause of 
 liberty, and did much to promote it. With 
 the exception of political essays in the jour- 
 nals of the day, kis productions were exclu- 
 sively sermons. 
 
 COOPER, JOHN GILBERT, a miscel- 
 laneous writer, a native of Nottingham- 
 shire, received his education at Westmin- 
 ster School, and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. Literature was only his amuse- 
 ment, for he was a man of property. He 
 died in 1769. His poems, containing a 
 translation of Ver Vert, Epistles from Arie- 
 tippus, and other pieces, have been admit- 
 ted into the collected works of the British 
 Poeta. They are lively and elegant. He 
 also wrote a Life of Socrates ; and Letters 
 on Taste; and contributed to The World. 
 
 COOPER. See SHAFTESBURY. 
 
 COOTE,SirEYRE,a native of Ireland, 
 was born in 1726. In 1745, he fought 
 against the Scotch rebels. In 1754, he 
 went to the East, where he distinguished 
 himself at the siege of Pondicherry; in 
 
 1769, he was for a while commander-in- 
 ch ief of the Company's forces; and in 
 
 1770, he revisited England, whence, in 
 1780, he was again dispatched to India, 
 with his former rank. Hyder was then 
 ravaging the Carnatic with fire and sword. 
 Coote arrested his progress, and, with an 
 army not equal to one-tenth of his antago- 
 nists, he defeated him in several encoun- 
 ters. He died at Madras, in 1783. 
 
 COPERNICUS, NICHOLAS, a nat.ve 
 of Prussia, was born, m 1473, at 1 horn. 
 Medicine and philosophy were the first ob- 
 jects of his study; but he quitted them for 
 mathematics and astronomy. Travelling 
 into Italy, he became acquainted with Re- 
 giomontanus, and was made mathematical 
 professor at Rome. On his return home, 
 lie was made canon of Frawenberg, and 
 archdeacon of St. John's Church in Thorn. 
 As early as 1507 he had begun to meditate 
 a reform of the Ptolemaic system, but if 
 was not til! 1530 that he completed hi* 
 labour*; and Mich wa hip dreaa 01* pp<- 
 
1*4 COR 
 
 ition that he did not \entnre to publish 
 them till 1543. His death took place on 
 
 the 23d of May in that year, and the 
 printed copy of his book was put into his 
 hand almost at the moment when his eyes 
 were about to close for ever. 
 
 COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, a dis- 
 tinguished painter, was born in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, in 1738. He began to 
 paint without any instruction at a very 
 early age, and executed pieces unsurpassed 
 by his later productions. lie visited Italy 
 in 1774, and in 1776 wont to England, 
 where he determined to remain, in conse- 
 quence of the convulsed state of his native 
 country. He therefore devoted himself to 
 portrait painting in London, and was cho- 
 sen a member of the royal academy. His 
 celebrated picture, styfed The Death of 
 Lord Chatham, at once established his 
 fame, and he was enabled to pursue his 
 profession with success and unabated ar- 
 dour, till his sudden death in 1815. 
 Among his most celebrated productions 
 are, Major Pierson's Death on the Island 
 of Jersey; Charles I. in the house of com- 
 mons, demanding of the Speaker Lenthall, 
 the five impeached members; the Surren- 
 der of Admiral De Winter to Lord Dun- 
 can; Samuel and Eli; and a number of 
 portraits of several members of the royal 
 family. 
 
 CORAM, THOMAS, a man distinguished 
 tor Ins. philanthropy, is believed to have 
 been born about 1668, and was brought up 
 to the sea, in the mercantile service. The 
 greatest part of his life was spent in endea- 
 vours to benefit mankind. Among his be- 
 nevolent plans was the establishment of the 
 Foundling Hospital, for which institution, 
 after seventeen years' exertion, and great 
 sacrifices, he obtained a charter. His char- 
 ity having injured his fortune, a subscrip- 
 tion was raised for him in his old age. He 
 died in 
 
 CORBET, RICHARD, a divine and poet, 
 Oorn, in 15S2, at Kwi-ll in Surrey, was edu- 
 cated at Westminster 1 , and Christ Church, 
 Oxford. James I., v\ho admired his wit, 
 made him one of his chaplains, and at 
 length gave him the l;i.4i"]'tic <.f Oxford. 
 
 COR 
 
 whence he was translated to that of Nor 
 wich. He died in lu'35 His poems, first 
 published in 1647, were repnblishcd by Mr 
 liilchri.-t, in 1S07. They possess consider- 
 able merit. Corbet was " a fellow of infi- 
 nite jest," and sometimes forgot his episco- 
 pal dignity in his love of jocularity and 
 mirth. 
 
 CORELLI, ARCANC.KI.O, an Italian 
 musician, was born at Fusignano in 1653, 
 studied under Simonelli and Giovanni Bas- 
 sani, and Acquired great celebrity as a 
 composer and violinist. His Solos are 
 among the most admired of his works. He 
 died in 1713. Geminiani, his pupil, consi- 
 ders a nice ear and a highly delicate taste 
 to have been among the principal merits of 
 Corelli. 
 
 COR1NNA, a poetess, to whom the 
 Greeks gave the appellation of the Lyric 
 Muse, was a native of Tanagra, in Bccotia. 
 She flourished in the fifth century B. c., 
 and was a contemporary of Pindar, from 
 whom she five times won the prize in 
 poetical contests. Her fellow citi/ens hon- 
 oured her memory by erecting a tomb to 
 her in the most frequented part of their 
 city. Only a few fragments of her worki 
 are extant. 
 
 CORIOLANUS, CAICS MARCIUS, so 
 called from his valour having mainly con- 
 tributed to the capture of Corioli, was of 
 the patrician family of the Marcii. In the 
 contests between tne patricians and plebi- 
 ans, he took an active part, and treated 
 the latter with the most insolent contempt. 
 Being in consequence banished, he joined 
 the Volscians, and made war upon the Ro- 
 mans, whom he reduced to great distress. 
 Yielding at last to the entreaties of his 
 mother and wife, he withdrew his forces; 
 in revenge for which he was murdered by 
 the Volscians, B. c. 488. The murder, 
 however, is denied by some historians. 
 
 CORK and ORRERY, JOHN BOYLE, 
 earl of, was born in 1707; and, after hav- 
 ing been under the tuition of Fenton the 
 poet, completed his education at West- 
 minster School, and Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford. In parliament he was an opponent 
 of Walpole. Literature, however, had 
 more charms for him than politics. Be- 
 sides giving to the press the Plays and 
 State Letters of his great grandfather, and 
 the Memoirs of the Earl of Monmouth, he 
 translated Pliny's Letters; and wrote Re- 
 marks on the Life and Writings of Swift; 
 Letters from Italv ; and some papers in The 
 World and the Connoisseur. He died in 
 1762. 
 
 CORMONTAIGNE, M. a French en- 
 gineer, \\hom some consider as ranking 
 next to Vauban, was born towards tiki 
 close of the. seventeenth century; entered 
 the engineer corps in 1713; served in ul- 
 that 
 
COR 
 
 nit J748; and died a major-general in 
 175*. His works have been published, 
 einoo his death, in three volumes 8vo. 
 Cormontaigne was the constructor of the 
 additional fortifications of Metz and Thi- 
 enville. 
 
 CORIVARO, LEWIS, a Venetian noble, 
 born in 1467, is remarkable only for his 
 well known book on Temperate Living, 
 which first appeared at Padua in 1558, 
 and has been translated into many lan- 
 guages. Having in youth injured his health 
 by dissipation, he restored- it, and lived to 
 the age of ninety-eight, by means of a 
 strict regimen in diet. Cornaro also 
 wrote a treatise, which he valued highly, 
 on the best mode of preserving in a navi- 
 gable state the lagunes that surround Ven- 
 ice. 
 
 CORNEILLE, PETER, one of the most 
 celebrated French dramatic writers, was 
 born at Rouen, in 1606, and for some time 
 practised as a barrister in his native city. 
 The success of his first piece, a comedy 
 intitled Melite, induced him to persevere 
 in writing for the stage. His fame was 
 stamped by the tragedy of The Cid, and 
 he sustained it nobly by producing The 
 Horatii, Cinna, Polyeuctes, and numerous 
 other pieces, of which the French theatre 
 is justly .proud, and which have earned for 
 him the epithet of the Great. In 1647, he 
 was chosen a member of the French Acad- 
 emy. Corneille died October 1, 1684. 
 
 CORNEILLE, THOMAS, the brother 
 of Peter, was born at Rouen, in 1625, and 
 died at Andely, in 1709. Like his great 
 relative, he was a fertile and successful 
 dramatist; and, at that period, was second 
 only to him in merit. He is the author of 
 forty-two pieces. He likewise produced a 
 Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, two vol- 
 umes folio; a Universal Geographical and 
 Historical Dictionary; and other works. 
 
 CORNHERT, or COORNHERT, DIE- 
 PERIC, born at Amsterdam, in 1522, was 
 originally an eminen^ engraver, but relin- 
 quished the burin for literature and poli- 
 tics. To Cornhert was intrusted the com- 
 posing of the first manifesto issued by Wil- 
 liam of Nassau against Spain; and that, 
 and the active part which he subsequently 
 took in behalf of Dutch liberty, rendered 
 him an object of incessant persecution to 
 the Spaniards. He died at Gouda^ in 
 1590. His miscellaneous works have been 
 collected in three folio volumes. 
 
 CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, marquis, 
 son of the first Earl Cornwallis, was born 
 'in 1738, and entered the army, after hav- 
 ing received his education at Westminster, 
 and St. John's College, Cambridge. In 
 1761, he succeeded to the title. During 
 die American war lie acted a conspicuous 
 port. He rignalixed himself at tli'> battle 
 of Brandywine, a'id the $iege of Cliarles- 
 
 COR 
 
 199 
 
 ton, and obtained advantages a Camdei 
 and Guildford ; but, having invided ViT 
 
 ginia, he was surrounded at York Town, 
 and compelled to capitulate. From 1786 
 to 1792, he was governor-general and com- 
 mander-in-chief in India; and during that 
 period he vanquished Tippoo Sultaun, and 
 obliged him to accept a humiliating peace. 
 For this service he was created a marquis, 
 and appointed master-general of the ord- 
 nance. In 1798 he was sent over to Ire- 
 land as lord-lieutenant, and remained till 
 1801 ; and, by a system of blended firm- 
 ness and conciliation, he succeeded in re- 
 storing peace to that distracted country. 
 The treaty of Amiens, in 1802, was signed 
 bj- him. In 1804 he was again made gov- 
 erner-general of India, but he died, in the 
 Octob^ of the ensuing year, at Gha/.epore, 
 in the province of Benares. Sound prac- 
 tical sense, not splendid talent, was the 
 characteristic of Cornwallis. 
 
 CORONELLI, MARK VINCENT, a na- 
 tive of Venice, professor of geography, and 
 cosmographer to the Venetian republic, 
 died in 1718. A geographical society was 
 founded by him at Venice. In the con- 
 struction of globes he was particularly 
 skilful. He published more than four hun- 
 dred maps, and is the author of many 
 works, among which are, A History of 
 Rhodes; a Description of the Morea; and 
 a History of Venice. 
 
 CORREA DA SERRA, JOSEPH 
 FRANCIS, a botanist, born at Serra, in 
 Portugal, in 1750, was the founder of the 
 Academy of Sciences at Lisbon. The In- 
 quisition twice compelled him to fly from 
 his country. From 1816 to 1819 he was 
 Portuguese envoy to the United States ; in 
 the latter year he was recalled, to be a 
 member of the council of finance; and in 
 1823 he died, shortly after having been 
 elected to the Cortes. He is the author of 
 many papers in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions", and in other works of the same 
 kind. 
 
 CORREGIO, ANTHONY, whose real 
 name was AI.LEGRI, was born at Corre- 
 gio, in the Modenese, in 1490 or 1494 
 Who was his ma,t'-r is not kn?wn. Hit 
 
196 
 
 COR 
 
 GOR 
 
 k aient*, hewevcr, were transcendent, and basco, Cortez set fire to his ships, that hit 
 
 he is the founder of the Lombard school. 
 
 soldiers might have no other resource than 
 
 His colour and mode of finishing," says their own valour. The Tlasealans hfl 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, " approach nearer to ; conquered and converted into allies, and 
 perfection than those of any other painter; | then advanced towards Mexico, where he 
 the gliding motion of his outline, and the was amicably received. Jealous of his 
 sweetness with which it melts into the 'success. Velasquez now sent IVarvaez to 
 ground; the clearness and tran.paiency supersede him, hut Cortez marched against 
 of his colouring, which stops at that exact the latter, took him prisoner, and gain* 
 medium in which the purity and perfection ed over the new come troops. The con- 
 
 of taste lies, leaves nothing to l>e wish 
 for." Yet, notwithstanding his genius a 
 
 industry, " poorly 
 poorlv, poor man, 
 tuck place in 1534. 
 CORTEREAL, G A SPAR, a 
 
 isbed 
 
 nd 
 poor man, he live;'; 
 
 duct of Cortez to the natives soon pro- 
 duced hostilities, and he was driven from 
 Mexico. By the decisive victory of 
 
 . 
 
 he died!'' Hid death j Otumba, however, he resumed the ascen- 
 dency, and, after a long siege, in which 
 
 ortuguese 
 
 navigator, was born at Lisbon, of a noble 
 family. Eager to rival de Gama and Co- 
 lumbus, he resolved to attempt a north- 
 
 perished 100,000 Mexicans, he regained 
 possession of the capital, and finally sub- 
 jug-ited the whole of the kingdom. In 
 he commanded in person a fleet 
 
 west passage to the East Indies. In 1500 which discovered California. Charles V., 
 he explored the mouth of the St. Laurence while under the impulse of gratitude, cre- 
 
 ard the coast of Labrador, as far as Cape 
 Chidley. He made a second voyage, but 
 his vessel never returned. His brother, 
 MIGUEL, sailed in search of him, and 
 shared the same fate. A third brother, 
 VASCO, was preparing to sail, in the hope 
 of recovering his beloved relatives, when 
 he was prohibited by the king, who de- 
 clared that, having lost two of his most 
 faithful servants and valuable friends, he 
 was resolved to preserve the third. For 
 their father, JOHN VAZ COSTA CORTE- 
 REAL, the honour of having discovered 
 Newfoundland is claimed by Portuguese 
 writers. 
 
 CORTEZ, FERDINAND, a descendant 
 of a noble but poor family, was born at 
 Medellin, in Estremadura, in 1485. The 
 law, to which he was bred at Salamanca, 
 he quitted for a military life. In 1504, he 
 went to St. Domingo, and, in 1511, ac- 
 companied Velasquez to Cuba, and re- 
 ceived from him a grant of land, as a re- 
 ward for his services. The conquest of 
 Mexico being resolved upon, Velasquez 
 intrusted him with the command of the 
 
 aundred men, sailed on the 18th of No- 
 fembr, IM^; and, on hi* arrival at Ta- 
 
 ated him governor and captain general of 
 Mexico, and marquis of Guaxaca; but he 
 subsequently removed him from the gover- 
 norship. In order to obtain justice, Cor- 
 tez, in 15-10, returned, for the second time, 
 to Spain; and he accompanied the empe- 
 ror to Algiers, where he highly distin- 
 guished himself. Yet he was unable to 
 procure even an audience. " Who are 
 
 , 1" exclaimed Charles, when Cortez 
 had, on one occasion, forced his way to 
 the step of the emperor's carriage. " I 
 am one," replied the undaunted warrior, 
 " who has given you more provinces than 
 your ancestors Jcft you towns." Cortez 
 died at Seville, in comparative obscurity, 
 on the 2d of December, 1554. Were not 
 the character of Cortez stained by numer- 
 ous acts of horrible barbarity, his valour, 
 talents, and perseverance, would give him 
 a legitimate claim to the epithet of great. 
 GORTON A, PIETRO DA, go called 
 from being born at Cortona, in Tuscany, 
 w^as named Peter Berettini, was born in 
 1596, and was a pupil of Ciarpi. Though 
 his progress in painting was so slow at the 
 outset that his fellow students nicknamed 
 him ass's head, yet he ultimately rose to 
 a high degree of eminence in the profes- 
 sion. Ho was employed in adorning the 
 walls of the Vatican, the Barberini palace, 
 and many other edifices. His finest woiks 
 are in fresco ; but many of his oil paintings, 
 among which is a Nativity of the Virgin, 
 are much admired. 
 
 CORVINUS, MATTHIAS, the son of 
 John Humiades, was elected king of Hun- 
 gary, in 1458, at the age of fifteen, ana 
 died in 14f;0. He was illustrious as a 
 warrior, a legislator, and a patron of learn- 
 ing. Though perpetually engaged in wai 
 
 enterprise. The expedition, which con- 1 to protect his country from its surrounding 
 listed of ten smull vessels, and only seven foes, he enacted good laws, gave the Hun- 
 garians a charter, introduced printing, 
 founded a university and library at Bmla 
 
COS COT 197 
 
 invited teamed men into his domin- 
 CORVISART, JOHN NICHOLAS, a 
 
 COSWAY, RICHARD, one of the oldest 
 members of the Royal Academy, died in 
 1821, at more than ninety years of age. 
 
 physician of high reputation, wu born in In miniature he was without a rival, and 
 Champagne, in 1755, and died at Paris, his oil paintings and drawings have great 
 in 1821. The French attribute to hi:n, in merit. In his private character he dis- 
 great part, the progress which was made jjl.iyed many harmless eccentricities. Hia 
 in Fiance, of Lite year?, in experimental wife, MARIA, was also an artist of tal- 
 medicine and pathological anatomy. Na- ent. 
 
 p,deon, whose physician he was," created ! COTES, ROGF.K, a mathematician, 
 him a baron, a id "an officer of the legion born, in 1682, at Burbage, in Leicester, 
 of honour. He wrote an Essay on Dig- shire, was educated at Leicester and St. 
 eases of the Heart; and translated some Paul's School-;, and at Trinity College, 
 medical works. Cambridge; and, in 1706, was appointed 
 
 COJIYATE, or COR1ATE, THOMAS, first Plumian professor of astronomy and 
 a traveller and writer, was the son of the experimental philosophy. He died in 1716. 
 rector of Odcombe, in Somersetshire, at; Newton, of whose I'rincipia Cotes gave a 
 which pLve he was born, in 1577. He new edition, has, in one short sentence, 
 died at Snrat, in 1617. Coryate's 1 fe was borne decisive testimony to his talents, 
 epent in pedestrian tours through Europe, " Had Cotes lived," said he, " we should 
 Turkey, Persia, and the East Indies. Dur- have known something." The Harmonia 
 ing one of them he is said to have lived on jMensmarum of Cotes, and his Hydrosta- 
 two pence a day. He had received a good tical and Pneumatical Lectures, were pub- 
 education at Westminster and Oxford, lished after his death, 
 and possessed a great facility of learning i COTTIN, SOPHIA, whose maiden name 
 languages. His first tour was published was Restaud, was born at Tonneins, on 
 with the ludicrous title of Crudities hastily the Garonne, in 1773; was married to a 
 gobbled up in Five Months' Tour, &c. Parisian banker at seventeen ; and became 
 He is the author of other eccentric works, 'a widow at twenty, which she continued to 
 and has the merit of having introduced the I be till her decease, in 1807. Her first 
 use of tible forks into England. I work, Clara d'Albe, was begun merely for 
 
 COSMAS, surnamed Indicopleustes, or ' amusement, and was sold to afford to a 
 tfie Voyager in India, was a merchant of | proscribed man the means of flying from 
 Alexandria, 'living in the sixth century, ! the guillotine. Of all her writings the 
 who, after having visited Hindostan, quit-i produce was devoted to benevolent pur- 
 ted commerce and became a monk. He is poses. Of her subsequent novels, Malvina, 
 the author of Christian Topography, which, Amelia Mansfield, Matilda, and Elizabeth, 
 though abounding with absurdities, contains the last is the most popular, 
 some valuable ' information. His otherj COTTON, Sir ROBERT BRUCE, an 
 works, among which was a Universal Cos- 'antiquary, was a native of Huntingdon- 
 mography, are L.'st. {shire, born at Demon, in 1570, and wag 
 
 OQSTANZO, ANGELO DI, a Neapoli- educated at Westminster School, and at 
 tan noble, was born at Naples, in 1507, ! Trinity College, Cambridge. He devoted 
 and was a friend of Sannazaro, who pre- his time and fortune to antiquarian pur- 
 vailed on him to undertake the history of suits, and collected numerous deeds, char- 
 his native country. On this work Costanzo ters, &c. relative to the history of Britain, 
 was forty years employed. It includes the These form the Cotlonian library, which 
 period from 1250 to'l4S9. He was also is now in the British Museum. To Cam- 
 one of the first poets of his age. He died den, Speed, and others, he was a liberal 
 about 1591. i friend. He died in 1631. He wrote The 
 
 COSTER, JOHX LAVRENCE, a native! Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments; 
 of Haarlem, was born about 1370. The 1 and other works. 
 
 Dutch claim for him the invention of print-] COTTON, CHARLES, a poet, born at 
 ing. The cl.iim seems, however, to be en,-| Beresford, in Staffordshire, in 1630, was 
 tirely without foundation. A sufficient j educated at Cambridge, travelled on the 
 proof, pci haps, that it is so, is the circum-j continent, and then settled on his paternal 
 stance of his grandsons and heirs having estate, which his father had so heavily en- 
 mado* no attempt to support it, in opposi-; cumbered, that Cotton, himself no tfCono- 
 tion to Guttenberg. i mist, encountered many pecuniary difli- 
 
 COSTER, SAMUEL, a Dutch dramat-' culties, and even imprisonment for debt. 
 ict, was born towards the end of the six- He died in 16S7. Cotton was no mean 
 teenth century, and is considered as the poet, especially on ludicrous subjects ; but 
 creator of the Dutch theatre. He built a he is, perhaps, best known as the friend of 
 playhouse at Amsterdam in 1617. The Izaak Walton, to whose treatise on angling 
 time of his death is unknown. He wrot^ he added a supplement. He wrote a vol- 
 ivc come iii> and six t/agediea. j uma of Poems; Scarroniuea, or VngJ 
 
198 COU 
 
 Tr*>e?tic; and translated Montaigne's Es- 
 nys. 
 
 COTTON. JOHN, n congregational min- 
 ister of Massachusetts, was born i:) Boston 
 in 1638, and was graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1657. He was accurately ac- 
 quainted with the language of the Indians 
 of Martha's Vineyard, and superintended 
 the printing of Elliot's Bible, in that lan- 
 guage. He died in Charleston, B 
 where he had formed a church, in 1699. 
 
 COTTON, NATHANIEL, poet and phy- 
 sician, born in 1707, was a pupil of Boer- 
 haave, and practised lirst at DunstaUe, 
 and next at St. Albans. At the latter 
 place he kept an asylum for lunatics, of 
 which Cowper, who always retained an 
 affection for him, was at one time an in- 
 mate. He died in 1788. His Visions in 
 Verse, which are elegant, animated, and 
 fraught with pure morality, are deservedly 
 popular. 
 
 COULOMB, CHARLES AUGUSTIN 
 DE, an eminent French philosopher, lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of engineers, and a member 
 of the Academy of Sciences and of the 
 Institute, was born at Angouleme, in 1736, 
 and died in 1806. He was generally versed 
 in the sciences, but particularly cultivated 
 those of electricity and magnetism, in which 
 he made many va'luable discoveries. " He 
 may fairly," it is said, " be ranked in the 
 fame class with Franklin, ^Epinus, and 
 Cavendish." 
 
 COURAYER, PETER FRANCIS, a na- 
 tive of Normandy, born at Yemen in 1681, 
 was a canon and librarian of St. Gene- 
 vieve, and a professor of theology and phi- 
 losophy. Having written a Defence of the 
 Validity of English Ordinations, he was 
 so persecuted that he took refuge in Eng- 
 land, in 172S, where he died in 1776. He 
 translated into French Father Paul's His- 
 tory of the Council of Trent, and Sleidan's 
 History of the Reformation; and wrote 
 severaf tracts. 
 
 COURIER, PAUL Louis, one of the 
 wittiest writers and most profound hel- 
 lenists of France, was born near An- 
 gouleme, in 1774. He was for several 
 years in the corps of artillery, in which 
 lie rose to be a major; but at length he 
 resigned in disgust. Every /idinent of 
 leisure while in the army was devoted 
 \ry him to the study of Greek authors. 
 He was assassinated in 1S25. Courier 
 published various translations from the 
 Greek; 3ut his chief fame is derived from 
 his political pamphlets, which are remark- 
 able for wit, irony, and pungency of style. 
 
 COURT DE GEBELIN, ANTHONV, 
 a French anti'piary and philosopher, one 
 of the mo>t learned men of the eighteenth 
 centurv, \\aa bom at Nimes in 1725, the 
 on oi a caKinist minister, and died at 
 I'urii in 1784. ll'u great woik in, The 
 
 COY 
 
 Primitive World analy/ed and cc 
 with the Modern Woild. It consists of 
 nine 4to volumes, ami, though deformed by 
 some I . nlations and lupotheses, 
 
 is richly fi aught with erudition. Among 
 his other works is A History of the Wai 
 of the Cevennes. in three volumes. 
 
 COURTOIS, J AMI-S, a painter, known 
 by the names of Cortese and II Borgog- 
 none, was born at St. Hyppolite, in 
 Franche Comte, in 1621. He was a pupil 
 of Guido and Albano, and, as some .-ay, 
 of Jerome. In battle pieces he stands 
 almost unrivalled. Being accused of hav- 
 ing poisoned his wife, he entered into the 
 order of the Jesuits, and died in their con- 
 vent at Rome, in 1676. His brother, 
 WILLIAM, born 1618, died 1679, was a 
 pupil of Pietro da Coitona, and was an 
 eminent historical painter. 
 
 COUSIN, Louis, a native of Paris, \\hr 
 
 as born in 1627, and died in 1707, was 
 president of the mint, and a member of 
 the French Academy. Among his works 
 are, a History of Constantinople, eight 
 volumes 4to. ; A History of the Church, 
 four volumes 4to. ; and A Roman History, 
 two volumes 12mo. ; which consist of 
 translations of the Bvzantine sacred and 
 profane historians. He also conducted the 
 Journal des Savants from 1687 to 1701. 
 As a critic, a translator, and a man. Cousin 
 is deserving of praise. 
 
 COUSTOU, NICHOLAS, a French 
 sculptor, was born at Lyons in 1658, and 
 died in 1733. He was a pupil of Coyse- 
 vox, his uncle, and formed his style on'the 
 
 orks of Michael Angelo and Algardi. 
 Among his best productions are, a Hercu- 
 les-Commodus, a group of tritons, and a 
 jroup of the Seine and the Marne. His 
 brother, W T ILLIAM, also a pupil of Coyse- 
 vox, was born at Lyons in 1678, and died 
 n 1746. He was superior to Nicholas. 
 Daphne and Hippomenes, the Ocean and 
 the Mediterranean, and a figure of the 
 Rhone, are among his masterpiece?. His 
 WILLIAM, also, born in 1716. died in 
 1777, was a celebrated sculptor. 
 
 COVENTRY, FRANCIS, a native of 
 
 ambridgeshire, educated at Magdalen 
 College, Cambridge, was perpetual curate 
 of Edgeware when he died, in 1759. He 
 
 rote the novel of Pompey the Little; 
 a paper in The World, on the absurdity 
 
 f modern gardening; and some poems, 
 >ne of which, Penshurst, is printed in 
 Dods ley's collection. His cousin, HKNRY, 
 i fellow of Magdalen College, who died 
 n 1752, contributed to the Athenian Let- 
 ers, and wrote The Letters of Philemon 
 .o Hyd:i 
 
 COVERDALE, MILES, one of the ear- 
 iest English reformers, was born in York 
 shire in 1487, was educated at Cambridge 
 and went "abroad on becoming a protestaat 
 
cow 
 
 He aeaisted Tyndale in his version of the 
 B:bie, and in 1535 published a complete 
 translation. In 1531, after having been 
 almoner to Queen Catherine Parr, he was 
 promoted to the see of Exeter. In the 
 reign of Marv he retired to the continent, 
 but returned on the accession of Elizabeth. 
 He died in lOo'S, or, according to some 
 accounts, in l.VH). 
 
 COVIl.HAM, PEDRO DK, a Portuguese 
 gentleman, who served with distinction 
 in the wars of Castile, and afterwards 
 traded to Africa. He was sent, along 
 with Alphons:) dc Payva, in search of 
 Prester John, and also to inquire whether 
 a passage to India could be accomplished 
 round the Cape. On this mission, while 
 Payva proceeded to Abyssinia, Covilharn 
 visited India and Sofala," obtained the first 
 distinct account of Madagascar, and ascer- 
 tained that the voyage round the Cape 
 might be pert", trmed. " He then, Payva hav- 
 ing 1 died, journeyed to Abyssinia, where 
 the monarch heaped upon him the highest 
 honours of the state, and induced him to 
 spend there the remainder of his days. 
 
 COWELL, JOHN, a lawyer and anti- 
 quary, born about 1554, at Erncsborough, 
 in Yorkshire; was educated at Eton, and 
 at King's College, Cambridge; and became 
 master of Trinity Hall. He died in 1611. 
 He is the author of Institutes of the Laws 
 of England ; and of The Interpreter, or 
 Explanation of Law Terms; the last of 
 which works the Commons ordered to be 
 burnt for its unconstitutional doctrines. 
 With his wonted coarseness of wit, Coke, 
 who hated him, used to call him Dr. Cow- 
 heel. 
 
 COWLEY, ABRAHAM, the posthumous 
 son of a grocer, was born in London, in 
 1618. From Westminster School he went 
 to Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he 
 was ejected, in 1643, by the puritanical 
 visitors, upon which he settled at St. John's 
 College, Oxford, and avenged himself by 
 a satire, called the Puritan and the Papist. 
 He had already produced Poetical Blos- 
 soms, Love's Riddle, a pastoral comedy, 
 and a Latin comedy, intitled Naufragium 
 Joculare 1 the first two were written while 
 he was at Westminster. He now entered 
 into the king's service, and attended him 
 in several journeys and expeditions. When 
 the queen left England he accompanied 
 her, obtained a settlement in the family of 
 the earl of St. Albans, and was employed 
 on various missions relative to the royal 
 cause. During his absence appeared The 
 Mistress, and the comedy of The Guardian. 
 In 1656 he returned to England, and, soon 
 after his arrival, he was imprisoned, but 
 was bailed by Dr. Scarborough. It was 
 a this period that he gave to the world a 
 complete edition of his poems. On the 
 death of Cromwell, Cov Icy revisited 
 
 France; and li<- was one of those who 
 cams back in the train of the restored 
 sovereign. The triumph of his party was 
 for a while of no benefit to him, but, at 
 length, he obtained a small independence, 
 and withdrew into retirement. He died 
 at the Porch House, Chcrtsey, in July, 
 1667. Coulev, ;;.s Johnson observes, la 
 " undoubtedly the best" of the metaphysi- 
 cal poets; for, though his ideas are often 
 far-fetched, and sometimes absurd or udi- 
 crous, his faults are redeemed by great 
 beauties. His prose merits almost unal- 
 loyed praise ; it is pregnant with thought, 
 and the style is natural and elegant. 
 
 COWLEY, HANNAH, a diamatic wri- 
 ter, whose maiden name was Parkhouse, 
 was born at Tiverton, in Devonshire, iu 
 1743, and died at that place in 1809. She 
 is the author of nine comedies, among 
 which are, The Runaway, The Belle's 
 Stratagem, and More Ways than One; 
 the tragedies of Albina, and The Fate of 
 Sparta; two farces; and the poems of 
 The Siege of Acre, The Maid of Arragon, 
 and The Scottish Village. Her poems are 
 of that description which Horace depre- 
 cates ; but her comedies have considerable 
 
 COWPER, WILLIAM, a poet, was boi 
 at Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire, Nov 
 26, 1731, and was the son of the rector of 
 that place. His constitution was highly 
 delicate, and his feelings nervously sus- 
 ceptible. It is no wonder, therefore, that 
 he endured so much from the tyranny of 
 his seniors at Westminster School, as to 
 inspire him with a disgust of all such 
 public establishments; a disgust which he 
 afterwards forcibly expressed in his poem 
 of Tirocinium. He was articled for three 
 years to an attorney, and subsequently 
 studied at the Temple, but seems to have 
 acquired no great share of legal knowledge. 
 So extreme was his dread of being placed 
 in any conspicuous situation, that being 
 unexpectedly called on to attend at the 
 bar of the House of Lords, as clerk of the 
 journals, his agitatior of mind not only 
 compelled him to resign his post, but ter- 
 minated in insanity. ~ That disorder WM 
 
ft*) COX 
 
 beigntened bv the gloomy idea* he had 
 imbibed on tne subject 01 religion, which 
 led him to suppose himself condemned to 
 eternal reprobation. After having been 
 for a considerable time under the care of 
 Dr. Cotton, he recovered, and took up his 
 residence, in 1765, as an inmate with the 
 Rev. Mr. I'inviii of Huntingdon. That 
 gentleman died in 1767, but Cowpcr con- 
 tinued to reside with his widow, at Olney 
 in Buckinghamshire, and Weston in North- 
 amptonshire, till her death, in 1796. From 
 1773 to 1778, and from 1794 till his decease, 
 which took place at Dereham in Norfolk, 
 April 25, 1800, he suffered again under the 
 scourge of insanity. In the mean while, 
 however, he gained imperishable fame by 
 hia writings. His first appearance as an 
 author, excepting a few papers to the 
 Connoisseur, and some hymns to the Olney 
 collection, was in 1782, when he published 
 the first volume of his Poems. The second, 
 containing The Task, appeared in 1784. 
 Of his subsequent works, the principal is, 
 a blank verse Translation of Homer, which 
 has not become popular. It is a curious 
 
 CRA 
 
 neis of research and an adherence to irmfc 
 which render them highly valuable. 
 
 CRABBE, GEORGK, one of the moat 
 popular of modern British poets, was born 
 in 1734, at Aldborough, in Suffolk, where 
 his father held some appointment in the 
 customs. It is said that he was originally 
 intended for the medical profession, and 
 that he served an apprenticeship to a pro- 
 vincial apothecary. He displayed a taste 
 for poetry at an early age, and was finally 
 induced to give up the study of medicine 
 and devote himself to belles lettres. He 
 went to London at the age of twenty-four, 
 and gained the friendship of Edmund 
 Burke, at whose recommendation he pub- 
 lished, in 1781, his poem of The Library. 
 This was quickly followed by The Village, 
 which gained for him the high approbation 
 of Dr. Johnson. In the mean time Crabbe 
 had entered himself at Cambridge, had 
 taken orders, and now accompanied the 
 Duke of Rutland, as chaplain, upon hia 
 appointment to the vice-regal government 
 of Ireland. Through the same patronage 
 he afterwards obtained some small church 
 
 fact, that his humorous ballad of John preferment. The study of theology for 
 
 ^ I ... 1 1 I " -II mV /~* \ \ \ 
 
 Gilpin was written while he was a prey 
 to the deepest melancholy. His Letters, 
 wl ich are models of that kind of compo- 
 eit'on, have been given to the w r orld since 
 hit death. Cowper is a poet of varied 
 po\ ers; he is by turns playful and pa- 
 thetic, tender and sarcastic; in some 
 instances, he rises to sublimity; and in 
 picturesque delineation he has no rival 
 but Thomson, and he generally surpasses 
 him in elegance. 
 
 COXE, WILLIAM, was born in London 
 in 1747, and educated at Eton, and King's 
 College, Cambridge. He took orders in 
 1771; was for two year? tutor to the mar- 
 quis of Blandford; and, in 1775, accom- 
 panied Lord Herbert, afterwards earl of 
 
 long time withdrew Mr. Crabbe almost 
 entirely from his poetic labours. After an 
 interruption of nearly twenty years, he 
 published a collection of poems, which was 
 very successful. This was followed by The 
 Borough, in 1810; Tales, in 1815; and 
 Tales of the Hall, in 1819. He died in 
 1832. His works have been exceedingly 
 popular, and have gone through many edi- 
 tions. Every thing about him is simple, 
 and characteristic: and he has been de- 
 scribed with much felicity as the anatomist 
 of the human soul. 
 
 CRAFTS, WILLIAM, a lawyer and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born in Charles- 
 ton, S. C. in 17S7. He received his edu- 
 cation at Harvard college, and studied law 
 
 Pembroke, to the continent. He succes-jin hia native city, where he acquired eoiua 
 lively obtained the livings of Kingston on ' reputation for talent and eloquence. Ho 
 
 Thames, Bcmerton, Stourton.and Fovant; 
 utid was appointed a canon residentiary of 
 Salisbury, and archdeacon of Wilts. About 
 
 was a member of the South Carolina legis- 
 lature, and for some time editor of tha 
 Charleston Courier. He died at Lebanon 
 
 ten years before his decease he suffered the. Springs, N. Y. in 1826. A collection of 
 
 privation of sight, but he persisted, witl 
 unabated ardour, in INS literary labours. 
 He died at Bemerton, in June, 1828. Of 
 his numerous works, the principal are, 
 Travels in Switzerland; Travels into Po- 
 land, Russia, &c. ; Russian Discoveries; 
 Historical Tour in Monmouthshire; His- 
 tory of the House of Austria; Historical 
 Memoirs of the Kin^s of Spain ; of the 
 House of Bourbon ; Memoirs of Sir Robert 
 Walpole; of Horatio Lord Walpole; of the 
 
 Administration of the Hon. Mr. Pelhstrn ; Braddock in his march through the \\ilder- 
 and of John Duke of Marlborough; and; ness, and assisted in dressing his wound! 
 Private and Original Correspondence of I At the commencement of the revolution, by 
 the Duke of Shrewsbury. The historical the aid of his early and fast friend, GenertU 
 vorLs of Coxo nre dUtinfuUbcd by a fill- Warhington, he was traniifcrred U> tn 
 
 his works, comprising po<*ms, essays in 
 prose, and orations, with a biographical 
 memoir, was published in Charleston in 
 1828. 
 
 CRAIK, JAMES, was born in Scotland, 
 where he received his education for the 
 medical service of the British army. He 
 came to the colony of Virginia in early life, 
 and accompanied Washington in his expe- 
 ditions against the French and Indians in 
 1754; and in the following year attended 
 
 T> I .1 1_ V _ 1. ..._ . . * K *K~ ... '!).. 
 
CRA 
 
 medical department in the continental ar- 
 my, and rose to the first rank and distinc- 
 tion. He continued in the army to the end 
 of the war, and was present at the stir- 
 render of Cornwallis, on the memorable 
 19th of October, 1781. After the cessation 
 of hostilities, he removed to the neighbour- 
 hood of Mount Vernon, and in 1798 was 
 once more appointed by Washington to his 
 former station in the medical staff. He 
 was present v itYi his illustrious friend in 
 his last moment?, and died in 1814, in the 
 84th year of his age. He was a skilful and 
 successful physician, and Washington men- 
 tioned him as " my compatriot in arms, 
 my old and intimate friend." 
 
 CRAMER, GABRIEL, an eminent geo- 
 metrician, was born in 1704, and died in 
 1732. He edited the works of Wolf and 
 the Bernouillis; and wrote, among other 
 things, an Introduction to the Analysis of 
 Algebraical Curve Lines. 
 
 CRAMER, JOHN ANDREW, a German 
 
 CRA 
 
 l 
 
 in negotiations at Rome, and in othef 
 parts of the continent. On Cranmer*s 10 
 
 turn, the monarch raised him, in 15S3, to 
 the archbishopric of Canterbury. Thus 
 elevated, and invested with powerful in- 
 fluence, the archbishop pursued with vi 
 our the work of religious reformation. H 
 enemies laboured as strenuously to ruin 
 
 i vig- 
 . Hia 
 
 mineralogist, was born at Qnedlinburg, in I him, but he was always upheld by Henry. 
 
 1710, and died in 1777. He was the first 
 who reduced to settled principles the art 
 of assaying, and to him Germany is in- 
 debted for her superior progress in metal- 
 
 Being a member of the council of regency, 
 during the reign of Edward VI., he was 
 enabled to push forward an ecclesiastical 
 reform with still more decisive effect. But, 
 
 lurgy. Cramer had many singularities, j unfortunately, he now displayed a perse- 
 which was a complete inattention cuting spirit which has stained his character 
 
 to his personal appearance; so that he was 
 compared to Diogenes. He is the author 
 of a Latin treatise on the Docimastic art; 
 another, on the Management of Forests; 
 and Principles of Metallurgy; the last of 
 which he did not complete. 
 
 CRAMER, JOHN ANDREW, a German 
 writer, was born at Josephstadt, in Saxonv, 
 
 with a deep and bloody spot. Besides be- 
 ing guilty of minor acts of tyranny, he 
 consigned to the flames, as heretics, two 
 unhappy beings, one of them a woman ! 
 This wis Joan Bocher, the warrant for 
 whose execution was in a manner extorted 
 from the youthful monarch, who signed it 
 in tears, and thr^w on Cranmer tiie moral 
 
 Hav- 
 
 in 1723; and, with the exception of three i responsibility of the barbarous deed 
 years, resided in Denmark from 1754 to i ing consented to the measures for placing 
 1788, in which latter year he died. He Lady Jane Grey on the throne, he became 
 was invited to Denmark by the sovereign, one of the victims after the accession of 
 
 and, at the time of his decease, was chai 
 cellor of the university of Kiel. He trans- 
 lated Bossuet's Universal History, the 
 Homilies of St. Chrysostom, and the 
 Psalms of David in verse; and wrote The 
 Northern Spectator, three vols. ; Sermons, 
 twenty-two vols. ; and Poems, three vols. 
 
 Emi 
 
 nent in m;my ways, it is as a votary 
 
 of the Muses tluit^ he is most famous; Ger- 
 many ranks him among her best lyric poets. 
 CRANMER, THOMAS, a celebrated re- 
 fonrer, the son of a country gentleman, 
 was born at A*l*cton, in Nottinghamshire, 
 in 1489, and was educated at Jesus College, 
 Cambridge, where, in 1523, he became 
 reader of the divinity lecture. For his 
 rise lie was indebted "to an opinion which 
 
 Mary. Lured by the promise not only of 
 pardon but of royal favour, he was induced 
 to sign six papers, by which he recanted 
 his principles, and avowed his sorrow for 
 having entertained them. In spite, how- 
 ever, of the promises made to him, he was 
 brought to the stake, March 21, 1556. He 
 had by this time recovered his firmness, 
 and he died with the utmost fortitude, 
 holding in the flames till it was consumed 
 the hand which had signed the recantation, 
 and exclaiming, " This unworthy hand ! 
 this unworthy hand !" His forgiving dis- 
 position, which led him never to revenge 
 an injury, his extensive librality, his ser- 
 vices to the cause of ecclesiastical reform, 
 and his courage at the hour of death, have 
 
 he chanced to give to Gardiner and Fox, i shed a lustre round the memory of Cran- 
 that the best way to settle the question mer; but it must, however reluctantly, be 
 relative to the king's divorce would be to owned, that he displayed an indefensible 
 refer it to the universities instead of to flexibility of principle, and that he was, 
 the pope. Henry instantly made him his in fact, not less a bigot than were the men 
 chaplain, ordered him to write on the by whose bigotry, Mended with personal 
 uhjeat, and subsequently employed him 'amity, he wa? at le ;grh sacrificed 
 
2 CRE <;RI 
 
 CRANZ, or KRAN7, DAVU>, Morn- with all his faults of composition, it is im- 
 
 tian prea. her. was born in Pomeia.iia in po.-sd'le tu deny his claim to a place among 
 1723, and resided \\>r si.me vears as a mis- the higher class of his country's tragic 
 sionary in (irecnland, where he \\as inucli dramatists. 
 
 respo ivd fir his virtues. He died, in <'K F.IU LL( >\ . <'r..\ri>r. PUOSPEP 
 J /77, minister of (luadenfroy, in Silesia. JoLYOT DZ, flOfl of the foregoittg, WO8 boTi 
 He is the author of a \alnaliie History of at Paris in 1707, and died there in 1777 
 Greenland; and of a History of the Mo- He acquired the name of t/he French Pe- 
 ruvians, tion ins liv his novels. They manifest ta- 
 
 CKASHAW, RICHARD, a poet, the lent, but much more licentiousness. Among 
 son of a clergyman, \\ as horn at London, them are. The Sojiha; Tan/.ai and IS'ea- 
 and educated at the Charter House, and at darne; and Les Egaremens du (Vur et 
 Cambridge. From Cambridge he was de 1'Ksprit ; to the list of which woiks 
 ejected in 1614, and then went to France, Sterne alludes in his Sentimental Journey. 
 where he became a Roman Catholic. He CREECH, THOMAS, a native of Dor- 
 died, a canon of Loretto, in 1650. His setshire, was born at Pdandford, in 1659; 
 poems are frequently melodious and ani- was educated at Slierborne School, and 
 mated. Milton and Pope did not disdain Wadham College, Oxford; and became a 
 to borrow some of his ideas* fellow of All Souls. In 1700 he put an 
 
 CRASSUS, MARCUS LICINIUS, whose end to his existence. He translated Li> 
 opulence obtained him the appellation of cretins, and parts of Horace, Theocritus, 
 the Rich, defeated Spartacus, and put an and other authors. Creech was a good 
 end to the Servile war. He was subse- scholar, but an ungraceful translator. 
 quently consul, and then censor; formed CRESCIMBIM, JOHN MARIUS, a 
 one of the first triumvirate with Pompey celebrated Italian poet and miscellaneous 
 and Carsar; and was defeated and slain writer, was born at Maceratn, in the Papal 
 by the Parthians, B.C. 53. territory, in 1663; received his education 
 
 CRATLNUS, an Athenian poet, to whom in the Jesuit's College there; and wrote 
 s attributed the invention of satirical co-'a tragedy at the age of thirteen. He was 
 nedy. The boldness and virulence of his ' brought up to the law, but ultimately em- 
 arcasms is said to have been unequalled, braced the ecclesiastical profession. In 
 He gained the dramatic prize nine times, \ 1690, he founded the Academy known by 
 out of his numerous pieces only a few the name of the Arcadian, which soon be- 
 *erses remain. He died B. c. 431, having came one of the most popular literary 
 
 ittained the age of ninetv-seven, notwi'Ji- 
 
 issemblies in Italy. He died in 1728. 
 
 standing he was a determined wine-bibber. His works are numerous. The principal 
 CRAWFORD, ADAM, a physician and of them are, Poems; A History of Italian 
 
 .natural philosopher, was born in 1749, 
 and died at Lymtngton, in 17.95. He was 
 phvsician to St. Thomas's Hospital, pro- 
 lessor of chemistry at Woolwich, and 
 F. R. S. He is the author of Experiments 
 ind Observations on Animal Heat, a valu- 
 able work; and also of an Inquiry into the 
 Effect of Tonics. Crawford was the first 
 who prescribed muriate of barytes as a 
 remedy for scrofula. 
 
 CREBILLON, PROSPER JOLYOT DE, 
 a French tragic poet, was born at Dijon, 
 
 Poetry ; and Commentaries on the History. 
 
 CREVIER, JOHN BAPTIST LEWIS, a 
 French historian, born at Paris in 1693, 
 was a pupil of Rollin ; became professor 
 at the college of Beauvais; and died in 
 1765. His principal works are, A Con- 
 tinuation of Rollin's Roman History, eight 
 vols. quarto; and a History of the Roman 
 Emperors, eight vols. quarto. 
 
 CRICHTON, JAMKS, known by the 
 name of the admirable Crichton, was born 
 in 1561, and was a son of the lord advo- 
 
 a rrencn tragic poet, was born at IJijon, in lobJ, and was a son ol tne lord auvo- 
 in 1674; and, being intended for the bar, ; cate of Scotland. He was educated at 
 was placed with a solic'tor, to acquire the ' St. Andrew's, and was such an early 
 preliminary mechanical knowledge. Cre- 1 proficient in learning as to have obtained 
 Dillon however manifested a decided taste the degree of M. A. at the age of fourteen. 
 for the drama, and the solicitor encouraged He is said to have excelled in eloquence, 
 him to follow his inclination for dramatic \ to have overcome every opponent in logi- 
 writing. His first successful tragedy, Ido- ; cal and scientific disputation, to have 
 iceneus, came out in 1706. It was fol- known ten languages, and to have been 
 lowed by Atreus, Rhadumistus, Electra, equally consummate in all military and 
 and others; after which he paused for athletic exercises. He was murdered, in 
 more than twenty years, and during that 1582 or 1583, by his pupil, the son of the 
 period he lived in a state bordering on duke of Mantua. 
 poverty. His last labours were the trage- CRILLON, Louis DE BALBK, or 
 
 dies of Catiline and The Triumv irate, lie 
 
 BALBIS DE BKRTON DE, one of the most 
 
 died in 1762. Crebillon is denominated gallant French warriors of the sixteenth 
 the French jEschylus, and not without 1 century, was born, in 1541, in Provence, 
 eason Ii the terrib l he excels, and, I entered the aiiny a an early age, anj 
 
CRO 
 
 lignulizod hU valour under five French 
 sovereigns. IVor was his courage mani- 
 fested only at home. He served as a vol- 
 unteer at the battle of Lepanto, and was 
 one of the most conspicuous on that glorious 
 occasion. He died in 1615. His courage 
 wns carried to an almost romantic height. 
 The soldiery called him " the man without 
 fear," and Henry IV., who highly esteem- 
 ed him, denominated him " the bravest of 
 the brave." 
 
 CRISP, TOBIAS, a divine, born at Lon- 
 don in 1600, was educated a> Eton, Cam- 
 bridge, and Baliol College, Oxford; and 
 died, rector of Brink worth, in 1642-3. He 
 was one of the most celebrated champions 
 xif Aritinomiantsin. Yet, though he taught 
 a doctrine which holds up faith to the ex- 
 clusion of works, Crisp was remarkable 
 for works of charity, as well as for piety, 
 purity, and humility. His Sermons, in 
 three volumes, were published after his 
 death. 
 
 CROFT, Sir HERBERT, was born in 
 London, in 1751; was educated at Uni- 
 versity College, Oxford; and studied at 
 Lincoln's Inn; but relinojiiished the bar 
 and took orders, though without obtaining 
 ecclesiastical preferment. He died at Paris 
 in 1816. He was a friend of Dr. Johnson, 
 who inserted Croft's Life of Young among 
 his own lives ot the poets. But he is best 
 known by his story of Love and Madness. 
 He 
 prov 
 
 CRO a 
 
 while he seems to have been er.tangled io 
 the snares of dissipation, but he soon 
 
 escaped from them, for, at 
 
 age of 
 
 twenty -one, he married and settled in his 
 native town, and, not long after, became a 
 zealous puritan. His first appearance in 
 parliament was in 1625, as member for 
 Huntingdon. Three years before the meet- 
 of the Long Parliament, in which 
 
 planned, but never executed, an im- 
 ed edition of Johnson's Dictionary. 
 CROMWELL, THOMAS, earl of Essex, 
 a native of Surrey, born about 1490, was 
 the son of a blacksmith at Putney. After 
 having been a clerk to the English factory 
 at Aijt'.verp, he returned home, and became 
 confidential servant to Cardinal Wolsey. 
 On the disgrace of the cardinal, Cromwell 
 defended him in the House of Commons 
 with spirit and effect. He was taken into 
 the service of Henry VIII. and rose till, 
 in 1539, he was made earl of Essex, and 
 lord chamberlain. He had previously taken 
 an active and not always just part, as visiter 
 general, in the suppression of the monas- 
 teries. His parliamentary conduct, too, 
 was often highly criminal. To the Refor- 
 mation, however, he was a warm friend, 
 and he was charitable and grateful. Crom- 
 well having been one of the promoters of 
 the marriage of Henry with Anne of 
 Clevrs, the capricious tvrant brought him 
 to the block, in 1540. 
 
 CROMWELL, OLIVER, one of the 
 niu.-t astonishing characters in English his- 
 tory, v. us the grandson of Sir Henry Crom- 
 well, and was born at Huntingdon, AprU 
 25, Ij99. His father was a brewer. He 
 was educated at Huntingdon School, Sid- 
 u.-v Su.-i(.'x College, Cambridge, and Lin- 
 coln's Inn ; and is said not to have made 
 any giVat progress in his studies. For a 
 
 memorable assembly he sat for Cambridge, 
 he meditated emigrating to America, in 
 company with Hampden and other gentle- 
 men of the same principles as himself, but 
 he was prevented by a proclamation of the 
 government. That proclamation the mis- 
 guided monarch had abundant reason to 
 repent. Cromwell was active against hijj\ 
 in the House; and, when the Commons 
 resolved on resistance, he raised a troop 
 of horse, which he disciplined in an admi- 
 rable manner. This force he soon enlarged 
 to a regiment of a thousand men, at the 
 head of which he became the most con- 
 
 spicuous 
 Between 
 
 of the 
 1642 an 
 
 leaders. 
 1646, he "signalized 
 
 himself on a great variety of occasions, 
 particularly at Marston Moor, Newbury, 
 Naseby, and Torrington. In the negotia- 
 tions which ensued between the king and 
 the victorious parliament, Cromwell was 
 at first disposed to consent to restoring 
 Charles under certain conditions, but, find- 
 ing that the royal captive was not to be 
 trusted, he resolved to join in bringing him 
 to the block. He was one of the forty 
 persons who, after the death of Char .OF, 
 formed the Council of State. Ireland yet 
 remained to be subdued. Cromwell was, 
 therefore, appointed lord governor of tha,t 
 island for three years, and in August, 1640, 
 he sailed to assume the command. Storm- 
 ing Drogheda and Wexford with horrible 
 slaughter of the garrisons, he so terrified 
 the enemy, that in nine months peace was 
 restored." In 165Q, he defeated the Scots 
 at Dunbar; and, in the following year, ho 
 obtained what he called his "crowning 
 victory" over Charles, at Worcester. Onp 
 
 step more sufficed 
 summit of power. 
 
 to place him at thq 
 Having by force di*- 
 
 galvod the Long Parliament, ho 
 
CKO 
 
 the 
 
 the supreme authority, in 1653, under t 
 title of lord protector. The title of king 
 ho was more than once desirous to obtain, 
 but was deterred from assuming it by the 
 dread of alienating his partisans. For 
 ri\e years he maintained himself in the 
 perilous station to which he had reached, 
 out his sway was disturbed by incessant 
 plots, cabals, and other circumstances of 
 formidable annoyance. The glory of his 
 country, however, he nobly sustained, and 
 England was never more respected, and 
 rven feared, by foreign states, than it was 
 under his government. At length, nis 
 constitution sank under anxiety and toil, 
 and he expired on the 3d of September, 
 1(>5*. 
 
 CiiOMWELL, RICHARD, son of Oliver 
 Cromwell, was born at Huntingdon, in 
 1626, and succeeded his father, as lord 
 protector, in 1658. Finding himself una- 
 ble to contend with the factions hostile to 
 him, he resigned in the following year, and 
 he went to France on the 'restoration of 
 Charles II. He returned to England in 
 1680, assumed the name of Clarke, and 
 died at Cheshunt in 1712. 
 
 CUJ 
 
 in gemu* to Dryden, he was nut without 
 merit. 
 CROXALL, SAMUEL, a divine and 
 
 poet, was born at Walton upon Thames, 
 and educated at Eton and Cambridge. I. 
 was as aw hig writer that he began his lite- 
 rary career. lie obtained two livings in the 
 metropolis, various preferments in Here- 
 ford Cathedral, and the archdeaconry of 
 Salop, and was one of the king's chaplains. 
 He died in 1751. He wrote The Fair 
 Circassians, an imitation of Solomon T n 
 Song; several Poems; Scripture Politics; 
 published an edition of ^tsop; am. trans- 
 lated a part of Ovid's Metamorphosie. 
 
 CRUDEN, ALEXANDER, a native of 
 Aberdeen, born in 1701, removed to Lon- 
 don in 1722, where he was, in succession, 
 a private tutor, a bookseller, and a cor- 
 rector of the press. Early symptoms of 
 insanity were aggravated by disappointment 
 in love, and throughout life he manifested, 
 more or less, a deranged intellect. Among 
 other aberrations, he set up for a general 
 reformer, and assumed the title of Alex- 
 ander the Corrector. Cruden was, never- 
 theless, an acute and benevolent man. One 
 
 CPONEGK, or KRONEGK, JOHN j laborious and valuable work preserves his 
 
 FREDERIC, baron de, a German poet, was 
 born at Anspach, in 1731, and died in 
 1758. He is the author of several trage- 
 dies and comedies, which, with the excep- 
 tion of the tragedy of Codrus, are less 
 esteemed than his poems. In his poetic 
 effusions he displays a brilliant imagina- 
 tion, and his diction is energetic. He is 
 called the German Young. 
 
 CROUSAZ, JOHN PETER DE, a phi- 
 losopher and mathematician, was born at 
 Lausanne, in 1663, and at various periods 
 filled the professor's chair of Greek and 
 philosophy, and mathematics and philoso- 
 phy, at Groningen and Lausanne. He 
 u a's also tutor to Prince Frederic of Hesse 
 He died in 1750. Among his 
 numerous works are, a Treatise on the 
 Beautiful; The Geometry of Rectilinear 
 :inJ Curvilinear Lines and Surfaces; and 
 an Examination of Ancient and Modern 
 Pynhonism; but he is best known by his 
 Criticism on Pope's Essay on Man, which 
 afled forth Warburton as a defender of 
 the poet. 
 
 CROWNE, JOHN, a dramatist, the son 
 of a Nova Scotian independent minister, 
 t-ame to England in the reign of Charles 
 II. and was patronised, in opposition 
 
 name from oblivion The Concordance to 
 the Bible. 
 
 CRUIKSHANK, WILLIAM, celebrated 
 as an anatomist, was born, in 1745, at Ed- 
 inburgh ; acquired a knowledge of anatomy 
 and medicine at Glasgow; became libra 
 rian, and afterwards assistant and succcs-soi 
 to Dr. Win, Hunter; was elected F. R. S 
 in 1797; and died in 1S09. His principal 
 work is, The Anatomy of the Absorbent 
 Vessels. 
 
 CTESIBIUS, a mathematician of Alex- 
 andria, who flourished about 125 B, c. t 
 was the son of a barber, and a barber him- 
 self. - He is said to have invented an hy- 
 draulic organ, the water clock, a kind of 
 air-gun, and the forcing pump, A work 
 on measuring, called Geodesia, is alao 
 attributed to him. 
 
 CUDWORTH, RALPH, was the son 
 of tlhe roctor of Aller, in Somersetshire, 
 where he was born in 1617. He com* 
 menced' his studies, at the early age of 
 thirteen, at Emanuel Collegs, Cambridge. 
 After having held the livings of Noith 
 Cadbury and A*>hton, the regius professor- 
 ship of Hebrew, the masterships of Clare 
 Hall and Christ's College, and a prebend 
 of Gloucester, lie di.'il at Cambridge in 
 His great woik, which is tinctured 
 
 Dryden, by Rochester. The king took 
 
 him into favour, and furnished him with with Alexandrian 1'latonism, but replete 
 the plot of the comedy of Sir Courtly \ with learning, is, The True Intellectual 
 Nice; bul died just as tlio poet was c\- System of the l'ni\ci>e. 
 
 peeling from him a post for life. He was 
 living in 1703; the date of his decease is 
 not iccorded. Crowne wrote seventeen 
 comedies and tragedies, a romance, and 
 t burlesque poem. Though far inferior 
 
 CLJAS, or CI/JACIl-S, JA.MF.S, one 
 of the most eminent of jurists, was boru at 
 Toulouse, in 1520. His real name wa 
 Cujaus. A knowledge of Gieek aud Latin 
 he aquiied by his own exertions. Civil 
 
CUM CUM 2<* 
 
 law he studied undwr Ferrier, and he le- troops in Flanders, he lost, but was \rry 
 came an unrivalled master of it. Cuj.isjnear gaining, the battle of Fontenoy; in 
 was, at various times, professor at several; the SMIH; year lio was recalled to oppose 
 celebrated universities; among them were Prince Chailvs Edward; and, in 1746, ne 
 those of Toulouse and Bourges. lie died extinguished the Scotch rebellion, by the 
 in ;*e attcr city in 15PO. His wo,i ks f.>rm ! \ ictory <-f Culloden, but stained his repu- 
 ten folio volume?. To his pupils he was tation by his subsequent cruelty. Returning 
 a father, and he lost considerable sums by ; to the Netherlands, he was defeated at 
 occasionally supplying their v. ants. jl.aufr.ldt. In 1756, he was placed at the 
 
 CULLEN, WILLIAM, a native of Scot- [head of the Hanoverian army, was beaten 
 land, born at Lanark in 1712, was origin* at Ha*.temheck, and capitulated at Cloeler 
 aHy apprentice to a surgeon and apotkacary I Seven. He died in 17G5. 
 at . (ila.-gow ; made several voyages as sur- j CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, a multi- 
 geon to the West Indies; and completed i farious and able writer, was a great-grand- 
 liis medical education at Edinburgh. Inlsoa of bishop Cumberland, and a grand- 
 1746 he took his doctor's degree, and was ! son of Dr. Bentley. It was in the master's 
 chosen chemical teacher at Glasgow, where, lodge, at Trinity College, Cambridge, that 
 in 1751, he became professor of mcdifinc. he was born, Feb. 19, 1732. He wasedu- 
 
 In 1756, he obtained the chemical chair at 
 Edinburgh; in 1763, was appointed lec- 
 turer on the Mateiia Medica; and, in 
 1766, in conjunction with Dr. Gregory, 
 
 eated at the schools of Bury St. Edmunds 
 and Westminster, and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. His entrance into public life 
 , as ;;s private secretary to Lord Halifax, 
 
 was made lecturer on the Theory and j with whom he went to Ireland, on that no- 
 Practice of Medicine. His Lectures were i bleman Leing appointed viceroy. Through 
 exceedingly popular. He died in February, the interest of his lordship he obtained the 
 170. Besides his Lectures, Cullen is the clerkship of the board of trade, and he was 
 author of Synopsis Nosologiae Practicae ; I afterwards advanced to the secretaryship, 
 and of Institutions of Medicine. | His first literary efforts, An Elegy written 
 
 CUMBERLAND, GEORGE CLIF- Jon St. Mark's Eve, and The Banishment 
 FORD, earl of, wa? born in Westmore- ! of Cicero, a drama, obtained for him but 
 land in 1558, and was under the tuition of I little f.ime. He was more fortunate in his 
 WhitgNft, at Peter House, Cambridge. In comedy of The Brothers, which he brought 
 1596, he beaded an expedition to South ! out in "l 769; but it was The West Indian, 
 America, and he subsequently engaged in (produced in 1771, that established his re- 
 eight more enterprises of the same kind; j putation. Henceforth, till the time of his 
 i'i which, however, he gained more honour j decease, he continued to be one of our most 
 than profit. He also fought against the! fertile dramatic writers; he having been 
 Spanish Armada. His chivalrous char- j the author of between fifty and sixty pieces, 
 acter made him a favourite of Elizabeth, j In 1780 he was employed by the ministry 
 He died in 1605. His daughter and heir- j to conduct a secret negotiation with the 
 e<<. AXXK, was remarkable for her high j courts of Madrid and Lisbon. To the 
 
 spirit. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, a learned 
 vine and archaeologist, was born in Lon- 
 don, in 1632, and educated at Cambridge. 
 After having filled two subordinate livings, 
 nnd taken his degree of D. D., he was, in 
 1691, raised to the see of Peterborough, 
 without any solicitation on his part. He 
 was previously known by his Treatise De 
 Legibus Naturae, in answer to Hobbes, 
 and by his Essay on Jewish Weights and 
 Measures. He was indefatigable in per- 
 forming his episcopal duties till his decease 
 in 1718. Being advised, on account of his 
 age and infirm state, to relax a little, he 
 
 eternal disgrace of his employers, he waa 
 refused the reimbursement of his expenses, 
 which amounted to 5000. This circum- 
 stance, and the suppression of the board 
 of trade, compelled him to sell his heredi- 
 tary property. With a small pension he 
 retired to Tunbridge Wells, and gave him* 
 self up wholly to literary pursuits. In 
 those pursuits few men have displayed more 
 versatility and industry. Subsequently to 
 his retirement, besides some minor pro 
 ductions, and most of his dramas, he pub- 
 lished The Observer; the novels of Arundel, 
 Henry, and John de Lancaster; Anecdotes 
 of Spanish Painters; Calvary, a poem; 
 
 replied, "It is better to wear out than the Exodiad, a poem, in conjunction with 
 rust out." After his death appeared his j Sir James Bland Burges; and Memoirs of 
 Origineg Gentium; and his Translation of j his own Life. He died May 7, 1811. Of 
 Sanehoniatkoivs Pliu-nician History. | the numerous productions of Cumberland 
 
 CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AuGUS-jmany arc forgotten, but some of them have 
 TUS, duke of, third son of George II., was] a principle of vitality which secures them 
 born in 1721. In 1743, he was wounded I from oblivion. As a dramatist, a novelist, 
 at rhe battle of DetUnge.i; in 1745, being j an essayist, and an autobiographer, he 
 then coinmunder-iu-rliief of die British! undoubtedly displays talents couuide-aMj 
 
IOC Cl'R 
 
 *lx>ve nxeilijcrity As a poet, 'te is K-^ 
 
 iKTessful; vet there are in the Ci!var\ 
 iai>\ . hirh deserve praise foi 
 
 "eaiilv of diction, and >ne< gv of thought. 
 
 ( I MIA, THIS i \ N DA., a Pi.r; 
 navigator, accompanied Alfonso de Albu- 
 querque in his voyage to India, in l.'tlti: 
 and wasd;i\en so far to the smith bv a 
 temp<l that he discovered the islands 
 which bear his name. He distinguished 
 himself in the East ; returned to Portugal 
 in 1515; was sent by King Emanucl with 
 rich presents to the pope; and died about 
 the middle of the sixteenth century. 
 
 ci .VMNGHA.M, ALEXANDER, the 
 
 sou of u prcsbv terian minister, was born, 
 in 1654, at Ettrick, in Scotland, and was 
 educated in Holland, whence he came over 
 with the Prince of Orange. After having 
 been a travelling tutor, he was for five 
 years British envoy at Venice. He died 
 in 1737. He wrote a Latin History of 
 Great Britain, from the Revolution to the 
 accession of George I.; which was trans- 
 lated bv Dr. Thompson. A person of the 
 fame nl.me, an editor of Horace, died at 
 the Hague in 1730. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, JOBW, poet, born 
 at Dublin in 1729. At the age of seven- 
 teen he wrote a farce called Love in a 
 M ist. This introduced him among actors ; 
 and the consequence was, that he himself 
 became a strolling player. He continued 
 so till his decease, which was occasioned 
 by a nervous fever, in 1773. Several of 
 his poetical pieces were published sepa- 
 rately as pamphlets. The whole of them 
 have been admitted into the collections of 
 the British Poets. They possess consid- 
 erable sweetness, elegance, and descriptive 
 power. 
 
 CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT, a cele- 
 brated Irish barrister, was born, in 1750, of 
 humble parents, at Newcastle, near Cmk; 
 was educated at Trinity Colh-g-, Dublin; 
 and studied the law at the Temple. For 
 u while he had to struggle with want if 
 practice, and consequent penury; but at 
 length he rose to sj h -ndid f.<rensic enii- 
 :, and, in 17&4, became a meiuix-r <,f 
 
 ri s 
 
 : \<? lii<h Ilnn-p of Commons. AH a 
 tor, he was a determined and tormidablp 
 enemy of the government. In 1S06, when 
 ihe wlii^s cam; 1 into power, he was made 
 master of the n l!s in Ireland. That office 
 "ied in 1M4; and he died .Novem- 
 ber ]'.i, I"* 17. Curran was somewhat 
 mean in face and in person, but when his 
 liire daik eye was lighted up, in conversa- 
 tion or in controversy, his countenance 
 was striking -ind intelligent. '('hough oc- 
 casionally not regulated by good taste, his 
 eloquence was Copious, fei \ id, and expres- 
 sive; sometimes fraught with bitter sar- 
 ca>m and overwhelming invective, some- 
 times deeply pathetic, and at other times 
 sparkling with wit, humour, and the most 
 pungent ridicule. 
 
 < I IvRIE, JAMF.S, an eminent physi- 
 cian, a native of Scotland, was born" at 
 Kirkpatrick Fleming in 1756, studied 
 physic; at Edinburgh, and took his degree 
 at Glasgow, after which he settled at Liv- 
 erpool, where he soon acquired popularity 
 and fortune. He died in August, 1785. 
 Hy his Medical Reports on the Effects of 
 Water in febrile disorders, Currie mainly 
 contributed to introduce the practice of af- 
 fusion in cases of fever. He is the author, 
 under the name of Jasper Wilson, of a 
 Letter, Commercial arid Political, to Mr. 
 Pitt; and he published an edition of the 
 works of Burns, to which he prefixed an 
 excellent Memoir of the deceased poet, 
 and a criticism on his works. 
 
 CURTIS, WILLIAM, a botanist, born 
 in 1746, at Alton, in Hampshire, was 
 brought up as an apothecary, but devoted 
 himself to botany, on which science he de- 
 livered lectures. He established an ex- 
 tensive garden, first at Bermondsey, next 
 at Lambeth, and lastly at Brompton. He 
 died in 1799. Of his works the most cel- 
 ebrated are, his Flora Londinensis; Bo- 
 tanical Maga/ine ; and Botanical Lectures. 
 
 CURTIUS RUFUS, QUINTUS, a Lat- 
 in historian, the date of whose existence is 
 fixed at widely ditferent periods (from the 
 reign of Augustus to that of Gordian), by 
 different writers, while some even deem 
 the name to Le fictitious. He is the au- 
 thor of a History of Alexander the Great, 
 which is more praiseworthy for its style 
 than for its correctness. The first two 
 books of it are lost. 
 
 CLASHING, THOMAS, was born at 
 Boston in 1725, educated at Cambridge 
 College, where he was graduated in 1744. 
 He engaged early in public life, and ip 
 1763, was chosen speaker of the general 
 court of Massachusetts; and continued in 
 the nfiice ll.r several consecutive years. 
 
 .iunh patriotic in his principles, he was 
 l.v no means violent, and by his interven- 
 tion much good wus eflecte'd between tM 
 
OAC 
 
 contending parties. He was a member of 
 die two first continental congresses, and, 
 on his return to his state, was chosen a 
 member of the council. He was also ap- 
 pointed judge of the courts of common 
 pleas and of probate; and on the adop- 
 tion of the present constitution he was 
 elected 1'eutenant-governor of the state, 
 and cont nued so until his death in 1788. 
 
 CUSSAY, M. This honourable man, 
 who died in 1579, was governor of Angers 
 at the time when the infamous Charles IX. 
 carried into effect the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew. Like the governors of other 
 towns, he received orders to slaughter the 
 protestants; but, unlike nearly all those to 
 whom the sanguinary orders were given, 
 he refused to obey them. To the duke of 
 Guise he replied, " I will not stain fifty 
 years of a spotless life by the most coward- 
 ly of assassinations." 
 
 CUSTINE, ADAM PHILIP, count de, 
 was born at Metz, in 1740. He entered 
 the army when a mere child, and displayed 
 o much ability, during the seven years' 
 war, as to gain the notice of Frederic of 
 Prussia. In the American war, he served 
 in one of the regiments which France sent 
 to the succour of the insurgents; and, on 
 Ins return home, was made major-general 
 and governor of Toulon. Having become 
 a republican, he was placed, in 1792, at 
 the head of the army uf the Rhine, and 
 made himself master of Mentz, but was 
 $0011 compelled to retreat. He was then 
 intrusted with the army of the North ; but 
 he had scarcely assumed the command be- 
 fore he was summoned to Paris, where he 
 was guillotined, in August, 1793. Custine 
 was a general of very slender talents, and 
 was addicted to intemperance. 
 
 CUVELIER DE TRIE, JOHN WIL- 
 LIAM AUGUSTUS, a French dramatist, 
 was born in 1766, at Boulogne. After 
 having been a barrister and a military offi- 
 cer, he began writing for the stage, and 
 he produced no less than a hundred and 
 ten comedies, dramas, pantomimes, and 
 
 DAC 
 
 207 
 
 ballets, for the minor theatres. Of thene 
 some were written in conjunction with 
 other persons. He was denominated the 
 Cornel lie of the Boulevards. Cuvelier died 
 n 1824. 
 
 CYPRIAN, THASCIUS C^CILIUS, one 
 of the most eminent of the fathers of the 
 church, is believed to have been born at 
 Carthage; was converted to Christianity 
 about A. D. 246; succeeded Donatus, aa 
 bishop of Carthage, in 248; and, after 
 having escaped during the persecution of 
 Decius, was at length put to death, A. D. 
 258. His theological works have been 
 translated into English by Marshall. 
 
 CYRIL, St. the apostle of the Slavi, in 
 the ninth century, was originally named 
 Constantino, and was called the Philoso- 
 pher. He converted the Chazares, preach- 
 ed the gospel in Bulgaria, Moravia, and 
 Bohemia, and invented the Sclavonic al- 
 phabet. He died at Rome, in 822. Some 
 Moral Fables, and works on the Sclavonic 
 language, are attributed to him. There 
 were two others of the same name; the 
 one patriarch of Alexandria, the other of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 CZERNI-GEORGE, or George the 
 Black, so called from the darkness of his 
 complexion, was born of an humble family, 
 in the neighbourhood of Belgrade, and his 
 real name was George Petrovitsch. Whol- 
 ly uneducated, he was possessed of natural 
 talents and undaunted courage. At an 
 early age he manifested a deadly hatred of 
 the Turks. Having, at the head of a small 
 troop, defeated them in many encounters, 
 he formed the plan of liberating Servia, 
 his country, from the Ottoman yoke. In 
 1800, he made himself master of Belgrade; 
 and in 1806, after a severe struggle, he 
 was acknowledged as Prince of Servia. 
 He was, however, at length expelled, and 
 he retired to Russia, where he was made 
 a prince and general. In 1817, having 
 again entered Servia, he was taken pris- 
 oner and beheaded by the pacha of Bel- 
 grade. 
 
 DACIER, ANDREW, a critic of emi- 
 nence, was Horn at Castres, in Upper Lan- 
 gv.edoc, in 1651 ; was made perpetual sec- 
 rp'^ryof the Academy in 1713; and died 
 in 1722. Dacier was originally- a catholic, 
 but, with his wife, became prolestant, in 
 1685. He translated Horace, Plutarch, 
 Epictrtus, and oilier ancient authors; and 
 was an indefatigable and valuable commen- 
 tator on the literaty remains of antiquiiv. 
 
 DACIEK, Ax.VK.a n-U-brated classical 
 cnolar, the daughter of Tanaquil le Fevre, 
 wa* bom at Satimur, "i 1631. Her lo\e 
 
 of ancient lore was early manifested, and 
 her talents were assiduously cultivated by 
 her father, who was professor at the uni- 
 versity of Saumur. At the age of twenty- 
 two she produced an edition of Callima- 
 chus, which was so highly esteemed that 
 she was intrusted with the" editing of sev- 
 eral of the Delphin classics. In 1683, she 
 married M. Uacier, who had been educat- 
 ed by her futlu>r. The rest of her life was 
 spent in constant literary labour; ofu-n in 
 conjunction with her husband. She died 
 August 17, 1720. Among hor 
 
8 DAL DAL 
 
 productions, tr tin slat ions of Homei -, Ana- 'of ttie I'mo-i. Durii'jj ihi* time he prr- 
 ereon, Sappho, and Terence, are the nic-st pared his Repoits, an. I d ia 
 
 prominent. Madame Dacier wa? an en- various literary pur.-uit*. \vi itin:.' 'u.'.ich in 
 
 ournals. lie oi-cuiv 
 
 thusiastic admirer of the ancient writers, the periodical journals. lie oi-cupivd sue- 
 
 in whom she could see m. thing like a f:i' the ;>ri'.c;s <.f sec:e;:ry uf JYnn- 
 
 ThOTghdeepty learned, she carefully avoid- sylvania; district an<-n!:-\ < \ ti:c I'nited 
 
 ed in society the display of learning; and State*; secretary of th^ ticasurv, and sec- 
 
 in ail the relations of private life !; 
 duct was exemplary. 
 
 DALECHAMPS, JAMFS, a botanist 
 
 f war. On the restoration of peace 
 16, Mr. Dallas rc.>i<n.ed his politiral 
 situation, and resumed tlie successful prac- 
 
 and physician, was horn at Caen, in 1513; tiee of his profession. His service - 
 Ftudicd at Montpel'ier; and practised at advocate were called for in aim \-t e\<rv 
 Lyons till his decease in Tf)SS. He tians- part of the union, hist in the midst of very 
 lated Atlienipus, Galen, drltis Aurelianus, flattering exuectations he died at Trenton 
 and other authors; but the work bv which in 1 s ! 7. 
 
 he i~ best known is one which cost him the ' DALLAS, ROBERT CHAKLFS, was 
 labour of many years it is a History of born at Kingston, in Jamaica, and studied at 
 Plants, in eighteen books. Plumipr has the Inner Temple, but never embraced the 
 given the name of Dalerhampia to a genus legal profession. He died, in 1S24, at 
 of the Euphorbia family. .Havre. He translated many works from 
 
 DALE, RICHARD, an American naval the French; and is the author, among 
 commander, was born in Virginia in 1756. other thinss, of the novels of Perceval, 
 At twelve years of aje he was sent to sea, Aubrey, The Morlands, and The Knights; 
 and in 1776 he entered as a midshipman Miscellaneous Works and Novels; Miscel- 
 on board of the American brig of war : lancous Writings; Not at Home, a comedy ; 
 Lexington. In the following year he was and Recollections of Lord Byron, 
 taken prisoner by a British cruiser, and | DALRYMPLE, Sir DAMD, a lawyer 
 after a twelve month confinement he es- and antiquary, was born at Edinburgh in 
 caped from Mill prison, and succeeded in 1726; educated at Eton i nd Utrecht; 
 reaching France. Here he joined, in the called to the Scotch bar in 1748; became 
 character of master's mate, the celebrated a judge of the court of session in 1766, on 
 Paul Jones, then commanding the Ameri- which occasion he took the title of Lord 
 can ship Bon Homme Richard. He was Hailes; was appointed a judge of the jus- 
 soon raised to the rank of first lieutenant,' ticiary in 1776; and died in 1792. Hig 
 Bd signalized himself in the sanguinary knowledge of law and of antiquities was 
 engagement between the Bon Homme extensive, and he was in habits of friend- 
 Richard and the English frigate Scrapis. ship with the most eminent men of the age 
 In 1794, the United States made him a His principal works are, Annals of Scot- 
 captain in the navy, and in 1S01 he took land, two vols. 4to. ; and Memorials, Sac. 
 command of the American squadron which relating to the History of Great Britain, 
 sailed in that year from Hampton roads to; DALRYMPLE, S'ir JOHN, a Scotch 
 the Mediterranean. From the year 1802, | baronet, was for many years a baron of 
 he passed his life in Philadelphia in the | exchequer in Scotland. He died in 1810, 
 enjoyment of a competent estate, and much at the age of eighty-four. He wrote vari- 
 esleemed by his fellow citizens. He died ous occasional pamphlets; but his princi- 
 in 1826, leaving the reputation of a brave pal work is, Memoirs of Great Britain and 
 and intelligent seaman. j Ireland, in three vols. 4to.; the first of 
 
 DALIN, Or. A us Von, a Swede, was which was published in 1771. It is a pro- 
 born at Winberga, in Hailand, in 1 70S, duction of considerable merit ; but it caused 
 ni-d died in 1763. He is called the Father no small outcry against the author, in con- 
 t.f Swedish poetry. He is the author of sequence of his having accused Sidney and 
 The Argus, on the plan of the Spectator; Russel of having received bribes from the 
 A General History of Sucd^n; The Lib- French ambassador. 
 
 erty of S \ved.n, a poem; the tragedy of: DALRYMPLE, ALV.X ANUF.R, n ccle- 
 Drunhilda; and many minor po'tie;il pie- brated hvdrographer, the son of Sir James 
 ce<. Queen Louisa UlrKa ervi-te i a man- Dalrunple, was born at New Hailes, near 
 soleum to his niemoi v. Edinburgh, in 1737; went to India, as a 
 
 DALLAS, Ar.K.xVsDKR JA-.TKS, was writer, in 1752, and remained there till 
 born in the island of Jamaica in 1 759 ; ' 1 763 ; resided there again from 1775 to 
 and was educated at Edinburgh and West- 17. C 0; was made hydrographer to the Ad- 
 minstf-r. In 17S3 he left Jamaica for the minilly a:id the India Company in 1795; 
 United States, and settled in Philadelphia; and died in 1808. He \s the "author of 
 taking the oath of allegiance to the state many works, among which are three Col 
 of Pennsylvania In 1785 he was admit- | lections uf Voyages; The Oriental Repel- 
 ted to practise in tne supreme court of the tory ; and a Memoir of a Map of the land 
 tute,and in four or five years in the courts round the North Pol*. 
 
DAH 
 
 DALTO.X, JOHN, a dirine and poet, 
 iras born, in 1709, at Dean, in Cumber- 
 tend; was educated at Queen's College, 
 Oxford; obtained a prebend in Worcester 
 Cathedral, and the living of St. Mary Hill, 
 London ; and died in 1763. He wrote a 
 volume of Sermons ; Remarks on Raphael's 
 Cartoons; several poems (in Peareh s col- 
 lection); and adapted Milton's Comus to 
 the sta^o. 
 
 P V.MER, ANNE SEYMOUR, only child 
 of K ]d-marshal Conway,was born in 174S. 
 Almost in childhood she imbibed a love of 
 literature, and became highly accomplished. 
 An accidental conversation with Hume, 
 respecting some plaster casts, turned her 
 attention to sculpture, and she took lessons 
 from Ceracchi and Bacon, and studied in 
 Italy. She was also fond of dramatic 
 amusements, and was an excellent amateur 
 
 DAN 
 
 2909 
 
 vols. 12mo. His wife, THERESA, wat 
 for forty-five years an admired actress. 
 
 DANET, "PETER, an erudite eccleai- 
 astir, was born, about the middle of the 
 seventeenth century, at Paris, and died in 
 
 1709, by being siill 
 
 a slough, into 
 
 which his carriage was overturned. He 
 edited the Delphin edition of Phaedrus ; 
 and compiled a Dictionary of Greek and 
 Roman Antiquities; a Dictionary of L:it in 
 Roots; and a Latin and French and 
 French and L-itin Dictionary. 
 
 DANGEAU, PHILIP DE COURCIL- 
 LON, marquis of, was born in 3638, and 
 died in 1720. Dangeau was a man of 
 talent, and a patron of literature. Bcita:ui 
 dedicated to him one of his Satires He 
 left, in manuscript, a Journal of the Court 
 of Louis XIV., which extends to neai iy 
 twenty folio volumes. Extracts from it 
 have been published. 
 
 actress. She died May 28, 180S. The 
 productions of her chisel are numerous, and | DANIEL, SAMUEL, a poet and histo- 
 do honour to her talent. Among them is a Irian, was born near Taunton, in 1562, and 
 bust of Nelson, in Guildhall, and two co- 
 lossal heads on Henley bridge.- 
 
 DAMM, CHRISTIAN TOBIAS, a pro- j ised by the earl of Pembroke ; subsequently 
 testant theologian, and an excellent hellen- became tutor to Lady Anne Clifford; war 
 
 was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. 
 After leaving the university, he was patron 
 
 gr 
 Ja 
 
 ist, was born at Leipsic in 1699, and died 
 in 1778. He edited and translated various 
 classical authors, and produced a New 
 Greek Etymological Lexicon. 
 
 DAMPIER, WILLIAM, an eminent nav- 
 igator, was born, in 1652, at East Coker 
 in Somersetshire, and became a mariner 
 at an early age. He fought, under Sir 
 Edward Spragge, in 1673, against the 
 Dutch ; was next a logwood cutter, in the 
 bay of Campeachy; and, in 1683, joined 
 a buccaneering expedition to the South 
 Seas. After having spent several years in 
 privateer and trading vessels, he became 
 gunner to the factory at Bencoolen. In 
 1691, he returned to England. He subse- 
 quently commanded a king's sloop of twelve 
 guns, but she foundered; after which he 
 twice visited the South Seas, once as pilot 
 to Captain Woodes Rogers. His death 
 took place later than 1711, but the exact 
 period of it \a not known. His Voyages 
 round the World, in four volumes, are the 
 production of no ordinary mind; he dis- 
 plays a strong talent for observation, and 
 his descriptions are natural, faithful, and 
 striking. 
 
 DANCOURT, FLORENCE CARTON, a 
 dramatist and comedian, was born at Fon- 
 in 1661, and was originally a 
 barrister, but quitted the bar for the stage. 
 As a play writer and actor he was equally 
 successful. In a period of thirty-three 
 years he brought out no less than sixty 
 comic pieces, many of which still retain 
 possession of the boards. In 1718 he re- 
 tired to his estate in Berry, and till his 
 
 death, in 1726, his days were spent in the [fore h'is marriage, he served his country 
 >C dcvotii n. Hi* works for m nine j w ith distinction in the wars against Ai exflT 
 
 appointed poet laureat on the death of 
 Spenser; and, at a later period, one of the. 
 rooms of the bedchamber to the queen of 
 
 mes the First. Towards the close of 
 life he relived to an estate in Somerset- 
 shire, where he died in 1619. Daniel is 
 much above mediocrity as a poet, and has 
 considerable merit as an historian. 
 
 DANIEL, GABRIEL, a French author, 
 was born at Rouen in 1649, and entered, 
 early in life, into the society of the Jesuits. 
 He died, at Paris, in 1728. Of his mis- 
 cellaneous works one of the best is, A 
 Voyage to the World of Descartes ; an in- 
 genious satire on the system of the philoso- 
 pher. It is to his History of France, 
 however, that he is principally indebted 
 for his reputation. The best edition of it 
 is that published by Griffet, in seventeen 
 volumes 4to. 
 
 DANTE ALIGHIERI, the subhmest 
 of the Italian poets, was born at Florence, 
 in 1265. The family name was Caccia- 
 guida,and that of his mother was Alighieri. 
 The name by which he has descended to 
 posterity is a contraction of Durante, his 
 christiun name. Brunetto Latini was his 
 teacher, ami Dante rapidly profited by 
 his instructions. Nor were his feelings 
 less precocious than his talents, if it be 
 true that at the age of ten years he fell in 
 love with the lady whom he h.is immor- 
 talized under thp name of Beatrice. He 
 w:is dostined, however, in his twentv-sixth 
 year, to marry Gemma, one of the Dnnafi 
 family, frcin whom, ufu-r having li\ed un- 
 happily with her, he was separated. Be- 
 
 practice 
 
210 
 
 DAR 
 
 and Pita, and also as an e oy, in which 
 capacity he was fourteen tfnes employed. 
 In 1300, he was raided to be one of tin- 
 eight chief magistrates of the republic. 
 Here ended liis good fortune. lie belonged 
 to the party called the Bianchi, or Whites; 
 and tlieir opponents, the Neri, or Blacks, 
 having gained the ascendency, lie was fust 
 banbbed from Florence, and afterwards 
 condemned to be burnt alive, in case of his 
 falling into their hands. Nearly all the 
 remainder of Dante's life was spent i 
 
 wanderings, and in fruitless 
 length, he found an as\lum with Guido 
 Novella, lord of Ravenna ; and at Raven- 
 na he died September 14, 1321. Dante 
 wrote various works, but his fame rests on 
 the Divina Comrnedia, which consists of 
 three parts, Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. 
 In this astonishing production Dante does, 
 
 indeed, 
 mulate. 1 
 
 on Horror's head horrors accn- 
 For boundless and wild iina^i- 
 
 DAR 
 
 the greatest part of Italy. Settling a 
 length in Paris, he turned his. practice 
 chiefly to diseases of the bladder, for the 
 cure of which he became justly celebrated. 
 The bougie which hears his name was in- 
 vented by him. He acquired a 
 
 fortune, hut lost it by unsuccessful specu- 
 lations; and he died, in narrow circum- 
 stances, in 1784, respected for his talents 
 and bis benevolent and disinterested spirit. 
 DAIJCKT, JOHN, a French chemist and 
 physician, was born, in 1725, at Doua/.it, 
 At in Guienne, and died at Paris in 1801. 
 He made considerable improvements in 
 the manufacturing of porcelain, demon- 
 strated the diamond to be combustible, 
 and contributed in other respects to the 
 progress of chemical science. He wrote 
 several papers on chemistry as connected 
 with the arts. 
 
 DARCY, Count PATRICK, a native of 
 Galway, in Ireland, was born in 1725, 
 and was sent by his parents, who were 
 partisans of the Stewart family, to be 
 educated at Paris. Under the tuition of 
 Clairault, he became an excellent mathe- 
 matician. Darcy obtained a commission 
 in the French arrny, served honourably 
 for several campaigns, and rose to the 
 rank of major-general. He died in 1779. 
 Darcy is the author of an Essay on Artil- 
 lery ; a Memoir on Hydraulic Machines; 
 a Memoir on the Duration of the Sensa- 
 tion of Sight; and various able mathemat- 
 ical papers. 
 
 DARU, PETER ANTHONY BRUNO, 
 Count, a member of the French Academy 
 and the Academy of Sciences, was born at 
 Montpellier, in 1767; and when the revo- 
 lution broke out, he was a lieutenant and 
 commissary at war. Imprisoned in 1793, 
 he was liberated after the fall of Robes- 
 pierre, and filled several military offices 
 under the Directory. Bonaparte, while 
 consul and emperor, gave him his entire 
 confidence, and raised him to the highest 
 offices. Louis XVIII. made him a peer 
 in 1819. Darn died September 11, 1829. 
 As an historian, Darn is known by his 
 
 measures of that terrible period. It was valuable Histories of Venice and Bri- 
 Danton who p ocured the establishment j tanny ; as a poet, by his Cleopedia, or 
 of the revolutionary tribunal. A struggle Theory of Reputations in Literature, by 
 for supremacy soon took place between 
 him and Robespierre, in which he was minor poems 
 vanquished. He perished by the guillotine 
 in April, 1794. Criminal as Danton was 
 in his public capacity, he was a good hus- 
 band and a good father, and sometimes 
 proved himself capable of humane and 
 generous actions. 
 
 DARAN, JAMES, an eminent surgeon, 
 was born, in 1701, at St. Frajon, in Gas- 
 cony, and at a very early period gained 
 
 nation, for gloomy grandeur, for terrific 
 energy, it has no superior; while, on the 
 other hand, it often charms by exquisite ! 
 sweetness, simplicity, and grace. The 
 best English translation (and it is not likely 
 to be surpassed) is that by Gary. 
 
 DAN TON, GEORGE JAMES, one of the 
 most active demagogues of the French 
 revolution, was born at Arc is sur Aube, 
 in 1759, and was -a barrister by profession. 
 From the year 1789 till the subversion of 
 die monarchy he was one of the most 
 violent and 'popular haranguers of the 
 Parisan multitude; a task for which he 
 was well qualified by his colossal stature, 
 thundering voice, daring spirit, and extra- 
 vagant vet impressive style of speaking. 
 To the downfal of the throne he power- 
 fully contributed. After that downfal he 
 became one of the Executive Council, and 
 had the merit of preventing his terrified 
 colleagues from removing the seat of gov- 
 ernment to the other side of the Loire, 
 when the duke of Brunswick was advanc- 
 ing. He was a member of the Convention, 
 and of the Committee of Public Safety, 
 and shared largely in all the sanguinary 
 
 j I> 
 
 a consummate knowledge of his art. He 
 served, for a considerable time, as surgeon 
 
 * e P 
 translation of Horace, and by vaiious 
 
 DARWIN, ERASMUS, a poet and phy- 
 sician, was born, in 1721, at Elton, near 
 Newark, in Nottinghamshire, and received 
 his education at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge. After having taken his doctor's 
 degree at Edinburgh, he settled at Litch- 
 fiefd, whence, in 1781, he removed to 
 Derby. He died suddenly, April 18, 1S02. 
 Darwin was a man of high talent, but 
 was fond of paradoxes, and of singular 
 not to eay absurd hypotheses. Ample 
 jnajoi in tlio Imperial army, an 1 visited proof, both of his abilities and of his 'ov 
 
DAU 
 
 of eccentric doctrines, may be found in 
 his Botanic Garden, and in his Zoonomia, 
 or Laws of Oiganic Life, especially in the 
 latter work. As a poet he is happy in 
 description, and sometimes attains sub- 
 limity, and his versification is exquisitely 
 polisi-ed; but he never reaches the heart, 
 his> personifications are frequently strained, 
 and even ludicrous, and the mechanism of 
 his verse, which has little variety, soon 
 becomes obvious, and tiresome to the ear. 
 
 DASSIER, JOHN, a medal engraver, 
 was bo r i in 1677, and died in 1763. He 
 engraved on steel a great number of 
 medals of eminent men of the age of 
 Louis XIV. His son, JACOB ANTHONY, 
 born in 1715, was for some time employed 
 in the English mint, but resigned his office, 
 and went to St. Petersburg. He died at 
 Copenhagen, in 1759, while returning to 
 London. His medals of illustrious men 
 are remarkable not only for the beauty of 
 the workmanship, tut also for the correct- 
 ness of the likeness. 
 
 DAUBENTON, Louis JOHN MARY, a 
 French naturalist and anatomist, a native 
 of Burgundy, was born at Montbar in 
 1716, and died at Paris in 1800. At the 
 time of his death lie was a member of the 
 Senate and of the Institute. He was the 
 friend and coadjutor of Button, and con- 
 tributed all the anatomical details to the 
 Natural History of that eloquent writer. 
 He is the author of Instructions to Shep- 
 herds; A Methodical View of Minerals; 
 and various other worka. France is in- 
 
 DAY 
 
 111 
 
 compelled him to raise the sieges of 
 Prague, Dresden, and Olmutz; not, how- 
 ever without himself sustaining seter 
 defeats at Leuthen and Torgau He died 
 in 1766. 
 
 DAVENANT, Sir WILLIAM, die son 
 of an innkeeper at Oxford, where he was 
 born in 1605, was educated at Lincoln 
 College; and, after having been in the 
 service of ihe Duchess of Richmond and 
 Lord Brooke, 
 stage, and 
 
 began to write for the 
 was employed in getting up 
 He \vas 
 
 masks to entertain the court. 
 
 debted to 
 Merino 
 
 him for the naturalization of 
 
 DAUBENY, CHARLES, born in 1744, 
 was educated at New College, Oxford; 
 obtained a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, 
 in 1784; was appointed archdeacon of 
 Siirum in 1804; and died in 1827. Be- 
 sides numerous Sermons and Charges, he 
 is the author of A Guide to the Church, 
 two vols.; Vindiciae Ecclesiae Anglicanae; 
 Remarks on the Unitarian Method of in- 
 terpreting the Scriptures; and of other 
 works: and he contributed many theologi- 
 cal articles to the Anti-Jacobin Review. 
 At North Bradley, of which he was vicar, 
 he built almshouses for twelve poor per- 
 sons, an asylum for four aged and blind 
 individuals, and a school-room; and the 
 church at Rode was erected partly at his 
 
 expense. 
 DA UN, 
 
 LEOPOLD JOSEPH MARY, 
 
 *. 'unt de, an Austrian field-marshal, was 
 bot** at Vienna, in 1705. He served with 
 applause against the Turks, and in the 
 wars of Charles VI.; but it was his con- 
 duct when opposed to Frederic of Prussia 
 that raised him to the rank of a great gen- 
 eral As Iirperial commande.'-in-chief he 
 triun. phed over the Prussian monarch at 
 Kollin, Hochkirchen, and other place*, and 
 
 appointed poet laureat, and governor of 
 the Drury Lane company. He fought for 
 Charles during the civil wars, and was 
 knighted and made a lieutenant-general. 
 Retiring afterwards into France, he became 
 a Roman catholic. Being taken by a par- 
 liament vessel, while he was proceeding 
 to Virginia, he was imprisoned, and wouid, 
 it is said, have fallen a victim had he not 
 been saved by Milton; an act of kindness 
 which he returned at a later period. On 
 the restoration of Charles II. Davenant 
 obtained a patent for a theatre in Lincoln's 
 Inn Fields. He died in 1668. His heroic 
 poem of Gondibert, which he left unfinish- 
 ed, contains much genuine poetry, but is 
 deficient in sustained interest, and is writ- 
 ten in an ill-chosen form of stanza. Talent 
 is displayed in all his other poetical pieces, 
 and in his dramatic works. 
 
 DAVENANT, CHARLES, eldest son of 
 the foregoing, was born in 1656; was edu- 
 cated at Baliol College, Oxford; and \\-aa 
 successively joint inspector of plays, com- 
 missioner of excise, and inspector general 
 of exports and imports. Besides hid 
 works on political economy, which have 
 been collected in five volumes 8vo., and 
 contain much valuable information, he is 
 the author of a tragedy called Circe, writ- 
 ten when he was only nineteen, and acted 
 with applause. 
 
 DAVID, JAMES Louis, a celebrated 
 French painter, was born at Paris, in 
 1750, and was a pupil of Vien. Before 
 the revolution he had already acquired 
 fame as an artist. The course of that event 
 threw disgrace upon him as a man. He 
 not only, as a member of the Convention, 
 voted for the death of the king, but also 
 became one of the blindest and wildest 
 dolaters of Robespierre and Marat. Nor 
 did his Jacobinical feelings cool for some 
 years after the fall of his detestable idols. 
 In 1800, however, Bonaparte appointed 
 lim painter to the government, and David 
 
 to have thenceforth manifested no 
 repugnance to seeing supreme power in 
 he hands of a single individual. He was 
 banished from France in 1816, and died 
 at Brussels in December, 1825. His works 
 are numerous, and they attest his splendid 
 talents. Among them are The Rape of 
 
212 
 
 DAV f 
 
 the Sabine*, The Death of Socratee, The 
 
 Coronation of Napoleon, and Mais 
 bv Venus ami the Graces. 
 
 clis- 
 
 DAV1D, GK.OKUK, an impostor, whose 
 
 real name was John De Cinnan, was b-.>rn S 
 
 DAV 
 
 Hall, but died after holding the office btrt 
 a few month?, in 1762. His sennons, in 
 three volumes, 8vo. have been often repub- 
 lished both in Great Britain and the United 
 
 at Delft, in Holland, in 1501, and was a 
 painter of some eminence on glass. After 
 ha\ ing rendered himself notorious among 
 the aaabaptifts, he set up a se^-t of his 
 own, and pretended to be the Messiah. 
 Absurd as \\ere his pretensions, lie had 
 many follower?. Be''ig driven from Hol- 
 land, he retired to i'asil, where he died in 
 1556. His Hook of Wonders and Book 
 of Perfection have been characterized as 
 " the melancholy monuments of the most 
 absurd fanaticism." 
 
 DAVIDSON, LUCKSTI A MARIA, re- 
 markable for an earlv display of great 
 genius, was born at Pttttsburgh, on Lake 
 Champlaitt, in 1803. When only four 
 vears of age, a number of her little books 
 were found filled with rude sketches, and 
 poetical illustrations of them, in the char- 
 acters of the printed alphabet. She pos- 
 sessed an eager thirst for information, and 
 her frame was rapidly wasted by her con- 
 tinued intellectual application. She was 
 of a singularly lovely person, with a pre- 
 vailing expression of melancholy that was 
 deeply interesting. SKe died before com- 
 pleting her seventeenth jejr, in August, 
 1825. A volume of her poems, prefaced 
 bv a biographical sketch, was published in 
 New York in 1829. 
 
 DAV'IE, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, gov- 
 ernor of North Carolina, was born 
 
 1756. He was brought to 
 the age of six years, and 
 
 England in 
 America at 
 
 received his education at Princeton, Ne\ 
 Jeisey, where he was graduated in 1776. 
 After pursuing for a short time the study 
 of the law, he entered the army as a lieu- 
 tenant in the legion of Pulaski, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his efficiency and 
 courage as an omcer. On the termination 
 of the war, he devoted himself with emi- 
 nent success to the practice of the law. 
 In 1787, he was chosen a delegate from 
 South Carolina, to represent that state in 
 the Convention which framed the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. Unavoidable 
 absence prevented him from affixing his 
 name to that instrument. In 1190, he was 
 
 DA VIES, Sir JOHN, a lawyer and poet, 
 a native of Wiltshire, was born in 1570, 
 at Tilbury, and studied at Queen's Col 
 lege, Oxford, and the middle Temple. 
 From the latter his unruly temper oc^- 
 sioned his expulsion, but he was subsequent- 
 ly restored. While he was excluded from 
 the Temple he produced most of his nocnis, 
 and they met with deserved applause On 
 the accession of James 1. Dimes was em- 
 ployed in Ireland, and filled the omces of 
 attorney general and speaker of the Com- 
 mons' House. In 1620 he sat in the En 
 
 lish parliament, and was just raised to 
 
 ng- 
 the 
 
 dignity of chief justice of England when 
 he died, in 1626. His poems, particularly 
 his Nosce teipsum, entitle him to hold a 
 respectable station among the poets of his 
 age; his prose work, on the situation of 
 Ireland, proves him to have been a sound 
 politician and an upright man. 
 
 DAMES, Dr. SNKVD, a poet and di- 
 vine, a native of Shrewsbury, was educated 
 at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge, 
 and became a canon at Litehfield, master 
 of St. John's Hospital in that city, arch- 
 deacon of Derby, and rector of Kingslow 
 in Herefordshire. Dr. Davies is the au- 
 thor of Vacuna, and other poems of merit, 
 in the collections of Dodsley and Nicholls. 
 DAVIES, THOMAS, a miscellaneous 
 writer, born about 1712, and educated at 
 Edinburgh, was twice an actor and twice 
 a bookseller, in which latter capacity Dr. 
 Campbell characteri/.ed him as " a gentle- 
 man who dealt in books." Though much 
 respected by his numerous friends, he was 
 not fortunate in trade. He died in 1785. 
 He is the author of various works, of 
 which the principal are, The Life of David 
 Garrick ; and Dramatic Miscellanies. 
 
 DAVILA, HENRY CATHERINE, an 
 historian, was born, in 1576, at Pieve del 
 Sacco, in the Paduan territory, and was 
 of an illustrious family. At the age of 
 seven he was taken to France by his father, 
 and was brought up there. After having 
 been page to the queen mother, and served 
 
 , with reputation in the army, he returned 
 
 elected Governor of North Carolina, and ' to his native country, and held several 
 in 1799 was appointed one of the commis- high olfices under the Venetian government 
 
 He was assassinated at Crema in 1631. 
 His History of the Civil Wars in France 
 is one of the classical production! of the 
 
 tioners for negotiatinga treaty with France. 
 He died at Camden in 1820. He was a 
 man of a dignified ami noble person, cour- 
 age as a soldier, and abilitv as a lawyer. Italian language. 
 
 DA\JES, SAMUKL, founder if the 1 DAVIS, JOHN, an eminent navigator,* 
 
 Cnt prenbytery in Virginia, wa* b,.rn in native of l>e\oii>hire, was born in the 
 
 Delavvaie, in 172-4. lie enloed the n in- pa: i.-h of Stoke <i; -brii-1, near Dartmouth, 
 
 istry at an eaily a^e, and soon di.--tingui.-hed He made three vi!\>fj-.-s to find out lh 
 
 uiriJielf by his talent! and el.x|<!cmv. Jn n-a'tli-'.v e.-t pasr-age., in the first of which, 
 
 1759 h wa* chosen president of .\u,-*uu in 155, lie .'.:.<,<. ed ihu Straits which 
 
DAV 
 
 ftill xrear his name. He subsequently went 
 with Cavendish to the South Sea, and 
 afterwards made several voyages to the 
 East Indies, in thn last of Which he was 
 Killed, in 1G05, off the coast of Malacca. 
 II" is the author of The World's Hydro- 
 graphical Description; and he invented a 
 qiiadram, which was superseded by that 
 of Had ley. 
 
 DAVO'UST, Louis NICHOLAS, duke 
 of Auerstadt, and prince of Eckmuhl, was 
 horn of a noble family, at Amvux in Bur- 
 gundy, in 1770; studied at Brienne at the 
 same time with Bonaparte; and entered 
 the army in 1785. Having previously 
 distinguished himself on various occasions, 
 he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. He 
 diu not, however, rise to his highest pitch 
 of reputation till the campaigns of 1806 
 and 1809, in whidi he won t!ie titles of 
 marshal, duke, and prince. His conduct 
 as governor of Hamburgh, in 1813 and 
 1814, excited a general hatred of him. 
 In 1815, he was made minister of war by- 
 Napoleon; and he commanded the army 
 which capitulated under the walls of Paris. 
 He died in June, 1823. 
 
 DAVY, Sir HUMPHRY, the most emi- 
 nent of chemists, was the son of a man 
 who possessed a small landed property, 
 and also followed the profession of a carver 
 in wood. He was born at Pen/ance, in 
 Cornwall, December 17, 1778. The first 
 tendency of his genius seems to have been 
 towards poetry, for he began to write verses 
 when only nine years old; and, at a later 
 period, he composed various pieces, among 
 which was a spirited poem on the Land's 
 End. Being, however, intended for the 
 medical profession, he was placed with 
 an apothecary to obtain the needful initia- 
 tory knowledge.- But he had now given 
 himself up to the study of chemistry, and 
 was generally experimenting in the garret 
 instead of mixing juleps, and on one oc- 
 casion he produced an explosion, which 
 so terrified his master that a separation 
 took place. In his fifteenth year he be- 
 came a pupil of Mr. Barlase of Penzance, 
 fo prepare for graduating as a physician 
 it Edinburgh. By th?> time that ho was 
 
 DAW US 
 
 eighteen, he acquired the rudiments of 
 
 botany, anatomy, and physiology: the 
 minor branches of mathematics, metaphys- 
 ics, natural philosophy, and chemistry: 
 but it was to chemistry that his powers 
 were principally directed. He now became 
 acquainted with Mr. Davies Gilbert and 
 Mr. Gregory Watt, and was by them in- 
 troduced to Dr. Beddoes, who prevailed 
 on him to suspend his design of going to 
 Edinburgh, and to accept the super intcii- 
 dence of the Pneumatic Institution at 
 Bristol. It was while he was at Bristol 
 that he made his experiments on Nitrous 
 Oxide, which he published under the title 
 of Researches Chemical and Philosophical. 
 The fame which he thus acquired led to 
 his being elected, in 1800, professor of 
 chemistry at the Royal Institution. As a 
 lecturer," his popularity was unbounded. 
 In 1802, he was chosen to fill the profes- 
 sorship to the Board of Agriculture; a-id 
 the lectures which he delivered in this 
 capacity were subsequently embodied in 
 his Elements of Agricultural Chenu'strv. 
 Having at his command all the '* appliance 
 and means" furnished by the powerful 
 apparatus of the Royal Institution, Daw 
 began and pursued that course of scientific 
 investigation which has immortalized hi.? 
 name. The discovery of the metallic ba^es 
 of the alkJies and earths, the creation of 
 the science of electro-chemistry, the inven- 
 tion of the safety lamp, and of the mode 
 of preserving the copper sheathing of ships, 
 form only a part of his labours. In 1818 
 he was created a baronet, and in 1820 was 
 elected president of the Royal Society. 
 The presidency he resigned in 1827, in 
 consequence of the declining state of his 
 health obliging him to travel. Unfortu- 
 nately his constitution was too far broken 
 to be restored by a milder climate, and 
 he died at Geneva, May 30, 1829. Besides 
 the works already mentioned, Davy is the 
 author of numerous papers in the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions; and of Salmonia, 
 or Days of Fly-fishing; and Consolations 
 in Travel. They were his last productions. 
 
 DAVY, JOHN, a composer, was born at 
 Upton Helion, in Devonshire, in 1765; 
 and died in February, 1824. He was a 
 pupil of Jackson, and his musical genius 
 was manifested when he was yet little 
 more than an infant. He composed the 
 opera of What a Blunder, and parts of 
 those of Perouse and the Brazen Mask, 
 besides many son^s. 
 
 DAWES," RICHARD a critic, born in 
 Leicestershire in 1708, received his edu- 
 cation at Market Bosworth School, and 
 Emanuel Hall, Cambridge; became master 
 of Newcastle upon Tyue grammar school, 
 and of St. Mary's Hospital; and died in 
 
 1766. His Miscellanea Critica is a *" 
 
 of great erudition. 
 
214 
 
 DEC 
 
 DEF 
 
 DAY, THOMAS, amanof a philanthrop-; squadron to the Mediterranean, in order to 
 ic but most eccentric character, \v;m Imrn at j mm pel the A Igerines to desist from their 
 London, in 174S; was educated at the ' d'-prcdations on American commerce. He 
 Charter House and at Corpus Christ! Col- arrived at Algiers on the twenty-eighth of 
 lege, Oxford ; and was killed l>y a kick June, and in less than forty-eight hours 
 from a horse, in September, 17S9. The terrified the ivgeney into an "entire acces- 
 Devoted Legions; The Desolation of Vion to all his terms. Thence he went to 
 
 America; and The P\ing .\eu r r<> (the last 
 of Which was written in conjunction with 
 -his friend Bicknell), stamp him a poet, 
 Of his prose woiks, SamUord and Morton, 
 and The History of Little Jack, have In- 
 come popular. 
 
 DEA.S'E, SILAS, minister of the United 
 States to the court of France, was horn in 
 Connecticut, and educated at Yale College. 
 He was elected member of congress in 
 1774, and sent two years after as ai'ent to 
 France, but was superseded, in 1777, and 
 returned. Involved in suspicions from 
 which he could not extricate himself, he 
 lost his reputation, and returning to Europe, 
 died in poverty in England in 1789. 
 
 DEBURE, WILLIAM FRANCIS, a 
 bookseller and bibliographer , was born at 
 Paris, in 1731, and died in 1782. He is 
 the author of a well known and useful 
 work, in seven volumes octavo, called In- 
 structive Bibliography, or a Treatise o 
 the Knowledge 
 Books. 
 
 DECATUR, STEPHEN, a distinguished 
 officer in the navy of the United States 
 was born in Maryland in 1779, and re- 
 ceived his education in Philadelphia. He 
 
 Tripoli, when he met v\ith like success. 
 On returning to the United States, he was 
 appointed a member of the Board of Com- 
 missioners for the navy, and held that 
 office till March, 1820, when he was shot 
 in a duel with Commodore Barron. He 
 was a man of an active and powerful frame, 
 and possessed a high degree of energy, 
 sagacity, and courage. 
 
 DECTUS, CNEIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS 
 TRAJANUS, a Roman em 
 
 native of I'annonia, born at Bubalia. The 
 Emperor Philip gave him the government 
 f Moesia, to put down a sedition in the 
 legion there; but, either willingly or on 
 compulsion, he joined the revellers, and 
 dethroned his sovereign, A. D. 249. His 
 first act of authority was a severe perse- 
 cution of the Christians. He was slain in 
 battle against the Goths, A. D. 251, aged 
 fiftv. 
 
 of scarce and ingulai 
 
 entered the navy in 179S, and first dis- 
 tinguished himself when in the rank of 
 lieutenant, by the destruction of the Amer- 
 ican frigate Philadelphia, which had run 
 upon a rock in the harbour of Tripoli, and 
 fallen into the hands of the enemy. For 
 this exploit, the American congress gave 
 him a vote of thanks and a sword, and the 
 president immediately sent him a captaincy. 
 At the bombardment of Tripoli the next 
 year, he distinguished himself by the cap- 
 ture of two of the enemy's boats, which 
 were moored along the mouth of the har- 
 bour, and immediately under the batteries. 
 When peace was concluded with Tripoli, 
 Decatur returned home in the Congress, 
 and afterward succeeded commodore Bar- 
 ron in the command of the Chesapeake. 
 In the late war between Great Britain and 
 (he United States, his chief exploit was 
 the capture of the British frigate Macedo- 
 nian, commanded by captain Carderw In 
 Januar;-, 1815, he attempted to sail from 
 New- York, which was then blockaded by- 
 four British ships; but the frigate under 
 his command was injured in pissing the 
 bar, and was captured by the whole squad- 
 ron, after a running fight of two or three 
 hou-.s. 1!' . ed to his country 
 
 t'trr the conclusion <;f | race. In the.-um- 
 m <\ llir sa:iK' \fir, 1" M-. M-nt wi'h a 
 
 DECKER, or DEKKER, THOMAS, a 
 dramatist of the reigns of Elizabeth and 
 James I., of whom nothing is known but 
 that he was a prolific writer, and that he 
 and Ben Jonson were enemies. Jonson 
 satirized him in his Poetaster, but Decker 
 fully avenged himself by introducing iu 
 antagonist into the comedy of Satiro- 
 Mastix. Decker was, in truth, not an 
 object of contempt. He sometimes wrote 
 in conjunction with Middleton and Web* 
 ster; but he is the sole author of about 
 twenty plays, among which are Old For 
 tunatus, and The Honest Whore. Tht 
 Gull's Horn Book, and other trncts, arc 
 also from his pen. 
 
 DEE, JOHN, a mathematician and as- 
 trologer, was born in London, in 1527, 
 studied at Cambridge, and took the de- 
 gree of doctor of civil law at Louvain. On 
 his return to England, he obtained church 
 preferment. Queen Elizabeth used to visit 
 him, and not only resorted to his astrolo- 
 gical powers, but also employed him as a 
 political agent. By the multitude he wa* 
 hated and persecuted as a sorcerer. That, 
 in conjunction with a man named Ke y t 
 he professed to evoke spirits, is certain; 
 lie was likewise an alchemist. For nearly 
 
 years subsequently to 1583, he resided 
 
 the continent; and, on his coming back 
 to England he was again patronised by 
 Elizabeth. He died in IfiOS. Dee wrote 
 several mathematical woiks, and was un- 
 doubtedlv a man of talents and learning. 
 
 DEFFAND, MARIA DE VICHY CHAM- 
 Maichi'iness du, a French lady, 
 eminent for talent, especially in comTrsi* 
 
DEF 
 
 lion, and for her intimacy with the literati 
 of the age, was .<f a noble family, and was 
 bom in 1697. In her twentieth year she 
 married the Marquis tin Defland, from 
 whom, however, she was soon separated. 
 Her moral conduct, till she was chilled by 
 age and blindness, war, in fact, highly 
 reprehensible. Her selfishness, too, was 
 extieme. Yet her house was the rendez- 
 vous of all the wit and ge-iius of the period 
 n which she lived. At fifty she lost her 
 figlvt. She died in 1780. Her Corres- 
 pondence with D'Alemberl, Walpole, and 
 others, has been published. 
 
 DEFOE, DANIEL, whoso family name 
 was FOE, was the son of a butcher, and 
 was born in London, in 1601. lie was 
 brought up for the dissenting ministry, but 
 did not complete his clegcal education. 
 In 1685 he joined in Morimouth'p rebellion, 
 yet was fortunate enough to escape the 
 fatal consequences. Previously t> that 
 event he had preluded as an author by pub- 
 lishing a satirical pamphlet, called Specu- 
 lum Crapegownorum, and a Treatise against 
 the Turks. Having secured his head, he 
 entered into business, as a hosier, and 
 also as a tile manufacturer, but he was not 
 successful. His pen still continued to be 
 active. To enumerate here even a hun- 
 dredth part of his literary labours would 
 be impracticable, as a mere catalogue of 
 them occupies sixteen pages. Among the 
 :rcost prominent of his verse efforts may be 
 placed his Trueborn Englishman, a satire, 
 published in 1701. In nigged metre, but 
 often with forcible thoughts and language, 
 it reprehends the ingratitude which was 
 manifested towards his political idol, 
 William III. In 1702, when the high 
 church tory party was displaying its per- 
 secuting spirit, Defoe brought out his ad- 
 mirable ironical pamphlet, The Shortest 
 Way with the Dissenter?. The house of 
 commons voted it a seditious libel, and a 
 court of justice, or rather of injustice, sen- 
 tenced him to be fined, imprisoned, and 
 pilloried. 7. o the last of these inflictions 
 Pope has alluded in a line which disgraces 
 only its author. Defoe, feeling that it is 
 crime a'id not the scaffold that makes 
 ehamr. pMired forth his feelings in a high 
 spirited Hymn to the Pillory. While he 
 was i'i confinement, he commenced The 
 Review, a periodical which probably gave 
 rise to the Tatler. At the end of two 
 years he was released by Harley, and was 
 employed on several confidential missions, 
 particularly in contributing to cfl'ect the 
 union with Scotland. Of the Union he 
 afterwards published an excellent history. 
 Towards the end of the reign of Anne be 
 was again imprisoned for a work similar 
 to The Shortest Way, and was again ex- 
 tricated bt llarlcy. On the accession of 
 1. Ddutt waa in a m-uiner j n- 
 
 DEL Zlft 
 
 scribed bj that rery whig party c " which 
 he had bet ) one of the most strenuous and 
 able supporters. Disgusted with politics 
 he turned his genius to other subjects. 
 The first result of his labour was the Fam- 
 ily Instructor. In 1719 he produced the 
 inimitable Robinson Crusoe, which speedily 
 became popular, and must ever remain so. 
 It was succeeded by a crowd of other per- 
 formances, among which stand prominent 
 The Adventures of a Cavalier, A Jounril 
 of the Plague in 1665, The Political His- 
 tory of the Devil, and a System of Maj-c 
 It is a melancholy circumstance that, in 
 spite of his talents and industry, the latter 
 days of Defoe were darkened not only by 
 the misconduct of a son, but by the svils 
 attendant on penury. He died, insolvent, 
 in the parish of Cripplegate, in April, 
 1731. He has been correctly described as 
 " a man of the strongest natural powers, a 
 lively imagination, and solid judgment, 
 joined with an unshaken probity in his 
 moral conduct, and an invincible integrity 
 in his political sphere." 
 
 DELAMBRE, JOHN BAPTIST JOSEPH, 
 an eminent French astronomer, a member 
 of the Academy of Sciences and of the 
 Institute, was born in 1749, at Amien?, 
 and did not begin the study of astronomy 
 till his thirty-sixth year, when he becamo 
 a pupil of Lalande. He, however, rapidly 
 acquired fame, and, in 1807, he succeeded 
 his master at the college of France. He 
 died August 18, 1822. Of his numerous 
 and valuable works the most prominertl 
 are, A Complete Treatise of Theoretical 
 and Practical Astronomy, three vols. 4to. ; 
 and a History of Astronomy, five vols. 4to. 
 
 DELANY, PATRICK, D. D., a divine, 
 was born in Ireland, in 1686, and died at 
 Bath, in 1768. He was educated at Trin- 
 ity College, Dublin, and obtained, from 
 Lord Carteret, the chancellorship of Christ 
 Church, and a prebend in Saint Patrick's 
 Cathedral. In 1744 he was promoted to 
 be dean of Down. With Swift he wa 
 intimately acquainted. Among his workr 
 are, Sermons; a Life, of David; Revela- 
 tion examined with Candour; Reflection* 
 on Polygamy; and Remarks on Orrery's 
 Life of Swift. 
 
 DELANY, MARY, the daughter of 
 Lord Landsdown, and the widow of Mr 
 Pendarves, was the second wife of Dr 
 Delany, whom she married in 1743. She 
 died in 1788. Mrs. Delany was a favour- 
 I ite of Queen Charlotte, and enjoyed a 
 pension of three hundred pounds from the 
 king. She possessed the talent of cutt'ng 
 out flowers from coloured paper with such 
 exquisite art as almost to rival nature. In 
 this way she formed a Flora tif nearly a 
 thousand subjects. 
 
 DL'LILLr', J AMKS, the most celebrated 
 of modern J -fcncli uoetp, was b irn a' 
 
1J6 
 
 DEL 
 
 1'erse, in 1733, and wna the natural I 
 leu of a bnrri.-ter, \\lio left him ui , .1 
 frilling annuity. At liis outset in life, I 
 iKTillc, though lie had distinguished him- 
 
 i-f LisieiiN, \vas com- 
 pelled to earn his Mihsi.-tenrc by teaching 
 children the rudiments of grammar at 
 I'eau. talents, however, 
 
 soon bettered his condition. By his trans- 
 atii):) of (he Georgics. in 17(\'J, his fame 
 -tablished, and his admission \v;;s 
 to the French Academy. His poem 
 fit' '1 lie Gardens, in 17S2, was equally suc- 
 cessful. Delillc accompanied Count C'hoi- 
 teul Gouflier to Greece and to Constanti- 
 nople; and, on his return, became professor 
 of Latin poetry at the college of France, 
 and of belles leltres at the university of 
 Paris. In 1794 he emigrated, but went 
 back in 1S01, and was chosen a member of 
 the Institute. In his latter years he was 
 blind, lie died in 1S13. Among his rxt- 
 mcroiis works are, the poems of the Three 
 Reigns of Mature; .Imagination; Misfor- 
 tune and Pity; and translations of the 
 Eneid, and of Paradise Lost. Delille was 
 a nrjn of talent, and possessed exquisite 
 mftrical skill, bill he had no large share 
 ol creative genius: "It must be ov\:ied," 
 says a French critic, " that Del'dle, the 
 greatest of our versifier.", was deficient in 
 that enthusiasm, that mens divina, which 
 alone constitutes the poet." 
 
 DELISLE, WILLIAM, an eminent geo- 
 grapher, was born at Paris, in 1675, and 
 died in 1726. In 1711, his works obtain- 
 ed for him admission into the Academy of 
 Sciences; and, in 1718, a pension and the 
 office of chief historiographer to the king. 
 In the latter capacity he gave lessons to, 
 and constructed various maps for, Louis 
 the Fifteenth. Besides his numerous maps, 
 he produced several Memoirs, and a Trea- 
 tise on the Course of all Rivers. 
 
 DELISLE, JOSKPH NICHOLAS, a 
 brother of William, was born at Paris, in 
 1688, and died there in 1768. He was 
 eminent as a mathematician and astrono- 
 mer. In 1724 he visited England, and 
 met with a friendly reception from New- 
 t r nnd Halley. In l'/27 he was invited 
 t / Russia, as royal astronomer. There he 
 resided for twentv-one years, and, while 
 there, he established a noble observatory, 
 and made many valuable observations. On 
 his return to Paris he was appointed pro- 
 i.i the Loyal College. Lalande and 
 Me- -ier were among his pupil?. Pesides 
 \ariotis Papers in Transaction;;, he is the 
 auihor of Memoirs towards a History of 
 As'rononi} ', tuo \ols. 4to. and Memoirs on 
 the new Di/rovcrie.-, in the .North Pacific, 
 4to---His brother Lot: is, al.-o an astrono- 
 mer, who died at Kamstchatka, in 1741, i 
 author e<" an ln(|uiry into the proper Mo- 
 lion o*' 1?? Fixe '; S'.i)"-. 
 
 DEM 
 
 DELOLME, JOHN Louis, a native oi 
 
 Geneva, was born in 1745. For many 
 \ears he. resided in England, in which 
 country all his works wf-ic published. Mr, 
 however, returned to ^wit/ei land, and died 
 theie in 1> W 07. liis principal productions 
 .ire, A History ff the Flagellants; and The 
 Constitution i, f England. The last of these 
 acquired considerable popularity, and, 
 though by no means free from error, is 
 lot undeserving of its reputation. 
 
 DELRIO, MARTIN ANTHONY, a jc- 
 ?uit, was born at Antwerp, in 1551, and 
 :licd in 1608 licfoie he became a Jesuit, 
 he filled several considerable offices in the 
 Low Countries, and he (subsequently taught 
 philosophy, the languages, and theology. 
 He had a knowledge of ten languages. 
 The most remarkable of his works is tliat 
 on Magic, which is curious, though strong- 
 ly indicative of its author's gross credulity. 
 I-uchesne's abridged transition is pre- 
 ferred to the original. 
 
 DELUC, JOHN ANDREW, a natural 
 philosopher, was born at Geneva, in 1726, 
 and came to England at the commence- 
 ment of the reign of George III. Queen 
 Charlotte gave him a pension, and ap- 
 pointed him her reader. He died in 1817. 
 He is the author of several works, among 
 which are, Letters on the Origin and For- 
 mation of the Earth ; Elements of Geology ; 
 and Geological Travels in the North of 
 Europe, cc. 
 
 DEMOCRITUS, a celebrated philoso- 
 pher, was the son of a rich citizen of Ab- 
 dera, and was born about 460 u. c. Leu- 
 cippus was his master in philosophy; and 
 in the course of his travels in Egypt, dial- 
 dea and Persia, and, perhaps, in Ethiopia 
 and India, he greatly enlarged his stores 
 of knowledge. Having spent, by travel- 
 ling, all the fortune left him by his father, 
 he returned to Abdera, poor in pvirse, but 
 rich in wisdom. Though at first slighted 
 by his countrymen, he ultimately acquired 
 their affection and reverence. He died in 
 his hundred and sixth year. All his nu- 
 merous works are lost. The atomic sys- 
 tem originated with Democritus. He was 
 also an experimental philosopher, a-nd first 
 taught that the light of the galaxy arises 
 from a multitude of stars. Many absurd 
 stories are told of him, among which may 
 be reckoned that cf his perpetual laughter 
 at human follies. 
 
 DEMOIVRE, ABRAHAM, was born in 
 1677, at Vitri, in Champagne, and, on the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantz, he settled 
 in England, where he subsisted by teach- 
 ing the mathematics. As a calculator he 
 was so skilful that his name has become 
 almost proverbial. He died in 1754. The 
 Doctrine of Chances is his best known 
 production; but he wrote also a work on 
 Annnitiep; Mi. c c*llanra An.ilyticn; and 
 
DEM 
 
 papers in the Philosophical Trans 
 tctioni. 
 
 DEMOSTHENES, whom his great Ro- 
 man rival calls " the npst perfect of ora- 
 tors," was the son of a sword blade man- 
 ufacturer at Athens, and was born abou 
 381 B. c. Left an orphan at seven yean> 
 of age, he was neglected and cheated by 
 his unworthy guardians. He, however, 
 obtained the lessons of Plato and Euclid 
 of Megara; and, having witnessed the ap- 
 plause bestowed on Callistratus, he became 
 eager to win the palm of eloquence. With 
 incessant care ho laboured to rid himself 
 of an impediment in his speech, and other 
 personal defects, and to acquire self-confi- 
 dence and grace of action. Ieua was his 
 preceptor in the rhetorical art. His first 
 trial of his powers was in an action against 
 his guardians, fur their misconduct, and 
 he was completely successful. A nobler 
 field was soon opened to him. During the 
 Phocian and Olynthian wars he opposed 
 with admirable talent and vigour the de- 
 signs of Philip of Macedon. But in the 
 field he was seen to less advantage than in 
 the popular assembly. At the battle of 
 Cheronaea he displayed a woeful deficiency 
 of personal courage." Still he retained his 
 influrnce at Athens, and foiled his accuser 
 jEschines, till, at length, being found guil- 
 ty of accepting bribes, he fled to Egina. 
 A new Greek confederacy against Mace- 
 dnn being, however, projected, he was re- 
 called and triumphantly received at Athens. 
 But the victory of Antipater soon destroyed 
 the now born hope of freedom, and De- 
 mjf thanes became the victim. He sought 
 an asylum in the temple o*" Neptune, at 
 Calaiiria, and, finding it was intended to 
 force him away, he took poison, and died 
 . the foot of the altar, B. c. 322. 
 
 DEMOUSTIER, CHARLES ALBERT, 
 a French writer, was born at Villera Cote- 
 ret, in 1760, and died there in 1801. By 
 tie father's side he was descended from 
 Racine, .and by the mother's from La Fon- 
 taine. He was a member of the Institute. 
 Demoustier wrote several comedies, and 
 Letters to Emily on Mythology. Ilis 
 work* manifcift talent, bnt are 
 
 JEN 217 
 
 by affectation and a perpetual effort to be 
 brilliant. In his private character he was 
 truly amiable. 
 
 DEMPSTER, THOMAS, a learned 
 Scotch writer, was born in 1579; was ed- 
 ucated at Aberdeen and Cambridge; and 
 died at Bologna in 1625, at which place 
 he was professor. Dempster was indefat- 
 igably studious, and possessed of a won- 
 derful memory ; but he was of a singularly 
 quarrelsome disposition. He is the author 
 of Antiquitatum Romanarum Corpus; a 
 Commentary on Justinian's Institutes; 
 Menologium Sanctorum Scotorum; and 
 other works. 
 
 DENHAM, Sir JOHN, a poet, the son 
 of the chief baron of the Irish exchequer, 
 was born in 1615, at Dublin ; was educat- 
 ed at Trinity College, Cambridge; and 
 studied the law at Lincoln's Inn. Gaining, 
 however, to which he was early addicted, 
 impeded his studies, and impaired his for- 
 tune. In 1641 he published the Sophy, a 
 tragedy, and in 1643 Cooper's Hill. He 
 espoused the cause of Charles I. and lost 
 his estate in consequence. At the Resto- 
 ration he was knighted, and made survey- 
 or of the royal buildings. He died in 
 1688. Among the minor poets Denham 
 holds a respectable place. His poems are 
 frequently elegant, spirited, and marked 
 by much felicity of expression. 
 
 DENHAM, Lieut. Col. DIXON, an en- 
 terprising traveller, and gallant officer, 
 was born in London, in 1786, and waa 
 originally intended for the law, but went 
 to Spain, as a volunteer, in 1811, obtained 
 a lieutenancy, and served with honour in 
 'he peninsula and at Waterloo. In 1821, 
 ie was chosen to proceed on a journey of 
 discovery into the interior of Africa; and, 
 "n conjunction with Clapperton and Oud- 
 ney, he penetrated into Bournou, and add- 
 ed greatly to our knowledge of African 
 geography. He returned to England, in 
 1824, and published a Narrative of his 
 travels. In 1826 he was appointed gover- 
 nor of Sierra Leone, and in that pestilen- 
 ial colony he died on the 9th of June, 1828. 
 
 DENINA, CHARLES JOHN MARIA, 
 in Italian historian, was born, in 1731, at 
 level, in Piedmont, and died at Paris, in 
 1813. For many years \w was professor 
 of rhetoric at Turin, but was deprived of 
 lis office, in consequence of having offend- 
 ed the government. In 1804, Napoleon 
 appointed him his librarian. Denina in 
 he author of many excellent works, the 
 >rincipal of which are, A History of the 
 devolutions of Italy; A History of Pied- 
 mont; The Political and Literary History 
 >f Greece; The Revolutions of Germany, 
 and a History of Western Italy. 
 
 DENMAN, Dr THOMAS, an eminent 
 )hysician, a nathe of Derbyshire, w* 
 
 "* ** Bakewell, in 1735, and settled < 
 
as DEN 
 
 London, after having served as 
 in the navy. It was, to the obsteti ica 
 branch of the medical art that he princi- 
 pally turned his attention, and lie r<>-r in 
 it to the highest reputation. lie died No 
 vember 26, 1S15. Dr. Dcninau is tin- 
 author of An Kssay on Puerperal Fever; 
 Aphorisms; The Introduction to the 1'rac- 
 tice of Midwifery ; and other able works. 
 
 DENNKU, bALTHAlAR, a painter, 
 born at Hamburgh, in 1685, and died at Ros- 
 tock, in 1747, was remarkable for his pa- 
 tient and minute imitation of nature in his 
 portraits; of whirh curious proofs are 
 extant in two pictures of un old man and 
 woman, and in the likenesses of himself 
 and his family. The grain of the skin, 
 the hairs, the down, the glassy humour of 
 ihe eyes, are all delineated with the utmost 
 exactness. 
 
 DENNIE, JOSEPH, born in Boston, in 
 1768, displayed an early fondness for po- 
 lite literature, and entered Harvard College 
 in 1787. In 1790 he left this institution, 
 and commenced the study of the law; but 
 made little progress in the practice of his 
 profession, in consequence of a strong at- 
 tachment to literary pursuits. In the spring 
 of 1795 he established a weekly paper, in 
 Boston under the title of The Tablet, but 
 it died from want of patronage. Soon after, 
 he went to Walpole to edit the Farmer's 
 Museum, a journal in which he published 
 a series of papers with the signature of 
 the Lay Preacher. In 1799 he removed to 
 Philadelphia, where he had received an 
 appointment in the office of the secretary 
 of state. He subsequently established the 
 Port Folio, a journal which acquired repu- 
 tation and patronage. He died in 1812. 
 Mr. Dennie was a man of genius, and a 
 beautiful writer, but wanted the industry 
 and judgment, which might have secured 
 him a competent subsistence and a perma- 
 nent reputation. 
 
 DENNIS, JOHN, a dramatist and critic, 
 was born, in London, in 1657; was edu- 
 cated at Harrow School, Caius College, 
 and Trinity Hall, Cambridge; and died 
 in 1733-4. Having dissipated a fortune, 
 and outlived an annuity which he had re- 
 served on selling his place of landwaiter, 
 his latter days were spent in poverty, ag- 
 gravated by blindness. Almost throughout 
 nis life he was in a state of hostility with 
 ouoe one or other of the wits of the age. 
 Pope, whom he attacked with vulgar ma- 
 lignity, chronicled him in the Dunciad. As 
 poet and dramatic writer he is below 
 mediocrity ; as a critic he is far from being 
 contemptible. 
 
 DENON, Baron DOMINIC VIVA NT, 
 was born at Chalons stir fcjaone, in Bur- 
 gundy, in 1747. After hn\ing let;, 
 of the chamber and centlemin in ord'mary- 
 to Louis XV. he resided f<v fcvpral \..-A:'S 
 
 in Italy, as secretary of embassy, dm nj 
 which period he applied himself sedulously 
 to the study of the arts. He was one ol 
 those whom Bonaparte selected to accom- 
 pany him to Egypt. While there, he alter- 
 nately \\ielded the pencil ami the sword, 
 and both \\ith equal dexterity. His work 
 on the Egyptian expedition, the numerous 
 and line drawings for which were made I'v 
 himself, would alone lie sufficient to immor- 
 tali/.e his name. Napoleon wa? waimlv 
 attached to him, gave him the superintend- 
 ence of the museums and the medallic mint, 
 and consulted him on all a flairs that were 
 connected with the arts. The column in 
 the place Vendume was constructed under 
 his direction. He died at Paris, April 
 25, 1825, universally beloved for his good 
 qualities, and admired for his talents and 
 the purity of his taste. 
 
 D'EON. See EON DE BEAUMONT. 
 
 DERIIAM, WILMAM, a celebrated 
 divine, born at Stoughton, near Worcester, 
 in 1657, was educated at Trinity College, 
 Oxford; obtained the livings of Wai grave 
 and Upmin^ter; and, upon the accession 
 of George I. was made king's chaplain, 
 and a canon of Windsor. In 1702 lie was 
 elected F. R. S., and in 1730 received the 
 degree of D. D. He died in 1735. Ilia 
 three principal works art', Physico-Theoi- 
 ogy; Astro-Theology; and Christo-Thexil- 
 gy> f these, the first demonstrates " the 
 belig and attributes of God from his 
 works of creation;" the second, " from a 
 survey of the heavens." The Physieo- 
 Theology was originally delivered as ser- 
 mons at Boyle's Lecture. Derham's ear- 
 liest production was The Artificial Clock 
 Maker.. 
 
 DERMODY, THOMAS, a poet, the son 
 of a schoolmaster, was born at Ennis, ir. 
 the south of Ireland, in 1775, and made 
 such an early progress in learning that, 
 when he was only nine years old, he assist- 
 ed his father in teaching Greek and Latin. 
 But at the same time he acquired habits 
 of lew company and intoxication, which 
 proved his bane. He was patronised by 
 the countess of Moira, the marquis of 
 Hastings, Sir James Bland Burges, and 
 others, and at one period held a commis- 
 sion in the army, but patronage was ren- 
 dered unavailing by his besetting faulty. 
 He died, in 1802, at Sydenham, in Kent. 
 His poems, most of which were written 
 hastily, and under the pressure of neces- 
 sity, contain many passages of great fancy, 
 animation and elegance. 
 
 DERZH A VINE, GABRIF.L ROMANO- 
 
 VITSCH, a Russian poet and statesma i, 
 
 .11 :it ('.'.sun, in 1743, and died in 
 
 1816. Afu-r having been in the army for 
 
 urteen ) <-;jr .-, he entered the civil service, 
 
 and rose to elexated stations. The 
 
 ur A-lexander nvidt him minister 
 
DE8 DES 210 
 
 tlce ; but Derzhavine withdrew from office 
 ih 1803. Among the bards of his country 
 he holds the highest place; his works glow 
 with poetical fire, and his versification is 
 worthy of the sentiments which are con- 
 veyed in it. 
 DESAGULIERS.JoHNTHEOPHiLTS, 
 
 studies undisturbed. For twenty years he 
 assiduously continued his labours in meta- 
 physics, chemistry, anatomy, astronomy^ 
 and geometry, and during that period hV 
 produced the works which have " iramor 
 talized his name. At length, some of his 
 metaphysical opinions having excited 
 
 a divine and experimental philosopher, persecution against him, he accepted an 
 was born at Rochelle, in France, in 1683, i invitation from Christina of Sweden, to 
 and brought over to England when only! reside at her court. He, however, died 
 two years old. He was educated at Ox-jat Stockholm, February 11, 1650, shortly 
 ford.* In 1712 he settled in London, and 'after his arrival in that capital. His 
 
 began to deliver lectures on the sciences, 
 
 works, among which are The Principles 
 
 a practice which he continued till his death, of Philosophy, Metaphysical Meditations, 
 in 1749. Notwithstanding that he was a Treatise on the Passions, a Treatise on 
 an indefatig.ible man, and possessed some Man, and a Discourse on the Method of 
 church preferment, he died poor. Desa- 1 seeking Truth in the Sciences, occupy 
 guliers translated Gravesande's Mathemat-j nine volumes in quarto. While he lived, 
 ical Elements of Natural Philosophy ; j it was chiefly as a metaphysician that 
 published his own lectures, as A Course j Descartes was celebrated, but his meta- 
 . of Experimental Philosophy; and wrote physics, though strongly manifesting his 
 many papers in the Philosophical Trans- genius, are now almost forgotten; his 
 actions. system of vortices, too, which once had 
 
 DESAIX DE VOIGOUX, Louis partisans, is completely discarded; and it 
 CHARLES ANTHONY, a celebrated French ! is to his geometrical and algebraical dis- 
 eeneral, of noble descent, was born in coveries, which he himself undervalued, 
 1768, in Auvergne, and entered the army, that he is indebted for the most solid part 
 as second lieutenant, when he was only of his fame. 
 
 fifteen. In 1796, he commanded a division DESEZE, Count RAYMOHP, or Ro- 
 of the army of the Rhine, and gallantly MAIN, a French advocate, was born at 
 defended fort Kehl; in 1798, he accompa- Bourdeaux, in 1750, and gained considera- 
 nied Bonaparte to Egypt, where he gained ble reputation at the Parisian bar previously 
 several victories, and received from the to 1792; but it was in that year he estab- 
 latives the honourable appellation of the! lished his character as a man of courage, 
 ust Sultan; and, on the 14th of June J by undertaking the defence of Louis XVI. 
 800, he fell at the battle of Marengo, at ' after Target had declined the dangerous 
 ,ie very moment when he had contributed j task. His speech on that occasion had 
 .o turn the scale of victory by an impetu- merit, but did not display any of the highei 
 _i __ *i__ A *: K . -* 1-~ . 'IM u : : i 
 
 ous charge on the Austrian line. 
 
 DESAULT, PETER JOSEPH, an emi- 
 nent surgeon, was born at Magny Vernais, 
 
 powers of eloquence. Though imprisoned 
 during the reign of the Jacobins, hf 
 escaped the scattold, and he held no public 
 
 in Franche Comte, in 1744, and was a oflice till the return of the Bourbons, when 
 pupil of Anthony Petit, Louis, and Saba^j honours and rewards were heaped upon 
 thier. He acquired a great and i well earned him. He died in 1828. 
 reputation at Paris, and was surgeon in DESFORGES, PETER JOHN BAPTIST 
 chief to the Hotel Dieu. He died, in 1795, CHOUDARD, an actor and author, was 
 while in attendance on the Dauphin, and j born at Paris, in 1746. At the age of nine 
 was suspected to have been poisoned, 'years he attempted to write two tragedies. 
 Desault published a Treatise on Surgical j After he left college, he studied medicine, 
 Diseases; and was one of the editors of then drawing, and ended, in 1769, by 
 The Surgical Journal. He invented vari- ! going on the stage, and at the same time 
 ous instruments, and by his skill contributed ' writing for it. He quitted it, however, in 
 
 lo decrease the number of amputations. 
 DESCARTES, RENE, or RENATUs.a 
 
 1782, to be solely an author. He died in 
 1806. Desforges is the author of twenty 
 
 philosopher, eminent in various ways, was four comedies, and of several romances. 
 a native of Touraine, born at La Haye, 'Of his comedies, Tom Jones in London, 
 in 1596; was descended from an ancient ! and the Jealous Wife, are still acted. His 
 family; and was educated at the Jesuits j romances, one of which contains his own 
 college at La Flechc. His progress was j history, are marked by shameless immo- 
 rapid, particularly in mathematics. From ralitv. 
 
 1616 to 1621 he served, as a volunteer,! DESHOULIERES, ANTOINETTA DO 
 under the Prince of Orange, the Duke of JLicitR DE LA GARDE, was born at Paries, 
 Bavaria, and Count Bocquoi, in Holland, ; about 1633 or 1634, and in her youth was 
 Bavaria, and Hungary. After having tra- ; much admired at the French court. She 
 relied widely, he sold his estate, and was handsome, witty, accomplisned, and 
 fettled in Holland, in 1629, to pursue his of dignified and prepossessing manner*- 
 
220 
 
 DF.S 
 
 Her husband was a Poitcrin gentleman. 
 
 She was in 
 
 of friendship wit!) 
 
 of the eminent men of her time; but it is 
 singular that, like Madam de Scvi^r-, 
 she was " high gravel Hind" to tho merit 
 of Racine. She died, in 1694, of cancer 
 in the breast, after twelve years of Milier- 
 ing. Her tragedies, comedies, and operas, 
 are failures, and tn.iny of her poems are 
 not above mediocrity ; but her Id\ls, and 
 some of her Ecbgues, Elegies, ami Moral 
 Reflections, will preserve her name from 
 oblivion. 
 
 DESHOULIERES, ANTOIN ETTA 
 THERESA, a daughter of the preceding, 
 was born at Paris, in 16S2, and died un- 
 married, in 1718, after having for twenty 
 years been, like her mother, the victim of 
 cancel. Though not equal in talent to her 
 mother, with wh'se works her own are 
 generally printed, she possessed a consider- 
 able portion of poetical merit. 
 
 DESLAURIERS, M., a comedian, of 
 whom little more is known than that he 
 went to Paris, about 1606, was an actor 
 in the company of the hotel of Burgundy, 
 and was living in 1634. He took the 
 name of Bruscambille, under which he 
 published some ludicrous and often ob- 
 scene pieces, which were collected into 
 one volume in 1619. His works are alluded 
 to by Sterne, and, worthless as they are, 
 the rarity of copies renders them an object 
 of bibliomaniac research. 
 
 DESMAHIS, JOSEPH FRANCIS ED- 
 WARD DE CORSEMBLUE, a French dra- 
 matist, was born at Sully sur Loire, in 
 1722, and died in 1761. Besides many- 
 
 DEW 
 
 He wan a member of the Academy. At h.# 
 outset in life he was a strolling player, but 
 chance introduced him to M. de Puysieux ; 
 who withdrew him from the stage, and 
 formed him for a diplomatist. Destouchoi 
 was intrusted with several important di- 
 plomatic missions; but he abandoned that 
 career, and became a writer for the stage. 
 
 His comedies form six volumes 8\ 
 
 the 
 
 fugitive poems, which were much admire 
 two unfinished plays, and two which were 
 never acted, he wrote The Lost Letter, or 
 the Impertinent, a comedy. Desmahis 
 was a man of an excellent heart. " When 
 my friend laughs," said he," it is his busi- 
 ness to tell me the cause of his joy; when 
 he weeps* it is my business to find out the 
 cause of his sorrow." 
 
 DESSALINES, JOHN JAMES, one of 
 those extraordinary characters who were 
 
 best of them are Le Gloricux and Le Fhi- 
 
 IXEURHOFF, WILLIAM, a native of 
 Amsterdam, born in 1650, and by trade a 
 boxmakcr, was the founder of a sect, 
 which is not yet quite extinct, under the 
 title of Deurhoffians. He represented the 
 Divine Nature under the idea of a power 
 or energy diffused through the whole uni- 
 verse, and acting upon every part of the 
 vast machine. His works are, The The- 
 ology of Deurhoff, two volumes quarto, 
 and a first volume of The Metaphysics of 
 Deurhoff. The latter* was published in 
 1717, in which year he died. 
 
 DEVEREUX. See ESSEX. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, GEORGIAN* CAV- 
 ENDISH, Duchess of, a female who was 
 remarkable for talents as well as beauty, 
 was the eldest daughter of Earl Spencer, 
 and was born in 1757. In her seventeenth 
 year she married the Duke of Devonshire. 
 She died March 30, 1806. Of her poeti- 
 cal compositions only a few have seen the 
 light, among which are Zephyr and the 
 Storm, and Verses on the Passage of the 
 St. Gothard. They are elegant and ani- 
 mated. 
 
 DEWES, Sir SIMONDS, an antiquary, 
 born at Coxden, in Dorsetshire, in 1692, 
 was educated at St. John's College, Ox- 
 ford ; and was created a baronet by James 
 the First, but in the Long Parliament he 
 espoused the popular cause. He died in 
 1650. His principal production is, The 
 Journals of the Parliaments during the 
 reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 DE WITT, JOHN, an eminent and en- 
 lightened Dutch statesman, the son of a 
 burgomaster of Dort, was born in 1625. 
 
 thrust forward to greatness by the French ' He was educated at his native place, and 
 
 revolution, was a native of the Gold 
 Coast, in Africa, and was originally a 
 clave to a free black in St. Domingo. 
 When the disturbances first began in that 
 colony he to<*k an active part. He became 
 econd in command to Toussaint 1'Ouver- 
 turc, and, after the imprisonment of that 
 chief, he displayed so much talent and 
 
 in his twenty-third year, published ar ex- 
 cellent mathematical work, the Elements 
 of Curve Lines. After having been pen- 
 sionary of his native city, he was (hot-en 
 pensionary of Holland. In the latter 
 capajcity he concluded a peace with Groin- 
 well, by one article of which the family 
 of Orange was excluded from the stadt 
 
 courage that, on the 6th of October, 1804, jholdei ship. This article was aftei wards 
 be was chosen to be emperor of Hayti, I converted into a law under the title of the 
 
 Perpetual Edict. His death wasevei tually 
 the result of this measure. For some 
 years he filled his hi^li office with appro 
 
 under the title of James 
 
 He did not 
 
 long hold his new dignity; for he fell the 
 
 victim of a conspiracy, in October, 1806. 
 
 DESTOUCHES, PHILIP NKRICAUI.T, 
 
 ft French dramatic writer, was born at 
 
 appro- 
 bation, but, in 1672, when Holland w a 
 invaded by the French, he and his brother 
 
 Cows, in 1680, and died nt Pari?, in 1754. ' Cornelius wrr nmrdernl \\ the 
 
DIB 
 
 im consequence if their having oppoerd 
 the placing of the suprerr.j authority : 
 the hands of tlie prince of Orange. 
 
 DEXTER, SAMUKL, an eminent Amcr- 
 
 DIC 
 
 221 
 
 enjcyed from gorvernment a pension of 
 two hundred pounds, but lost it on a 
 change of administration. In the closing 
 years of his life he would have Buffered 
 
 ican lawyer and statesman, was born in all the ills of poverty, had not a pubscrip- 
 Doston in 1761. He received his educa-jtion been raised to purchase for him an 
 tion at Harvard College, where he was 'annuity. He died in 1814. Besides his 
 gradmted with honour in 1781. Engaging j dramatic pieces, he produced many works, 
 in the study of the law, he soon succeeded among which are three novels; a Histor 
 
 in obtaining an extensive practice. He 
 c'ljoycd successively a seat in the state 
 legislature, and in the house of represen- 
 tatives, and senate of the United States; 
 
 of the Stage; his Professional Life; and 
 A Musical Tour. His songs, of which he 
 wrote thirteen or fourteen hundred, form 
 his best title to fame. Of such a number 
 
 and in <virh of these stations he secured a j many are of course below mediocrity, but 
 command! in 1 ; influence. During the ad- very many are of a superior order. His 
 
 ministration of Mr. Adams, he was appoint- 
 ed secretary of war, and of the treasury; 
 but on the accession of Mr. Jefferson to 
 the presidency, he resigned his public 
 employments, and returned to the practice 
 of his profession. For many years he was 
 extensively employed in the courts of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and in the supreme court of the 
 United States, where he was almost with- 
 out a rival. He died suddenly at Athens, 
 New- York, in 1816. Mr. Dexter was tall, 
 muscular and well formed. His eloquence 
 was clear, simple and cogent: and his 
 powers were such as would have made him 
 eminent in any age or nation. 
 
 DIAZ, BARTHOLOMEW, a Portuguese 
 
 navigate 
 
 of (he household of John II. 
 
 itrnsted with the corn- 
 vessels, in 1486. 
 
 of Portugal, was 
 mand of two smal 
 these he succeeded in pushing far beyond 
 his predecessors, and discovering the Cape 
 of Good Hope, which he named the Cape 
 of Tempest?. The king, however, gave it 
 the more auspicious name which it still 
 bears. Diaz perished in a storm, off the 
 Cape, in 1500. 
 
 DIBD1N, C ;ARLKS, born about 1748, 
 at Southampton, was the son of a silver- 
 smith, and was educated at Winchester 
 school, with a view of providing for him 
 in the church. The love of music, how- 
 ever, sediu-ed him from clerical pursuits, 
 and, at the age of sixteen, after having 
 failed in obtaining a situation as a village 
 organist, he took up his abode in London. 
 For some years he was at once a com- 
 poser for the stage and an actor, and in 
 both capacities was applauded. His first 
 effort was a comic opera, called the Shep- 
 herd's Artifice, written and set by himself, 
 
 sea songs, in particular, are unrivalled, 
 and give him a fair claim to be considered 
 as the British naval lyrist. 
 
 DICKINSON, JOHN, a celebrated po- 
 litical writer, was born in Maryland in 
 1732, and educated in Delaware. He pur- 
 sued the study of law, and practised with 
 success in Philadelphia. He was soon 
 elected to the state legislature, and distin- 
 guished himself as an early and efficient 
 advocate of colonial rights. In 17(5 he 
 was appointed by Pennsylvania a delegate 
 to the first congress, held at New York, 
 and prepared the draft of the bold resolu- 
 tions of that body. His celebrated Farm- 
 er's Letters to the Inhabitants of the Bri- 
 tish Colonies were issued in Philadelphia 
 in 1767; they were reprinted in London 
 with a preface by Dr. Franklin, and a 
 French translation of them was published 
 
 at Paris. While in congress, he wrote a 
 large number of the most able and eloquent 
 state papers of the time, and as an orator 
 he had few superiors in that assembly. He 
 conscientiously opposed the declaration of 
 independence, and his opinions upon this 
 subject rendered him for a time unpopular, 
 but they did not permanently affect his re- 
 putation and influence. He was afterwards 
 a member of congress and president of 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware, successivel 
 " 
 
 He d"ied at Wilmington in 1808. 
 
 y. 
 r. 
 
 Dickinson was a man of a strong mind, 
 great knowledge and eloquence, and much 
 elegance of taste and manners. 
 
 DICKSON, ADAM, a Scotch divine 
 and agriculturist, was a native of East Lo- 
 thian, and was for twenty years minister 
 of Dunse, in Berwickshire, whence he re- 
 moved into his native county. He died of 
 
 which was brought out at Covent Garden, i a fall from his horse in 1776. He is the 
 in 1765. In the course of thirty years, he author of a Treatise on the Agriculture of 
 
 produced about fifty pieces of a similar 
 Lind. For two seasons he was manager 
 of the Circus. He then established an 
 entertainment, in which he was the sole 
 performer; pinging his own songs, accom- 
 panying hi'.nsdf on the piano, and con- 
 
 the Ancients one of the best works on 
 the subject ; and also of a Treatise on 
 Agriculture, in two volumes. 
 
 DICKSON, JAMES, a botanist, a native 
 of Scotland, died in London, in 1822. He 
 was one of the founders of the Linnsean 
 
 nectinjf the songs by prose. Under various Society, and a vice-president of the Horti 
 
 hi* entertainment was popular for 
 x:i iod. Dibdin a la: lor a while, 
 
 cultural Society. Dickson commenced life 
 as a working gardener, and roue by Li* 
 
221 
 
 DID 
 
 own exertions. Besides teverml paperi in 
 Transaction?, he is the author of Fasci- 
 culi Quatuor Plantarum Cryptogamicarum 
 Britannia*. 
 
 DIOClUEBf ARE, JAMKI FRANCIS, a 
 
 naturalist, was born at Havre, in 1733, 
 and died in 1789. He was a man of di- 
 versified talent. Besides having thrown 
 so much light on the history of marins in- 
 vcrtehral animal?, as to gain the title of 
 " the Confidant of .Nature/' he had con- 
 bidetable merit as a painter, furnished 
 Borne charts to the Oriental Neptune, and 
 -- ed a knowledge of astronomical and 
 nautical science. 
 
 DIDEROT, DKNIS, born in 1713, at 
 Langres, in Champagne, was the son of a 
 cutler. He was educated by the Jesuits, 
 and was designed for the church, and, sub- 
 sequently, for the law. Both, however, 
 were rejected by him, and he entered on 
 the career of literature at Paris. Trans- 
 lating was his earliest resource, and Slan- 
 yan's History of Greece was the work with 
 which he began. His Essay on Merit and 
 Virtue was his first original production. 
 It was succeeded, in 1746, by his Philosoph- 
 ical Thoughts, which the parliament of 
 Paris condemned to the flames, and, by fo 
 doing, insured its popularity and that of 
 the author. They were reprinted, under 
 the title of A New Year's Gift for Free- 
 thinkers. Long afterwards, he added a 
 second part, in which his atheistical prin- 
 ciples were less carefully concealed. The 
 same principles in his Letter on the Blind 
 caused him to be imprisoned for nearly 
 four months at Vincennes. Diderot nov 
 formed the plan of that extensive under- 
 taking The Encyclopaedia. On this Dic- 
 tionary, the first two volumes of which 
 appeared in 1751, he was engaged for 
 many years. The department of arts and 
 trades, the history of ancient philosophy, 
 and numerous other articles, were contri- 
 buted by him. While he edited this com- 
 pilation, his pen was also busily employed 
 on various original compositions, some of 
 which are repugnant to decency. Poverty 
 would, nevertheless, have embittered his 
 latter days had not Catherine of Russia 
 extended to him an efficient patronage. 
 
 DIG 
 
 bands put up the empire to a iction, Mid 3 
 was purchaser by Didius. He, however, 
 enjoyed his now dignity but two month* 
 and five days, for lie \v:is slain by the sol- 
 diery, in order to make their peace with 
 Severus. 
 
 DIDOT, FRANCIS AMBROSF, one of 
 the most celebrated of modern printers, was 
 born at Paris, in 17:'.0, ami died there in 
 1804. He raised the typographical art in 
 France to the highest point of perfection; 
 established a foundry, in which he cast 
 types of great beauty ; invented various 
 
 instruments to give correctness to 
 letters; improved printing presses 
 
 the 
 
 ml 
 
 stereotype; and spared no pains to render 
 wholly free from errors the editions which 
 he published. 
 
 DIDYMUS, a native of Alexandria, the 
 son of a salt fish seller, was surnamed the 
 Grammarian, and also, from his unren.it- 
 ting studies, Chalcentres, or the Brazen 
 Bowelled. He lived under the reign of 
 Augustus, and was certainly the most fer- 
 tile, probably the weakest, of writers, for 
 the number of his works is variously esti- 
 mated at from three thousand to six thou- 
 sand. They have all perished. 
 
 D1EMEN, ANTHONY VAN, a son of the 
 burgomaster of Cuylenberg, in Holland, 
 was born in 1593. Having failed in trade, 
 he went to India as a cadet. There, the 
 beauty of his handwriting procured him 
 admission into a government office, and, 
 in the course of a few years, he rose to be 
 governor -general. That -high office he 
 filled with honour to himself and advan- 
 tage to his country. He died in 1645. 
 Tasman, the navigator, whom he sent on a 
 voyage of discovery, in 1642, gave the 
 name of his employer to a part of New 
 Holland. 
 
 DTEZ, JOHN MARTIN, commonly known 
 by the name of the Empecinado, was born 
 in 1775, in the province of Vallndolid, in 
 Spain, 
 served 
 
 war against France from 1792 till 1735. 
 In 1808, he was .one of the very first, if 
 not the first, who set on foot the guerrilla 
 warfare against the armies of Napoleon. 
 He was successful in numberless engage- 
 
 was the son of a peasant, and 
 in the Spanish army during the 
 
 Diderot visited Saint Petersburg!! in 1773, intents, and rose to'the rank of brigadiet 
 and remained there for some mouths. He! general. This gallant and patriotic officer 
 died July 30, 1784. His works form 15 1 was desirous to secure the freedom as well 
 Tols. 8vo. Diderot was a man of great ' as the independence of his country, and 
 talent, and extensive knowledge ; but his was, in consequence, put to an ignominious 
 tylc, though sometimes eloquent, has many death by his ungrateful sovereign, August 
 defects, and his sentiments are too often ! 18, 1825. 
 
 deserving of the severest reprobation. DIGBY, Sir KF.KELM, the eldest son 
 
 DIDIfS JCLIAM S SKVKUrS.an of Sir Everard, who suffered for partici. 
 
 nil emperor of Home, born A. n. paling in the gunpowder plot, was born, 
 
 1S3, was a man <;f r;t: V . and of some tal- in 1C03, at Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, 
 
 etit, lining been consul general of an, and was educated at Gloucester Hall, Ox- 
 
 army, and vanquisher of the Catti. After | ford. On his return from his travel* IM 
 
 He "murder of Pert wax, tho Praetorian i wa knighted by Jame* I. By Charlw U 
 
DB1 
 
 fee w-.is ippointed to several oftiees In 
 1628, some disputes having arisen with the 
 
 Venetians, he sailed with a small squadron 
 to the Levant, defeated their fleet at Scan 
 deroon, and rescued many prisoners from 
 the Alirerni".--. At the commencement of 
 the ivil war he was imprisoned by the 
 parliament, hut was released in 1643. Be- 
 tween that period and the Restoration his 
 lime was spent partly in France, and partly 
 in England, and much of it was devoted to 
 study. When the Royal Society was es- 
 tablished, he was appointed one of its 
 council. lie died in 1665. Digby was 
 uriginalU 1 a protestant, but became acatho- 
 ic, in 1636. He was brave, learned, and 
 clxpient, but somewhat of a visionary, 
 an 1 was a believer in occult qualities. His 
 principal woiks are, A Treatise of the 
 Nature of Bodies; a Treatise declaring 
 li;; Operations and .Nature of Man's Soul ; 
 UK! Peripatetic-Institutions. The corpus- 
 cular phil isophy was that which he adopted. 
 
 DILLENIUS, JOHN JAMKS, an emi- 
 lient botanist, born at Darmstadt, in 16S7, 
 was educated at G lessen as a physician. 
 His first botanical work was A Catalogue 
 of the Plants of G lessen, with plates. Wil- 
 liam Slierard brought him to England, in 
 1721, where Diliciiius published an en- 
 1 irged edition of Ray's Synopsis; the 
 Hortus Ehhamensis ; and Historia Musco- 
 nim; all illustrated with plates admirably 
 drawn and engraved bv himself. He died 
 in 1747. Diilenins is" considered as the 
 father of eryptog amic botany. 
 
 DII LO.\. See ROSCOMMON. 
 
 DIMSDALE, Baran THOMAS, the ton 
 of an apothecary at Theydon Gernon, :n 
 Essex, was born in 1712, and settled at 
 Hertford as a medical practitioner, and 
 took his deg.ee in 1761. Such was his 
 superiority as an inoculator, that the Era- 
 press Catherine invited him to Russia, 
 l>aid him magnificently for his services, 
 and gave him the title of baron. On his 
 return to England he opened a banking 
 h.)i!M-. and also became a member of par- 
 liament. He died in 1SOO. He published 
 a Treatise, and Tracts, on Inoculation. 
 
 Dl.VEZ DA CRUZ, ANTHONY, the 
 most eminent of modern Portuguese lyric 
 poets, was born at Castelho de Vide, in 
 1730, and died at Rio de Janeiro, about 
 the end of the last century. Pindar was 
 tiis model. Besides his OJes, Diaez wrote 
 a.n heroic poem, and a great number of 
 erotic pieces, e;;istie..-, sonnets, and idylls. 
 
 1U.XOC HATES, or DINOCUARES, 
 a Macedonian architect, who proposed to 
 Alexander t> cut Mount Athi.s into a 
 statue of that monarch. Alexander em- 
 ployed him more nsefidiy in bull ling -Uex- 
 anJriu. DtDocmtes uls.> rebuilt the temple 
 of Ephesus. He died i.j Egypt, under the 
 ol* Ptolo ny 
 
 .D10 : or DIO.N CASSIUS, whose reid 
 name appears to have been Caseins Dion 
 Cocceianus, was born at Nicsea, in Bithy- 
 nia, about the end of the second century. 
 He was twice consul, and governed various 
 provinces. Retiring to his native country, 
 he died at the age of seventy. He wrote, 
 in eight books, a Roman History, of which 
 more than half is unfortunately lost. 
 
 DIG CHRYSOSTOM, a Greek rheto- 
 rician and philosopher, was born, in the 
 first century, at Prusa, in Bithynia, and 
 resided at Rome for many years. He was, 
 however, obliged to fly to Thrace, to 
 avoid being put to death by Domitian; 
 but, after the death of the tyrant, lie re- 
 turned to Bithynia. He died at an advanced 
 age. His eighty orations, which are extant, 
 are remarkable for. purity and simplicity 
 
 DIOCLETIAN, CAIUS VALERIUS 
 AURELIOS, Emperor of Rome, was boru 
 at Dioclea, or Doclea, in Illyria, of hum- 
 ble parents. After having served with 
 applause under Aurelian, Probus, and Ca- 
 rus, and been consul, he was raised to the 
 throne by the soldiery, A, D. 284, on the 
 death of Numerian. He reigned gloriously 
 for eighteen years, excepting his persecu- 
 tion of the Christians; and then, tired of 
 pomp, he abdicated, and retired toSalona, 
 where he built a palace. He died, A. D. 
 313. 
 
 DIODORUS SICULUS, a Greek his- 
 torian, who flourished in the fourth century, 
 was born at Agyrium, in Sicily, and tra- 
 velled into most of the provinces of Europe 
 ami Asia, and also into Egypt. He after- 
 wards settled at Rome. The result of his 
 -unites and researches was, An Universal 
 History, in forty books, of which only 
 fifteen are extant. Erroneous in its chro- 
 nology, and often fabulous or trivial in its 
 details, we must, nevertheless, regret that 
 so much of it is lost. 
 
 DIOGENES', surnamed the Cynic, a 
 Greek philosopher, was born B. c. 413, at 
 Sinope, in Pontus. He accompanied his 
 father to Athens, and became a pupil of 
 Anlisthenes, and appears to have carried 
 to its highest pitch the cynical doctrine 
 f his teacher. Even the conveniences of 
 life he held in utter contempt. Souie of 
 the stories, however, which are told of 
 lim, such as his living in a tub, and his 
 jpen indecency, are of very doubtful au- 
 hority. That many of his sayings and 
 eplies were full of point and spirit is 
 certain. At an advanced period of hij 
 life he was taken by pirates, and sold to 
 Xeniades, a Corinthian, who intrusted him 
 with the education of his son. This ta*K 
 he executed admirably a circumstance 
 \\hieh a fords a presumptive proof of the 
 fiU^'ood of many things that arc laid to 
 his cliarce. It was daring his residence 
 
04 WT 
 
 at CX. -\*U that occurred his fenx>u Intet- 
 t ie.v t'A Alexander die Great. He died 
 in that < ity. in his ninetieth year. None 
 of his wrilir.js have been spared by time. 
 
 I>K)l ', E.\ KS , LA r. KTir s , so called from 
 his birthplace, Laerta or Laertes, in Cilicia, 
 M believed to have lived under the reigns 
 of Septimius Sevcrns and Caracalla. No- 
 thing of 1-is history b known. He is the 
 jtu'.hnr of Livoj of the Philosoj)hcrs, in ten 
 1 ooks 
 
 DIONl'SIUS of HALICARNASSUS, an 
 ancient critic and histonan, was born at 
 Ilalicarnassns, in Caria. Of his life no- 
 thing is known, but that he wont to Rome, 
 A. D. 30, and spent twenty -t^o years in 
 that city. lie is the author of Roman An- 
 tiquities, of which only a part is extant; 
 and of a Treatise on the Arrangement of 
 Words ; on the Eloquence of Deinosthe- 
 ne.-i ; and on other subjects. 
 
 DIONYSIUS, an ancient geographer, 
 was called Periegetes, from his poem in 
 Greek verse, intitled Periegeses, or Sur- 
 vey of the World, was a native of Alex- 
 andria, in Susiana, and is believed to have 
 
 lived about A. D. 
 commented upon 
 
 140. His work 
 by Eustathius 
 
 and 
 
 born in 1675, at Salisbury, was original!* 
 a dissenting minister; but, on the recoup 
 mentation of Sir Isaac Newton, became 
 mathematical master at Christ's Hospital, 
 wlw'cli situation he held till his decease, in 
 171.1. In conjunction with Whiston, he 
 formed a scheme for discovering the longi- 
 tude, and thus brought on himself a filthy 
 and foolish lampoon from Swift; which, 
 pour as it was, is said to have preyed on 
 his mind and caused his death. He pub- 
 lished The Institution of Fluxions, and 
 other works. 
 
 DODD, Dr. WILLIAM, a native of Lin. 
 colnshire, was born at Bourne, in 1729, 
 and was educated at Clare Hall, Cam- 
 bridge. While at college, he produced 
 his version of Callimachus. Having taken 
 orders, he settled in London, became a 
 popular preacher, and obtained valuable 
 church preferment. But Dodd was vain, 
 extravagant, and not nice in his expedi- 
 ents to accomplish his purposes. He en- 
 deavoured to procure by bribery the living 
 of St. George's Hanover Square, aud for 
 this criminal attempt he was struck of)' the 
 list of king's chaplains. Pressed by hia 
 necessities, he next ventiieu on a more 
 dangerous step, which proved fatal. He 
 forged a bond on his former pupil, the 
 earl of Chesterfield, and for this crime he 
 suffered in 1777, notwithstanding the stren- 
 uous effort* which were made to save him. 
 Among his numerous works may be men- 
 tioned, Sermons, 4 vols. ; Thoughts in 
 Prison; Sermons to Young Men, 3 vols.; 
 A Commentary on the Bible, 3 vols. folio; 
 Reflections on Death; and The Sisters, a 
 novel. 
 
 DODD 
 
 talents, a 
 
 translated into Latin by Priscianus and 
 others. 
 
 DIOPHANTUS, a native of Alexan- 
 dria, the period of whose existence is 
 doubtful, some placing it before and others 
 after the Christian era, was a famous ma- 
 thematician, whom the ancients classed 
 with Pythagoras and Euclii If not the 
 inventer of algebra, he is at least the au- 
 thor of the oldest extant treatise on it. He 
 is said to have lived to the age of eighty- 
 four. 
 
 DIOSCORIDES, PEDANIUS, an an- 
 eient physician and botanist, was born at 
 Anazarba, in Cilicia. Some suppose him 
 to have lived in the time of Nero; others, 
 in that of Adrian. He is the author of a 
 work, in Greek, on the Materia Medica, 
 in twenty-four books, of which only five 
 hnve been preserved. 
 
 DIPPEL, JOHN CONRAD, a German 
 chemist and physician, who in some of his 
 writings took the name of Christ ianus 
 Democritus, was born, in 1672, at Frank- 
 enstein, in Hesse, and was the son of a 
 Lutheran minister. Renouncing the pro- 
 
 lestant religion, he published against itjnate. He died in 1827, at the age of 
 two abusive works. For many years he I forty-four. He was the planner, and for 
 led a wandering life, was more than once a while the resident engineer, of the Strand 
 imprisoned, and was expelled from various Bridge; and was likewise the projector 
 countries. In pursuing his al -lienucal re- ! of the steam passage boats from the metro- 
 tearches, he discovered Prussian blue, and poli.s to Margate and Richmond, 
 the animal oil which bears his name. j DODDR1DGE, Sir JOHN, an English 
 Though he had prophesied that he would 'jud^e and writer, was born, in 1555, at 
 not die till 1808, he took leave of the Barnstaple, in Devonshire; w;'.s educated 
 A'orld in 1734. His woiks form ihm; at Kxeter College, Oxford ; Ik-came oita 
 tol'.iuies quarto. i of tlm judged of the King's Bench in 1613; 
 
 DJTTON, HUM?HHY, a ge<m}<Miic.ii:i, atid died in 162^. AUW.U;; titUnr wcttkk. 
 
 , RALPH, a civil engineer of great 
 native of Northumberland, wa 
 the projector of the Vauxhall Bridge, th 
 South Lambeth Waterworks, the Graves- 
 end Tunnel, the Surrey Canal, and many 
 other public works. He also wrote an 
 Account of the Principal Canals; Reports 
 on the Gravesend Tunnel; Letters on the 
 Improvement of the Port of London ; and 
 Observations on Water. He died, in a 
 state of penury, at Cheltenham, in 1822, 
 in his sixty-second year. 
 
 DODD, GEORGK, a civil engineer, the 
 son of the foregoing, inherited his father's 
 talents, and, like his father, was unfortu- 
 
ke *rot A History of the Principality of 
 Wales, Duchy of Cornwall, and Earldom 
 of Chester ; the Lawyer's Light ; The 
 English Lawyer; ana The Law of Nobil- 
 iry and Peerage. 
 
 DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, born in the 
 metropolis, in 1702, was the son of a trades- 
 man, who was of the same family as the 
 judge. He was educated for the dissenting 
 ministry, by Mr. John Jennings of Kib- 
 worth. In 1722, he became minister at 
 Kibworth, whence, in 1725, he removed 
 to Market Harborough. At the latter 
 place, in 1729, he opened an academy, 
 but transferred it, in the same year, to 
 Northampton, on being appointed pastor 
 of a congregation at that town. He died 
 at Lisbon, of a pulmonary complaint, in 
 1756. Doddridge was a pious and bene- 
 volent man, of an elegant and highly gifted 
 mind. His works are numerous; the 
 principal of them are, Sermons ; A Life of 
 Colonel Gardiner; The Family Exposi- 
 tor, b* vols. 4to.; and his Correspondence; 
 the. last of which has been recently pub- 
 lished. 
 
 DODINGTOX, GEORGE BUBB, a 
 statesman, is said by some to have been the 
 son of an apothecary, and by others, of a 
 gentleman of fortune. He was born, in 
 1691, in Dorsetshire; was educated at IS'ew 
 College, Oxford ; and succeeded to a large 
 estate on the death of a maternal uncle, 
 whose name he assumed. Being at his 
 outset a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole 
 in parliament, he was appointed a lord of 
 tlie treasury, and clerk of the pells in Ire- 
 land. He," however, deserted the minis- 
 ter, and then deserted his r.e\v friends, to 
 become a partisan of the prince of Wales. 
 In 1761, he was created Lord Melcombe, 
 and he died in the following year. Dod- 
 ington was generous, witty, prepossessing 
 n private life, and gifted with no moan 
 talents; but, as a politician, he is " damn- 
 ed to everlasting fame," by his profligate 
 dereliction of all Honourable principles. 
 Irrefragable proof for his conviction is 
 furnished by his Diary. 
 
 DODOENS.or DODON.f.US, RFM- 
 VXRT, a botanist and physician, wae b rn 
 10! 
 
 DOL 2M 
 
 at Mechlin, in the Netherlands, in 1517; 
 studied at Louvain; became physician to 
 Maximilian II. and Rodolph II>; and died 
 
 frofessor of physic at Leyden, in 1585; 
 lis principal work is a General History 
 of Plants, in thirty books, with the title 
 of Pemptades. 
 
 DOpSLEY, ROBERT, was born, of 
 humble parents, at Mansfield, in Notting- 
 hamshire, in 1703, and, after having been 
 a stocking weaver, became footman to the 
 Hon. Mrs. Lowther. The profits arising 
 from a volume of his poems, published by 
 subscription, under the title of The Muse 
 in Livery, and from the success of a dra- 
 matic piece, called The Toy Shop, which 
 Pope patronised, enabled Dodsley to com- 
 mence business as a bookseller in Pall 
 Mall. By trade he rose to eminence and 
 fortune; still, however, continuing his lit- 
 erary pursuits. He died in 1764. Dods- 
 ley is the author of Cleone, a tragedy; 
 four dramatic entertainments; many po- 
 ems ; and the Economy of Human Life. 
 
 DODVVELL, HENRY, a critic and the- 
 ologian, born at Dublin in 1641, and edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, was chosen Cam- 
 den professor of history at Oxford, in 
 1688; but, being a nonjuror, he lost his 
 office at the Revolution. He died in 1711. 
 Dodwell was a learned and a virtuous 
 man, but addicted to paradoxes, and such 
 a perfect ascetic that, during three days in 
 the week, he refrained almost wholly from 
 food. Of his many works the most curi- 
 ous is, An Epistolary Discourse, in which 
 he labours to prove, from the Scriptures, 
 " that the soul is a principle naturally 
 mortal, but immortalized actually by the 
 pleasure of God." 
 
 DOLCI, CARLO, a painter, born at 
 Florence, in 1616, was a pupil of Vignale, 
 and when only eleven years old he pro- 
 duced an excellent whole length of St. 
 John. He died in 1686. Dolci delighted 
 in sacred subjects, and his pictures are re- 
 markable for grace, delicacy, and high 
 finishing. His daughter, AGNESK, was 
 an artist of merit, but succeeded best in 
 cop\ing her father's productions. 
 
 DOLGORUCKI, Prince JOHN Mi- 
 CHAELOVITSCH, a Russian noble, was 
 born at Moscow, in 1764, and died in 
 1824. In early life he served, with hon- 
 our, several campaigns against the Turks 
 and Swedes ; and at a later period he filled 
 [several important office*. lie was learned 
 land arcoutj.lished. As a poet, he excelled 
 I in satires and epistles. The best edition 
 ! of his works appeared at Mbsrow in 1819, 
 with the title of The State of my Blind. 
 
 DOLLO.N'D, JOHN, born at Spita fields, 
 in 170t>, was fur some years a silkweaver; 
 but, afti'f having studied mathematics and 
 astronomy, he began business as an opti- 
 cian. r.W.^' v.-ith kineMrH >r,n P>ter. H 
 
6 DOM UOR 
 
 died in 1761 Dollond invented the arhro- was born at Rome, A. D. 51, and ettcceed 
 untie object z ass fur telescope*, and the 
 
 npplication o'lhe micrometer t<> reflecting 
 
 i. id fmniyhed \arious paper* to 
 the Philosophical Transactions. I'KTI.R, 
 born 1730, died 1S20, "as an improver of 
 the telescope and of Had ley's quadrant, 
 and inventor of an equatorial instj-ument 
 for correct inj; errors from refraction. 
 
 DOLO.MIFJ, 1KIM)AT1 -S Gl'Y SVL- 
 
 - T A N c R K. D (J R A T K T l> v , a French 
 geologist and mineralogist, the son of a 
 noble, was born in Dauphine in 1750, and 
 entered into the order of Malta. After 
 having travelled, for scientific purposes, in 
 various parts of Knropc, he accompanied 
 Bonaparte to Egypt. On his return he 
 fell into the hands of the Neapolitan sove- 
 reign, bv whom he was imprisoned for 
 twenty-one months, and treated in the 
 most brutal manner. Sir Joseph Hanks 
 obtained the release of Dolomieu in 1801, 
 t>ut the captive's health was ruined, and 
 he died in the same year. Among his 
 works are, Mineralogical Philosophy; a 
 Voyage to the Lipari Islands; a Meinoir 
 on the Earthquake in Calabria ; and a 
 Voyage to the Ponza Inlands. 
 
 fXXMAT, or DAL MET, JOHN, an 
 eminent French lawyer, was born, in 1625, 
 at Clermont, in Auvergne; in the court of 
 which city he became king's advocate. He 
 died at Paris, in 1695, in humble circum- 
 stances; his modesty, simplicity, and dis- 
 interestedness, having prevented him from 
 pushing himself forward in the world. His 
 great work, The Civil Laws in their Nat- 
 ural Order, consist of five quarto volumes. 
 
 DOMENICHINO, a painter, whose 
 real name was Dominic Zarnpieri, was 
 born, in 1581, at Bologna, and was a pu- 
 pil of Denis Calvart and of the Caracci. 
 Though his progress at first was so slow 
 
 ugh 
 his 
 
 that his fellow pupils ridiculed his dul- 
 ness, vet he rose to a high rank among the 
 first class of artists. For expression, Pous- 
 in declared him to have no superior. By 
 Gregory XV. he was made chief architect 
 of the apostolical palace. He died in 
 1641. Among his finest works are, The 
 Communion of St. Jerome, The Death of 
 St. Agnes, and The Cure of the Demoniac 
 Boy. 
 
 DOMINIC DE GUSMAN, a Roman 
 Catholic saint, was born, in 1170, at Cal- 
 aliorra, in Old Castile, and studied at the 
 university of Palencia. After naving vain- 
 
 Iv endeavoured to convert the 
 
 d ins brother Titus, A. P. 81. In tl 
 
 early part of his rei^n he governed well, 
 and his arms obtained some success. He 
 soon, however, throw off the mask of vir- 
 tue, and Ijecamc one of the most cruel and 
 abandoned of the imperial tyrants. Ho 
 was at length assassinated, in the forty- 
 fifth year of In 
 
 DONATELLO, whose real name wa* 
 D( iNATO, was born at Florence in 1383, 
 and died in 1466. He ws ,ne best sculp, 
 tor of his age. His principal statues and 
 basso relievos are at Florence, Genoa, and 
 Padua. Among them are statues of St. 
 George, of Judith, and of St. Mark. 
 While looking at the las. of these works, 
 Michael Angelo exclaimed, " Mark, why 
 dost thou not speak to me V* Donutello wag 
 one of the most lil>eral of men. His money 
 he put into a basket, which hung in his 
 room, and from this all his workmen and 
 
 friends were allowed to 
 DONNE, Dr. JOHN, a 
 
 heir wants. 
 ivine and poet, 
 
 the son of a Roman Catholic merchant of 
 London, was born in 1573; studied a 
 Oxford, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn; 
 became a protestant, and was made secre- 
 tary to lord chancellor Ellesmere; but lost 
 his situation, and was imprisoned, for 
 marrying the chancellor's niece. After 
 having long been in confined circumstances, 
 and unable to obtain promotion, he took 
 orders by the advice of James I., who im- 
 mediately appointed him one of his chap- 
 lains. Donne now prospered; for he was 
 chosen preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and had 
 two benefices given to him, and the deane- 
 ry of St. Paul's. He died in 1623. By 
 Donne was commenced that school of poe- 
 try which Johnson denominates the meta- 
 physical. His poems, though they abound 
 with ideas, which are often beautiful, and 
 often forcible, are so ruggedly versified as 
 at times to preserve scarcely the semblanco 
 of metre. In prose, Dofine is the author 
 of Sermons; The Pseudo-Martyr; Biatha- 
 natos; and other works. 
 
 DORAT, or DAURAT, JOHN, a 
 French poet, was born, in 1507, in the 
 Limousin, and died in 15.*8. He was pro- 
 fessor of Greek at the Royal College, anj 
 has the merit of having done much to re- 
 vive Greek literature in France. Of Greek 
 and Latin verses lie is said to hate written 
 above fifty thousand ; and his Fitnch po- 
 ems procured him a place in what wa 
 
 he prompted and took an active part in a j most celebrated living poets. His v 
 angnmary crusade against them. He died however, are but indifferent. Charlt 
 
 in 1221, and was canonized in 1234. 
 Dominic established the order of Domini- 
 can monks, and invented the devotion of 
 Ihe ro- 
 
 DOMITUN TITUS FLAVIUS, a Ro- 
 n emperor, * *e:ond ton of Venpaiian, 
 
 , called the Pleiad, consisting of the seven 
 
 erses, 
 Charles IX 
 
 made him poet laureat. 
 
 DORAT, CLAUDK JOSEPH, a poet, 
 was born at Paris in 1734, and died in 
 1780. His works, consisting of tragedies, 
 comedies, and every species of poetry, to 
 gether with romances, occupy twenty vo 
 
DOR 
 
 toes Thej were at one time exceeding- 
 ly popular; they are now almost as much 
 neglected. Some of them, however, are 
 much ab:>ve mediocrity, .particularly a part 
 of his fables, epistles, and fugitive pieces; 
 his tale of AJphonso; and his. poem on 
 Dec! un-ition. 
 
 DOIIIA, A.vi'REW, a Genoese noble 
 and warrior, wis born at Oneglia, in 1468. 
 After having distinguished himself in the 
 service of various Italian princes, and of 
 his own country, he entered into that of 
 Francis I. of France. In the hope of 
 ameliorating the situation of his native 
 land, Doria aided the French to become 
 masters of Genoa; but, finding that he 
 had failed in his object, he joined with 
 tha Imperialists to expel them. When his 
 purpose was effected, he refused to accept 
 the sovereignty, and his grateful fellow cit- 
 izens honoured him with the title of "the 
 Father and Defender of his Country." Af- 
 ter having performed many other exploits, 
 he died in 1560. 
 
 D'ORLEANS, PETER JosEPH,a French 
 listorian, a member of the society of Je- 
 fiiits, was Ivirn at Bourges in 1644, and 
 died in 1698. He was for some years a 
 professor of literature in various colleges, 
 ind subsequently a preacher. His princi- 
 al works are, A History of the Revolutions 
 if England, three vols. 4to. ; and a His- 
 ory of the Revolutions of Spain, three 
 jols. 4to. 
 
 DORSET, THOMAS SACKVILLE,earl 
 f, a son of Sir Richard Sackville, was 
 jorn at Withyarn, in Sussex, in 1527; was 
 educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and the 
 femple; and was created Lord Buckhurst 
 "ifter his return from his travels. He was, 
 successively, ambassador to Holland, chan- 
 cellor of Oxford, and lord treasurer; and 
 eceived the title of Dorset and tha order 
 >f the garter. He died in 1608. He wrote 
 he highly poetical Induction tc the Mirrour 
 &r Magistrates, and the Complaint of Hen- 
 y Duke of Buckingham; and, in conjune- 
 .ion with Norton, the tragedy of Ferrex. 
 aid Porrex, or Gorboduc. 
 
 DORSET, CHARLES SACKVILLE, 
 .arl of, a descendant of the foregoing, was 
 corn in 1637. He was a favourite of Charles 
 ll. and was dissipated in his youth. His 
 sourage having led him to act as a volun- 
 teer, under the duke of York, in the Dutch 
 vrar, he is said to have composed liis song, 
 "To all you ladies now on land," upon the 
 eve of a battle. He concurred in die Rev- 
 olution, and was made lord chamberlain of 
 the household, and received the garter, lie 
 died iti 1705-6. Dorset was celebrate,! for 
 liis wit, elegance, and good nature. Som- 
 of his verses are lively and pointed. 
 
 DORSEY, JOHN SY.NG, professor of 
 anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, 
 was born in Philadolphj-i in 1783, svvl ro- 
 
 DOU zSft 
 
 ceived an excellent elementary education at 
 a school of the society of Friends. At the 
 age of fifteen he commenced t s ae study of 
 medicine, and pursued it with unusual ar- 
 d.dir and success. In the spring of 1802, 
 1 he was graduated doctor in physic, having 
 previously defended with ability an inaugu- 
 ral dissertation O;i the Powers of the Gas- 
 tric Liquor as a Solvent of the Urinary cal- 
 culi. Soon after he received his degree, tht 
 yellow fever reappeared in the city, and a 
 hospital was open (or the exclusive accom- 
 modation of those sick with this disease, to 
 which he was appointed resident physician. 
 At the close of the same season he visited 
 Europe. On his return in 1804, he imme- 
 diately entered on the practice of his pro- 
 fession, and soon acquired by his popular 
 manners, attention and talent, a large share 
 of business. In 1S07 he was elected ad- 
 junct professor of surgery, and remained 
 in this office till he was raised to the chair 
 of aijatomy by the death of the lamented 
 \Vistar. He opened the session by one of 
 the finest exhibitions of eloquence ever heard 
 within the walls of the university; but ou. 
 the evening of the same day, he was attack- 
 ed by a fever, which in one week closed his 
 existence. He died in 1818. His Ele- 
 ments of Surgery, in two volumes 8vo., is 
 considered the best work on the subject. 
 It is used as a text book in the university 
 of Edinburgh, and was the first American 
 work on medicine reprinted in Europe. 
 
 DOUGLAS, GA WIN, a Scotch poet, son 
 of the earl of Douglas, was born at Brechin, 
 in 1474; studied at Paris; and was, suc- 
 cessively, provost of St. Giles, abbot of 
 Aberbroihock, and bishop of Dunkeld. He 
 was made archbishop of St. Andrew's, but 
 the pope refused to confirm the appointment. 
 The disturbed state of his country induced 
 him to retire to England, where he was pen- 
 sioned by Henry VI [I. He died at Lon- 
 don, in 1521. His translation of the /Eneid 
 is executed with great animation and ele- 
 gance. He also translated Ovid's Remedy 
 of Love, and wrote some original poems. 
 
 DOUGLAS, JAMES, an anatomist, was 
 born in Scotland, in 1675; settled in Lon- 
 don, as an anatomical teacher, and practi- 
 tioner of midwifery ; and died there in 1745. 
 He is the author of A Description of the 
 Muscles; and of other works; and trans- 
 lator ot'Winslow's Anatomy. His brother, 
 JOHN, was surgeon to the \Vestminster In- 
 firmary, a-id wrote; An Account of Mortifi- 
 cation; and various medical essays. 
 
 DOUGLAS, JOHN, an eminent diving 
 and critic, was born in 1721, at Pitten- 
 weem, hi Fife; \\-ns educated at Baliol C<- 
 lege, Oxford ; was present at the battle of 
 Fontenov, as chaplain of the third regimen; 
 of foot guards; and, after having been 
 travelling tutor t<> L'.rd Pulteney, wan re- 
 wnrd^i by th> r>nrl r.f Ha til ". i ; . 
 
DOW 
 
 1>RA 
 
 able church preferment. Having for flora* i tha, a tragedy ; and various ankles ia E 
 years hold the minor dignities of caiun *mt! says by a Society of Gentlemen at Exeter 
 Sean of Windsor, he was made bishop of DRACO, an Athenian legislator. l)ur 
 Carlisle in 1787, and, in 1792, was transfer- 1 ing the period of his arclK-uship, B.C. 623, 
 red to Salisbury. He died May 18, 1807. 'lie enacted a code of laws of such uangui- 
 
 Dr. Douglas was intimate with Dr. John 
 on, and all the most celebrated of his con- 
 temporaries. As a literary character, he 
 
 nary severity that it was said to be written 
 in blood, ft was abolished by Solon. He 
 died in the island of Egina,and is believed 
 
 dbtinguiahed himrelf by castigating Lander j to have been smothered 
 for his attack on Milton; exposing Alexan- 
 der Bower; and entering the lists against 
 Hume, by publishing The Criterion, or a 
 Discourse on Miracles. He also edited 
 Cook's Second Voyage. 
 
 DOUGLAS. S'ee GLENBERVIE. 
 
 DOUSA, or VANDER DOES, JOHS, 
 a Dutchman, who wielded with equal spir- 
 it the sword and the pen, was Lord of 
 IVoordwirk, at which place he was born, hi 
 1545. After haying been sent as ambassa- 
 dor to Queen Elizabeth, he was appointed, 
 in 1575, governor of Leyden, and he de- 
 fended his'charge with heroic courage^hen 
 besieged by the Spaniards. Dousa was 
 made the first curator of the university es- 
 
 tablished at that city, and also keeper of the 
 archives of Holland*. He died in 1604. Of 
 his works, the greatest is the Annals of his 
 -ountry, in Latin verse. His other produc- 
 tions, in criticism and Latin poetry, are 
 numerous. His sons, JOHN, GEORGE, 
 FRANCIS, and THEODORE, were eminent 
 classical scholars. John assisted his father 
 in the Annals. 
 
 DOUW, GERARD, a Dutch painter, a 
 pupil of Rembrandt, was born at Leyden in 
 1613, and was the son of a master glazier. 
 He died in his native city in 1674. The 
 pictures of Douw are distinguished by ex- 
 
 DRAKE, Sir FRANCIS, ancminent na* 
 
 igator, was born, of obscure parentage, ia 
 1545, at Tnvistock, in Devonshire, and first 
 served at sea under Sir John Hawkins, hia 
 relative. From 1570 to 1572, he made 
 three expeditions, as commander, to the- 
 West Indies and the Spanish main, in the 
 last of which he gained a large booty. He 
 next fought with such bravery in Ireland, 
 under Essex, that Sir Christopher Hatton 
 introduced him to Queen Elizabeth. With 
 five small vessels he sailed, in 1577, to at- 
 tack the Spaniards in the South Seas. In 
 this expedition he ravaged the Spanish set- 
 tlements, coasted the North American shore 
 
 quisitely high finishing and splendid colour- as far as the latitude of forty-eight degrees 
 ing, combined with some of the pictorial j north, and took possession of the country 
 merits of his master's compositions. They 
 
 are justly admired, and fetch high prices. 
 Among them is a Dropsical Woman, which 
 
 under the name of New Albion, and then 
 returned home, by the Moluccas and the 
 Cape, after a circumnavigation of nearly 
 
 is considered as a masterpiece, the Young j three years. Elizabeth dined on board of 
 Housewife, the Village Grocer, and the i his ship at Deptford, and knighted him. In 
 
 1585, he successfully at 
 
 Goldweigher. 
 
 DOW, ALEXANDER, a native of Scot- 
 land, was born at L/veef, and bred a mer- 
 
 attacked the Span. 
 
 iards in the West Indies; iu 1587 he de- 
 stroyed many ships at Cadiz ; and in 1588, 
 
 - - ' ' 
 
 ehant, but entered the East India Compa- as vice-admiral, he participated in the de- 
 oy's eeryice, and rose to the rank of lieu- jBtruction of the Armada. He died at IVom- 
 .enant colonel. To the measures of Lord i brc de Dios, January 23, 1596. Plymouth, 
 
 Clive he was a determined opponent. He 
 
 died 
 
 1779. Dow translated various 
 
 works from the Persian, among which are 
 a part of Ferishta's History of the Deccan, 
 and of the Buhar Danush, and wrote the un- 
 successful tragedies of Sethona and Zingi^. 
 DOW. \MA.N, HCGH, a physician and 
 poet, was born in 1740; studied at P>;ilu,l 
 College, Oxford; and, after having been 
 
 which he represented in parliament, is in 
 debted to him for having caused to S 
 brought to the town a supply of water, fKm 
 a distance of several miles. 
 
 DRAPER, Sir WILLIAM, a native of 
 
 Bristol, born in 
 Eton, and Kim 
 
 1721, was educated at 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 Entering the army, he distinguished him- 
 self in the East fndies, became a colonel 
 
 ordained for the church, adopted the medi- in 1760, and acted as brigadier at the 
 cul profession. He settled, and became capture of Bellisle, in 1761. In 1763, he 
 popuhr, in his native city, where he died commanded the land forces at the capture 
 in 1809. He is the author of Infancy, apo- ! of Manilla. But the circumstance which 
 IB; the Land of the Mu?i'e; Pocmn; Edi- ' hav given him most celebrity ii Ki having 
 
ORE 
 
 DRY 
 
 I*, .tired, as the champion j; Lord Granby,' submarine navigation, in which the purity 
 to contend against Junius. In 1779, he of the air was restored by a liquii. 
 was appointed lieutenant governor of Mi- DROZ, PETER JAQUKT, a inecham- 
 norca, and, after the surrender, he preferred j cian, was born, in 1721, at La Cliaux de 
 charges against goveinor Murray, which' Fond, in Switzerland, and died at Bieune, 
 ne failed to substantiate. He died in Jan- in 1790. Amonqr his inventions was a 
 
 ii.iry, 1807. 
 
 DRAYTOX, MICHAEL, a poet, born 
 
 writing automaton, so admirably contrived 
 
 that 
 
 at Atherstone, in Warwickshire, in 1563, 'hand and fingers was obvious to the eye. 
 
 ,ery 
 and 
 
 motion of the articulations of the 
 
 was educated at Oxford; and was patron- 
 ised by Sir Henry Goodere, Sir Walter 
 Aston, the cormtess of Bedford, and the earl 
 of Dorset. To the first of these person- 
 ages he owns himself indebted for a great 
 nirfof his education; in the family of the 
 lust he lived for a considerable period. He 
 died in 1631. Dray ton is the author of the 
 Shepherd's Garland, Baron's Wars, Eng- 
 land's Heroical Epistles, Polyolbion, IS' ym- 
 
 and perfectly similar to those of nature 
 
 DKOZ, HENRY Louis JAQUET, a son 
 and pupil of the foregoing, was born at La 
 Chaux de Fond, in 1752, and surpassed 
 even his father. His close attention to his 
 favourite art brought him to the grave, in 
 1791. Among his inventions were, a 
 drawing figure, and the figure of a female 
 playing on the piano. The player followed 
 the notes with the head and eyes, got up 
 ,vhen it had finished playing, and made an 
 
 phidia, and many other poems. Of his 
 
 works the most fanciful and elegant is the! obeisance to the company. 
 Nymphidia. Headley justly observes of DRUMMOND, WILLIAM, a Scotch 
 him, that fi he wanted neither fire nor iin-|f>oetj son of Sir John Drummond, was 
 agination, and possessed great command of born at Hawthornden, in 1585; was edu- 
 his abilities." cated at Edinburgh; and studied civil law 
 
 DRAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY, a at Bourges. On coming into possession of 
 
 statesman of the American revolution, was 
 
 born h South Carolina in 1742. He re 
 ceived his education in England, and on its 
 
 the family estate, he abandoned the law, 
 
 and engaged in the more attractive pursuits 
 of literature. The loss of an amiable and 
 completion 'returned to his native state. ] beautiful lady, to whom he was about to be 
 Taking an early and active part in the de-l united, drove him to the continent, where 
 fence of colonial rights, he wrote and pub- j he remained for eight years. Returning at 
 
 li.-hed a pamphlet under the signature of 
 Freeman, in which he submitted a "bill of 
 American Rights" to ths Continental Con- 
 gress. On the commencement of the rev- 
 olution he became an efficient leader; in 
 1775 was chosen president of the provin- 
 cial congress; and in March of the next 
 year, was elected rhief justice of the col- 
 ony. In 1777 Mr. Drayton was appointed 
 president of South Carolina, and in 1778 
 was elected a delegate to the continental 
 c -ingress, where he took a prominent part, 
 And distinguished himself by his activity 
 and eloquence. He continued in congress 
 iintil September, 1779, when he died sud- 
 denly at Philadelphia. He left a body of 
 ruliiablc materials far history, which his 
 only son, John Drayton, revised and pub- 
 lished at Charleston, in 1821, in two vol- 
 umes 8vo. under the titlo of Memoirs of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 DREBBEL, or DREBEL, CORNELIUS 
 Van, a Dutch chemist and alchemist, was 
 horn at Alkmaar in 1572, and died at 
 London in 1634. He was a man of talent, 
 with a l.irge portion of charlatanism in his 
 
 length to Hawthornden, he married, 
 had several children. He died in 1649, 
 and his days are said to have been short- 
 ened by grief for the death of Charles J. 
 As a pro.e writer, Drummond produced a 
 History of the five Kings of Scotland, ot 
 the name of James ; a work slavish in 
 principle, and faulty in composition. But 
 as a poet Drummond stands very high for 
 the tenderness, elegance, and fancy of his 
 ideas, and the melody of his verse. His 
 poems have beti. admitted into \arioua 
 collections of the British bards. 
 
 DRYANDER, JONAS, a native of Swe- 
 den, came to England with Dr. Solander, 
 and obtained the patronage of Sir Joseph 
 Banks. He was librarian to the Royal 
 Society, and vice-president of the Linnaean 
 Society. He died in 1810, in his sixty- 
 second year. His knowledge of natural 
 history was extensive, and he possessed an 
 extraordinary memory. He contributed to 
 the Transactions of the Linnrean Society, 
 and drew up a classified and analytical 
 catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks's library. 
 DRYDEX, JOHN, one of the most cele- 
 
 compositicn. Drebfcel pretended to have 
 
 discovered the perpetual motion, and vari- Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire, and was 
 
 ous other undiscoverable thngs; but he educated at Westminster school, nnd Trin- 
 
 h:is le^itimnte claims to the invention of 
 
 the thermometer, and the manner of dye- 
 scarlet, and to the improvement of 
 :3 and microscopes. He is ako 
 to have constructed a vessel f;r 
 
 ity College, Cambridge. In 1G54, after 
 having come in possession of his patrimo- 
 nial property, he removed to London, and 
 is believed to have acted as secretary to Sir 
 Gilbert Pickering, his relation, a member 
 
tat DRY 
 
 of Oliver's council. On Cromwell's de- 
 crase, Dryden paid to his memory the 
 
 tribute of some spirited and highly lauda- 
 tory Heroic Stanzas. When, however, 
 Charles II. was restored, the poet hastened 
 to pour forth his gratulating strains, in the 
 Astrea Redux, and Panegyric on the Coro- 
 nation; and he thenceforth continued true 
 to royalty, in the person of the Stuarts. 
 The first play which he wrote was The 
 Duke of Guise, but his first acted piece 
 was The Wild Gallant, which appeared in 
 1662-0. His subsequent pieces, the last 
 of which, Love Triumphant, came out i 
 1694, are twenty-six in number. The 
 licentiousness of some of them was repro- 
 bated by Collier; the violation of good 
 taste in others was ridiculed by Bucking- 
 ham. In 1667, his Annus Mirabiiis was 
 published; and, soon after this, he was 
 appointed poet laureat and historiographer 
 royal. In 1681, he commenced his career 
 of political satire, by writing, at the desire 
 of Charles II., his Absalom and Achito- 
 plifl, which he followed up by The Medal. 
 He also hung up Shadwell to derision, in 
 the piiem of Mack Flecknoe. When James 
 II. ascended the throne, Dryden conformed 
 to the religion of the sovereign, and was 
 rewarded by an addition to his pension. 
 With the warmth of a new convert, he 
 now t-tepped forth as the defender of cath- 
 olic doctrines, and produced The Hind 
 and Panther, a poem, supremely absurd in 
 plan, but, in parts, beautifully executed. 
 The downfd of James deprived Dryden 
 of all his official emoluments; and he, who 
 already laboured under embarrassments, 
 \\as now left, at an advanced age, with no 
 resource but his talents. His powers seemed 
 to rise with the depression of his fortune. 
 Between 1688 and 1700, in which latter 
 year he died, besides several other works 
 of considerable magnitude, he published 
 his Virgil: that inspired ode, Alexander's 
 Fi-a^t; and his admirable Fables. His 
 tieutli was occasioned by a mortiticatioli in 
 one of his feet. He left three sons, by his 
 wife Lad\ F.li/aLeth, a dang. Her of the 
 carl of Berkshire. The fieniiis of Dryden 
 was not dramatic, but ii<* plays contain 
 
 DUC 
 
 scenes of .Xriking beauty. In satire In 
 
 transcended all his predecessors and con- 
 
 tr;np,.rari:'s. ( )f pathos lie had none. The 
 
 spirit, freedom, grace, and melody of liia 
 
 :i almost, if not whoUy, 
 
 wiih nit a rival. As a prose writer he 
 
 excels in criticism, and lias a style which 
 
 io than common merit. 
 
 DUJOLS, WH.I.IAM, a French card nal 
 and statesman, who has acquired a sinister 
 fame by his vices, was born, in 1656, at 
 Brive la daillard, in the Limousin, and 
 was the son of an apothecary. Having 
 obtained the situation of preceptor to the 
 duke of Chartres, afterwards the recent 
 duke of Orleans, he at once cultivated the 
 intellect and depraved the morals of hia 
 pupil; he acted both as tutor and pander. 
 He, however, secured the attachment of the 
 duke, who, on becoming regent, admitted 
 him into the council of state. Havin" 
 succeeded in negotiating the triple alliance, 
 Dubois was made minister of the foreign 
 department. He was subseqently raised 
 to be archbishop of Cambray, prime min- 
 ister, and a cardinal. He died in 1722. 
 
 DUCAREL, ANDREW COLTEE, an 
 antiquary, born at Caen, in Normandy, in 
 1715, was educated at Eton, and St. John's 
 College, Oxford; was a fellow of the 
 Royal and Antiquarian Societies, commis- 
 sary of the diocese of Canterbury, and one 
 of the commissioners for methodizing the 
 records in the State Paper Office; and 
 died in 1785. His principal works are, 
 Anglo-Norman Antiquities; and Histories 
 of Lambeth Palace, and of St. Catherine's 
 Church. 
 
 DUCHESNE, ANDREW, a learned and 
 prolific French writer, was born, in 1584, 
 at 1'isle Bouchard, in Touraine, and died 
 at Paris in 1640. He was geographer 
 and historiographer to the king. He left 
 more than a hundred folio volumes of docu- 
 ments, copied by his own hand; and, be- 
 tween 1602 and"l640, he published twenty- 
 two works, among which are, Histories of 
 England, of the Popes, and of the Dukes 
 of Burgundy; and a Collection of French 
 Historians. 
 
 DUCIS, JOHN FRANCIS, one of the 
 most eminent of modern French tragic 
 dramatists, was born at Versailles in 1733, 
 and did not begin to write for the stage till 
 he was in his thirty-third year. He died 
 in 1817. The majority oi" his plays are 
 "ice imitations from Shakspeare, and are 
 onourable to his talents; but it would not 
 be easy to prove what his countrymen as- 
 sert, that he has embellished the productions 
 f the bard of Avon. His woiks form 
 three vols. Hvo. 
 
 DUCKWOKTH, Admiral Sir JCHH 
 THOMAS, was born at Leatherhead, in 
 Surrey, in 1748; entered. the navy in 1759; 
 i.l died in 1817. He distinjrau&ed him 
 
DUG 
 
 DL*H 
 
 elf on many occasions, particularly In the brated antiquary and herald, was born, in 
 action of the 1st of June, 1794; the com- 1605, at Shustoke, in Warwickshire*; ww 
 pletc defeat of the French squadron off educated at St. John's College, Oxford* 
 St. Domingo in February, 1806; and the 'was appointed Chester Herald in 1644, 
 dangerous passage of the Dardanelles iu published many valuable works between 
 1807. From 1810 to 1813 he was governor that period and the Restoration; was 
 of Newfoundland. I knighted, and made garter principal king 
 
 DUCLOS, CHARLES PINEAU, a 'at arms, in 1677; and died in 1686. 
 French historian and miscellaneous writer, I Among his most prominent works aie, 
 was born at Dinan, in Britanny, in 1704; j Monasticon Anglicanum; Antiquities of 
 became historiographer of France, member j Warwickshire ; The Baronage of England ; 
 of the Academy of Inscriptions, and per- History of St. Paul's Cathedral : Origines 
 petual secretary of the French Academy; Juridicales; and The History of Imbanking 
 and died at Paris in 1772. Rousseau and Draining. t 
 
 characterized him as " un homme droit et | DUGUAY-TROUtiV, RENE, one of 
 adroit" His conversation was lively, I the most famous of the French naval offi- 
 witty, and satirical, yet devoid of offence, cers, was born at St. Malo in 1673, and 
 Among his works may be mentioned, A died in 1736. He was intended for the 
 History of Louis XI.; Secret Memoirs of church, but was allowed to indulge his in- 
 the Reigns of Louis XI V. and XV. ; and j vincible liking for a maritime life. At 
 Considerations on the Manners of the Age. 
 
 DUDLEY. See LEICESTER. 
 
 DUDLEY, Sir HENRY BATE, whose 
 original name was Bate, was born, in 1745, 
 at Fenny Compton ; was educated for the 
 church; and took orders. Much of his 
 early life, however, was spent in politics, 
 
 the age of eighteen he commanded a pri- 
 vateer mounting fourteen guns; and in hi* 
 twenty-first year he defended a forty-gun 
 ship for four hours against six English 
 
 ag;i 
 vessels, but was at length taken. 
 
 iglisn 
 In 1697, 
 
 he entered the king's service, and he sig- 
 nalized his talents and intrepidity in nu- 
 
 and in witty and convivial society, andjmerous actions. One of his greatest ex- 
 he was engaged in several duels. He es- ploits was the reduction of Rio Janeiro in 
 
 1711, in the course of a few days, not- 
 withstanding the place was deemed im- 
 
 nga 
 
 tablished the Morning Herald, the Morn- 
 ing Post, and other papers; and wrote 
 various dramatic pieces, among which 
 are, The Flitch of Bacon, The Woodman, 
 The Rival Candidates, and The Travellers 
 in Switzerland. Late in life he obtained 
 considerable clerical preferment, and a 
 baronetcy, and was a magistrate for no 
 less than eleven English and Irish counties. 
 He died in 1824. 
 
 DUFRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHON- 
 so, a French painter, a pupil of Perrier 
 and V r ouet, was born at Paris in 1611, 
 and died in 1665. At Rome, where they 
 studied, he and Mignard were known by 
 the name of the Inseparables. Two of his 
 best pieces are in the Museum at Paris. 
 His pictorial works, though meritorious, 
 have contributed less to his fame than his 
 Latin poem on the Art of Painting, which 
 has been translated by Dryden, and also by 
 Mason. 
 
 DUFRESNY, CHARLES RIVIEKE, a 
 poet and comic writer, was born at Paris 
 in 164S, and died there in 1724. He is 
 said to have been a great-grandson of 
 Henry IV. by a female of Anet, who was 
 known as ' the handsome gardener.' Du- 
 fresny was vaL>t de chambre t;> Louis XIV., 
 who heaped favours upon him, but without 
 being able to enrich him. All was lavished 
 upon women, gaming, and g;>od cheer. 
 He was a man of versatile taK-nt, but is 
 now chiclly remembered as a wittv and 
 
 ^.11 . * * T T 1. /* 
 
 spirited dramatist, 
 volumes 
 
 His work.-s f>nn six 
 \Vtr.i.iA-.f, a et!<v 
 
 pregnable. 
 
 DUGUESCLIN,BERTRAND, constable 
 of France, and one of her greatest heroes, 
 was of an ancient Breton family, and was 
 born, about 1314, at the castle of La Motte 
 Broone, near Rennes. He died in 1380. 
 Deformed and disagreeable in person, he 
 was in youth of an untractable and quar- 
 relsome spirit; but he corrected his men- 
 tal defects, and became a model of pru- 
 dence, valour, and honourable principle. 
 " I am very ugly," said he; " I shall never 
 be welcome to the ladies; but I will make 
 myself feared by the enemies of my king." 
 In the wars between John of Montfort and 
 Charles of Blois; in the contest between 
 Pedro the Cruel and Henry of Transta- 
 mare; and in the recovery of Normandy. 
 Guienne, and Poitou, from the English; 
 he acted the most conspicuous part. He 
 was besieging Randam at the time of his 
 decease; anJ the governor insisted upon 
 placing the keys of the fortress on the coffin 
 of the hero, saving that to no other would 
 he yield them up. 
 
 DUHALDE, JOHN BAPTIST, a Jesuit, 
 was born at Paris in 1674, and died there 
 in 1743. He edited the Edifying and 
 Curious Letters, from the niuth to the six- 
 U-iMith volume; but the work by which he 
 is generally known is, A Geographical and 
 Historical" Description of the Empire of 
 China, aad of Chinese Taitary, in lour 
 H'lio volumes. 
 
 ni T H AM F.I. I)F, MOXCF.AU, 
 
pt'lf 
 
 Lotus, a French agr "cuiuiral writer, was 
 born At Paris in l^OJJ, and died in 1780 
 To the Acadc.ny of Sciences, of which lie 
 wa< a i:i;-:u!:er, li fur:ii*hed aho\e .sixty 
 memoirs on agrii_\Kun c. commerce, and 
 shipping Beside* which, lie published 
 numerous works, among which are, A 
 General Treatise in l ; i>h;'ries ; A Treatise 
 on the Culture of the Soil; and A Treatise 
 on Trees and Shrubs. 
 
 DriGKNA.V PATRICK, a native of 
 Ireland, born in 1735, was of the humblest 
 pareiuage, and obtained his education, as 
 a sizer, at Trinity College, Dublin. By 
 dint, however, of some talent, and more 
 industry, he obtained the degree of LL. 1). 
 He practised with success as a barrister; 
 was appointed king's advocate general in 
 1795; and, subsequently, a judge in the 
 prerogative court, and a member of the 
 Irish privy council. lie sat in the Irish 
 and English parliaments, and, in both, was 
 one of the most virulent and illiberal op- 
 ponents of catholic emancipation. He died 
 in April, 1816. He is the author of Lach- 
 rymae Academicae, and of some political 
 pamphlets. 
 
 DIM A MANT, JOHN ANDRE w,whoec 
 real name was Bourlein, an actor and 
 comic writer, was born, in 1754, at Cler- 
 mont, in Auvergne, and died in 182S. 
 During the latter part of his life he was 
 the manager of several provincial theatres. 
 He is the author of more than fifty pieces ; 
 among which are, The French in Huronia; 
 Open War, or Stratagem against Strata- 
 gem; The Night of Adventures; and The 
 Intriguers. He also wrote three novels. 
 
 DUMARSAIS, CJESAK CHESNKAU, 
 an eminent grammarian, was bom at Mar- 
 seilles in 1676. He was successively a 
 preacher, a barrister, a tutor, and a writer 
 for the Encyclopaedia; and spent the great- 
 est part of his life in a state bordering upon 
 penury. Dumarsais was not less modest 
 than he was learned, and he disdained to 
 resort to intrigues to better his condition. 
 He died in 1756. Among his works, 
 which form seven volumes, are, an excel- 
 lent Treatise on Tropes; a Treatise on 
 Logic; and a Method of learning Latin. 
 
 DL'MKSML, MARIA FRANCES, a 
 celebrated tragic actress, was born at Paris 
 in 1713; went upon the stage in 1737; 
 and was popular till the moment of hrr rc- 
 rement in 1775. She died in 1803; 
 Irvine preserved to the la.-U all her intel- 
 lectual faculties. It was in querns and 
 lofty characters, particularly in the parts 
 of Merope, Clytemnestra, Athaliah, and 
 Agrippina, that she most strikingly dis- 
 played her talents. When she exerted her 
 full powers, she surpassed all her theatrical 
 contemporaries in exciting the emotions of 
 pity and of terror. 
 
 DUMMER, JEREMIAH, a native of 
 
 M M 
 
 . Boston, was gnuHmttttl ut Harvard Col 
 
 !(!).', an.l afti-iv. :in!s studied at the 
 university e.f L*-\dcn, with the intention of 
 devling himself to the -.Ministry. This 
 intention In: afterwards abandoned, and 
 turned his attention to politics. In 1710 
 he was appointed a^ent of the province of 
 
 in England; and wrote an 
 admirable defence of the INcw England 
 charters when they were threatened in 1721 
 In the same year he v. as dismissed by his 
 const itue its on account of his general licen- 
 tious deportment, and his political and per- 
 sonal connections with the irreligious Bo- 
 lin^brokc. He died in retirement, in 
 17:59. 
 
 DUMOXT, JOHN, a publicist, a native 
 of France, born in the seventeenth century, 
 settled in Austria, where he was appointed 
 historiographer to the emperor, and cre- 
 ated baron of Carlscroon. He died at 
 Vienna, in 1726. He is principally known 
 by his voluminous collection of Treaties, 
 in eight folio volumes, under the title of 
 A Universal Diplomatic Code of the Law 
 of .Nations; and by his Voyages in France, 
 Italy, Germany, Malta, and Turkey, in 
 four volume?. 
 
 DUMO.VI 1 , STEPHEN, was born at 
 Geneva in 1759, was educated and or- 
 dained to the ministry, was pastor of tho 
 French reformed church at St. Peters- 
 burgh, and afterwards tutor to the son of 
 Lord Lansdowne. At the house of this 
 statesman he formed an intimate connec- 
 tion with some of the most eminent poli- 
 ticians of Great Britain. The French 
 revolution brought him to Paris in 1789, 
 and he was there associated with the lead- 
 ing men of the cause, but became disgusted 
 with the display of violence and cruelty, 
 and returned to England in 1791. Hie 
 intimacy with Jeremy Bentham led to a 
 
 ery singular arrangement in respect to 
 the publication of the works of this extra- 
 
 rdinary man. Bentham wrote his valuable 
 treatises in an obscure and grotesque stjle; 
 and they were entirely remodelled by Du- 
 mont, and made intelligible, before they 
 were given to the world. The works thus 
 produced were published in the following 
 order, Treatise on Civil and Penal Legis- 
 lation, in 1802; Theory of Rewards and 
 
 unishments, in 1811; Tactics cf L*gia 
 lative Assemblies, followed by a Treatise 
 
 n Political Sophi.-ms, in 1816; a Trea- 
 iso on Judicial Proofs, in 1823; Of the 
 Organi/ation of the Judiciary and Cod ill- 
 ation, iii 1828. When Geneva recovered 
 her independence, in 1814, Dumont hast- 
 ened back to his country, and 
 
 in effecting some important improvement 
 in her constitution. He died at Milan i 
 September, 1829. 
 
 DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRAKUI 
 DUPE K IF R, a French g*oer), wa* th 
 
DUN 
 
 on of a military man of talent, who trans- 
 lated the Ricciardetto, and wrote some 
 dramatic pieces, and other works. He 
 was born at Carnbray in 1739, and was 
 carefully educated by his father. At the 
 age of nineteen he made his firsi campaign 
 as a cornet, and before the close of tlv? 
 even years' war had received twenty-two 
 wound's. After the peace of 1763, he" trav- 
 rll;?d in Italy and Portugal. The result 
 of his observations on the latter country he 
 gave to the world, in a work intitled The 
 Present State, &c. In 1768 and 1769, he 
 served with distinction in Corsica. He 
 was afterwards employed as a secret di- 
 plomatist in Poland and in Sweden. The 
 fast of these missions was undertaken by 
 desire of Louis XV. without the knowledge 
 of the minister of foreign affairs, and it 
 consequently brought on Duniouriez a per- 
 secution from that minister. He was even 
 imprisoned for several months; but he re- 
 covered his liberty, and obtained satisfac- 
 tion, on the accession of Louis XVI. In 
 1778, he was appointed commandant of 
 Cherbourg; in 1791, was intrusted with 
 the convnand of the country between Nantz, 
 and Bourdeaux; and, in 1792, was pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant-general, 
 and made minister of foreign affairs, from 
 which office he was shortly afterwards 
 removed to the war department. That 
 department, however, he held only for 
 three days, at the end of which he resigned. 
 He was now placed at the head of the 
 army destined to oppose the Prussian in- 
 vading army under the duke of Brunswick. 
 By a masterly disposition of his troop?, in 
 the defiles of Champagne, he completely 
 foiled the enemy, and compelled them to 
 retreat. He then broke into the Nether- 
 lands, gained the battle of Jemappe, revo- 
 lutionized the whole country, and carried 
 the French arms into Holland. Quitting 
 his army for a while, he visited Paris, for 
 the purpose of endeavouring to save the 
 king ; but in that he failed, and rendered 
 himself an object of suspicion. The tide 
 of military success, too, at length be^a i to 
 turn against him. He lost the ba'tie of 
 Neerwinden, and was forced to abandon 
 the Low Countries. Commissioners were 
 now sent by the Convention to arrest him; 
 and, after having vainly endeavoured to 
 rally his army on his sida, he was com- 
 piled to seek for safety in flight. He 
 subsequently resided in Switzerland, at 
 Hamburgh, and in HoLstein, and finally 
 settled in England, where he was often 
 consulted by the ministers. In the resto- 
 ration of the Bourbons he took no part;' 
 nor did he approve of their conduct. HP 
 -lied March 14, 1S23. Besides The Pre 
 Bent State of Portugal, and some othc; 
 works, Dumciiriez wrote his own Metnoin 
 in threo volume*. 
 
 DUMBAR, WILLIAM, a Scotch p-.ft, 
 i* supposed to have been born about 1465, 
 to have been a native of Lothian, and 
 been educated at Oxford. In his youth 
 he seems to have been a travelling novi- 
 ciate of the order (;f St. Francis, and to 
 have returned from the continent before 
 1503. Church preferment his works prove 
 him to have eagerly so ught, but not to 
 have obtained. He died about 1535. 
 Dunbar was a poet of no inconsiderable 
 powers. F.llis pronounces his style, " whe- 
 ther grave or humorous, whether simple 
 or ornamental, to be always energetic;" 
 and Warton declares his imagination to 
 be " not less suited to satirical than to 
 sublime allegory." Among his best works 
 are, the Thistle" and the Rose; The Golden 
 Terge; and The Freirs of Berwick. 
 
 DUNCAN, WILLIAM, was born at 
 Aberdeen in 1717, and was educated at 
 Marischal College, where, in 1752, he be- 
 came professor of philosophy. He died in 
 1760. Duncan is the author of The Ele- 
 ments of Logic, an excellent work, origin- 
 ally written for Dodsley's Preceptor. He 
 likewise translated Ctesar's Commentaries, 
 and some of Cicero's Orations. 
 
 DUNCAN, ADAM, viscount, a com- 
 mander who contributed largely to the 
 naval glory of his country, was the son of 
 a Scotch gentleman, and was born, in 
 1731, at Lundie, in Angusshire. At an 
 early period he entered the sea service; 
 and obtained a lieutenancy in 1755. From 
 that time he gradually rose, till, in 1794, 
 he became vice-admiral of the white. His 
 promotion was earned at the siege of the 
 Havannah, Rodney's victory .over tho 
 Spaniards, and the relieving of Gibraltar. 
 In 1795, he was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the North Sea fleet. For two 
 years he performed the toilsome duty of 
 watching the Dutch squadron; but was at 
 length forced to quit the coast by mutiny 
 among his sailors. During that mutiny 
 he displayed undaunted resolution. In his 
 absence the enemy put to sea. Duncan, 
 however, came up with them off Campcr- 
 down, totally defeated them, and captured 
 eight sail of the line. For this he was 
 petitioned, and created a viscount. He 
 died in 1H01. 
 
 DUNCOMBE, WILLIAM, born in Lon- 
 don in 16GO, held a situation in the navy 
 office, which he relinquished in 1725, that 
 he might give himself up to literature. 
 He tlied in 1769. He wrote Lucius Junius 
 Brutus, a tragedy; some fugitive poems 
 and prose pieces; and translated Horace 
 
 pUNCOMBE, JOHN, son of the fore- 
 going, was born in 1730; was educated at 
 Benet College, Oxford; and obtained con- 
 siderable church preferment. He died in 
 1786. He wrote The Femencid, and some 
 ;. thre Sernun*; uoiae Anti- 
 
~marian essavs; and assisted \\'\t father in 
 lianslating Horace. 
 
 1)1". \ HAS. (imeral DA VIP, a native of 
 
 DUP 
 
 too from which was printed, in fom 
 \olumes, under the title of The Athenian 
 
 Oni'-le. Hi- \\ as also tlic author of Athe- 
 
 SooUaad, was born at Edinburgh in 1737. nianum ; and of Duntoifs Life and Er- 
 and emeied tin- inilitarv service in 175S. rors. 
 
 He served in (Jermany, at the Ilavainiah, I DUPERRON, Cardinal JAMK* DAVT, 
 at Toulon, and in Corsica, Flanders, ami was l>orn in tlic canton of Berne, in 1556, 
 Holland. On the resignation of the duke ind, after having abjured the prote-:tant 
 of York, Dunda=- was tor a while com- 
 
 a 
 
 mander-in-chief. He died in 1>-1' 
 tactician, he possessed a hi^h reputation, 
 and he contributed much to introduce into 
 the British army the study of tactics. His 
 Principles of Military Movements is a 
 work of considerable merit. 
 Dl'NDAS. See M KLVILLK. 
 DUNNING, JOHN, Lord ASH BURTON, 
 the son of a lawyer of Ashburton, in De- 
 vonshire, was born in 1731, served his 
 apprenticeship to his father, and studied 
 at the Temple. The circumstance which 
 brought him into practice was his drawing 
 up, for the East India Company, u memo- 
 rial against the claims of the Dutch; and 
 his conduct, as counsel for Wilkes, and on 
 other constitutional occasions, established 
 his reputation. In 1767, he became attor- 
 ney-general, but resigned in 1770. Of the 
 American war he was a decided opponent 
 in parliament. In 17S2, he was raised to 
 the peerage, and appointed chancellor of 
 the duchv of Lancaster. He died in 
 August, 1783. 
 
 DUNOIS, JOHN, Count of Orleans and 
 Longueville, born in 1402, known as the 
 Bastard of Orleans, was an illegitimate son 
 of the duke of Orleans. He was one of 
 the most celebrated generals of the age, 
 and received from Charles VII. the title of 
 the Restorer of the Country. lie defeated 
 the English at Montargis, gallantly defend- 
 ed Orleans, and bore the most prominent 
 part in the subsequent expulsion of the 
 English from their French conquests. He 
 died in 1468. 
 
 DUNS, JOHN, usually known as Duns 
 Scotus, and whose acuteness in disputa- 
 tion gained him the appellation of the 
 Subtle Doctor, was born at Dunstance, in 
 Northumberland, late in the thirteenth 
 century; studied at Merton College, Ox- 
 ford ; and bccama head of the schools at 
 die university at Paris. He died, at Co- 
 logne, about the year 1309. His works, 
 proofs of perverted talent, form twelve 
 folio volumes. He differed from Aquinas 
 on the efficacy of divine grace, and his 
 followers were called Scotists. To him 
 la also attributed the doctrine of the Holy 
 Virgin's immaculate conception. 
 
 DUNTON, JOHN, a native of Hunting- 
 donshire, born at Graffham, in 1659, wai 
 a bookseller, in London, but failed it 
 business. He died in 1733. Dunton pro- 
 jected, and witi assistance carried on tor 
 Vnars. the A hen i an Mercury, n teleo 
 
 '.lith, was patronised by Henry III. of 
 Vance, and, stil-s quentlv, by the cardinal 
 f Bourbon. II- however, deserted the 
 nterests of the latter, and was rewarded 
 ,vith the bishopric of Evreux, by Henry IV. 
 Vt a later period, he was employed in 
 ontroversy with the Calvinists, and on a 
 nission to Rome, and he obtained a car- 
 linal's hat and the archbishopric of Sena. 
 He died in 1618. His woiks, literary, 
 liplomatic, and controversial, form three 
 volumes folio. 
 
 Dl PIN, Louis ELMES, an ecclesias- 
 tical historian, was born, in Normandy, in 
 1637; studied at Harcourt College ami the 
 Sorbonne; and became professor of divin- 
 ity in the Royal College. The professor- 
 ship, however, he lost, in consequence of 
 lis religious moderation; and his papers 
 kvere seized, because he had corresponded 
 ivitli Wake, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 relative to a project for uniting the English 
 ind Ciiallican churches. He was also |<-r- 
 secuted by Bossuet and De Harlay, for the 
 candour which he displayed in his great 
 work, The Universal Library of Ecclesi- 
 is.tical Authors, in fifty-eight vols. Besides 
 that work, Dupin wrote many others, and 
 contributed to the Journal des Savans. 
 He died in 1719. 
 
 DUPLEIX, JOSEPH, the son of one of 
 the French farmers general, who was also 
 in East India director, was born towards 
 the end of the seventeenth century, and, 
 in 1720, was sent by the company to 
 Pondicherry, as one of the superior otiicera 
 of that establishment. He was subse- 
 quently placed at the head of the factory 
 of Chandei nagore, which he raised to such 
 a pitch of prosperity, that, in 1742, he 
 was rewarded by being appointed gover- 
 nor of Pondicherry, and director-general 
 of the French factories in India. This 
 high olfice Dupleix held for twelve years, 
 during which he displayed high talents, 
 both civil and military. He formed alli- 
 ances, made and unmade sovereigns, was 
 himself invested with the title of nabob, 
 and was surrounded by all the splendour of 
 an oriental court. In 1754, however, hi* 
 enemies procured his recall, and all his 
 prosperity vanished. He who had exer- 
 cised unlimited authority in India, now 
 languished in poverty at Paris for nine 
 years, vainly soliciting justice and the re- 
 payment of the sums which he had ad- 
 vanced, and died, at length, in 1763, the 
 victim of anxiety and neglect 
 
DUR 
 
 DUPONT DE NEMOURS, PETER 
 SAVUEL, a French political economist, 
 wa* born at Paris, in 1739, and died in 
 America, in 1817. During the revolution 
 he filled several important situations, 
 among which were those of president of 
 the constituent assembly, president of the 
 chamber of commerce, and secretarj, in 
 1814, to the provisional government. He 
 was also a member of the Institute. Du- 
 pont was moderate in his politics, and 
 philanthropic in his views. Among his nu- 
 merous productions are, several works on 
 various branches of political economy ; The 
 Philosophy of the Universe; a variety of 
 Memoirs on natural history and natural phi- 
 losophy ; and a translation of part of Ariosto. 
 
 DUPUIS, CHARLKS FRANCIS, a 
 French philosopher, was born at Trye, 
 near Gisors, in 1742; was educated at 
 Uarcourt College; and was successively 
 professor of eloquence at tl>e college of Li- 
 sieux, and of Latin eloquence at the col- 
 lege of France, a member of the conven- 
 tion, of the council of five hundred, and of 
 the legislative body. Of the latter he be- 
 came president. He was also a member 
 of the Institute, and of the legion of hon- 
 our. He died in 1809. His principal 
 work is The Origin of all Modes of Re- 
 ligious Worship, or Universal Religion, 
 three vols. 4to., with an atlas. 
 
 DUQUESXE, ABRAHAM, one of the 
 bravest and ablest seamen of France, was 
 born at Dieppe, in 1610, and died at Par- 
 is, in 16S8. From the age of seventeen 
 till within ten years of his death, he con- 
 tinued to give proofs of his talents and in- 
 trepidity. Among his exploits are the de- 
 feat of the Danish fleet off Gottenburgh, of 
 the Dutch off Messina, and the bombard- 
 rients of Tripoli, Algiers, and Genoa. 
 
 DURAND, DAVID, a protestant min- 
 ister, was born, in 1681, at Pargoire, in 
 Lower Langnedoc. As chaplain of a reg- 
 iment of refugees, he was present at the 
 battle of Almanza. Being taken prisoner 
 bv the peasants, after the rout of the allies, 
 he narrowly escaped death; and he was, 
 subsequently, in equal danger from^the In- 
 quisition. He escaped, however, and be- 
 came a minister in Holland, whence he 
 was invited to be preacher to the Savoy, in 
 London. He died in 1763. Among his 
 works are, Sermons; a Life of Vaflini ; a 
 History of the Sixteenth Century; and a 
 Continuation of Rapin. 
 
 DUREAU DE LAMALLE, JOHN 
 BAPTIST JOSEPH RENATVS, an eminent 
 translator, was born in St. Domingo, in 
 1782, and died, in France, in 1807. He 
 was a member of the legislative body, and 
 of the Institute. He published excellent 
 versions of Tacitus and Sallust, and of a 
 part of Seneca ; and left an unfinished 
 translate >u of Livy. 
 
 DU29 23i 
 
 DURER, ALBERT, an artist of high 
 talent, the son of a goldsmith, at Nurem- 
 berg, was born in 1471, and was a pupil 
 of .Martin Hapse and Michael Wolgemuth. 
 He excelled at once as a painter, engraver, 
 sculptor, and an architect, and wrote sever- 
 al works on geometry, perspective, and civil 
 and military architecture. He was pat- 
 ronised by the Emperor Maximilian, and 
 other monarchs. He died at Nuremberg, 
 in 1528. 
 
 DURFEY, THOMAS, a comic writer 
 and poet, the son of a French refugee, was 
 born at Exeter, about 1630, and quitted 
 the law to become a writer for the stage. 
 He died in 1723. Durfey was at one time 
 popular, and was admitted to intercourse 
 with the great; Charles the Second wag 
 seen leaning on his shoulder, and he di- 
 verted Queen Anne with catches and songs 
 of humour; yet in his old age he was in 
 straitened circumstances. His plays, thir- 
 ty-one in number, are stained by the licen- 
 tiousness of the age in which they were 
 written, and are now forgotten. His songs 
 and ballads were collected, in six volumes, 
 with the title of Wit and Mirth, or Pillg 
 to purge Melancholy. 
 
 DUROC, MICHAEL, Duke of Friuli, 
 and marshal of France, was born at Pont 
 a Mousson, in 1772, and entered the mili- 
 tary service, in 1792, as a lieutenant of ar- 
 tillery. In 1796 he was appointed aid-de- 
 camp to Bo.naparte. He distinguished 
 himself, in Italy, Egypt, and Syria. On 
 the formation of the imperial court, in 
 1805, he was cieated grand marshal of 
 the palace. He was subsequently charged 
 with diplomatic missions to Prussia, Rus- 
 sia, Sweden, and Denmark. Resuming 
 his military capacity, he fought with dis- 
 tinction at Austerlitz, Wagram, and Ess- 
 ling, and, finally, was slain by a cannon 
 bullet, at the battle of Wurtzen, May 23, 
 1813. Napoleon was warmly attac'ied to 
 Duroc, placed a boundless confidence in 
 liim, and deeply regretted his loss. 
 
 DUSSAULT, JOHN. JOSEPH, a jour- 
 nalist and critic, was born at Paris, in 
 1769, and died in 1S24. He contributed 
 largely to the OrUor of the People, the 
 Truth-teller, and the Journal of Debates. 
 The critical articles which he had insert- 
 ed in the last of those papers he afterwards 
 published in five volumes, with the title of 
 Literary Annals. He also wrote various 
 pamphlets and essays, and several articles 
 in the Universal Biography. 
 
 DUSSEK, JOHN Louis, an eminent 
 composer, born, in 1762, at Czaslau, in 
 Bohemia, was a pupil of Emanurl Bach. 
 After having resided for some years at the 
 court of the prince of Orange, and trav- 
 elled in the north o/ Europe, he went to 
 Paris; thence, however, he was driven by 
 tb revolution; and from 1796 to 1799 b* 
 
23 KAC 
 
 lived in London. He died at Paris, In 
 1812, in the service of the prince of Bene- 
 vento. His compositions, in.in- than sixty 
 in number, arc iDiMural'lo to his tal- 
 ents. 
 
 DUTENS, Lot-is, a misri-llaiH-oiis wri- 
 ter, was born at Tour*, in ITIJO, and d.ed 
 at L .'ii. l.i:i, in 1SI2. In 175S ho became 
 fivrctary ami chaplain to the British min- 
 ister at Turin, who, on hi* return to Eng- 
 land, I/ ft him as churg'* d'affaires. Hr 
 afterwards obtained tin.- living <>f Klsdon, 
 in .Northuiiibet laru!, travclleii with Lord 
 Algernon Perry, and accompanied Lord 
 Mountstuart t < Turin, when his lordship 
 was appointed envov extraordinary. He 
 is the author of various \voiks, of wliirh 
 the principal are, An Inquiry into the Ori- 
 gin of Discoveries, and his own memoirs, 
 under the title of .Memoirs of a Traveller 
 in Retirement. He also published an edi- 
 tion of Leibnitz, in six vo!s. quarto. 
 
 DUVAL, VALKSTINK J AIM KRAI, the 
 on of a poor peasant at Artonay, in 
 Champagne, was born in 1765. Left an 
 orphan at ten years of age, he gained a 
 living by watching sheep, and suffered in- 
 numerable hardships. A hermit taught 
 him to read, and young Uuva! thenceforth 
 displayed an ardent longing for knowledge. 
 Fortunately, the duke of Lorraine found him 
 in a forest, stretched out upon and poring 
 over some maps, and took him under his 
 protection. Duval receiver! a good educa- 
 tion, and ultimately became keeper of the 
 books and medals of the imperial cabinet 
 at Vienna. He died, in 1765, beloved and 
 respected by every one, for his modesty, 
 gratitude, and talents. Besides his mis- 
 cellaneous works, in two volumes, he pub- 
 lished four folio volumes on the coins and 
 medals in the imperial collection. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, an eminent di- 
 vine and writer, was born at Northampton, 
 Massachusetts, in 1752. At the age of 
 thirteen he entered Yale College; and af- 
 ter having graduated, took charge of a, 
 grammar school at New Haven, where he 
 taught for two years. In 1771 he became 
 a tutor in Yale College, where he remain- 
 ed for six years. In 1783 he was ordained 
 minister of Greenfield, a paris-h in the 
 town of Fairfield in Connecticut; where 
 be soon opened an academy that acquired 
 
 KAR 
 
 great reputation. In 1795 Dr. Dwigtn 
 was elected president of Yale College, and 
 his character and name soon brtMght a 
 groat accession of students. During his 
 presidency lie ;ilso filled the office of the 
 professor of theology. He continued to 
 discharge the duties of his station, both ai 
 minister, and pre.-ident of the college, to 
 ill- ;; of sixty-ii\e; when, after a long 
 and painful illness*, he died, in January, 
 1S17. He was endowed by nature with 
 iHicommon talents; and these, enriched by 
 industry and research, and united to Amia- 
 bility, and consistency in his private life, 
 entitled Dr. I) wight to rank among the 
 first men of his age. As a preacher, he 
 was distinguished by his originality, sim- 
 plicity and dignity; he was well read in 
 the most eminent fathers and theologians, 
 ancient and modern; he was a good bibli- 
 cal critic; and his sermons should be pos- 
 sessed by every student (.f divinity. He 
 wrote Travels in New England and i\ev\ 
 York; Greenfield Hill, a poem; The Con- 
 quest of Canaan, a poem; a collection of 
 theological lectures; and a pamphlet on 
 The Dangers of the Infidel Philosophy. 
 
 DYER, Sir JA.MKS, an English judge, 
 was born, in 1512, at Roundshill, in Som- 
 ersetshire ; studied at Oxford and the 
 Middle Temple; and, after having been 
 speaker of the House of Commons, rose to 
 be chief justice of the common pleas, a sit- 
 uation which he held f >r nearly a quarter 
 of a century. He died in 1582. His 
 Book of Reports is much valued by the 
 members of the legal profession. 
 
 DYER, JOHN, a poet, was born, in 
 1700, at Aberglasney, in Carmarthenshire. 
 nnd was the son of a solicitor. He was 
 educated at Westminster School. Origin- 
 ally intended for the law, he resolved to be 
 a painter, and accordingly put himself un- 
 der the tuition of Richardson : but he 
 seems to have failed in reaching excel- 
 lence as an artist. He afterwards took 
 orders, and obtained respectable church 
 preferment. He died in 1758. Dyer pro- 
 duced the poems of Grongar Hill; The 
 Ruins f Rome: and The Fleece. Of 
 these the first is the most popular, and not 
 unjustly, but they arc- all wdtthy of the 
 place which they hold in the collective 
 works of the British poets. 
 
 EACHARD, JOHN, a divine, a native ! of the Clergy; and of two Dialogues, in 
 
 ol Suffolk, born in 1636, was educated at which he attacks the system of llobbes. 
 Catherine Hall, Cambridge, of which, in In these works he displays a large portion 
 
 1675, he was chosen master. lie died in 
 1697. Eachard in the author of The 
 Grounds aiid Occasion* of tb Contf.npt 
 
 of wit and humour. 
 
 EARLE, JOHN, a prelate and writer, 
 born ut York, in 1601, 
 
EBK 
 
 EDG 
 
 237 
 
 to I'rincc Charles, after having taken his 'uiu:n, and Hipcrtiltcndeot of the Hamburg 
 degree at Merton College, Oxford. In \ libi'ary. He died in 1817. His collection 
 1662 hs was made bisliop of Winchester, of books relating to America, amounted to 
 and, next y^ar, was translated to Salia- I more than 3900 volumes, which wcie pur- 
 Inrv. 11s "died in 1665. He transited chased in 1318, by Israel Thurndike, tf 
 int.J Lilin the Eik-m Basilike, but his Boston, and presented by him to the library- 
 principal work, and it is worthy of pern- of Harvard College. 
 
 K.II, is, Microcosm ><jraphv, or a Piece of ! EiJIOM, a disciple of Cerinthns, was 
 \ns Worl.l, dMCovereJ "in Essays and the h?ad of the sect of the Ebionites, which 
 C'.rvra -t TS. It has gone through several arose in the first age of the church, and 
 evii'ioii.4. | denied the divinity of Christ. He is sai.l 
 
 EARLOM, RICHARD, an engraver, ! to have disseminated his heterodox nations 
 b->rn in 1740, was the s >n of tile vestry j in Asia and the ista of Cyprus, and at 
 clerk of St. Sepulchre's, London. His at- ; Rome. Some, however, deny that such a 
 was first attracted to the arts b ; person ever existed. 
 
 the paintings on the lord mayor's coach,! ECHARD, LAURENCF, a native of 
 liid his father was induced to place hiai ! Snilblk, born at Cassam, about 1671, was 
 under Cipriani. He was employed by \ educated at Christ's College, Cambridge ; 
 Boydell, to in ike drawings iVoai the | became archdeacon of Stow, and obtained 
 Houston collection, and those drawings | three livings in Suffolk; and died suddenly, 
 
 -J ' _ _ I !_ 1 -O/~k TT_ I- ..I.... 
 
 he afterwards engraved in me/.zot:nto ; an 
 art in which he was his own instructoi . 
 He died in 1822. His dower pieces, en- 
 graved from Van Huysum, are highly val- 
 ued. Ainonj the other admired produc- 
 tions from his burin are, Agrippina, from 
 
 in 1730. He is a voluminous writer 
 Among his works are, A General Ecclesi- 
 astical History; a History of England; a 
 Roman History; and a Gazetteer. 
 
 ECKHARI), JOHN GEORGE, an anti- 
 quary and historian, was born in the duchy 
 
 West; a ti^er hunt, and other pieces, of Brunswick, in 1674. After having been 
 from ZofFanv; and the first and second I professor of history at Helmstadt and at 
 parts of the Liber Veritatis, from Claude. | Hanover, he abjured the protestant faith, 
 EATON, WILLIA.M, general in the ser- j and was made historiographer and archi- 
 vire of the United States, was born in j vist at Wurzburgh, where he died in 1730. 
 Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1764, and was I Among his principal works are, A Body 
 graduated at Dartmouth college in 17.90. 
 In 1792 he re.-.eived a captain's commission 
 in the arrnv, an 1 served for some time un- 
 
 ler genera 
 
 general Wayne, on the Mississippi and 
 '" 1797 he was appointed 
 
 in Georgia, it 
 consul to the kin 
 tinned there en.i 
 
 dom of Tunis, and con- 
 a variety of adven- 
 
 'of History of the Middle Ages, two vols". 
 folia; the Laws of the Franks and Ripua- 
 ria:is, folio; and The Origin of the Fami- 
 lies of Hapsbiirgh and Guelph. 
 
 ECKHEL, JOSEPH HILARY, an emi- 
 nent antiquary and numismatist, was born 
 5a Upper Austria, in 1736, and died in 
 1793, director of the medallic cabinet at 
 Vienna. Few men have had so extensive 
 a knowledge of medals as Eckhc-1. Among 
 his valuable works on this subject are 
 
 with Hamet bashaw in the w.ir against j .\umaii Veteres Anecdoti, two vols. folio; 
 
 Tripoli; but was disappointed by the con- and Doctrina Velerum Nuiumorum, in eight 
 
 elusion of a premature peace between the vols. 
 
 American consul and the Tripolitan ba- 
 
 t-ares, and negotiations till 1803, when he 
 returned to the United States. In 1804 
 he was appointed navy age.it for the Bar- 
 bary powers, for the purpose of cooperatin 
 
 shaw. On his return to the United States, 
 he failed in obtaining from the government 
 any compensation for his pecuniary losses, 
 or any employment corresponding with his 
 merit and services. Under the influence 
 of his disappointments, he fell into habits 
 of inebriety, and died in 1811. His Life, 
 published by one of his friends in Massa- 
 chusetts, is full of interesting adventure. 
 
 EBELING, CHRISTOPHER DANIEL, 
 was born in 1741, at Garmissen, in Ger- 
 many. He studied theology at Gottingen, 
 but afterwards devoted himself more par- 
 ticularly to geographical pursuits. His 
 great work is entitled Geography and His- 
 tory of North America, published at Ham- 
 burg, in five volume.--, 1793-9. He was 
 afterwards professor of history and the 
 language in the Hamburg gymna- 
 
 EDEX, Sir FREDERIC MORTON, a 
 
 diplomatist and writer on political econ- 
 omy, was employed as ambassador, from 
 1792 to 1796, at the courts of Berlin, 
 Madrid, and Vienna. He died in 1809. 
 Of his statistical works the most import- 
 ant is, The State of the Poor; or, A 
 History of the Labouring Classes in Eng 
 land, from the Conquest, three vols. quarto 
 The Globe Insurance Company was estab- 
 lished by him. 
 
 EDGEWORTH, RICHARD LOVELL, 
 an elegant writer, and an ingenious mecha- 
 nician, was born at Bath, in 1744, and 
 studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and 
 Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Being a 
 man of fortune, he was not constra...ed to 
 adopt a profession, but he amused himself 
 with mechanical inventions, and among 
 other things invented, in 1767, a teleyrapk. 
 
238 
 
 EWV 
 
 row 
 
 After having U felled on the contment 4 he 'captive monarch. He was placed by his 
 settled on his rsta'e in Ireland, where I*? father at the he, id of a large part of the 
 made many agricultural and manufacturing j Angio-Gallic dominions, with the title of 
 uaproYements. lie wrote his own Me- Prince of Aquitiine, and ho took up hi* 
 nioirs; an Essay on Roada and Carriage* ; residence at Bordeaux. One of his last 
 and, in conjancttoa with his highly gifted expbits was the restoration of Pedro the 
 daughter, M"u-ral \voiks t<> ameliorate tlie Cruel to the throne of Castile. lie died, 
 eNi.-tin .-v>tem of education. He died in in F.nifl.ind, in I.'i7(i. 
 
 KDWAKDS, (J KORC.F, a natural histo 
 
 KDMONDSON, JOK rn, origin. d!y a ria <, was horn about 1695, at Wcstham, 
 Nil ber, became rvi heraldic piinter; and, i.i Esse\, and was intended for trade, but, 
 n l?(it, was appointed Mowbray heral.l after ha\ in;' travelled fur some years, he 
 rxtraonlinarv . He died i.i 17s<>. 11 is applied himself to natural history, and 
 ; rincipal works are, a Body if Heraldry, subsisted by colouring and drawing birds 
 tu > \ol>. f.lio; an 1 BarooagiaflQ Geneal- from nature. From 1733 to 1769, he wag 
 ogicum; or, the Pedigrees of tin: English librarian of the College of Physicians. 
 Peers, six voN. folio. j During that period he published his valu- 
 
 EDRIDGE, HENRY, R. A., a* artist, able .Natural History of Birds, and his 
 was born at Paddington, in 1708; studied Gleanings of Natural History, with several 
 under Pether; and, in 1786, obtained a hundred coloured plates. The last volume 
 medal from the Royal Academy. Minia-'of the History is dedicated to the Deity. 
 tures in ivory were his first productions; He died in 1773. 
 
 he next drew" his heads on paper in pencil EDWARDS, THOMAS, a poet and 
 and Indian ink; an.l, lastly, he adopted critic, was born in London in 1699. He 
 water colours. In all these varieties his | studied the law, but, being blessed with a 
 works were excellent. In his latter days, competent fortune, he never practised. His 
 he devoted much of his time to painting leisure hours were given to literary pur- 
 landscapes, which equalled his portraits", suits. He died in 1757. Dissatisfied with 
 He die I i:i 1S21. ; NVarburton's edition of Shakspeare, Ed- 
 
 EDRISI, ABU ARDALLAH MOH AM- wards published some keen remarks upon 
 MED BF.N MOHAMMKD, Scherif ;,1. a ! it, which were coarsely noticed by the 
 descendant of the African princes of the | haughty and petulant editor. This gave 
 ace of Edris, was born at Centa, in 1099, i rise to the Canons of Criticism, by Ed- 
 and studied at Cordova. He settled at thei wards, a work of great wit and acufeness, 
 
 
 .ourt of Roger, king of Sicily, for whom, 
 about 1153, he framed an immense terres- 
 trial gljl;e of silver, and wrote in Arabic 
 a geographical woik to explain the globe. 
 Various parts of this work have been trans- 
 lated. Nothing mure is known of Edrisi. 
 
 EDWARD, Prince of Wale?, surnamed 
 t.ie Black Prince, son of Edward III. was 
 born in 1330. In 1345, he attended his 
 father to France, and, in the ensuing year, 
 he took a eading part in gaining the glo- 
 rious victory of (Ye y. Being invested 
 with the ducliy of Guie'nue, he ravaged the 
 French dominions in 1355 and 1356. It 
 was in the latter year that he won the 
 great Kittle iifl'oicliferf, and distinguished 
 
 Iry 
 
 c'livalrou? conduct to 'he 
 
 in which Warburton is severely handled. 
 Among the productions of Edwards aro 
 fifty Sonnets, which display much elegance 
 and poetical feeling. 
 
 EDWARDS, JONATHAN, was born at 
 Windsor, in the province of Connecticut 
 in 1703. At the age of twelve years he 
 was admitted into Yale College, and at th 
 age of seventeen received the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts. He remained nearly 
 two years longer at Yale, preparing, for 
 the ininistry; and in 1722 went to New 
 York, and preached there with great dis- 
 tinction. In September, 1723, he was 
 elected a tutor in Yale college, and re 
 mained there till 1726, when he resigned 
 his office io order to become the minister 
 of the people of Northampton, where he 
 was ordained in February 1727. After 
 more than twenty-three years of service in 
 this place, a rupture took place betwetr 
 him and his congregation, and he was dis- 
 missed by an ecclesiastical council in 1750. 
 In the following year he accepted a call to 
 serve as missionary among the Indians at 
 Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In 1757 he 
 was chosen president of the college a' 
 Princeton, New Jersey, and accepted the 
 In January, 1758, he repaired 
 to Princeton, \\here he died of the surill 
 pox in the March following. His chief 
 work? nre a Treatire on Religious Afleo 
 
EGE ELB 239 
 
 an Inquiry into the Notion of [ EGIL, or EIGIL, an Iceland warrior 
 Freedom of Will, which is considered the | and scald, or poet, of the tenth century. 
 boat vindication of the doctrine of philo- His valour was signally displayed during 
 nphicul necessity; a Treatise on Original' incursions into Northumberland ana Scot- 
 Sin; and numerous tracts and sermons, j land. The son of Eric Blodyexe, king of 
 Various narratives (fins life, ami editions! Norway, was slain by him in combat; but 
 of his woiks have beer. (.Tinted both in ! Egil soon afterwards fell into the father's 
 Great Britain and tli.3 United States. The ' hands. Eric sentenced him to death. The 
 latest is in ten octavo volumes, p--!nished 'bard, however, averted his doom by re- 
 in New York, in 18CO, a:id 'Baited by ! citing an extempore poem in praise of 
 SMM> E. Dwight. i Eric. Of this poem, called The Ransom 
 
 EDWARDS, WII.MAM, an architect, j of the Head, a Latin version has been pub- 
 was bo: n, in 1719, in (Jl unorganshire, and | lished. Some fragments of Egil's other 
 ilie.l i:i 1789. Origin illy a mason, and i compositions are extant. 
 with little educ.ition, Edwards rose in the EGI.NHARD, a celebrated historian, a 
 
 native of Germany, was a pupil of Aicilio, 
 
 world bv the force of his own genius. The 
 first work wlii h brought him into notice 
 was a single stone arch, of unusual span 
 and great elegance, over the river Taafe. 
 
 His skill and success in that instance ant of his buildings. He died, n 8, 
 caused him to be extensively employed, abbot of Seligenstadt. The stories rela- 
 
 who recommended him to the notice of 
 Charlemagne. The monarch made him 
 his secretary, and afterwards superintend- 
 ant of his buildings. He died, in 839, 
 
 parttcularly in building bridges 
 
 EDWARDS, EDWARD, born in Lon- 
 don, in 1738, was originally a chair maker 
 and carver, but devoted himself with such 
 success to drawing that, in 1773, he be- 
 came an associate of the Royal Academy, 
 and, in 1778, academic il teacher of per- 
 spective. He difd in 1806. He is the 
 author of a Treatise on Perspective; and 
 Anecdotes of 1'ainters. 
 
 EDWARDS, BRYAN, a historian, was 
 a native of Wilts, b >rn at Westbury, in 
 1743; received an imperfect education at 
 a dissenting seminary; and, after the death 
 of r.is father, was taken under the care of 
 a maternal unvle in Jamaica. While he 
 \\as i;i the West Indies, he acquired some 
 classical knowledge, inherited two for- 
 tunes, and became an eminent merchant. 
 In 1796 he was elected mcmbar of parlia- 
 ment for Grampound, and he took a part in 
 the measures for mitigating the horrors of 
 the si, ive trade. He died in 1800. His prin- 
 cipal w.uk is, A History of the British Col- 
 onies in the West In lies, two vols. 4to. ; to 
 wiiicii he subsequently added, A History 
 o(' St. Domingo. The last edition is in 
 five vols. 8vo., of wlik'h the last two con- 
 tain a Continuation of the History, by 
 Davenport. Edwards is also the author 
 of a few elegant and spirited poerns. 
 
 EGEDE, HANS, a Danish divine, born 
 in 1686, who died in 1758, was the founder 
 of the religious missions to Greenland, in 
 which country he resided from 1721 to 
 zeal, and benevo- 
 confidence of the 
 
 natives. He wrote a Description of Green- 
 land. His son, PAUL, who succeeded him, 
 and emulated his virtues, was born in 1703, 
 ind died in 1789. He wrote an Account 
 of Greenland; composed a Dictionary anil 
 Grammar of the language; and translated 
 
 1736, displaying a piety, 
 lance, which gained the 
 
 into that language a. part of the Bibl'. 1 , a 
 oaw other works. 
 
 live to his marrying a daughter of Charle 
 magne appear to be fables. Eginhard ia 
 the author of A Life of Charlemagne; An- 
 nals of France, from 741 to 829; and 
 sixty-two Epistles. 
 
 EGINTON, FRANCIS, the restorer of 
 the art of painting on glass, was born in 
 1737, and died at Handsworth, in Shrop- 
 shire, in 1805. Among his numerous 
 works, all of which are remarkable for 
 brilliancy of colouring and delicacy of 
 execution, are, the Banquet given to the 
 Queen of Sheba, a copy from Hamilton; 
 two Resurrections, from Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds ; Christ bearing the Cross, from 
 .Morales; and the Soul of a Child in the 
 presence of the Deity, from Peters. 
 
 EH RET, GEORGE DENIS, a celebrated 
 botanical painter, the son of a gardener, 
 was born at Durlach, in Germany, in 1710, 
 and di? I at London, in 1770. His great- 
 est w n Us are, The Hortus ClifTortianus; 
 and a Collection of Flower? and Butterflies. 
 He was a friend of Linnaeus, and a mem- 
 ber of the Royal Society. 
 
 ELBEE,GiGor D', general of the Ven- 
 dean royalists, was born, at Dresden, in 
 1752, of a French family, and entered the 
 French service as a cavalry officer. In 
 1783 he resigned his commission, and for 
 several years lived upon his estate in An- 
 jou. On the breaking out of the insurrec- 
 tion in Ve.id e, a body of the royalist* 
 chose him their leader, and he was gubic- 
 quently appointed generalissimo of th 
 whole "army. He had little military talent, 
 but much bravery, and was beloved by hir 
 men. " Mv lads!" he used to exclaim 
 when going" into action, " Providence will 
 give you tlie victory," for this reason the 
 peasants called him General Providence. 
 After having fought many battles, and 
 gained several victories, he was taken 
 prisoner, in 1794, at Noirnioiitier, and put 
 V) death by ihe republicans. 
 
140 
 
 KI.IAS 
 
 nu 
 
 KF.I. 
 
 .1".\ ITA, n celebrated Jcui.V ind disgraced. Arnnn^ (he preatc?t event* 
 
 rabbi, a native of Germany, was l><>m at 
 
 .dt, i:i Brandenb 
 d.fd at Yen 
 
 g, 
 
 l-ll. 
 main year.- 
 
 of Helirrw at V 
 
 Padua. 
 
 j his wi 
 
 irh are 
 
 of her rt-i^n w:is tin 
 armada, HI 1.VN. She 
 
 .f the Spanish 
 
 ,1 March 24, 
 
 d e:h vvis never married, and 
 she was proud of the till;' of the Virgin 
 
 iv valuable, .ire, A Chaldaie, Tal- m. 
 lie, aiid Rabbini 1 
 
 Queen, though it must lie owned that, in 
 
 ...1 a ( Vmmenlary un the Gram- 
 mar of .Moses Kimchi. 
 
 r,I.l< T. JOHN, usually Mv! 
 the Indians, was horn in England in 1604, 
 and educated at the university < f Cain- 
 bridge. In 1631 he emigrated to ' 
 setts, and in the following year was settled 
 in the ministry at Roxbury, where he rc- 
 rnnined till his death. In 1646 he zeal- 
 ously commenced preaching to the Indian*; 
 having previously made himself acquainted 
 with their language, in which he published 
 a grammar and a translation of the Bible. 
 His printed works are numerous. He died 
 in 1()90. 
 
 ELfOT, GF.ORGK Auc.i -srrs, Lord 
 HE ATHKIKLU, the son of a Roxburghshire 
 
 id re- 
 
 main mstai 
 
 render doubtful her right to 
 
 duet was Mich as 
 the titlr. 
 
 With in my of the qu.iliii 
 
 . -lie h.id many weaknesses which der- 
 ogated heavily from her ch u 
 seh;d.ir she h : claims to attention. With 
 
 Greek and I..i''n she w.-.s 
 
 f..,m 
 
 the former she transl.'.ted a ) lay ol Euri- 
 pides, a dialogue of Xenophoii, and tw<i 
 orations of Isocrates ; from the latter, Sal- 
 lust's Jugurthiue War; part of llirace'n 
 Art of Poetry; and Boethius's CunaubitMMM 
 of Philosophy. She also wrote :; Comment 
 on IMato, u feu verges, and various prayers, 
 meditation*, and ppeeches. 
 
 ELLERV, WiM.i AM,H signer of the dec- 
 laration of independence, was born in New- 
 port, in 1727. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard College, auu entered upon the prac- 
 tice of law in his native town. In 1776, 
 
 he was elected a delegate to the continent' 
 
 from which he removed into the horse gre- 
 nadiers. He distinguished himself at l)cl- 
 tingcn, and during the seven years' war in 
 Germany. His laurels, however, were 
 chiefly gained at Gibraltar, of which for- 1 
 tress he was appointed governor in 1775, 
 and which he defended with consummate 
 constancy and talent. The title of Lord 
 Ileathfield and the order of the Bath were 
 bestowed on him as a reward. He died 
 in 
 
 baronet, was born about 171' 
 
 ceived his education at Lcyden. He first 
 
 bore aims in the Prussian service; but re-jal Congress, and was an active and inf.u- 
 
 tnrned to Scotland in 1733, and, in the j ential member of that body. He was suc- 
 
 fullowing year, entered the engineer corps, ccssivclv a member of Congress, a commis- 
 sioner of the continental loanollice, a chief 
 justice of the superior court of Rhode Js- 
 land, and collector of the customs of the 
 town of Newport. He died suddenly ii 
 1820, while engaged in reading Cicero de 
 Ofliciis. 
 
 ELLIOTT, STEPHFX, a botanist and 
 pirn of letter?, was born at Beaufort, 
 South Carolina, in 1771, and received his 
 education at Yale College. On his leturn 
 home he applied himself to the improve- 
 ment of his paternal estate, devoting hi.i 
 leisure hours to history and poetry. At the 
 age of 22 he was chosen to the legkiature 
 of his native state, \vhere ha obtained con- 
 siderable influence, by his knowled-. 
 tention, and power of argument, lie was 
 chosen president of the state bank, establish- 
 ed in 1812, and continued to dis< -has v the 
 duties of this ollicc with ability to th- tin.r 
 of his death. His two voliain s of ihe bot- 
 any of South Carolina are held in high es- 
 timation, and his lectures before -cveral lit- 
 erary and learned societies obtained great 
 applause. His acquisitions in literature 
 and science were extensive, and he left a 
 valuable collection in the several branches 
 of natural history scientifically arranged. 
 He was the chief editor of the Southern 
 Review, and the author of some of its best 
 j articles. He died in iB^O. Most of his 
 
 posed ' >',le danger during t!ie ' productions remain in manuscript. 
 
 reign of Mary, she aseendod the throne in KI.LIS, JOHN, a native of London, born 
 Ikr ri-igii . in 1G'9S, was 1>\ profe.->i..n a 
 
 the nati i hi^li <!^ in 17M2, having poesegfted 
 
 ity, and it ^.i* faculties to !hf last Johnson," 
 
 ELIZABETH, Queen of England, the 
 daughte. of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, 
 was born in 1533; was educated as a 
 
 lso 
 
 nto 
 
 |M*otestant; and was 
 
 ..1 literature. After having 1" 
 
CLL 
 
 Hit frequent guest, said, " The most litera- 
 ry conversation I ever enjoyed was at the 
 table of Jack Ellis." Ellis wrote some fu- 
 gitive poem.*: translated the Surprise, or 
 Gentleman Apothecary; and burlesqued 
 Maplvoeus's additional book to the ^Eneid. 
 He also made a version, which was never 
 published, of Ovid's EpisUes. 
 
 ELLIS, WILLIAM, an agriculturist, 
 was born towards the close of the seven- 
 teenth century, and died after the middle 
 of the eighteenth. He was a farmer at 
 Great Gaddesden, Herts, -\nd enjoyed con- 
 siderable reputation in his time as an ag- 
 ricultural writer, and an inventor and maker 
 of farming instruments. His principal work 
 is, The Modern Husbandman, in eight vol- 
 umes. 
 
 ELLIS, JOHN, a naturalist, was born in 
 London in 1710, and died in 1776. He 
 held the office of agent for Florida and Do- 
 minica, and was a member of the Royal 
 Society, to the Transactions of which body 
 he communicated many papers. He is the 
 author of various works, the chief of which 
 are, An Es?ay towards a Natural History 
 of British Corallines ; and a Natural History 
 of uncommon Zoophytes. Ellis was one of 
 the first writers who established the ani- 
 mal nature of corallines. 
 
 ELLIS, GEORGE, an elegant miscella- 
 neous writer, was a native of London, and 
 received his education at Westminster 
 School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Early in life he was connected with the 
 whigs, and took a share in producing the 
 pungent satire called the Rolliad. He, 
 however, was converted to the party of Mr. 
 Pitt, held an office, and was secretary to 
 Lord Malmesbury, on the embassy to Lisle. 
 He died, at the age of seventy, in 1815. 
 His Specimens of early English Poet?, and 
 Specimens of early English Metrical Ro- 
 mances, bear witness to his taste and re- 
 search. He also added a preface, notes, 
 and appendix to Way's Fabliaux ; and con 
 tributed to the Anti-Jacobin paper. 
 
 ELLSWOflTH, OLIVER, an American 
 judge and statesman, was born at Windsor, 
 Connecticut, in 1745, and was graduated 
 at the college of Nassau Hall, at Princeton, 
 in 1766. Devoting himself to the practice 
 of the law, he soon rose to distinction by 
 the energy of his mind and his eloquence". 
 From the earliest period of discontent, he 
 joiredthe cause of the colonies, and in 177" 
 waw elected a member of the Continenta 
 Congress. In this body he remained for 
 three years, and in 1784 he was appointee 
 A judge of the superior court of the state 
 He was a delegate to the convention for 
 framiiig the federal constitution, and was a 
 senator in the first congress. In 1796 he 
 was appointed chief justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and in 1799 
 was sent envoy extraordinmry to Fratir.e 
 11 
 
 ELS 
 
 241 
 
 The decline of his health induced him to 
 esign his seat on the bench, and he retired 
 o his family residence at Windsor, where 
 ne died in 1807. 
 
 ELLWOOD, THOMAS, a quaker, was 
 )orn, in 1639, at Crowell, in Oxfordshire. 
 ie was an active controversialist, and en- 
 dured considerable persecution. At one 
 ime he was amanuensis to Milton, and to 
 ;his circumstance we are indebted for the 
 Paradise Regained. " Thou hast said 
 much of Paradise Lost," exclaimed Ell- 
 wood, " but what hast thou to say of Para- 
 dise found T' The hint was taken by the 
 mmortal bard. Ellwood, who died in 
 1714, wrote his own Life; Darideis, a po- 
 em; Sacred History; and the Foundation 
 of Tithes shaken; besides numerous minor 
 productions. 
 
 ELM ACINUS, orELMAKIN, 
 GrEORGE, an oriental historian, who is be- 
 ieved to have been a Christian, was born 
 in 1223, and succeeded his father as one of 
 the secretaries to the sultan of Egypt. He 
 died in 1273. Elmacinus is the author of 
 an Arabic chronicle, from the creation 
 down to 1118, which Erpenius translated 
 nto Latin. 
 
 ELPHINSTON, JAMES, a native of 
 Edinburgh, born in 1721, and educated at 
 the university of his native city, was for 
 many years the master of a boarding school 
 in the vicinity of London. He died at 
 Hammersmith in 1809. The translations 
 of the mottos in the Edinburgh edition of 
 the Rambler, in 1750, were made by him. 
 For a considerable part of his life he was 
 engaged in a chimerical attempt to remodel 
 English orthography; and on this subject 
 he published several works, among which 
 is a Selection of his Correspondence with 
 eminent persons. He also produced a bad 
 translation of Martial, and an English 
 Grammar. 
 
 ELSTOB, WILLIAM, a divine and a 
 Saxon scholar, was born, in 1673, at New- 
 castle upon Tyne; and was educated a*. 
 Eton, Cambridge, and Oxford, in whiek 
 litter university he was chosen a fellow of 
 University College. He obtained the rec- 
 tory of St. Swithin, London, in which he 
 died, in 1714. In the Saxon language he 
 was well versed, and translated from it the 
 Homily of Lupus. Unfortunately, he did 
 not carry into effect his design of publish- 
 in< a collection of the Saxon Laws. 
 
 ELSTOB, ELIZABETH, sister of the 
 foregoing, was born at Newcastle in 1683, 
 and was as good a Saxon scholar as her 
 brother. She translated the Homily of 
 St. Gregory, and published a Saxon 
 Grammar. From Queen Caroline she had 
 a trifling pension, which ceased upon her 
 majesty s death ; but she was snatched from 
 poverty, by being taken into the family of 
 the Piiche** of Portland. She did in 1756 
 
142 
 
 EMM 
 
 ELZEVIR. The name of a celebrated 
 family of printers, who resided at Amster- 
 dam aid Leyden. Louis, the first of them, 
 exercised his profession from 1,~>!>2 to 1C17, 
 
 ENG 
 
 fortune much impaired in tht course of hii 
 political career. After some dflil>eratiou 
 i the two professions, for which hfl 
 was equally well qualified, he determined 
 
 and took for his device an eagle holding in favour of" the bar. Contrary to the usual 
 seven arrows, with th" ninUo, Concord ia rules, lie was at once admitted to the bar, 
 res par\;r cro-seimt. This he afterwards ami in a few years rivalled in extent of 
 exchanged fir that of a man standing, with practice and reputation the most eminent 
 
 the motto, \on s'dus; and this was adopt- 
 ed by his successors. His descendants con- 
 tinned in the profession till the end of the 
 seventeenth century. Their editions are 
 numerous, and highly valued. 
 
 WILLIAM, a celebrated 
 
 eph 
 
 his 
 
 mathematician, was born, in 1701, at lltir- 
 worth, near Darlington, and died there in 
 1782. His father wa.s a schoolmaster, and 
 his son succeeded him, but retired from that 
 occupation, and lived on a small property. 
 In his manners he was eccentric and boor- 
 ish; but his scientific merit is great. Among 
 his works are, The Doctrine of Fluxions; 
 Elements of Optics; Elements of Trigo- 
 nometry ; The Arithmetic of Infinites; 
 and Treatises on Algebra, Mechanics, Nav- 
 igation, and other subjects. 
 
 EM I LI AX US, MARCUS JULIUS, a na- 
 tive of Mauritania, of an obscure familv, 
 had risen by his courage to be governor of 
 Moesia, when, A. D. 253, his soldiers pro- 
 claimed him emperor. He defeated Gal- 
 ud, who was assassinated by his own troops, 
 jut he enjoyed the throne only four months, 
 >e, too, being murdered, near Spoleto, by 
 hose whom he commanded. "Obscurissi- 
 :ni natus, obscnrius imperavit," says Eu- 
 tropius, in speaking of him. 
 
 EMMET, THOMAS ADDIS, was born 
 in the city of Cork, Ireland, in 1764. He 
 was originally intended for the medical 
 profession, and after completing his classi- 
 cal studies ?.t Trinity College, Dublin, com- 
 menced his preparatory professional studies 
 at the university of Edinburgh, where he 
 vras graduated in 1784. The death of his 
 elder brother, a member of the Irish bar,|nister and general writer, 
 
 American lawyer?. In 1812 he was ap- 
 pointed attorney general of the state of 
 Xew Yoik. His death took place very 
 nddenly, in 1827. He was a learned and 
 laborious lawyer, and an energetic and el- 
 oquent advocate. 
 
 KMLYX, THOMAS, a native of Lin- 
 colnshire, born at Stamford in 1663, was 
 brought up as a dissenting minister, and, 
 in 1691, settled at Dublin, as assistant to 
 the Reverend Joseph Boyce; but was soon 
 
 interdicted from his pastoral duties, on 
 suspicion ofArianism. His humble inqui- 
 ry into the Scripture Account of Jesus 
 Christ brought on him a prosecution for 
 blasphemy, and he wa heavily fined and 
 imprisoned. On his release, he removed to 
 London, where he died, in 1743. Emlyn's 
 character was amiable and unimpeachable, 
 and he was in habits of friendship with 
 Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and other eminent 
 men. His works have been collected in- 
 to two volumes 8vo. 
 
 EMPEDOCLES, a Pythagorean philos- 
 opher, was a native of Agrigentum, in Si- 
 cily, where he flourished about B. c. 444. 
 He refused the sovereignty, which was of- 
 fered to him by his fellow citizens, and es- 
 tablished a popular government. He was 
 skilled in philosophy and medicine, and 
 had a talent for poetrv. Some ascribe to 
 him the Golden Verses, which others at- 
 tribute to Pythagoras. The story that he 
 died by throwing himself into mount Etna 
 is, probably, ns fabulous as another story, 
 that he was carried away by a cloud. 
 
 EXFIELD, WILLIA M, a dissenting mi- 
 born at 
 
 induced him to relinquish the study of med 
 
 i . i . f .1 l 'n 
 
 icine and commence that of the la 
 
 years having been spent at London in at- 
 
 tending terms in tlie Temple, and the courts Jettres at Warrington Academv; a situa- 
 
 at Westminster, he returned to his native 
 land, was admitted to the bar in 1791, and 
 commenced the practice of the law in Dub- 
 lin. He soon rose to distinction and ob- 
 tained an extensive business. In 1798 he 
 was arrested and committed to prison on 
 account of his connection with the associa- 
 tion of United Irishmen, and remained in 
 the custody of the government till 1802 
 The winter of that year he spent with his 
 wife and family in Brussels, and that of 
 1803 at Paris. In October 186 1 they .-ail- 
 ed from Bordeaux for the United Slates, 
 and arrived in Xew York on the lltli of 
 the next month. H<; was then about forty 
 jrcars of age, .with a large family, and his 
 
 Sudbury in 1741, and, after having been 
 pastor to a congregation at Liverpool, be- 
 came resident tutor and lecturer on belle* 
 
 tion which he retained till the dissolution 
 of that establishment. He died at Nor 
 wich,in 1797. He published an abridged 
 translation of Brucker's History of Philos- 
 ophy; The Speaker; Exercises on Elocu- 
 tion ; Institutions of Natural Philosophy; 
 and various other works : and was one of 
 the principal contributors to Aikin's Bio- 
 graphical Dictionary. 
 
 EXGKL, JOHN JAMKS, a German wri- 
 ter, a native of Mecklcnburgh, was born 
 at Parch ui in 17 11 , and died t'.iere in 1802. 
 From 1776 to 1787, he wa.s professor of 
 morale and literature at lieilin, and had, 
 .subsequent Iv, along w'nh Hamler,the man- 
 agement, Jill 1794, of the Berlin thealr* 
 
EON 
 
 Hit works, which are remarkable for per- 
 spicuity and correct taste, form twelve vol- 
 umes. Among them are, Ideas on the Dra- 
 matic Art; Lorenz Stark, a romance; and 
 two excellent comedies. 
 
 ENGELBRECHT, JOHN, a celebrated 
 German visionary, born in 1599 at Bruns- 
 wick, was the son of a tailor Bad health, 
 misery, and religious fanaticism, combined 
 to overthrow his reason. He fasted at 
 times for a fortnight together, and remain- 
 ed without sleep for a much longer period, 
 and occasionally fell into trances, during 
 which he believed that he was transported 
 to hell and to paradise, and that he receiv- 
 ed the mission of exhorting mankind to re- 
 pentance. He wandered for several years 
 through Germany, published his imaginary 
 revelations, and was not without prose- 
 lytes. At length, completely worn out, he 
 died in 1642. 
 
 ENGLEFIELD, Sir HENRY CHARLES, 
 was born in 1752, and died in 1822. He 
 was a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian 
 Societies, and contributed largely to their 
 transactions. His scientific knowledge was 
 extensive, and he was an excellent classical 
 scholar. Among his separate works are, 
 Tables of the apparent place of the Comet 
 of 1681; On the Determination of the Or- 
 bits of Comets; A Walk through South- 
 ampton ; and a Description of the Pictur- 
 esque Beauties and Geological Phenomena 
 of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 ENNIUS, QUINTUS, an early Latin po- 
 et, born B. c. 237, was a native of Cala- 
 bria, and served in Sardinia, whence he 
 was brought to Rome by Cato the Censor. 
 He was patronised by that eminent man, to 
 whom he taught Greek, by Scipio Africa- 
 nus, and by other eminent characters. He 
 died B. c. 169. Of his Roman annals in 
 verse, poems, tragedies, and other compo- 
 sitions, nothing is extant but a few frag- 
 ments. Virgil sometimes imitated him, 
 which he called picking pearls from the 
 dunghill of Ennius. 
 
 EON DE BEAUMONT, Chevalier 
 CHARLES GENEVIEVE D', a character 
 over whom hung for many years much mys- 
 tery, was born in 1728 at Tonnerre, in Bur- 
 gundy, was originally at the bar, but left it 
 to become a diplomatist, and was employed 
 on a mission in Russia. During the seven 
 years' war, he served, with applause, as an 
 offirer of dragoons, under Marshal Broglio. 
 He was subsequently minister plenipoten- 
 tiary to the British court, but was superse- 
 ded by the count de Guiche. A quarrel 
 arose between them which rendered it im- 
 prudent for him to return to France. For 
 about fifteen years he resided in England, 
 during the latter part of which period 
 iuofatf arose respecting his sex. On his 
 return to Franco, in 1777, he assumed the 
 
 EP1 
 
 243 
 
 gnrb of a female, which he continued to 
 wear till his decease. The revolution de- 
 prived him of a pension, and compelled him 
 to take refuge in England, where he died in 
 1810. He was then ascertained to be of 
 the masculine gender ; but the cause of his 
 appearing ad a female has never been as- 
 certained. D'Eon was a man of talent; 
 his works have been collected in thirteen 
 volumes, under the title of Loisirs. 
 
 EPAMINONDAS, one of the most iU 
 lustrious of the Thebans, brave, patriotic, 
 and incorruptible, was the son of Polymnis. 
 He saved the life of Pelopidas, in a battle 
 against the Arcadians; incited him to lib- 
 erate Thebes from the Lacedemonian yoke; 
 defeated Cleombrotus, and gained tho bat- 
 tle of Leuctra; overcame Alexander, ty- 
 rant of Pheraea; and, at last, fell at Man- 
 tinea, B. c. 363, in the moment of gaining 
 a victory over the Spartans. Cicero con- 
 sidered him as the greatest man that Greec* 
 ever produced. 
 
 EPEE, CHARLES MICHAEL DE L', 
 French abbe, the son of an architect, was 
 born at Versailles in 1712, and died in 
 1789. The greatest part of his life was 
 spent in the philanthropic occupation of 
 teaching the deaf and dumb. His estab- 
 lishment, which was the first of the kind, 
 was instituted by his own unaided exer- 
 tions. He possessed a yearly income of 
 somewhat less than three hundred pounda, 
 almost the whole of which he expended in 
 feeding and clothing his unfortunate pupils ; 
 restricting himself to the plainest food arid 
 the coarsest apparel, in order to provide 
 for their wants. 
 
 EPICHARMUS, an ancient poet and 
 philosopher, who flourished about B. c 
 440, and is said to have reached his nine- 
 ty-seventh year, was born in the island of 
 Cos, and was a disciple of Pythagoras. He 
 wrote fifty-two comedies, all of which 
 are lost, and he is supposed to have been 
 one of the first who gave regularity to that 
 species of composition. He also wrote 
 upon medical and philosophical subjects. 
 
 EPICTETUS, a celebrated Stoic philos- 
 opher, who flourished in the first century, 
 was born at Hierapolis, in Phrygia, and 
 was originally a slave to Epaphroditus, one 
 of Nero's freedmen. Having obtained his 
 freedom, he retired to an humble hut, and 
 gave himself up wholly to the study of phi- 
 losophy. His lessons were greatly admir- 
 ed, and his life afforded an example of un- 
 blemished virtue. Being banished from 
 Rome, with the other philosophers, by Do- 
 initian, he settled at Nicopolis, in Epirus. 
 Whether he ever returned to the Roman 
 capital is uncertain; nor do we know the 
 period at which he died. His memory was 
 so much venerated that the earthern lamp 
 which gave him light was cold for mor 
 
144 
 
 ERA 
 
 than ninety pounds. His admirable En- 
 chiridion, a manual of morality, was trans- 
 ated into English by Mrs. Carter 
 
 EPICURL S, the" fmmder of the Epicu- 
 rean sort, was born E.c. 342, at dock 
 tus, in the > icinity <;f Athens. After having 
 studied at Athens, he resided suecrs.-ively 
 Ht Colophon, ,Mit\lcne, and Lampsacus. 
 At the a^e of tliirty-six he returned to the 
 Athenian capital, and purchased a garden, 
 in which he expounded his system of phi- 
 losophy; whence his followers were de- 
 nominated the philosophers of the p.ird< n. 
 His doctrines became popular, and his 
 disciples were remarkable far their mutu- 
 al affection. He died B. c. 271. Of his 
 works only a fe\v fragments remain. His 
 system is elegantly unfolded in the poe 
 of Lucretius. That its main principles ar 
 fundamentally erroneous, and. lead to dan- 
 gerous consequences, cannot be denied 
 but it is a gross mistake to suppose that 
 Epicurus was a vicious man, or that he 
 recommended vicious practices. On the 
 contrary, his conduct was virtuous, and 
 the pleasure which he taught his pupils to 
 pursue was that pleasure which is attaina- 
 ble by virtue alone. 
 
 EPONINA, a Roman female, who has 
 not unaptly been denominated the heroine 
 of conjugal affection. Julius Sabinus, lier 
 husband, having been defeated in his revolt 
 against Vespasian, he spread a report of 
 his own death, and took shelter in a sub- 
 terranean vault, where he lived concealed 
 with Eponina during nine years. At last 
 the secret was discovered, and Sabinus 
 was led before the emperor. Not being 
 successful in imploring the clemency of 
 Vespasian for her husband, the noble- 
 nr.inded Eponina refused to survive, and 
 she perished with him, A. D. 78. 
 
 ERASISTRATUS, acelebrated ancient 
 physician, a pupil of Chrysippus of Cnidus, 
 was born in the island of Ceos, and lived 
 at the court of Seleucus Nicanor, king of 
 Syria, where he acquired great reputation, 
 by his talents, and by his skilful discovery 
 of the concealed love of Antiochus for 
 Stratonice. He was one of the first who 
 dissected human bodies, and accurately 
 described the brain. Blood-letting he strove 
 to banish wholly from practice, and he 
 disapproved of tapping for the dropsy; 
 but in tumours of the liver he did not 
 scruple to cut open the abdomen in order 
 to apply remedies in contact with the dis- 
 eased organ. In extreme old age, the 
 pain of an ulcer in his foot is said to have 
 liiduced him to put an end to his own 
 existence. 
 
 ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS, one of the 
 greatest scholars of modern times, was 
 born at Rotterdam in 1467. He was the 
 natural son of a person named Gerard. 
 That name signifies amiable in German, 
 
 ERA 
 
 and, after his father's deceact*, he trao- 
 leatd it into the equivalent Greek antf 
 
 Lati 
 
 appellation. He was educated at Devcnter. 
 I laving embezzled his property, his guar- 
 dians took him from school, and, by ill 
 usage, drove him to enter into a convent. 
 In 1492 he took priest's orders. Having 
 completed his studies at Montaign College, 
 Paris, he subsisted by giving lessons to 
 persons of quality. Among his pupils wa 
 Lord Mountjoy, on whose invitation, in 
 1497, he visited England, where he l>e- 
 came intimate with More, Colet, and other 
 eminent men. From 1497 till 1510 he 
 spent in France, the Netherlands, and 
 Italy, during which period he published 
 various works, and acquired high reputa- 
 tion. In 1510 he again came to England; 
 wrote his Praise of Folly, while residing 
 with Sir Thomas More ; and was appointed 
 Margaret professor of divinity, and Greek 
 lecturer, at Cambridge. Returning to the 
 continent in 1514, he vigorously continued 
 his literary labours. Basil was chiefly the 
 place of his residence. Among the numer- 
 
 us works which he now produced, may 
 be mentioned an edition of the works of 
 St. Jerome; an edition of the New Testa- 
 ment, with a Latin translation ; his dialogue 
 intitled Ciceronianus; and his celebrated 
 Colloquies, which, attacking superstition 
 and church abuses, gave such offence to 
 bigoted catholics, that he was branded by 
 "hem as having laid the egg which Luther 
 latched. With Luther, however, whom 
 ie had provoked by his treatjse on Free 
 Will, he was in open hostility. Erasmus 
 died July 12, 1536. A complete edition 
 
 f his works, in ten volume:} folio, was 
 published bv Le Clerc. 
 
 ERASTUS, THOMAS, a native of Ba- 
 den Durlach, was born at Auggenen, in 
 1523; studied at Basil and Bologna; and 
 Became physician to the Elector Palatine, 
 who made him professor of medicine at 
 Heidelberg. His family name was Lieber, 
 or Beloved, which he Grecized into Eras- 
 mis. He died professor at Basil, in 1583. 
 besides several medical works, he wrote 
 a treatise on Ecclesiastical Excommunica- 
 
Bftl 
 
 rion, which was not published till after his 
 decease. It denies the authority of the 
 church to censure or to absolve; and, of 
 course, it was bitterly inveighed against 
 b )th by catholics a nl protestants. It, 
 nowever, made nn.no ous pVoselytes, who 
 were c:il!ed Era.stians. 
 
 ERATOSTHENES, a native of Gy- 
 re IB, born B. c. 276, was keeper of the 
 Alexandrian library duritig the reigns of 
 Ptolemy the third and fifth. At the age of 
 eighty, ha is said to have starved himself t< 
 d.:ath ii c Hiseqiie.iee of his loss of sight. 
 He was at once a geometrician, astrono- 
 mer, jp jgraphrr, philosopher, grammarian, 
 and post. Delambre c inai lers him as the 
 first founder of genuine astronomy. Of 
 hi* works only fragments remain. The 
 method of measuring the circumference of 
 the globe was discovered bv Eratosthenes. 
 
 EilCILLA YZUNIGA, Don ALONZO, 
 a Spanish poet aid sol.lier, was born, 
 abjut 1523, at Bcrmeo, in Biscay; was 
 brought up at ths court of Charles V., and 
 was page to Philip II.; and afterwards 
 fmght against the Arau^anians in Chili. 
 It was while he was serving i:i Chili that 
 he wrote the first part of his Araucana; 
 sometimes on scraps of paper, and some- 
 times on bits of leather. The first two 
 parts appeared in 1577; the whole in 
 1390. He died abiut 1395. In point of 
 merit the Araucana ranks with, or near 
 to, the Lusiad. Specimens of it have 
 been translated into English by Hayley, 
 and also by Boycl. The version by Boyd 
 was printed in the Poetical Register, Vol. 
 
 IV. 
 
 ERICEIRA, FERDINAND MENEZES, 
 count of, a Portuguese statesman and au- 
 thor, born at Lisbon in 1614, died in 1699, 
 was governor of Peniche and Tangier, and 
 filled several important offices in the state. 
 He is the author of A History of Tangier; 
 A History of Portugal from 1640 to 1657; 
 A Life of John I. of Portugal; and various 
 poems aid miscellaneous productions. 
 His brother, Louis, born at Lisbon in 
 16S2, died 1690, was a warrior, a states- 
 man, and a writer. He produced A Life 
 of Scanderbeg; and A History of the 
 Restoration of Portugal. FRANCIS XA- 
 vt KR, a s.>n of Louis, who was born at 
 Lisbon in 1673, and died in 1743, jvus a. 
 worthy rival of his father and uncle. He 
 wrote an epic, called the Henriqueada; 
 many smaller poems ; and numerous papers 
 in the Transactions of the Royal Academy 
 of Lisbon. 
 
 ERIGENA, JOHN SCOTUS, a learned 
 man of the ninth century. The place of 
 hi.s birth is doubtful. llerefordshire.Wales, 
 Ireland, and Ayrshire, have all been men- 
 tioned, but the" latter is the most probable. 
 He studied at Athens. For many yean 
 ha lived at the court of Chjule* UM [laid, 
 
 ERS 
 
 249 
 
 and was tho director of the university of 
 Paris. He was subsequently patronised by 
 Alfred, who appointed him professor of 
 mathematics and astronomy at Oxford 
 tie afterwards established a school at 
 Malmesbury Abbey, whare his scholars are 
 said to have murdered him, on account 
 of his severity. Others state that he died 
 in France. His Treatise on the Nature 
 of Things was published by Gale in 
 1631. 
 
 ERNESTI, JOHN AUGUSTUS, an emi- 
 nent German critic, was born, in 1707, a 
 Tennstadt, in Thuringia, and studied at 
 Leipsic, where he ultimately became pro- 
 fessor of ancient literature, rhetoric, and 
 theology. He died in 1781. Among his 
 numerous publications are editions of Ho- 
 mer, Callimachus, Polybius, Xenophon, 
 Cicero, Suetonius, and Tacitus; and a 
 Theological Library, ten volumes 8vo. - 
 His nephew, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM, who 
 was born in 1753, and died in 1801, pub- 
 lished Opuscula; and editions of Livy, 
 Uuintilian, Ammiaaus, and Pomponius 
 Mela. 
 
 ERPENIUS, or VAN ERPEN, a na- 
 tive of Holland, born at Gorcum in 1584, 
 was educated at Leyden, at which place, 
 after having extensively travelled to im- 
 prove himself, he was chosen professor of 
 Arabic and Hebrew. He died in 1624. 
 Er pen ius had a consummate knowledge of 
 oriental languages ; published Grammars 
 and many other works, to facilitate the 
 study of Arabic and Hebrew ; and trans- 
 lated Elmacinus's History of the Saracens. 
 ERSCH, JOHN SAMUEL, an eminent 
 bibliographer, a native of Silesia, was 
 born at Gross Glogau in 1766, and died, 
 in 1828, principal librarian, and professor 
 of geography and statistics, at the univer- 
 sity of Halle. Among his works are, 
 Literary France, five vols.; A Catalogue 
 of Anonymous and Pseudonymous German 
 Works; and A Manual of German Litera- 
 ture, two vols. He also edited the Jena 
 Literary Gazette, and, subsequently, the 
 Hamburgh Political Journal. 
 
 ERSKINE, THOMAS, lord, the a 
 elebra*vl of modern forensic orators, 
 
240 ERS 
 
 .he third son of the earl of Buchan, and 
 was born in Scotland in 1750. After 
 Slaving received a good-education at Edin- 
 burgh high school and Si. Andrew's uni- 
 rcisity, he went to sea as a midshipman, 
 iindcr Sir John Lindsey. His early fond- 
 ness for the sea, however, soon evaporated, 
 mid, in 17l>8, he entered the armv is an 
 rnsigti of the lirst regiment of foot. With 
 lhat regiment, after having married, he 
 went to .Minorca, where he resided for 
 three years. The scanty pi tance of the 
 rank which he held being but i calculated 
 to support a family, he was persuaded by 
 his mother to turn his talents to the law; 
 and accordingly, in his twenty-sixth year, 
 he commenced his legal studies. B'uller 
 and Wood, both of wham became judges, 
 were his instructors. In 1778, he was 
 called to the bar, and he was instantly 
 successful. The splendid powers which 
 he displayed, in the memorable case of 
 Captain Baillie, placed him at once in 
 the first rank of his profession. His sub- 
 sequent efforts more than sustained his 
 fume. Among the most prominent of 
 them may be mentioned, his speeches for 
 Carnan, Admiral Keppel, Lord George 
 Gordon, Dean Shipley, Stockdaie, Paine, 
 and the persons who were tried for high 
 treason in 1794. In 1783 he was returned 
 to the Commons' House as a member for 
 Portsmouth, and he continued to sit in 
 that house till he was removed to the 
 other. In principle he was a whig, and 
 he was a strenuous opposer of the war 
 against the French republic. On the 
 Causes and Consequences of that war he 
 published a pamphlet, which went through 
 nearly fifty editions. In 1806 he came 
 into office with his friends, as lord chan- 
 cellor, with the title of baron; and when, 
 in the following year, his party was de- 
 prived of the reins of governmen , he 
 retired with the usual pension. During 
 the latter years of his life he laboured 
 under considerable pecuniary embarrass- 
 ment, arid displayed some of those " follies 
 of the wise" which have been too often 
 witnessed in the decline of eminent men. 
 He died November 17, 1823. Besides his 
 tract on the French war, he wrote a polit- 
 ical romance, called Armata, and some 
 pamphlets in favour of the Greeks. But 
 as a writer he has little claim to praise. 
 The pen seems to act on him like a tor- 
 pedo; his style is lax and spiritless. Nor 
 did he stand high as a parliamentary 
 orator. It was at the bar that he was 
 truly in his element. There, his voice, 
 his manner, his rhetorical skill, his copious- 
 ties? of language, and his mastery over 
 the fuelings and prejudices of his hearers. 
 bore away the palm from all his rivals, 
 and, on most occasic is, insured to him a 
 touij.-lete triumph. 
 
 ESCOBAR Y M KN DOZA , A tmion f, 
 
 a celebrated Spanish casuist, horn at Va*- 
 ladolid, in 1589; entered the fociety o" 
 the Jesuits at the a^e of fifteen, was for 
 many years a popular preacher ; and diea 
 in 1669. He is the auth r of several works, 
 extending to forty volumes (most of them 
 folio), the principal of \\hich are, his 
 Moral Theology, and his Cases of Con- 
 science; the last of these, in particular, 
 1'ascal has rendered notorious by the 
 severity with which he has treated it in 
 the Provincial Letters. 
 
 ESMENAK1), JOSEPH ALPHONSO, a 
 French poet, a member of the Institute, 
 was born, in 1770, at Pelissane, in Prov- 
 ence; was connected with several literary 
 and political journals during the revolu- 
 tion; travelled in various parts of Europe, 
 and accompanied General Leclerc to St. 
 Domingo; and was killed, in 1811, by hid 
 horse throwing him down a precipice. 
 He is the author of Navigation, a poem; 
 the operas of Trajan and Ferdinand Cor- 
 t.ez; and some articles in the Universal 
 Biography. 
 
 ESPER, JOHN FREDERIC, a German 
 naturalist and astronomer, was born at 
 Drossenfeld, in Bayreuth, in 17S2, and 
 died in 1781. He was the first who ex- 
 amined and described the curious fossil 
 remains in the subterranean caveins of 
 Bayreuth. On this subject he published 
 An Accurate Description of the Zoolitea 
 of unknown Animals, with plates. He is 
 also the author of A Method of determining 
 the Orbits of Comets, &c. without instru- 
 ments or mathematical calculation. 
 
 ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, earl 
 of, the son of Walter earl of Essex (a 
 man of courage and talent), was born, in 
 1567, at Nelherwood, in Herefordshire; 
 was left by his father under the guardian- 
 ship of Lord Bui leigh ; and was educated 
 by Whitgift at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 After having, at the age of seventeen, been 
 introduced, and received with favour, at 
 court, he sought to acquire fame in arms. 
 Between 1586 and 1597, he distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Zutphen; was ap- 
 pointed to command the cavalry at Tilbury; 
 led four thousand men to the assistance of 
 Henry IV. at the siege of Rouen; and 
 conducted a successful expedition against 
 Cadiz. In 1597, he was created earl 
 marshal of England; and he now held 
 the came place that Leicester had formerly 
 held in the favour of Elizabeth. In 1599, 
 he was chosen to put down the rel>ellion 
 of Tyrone in Ireland; and. on this occa- 
 sion, the queen, who had ai-eady tdiown 
 some sigiib of alienation from him, ex 
 pre.->L".l g:eat dissati.-faction at his conduct 
 Returning unexpectedly, he threw hirnselt 
 at her feet, and was apparently forgiven 
 but bar rigour, and his owa high spirit* al 
 
EST 
 
 length drove him to resist her authority 
 by violence; and he was in consequence 
 beheaded in 1601. Essex was much and 
 deservedly beloved; for he was liberal 
 ha;ide;l and warm hearted, intrepid in 
 the livid, and a patron of literary talent. 
 
 ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, earl 
 of, son of the foregoing, born in 1592, 
 w.is educated at Merton College, and, in 
 1603, was restored to his hereditary hon- 
 ours by James I. Twice he was unfor- 
 tunate in marriage; the first time with 
 Lady Frances Howard, the second time 
 with the daughter of Sir William Paulet. 
 A divorce took place in both instances. 
 Es--ex served in the Palatinate and the 
 Netherlands; was vice-admiral in two 
 maritime expeditions; and lieutenant-gen- 
 eral of the army against the Scotch, in 
 1639. In 1642 he espoused the cause of 
 the parliament, and was placed at the head 
 of the army. At Edgehill, Reading, Glou- 
 cester, and Newbury, he was successful; 
 but, in 1644, he was overcome in the west 
 of England. He died in 1646. 
 
 ESTAING, CHARLES HENRY, Count 
 d', a French admiral, born in Auvergne. 
 He was under Lally in the East Indies, 
 and escaped from an English prison by 
 breaking his parole. He was commander 
 of the French squadrons in the American 
 war, and distinguished himself at the cap- 
 ture of the island of Grenada. At the 
 revolution he became a member of the as- 
 aembly of notables, and was guillotined as 
 a counter-revolutionist, in 1793. 
 
 ESTIENNE, or STEPHEN, the name 
 of a French family which produced many 
 eminent printers. ROBERT, one of the 
 most celebrated of them, was born at 
 Paris in 1503, and died at Geneva in 
 1559. He had a perfect knowledge of 
 ancient languages and the belies lettres. 
 Besides his editions of the Bible, and 
 other works, he gave to the world a The- 
 saurus of the Latin Language; and the 
 first Latin and French Dictionary which 
 appeared in France. His son, HENRY, 
 the second of that Christian name, was 
 
 KITH 
 
 14? 
 
 afterwards employed as a negotiator by 
 his own sovereign. He concluded the 
 treaty with Chai IQS II. for the purchase 
 of Dunkirk ; the treaty of Breda, in 1667; 
 and the treaty of Nimegucn, in 1678. Foi 
 these services he was created marshal of 
 France. lie died in 1686. Some details 
 of his Negotiations, extracted from a 
 manuscript in twenty-two folio volumes, 
 have been published in uino volumes, 
 12mo. 
 
 ETHEREGE, Sir GEORG F, one of the 
 wits and gallants of the court of Charles 
 II., and who was also one of " the mob of 
 gentlemen who wrote with ease," was of 
 a good family in Oxfordshire, and wae 
 born about 1636. He is believed to ha\j 
 been educated at Cambridge. After his 
 return from his travels, he studied law, 
 but soon abandoned it to join the dissipa- 
 ted throng of fashion and libertinism. 
 Occasionally, however, he gave his mo- 
 ments to poetry and to the drama. Besides 
 some lively poems, tinctured with licen- 
 tiousness, he wrote the comedies of She 
 Wou'd if she Cou'd ; The Comical Revenge ; 
 and The Man of Mode; which are not 
 without merit, though liable to the same 
 censure as his poems. He died about the 
 period of the revolution; but it is not 
 certain whether, when intoxicated, he 
 broke his neck down stairs at Rattisbon, 
 where he was envoy, or whether he fol- 
 lowed James II. to France, and ceased to 
 exist there. 
 
 ETMULLER, MICHAEL, a physician 
 of great eminence, was born at Leipsic, in 
 1644; was educated, in his native city; 
 travelled over a considerable part of Eu- 
 rope, to acquire knowledge; became pro- 
 fessor of botany, and extraordinary pro- 
 fessor of surgery and anatomy, at ths uni- 
 versity of Leipsic, in 1676; and died in 
 1683. He wrote many medical works, a 
 complete edition of \\.hich was published 
 by his son, MICHAEL ERNEST. 
 
 ETOILE, PETER DE L', a native of 
 Paris, in the chancery of which city he 
 held an important office, was born in 
 
 born at Paris in 1528, and died in 1598, {1540, and died in 1611. For many years 
 at Lyons, to which city he had removed he kept a diary of events, and even of" pop- 
 
 from Geneva, where he had been compelled 
 to take refuge, in consequence of his hav- 
 
 ular reports. From this collection, which 
 filled five folio volumes, was subsequently 
 
 ing published i satire against the monks, extracted The Journal of Henry III. in 
 Independent of his other publications and j five volumes, and The Journal of the 
 works, among the latter of which is a j Reign of Henry IV. in four volumes. Of 
 Latin version of Anacreon, literature is these, the first' is known to have been 
 indebted to him fur the valuable Thesaurus; edited by Lenglet Dufresnoy, and the sec- 
 of the Greek language, in four folio vol- ond is supposed to have been, 
 umes. Notwithstanding his talents, learn- I EUBULUS, an Athenian comic poet, 
 ing, and industry, he expired in a hos- j flourished about the 101st Olympiad. Of 
 pital. his pieces, of which only fragments re- 
 
 ESTRADES, GODFREY, count d', a|nviin, the number is variously estimated, 
 French warrior and diplomatist, was horn In, in twenty-four to sixty-one. HP. wa 
 at Agen, in 1607; served in the Nether-, fond of enigmatical expressions and 
 aodj unde" Prince Maurice; and was, ing upon words. 
 
*48 ETJQ 
 
 EUCLID, & Grecian philosopher, a 
 disciple of Socrates, was a native of Me- 
 gara, and flourished about four centuries 
 before the Christian era. He was the 
 founder of the Megaric sect, which took 
 its name from his birthplace. 
 
 F.I CLID, an eminent geometrician, is 
 jiaid by Pappus and Proclus to have been 
 a native of Alexandria, in which city, 
 during the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, about 
 B. c. 300, he taught mathematics. It was 
 he who first established a mathematical 
 school there. He wrote on Music, Optics, 
 Catoptrics, and other subjects ; but the 
 work which has immortalized his name is 
 The Elements of Geometry. Of the fifteen 
 books which compose those elements, how- 
 ever, the last two are supposed to be the 
 production of Hypsicles. 
 
 EUGENE, FRANCIS, prince, a grand- 
 son of the duke of Savoy, and son of the 
 count of Soissons, was born at Paris in 
 1663. He was intended for the church, 
 and was known in his youth by the famil- 
 iar appellation of the little Abbe. Eugene, 
 however, had no fondness for theology, but 
 much for military glory. He requested a 
 regiment; was refused; and immediately 
 entered the service of the emperor, as a 
 volunteer against the Turks. So greatly 
 did he distinguish himself, that Leopold 
 gave him a regiment of dragoons. Louvois, 
 the minister, now endeavoured to bring 
 back Eugene and the other French volun- 
 teers, by a menace of perpetual exile in 
 case of disobedience. But the prince 'augh- 
 ed at his threats, and exclaimed, " I will 
 enter France again in spite of him." Sa- 
 voy was the next theatre of his exploits, 
 whence he was recalled on the duke join- 
 ing the French, and was placed at the 
 head of the army of Hungary. Louis 
 XIV. wh had at length discovered his 
 merit, offered him a marshal's staff, a 
 pension, and the government of Champagne, 
 but they were disdainfully rejected In 
 1697, he gained, in contempt of orders not 
 to fight, the decisive battle of Zenta, in 
 whirl! the Turks lost thirty thousand IIK-II. 
 The war of the Spanish succession rait-cd 
 is repntatiop to th<i higli**t r/><h. He 
 
 participated largely in the victories of 
 Blenheim, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet; 
 defeated La Feuillade, saved Turin, ex 
 pelled the French from Italy, and invaded 
 Provence; reduced Lisle; and performed 
 many other splendid actions. In 1716, he 
 routed the Turks at Peterwaradin, and, in 
 the following year, he compelled Belgrade 
 to surrender, after having inflicted on them 
 another ruinous defeat. At the expiration 
 of sixteen years of peace, which he had 
 spent in cultivating and patronising the 
 arts and literature, he was again, in 1733, 
 called into the field, as commander on the 
 Rhine: but no important events occurred 
 He died, unmarried, April 21, 1736. Ac- 
 tivity, daringness, and promptitude in re- 
 pairing his own faults and profiting by 
 those of his adversaries, were the distin*- 
 guishing military qualities of Prince Eu- 
 gene. 
 
 EULER, LEONARD, one of the most 
 illustrious and fertile mathematicians of 
 the eighteenth century, was born at Basil 
 in 1707, and was a pupil of John Bernouil- 
 li. He was one of the learned men whom 
 Catherine the First invited to St. Peters- 
 burgh, and in that capital he resided, as 
 professor, from 1727 to 1741. In 1741, 
 he removed to Berlin, at the request of the 
 king of Prussia, and he remained there 
 till 1766, when he returned to the Russian 
 capital. He died, of apoplexy, at St. Pe- 
 tersburgh, in 1783. For many years pre- 
 vious to his decease he had been "blind, but 
 the privation of sight did not put a stop 
 to his labours. Among the works pro- 
 duced while he was in a state of darkness 
 were The Elements of Algebra, and The 
 Theory of the Moon. His writings are BO 
 numerous, that a mere catalogue of them 
 fills fifty pages. Many of them are to be 
 found in the Memoirs of the Academies of 
 Saint Petersburg!!, Berlin, and Paris, es- 
 pecially in the first two. 
 
 EULER, JOHN ALBERT, a son of t1 
 foregoing, was born at St. Petersburg!) in 
 1734, and died there, in 1800. Though 
 inferior to his father, he was an able 
 mathematician. He was secretary of the 
 Imperial Academy of Sciences, inspectoi 
 of the Military Academy, and counselled 
 of state. Several of his papers, on a:~on 
 omy, mechanics, optics, &c. were pun- 
 lished in the Transactions of various karri 
 ed bodies. 
 
 EULER, CHARLES, the second son of 
 Leonard, was born, in 1740, at St. Pe- 
 tersburgh, and died there, in 1766, phy- 
 sician to the court, and a member of the 
 Imperial Academy of Sciences. He pro- 
 duced a paper On the Motions of the 
 Planets, which some, from its excellence, 
 liavr been disposed to attribute to his 
 father. 
 
 ETLER, Ci(RiTirurm t tlie yourjjn* 
 
BUS 
 
 OB of Leonard, was born at Berlin, in 
 1743; manifested early a genius tor math- 
 ematics; was first in the Prussian artillery 
 service, and afterwards in that of the em- 
 press of Russia, who placed him at the 
 head of a manufactory of arms, near the 
 Gulf of Finland. He was an excellent as- 
 tronomer also, and was one of the persons 
 selected to observe the transit of Venus in 
 1769. The year of his decease is not 
 Known 
 
 EUMENES, one of the most celebrated 
 of Alexander's generals, was a native of 
 Candiopolis, in the Thracian Chersonese. 
 After the death of his sovereign, the g 
 eminent of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia 
 was assigned to him. Severe contests en 
 sued between him and the other generals, 
 which, after he had displayed splendid 
 talents and gained many victories, ended 
 by his falling into the hands of Antigonus, 
 who put him to death, B. c. 315. 
 
 EURIPIDES, one of the three great 
 tragic bards of Greece, was the son of 
 Mnesarchus, and was born in the isle of 
 Salamis, about B. c. 480. Socrates, Pro- 
 dicus, and Anaxagoras were hid instruc- 
 tors in ethics, eloquence, and philosophy. 
 Dramatic composition he began to attempt 
 in his eighteenth year. Some of his finest 
 works are said to have been composed in 
 a solitary cave near Salamis. He wrote 
 seventy-five, or, as others say, ninety-two 
 tragedies, of which only nineteen are ex- 
 tant. In two marriages Euripides was 
 unhappy, and this circumstance is supposed 
 to have rendered him hostile to the female 
 pex. He is said to have been torn to pie- 
 ces by the king's hounds, in his seventy- 
 filth year, at the court of Archelaus, king 
 of Macedon; but some attribute his death 
 to natural decay. In pathos and in moral 
 sentiment Euripides far exceis both of his 
 illustrious rivals. 
 
 EUSEBIUS, smrnamed PAMPHILUS, 
 from his friendship with the martyr of 
 that name, is supposed to have been born 
 A. l>. 267, at Cesar<ea, of which city he 
 became bishop in 315. He died in 339 
 or 340. He was one of the most learned 
 und eloquent men of the Christian church. 
 As, however, he was hostile to Athanasius, 
 bis character has not been spared by the 
 partisans of that personage. St. Jerome 
 calls him the prince of the Arians. His 
 works were numerous!, but many of them 
 are lost. Hi* Ecclesiastical History, which 
 is extant, has gained for him the title of 
 the Father of Ecclesiastical History; and 
 his Evangelical Demonstration induced 
 Scaliger to apply to him the epithet of 
 Divine. 
 
 EUSTACE, JOHN CHETWODE, a ca- 
 tholic .lergyman, of an ancient Lancashire 
 family was educated at Stoneyhnrst ; tra- 
 velled on th continent, a tutor to 
 
 EVE 
 
 849 
 
 young men of rank ; and died at Naples, 
 in 1815. Besides a Political Catechism; 
 the Proofs of Christianity; an Answer to 
 the Bishop of Lincoln's Charge; and a 
 j Letter from Paris ; he is the author of an 
 j excellent Tour through Italy, in two vol- 
 ! nines 4 to. Eustace was also a man of 
 ! pocti.cal talents. He published an Elegy 
 'on the Death of Mr. Burke; and, at the 
 time of his death, had made considerable 
 progress in a didactic poem on the Culture 
 of the Youthful Mind. 
 
 EUSTACHI,orEUSTACHIUS,BAR. 
 THOLOMEW, a celebrated anatomist of the 
 sixteenth century, was born at San Seve- 
 rino, in the Papal territory; studied at 
 Rome; was physician to Cardinals Borro- 
 meo and Julius de la llovere, and professor 
 of the Sapienza College; and died in 1574. 
 He first described the renal capsules and 
 the thoraic duct, and he made several 
 important discoveries, among which is the 
 passage, that now bears his name, from 
 the throat to the internal ear. Some of 
 his works are unfortunately lost, but others, 
 under the title of Opuscula, are extant. 
 
 EUSTATHIUS, an eminent critic of the 
 twelfth century, a native of Constantino- 
 ple, was archbishop of Thessalonica, in 
 which high station he distinguished him- 
 self by his piety and benevolence. He died 
 about 1200. His principal work is a Com- 
 mentary on Homer, which is partly a 
 compilation from preceding commentators 
 and scholiasts. Many of his manuscripts 
 are still existing in libraries. 
 
 EUTROPIUS, FLAVIUS, a Roman his- 
 torian, who flourished in the fourth century 
 Of his life little is known ; but it is certain 
 that he bore arms under Julian, in the 
 Persian expedition. He is also supposed 
 to have been a senator. He is the author 
 of a Compendium of Roman History, in 
 ten books. The oldest edition of it u the 
 folio, published at Rome, in 1471. 
 
 EUTYCHES, un ecclesiasric of the fifth 
 century, who gr.ve rise to the sect of 
 Eutychians, was abbot of a monastery 
 near Constantinople, and was a strictly 
 pious and moral man. In combating the 
 doctrines of Nestorius he fell into the op- 
 posite extreme, and denied the human 
 nature of Christ. Violent disputes in the 
 church, and his own excommunication, 
 were the consequences of his heterodoxy. 
 He died soon after, but his sect existed for 
 a long period. 
 
 EVELYN, JOHN, a native of Surrey, 
 was born at Wotton, in 1620; was edu- 
 cated at Baliol College, Oxford; studied 
 for a while at the Middle Temple ; and 
 then sought refuge on the continent from 
 :he storms of civil war, and resided iu 
 France and Italy till 1651. After his 
 etura to England, he gave his time tc 
 iterary pursuit*. The Restoration, 
 
r.0 
 
 i'A2 
 
 FAB 
 
 %T ; ch ne had lent the aid of r>is | en, m- \vhu-h he was destined, he fled from 
 irodiKt.-i him !rtn public life. He was j and .-ervr;l with great bravery in the Pnw- 
 appointed one of th; commissioners for ! si in and Austrian armies. After h:s ? 
 sick a hi wounde 1 sc unen, and for rebuild- ' i;irn to I. is country, a disappointment in 
 ing St Paul's Om;rh, an. I also a member ! love threw him for" a while into alternate 
 af the b.>ard of trade. When the Royal nu-l.inrholy and dissipation. It was not 
 Society was established he was one of the till iiis twenty-third year that his poetical 
 
 " 
 
 first who was nominated a fello 
 
 J:U:T: 
 
 II. made him one of ihe commissioners for 
 the office of lord privy seal, and William 
 
 III. pave him the situation of treasurer of 
 Greenwich Hospital. His devotion to 
 litrrature, Inwever, continued undiminbh- 
 ed, and he produced many valuable works. 
 Among them are, Sylva, or a Discourse on 
 Forest Trees; Terra, a Philosophical Dis- 
 course of Earth ; Numismata,or a Discourse 
 of .Medals; Sculptnra, or the History and 
 Art of Chalcography; and Acetaria, a 
 Discourse of Sallets." He died in 1706. 
 His Diary, Correspondence, aid Miscel- 
 laneous YYorks, have been recently pub- 
 Jished. 
 
 F.VELYN, Sir GEORGE AUGUSTUS 
 WILLIAM SHUCKBURGH, whose original 
 name was Shuckburgh, was M. P. for the 
 county of Warwick, and a member of the 
 Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He died 
 in 1804, in his fifty-fourth year. He was 
 an excellent mathematician. To the Trans- 
 actions of the Royal Society he contributed 
 various papers, among which are, Obser- 
 vations made in Savoy, to ascertain the 
 Height of Mountains by the Barometer; 
 on the Temperature of Boiling Water; 
 and an Account of the Endeavours to 
 ascertain a Standard Weight and Mea- 
 sures. In the endeavours recorded by the 
 last of these papers he took a very active 
 part. 
 
 EVERTS, or EVERARD, JOANNES 
 ^ECUiinus, best known by his Christian 
 name, was the son of an eminent lawver, 
 who was president of the council of Hol- 
 land ; was born at the Hague, in 1511; 
 studied civi! law under Aliciat; became 
 Latin secret-try to Charles V., under whom 
 he hid served at the sie^e of Tunia; and 
 died in 1536. He is the author of The 
 B-ieia, a collection of amatory poems; 
 eleg.int in their Latinity, but licentious in 
 principle. 
 
 EWALD, JOHN, one of the most emi- 
 nent of the Danish poet!", was born, in 
 17-13, in the duchy of Sleswick. In his 
 early youth he was of a most romantic 
 disposition. Disliking a clerical life, to 
 
 talent wa" displayed. He died in 1781; 
 having long been the victim of a gouty 
 disorder. Ewald excelled in the drama, 
 and in lyric and elegiac poetry. 
 
 EWING, JOHN, an eminent American 
 divine and mathematician, was born in 
 Maryland in 1732. He was graduated at 
 the college in Princeton in 1755, and after 
 wards served as a tutor in that seminary 
 In 1759 he undertook the pastoral charge 
 of the first Presbyterian church of Phila- 
 delphia, which he continued to exercise 
 until 1773. In 1779 he accepted the sta- 
 tion of provost of the university of Phila- 
 delphia, v h-ch he filled until his death. He 
 was elected vice-president of the American 
 Philosophical Society, and contributed 
 several valuable memoirs to their Transac- 
 tions. His favourite study from an early 
 age was mathematics, and his Lectures on 
 Natural History have obtained considerable 
 reputation. He died in 1802. 
 
 FXPILLY, JOHN JOSEPH, a native of 
 Trance, vas born at St. Remi, in Pro- 
 vence, in 1719, and died in 1793. He was 
 an abbe, and obtained clerical preferment, 
 after having been secretary of embassy to 
 the Sicilian monarch. He travelled much, 
 and was an acute observer. His works 
 are numerous, and he acquired the reputa- 
 tion of being the most correct, industrious, 
 and useful geographer of his time. Among 
 his publications are, A Cosmography, in 
 five parts; A Polychrcgraphy, in six parts; 
 an excellent Treatise on the Population of 
 France; and A Geographical, Historical, 
 and Political Dictionary of the Gauls and 
 of France, six volumes folio. The last ot 
 these works reaches only to the letter S. 
 
 EYCK, JOHN VAN, an artist, was born 
 at Maaseyk, in Holland, in 1370, and died 
 in 1441. The intention of painting in oil 
 has been ascribed to him, but it appears 
 certain that it was known before bis time. 
 He, however, was undoubtedly the first 
 who improved it and brought it into gene- 
 ral use. His brother HUBERT, who was 
 born in 1366, and died in 1426, is regarded 
 as the founder of the Flemish school. They 
 were both eminent in their art. 
 
 FABERT, ABRAHAM, a French nar- i tinguished himself greatly in the retreat 
 thai, was born at Metz, in 1599 aiuiculy from Menu in 1635, the battle of Murfe, 
 adopted the military profession I'a iis- 1 and a variety of actions and siege*. IU 
 
FAB 
 
 ited in 1662. Fubert was a man of highly 
 bonourable principles. " It' Fabert can be 
 suspected," said Mazarine, " thfiie is no 
 ma a living in whom WR can place confi- 
 dence." Louis XIV. ort'ured him the blue 
 ribb;>n, but he refused it, because he could 
 not produce tin: necf .ssary proofs of noble 
 descent. lie was told to furnish whatever 
 proofs he thought proper, and they should 
 not be scrutini/.ed. " I will not," replied 
 he, " have my mantle decorated by a cross, 
 and my name dishonoured by an imposture." 
 FABIUS, QUINTUS MAXlMUfl VKR- 
 RUCOSUS, a Roman warrior, was consul 
 f >r the first time A u. c. 517, and had the 
 honour of a triumph for defeating the 
 Ligurians. He was at the head of the 
 mb issy which was sent to denounce war 
 igainst Carthage. After the battle of 
 riirasiinene he was appointed dictator, 
 and by his prudence he held the victorious 
 Annibil at bay; as he likewise did subse- 
 quently to the disastrous battle of Canute. 
 He thus acquired the surname of Cuncta- 
 tor, or Delayer. Fabius died E. c. 204. 
 
 FABRE D'EGLANTLNE, PHILIP 
 FRANCIS NAZAIRK, a French dramatic 
 poet, was born in 1755, at Carcassone, 
 and in early life was a strolling player 
 He had little success on the stage, but he 
 gained friends by his varied talents; for 
 he wrote verse?, drew, engraved, and was 
 a tolerable musician and composer. Hav- 
 ing obtained the prize of the eglantine, at 
 the floral games of Toulouse (whence the 
 addition to his name), he went to Paris, 
 to brinj out several theatrical pieces. In 
 the revolution he took a violent part ; was 
 elected a member of the Convention ; 
 voted f>r the death of Louis; and, finally, 
 was executed with Danton, in 1794. His 
 Corned ie? and Poems form two volumes; 
 of the former, the best are, Moliere's Phi- 
 lintp; the Epistolary Intrigue; and The 
 Tutors. 
 
 FABRICIUS, or FABRIZIO, an Ital- 
 ian physician and anatomist, was born at 
 Acqnapendente, in 1537. He was a pupil 
 of Fallopius, at Padua, and succeeded him 
 in the surgical and anatomical chair of 
 that university. Fabricius was of a noble 
 and disinterested nature, and was held in 
 high esteem bv the P-iduans and the Vene- 
 tian government. He died in 1612. The 
 valves of the veins were first accurately 
 tlfrfi-ribe.l by him. His anatomical works 
 form one volume in folio, and his surgical 
 works another 
 
 FABRICIUS of HILDEN, WILLIAM, 
 a celebrated surgeon, was born at Hilden, 
 near Cologne, in 1560; practised at Berne 
 and Lausanne; and died in 1634. Among 
 his numerous works, forming a folio vol- 
 ume, are Treatises on Gangrene and on 
 Dysentery, and a New Mamie 1 of Military 
 Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 KAB *u 
 
 FABRICIUS, DAVID, a German cter- 
 
 gy man and astronomer, who died at Osterla, 
 in East Friesland, in 1579, discovered tho 
 changeable star in the constellation of the 
 Whale, and made an attempt to reconcile 
 the Ptolemaic system with the observations 
 of Kepler. He is also tha author of a 
 Chronicle of East Friesland. 
 
 FABRICIUS, JOHN, an astronomer, 
 son of the foregoing, was the first who, by 
 means of refracting telescopes, discovered 
 the spots on the sun's disk; or at the 
 least, made the discovery contemporaneous- 
 ly with Galileo. He was born at Osterla, 
 and died in the first half of the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 FABRICIUS, JOHN ALBERT, a Ger- 
 man critic and bibliographer, whom one 
 of his contemporaries called the Librariau 
 of the Republic of Literature, was born at 
 Leipsic, in 1668, and died, in 1736, at 
 Hamburgh, in which city he was professor 
 of rhetoric. He is said to have produced 
 a hundred and twenty-eight works; among 
 which are, Bibliotheca Graeca, fourteen 
 vols. 4to; Bibliotheca Latina, three vols. 
 8vo.; Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica ; Bibli- 
 otheca Latina Mediae et Infinue Latinatis; 
 and Bibliotheca Antiquaria. 
 
 FABRICIUS, JOHN CHRISTIAN, the 
 greatest of modern entomologists, was born, 
 in 1742, at Tundern, in Sleswick. He 
 was the pupil and friend of Linnaeus. 
 Medicine was the profession which he 
 adopted; but his principal attention was 
 turned to entomology, and, for the purpose 
 of improving that science, he visited all the 
 museums of northern and central Europe. 
 He died at Copenhagen, in 1807. The 
 calamities to which his country was then 
 exposed are said to have been mainly 
 instrumental in causing his death. Fabri- 
 cius was counsellor to the Danish monarch, 
 and professor of rural and political econ- 
 omy. He is the author of Systema En- 
 tomologia; ; Philosophia Entomologia ; 
 Entomologia Systematica; Systema Eleu- 
 theratorum; and other works, both on his 
 favourite science and on political economy. 
 It is from the organs of the mouth thai 
 Fabricius classifies the insect tribes. 
 
 FABRIS, NICHOLAS, an Italian mechji- 
 nician, was born at Chioggia, in 1731, and 
 died there in 1801 . He was of the clerical 
 profession. Among his numerous and ingen- 
 ious inventions were, a pianoforte which, 
 while it played, noted down the music; 
 a barrel which excluded air by contractirsg 
 in the interior as the liquor was Hro,,-a 
 off; a wooden hand to beat tin" , - ..> ^ 
 which marked at once the i r" ^ M Ital- 
 ian hours, minutes am' ^oiids, with the 
 equinoxes and solstices, and a species ot 
 clock, of which a magnet was the motive 
 power. 
 
 FABRONI, ANO*I j, a learned 
 
28) FA1 
 
 was burn, n 1732, at Marradi, in r^ 
 Tuscan territory; was prior of the church 
 of St. Lorenzo, at Florence; and was 
 patronised by the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 Popes Benedict XIV. and Clement XIV ., 
 and other illustrious characters. He trav- 
 elled to examine the libraries of England, 
 France, and Germany, and corresponded 
 wirh the most eminent of his contempora- 
 rli'f. He died in 1S03. His greatest work 
 is, Lhes i>f tl>e principal Italian Scholars 
 of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Cen- 
 turies, in twenty volumes. But he pub- 
 lished many others; among which are, 
 Lives of Lorenzo and Cosmo de Medici, 
 and of Leo X. ; and Eulogies of illustrious 
 Italians. He likewise edited a Literary 
 Journal, which extended to a hundred and 
 ten volumes. 
 
 FAGEL, CASPAR, an eminent Dutch 
 statesman, was born at Haerlem, in 1629, 
 and died in 1688. He was grand pen- 
 sionary of Holland, and distinguished him- 
 self on various occasions; particularly by 
 bis firmness when Louis XIV. invaded the 
 country, and by the activity and spirit with 
 which he seconded the plans of the prince 
 of Orange, for the expulsion of James II. 
 from England. 
 
 FAGIUOLI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian 
 comic and burlesque poet, a member of 
 the Apatisti Academy, was born at Flor- 
 ence, in 1660, and died in 1742. Early 
 in life he was celebrated for his wit, 
 pleasantry, and facetiousness, and he con- 
 tinu~d to be so till the end of his days. 
 But, though his company was consequently 
 sougnt by the grand duke, and by other 
 elevated character?, lie obtained but scanty 
 patronage. He is the author of two vol- 
 umes of Burlesque Poetry ; seven volumes 
 of Comedies; and a volume of Miscella- 
 nies in prose. 
 
 FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL, 
 an experimental philosopher, a native of 
 Dantzick, was born in 1686, and died in 
 1736. He improved the thermometer, by 
 adopting mercury instead of spirit of wine, 
 and formed that scale which is used in 
 England. At the time of his decease he 
 was engaged in constructing a machine for 
 draining th? Dutch marshes. He wrote a 
 Dissertation on Thermometers ; and some 
 papers in the Philosophical Transactions, 
 and in the Leipsic Acta Eruditorum. 
 
 FAIRFAX, EDWARD, a poet, the son of 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in York- 
 shire, was a country gentleman, residing 
 at Newhill, in Knaresborough Forest, anu 
 died about 1632. He wrote Eclogues, 
 only one of which is extant, some other 
 loet poems, and a Treatise on Demonology ; 
 but the work which ensure* his lusting 
 iJtrnc is a translation of Tasso's Godfrey of 
 Bulloigne, which first appeared in 1600. 
 Fairfax ha* executed hi* utfk with * 
 
 felicity which, uu the whole, hat ot yd 
 I IK en surpassed; and, though he sometime* 
 deviates from his author, he often adds new 
 beauties to him. 
 
 FAIRFAX, THOMAS, Lord, one of lh 
 principal generals in the civil wars, waj 
 the eldest son of Lord Fairfax, and wa 
 iborn, in 1611, at Denton, in Yoikshire. 
 jThe love of a military life induced him 
 to (jtiit St. John's College, Cambridge, to 
 serve as a volunteer, in the Netherlands, 
 I under Vere. When the war broke out 
 between Chnrl-s I. and the Parliament, 
 Fairfax espoused the cause of the latter. 
 In some of his earliest actions he was 
 unsuccessful; but he distinguished himself 
 at Marston Moor, and he was appointed 
 general in chief when Essex resigned. 
 After having been victorious at Naseby, 
 he reduced the West to obedience, and 
 compelled Colchester to surrender. To 
 the execution of the dethroned monarch 
 he was hostile. At length, he withdrew 
 from all public employments, and he ulti- 
 mately contributed to* the restoration of 
 Charles II. He died in 1671. Fairfax 
 wrote his own Memoirs, and a few poems. 
 
 FALCONER, WILLIAM, a poet, boru 
 about 1730, was the son of a barber at 
 Edinburgh; entered the merchant service 
 when young; rose to be second mate ; and 
 was cast away in the Levant. He was, 
 afterwards, a midshipman in the Royal 
 George, and, next, purser of the Glory. 
 In 1769, he was appointed purser of the 
 Aurora, in which ship he is supposed to 
 have been lost, on her voyage to India. 
 He is the author of The Shipwreck, a 
 poem; some minor poetical productions; 
 and a Marine Dictionary. His lesser 
 poems, with the exception of The Storm, 
 a song, have little to recommend them; 
 but his Shipwreck is a work which entitle* 
 him to hold an honourable place among 
 British poets. 
 
 FALCONER, WILLIAM, a physician, 
 was born in 1743, and died in 1824, at 
 Bath, where he was highly popular in hia 
 medical capacity. To him belongs the dis- 
 covery of the properties of carbonic acid 
 gas, which has been erroneously attributed 
 to Dr. Priestley. He wrote many works 
 on medical subjects; among which are, 
 On the Influence of Climate; on the Bath 
 Waters; On the Poison of Copper; and 
 On the Influence of the Passions. He 
 also translated Arrian's Voyage round the 
 Euxine Sea. 
 
 FALCONET, STEPHEN MAURICE, a 
 French sculptor, was born at Paris, in 
 1716, and died in 1791. His parent* were 
 in humble circumstances, he received little 
 education, and was apprenticed to a cutter 
 
 of barber's blocks; but he spent every 
 in modelling ; obtained the 
 
 leisure moment ii 
 
 patronage of Lemoine, the" sculptor ; KM* 
 
FAN 
 
 ) eminence ttt an aitiet; and, by dint of 
 atudy, became an excellent scholar. In 
 1766 lie was invited to Russia, to execute 
 the statue of Peter the Great, and he re- 
 lided there for twelve years. Among his 
 best works are, Milo of Cotrona; Pygma- 
 lion; a threatening Cupid; Moses; David; 
 and St. Ambrose. His writings, on the fine 
 art?, form six volumes 8vo 
 
 FALIEllO, MARINO, a Venetian noble, 
 after having held several important offices, 
 succeeded Andrew Dandolo, as doge of 
 Venice, in 1354. He was then seventy-six 
 years of age, and had a young and beau- 
 tiful wife. Jealous of Michael Steno, he 
 quarrelled with and was insulted by him at 
 a masquerade. For the insult Steno was 
 condemned to a month's imprisonment; a 
 punishment which Faliero deemed so in- 
 adequate, that, burning with rrvenge, he 
 entered into a plot with the plebeians, to 
 overturn the government, and massacre the 
 patricians. The conspiracy was discov- 
 ered on the night before it was to be carried 
 into effect, and Faliero Avas decapitated, 
 April 17, 1355. This story forms the 
 subject of a tragedy by Lord Byron. 
 
 FALKLAND, Lucius CARY, vis- 
 count, one of the most virtuous of all who 
 bore a part in the civil war of 1641, was 
 born about 1610; was educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and St. John's College", 
 Cambridge; and, after having travelled, 
 and married, gave himself up, for some 
 years, to the cultivation of literature in 
 elegant retirement. In 1640, he was cho- 
 sen a member of the House of Commons, 
 and, at the outset, he espoused the cause of 
 the parliament. At length, believing that 
 the subversion of the monarchy was in- 
 tended, he joined the king's party, and was 
 made secretary of state. The restoration 
 of peace was the constant object of his 
 prayers. He fell, acting as a volunteer, at 
 the battle of Newbury, in 1643. Some of 
 his Speeches and Controversial Tracts are 
 extant. 
 
 FALLOPIO, or FALLOPIUS, G, - 
 BRIKL, an eminent anatomist and physi- 
 cian, vis born at Modena, in 1523 (but 
 some erroneously date his birth in 1490) ; 
 studied at Ferrara and Padua; was ana- 
 tomical professor for three years at Pisa; 
 was chosen, in 1551, by the Venetian se- 
 nate, to fill the chair of anatomy and sur- 
 gery at Padua; and died in 1562. Of his 
 works the chief bears the title of Anatom- 
 ical Observations. Anatomy is indebted 
 to him for many important discoveries in 
 various parts of the body, and for the first 
 correct description of the bones and vessels 
 of the foetus. The Fallopian tubes in fe- 
 males are named from him. 
 
 FANSHAW, Sir RICHARD, a diplo- 
 statist and poet, was born, in 1607, at 
 Ware Park, Harts; studied at J*us Col- 
 
 TAR 
 
 253 
 
 lege, Cambridge, and the Inner Temple; 
 was appointed resident at Madrid, in 
 1635; took an active part on the roya 
 side throughout the civil war; and was 
 imprisoned after the battle of Worcester. 
 Charles II. knighted him; made him may. 
 ter of requests, and Latin secretary ; and 
 thrice employed him as ambassador to 
 Portugal and" Spain. Fan.shaw died at 
 Madrid, in 1666. He translated the Lu- 
 siad, the Pastor Fido, some Odes of 
 Horace, and the first book of the .'Eneid; 
 and wrote a few original pieces, which, 
 though careless, manifest poetical talent. 
 The Memoirs written by his amiable and 
 affectionate wife have been recently pub- 
 lished. 
 
 FANTIN-DESODOARDS, ANTHONT 
 STEPHEN NICHOLAS, a political writer 
 and historian, was born, in 1738, a.t Point 
 de Beauvoisin, in Dauphine, and died in 
 1820. He was originally an ecclesiastic, 
 but adopted revolutionary principles, ana 
 was connected with Dantpn, Robespierre, 
 and other demagogues. Among his works 
 are, Continuations of Henault's and of 
 Velley's Histories of France; a Philosoph- 
 ical History of the French Revolution; 
 and a History of the Revolutions of Europe 
 subsequent to the Fall of the Roman Re- 
 public. 
 
 FARE, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, mar- 
 
 ?uis de la, a French poet, was born in 
 644, at Valgorge, in the Vivarais; served 
 as a volunteer in Hungary, and afterwards 
 in France; was appointed, in 1680, cap- 
 tain in the body guards of the duke of 
 Orleans; and died in 1712. La Fare did 
 not begin to write poetry till he was sixty. 
 His compositions, however, are remarka- 
 ble for sweetness and elegance. He is also 
 the author of Penthea, an opera ; and of 
 Memoirs of the principal Events in the 
 Reign of Louis XIV. 
 
 FARIA Y SOUZA, MANUEL, a Por- 
 tuguese historian and poet, was born, about 
 1588, at Souto, in Portugal. After having 
 been in the family of the Bishop of Oporto, 
 he became secretary to the marquis of 
 Castel Rodrigo, ambassador at Rome, 
 whom, however, he suddenly left, in con- 
 sequence of a quarrel. For this he was 
 arrested at Barcelona, and for a while 
 imprisoned, through the influence of the 
 marquis. He died at Madrid, in 1647. 
 He wrote seven volumes of poems ; Com- 
 mentaries on the Lusiad ; an Epitome 01 
 the Portuguese History; and four histori 
 cal works on the Portuguese dominions in 
 the four quarters of the globe. 
 
 FARMER, RICHARD, an acute and 
 elegant scholar, a native of Leicester, 
 born in 1735, was educated at Emanuet 
 College, Cambridge, of which he became 
 master in 1775. In 1776 he was vie*- 
 chancellor, and in 1778 was elected libra 
 
FAU 
 
 TEA 
 
 inn of (he university. He obtained pre- Mountain of Mae*tricht; A Natural lit* 
 
 iei tis at Litehtield and Canterbury, the tory of Dauphin**; and a Journey in Eng 
 
 latter of which he exchanged lor a can.inrv land. Sc >t!aml, and the Hebrides, 
 
 of St. Pad's. Ho dird in 1797. I ! iV FYVAKT, CHARI.F.S SIMON, a dra- 
 
 F.ssay on the learning of Shaksj -care, is a nriti-t, \\ a.- Ixifii at Paris, in 1710, and 
 
 critical \\ork of gieat merit. For thr died in 17W. He is the author of more 
 
 history of hi? native . -vvn he collr cted ma- tliaa sixty comic pieces, most of which 
 
 It-rials, which he C-IXP to Mr. Nichols, were succ; s.-f.d, and de>e;-ved to lie so, for 
 
 PARNABV,orF4RNABIE f THOHAS, their \\it, ingenuity, and sprinhtlinesb. 
 
 a grammarian, was burn in London, in They have been published in eight vol- 
 
 157."); was educated at Merton College, nines. Among them may be mentioned, 
 
 Oxford; served under Drake and Haw- Annette and Lubin, Ninette at Court, and 
 
 kins, and in the Netherlands; and stil>:-e- 
 
 the Three Sultans His son, CHARLES 
 NICHOLAS JOSEPH JUSTIN, born 
 
 n 
 
 quently acquired much reputation 
 
 schoolmaster. He died in 1646. He! 1749, and died in 1806, was an actor, and 
 wrote various sch >ol books; and Commen- also wrote several dramas and poeni:>. 
 
 The elder Fav art's wife, M 4RIA Jusri- 
 NA, was a celebrated actress. 
 
 taries on Juvenal, Persius, and other clas 
 sical writers. 
 
 FAIUil MAR, GFORGF,a dramatist, 
 the sou of a clergyman, was born, in 1678, 
 at Londonderry, in Ireland. From Trinity 
 College, Dublin, when he had been there 
 only a year, he either eloped or was ex- 
 pelled. He tlujn went on the Dublin 
 
 stage, but soon quitted it in consequence _ .. r _ ..._ 
 
 of his having dangerously wounded a bro- and its rider, and to have often carried a 
 ther actor with a sword, which he had cannon on lii shoulder, seemingly with as 
 
 FAVRAT, FRANCIS ANDRFW, a na- 
 tive of Prussia, was a Prussian general, 
 and governor of Glatz. lie wrote Me- 
 moirs for the History of the War of tha 
 Polish Revolution from 1794 to 1796. 
 Favrat was remarkable for his strength. 
 He is said to have once lifted up a horse 
 
 I ' . 1 1.1 /. i 
 
 used by mistake instead of a foH. In his 
 eighteenth year he visited the British 
 metropolis. His manners and talents 
 caused him to be much noticed, and in- 
 duced Lord Orrery to give him a lieute- 
 nant's commission. At the persuasion of 
 his friend Wilks, Farqnhar tried his skill 
 in the drama, and produced, in 1690, the 
 comedy of Love and a Bottle. The suc- 
 cess which it obtained he followed up, be- 
 tween 169S and 1707, by supplying to the 
 theatre The Constant Couple, Sir Harry 
 Wildair, The Inconstant, The Twin Ri- 
 vals, The Stage Coach, The Recruiting 
 Otlicer, and The Beaux's Stratagem. 
 Some of these still retain possession of 
 the stage. He also published a volume of 
 Miscellanies. In spite of his exertions, 
 Farquhar was poor, and his difficulties 
 were increased by his marriage with a 
 portionless lady, who, being passionately 
 attached to him, had caused herself to be 
 represented as the possessor of a large 
 fortune. To his honour be it recorded, 
 that he never even reproached her for the 
 deception. He died in 1707. In tin* 
 drama? of Farqnhar there is much wit and 
 *prightline?s, unfortunately tinctured with 
 the licentiousness which was the besetting 
 vin of the drama in those davs. 
 
 FAUAS DK ST. FOND, BARTHOL- 
 OMKW, an eminent French geologist, was 
 born, in 1750, at Monteliiuart, and died, 
 at Paris, in 1819, professor at the Museum 
 of Natural History. He wrote various 
 works, among which are, Inquiries res- 
 pecting the extinguished Volcanos of the 
 Vivarais and Vr'av ; the Mineralogy of 
 of Volcanos; A Natural History of the 
 
 much ease as a soldier bears his firelock. 
 
 FAWKES, FRANCIS, a poet, was born 
 about 1721, in Yorkshire; was educated 
 at Jesus College, Cambridge; and, after 
 having been curate of Bramham and Croy- 
 don, and vicar of Orpington and St. Mary 
 Cray, died in 1777, vicar of Hayes, in 
 Kent. He wrote many miscellaneous po- 
 ems; translated Anacreon, Sappho, llion, 
 Moschus, Theocritus, Musaeus, and Apol- 
 lonius Rhodius; and edited the Poetical 
 Calendar, in conjunction* with Woty. 
 Though not bearing the stamp of superior 
 talent, his poetry is pleasing and elegant 
 
 FAYETT 
 
 v is plef 
 E, MA 
 
 A R Y 31 A G D A L K N , 
 
 Countess of, whose maiden name was De 
 la Vergne, was born in 1632, and received 
 an excellent education. Latin was taught 
 her by Menage and father Rapin, and in 
 three months she acquired an astonishing 
 knowledge of it. In 1655, she married 
 Count de la Fayette. She was in habits 
 of friendship with many men of talent, and 
 was generally beloved. After suffering 
 much from infirmity, she died in 1693. 
 She is the author of The Princess o r 
 Cleves ; Zaida ; and other romances , 
 which continue to be admired; and of Me- 
 moirs of the Court of France in 1688 and 
 1689. 
 
 FEARNE, CHARLES, a writer on law 
 and metaphysics, was born in London, in 
 1749, and educated at Westminster School. 
 Though he studied the law in the Inner 
 Temple, he did not make it his profession 
 till the losses which he sustained by vari- 
 ous projects compelled him to do BO. He 
 then became eminent as a chamber coun-tel 
 and conveyancer. Ho died in 1794- HM 
 
FEN 
 
 princ!pa.l works are, An Essay on Contin- 
 gent Remainders; and An Essay on Con- 
 nciousness. 
 
 FEITH V RHYNVIS, an eminent Dutch 
 poet, was born at Zwoll, in Overyssel, in 
 1753, and died in 1324. He wrote five 
 volumes of Odea and Miscellaneous Po- 
 ems; four tragedies; Letters on various 
 literary subjects ; and other works in prose. 
 
 FELIBIEN, ANDREW, a native of 
 France, born at Chartres, in 1619, was 
 secretary to the French embay sy at Koine, 
 in which city he became intimate with 
 Poussin, and his intercourse with that em- 
 inent painter doubtless heightened and 
 matured Felibien's natural taste for the 
 fine arts. On his return to France, he was 
 appointed superintcndaut of the royal 
 buildings, and of aris and manufactures. 
 He was also one of the first eight members 
 of the Academy of Inscriptions and Med- 
 als. He died in 1695. The most consid- 
 erable of his works are, Dialogues on the 
 Life and Works of Painters; and The 
 Principles of Architecture, Painting, and 
 Sculpture. His eldest son, JoHtf FRAN- 
 CIS, who died in 1733., wrote, Jimong oth- 
 er things, An Historical Collection of the 
 Lives and Works of celebrated Architects. 
 
 FELTHAM, OWEN, a writer, of whom 
 nothing is known but that he was a native 
 of Suftolk, lived many years in the earl of 
 Thomond's family, and died about 1678. 
 His only work is, Resolves, Divine, Polit- 
 ical, and Moral. It has passed through 
 thirteen editions, and its merit justifies our 
 Lamenting that Feltham wrote no more. 
 
 FENELON, FRANCIS DE SALIGNAC 
 DE LA MOTTE, one of the most able of 
 French writers and virtuous of men, was 
 born, in 1651, at the Castle of Fenelon, in 
 Perigord; studied at Cahors and Paris; 
 and entered into holy orders at the age of 
 twenty-four. The archbishop of Paris ap- 
 pointed him superior of the newly con- 
 verted female catholics, and his success in 
 this office, and the merit of his treatises 
 on Femalw Education and on the Ministry 
 of Pastors, induced Louis XIV. to send 
 iiiiu on a mission to Poitou to convert the 
 protetnntA. This post Fennlon accepted 
 
 FKJ: 2M 
 
 only on the express condition that fon 
 should not be employed in aid of his efforts. 
 In 1689 he w;is selected by M. de Beau 
 villiers to be tutor to tlie duke of Burgun- 
 dy and his younger brothers. It was for 
 the use of his royal pupil that he composed 
 his Telemachus." In 1694 he wan raised 
 to the archbishopric of Cambray. He did 
 not, however, long enjoy in peace his well 
 merited preferment. Having espoused the 
 cause of Madam Guyon, and published a 
 work, The Maxims of the Saints, which 
 was considered as teaching her doctrine 
 of quietism, he was bitterly attacked by 
 Bossuet, and his book was ultimately cen- 
 sured by the Pope. Fenelon himself read 
 his recantation in his own cathedral. The 
 anger of Louie XIV. was still more roused 
 against him by the appearance of Teleina- 
 chus, which was surreptitiously published 
 by a servant, to whom it had been inuust- 
 ed for transcription. It was looked upon 
 by the haughty and ambitious monarch as 
 a covert satire upon his own misgovern- 
 ment and criminal love of war. Fenelon 
 was, in consequence, kept at a distance 
 from the court. But, though discounte- 
 nanced by his own sovereign, a just tribute 
 was paid to his merit by foreigners. The 
 lands of his diocese were exempted from 
 pillage, and his person was treated with 
 the utmost respect by the duke of Marl- 
 borough, and the other generals of the al- 
 lies. He died in 1715; leaving behind 
 him an imperishable reputation, as an elo- 
 quent writer, a conscientious prelate, and 
 an amiable, enlightened, and virtuous man. 
 Hid productions form nine volumes in quar- 
 to. The principal of them, besides those 
 already mentioned, are, Dialogues on Elo- 
 quence; Dialogues of the Dead; Demon- 
 stration of the Existence of a God ; and 
 Spiritual Works. 
 
 FENN, Sir JOHN, an antiquary, was 
 born at Norwich, in 1739; was educated 
 at Caius College, Cambridge; and died 
 in 1794. He edited an interesting Collec- 
 tion of Letters, in four volumes, written 
 by the Paston family, and others, in the 
 rd^ns of Henry VI., "Edward IV., Richard 
 III., and Henry VII. 
 
 FENTON, ELIJAH, a poet and divine, 
 was born, in 1683, at Shelton, in Stafford- 
 shire; .was educated at Jesus College, 
 Cambridge ; was at one period private sec- 
 retary to the earl of Orrery ; assisted Pope 
 in translating the Odyssey; and died tutor 
 to the son of Lady Trumbtill, in 1730. Fen- 
 ton TTIS an amiable and worthy man, and 
 an elegant writer of verse. Besides hia 
 poems and his share in the Odyssey, he pro- 
 duced Mariamne, a tragedy ; and the Lives 
 of Milton and Waller. 
 
 FERAUI), To N FRANCIS, a French 
 grammarian, who was born in 1725, was? 
 Jesuit, and nrofessor of rhetoric and philt 
 
2M PER K?K 
 
 ophy at Be*ancon. He died in ISO? . He ; an Introduction to Electricity. !Ie JM 
 produced two valuable work.", A Grammat- in 177H. 
 
 ical Dictionary of the French Lanijiia^e, FERGUSON, ADAM, Rn historian and 
 two vols. Svo."; and A Critical Dictionary moral | hilosi>| her, \vns horn, in 1724, at 
 of the French LftBfWCe, three vols. 4t<>. Lo^ii -rait, i-i I'erih^hi. c, of wl.ich parish 
 
 FERBER, JOHN JAMFS, an eminent his father \\as a minister; irM educated at 
 minerulo^i.-t, was bom ;;t I'ai Urn n;t, in IVrth, .*>(. Andre \\ V. ami Kdinbm gh ; was 
 Sweden, in 1743; travelled over a consid- chaplain to the f rty-x coud itgitnent, in 
 arable part of Europe, to inspect the mi no ; I 'landers, till the peace of Ai\ l.i Chap I'.r ; 
 inl iiod in 1790, while on a tour in .Swit- and in 17.">f>, was chosen professor of natu- 
 *erl*nd. Among his principal works are, ral philosophy, \\hi-.-h office IK- snhsequent- 
 Letlero from Italy; A Mineralogical His- ly resigned for the profeMbfBhip >f moral 
 tory of Bohemia; A Description of the. philosophy, at Edinburgh. In 1773, he 
 Quicksilver Mines of Idria; and Inquiries accompanied the earl of ( hestct field on his 
 on the Mountain? and Mines of Hunga- travels; and, in 1778, as a reward for hav- 
 ry. j ing answered Dr. Price's Observations on 
 
 FERDUSI, ABUL CASK.M MAXSTR, Civil Liberty, be was appointed secretary 
 one of the most celebrated poets of Persia,' to the reconciliatory mission which wai 
 was born, in 916, at Rizvan, in Khorasan. sent to America. On his return he resum 
 Sidtan Mahmoud of Ghazna gave him a led his professorial duties and literary avo- 
 distinguished reception at his court, and cations. He died in 1816. Ferguson it 
 engaged him to compose the Shr.h .\anu-h, the author of An Essay on Civil Society; 
 or History of the Persian Sovereigns. In: A History of the Roman Republic; A 
 executing this task, Ferdusi spent thirty i Treatise on Moral and Political Science; 
 years in retirement, and, during that time,; and Institutes of Moral Philosophy; and 
 his enemies succeeded in prejudicing Mali- may justly be ranked among the standard 
 moud against him. Instead of being re- writers in the English language, 
 warded for his work, according to promise,! FERGUSSON, KOBK.UT, a poet, wai 
 with sixty thousand pieces of gold, merely | born in 1751, at Edinburgh; was educated 
 the same number of pieces of silver were at Edinburgh, Dundee, and St. Andrew's; 
 sent to him. Indignant at this conduct, he was intended for the church, but was oblig- 
 distributed the paltry boon among the ser-jed to seek other means of subsistence, and 
 vants and porters, wrote a bitter satire on obtained an humble situation in the slier 
 the sultan, and fled to Bagdad. Mahmoud, ills' cleik's office; and died in 1774, in a 
 however, recalled him, but the poet died, j lunatic asylum. His English poema arc 
 in 1020, soon after his return. j below mediocrity, but his compositions in 
 
 FERGUSON, JAMES, an astronomer,! the Scottish dialect manifest talent from 
 mechanist, and experimental philosopher, which much might have been expected had 
 is one of the most remarkable instances on ; his days been lengthened. 
 record of a self-educated man. He was j FERISHTA, MOHAMMED CASE M, an 
 born in 1710, and was the son of a labourer j Indian historian, who flourished at the be- 
 in Banffshire. He learned to read in in- j ginning of the seventeenth century, was 
 fancy by hearing one of his brothers taught. ! born at Ahmednagur, in the Deccan. Be- 
 At only eight years of age, an accident led ' ing neglected by Jehanguire, he accepted 
 his attention to mechanics, and, without as- ' the invitation of the sovereign of Visin- 
 sietance, he discovered the fundamental pour, who patronised him in the most lib- 
 principles of the lever and the wheel and eral manner, and raised him to important 
 axle. While serving as a shepherd he made | offices. In 1609, he published his H istory 
 himself master of astronomy, and constru"*-' of India under the Mussulmans; a work 
 ed models of mills, spinning wheels, and, at | which bears a high character for veracity 
 length, framed a pair of globes and a watch, and impartiality. Parts of it have been 
 He now began to lie patronized, and, hav-: translated by Dow, Scott, Stewart, and 
 ing acquired a knowledge of drawing, he Anderson. *The time of his decease is Dot 
 became a miniature painter, by \\hich pro- known. 
 
 fession he supported himself" for several! FERMAT, PETER, an eminent French 
 years. In 1743 he removed to London, and mathematician and civilian, was born at 
 thenceforth gained yearly accessions of repu- Toulouse, in 1590; was counsellor of the 
 tation and |>rtune. He was chosen a mem- parliament of that city , and died in 1664. 
 ber of the Koyal Society, and received a He was thoroughly versed in the classics, 
 mall pension from George III who had Wrote Latin, French, and Spanish verses; 
 attended his lectures on experimental phi- was the friend of most of his philosophical 
 lotophy. His works, too, were numerous contemporaries ; and was a profound geo- 
 and successful. Among them are, Astron- metrician. He seems to have approached 
 omy explained; Introduction to Astronomy ; very near to the invention of the diflcreu- 
 Lectures on Mechanics, Hydrostatics, &c. ; j tial calculus. His mathematical work* 
 T)M Art of Drawing in Perspective; and 'were published after hit death. 
 
FER 
 
 I ERN AN DEZ,JuA, or JOHN, a Spa- 
 nish nilot, who, in 1572, discovered the isl- 
 and which bears his name; in 1574, the 
 islands'of St. Felix and St. Ambrose; and, 
 in I576j an extensive tract of land, sup- 
 posed to be a part of New Zealand. 
 
 FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NA- 
 VARETTE, JOHN, a celebrated Spanish 
 artist, surnamed El Mudo, because he was 
 deaf and dumb, was born, in 1526, at Lo- 
 grono ; was a pupil of Titian; and, after 
 his return from Italy, was appointed painter 
 to Philip II. He died in 1579. Most of 
 his great works are in the Escurial. Among 
 them are, Abraham with the three Angels; 
 and the Four Evangelists. 
 
 FERRARI, Louis, an Italian mathe- 
 matician, born at Bologna, in 1522, was a 
 pupil of Cardan. He became professor of 
 mathematics in his native city; and died 
 there in 1562. He is the discoverer of the 
 method of resolving biquadratic equations. 
 Cardan, while he gives high praise to his 
 talents, represents him as debauched, im- 
 pious, and insufferably violent. 
 
 FERRARIS, JOSEPH, count 'de, 
 Austrian general, was born, in 1726, at 
 Luneville; entered the army in 1741; and 
 
 in 1767 was appointed director general of ing frequently, he acquired a knowledge 
 artillery for the Austrian Low Countries, j of several of the sciences, and of the best 
 It was while he held this situation that he j Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Italian, 
 undertook the map of the Netherlands, in! and French authors, and wrote an astonisii- 
 twenty-five sheets, which bears his name. 
 In the campaign of 1793 he distinguished 
 himself on various occasions; and at the 
 end of it was called to Vienna, to fill the 
 place of vice president of the aulic council 
 of war. He waa made a field-marshal in 
 1808, and died in 1814. 
 
 FERREIRA, ANTHONY, a poet, whom 
 
 the Portuguese place among their classics, I died in 1764. In 1780, a complete edition 
 was born at Lisbon, in 1528, and died in j of Feyjoo 's productions was published, in 
 15GO. Ferreira brought to perfection in ; thirty-three volumes, by Campomanes. 
 his native language the composition of el-j FICHTE, JOHN THEOPHILUS, one of 
 egies and epistles, and introduced into it i the most celebrated German philosophers 
 the epithalamium, the epigram, the ode, i of the modern school, was barn, in 17o'2, 
 and tragedy. His tragedy of Inez de Cas- j at Rammenau, in Lusacia; studied at \Vit- 
 tro is considered by the Portuguese to be temberg and Leipsic; was successively 
 one of the noblest works in their literature, j professor of philosophy at Jeua and Erlan- 
 
 FERRERAS, JOHN DE, a celebrated gen, and rector of the university of Berlin; 
 Spanish historian, was born, in 1652, of and died in 1814. He is the author of 
 noble parents, at Labaneza, in the diocese more than twenty works, in most of which 
 of Astorga, and completed his studies at he unfolds the doctrines of transcendental 
 Salamanca. After having filled various idealism. Scheliing was his most formid- 
 country livings, he was called to Madrid able opponent. 
 
 by Cardinal Portocarrero, who gave him FICIXO, or FICINUS, MARSILIUS. a 
 the rectory of St. Peter, and appointed Platonic philosopher, born at Florence, in 
 him his confessor. Ferreras also held 1433, was son to the physician of Cosno 
 office under the Inquisition, and was ad- de Medicis, and was himself patronised 
 mitted int.-) the state juntos. Twice he by Cosmo, Peter, and Lorenzo. At the 
 refused a U'shopric. He died in 1735. age of forty-two he entered into the church, 
 He contributed to the great Spanish Die- and was made a cantm hi 1484. He waa 
 tionary, and produced several works, of ;m enthusi-istu- admirer of [ Tito's writings, 
 which the most important is, A History of which he descanted upon in an academy, 
 Spain, in sixteen volumes 4to. Inelegance founded by Cosmo fix- that purpose, 
 nd spirit he ' inferior to Marian*, but he preichetl even from th*> pulpit, and al* 
 
 transcends him in the other qualities ui un 
 historian. 
 
 FERRIAR, JOHN, a physician and 
 writer on elegant literature, was born, in 
 1764, at Chester; studied medicine, and 
 took his degree at Edinburgh; and settlrd 
 at Manchester, where he acquired an ex- 
 tensive practice, and was chosen physician 
 to the Infirmary and the Lunatic Asylum 
 Of the Literary and Philosophical Society 
 he was an active and efficient member 
 He died in 1815. Ferriar is the author of 
 Medical Histories and Reflections; Illus- 
 trations of Sterne, in which he proves the 
 literary larcenies committed by that writer; 
 The Bibliomania, a poetical epistle; An 
 Essay on the Theory of Apparitions; and 
 some smaller pieces in prose and verse. 
 
 FEYJOO Y MONTENEGRO, BE NE- 
 DICT JEROME, an able Spanish writer, 
 was born at Compostella, in 1701 ; studied 
 at the university of Oviedo; and, in 1714, 
 entered the convent of St. Benedict, in 
 that city. He became professor of theol- 
 ogy, and abbot of the monastery <,f Saint 
 an Vincent. Feyjoo was one of the most 
 ~* indefatigable of human beings. Besides 
 performing his official duties, and preach- 
 
 ing number of volumes. He 
 scarcely four hours to sleep, and seldom 
 
 mixed 
 
 ooiety. 
 
 devoted to root in 
 
 His talents were 
 out prejudices, and 
 
 promoting the welfare of his country. Of 
 his works the principal are, The Universal 
 Critical The-itre, sixteen vols. ; and Curious 
 and Instructive Letters, eight vols. He 
 
 1 l 1 r/ t T i **nf\ I ^ _ J * ._ 
 
*tt FIB 
 
 translated into Latin, but hi i me parts 
 carelessly ind erroneously. His original 
 worRs form two folio volumes. He died 
 In 1499 
 
 FIE -DING, HENRY, the eldest son of 
 Lieuten ant-general Fielding, was born, in 
 1707, at Sharphara Park, in Somersetshire. 
 He received his education at Eton and 
 Levden, which latter seminary the scanti- 
 ness of his remittances from his father 
 compelled him to leave at the end of two 
 years. On his return home his difficulties 
 were increased by dissipated habits. As 
 a resource, he began to write for the stage. 
 His first piece, which came out in 1727, 
 was Love in several Masques, and its suc- 
 cess induced him to persevere. Between 
 1728 and 1743, he wrote twenty-eight 
 dramas. Some of them, however, were 
 failures; one of these luckless productions 
 he printed " as it was damned at the 
 Theatre Royal in Drury Lane." Neither 
 wit, humour, nor sprightliness is wanting 
 in his plays; but though each has merit in 
 parts, it is defective as a whole. At the 
 age of twenty -seven, he married Miss 
 Cnidock, who had a fortune of .1500; 
 and at the same time, by his mother's 
 death, he became possessed of a small 
 estate, of two hundred pounds a year, in 
 Dorsetshire. Unfortunately, instead of 
 husbanding these means, he squandered 
 them in less than three years, by main- 
 taining a large establishment, and keeping 
 open house. He now turned to the bar 
 for permanent subsistence, and to his fer- 
 tile pen for the supply of hi.s immediate 
 wants. In the law he would, perhaps, 
 have succeeded, had not his exertions been 
 shackled by violent attacks of the gout. 
 Disease, however, did not rtop the labours 
 of his pen. In rapid succession he brouglH 
 forth four periodical paperu, called '1 he 
 Champion, The True Patriot, The Jacobite 
 Journal, and The Covent Garden Journal ; 
 Essays on Conversation, and on the Know 1- 
 edge and Character/ of Men; A Journey 
 from this World to the next; and the nov- 
 els o r Jonathan Wild, Joseph Andrews, 
 Ton". Juries, and Amelia; besides some lees 
 wnpor.am work* During tb rebellion of 
 
 FIL 
 
 1745, he lent the assistance of his llternry 
 talents to the government ; and for this h 
 
 was rewarded, it" reward it may be railed, 
 by being appoin >d a Middlesex, justice! 
 Ill health at Icngtn obliged him te try the 
 milder air of Li.-bon, and a Narrative of 
 his Voyage to that place was the last of 
 his works. He dind in the Portuguese 
 capital, in October, 1754. Mt re than three 
 fourths of a century have elapsed since hia 
 decease, yet, notwithstanding change of 
 manners, and modern rivalry, the novels of 
 Fielding are still perused with undimin- 
 ished pleasure. 
 
 1TFLDING, SARAH, the third sister of 
 Henry Fielding, was born in 1714, and 
 died, unmarried, at Hath, in 1768. She 
 was a woman of learning and talent. From 
 the Greek she translated Xcnophon's Me- 
 moirs of Socrates; and among bar original 
 compositions are the novels of David Sim- 
 ple; The History of the Countess of Del- 
 wyn ; and The History of Ophelia. 
 
 FIESCO, JOHN Louis, Count of La- 
 vagna, a Genoese of an illustrious family, 
 was the head of the conspiracy which, in 
 1547, was formed against Andrew Doria 
 and his nephew. Fiesco had succeeded in 
 lulling his intended victims into a fake 
 security, collecting together his partisans 
 without opposition, and seizing various 
 posts, when a sudden, end was put to his 
 plot and his existence. In passing a plank, 
 from one galley to another, it slipped, and 
 plunged him into the water, whence, being 
 kept down by the weight of his armour, ho 
 rose no more. He was only in his twenty- 
 second year. 
 
 FIGUEROA, BARTHOLOMEW CARAS- 
 COSA DE, a Spanish poet, was born, about 
 1510, at Logrono, and studied at the uni- 
 versity of Salamanca. He died about 
 1570. Figueroa introduced into the poetry 
 of Spain the species of verse called esa- 
 bruxelos ; in which the line generally 
 consists of seven or eleven syllables, with 
 the accent on the antipenuitimate. 
 
 FILANGIERI, GAF.TANo,a celebrated 
 Italian publicist, of an ancient family, was 
 born at Naples, in 1752. He was placed 
 in the armv at the age of fourteen, but 
 soon quitted" it that he might gn'e himself 
 up to study. He subsequently, however, 
 held an honorary office at court, and com- 
 mission in the marines, and, in 1787, was 
 made a member of the supreme council of 
 finance. He died in 1788. His great 
 work, the Science of Legislation, gives 
 him a conspicuous place among the writer* 
 upon that important subject. 
 
 FILICAJA, VINCENT DE, one of the 
 most eminent of the Italian lyric poets, 
 was born at Florence, in 1642, and died 
 in 1707. He was living in retirement 
 when he produced hi? six noble Odea OB 
 the deliverance of Vienna by John S 
 
FLA 
 
 ki, which at once raised him to a high 
 pitch of fame. Nor were his laurels barren 
 The duke made him a senator, governor of 
 Volterra, and, afterwards, of Pisa, and, 
 lastly, placed him in a highly contidentia 
 office at court. The best edition of his 
 poems is that of Venice, 1752, in two 
 volumes. 
 
 FINLAY, JOHN, a native of Glasgow, 
 was born ir 1782, and was educated at the 
 university of his native city, at which he 
 distinguished himself by his talents, and 
 was much beloved for the sweetness of his 
 disposition. His poem of Wallace of El- 
 lerslie was given to the world when he was 
 only nineteen. He died at Moft'at, in 1810. 
 Besides his Wallace, he published A Col- 
 lection of Historical and Romantic Bal- 
 lads, 2 vols. ; wrote A Life of Cervantes ; 
 and edited editions of Blair's Grave, and 
 Smith's We tlth of Nations. His poetry 
 is characterized by no trilling portion of 
 elegmce and animation. 
 
 FITZHERBERT, Sir ANTHOMY, an 
 able judge, was born at Nbrbury, in Der- 
 byshire, and studied at Oxford and one of 
 the inns of court. He rose, in 1523, to 
 be judge of the court of common pleas; 
 and he died in 1533. Among his le^al 
 works are, The Grand Abridgment; The 
 New Natura Brevium ; and The Oftiee 
 and Authority of Justices of Peace. The 
 Book of Husbandry, and a treatise Of the 
 Surveying of Lands, are also generally at- 
 tributed to him; but some suppose them to 
 have been written by his brother John. 
 
 FITZ PATRICK, RICHARD, a whig 
 politician and wit, was born in 1748, and 
 was educated at Eton. At the age of 
 eighteen he entered the army, and he rose 
 to the rank of lieutenant general. From 
 1774 till the period of his decease, in 
 1813, he was a member of the House of 
 Commons. During the coalition in 1783, 
 and the whig administration in 1806, he 
 was secretary at war. He contributed to 
 the Rolliad and the Probationary Odes, 
 and wrote various small poems. Of his 
 senatorial eloquence the best specimen is 
 his speech, delivered in 1796, on a motion 
 to effect the liberation of 31. de la Fay- 
 ette. 
 
 FIXLMILLXER, PLACIDOS, an Aus- 
 trian astronomer and mailieniAtician, was 
 born, in 1721, near Lintz, and died in 
 1791. He was a monk of the monastery 
 f Kremsmunster, and held several mo- 
 lastic offices, besides being professor of 
 canon law, and apostolical notary of the 
 Roman court. He is the author of Decen- 
 nium Astronomicum; Reipublice Sacra? 
 Origines Divin.e; a'id other works. Fixl- 
 millner was one of the first who calculated 
 the orbit of the Georgian! Sidus. 
 
 FLACCUS, CAIUS VALERIUS, a Ro- 
 utn poet, was a native of Padua. Ue 
 
 FLA 
 
 859 
 
 flourished in the reign of Vepyiaaian, and 
 was a friend of Martial. FJaccus died 
 early, leaving his poem of the Argonautica 
 unfinished. Some have considered him 
 as ^econd only to Virgil, while others, not 
 less erroneously, have spoken slightingly 
 of his talents. 
 
 FLAMSTEED, JOHN, a celebrated as- 
 tronomer, was born, in 1646, at Denby, in 
 Derbyshire, and was educated at Derby 
 free school; but his weak state of health 
 did not then allow him to proceed to the 
 university. Some years afterwards, how- 
 ever, he entered himself of Jesus College, 
 Cambridge. To astronomy his attention 
 is said to have been directed by perusing 
 Sacrobosco's work De Sphaera; and he 
 cultivated the science with such assiduity 
 as to become one of the most eminent as- 
 tronomers of his time. He was appointed 
 astronomer royal, and the observatory at 
 Greenwich wa's erected for him. Flam- 
 steed was also in orders, and held the liv- 
 ing of Burstow, in Surrey. He died in 
 1719. His greatest work is, Historia Cue- 
 lestis Britannica, three vols. folio. 
 
 FLAXMAN, JOHN, a distinguished 
 modern sculptor, the son of a sculptor who 
 worked for Roubilliac and Scheemaker, 
 was born, in 1755, at York; and, in 1770, 
 was admitted a student of the Royal Acad- 
 emy. Modelling in wax and clay was 
 one of his first occupations ; and he also 
 painted in oil colours. In 1787 he went 
 to Italy. During his seven years studies 
 there, he executed several important 
 works, and made his drawings to illustrate 
 Homer, ^Eschylus, and Dante. To these 
 he subsequently added illustrations of He- 
 siod. The engravings from these designs 
 spread his fame throughout Europe as an 
 artist of truly classical taste. In 1794 he 
 returned to England; and his first work 
 after his return, Lord Mansfield's monu- 
 ment in Westminster Abbey, placed him 
 'n the first rank of modern sculptors. 
 Thenceforth he was constantly employed, 
 and his productions are consequently nu- 
 
 rons. Among these may be mentioned 
 the monuments of Collins, the poet; Miss 
 Cromwell; Earl Howe; Lord Nelson; Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds ; Countess Spencer ; and 
 the. Baring family. In 1818 he completed 
 drawings and a model for the shield of 
 Achilles, as described in the Iliad; from 
 which four casts in silver have since been 
 made. He died December 9, 1826. " To 
 he aid of his art," says a celebrated re- 
 iewer, " he brought a loftier and more 
 oeticul mind than any of our preceding 
 sculptors ; and learning unites with good 
 sense and natural genius in all the work* 
 which cnme from his hand." Flaxmau 
 was professor of sculpture at the Royal 
 Academy. He is the author of a Cbarao. 
 ter of liomney the painter; some article* 
 
280 
 
 PLE 
 
 in Rees* Cycloptedia; and a Letter rla 
 tire to the projected National Mom/.nen 
 which monument he proposed should lie 
 * statue of Britannia, two hundred fee 
 nigh, placed on Greenwich Hill. 
 
 FLECH1ER, ESPRIT, a celebrated 
 French prelate and preacher, was born, in 
 1632, at Pernes, near Avignon. He firs 
 became known in the capital of France bv 
 a Latin poem, on the famous Carousaf 
 given by I^uis XIV. in 1662. His Ser- 
 mons and Funeral Orations soon raiser 
 him to such a pitch of reputation th.it 
 the duke of Montausier recommended hin 
 I fill the office of reader to the dau- 
 pnin. It wns not till 1685 that he ob- 
 
 tained the bishopric of Lavaur. When the 
 monarch gave it to him, he said, " Do not 
 irprised that I have been so tardy in 
 rding your merit; I was loath lobe 
 
 be stir 
 rewa 
 
 deprived of the pleasure of hearing you 
 preach." In 1687, he was removed to the 
 bishopric of Mimes. In his episcopal 
 character he gained the love of even the 
 protestants of his diocese, by his uniform 
 piety, charity, and mildness. He died 
 1710. Flechier has been called the French 
 Isocrates; his eloquence partakes, indeed, 
 of the beauties and defects of that of the 
 Grecian orator. His principal works are, 
 A History of Theodosius the Great; A 
 Life of Cardinal Ximenes; Funeral Ora- 
 tions; and Sermons. 
 
 FLEETWOOD, CHARLES, the son of 
 Sir William Fleetwood, entered the mili- 
 tary service early in life ; espoused the 
 cause of the parliament against Charles I. ; 
 rose to the-rank of lieutenant-general, and 
 contributed to the victory of Worcester ; 
 married the daughter of Cromwell ; was 
 appointed lord deputy of Ireland ; joined 
 in deposing Richard Cromwell; and died 
 soon after the restoration. 
 
 FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 prelate, was born in 1656, in the Tower 
 of London, where his father resided; was 
 educated at Eton and King's College, 
 Cambridge; and, after having held several 
 valuable but minor preferments, was made 
 bishop of St. Asaph in 1706. From St. 
 Asaph he was translated to Ely, in 17H. 
 He died in 1723. His principal wi-rks 
 are, An Essav on Miracles; Inscriptionmn 
 Antiquarum Sylloge ; Chronicon Pretio- 
 um, or an Account of English Money; 
 and Practical Discourses. 
 
 FLETCHER, JOHN, a dramatist, the 
 son of Bishop Fletcher, was born in North- 
 amptonshire, in 1376; received his educa- 
 tion at Bene't College, Cambridge; awl 
 died of the plague in 1623. FL-tcher was 
 tlu coadjutor of Beaumont in the compo- 
 sition of those admirable dramas which 
 bear their j >i:it name, and which have 
 ranked them among the most eminent of 
 ur ancient theatrical wriieti Flctchw 
 
 FLE 
 
 is aid to nave been eminent for fancy; 
 Beaumont for judgment. That Fletcher 
 possessed the quality attributed to him it 
 rendered certain by that beautiful dramatic 
 pastoral, The Faithful Shepherdess, the only 
 piece of his sole composition. 
 
 FLETCHER, GILES, a son of Dr. Giles 
 Fletcher, who wrote a curious Account of 
 the Russe Commonwealth, was born in 
 1588; was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge; and died in 1623, at his living 
 of Alderton, in Suffolk. Wood describe* 
 him as " equally beloved by the muses and 
 graces." That the muses smiled on him 
 is sufficiently proved bv his fine poem of 
 Christ's Victory and Triumph, in which 
 some defects are amply redeemed by nu- 
 merous passaged of great originality and 
 beauty. 
 
 FLETCHER, PHINKAS, a brother of 
 the foregoing, and, like him, a poet, wa 
 educated at Eton and King's College, Cam- 
 bridge, to which latter seminary he went 
 'n 1600. In 1621 he obtained the living 
 of Hilgay, in Suffolk, and he is believed 
 to have died there al>out 1650. He is the 
 author of The Purple Island, in twelve 
 cantos; Piscatory Eclog:es ; Poetical Mis- 
 cellanies; and a drama intitlcd Sicelides. 
 Notwithstanding his conceits and other 
 aults, which, however, are the faults of 
 he age, his works, as Headley rightly 
 bserves, give him a claim " to a very high 
 rank among our old English classics." 
 FLETCHER, ANDRKW, a Scotch polit 
 cal writer, the son of Sir Robert Fletcher 
 if Salton, was born in 1653, and was edu- 
 cated by Dr. Gilbert Burnet. His spirited 
 pposition to the tyranny of the govern 
 ment having rendered it prudent fur him to 
 withdraw to Holland, he was outlawed 
 n 1685, he bore a part in the enterprise 
 )f the duke of Monmouth, but, in conse- 
 |uence of Fletcher having shot a gentleman 
 ho refused him a horse, the duke dis- 
 missed him. He next served in Hungary. 
 s a volunteer, against the Tutks. The 
 evolution of 1688 restored him to his 
 ountry, and, till the union, which he 
 trenuouslv opposed, he continued to be one 
 f the most active members of the Scottish 
 Mrliament. He died in 1716. His tracts 
 nd speeches have been collected in an 
 ctavo volume. Of liberty, according to 
 is idea of it, he was a warm friend ; but 
 is plan to provide for the poor, by means 
 f domestic slavery, may authorise us to 
 i terrain some doubts as to the correctness 
 f his notions of liberty. 
 
 FLEURY, CLAUDE, a divine and his- 
 torian, born at Paris, in 1640, was an 
 advocate, but subsequently took orders, 
 Lecame preceptor to the princes < f ( 'onti, 
 and the count de Vermandois, and sub-prc 
 ceptor to the duke of Burgundy and hit 
 royal brotheri. He obtained the 
 
FLO 
 
 if Loc Dien, and the priarr of Argenteui*, 
 and was for six years confessor to the 
 vouthful Louis XV. He died in 1722. 
 Ills most important works are, Ecclesias- 
 tical- History, thirteen vols. 4to. ; Manners 
 of the Israelites; Manners of the Chris- 
 tians ; and a Treatise on Public Law. 
 
 FLEURY, ANUREVT HERCULES DE, 
 a cardinal and statesman, was born, in 
 1653, at Lodeve, in Languedoc; was edu- 
 cated at ths Jesuits' College, in Paris; 
 was made bishop of Frejus in 1698; was 
 left by the will of Louis XIV. preceptor to 
 pis successor; and became prime minister 
 of France, in 1726. Fleury held the reins 
 of power during seventeen years, and his 
 talents were unremittingly exerted to in- 
 crease the prosperity of France, and, as 
 one means of doing so, to preserve her at 
 peace with her neighbours. He died in 
 1743; leaving behind him a very trifling 
 fortune. 
 
 FLINDERS, MATTHEW, an eminent 
 modern navigator, was born at Donington, 
 in Lincolnshire, and entered early into 
 the merchant service, from which he re- 
 moved into the king's, and went with 
 Captain Hunter to i\ew South Wale?. 
 After having, in a small boat, in conjunc- 
 tion wilh Mr. Bass, discovered the straits 
 which now bear the name of his compan- 
 ion, he was appointed to the command of 
 the Investigator, in which he explored a 
 considerable part of the coast of New Hol- 
 land. His vessel was at length wrecked 
 on a coral reef. On his passage home- 
 ward to England, in 1803, he touched at 
 the isle of France. There he was detained 
 for more than six vears a captive, and was 
 deprived of hisjounnal and papers. He 
 died in 1814. His Voyage was published, 
 in two quarto volumes, shortly after his 
 decease. 
 
 FLOOD, HENRY, a celebrated Irish 
 orator, the son of the chief justice of the 
 king's bench in Ireland, was burn in 1732; 
 was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and at Oxford ; became a member of the 
 Irish House of Commons, in 1759, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his eloquence and his 
 patriotic exertions; was elected, in 1783, 
 member for Seaford, in the British parlia- 
 ment ; and died in 1791. From 1775 to 1781 
 he held an olnce under government, but 
 during the rest of his career he was in the 
 ranks of the opposition. One of the most 
 remarkable events of his senatorial life 
 was the violent interchange of invective 
 which, in 1783, took place between him 
 Mid Graltan. 
 
 FLORIAN, JOHN PETER CLARIS DE, 
 a French writer, was born, in 1755, at the 
 castle of Florian, in the Lower Cevennes. 
 Voltaire, to whom he wa? related bv 
 marriage, and who had a warm affection 
 (or him, recommended him to the duke of 
 
 FOL 
 
 261 
 
 I Penthievre as a page. The duke toon 
 ! contracted an equal regard f< .r him. He 
 [gave him a company in his own regiment, 
 and, afterwards, employed him about lus 
 person, treated him as a confidential friend, 
 and afforded him the means of pursuing the 
 career of literature. Thenceforth, Florian 
 became a fertile and a popular wruet. 
 Among his earliest works were, Galatea; 
 Estelle ; Numa Pompilius ; Comedies ; 
 Tales; and Gonsalvo of Cordova. His 
 Fables, which rank him second among 
 French fabulists, appeared in 1792. 'In 
 1794, he was for a while imprisoned, and 
 he died on the 13th of September, shortly 
 after his liberation. Besides the works 
 already mentioned, he produced several 
 others, among which may be mentioned 
 Eliezarand Naphtali ; William Tell; Ruth; 
 a translation of Don Quixote ; and his own 
 memoirs, under the title of Memoirs of a 
 young Spaniard. Elegance, simplicity, 
 and benevolent feeling, are the distinguish- 
 ing qualities of Florian's writings. 
 
 FLO RIO, JOHN, descended from an 
 Italian family, was born in London ; 
 taught the French and Italian languages at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford ; was subse- 
 quently appointed tutor to Prince Henry 
 by James I., and clerk of the closet to the 
 queen; and died in 1625. His chief worka 
 are, First Fruits; Second Fruits; Garder 
 of Recreation ; and an Italian and English 
 Dictionary. 
 
 FLORLJ3, Lucius ANNJEUS JULIUS, 
 a Latin historian, is believed to have been 
 a Spaniard, and of the same family as 
 Seneca, and to have lived under the reigns 
 of Trajan and Adrian. He is the author 
 of an Epitome of Roman History. The 
 Pervigilium Veneris and other poems have 
 aldo been attributed to him. 
 
 FLOYD, WILLIAM, a delegate from 
 New-York to the Continental Congress, 
 and signer of the declaration of indepen- 
 dence, was born on Long Island in 1734, 
 and was left in his youth heir to a large 
 estate. He was a zealous and faithful 
 public servant for more than fiftj years. 
 He died in 1821. 
 
 FOLARD, JOHN CHARLES, a native 
 of Avignon, born in 1669, was inspired 
 with a love of arms by reading Caesar's Com- 
 mentaries. He served with distinguished 
 reputation under Vendome, in Italy, during 
 the war of succession, and under the duke 
 of Burgundy and Marshal Vi liars, in Flan- 
 ders. A fter the peace of Utrecht he volun- 
 teered his services to the order of Malta, 
 and to Charles XII. of Sweden, and ha 
 was with the Swedish monarch at the siege 
 of Fredericshall He died in 1752. A 
 deepened order of battle in the defensive, 
 and the use of heavy columns in the offen- 
 sive, form the basis of what is denominated 
 the system of Folard. He is the author of 
 
K* FON F'ON 
 
 Commentaries on Polybius, New Disco?-; inyjtcd him to Florence, nnd confided lo 
 cries in War; and some less important him the formation of the fine cabinet of 
 works. ' natural history which is now one of the 
 
 ' FOLENGO, THFOPHILUS, an Italian boasts of the Florentine capital. He is the 
 burlesque poet, hotter known under his as- author of various ] hysiological and eliemi- 
 sumed name of Merlin Coceiue, was liorn ral works, one of the lest known of which 
 near Mantua, in 1491; was a monk of the is a Treatise on Poison* 
 Benedictine order of Mont Cassin; and FONT AN A, GREGORY, a brother of 
 died in l.V)4. He is the inventor of the the foregoing, a mathematician, was born, 
 pecies of poetry called Macaronic, which in 1735, in the Tyrol; became a monk at 
 consists in mingling the vernacular language an early age; succeeded Boscoxieh as 
 with the Latin. He is the author of Mac- mathematical professor at Pisa; filled that 
 aronies, in eighteen books; Orlandino; ollice with distinguished reputation for 
 Chaos del Triperuno; and some works of more than thirty years; was elected a mem- 
 l?s extent. j ber of the legislative assemblies of the Cis- 
 
 FONSECA, ELEONORA, marchioness alpine and Italian republics; and died in 
 of, a ladv of great beauty and uncommon ! 1805. He wrote a great number of math- 
 talents, was born at Naples, in 1768. She ematical papers in the transactions of vari- 
 cultivated botany, and other branches of I ous learned bodies; and translated several 
 natural history, and assisted Spallauzani in] scientific works from the English, French, 
 his philosophical investigations. During! and German. 
 
 he short-lived existence of the Partheno- FOINTANES, Louis DE, an eminent 
 pean republic, in 1799. she warmly espous- French writer, was born at Niort, in 1761. 
 ed the popular cause, and edited a journal; He first became known to the public by hit 
 called The Neapolitan Monitor; and for ! poems, among which were The Orchard, 
 this she was executed, on the 20th of July, 'and a translation of Pope's Essay on Man. 
 by the restored government. j During the revolution he edited, first, the 
 
 "FONTAINE DES BERTINS, ALF.X-] journal called The Moderator, and, after- 
 is, a celebrated French geometrician, was! wards, with La Harpe, The Memorial, 
 born, in 1725, at Claveison, in Dauphin", For the latter, he was proscribed in 1797, 
 and died in 1771. He was the first who land obliged to take refuge in England. Af- 
 applied himself to the general theory .and ter the establishment of the consulship he 
 
 the applications of the integral cafculus. 
 His mathematical papers, on that and other 
 important subjects, form a quarto volume. 
 FONTANA, DOMINIC, an Italian archi- 
 tect of the sixteenth century, was born, in 
 1543, at Mili, near the Lake of Como ; was 
 
 took a share in the management of The 
 Mercury. He wati one of the original mem- 
 bers of the Institute, and was successively 
 a member and president of the legislative 
 body, grand master of the university, and 
 a senator. Louis XVII I., whose recall he 
 
 , , . . .., 
 
 employed by Popes Sixtus V. and Clement was one of the first to propose, made him 
 VIII., and by the Neapolitan monarch; a peer, and a privy counsellor. He died 
 and died at Naples, in 1607. He raised in 1821. His last work was an Ode on the 
 the Egyptian obelisk in front of St. Peter's, Violation of the Tombs of St. Denis. By 
 and constructed many magnificent edifices! his countrymen he is considered as stand- 
 at Rome and Naples. His brother, JOHN,! ing among the highest of their poets of the 
 born in 1540, died in 1614, was celebra- j second class, and in the ranks of their first 
 ted as an hydraulic architect. He restor- rate orators. 
 
 FONTENELLE, BERNARD LE BO- 
 VIE R DE, a French author of learning and 
 of varied talents, a nephew of Corneille, 
 born at Rouen, in 1667, was the son of an 
 advocate; studied at the Jesuits' college, 
 
 ed the aqueduct of Augustus from the Lake 
 of Bracciano, and formed the dikes to pro- 
 tect Ravenna and Ferrara from the inun- 
 dations of the Po. 
 
 FONTANA, CHARLES, an Italian ar- 
 chitect, was born, in 1634, at BruciatoJ in his native city, and displayed early tal- 
 and died in 1714. He was patronised by lent; pleaded one cause, which he lust; and 
 Popes Innocent XL and Clement XL, and; then devoted himself to literature. At the 
 executed many important works, among outset of his literary career he was not for- 
 which are several fountains, the mausoleum i tunate. Some of his verses, indeed, were 
 of Queen Christina, a'id the Grimani, Bo- ; praised, but his tragedy of Aspar wag 
 lognetli, and Mount Citorio palaces. He {damned; and Boileau, Rurinu, and La 
 wrote various architectural treat ises, among' Bruycre were his enemies. His Dialogues 
 which are descriptions, of the Vatican anil of the Dead, however, published in 1683, 
 the Flavian amphitheatre. established his reputation, and it was fully 
 
 FONTANA, I'l i-i \, an eminent Italian | au.-tained by the Couxersaticns on the Plu- 
 philosopher and riaturali.-t, was born at rality of Worlds, and the History of Ora- 
 rjmaiolo, i:i the Tyrol, ia 17^0, and died cles. The last of these, which was avow 
 at Florence, in 1M)3. From !'i>a, where edly borrowed from the : work of Van Daale, 
 W wa? profesHnrof philosophy, Leopold II.' exp^(if<l Fonlenclle ta charge of beinf 
 
FOO 
 
 .leterodox. In 1691 , after having been four 
 times rejected, he was received into the 
 French Academy, of which, nine years la- 
 ter, he was chosen the secretary. One of 
 his best productions is the History of that 
 Academy, which hid 30 lung repulsed him. 
 it seems to have been rather as performing 
 the duty of an academician, than as a l.i- 
 bour of love, that he wrote The Elements 
 of the Geometry of Infinites. "Sir," said 
 .i> to the regent, when he presented it to 
 him, "here is a book which not more than 
 eif'ht men in Europe can understand, and 
 tho author is not one of the eight." The 
 life and the popularity of Fontenelle were 
 protracted far beyond what is the usual pe- 
 riod. Till nearly his hundredth year, he 
 continued to be admired in the literary and 
 the social circle. He died in 1757, with- 
 out pain. "I do not suffer," said he to his 
 physician, "but I feel a difficulty of exist- 
 ing." There are numerous editions of his 
 works; the best is that of 1800, with the 
 notes of Lalande. 
 
 FOOTE, SAMUEL, a comic writer and 
 actor, was born, about 1721, of a good 
 family, at Truro, in Cornwall ; was edu- 
 cated" at Worcester College, Oxford ; and 
 studied, or rather did not study, at the Tem- 
 ple, with a view to the bar. Dissipation 
 melted away his small fortune, and he turned 
 his attention to the stage as a resource. 
 His first apperyrance was in Othello; but 
 he soon relinquished the buskin, for which 
 nature had certainly not qualified him. 
 Fortunately for himself, and for the public 
 amusement", he lt upon a new kind of en- 
 tertainment, in which, for his sole benefit, 
 he was at once author and actor. In 1747 
 he opened the Haymarket Theatre, with a 
 dramatic piece, called The Diversions of 
 the Morning, in which well known charac- 
 ters were mimicked and satirised. The ti- 
 tle of this was soon altered to Mr. Foote 
 giving Tea to his Friends. In the ensuing 
 season he presented The Auction of Pic- 
 tures. This course he pursued at the dif- 
 ferent theatres for some years. In 1760 he 
 began to occupy the Haymarket Theatre 
 yearly, with a regular company, when the 
 other theatres were shut up; and, in 1766, 
 he obtained a regular patent. The loss of 
 Foote's leg, by an accident, is said to have 
 induced the duke of York to obtain the pa- 
 tent, to consols the author in some measure 
 for tl>e misfortune. Foote continued to act, 
 to write, and to satirize, with unabated 
 rigour, till 1777, when a discarded man 
 servant brought against him a charge of an 
 unnameable nature. Foote was tried and 
 honourably acquitted, but the disgrace sunk 
 deep into his min.l, and he died in the au- 
 (umn of the same year. He wrote twenty- 
 ix dramatic pieces, which, though slight in 
 their construction, abound with wit, hu- 
 notir, ridicule, and ?itire. It nv.ist, h >\v- 
 
 FOR 263 
 
 ever, be owned that he does not always ap- 
 ply the lash with a strict regard to delica- 
 cy or justice. In conversation, he possess- 
 ed such varied powers of pleasing, that even 
 Johnson, who disliked him, confessed him 
 to be irresistible. 
 
 FORBES, DUNCAN, a Scottish Judge, 
 was born at Culloden, in 1685; studied 
 at Paris, Utrecht, and Edinburgh; was, 
 successively solicitor-general, lord advo- 
 cate, and president of session, in Scotland; 
 and died in 1747. Forbes was learned, 
 pious, and a true lover of his country. It 
 was mainly by his influence and exertions 
 that the rebellion of 1745 was prevented 
 from spreading more widely among the 
 cl ins. He was, however, treated with the 
 grossest ingratitude, being unable to obtain 
 repayment of the sums which he had lib- 
 erally advanced to uphold the cause of the 
 government. He wrote Thoughts on Re- 
 ligion ; and other works. The papers 
 relative to his transactions in 1745-6 have 
 been published in two volumes 4to. 
 
 FORBES, Sir WILLIAM, a native of 
 Scotland, born in 1739, at Pitsligo, was 
 one of the first who, with Sir James Hun- 
 ter Blair, founded a banking establishment 
 at Edinburgh. As a commercial character 
 he was distinguished by liberality of con- 
 duct. His intellectual powers were of a 
 superior order ; and he was early a member 
 of the Literary Club, in London, to which 
 Johnson and other eminent men belonged. 
 He died in 1807. His only work is, Me- 
 moirs of the Life and Writings of Dr. Beat* 
 tie. 
 
 FORBES, JAMES, anotive of London, 
 born in 1749, was sent out to India, as a 
 writer, in his youth, and returned from 
 thence, with a fortune, in 1784. During 
 his residence in India, he travelled over a 
 considerable part of it, and made notes and 
 drawings, which afterwards formed the ba- 
 sis of Oriental Memoirs, four volumes 4tc 
 He is also the author of Letters fro.* 
 France ; and of Reflections on the Charai 
 ter of the Hindoos. Forbes died in 1811 
 
 FORBIN, CLAUDE, count de, an emi 
 nent French naval officer, was born, L 
 1656, near Aix, in Provence, and entere* 
 very early into the naval service. In 1685 
 he accompanied the French ambassador te 
 Siam, and the Siamese monarch though* 
 so highly of his talents that he retained him 
 for two years, as high admiral, general, 
 and governor of Bancock. Forbin returned 
 to France in 1688, and continued his mar- 
 itime career, signalizing himself on num- 
 berless occasions, till 1710, when hi? infir 
 mities compelled him to retire. He died 
 in 1733. 
 
 FOltCELLTNI, GILES, a lexicogra- 
 pher, was born, in 1638, near Feltre, in 
 the Venetian territory. His great work, 
 The Complete Lexicon of the Latin I^iv 
 
2*1 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 , in four volumes folio, was the labour professor of philosophy at the Flench col 
 of the largest part of his life. He also as- iege. In 1743, he was made perpetual se- 
 pitted F'-icciolato in a new edition ofCale- rretary of the Academy of Scleir.-cs in his 
 pi:io's Dictionary. i native city. Fonaey conducted, in whoU 
 
 FORD, JOHN, one of our enrly drama- or in part, three eminent literary journals, 
 list-, \\ as born, in loSb", at Ils-iiigton. in and produced neai ly thirty biographical 
 Devonshire; bec;une a incrnl'er of the Mid- theological, and pkilMObhicaJ works. 
 die Temple in Ki02; and died about 1639. FOKSTF.R, JOHN RKI.NIIOI.D, a na. 
 Ht- j >i;ied with Dekker and Ro\\ ley in sev- uralist and traveller, was born, in 1729, at 
 er.il plays, and was the soli- author ofclev- Derschau, in Prussian Poland, and was ed- 
 en pieces, of which the principal are, The iu-ated at Berlin and Hall,-. After having 
 Lover's Melancholy; Love's Sacrifice; been a minister of the gospel in Prussia, he 
 'Tis Pity She's a Whore; Perk in War- was invited to Kussia, to superintend some 
 beck; and The Broken Heart. " Ford new colonies at Sarutoii". From Russia ha 
 (say- Charles Lamb) was of the first order j soon .removed to England, and became a 
 of poets. He sought for sublimity, not by teacher in the dissenting academy ar War- 
 parcels in metaphors or visible images, but rington. In 1772, he was engaged, with 
 directly whose she has her full residence in , his son, to accompany Captain Cook, as 
 
 naturalist. Subsequently to his return, l>ia 
 conduct gave, on more than one account, 
 so much offence to the British government, 
 that he thought it advisable to leave Eng- 
 
 the heart of man ; in the ict ions and suffer- 
 ings of the g-'eatest minds." 
 
 FOR DUN, JOHN UK, a Scotch histori- 
 an, of whose life nothing certain is known. 
 
 The dedication of his Scotichronicon to the | land. For some time he was much dfs- 
 bishop of Glasgow, bears the date of 1377, [tressed; but in 1780 he was fortunate 
 ot which period he is supposed to have held 'enough to be appointed professor of natur- 
 the benefice of Fordun. Though it con-jal history, and inspector of the botanical 
 tains much that is fabulous or absurd, his i garden, at Halle, in Saxony. He died in 
 
 History is a valuable document. 
 
 FORDYCE, JAMES, a Scotch divine, 
 was born, in 1720, at Aberdeen; was edu- 
 cated at Marischal College; and was, suc- 
 cessively, minister at Biechin, Alloa, and 
 Monk well Street, London. In 1782, he 
 relinquished the pastoral office, and retired 
 first to Hampshire, and afterwards to Bath. 
 He wrote Ser- 
 Addresses to 
 
 He died at Bath, in 1796. 
 mons to Youns Women ; 
 
 Young Men; Addresses to the Deity; and 
 some single Sermons. His brother, DA- 
 VID, born in 1711, and died in 1750, was 
 also in orders ; and wrote dialogues con- 
 cerning Education; Theodorus, a Dialogue 
 on the Art of Preaching; and the Treatise 
 on Moral Philosophy, in Dodsley's Precep- 
 tor. 
 
 FORDYCE, GEORGE, an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Aberdeen, in 1736; was 
 educated at Marischal College, and studied 
 medicine at Edinburgh and Leyden ; set- 
 tled in London in 1757, and acquired much 
 reputation as a lecturer on chemistry, the 
 materia mjdica, and the therapeutic art; 
 rose into considerable practice; became a 
 fellow of the college; physician of St. 
 Thomas's Hospital; and a member of the 
 Royal Society, and of the Literary Club; 
 and died in 1802. He wrote Elements of 
 the Practice of Physic; A Treatise on Di- 
 gestion; Elements "of Agriculture and Veg- 
 etation; and other workj. 
 
 FORMEY, JOHN HENRY SAMUEL, a 
 multifarious and able writer, was born at 
 Berlin in 1711, and died there in 1797. 
 He was, at his outset in life, pastor of the 
 French church at Berlin, but relinquished 
 tJkt ministry in 1739, on being appointed 
 
 1798. Among his works are, Observa- 
 tions made on his Voyage; and a History 
 of Voyages and Discoveries in the North. 
 FORSTER, JOHN GEORGE ADAM, 
 the son of the foregoing, was born near 
 Dantzic, in 1754; accompanied his father 
 in the voyage round the world; and was 
 successively professor of natural history at 
 Cassel and Wilna, and principal librarian 
 to the elector of Mentz. Having adopted 
 republican principles, Forster was sent to 
 Paris, by the revolutionists of iMentz, to 
 desire that their city might be united to 
 France. This step was his ruin, and h 
 was compelled to find an asy'um in the 
 French capital ; where he died, in 1794, 
 while preparing for a voyage to Hindostar 
 and Thibet. He is the author of a Voyage 
 round the World;, a Journey along tht 
 Banks of the Rhine; and several other 
 father in the 
 
 works: and he assisted 
 
 Characteres Generum Plantarum. 
 
 FORSYTH, WILLIAM, a horticultur- 
 ist, born in 1757 at Old Meldrum, in Ab- 
 berdeenshire, was a pupil of Philip Miller, 
 and succeeded him at the Chelsea physic 
 garden. In 1784, he became superintend- 
 ent of St. James's and Kensington Gar- 
 dens. He died in 1804. Forsyth invented 
 a composition to cure the wounds and dis- 
 eases of trees ; and wrote Observations on 
 the Diseases, &c. of Fruit and Forest 
 Trees; and a Treatise on the Culture, &c. 
 of Fruit Trees. 
 
 FORTESCUE, Sir JOHN, an eminent 
 judge, and writer on the law, is believed to 
 have been born in Dorsetshire, and to have 
 studied at Oxford and Lincoln's Inn. In 
 1442, he wan made chief justice of the conn 
 
FOS 
 
 of king s bench. His loyalty to Henry VI. 
 caused him to be attainted by the parlia- 
 ment under Edward IV. and he escaped 
 his fate only by flying to Flanders. While 
 ho was in exile he composed his well known 
 treatise DC Laudibus Legum Anglise. He 
 returned to join in the struggle for the res- 
 toration of the house of Lancaster, and was 
 one of the prisoners taken after the battle 
 of Tewkesbury. He was, however, suffer- 
 ed to retire to his seat in Gloucestershire, 
 where he died at the age of ninety. Be- 
 sides the treatise De Laudibus, he wrote a 
 tract on The Difference between an Abso- 
 lute and a Limited Monarchy. 
 
 FORTIGUERRA, or FORTEGTJERRI, 
 NICHOLAS, an Italian prelate and poet, 
 uurnamed the younger, to distinguish him 
 from th cardinal of the same name, was 
 born at Pistoia in 1674, and died in 1735. 
 He translated into verse the comedies 
 of Terence ; but the work on which his 
 reputation is founded is the poem of .Ric- 
 ciardetto, in twenty cantos ; a lively and 
 elegant production, in which he adopts 
 by turns the manner of Pulci, Berni, and 
 Ariosto. 
 
 FOSCOLO, Uo, a distinguished Italian 
 writer, was born at sea, in 1776, near 
 Zante, of which island his father was the 
 Venetian governor. He was educated at 
 Padua, and produced his tragedy of Thy- 
 estes before he was twenty. After the 
 Venetian territory was placed under the 
 Austrian yoke, he returned toLombardy, 
 where he produced his celebrated Letters 
 of Ortis, a romance which established his 
 fame. Having entered into the first Italian 
 legion, he formed a part of the garrison 
 of Genoa when that city was besieged by 
 the Austrians in 1800, and two of hib finest 
 odes were composed while he resided in 
 the Genoese capital. He retired from the 
 army in 1805. In 1807 he published The 
 Tombs, a poem ; and, in the following 
 year, an edition of the works of Montecu- 
 culi. He was appointed professor of lite- 
 rature at Pavia, in 1809 ; but the bold lan- 
 Siiage of his introductory lecture, On the 
 rigin and Office of Literature, is said to 
 have induced ^ Napoleon to suppress the 
 professorship immediately. In 1812, Fos- 
 colo gave stifl further offence by his trage- 
 dy of Ajax, which waa supposed to be a 
 satire on the emperor, and a panegyric on 
 Moieau. He was consequently obliged to 
 withdraw from the kingdom of Italy to 
 Florence. In 1814, he was compelled to 
 fly to Switzerland, in consequence of hav- 
 ing joined in a plan to expel the Austrian 
 oppressors from Italy ; and in the follow- 
 ing year he settled in England. Here he 
 published his tragedy of Ricciarda ; Es- 
 says on Petrarch ; Dissertation and Notes 
 on Dante ; and contributed to the Edin- 
 burgh, Quarterly, Westminster, and Re- 
 12 
 
 FOU MS 
 
 trospective Reviews, and other periodicals. 
 He died, of dropsy, September 10, 1 827 : 
 having for a considerable period suffered 
 much from disease and penury. 
 
 FOSTER, Sir MICHAEL, an eminent 
 lawyer, was born, in 1689, t Marlbor- 
 ough, in Wiltshire ; studied at Exeter 
 College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; 
 was chosen recorder of Bristol, in 1735 ; 
 was appointed one of the judges of the 
 court of king's bench, and knighted, in 
 1745 ; and died in 1763. Blackstone de- 
 clares him to be a " very great master of 
 the crown law." Independence, and a re- 
 gard for the liberty of the subject, marked 
 his conduct as a judge. He wrote a refu- 
 tation of the doctrines contained in Bishop 
 Gibson's Codex, and A Report of the Trial 
 of the Rebels in 1746, to which are added 
 Discourses upon a few Branches of the 
 Crown Law. 
 
 FOSTER, JAMES, an eloquent dissent- 
 ing minister, was born, in 1697, at Exeter. 
 He quitted the Independent sect to be- 
 come a Baptist. He succeeded Dr. Gale 
 as preacher at Barbican, and was after- 
 wards minister at Pinner's Hall, and lec- 
 turer at the Old Jewry. Such were his 
 talents as a pulpit orator, that crowds 
 flocked to hear him, and even Pope sang 
 his praise. He died in 1752. He wrote 
 An Essay on Fundamentals ; Tracts on 
 Heresy ; "Discourses on Natural and Social 
 Virtue : and other works. 
 
 FOTHERGILL, GEORGE, an eminent 
 phvsician, was born, in 1712, at Carr-end, 
 in Yorkshire ; and studied at Edinburgh 
 and London. After having travelled in 
 many parts of the continent, he settled in 
 the British metropolis, where he obtained 
 an extensive practice. He died in 1780. 
 Fothergill, who was a Quaker, was distin- 
 guished for philanthropy ; he was indefa- 
 tigable in finding or making occasions to 
 do good. He was a member of the Royal 
 Society, and was well versed in botany, 
 and other branches of natural history. His 
 medical and other works were collected by 
 Dr. Lettsom, and published in three vols. 
 
 FOUCHE, JOSEPH, duke of Otranto, 
 one of the most celebrated, and perhaps 
 one of the most calculatingly wicked, of 
 the French revolutionists, was born at 
 Nantes, in 1763. Capacity, steadiness, 
 and a love of learning, he early displayed, 
 and he gained applause, as a professor, 
 among the fathers of the Oratory. At the 
 bar, however, which he chose as his pro- 
 fession, he was little known : it was the 
 revolution that raised him into notice. 
 Having established a popular club at 
 Nantes, and shone as one of its most vio- 
 lent orators, he was chosen, in 1792, as a 
 deputy to the National Convention. He 
 voted for the death of the king. In 1793 
 he was sent to Lyons with Collot d'Her- 
 
M6 FOU 
 
 boia, und the cold-bloo led cruelty which 
 ne there exercised stands recorded against 
 
 him in the damning evidence of hi.- o\\n 
 letters. To the downfalof Robespierre he 
 assented, not because he hated the crimes 
 of that individual, but because he feared to 
 ne a victim. His de.-ertion of his jacobin 
 friends did not prevent a decree from bring 
 to arris! him for his participation 
 in their enormities; lint lie contrived to 
 Conceal himself till the amnesty rotored 
 him to safety, and he soon reappeared in 
 public life. "After having been intrusted 
 wit!: a mission on the Spanish frontier, he 
 was appointed ambassador to the Cisal- 
 pine republic. He \\as recalled to Paris 
 for disobedience of instructions, and re- 
 mained unemployed till a change in the di- 
 rectory raised him to the office of minister 
 of the police. Bonaparte retained him in 
 it till after the peace of Amiens, when he 
 suppressed the office. It was, however, 
 speedily revived, with Fouche again at its 
 head, who, in 1805, was created duke of 
 Otranto. In 1809, during the campaign 
 in Austria, he was also minister of the 
 home department, and was, in fact, at the 
 head of the government. But some cir- 
 cumstances in his conduct displeased Na- 
 poleon, and he was dismissed, and doomed 
 to a kind of exile, though the disgiace was 
 gilded by the nominal rank of governor of 
 Rome. In 1813 he was once more called 
 forth on the political stage, and employed 
 by the emperor on various occasions. He 
 was consulted, but his advice was not fol- 
 lowed, by Louis XVIII.; and when Na- 
 poleon returned, Fouche again became 
 minister of police. It \3 past a doubt, 
 however, that he acted the part of a trai- 
 tor to the restored emperor, and contribu- 
 ted to the second return of the Bourbons. 
 
 FOX 
 
 i monster oonseciated to 
 eternal infamy, was horn near St. (inentir., 
 in Trance, in 17-17, anil was brought up to 
 the law. When the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal was established, in 17JKJ. he was ap- 
 pointed one of the jurors; and the circum- 
 stance of his uniformly voting for death 
 
 recommended 
 
 to the office of 
 
 public accuser. In that " bad cr ineuce" 
 be acted with (he most brutal cruelty and 
 shameless contempt of justice. He* was 
 guillotined, in l~U~), with t,\e!\e of the 
 revolutionary judges, his accomplices. 
 
 FOURCRO1 . AM IIO.NV. I-'KANCIS, an 
 eminent lYench chemist, was horn at Par- 
 is in 17oo, and studied at lias court (VI- 
 lege. In 1784, he was appointed profes- 
 sor of chemiMry at the Royal (iarden, in 
 which office lie soon became celebrated, by 
 his scientific knowledge, and by his flu- 
 ent, elegant, and impressive manner of 
 speaking. He was, successively, a mem- 
 ber of the Convention, the Committee of 
 Public Safety, the Council of Elders, and 
 the Council of State. As Counsellor of 
 State, he was intrusted with the manage- 
 ment of all affairs connected with public 
 instruction; and he establi.-hcd three med- 
 ical schools, twelve l.:\\ :-choids, ;:nd more 
 than three hundred seminaries for cduca- 
 
 His chemical lab 
 
 i s, too, were in- 
 >vei ies important. 
 
 hnong his principal 
 of Chemical Knowl- 
 I hy ; .Medicine 
 
 cessant, and Ins 
 
 He died in 1809. Am 
 
 works are, A System 
 
 edge ; Chemical Ph.i.-^i ,,_ x , _T:L-UU:IU</ 
 
 enlightened by the Pln.-ica! Sciences; and 
 
 Synoptical Tables of Chemistry. 
 
 FOURNIER, PJ.TJ R SIMON, an omi 
 nent letter-founder, was born, in 1712, ul 
 Paris, and began life as a wood-engraver, 
 but quitted that occupation to bec;i.:e a 
 type-founder. In his new pursuit !< a<-- 
 
 For a while Louis XVIII. retained him in I quired high reputation for the bea'ity of 
 the ministry, but the earliest opportunity I bis characters. He died in 1768. V'onr- 
 was taken to discard him, and at length j nier wrot>- several wo:ks relative to his a; t, 
 .he was included among the regicides who j of which the principal are, A Tvpoyraph- 
 
 were banished from France. He died at 
 Trieste, in 1820, regretted by no party ; 
 for all parties had, by turns, been oppress- 
 ed, insulted, and betrayed by him. 
 
 FOULJS, RoBKRTand Axi>REW,two 
 
 ical Manual, in two vo's. ; Historical and 
 Critical Treatises on the Origin of Print- 
 ing; and a Dissertation on the Origin and 
 
 B of Word Engraving. 
 FOX, RICH AKD, a prelate and statrs- 
 
 emincnt printers of (Jia.-irow. IV<U.KKTJS man, wa- born, about 1-HJG, at Kopesley, 
 said to have been originally a barber, but near (irantham ; was educated at Magda- 
 became a printer, and greatly distinguish- len College, Oxford, and Pembroke Hall, 
 ed himself by the correctness and b- auty ( .'ambi i'lge ; and went to Paris, wheic 
 .of his edition.-- of the classics. He took his .Morton, hishcp of Ely, recommended him 
 brother, ANDKKNV, into partnership, ar.d.to the earl of Richmond, at the time when 
 for thirty years they continued to be pros- that nobleman was planning his descent on 
 pr-rous. Their public, spirit was at length England. After l,i- accession, lienry VII. 
 their ruin. They endeavoured to establish employed Fox on various mi.-sions; and 
 M Academy for the instruction of youth in successiveiv made .tun bishop r,f 
 painting and sculpture an undertaking Halli ::nd NN'ells, Dt.i ln-.m, and Winches- 
 which, un-npported a< they v.ere, wa> loo ler. Fo t \ , fjiinded Cor 
 
 inch for tlieir resources. Andrew ilicd in pus Chiisti Coll. ge, Ovioril, and the free 
 
 1774, and Robert in 177<J. 
 FOUUUIEK-T UAV1L1.E, 
 
 schools of Taun'on and (ira'itham. 
 
 FOX, JOHN, a divine, born, in 1517, 
 
FOX 
 
 At Boston, in Lincolnshire, was educated 
 at Brazen-nose College, Oxford, and was 
 elected a fellow of Magdalen College 
 From his fellowship he was expelled in 
 Io45, for having espoused the doctrines of 
 tli Kcfornmtion, and, till he was restored 
 to it by Edward VI., he subsisted by acting 
 as a tutor, first to the family of Sir Thomas 
 Lucy, and afterwards to the children of 
 the "imprisoned earl of Surrey. During 
 the reign of Mary, he iOOght an asylum 
 at Basil. Returning, on the accession of 
 Elizabeth, he was taken into the house of 
 the duke of Norfolk, and Cecil obtained 
 for him a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Salisbury. His conscientious scruples as 
 to church ceremonies prevented his farther 
 promotion. He died in 1587. His great 
 work is the Acts and Monuments of the 
 Church, usually known by the name of 
 Fox's Book of* Martyrs; the merits and 
 demerits of which have been a source of 
 violent dispute between protestant and 
 catholic writers. To the credit of Fox it 
 must be recorded, that lie strenuously, 
 though vainly, endeavoured to prevail upon 
 Elizabeth not to disgrace herself by carry- 
 ing into effect the sentence which condemn- 
 ed two anabaptists to the llames as heretics. 
 FOX, GEORGE, the founder of the so- 
 ciety of friends, or quakers, was born, in 
 1624, at Drayton, in Leicestershire; and 
 was the son of a weaver, a pious and vir- 
 tuous man, who gave him a religious edu- 
 cation. Being apprenticed to a grazier, 
 he was employed in keeping sheep ; an 
 occupation the silence and solitude of which 
 were well calculated to nurse his naturally 
 enthusiastic feelings. When he was about 
 nineteen, he believed himself to have re- 
 ceived a divine command to forsake all, 
 renounce society, and dedicate his exis- 
 tence to the service of religion. For five 
 years he accordingly led a wandering life, 
 fasting, praying, and living secluded; but 
 it was not till about 1648 that he began to 
 preach his doctrines. Manchester was the 
 place where he first promulgated them. 
 Thenceforth he pursued his career with 
 untirable zeal and activity, in spite of fre- 
 quent imprisonment and brutal usage. It 
 was at Derby that his followers were first 
 denominated quakers, either from their 
 tremulous mode of speaking, or from their 
 calling on their hearers to " tremble at the 
 name of the Lord." The labours of Fox 
 were crowned with considerable success; 
 and, in 1669, he extended the sphere of 
 them to America, where he spent two 
 years. He also twice visited the continent. 
 He died in 1690. His writings were col- 
 lected in three vols. folio. Whatever may 
 be thought of the tenets of Fox, there can 
 be no doubt that he was sincere in them, 
 and that he was a man of strict temper- 
 nce, humility, moderation, and pietj 
 
 FOX 267 
 
 FOX, CHARLES JAMES, one of the 
 most distinguished of statesmen and ora- 
 
 tors, was the second son of Lord Holland, 
 and was born January 13, 1748. West- 
 minster and Eton schools, and Hertford 
 College, Oxford, were the seminaries at 
 which he received his education. In 
 classical learning his proficiency was great, 
 and he always retained a fondness for it. 
 Having completed his studies, he set out 
 on his travels, and an intellect like his 
 could not fail to profit by such an enlarged 
 field of observation. Unfortunately, how- 
 ever, his powerful mind did not preserve 
 him from dissipated habits, and from a 
 propensity to gaining, which long continued 
 to be the bane of his existence. In the 
 hope of weaning him from these follies, he 
 was, when only nineteen, elected member 
 for Midhurst, through the influence of hitf 
 father. Prudence, perhaps, kept him silent 
 in the House till he was of an age legally 
 to hold a seat in it. His lips were unlocked 
 in 1770, and for four years he continued to 
 be the advocate of the ministry. His aid 
 was rewarded by his being appointed a 
 lord of the admiralty, which situation he 
 soon resigned to be a lord of the treasury. 
 In 1774, however, in consequence of some 
 disagreement with Lord North, he was 
 abruptly dismissed, and his dismission was 
 announced to him in a manner which added 
 insult to injury The ranks of opposition 
 gladly received so promising anally; and, 
 during the whole of the American war, he 
 was one of the most persevering, eloquent, 
 and formidable of the minister's opponents. 
 Additional spirit and effect were given to 
 his exertions by his being elected foi 
 Westminster, in 1780, in spite of the whole 
 weight of the government interest having 
 been thrown into the scale against him. 
 On the downfal of the North administra- 
 tion, Fox came into office, as secretary of 
 state for foreign affairs. But the death 
 of the marquis of Rockingham, and dis- 
 gust at the conduct of Lord Shelburne, soon 
 induced Fox and some of his party to re- 
 tire. In an evil hour for their popularity 
 they formed *he celebrated coalition with 
 Lord North. The measure enabled them 
 
268 FOY 
 
 to carry the cabinet bv storm, but it shook 
 their influence with the people, and their 
 short-lived triumph wa.< closed by their 
 expulsion from power, on the question of 
 Fox's India Bill. A new election in 1784 
 diminished their parliamentary numbers 
 and gave Mr. Pitt a secure majority. For 
 more than twenty years the mighty talents 
 of Fox were exerted in almost constant 
 but fruitless opposition to hi* tfrcat riva 
 His espousing the caiue of the French 
 revolution lost him the friendship of Burke. 
 To the war against France he was de- 
 cidedly hostile. At length, in 1806, he 
 resumed his situation of secretary of slate. 
 Hut his constitution was now broken, and 
 he expired on the 16th of September in the 
 Fame year. Before his death, however, he 
 had the happiness of putting an end to the 
 slave trade; an object which had for many 
 years been nearest to his heart. The wis- 
 dom of Fox's political conduct has, on 
 pome points, been violently impeached, but 
 no one has yet denied the goodness and 
 sweetness of his disposition; so amiable 
 was his temper, that to know him was tc 
 love him. Of his eloquence one of his 
 panegyrists justly observes that, " plain, 
 nervous, energetic, vehement, it simplified 
 what was complicate, it unravelled what 
 was entangled, it cast light upon what was 
 obscure, and through the understanding it 
 forced its way to the heart. It came home 
 to the sense and feelings of the hearer; 
 and, by a secret, irresistible charm, it ex- 
 torted the assent of those who were most 
 unwilling to be convinced." His literary 
 i ompositions consist of some excellent 
 Greek, Latin, and English verses; a few 
 | apers in The Englishman; A Letter to 
 i le Electors of Westminster ; and A His- 
 xory of the early Part of the Reign of 
 James the Second. 
 
 FOY, MAXIMILIAN SEBASTIAN, cele- 
 brated both in the field and the senate, was 
 born, in 1775, at Hamm, in Picardy; 
 studied at the military school of La Fere; 
 and made his first campaign, in 1792, under 
 Dumourier. In the war which was ter- 
 minated by the peace of Amiens he acted 
 with conpric'-us talent and bravery, par- 
 ticularly at the assault of the bridge head 
 of Huninguen, the passages of the Lech, 
 the Rhine, and the Limmat, and the action 
 of Peri, in the Tyrol. In 1805 he bore a 
 part in the Austrian campaign; in 1807 
 
 FRA 
 
 he continued to be one of the moat active 
 and eloquent defenders of the liberties of 
 his country till his decease, Nov. 28,1825 
 He was attended to his grave by thousanda 
 of his countrymen, and a subscription was 
 made to provide for his children, and erect 
 a monument to his memory. He had be- 
 gun a History of the War in the Peninsula. 
 The part which he completed was published 
 1>\ his wife. 
 
 " FRACASTORIO, or FRACASTO- 
 RIUS, JEROME, a physician and Latin 
 poet, was born at Verona in 1483. He 
 came into the world with his lips so united 
 that a surgical operation was necessary to 
 open them; and while he was an infant in 
 his mother's arms, she was killed by light- 
 ning, without his being injured. His med- 
 ical reputation obtained for him the office 
 of chief physician to Pope Paul III. and 
 he acted in the same capacity to the council 
 of Trent. He died in 1553. Of modern 
 Latin poets he confessedly stands among 
 the most elegant. His poem denominated 
 Syphilis is a singular instance of a dis- 
 gusting subject being treated in such a 
 manner as to render it attractive. Fra- 
 c.astorio wrote some other poems, and va- 
 rious tracts in prose. 
 
 FRA DIAVOLO, whose real name was 
 Michael Pozzo, was a native of Calabria, 
 and was originally a stocking weaver, but 
 quitted his occupation to join a band of 
 robbers, of which he subsequently became 
 the chief. So formidable was he in the 
 Calabrias, that the government offered a 
 reward for his head. In 1799, however, 
 when Cardinal Ruffo was labouring to ex- 
 pel the French from Naples, he gave Fra 
 Diavolo the command of a large body of 
 ne insurgents, and the bandit behaved 
 with equal bravery and ferocity. In 1806 
 b'ra Diavolo took the field against the 
 troops of Joseph Bonaparte; but, after 
 having displayed much talent, and gained 
 some advantages, he was taken, ana sen- 
 tenced to be hanged. 
 
 FRANCIS OF PAULO, St. a Romish 
 aint, waa born at Paulo, in Calabria, in 
 1416; was brought up in a Franciscan 
 convent; and, at length, retired to a cell 
 n a solitary spot, where he >vas soon sur- 
 rounded by so many disciples that it be- 
 came necessary to build a monastery and a 
 church for them. These new monks were 
 at first called the Hermits of St. Francis, 
 
 he was sent to Tuikey, with a corps of; but Pope Axexander VI. changed their 
 French artillerymen, and assisted in de- name to that of Minims. Their founder 
 fending the Dardanelles; from 1807 to died in 1507. 
 
 1814 inclusive, he fought with great gal- FRANCIS DE SALES, St. n pious 
 lantry in Spain and Portugal, and on the catholic prelate, was born, in 1657, at the 
 Pyrenean frontier; and he closed his mili-' castle of Sales, near Geneva. He was so 
 tary career at the. battle of Waterloo. The successful in converting the protestant* 
 rank of general he attained in 1809. In that he was appointed coadjutor to the 
 1819 he was elected a member of the bishop of Geneva, and eventually bishop, 
 chamber of deputies, and in this capacity In tlie performance of wuiks of charity, 
 
FRA 
 
 ftnd of his episcopal duties, he deserves 
 the highest culogium. He died in 1622, 
 and was canonized in 1624. The last 
 edition of his theological productions is in 
 sixteen vols. 8vo. 
 
 FRANCIS XAVIER, St. SeeXxviER. 
 
 FRANCIS, PHILIP, son of the dean of 
 Lismore, was educated at Dublin; and, 
 after having taken orders, he settled at 
 Esher, in Surrey, where he established an 
 academy. He obtained, through Lord 
 Holland's influence, the rectory of Barrow 
 in Suffolk, and the chaplainship of Chelsea 
 Hospital. He died in 1773. Francis wrote 
 the tragedies of Eugenia and Constantia, 
 and some political articles in defence of 
 government ; and translated the poems of 
 Horace, and the orations of Demosthenes 
 and Eschines. 
 
 FRANCIS, Sir PHILIP, a son of the 
 foregoing, was born at Dublin in 1740, 
 and was educated at St. Paul's School. 
 After having been a clerk in the secretary 
 of state's office, secretary of the embassy 
 to Portugal, and a clerk in the war office, 
 he was raised to a situation of much higher 
 importance. In 1773 he was appointed 
 one of the members of the council of 
 Bengal. In India he remained from 1774 
 to 1780, during whiJti period he was active 
 in opposition to the measures of Mr. Hast- 
 ings. Such was their mutual animosity 
 that a duel ensued, in which he was shot 
 through the body. In 1784 he obtained 
 a seat in parliament, and he continued to 
 sit there for the greatest part of his life. 
 He voted with the whigs, and took a prom- 
 inent part on many questions, particularly 
 those of the impeachment of Hastings, In- 
 dia affairs, the slave trade, reform, and the 
 war with France. When his friends came 
 into power, he received the order of the 
 Bath, and they at one time intended to 
 send him to Hindostan as governor general.. 
 He died in 1818. Francis published 
 nearly thirty speeches and political pam- 
 phlets; the style of which has a very large 
 portion of point and spirit. The Letters 
 of Junius have been attributed to him; and 
 if must be owned that to no one have 
 they been assigned with more probability. 
 He, however, always disclaimed them 
 
 FRA^CKLIN, THOMAS, D. D., a son 
 of tne printer of The Craftsman, was born 
 in London, in 1721; was educated at 
 Westminster School, and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge; became Greek professor at 
 Cambridge; obtained, successively, the 
 king's chaplainship, and the livings of 
 Ware, Thundridge, and Brastcd ; and died 
 in 1784. Dr. Francklin ' "instated laician, 
 Sophocles', Phalaris's Epistles, and Cicero 
 on the Nature of the Gods; wrote Ser- 
 mons, some misctll ineoiid pieces, the Earl 
 of Warwick, and four other tragedies; 
 tOBtrihuteJ to liio Critical Review ; and 
 
 FRA 
 
 269 
 
 joined In the translation ef Voltaire's 
 works. 
 
 FRANCO-BARRETO, a poet, wa. 
 born at Lisbon in 1606, and died in 1664. 
 In 1646 he fought gallantly against the 
 Dutch in Brazil. On his return home, IIP 
 took his doctor's degree; was appointed 
 secretary of embassy in France ; ultimately 
 entered the church ; and became v'car of 
 Barreiro in 1648. He wrote many poems, 
 and translated the ^Eneid, and the Battle 
 of the Frogs and Mice. Ilia style is ad- 
 mired for its spirit, elegai*e, and purity. 
 
 FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, a philosopher 
 and statesman, the son of a soap-boiler and 
 tallow chandler, was born, in 1706, at Bos- 
 ton, in America. He was apprenticed as a 
 printer, to his brother, at Boston. It was 
 while he was with his brother that he began 
 to try his powers of literary composition. 
 Street ballads and articles in a newspaper 
 were his first efforts. Dissatisfied with the 
 manner in which he was treated by his 
 relative, he, at the age of seventeen, pri- 
 vately quitted him, and went to Phila- 
 delphia, where he obtained employment. 
 Deluded by a promise of patronage from 
 the governor, Sir William Keith, he visited 
 England to procure the necessary materials 
 for establishing a printing office in Phila- 
 delphia; but, on his arrival at London, he 
 found that he had been deceived, and he 
 was obliged to work as a journeyman for 
 eighteen months. While he was in the 
 British metropolis, Ije wrote a Dissertation 
 on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and 
 Pain. In 1726 he returned to Philadelphia ; 
 not long after which he entered into busi- 
 ness as a printer and stationer, and, in 
 1728, established a newspaper His pru- 
 dence soon placed him among the most 
 prosperous of the citizens, and the influ- 
 ence which prosperity natural v gave was 
 enhanced by his activity and talent. Chiefly 
 by his exertions, a public library, a fire- 
 preventing company, an insurance com- 
 pany, and a voluntary association for de- 
 fiiiire, were established at Philadelphia. 
 In 1732, he begun Poor Richard's Almanac 
 His first public employment wa that of 
 t li-rk to the general assembly of Pennsyl- 
 
27 FRF. FRE 
 
 vania; his next that of postmaster ; and my. and iiK-rnii-inir tlie resources of hit 
 to was subsequently chosen as a repnven- kingdom. Commencing in 1755. the sev- 
 tative. Philosophy, also, now attracted en gears' war ensued, in \\hich, wilh no 
 his attention, and he be^an those inquiries other aid than a snh.-idy from England, lie 
 into the nature of electricity, the rc.-nlts made head against the combined attacks oi 
 of which have ranked him high amoni: the Austrian, Russian, Swedish, and Sa\- 
 " 
 
 , , 
 
 17.";:]. he ua- appointed on fines, ;md naincd the la illiaat \ ictories 
 f P>i itish Amer- of Prague. I.eulhen, Ko bach, 7oi ndorfV, 
 
 men of science 
 deputy postmaster general 
 
 if a ; find from 1757 to 17(>2, lie resided Torgan, and many le>s ini|uirtant snct < 
 n Load n, as agent f"r Pennsylvania and Though lie was sevei al times severely de- 
 Dther colonies. The last of these offices feated, \et he still kept the field, and 1 af- 
 c-ntriMed to him again in 1764, and fled liis enemies. By the peace of Huberts- 
 n u held it till the breaking out of the burgh, in 1763, peace wa* restored to Pnu- 
 contest in 177."). Alter his return to sia; and Frederic thenceforth, wilh the 
 America, he took an acti\e part in the sole exception wf the brief war in 1777, 
 cause <f liberty, and, in 1778, he was was employed in making his dominions 
 dispatched, by the . ;s ambassador flourish, by encouraging commerce, agri- 
 
 to France. The treaty of alliance with culture, manufacture, and the arts. In 
 the French government, and the treaties 1772 he obtained a disgraceful enlargement 
 r.f peace, in 17S2 and 17S:?, as well as of his states, by the partition of 1'oland. 
 treaties with Sweden and Piussia, were He died August 17, 17S6. Literatm e \\ as 
 signed by him. On his reaching I'hila- the solace and the delight of Frederic's 
 delphia, in September, 17S5, his arrival whole existence. His works, among \\hich 
 was hailed by applauding thousands <,f are 1 1 istories of his o\\ n Times, or the Se\ - 
 his countrymen, \\lio conducted him in en Years' War, and of the I louse of P>ran- 
 triumph to his lesidence. He died .\|;ril denbnrh, extend to twenty-five octavo vol- 
 17, 1790. His Memoirs, written by hi in- nines, and entitle him to an honourable 
 Felt", bat left unfinished, and his Philosoph- rank among authors. As a military com- 
 ical. Political, and Miscellaneous Works, mander his name stands enrolled among 
 have been published by his grandson, in the Comics, the Turennes, the Marlhor- 
 six volumes octavo. ;ongh.s, the Napoleons, and the \\elling- 
 
 FICA.\KL1.\, KI.EAMOH ANN, a poet, tons. 
 
 the daughter of Mr. Porden, an eminentl FREIND, JOHN, an eminent physician 
 architect, was born in 1795. She eai lv and writer, was a son of the rector of Gro- 
 manifested great talent and a strong mem- ton, in Northamptonshire, at which place 
 ory, and acquired a considerable knowl- he was born, in 1675. He was educated 
 edge of Greek and other languages. Her at Westminster School, and at Christ's 
 first poem, The Veils, was written when ! College, Oxford, and, while at college, 
 phe was seventeen. Her next was The j gave proofs of high classical acquirements. 
 
 Arctic Expedition, which led, in 1823, to 
 her marriage with Captain Franklin. Her 
 
 work is 
 
 aptam I 1 rant 
 the epic of 
 
 Crrur de 
 
 ion, which appeared in 1825. Her poems 
 display much elegance, spirit, and rich- 
 
 of imagination. 
 FREDERIC 11. Kim 
 
 of Prussia, sur- 
 
 After having been physician to the army 
 under the earl of Peterborough, and to the 
 duke of Onnond, in Flanders, he settled in 
 London, and obtained extensive practice. 
 In 1722. he was elected member for Laun- 
 ceston, and, shortly after, was committed 
 to the Tower, on suspicion of treasonable 
 
 named the GRKAT, was born January 24, practices. He was, however, soon libera 
 1712. In the early part of his life he was ted. He died in 172S. Of Ins woiks the 
 exposed to severe trials. He had a taste most important is, The History of Physic. 
 for literature and the. fine arts, which was 
 considered as a heinous crime by his father. 
 n, unintellectual despot," who held 
 strict obedience to be the highest of v it :i;e>, 
 and milita.y pursuits the iiio.-t noble that 
 can occupy mankind. Frederic attempted 
 ;ie from paternal tyranny, but hi? 
 intent' 
 friend 
 
 he himself narrowly e--;a|ed a similar fate. 
 17-10, l.e a-cendcd the throne, and his 
 
 in: BESSY, a mathema- 
 brother of Nicholas J'lenicle, a 
 French poet, was celebrated f 'I "is >kill in 
 solving mathematical questions by meie 
 arithmetical means. His method, uhich 
 is called the method of exclusion, he rigid- 
 ly kept secret during his life, but a de- 
 
 itMitiou was disc ,. \cred, his confidential BCriptiaa "f it \\as fiiind in his papers. 
 i-nd, Katt, was sent to the scatlbld, and He wrote a Treati.-e of Right-angled Tri- 
 
 a'-le> in numbers, and a very curious 
 on .Ma_ric S(juar(!s. Only sixteen 
 
 a- to demand the ces.-ionof modes cf arranging the squares \\ere pre- 
 
 I'M 'in .M..i i.i There.-.'. A uar en- 
 
 ined, by uhic'i, in 17-15, a Per having won 
 
 eded in (.btainini: 
 
 rt. Ten succeeding years of pi ace 
 tsre spent by him i:i nil HigUMuing iiis ar- 
 
 viouslv known, but he diccoverrd no less 
 
 than eight hundred and eighty, lie died 
 in 1675. 
 
 FUKRKT, NICHOLAS a Fr< iirn writer 
 was born, in 1688, at Paria. He wasdes* 
 
FRI 
 
 lined for the bar by his father, who was 
 an advocate, but lie had an insurmountable 
 
 aversion to the profession, and was at 
 length permitted to relinquish it. Ili.-s; 
 sC'juent lift: \vas entirely give-:) in litera- 
 ture. His first work, On tlic Origin of 
 the l-'re:irh, wounded the national vanity 
 p!y that it occasioned his imprison- 
 ment iii "the B.istile. In captivity he amus- 
 ed himself by reading the works of Bayle, 
 and is said t>> have become, inconsequence, 
 n determined sceptic. He died in 1749. 
 Frerct had an extensive knowledge of an- 
 cient and modern language-, and of chro- 
 nology, history, geography, mythology, and 
 philology. He was secretary of the Acad- 
 e:nv of Inscriptions; and a great number 
 of his Dissert. nio'is are to be found in the 
 Memoirs of that body. Among his sepa- 
 rate pieces are, Letters from Thrasybulus 
 to Leucippus; and an Examination of the 
 Apolo_;i.'s far Christianity. An edition of 
 his works has been recently published, in 
 eight v.il^. 
 
 i'KESXEL, AUGUSTINE JOHN, an ex- 
 perimemal French philosopher, was born, 
 in 1788, at Brogiie, and died in 1S27. By 
 profession he was a civil engineer. Fres- 
 ncl particularly distinguished himself by 
 hi.- masterly experiments on the diffraction, 
 inflection, and polarisation of light. His 
 scientific merit occasioned him to be ad- 
 mitted as a member of the French Acade- 
 my of Sciences, and of the British Royal 
 Society. 
 
 FRISCH, JOHN LEONARD, a German 
 naturalist and philologist, was born, in 
 16(56, at Sulzbach. From 1690 to 1693 he 
 spent in wandering over Europe. He set- 
 tled at length at Berlin, became a member 
 of the Academy of Sciences, rector of the 
 Grey Convent Gymnasium, and a profes- 
 sor He died in 1743. Among his numer- 
 ous \\orks are, A German and Latin Dic- 
 tionary; A Description of all the German 
 Insects; and Descriptions and Figures of 
 German Birds. The last of these was 
 completed by his ?on. Frisch was the first 
 who cultivated the mulberry in Branden- 
 bnrgh, and introduced the silk manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 FR1SI, PAUL, a mathematician and 
 philosopher, was born, in 1728, at Milan, 
 and died there in 1784 Mathematics he ! 
 learned without assistance, and so rapidly I 
 and perfectly, that, before he was twenty- 
 two, he composed hi.s celebrated Disser- ' 
 tation on the Figure of the Earth. He 
 was a member of m my learned bodies, 
 and professor ( ,S iathen"iu(i;-s at his native 
 city. Frisi introduced into the Milanese 
 the use of conductors to s.vure buildings 
 from lightning, and he contributed greatly 
 to root out the superstitious notions of the 
 people respecting ma^ie and sorcerers. 
 His works, on hydraulics, astronomy, and 
 
 mu rri 
 
 T..IVIV other sciences, are numerous and 
 valnaole. 
 
 FROHISHER, Sir MAR TIN, a celebra. 
 t:-d navigator, born near Doncaster, IB 
 Yorkshire, was brought up to the sea. He 
 was thft first who adventured to discover a 
 northwest passage to China. With this 
 view ho made three vova-_ r es, in 1576, 
 1577, and 1578, and, though he failed in 
 his object, he explored various parts of the 
 Arctic coast, among which were the straits 
 that bear his name. In 1585, he fought 
 under Drake, in the West Indies; in 1588, 
 he was knighted for his bravery against 
 the armada; in 1590 and 1592, he com- 
 manded squadrons successfully against the 
 Spaniards; and, in 1594, being sent with 
 some ships to the succour of Henry the 
 Fourth of France, he was killed in attack* 
 ing fort Crov/.a^, near Brest. 
 
 FROISSART, JOHN, a French chroni- 
 cler and poet, supposed to have been the 
 son of a heraldic painter (though one man- 
 uscript of his works implies him to have 
 been of knightly origin), was born at 
 Valenciennes, ab'out 1333, and was origi- 
 nally designed for the church ; but, having 
 much more taste for dances, minstrels, 
 and festivals, than for anthems, homilies, 
 and fasting, he entered the service of Sir 
 Robert de Namur, lord of Beaufort. At 
 the desire of his master he is said to have 
 begun, before he was twenty, to write the 
 history of the wars of his time. A dis- 
 appointment in love, and a desire to learn 
 from their own mouths the achievements 
 f his contemporary warriors, induced him 
 to travel extensively. He first visited 
 England, and was for a considerable time 
 secretary to Philippa, the queen of Edward 
 HI. Subsequently he was patronised by 
 Edward the Black Prince, the duke of 
 Brabant, the earl of Blois, and other illus- 
 trious characters. He settled at length in 
 lis own country, and was made canon and 
 treasurer of the collegiate church of Chi- 
 may. He is supposed to have died soon 
 after 1400. His delightful Chronicle of 
 France, England, &c. has been twice trans- 
 lated into English, by Lord Berners and 
 by Mr. Johnes. Froissart is also the 
 author of a romance called Meliador, the 
 Knight of the Sun, and of some poems, 
 which have never been printed. 
 
 FRUGONI, CHARI.FS INNOCENT, one 
 of the most celebrated Italian poets of the 
 eighteenth century, was born at Genoa, in 
 1()92. He was originally enrolled in one 
 of the monastic orders ; but disliking his 
 situation, he was released from his vow* 
 by Clement XII. After having been pro- 
 Censor of rhetoric at Brescia, Rome, Genoa, 
 and Bologna, he was introduced to the 
 sovereign of Parma, by Cardinal Bcnti- 
 voglio, and became cornt poet lie died 
 in 1768. Frugoni was a fertile ind ele- 
 
272 
 
 FUL 
 
 earn writer. His works, which compre- 
 hend almost every species of poetry, form 
 mn volumes. 
 
 FUCA, JOHN DE, whose real name was 
 Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of 
 Cephalonia, born in the sixteenth century, 
 and died at Zante, in 1632. For more 
 than forty years lie acted as a pilot in the 
 Spanish American possessions. In the year 
 ir><)2. he discovered the strait that leads 
 into the extensive archipelago, on the coast 
 of the .North Pacific, subsequently explored 
 by Vancouver ; but he mistakenly supposed 
 it to communicate with the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 FUCHS, or FUCHSIUS, LEONARD, 
 ft physician and botanist, was born, in 
 1501, at Wembdingen, in Bavaria, and 
 took his degree at Ingolstadt. Charles V. 
 ennobled him. He died, in 1561, at Tubin- 
 gen, at which university he had, for five 
 and' thirty years, been professor of medi- 
 cine. He wrote several medical works, 
 which attest his superior skill; but he is 
 principally remembered by his History of 
 Plants. His name was given by Plumier 
 to an American genus, remarkable for the 
 beauty of its leaves and flowers. 
 
 FULLER, THOMAS, a divine and his- 
 torian, a son of the minister of Aldwinkle, 
 in Northamptonshire, at which place he 
 was born, in 1608, was educated at Queen's 
 College, Cambridge; was appointed minis- 
 ter of St. Bennet's parish, Cambridge; 
 and acquired great popularity as a pulpit 
 orator. He received further preferment in 
 the church, of which, however, he was 
 deprived during the civil war, in conse- 
 quence of his activity on the side of the 
 monarch Between 1640 and 1656, he 
 published nearly the whole of his works. 
 In 1648 he obtained the living of Waltham, 
 in Essex, which, in 1658, he quitted fo 
 that of Cranford, in Middlesex. At the 
 restoration he recovered the prebend of 
 Salisbury, was made D. D. and king's 
 chaplain, and was looking forward to a 
 mitre, when his prospects were closed by 
 death, in 1661. Fuller possessed a remark- 
 ab v tenacious memory. He had also a 
 considerable portion of wit and quaint 
 humour, which he sometimes allowed to 
 run riot in his writings. Among his chief 
 works are, A History of the Holy War; 
 The Church History of Britain; The His- 
 tory of the University of Cambridge; and 
 The History of the Worthies of England. 
 
 FULLER, ANDREW, a minister, emi- 
 nent among the Baptists, was born, in 175-1, 
 ut Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, and was 
 engaged in the labours of husbandry till he 
 was twenty years of a^e. riy diligent 
 study he* acquired a considerable degree of 
 learning; and he became a preacher of the 
 gospel, first at Soham, and next at Kem-r- 
 ing. He died, at Ketlering, in \*\'i. 
 Fuller wtu secretary to tlu> haptixt Mi*- 
 
 FUJI 
 
 eionary Society, und in that capacity wai 
 very active. He was also an acute contro- 
 versialist against the Socinians. He wrotft 
 The Calvinistic and Socinian Svstems 
 examined and compared ; Socimanism 
 Indefensible; Discourses on the Book of 
 Genesis; Sermons; and other works. 
 
 FULTON, ROBERT, an American en- 
 gineer and projector, was born, in 1765, 
 at Little Britain, in Pennsylvania. Aban- 
 doning the trade of a jeweller, he studied 
 for some years under West, with the inten- 
 tioij of being a painter ; but, having become 
 acquainted with a fellow couirtryman named 
 Rumsey, who was skilled in mechanics, 
 he became fond of that science, and ulti- 
 mately adopted the profession of a civil 
 engineer. Before he left England, he 
 published, in 1796, a treatise On Inland 
 .Navigation, in which he proposed to super- 
 sede locks by inclined planes. In 1800, 
 he introduced, with much profit to himself, 
 the panorama into the French capital. For 
 some years he was engaged in experiments 
 to perfect a machine called a torpedo, 
 intended to destroy ships of war by explo- 
 sion. After his return to America, he 
 gave to the world an account of several 
 inventions, among which are a machine 
 for sawing and polishing marble, another 
 for rope making, and a boat to be navigated 
 under water. He obtained a patent for 
 liis inventions in navigation by steam in 
 1809, and another for some improvement* 
 n 1811. In 1814 he contrived an armed 
 steam ship for the defence of the harbour 
 of New-York, and a submarine vessel large 
 enough to carry one hundred men; the 
 slans of which being approved by govern- 
 ment, he was authorized to construct them 
 at the public expense. But before com- 
 pleting either of those works, he died 
 suddenly in 1815. Though not the inven- 
 tor of it, he was the first who successfully 
 employed the steam engine in navigation. 
 FURETIERE, ANTHONY, a French 
 philologist and miscellaneous writer, was 
 born at Paris, in 1620; took orders, and 
 was made abbot of Chalivoy; and died 
 in 1683. He was a member of the French 
 Academy, but was expelled from it, on a 
 charge of having pillaged the unpublished 
 lexicographical labours of his colleagues, 
 to enrich a Dictionary of his own. Ilia 
 work, which was in two volumes folio, 
 forms the foundation of the Dictionary of 
 Trcvoux. His expulsion gave rise to a 
 virulent paper war between Furetiere and 
 his late brethren. He is the author of 
 several works, among which are Roman 
 Bourgeois; Fables; Voems; and Mercu- 
 ry's Journey. The Fureteriana, which was 
 published after hi? death, by Meraifl, is u 
 badly executed f.Hectioii of Furetiere *i 
 rr marks and bons-muts. 
 
 Ft'UST. WAL-rv.K.a SuifH, by whim*. 
 
in conjunction with William Tell, hia rela- 
 tive, and Arnold of Melchtlml, tlie liberty 
 of Switzerland was founded, in 1307. He 
 was born at Altorf, in the canton of Uri, 
 and died subsequently to 1317 
 
 FUSELI, or FUESSLI, HENRY, an 
 
 eminent painter, was born, about 1739, at 
 Zurich, in Switzerland. Though in his 
 boyhood he manifested a talent for draw- 
 ing, his father, an artist, was desirous to 
 see him in the church, and he was edu- 
 cated accordingly. At Berlin, where he 
 studied under Sultzer, Sir Robert Smith, 
 the British ambassador, induced him to 
 visit England. Fuseli's entrance into 
 active life was as tutor to a nobleman's 
 son. With the English language Fuseli 
 was thoroughly acquainted, and, in 1765, 
 he published Reflections on the Painting 
 and Sculpture of the Greeks. This he 
 followed up by a Defence of Rousseau 
 against Voltaire. Still the longing after 
 pictorial fame was uppermost in his mind. 
 In order to decide whether he should 
 follow the bent of his. genius, he showed 
 some of his drawings to Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds, and requested his candid opinion of 
 :hem. " Young man," said Sir Joshua, 
 " were I the author of these drawings, 
 
 273 
 
 and offered ten thousand a year not to 
 practice as an artist, I would reject it 
 with contempt." Fuseli hesitated no 
 longer. In 1770 he visited Italy, and ho 
 studied diligently there for eight years. 
 On his return he painted several pictures 
 for the Shakspeare Gallery, and, in 1790, 
 became a Royal Academician. The open- 
 ing of his Milton Gallery, in 1798, first 
 made known to the public the full extent 
 of his genius. In 1799 he was appointed 
 professor of painting, and, in 1804, keeper 
 of the Royal Academy. He died in April, 
 1825, and, notwithstanding his advanced 
 age, the vigour of his faculties was unim- 
 paired. In his domestic character Fuseli 
 was truly estimable. He was, too, an 
 excellent scholar, and enjoyed the friend- 
 ship of his most eminent literary contem- 
 poraries. The works of art which he 
 produced are numerous. His imagination 
 was lofty and exuberant; but, in aspiring 
 to the sublime, which he often reaches, he 
 occasionally falls into extravagance and 
 distortion. Still, his extravagance is that 
 of a man of genius. His anatomical knowl- 
 edge was extensive. It must, however, 
 be owned that, in some instances, he dis- 
 played it too ostentatious.y, so as to give to 
 his figures rather the forms seen in the 
 dissecting room than those which charac- 
 terize the living subject. 
 
 FUST, or FAUST, JOHN, a goldsmith 
 of Mentz, in the fifteenth century. He 
 shares with Guttemberg and Schoeffer in 
 the honour of having invented printing 
 To Guttemberg, his partner, however, 10 
 generally supposed to belong the merit of 
 the invention, which was perfected by 
 Schoefler, another partner, while Fust con- 
 tributed little more than the capital neces- 
 sary to carry on the business. The first 
 work which they produced appears to be a 
 Latin Bible printed between 1450 and 1455 
 
 G 
 
 GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHER, a patriot 
 of the American revolution, was born in 
 Snith Carolina, in the year 1724. ID 1765 
 he was a member of the Congress which 
 was convened at New York, lor the pur- 
 pose of petitioning against the stump act, 
 and again of that which assembled in 1774. 
 He remained in Charleston during the 
 siege in 1780. In 1782 he was elected 
 governor of his native stale, but declined 
 tlie office on account of the infirmities of 
 age. He died in 1S05. 
 
 GLERTNER, CHARLES CHRISTIAN, a 
 
 native of Saxony, born at Freyberg, in 
 
 1712, was professor of morals and rhetoric 
 
 at the Caroline College, Brunswick, and 
 
 12! 
 
 died in 1791. He was one of those who 
 contributed to reform the literary taste of 
 Germany, in the eighteenth centurv. In 
 conjunction with Gellert and Ratnler, he 
 translated Bayle's Dictionary, and Rollin's 
 History; with Klopstock, "Schlegel, and 
 others, he published a literary journal of 
 great celebrity, called New Materials, &c. ; 
 and he also wrote two comedies, and a 
 volume of Discourses. 
 
 G^ERTNER, JOSEPH, an eminent bota- 
 nist, a native of Wirtemberg, born at 
 Calu, in 1782, was educated at Gottingen; 
 travelled over various parts of Europe; 
 was made botanical professor, and keeper 
 of the botanical garden, in 1768, at Saint 
 
274 
 
 GAI 
 
 Pcterpburoh ; returned *.o Germany in 
 1771; and died in 1791 De FructiboBet 
 
 Seininihns Plantarnm, in two M Is. -lio. is 
 his principal work. 
 
 GAGE, Tumi \s, tli- l.i.-t ^> '. rn<r of 
 
 linsctts appointed h\ tin- ki 
 came to Ann-rim as a lieutenant \\iili 
 Braddedt, :inl was prc.-cnt at tin- battle in 
 \\hk-h that officer received his mortal 
 wound. IK- was appointed governor of 
 .Montreal in 1760, and in 1763, succeeded 
 general Amherst as commandcr-in-chief of 
 the British forces in .North America. In 
 1771 he succeeded Hutchinson as yo^ernor 
 of Ma.~sachu:-etts, \\hen he soon beyan the 
 c..nrse of illeir.il and oppressive acts that 
 brought on the war of the revolution. In 
 177.") the provincial Congress of Massachu- 
 setts declared him an enemy to the colony, 
 and nut lon^ after he returned to England, 
 where he died in 1787. 
 
 GAGNIER, JOHN, an orientalist, was 
 horn, in 1670, at Paris, and educated at 
 the college of Navarre. He took orders, 
 Init snb.-eqnently changed his religion, 
 came over to England, and settled at 
 Oxford. At first he subsisted by teaching 
 Hebrew, but, on the death of Dr. Wallis, 
 he succeeded him as Arabic lecturer. He 
 died in 1740. Ciaguier wrote, in French. 
 A Life of Mahomet; and published, be- 
 sides some other works, an edition of Ben 
 Gorion's History of the Jews, \\itl' " Latin 
 translation and notes. 
 
 GAIL, JHN BAPTIST, a Cv.._.,rated 
 Hellenist, was born at Paris, in 1755, and 
 lied in the same city, in 1828, professor 
 of Greek literature at the College of France. 
 He was a member of the Academy of In- 
 scriptions and Belles Lettres, and a knight 
 of the legion of honour. He contributed 
 greatly to render the study of Greek pop- 
 ular in France. Among his productions 
 are, A Greek Grammar ; and Translations 
 of Xenophon, Thncydides, Theocritus. 
 Bion, Moschus, and Lucian's Dialogues of 
 the Dead. 
 
 GAIL, SOPHIA, the wife of the fore- 
 going, was born about 1779, and died, at 
 Paris, in 1S19. For the arts, and par- 
 ticularly for music, she manifested an 
 euily taste, and she began to compose 
 when she was not more than twehe 
 of a;re. Antony her princij al campOMtJOM 
 are the operas of The Jealous Pair. Made- 
 moiselle de Launay in the Bastilc, and 
 Serenade. 
 
 GAILLAKD, GABKIKL HKXRV, a 
 French mi.-cellaneous writer and historian, 
 was born, in 172H, at Ostel, near Soist-on> ; 
 abandoned the bar to become wholly an 
 author; was a member of the Academy 
 of Inscription-, the French Academy, and 
 Oie Institute; and died in 1806. His most 
 im|x>rtunt works a;-e, Miscellanies, i-i fmrr 
 tolumes; hu His?torie> uf Marv of Bur- 
 
 GAL 
 
 gundy, ot rrancis L, of Charlemagne, of 
 the Etivalship of England and France, of 
 the Rivalship of France and Spain; th 
 lli.-toriral Dictionary of the Methodica 
 Encyclopedia; and Obs(>r\ ations on Vel- 
 1\ 's I iistory of l ; rauce. 
 
 " GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS, a cele- 
 
 brated artist, the son of a clothier, at 
 Siuibnry, in Suffolk, was born in 1727. 
 Nature, \\hich lie studied in the woods and 
 fields, was his first teacher. On leaving 
 Sudbury, he went to London, and received 
 instruction! from Gravelot and Hayman. 
 After having painted at Ipswich and Bath, 
 he settled in the metropolis, in 1774, and 
 speedily rose to eminence in his profession. 
 He died of cancer in the neck, in 1788. 
 His portrait*, though slight, are striking 
 likenesses, and his landscapes have a pecul- 
 iar charm, " a portrait-like representation 
 of nature (says Sir Joshua Reynolds). Mich 
 as we see in "the works of Rubens, l!u\s- 
 dael, or others of those schools." Gains- 
 borough had a considerable talent for music, 
 but was singularly capricious in abandon- 
 ing one instrument for another. His man- 
 ners were somewhat eccentric, but he was 
 kind hearted and generous. 
 
 GAI.15A, Si uvius SUT.PICIUS, a Ro- 
 man emperor, born four years B. r., was 
 consul under Tiberius, A. I). 33; command- 
 ed with honour in Upper Germany; was, 
 successively, proconsul in Africa, and in 
 Spain; and was raised to the throne, A. 
 l>. 68. He held his. dignity but seven 
 months, at the expiration of which period 
 he was murdered by the soldiery. By his 
 conduct as emperor he lost much of the 
 reputation which he had gained in less ele- 
 vated stations. 
 
 GALE, THOMAS, a divine andantiqna 
 ry, was born, in 1636, at Scruton, in York- 
 :-hire , was educated at Westminster School, 
 and Trinity College, ( 'ainbridjf;-; and was, 
 in succession, Regius professor of Greek, 
 at Cambridge, head master of St. Paul's 
 School, prebend of St. Paul's, and dean 
 ot \ork. He was also secretary of the 
 Royal Society, lie died in 1702. Gale 
 was, reckoned one of the best Greek s:-lu>l- 
 ars of his aire, und c..rresponded with 
 some of the most eminent of his contem- 
 poraries. I le published editions of various 
 learned works, and <.f the ancient English 
 li-t i ia::>. lie left Serin. ,i:s. and an anno- 
 tated c'-py of Aiitoiiinus's British Itineiary, 
 which were edited by his son. 
 
 GALEN, Cr.Afii'ii s, one of the most 
 celebrated physicians of ancient times, was 
 born A. i), 131, at Pergamus, and has some- 
 times been denominated the Hippocrates 
 of Pergamns. 'V dream is said to ha\e 
 directed his genius to the study of medi- 
 cince After ha\ii:g received an excellent 
 education, he travelled extensively, to ac- 
 quire modica), anatomical, and surgiil 
 
GAL 
 
 information. Alexandria was one of the 
 cities at which ho most increased his stock 
 of knowledge. In his thirty-second year 
 lit; made an effort to settle at Rome, bu 
 the intrigue; of his jealous rivals induce( 
 him at length to return to Pergumns 
 Froai liis native city, however, he was. 
 summ.m"d l>y Marcus Aurelius, who com- 
 mitted to him the cure of Coinniodus an 
 Sextu<5, his sons. The place and time of 
 his death are uncertain; Ixit he is sup- 
 posed to have died at Rome, in about the 
 seventieth year of liis age. Of the seven 
 hundred and fifty works, which he is sai 
 to have written, only a part has been pre- 
 served, but even that part forms five folio 
 volumes, and affords an irrefragable proof 
 that fame has not exaggerated his learning 
 and skill. 
 
 GALERIUS, CAIUS VALERIUS MAXI 
 Mi,\\i's, a Roman emperor, was a native 
 of Dacia, and kept flocks when a boy, 
 whence he acquired the surname of Arincn- 
 tarius. Entering into the army, he raised 
 himself to tne highest ranks by his courage, 
 and was adopted by Diocletian, who gave 
 him his daughter in marriage. Among his 
 subsequent exploits was the defeat of the 
 1'ersians. He ascended the imperial throne 
 A. D. 305, and died in 311. Galerius was 
 of a cruel disposition, and a violent per- 
 secutor of the Christians. 
 
 GALHEGOS, MANUEL DE, a Portu- 
 guese poet, was born, in 1597, at Lisbon; 
 was patronised by the duke of Olivares, and 
 loaded with honours at the7:ourt of Philip 
 IV.; and died in 1665. He was the 
 friend of Lopez de Vega, by whom he was 
 highly praised in the Laurel of Apollo. 
 Galhegos is the author of Gigantomachia, 
 a poem ; The Temple of Memory, a poem ; 
 a volume of poems; and a great number 
 of dramatic pieces. 
 
 GALIAXI, FKRDTSAND, an eminent 
 writer on various subjects, was born at 
 Chi-5ti> in the Neapolitan province of 
 Abruzzr, ir; 172., made so rapid a pro- 
 gress in 1m studies that, at the age of 
 sixteen, he composed a Dissertation on the 
 Money in use it the Period of the Trojan 
 War; was seni as secretary of embassy to 
 Paris; held several important offices after 
 a\3 return tj Naples; and died in 1787. 
 Galiani was a man of wit as well as of 
 solid talent. Among his works are, A 
 Treatise on (Vm; Dialogues on the Com- 
 merce in Grain ; On the Reciprocal Duties 
 of [Ventral ami Belligerent Princes; On 
 the Neapolitan Dialect; and a Commentary 
 on Horace. Many of his writings are still 
 unpublished. 
 
 GALILEI, GALILEO, an illustrious 
 philosopher, the s.:i of Viucoiit Galilei, a 
 Florentine nobleman of talent, was born, 
 ii 1564. at Florence. His dislike to the 
 Medical profession, for which he was dc- 
 
 GAL *? 
 
 signed, was so great, that liis father aU' 
 lowed him to desist from preparing for it, 
 and to study the mathematics. So rapidly 
 did he attain a proficiency in his favourite 
 science that, at the age of twenty-four, he 
 was appointed mathematical professor at 
 Pisa, liis dislike of the Aristotelian phi- 
 losophv, howe\cr. raised him up so many 
 enemies, that, in 1592, he resigned the 
 chair at Pisa, a::d accepted the professor- 
 ship at Padua, in which he continued for 
 eighteen years. Cosmo III. at last invited 
 him back to Pisa, and, soon after, called 
 him to Florence, with the title of principal 
 mathematician and philosopher to the grand 
 duke. In 160.9, Galileo was informed of 
 the invention of the telescope, and he im- 
 mediately constructed one for himself, with 
 which he proceeded to expbre the heavens. 
 With this instrument he discovered four 
 satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, 
 the starry nature of the milky way, the 
 hills and valleys of the moon, and the spots 
 on the solar disk, from the motion of which 
 he inferred the rotation of the sun. The 
 result of his discoveries was, to convince 
 him of the truth of the Copernican system, 
 and the consequence of this conviction 
 was, that he was twice persecuted bv the 
 Inquisition, in 1615 and 1633, on a charge 
 of heresy. On both occasions he was com- 
 pelled to" abjure the system of Copernicus; 
 in the !ast instance, after having repeated 
 the abjuration, he is said to have stamped 
 his foot on the earth, and said, in a. low 
 tone, " it moves, nevertheless." Galileo 
 was blind for about three years before his 
 death. He died January 8, 1642. Be- 
 ides what has been already mentioned, 
 Galileo discovered the gravity of the air, in- 
 ented the cycloid and the simple pendulum, 
 and was the first who clearly explained the 
 doctrine of motion. His works form two 
 volumes quarto. 
 
 GALL, JOHN JOSEPH, a celebrated 
 )h\siologist, the founder of the science 
 low called phrenology, was born, in 1758, 
 at a village in the duchy of Baden ; studied 
 it Baden, Bruchsal, and Strasburgh; was 
 'or a considerable period a physician at 
 Vienna; but, in consequence of the Aus- 
 trian government having prevented the 
 exposition of his new doctrines there, he 
 ravelled through the north of Germany, 
 Sweden, and Denaiark, delivering lectures ; 
 and settled at Paris, in 1807, where he 
 lie 1 August 22, 1828. The system of 
 Gall, which has since been developed by 
 Spur/heim, assumes that each faculty of 
 he mind has a separate organ in the brain, 
 in.l that those organs are marked cxter- 
 lally by elevations on the cranium. 
 
 <; V1J. \.\ 1), A NTHONT, an orientalis*. 
 
 ill numismatist, wa. born, in 16-16, near 
 Montdidier, i!i Picanlv; accompanied th 
 'reivli nii!kis.-a' l ir to Constantinopfof 
 
IT* GAL 
 
 made two subsequent voyage* to the Le 
 vant; was Arabic professor to the college 
 of France, antiquary to the king, and a 
 member o the Acidemy of Inscriptions; 
 and died Ji 1715. He wrote several nu- 
 mismatic Knd antiquarian essays; but the 
 work which secures his name from ever 
 perishing is his translation of The Thou- 
 sand and One Nights, which is known to 
 English readers as The Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments. 
 
 GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS Licimus, a 
 Roman emperor, the eon of Valerian, 
 reigned in conjunction with his father for 
 seven years; became sole sovereign A i>. 
 260; belied on the throne the promise of 
 his youth, and indulged in indolence and 
 voluptuousness; and was at length assassi- 
 nated at Milan, in 268. 
 
 GALLUS, CAIUS Sm,Picius,an emi- 
 nent Roman, who was, successively, ques- 
 tor, edile, pretor, and consul. 1 he last 
 dignity he attained in conjunction witli M. 
 Claudius Mar eel Jus, in the year of Rome 
 587. During his consulship he overcame 
 the Ligurians. The introduction of dra- 
 matic spectacles at the consular festivals is 
 attributed to him, and he was even believed 
 to have assisted Terence in the composition 
 of the Andria. He was likewise celebrated 
 for his astronomical knowledge. 
 
 GALLUS, CORNELIUS, a Roman poet, 
 was born, about B. c.69, either at Frejus, 
 in Gaul, or the Friuli, in Italy, but most 
 probably at the former. He governed, or 
 rather tyrannized over, Egypt, for Augus- 
 tus. On his being recalled, he was con- 
 demned to a heavy fine, and to be exiled, 
 upon which he put an end to his existence, 
 in the forty-third year of his age. His 
 four books of Elegies are lost. He was a 
 friend of Virgil, who addressed to him his 
 tenth eclogue. 
 
 GALLUS, CAIUS VIBIUS TREBONIA- 
 KDS, emperor of Rome, was born in the 
 island of Meninx, now Gerbi, on live Afri- 
 can coast. He held a command in Mossia, 
 under Decius, at the time when that mon- 
 arch was slain in action against the Goths, 
 Mid he was raised to the purple by the 
 legions, in 251. On the throne he disgraced 
 himself by his indolence and negligence, 
 and his troops at length assassinated him, 
 in 253, and gave the diadem to Emiliaiws. 
 GALVANI, Louis, a physician and 
 experimental philosopher, was born, in 
 1737, at Bologna, and was appointed pro- 
 fessor of anatomy in the university of his 
 native city He died December 4, 1798. 
 The name of Galvani is immortalized by 
 nis discovery of galvanic electricity, a dis- 
 covery which was brought to perfection by 
 Volta and others. A very trivial circum-j 
 lance gave rise to the science. Some 
 skinned frogs were lying in the laboratory,! 
 ear an electrical machine, and. by chance, 
 
 UAR 
 
 an assistant touched the crural nerve of 
 one of them with a scalpel, upon which 
 convulsive movements ensued in the limb 
 
 Madame Galvani, who was present, com- 
 municated this circumstance to her husbana, 
 
 who lost no time in investigating the cause 
 of the phenomenon. The important result 
 of his labours is well known to the scien- 
 tific world. Galvani is the author of De 
 Viribus Elcctricitatis in Motu Musculari 
 Commentarius, and of some other papers 
 in the Memoirs of the Bolognese In.sfj 
 tute. 
 
 GALVEZ DE MONTALVO, Lons, 
 a celebrated Spanish poet, was lx>rn, in 
 1549, at Gaudalaxara, and took his degree 
 of doctor of laws and theology in the 
 university of Alcala. Though praised by 
 Lopez de Vega, Cervantes, and other emi- 
 nent contemporaries, he languished unpat- 
 ronised, and at length entered into the 
 order of St. Jerome. H'e died in 1610. 
 His principal work is the Pastor de-Filiile. 
 He also translated Tasso's Jerusalem, and 
 Tansillo's Tears of Saint Peter. 
 
 GAMA, VASCO UE, a celebrated Portu- 
 guese navigator, was born at Sines, in the 
 province of Alemtejo. In 1497 he was 
 
 ppointed to command a squadron intended 
 for India, and, after having been l;n 
 baffled by contrary winds, lie succeeded iu 
 doubling the Cape of Good Hope, and 1 
 reaching Calicut. In 1302, he sailed again, 
 with a large fleet, and the title of admiral 
 
 f the Indian, Persian, and Arabian feas. 
 He reached his destination in safety, anl 
 defeated a squadron which the Zarnorm 
 
 lad fitted out to oppose him. In 1524, he 
 was again sent to India, as viceroy of the 
 Portuguese possessions, and he died at 
 Cochin, in 1525. His two sons > STEi'H EX 
 and CHRISTOPHER, distinguished tlienv 
 Delves in India. The first voyage of Vuscu 
 forms the subject of The Lusiad. 
 
 G AN DON, JAMES, an eminent archi- 
 tect, a native of England, was a pupil o{ 
 ^-ir William Chambers, and was the fir* 
 who received the architectural gold meda 
 of the Royal Academy. He went to Ire- 
 land, and resided there for many years 
 till his decease, in 1S24, at the age of 
 eighty-t-n-n. Gandon designed the court 
 houses of Nottingham and Waterford ; the 
 Custom House, the Four Courts, and the 
 portico of the House of Lords, at Dublin; 
 and many other elegant structures. The 
 concluding part of the Vitruvius Britanni- 
 cus was edited by him. 
 
 GARAMONI), CHARLES, a celebrated 
 French letter, founder and type engraver 
 was born at Paris, towards the close of 
 the fifteenth century, and died in 1561 
 Among his works were three fonts of ex- 
 tremely beautiful Greek typea, produced 
 in 1538; the punches of which were again 
 called into uso, i* 1796, for an edition of 
 
GAR 
 
 Xenophon. He also brought to perfection 
 the Roman character. 
 
 GARAT, PETER JOHN, an eminent 
 French composer, was born, about 1768, 
 at Bordeaux, and died at Paris, in 1823. 
 Like some other celebrated musicians, he 
 displayed the natural bent of his genius 
 even In infancy; as, before he was able 
 to speak, he repeated the ti:nes which 
 2 bv his nurse. He was music 
 
 were sun 
 master to 
 
 tne queen of France. The 
 melodies of several of his songs are much 
 admired. 
 
 GARAY, JOHN DK, a Spaniard, was 
 
 GAR 277 
 
 GARCIAS LASSO, or GARCILASSO 
 DE T,A VEGA, an historian, surnamed the 
 Inca, because, by his mother's side, hf 
 descended from the Peruvian royal family, 
 was born, in 1530, at Cuzco, in Peru. 
 Philip II., who dreaded the influence oi 
 Garcilasso among the natives, summoned 
 him to Spain, and the exile died at Valla- 
 dolid, in 1568. From the numerous docu- 
 ments which he had collected in Peru, he 
 composed a General History of that country, 
 and also a History of Florida. His styla 
 is occasionally faulty, but he is faithful, 
 and his narrative is interesting 
 
 born, in 1541, at Badajoz; "and went to GARDEN, ALEXANDER, a physician 
 America, as secretary to the governor of and naturalist, was born in Scotland in 
 Paraguay, in which capacity he displayed 1728, and educated at the university of 
 so much "bra very and talent that he was! Edinburgh. He went to America, and 
 appointed a captain, and sent into the [settled as a physician at Charleston, in 
 interior with a small force to make discov- South Carolina, about the year 1750. His 
 eries. He ascended the Parana, explored; attention, in the intervals of professional 
 a wide extent of country, and founded employment, was chiefly directed to the 
 Santa Fe. Bein" raised to the rank of ! study of natural history, arid he opened a 
 lieutenant-general and governor of Assinnp- j correspondence in 1756 with the celebrated 
 tion, he rebuilt an.d fortified Buenos Ayres, Linnaeus. This eminent naturalist gave 
 and, unlike most of his countrymen, en- j the name Gardenia, to a most beautiful 
 deavoured to civilize the Indians by per- flowering shrub, and often mentioned his 
 suasion and acts of kindness. He was,! name with applause. After a residence of 
 unfortunately, killed on the banks of the (twenty years in America, Dr. Garden 
 Parana, about 1592. returned to England, and about the year 
 
 GARCIA DE MASCARENHAS, 1772 he was elected a meml>er of the Royal 
 B r. A is E, a Portuguese poet, was born, in { Society of London. He died in London 
 1596, at Avo, in the province of Beira, 
 
 and, in 1614, went, in the military service, 
 to Brazil, where he remained for twenty- 
 six years. In 1640, he returned to Lisbon, 
 and \vas appointed governor of Alfayates. 
 Though he had bravely defended the lor- 
 tress against the Spaniards, his enemies 
 threw 'him into prison, on a charge of 
 treason. He composed a letter in verse 
 to the king, but being denied materials 
 for writing, he procured a book, cut out 
 the words, and pasted them on a blank 
 leaf. Tliis he threw from his window to 
 
 in 1792. 
 
 GARDINER, 
 
 STEPHEN, a catholic 
 
 prelate, of undesirable celebrity, was an 
 illegitimate son of Lionel Woodville, bishop 
 of Salisbury; was born, in 14S3, at Bury; 
 and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he Ixjcame master. By 
 Wolsey he was 'employed to negotiate at 
 Rome the king's divorce, and his services 
 were rewarded by the bishopric of Win- 
 chester. He was employed on other em- 
 bassies by Henry VIII., "but at length he 
 fell into disgrace with the monarch. Ed- 
 ward VI. committed him to the Tower, 
 
 j but Mary raised him to l>e lord chancellor, 
 
 >i friend, and it obtained his lil>eratioii. 
 He died in 1656. Garcia is the author of i 
 
 Viriatus, a poem, in twenty cantos, and of { and he avenged himself for his recent 
 some shorter compositions. ! imprisonment by the most unrelenting 
 
 GARCIAS LASSO, or GARCILASSO ' persecution of the protestants. Before his 
 I>E LA VEGA, who was called the Spanish 'decease, however, which took p:ce in 
 'Petrarch, and the Prince of Spanish Poe- 1555, he is said to have expressed coin- 
 try, was born in 1503, at Toledo. He punction for his cruelty. Gardiner, groat 
 entered early into the service of Charles j as were his faults, had the merit of being 
 V. and distinguished himself at the battle' a patron of learning, and of a grateful 
 ofPavia- His valour was afterwards tried disposition. Among his works are, Tim 
 against the Turks in Hungary, and in the j Necessary Doctrine of a Christian Man; 
 expedition to Tunis. At length, in 1536, and a treatise in defence of Henry the 
 he fell in attacking a tower, the fire from' Eighth's religious supremacy, 
 which harassed the Imperial army in Us I GARNERIN, JAMES" ANDREW, :i 
 retreat from Marseilles. Garcilasso, with French aeronaut, who led the way in the 
 his friend Boacan, reformed the bad taste perilous experiment of descending from a 
 which had been introduced into Spanish balloon by means of a parachute. His 
 poetry. His works, chiefly pastorals and first attempt was made at St. Petersburg!!, 
 fonnets. form Htit a smalf volume. He 'in 1800; and he successfully rrjieated it 
 cx'-el* in tht tender and the pathetic. ; in England and France. Ha died in 1821 
 
rs GAR 
 
 GARNT-. 1 , THOMAS, a physician, was 
 
 norn, in 17t>o, at C'asterton, in 
 land; took his decree at Edinburgh; and, 
 after having practised in various parts of 
 the country, was about to depart to Ame- 
 rica, \\lie.i the success of a com>e of 
 lectures at Liverpool induced him to re- 
 main in England. He Ix-came pr..fe>sor 
 of chemistry of the Royal Institution; but 
 died in 1S02. He wrote A Tour through 
 the Highlands; Ou'.lines of Cheinistr\ ; 
 and Zoonomia; and edited the Annals of 
 
 e. 
 
 GARMER, JOHN J A'MKS, historiogra- 
 pher of France, and member of the Aca- 
 demy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, 
 was'born, in 1729, at Goron, in the pro- 
 vince of Maine, and died in 1805. Among 
 other works, he predated The Man of 
 Leiters, two vols.; On the Origin of tin 
 
 GAS 
 
 Or tolier, 1741, at the Goodman's FieWt 
 Theatre, in the character of Richard III 
 lie introduced an entirely new style of 
 acting, more true to nature than the old, 
 and his success was instant and imp-pee 
 dented. The regular theatres were (resett- 
 ed, and rank and fashion nightly hurried 
 to view the theatrical phenomenon. At ;hc. 
 same time he gained tlie honours of a dra- 
 matist, by his comic piece of The I. \ in;; 
 Valet. In 1712 he u as endued at Dimy 
 Lane Theatre, of which, in 1747, he I e- 
 
 yoar< 
 
 joint proprietor. 
 he continued, ' 
 
 For thirty-four 
 ith undiminished 
 
 |)opularity, to act an infinite numl.er cf 
 characters, seemingly requiring the most 
 incompatible talents, yet all personated 
 with matchless skill, both in tragedy and 
 comedy. During that period he a'so pro- 
 luced nearly forty pieces; some of \\hich, 
 
 French Government ; a Treatise on Civil however, were merely adaptations. In 
 Education; and a Continuation of Velly's | 1769 he projected ;;ml carried into e fleet, 
 
 History of France. 
 
 G A II. \ I E II, Count G K K M A i N , a French 
 statesman, was born, in 1721, at Auxerre; 
 became prefect of the department of the 
 Seine and Oise, and president of the sen- 
 ate; and died i* 1S21. He translated 
 \arious productions from the English, 
 among which was Smith's Wealth of .Na- 
 tions; and wrote A History of Coinage, 
 in two volumes; An Abridgment of the 
 Elementary Principles of Political Ecor.o- 
 
 my; 
 
 and other works. 
 
 GARRICK, I) A vii), the son of a captain 
 in the army, was born, in 1716, at Here- 
 
 the celebrated Shaksj>eare jubilee, at 
 Stratford upon Avon. At length, inl77(, 
 he retired from the sta^e ; and he died on 
 the twentieth of January, 1779. Besides 
 his dramas, Garrick wrote many prologue*, 
 epilogues, epigrams, and light piece.- of 
 poetry. 
 
 GARTH, Sir SAMUKL, a poet and 
 physician, was born in Yorkshire; wag 
 educated at Peter House, Cambridge; took 
 his decree in 1691; was admitted a fellow 
 of the college in the following year ; was 
 knighted, on the accession of George I., 
 and appointed king's physician in ordi- 
 nary, and physician general to the army; 
 and died in June, 1718. Of his poems 
 the principal is. The Dispensary, which 
 conveys much lively and pointed satire, 
 clothed in polished versification. He also 
 wrote a Latin Harveian Oration ; and con- 
 tributed a Preface to a translation of 
 Ovid's Meta in- >r pluses. 
 
 GASCOIGNE. Sir \Vn.r.i AM, a native 
 of Yorkshire, born at Gawthorp, in 1350, 
 was appointed one of the justices of com- 
 mon pleas on the accession of Henry IV., 
 and, in 1-401, was raised to be chief jus- 
 tice of the kind's bench. In the la'tter 
 office he honourably distinguished him.-rlf 
 
 ford. His education he received partly at by committing Prince Henry, aftrruard.s 
 Litchfield School, partly from Dr. John- 1 ler.ry V., to prison for striking him while 
 (on, and partly, at a later period, from in the execution of his judicial dutio. He 
 Mr. Colson, a mathematician, at Rochester. 
 
 \\hen Johnson 
 
 gavt. 
 
 academy, 
 
 Garrick accompanied him to the metro- 
 Fora while he contemplated study- 
 
 died in Mi:;. 
 
 GA^COIG.XE, GKORGK, a poet of 
 Queen Kli/aheth's reign, the son of Sir 
 George Gaseoigne, was burn at \Valtham- 
 
 ing the law ; he next l.ecame a wine stow, in Essex, and was disinherited by 
 merchant, in partnership with his brother; his father. After having studied at Cam- 
 aiid, lastly, yielded to that love of the bridge, and Gray's Inn, he sened in the 
 ftage \\hieh "had induced him to act Ser- Dutch army. On returning to England; 
 jeant Kite 'it school, when he was only he became a courtier, and wrote masques 
 eleven years old. After having played for the entertainment of the queen. He 
 *ri Ipswich, under the name of Lyddal, he died in 1577. Besides -his original and 
 came out. in London, on the nineteenth of translated dramas, and come prose tract*,. 
 
GAT 
 
 h wrote The Steel G ass, a satire, and 
 oilier poems. " He is,'' says lleadley, 
 "smooth, sentimental, and harmonious. 
 
 GASCOIGNE, Wn.MAM, a natural 
 philosopher, born in 1621, was a native of 
 -Lancashire, and \\as .-lain, fighting lot- 
 Charles I., -it the battle of Alar.-ton Moor, 
 in 164o. lie divides with Air/.ont the 
 merit of having invented the micrometer. 
 (See AU/OUT.) lie also wrote a Trea- 
 tise on Optics, which is lost. 
 
 GASSENDI, PETER, a justly cele- 
 brated French philosopher, was born, in 
 1592, at Chantersier, in Provence. So 
 rapidly did he acquire knowledge, that at 
 the age of sixteen he was capable of filling 
 the professorship of rhetoric at Digne, and 
 at twenty-one was chosen to fill the theo- 
 logical and philosophical chairs at the 
 university of Aix. He resigned the latter 
 in 1623, to give himself up wholly to his 
 scientific pursuits. He travelled in France, 
 Germany, and the Netherlands, to confer 
 with men of science, and he carried on an 
 extensive correspondence with the most 
 learned and eminent of his contempora- 
 ries. In 1645 he was appointed regius 
 professor of mathematics at Paris, and his 
 lectures were exceedingly popular. He 
 died in 1655 Gassendi was at once a 
 theologian, metaphysician, philosopher, as- 
 tronomer, naturalist, and mathematician ; 
 great in some of these sciences, and above 
 mediocrity in all. His attacks on the phi- 
 losophy of" Aristotle gave it a severe shock, 
 but raised up against him a host of bitter 
 enemies. His works were collected, in 
 six folio volumes, by Sorbiere. 
 
 GATES, HORATIO, was born in Eng- 
 land in 1723, and entering the British 
 service in early life, rose by his merits to 
 .he rank of major. In 1755 he was with 
 Craddock when that unfortunate comman- 
 ler was defeated, and received in that bat- 
 le a severe wound, which for some time 
 lebarred him from active service. On the 
 ;onclusion of peace, he settled in Virginia, 
 *here he resided till the commencement 
 >f the revelation in 1775. He was then 
 Appointed adjutant general by Congress, 
 vith the rank of brigadier, and in 1776 
 received the command of the army in 
 Canada. General Schnyler succeeded him 
 for a few months in 1777, but he resumed 
 his situation in August, and soon revived 
 the hopes of his country by the capture of 
 the army under Burgoyne. In 1780 he 
 was appointed to the chief command of 
 the southern districts, but he was after- 
 wards superseded by general Greene, and 
 his conduct was subjected to the investiga- 
 tion of a special court. He was restou-d 
 to his command in 17S2. On the termin- 
 ation of -var he resided on his farm in 
 Virginia till 1790, when emoved to 
 
 GAU 2T1 
 
 New York, where he lived much esteemoq 
 and respected till his decease in 1806. 
 
 (i Al.'lilL; ASTIION v, a learned Jesuit 
 missionary, was horn, in 1(>S!>, at Gaillac, 
 in LangUBdoc. In 1723, he was sent to 
 China; and lie remained there till his. de- 
 cease, in 1709. Having made himself 
 perfectly master of the Chinese and M ant- 
 chew languages, he was appointed inter- 
 preter to the imperial court; and he ac- 
 quired the entire confidence of the empe- 
 ror. His works are, A History of Genghis 
 Khan, and of the Mongol Dynasty; ami an 
 Historical and Critical Treatise on Chi- 
 nese Astronomy. 
 
 GAU DEN, JOHN, a divjne, was born, 
 in 1605, at Mayland, in Essex; was edu- 
 cated at Bury St. Edmunds, and St. John's 
 College, Cambridge; and became a mem- 
 ber of Wadham College, Oxford. In 1635 
 he was appointed chaplain to the earl of 
 Warwick, who was hostile to the court. 
 For some years he continued true to the 
 principles of the political reformers, and 
 was even presented to the deanery of 
 Bocking by the parliament; bi-.t he changed 
 sides as soon as the monarch was endan- 
 gered, and strenuously pretested against 
 his trial. In 1648 he published the fa- 
 mous Icon Basilike, the composition of 
 which he afterwards claimed as his own; 
 a claim which has given rise to much con- 
 troversy as to the real author. At the 
 Restoration he was made bishop of Exe- 
 ter, and, in 1662, he was translated to 
 Worcester. But Winchester was the ob- 
 ject of his ambition and avarice, and the 
 loss of it was a grievous disappointment 
 to him. He died in the year of his trans- 
 lation. Gauden was a bad specimen of a 
 prelate. Changeful, grasping, selfish, he 
 was one of those of whom Milton says, 
 " of other care they little reckoning make 
 than how- to scramble at the shearer's 
 feast, and shove away the worthy biddoli 
 iiuest." 
 
 GAULTIER, Abbe Louis, was born in 
 Italv, about 1745, of French parents, and 
 iven't to France in his childhood. Devot- 
 ng himself to the task of education, ne 
 "ormed the plan of rendering the acquisi- 
 tion of learning less repulsive to children, 
 by the invention of a number of games, at 
 once amusing and instructive. The revo- 
 kuion drove him from France, but he re- 
 turned in 1802, and resumed his labours. 
 Of the systems of Bell and Luncas/ er he was 
 in active supporter. He died in 1818 
 Among his numerous and often printed 
 works are, A Method of making Abridg- 
 ments; Lessons of Chronology and Histo- 
 ry; Progressive Lessons for Chillren; and 
 .Notions , f ['radical Geometry. 
 
 GAUTttEY, EMILIAS "MARY, wai 
 born, in 1732, at Chalons sur Saone ; fiilc4 
 
280 
 
 GAY 
 
 several important posts as a civil engi- 
 neer; and died, inspector general of roads 
 and bridges, in 1806. He executed the 
 canal of the centre, and the junction canals 
 of the Saone, Yonne, and Doubs; built the 
 bridge of Mavilly, and the quays of Cha- 
 lons; anJ performed some other public 
 works. II a principal publication is A 
 Complete Treatise on the Construction of 
 Bridges and Canals. 
 
 GAVARD, HYACINTH, one of the most 
 eminent anatomists of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, was born, in 1753, at Montmelian, 
 and was a pupil of Desault. He wrote 
 excellent Treatises on Osteology, Myolo- 
 gy, and Splanchnology ; and invented a 
 method of teaching reading and writing 
 together to children. He died poor, at 
 Paris, in 1802. 
 
 GAY, JOHN, an eminent poet, a native 
 of Devonshire, was born, in 1688, at 
 Barnstaple, and was apprenticed to a silk- 
 mercer in London. Disliking trade, how- 
 ever, he soon abandoned it, and relied 
 upon literature and the patronage of the 
 great for a subsistence. For a while he 
 held the situation of secretary to the duch- 
 ess of Monmouth. Rural Sports, his first 
 work, he dedicated, in 1711, to Pope, and 
 it produced a warm and lasting friendship 
 between the two poets. Thenceforth he 
 continued frequently to offer his composi- 
 tions to public notice; not without advan- 
 tage, to his reputation. Of his earlv poema 
 The Shepherd's Week was the most suc- 
 cessful. Court favour Gay more than once 
 had hopes of obtaining, but his hopes were 
 blighted. His appointment as secretary to 
 the earl of Clarendon, on the embassy to 
 Hanover, would probably have led to high- 
 er promotion, had not the queen unex- 
 pectedly died. A second time the door of 
 preferment seemed to be opened by his 
 Fables, written for the instruction of the 
 duke of Cumberland, but all the reward 
 that was offered was the petty place of 
 gentleman usher to the young princess 
 Louisa, which he indignantly rejected. 
 The exertions of his private friends were 
 beneficial. A thousand pounds wan 
 
 UED 
 
 raised by a subscription to u volume of his 
 poems; and (Yairgs gave him some South 
 Sea stock: all, however, was lost, on the 
 bursting of the bubble. In 1727 he brought 
 out his Beggar's Opera, which was acted 
 sixty-three davs in succession on the Lon- 
 don stage, and nearly as often on most of 
 the provincial boards. A second part of 
 it, under the name of Polly, the lord cham- 
 berlain refused to license; but a subscrip- 
 tion of twelve hundred pounds amply in- 
 demnified the author for this refusal. *The 
 last years of Gay's life were spent under 
 the hospitable roof of the duke and duchess 
 of Queensberry, who were warmly attached 
 to him. He died in 1732. Possessed of 
 all the softer virtues, Gay had, unfortunate- 
 lv, a nerveless mind, which the slightest 
 breath of disappointment could shake to 
 the centre. His poetry is of that kind 
 which, though Johnson denies to it " the 
 dignity of genius," will always afford plea- 
 sure by its elegance, sprighthness, and oc- 
 casional felicity of description. 
 
 GAY VERNON, SIMON FRANCIS, 
 baron, was born, in 1760, at St. Leonard, 
 in the Limousin ; obtained a captaincy in 
 the army in 1790; distinguished himself 
 greatly, in 1793, on the Rhine and in Flan- 
 ders ; was for seventeen years sub-director 
 of the polytechnic school; defended the 
 fortress of "Trogau, in 1814, with the ut- 
 most gallantry; and died in 1822. He 
 wrote, in two volumes quarto, An Elemen- 
 tary Treatise on the Military Art, and on 
 Fortification. 
 
 GAZA, or GAZIS, THEODORE, a lear- 
 ned Greek, was born, in 1398, at Thessa- 
 lonica. When his country was desolated 
 by the Turks, he sought an asylum in Ita- 
 ly; was patronised by Pope Nicholas the 
 Fifth, and other eminent men; and contri- 
 buted greatly to diffuse a knowledge of the 
 ancient literature of his native land. He 
 died in 1478. He translated various works 
 from the Greek, and wrote a Greek Gram- 
 mar, and a Treatise on the Grecian Months. 
 
 GEBER, or GEABER, an Arabian al- 
 chemist and astronomer, whose real name 
 was Abou Moussah Giaffar al Sofi, is sup- 
 posed by some to have been a native of 
 Seville; but he is more generally believed 
 to have been born at Hauran, in Mesopo- 
 tamia, in the eighth century. Hi.-- alche- 
 mical researches led him to the discovery 
 of corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, 
 aquafortis, and nitrate of quicksilver. 
 There have been several editions of his 
 works. 
 
 GED, WILLIAM, a goldsmith of Edin- 
 burgh, invented stereotype printing in 1725, 
 and, in 1729, entered into partnership 
 with Fenner, a ttationer of London II 
 treated by his partner, and thwarted by 
 printers, he sustained considerable IOM. 
 
GEL 
 
 In 1733 he returned to Scotland, where 
 he printed an edition of Sallust. His de- 
 cease took place in 1749. 
 
 GEDDES, ALEXANDER, alearned Ro- 
 man catholic divine, was born, in 1737, at 
 Ruthven, in Banffshire; was educated at 
 the Scotch college at Paris ; and officiated 
 at various chapels till 1782, when he de- 
 sisted entirely from the exercise of his 
 clerical functions. For many years he was 
 engaged on a new Translation of the Old 
 and New Testament, of which he publish- 
 ed only two volumes. This work raised a 
 tempest of indignation against h:m from 
 both protestants and catholics. He died 
 in 1802. Besides the version of the Bible, 
 he published a translation of Horace's Sat- 
 ires; Critical Remarks on the Hebrew 
 Scriptures ; and other works of less impor- 
 tance. 
 
 GEER, CHARLE'S DE,an eminent nat- 
 uralist, who has been called the-Swedish 
 Reaumur, was born in Sweden, in 1720; 
 studied at Utrecht and Upsal ; was ap- 
 pointed marshal of the Swedish court, in 
 1761 ; and died in 1778. His great work 
 is Memoirs towards the History of Insects, 
 in seven quarto volumes, with plates. It 
 describes more than fifteen hundred species. 
 
 GELLERT,CHRISTLIEBEHREGOTT, 
 a celebrated metallurgist, was born in 1713, 
 at Haynichen, near Freyburg, in Saxony, 
 and died in 1795, professor of metallurgy, 
 and effective counsellor, of the Saxon 
 mines. Gellert introduced very important 
 improvements into the method of parting 
 metals by amalgamation. He is the au- 
 thor of Elements of Metallurgical Chemis- 
 try; and Elements of Docimastics. 
 
 GELLERT, CHRISTIAN FURCHTE- 
 GOTT, a German poet and writer on mor- 
 als and elegant literature, the brother of 
 the metallurgist, was born at Haynichen, 
 in 1715, and studied theology at Leipsic. 
 In 1751, he was chosen extraordinary pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy at Leipsic. Af- 
 ter having gained applause by his share in 
 two periodical publications, he brought 
 out, in 1746, his first collection of Fables, 
 and the romance of The Swedish Countess. 
 They were soon followed by a second 
 part of the Fables, and several Comedies. 
 Among his still 1 iter productions may l>e 
 mentioned Moral Didactic Poetry; Canti- 
 cles; Dissertations on Literature and Mor- 
 als ; and Miscellaneous Works. Of all his 
 writings his Fables were the most popular. 
 Their success was, indeed, complete; for 
 all, from the peasant to the prince, were 
 delighted with them. After suffering se- 
 verely all his life from hypochondriacal af- 
 fections, Gellert died in 1769. For the 
 inipraVHUnt of its literary taste, and the 
 diffusion of g >od principles, Germany owes 
 much to Gellert. Nor las it bean ungrate- 
 fill- for his memory i* .till cherished as 
 
 GEM 
 
 281 
 
 that of a man who was a benefactor andaa 
 honour to his native land. 
 
 GELLI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian 
 writer, born, in 1498, at Florence, was 
 brought up as a tailor, which calling he 
 continued to follow even amidst his litera- 
 ry avocations. It was not till he was twen- 
 
 ty-five that he began to study, but his pro- 
 gress was rapid. He was one of the foun- 
 ders of the Florentine Academy; and, in 
 
 1553, was ordered by Cosmo I. to give 
 public lectures on the Divina Commedia of 
 Dante. He died in 1563. Gelli wrote 
 two Comedies : Dialogues ; Circe ; and 
 some minor pieces. 
 
 GELLIBRAND, HENRY, a mathema- 
 tician, was born in London, in 1597; 
 studied at Trinity College, Oxford ; was 
 made professor of astronomy at Gresham 
 College; and died in 1636. He comple- 
 ted and published Briggs's Trigonometria 
 Britannica; and wrote A Discourse on the 
 Longitude ; and other works connected 
 with navigation. It is not to the credit of 
 his judgment, that he was an opponent of 
 the Copernican system. 
 
 GEMELLI-CARRERI, JOHN FRAN- 
 cis, a celebrated Italian traveller, was 
 born, in 1651, at Naples, and was admit- 
 ted a doctor of laws. The love of travel- 
 ling, however, lured him from his profes- 
 sion. After having seen the whole of Eu- 
 rope, and served as a volunteer in Hunga- 
 ry, he embarked for Egypt in 1693. Be- 
 tween that year and 1698, he traversed 
 Upper Egypt, Syria, Palestine, parts of 
 European and Asiatic Turkey, Persia, 
 Hindostan, China, Mexico, and Cuba. He 
 closed his peregrinations by again visiting 
 Spain, France, and a portion of Italy. 
 The year of his death is unknown. His 
 Journey round the World forms six vol- 
 umes, and contains much curious informa- 
 tion. It has been denied, but most unjust* 
 ly, that Gemelli ever saw the countries 
 which he describes. 
 
 GEMINI ANI, FRANCIS, an eminent 
 composer, born, in 1666, at Lucca, was a 
 pupil of Lonati, Scarlatti, and Corelli. 
 In 1714 he came to England, and, with 
 one interval, continued to reside in the 
 British dominions till his decease, in 1762. 
 He is the author of solos, concertos, and 
 various other compositions; and of The 
 Harmonic Guide; The Art of Playing on 
 the Violin; and a Treatise on Good Taste, 
 and Rules for playing with Good Taste. 
 
 GEMISTUS,GEORGE,surnamed PLE- 
 THO, a Platonic philosopher, was born, in 
 1390, at Constantinople; and from the 
 Peloponnesus, where he usually resided, 
 was sent to the council of Florence, to dis- 
 cuss the subject of an union between the 
 Greek and Latin churches. He was the 
 reviver of PUtonism in Italy, and made 
 many convert* to it, among whom WAM 
 
282 
 
 Cfttt 
 
 Cosmo do Medici. He died in Greece, at 
 the age of nearly a hundred. His work.- 
 are mnncrou.- ; several of them relate to the 
 Platonic phils i| hy ; the remainder are 
 theological, rhetorical, and historical. 
 
 VGHIS K!l A.VJL\G1IIS KHAN. 
 or THEM I "(JIN . one of taor-e pe.-ts known 
 by the a|)pellation ofirre.it conquerors, was 
 
 born, 
 1227. 
 
 1164, in Tartary, and died in 
 He was the sou of a petty Moiigo- 
 
 lian prince; but, bv ilint of smvosiv e vic- 
 tories, he became monarch of a territory 
 extending fifteen hundred leagues. North- 
 ern China, Eastern Persia, and the whole 
 of Tartary, he reduced under hisy.,ke; but 
 his triumphs cost the destruction of number- 
 less cities, and of millions of human ! 
 
 GENLIS, STKPHAXIA FKLICITV, 
 countess de, whose maiden name was l)u- 
 crest de St. Auhin, was Ixirn, in 17-16, near 
 Autun, in Burgundy. Though of a good 
 family, she had no fortune; but her beau- 
 ty, her accomplishments, and particularly 
 her skill on the harp, introduced lur into 
 high circles, from which she derived pe- 
 cuniary resources. Many ofiers of mar- 
 riage were made to her, but she acce| ted 
 the hand of the Count de Genlis, who 
 had become enamoured of her in conse- 
 quence of reading one of her letters. The 
 union was unproductive of happiness, and 
 the tongue of scandal did not spare her 
 character. By that union, however, she 
 l>ecame allied to Madame Montesson, who 
 married to the duke of Or- 
 led to her being chosen 
 bv the duke of Chartres as the governess 
 of his children. She now appeared as 
 an author, and produced in rapid succes- 
 sion Adela and Theodore, The Evenings 
 of the Castle, The Theatre of Education, 
 and Annals of Virtue; all of which were 
 
 was 
 leans 
 
 privately 
 ; and thi 
 
 highly 
 friend 
 
 Though she was a warm 
 revolution, her 
 
 connexion 
 
 v popular. 
 friend to the 
 
 with the duke of Orleans rendered her 
 obnoxious to the prevailing faction, and, 
 in 1793, she was compelled to quit 
 
 T^ A r*. . I i i <r>* 
 
 GEO 
 
 volume?. She died, at Paris, Dec*mb 
 31, 183Q. Her productions are character- 
 ized by fertility of imagination, and purity 
 
 of .-{\ le. 
 
 GENOVESI, ANTHONY, ;nnetaplusi- 
 cian and philosopher, \\ as horn near Saler- 
 no, in the kingdom of .Naples, in 1712, and 
 took orders at the ag<- of twenty-four, lie 
 was professor of niriaplu.-irs, moral philo- 
 sophy, and |)(ditical economy, in the Nea- 
 politan capital, and contributed -neatly to 
 the extension of enlightened principle.-. 1 Ie 
 
 died in 17t>9 Among his works are, Ele- 
 ments of .Metaphysics; a Treat i>e m Com. 
 nieree; Philosophical .Meditations; and El- 
 ements of Logic. 
 
 GE.NTILJS, ALBKRIC, a celebrated 
 Italian civilian, was horn, in 1551, in the 
 march of Ancona; studied at Perugia ; and 
 \\as a doctor of laws in his twenty-first 
 year. Having adoptedthe protestant faith, 
 he took refuge in England, was patronised 
 hy the earl of Leicester, and obtained the 
 civil law profosorship at Oxford, lie died 
 in 1611. Several works on jurisprudence 
 were produced hy him. His brother, S< i r- 
 10, who ua* horn in 1563, and died in 
 1611, was al=o an eminent jurist. 
 
 GEOFFREY or MONMOITH, or 
 GEOFFRKY AP ARTHUR, a British 
 historian o( the twelfth century, was a na- 
 tive of Moimonth; and was raised to the 
 Bee of St. \saph; whieh, however, in con- 
 sequence c.f the disturbed state <>f North 
 Wales, he deserted, and took np his abode 
 at the crurt of Henry II. He is the au- 
 thor, or perhaps, rather the translator of 
 a Chronicle or History of the Britons, 
 abounding with fables; a poem on Merlin; 
 and some other productions of less conse- 
 quence. 
 
 GEOFFROY, STEPHKN FRANCIS, a 
 physician, was born, at Paris, in 1672; 
 acquired extensive and deserved populari- 
 
 iv; w 
 
 ,-as a member of several learned bod- 
 
 ies; and died MI 1731. He wrote a Trea- 
 tise on the Materia Medica, in three vol- 
 
 France. . After having resided in S\\ii/> nines; and various pap 
 erland, at Altona, at Hamhnrfjh, and 'lions of the Academy 
 
 in Holgtein, he was allowed bv the first 
 consul to return to her native country. 
 During her absence from France she wrote, 
 
 In -,-i \<-- some minor pieces, The Knights of 
 tlie Swan, The Little Emigrant.--, The Ri- 
 val Mothers, and Rash Vows. Napoleon 
 gave her a pension, and apartments in the 
 Ars<-nal, and carried on u Correspondence 
 with her; hut, on the return of the Bour- 
 b'Uis, she f .r^.,t the favours lie had confer- 
 red, and the incense .-he had offered to him, 
 
 in the Transac- 
 f Sciences. In 
 
 honour of him, Jacqnin gave the name of 
 Geofthea to a genus of leguminous plants. 
 Ilis brother, CLAUDE JOSEPH, was a 
 botanist of eminence. 
 
 GEOFFROY, STEPHKN Louis, SOB 
 of the foregoing, was horn at Paris in 1725, 
 became one of the most eminent physician* 
 and naturalists of the capital; retired from 
 practice uhen the revolution broke out; 
 and died in 1810. He wrole a Manual of 
 1'ractical Medicine for Surgeons; an A- 
 
 and joined the bifid of his detractors. For bridged Historv of Insects found in the 
 the last thirty years her inexhaustible pen \eighhoui hood " of Paris ; a Treatise on 
 Continued to pour forth a variety of works, Shells in the Neighbourhood of 1'ar'u; y 
 of which spa! -.uting to enuii.e- Dissertation on the Organ of Hearing; 
 
 rate even the name-. Tint u hole of her lit- and a Latin poem on the Preservation of 
 trary progeny full* little short of u hundred, Health. 
 
GEft 
 
 GER 
 
 rJEOFFROY, JULIAN Louis, a French [many curious exotics, and, in the whole, 
 
 :ritic of considerable celebrity, was born, one thousand and thirty-three species, for- 
 n 1743, at Reimes, and died, at Paris, injeign and indigenous. He published A Her 
 1S14. He was remarkable for the severity: bal, or General History of Plants, which 
 of hid criticism, especially on theatrical contributed to diffuse a taste for botany, 
 subjects. He conducted_the Literary An- j In memory of him, Plumier gave the name 
 
 of Gerard ia to a genus of flowers 
 
 GERMANICUS, TIBERIUS DRUSUS 
 , a nephew of the Emperor Tiberi- 
 
 nals, after the death of Freron; and, from 
 1SOO, was the dramatic censor of the Jour- 
 nal of Debates. His contributions to the 
 last of these periodicals were collected in 
 five volumes, with the title of A Course of 
 Dramatic Literature. He wrote a Com- 
 mentary on Racine, in seven volumes, and 
 translated Theocritus. 
 
 GEORGE CADOUDAL, a celebrated 
 
 royalist chief (whose surname was Cadon-lsent into the Eastern provinces, where his 
 dal, but who is little known except by his career was cut short by death, at Antioch, 
 Christian name), was the son of a miller, 
 and was born, in 1769, at Brech, in Bri- 
 tanny. In 1793, he raised a small troop of 
 Breton peasants, joined the Vendeans, and 
 was made a captain at the siege of Gran- 
 ville. In 1794 and 1795 he served under 
 M. de Puisaye; and, after the retirement 
 
 us, was at the head of the Roman army in 
 Germany when Augustus died. His legions 
 insisted on raising him to the throne; but 
 he frustrated their design at the risk of his 
 life. Having defeated Arminius, and re- 
 covered the eagles lost by Vaftis, he was 
 
 A. D. 19, in his thirty-tourthyear, not with- 
 out a suspicion of his having been poisoned 
 by order of Tiberius. He wrote some 
 Greek Comedies, now lost; and translated 
 the Phenomena of Aratus. 
 
 GERRY, ELBRIDGE, one of the sigiv- 
 ers of the declaration of independence, and 
 
 of that general, was the principal leader 'vice president of the United States, was 
 in the Morbihan. Till the beginning of! born at Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 
 1800, he was almost constantly in arms, 1744, and received his education at Har- 
 
 but was then forced to consent to a treaty. 
 Bonaparte, however, in vain endeavoured 
 to win him over from the royal cause. Hav- 
 ing been appointed lieutenant general by 
 Count d'Artois, George renewed his efforts 
 to restore the Bourbons, and he at length 
 fell into the power of the French govern- 
 ment, and was executed in June, 1804. 
 On his trial, and at his execution, he dis- 
 played the same courage that had always 
 distinguished him in the field. 
 
 GERARD, TIIOM, or TENQUE, was 
 born, about 1040, on the island of Mar- 
 tigue, on the coast of Provence. He vis- 
 ited Jerusalem on commercial affairs; but 
 devoted himself there to religious exercises, 
 and to aiding pilgrims. In 1100 he found- 
 ed the order of knights hospitallers of St. 
 John, which afterwards acquired such splen- 
 did fame. He was the first grand master 
 of the order. He died about 1121. 
 
 GERARD, ALEXANDER, a Scotch di- 
 vine and writer, born, in 1728, at Garioch, 
 in Aberdeensbire, was educated at Maris- 
 chul College, at which, in 1752, he succeed- 
 ed Fordyce, as professor of moral philoso- 
 phy, and, in 17GO, was appointed divinity 
 piofessor. In 1771, he obtained the theo- 
 logical professorship at King's College, Ab- 
 erdeen He died in 1795. He wrote An 
 Essay on Taste; An Essay on Genius; 
 Sermons; and Dissertations" on the Genius 
 and Evidences of Christianity. 
 
 GERARDE, JOHN, a surgeon and bot- 
 anist, was born, in 1515, at .Vmtwich, in 
 Cheshire. Jle practised ia London, be- 
 came master of the apothecaries' company, 
 superintended Lord Burle'ii^n's hotanir.al 
 garden, and had one of hi* o\\ n, containing 
 
 vard College. He was graduated at this 
 institution in 1762, and afterwards engag- 
 ing in mercantile pursuits, amassed a con- 
 siderable fortune. He took an early part 
 in the controversy between the colonies and 
 Great Britain, and in 1772 was elected a 
 representative from his native town, in the 
 legislature of Massachusetts. In 1776 he 
 was elected a delegate to the continental 
 congress, where for several years he exhib- 
 ited the utmost zeal and fidelity in the dis- 
 charge of numerous and severe official la- 
 bours. In 1784, Mr. Gerry was re-elected 
 a member of congress, and in 1787 was 
 chosen a delegate to the convention which 
 assembled at Philadelphia, to revise the ar- 
 ticles of confederation. In 1789 he was a- 
 gain elected to congress and remained in 
 that body for four years, when he retired 
 into private life, till the year 1797, wher 
 he was appointed to accompany geuenil 
 Pinckney and Mr. Marshall on a special 
 mission to France. In October, 1798, Mr. 
 Gerry returned home, and having been e- 
 lected governor of his native state, and in 
 1812 vice president of the United States,' 
 he died suddenly at Washington in Novem- 
 ber, 1814. 
 
 GERSON, JOHN CHARLIER DE, a 
 French ecclesiastic, born, in 1363, at Ger- 
 son, in Champagne, was made chancellor 
 of the university of Paris, and canon of 
 Notre Dame; distinguished himself by his 
 piety, his theological writings, and his con- 
 duct at the council of Constance; wasdriv 
 en into exile by the Burguudian faction; 
 and died, in 1429, in a convent at Lyons 
 His virtues gained for him the appellations 
 'M' the evangelical doctor, and the most 
 
doctor. The works of Gerson . clared he would never get beyond reading 
 folio volumes. It seems to be and writing. Another instructor, however. 
 
 284 GES 
 
 Christian 
 
 'brin five 
 
 now certain that he is the author of the fu- 
 
 mous Imitation of Jesus Christ, which bears 
 
 the name of Thomas a Kempis. 
 
 GESNER, CONRAD, a man eminent in 
 Many branches of knowledge, but particu- 
 larly so in botany, was born, in 1516, at 
 Zurich; was loft "by his father in indigent 
 circumstances, but acquired extensive learn- 
 ing, and celebrity, by dint of incessaYit ex- 
 ertion ; was professor of philosophy at Zu- 
 rich for twenty-four years, and practised 
 there a.* a physician ; and died of the plague, 
 in 1565. Gesner was no loss estimable as 
 a man than as a philosopher: he was pi- 
 ous, benevolent, an ardent friend, and a 
 general peacemaker. In his botanical re- 
 searches he was indefatigable, and spared 
 110 expense. Botany, indeed, has been said 
 to owe to him its very existence as a sci- 
 ence. Among his productions are, A His- 
 tory of Animals, five vols. folio; Botani- 
 cal" Essays, two vols. folio; a Treatise on 
 Fossils; and a translation of Elian. 
 
 GESNER, JOHN MATTHIAS, a Ger- 
 man philologist, was born at Roth, near 
 Anspach, in 1691 ; studied at Anspach and 
 Jena; and, after having held situations at 
 Weimar and Leipsic, was made professor 
 of rhetoric at Gottingen, and, subsequently, 
 inspector of all the schools of that city, 
 counsellor of state, and perpetual director. 
 He died in 1761. Gesner was a man of 
 almost universal erudition: with the dead 
 and the oriental languages, philosophy, 
 mathematics, natural history, and law, he 
 was thoroughly acquainted. One of his 
 greatest labours is, The New Thesaurus of 
 the Latin Language, four volumes folio, in 
 which he was assisted by his learned broth- 
 er, ANDREW SAMUEL. Various works 
 were translated by him from the Greek and 
 Latin. His Miscellaneous pieces have 
 oeen collected, in eight volumes octavo. 
 
 GHI 
 
 GESNEK, orGESS.N'ER, SOLOMON, 
 a poet, painter, and engraver, who h. is 1 ecu 
 
 called th:; Hi Ivetian Virgil, \v;is bun, in 
 1750, at Zurich. Though he was of a 
 iterary family, he was so apparently dull 
 
 writing. 
 
 succeeded in eliciting the latent sparks of 
 genius. But it was to poetry that thn 
 youth first paid his devotion; and his 
 father, who had no respect for the " idle 
 trade" of verse-making, and wan desirous 
 that, like himself, he should be a book- 
 seller, sent him to learn his intended occu- 
 pation at Berlin. Speedily disgusted with 
 his new master, Gesner quitted him, hired 
 an humble apartment, and began to write 
 poems and paint pictures. After a while 
 he desisted from painting, but continued to 
 cultivate his literary talents, and was aided 
 by the advice of Lessing, Gleim, and Rain- 
 ier. Forgiven, at length, by his father, 
 and allowed to persist in sacrificing to the 
 Muses, he went back to Zurich. Night, 
 his first poem, had little success; but his 
 pastoral of Daphnis was applauded; his 
 Idylls enhanced his reputation; and his 
 fame was sealed, in 1758, by The Death 
 of Abel, which was translated into every 
 language in Europe. Among his subse- 
 quent works were the poems of the First 
 Navigator, and A Picture of the Deluge; 
 Moral Tales; Drimas; and Letters on 
 Landscape. He had now succeeded to his 
 father as a bookseller, but the business was 
 chiefly managed by a most affectionate w ife, 
 and he had leisure not only to compose, 
 but to resume some of his early pursuits. 
 He made himself master of landscape 
 painting, and of engraving, and in both 
 arts produced many works of great merit. 
 He also found time to act as a member of 
 the council of Zurich, and as bailiff of 
 Ellibach. Gesner died of pulsy in 1788, 
 and his fellow citizens erected a monument 
 to his memory on a beautiful gpot, at the 
 confluence of the Linth and the Limrnat. 
 In spite of some faults, among which is the 
 dwelling occasionally too long upon hi* 
 subject, the writings of (e?ner will always 
 find admirers while grace, simplicity, 
 sweetness, and natural description, retain 
 their influence over the human mind. 
 
 GETA, SEPTIMUS, il.e second sen of 
 the emperor Severus, was born, in 18.9, at 
 Milan; and his early years gave promise 
 that he would not disgrace the throne. On 
 the death of his father, Geta became joint 
 sovereign with lib brother, the infamous 
 Caracalla. Afterhaving made a fruitless 
 attempt to poison him, Caracalla mu'cered 
 Geta in the arms of their mother, wrr nas 
 wounded in attempting to save her son. 
 Geta was killed in his twenty-third year. 
 
 GHIBERTI, LAURKNCK, a celebrated 
 sculptor, was born at Florence in 1S78, 
 and 
 His 
 
 believed to have died about 145P 
 greatest vv:ik is the bronze gate of 
 
 the baptistery of St. John's church, in hi 
 Dative city, which Michael A ngclo declared 
 his boyhood, that Bodner, his tutor, de- i to l>e worthy of Ix-iiij; the gate of paradise 
 
GIE 
 
 It contains twenty-four panels, representing 
 various subjects from the New Testament. 
 
 GIANNI, FRANCIS, an Italian poet, 
 born at Rome about 1760, was originally a 
 slay-maker. His poetical talent was! 
 awakened by reading Ariosto, and he quit- 
 ted his trade to exhibit as an improvisatore 
 in the cities of Italy. Napoleon nominated 
 him lilt; imperial poet, and Gianni sung 
 the victories of his master in strains not 
 unworthy of the subject. Towards the 
 close of his life, he became a rigid devotee, 
 ami his intellects were seriously affected. 
 He died in 1823. A part of his works has 
 been published in six volume.*. 
 
 G IAIN NONE, PETER, an intrepid and 
 valuable historian, was barn, in 1676, at 
 Ischitelli, in the Neapolitan province of 
 Capitanata, and finished his studies at 
 Naples, where he became an advocate. 
 He spent twenty years on his Civil History 
 of the: Kingdom of Naples, in four quarto 
 volumes. When it came from the press, 
 his friend Argento said to him, " You have 
 placed on your brows a crown of most 
 pungent thorns." Such, indeed, it proved ; 
 ftr its dauntless exposure of papal usurpa- 
 tion roused the vengeance of thn court of 
 Rome, and exposed him to an unrelenting 
 persecution. His book was prohibited ; he 
 was himself excommunicated; and after 
 having been driven from Vienna, Venice, 
 and other places, he died a prisoner at 
 Turin, in 1758. His posthumous works, 
 in a quarto volume, were published in 
 1760 
 
 GIB 
 
 286 
 
 GIBBON, EDWARD, one of the three 
 t eatest of English historians, was born, 
 it 1737, at Putney; was imperfectly edu- 
 cs/ed at Westminster School, and Magda- 
 len College, Oxford; and finished his 
 tudies at Lausanne, under M. PaviTlard, 
 a Calvinistic minister. It was, however, 
 his having embraced popery that occasioned 
 .lis being sent to Lausanne. Pavillard re- 
 claimed him from popery ; but, after hav- 
 ing vibrated between Catholicism and pro- 
 testantism, Gibbon settled into a confirmed 
 sceptic. In 1758- he returned to England, 
 nd entered upon the duties of active life. 
 Till the peace of Paris, he was much en- 
 
 gaged as an officer of the militia; but, 
 during that time, he read extensively, and 
 published, in French, An Essay on the 
 Study of Literature. More than two years 
 were next spent in visiting France, Swit- 
 zerland, and Italy; and it was while he 
 sat musing among the ruins of the Capitol, 
 and the barefooted friars were singing ves- 
 pers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea 
 of writing a history of the decline and fall 
 of the Roman empire first arose in his mind. 
 Several other historical schemes had previ- 
 ously occupied his attention. Of this great 
 woik the first volume appeared in 1776, 
 the second and third in 1781, and the con- 
 cluding three volumes in 1788. . It raised 
 him at once to the summit of literary fame ; 
 but its artful attacks on Christianity ex- 
 cited great disgust and indignation, and 
 called forth several antagonists, who un- 
 fortunately possessed more of zeal than of 
 discretion. One of them impeached his 
 fidelity, as an historian, and thus provoKed 
 a reply, which "gave the assailant ample 
 cause to repent his rashness. Gibbon had 
 already displayed his controversial power* 
 in his Critical Observations, which de- 
 molished Warburton's theory respecting 
 the descent of ^Eneas. In 1774 he became 
 a member of parliament, and, throughout 
 the American war, he gave a silent sup- 
 port to the measures of Lord North: 
 Liskeard and Lymington were the places 
 which he represented. A Justificatory 
 .Memorial against France, which he wrote, 
 in French, for the ministers, gained him 
 the pi ice of a lord of trade; which, how- 
 ever, he lost when the Ixjard was sup- 
 pressed by Mr. Burke'g bill. In 1783 he 
 retired to Lausanne, whence he twice re- 
 turned to his native country. He died, 
 January 16, 1794, during his last visit to 
 England. II ts posthumous works were 
 published, in two quarto volumes, by his 
 friend Lord Sheffield. 
 
 GIBBONS, GRINLING, an eminent 
 sculptor, particularly in wood, was born in 
 London about the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, and died in 1721. His flowers 
 and foliage in wood have almost the Jight- 
 nyss of nature. Among his works are 
 St. Paul's and Windsor choirs, the archi- 
 episcopal throne in Canterbury Cathedral, 
 the ornaments at Petworth House, and the 
 statue of James the Second, in Privy Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 GIBBS, JAMKS, an architect, born in 
 1674 at Aberdeen, was educated at Maris- 
 chal College, and obtained the patronage 
 of the earl of Mar, through whose influence 
 he was employed to erect several edifices 
 in the British metropolis. He died in 1754. 
 Among his works are, the churches of St 
 Martin's in the Fields, and St. Mary U 
 Strand London ; the new buildings of 
 King's College, and the Senate House, at 
 
J86 GIF 
 
 Cambridge; and tlie Rack-lift' Library, :t 
 Oxford. 
 
 GIl'.SOX, KiriiAKi), an English pain- 
 ter, horn in I<>1.~>, was of dwarhMi stature, 
 bring diilv three feet ten inches in height. 
 1 lc .-nulled under De Cleym, imitated I.ely, 
 and was much favoured by Ch-ailr- I., 
 Yoinwell, and Charles II." lie married 
 Ann Shepherd, a dwarf, of exactly the 
 iiii!' altitude as himself. Charles 1. gave 
 away lite bride, and Waller composed the 
 epitmlamiutn. Gibson died in !()!>(). 
 
 GIFFORD, \\II.I.IAM, a critic and 
 P;K i. \\as horn, iii 1757, at. Ashburton, in 
 Devon.-hire. Left, at the age of thirteen, 
 an orphan^ in poverty, and wi'.h the scanti- 
 est education, lie was exposed to many >e- 
 vere hardships till he reached his twentieth 
 vear. From being a .-liipboy in a coaster, 
 he was taken to be. apprenticed V) a shoe- 
 maker* and as, to use his own words, he 
 " hated his new profession with a perfect 
 hatred, and made no pn gress in it, he 
 Mink by decrees into the common drudge." 
 Still, his mind thirsted after knowledge. 
 Havinir acquired arithmetic, lie began to 
 study a treatise on algebra, and, as paper 
 was out of his reach, he worked his prob- 
 lems with a blunted awl upon fragments of 
 leather. He also began to compose \erses, 
 by repeating which lie sometimes obtained 
 fin ill sums; and with the money he pur- 
 chased books. In this state he languished 
 on till he was twenty, when a helping hand 
 was extended to him by -Mr. Cookesley, a 
 surgeon of Ashburtori. That benevolent 
 man raised a subscription to prepare Gif- 
 ford for the university, and in 1780 the 
 rescued youth was sent to Exeter College, 
 Oxford. His progress there was rapid. 
 While he was pursuing his; studies, acci- 
 dent brought him to the notice of Lord 
 Grosvenor, who took him into his family, 
 and subsequently gave him the situation of 
 travelling tutor to his heir Lord Belgrave. 
 On his return to England Gifford com- 
 menced his literary career, and thencefor- 
 ward his existence was cheered by the 
 smiles of fortune and fame. In 1791, he 
 published The Haviad; in 1794, The 
 _M;e\iad; in 1798, he superintended the 
 Anti-Jac bin Newspaper, which involved 
 him in a quarrel with Peter Pindar, to 
 whom he addressed a bitter poetical 
 Epistle; in 1 W 02 ap| eared his version of 
 Jmeual (a work v.hi.'h he had begun in 
 youth), to which he afterwards added a 
 translation of Persins; and, in 1^09, he 
 became editor of The Qiiart-rly Review, 
 which woik he conducted till declining 
 health compelled him to relinquish it in 
 ]SL> J. He al.-o \,': iilioiis < 
 
 of Ma .loiisou, Ford, and SJiir- 
 
 -ley. Ue ni.-d I > , The 
 
 atrreofGMl.nl is cau-ii-. in the extreme; 
 but two or 'three of I.U poems pro\e mt , 
 
 GIL 
 
 h- oonld also excel in the pathetic. Ilia 
 
 :\le is cnrrect and vigorous, and, 
 \\here politics do not bias him, his criti- 
 ci.-m is dictated bv a sound judgment and 
 a pure taste. 
 
 (JIFFORP, JOHN, an historical and po- 
 litical writer, whose real name was John 
 Richard Green, was born in 17-~>S; \\ as 
 educated at St. John's College, Oxford ; 
 and was intended fir the law, but having 
 dissipated his fortune, he retired to the 
 continent, under the name of Gi fiord. 
 Returning to England, in 1788, he became 
 a fertile writer on politics; vehemently 
 opposed the principles of the French revo- 
 lution; and, at length, was pensioned and 
 made a police magistrate. lie died in 1818. 
 I'esides his pamphlets, he wrote a Life of 
 Pitt, in three vols. quarto; a History of 
 France, in five vols. quarto; and other 
 works; established the Anti-Jacobin Re- 
 view, and contributed to the British Critic. 
 Though violent as a political partisai^ 
 Gifford was a worthy and amiable man 
 possessed of respectable talents. 
 
 GILBERT, SIR HUMPHRY, an intre- 
 pid soldier and navigator, was born, about 
 1539, in Devonshire; studied at Eton and 
 Oxford; served in the expedition against 
 Havre; in Ireland, where he was knight- 
 ed; and in the Netherlands, and made two 
 voyages of discovery to North America, 
 in the last of which, after having taken 
 possession of Newfoundland, he was lost, 
 in 1583, during a storm. He wrote a Dis- 
 course, to prove the feasibility of a north- 
 west passage. 
 
 GILBERT, or GILBERD, WILLIAM, 
 an experimental philosopher and physician, 
 born in 1540 at Colchester, in Essex, was 
 educated at Cambridge; took his degree 
 at a foreign university; practised with 
 success, and was a member of the college, 
 in London ; and died in 1603. In his prin- 
 cipal work, On Magnetism, Gilbert has 
 the merit not only of having first given a 
 complete system on the subject, but also of 
 having been the first to make experiment 
 the basis of theory. 
 
 GILBERT, Sir JKFFF.RY, a judge and 
 law writer, was born, in 1674, in Devon- 
 shire; was appointed an Irish judge in 
 171"), an English baron of the exchequei 
 in 1722, and chief baron in 1725; and 
 died in 1726. Among his works are, The 
 Law of Dev ises ; of Uses ; of Ejectments ; 
 of Replevins; of Executions ; and of tin 
 Law of Evidence: Treatises, of the Court 
 of Exchequer; of Tenures; and of Rents: 
 Cases in Law and Equity; and The His- 
 tory and Practice of Chancery. 
 
 OILCHRIST, OCTAVIUS, was born, in 
 
 1779, at Twickenham; was educated at 
 
 M:idalen < 'ollege, Oxford ; and died, in 
 
 ,t Stamford, in Lincolnshire, where 
 
 i:i-ua. .1 practitioner of medicine. Bcsidei 
 
GIL 
 
 rainy scattered papers on our old 
 
 GIO 
 
 tion of the Assertions of Ben Jonson's. 
 
 E'imitv to Shak 
 
 s|>eare ; 
 
 ,V,.l .,.'. 
 
 drama [Third often r Aycd a part in his comedies 
 
 tists and poets, he published an Examina- lie died, at Evura, i-.i 1557. Gil Vicente 
 
 was one of the earliest European dramatic 
 writers. In his play?, which are nearly 
 fifty in number, he redeems the unavoida- 
 ble faults of his time by a rich invention, 
 natural dialogue, and much spirit and ele 
 gance of style. 
 
 GILRAY, JAMES, an artist, who wag 
 for manv years celebrated for his carica- 
 tures, which were drawn and etched by 
 himself. For broad humour, keen satire, 
 and fertility of invention, he was unrivalled 
 
 a Letter to W. 
 
 (Ji fiord, Esq. on Weber's edition of Ford; 
 and an edition of Corbet's Poems, with 
 notes and a life. 
 
 GILPIN, BKRNARD, a protestant re- 
 
 l">rmer, was brn, in 1517, at Kentmire, 
 
 in Westmoreland J and was educated at 
 
 Queen's College, Oxford. His catholic 
 
 rinciples were first shaken by Peter 
 
 artyr, against whom he had been brought 
 
 clr.irch. After having embraced the prot- 
 pMant faith, he became rector of Iloughton 
 le Spring, in the diocese of Durham. In 
 the reign of Mary, the sanguinary Bonner 
 marked him out for one of his victims, 
 but the queen's death took place before 
 Gilpin could be brought to London. In 
 the next reign he refused the highest 
 oilers of preferment, and he died deeply 
 lamented by his pari.-hioners, in 1583". 
 
 E 
 
 forward us the champion of the Romish in his branch of the art. He died in 
 
 1815. 
 GLN'GUENE, PETER Louis, a French 
 
 writer, was boi 
 
 1748 at Rennes, and 
 
 Hi 
 
 unwearied endeavours to spread religion, 
 gained him the honourable appellation of 
 the .Northern Apostle. 
 
 GILPIN, WILLIAM, a divine and ele- 
 gant writer, was, born, in 1724, at Carlisle; 
 received his education at Queen's College, 
 Oxford ; for many years kept a celebrated 
 academy at Cheam ; and died, in 1807, 
 vicar of Boldre, and prebendary of Salis- 
 bury. He wrote Lives of Bernard Gilpin 
 and Wicliff; Sermons; and various theo- 
 logir-0 works ; Remarks on Forest Scene- 
 ry; a Tour to the Lakes; and several 
 volumes of Observations on the Picturesque 
 Beauties of many Parts of England. 
 
 GILP I N , S AAV R i Y, an artist, the brother 
 of the foregoing, was born in 1733 at Car- 
 lisle, and was apprenticed to a ship painter. 
 His talent gained him the patronage of 
 the duke of Cumberland, for whom he 
 executed many compositions. It was prii.. 
 cipally as an animal painter that he acquired 
 his reputation, but his merit in historical 
 subjects was no*, inconsiderable. He also 
 etched the cattie in the prints of his broth- 
 oiks, lie died, at 
 
 began his literary career by publishing The 
 Confessions of Zulna, a poern. Early in 
 the revolution he edited, in concert with 
 Cerutti, a paper intended to diffuse the 
 principles of liberty among the lower 
 classes, and particularly among the country 
 people. He, however, narrowly escaped 
 of t 
 
 s nietv, benevolence to the poor, and the scaffold during the reign of the jaco- 
 
 1 , , _ i .__! _ I- _ rpi T^- .,,,J !'___ 
 
 er's picturesque 
 Brompton, in 1807. 
 
 GIL POLO, GASPAR, a Spanish poet, 
 born at Valencia in 1516, exercised the 
 
 profes 
 
 of an advocate in that city, and 
 
 died there in 1572. He is the author of 
 Diana Enamorada, or Diana in love, on 
 which (Yrxaiiies has bestowed the highest 
 
 pr 
 
 It is remarkable for the puriiy of 
 
 its styi: 1 , and the. elegance and melody of 
 its ver.- ideation. 
 
 GIL VICENTE, a Portuguese dramat- 
 ist, who is called the 1'Iatitus of his country, 
 na born, at Bareellos, about 11^5, ami 
 produced his first piece in \~,()\. He soon 
 
 bins. The Directory appointed him am- 
 bassador at Turin; and Bonaparte gave 
 him a seat in the tribunate. His reimnal 
 from fhe latter closed his political life, and 
 he was thenceforth wholly occupied by 
 literature. He died in 1816. Of his 
 many works, the principal is The Literary 
 History of Italy, in nine volumes, of which 
 the last three were completed by M. Salfi. 
 GIOCONDO, or JOCUNDUS, JOHN, 
 an Italian dominican friar, who was at 
 once an architect, antiquary, and literary 
 character, was born about 1435, at Verona, 
 and died at Rome, at a very advanced age. 
 He constructed the bridge of Notre Dame, 
 at Paris, and other edifices in France and 
 Italy; fortified the city of Treviso; and 
 was" summoned to Rome by Leo the Tenth, 
 after the death of Bramante, to assist in 
 the building of St. Peter's. As an anti- 
 quary he measured many ancient ruins, and 
 collected two thousand inscriptions; and, 
 as a man of letters, he published editions 
 
 puplii 
 
 d the 
 
 of Caesar, Vitruvius, and the Roman agri- 
 cultural writers. 
 
 GIORDANO, Lu K E, a celebrated paint- 
 er, was born at Naples in 1629, or 1632, 
 and was a pupil of Spagnoletto and Pietro 
 da Cortona, after which he studied the 
 works of Titian and Paul Veronese. Phi- 
 lip V. of Spain patronised and knighted 
 him. He died at Naples in 1704. 
 
 GIORGIONE, an eminent painter of 
 the Venetian school, whose real name was 
 GroiiGK BARBAllELLI, was born, in 
 1477, at CasteliVanco, in the Friuli, was a 
 pupil of Bellini, and improved liis sh le by 
 study!!';,' t!ie designs of Leonardo da Vinci. 
 lie died of the plague, in 1511. Giuigi- 
 . one excelled in fresco painting, in portrait, 
 Wcamc popular, and even Kii'. G r J,.ii,i the ;uiJ in landscape; and was one of the first 
 
288 
 
 GTR 
 
 who practised the opposition of strong 
 lights to strong shadows. 
 
 GIOTTO, ... ANGlOLOTTO(diminn- 
 ti\e from Angiol > or Anijelo), \\hose name- 
 Mas I)i Bond. me, and \\ho is KNMtnM 
 railed Da Vespi^nano, from the place of 
 his birth, near I- lorenrc, was born in 12?(>. 
 He v.as a painter, sculptor, and architect, 
 the pupil of Cimahue, wh'o found him 
 drawing a sheep on a stone, while keeping 
 a Hick. Giotto fir Mil-passed his master 
 inst\le, design, and colouring, and was 
 one of the restorers of art in Italy. He 
 constructed the Campanile at Florence, 
 fortified the city, and executed many bas- 
 reliefs and statues. He died in 1336. 
 
 GIRALDI, or CYRALDUS, LILIO 
 GREGORIO, a learned Italian writer and 
 Latin poet, was born, in 1479, at Ferrara. 
 At the sacking of Rome, he lost all his 
 property, and for some years his poverty 
 wats such, and so imbittcied by ill health, 
 that he was accustomed to say, that he had 
 always three powerful enemies to contend 
 with, nature, fortune, and the injustice of 
 mankind. Before his decease, however, 
 which took place in 1552, he had so com- 
 pletely triumphed over fortune as to have 
 accumulated ten thousand crowns. Of his 
 works, which form two folio volumes, one 
 of the principal is an excellent History of 
 the Heathen Deities. 
 
 GIRALDI-CINTIO, JOHN BAPTIST, 
 a relation of the foregoing, was born, in 
 1504, at Ferrara ; was for many years 
 professor of philosophy and medicine in 
 the university of that city, and secretary 
 to t.ne duke; and, after having resided for 
 a while at Turin and Pavia, died in his 
 native city in 1573. He wrote nine trage- 
 dies, and" other works : but he is best 
 known by his Hecatomiti, which consists 
 of a hundred tales, in the manner of Boc- 
 cacio. 
 
 GTRARD, STEPHEN, a celebrated 
 banker, was born in France about the year 
 1746. At the age of twehe years, in the 
 capacity of cabin boy, he left France for 
 the West-Indies, where hr: resided some 
 time, and whence he made many voyages 
 to the United States. About" 1775 he 
 arrived in this country, and for a while 
 kept a small shop in .New Jersey. In 1780 
 he removed to Philadelphia, and by grad- 
 ual but sure acquisition accumulated a large 
 fortune. He became distinguished for his 
 active philanthropic exertions, during the 
 ravages of the yellow fever in that city in 
 1793. In 1811", when Congress refused to 
 reeharter the old bank of the United 
 States, Mr. Girard purchased the bankin_ 
 house of that institution, and became a 
 banker. The cupital which he first inves- 
 ted in his bank was one million eight 
 hundred thousand dollars, and he subse- 
 quently augmented it to five million* 
 
 GIR 
 
 During our late war with Great Britain, 
 he government found difficulty in raising 
 the necessary funds, and public credit had 
 sunk so low, that seven per cent, stock wai 
 illered at thirty per cent, discount. Of 
 his stock Mr. Girard took five millions. 
 At the time of his death in 1832, he was 
 estimated to be worth from twelve to fifteen 
 million of dollars, and he was the most 
 wealthy man in the new world. He was 
 juried with public honours. By his will, 
 
 e distributed his immense riches in the 
 most judicious and liberal manner, among 
 several charitable institutions, and for the 
 purposes of public improvements. One 
 request was of $ 2,000 ,000, for the erec- 
 ion of a permanent college in Penn Town- 
 hip, for the accommodation of at least 
 hree hundred poor white male Orphans, 
 above the age of six years. In regulation 
 of this bequest, it is enjoined, that "no 
 ecclesiastic, missionary or minister, of any 
 sect whatever, shall ever hold or exercise 
 any station or duty whatever in said col- 
 
 ge ; nor shall any such person ever be 
 admitted for any purpose, or as a visiter, 
 within the premises appropriated to the 
 
 irposes of the said college." 
 GIKARDON, FRANCIS, a celebrated 
 French sculptor, was born at Troyes, in 
 1630 (or, as some say, in 1627), and went 
 to Paris, where he gained the patronage 
 of Seguier, and subsequently of Louis XI V . 
 who sent him to study at Rome. He was 
 much employed after his return, and was 
 made inspector general of sculpture in 
 France. Many of his works are in the 
 gardens of Versailles. His masterpieces 
 are, a monument for Cardinal Richelieu; 
 an equestrian statue of Louis XIV.; The 
 Rape of Proserpine; and the group of the 
 Baths of Apollo. He died in 1715. His 
 wife, CATHERINE, born in 1629, died in 
 1698, excelled as a fruit and flower painter. 
 GIRODET-TRIOSON, ANNE Louis, 
 one of the most eminent of modern French 
 painters, was born, in 1767, at Montargis; 
 studied under David, and at Rome; and 
 died in 1824. His genius was so early 
 manifested, that whon he was only thirteen 
 he painted his father's portrait." Among 
 his principal works are, Endymion sleep- 
 ing; Hippocrates refusing the Presents of 
 Artaxerxes; The Deluge (which gained 
 the prize from David's Sabines) ; The 
 Burial of Atala ; The Revolt of Cairo ; 
 and Pygmalion and Galatea. 
 
 GIRTIN, THOMAS, an artist, was born, 
 in 1773, in London ; was a pupil of Dayes; 
 studied the works of Canaletti and "Ru- 
 bens; and died in 1802. His works are 
 full of spirit and effect. It was he \vho 
 introduced the practice of drawing upon 
 cartridge paper, by which means he avoided 
 the ppottiness ana glaringness incident to 
 drawings tipon white paper. H mUo 
 
GLA 
 
 painted excellently in oil colour*. Among 
 his best productions are, Views in Paris; 
 a View in Wales; and a Panoramic View 
 of London. 
 
 GISCALA, JOHN of, a celebrated char- 
 acter in the Jewish history, was originally 
 the leader of a band of robbers, but quitted 
 his predatory course of life, and was em- 
 ployed by Joseplius to fortify Giscala. 
 After having endeavoured to ru : n Josephus, 
 and for some time held possession of Gis- 
 cala, he went to Jerusalem, where he 
 headed one of the factions, and committed 
 enormous crimes. He, however, displayed 
 great bravery in defence of the city. He 
 at length surrendered to Titus, and was 
 Imprisoned for the remainder of his days. 
 
 G1USTINIANI, POMPEY, an eminent 
 general, was born, in 1569, in Corsica. 
 He entered the Spanish service early; and 
 lost an arm at the siege of Ostend. The 
 deficient member he replaced by one of 
 ron, from which he obtained the surname 
 jf Iron-arm. He was killed, in 1616, 
 ^hile reconnoitring at Candia, of which he 
 was governor for the Venetians; and the 
 senate erected an equestrian statue to his 
 memory. He wrote, in six books, a His- 
 tory of the Wars of Flanders. 
 
 GLANVIL RANULPH DE, a warrior 
 and lawyer of the twelfth century, was 
 justiciary of England under Henry II. ; 
 distinguished himself in defeating the in- 
 vasion by William I. of Scotland; had 
 the sum of fifteen thousand pounds extorted 
 from him by Richard I. towards the ex- 
 pense of the crusade ; accompanied that 
 monarch to Palestine; and died, in 1190, 
 at the siege of Acre. A Treatise on the 
 Laws and Customs of England is attributed 
 to him. 
 
 GLANVIL, JOSEPH, a theologist and 
 philosopher, was born, in 1636, at Ply- 
 mouth; was educated at Exeter and Lin- 
 coln Colleges, Oxford; was one of the 
 earliest and most active members of the 
 Royal Society; and died, in 1680, rector 
 of the abbey church at Bath. He was a 
 strenuous opponent of the Aristotelian phi- 
 losophy. It is less to his credit that he 
 was a firm believer in witchcraft. Among 
 his works are, Scepsis Scientifica; Lux 
 Orientalis; Essay concerning Preaching; 
 Plus Ultra; and Some Philosophical Con- 
 siderations touching the Being of Witches 
 and Witchcraft. 
 
 GLAUBER, JOHN RODOLPH, a chem- 
 ist and alchemist of the sixteenth century, 
 was a native of Germany, and settled at 
 Amsterdam. At what period he died is 
 not recorded, but it must have been subse- 
 quently to 1668. Glauber was a laborious 
 experimenter, but vain, and full of charla- 
 tanism. In his incessant attempts, how- 
 ever, to find out the philosopher's stone, 
 lie made some chemical discoveries, atnonsj 
 IB 
 
 GLE 
 
 28* 
 
 which is the salt that bears his name. His 
 treatises, thirty-two in number, contain 
 some valuable information blended with 
 much that is worthless. 
 
 GLEICHEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM 
 VON, a German naturalist, was born, in 
 1717, at Bayreuth, and served for several 
 years as an officer in the army ; after 
 which he retired, and gave up his time 
 wholly to microscopical observations and 
 chemical experiments He died in 1783. 
 Gleichen invented many things, among 
 which were an universal microscope and 
 a water proof cloth. He wrote various 
 works on botany, entomology, and ani- 
 malcules. 
 
 GLEIM, JOHN WILLIAM Louis, a 
 celebrated German poet, was born, in 
 1719, at Ermsleben, in Halberstadt, and 
 studied at the university of Halle. After 
 having been secretary to Prince William 
 of Brandenburg (whose death he witnessed 
 on the field of battle), and to Prince Leop- 
 old of Dessau, he was appointed secretary 
 of the grand chapter of Halberstadt, and 
 canon of that of Walbeck. He died in 
 1803. Gleim has obtained the appellation 
 of the German Anacreon; but it is to his 
 highly animated War Songs that he owes 
 the largest portion of his fame. His po- 
 ems form seven octavo volumes, and con- 
 tain successful attempts in almost every 
 species of poetry. 
 
 GLENBERVIE, SILVESTER DOUG- 
 LAS, lord, was born, in 1743, at Techil, 
 in Aberdeenshire; and was educated at 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen. He was in- 
 tended for the medical profession, but pre- 
 ferred the law. His marriage with a 
 daughter of lord North opened to him the 
 way to promotion, and he successively held 
 various important offices, among which 
 were those of chief secretary in Ireland, 
 joint paymaster of the army, and vice-pres- 
 ident of the board of trade. He was ere 
 ated a peer in 1819, and died in 1823. 
 He published Cases of Controverted Elec- 
 tions, four vols.; Reports of Cases in the 
 Court of King's Bench ; a translation of 
 the first canto of the Ricciardetto; and an 
 edition of Major Mercer's Poems. 
 
 GLENIE, JAMES, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, was born in the south of Ireland, 
 and educated at St. Andrew's. During 
 the American war he distinguished himself 
 as an officer of artillery, and was subse- 
 quently removed to the engineer corps 
 From that corps, however, he was com- 
 pelled to retire, in consequence of his hav- 
 ing, by a seasonable pamphlet, defeated 
 and covered with ridicule the duke of 
 Richmond's plan of fortification. After 
 having experienced many vicissitudes, in 
 America and England, he died, in embar- 
 rassed circumstances, Nov. 24, 1817, in 
 the vkinitv of Pimlico. He was a meui- 
 1 
 
IM GLU 
 
 her of the Roval Society. Among his! 
 vconts are, A History of Gunnery; The' 
 Antecedent ial Calculus; ObMTTMtMM on 
 Construction and The Doctrine of Uni- 
 rersal Comparison ami General Propor- 
 tion. 
 
 GLISSON, I-'HANCIS, an anatomist 
 and physician, was horn, in 15J>7, at 
 Kampi.-ham. in Dorsetshire; \\as eJncatcd 
 at Cains College, Cambridge; rose into 
 great practice, and became president of the 
 college of physicians; and died in 1677. 
 It is a sufficient proof of his merit, that he 
 has been warmly praised by Boerhaave and 
 Haller. Among his works are Treatises 
 on the Rickets; on the Anatomy of the 
 Liver; on the Intestines; and a meta- 
 physical treatise, of great extent and pro- 
 fundity. 
 
 GLOVER, RICHARD, a poet and dra- 
 matist, the son of a merchant, was born in 
 London in 1712, and educated at Cheani 
 school. In his sixteenth year he wrote a 
 poem in memory of Sir Isaac Newton. His 
 greatest work, the epic of Leonidas, ap- 
 peared in 1737, and excited considerable 
 attention, the more especially as it was 
 warmly patronised by the party which 
 was hostile to Sir Robert Walpole. It 
 was followed by The Progress of Com- 
 merce, and the ballad of Hosier's Ghost. 
 In 1742 he gained reputation as an orator, 
 by a speech which, on behalf of the mer- 
 chants of London, he delivered at the bar 
 of the House, on the neglect of trade. 
 Commercial losses having impaired his 
 fortune, he retired for a while from public 
 life; but, economy and activity having 
 improved his circumstances, he again came 
 forward, and was elected member cf par- 
 liament for Weymouth. He died in 1785. 
 Besides his Leonidas, and the poems al- 
 ready mentioned, he wrote The Athenaid, 
 a sequel to Leonidas; the tragedies of Bo- 
 adicea, Medea, and Jason; and a diary, 
 which was published under the title of 
 Memoirs of a distinguished literary and 
 political Character. The Letters o"f Ju- 
 nius have also been ascribed to him. Le- 
 onidas, though containing much genuine 
 poetry, is now but little read; the Athe- 
 naid may be said to have dropped dead 
 born from the press; but the ballad of Ho- 
 sier's Ghost still ranks among one of the 
 beat compositions of the kind in the Eng- 
 lish language. 
 
 GLUCK, CHRISTOPHER, an eminent 
 modern composer, who has been called the 
 Mir.iael Angelo of music, was born, in 
 1712, in a village of the Upper Palatinate 
 on the Bohemian frontier. San Martini 
 of Milan was one of his first masters. Af- 
 ter having visited Itnly and England, am 
 produced several operas, he went to Paris. 
 In the French capital he wa opj>osfd l.\ 
 Picciniy and the Patisiang were dhidtc 
 
 GOD 
 
 into two violent parties, as to t e merit oi 
 the rival composers. He diea in 1787 
 His finest operas are, Armida, Alcestis, 
 Orpheus, Iphigenia in Aulis, and Iphigc- 
 nia in Tauris. 
 
 GMKL1N, JOHN GEORGE, a German 
 physician and botanist, was born, in 1709, 
 at Tubingen ; Fettled in Russia in early 
 life, and '-ecame member of the Academy 
 of Sciences, and professor of chemistry 
 and natural history; was employed on an 
 exploratory mission in Siberia; returned 
 to his own country in 1747, and obtained 
 the chemical and botanical professorship.* ; 
 and died in 1755. He is tlie author of 
 The Siberian Flora; Travels in Siberia; 
 and a Life of Steller. 
 
 GMELIN, SAMUKL THEOPHILUS, a 
 nephew of the foregoing, was born, in 
 1745, at Tubingen; l>ecame, in 1766, pro- 
 fessor of botany at St. Petersburgh; wai 
 employed on a mission of discovery in the 
 provinces bordering on the Caspian; and 
 lied, in 1774, a prisoner to a Tartar chief 
 He is the author of Travels in Russia, 
 four volumes; and a History of the Fuci, 
 with plates. 
 
 GMELIN, JOHN FRKDERIC, a physi- 
 cian and chemist, was born, in 1748, at 
 Tubingen; became professor of natural 
 listory and chemistry at Gottingen; and 
 died in 1S05. The works of Gmelin are 
 very numerous: among them are, a Com- 
 plete Dictionary of Botany, in nine vol- 
 umes; A General History of Poisons, 
 three volumes ; Elements of General Chem- 
 istry, two volumes; Elements of Mineral- 
 ogy; Elements of Pharmacy; and a His- 
 tory of the Natural Sciences. The thir- 
 teenth edition of Linnaeus was edited by 
 Gmelin. Several valuable dyes were dis- 
 covered by him. 
 
 GOBELIN, GILES, a French dyer of 
 the sixteenth century, who resided at Par- 
 He is celebrated for dyeing wool, and 
 is said to have invented the process of 
 dyeing scarlet. His establishment wai 
 afterwards converted into the royal manu- 
 factory of tapestry, but it still retains his 
 name. 
 
 GODFREY OF BOUILLON, the hero 
 of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, was born, 
 in the eleventh century, at Bezy, near Ni- 
 velle, and was the son of Eustace II. count 
 of Boulogne. After having served in the 
 armies of Henry IV. of Germany, who 
 created him duke of Lorraine, lie took the 
 cross in 1096, and was placed at the head 
 of the crusading army. By his valour and 
 wisdom he justified the choice of the cru- 
 saders. On the conquest of Jerusalem he 
 was appointed sovereign, and, shortly af- 
 ter, he routed the sultan of Egypt at As- 
 calon. He died in 1100. 
 
 (I O 1) M A N , JOHN 1)., an eminent 
 American natura.ist and physician, wmj 
 
GOD 
 
 orn ml Annapolis, in Maryland, and hav- 
 ing lost his parents at an early age, was 
 bound apprentice to a printer. He after- 
 wards entered the navy as a sailor boy, 
 and at the age of fifteen commenced the 
 study of medicine. On completing his 
 studies, he settled in Philadelphia as a 
 physician and private teacher of anatomy, 
 and for some time was an assistant editor 
 of the Medical Journal. It was at this 
 period that he published his Nmtural His- 
 tory of American Quadrupeds, in three 
 volume?, 8vo. Having been elected to the 
 professorship of anatomy in Rutgers' Med- 
 ical College, he removed to New York, 
 where he soon acquired extensive practice 
 as a surgeon. Ill health, however, obliged 
 him to relinquish his pursuits, and he re- 
 turned in 1829 to Philadelphia, where he 
 jied in 1830, in the thirty-second year of 
 nis age. He possessed much and varied 
 information in his profession, in natural 
 history and in general literature. Besides 
 the work above referred to, he is the au- 
 thor of Rambles of a Naturalist, and seve- 
 ral articles on natural history in the Ency- 
 clopaedia Americana. 
 
 GODFREY, THOMAS, the real inventor 
 of the quadrant commonly called Hartley's, 
 was born in Philadelphia and pursued the 
 trade of a glazier. He was a great stu- 
 dent of mathematics, and acquired by hi m- 
 eelf a tolerable knowledge of Latin, in or- 
 der to be able to read mathematical works 
 in that language. In 1730 he communi- 
 cated the improvement he had made in 
 Davis'a quadrant to Mr. Logan, secretary 
 of the commonwealth; and in the following 
 year a full description of a similar instru- 
 ment was read before the Royal Society 
 of London, by Mr. Hadley. It was de- 
 cided that both claimants were entitled to 
 the honour of the invention, and the society 
 presented Godfrey with household furni- 
 ture to the value of 200. He was in- 
 temperate in his habits, and died in 1749. 
 
 GODFREY, THOMAS, son of the pre- 
 ceding, and a poet of some merit, was born 
 in Philadelphia in the year 1736. He was 
 at first apprenticed to a watch-maker, but 
 disliking the drudgery of this occupation, 
 he obtained a lieutenant's commission in 
 the Pennsylvania forces, which were rais- 
 ed in 1758 for the expedition against fort 
 Du Quesne. Subsequently he established 
 himself as a factor in North Carolina, 
 where he died in 1763. His chief works 
 are The Court of Fancy, a poem; and 
 The Prince of Parthia, which was the first 
 American tragedy. 
 
 GODWIN, MART, who acquired her 
 celebrity under her maiden name of 
 Wolstonecraft, was born, in 1759, in the 
 vicinity of London. After having kept a 
 female academy, and been governess to 
 the daughter of'an Irih peer, she turned 
 
 bUL 291 
 
 to literary labour for a subsistence, an<J 
 became a fertile writer. Of talent she 
 undoubtedly possessed no trifling portion 
 Her political principles were those of the 
 French revolution. With respect to the 
 licence allowable to the softer sex, her 
 ideas were at utter variance with all the 
 received laws of delicacy. Accordingly, 
 she first indulged a passion for Mr. Fuseli, 
 who was a married man; next, lived for 
 a considerable period with Mr. Imlay, an 
 American, whose desertion of her induced 
 her to attempt suicide; and, lastly, entered 
 into an intercourse with Mr. Godwin, 
 whom she did not marry till it was thought 
 prudent to legitimate the coming fruit of 
 their union. She died, in childbed, in 
 1797. With all her failings, however, she 
 was a woman of a warm heart and disin- 
 terested feelings. Among her works are, 
 A Vindication of the Rights of Women; 
 an Answer to Burke's Reflections; A 
 Moral and Historical View of the French 
 Revolution ; and Letters from Norway. 
 
 GOETZE, JOHN AUGUSTUS EPHRATM, 
 a German naturalist, was born, in 1731, 
 at Ascherleben became preacher at Qued- 
 linburgh, in 1751 ; and died in 1793. His 
 researches with the microscope were ex- 
 tensive, and led to valuable results. Be- 
 sides many books for the instruction of 
 youth, he wrote Entomological Memoirs, 
 in four volumes; and an Essay towards a 
 History of Intestinal Worms. 
 
 GOFFE, WILLIAM, one of the regicides 
 in the time of the English revolution, and 
 a major-general under Cromwell, left Lon- 
 don with general Whalley before the res- 
 toration, and arrived in New England in 
 1660. They were kindly received by gov- 
 ernor Endicott; but not being included in 
 the act of indemnity, they removed to Had- 
 ley in Massachusetts, and remained con- 
 cealed 15 or 16 years in the house of the 
 reverend Mr. Russel. He died at Hadley, 
 it is supposed, about the year 1679. 
 
 GOLDONI, CHARLES, whom, not 
 without some reason, his countrymen call 
 the Italian Moliere, and whom Voltaire 
 styles " the painter of nature,*' was born in 
 1707 at Venice, and had such an early ten- 
 dency to the drama, that he sketched the 
 plan of a comedy before he was eight yean 
 of age. He studied at Perugia and Rimini. 
 For a short time he practised at the bar, 
 and was subsequently secretary to the Ve- 
 netian resident at Milan; but he abandon- 
 ed all other occupations to write for the 
 stage. His success, as a dramatist and 
 theatrical reformer, was commensurate with 
 his strenuous efforts. To Paris he was 
 invited by the manager of the Italian 
 theatre in that city, and, while there, lie 
 was appointed Italian teacher to the French 
 princesses. For thirty years he resided in 
 ! the French capital, happy and respected, 
 
292 
 
 <10L 
 
 Xing a pension from the court. The 
 Tsion of the throne deprived him of 
 the principal part of his resources; he 
 sank uito distress and deep melancholy, 
 and died Jan. 8, 1793. The best edition 
 of his works is that printed, in 1S09, at 
 Lucca, in twenty-six volume?. 
 
 GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, a celebrated 
 poet and miscellaneous writer, was the 
 Bon of a clergyman; was born, in 1731, 
 at Pallas, in the county of Longford, in 
 Ireland; and was educated at the univer- 
 sities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and Leyden, 
 with a view to his adopting the medical 
 profession. Leyden, however, he quitted 
 abruptly, with no money and a single 
 fhirt in his pocket, and wandered over a 
 considerable part of Europe. During his 
 peregrinations he was sometimes indebted 
 to his German flute for procuring him a 
 meal or a lodging from the peasants. 
 Returning pennyless to England in 1758, 
 he was, for a short time, usher to a school 
 at Peckham, but soon gave up that occu- 
 pation to become an author. In 1759 
 appeared his first work, an Essay on the 
 Present State of Polite Literature. His 
 subsequent labours were multifarious; for 
 he soon gained an honourable popularity, 
 and seems never to have been unemployed, 
 but his want of economy kept him always 
 embarrassed. Among his friends he num- 
 bered Johnson, Burke, Garrick, and many 
 other eminent characters. Between 1759 
 and 1774, he produced The Traveller, The 
 Deserted Village, and Retaliation; the 
 comedies of The Good-natured Man, and 
 She stoops to conquer; The Vicar of 
 Wakefield ; Histories of England, Greece, 
 Rome, and Animated Nature; The Citizen 
 of the World, and The Bee; and several 
 pieces of less consequence. He died in 
 1774. In his manners Goldsmith was ec- 
 centric, and in conversation he displaced 
 such a lack of talent, that he was satirically 
 said to have " talked like poor Poll.'' 
 Thoua '. benevolent in his disposition, he 
 was exceedingly jealous, not to say en- 
 vious of competitors. As an author he 
 lands high. His poetry, natural, nielodi- 
 tts, affecting, and beautifully descriptive, 
 
 GOO 
 
 finds nn echo in every bosom; ami tw 
 prose, often enlivened with humour, and 
 ;il\\avs adorned with the graces of a pure 
 style," is among the best in our lai juage. 
 
 GOLIUS, JAMES, an eminent oriental" 
 ist, was born, in 1596, at the Hague; wat 
 interpreter to the Dutch embassy to Mo- 
 rocco; succeeded Erpenius as Arabic pro- 
 fessor at Leyden ; was subsequently profes 
 sor of mathematics; and died in 1667. 
 Among his works are, Arabic and Persian 
 Lexicons; a Life of Tamerlane; and a 
 translation of Elmacin's History of the 
 Saracens. His brother, PETER, was also 
 an oriental scholar. 
 
 GOMARA, FRANCIS LOPEZ DE, a 
 Spanish historian, Mas born in 1510 at 
 Seville, and was professor of rhetoric at 
 Alcala. He took a voyage to America, 
 and remained four years in that country, 
 collecting materials for his General Histo- 
 tory of the Indies. His style is good, but 
 the facts of his work are not to be relied 
 upon. He wrote also a History of Barba- 
 rossa, and Annals of Charles V.; but they 
 remain in manuscript. The period of hii 
 death is uncertain. 
 
 GONGORA Y ARGOTE, Louis, i 
 Spanish poet w of a noble but poor family, 
 was born, in 1561, at Cordova; studied at 
 Salamanca; became a prebendary of Cor- 
 dova, and almoner to the king; and died 
 in 1627. Though some of his countrymen 
 have called him the prince of lyric poets, 
 and he undoubtedly was a man of talent, 
 Gongora inflicted serious injury on the 
 literature of Spain, by introducing, in his 
 poems, a style distinguished for its bad 
 taste and affectation. His works form one 
 volume quarto. 
 
 G ON SALVO OF CORDOVA, HER. 
 NAJJDEZ yAcuiLAR,a celebrated Span 
 ish warrior, whose exploits gained for him 
 the appellation of the Great Captain, was 
 born, in 1443, at Montilla, near Cordova. 
 He began the profession of arms at the 
 age of fifteen ; distinguished himself against 
 the Moors, Portuguese, Turks, and Fieiich ; 
 was appointed viceroy of Naples, \\hich 
 kingdom he had conquered; and died, in 
 1515, at Grenada. 
 
 GOOD, JOH.V MASON, a physician, 
 poet, and philologist, the son of a dissenting 
 ninister, was born, in 1764, at Epping, 
 in Essex ; practiced for some years as a 
 surgeon and apothecary at Coggeshal, and 
 in the metropolis; took his degree, and 
 :x>gan to practice as a physician, in 1820; 
 ind died January 2, 1827. Good was a 
 man of diversified knowledge; was inti- 
 mately acquainted with many of the ori- 
 ental languages; and was no contemptible 
 poet. He published translations of Solo 
 non's Song, Job, and Lucretius; Memoir* 
 of Alexander Geddes; Medical Techno 
 ; A Physiological System of Noso- 
 
GOR 
 
 2M 
 
 logy; and The Study of Medicine, four to the catholics, taken a leading part n 
 volumes 8vo. | the protestant association, and given ris 
 
 GOOKIN, DANIEL, a major general of i to that mob which threatened the metro- 
 Massachusetts, was born in England, and polls with destruction. He subsequently 
 in 1621 emigrated to Virginia. In 1644; apostati/ed to the Jewish faith, and, in 
 he removed to i\ew England, and was ap-| 1793, he died in Newgate, where he was 
 pointed supcrintcndant of all the Indians j imprisoned for libelling the queen of France, 
 who had submitted to the government of GORE, CHRISTOPHER, governor of 
 Massachusetts. In 1681 he received the Massachusetts, was born in Boston in 1758, 
 appointment of major general of the pro- 1 and received his early instruction in the 
 vince. He died in 16SJ, at the age of 75. public schools of that town. He waa 
 He left in manuscript historical collections! graduated at Harvard College in 1776, 
 of New-England Indians, which were I and soon after commenced the study of the 
 published in the first volume of the Massa-j law. When he entered on the practice of 
 chusetts Historical Society. He also left ! his profession, he rose rapidly in public 
 in manuscript a history of New England. 'esteem as a lawyer, a politician, and an 
 
 GORDIAN, MARCUS ANTONIUS, the; honest man. At the age of thirty he was 
 elder, a Roman emperor, surnamed Afri-Jsent by his fellow citizens, with Hancock 
 canus, born at Rome, A. D. 157, was! and Samuel Adams, to the state convention 
 descended from the Gracchi and the j which considered the adoption of the na- 
 
 family of Trajan. The early part of his 
 life was spent in study, and he composed 
 various works, among which was a poem, 
 in thirty books, on Antoninus Pius and 
 Marcus Aurelius. After having been edile, 
 twice consul, and proconsul of Africa, he 
 was raised to the throne, in his eightieth 
 year, in conjunction with his son. His 
 reign lasted but six weeks.; for he killed 
 himself, in 237, in consequence of his son 
 being slain in battle. 
 
 GORDIAN, MARCUS ANTONIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, grandson of the elder 
 Gordian, was created Caesar, in 237, at 
 the age of twelve years, and in the follow- 
 ing year became sole emperor. He ruled 
 worthily, and, in 242, defeated the barba- 
 rians in Thrace and Mcesia, drove the 
 Persian monarch, Sapor, beyond the Eu- 
 
 Ehrates, and compelled him to abandon all 
 is conquests. He died, near Circesium, 
 in 244; bat it is doubtful whether he came 
 to his end by a natural death or by assas- 
 sination. 
 
 GORDON, THOMAS, a political writer, 
 was born, towards the close of the seven- 
 teenth century, at Kircudbright, in Scot- 
 land, and settled in London as a classical 
 teacher, but soon turned his attention al- 
 most wholly to politics. In conjunction 
 with Trent-hard, he published Cato's Let- 
 ters and the Independent Whig. Walpole 
 and rewarded him with 
 he held till his decease, in 
 1750. Some of his pieces were published 
 after his death. Gordon also translated 
 Sallust and Tacitus, with fidelity, but in a 
 harsh unidiomatic stvle. 
 
 GORDON, the Hon. GEORGE, usually 
 called Lord George Gordon, was born in 
 1750, and was a son of the duke of Gor- 
 ''on. After having served in the navy, lie 
 tat in the House of Common*, and was un 
 cpponent of Lord NortVs a:lmiiiistrati'>u. 
 In 1780, he g lined > Sinister fame, by 
 laving, for tho purport -sf opposing rvlief 
 
 employed his pen 
 a place, which he 
 
 tional constitution. In 1789 he was ap- 
 pointed by Washington, the first United 
 States' attorney for the district of Massa- 
 chusetts; and in 1796. one of the commis- 
 sioners under the fourth article of Jay'a 
 treaty to settle our claims for spoliations. 
 He remained abroad in the public service 
 for about eight years, and on his return 
 was welcomed home with the strongest 
 marks of public favour. Having held seats 
 in the state senate and the house of repre- 
 sentatives, he was chosen in 1809 governor 
 of Massachusetts, but retained this dignity 
 only one year. In 1814 he was appointed 
 senator to congress, and served in this ca- 
 pacity about three years, when he withdrew 
 into "final retirement. He died in 1827. 
 Mr. Gore was an useful member of several 
 important literary associations. To the 
 American Academy, and the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society he left valuable bequests ; 
 and he made Harvard College, of which 
 institution he had l)een some years a fellow, 
 his residuary legatee. He was a man of a 
 clear, acute, and discriminating mind. 
 
 GORDON, WILLIAM, an historian of 
 the American revolution, was born in 
 England, and settled at an early age pas- 
 tor of an? independent church at Ipjwich. 
 In 1770 he came to America, ant soon 
 after settled in Roxbury. In 1776 he be- 
 gan the collection of materials for the his- 
 tory of the revolution, and at the close of 
 the war he repaired to England and pub- 
 lished them. He died at Ipswich in 1807. 
 
 GORGIAS, a celebrated orator and 
 sophist, was born at Leontium, in Sicily, 
 whence he was surnamed Leontinus. rfe 
 flourished in the fifth century B. c. and is 
 said to have been a disciple of Empedocles. 
 Such was his eloquence that a statue of 
 hi,n in the templo of Delphi was voted by 
 the Greeks, at the Pythian games. Ha 
 lived to the a^e of a hundred and five. 
 
 GORHAM, NATHANIEL, was born in 
 Charlestowii. Miusachu~tU. in 1738, aud 
 
4 GO\V 
 
 after receding a good school education, ' applies to him, tin there Is little of the 
 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits. He took spirit of poetrv in his works. 
 
 an active part in political affairs, and was GOZZI, Count GASTAR, an eminent 
 
 successively representative to the state Italian writer, was born at Venice in 1713, 
 
 legislature"; a delegate to the convention and died in 17St>. He is the author of 
 
 whk-h formed the constitution of Massa- various works, among which an*, Dramatic 
 
 chust'tts; judge of the court of common Pieces; Poems; Familiar Letters; and the 
 
 pleas; member of congress, and president 
 of that Ix.dy. He died in 1796. 
 
 GOSSEC, FRANCIS JOSEPH, an emi- 
 nent composer, was born, in 1733, at Verg- 
 nies, in Hainault; settled, in 1751, at 
 Paris, where he acquired great reputation; 
 
 Venetian Observer, on the model of the 
 Spectator. 
 
 GRACCHUS, TIBF.KIUS SEMPROM- 
 us, a celebrated Roman, was educated 
 with the utmost care by his mother, Cor- 
 nelia, and distingiii.-hod himself at the 
 
 and died in 1829. Among his best com-; taking of Carthage. He was chosen tri- 
 posiiions are, a Motet for three voices; ibune of the people, B. c. 133, and was, 
 the choruses in Athaliah; some quartets ! soon after, murdered by the patricians, in 
 and symphonies; and the Mass of the consequence of his having carried an agra- 
 rian law, and also another law for dividing 
 
 Dead. 
 GOTTSCHED, JOHN CHRISTOPHER, 
 
 among the poorer citizens the bequeathed 
 
 a German writer, who is considered as one treasures of Attalus, king of Pergarnus. 
 of the reformers of his native literature, GRACCHUS, CAIUS SEMPRONIUS, 
 was born, in 1700, near KoenigsKrg, in the brother of the foregoing, but nine yeard 
 Prussia; was successively professor of the younger, possessed the same advantages of 
 belles lettres, philosophy, and poetry, at education, the same talents, and the same 
 the university of Leipsic; and died in 1*766. [principles. He was twice tribune, and 
 Gottsched survived his popularity. His j obtained the passing of various laws ob- 
 mistaken fondness for the French school of noxious to the patricians; but was at 
 literature, and his dictatorial tone, drew j length slain, or, according to some ac- 
 upon him an abundance of bitter satire, i counts, ordered his own slave to despatch 
 He was a voluminous writer, in poetry, | him, after having been defeated by his 
 the drama, and philology. As a poet and enemies, E. c. 121. 
 
 dramatist he is below mediocrity. Hisj GR^EFE, or GR^EVIUS, JOHN 
 wife, LOCISA ALDEGONDA VICTORIA, i GEORGE, an erudite German writer, was 
 A-ho was born at Dantzick in 1709, and born, in 1632, at Naumburg, in Saxony ; 
 died in 1762, assisted him in his labours, studied at Leipsic and Deventer; was, in 
 and was more than his equal in learning succession, professor at Duisburg, Deven- 
 and talent. ter, and Utrecht; and died in 1703. To 
 
 GOUJON, JOHN, a sculptor, who has Gnefe, who was a modest and worthy as 
 been styled the French Phidias, and the well as a learned man, the literary world 
 Correggio of sculpture, was born at Paris i is indebted for editions of several classics; 
 in the sixteenth century, and was shot j the Thesaurus of Roman Antiquities, in 
 during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, twelve folio volumes ; and the Thesaurus 
 while he was working on a scaffold at the ! of Italian Antiquities, in six folios, 
 old Louvre. Among his most celebrated j GRAHAME, JAMES, a Scottish poet, 
 works are, the Fountain of the Innocents; : was born in 1765 at Glasgow, and was 
 the Tribune of the Hall of the hundred educated at the university of that city. 
 Swiss; abas-relief of Christ in the Tomb; His first occupation was that of an attorney 
 and two groups of Diana hunting. (which was his father's); in 1795 he was 
 
 GOVVER, JOHN, a poet of the four- called to the bar; and, in 1S09, he relin- 
 teenth century, whom Chaucer calls " thejquished the bar for the church, and obtained 
 moral Gower," was born, Caxton says, in the curacy of Shepton Mayne, whence he 
 Wales, but Leland, more probably, derives removed in May, 1811, to that of Sedge- 
 him from a family settled at Sitenliam, in field, in Durham. He died in little more 
 Yorkshire. He studied the law at the than four months after he removed to 
 Middle Temple, and is imagined by some Sedgefield Grahamc's chief works are, 
 to have filled the office of chief jiis'tice of The Sabbath; The Birds of Scotland; 
 the common pleas. He was patronised bv and The British Georgics, and he excels 
 Richard II., yet he could afterwards adu- in description, and in the expression of 
 late Henry IV. and reflect on his deposed tender, affecting, and devotional feelings, 
 patron. He died blind, at an advanced GRAINGER, JAMES, a poet and phy- 
 aje, in 1402; and was buried in St. .Mary sician, was born, in 1724, at Dunse, in 
 Chen's church, to the building of \\lik-li Berwickshire; studied medicine at Edin- 
 ne had largely contributed. He wrote the burgh ; .served as a regimental surgeon with 
 Speculum Amantis; Vox Clamantis ; and the British forces in Germany; practised, 
 Conle?sio Amanti?. He versifies smoothly [first in London, and next at St. Christo- 
 ead deserves tlm ej-.ithH which Chance p'nei's, in th West Indies; and died ia 
 
GRA 
 
 1767, at Basseterre. Of his poems the 
 best is the Ode on Solitude, which was 
 praised by Johnson. His didactic poem of 
 
 GRA 
 
 295 
 
 ereJ as a standard authority. Its errors 
 and imperfections have been exposed br 
 later writers. 
 
 The Sugar Cane has good passages, but is 
 unfortunate in its subject, nor is the sub- 
 ject always happily treated. His transla- 
 tion of Tibullus is, on the whole, above 
 mediocrity. It was, however, virulently 
 attacked by Smolldt, and a violent paper 
 war was the consequence of the aggression. 
 GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, 
 earl, a British statesman, thn son of Lord 
 Carteret, was born in 1690, and was ed- 
 ucate.! at Westminster School, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where his acquirements 
 gave an earnest of his future eminence. 
 His attachment to the house of Hanover 
 was rewarded bv olHce and honours. In; 
 1719 he was ambassador to Sweden; ml GRATTAN, HENRY, a distinguished 
 1721 he succeeded Craggs as secretary of ; orator and statesman, was born, about 1750, 
 state; and, between 1723 and 17:JOJ he [ at Dublin, of which city his father was re- 
 twice filled, and with public approval, thejcorder; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 high station of lord lieutenant of Ireland, laud at the Middle Temple; was called 
 On his last return to England, he became] to the Irish bar in 1772; and, in 1775, 
 a strenuous opponent of Sir Robert Wai- obtained a seat in the parliament of his 
 
 pole, and, on the expulsion of that minis- 
 ter, was appointed secretary of state. He, 
 however, resigned in 1744. In all the sub- 
 sequent political contests of the second 
 George's reign, Earl Granville bore a part, 
 and Tie died president of the council in 
 1763. Granville was a lover and patron 
 of learning, but wished to confine it within 
 a narrow circle, for he deemed it proper to 
 retain the humbler classes of society in pro- 
 found ignorance. " He was," says Hor- 
 ace Walpole, " an extensive scholar, mas- 
 ter of classic criticism, and of all modern 
 politics. He was precipitate in his man- 
 ner and rash in his projects; but though 
 there was nothing he would not attempt, 
 he scarcely ever took any measures neces- 
 sary to the accomplishment. He would 
 profess amply, provoke indiscriminately, 
 oblige seldom. It is difficult to say whether 
 he was oftener intoxicated by wine or am- 
 bition; in fits of the former he showed con- 
 tempt for every body ; in rants of the lat- 
 ter, for truth. His genius was magnificent 
 and lofty, his heart without gall or friend- 
 ship; for he never tried to be avenged on 
 his enemies, or to serve his friends. 
 
 GRANVILLE. See LANSDOWNE. 
 
 GRATIAN, FLAVIUS, a Roman empe- 
 ror, was born, in 359, at Sirmium; defeat- 
 ed the Germans, in 378; became unpopular 
 oy neglecting the labours of government, 
 and by displaying a bigoted spirit; and 
 was assassinated at Lyons, in 383. 
 
 GRATIAN, a Benedictine monk, of the 
 twelfth century, was born at Chiusi, in 
 Tuscany, and embraced the monastic pro- 
 fession at Bologna. He spent twenty year;; 
 in compiling that abridgment of IMHOH 
 jiw which i" known by the name of Gra- 
 liau'fl Decretal, air 1 which wa* 1 >ng COMld- 
 
 native country, through the influence of 
 Lord Charlemont. His senatorial career 
 
 was truly splendid, 
 opposition he stood 
 
 In the ranks of the 
 proudly eminent,'* 
 
 and his example and his eloquence aroused 
 a corresponding spirit in the people. It 
 was mainly through his exertions that the 
 army of Irish volunteers was called into 
 existence, and that the statute of the sixth 
 of George I., which had long shackled 
 I re Ian d , was repealed . For those exertions 
 his liberated country rewarded him with 
 a .vote of 50,000. For many years he 
 continued to be the leader of the Irish 
 whigs, and a most active member, espe- 
 cially in endeavouring to obtain redress 
 for the catholics. A short time before th 
 rebellion, however, having vainly recom- 
 mended conciliation instead of coercion, 
 he retired in disgust from the parliament; 
 nor did he again enter it till he reappeared 
 for the purpose of opposing the union. In 
 1805 he was elected for New Malton, and 
 
 he displayed all his wonted activity and 
 talent till his decease, which took place 
 May 14, 1820. His Speeches have beea 
 published in four volumes; his Miscella- 
 neous compositions in one. " The style 
 of his speaking," says his son, " was 
 strikingly remarkable, bold, figurative, 
 and empassioned; always adapted to the 
 time and circumstance, and peculiarly 
 well suited to the taste and temper of the 
 audience that he had to address. In the 
 latter part of his career, his arguments 
 were more closely arranged; there was 
 less ornament, but more fact and reason- 
 ing; less to dazzle the sight, and more t 
 convince the understanding." 
 
 GRAVESAXDE, WILLIAM JACOBI 
 a Dutch geometrician and phibi-oph'jr, wa 
 
296 ORE 
 
 born, in 1688, at Bois le Due; Quitted th 
 law for mathematics ; introduced the New 
 toman system at Leyden, in the universit; 
 of which he was professor of mathematic 
 and natural philosophy; and died in 1742 
 His numerous works are said to have been 
 entirely composed in his head before he 
 committed them to paper; and he coiili 
 proceed with the most intricate calcula 
 tions, even while engaged in conversing 
 His mathematical works have been collec 
 ted in two quarto volumes, with the ex- 
 ception of his Introduction to the Newto- 
 lian Philosophy, which forms two more. 
 
 GRAVINA, JOHN VINCENT, a celebra- 
 ted jurist and literary character, was born 
 in 1664, at Roggiano, in Calabria; was 
 professor of civil and canon law at Rome; 
 founded the Arcadian Academy; was the 
 early protector of Metastasio; and died 
 in 1718. His works, among which are 
 five tragedies, and a treatise on poetry, 
 have been collected in three quarto vols. 
 
 GRAY, THOMAS, one of the most emi- 
 nent of British poets, was born, in 1716, 
 in London ; was educated at Eton and 
 Peter House, Cambridge; accompanied 
 Horace Walpole, on a continental tour, 
 jut parted from him at Reggio, and re 
 turned to England in 1741 ; spent the 
 ensuing years in literary retirement, in 
 sacrificing to the Muses, and in visiting 
 the lakes and Scotland; refused, on the 
 death of Gibber, the post of poet laureat, 
 but, in 1768, accepted that of professor of 
 modern history at Cambridge; and died, 
 in 1771, of the gout in his stomach. The 
 poems of Gray are few, but they are gems 
 of the first water. As a lyrist he is 
 rivalled by Collins alone, and his celebra- 
 ed Elegy has extorted the reluctant praise 
 :f his hypercritic Johnson. His corres- 
 pondence places him among our best letter 
 writers; his Latin poetry equals that of 
 any modern ; and some of his posthumous 
 pieces afford proof of his profound erudi- 
 tion. The best edition of his works is 
 that by Mr. Mathias. 
 
 GRAZZINI, ANTHONY FRANCIS, an 
 Italian poet, was born, in 1503, at Flo- 
 rence, and died there in 1583. He is the 
 author of Tales, the style of which rivals 
 that of Boccacio in purity ; and of various 
 Poem?, the most popular of which are his 
 Carnival Songs. Grazzini was the origi- 
 nator of the Delia Crusca Academy. 
 
 GREAVES, RICHARD, an orientalist 
 and mathematician, was born, in 1602, at 
 Colmore, in Hants, was educated at Baliol 
 College, Oxford; was chosen, in 1630, ge- 
 ometrical professor at Oxford ; travelled in 
 the Levant and Egypt, in which latter coun- 
 try he measured the principal pyramids; 
 was appointed Savilian professor of As- 
 cronomy on his return ; was expelled from 
 bii profr**oniji;>, in 1618, Uy th* ro;>nlli- 
 
 cam; and died in 1652. Of hi* woHu 
 the principal are, Pyramidographia; and a 
 Treatise on the Roman Foot and Denarius 
 His brothers, THOMAS and ED\VARD, 
 were also men of learning. 
 
 GREEN, MATTHEW, is supposed to 
 have been born, about 1696, in London. 
 It is only known of him, that his parents 
 were dissenters ; that he held a sit t at ion in 
 the Custom House ; that he was a worthy and 
 much respected man; and that he died in 
 1737. Of his poems, The Spleen is the prin- 
 cipal. It displays much wit and orignality. 
 GREENE, SAMUEL, was the first prin- 
 ter in North America. The first thing 
 printed was the Freeman's Oath, in 1639, 
 the next an almanac, and the third the New 
 England version of the Psalms in 1640. 
 The time of hia death is unknown. 
 
 GREENE, NATHANIEL, major gener- 
 al in the army of the United States, wa 
 :>orn in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. 
 Though enjoying very few advantages of 
 education, he displayed an early fondness 
 for knowledge, and devoted his leisure time 
 assiduouslj^to study. In 1770 he was elect- 
 ed a member of the state legislature, and 
 in 1774 enrolled himself as a private in a 
 company called the Kentish Guards. From 
 his situation he was elevated to the hea 1 
 of three regiments, with the title of major- 
 jeneral. In 1776 he accepted from Cor- 
 fress a commission of brigadier gener- 
 al, and soon after, at the battles of Trer- 
 on and Princeton, distinguished him- 
 telf by his skill and bravery. In 1778 he 
 was appointed quarter-master general, and 
 "n that office rendered efficient service to the 
 :ountry by his unwearied zeal and grnat 
 alents for business. He presided at '.he 
 ourt martial which tried Major Andn in 
 780, and was appointed to succeed Artold 
 n the command at West Point; but he 
 leld this post only a few days. In Docem- 
 >er of the same year he assumed to* 1 com- 
 mand of the southern army, and in 'hissit- 
 lation displayed a prudence, intrep''lityand 
 irmness which raise him to an elevated 
 ank among our revolutionary generals. In 
 September, 1781, he obtained the famous 
 ictory at Eutaw Springs, for which he re- 
 eived from Congress a British standard 
 rid a gold medal, as a testimony of their 
 alue of his conduct and services. On the 
 ermination of hostilities, he returned to 
 Ihode Island, and in 1785 removed with 
 is family to Georgia, where he died sud- 
 enly in June of the following year. He 
 ,-us a man of high energy, courage and abil- 
 ty, and possessed the entire confidence of 
 Vashington 
 
 GREEN, VALENTINE, an engraver in 
 
 lenotiato, was born in Warwickshire; 
 
 eft the law to learn engraving from an in- 
 
 ifferent artist at Worcester; settled io 
 
 I /union, in 17(>r>, and noon attained 
 
ORE 
 
 ration; was keeper of th (Royal Institu- 
 tion, ai d associate of the Royal Academy ; 
 and died in 1813. Among his works are 
 twenty two engravings from the Dusseldorf 
 gallery, and many from Reynolds and West, 
 lie wrote a History of Worcester; and 
 other works. 
 
 GREENE, ROBERT, a wit and poet of 
 Elizabeth's reign, was born, about 1560, at 
 Norwich, and was educated at St. John's 
 College and Clare flail, Oxford. After hav- 
 ing spent a life of libertinism, he died, in 
 1592, of a surfeit, brought on by eating too 
 many pickled herrings, and drinking Rhen- 
 ish wine. Some of his poems have consider- 
 able elegance. He wrote five plays, and 
 many prose tracts, of which his Groat's 
 Worth of Wit bought with a Million of 
 Repentance, has been recently reprinted. 
 
 GREENE, Dr. MAURICE, u musical 
 composer, was born, in London, towards 
 the close of the seventeenth century; suc- 
 ceeded his master, Brind, in 1718, as or- 
 ganist of St. Paul's; was appointed organist 
 of the Chapel Royal in 1726; and died in 
 1775. His Anthems are his principal com- 
 positions; but he produced also some ex- 
 cellent catches, canons, and two part songs. 
 
 GREGORY NAZtANZEN, ST., the 
 son of the bishop of Nazianzum, in Cappa- 
 docia, was born A. D. 328, and studied at 
 C.esarea, Alexandria, and Athens. After 
 having displayed great theological and oth- 
 er talents, he was raised by Theodosius, in 
 380, to the archiepiscopal throne of Con- 
 stantinople. He, however, soon resigned 
 his high office, and retired to Nazianzum, 
 where he died in 339. His works, which 
 form two folio volumes, consist of sermons, 
 poems, and letters, and are pure in their 
 style and highly eloquent. 
 
 "GREGORY OF NYSSA, St., the younger 
 brother of St. Basil, was born at Sebaste, 
 about 331, and was ordained bishop of 
 Nyssa, in Cappadocia, in 372. The zeal 
 of Gregory against the Arians induced Va- 
 iens to expel him from his see, but he was 
 restored by Gratian. The drawing up of 
 the Nicene creed was intrusted to him by 
 the council of Constantinople. He died 
 about 396. His sermons, funeral orations, 
 scriptural commentaries, lives, and other 
 works, form two folio volumes. 
 
 GREGORY, GEORGE Fi,ORENCE,St., 
 generally known as Gregory of Tours, was 
 born, in 544, in Auvergne; was chosen 
 bi&hop of Tours, in 573; and died, in 593. 
 He wrote some Lives of Saints and Mar- 
 tyrs; and, in sixteen books, the History 
 of the Franks, from their Establishment in 
 Gaul till the year 591 ; a work valuable for 
 its facts, but contemptible in point of style. 
 
 GREGORY I., Pope, who bears the 
 
 urname of Great, and obtained the honours 
 
 of oaintship, was born, about 544, at Rome ; 
 
 WUM raised to the papal throne in 590; and 
 
 131 
 
 GRE 
 
 297 
 
 died in 604. It was by him that Augustin 
 was commissioned to convert the Anglo- 
 Saxons. Gregory was pious, charitable, 
 and a reformer of the clerical discipline; 
 but he had lofty notions of papal authority; 
 cou d, for political purposes, flatter the vi- 
 cious great; and was an inveterate enemy 
 of classical literature. His works occupy 
 four folio volumes. 
 
 GREGORY VII., Pope, whose real 
 name was Hildebrand, is said to have 
 been the son of a carpenter, at Soano, in 
 Tuscany. After having held various cler- 
 ical preferments, he was invested with the 
 tiara, in 1073. His persecution of Henry 
 IV. of Germany is one of the most promi- 
 nent events of his pontificate. No pope 
 ever exceeded, and very few equalled him, 
 in ambition, daringness, perseverance, and 
 want of principle. The power of deposing 
 sovereigns, releasing subjects from then- 
 allegiance, and acting as lord paramount 
 of kingdoms, he was the first pope who 
 claimed. He died in 1085. He r the 
 author of Letters, in eleven books; A 
 Commentary upon the Seven Penitential 
 Psalms, which work has been often ascrib- 
 ed to Gregory I,; and A Commentary up- 
 on the Gospel of St. Matthew. 
 
 GREGORY XIII., Pope, whose name 
 was Hugh Buoncompagno, was born, in 
 1502, at Bologna; acquired a consummate 
 knowledge of the civil and canon law; suc- 
 ceeded Pius V. as pope, in 1572; and 
 died in 1585. The reformation of the cal- 
 endar, which took place under his auspices, 
 in 1582, is the most remarkable event of 
 his pontificate. 
 
 GREGORY, JAMES, an eminent phi- 
 losopher and mathematician, was born, in 
 1648, at Aberdeen; was educated at Ma- 
 rischal College, in that city; resided for 
 some years in Italy; was appointed pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at St. Andrews, about 
 1668; and of mathematics at Edinburgh, 
 in 1674; and died in 1685, a few days aftei 
 having been struck with total blindness 
 while observing the satellites of Jupiter. 
 He wrote works on the Quadrature of the 
 Circle and Hyperbola; on the Transmuta- 
 tion of Curves; and on Optics. He in- 
 vented the refracting telescope, and his 
 mathematical discoveries are so numerous 
 and important as to place him in the first 
 rank of philosophers. 
 
 GREGORY, DAVID, the nephew of the 
 foregoing, and, like his uncle, eminent as a 
 mathematician, was born, in 1661, at Ab- 
 erdeen, and was educated there and at 
 Edinburgh. Till 1691 he was mathemati- 
 cal professor in the Scotch capital, and he 
 was the first who taught there the Newtoni- 
 an philosophy. In that year he became a 
 competitor for the Savilian professorship 
 at Oxford, and he carried his election 
 against Hulley u sufficient proof of hit 
 
8 ORE 
 
 met it. With that philosopher, and Midi 
 Newton and Flainstoed, he was in hah its 
 of fricn^.-hip. His f minus Demonstration 
 of i he Catenarinn Curve was given in 1(597. 
 At the time of hi? decease, in 1710, he was 
 p"nariin, in conjunction with Halley, a 
 ne edition of the Cmiics of Apo lion his. 
 One of his principal works is, The Ele- 
 ments of Physical and Geometrical As- 
 tronomy. 
 
 QREGORY, JOHN, a miscellaneous 
 writer and phvsirian, was horn, in 1724, at 
 Aberdeen; studied there, at Edinburgh, 
 and at Leyden ; was successively profosm- 
 of medicine, at King's College, in his native 
 place, and professor of the practice of physic 
 at Edinburgh; was appointed first physi- 
 cian to his majesty for Scotland; and died 
 in 1773. He wrote A Comparative View 
 of the State and Faculties of Man with 
 those of the Animal World ; Elements of 
 the Practice of Physic; a Treatise on the 
 Duties and Offices of a Physician; and a 
 Father's Legacy to his Daughter. 
 
 GREGORY," JAMKS, M. D., F. R. s., 
 
 a native of Aberdeen, was born in 1753, 
 and died in 1821. Among his works are, 
 Philosophical and Literary Essays, in two 
 vols. ; Cullen's First Lines of the Practice 
 of Physic, with notes, in two vols., which 
 went through several editions; and Con- 
 spectus Medicinae Theoretica, two vols. 
 
 GREGORY, GEORGE, D. D., a divine 
 and miscellaneous writer, the son of the 
 prebendary of Ferns, in Ireland, was born 
 in 1754, and completed his education at 
 Edinburgh. In 1778 he took orders, and 
 became a curate at Liverpool; whence, in 
 1782, he removed to London, where he ob- 
 tained the curacy of Cripplegate, and was 
 chosen evening preacher of the Foundling. 
 As a reward for having written in defence 
 of the Addington administration, Lord Sid- 
 mouth, in 1804, procured for him the living 
 of Westham, in Essex, which Dr. Gregory 
 held till his decease, in 1808. Among his 
 works are, Essays, historical and moral ; 
 a Life of Chatterton; a Church History; 
 The Economy of Nature; Sermons; Let- 
 ters on Literature; and a Translation of 
 Low tli's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry. 
 
 GREPPI, CHARLKS,an Italian drama- 
 tist, was born, in 1751, at Bologna; quitted 
 the profession of an advocate to be a writer 
 for the stage; was employed by Cardinal 
 Zelada, the Roman secretary of state, 
 but was dismissed for making love to a 
 princess; threw himself into a cloister in 
 consequence of his being jilted by the wo- 
 man waom he was about to marry, but en- 
 tered the world again in twelve months ; 
 adopted with enthusiasm the principles of 
 liberty, and held considerable office* under 
 the Cisalpine republic; and died at Milan, 
 in 1811. As a tragic and comic writer he 
 was equally uccestfjl. He wrote eight 
 
 GRE 
 
 [comedies, four tragedies, and several p* 
 
 1 emu. 
 
 GRESHAM, Sir THOMAS, the son of 
 Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant, wai 
 born in 1519, and was educated at Gon- 
 vile Hall, Cambridge; but, being designed 
 for commerce, he was bound apprentice to 
 his uncle, Sir John Gresham. In 1552, 
 the King's money agent at Antwerp having 
 wofully mismanaged affairs, Gresham was 
 sent over to retrieve them, and he fully 
 succeeded. Elizabeth, on her accession, 
 removed him from his office, but soon 
 restored it to him, and he ever after pos- 
 sessed her favour and confidence. In 1566, 
 he planned and began to execute an Ex- 
 change for the merchants, which, in 1570, 
 was opened by the queen in person, whc 
 gave it the epithet of Royal. The interests 
 of trade and manufactures Gresham wa 
 indefatigable in promoting ; nor was he 
 neglectful of those of science, for he founded 
 the college bearing his name, the professor- 
 ships of which, however, have since been 
 shamelessly perverted into sinecures. Such 
 was his liberality that he was called the 
 Royal Merchant. He died of apoplexy, 
 in 1579. 
 
 CRESSET, JOHN BAPTIST Louis, a 
 French poet and dramatist, was born in 
 1709; was educated by, and became one 
 of, the Jesuits; but withdrew from the 
 society at the nge of twenty-six. H 
 acquired a brilliant reputation, both in 
 poetry and the drama ; became a member 
 of the French Academy, and was for many 
 years admired in the Pai isian circles. A*t 
 length he renounced all his favourite pur- 
 suits, and turned almost a devotee, to the 
 great annoyance of Voltaire and many of 
 his early friends. He died in 1777. His 
 Ver Vert, one of the most sportive and 
 elegant of French poems, was called a 
 literary phenomenon by John Baptist 
 Rousseau. Several of his other pieces arc 
 little inferior in merit. Of his dramas, 
 the most perfect is the comedy of Le 
 Me chant. 
 
 GRETRY,ANDREWERNEST MODKS- 
 
 TUS, a celebrated musical composer, waa 
 born, in 1744, at Liege; cultivated bit 
 
GRK 
 
 early genius under Moreau and Ca*ali ; 
 seltlec at Paris, in 1768; first rose into 
 notice by setting Marmontel's Huron ; and 
 thence forward, till his decease, in 1813, 
 was exceedingly popular. Between 1769 
 and 1800, he brought out no less than forty- 
 four opera.*, of which twenty retain pos- 
 session of the stage. Two of them, Richard 
 Coeur de Lion, and Zetnira and Azor, have 
 b.-en introduced to the English theatre. 
 Gretry has l>een denominated the Moliere 
 of his art. He wrote an Essay on Music; 
 and some other works. 
 
 GREVILLE, FULK, Lord Brooke, was 
 born, in 1554, at Beauchamp's Court, in 
 Warwickshire, and was educated at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and at Oxford. He 
 was in ucli in favour with Elizabeth and 
 James L; was the intimate friend of Sir 
 Philip Sidney; and was acquainted with 
 Camden, Shakspeare, Jonson, and many 
 other of his eminent contemporaries. He 
 was himself learned, and was a patron of 
 learning. At Cambridge he founded a 
 professorship of history. He is the author 
 of a Life of Sir Philip Sidney; Poems; 
 and other works 
 
 GREY, Lady JANE, a female, whose 
 accomplishments and whose fate have ren- 
 dered her an object of universal admiration 
 and pity, was the daughter of the marquis 
 of Dorset, and was born, about 1537, at 
 Bradgate Hall, in Leicestershire, Her 
 talents, which were of a superior order, 
 were early developed, and by the time that 
 fhe was fourteen she had mastered Greek, 
 Latin, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic, and 
 French and Italian. Aylmer, who was 
 afterwards bishop of London, was her 
 tutor. In 1553, she was united to Lord 
 GuiLlford Dudley; and, shortly afterwards, 
 reluctantly accepted the diadem which the 
 intrigues of her father and her father-in- 
 law h id induced Edward VI. to settle upon 
 her. Her brief reign of nine days ended 
 by her being committed to the Tower with 
 her husband, and, in February 1554, they 
 were brought to the scaffold by the relent- 
 less Mary. She refused to apostatize from 
 the protestant faith, and died with the 
 utmost firmness. Her Remains were pub- 
 lished after her death, and some of her 
 etfers and devotional pieces are preserved 
 ic Fox'* X*rtyrology. 
 
 GREY, RICHARD, a divine, was born, 
 in 16ft \ at Newcastle upon Tyne; took 
 fcisdcgre* of A. M. in 1719, at Lincoln 
 College, OxJ: v d ; was rector of Hinton, in 
 Northamptonshire, and Kimcote, in Lei- 
 cestershire, a prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 and commissary of the archdeaconry of 
 Leicester; and'died in 1771. He is the 
 author of various works, among which are, 
 A System of Ecclesiastical Law, abridged 
 from Gibson's Codex; a Method of learn- 
 ing Hebrew without Points ; and, beat 
 
 OKI at 
 
 known of all his productions, Memoua 
 Technica, or a new Method of Artificial 
 Memory, which has been often reprinted 
 
 GRIDLEY, JEREMIAH, an eminent 
 lawyer of Massachusetts, was born abotit 
 the year 1705, and was graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1725. He was a warm 
 advocate for the colonial rights, but, not 
 withstanding, was appointed attorney gen 
 eral of the province, and in that capacity 
 defended the obnoxious writs of assistance. 
 He was a man of an ardent and generous 
 character, and possessed extensive legal 
 information. He died in 1767. 
 
 GRIESBACH, JOHN JAMES, an en*, 
 nent German theologian, was born, in 
 1745, at Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse 
 Darmstadt; was educated at Frankfort, 
 Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic; and was 
 successively professor of theology at Hall* 
 and at Jena, rector of the university of 
 Jena, and ecclesiastical privy counsellor to 
 the duke of Saxe Weimar. He died iu 
 1812. Of his numerous and erudite pub- 
 lications one of the most celebrated is an 
 edition of the Greek Testament, with 
 various readings. 
 
 GRIJALVA, JOHN DE, a Spanish ad- 
 venturer, was born at Cuellar, in Old 
 Castile, towards the end of the fifteenth 
 century. In 1518 he was made commander 
 of a flotilla by Velasquez, the governor of 
 Cuba, with which he discovered the Mexi- 
 can coast. On his return to Cuba, he 
 hoped to be placed at the head of a new 
 expedition, but the command was intrusted 
 to Cortes. 
 
 GRIMM, FREDERICK MELCHIOR, 
 baron de, the son of poor parents, was 
 born, in 1723, at Ratisbon, and received a 
 good education. The first step of his 
 literary career was not a fortunate one. 
 He produced, in Germany, a tragedy, 
 which was hissed on the stage, and con- 
 demned by the critics. Obtaining the 
 situation of tutor to the children of the 
 count de Schomberg, he went with them 
 to Paris, where he subsequently became 
 principal secretary to the duke of Orleans, 
 and intimate with all the men of letters of 
 that period. His wit, manners, and tal- 
 ents, procured for him admission among 
 the highest class of society. In conjunc- 
 tion with Diderot, he was employed by the 
 duke of Saxe Gotha, to give him an 
 analysis of all that occurred within tnc 
 sphere of French literature. To this 
 voluminous and amusing Correspondence, 
 which, after a lapse of thirty years, was 
 published in sixteen volumes, Grimm is 
 indebted for his fame. In 1776 the duke 
 appointed him his envoy at Paris, and 
 gave him the title of baron. The French 
 revolution frightened him from Paris, and, 
 after having acted as Russian plenipoten- 
 tiary to the lircle of Lower Saxony, h 
 
other ork. Grose wa * UMB ot n> 
 markable wit, humour, and good nature 
 
 MO CiRO 
 
 died, in 1807, at Gotha. His fugitive 
 piece* have been printed, as a supplement 
 o his Correspondence. 
 
 GRTMOARD, Count PHILIP DE, a 
 French erneral and military author, of 
 an ancient Avijjnonese family, was em- 
 ployed l>y Louis XVI. in his private 
 cabinet, and in negotiations in Holland, 
 and drew up the plan of operations for 
 the campaign of 1792. He died in 1815. 
 he^ides editing various military works, he 
 produced several original, among which 
 are, A Theoretical and Practical Essay 
 on Battles; A Treatise on Light Troops"; 
 A Picture of the Life and Reign of 
 Frederic the Great; A Treatise on the 
 Staff Service ; and (with Servan) An 
 Historical Picture of the Wars of the 
 French Revolution. 
 
 GRON'OV, or GRONOVIUS, JOHN 
 FREDERIC, an erudite critic, was born at 
 Hamburgh, in 1611; succeeded, in 1658, 
 to Daniel Heinsius, as professor of belles 
 letters, at Leyden; and died in 1671. He 
 published editions of various classics, and 
 wrote several learned dissertations on sub- 
 jects connected with ancient times. Gro-lthe Dutch ambassador, to Paris; was pie 
 
 GROTIUS, or DE GROOT, HUGH, 
 
 an eminent scholar, was born, in 1583, at 
 Delft, in Holland, of which place his father 
 was burgomaster. From his childhood he 
 manifested talents and a love of learning, 
 which were carefully fostered. At Leyden, 
 Francis Jnnius was his tutor, and Siliger 
 also assisted to direct his studies. In hi* 
 fifteenth year he accompanied Barnevelt 
 
 novius was of a mild and modest disposi 
 tion, and so hated controversial asperity, 
 that having, in a solitary instance, replied 
 sharply to an adversary, he called in the 
 copies of his work, and burnt them. 
 
 GRONOV, or GRONOVIUS, JAMES, 
 a son of the foregoing, was born, in 1645, 
 at Deventer. In the early part of his life 
 he visited England, France, Germany, and 
 Italy; and for two years was professor at 
 Pisa. The university of Leyden, however, 
 in 1679, lured him back by the appointment 
 of professor of Greek and history, and re- 
 warded him so liberally that he refused all 
 subsequent offers from other quarters. He 
 died in 1716. He edited several classics, 
 but his great work is the Thesaurus of 
 Grecian Antiquities, thirteen vols. folio. 
 With even more learning than his father, 
 he was his very antipodes as to contro- 
 versy. He seemed to delight in provoking 
 hostility by arrogance and insult, and was 
 grossly unjust. Yet RO tender were his 
 domestic feelings, that his death was has- 
 tened by grief for the loss of his youngest 
 
 daughter. 
 
 GROSE, FRANCIS, 
 
 an antiquary, the 
 
 on of a jeweller, was born, about 1731, 
 At Richmond, in Surrey. Having dissi- 
 pated his fortune, he obtained a captaincy 
 in the militia, and also turned to account, 
 as a means of subsistence, his natural taste 
 for drawing. His first work was The An- 
 tiquities of England and Wales; those of 
 Scotland succeeded; but those of Ireland 
 death prevented him from completing. He 
 died in 1791. Besides the Antiquities, he 
 published a Treatise on Ancient Armour 
 ad Weapon*; Military Antiquities : and may be mentioned, Mar* Llbcrum; Vt 
 
 sented by Henry IV. with his picture and 
 a go d chain; and received the most flat- 
 tering attentions from men of rank and 
 learning. On his return home, he began 
 to practise as an advocate. His legal avo- 
 cations, however, did not prevent him 
 from making an indefatigable and effective 
 use of his pen. The honours conferred on 
 him kept pace with the reputation which 
 he acquired. He was successively ap- 
 pointed historiographer, advocate general 
 of Holland and Zealand, pensionary of 
 Rotterdam, a member of the States Gene- 
 ral, and envoy to England, to adjust some 
 disputes between the two countries. But, 
 in 1618, his fortune changed, and, along 
 with Barnevelt, he was involved in the 
 hateful proscription of the Armenian party 
 by Prince Maurice. He narrowly escaped 
 the fate of Barnevelt, but was sentenced 
 to perpetual imprisonment in the castle of 
 Louvestein. At the expiration of eighteen 
 months, however, which he had employed 
 in writing his Treatise on th Truth of th 
 Christian Religion, be wa deli\ercd by 
 the contrirance of his wife, wl>o sent him 
 out of the castle concealed in a large chest. 
 Grotius sought an asylum in France, and 
 it was during his residence there that lit 
 composed his great work, De Jure Belli et 
 Pacis. After an absence of twelve years 
 lie returned to Holland, but persecution 
 still awaited him, and he quitted his native 
 land for ever. . In 1635 Christina of Swe- 
 
 den a 
 
 mbaseador at Paris, 
 
 ippointed him her a 
 
 this office he held n 
 He died at Rostock, on his way to Swe- 
 den, in August, 1645. Among bis works 
 
GUB 
 
 Arvtlquitate Reipublicae Batavi-.e; Institu- 
 tions of the Laws of Holland ; A History 
 .if the Goths , Annals of Belgium ; and 
 three Latin tragedies. 
 
 GRYNJ3USJ, SIMON, an eminent pro- 
 testant theologian, was born, in 1493, at 
 Veringen, in Swabia; was professor of 
 Greek at Heidelberg, and theology at Basil ; 
 was the friend of Luther, Melancthon, and 
 Erasmus; and died in 1541. The last 
 five books which we possess of Livy were 
 discovered by Grynaeus, in a monastery at 
 Lorach. 
 
 GRYPH, ANDREW, a celebrated Ger- 
 man dramatist, was born, in 1616, at Gross 
 Glogau ; and died there in 1664. Such 
 was his dramatic merit that, in some 
 points, J. E. Schlegel does not hesitate to 
 compare him with Shakspeare. Of his 
 tragedies, in which chiefly he excelled, the 
 best are, Leo the Armenian, and Charles 
 Stuart. Gryph also produced poems, and 
 some pointed epigrams. 
 
 GUARINI, JOHN BAPTIST, a cele- 
 brated Italian poet, was born, in 1537, at 
 Ferrara; was successively in the service 
 of the dukes of Ferrara, Savoy, Mantua, 
 and Florence, by neither of whom was he 
 treated as his merits deserved; suffered 
 severely from domestic misfortunes; and 
 died at Venice in 1612. Of all his com- 
 positions the best is his pastoral drama, 
 II Pastor Fido, which in poetical merit, 
 though not in decency, rivals the Aminta 
 of Tusso. 
 
 GUARNERIUS, JOSEPH and PETER, 
 celebrated musical instrument makers, of 
 whom the former was a pupil of Stradiva- 
 rius, and the latter of Jerome Amati, 
 flourished at Crernona, in the first half of 
 the eighteenth century. The shape of their 
 violins differs considerably from that of 
 other manufacturer*. Their instruments 
 be;ir a high price among amateurs. 
 
 GUERC1NO (so called from his being 
 'one-eyed, but whose real name was John 
 Franris Barbieri), one of the most eminent 
 ot the Italian painters, was born, in 1590, 
 at Cento, in the Ferrarese; was a pupil 
 of Crernonini and Gennari, but, in h's 
 best style, blended somewhat of Caravaggio 
 with the Ruman, Venetian, and Bolognese 
 schools; aoj aired great riches, which he 
 liberally dikpensed in acts of munificence; 
 and died ir. 1666. He painted a hundred 
 and six altar pieces, and a hundred and 
 forty-four easel pictures. 
 
 (iUERICKE, OTTO, an experimental 
 philosopher, was born, in 1602, at Magde- 
 burjrh; and died, in 1686, at Hamburgh, 
 while visiting that city. He was burgo- 
 master of his native place, and counsellor 
 of the elector of Brandenburgh. To Otto 
 Guericke science, is indebted, among other 
 things, for the invention of the air-pump, 
 and of th copper hemisphere*, by which 
 
 GUI 
 
 901 
 
 he illustrated the pressure of the utmoiu 
 phere. His electrical and astronomica 
 knowledge was also considerable. 
 
 GUEVARA, Loois VELEZ DE LAS 
 DUENAS Y, a Spanish dramatist and ro- 
 mance writer, was born, in 1574, at Ecija, 
 and died, in 1646, at Madrid. He is call- 
 ed the Spanish Scarron. Guevara was an 
 advocate, and is said to have often called 
 forth roars of laughter from the judges, and 
 even from those against whom he pleaded. 
 He is the author of Comedies; Miscella- 
 neous Poems ; and Romances. Le Sige 
 is indebted to Guevara's Diablo Cojuelo 
 for the idea of his Diable Boiteux 
 
 GUIBERT, JAMES ANTHONY HIPPO- 
 LYTUS, count de, a celebrated French tac- 
 tician, the son of a distinguished officer, 
 was born, in 1743, at Montauban. After 
 having distinguished himself by arms, dur- 
 ing six campaigns of the seven years' war, 
 and in Corsica, he aspired, and with suc- 
 cess, to the attainment of literary laurels, 
 by works on tactics, by tragedies, and by 
 eulogies of great men. He held a place in 
 the war department, under the count de 
 St. Germain, and in 1787 was appointed a 
 member of, and reporter to, the council of 
 that department. The last of these offices 
 brought on him a host of foes; all that was 
 offensive in the operations of the council 
 being unjustly attributed to him alone. He 
 died, partly of vexation, in 1790. His 
 General Essay on Tactics, in which he en- 
 forces a system the very opposite of Fo- 
 lard's, excited a vehement controversy. 
 Among his works are the tragedies of The 
 Constable of Bourbon, The Death of the 
 Gracchi, and Anne Boleyn ; a Defence of 
 his System; Historical Eulogies on De 
 1'Hopital, Catinat, the King of Prussia, 
 and others; Travels in Germany; and 
 Travels in Switzerland. 
 
 GUICCIARDLM, FRANC s, a celebra- 
 ted historian, was born, in 1482, at Flor- 
 ence, of a noble family. At the age of 
 twenty-three he was professor of jurispru- 
 dence in his native city. Politics, howev- 
 er, occupied the rest of his life. He was, 
 at various periods, an ambassador, gover- 
 nor of Reggio and Modena, of Romagna, 
 and Bologna, and lieutenant-general of the 
 papal forces. As a governor he distin- 
 guished himself by his equity, and his ex- 
 ertions to benefit the people, and by his de- 
 fence of Parma against the French. He 
 died in 1540. The History of Italy, from 
 1490 to 1534, is his great work. Though 
 occasionally diffuse, it stands in high esti- 
 mation for its impartiality and eloquence. 
 
 GUIDI, CHARLES ALEXANDER, an 
 Italian poet, was born, in 1560, at Pavia, 
 and was patronised by the duke of Parma, 
 and by the abdicated "Christina of Sweden, 
 the latter of whom gave him apartments in 
 her rmlace. He died in 1712. Hit iiiv 
 
SM GUI 
 
 eipal work* are, Lyric Poems; the pa*to- 
 -al of Endymion; and tlie tragedy of Ain- 
 alasootha. Guidi is considered as the rr- 
 r oniKT of Italian lyrical poetry. In Its 
 disposition hf was prudent, affable, and 
 singularly disinterested. 
 
 (.II 1)0 KKM, who is justly ranked 
 amon^ the most eminent Italian painters, 
 in, in 1574, at Bologna, and studied 
 at first under Denis Calvart, and next in 
 the school of the Caracci. His splendid 
 tul.-nts soon made his pictures eagerly 
 sought for; and he was employed, honour- 
 ed, and caressed, by nobles, cardinals, 
 princes, and popes. An unfortunate love 
 of gaming, however, rendered unavailing 
 th.- gifts of nature and fortune; and, in 
 1G42, he died in a state of poverty and de- 
 jivti >n. Guido is preeminently the pain- 
 ter of beauty, expression, and grace. Among 
 his masterpiece* are, a Christ crowned 
 with Thorns; and the Penitence of St. 
 Peter. 
 
 GUIGNES, JOSEPH DK, a French ori- 
 c it.ilist, was born, in 1721, at Pontoise; 
 studied the eaitern languages under Four- 
 m.>nt; was appointed king's interpreter, 
 in 1745; was admitted into the Academy 
 of Inscriptions, in 1753; and died in 1800. 
 His principal work is a learned and excel- 
 lent History of the Huns, Turks, Mongols, 
 and other Western Tartars, in five vol- 
 umes (jiiarto. 
 
 lillLLOTI.N, JOSEPH IGNATIUS, a 
 French physician, born atSaintes, in 1738, 
 was a member of the National Assembly. 
 His political principles were marked by 
 prudence and moderation. In the benevo- 
 lent hope of rendering capital punishment 
 less painful, he proposed that criminals 
 should be decapitated. The proposition 
 wa^ adopted; but, to the severe and per- 
 manent annoyance of his feelings, his name 
 was given to the instrument of death. He 
 died, much regretted, in 1814. 
 
 GUISCHARDT, CHARLES THEOPH- 
 ILUS, a writer on tactics, was born, in 
 1724, at Magdeburgh; and, after having 
 acquire:! considerable reputation as a Lu- 
 theran preacher, he adopted the military 
 profession, and served as an ensign in the 
 Dutch troops. His Military Memoirs on 
 the Greeks and Romans attracted the no- 
 tice of Frederic of Prussia, who, in 1757, 
 made him his aid-de- camp, and gave him 
 the name of Quintus Icilius, who was one 
 if Csesar's l>e.st officers. Guischardt dis- 
 tinguished himself in the Prussian service, 
 but if said to have increased his fortune 
 hy exactions and pillage. In 1774 he 
 published his Historical and Critical Me- 
 moirs on several Points of Military Anti- 
 quity; and, iu the following year, he died 
 at Berlin. 
 
 GUISE, FRANCIS or LORRAINE, duke 
 of, rne of t le most illustrious warriors of 
 
 GUI 
 
 France, was born in 1519; and was a 
 sasMnatrd, by Poltrot, in 1563. He dis- 
 tinguished himself by his bravery at the 
 siege of Boulogne, Iiis defence of Metz 
 against Charles \ ., his masterly conduct 
 after the defeat of St. Queutin, his con- 
 iiot of Calais and Thionville, and his 
 ictories at Rcnti and Drcux. Bigotry 
 and boundless ambition were the faults of 
 Guise; and, indeed, of all of the individu- 
 als of his family. 
 
 GUISE, CHARLES of, better known as 
 the Cardinal of Lorraine, was born, in 
 1525, at Joinville. He was the minister 
 of Francis II. and Charles IX. ; and his 
 bigotry, ambition, and violence, rendered 
 him tlie scourge of his country. By his 
 furious persecution of the protestants, he 
 lighted up the flames of civil war; but it 
 is not true that he personally bore a part 
 in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, he 
 being then at Rome. He died in 1574. 
 
 GUISE, HENRY OF LORRAINE, duk 
 of, tlie son of him who was slain by Polt- 
 rot, was born in 1550, and was liberally 
 endowed with all the gifts of nature. His 
 person, manners, and intellect, were of a 
 superior order, and his bravery nothing 
 could shake. But his insane lust of power 
 made him the bane of France. After hav- 
 ing signalized his valour in Hungary 
 against the Turks, he turned it against the 
 French protestants, whom he hated with a 
 deadly hate. He bore a part in the battles 
 of Massignac, Jarnac, Montcontour, and 
 Dormans. In the last of these he received 
 a wound on the face, from the scar of 
 which he gained the appellation of Balafre. 
 At length, he aspired to the crown, and 
 became the head of the celebrated League. 
 His career was, however, cut short in 
 1588, he being assassinated, by order of 
 Henry III., as he was entering the council 
 chamber. 
 
 GUISE, HENRY II. OF LORRAINE, 
 duke of, a grandson of the foregoing, was 
 born in 1614. Intended originally for the 
 church, for which his gallantries, his pro^ 
 igality, and his martial propensities, ren- 
 dered him an unfit subject, his accession tc 
 the title, by the death of his elder brother, 
 enabled him to follow the bent of his incli-- 
 nations. After having joined in the rebel- 
 lion of the count de Soissons, and been 
 pardoned, he went to Rome, in 1647, and, 
 while there, was invited by the revolted 
 Neapolitans, to put himself at their head. 
 In their cause he displayed great gallantry, 
 but he at length fell into the hands of the 
 Spaniards. In 1654 he made an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt to recover the lost diadem 
 of Naples. He died in 1664. 
 
 GLIZOT, ELIZABETH CHARLOTTE 
 
 i PAULINA, a native of Paris, was born in 
 
 1773. Two novels, her first attempts 
 
 I were written for the pious purpose of pro 
 
GUT 
 
 riding for the wants of a mother and eis- 
 ter. In 1812 she married M. Guizot, an 
 eminent literary man, and she subsequent- 
 ly acquired considerable reputation. Her 
 Rodolpb and Victor, and her Domestic Ed- 
 ucation, gained the prize of the French 
 Academy, as works beneficial to morals. 
 
 GUiVTER, EDMUND, a mathematician, 
 was born, in 1581, in Herefordshire, was 
 educated at Westminster School, ana at 
 Christ Church College, Oxford ; and died 
 in 1619, after having been for six years 
 professor of astronomy at Gresham Col- 
 lege. Gunter invented a portable quadrant, 
 and the scale which bears his name; im- 
 proved the sector, and various instruments ; 
 introduced the measuring chain, which is 
 now in use ; discovered the rate of the 
 magnetic variation; and published the 
 Canon Triangulorum, and other mathe- 
 matical treatises. 
 
 GUST AV US ADOLPHUS, king of 
 Sweden, the grandson of Gustavus Vasa, 
 was born in 1594, and succeeded to the 
 crown at the age of seventeen. The first 
 eighteen years of his reign were employed 
 in ameliorating the situation of his sub- 
 iects, and in bringing to a glorious con- 
 /lusion a war in which his country was 
 involved with Denmark, Russia, and Po- 
 land. In 1630 he entered upon a still 
 more heroic career. For the noble purpose 
 of rescuing the protestants of Germany 
 from the tyranny of the house of Austria, 
 he led into the empire an army of sixty 
 thousand men. In 1631 and 1632 he de- 
 feated Tilly, near Leipsic, and on the banks 
 of the Lech; but, in 1633, on the 16th of 
 Novemoer, he fell, in the moment of vic- 
 tory, at the battle of Lutzen. To the vir- 
 tues of a man Gustavus joined the talents 
 of a consummate general. The military 
 spirit which he had inspired long survived 
 him in his army. He was a lover of learn- 
 ing, humane, equitable, generous, and 
 pious; and even the most splendid suc- 
 cesses never prompted him to deviate from 
 hid wonted simplicity of manners, and 
 moderation of conduct. 
 
 GUTHRIE, WILLIAM, an indefatiga- 
 ble Scotch writer, wns lwrn, in 1708, at 
 
 GUY SOI 
 
 Brechin; was educated at King's College, 
 Aberdeen; settled in London as an author, 
 and was pensioned by the government; 
 ind died in 1770. Among his works are ; 
 V History of England, in three folio vol- 
 imes ; A History of Scotland, ten volumes, 
 An Universal History, thirteen volumes. 
 Of the last, however, he is known to have 
 written only a part; and the Geographical 
 jrrammar, which bears his name, is be. 
 lieved to have been compiled by Knox the 
 Bookseller. Guthrie also translated Quin- 
 illian, and Cicero's Offices and Epis- 
 tles. 
 
 GUTTEMBERG, JOHN, the inventor 
 of printing, was born at Mentz, in 1400; 
 went to Strasburgh in 1424; and appears 
 to have resided there till 1444. About 
 1436 he first practised the typographical 
 art. Wood is supposed to have been the 
 material of his original types. In 1444 
 be removed to Mentz, where, in 1450, he 
 entered into partnership with Faust. He 
 died in 1468. 
 
 GUYOIV, JANK BOUVIER DE LA 
 MOTTE, a French lady, who became cele- 
 brated through her religious enthusiasm, 
 was born, in 1648, at Angers, and was 
 left a widow at the age of twenty-eight. 
 Her mind had naturally a strong devotional 
 tendency. It was now heated by medita- 
 tion ; and, misled by the bishop of Geneva 
 and two monks, she was taught to believe 
 that Heaven destined her for an extraor- 
 dinary mission. For five years she wan- 
 dered about, preaching her doctrines. 
 During that period she published her Short 
 and easy Method of Praying; and The 
 Song of Songs interpreted according to its 
 mystical Sense. The system of quietism 
 which she taught, and which was first ima- 
 gined in Spam by Michael Molinos, ex- 
 cited the attention of the French clergy, 
 and drew upon her a long persecution, in 
 which Bossuet was a principal actor. 
 Fenelon in vain espoused her cause. After 
 having been confined in the Bastile and 
 various prisons, she was liberated in 1702, 
 and she died at Blois, in 1719. Her works 
 occupy thirty-nine volumes, and are now 
 almost forgotten. Some of her poems have 
 been translated by Cowper. 
 
 GUYTON DE MORVEAU, Louis 
 BERNARD, an eminent French chemist, 
 was born, in 1737, at Dijon; studied the 
 law; and, at the age of eighteen, was ad 
 vocate general to the parliament of hia 
 native city. The bar, however, he relin- 
 quished for the sciences, and in 1774 he 
 was appointed professor of chemistry at 
 Dijon. He was successively a member of 
 (he Legislative Assembly, the Convention, 
 the Committee of Public Safety, and the 
 Council of Five Hundred ; voted the death 
 of the king; and was violently revolution- 
 ary in his principles. Napoleot } lii;u 
 
894 RAO 
 
 the crow of the legion of honour, and the 
 title of baron. He died in 1316. Guyton 
 de Morveau made several discoveries in 
 chemistry. Among his works are, The 
 Chemical Dictionary of the Methodical 
 Encyclopedia; and Elements of Theoreti- 
 cal ami Practical Chi'inistry. He was ono 
 of the principal editors of the Annals of 
 Chemistry. 
 
 GWINNET, BUTTON, was born in 
 England, in 1732, and, after engaging in 
 commercial pursuits, emigrated to America 
 in 1770, and resided for about two years 
 
 HAL 
 
 nt Charleston, S. C. He then removed to 
 Georgia, and having purchased a planta- 
 tion turned his attention to agriculture. 
 On the commencement of the revolution, 
 he fook an active part in the affairs of this 
 state; was elected a representative in the 
 general congress of 1775, 1776, and 1777, 
 and signed the declaration of independence. 
 In May, 1777, he was a candidate for the 
 chair of governor of the state, but failed; 
 and on the 27th of the Fame month was 
 shot in a duel with a political rival, general 
 M'IntoRh. 
 
 HADLEY, JOHM, an English philoso- 
 pher, who lived in the first half of the 
 eighteenth century, was vice-president of 
 the Royal Society ; and wrote several pa- 
 pers in the Philosophical Transactions 
 between 1723 and 1736. He .invented, or 
 rather, perhaps, brought into use, the 
 quadrant which bears his name, and also 
 a reflecting telescope. 
 
 HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, MOHAMMKD 
 SHKMSF.DDIN, a celebrated poet, the 
 Anacreon of Persia, was born at Shiraz, 
 in the beginning of the fourteenth century, 
 and died there in 1389. The monument 
 erected to him by his countrymen was 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1825. Love, 
 wine, and luxurious indolence were the 
 delights of Hafiz's life. Some of his Odes 
 have been translated by Sir W. Jones, 
 Richardson, Nott, and Hindley. 
 
 HAGEDORN, FREDERIC^ celebrated 
 German poet, was born, in 1708, at Ham- 
 burgh; was educated in the college of his 
 native place ; was private secretary to the 
 Danish ambassador at London, from 1729 
 till 1731 ; and, in 1733, was appointed 
 secretary to the British factory at Ham- 
 burgh ; which office he held till his decease 
 in 1754. Hagedorn has been called the 
 German Horace and Prior. He formed 
 himself chiefly on the English school of 
 poetrv, and, consequently, was in a state 
 of hostility with Gottsched. His style is 
 puro and flowing. Mia fable?, Moral 
 Poems, Songs, and Tales, are his princi- 
 pal works. 
 
 IIAGER, JOSEPH, an eminent Chinese 
 scholar, was born, about 1750, at Milan; 
 tudied at Vienna; passed some time at 
 London, where he published various works 
 on the Chinese language, and a Prospectus 
 of a Dictionary; was subsequently pro- 
 fessor of the oriental languages at Pavia, 
 and librarian at Milan; and died in the 
 jitter city in 1820. Among his work* are, 
 Elements of the Chinese Language; The 
 Chinese Pantheon ; and a Dissertation on 
 
 the Babylonian Inscriptions. It was Ilager 
 who detected the historical forgery com 
 mitted by Vella, in 1789. 
 
 HAKLUYT, RICHARD, wai born, in 
 1553, at Eyton, in Herefordshire; was 
 educated at Westminster School, and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford; gave a course of 
 lectures on cosmography at the university; 
 was chaplain to the English ambassador at 
 Paris, from 1584 to 1589; and died, in 
 1616, prebendary of Westminster, and 
 rector of Wetheringset. His principal 
 work is the valuable collection, in three 
 folio volume?, of the Voyages and Discov- 
 eries of the English Nation. Purchas, in 
 his Pilgrimage, availed himself of Hak 
 luyt's manuscripts. 
 
 HALE, Sir MATTHEW, an eminent 
 and incorruptible judge, born, in Ifi09, at 
 Alderlcy, in Gloucestershire, was the son 
 of a retired barrister; studied diligently 
 at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and Lincoln'* 
 Inn; and was called to the bar not long 
 tafore the breaking out of the civil war. 
 Though he acted as counsel for Strafiord, 
 Laud, Hamilton, and many others of the 
 king's party, and even for ('hatles hiauclf, 
 he conformed to the republican govern- 
 ment, and became a lay member of the 
 Westminster Assembly of Divines. By 
 dint of importunity, Cromwell prevailed 
 upon him, in 1654, to becom* on* of th 
 
HAL 
 
 Justice* of the Common Bench, out he 
 oon offended the Protector by refusing 
 to warp the laws, and the result was, thai 
 he thenceforth refused to try crimina 1 
 rauses. Having promoted the Restora- 
 tion, he was, in 1660, appointed chief 
 baron of the exchequer, and, in 1671 
 chief justice of the king's bench. He died 
 in 1676. The seat of judgment was never 
 more purely filled than by Sir Matthew 
 Hale. No influence, no power, could turn 
 him aside from the path of rectitude. His 
 private character was equally estimable 
 The knowledge of Hale was not confined 
 o the law, but extended to divinity, math- 
 ematics, and history, upon all of which 
 subjects works of his are extant. His 
 principal religious production is Contem- 
 plations, Moral and Divine. Among his 
 legal labours are, A History of the Pleas 
 of the Crown; and A History of the Com- 
 mon Law of England. 
 
 HALE, NATHAN, a soldier of the 
 American revolution, was born in Coven 
 try, Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale 
 College, in 1773. Devoting himself to the 
 cause of the colonies, in the contest with 
 Great Britain, he received a captain's 
 commission in the regiment of Colonel 
 Knowlton. After the retreat of general 
 Washington from Long Island, Captain 
 Hale was induced, by the hope of render- 
 ing important service to his country, to 
 visit in disguise the camp of the enemy, 
 and obtain information of their resources 
 and future plans. Having effected his 
 purposes, he was arrested in attempting to 
 return, and executed on the following 
 morning. His sentence was carried into 
 effect in the most unfeeling manner; he 
 was refused the attendance of a clergyman, 
 and the letters which he wrote to his 
 mother a short time before his death were 
 destroyed. 
 
 HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, mar- 
 quis of, a statesman, was born in 1630; 
 contributed to the restoration of Charles II. 
 and was rewarded with a coronet; was 
 appointed, in 1672, one of the negotiators 
 to treat fur a general peace ; opposed the 
 exclusion bill, by which conduct he excited 
 the indignation of the Commons; assisted 
 in bringing about the revolution, and was 
 made privy seal, but soon resigned, and 
 went into opposition; and died in 1695. 
 He wrote Advice to a Daughter; and 
 vat ious political tracts. 
 
 HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, 
 earl of, a statesman and poet, grandson 
 of the earl of Manchester, was born, in 
 1661, at Horton, in Northamptonshire; 
 
 HAL 00& 
 
 the Tories in the reign of Anne; was 
 raised to an earldom by George I.; and 
 died in 4715. The funding system had 
 its birth under his administration. His 
 Poems, once the object of venal or mis- 
 taken praise, are forgotten. Pope has 
 satirised him, under the name of Bufo 
 
 HALL, JOSEPH, a divine and poet, was 
 born, in 1574, at Ashby de la Zouch, in 
 Leicestershire, and was educated at Ema- 
 nnel College, Cambridge. After having 
 held the livings of Halsted and Waltham, 
 and the deanery* of Worcester, and been 
 chosen as one of the English divines de- 
 puted to the synod of Dort, he was raised, 
 in 1627, to the see of Exeter, whence, in 
 1641, he was translated to Norwich. 
 Though he had refused to persecute the 
 puritans, yet, ha\ing joined the other 
 bishops in the celebrated protest against 
 laws made during their absence from the 
 upper house, he was committed to the 
 Tower, and his estate was subsequently 
 sequestrated. He died in 1656. His the- 
 ilogical works gained for him the title of 
 the English Seneca. His Satires, which 
 appeared in 1597 and 1599, under the 
 title of Virgidemiarium, are spirited in 
 their sentiment and language, and often 
 'ery musically versified. 
 
 HALL, LYMAN, a signer of the declar- 
 ation of independence, was born in Con- 
 necticut about the year 1731, and after 
 receiving a collegiate education, and ac- 
 quiring a competent knowledge of medicine, 
 removed to Georgia in 1752. On the 
 commencement of the struggle with Great 
 Britain, he entered warmly into the CAUSO 
 of the colonies, and in 1775 was appointed 
 delegate to Congress, first only from the 
 parish of St. John, and afterwards in the 
 same year from the colony of Georgia 
 To this station he was annually re-elected 
 until 1780, when he finally retired from the 
 national legislature. In 1783, he was 
 elected governor of Georgia, and after 
 enjoying this office for a time went into 
 *etirement, and died at his residence in 
 Burke County, about the sixtieth year of 
 " "is age. 
 
 HALLER, ALBERT VON, a native of 
 Switzerland, who has many claims to 
 "ame, was born, in 1708, at Berne, and 
 displayed even in childhood, the. most 
 extraordinary talents. Having chosen the 
 medical profession, he studied at Tubingen 
 and Leyden, after whirh he visited Eng- 
 and and France, and then proceeded to 
 Basil, to make himself master of mathe- 
 natics under James Bernouilli. Botany 
 also became one of his favourite pursuits, 
 
 was educated at Westminster School, and I and he began to display those poetical 
 * r r*~: **_. f* ii /~i _ t. _ i_ i 1 1 i ii.. 
 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge; bee a 
 chancellor of the exchequer in 1694, first 
 lord <f the treasury in 1699, and a 
 in 1*K); wo* f -ic vainly impeach* 
 
 powers which eventually ranked him 
 among the standard German poets. For 
 nineteen year* he was professor of anat- 
 peached byioray, surgery, nnd botany, at Gotiiugen. 
 
306 
 
 HAM 
 
 at the expiration of whicn period he re- 
 turned to his native country. There he 
 resided, honoured by his fellow vitizens, 
 for nearly a quarter of a centurv; con- 
 tinued to benefit science by his literary 
 labours; and filled several important 
 offices in the state. He died in 1777. 
 
 Among 
 
 Poems ; 
 
 his numerous 
 
 Romances ; 
 
 productions are, 
 the collection of 
 
 HAM 
 
 of Count Grammont; Fairy Tales; and 
 Poems; which display great wit, spright- 
 
 ; 'id elegance. 
 
 HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, was born 
 in the island of Nevis in 1757. At the 
 age of sixteen, he accompanied his mother 
 to New York, and was placed at Columbia 
 College, vthere he soon gave proof of ex- 
 traordinary talent, by the publication of 
 some political essays, of such strength and 
 sagacity that they were generally attributed 
 to Mr. 'Jay. At the age of nineteen he 
 entered the American army, and in 1777 
 \\as appointed aid-de-camp of Washington, 
 with tlie rank of lieutenant colonel. In 
 this capacity he served during the remain- 
 der of the war, and at the siege of York- 
 town, led in person the detachment that 
 carried by assault one of the enemy's out- 
 works. After the war he commenced the 
 study of the law, entered into its practice 
 
 uly 
 
 in New Y r ork and soon rose to distinction. 
 In 1782 he was chosen a member of con- 
 gress from the state of New York ; in 1787 
 
 Bibliothecnp, in ten quarto volumes; Pre- 
 lections; Elements of Physiology ; Out- 
 lines of Physiology ; and various works on 
 botany. 
 
 BALLET, EDMUND, one of the most 
 eminent of British astronomers and mathe- 
 maticians, was born, in 1656, at Hagger- 
 *ton, near London ; was educated at St. 
 Paul's School, and at Queen's College, 
 Oxford ; and displayed such a precocity of 
 talent that, at the age of only nineteen, he 
 gave to the world A Direct and Geometri- 
 cal Method of finding the Aphelia and Ex- 
 centricity of Planets. In 1676 he visited 
 St. Helena, where he remained for twelve 
 
 months, observing and classing the stars a member of the convention which formed 
 of the southern hemisphere, of which he the constitution of the United States, and 
 subsequently published a Catalogue; in j in 1787 and 1788 wrote in connection with 
 1680 he made a continental tour with Mr. Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, the essays 
 Nelson ; in 1686 he was intrusted with > published under the title of The Federal- 
 the publication of the Principia by New-|ist. In 1789 he was placed by Washing- 
 ton, to which he prefixed a copy of Latin ton at the head of the treasury department, 
 verses; and in 1696 he was made comp- j and while in this situation rendered the 
 troller of the mint at Chester; in 1698 most efficient service to the country, by the 
 and 1699 he made two extensive voyages establishment of an admirable system of 
 to ascertain the variations of the compass, ] finance, which raised public credit from 
 the result of which he published in A I the lowest depression to an unprecedented 
 General Chart; in 1703 he was employed ' height. In 1795 he retired from office, in 
 by the emperor to survey the coast of j order to secure by his professional labours 
 Dalmatia; in the same year he was ap- [ a more ample provision for his numerous 
 pointed Savilian professor at Oxford; in family. In 1798 his public services were 
 1705 he made public his valuable researches again required, to take the second coin- 
 01. the orbits of comets; in 1713 he be-jmand in the army that was raised on ac- 
 came secretary to the Royal Society; and,! count of the apprehended invasion of the 
 in 1719, he succeeded Flamsteed as astron- 1 French. On the disbanding of the army, 
 omer royal. The remainder of his life he resumed the practice of the law in New 
 was chiefly spent in sedulously performing, York, and continued to acquire new suc- 
 the duties of the last-mentioned office, es- cess and reputation. In 1804 he fell in a 
 pecially in completing the theory of the duel with Colonel Burr, vice president of 
 motion of the moon. He died in his chair, the United States, and died universally la- 
 without a groan, in 1741. Besides numer- mented and beloved. Besides his share in 
 ous papers in the Philosophical Transac- the Federalist, General Hamilton was the 
 tions, he published A Theory of the Vari- author of numerous congressional reports, 
 ation of the Compass; A History and the essays of Pacificus, and the essays of 
 Physical Cause of the Trade Winds; and Phocion. A collection of his works in 
 Miscellanea Curiosa: translated Apollo- three vols. 8vo. was issued at New York 
 nius de Sectione Rationis into Latin; and some time after his death. He was a man 
 assisted in bringing out Gregory's edition of transcendant abilities, and unsullied in- 
 of the Conies of Apollonius. His Astro- tegrity, and no one laboured more eflicient- 
 nomical Tables were printed in 1752. ly in the organization of the present fede- 
 
 HAMILTON, Count ANTHONY, a witty ral government. 
 
 writer, was born, in 1646, in Ireland;! HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD, 
 was taken to France when a child by 1m was born, it. 1729, in Lincoln's Inn; re- 
 parents; returned at the period of the ceived his education at Westminster 
 Kestoivuion ; fought for James II. in Ire- School, and at Oriel College, Oxford; 
 .and; finally nettled in France; and died sat both in the English and Irish parlia- 
 ia 1720. He M the author ef Memoirs menu; was for several years chance llor of 
 
HAM 
 
 Ac exchequer in Ireland ; and died in 1796 
 He obtained the appellation of Single 
 Speech Hamilton, from his having deliv- 
 ered only a single, but excellent, speech 
 in the British House of Commons: in the 
 Irish House he was a frequent speaker. 
 His Parliamentary Logic, and his Speech 
 es, appeared after his decease. The Let- 
 ters of Junius have idly been imputed to 
 him. 
 
 HAMILTON, GAVIN, an artist, was 
 born at Lanark, in Scotland, and went in 
 his youth to Rome, where he studied under 
 Agostino Masucchi. He settled in that 
 city, ind died there in 1797. His paint- 
 ings Irom the Iliad are among his principal 
 works. The latter part of his life was 
 employed, with much success, in making 
 excavations to recover buried antique 
 monuments. He published a work iuti- 
 tled Schola Italica Picturae. 
 
 HAMILTON, WILLIAM, an artist, was 
 born, in 1750, at Chelsea, and studied un- 
 der Zucchi at Rome, and also at the Royal 
 Academy. He became a royal academi- 
 cian, in 1789, and died in 1801. Many of 
 Hamilton's pictures were painted for the 
 Shakspeare Gallery, Macklin's Bible and 
 Poets, and Tomkin's edition of the Sea- 
 sons. 
 
 HAMILTON, ELIZABETH, a female 
 of great talents and acquirements, was 
 born, in 1758, at Belfast; was brought up 
 by an uncle who resided near Stirling, in 
 Scotland ; acquired reputation by her pro- 
 ductions, and affection and respect by her 
 disposition and character; and died, un- 
 married, at Harrogate, July 2o, 1816. 
 Among her works are, Letters of a Hin- 
 doo Rajah; Memoirs of Modern Philoso- 
 phers (a satire on modern philosophism) ; 
 The Life of Agrippina; The Cottagers of 
 Glenburnie; Popular Essays; Letters on 
 the Elementary Principles of Education ; 
 and Letters on the Formation of the Re- 
 ligious and Moral Principle. 
 
 HAMPDEN, JOHN, a man immortal- 
 ized by liis opposition to the encroach- 
 ments of kingly authority, was born, in 
 1594, in London, and was educated at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1621 he 
 was first elected a member of the House 
 of Commons, and was returned in each of 
 the succeeding parliaments. Though a 
 consistent enemy of the court measures, 
 and though his dislike of those measures 
 induced him to form a design of emigra- 
 ting, which the government frustrated, he 
 did not act any prominent part in the 
 country till 1636, when he boldly resisted 
 in a court of law the illegal imposition of 
 Bhip money by the king. He was defeat- 
 ed, but his conduct gained the warm ap- 
 plause of every friend of liberty. In 1642 
 be was one of the * -e members whom the 
 miftjudging monarc! attempted to seize on 
 
 HAN 
 
 80? 
 
 a charge of treason. On the breaking out 
 of the war he accepted the command of a 
 regiment; and, in 1643, he was mortally 
 wounded in a skirmish, at Chalgrove-field, 
 in Oxfordshire. His talents were of a 
 high order, and he was equally estimable 
 in public and in private life. 
 
 HANCARVILLE, PETER FRANCIS 
 HUGH D', an eminent antiquary, was 
 born, in 1729, at Nanci; was a member 
 of the Academy of Berlin, and of other 
 learned bodies ; and died at Rome, in 1800. 
 His chief works are, Etruscan, Greek, 
 and Roman Antiquities ; and Inquiries in- 
 to the History, Origin, Spirit, and Pro- 
 gress of the Arts of Greece. 
 
 HANCOCK, JOHN, an American pa- 
 triot and statesman, was born in Quincy, 
 Massachusetts, in 1737, and under the pat- 
 ronage of a wealthy uncle, received a lib- 
 eral education and was graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1754. On leaving college, 
 he entered the counting house of his uncle, 
 by whose sudden death in 1764 he suc- 
 ceeded to great riches and the management 
 of an extensive business. In 1766 he was 
 chosen a member of die assembly, and 
 soon distinguished himself by his zeal in 
 the cause of the colonies. In 1774 he 
 was elected president of the provincial 
 congress of Massachusetts, and in the 
 following year president of the continental 
 congress, in which capacity he was the 
 first to affix his signature to the declara- 
 tion of independence. In this station he 
 continued till October 1777, when ill 
 health induced him to resign. In 1780 he 
 was elected governor of Massachusetts, 
 and held that office for four successive 
 fears, and again from 1787 till his death 
 in 1793. Governor Hancock was hospita- 
 ble and munificent, a man of excellent tal- 
 ents for business, and a true lover of hit 
 country. 
 
 HANDEL or HAENDEL, GEORG 
 FREDERIC, the eon of an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born, in 1684, at Halle, in 
 Saxony. His father intended him for die 
 law, but as nothing could overcome tha 
 musical bent of the youthful Handel'f 
 mind, he reluctantly consented to his being 
 
303 HAN 
 
 nttructed in music. His first master was 
 
 F1AR 
 HAM WAY, JONAS, a philanthropist. 
 
 Zachau, an organist, and he began to com- was born, in 1712, at Portsmouth; was" en- 
 pose in the ninth year of his age. After gaged in mercantile pursuits as a Russian 
 having struggled through considerable dif- merchant, in the course of which he vifiit- 
 ficuhies, but still kept rising in reputation, ed Persia; and died in 1786. Hanway 
 he visited Italy in 1708; remained there, was a man of great active humanity. He 
 much admired, during two years; and then was the chief founder of the Marine So- 
 returned to Germany, and entered into the cietyan.l the Magdalen Hospital; and con- 
 service of the elector of Hanover, who was tributed to the establishment of Sunday 
 afterwards George I. The accession of Schools, and to the improvement of the 
 that prince to the British throne fixed condition of climbing boys. Besides his 
 Handel in England. In 1720 he was Travels in Persia, he published many oth- 
 placed at the head of the Italian opera; ' er works, faulty in style, but benevolent in 
 but this event, which seemed to promise purpose. 
 
 fame and riches, ended in such severe loss HARDWICKE, PHILIP YORKE,earl 
 that his liberty was often endangered by of, the son of an attorney at Dover, was 
 angry creditors. After twenty years of born in 1690; studied at the Middle Tern- 
 vexation and unavailing efforts, he bade a; pie; became lord chief justice of the king's 
 final adieu to the opera. His Oratorios, bench in 1733, after having been attorney 
 however, saved him from ruin, and he ul- and solicitor general; was appointed lord 
 timately accumulated a second fortune, of i chancellor in 1737; obtained the dignity 
 no despicable magnitude. Eight years ; of earl in 1754; and died in 1764. A~* 
 previous to his death, he was wholly de- the head of the chancery court he was 
 prived of sight; and it was an affecting distinguished for ability and integrity, 
 circumstance to see him led to the organ, He wrote The Legal Judicature in Chancery 
 and hear him perform his own pathetic stated; and a paper in the Spectator. 
 composition of "Total eclipse, without His son, PHILIP, who succeeded him in 
 
 his 
 
 j c ; 
 
 In conjunction with 
 
 all hope of day," from the Samson Agon- the title, was born in 1720; received his 
 istes of that immortal bard who may be 'education at Bene't College, Cambridge; 
 considered as the Handel of poets. This 'and died in 1790. In conjunction witk 
 in many respects matchless composer died his brother Charles, he published Athenian 
 April 13, 1758. letters; and he edited a Collection of 
 
 HANMER, Sir THOMAS, was born in State Papers, and Sir Dudley Carleton'a 
 1676 ; was educated at Westminster School, Letters. 
 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford ; became 
 speaker of the House of Commons in 
 
 HARDY, ALEXANDER, one of the 
 elder French dramatists, flourished under 
 
 1713; held that high station more than ' Henry IV. and Louis XIII.; and died 
 thirty years; and died in 1746. He is the about 1630. He was one of the most fer- 
 tile of theatrical writers ; his plays amount- 
 ing to more than six hundred in number. 
 Though he bore the title of poet laureat, 
 and though his muse was so prolific, he 
 lived and died in indigence. 
 
 HARGRAVE, FRANCIS, an eminent 
 lawyer, the son of an attorney, was born 
 about 1741, and studied at the Charter 
 House, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. As a 
 barrister he first attracted notice by his 
 excellent argument, which he afterwards 
 published, in the case of Somerset the 
 negro. His subsequent practice, however, 
 was chiefly as a chamber counsel. He 
 died in 1821. Among his principal works 
 are, State Trials, eleven vols. folio; Juri- 
 dical Arguments and Collections, two vols. 
 quarto; Collection of Tract* relative to the 
 English Laws, never before published ; and 
 an Argument in Defence ol Literary Pro- 
 perty 
 
 editor of an elegant edition of Shaks- 
 peare. 
 
 HANNO, a Carthaginian voyager, the 
 period of whose birth is variously stated 
 at from three hundred to a thousand years 
 B. c.; though the latter seems to be the 
 most probable opinion. He is asserted to 
 have circumnavigated Africa; but others 
 limit his discoveries to the coast between 
 the straits of Gibraltar and Cape Bojador. 
 The Greek narrative of his voyage has 
 been translated by Falconer. 
 
 HANS SACliS, an ancient German 
 poet, was born, in 1494, at Nuremberg; 
 and died in 1576. He was a shoemaker, 
 and worked all his life at that trade. 
 " With the exception of Lope de Vega,'' 
 ays Loeve-Veimars, " never did any mor- 
 tal present himself at the temple of memo- 
 ry loaded with such a ponderous poetic 
 baggage;" and we must admit the truth of 
 the remark, when we are told that honest 
 Huns wrote no less than ten thousand eight 
 
 hundred and forty c-.ui|.'ositi..i^ in \eise, Elizabeth, was born, in 1561, at Kt l.-tun, 
 aim. n;/ which Are two hundred and eigh- near Bath; was educated at Eton and 
 .ucdies and tragedies! The immense Cambridge; was OIK- of the wittiest cour- 
 mass is, however, illumined by some r\ Htk; tiernof that period ; was knighted by Essex 
 of jfenuinu pot-try. i.. Ireland, and ma-Jc a kai;-l.t of the Balk 
 
 HTARINGTON, Sir JOHN, an English 
 poet, the godson and favourite of Queen 
 
HAR HAR 
 
 by James I.; and died in 1612. He trans- 
 lated the Orlando of Ariosto ; and wrote 
 four books of Epigrams; and two Tracts, 
 
 tndei. At the age of twenty h found 
 himself in Charleston, S. C. with but a 
 dollar or two in his pockets, and with the 
 
 A Discourse on the Metamorpiiosis of intention of studying the profession of the 
 Ajax, and An Apologie for Ajax, which J law. Having obtained introduction to a 
 
 are more deserving tif praise for humour 
 fhun fir delicacy. 
 H A RLE Y, ROBERT, earl of Oxford and 
 
 Mortimer, a celebrated statesman, the son 
 of Sir Robert Harley, was born, in 1661, 
 
 lawyer, he prepared himself under his 
 instruction for the bar, and, in about a 
 twelve-month, undertook the management 
 of causes on his own account. He then 
 removed from Charleston to an interior 
 
 in London. His first entrance into public i district, where he first distinguished him- 
 life was at the period of the Revolution, self, politically, by the publication of a 
 and for some years he acted with the whig series of newspaper essays on a proposed 
 party. At the accession of Anne, how- 1 change in the constitution of the state, 
 ever, he enrolled himself among the tories. He was immediately elected to the state 
 
 legislature, and soon afterwards to Con- 
 
 In 1702 he was chosen speaker of the 
 House of Commons ; and in 1704 was 
 appointed one of the secretaries of state. 
 
 gress, where he ivas an efficient member of 
 the federal party, a powerful advocate of 
 i Wa 
 
 The secretaryship he resigned in 1708 ;! the policy of Washington, and the personal 
 but in 1710 he ag.iin came into office, as a friend of the most distinguished federal 
 commissioner of the treasury and chancel- statesmen of the day. Many years after- 
 lor of the exchequer. In 1711 he narrowly i wards he collected in an octavo volume, 
 escaped being assassinated at the council; a number of his circulars and addresses 
 board by the marquis of Guiscard. Hello his constituents, and several of his 
 was shortly after raised to the peerage,! speeches in Congress. In 1797 he pul>- 
 and made lord high treasurer. The invet-j lished a pamphlet entitled Observations on 
 erate hostility which at length broke out I the Dispute between the United States and 
 between him and Bolingbroke induced him ' France, which passed through numerous 
 to resign in 1714. On the accession of | editions, and acquired great celebrity both 
 George I. he was impeached, and com- at home and in Europe. The speeches 
 
 mitted to the Tower, and he remained 
 confinement till 1717, when he was ac- 
 
 hich he delivered in managing the im- 
 peachment of Blount, and the defence of 
 
 quitted. After his liberation, he retired ! Judge Chase, are admirable specimens of 
 wholly from public business, and employed ! argument and eloquence. On the down- 
 himself in adding to his magnificent libra- jfal of the federal party Mr. Harper resumed 
 ry. He died in 1724. Harley was fond j the practice of the law in Baltimore, 
 of literature, and a friend to literary men. where he married the daughter of the 
 He wrote sonje political pamphlets, and a | distinguished Charles Carroll. He attended 
 Letter to SwSl on correcting and improv- almost every session of the Supreme Court, 
 ing the, English Language. from the time of its removal to Washing- 
 
 HARLOW, GEORGE HENRY, an ar- ton to that of his death, and was always 
 tist, was born, in 1787, in Westminster ;, heard with respect and attention by the 
 studied under DeCort, Drummond, and Sir 'court and juries. The federal party hav- 
 Thomas Lawrence; visited Italy in 1818,' ing regained the ascendant in Maryland, 
 whore he made a copy of Raphael's Trans- j Mr. Harper was immediately elected a 
 figuration, and executed a large original senator in Congress, but the demands of his 
 composition; and died, in 1819, shortly i profession soon obliged him to resign his 
 after his return to his native country. ' seat. In the years 1819-20 he visited 
 Among his best works are, a scene from I Europe with a portion of his family and 
 Shakspeare's Henry the Eighth, containing was absent about two years. He died 
 portraits of the Kemble family; Hubert suddenly in Baltimore, in" 1825. He was 
 and Prince Arthur; and portraits of Mr. ! an active leader in the federal party, an 
 West and Mr. Northcote. I able and learned lawyer, well versed in 
 
 HAROUN, or AARON ALRASCHID, 1 general literature, and political economy, 
 caliph of the Saracens, ascended the throne and lived with elegant hospitality. 
 in 780; obtained many splendid successes! HARRINGTON, JAMES, an eminent 
 against the Greek emperors; and died in 'political writer, was born, in 1611, \t 
 803 His bravery, magnificence, and love! Upton, in Northamptonshire ; and studied 
 of letters, have shed a lustre over his char-; at Trinity College, Oxford, wuh Chilling 
 acter, but his perfidy and cruelty form a worth for his tutor. Being republican in 
 heavy drawback upon his shining qualities, j principle, he was chosen, in 1647, by the 
 
 HARPER, ROBERT GOODLOE, was a ! parliamentary commissioners, to attend tha 
 native of Virginia, but when very young 1 captive Charles I. as one of the grooms of 
 removed with his parents to North Caro- the bedchamber, and he filled this office 
 lina. His parents were poor, and in early with much propriety and delicacy. Under 
 life he pas<yl thro up a number of viciwi-; Cromwell he passed hia time in ref uement. 
 
810 
 
 HAR 
 
 II A U 
 
 md, in 1656, published his celebrated ] at Lancasu, the bridge, gaol, and countj 
 Oceana. In 1661 ho was arrested on a < courts at Chester ; the column at Shrews- 
 bury, in honour of Lord Hill; Count Wo- 
 ron/.ow's palace in the Ukraine; and a 
 lighthouse on the coast of the Black Sea 
 
 groundless charge of treason, and suffered 
 *o niurh hardship during his imprisonment 
 that his health \\as permanently impaired. 
 He died in 1(577. Harrington was a man 
 of talent, and a sincere republican. Burk< 
 describes him as " the learned and ingen- 
 ious speculator vtho (in his works) has 
 tossed about society into all forms." 
 
 HARRIOT, THOMAS, an astronomer 
 and mathematician, was born, in 15CO, at 
 Oxford; was educated at St. Mary's Hall; 
 visited Virginia in 1585, and published an 
 kccount of it on his return; and died in 
 1621. The present improved method of 
 algebraical calculation was invented by 
 Harriot, and Descartes appropriated many 
 of his ideas. He was also the first who 
 observed the spots in the sun. 
 
 HARRIS, JAMES, a metaphysician and 
 philologist,wasborn, in 1709, at Salisbury ; 
 received his education at Wadham College, 
 Oxford ; sat in parliament for Christchurch ; 
 was, successively, one of the lords of the 
 admiralty and of the treasury; and secre- 
 tary and comptroller to the queen ; and 
 died in 1780. He wrote Treatises on Art, 
 on Music, Painting, and Poetry, and on 
 Happiness; Hermes, or a Philosophical 
 Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar; 
 Philosophical Arrangements ; and Plvilo- 
 logical Inquiries. His knowledge, of the 
 Greek language was profound, and his 
 powers of reasoning were remarkably 
 acute. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM, an historian, was 
 born, about 1720, at Salisbury; was a dis- 
 senting preacher ; was patronised in his 
 historical labours by Mr. Hollis; and died, 
 at Honiton, in 1770. Between 1751 and 
 1766 he published Lives of Hugh Peters; 
 James 
 and Charles 
 
 He was the first projector of a grand quay 
 from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars. 
 
 HARR1SO.N, BKNJAMIN, a signer of 
 the declaration of independence, was a na- 
 tive of Virginia. He was three time* 
 chief magistrate of that state, and after- 
 wards member of the state convention that 
 assembled to consider the new constitution 
 of the United States. He died in 1791. 
 
 HART, JOHN, a signer of the declara 
 tion of independence, was born in New 
 Jersey, and was one of the first delegates 
 from that province to the general congress 
 of Philadelphia. While this ptcviiice was 
 
 the se 
 
 liladelphi 
 iat of w 
 
 war, Mr. Hart suffered much 
 
 in his property, and was obliged to submi 
 to such personal privations that his consti- 
 tution received a shock from which he 
 never recovered. He died in 1780. 
 
 HARTLEY, DAVID, a physician anc 
 metaphysical writer, was born, in 1705, at 
 Armley, in Yorkshire; and studied at Je- 
 sus College, Cambridge, with the intentior 
 of taking orders; but some doubts with 
 respect to the thirty-nine articles induced 
 him to relinquish his design and adopt 
 the medical profession. He practised at 
 Newark, Bury, London, and Bath; and 
 died at the latter place in 1757. Observa- 
 tions on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and 
 liis Expectations, is his great work ; and, 
 although its hypothesis of nervous vibra- 
 tions has been ridiculed, and indeed over- 
 thrown, it contains much that is valuable, 
 and places in a very favourable light the 
 talents of the author. 
 
 HARTLEY, DAVID, a son of the fore- 
 
 I.; Charles I.; Oliver Cromwell; going, was born in 1730, and was educated 
 
 arles II. They are written in the at Merton College, Oxford. He was M. 
 
 of Bayle; the text being, in fact, P. for Hull; distinguished himself by a 
 
 nate to the critical notes. Harris strenuous opposition to the American war: 
 
 manner 
 
 subordinate to the critical notes. 
 
 was a strenuous advocate of liberty, and 
 
 an honest and kind-hearted man. 
 
 HARRIS. See MALMF.SEURY. 
 
 HARRISON, JOHN, an eminent mecha- 
 nician, was born, in 1693, at Foulby, in 
 Yorkshire, a.id was the son of a carpenter, 
 who, occasionally, repaired clocks and 
 watches. Self-instructed, he at length at- 
 tained such a mastery in the construction 
 of chronometers that he received the par- 
 liamentary reward of twenty thousand 
 pounds for his famous time-keeper, to 
 determine the longitude at rea. lie died 
 in 1776. 
 
 HARRISON, THOMAS, an architect, 
 *-as born, in 1744, at Richmond, in York- 
 hire; studied at RxHM f>r sc\eral years; 
 
 strenuous opposition to the American war; 
 and was appointed one of the negotiators 
 to treat with Dr. Franklin. To him also 
 belongs the merit of having been one of 
 the first to attack in parliament the abom- 
 ination of the slave trade. Among several 
 of his inventions, one of the principal is a 
 mode of securing buildings from fire. He 
 died in 1813. 
 
 HARTSOEKER, NICHOLAS, a Dutch 
 metaphysician, geometrician, and natural 
 philosopher, was born, in 1656, at Gouda, 
 and died at Utrecht, in 1725. When he 
 was a boy, he was desirous to become an 
 astronomer, and being told that a knowl- 
 edge of mathematics was necessary, he 
 contrived to pay a teacher by saving his 
 pocket money. In the course of his philo- 
 
 practis.ed with great reputation after his sophical inquiries he discovered the sper 
 return to England; and died March 29, j mat ic animalcules, and thus afforded ground 
 1829. Among hi woiks are, the bridge 'for a new theory of generation. The con- 
 
HAS 
 
 ftruetion of telescopes, in which he was 
 rery successful, was one of his next occu- 
 pations. Hartsoeker had some highly ec- 
 centric metaphysical and philosophical 
 notions, and was of a singularly disputa- 
 tious temper. Among his principal works 
 are, Essay on Dioptrics; Principles of 
 Natural Philosophy; A Course of Natural 
 Philosophy; and Physical Conjectures. 
 
 HARVEY, WILLIAM, a physician and 
 philosopher, was born, in 1578, at Folk- 
 etone, in Kent; studied at Cains College, 
 Cambridge, and at Padua ; settled in Lon- 
 don as a physician; and, in 1607, was 
 admitted a fellow of the college. In 1604 
 and 1615 he was appointed physician to 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and lecturer, 
 at the college, on surgery and anatomy. 
 Many years were spent by Harvey, in 
 verifying his immortal discovery of the 
 circu ation of the blood, which, though he 
 seems to have made it partially known as 
 early as 1616, he did not publish to the 
 world till 1628. Envy was soon at work 
 to deny or diminish his merit; but he had 
 the satisfaction of obtaining a complete 
 triumph. Harvey was physician to James 
 I. and Charles I.; was present with the 
 latter at the battle of Edgehill; was cre- 
 ated by him warden of Merlon College; 
 and suffered heavy losses during the civil 
 war. In 1651 appeared his learned work 
 on Generation. He died in 1658. To the 
 College of Physicians he was a liberal 
 benefactor, and he founded the Harveian 
 oration, which is now annually delivered. 
 
 HASSE, JOHN AUOLPHUS, an eminent 
 German musician, was born, in 1699, at 
 Bergedorf, near Hamburgh ; studied under 
 Keiser, Porpora, and Scarlatti; and, after 
 having acquired high reputation in England 
 and Germany, died at Venice in 1784. 
 His wife, Faustina Bordoni, was a cele- 
 brated singer. Dr. Burney describes him 
 as " the most natural, eiegant, and judicious 
 composer of vocal music, as well as the 
 most voluminous composer, of his time." 
 
 HASSELQUIST, FRKDERIC, a Swe- 
 dish naturalist, one of Linnseus's favourite 
 pupils,, was born at Toernvalla, in East 
 Gothland, in 1722; studied at Upsal; 
 visited the Levant, in 1749, to investigate 
 its natural history; and died, at Smyrna, 
 in 1752. From "his papers, the Iter Pa- 
 hestinum, or Journey to the Holy Land, 
 was drawn up by Linnaeus. Hasselquist 
 wrote various dissertations in the Upsal 
 and Stockholm Transactions; and a thesis 
 intitled Vires Plantarum. 
 
 HASTINGS, WARREN, was born, in 
 1733, at Churchill, in Oxfordshire, of which 
 his father was the clergyman, and was edu- 
 cated at Westminster School. At the age 
 ot seventeen he went out to Imiia as a 
 writer in the company's service, from 
 whence, in 1765, he returned with a mode- 
 
 HAS 81i 
 
 rate fortune. In 1769 he again went ou% 
 as second in council at Madras; HI 1772 
 
 he was appointed president of the supreme 
 council in Bengal; and, in 1773, he wa 
 raised to be governor-general. The period 
 of his administration was one of the most 
 trying which is to l>e found in the history 
 of British Hindostan. He had to contend 
 with the opposition and enmity of his col- 
 leagues, the revolt of the native subjects, 
 the defection of allies, and a confederacy 
 of the native powers, headed by Hyder 
 Ali, and formm.ibly aided by the land and 
 sea forces of Frz.r,ce. Through these diffi- 
 culties he passed triumphantly, but it must 
 be owned that in achieving his triumph be 
 sometimes resorted to means which, at 
 best, admit only of palliation. He re- 
 turned to England in 1786, and his conduct 
 was soon the subject of an impeachment, 
 which, in contempt of all the principles of 
 justice, lasted nine years. He was ac- 
 quitted in 1795, and thus ended his public 
 career. He died in 1818. Hastings was 
 a man of a highly cultivated mind, and of 
 seductive manners. He wrote A Narra- 
 tive of the Insurrection of Benares; Me 
 moirs relative to the State of India; A 
 Treatise on guarding Houses, by their 
 Construction, against Fire; ami some ele- 
 gant fugitive poetry. 
 
 HASTINGS, marquis of, FRANCIS 
 RAWDON HASTINGS, son of the earl of 
 Moira, was born in 1754; was educated at 
 Oxford ; entered into the army in 1771 ; and, 
 during the American war, distinguished 
 himself at Bunker's Hill, Fort Clinton,Cam- 
 den, and many other places; and rose to the 
 rank of brigadier-general. On his return 
 home he was created Lord Rawdon, and 
 in 1793 he succeeded to his father's title. 
 He was now on terms of confidential inti- 
 macy with the heir apparent, and took an 
 active part in the debates of the English 
 and .Irish peers. In 1794 he led a con- 
 siderable force to the succour of the duke 
 of York in Flanders, and succeeded in 
 joining him after a m.isterlv march. For 
 many years subsequently to the commence- 
 ment of the war with France, Lord Moir 
 was a prominent member of the opposition 
 
812 HAU HAW 
 
 but in 1806 be shared in the short-lived is Indebted to him for un admirable tneorj 
 tnumph of the whig?, and was made ma.-- of crystallization. Among his works are, 
 ter- general of the ordnance. In 18J2 he A Treatise on .Mineralogy, four vois. ; A 
 was "appointed ovei nor-general of India, Treatise on Crystallography, two v. 
 nn office- which he held till 1S22. During Elementary Treatise on Natural Philoso- 
 thi* ten year? of his suay he overcame the phy ; and An Essay on the Theory and 
 IS'epaulese, the Pindarees", and other native Structure of Crystals. 
 
 powers, and rendered the BritL-h authority I HAWKE, EUWA RD, lord, a brave and 
 supreme in India. While absent, he \\as successful admiral, born in 1713, was the 
 cieated marquis of HacttOff*. In 1S24 he, son of a barrister; went to sea at the age 
 w is made governor of Malta, and he died of twel\e years; distinguished himself, in 
 November 28, 1823. The marquis of 1 1744, under Matthews and Lestock ; was 
 
 Hastings \\as an excellent officer, an acute 
 statesman, and a man of unbounded gener- 
 
 osity. 
 
 llATSELL, JOHN, was born about 
 
 1733; studied at Queen's College, Cam 
 i i i__ m*:.i,ii_ 'T 1 ! . i. 
 
 made rear-admiral of the white in 1747, 
 and, in the same year, captured seven 
 French men of war, for which he received 
 the order of the Bath, and the rank <,f 
 vice-admiral of the blue. In 1759, he, in 
 
 bridge, and the Middle Temple; became spite of tempestuous weather, and the 
 chief clerk of the House of Commons in proximity of a lee and dangerous shore, 
 1768; retired in 1797; and died in 1820. j attacked the French admiral Confians, 
 He published Precedents of Proceedings in j whom he utterly defeated. In 1770 'he 
 the House of Commons ; Rules and Stand- was made first lord of the admiralty, and in 
 ing Orders of the House; and a Collection 1776 was created a peer. He died in 
 of Cases of Privilege of Parliament. ! 17S1. 
 
 HATTON, Sir CHRISTOPHER, a HAWKESWORTH, Dr. JOHN, was 
 statesman and lawyer, was born at Hoi- born, in 1715, at Bromley, in Kent, and 
 denby, in Northamptonshire; studied at was the sou of a watchmaker. After hav- 
 St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and at the Inner ing tried his father's trade, and also been 
 Temple; and, at a masque, BO much clerk to a writing stationer, he became an 
 charmed Queen Elizabeth by his graceful author; contributed to the Gentleman's 
 dancing that she raised him, by successive Magazine; and succeeded Johnson in corn- 
 steps of promotion, till, in 1587, he became piling the debates for it. In 1752 he began 
 lord chancellor. Inexperienced as he was, The Adventurer, which established his 
 he performed satisfactorily the duties of literary character, and induced Archbishop 
 his high office. He died in 1591 ; and, it Herring to give him the degree of doctor 
 is said, of a broken heart, in consequence of laws. He subsequently produced Almo- 
 of Elizabeth imperiously demanding the ran and Hamet ; some dramatic enter- 
 payment of an old debt. Hatton was tole- tainmcnts; a translation of Telemachus, 
 rant, and a friend of learning. A Treatise and an edition of Swift's works. His 
 on Statutes, and a fourth act of Tancred most lucrative engagement, however, Avas 
 and Sigismunda, a tragedy, are attributed the compiling, in 1772, a narrative of the 
 to him. Voyages of Discovery accomplished under 
 
 HAUTEFEtJILLE, JOHN, a French the auspices of George III. By this he 
 mechanician, was born in 1647, and died gained six thousand pounds; but the se- 
 in 1724. He invented the spiral spring verity with which some parts of it were 
 which moderates the vibration of the bal- censured is said to have hastened his de- 
 ance-wheel in watches, and which was cease, which took place in 1773. 
 afterwards perfected by Huygens. He! HAWKINS, Sir JOHN, a brave and 
 wrote various works, among" which are, 'able naval officer, was born, in 1520, at 
 A New System of the Flux and Reflux of Plymouth; distinguished himself greatly 
 the Sea;" The Art of Breathing under | on various occasions against the Spaniard?, 
 Water; The Perpetual Pendulum; and particularly in the action with the Spanish 
 Horological Problems. j Armada; was knighted and much esteemed 
 
 HAUY, REN ATUS JUSTUS, acelebrated by Queen Elizabeth; and died in 1595 
 mineralogist, was born, in 1742, at .St. Just, Hawkins bears on his character the foul 
 in Picardy; and was originally professor stain of having been the person with whom 
 of the dead languages in Cardinal Leino- originated the infamous slave trade. He 
 ine's college. Botany and mineralogy, how- made three kidnapping expeditions to the 
 ever, became hia favourite studies, particu- i coast of Africa, the first in 1562; and so 
 larly the latter. As early as 1783 he was perverted was the moral feeling of that 
 admitted a member of the Academy of Sci- period that a crest, consisting of a Moor 
 ence; he was one of the first forty m:m- bound with a cord, was granted to him to 
 bers of the Institute; and was appointed commemorate an action which ought to 
 by Napol<v.n prot'osor of mineralogy at the have been expiated on the scaffold. 
 Botanic Garden, and to the faculty of sci-j HAWKINS, Sir JOHN, was born, in 
 encei at Paris. He died in 1822. Science 1719, in London, and tvas brought up U 
 
HAY 
 
 Jc law; but, on coining into pos 
 of a fortune, he retired from his practice, 
 and was appointed a Middlesex magistrate 
 Ire was chosen chairman of the quarter 
 sessions in 1765; was knighted in 1772; 
 and died in 1789. He wrote A Gen- 
 eral History of Music; and a Life of his 
 friend Dr. Johnson ; and edited an edition 
 of Walton's Angler, and of Johnson's 
 Works. As a writer, Hawkins is utterly 
 destitute of taste, and his style is of the 
 most awkward and slovenly kind. " 
 
 HAWLEY, JOSEPH, a patriot of the 
 American revolution, was born at North- 
 Hinpton, Massachusetts, in 1724, and after 
 graduating at Yale College in 1742 pur- 
 nued the profession of the law in his native 
 town. He soon rose to distinction and 
 extensive practice, but by the efforts of the 
 frierids of the British administration, he 
 was afterwards for a short time excluded 
 fiom the bar. He was one of the first wh< 
 
 Eroposed to resist British encroachments 
 y force, and he continued through his life 
 to be an active and efficient advocate of 
 
 HAZ 
 
 SIS 
 
 the rights of his country. 
 HAY, WILLIAM, 
 
 He died in 1788. 
 a miscellaneous 
 
 writer, was born, in 1695, at Glynbourn, 
 in Sussex; was educated at Oxford; sat 
 in parliament for Seaford; was a coramis- 
 m'oner of the victualling ofiice, and keeper 
 of the records at the Tower; and died in 
 1755. He translated a part of Martial's 
 Epigrams; and wrote various works in 
 proee and verse, one of the most remarkable 
 of which is An Essay on Deformity. Hay 
 was himself deformed, and in this essay ne 
 descants upon the circumstance in a truly 
 philocophical spirit. 
 
 HAYDN,JosKPH,oneof the most cele- 
 brated of modern composers, was born, in 
 1732, at Rohrau, in Austria, and was the 
 *on of a poor cartwright, who, without aitj 
 Knowledge of music, used to accompany, 
 on a rude kind of harp, the songs of his 
 wife. The schoolmaster of the neighbour- 
 ing town of Haimburg, seeing the delight 
 of young Haydn, and the correctness with 
 which he beat time to his father's notes, 
 
 fave him some musical instruction. 
 tb age of eight; he was admitted 
 14 
 
 At 
 
 of the chorister* at the cathedral of Vienna, 
 under Renter, where he remained till hit 
 voice broke, and he was dismissed. For 
 some years he could scarcely obtain a bare 
 subsistence, by teaching and by his com- 
 position; but at length he obtained the 
 situation of director of music in the estab 
 lishment of Count Marzin. In 1761 ha 
 passed into the service of Prince Anthony 
 Esterlia/.y, and on the establishment of 
 that prince, and of his successor Prince 
 Nicholas, who loved and honoured him, he 
 remained till his decease in 1809. He 
 twice visited England, the first time in 
 1791, and fora longer period in 1794, and 
 received the degree of doctor of music 
 from the university of Oxford. His com- 
 positions amount to twelve or thirteen hun- 
 dred, among which are nineteen operas and 
 five oratorios. His genius was equal to hia 
 fertility, and he blended elegance with sci- 
 ence in a manner which had never been 
 witnessed before. "His grand and sub- 
 lime oratorio of the Creation," says a mod- 
 ern musician of eminence, "and his pictur- 
 esque and descriptive Seasons, if music 
 were a language as intelligible and durable 
 as the Greek, would live and be admired 
 as long as the Illiad and Odyssey of 
 Homer." 
 
 HAYLEY, WILLIAM, a poet and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born in 1745, atChi- 
 chester; studied at Eton, and Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and, a he was a man of 
 fortune, devoted his leisure hours to litera- 
 ture. He died November 12, 1820. Hay- 
 ley undoubtedly possessed considerable ta'l- 
 ent and learning, and at one period some 
 of his productions were popular; but, as a 
 bolder and more original race of writers 
 arose his fame declined. Among his best 
 works are, in verse, A Poetical Epistle to 
 an eminent Painter; Essay op History, 
 Essay on Epic Poetry; and the Triump'hs 
 of Temper: in prose, An Essay on Old 
 Maids ; The Lives of Milton, Cowper, and 
 Romney; and his own Memoirs. 
 
 HAYNE, ISAAC, a patriot of the revo- 
 lution, was born in South Carolina, and at 
 the commencement of hostilities between 
 Great Britain and the colonies, was living 
 asa planter in the enjoyment of a consid- 
 erable fortune. In the year 1781, in viola 
 tion of all honour and justice, he was talwa 
 prisoner and executed by the royal force* 
 jnder Lord Rawdon, on" the pretence that 
 He had been found inarms aga'nst the Brit- 
 'sh government after he had accepted ;u 
 protection and become a subject to it 
 
 HAZLITT WILLIAM, the son of a dis- 
 senting minister, was brought upas an art 
 ist, and his early works gave promise of fu- 
 ture excellence; but dissatisfied, it is slid, 
 with his own labours, he abandoned the 
 pencil, and took up the pen. As an autb< 
 he displayed great fertility, and acute pc- 
 
II 4 HEB MEG 
 
 en of mind; and his style, though some-' ready accomplish! much in as high fit- 
 
 times aiming too much :it park- tier, and projected tlic accomplishment of 
 
 .ing and elegant. HP died September IS, more, when his career was suddenly closed 
 
 1830 Aiming his works air, The Rouml hy apoj Icxy, at TrichinopoJy, April !, 
 
 Table (in conjunction with Leigh Hunt); liS2b'. He is the author of Poems, full of 
 
 Characters of halupeare*a I'l spirit and elegance (ooeoftfaebert of which, 
 
 of the English Stage; Lectures on tlie his 1'alest inc. gained the pri/.e. at Oxford) ; 
 
 Engli.-h nirrs on the English Hymns; Hampton Lectures, for 18,15; A 
 
 Comic Writers; Political Essays on Pub- Li'fe of Bishop Taylor; and A Narrative 
 
 lie Characters; Tallin T;ilk; and a Life of a Journey in Upper India. The last 
 
 - ulexi. He also contributed to the was a posthumous work. 
 
 HBBERDEN, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 physii-iau, was born, in 1710, in London; 
 was educated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge; practised for ten years at Cam- 
 
 Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Brttanni- 
 ca ; The Edinburgh Review; and a variety 
 
 of periodicals. 
 
 HEARNE, THOM \s, an antiquary, was _, , , 
 
 born, in 1690, at White Waltham, in Berk- bridge, and subsequently in the inetiopoli*; 
 {(hire; was educated at Edmund Hall, ( >x- became a fellow of the College and of the 
 ford J obtained various college offices, which Royal Society; and died in 1801. He 
 however he resigned, because he would not projected the Medical Transactions; and 
 take the oaths to George I.; edited nearly j wrote Medical Commentaries on the His- 
 forty works, some of them classics, but tory and Cure of Diseases. 
 principally relative to ancient English his- 1 HECKEWELDER, JOHN, many yeam 
 tory and antiquities; and died in 1735. ] employed by the Moravian brethren as a 
 Hearne possessed a far larger share of j missionary to the Delaware Indians, was 
 patient research than of taste and judgment. | a native of England. In 1819 he publish- 
 
 HEARNE, SAMUEL, a traveller, was! ed at Philadelphia a history of the manners 
 born in London, 1742, and, after having; and customs of the Indian nations who once 
 Deen for a short time a midshipman, he en- j inhabited Pennsylvania; and in 1820 a 
 tered into the service of the Hudson's Bay I narrative of the Moravian mission among 
 
 Company. From 1769 to 1772 he was em- 
 ployed by the company to explore the north- 
 west coast of America; and he was the 
 first European who succeeded in reaching 
 the Arctic Ocean. He died in 1792, but 
 the interesting mrrative of his *Journey 
 was not published till 1795. 
 
 HEATH, WILLIAM, an officer in the 
 army of the revolution, was born in Rox- 
 bnry in 1737, and was bred a farmer. He 
 was particularly attentive to the study of 
 military tactics", and in 1775 he was com- 
 missioned as a brigadier general by the 
 provincial congress. In 1776 he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of major general in the 
 
 tinental army, and in the campaign of 
 division near the 
 
 the Delaware Indians, &c. from 1740 to 
 1808. He died at Bethlehem, in 1823, in 
 the 79th year of his age. 
 
 HEDERICH,or HEDERIC, BENJA 
 MIN, a German lexicographer, was hoi n y 
 in 1675, atGeithen, in Misnia; studied at 
 Leipsic and Wittemberg; and died, in 
 1748, rector of the school of Grossenhayn 
 He compiled various lexicons, among which 
 are a mythological and an archaeological; 
 but his best known work is the Greek Lex- 
 icon which bears his name, and which has 
 been repeatedly reprinted. 
 
 HEDVVIG, JOHN, a German botanist 
 and 
 stadf, 
 
 id physician, was born, in 1730, at Cron- 
 idt, in Transylvania, and was of a Sax- 
 
 that year commanded a division near the on family. He pursued his studies at Pre- 
 enemy's lines, at King's-bridge and Morri-jburg, Zittau, and Leipsic; practised as f* 
 san i a". During the year 1777, and till No- physician, first at Chemnitz, and next at 
 vember, 1778, he was the commanding of- . Leipsic; was appointed professor of physic 
 ficer of the eastern department, and his j ind botany, and superintendant of the pub- 
 head quarters were at Boston. In 1779 he lie garden at the latter place; and died in 
 
 returned to the main army, and was invest- 
 ed with the chief command of the troops 
 on the east side of the Hudson. After 
 the close of the war, }\?. served in several 
 public offices, till the time of his death in lished some excellent works, the principal 
 
 1799. The branch of botany to which 
 Hedwig especially directed h'is attention 
 was the mosses ; and on this subject \\n 
 made many important discoveries, ami pim- 
 
 1814. S of which, in four volumes folio, is general- 
 
 HEBER, REGINALD, a poet and di- ly called his Cryptogamia. 
 vino, was born, in 1783, at Malpas, in " HEGE8IA8, a philosopher of the Cy. 
 Shropshire; n-crived his education at Bra- J renaic school, who flourished in the third 
 f.rd, where lie distin- century n. c., was the founder of a new 
 
 pushed himself by his poeUcal and other sect called the Hegrsiac. lie taught that 
 talents; travelled in German <, Russia, ami it is better to die than to live- ami is :-aiii 
 the Crin.ea; u;s i rectur uf to have enforced this loomy dnr.tr :e with 
 
 liodnct, in Shropshire; tvus appointed so much eloquence, that some of s. * 
 oivhop of Calcutta in 1S21; and had .d- committed suicide; upon whx". 
 
HE1 
 
 ordered his school to be closed. Hegesias, 
 however, does not appear to have acted 
 upon hia own system. 
 
 HElNECCIUS.orHEINECKE, JOHN 
 THEOPHILUS, an eminent German jurist, 
 was born, in 1681, at Eisenberg; and died, 
 in 1741, professor of law at Halle. His 
 works on civil law are numerous, and justly 
 esteemed for their erudition and their style. 
 
 HEINECKEN, CHARLES HsNRY.was 
 born, in 1706, at Lubeck, and began his po- 
 litical career as confidential secretary to 
 count de Bruhl, the elector of Saxony; 
 and his talents and probity soon induced 
 the elector to ennoble him, and appoint hin 
 
 S'ivy counsellor of Saxony and Poland 
 e died in 1792. Heinecken was a lover 
 and patron of the arts. The splendid col 
 lection of engravings from pictures in the 
 Dresden Gallery was executed at his ex 
 pense; and he wrote various works, among 
 which are, A General Idea of a complete 
 Collection of Prints; and A Dictionary of 
 Artists of whom we have Prints. 
 
 HEINECKEN, CHRISTIAN HENRY, a 
 brother of the foregoing, was born, in 1721 
 at Lubeck; and died, in 172-5, at the age 
 of four years and four months. So aston- 
 ishing is the story told of this mental phe- 
 nomenon that, were it not supported by 
 powerful evidence, it might well be treated 
 as a romance. He could talk at ten months 
 old, at twelve could recite the leading facts 
 in the Pentateuch, and at thirteen had ac- 
 quired the rudiments of ancient history, 
 geography, anatomy, and the use of maps ; 
 and knew eight thousand Latin words. At 
 two years and a half he could answer any 
 question in geography and history, and be- 
 fore his decease he had added to his acqui- 
 sitions divinity, ecclesiastical history, and 
 many other branches of knowledge; and 
 spoke German, Latin, French and Low 
 Dutch. In his fourth year he harrangued 
 the king of Denmark, to whom he was pre- 
 sented. On his deathbed he displayed the 
 utmost firmness, and endeavoured to console 
 his afflicted parents. 
 
 HEINSIUS, DANIEL, a poet and clas- 
 sical critic, was born, in 1580, at Ghent, 
 and studied at Franeker, whence he re- 
 moved to Leyden, where Joseph Scaliger 
 was his tutor. At the latter university he 
 was subsequently chosen professor of his- 
 tory, secretary, and librarian. The Swedish 
 monarch and the Venetian republic con- 
 ferred on him honorary titles, and Urban 
 the Eighth made liberal offers, but in vain, 
 to induce him to settle at Rome. Heinsius 
 commented on and edited various classical 
 authors, and wrote poems in Greek, Latin, 
 and Dutch. 
 
 HEINSIUS, NICHOLAS, son of the 
 foregoing, and his rival in every branch of 
 learning, was born, in 1620, at Leyden ; 
 in EnjflaiH, Fra-irc, and Italy; 
 
 I. EL 
 
 S13 
 
 w.vs invited to Stockholm by Christina of 
 Sweden, and was subsequently twice ap- 
 pointed resident there by the States of 
 Holland; was made secretary to the city 
 of Amsterdam in 1656, but resigned in 
 1658; was sent as envoy extraordinary to 
 Russia in 1667; and died in 1681. Hii 
 Latin poetry, which is remarkable for its 
 elegance and purity, gained for him the ap- 
 pellation of the Swan of Holland. He ed- 
 ited editions, with notes, of Virgil, Ovid, 
 Claudian, and Valerius Flaccus. 
 
 HEINSIUS, ANTHONY, an eminent 
 Dutch statesman, was born about 1641, 
 and died at the Hague in 1720. For forty 
 years he filled the high station of grand 
 pensionary of Holland, and distinguished 
 himself by his prudence, firmness, probity, 
 and disinterestedness. He possessed the 
 entire confidence of William III., Marl- 
 borough, and Eugene; and was one of the 
 most enlightened and strenuous supporters 
 of that system by which the pride of Lou- 
 is XIV. was at length humbled. 
 
 HEISTER, LAURENCE, an eminent 
 anatomist, surgeon, and physician, was 
 born, in 1683, at Frankfort on the Maine; 
 studied anatomy under Ruysch; acquired 
 much experience as surgeon and physician 
 general to the Dutch forces; and died, in 
 1758, professor of medicine, surgery, and 
 botany, in the university of Helmstadt. 
 His Compendium of Anatomy, and Insti- 
 tutes of Surgery, were exceedingly popu- 
 lar. Heister was no contemptible bota- 
 nist, and was one of the most strenuous 
 opponents of the Linnaean system. 
 
 HELIODORUS, a native of Ernest, 
 n Phoenicia, who flourished in the fourth 
 century, is the author of a romance called 
 The ^Ethiopics, or the Loves of Thea- 
 *enes and Chariclea ; the first work of the 
 and. He was afterwards bishop of Tric- 
 ca, in Thessaly. An apocryphal story is 
 on record, that a pynod having given him 
 the alternative of burning his juvenile 
 work, or resigning his bishopric, he pre- 
 ferred doing the latter. 
 
 HELIOGABALUS, a Roman emperor 
 derived his name from his having been 
 priest of the sun at Emessa. He was the 
 son of Varius Marcellus. The soldiery 
 raised him to the throne, in 218, when ho 
 was at most seventeen years of age, and 
 ic began his reign with the most hypo- 
 critical profession of moderation and'vir- 
 ue. He soon, however, revelled in all 
 hose follies and vices which most disgrace 
 uiman nature. After he had reigned near 
 Y four years, he was put to death by thr 
 Praetorian guards, his body was dragged 
 through the streets and thrown into the 
 Tyber, and his memuiy was declared in 
 kmous. 
 
 HELMONT, JOHN BAPTHT VAN, a 
 celeVtrated chemitt, was born, in 1577, a< 
 
816 HE! 
 
 Brussels, and was of a noble family, 
 studied at Louvain, made an cxcceii 
 rapid progress, ami engaged in an extcn- 
 nrse of reading. Having taken his 
 
 medical decree, he (ravelled fir ten \e.ns 
 i i i i t i ~ 
 
 HEN 
 
 He | no want of charity in believing that his dis- 
 like of despotism, and not his defective 
 morality, was his inexpiable crime in the 
 eyesof aiaeneinie*. In 1764 and 1765 he 
 
 and 
 
 kno 
 
 daring his travels 
 rledge of practical 
 
 ibtained 
 chemistry. 
 
 In 
 
 1609 he married a woman of fortune, and 
 settled at Vilvorden, where lie practised 
 medicine gratuitously, and for thirty years 
 carried on his chem'ical experiments with 
 indefatigable spirit. He died in 1644. 
 In the works of Van Helmont there is un- 
 doubtedly much crude and visionary s|>ec- 
 tilalion, but there is also much that is wor- 
 thy of notice. He pointed out many of 
 the absurdities of the Galenical system, 
 and contributed largely to its overthrow; 
 and he made several chemical discoveries. 
 The word gas was first used by Van Hel- 
 mont. 
 
 HELOISE, whom hor unfortunate pns- 
 sion for Abelard has rendered famous, 
 was born about 1101 or 1102, and was the 
 niece of Fulbert, canon of Paris. In her 
 earliest youth she manifested an ardent 
 love of learning; and she soon acquired a 
 knowledge of philosophy, and of the Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew languages. After her 
 separation from her husband (see A BE- 
 LAUD), she took the veil, became prioress 
 of the convent of Argenteuil, and, eventu- 
 ally, abbess of the Paraclete. She died 
 in "1164. 
 
 HELVETIUS, ADRIAN, a physician, 
 was Ixjrn, about 1661, in Holland, and 
 settled at Paris. There he discovered the 
 medical virtues of ipecacuanha in dysen- 
 teric cases, and having cured the dauphin 
 with it, he received a reward of a thou- 
 sand louis, and various appointments. He 
 died in 1727. His son, JOHN CLAUDE 
 ADRIAN, was a physician of great skill 
 and learning. 
 
 HELVETIUS, CLAUDE A*, "IAN, son 
 of John Claude A Irian, was horn, in 
 1715, at Paris; was educated at the col- 
 lege of Louis the Great; manifested early 
 talents; and soon became intimate with 
 most of the literary characters of the age. 
 For some years he was one of the farmers 
 general, and he made a noble use of the 
 immense income which he drew from this 
 source. He resigned this advantageous 
 pursuit, however, and retired to his es- 
 *.ate, in order to devote himself to litera- 
 ture. In 1758 he gave to the world his 
 work On the Mind. It was immediately 
 assailed by the clergy, the Sorbonne, and 
 the parliament; it was condemned to the 
 flames; and the author was obliged to 
 recantation, and give up a place 
 he held at court. That, in a 
 
 itgn a 
 which 
 
 visited England and Prussia, and was flat- 
 teringly received. The rest of his life was 
 spent on his estate, in literary occupation, 
 and in the practice of benevolence. He 
 died 1771. He left a posthumous work, 
 On Man, his Intellectual Faculties, and his 
 Education. He is also the author of Hap- 
 
 a poem, in six cantos. 
 HF.LVICUS, CHRISTOPHER, a chro- 
 nologist, was born, in 1581, near Frank- 
 tort ; studied at Marpurg; was made pro- 
 fess ir of theology at Giessen; and died in 
 1617. Among his works are, A New Sys. 
 tern of Chronology ; a Synopsis of Univer- 
 al History; and a Chronological Disserta- 
 tion on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel. 
 
 HENAULT, CHARLES JOHN FRAK- 
 cis, generally known as President Hen- 
 auk, from his having been president of the 
 Parliament of Paris, was born in the French 
 capital, in 1685; studied under the fathers 
 of the Oratory ; and had the advantage of 
 ig the lessons and the advice of Ma- 
 He was appointed superintendent 
 of the queen's household, and, with a noble 
 spirit, he made over one half of the salary 
 to the widow of his predecessor. Henault 
 w* ' a favourite at court, and was in habits 
 f friendship with many of the most cele- 
 brated writers of that period. He died in 
 1770. He wrote an excellent Chronologi- 
 cal Abridgement of the History of France; 
 seven plays; and many elegant verses. A 
 Critical History of the Establishment of the 
 Franks in Gaul is attributed to him, but 
 on doubtful authority. 
 
 HENLEY, JOHN, familiarly known as 
 Orator Henley, was born, in 1692, at Mel- 
 on Mowbray, in Leicestershire; was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Cambridge; 
 and, after having been a master of a free 
 school, a curate, and a preacher at a chapel 
 ic opened an anomalous kind of place 
 which he called an oratory, first in .\ew 
 jort Market, and next in" Clare Market, 
 ivhere he delivered theological and miscel- 
 aneous lectures, anil made himself a mark 
 for the shafts of satire by his eccentric con- 
 duct. He died in 1756. Among liis works 
 ire, the Hyp Doctor; and a translation of 
 Pliny's Epistles. Henley was a man of 
 parts, but he wofullv misused hi.< talents. 
 
 HENRION I)E 1'ANSEY, PETFR 
 PAUL NICHOLAS, an em.nent French ma- 
 gistrate and legal writer, wt born, in 1742, 
 at Treveraye, in Lorraint, i.id died, first 
 )resident of the council of c.^ation, in 
 1829. 
 sertations 
 analysed and compared with 
 
 Among his works aro, I->iwlal Dis 
 ions; Dumoulin's Tiejc*^ oh Fief* 
 
 moral point of view, many of his doc- 
 
 n-iii'-s leari to dangerous consequences, lists ; a treatise On the Judicial A. 
 
 as list uot be denied; Init there is, perhaps, ! in France; and a treatise Or, di* .%** 
 
HEN 
 
 of France since the Establish- 
 ment of the monarchy 
 
 II ENRY IV., King of France, snrnamed 
 '.he (ireat, son of Antony of Bourbon, king 
 of Navarre, was born, in 1553, at Tan, 
 the capital of Beam, and was early tem- 
 pered to encounter difficulties, by being 
 Drought up in a simple and hardy manner. 
 After having been initiated in the profession 
 of arms under Conde and Coligni, and 
 been present at the battles of Jarnac and 
 Moncontour, he went to the court of 
 France, and, in 1572, was married to Mar- 
 garet of Valois, the sister of Charles IX. 
 From the execrable massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew he escaped only by a temporary 
 renunciation of the protesUuit faith. Escap- 
 ing from Paris, he put himself at the head 
 of the Huguenot party, and supported its 
 cause with equal talent and bravery. In 
 1589 he succeeded to the throne of France ; 
 but for fuur years he had to contend for 
 his crown against the furious efforts of the 
 League and Spain; nor did he secure the 
 possession of it till, in 1593, he consented 
 to embrace the catholic religion. In 1595 
 he issued the celebrated edict of Nantz. 
 After a glorious reign of twenty-one years, 
 lie was assassinated, M ay 14, 1610, by a 
 fanatic, named Ravaillac. Henry was 
 brave, frank, liberal, and sincerely desirous 
 to promote the happiness of his people; 
 but his virtues were shaded by some weak- 
 nesses, among which must be numbered 
 prodigality, a propensity to gaming, and a 
 persevering indulgence in illicit amours. 
 
 HENRY THE MINSTREL, or BLIND 
 HARRY (so called because he was blind 
 from his birth), a Scottish poet, of the 
 fifteenth century, was a wandering min- 
 strel, and is supposed to have belonged to 
 some monastic order. His Actis and Deidis 
 of ye Illuster and Vailzeand Campion Syr 
 William Wallace*, is believed to have been 
 composed about 1440, and possesses con- 
 siderable merit. He was the first Scottish 
 poet who employed the heroic couplet. 
 
 HENRY, MATTHEW, an eminent non- 
 conformist divine, was born, in 1663, al 
 Broad Oak, in Flintshire, and was educated 
 by his father, a highly estimable divine. 
 In 1686, he became pastor of a congrega- 
 tion at Chester, with which he remained 
 till 1702, when he removed to Hackney. 
 His assiduity in performing the duties of 
 his function impaired his constitution, and 
 
 HER 
 
 817 
 
 Jray Friar* Church, in the Scotch c; r ital, 
 whence he exchanged to the old church, 
 ,nd, in 1774, was chosen moderator of the 
 general assembly. He died in 1790. Dr. 
 "ienry was thirty years employed on his 
 liftory of England, a valuable work, 
 which, though its success was retarded by 
 he malignant efforts of his enemies, rose 
 it length into public favour, ad'W more 
 han .3000 to his fortune, and obtained 
 or him, from the crown, a pension of 
 jC.100 per annum. 
 
 HENRY, PATRICK, an American ora- 
 'or and statesman, was born in Virginia in 
 1736, and after receiving a common school 
 education, and spending some time in trade 
 and agriculture, commenced the practice 
 of the law, after only six weeks of prepar- 
 atory study. After several years of pov- 
 erty, with the incumbrance of a family, he 
 firs't rose to distinction in managing the 
 popular cause in the controversy between 
 the legislature and the clergy, touching the 
 stipend which was claimed "by the latter. 
 In 1765 he was elected a member of the 
 tiouse of burgesses, with express reference 
 to an opposition to the British stamp act. 
 In this assembly he obtained the honour of 
 being the first to commence the opposition 
 to the measures of the British government, 
 
 terminated in the rerolutio 
 
 He 
 
 was one of the delegates sent by Virginia 
 to the first general congress of the colonies, 
 in 1774, and in that body distinguished 
 himself by his boldness and eloquence. In 
 1776 he was appointed the first governor 
 of the commonwealth, and to this office 
 was repeatedly reelected. In 1786 he was 
 appointed by the legislature one of the 
 deputies to the convention held at Philadel- 
 phia, for the purpose of revising the federal 
 constitution. In 1788 he was a member 
 of the convention, which met in Virginia 
 to consider the constitution of the United 
 States, and exerted himself strenuously 
 against its adoption. In 1794 he retired 
 from the bar, and died in 1799. Without 
 extensive information upon legal or politi- 
 cal topics, he was a natural orator of the 
 highest order, possessing great powers of 
 imagination, sarcasm and humour, united 
 with great force and energy of manner, 
 and a deep knowledge of human nature. 
 
 HERACLITUS, a philosopher, born at 
 Ephesus, flourished about 504 B. c., and 
 was taught the Pythagorean system by 
 
 he died, much regretted, in 1714. He Hippasus and Xenophanes. Refusing the 
 wrote several religious pieces; but his supreme magistracv, which was offered to 
 reat work is an Exj>osition of the Bible,: him by his fellow citizens, he retired to a 
 in five volumes folio; which retains, and j mountainous retreat, where he lived upon 
 deserves, all its pristine popularity. 
 
 HENRY, ROHFRT, an Im-tor'ian, was 
 
 the spontaneous produce of the earth. 
 died of dropsy, at the age of sixty. 
 
 He 
 His 
 
 born, in 1718, at St. Ninian's, near Stir- | melancholy disposition probably gave rise 
 ling; was educated at Edinburgh ; and, to the tale' that he continually wept the 
 after having filled some less important fillies cf mankind, whence he was called 
 preferment*, became minuter of the new , the Crying Philosopher. He was also de- 
 
lift 
 
 HER 
 
 nominated Ate Dbscure Philosopher, from 
 his having wri in on his doctrines a trea- 
 tise in an enigmatical style, that it might 
 not be read by the vulgar. 
 
 HERBELOT, BARTHOLOMEW , a 
 learned orientalist, was born, in 1625, at 
 Paris; travelled (wire into Italy, in search 
 of eastern manuscripts, and to converse with 
 persons from the East ; was appointed 
 tegiu? professor of Syriac in the French 
 capital; and died in 1695, as much regret- 
 led for his virtues as admired for his learn- 
 ing. His Oriental Library merits the 
 praise bestowed on it by Gibbon, of being 
 " an agreeable miscellany, which must 
 gratify every taste." 
 
 HERBERT, of CHER HURT, EDWARD, 
 lord, was born, in 1581, at Montgomery 
 Castle; was sent at the early age of twelve 
 years to University College, Oxford ; was 
 made a knight of the Bath soon after the 
 accession of James I.; travelled on the 
 continent in 1608, and attracted much 
 attention by his manners and accomplish- 
 ments; served in the Netherlands in 1610 
 and 1614, and displayed consummate 
 bravery; was twice sent ambassador to 
 France, where he distinguished himself 
 by resenting the insolence of the worthless 
 favourite de Luynes; was made an Irish 
 peer, in 1625, and, soon after, an English 
 baron ; espoused the parliamentary cause 
 during the civil wars; and died in 1648. 
 Herbert was one of the most chivalrous 
 characters of his time, with considerable 
 talents, and some vanity. He was a deist, 
 and waa one of the first who reduced 
 deism into a system. His principles are 
 expounded in his works De Veritate, and 
 De Religione Laici.- Lord Herbert also 
 wrote his own Memoirs; a Life of Henry 
 VIII.; and a treatise on the Religion of 
 the Heathens. 
 
 HERBERT, GEORGE, a brother of the 
 foregoing, was born, in 1593, at Mont- 
 gomery Castle; was educated at Westmin- 
 ster School, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge; was for eight years orator of the 
 university; and, in 1630, became rector of 
 Bemerton, in Wiltshire, where he died in 
 1632. Herbert was a man of such exem- 
 plary piety and benevolence that his 
 brother ?avs, " where he lived beneficed, 
 he was ittie less than sainted." He wrote 
 The Priest to the Temple a manual of 
 clerical duties; and a volume of sacred 
 poems, with the title of The Temple. 
 
 HERBERT, Sir THOMAS, the son of 
 an alderman, was born at York; and, 
 after having lx?en educated at Jesus Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, he travelled for four years in Asia 
 and Africa. In 1G34, In; "published A 
 Relation i.f hi.- Travis. Dining the ci\ il 
 war he took the side of the parliament; 
 but, being appointed to attend 
 
 HER 
 
 Charles in his captivity, he became warm.} 
 attached to him. Herbert was made a 
 baronet at the Restoration, and he died i 
 j 1682. Besides his travels ho wrote Thre- 
 nodia Carolina ; and assisted Dugdalr. in 
 the third volume of the Monartieon. 
 
 HERDER, JOHN GODFREY, a German 
 philosopher and writer, was born, in 1744, 
 ! of poor parents, at Mohrunpen, in Prii.ia; 
 1 was educated for the rlmrch, became court 
 preacher, ecclesiastical cotinre.lor, and vice 
 president of the consistory to t'.ie duke of 
 Saxe Weimar; and died, beloved and 
 venerated by all who knew him, in 1803. 
 At the moment when he expired he was 
 writing a hymn to the Deity, and the pen 
 was found on the unfinished line. " In 
 many respects," says Degerando, " Herder 
 is the Fenelon of Germany, and of the 
 reformed religion." His works, philolog- 
 ical, philosophical, and poetical, form 
 twenty-eight volumes octavo. 
 
 HERMELIN, SAMUEL GUSTAVUS, 
 baron, a Swedish mineralogist, was born, 
 in 1744, at Stockholm. After having trav- 
 elled extensively, and paid particular 
 attention to the statistics and geology of 
 the countries which he visited, he settled 
 in his native land, and for more than fifty 
 years held the most eminent situations in 
 the management of the Swedish mines 
 He died in 1820. Hermelin wrote various 
 works relative to the mineralogy, metal- 
 lurgy, and resources of Sweden; and it 
 was he who projected the Swedish Atlas, 
 and at whose expense a considerable part 
 of it was executed. 
 
 HERMOGENES, a rhetorician, born 
 at Tarsus, in Cilicia, flourished about the 
 year 180, and is celebrated for the meteoric 
 brilliancy and rapid extinction of his 
 talent?. At the age of fifteen he was 
 famous for his power of extempore speak- 
 ing ; at seventeen he published his rhetoi ic ; 
 and, soon after, various treatises on oratory, 
 which ranked him high among writers 
 upon that subject; but in his twenty-fifth 
 year he wholly lost hii memory, and sank 
 into stupidity; nor, though he lived to a 
 great age, did he ever recover hi* intellec- 
 tual faculties. 
 
 HERO, the ELDER, acelebrated mecha- 
 nician, was born, about 120 B. c., at Al- 
 exandria; was a pupil of Ctesibius; and 
 possessed an extensive knowledge of me- 
 chanics and geometry. He invented 
 water-clocks, automatons, and other curi- 
 ous machines. Some fragments of his 
 writings on mechanics are extant. 
 
 HERODIAN, a Greek historian, be- 
 lieved to have been a native of Alexandria, 
 held various honourable offices at Rome, 
 and flourished in the second and third 
 centuries after Christ. He wrote a History 
 of Rome, in eight books, from the death 
 of Mai CUD Aujcliu* to the accession of 
 
HER 
 
 luuac Cassauhon, \M Mot he 
 Vayer, Gibbon, and others have born 
 testimony to its general merit. 
 
 HERODOTUS, the o.dest of the Greek 
 historians whose works ;ire extant, am 
 whom Cicero called the Father of History 
 was born 484 B. c., at Halicarnassus, 11 
 Caria. When his country was tyranizei 
 over by Lygdauiis, Herodotus abandone< 
 it, and travelled over Greece, Egypt, anc 
 Italy. Returning to Kis native place, he 
 assisted in overthrowing the tyranny 
 but, instead of gratifying the people by 
 this conduct, he is said to have incurret 
 their resentment. In his thirty-ninth yeai 
 be recited his History, with universa 
 npplause, at the Olympic games. He is 
 believed to have died at Tluiriuin, in Italy 
 at an advanced age. A Life of Homer is 
 erroneously ascribed to him. 
 
 HERON, ROBERT, a miscellaneous 
 writer, born in Scotland, and educatec 
 ibr the church, was for some time assistan 
 preacher to Dr. Blair, at Edinburgh. Lured 
 to London by promises of patronage from 
 the booksellers, he was indefatigable with 
 his pen. He contributed to many peri- 
 odicals; was, for a time, editor of the 
 British Press, the Globe, the British Nep- 
 tune, and other papers; translated many 
 foreign prodjictions ; wrote several original 
 works; and closed his career by dying, 
 pennyless, in the Fever Institution at 
 Pancras, April 13, 1807. Among his 
 labours are, A Tour in Scotland, two vols. ; 
 A History of Scotland, six vols.; A Sys- 
 tem of Chemistry; and the Comforts of 
 Human Life. 
 
 HEROPHILUS, a celebrated physi- 
 cian, a native of Chalcedon, was a disciple 
 of Praxagoras, and lived under Ptolemy 
 Soter. He was one of the first who dis- 
 sected human bodies. Herophilus also 
 marked the distinction between the nerves 
 and the tendons and ligaments; discrimi- 
 nated the variations in the state of the 
 pulse; and pa-tly discovered the lacteal 
 absorbents 
 
 HERRF;RA, FERDINAND, a Spanish 
 poet, was born at Seville, about 1516, and 
 died about 1595. He was the first of the 
 four poets of his country to whom the 
 epithet divine wan applied. Besides his 
 Poems, in one volume, consisting of son- 
 nets, songs, elegies, &c. he wrote a Rela- 
 tion of ths War of Cyprus; and a General 
 History of if pain ; "the last of which is 
 unfortunately lost. 
 
 HERREftA, ANTHONY, a celebrated 
 Spanish hfi-torian, whose real name was 
 TORDE?fL,LAS, but who took that of 
 his mother., wasb.>rn in 1559; was appoint- 
 ed chief historiographer, and, subsequently, 
 secretary of stale, by Philip II.; and died 
 in.^1625. He wrote several histories; but 
 Li* jri work is. Tin? Genrni IIi.'ory of 
 
 HER 
 
 Sit 
 
 the Deeds of the Castiliuna In the Isle* 
 and on the Continent of the Ocean Sea, 
 four volumes folio. Ilerrera is prolix, and 
 fond of the BUurveHoofl, but is candid, im- 
 partial, and full of research. 
 
 HERRI CK, ROBERT, a poet, was born, 
 in 1591, in London, was educated at St 
 John's College and Trinity Hall, Cam- 
 bridge; was expelled from his living; r T 
 Dean Prior, in Devonshire, during thct 
 wars, but recovered it at the restoration 
 and died soon after that event. His Hcs- 
 perides (which were reprinted a few years 
 since), contain many poems of exquisite 
 beauty. " He has passages (as Campbell 
 no less elegantly than truly remarks) where 
 the thoughts seem to dance into numbers 
 from his very heart, and where he frolics 
 like a being made up of melody and pleas- 
 ure." 
 
 HERRING, THOMAS, an eminent pre- 
 late, was born, in 1693, at Walsoken, in 
 Norfolk, of which his father was rector; 
 tudied at Jesus and Bennet Colleges, 
 Cambridge ; and, after having possessed 
 various livings, was raised, in 1737, to die 
 see of Bangor, whence, in 1743, he wns 
 translated to York. After the defeat of 
 the king's troops at Preston Pans, in 1746, 
 the archbishop exerted himself in his dio- 
 cese with so much patriotism au,d zeal that 
 ic repressed the disaffected, inspirited the 
 desponding, and procured, at a county 
 meeting, a subscription of .40,000, to- 
 >vards the deferfce of the country. In 1747 
 le was removed to the see of Canterbury ; 
 and he died at Croydon, in 1756, Her- 
 ring was a man of learning, piety, and 
 olerant principles. His Sermons and 
 Betters were published after his death. 
 
 HERSCHEL, Sir WILLIAM, one of 
 
 lie greatest astronomers of modern times, 
 vas born in 1738. He was the son of a 
 nusician, who brought him up to his own 
 rofession ; and young Herschel was suo 
 essively a player in the band of a Hano- 
 erian regiment, and of the Durham militia 
 nd organist at Halifax, and at the Octa- 
 on chupel at Bath The study of astronomy 
 , - as one of the occupations of his leisure 
 our?, and finding the purchase of a po*- 
 
B2t 
 
 T1F.S 
 
 erful teic&coptt too expensive, he tried to 
 construct one for himself, and was suc- 
 cessful. He subsequently made others ol 
 enormous magnitude. Relinquishing the 
 profession of music, lie gave himself up tt 
 astronomical inquiries, and, on the 13th ol 
 March, 17-S1 , was so fortunate as to discoM-i 
 a new planet, which he named the Georgiun 
 Sidus. Thenceforth, patronised by Georg< 
 the Third, and assisted by his sister Caro 
 line, he continued his lalxmrs assiduously 
 In 1816 he received the Guelphic order ol 
 knighthood; and he died August 23, 1822, 
 Among the discoveries made by Hersche! 
 are the lunar volcanos, the sixth am 
 seventh satellites of Saturn, the six satel- 
 lite* of the Georgian planet, and the nature 
 of the various nebulae. Herschel wrote 
 many papers in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions; and drew up a Catalogue of Stars, 
 taken from Flamsteed's Observations; and 
 a Catalogue of Five Thousand new Ne- 
 bulae. 
 
 HERTZBERG, EWALU FREDERIC 
 count, a Prussian statesman and political 
 writer, was born, in 1725, at Lottin, in 
 Pomerania; was gradually advanced by 
 the great Frederic till he became prime 
 minister; was for a while in favour with 
 Frederic William II., but lost that sove- 
 reign's countenance by his honourable 
 frankness; and died in 1795. Hertzberg 
 was an honest and an enlightened states- 
 man. Besides his Political Works, which 
 form three volumes, he wrote several Dis- 
 sertations which were read to the Academy 
 of Berlin. 
 
 HERVEY, JOHN, lord, was born, in 
 1696; received his education at Clare Hall, 
 Cambridge ; filled various state offices, 
 among which was that of lord privy seal ; 
 and died in 1743. Pope has unjustly 
 satirized him under the names of Lord 
 Fanny and Sporus; for Hervey was, in 
 fact, a man of courage and talent; of the 
 latter quality his lordship gave sufficient 
 proof by a severe retaliatory Epistle. He 
 wrote some fugitive poems and political 
 pieces. 
 
 HERVEY, JAMES, a pious and amiable 
 divine, was born, in 1713-14, at Harding- 
 Btone, near Northampton ; was educated at 
 Northampton Grammar School, and Lin- 
 coln College, Oxford; and, after having 
 officiated at Dunrnoor and Biddeford, he 
 succeeded his father, as rector of Weston 
 Favell and Collingtree. He died, in 1758, 
 universally regretted for his virtues and 
 he sweetness of his disposition. Of his 
 works, which form six volumes octavo, 
 the most popular are his Meditations among 
 the ToiBw, and Reflections in a Flower 
 Garden. The morality is exreHent, sonic 
 passage? are striking, but the at\le is 
 meretriciously florid. 
 
 HESlOI>.'n Greek rx.et, of * Von littlu 
 
 IHBf 
 
 that * certain is known. It it do ibtfu, 
 whether he was born at Cuma, in ^tolia. 
 or Ascra, in Ba'otia; and whether he wai 
 a contemporary or predecessor of Homer 
 From himself we learn that he had kept 
 sheep on Mount Helicon, and that he had 
 been defrauded by his brother. He is 
 said to have been drowned on a fa!se 
 accusation of having aided in'a rape. He 
 is the author of Works and Days; Thro- 
 gony; and the Shield of Hercules; but 
 his title to the last two has been ques- 
 tioned. 
 
 HKSYCHIUS, a lexicographer, ap- 
 pears to have been a native of Alexandria; 
 but whether he existed in the fourth or th 
 sixth century is doubtful. He compiled a 
 Lexicon, which is considered as one of 
 the most valuable treasures of the Greek 
 language. 
 
 HEVELIUS, JOHN, an eminent astron 
 omer, was born, in 1611, at Dantzic; 
 and died in 1688. He was a most perse- 
 vering and accurate observer of the starry 
 bodies. The libration of the moon was 
 first noticed by him; he discovered several 
 fixed stars, and formed some new constella- 
 tions. Among his works are Selenogra- 
 phia; Cometographia; Machina Coelestis; 
 and Prodromus Astronomiae. 
 
 HE\VES, JOSEPH, a signer of the 
 declaration of independence, was born in 
 New-Jersey in the year 1730. At the age 
 of thirty he removed to North Carolina, 
 and was a delegate from this province to 
 the Continental Congress. He died in 
 November, 1779. He was a man of integ- 
 rity, firmness and ardent patriotism. 
 
 HE\VSON, WILLIAM, a celebrated 
 anatomist, was born, in 1739, at Hexham, 
 n Northumberland; was pupil and sub- 
 sequently assistant to John and William 
 Hunter ;' began a course of lectures., on hit 
 own account, in 1772; and died in 1774, 
 of a wound received in dissecting. Hew- 
 son discovered the lymphatic system in 
 )irds and fishes, for which discovery he 
 eceived the Coplevan medal. He wrote 
 Experimental Inquiries into the Properties 
 f the Blood : and a Treatise on the Ly m- 
 phatic System. 
 
 HEYLIN, PETER, a divine, was born, 
 n 1600, at Burford, in Oxfordshire; was 
 educated at Hart Hall and Magdalen CoU 
 Vge, Oxford; obtained various livings and 
 lerical offices through the patronage of 
 Lund, from which he was expelled bv the 
 epublicans ; was the editor of 'die IVler 
 urius Aulicus, the royalist paper; recov 
 :red his preferments "at the restoration 
 ind died in 1662. Among his works are 
 ,i\cs ( f Land, and of Charles I. ; Histi rie* 
 f the Presbyterians, and of the Refoi ma- 
 ion of the Cliurch of England; and A 
 I*'!|) to Kngli.-h lli>torv. 
 
 HEY.M;, CMKUYIAV GOTTZ.OI, 
 
HID 
 
 teamed German, was born, in 1729, at 1 
 Chemnitz, of poor parents; and, in spite j 
 of almost insurmountable obstacles, be- 
 came, by dint of astonishing exertions,' 
 one of the most eminent scholars of the ' 
 age. 
 
 . In 1763, he was appointed prol\sor i 
 of rhetoric at Gottingen, in which univer- 
 
 sity he remained till his decease, in July, 
 1812. Among his works are editions of 
 Homer, Pindar, Epictetus, Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus, Virgil, and Tibullus; and a variety on 
 pieces, which have been collected in six 
 volumes octavo, with the title of Opuscula 
 Acaderaica. 
 
 HEY WOOD, JOHN, an early English 
 poet, was born at North Minis, in Hert- 
 fordshire; WAS educated at Oxford; was 
 in great favour with Henry VIII. and 
 Mary; and died, in 1565, at Mechlin, in 
 Brabant. His companionable qualities, 
 and his musical skill, rendered his society 
 much in request. Among his works are, 
 six plays ; several hundred epigrams ; and 
 The Spider and Fly, a parable. 
 
 HEYWOOD, THOMAS, 'an actor and 
 writer, lived in the reigns of Elizabeth, 
 James I., and Chatles I., and is supposed 
 to have been a native of Lincolnshire. His 
 fertility was astonishing; for he tells us 
 that lie " had either an entire hand, or at 
 least a main finder," in two hundred and 
 twenty plays, of which only twenty-three 
 are extant. Writing so much, it is won- 
 derful that he wrote so well. " He is," 
 says Charles Lamb, " a sort of prose 
 Sliakspeare; his scenes are to the full as 
 natural and affecting.* 4 Hey wood did not 
 confine himself to the drama; he wrote va- 
 rious works, among which are, The Hier- 
 archy of Angels; A Life of Queen Eliza- 
 beth ; and a General History of Women. 
 
 HICKES, GEORGE, a theologian and 
 philologist, was b.irn, in 1642, at News- 
 Sam, in Yorkshire; was educated at St. 
 John's College', Oxford ; rose in the church 
 till he obtained, in 1633, the deanery of 
 Worcester; .was disappointed of the bish- 
 opric of Bristol by the death of Charles II. ; 
 refused to take the oaths to William III. ; 
 and was an active enemy of the govern- 
 ment; and died in 1715. His theological 
 and controversial works are numerous, but 
 are forgotten, and his name is preserved 
 by the proofs which he has given of his 
 Saxon scholarship, in his valuable Antiquae 
 Literature Septentrionalu Thesaunu, two 
 volumes folio; and his Institutiones Gram- 
 matical Anglo Saxonica>. . 
 
 HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Don Mi- 
 CHAKL, one of the first assertors of Mexi- 
 can libertv, was rector of Dolores, in the 
 province of Guanaxuato, and was a man 
 of education and talents, who possessed 
 great influence with the natives. In con- 
 unction wit i several others, he formed a 
 olan for throwing off the Spanuh yoke. It 
 
 u; 
 
 HIL 321 
 
 was betrayed to the viceroy, and Hidalgo 
 was driven to the necessity of t iking the 
 field prematurely. The insurrection began 
 on the night of the tenth of September, 
 1810. At first he obtained great- success: 
 but at length, the archbishop of Mexicft 
 having excommunicated him and his fol- 
 lowers, superstition thinned his ranks, and 
 he sustained three severe defeats. He ul- 
 timately fell into the hands of the Spaniards, 
 and was executed in July, 1811. 
 
 HIGHMORE, NATHANIEL, an anato- 
 mist and physician, was born, in 1613, at 
 Fordingbridge, in Hampshire; was edu- 
 cated at Oxford ; practised at Sherborne 
 in Dorsetshire; and died in 1684. He 
 wrote a History of Generation; a Treatise 
 on Hysteria and Hypochondriasis; and 
 The Anatomy of the Human Body. The 
 cavity called'the antrum Highmorianum, in 
 the superior maxilla, takes its name from 
 him. 
 
 HILL, AARON, was born, in 1685, in 
 Westminster, and was educated at the 
 school of that city. In Ilia fifteenth year, 
 being left fatherless, he boldly travelled to 
 Constantinople to visit Lord Paget, the 
 British ambassador, who was a relation 
 By his lordship he was sent to travel in the 
 Levant. His sebsequent life was an active 
 one. At one period he was manager of 
 Dairy Lane Theatre. Literary pursuits 
 occupied much of his time. But a consid- 
 erable portion of his existence was spent in 
 trying to carry into effect various schemes, 
 among which were the extracting of oil 
 from beech mast, the formation of a colony 
 in Georgia, and procuring timber from the 
 Highlands. He died in 1750. Hill was a 
 noble spirited and benevolent man, and his 
 poetical talents were far above contempt. 
 His dramatic works form two volumes, and 
 his poems and miscellaneous pieces, not in- 
 cluding his epic of Gideon, have been col- 
 lected in tour volumes. 
 
 HILL, Sir JOHN, a multifarious writer, 
 the son of a clergyman, was born, about 
 1716, at Peterborough; was brought upas 
 an apothecary; tried the stage; then be- 
 came an author; next practised as a phy- 
 sician, and invented several quack medi- 
 cines, which proved very lucrative; and 
 died in 1775. Hill was, undoubtedly, a 
 man of talent, but was so marvellously rapid 
 a writer, that his productions were neces- 
 sarily superficial and incorrect. With the 
 wits of the age he was continually at war. 
 His numerous works have passed into ob- 
 livion, with the exception of those on scien- 
 tific subjects, among which are Essays on 
 Natural History and Philosophy; and his 
 System of Botany, in twenty-six folio vol- 
 umes. 
 
 HILLEL, the Elder, surnamed Hassri- 
 ken, a descendant of the house of David, 
 was horn, 112 B. c , af Fabvlor- ; becaaa* 
 
323 
 
 HOA 
 
 president of the Sanhedrim, at Jerusalem; 
 and died at the ape of a lumdied and twenty. 
 The J*w-Mh writers unanimously consider 
 him as the most le.irned in their laws and 
 tradition? of all the ancient dcctors. He 
 ;)< of the compilers of the Talmud. 
 
 IIII'I'AIUSIII.'JS, the greatest of ancient 
 astronomers, wns a native of Nictra, in 
 Bithynia, arm settled at Rhodes. No par- 
 ticulirs of his life arc known, but he ap- 
 pears to have flou relied about a century 
 and a half before the Christian era. He 
 was the first who numbered and catalogued 
 the stars; he discovered the precession of 
 the equinoxes; determined the revolutions 
 and mean motions of the planets; invented 
 the stereograph ical mode of projection, and 
 various new instruments, and conferred 
 other benefits on astronomical science. His 
 Commentary on the Phenomena of Aratns 
 is exlHiit. 
 
 HIPPOCRATES, the most eminent of 
 ancient physicians, who is considered as 
 the father of medical science, was born, 
 about 460 B. c. in the island of Cog; is 
 raid to Jiave been the eighteenth lineal de- 
 scendant of ^Esculapitw; and studied med- 
 icine under Herodicus, and philosophy and 
 
 HOB 
 
 catd at Bene't College, Cambridge; set- 
 tled in London as a physician; acquired 
 extensive practice, and became physician 
 to the king and the prince of Wales; and 
 died in 1757. Ik-sides various medical 
 productions, Dr. Hoadley wrote the lively 
 comedy of The Suspicious Husband, which 
 still retains its place on the stage. He also 
 gave Hogarth gome assistance in the Anal- 
 ysis of Beauty. 
 
 HOBART, JOHN HKNRT, was born in 
 Philadelphia on the fourteenth of Septem- 
 ber 1775. He was educated at the Col- 
 lege in Princeton, New Jersey, and was 
 noted in early life for his industry and pro- 
 ficiency in his studies. On leaving this in- 
 stitution he wag engaged a short time in 
 mercantile puiysuits, was subsequently a tu- 
 tor at Nasssau Hall, and after two years 
 service in this capacity he determined upon 
 the study of theology. In 1798 he was ad- 
 mitted into orders, and was first settled in 
 the two churches at Perkiomen, near 
 Philadelphia, but soon after accepted a call 
 to Christ Church, New Brunswick. In 
 about a year he removed from this place to 
 become an assistant minister of the largest 
 spiritual cure in the country, comprising 
 
 Of hi? works several are 
 
 advanced age. 
 extant. 
 
 HIPPOCRATES of CHIOS, 
 
 celebra- 
 
 ted geometrician, lived in the fifth century 
 B. c. He is principally known by his dis- 
 covery of the quadrature of the lunula, 
 which bears his name, and which led him 
 to expect that he should accomplish the 
 squaring of the circle. 
 
 HOADLEY, BKNJAMIN, an eminent 
 prelate, was born, in 1676, at Westerham, 
 in Kent ; was educated partly by his father, 
 and partly at Catherine Half, Cambridge; 
 was for some years lecturer of St. Mild- 
 red's; and, in" 1704, was mad rector of 
 St. Peter le Poor, Broad Street. He soon 
 distinguished himself as a champion of 
 freedom, in his controversy with Calamy 
 and Atterbury; and the commons addres"- 
 cd the queen to promote him, but, as may 
 be supposed, no favour was dispensed to 
 him L>v a Tory government. The acces- 
 sion of George I., however, brightened his 
 prospects. In 1715 he was raised to the 
 ee of Bangor; whence he was translated 
 to Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester, 
 in 1720, 1723, and 1734. He died in 1761. 
 It was in 1717 that he preached the cele- 
 brated sermon which drove the high church 
 party almost to madness, and gave rise to 
 the Bangui ian controversy. Hit works 
 frrnr three folio volumes. 
 
 HOADLEY t BENJA^IW, eldest son of 
 UM breg oi ij>, ras bora >1706; WAS d- 
 
 eloquencc under Gorgias. Little certain ia j three associated congregations in the city 
 Known of his life, except that he spent ! of New York. In 1811 he was elected as- 
 much of it in travelling. He is believed to j sistant Bishop, and in 1816 became dioce- 
 have died at Larissa,in Thessaly, at avery san of New York, and in performing the 
 
 severe duties of the oflice, his labours were 
 indefatigable. From 1818 to 1823 he was 
 employed in editing the American edition 
 of Mant and D'Ogly's Bible, with notes. In 
 September, 1823, the state of his health re- 
 quired a visit to Europe, where he remained 
 abou< two y^ars. He died in 1830. He wat 
 incessantly active in performing his relig- 
 ious offices, and made. several valuable 
 compilation* for the use of the church. 
 
 HOBBES, THOMAS, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher, was born, in 1588, at Malmes- 
 bury, in Wiltshire, and was educated at 
 Magdalen Hall, Oxford. In 160S he be- 
 came tutor to Lord Hardwick, who was 
 subsequently earl of Devonshire; and, after 
 their return from travelling, he resided in 
 the family tor many years, during which pe- 
 riod he tiansluted Thucydides, and made a 
 Latin version ofsoine of lord Bacon's works 
 In 1640 he retired to Paris, to avoid being 
 involved in the contest which was about 
 to take place in his country. It was 
 during this voluntary exile that he pro- 
 duced his celebrated works, De Give; 
 Human Nature; De Corpore Politico; 
 and the still more famous and obnoxious 
 Leviathan. About 1652 he returned to 
 England, and m 1654 published A Letter 
 on Liberty and Necessity, which led to a 
 controversy with Bishop Bramhall. He 
 now again resided in the Devonshire family, 
 and continued to do so for the remaindet 
 of his days Cbitrlw II. gave him a po* 
 
nor 
 
 ion of .100 a year. Among his later 
 .works arc, Decameron Physiologicum ; A 
 Dialogue between a Philosopher and a 
 Btudent of the Common Law ; Behemoth, 
 or a History of the Civil Wars; and trans- 
 lations of the Iliad and Odyssey. He died 
 in 1679. The charge of atheism, which 
 has been urged against him, is undoubtedly 
 groundless; but it seems to require no 
 small share of hardihood to maintain, that 
 his doctrines, religious and political, do not 
 lead to consequences of the most pernicious 
 nature. 
 
 HOCHE, LAZARUS, an eminent French 
 general, was born, in 1768, at Montreuil, 
 near Versailles, and began life in the hum- 
 ble capacity of a stable boy. In 1785 he 
 .entered the army; and, having passed with 
 applause through the intermediate grada- 
 tions of rank, he was raised, in 1793, to 
 the command of the army of the Moselle, 
 and, shortly after, to that of the Rhine. In 
 1795 he was placed at the head of the re- 
 publican army in Vendee. In this im- 
 portant and difficult station, which required 
 civil as well as military talents, he acquit- 
 ted himself admirably; and succeeded in 
 defeating the emigrants at Quiberon, and 
 in inducing the royalists to yield obedience 
 to the government. After having been 
 eent, in the winter of 1796, on an abortive 
 expedition to Ireland, he was appointed to 
 the command of the army of the Sambre 
 and Meuse, and had already gained con- 
 siderable advantages when his career was 
 etopped by the armistice between Prince 
 Charles and Bonaparte. He died Sqrtem- 
 Iwr 15, 1797. 
 
 HOFER, ANDREW, a Tyrolian, cele- 
 brated for his patriotism, was born, in 
 1765, at Passeyer, in the Tyrol, and was 
 a rich innkeeper and corn merchant in 
 that town. In 1809, he was placed at their 
 head by the Tyrolese, who had thrown off 
 the yoke of Bavaria, and he justified their 
 choice. After making a glorious struggle, 
 however, and obtaining many splendid vic- 
 tories, tbr Tyrolese were subjugated, and 
 Ilofer was tried and shot, at Mantua, in 
 February, 1810. 
 
 HOFFM ANN, MAU RICE, ananatomis-t, 
 Ixitanist; and physician, was born, in 1621, 
 tit Furstenwaldo, in Brandenburg; studied 
 t Cologne, Altorf, and Padua; settled at 
 Altorf, and held the anatomical, botanical, 
 sind physical pro&seorabinB; and died in 
 1698. "His (jrincijKil works are botanical. 
 The pancreatic duct was discovered by 
 Hoffman while dissecting a turkey. 
 
 HOFFMANN, Fnxi>KRic,aa eminent 
 pnysieki!!, was born, in 10'GO, at Halle, in 
 Saxony; studied there, and at Jena; bo. 
 c:>.me "widely celebrated for liis medical 
 kill, and physician to several German 
 princes, among whom was the king of 
 Prussia; wa* n momler of many n 
 
 HOG 28 
 
 bodies ; published numerous professional 
 works; and died in 1742. Among his 
 principal productions are, his Medirina 
 Rationales Systematical and Medicinu 
 Consultatoria. 
 
 HOFFMANN, CHRISTOPHER LEWIS, 
 a physician, was born, in 1721, at Rheda, 
 in Westphalia; was successively physician 
 to the bishop of Munster, and the electors 
 of Cologne and Ment/; and died in 1807. 
 He endeavoured to found a new school of 
 medicine, by combining the humoral and 
 nervous pathology ; assuming the sensibility 
 and irritability of the solids as the basis of 
 his system, and the corruption of the hu- 
 mours as the principle of irritation. He 
 published A Treatise on the Small Pox; 
 The Magnetiser; and other works. 
 
 HOFFMAN, HENRY, a French dra- 
 matic writer and critic, was born, in 1760, 
 at Nancy, and settled at Paris in 1785, in 
 which year lie published a volume of poems. 
 He subsequently wrote various operas and 
 dramatic pieces, among which are, Eu- 
 phrosine and Coradin; the Castle of Mon- 
 tenero; the Secret; the Fruitless Strata- 
 gem ; and the Romance of an Hour. For 
 the. last thirty years of his life lie was dis- 
 tinguished as an acute and impartial critic. 
 He died in April, 1828. 
 
 HOFFMANN, ERNEST THEODORE 
 WILLIAM, a German author, was a man 
 of varied talents; being at once a poet, 
 romance writer, artist, and musician. He 
 was bred to the law, and at different time* 
 held subordinate employments in the ma- 
 gistracy ; but was generally obliged to de- 
 pend upon his pen or his pencil for sub- 
 sistence. His life was often rendered mis- 
 erable by hypochondriacal affections, and 
 he died of" tabes dorsalis, at Berlin, in 
 June, 1822. His works, among which 
 are The Devil's Elixir; The Entail; The 
 Adversary; and Night Pieces, after the 
 mariner of Callot, display a singularly wild 
 and powerful imagination. Hoffmann wrote 
 hid own Memoirs. 
 
 HOGARTH, WILLIAM, one of fc 
 most original of painters, was born, in 
 1697, in London, a.id from his childhood 
 
 fund of !r 
 
 r>rvd his 
 
ttft HOL 
 
 prenticenhip to a silver plate engrnTer, 
 nd, when out of his time, began to work 
 as a copper plate engraver for the book- 
 tellers. He soon aspired to become a 
 painter, and one of his first efforts in the 
 art appears to have been a series of pic- 
 tures, from which he engraved plates fur 
 Hudibra*. It was to portraits, however, 
 that, at the outset, he looked for the means 
 of subsistence, and he was not unsuccessful. 
 In 1730, he married, without her father's 
 consent, the daughter of Sir James Thorn- 
 hill; and it was not till 1733, when Ho- 
 tfarth produced The Harlot's Progress, 
 that Sir James was reconciled to the match. 
 The artist at once became popular, and he 
 sustained his popularity by a fertile suc- 
 cession of admirable pictures in the same 
 spirit, and engravings from them, which 
 are so well known as to render it unneces- 
 sary to enumerate them. He also tried his 
 powers in what is considered as a nobler 
 brunch of art, but he was not fortunate. 
 His Paul before Felix, Danae, The Pool 
 of Bethesda, and Sigismunda weeping over 
 the Heart of Guiscardo, are failures. In 
 
 1753, 
 
 gome assistance from Dr. I load- 
 
 ley, he produced his ingenious work The 
 Anal)ia of Beauty; and, in 1757, he be- 
 came serjeant painter to the king. His 
 last days were embittered by a virulent 
 contest "with Wilkes and Churchill, in 
 which their pens proved an overmatch 
 
 even for the pencil of Hogarth, 
 in 1764. 
 
 He died 
 
 HOLBACH, PAUL THIERRY, baron 
 
 HOL 
 
 HOLBERG, Luimio.orLj <n,h.oo 
 de, a Danish writer, was born, in 1685, 
 of parents in humble life, at Bergen, ir 
 Norway; had to struggle with great diffi- 
 culties in acquiring learning; travelled in 
 England, Holland, France, and Italv; and, 
 after his return to his native country, 
 raised himself o fame, fortune, and rank, 
 by his literary talents. Holberg was, in 
 fact, the founder of the drama, and, in a 
 great measure, of literature itself, in Den- 
 mark He died in 1754. Among \n 
 works are, comedies; Peter Pors, an epi- 
 comic poem ; Poems ; The Subterraneous 
 Travels of Nicholas K imm ; A History of 
 Denmark; an Universal History; ami 
 Parallel Lives of Illustrious Men; and of 
 Illustrious Women. 
 
 HOLCROFT, THOMAS, & fertile wri- 
 ter in various departments of literature, 
 was the son of a shoemaker, and was born, 
 in 1744, in Orange Court, Leicester Fields. 
 He was, successively, a jockey, a siioe- 
 maker, and an actor, and finally directed 
 his talents to literary pursuits. It wa* a.i 
 a dramatist that he first essayed his pow- 
 ers; and, between 1778 and 1806 he pro- 
 duced more than thirty pieces, several of 
 which were successful, and some still re- 
 tain possession cf the stage, among which 
 is The Road to Ruin. Holcroft was the 
 dramatist \\ho introduced melo dramas on 
 the English stage. Having rendered him- 
 self obnoxious as a strenuous reformer, 
 Holcroft was accused of high treason iu 
 1794. He surrendered himself, but was 
 
 de, a German writer, was born, in 1723, | not brought to trial. He died in 1809. 
 at Heidesheim, in the Palatinate, and was Among his productions are A Tour in 
 educated at Paris, where he spent the ' Germany an. I France; the novels of Al- 
 grcatest part of his life. He was a man of ! wyn; Anna St. Ives; Hugh Trevor; and 
 great and varied Talents, generous, and ; Bryan Perdue; and numerous translations 
 kind hearted. With mineralogy he was from tiie German and French. 
 
 particularly conversant. It was at his 
 suppers that the philosophers of that period 
 met, for the purpose, as some have asserted, 
 of concerting measures to undermine relig- 
 ion, and subvert all established govern- 
 ment. He died in 1789. His works, 
 original and translated, but chiefly the 
 latter, are numerous, and were all pub- 
 lished anonymously. 
 
 HOLBEIN, HANS, or JOHN, a cele- 
 brated painter, was born, in 1498, at Basil, 
 and was instructed in painting by his father, 
 wnooi he soon surpassed. At the request 
 of Erasmus, he visited London, where he 
 was iberally patronised by, and in high 
 favour with, Henry VIII. "He died of the 
 plague, at London, in 1554. He excelled 
 both in portrait and historical painting. 
 He also engraved in wood. Among his 
 most celebrated works, are, The Dance of 
 Death; The Sacrifice of Abraham; The 
 Village Dance; Riches; and Poverty. 
 Holbein is said to have painted with his 
 -ft hand. 
 
 HOLINSHED, or HOLINGSHED, 
 RALPH, an English chronicler, de.-n-ended 
 from a respectable Cheshire family, is said 
 to have been steward to Mr. Burdett, of 
 Bromcoto, in Warwickshire, and 
 
 died about 1582. 
 
 Chronicle first at 
 
 peared in 1577; a second edition was pub- 
 lished ten years later. Though it bear* 
 only the name of Holinshed, several per 
 sons contributed to it. In the sec oat 
 and third editions the privy council sup 
 pressed many passages which were disn 
 grceable to Elizabeth and her ministers. 
 
 HOLLAND, PHILKMON, who gainet. 
 the appellation of Translator Genera of 
 the age, was born, about 1561, at Chejua* 
 ford, in Essex; was educated su Trinity 
 College, Cambridge; became head master 
 of the Free School at Coventry; and, late 
 in life, practised physic at Cambridge. He 
 died, in 1C36, with "his sight and faculties 
 unimpaired, Among his labours are, 
 translations of Cmwlen's Britannia; Plu- 
 la-ch's Moral* j Aimujanu*; 
 
HOI, 
 
 dia; PI mj' ftauiral History; Livy; and 
 Suetonius; the last of which gave occa- 
 Bion to a well known quibbling epigram. 
 
 HOLLAR, WF.NCESLAUS, an engraver, 
 was born, in 1607, at Prague, in Bohemia. 
 He was brought to England, in 1636, by 
 the earl of Arundel, on his return from the 
 embassy to Vienna; and, in 1640, he was 
 appointed drawing master to the prince 
 of Wales and the duke of York The 
 prospects of Hollar, however, weiw utter- 
 ly destroyed by the civil war, and he was 
 imprisoned ; but he contrived to escape to 
 Antwerp. In 1652, he returned to Eng- 
 land, and remained there till his decease, 
 in 1677. Though he was so much em- 
 p oyed that he is said to have executed 
 two thousand four hundred plates, he died 
 BO poor that an execution for debt was in 
 his lum.-"' at the moment of his death. 
 
 HOLLEY, HORACE, a celebrated pul- 
 pit orator, was born in Connecticut in 
 1781, and was graduated at Yale College 
 in 1799. On leaving this institution he 
 le?an the study of the law, which he soon 
 relinquished for divinity, and in 1805 was 
 ordained to the pastoral charge of Green- 
 field Hill, Conn. In 1809 he was installed 
 over the society in Hol.lis street, Boston, 
 where he remained for ten years, when he 
 accepted an invitation to become president 
 of Transylvania university in Kentucky. 
 In this situation he continued till 1827, 
 when he died on his passage from New 
 Orleans to New York. His sermons were 
 generally extemporaneous, and were dis- 
 tinguished for power and eloquence. 
 
 HOLLIS, THOMAS, a munificent ben- 
 ef.ictor of Harvard College, Massachu- 
 setts, was born in England in 1659, and 
 died in 1731. He founded the professor- 
 ship of theology and mathematics in that 
 institution, and presented it with many 
 books, and a philosophical apparatus. 
 
 HOLLIS, THOMAS, an English gen- 
 tleman, born in London in 1720, was in 
 his principles a dissenter and a warm ad- 
 vocate f >r the liberty of the subject. To 
 spread his principles more widely he pub- 
 lished at hia own expense new editions of 
 Toland s Life of Milton, and of Algernon 
 Sydney's discourses on government. He 
 was a man of large fortune, and devoted 
 above half of it to charitable purposes. 
 He presented to the library of Harvard 
 College, works to the value of 1400 pounds 
 sterling. He died in 1774. 
 
 HOLT, Sir JOHN, an eminent lawyer 
 and judge, was born, in 1642, at Thame, 
 in Oxfordshire, studied at Oriel College, 
 Oxford, and Gray's Inn; was dismissed 
 from the recordership of the city for op- 
 nosing the tyrannical measures of James 
 II.; sat in the convention parliament, and 
 was one of the managers of the confer- 
 ences fi.i ths commons; was appointed, in 
 
 I1OM 32 
 
 1689, lord chief justice of the King'* 
 Bench; refused the chancellorship on the 
 decease of Lord Somers; and died in 1709 
 Holt exercised his high judicial authority 
 in a manner which has rendered his mem- 
 ory an object of respect. His firmness 
 and integrity were immovable, and he was 
 vigilant in checking every attempted en- 
 croachment upon the lil>erties of the people. 
 
 HOLTY, Louis HENRY CHRISTO- 
 PHER, a German poet, was born, in 
 1748, at Mariensee, in the e/ectorate of 
 Hanover; and died, at Gottingen, of con- 
 sumption, in 1776. Holty was of an ami- 
 able but pensive disposition. His poems 
 possess great beauty, and many of them 
 have become popular. He translated from 
 the English, The Connoisseur, Hnrd's Dia- 
 logues, and a part of Lord Shaftesbury'* 
 works. 
 
 HOLYOKE, EDWARD AUGUSTUS, 
 was born in 1728 in the County of Essex, 
 Massachusetts, and was graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1746. He pursued the 
 study of medicine and in 1749 began to 
 practice his profession in Salem. He was 
 the first president of the medical society 
 of Massachusetts, and was always consid- 
 ered a learned physician and skilful sur- 
 geon. He lived to be over one hundred 
 years of age, and died in 1829. He pub- 
 lished various scientific disquisitions. 
 
 HOMBERG, WILLIAM, a physician 
 and chemist, the son of a Saxon gentle- 
 man, was born, in 1652, at Batavia, in 
 Java; studied the law at Jena, Leipsic, 
 and Magdeburg, and was admitted to the 
 bar, but ultimately adopted the medical 
 profession; practised successfully as a 
 physician at Rome and Paris ; and died in 
 the latter city in 1715. Homberg was 
 well versed in natural philosophy, chemis- 
 try, history, and languages. Among hjs 
 inventions and discoveries are a new air 
 pump, the pyrophorus which bears his 
 name, and the method of rendering lumin- 
 ous the Bolognian stone. 
 
 HOME, JOHN, a Scotch divine, drama- 
 tist, and historian, was born, in 1724, near 
 Ancram, in Roxburghshire, and was edu- 
 cated for the church. In 1745, however, 
 he served as a volunteer against the in- 
 surgents, and was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Falkirk. He afterwards obtained 
 the living of Athelstaneford, but, in conse- 
 quence of his having written the tragedy 
 of Douglas, such a cry was raised against 
 him by his fanatical brethren, that, in 
 1757, he resigned the clerical character. 
 Through the interest of Lord Bute, he was 
 indemnified by a pension, and by employ- 
 ments under government. He died Sep- 
 tember 4, 1808. Besides Douglas, he 
 wrote the tragedies of Agis, The Siege 
 of Aquileia, The Fatal Discovery, A on 
 zo, and Alfred, non of which wire suo 
 
826 
 
 HOC 
 
 Ofweful; and a History of the Rebellion in 
 174,1 
 
 HOMER. Respecting the life of this 
 greatest of poets we must be content to 
 remain in ignorance, no memorials of it 
 having been preserved ; for tlie biography 
 of him, which is ascribed to Herodotu*, in 
 undoubtedly fabulous. Some, rather too 
 sceptically, have been disposed to deny 
 even his existence. The time in which he 
 flourished has been variously stated, but is 
 generally supposed to have" been between 
 
 ay 
 880 anJ 950 B c 
 
 Colophon, Salamis, 
 
 Smyrna, Rhode?, 
 Chios, Argos, and 
 
 Athens, contended for the honour of his 
 
 birth: the probability 
 Asiatic Greek. 
 
 IB, that he was an 
 
 MOO 
 
 minster School, and Christ Church, Oi> 
 ford. Almost in his childhood he d'rs played 
 an extraordinary talent for mechanics and 
 for drawing, lie was, successively, assist- 
 ant to Boyle, curator of experiments for 
 the Royal Society, professor of mechanic! 
 to that' body, and Gresham professor of 
 geometry. In 1666, he offered to the 
 mayor and aldermen a plan for rebuilding 
 the city. It was not adopted, but it caused 
 him to obtain the lucrative appointment 
 of one of the city surveyors. He died in 
 1702. He is the author of Micrographia; 
 A Theory of the Variation of .he Com- 
 pass; A Description of Helioscopes; and 
 many other works; and his scientific and 
 mechanical inventions and discoveries were 
 numerous and valuable. Hooke was en- 
 gaged in frequent disputes with his fellow 
 philosophers; and made a fruitless attempt 
 to snatch from Newton the honour of hav- 
 ing been the first to make known the force 
 and action of gravity. 
 
 HOOKE , N A T H A" m r. r, , an h i star \ an . of 
 whom little is known. He was a Roman 
 Catholic; attended Pope on his deathbed; 
 and received .5000 from the duchess of 
 Mirlborough for assisting her in the Me- 
 moirs of her Life. He died in 1763. He 
 wrote a Roman History, in four volumes 
 quarto; and Observations on the Roman 
 Senate ; and translated Ramsay's Travels 
 of Cyrus. 
 
 HOOKER, RICHARD, an eminent 
 divine, was born, in 1553, at Heavitree, 
 near Exeter ; and, under the patronage of 
 Bishop Jewel, was educated at Corpus 
 Christ! College, Oxford, where he waa 
 distinguished for his piety and exemplary 
 conduct. An unhappy marriage, which he 
 contracted before he" was thirty, with a 
 scold who had neither beauty, money, nor 
 manners, lost him his college fellowship, 
 and was a fertile source of annoyance to 
 him. In 1585, he was made master of the 
 Temple; but, wearv of disputes with the 
 afternoon lecturer, a violent prevbyterian, 
 and longing for rural retirement, he relin- 
 quished thin preferment, and obtained the 
 rectory of Bishop's Bourne, in Kent, at 
 which" he resided till his decease, in 1600. 
 His great work is the treatite on Ecclesi- 
 astical Polity ; of which Pope Clement 
 VIII. said, ""there are in it such sredi? of 
 eternity AH will continue till the lust fire 
 shall devour all learning.'* 
 
 HOOLE, JOHN, a poet, the ton of a 
 watchmaker, was born, in 1717, in Moor 
 Field*; held, for forty-four ycais, a situa- 
 tion in the India House; and died in 1803. 
 He wrote the tragedies of Cyrus, Timan- 
 tliiea, and Cleonice; and translated Ario*- 
 to's Orlando; Tasso's Jerusalem and 
 Rinaldo ; and eighteen of Meta.stasio's 
 
 in the I*lc of Wight, wa* born at that J dramas. He also ventured to cut down 
 in 1635, mid va. tdn--ati*' s W>t. | The Or];n.-}o into twenty-fiur l-ioka, and 
 
 HONORIU9, FLAVIOS, emperor of 
 the West, the son of Theodosius, was born, 
 a* Constantinople, in 384; succeeded to 
 the western empire in 395; fixed his resi- 
 dence at Ravenna, and died there, of a 
 dropsy, in his thirty-ninth year, after a 
 disturbed and inglorious reign. 
 
 HOOD, SAMUEL, viscount, son of the 
 vicar of Thorncomhe, in Devonshire, was 
 born at that place in 1724, and went into 
 the naval service at the age of sixteen. 
 By his bravery in the capture of a fifty 
 gun ship, in 1759, he acquired the rank of 
 post captain. In 1780 he was made rear- 
 admiral, and foiled the French in their at- 
 tempt upon St. Kitts, and, in 1782, he 
 bore a conspicuous part in the victory of 
 the twelfth of April, over de Grasse. " An 
 Irish peerage was the reward of his exer- 
 tions, lie sat in parliament for West- 
 minster, but vacated his seat, in 17S8, on 
 l>ec!>niing a lord of the admiralty- In 
 1793 ne was sent to the Mediterranean, 
 as coinmander-in-chicf, and remained there 
 till 1796, during which period he took pos- 
 session of Toulon, and reduced Cornea. 
 On his return home, lie received the title 
 uf viscount, and the governorship of 
 (ireenwich Hospital, lie died January 
 27 181G. 
 
 HOOK.E, ROUKKT, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, "on of the minister of Freshwater, 
 
IfOP 
 
 HOP 
 
 rearrange the parts. Hie translations uave the district court and died suddenly in tlio 
 
 the popularity which they once pos- 
 
 sessed. 
 
 HOOPER, JOHN, 
 
 a native of Somer- 
 
 setshire, born in 1495; was educated at 
 Merton College, Oxford; and, having em- 
 braced the reformed faith, was made bishop 
 of Gloucester and Worcester by Edward 
 VI. In the relgn.of the sanguinary Mary 
 he was brought to the stake. He firmly 
 refused the offered pardon, and though, the 
 wood being green, he suffered for nearly an 
 hour the severest torments, his lower parts 
 neing consumed, and one of his hands 
 dropping off before he expired, he mani- 
 fested unshaken fortitude. He died in 
 1555. Hooper wrote some sermons and 
 controversial pieces. 
 
 HOOPER, WILLIAM, a signer of the 
 declaration of independence, was born, in 
 Boston in 1742, and was graduated at 
 Harvard College in 1760. lie engaged in 
 the study of the law, and removing to 
 North Carolina commenced the practice 
 of hi* profession in that province. In 
 1774 he was elected a delegate to the 
 
 midst of his usefulness in 1791. Mr 
 Hopkinson possessed talents of a quick 
 and versatile character, excelling in music 
 and poetry, and having some knowledge 
 of painting. In humorous poetry and 
 satire he was quite successful, and his well 
 known ballad of the Battle of the Kegs 
 obtained great popularity. A collection 
 of hit* miscellaneous works in three volumes 
 8vo. was published in 1792. 
 
 HOPKINS, LEMUEL, a physician and 
 author, was born in Connecticut, in 1750, 
 and was educated to the profession of 
 medicine. He was one of the founders 
 of the medical society of his native state 
 As a literary man, he was associated with 
 Dwight, Barlow, Humphreys, and Trum- 
 bull, and was concerned in the production 
 of The Echo, Political Green House, the 
 Awirchiad, and other popular satires of 
 the day. Of the poetry exclusively writ 
 ten by Dr. Hopkins, the best pieces are 
 the Hypocrite's Hope, and an Elegy on 
 tho Victim of a Cancer Quack. 
 
 HOPKINS, SAMUKL, a divine and 
 
 general Congress which met at Philadel- ffounder of the sect called Hopkinsians, 
 phia. In 1776 he was a third time del- was born in Connecticut in 1721, and 
 g.ite to Congress, but in the following year [educated at Yale College In 1743 he was 
 
 was obliged to resign his seat in conse- 
 qaence of the embarrassment of his private 
 affairs. He died in 1790. 
 
 HOPE, THOMAS, a man of fortune and 
 talent, was a nephew of the rich Amster- 
 dam merchant of the same name. His 
 first works, Household Furniture and In- 
 ternal Decorations; the Costumes of the 
 Ancienta; and Designs of Modern Cos- 
 tumes; though they fully established his 
 character as a man of taste, had no claim 
 to be considered as the offspring of genius. 
 But, in 1819, his Anastasius, or Memoirs of 
 a Modern Greek, at once gave him a high 
 rank anung modern writers. It was pub- 
 lished anonymously, and was generally 
 ascribed to Lord Byron. Hope was a 
 liberal promoter of the arts, and is said to 
 have been an early and efficient patron of 
 Thorwaldsen, the sculptor. He died in 
 January, 1831. 
 
 settled at a place now called Great Bar- 
 rington, in Massachusetts, and continued 
 there till 1769, when he removed to New- 
 port, Rhode Island. He died in 1803. 
 He published numerous Sermons, a Trea- 
 tise on the Millenium, and a sketch of hit 
 own life. His theological learning was 
 extensive, and he was a profound meta- 
 physician. 
 
 HOPKINS, STEPHEN, a signer of the 
 declaration of independence, was born in 
 Providence, in 1707, and after receiving a 
 school education turned his attention to 
 agriculture. In 1751 he was appointed 
 chief justice of the superior court of Rhode 
 Island, and in 1756 wag elected governor 
 of that state. In 1774 he was chosen a 
 delegate to the general congress at Phila- 
 delphia and was reelected to that body in 
 1775 and 1776. In 1776 he was a delegate 
 to Congress for the last time, though for 
 
 HOPKINSON, FRANCIS, an American 'several subsequent years he was a member 
 
 author, and signer of the declaration of 
 independence, was born in Philadelphia in 
 1737. He was graduated at the college in 
 ^is native town, an:l pursued the profession 
 f the law. In 1766 he visited England 
 here he resided more tlr.in two years, 
 
 of the general assembly of his native state. 
 He died in 1785. -Although his early 
 education was very limited, Mr. Hop- 
 kins acquired by his own efforts extensive 
 information, lie wrote a pamphlet on the 
 Rights of the Colonies, was a member of 
 
 ind on his return married and Hcttied' in 'the American philosophical society, and foi 
 the state of New-Jersey. He entered with ; many years chancellor of the College of 
 much zeal into the public measures of the Rhode Inland. 
 
 patriotic party, and i:i 1776 w is elected! HOI'PNER, JOHN, an Eng ish artist 
 a ddegnte to CoDgFeM. In 1779 he was ; of German descent, was born i:i 1759, anc 
 appointed judge of tin? admiralty court of died i:i 1810. He excelled as a portrait 
 Pennsylvania a-i<l for ten years continued painter, especially in females and children; 
 lo discharge with fidelity the duties of UmiUit, though he confined himself to the more 
 In 1790 Us pa*** 1 K; tlx..- Kvich uf i lucrative branch of his art, ha Ka 1 r.U 
 
08 HOR 
 
 considerable talents for landscape. 
 
 Hopp- 
 
 ner could wield the pen as well as the 
 pencil. He published a volume of Orien- 
 tal Talcs, which are versified with spirit 
 and elegance. 
 
 HORACE, or HORATIUS, QUINTUS 
 FLA ecus, one of the most eminent of the 
 Roman poets, was born, 65 B. c., at Venu- 
 lium ; rjeceived a good education ; fought 
 under Brutus at Philippi, on which occa- 
 sion he threw away his shield and fled ; 
 and was reduced to indigence by the con- 
 fiscation of his estate. Mecaenas, how- 
 ever, to whom he was introduced by Virgil, 
 obtained for him the restoration of his 
 property, and brought him into favour with 
 Augustus. Horace died 8 years E. c. 
 
 HOR 
 
 Book of Psalms, on the compoiiticn of 
 which he bestowed nearly twenty years. 
 
 HOK.NKMAN.N, FREDERIC CONRAD, 
 a German traveller, was born, in 17T2, at 
 Hildesheim, and was ori 
 
 HORIVE, GEORGE, a pious and learned 
 irelate, was born, in 1730, at Otliam, in 
 Kent, and was educated at Maidstone 
 Grammar School, and at University Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He took orders in 1753, 
 and his graceful elocution and excellent 
 tyle rendered him a popular preacher. 
 He was successively president of Magdalen 
 Co lege, chaplain to the king, vice-chancel- 
 lor of the university, and dean of Canter- 
 bury. In 1790 he was raised to the M < .,f 
 Norwich, which, however, he held less 
 : he dying in January, 
 life li 
 
 than two vc;irs 
 1792. In Varly 
 
 e wai a strenuous 
 
 Hutchinsonian, and attacked the system of 
 Newton with a violence which he subse- 
 quently regretted. Of his numerous works 
 the pr ncipal is, A Commentary on UK: 
 
 clergy. 
 
 man in Hanover. In 1797 he was employed 
 by the African Association, in London, to 
 explore the interior of Africa. After hav- 
 ing visited the Oasis of the temple of 
 Ammon, he penetrated to Morzouk, and 
 thence proceeded to Tripoli. In 1800 he 
 set out with the intention of penetrating 
 into central Africa, and is supposed to 
 have perished in that inhospitable region. 
 The Journal of hid Travels has been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 HORROX, JEREMIAH, an astronomer, 
 was born, about 1619, at Toxteth, near 
 Liverpool; was educated at Emanuel Col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and died prematurely, 
 to the great loss of science, in 1640-1. 
 Horrox was the first who observed the 
 [transit of Venus over the solar dik; and 
 he formed a theory of lunar motion, which 
 Newton did not disdain to adopt. He is 
 the author of Venus in Sole visu ; and of 
 astronomical papers, which were published 
 by Dr. Wallis, under the title of Opera 
 Posjhuma. 
 
 HORSLEY, JOHN, an antiquary, a na- 
 tive of Northumberland, took his degree 
 of M. A. in Scotland ; became a dissenting 
 minister at Morpeth; and died in 1731. 
 He is the author of a valuable work, inti- 
 tied Britannia Romana. 
 
 HORSLEY, SAMUEL, a celebrated pre- 
 late and mathematician, was born in 1733; 
 was educated at Westminster, and Trinity 
 College, Cambridge; and became curate 
 to his father. After having held the livings 
 of Albury, Newington, Thorley, and South 
 Weald, the archdeaconry of St. Albany, 
 and prebends of St. Paul's and of Glouces- 
 ter, he was raised, in 1788, to the see of 
 St. David's, whence, in 1793, he was re- 
 moved to Rochester, and, in 1802, to 
 St. Asaph. For a part of this preferment 
 he was indebted to his controversy \\ith 
 Dr. Priestley, on the subject of the divinity 
 of Christ; his tracts relating to v\hich he 
 collected and published in an 8vo volume. 
 While he was thus rising in the church, 
 he was not neglectful of science. In 17(9 
 he printed an edition of Apollonius, and 
 in 1775 an edition of Newton's works, in 
 five 4to volumes. From 1773 till the *-lec- 
 tionof Sir Joseph Banks, he was secreta- 
 ry of the Royal Society; when, deeming 
 the dignity of the society lessened by the 
 choice of 'a man who was ignorant of the 
 higher sciences he resigned his oflice. 
 Bishop Horsley died at Brighton in 1S06. 
 He was eloquent, profoundly learned, and 
 |icrformrd all his episcopal duties in an 
 
 admirable manner 
 already mentioned, 
 
 Besides the work* 
 produced 
 
HOW 
 
 others, biblical, theological, clauical, and 
 scientific. 
 
 HOUBRAKEN, JACOB, an eminent 
 engraver, .he son of Arnold Houbraken, a 
 painter and engraver, was born, in 1698, 
 at Dort, in Hoi and; and died, in 1790, 
 at Amsterdam. He executed more than 
 six hundred portraits; many of which 
 were for Birch's Lives of Illustrious Men. 
 He also engraved a few historical pieces. 
 
 HOUDON, an eminent French sculp- 
 tor, was born at Versailles in 1746 ; studied 
 at Rome, where he produced excellent 
 statues of St. John and St. Bruno ; became 
 celebrated on his return to France, espe- 
 cially for his female figures ; was chosen by 
 the American government to execute the 
 statue of Franklin, and died, in 1828, a 
 member of the Institute, and a knight of 
 the Legion of Honour. 
 
 HOUEL, JOHN, a French painter and 
 engraver, was born, at Rouen, in 1735; 
 studied painting under Descamps and 
 Casanova, and engraving under Le More; 
 and died in 1813. He is the author, as 
 well as artist, of Picturesque Travels in 
 Sicily, Malta, and Lipari, four fulio vol- 
 umes, with 264 plates; and also of a" Nat- 
 ural History, with 18 plates, of the two 
 elephants in the Paris Museum. 
 
 HOUGH, JOHN, a native of Middlesex, 
 was born in 1651; was educated at Mag- 
 dalen College, Oxford; and obtained a 
 prebend of Worcester, and the rectory of 
 Ternsford, in Bedfordshire. In 1687 he 
 immortalized himself by the noble stand 
 which, on being elected president of Mag- 
 dalen College, he made against James II. 
 who wished to intrude upon the college a 
 popish president. After the Revolution 
 he was made bishop of Oxford, whence 
 be was translated to Litchfield, and thence 
 to Worcester. The archbishopric of Can- 
 terbury he declined. He died in 1743, 
 honoured for liis patriotism, piety, munif- 
 icence, and hospitality. 
 
 HOWARD, JOHN, was born, in 1726, 
 tt Hackney, and was bound apprentice 
 to a grocer by his guardians ; but, being 
 possessed of a fortune, he purchased his 
 indenture*, an 1 made two Uxira on tin- 
 
 now S29 
 
 continent; one of them for the purpose of 
 viewing the ruins of Lisbon. Having lost 
 his first wife, who was much older than 
 himself, and whom he married out of grat- 
 itude for her attention during sickness, 
 he made a second choice in 1758. For 
 several years he resided on his estate at 
 Cardington, near Bedford, occupied in 
 educating his son, and in executing plans 
 to render comfortable the situation jf his 
 tenants and labourers. He had already 
 obtained experimentally some knowledge 
 of a prison, having been captured on liia 
 return to Lisbon, and confined in France ; 
 but his appointment, in 1773, to the office 
 of high sheriff of Bedford, induced him to 
 look more narrowly into the subject, with 
 the hope of ameliorating the condition of 
 the captive. Here, then, commenced that 
 philanthropical career which closed but 
 with his life. Not only were all the pris- 
 ons of his own country repeatedly visited, 
 but, in several journeys, he examined mi- 
 nutely those of the continent, " to remember 
 (as Mr. Burke beautifully expresses it) the 
 forgotten, to attend to the neglected, to visit 
 the forsaken, and to comuare and collate 
 the distresses of all men in all countries." 
 His glorious course was terminated, by 
 fever, at Cherson, in Russia, January 20, 
 1 790. He wrote The State of the Prisons 
 in England* and Wales; ind an Account 
 of the principal Lazarettos in Europe. 
 
 HOWARD, JOHN EAGKR, an officer 
 of the army of the American revolution, 
 was born in Baltimore in 1752. After 
 serving in the rank of captain, in 1779, 
 he wa appointed lieutenant colonel, and 
 distinguished himself by his valour and 
 activity during the war. At the battle of 
 Cowpens, Col. Howard, at one time, had 
 in his hands the swords of seven officers 
 who had surrendered to him personally. 
 He was also present at the battles of Ger- 
 mantown, "White Plains, Monmouth, Cam- 
 den and Hobbickfl hill. On the disband- 
 ing of the armv he retired to his patrimo- 
 nial estates, near Baltimore, and wa* 
 subsequently governor of Maryland, and 
 member of the senate of the United States. 
 He died in 1827. General Greene said of 
 him, that as a patriot and soldier, he de- 
 served a statue of gold no less than Roman 
 and Grecian heroes. 
 
 HOWE, RICHARD, earl, a distinguish- 
 ed admiral, the second son of Viscount 
 Howe, was born in 1725, and was educa- 
 ted at Lon till he was fourteen, when he 
 was plac* ' in the naval service. In 1745 
 he was made a post captain for gallantly 
 defeating two French ships bearing suc- 
 cours to the Pretender. During the seven 
 years' war, he captured the Alciue, de- 
 stroyed the ships and magazines at ^t. 
 Malo, took Cherbourg, and ruined the 
 bason there, and bad a ccngiderabla p;u;f 
 
second voya 
 and in the 
 
 foil 
 
 in the victory over Conflans. Between the 
 close of that war and die beginning of the 
 contest u'h America, he held the oflk-cs 
 of a lord of the admiralty and treasurer of 
 *.he navy, and rose to br. vice-admiral of 
 th blue. The relieving of Gibraltar was 
 the raoet striking of his ei /ices during the 
 American war. In 1788 lie was created an 
 English earl. In 1793 he wan appointed 
 to the command of the channel fleet, and 
 on the lit of June, 1794, he crowned hi* 
 xplocJ by a decisive victory over the 
 French fleet. His death took place in 
 1199 
 
 HUDSON, HENRT, an adventurous 
 navigator, of whose early history nothing 
 is known. In 1607, 8, 9, and 10, he 
 made four voyages to find, by north -east 
 or north-west, a passage to China. In the 
 he discovered the river, 
 rth the bay, which bears 
 his name. The last voyage was fatal to 
 him. His crew mutinied, and turned him 
 and eight others adrift in a small boat, in 
 which thev are supposed to have perished. 
 
 HUERTA, VINCENT GARCIA DK LA, 
 a Spanish poet, was born, in 1729, at 
 Zafra, in Estremadura, and died in 1747. 
 Huerta was the head of the Antigallican 
 literary party, and contributed greatly to 
 turn public attention to ancient native wri- 
 :ers. He published Poem; and edited 
 The Spanish Theatre; the fifteenth vol- 
 ume of which contains his own tragedies. 
 
 HUET, PETER DAHIEL, a French pre- 
 late, of profound erudition, was born, in 
 1630, at Caen, and studied in the Jesuits' 
 College of that city. He accompanied 
 Bochart to Sweden, and was vainly solic- 
 ited to settle there by Queen Christina. 
 In 1670 he was appointed sub-preceptor 
 to the dauphin ; and, soon after, became 
 a member of the French Academy. In 
 1689 he was made bishop of Avranche?, 
 
 the rest of his days in retirement and study. 
 He died in 1721. His works are numer- 
 ous: among them are, Demonstratio Evan- 
 gelica; De Iiiterpretatione; History of the 
 Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients ; 
 and On the Origin of Romances. 
 
 HUGHES, JOHN, a poet and dramatist, 
 wusUor-, in 1677, at Marlborough; was 
 private y educated in London ; obtained a 
 p.ace in* the ordnance office; and died, in 
 1719-20, much respected and beloved for 
 bis integrity and his amiable disposition. 
 He wrote various poems, of much mrrit, 
 and The Siege of DainasciiH, a tragedy; 
 contributed to the Taller, S|>ectator, and 
 Guardian; and edited an edition of Spen- 
 
 ser. Hi* younger brother, JABV.Z, 
 also a man of poetical talent. 
 
 HIM 
 
 reconcile himself to mercantile labour, CM 
 relinquished it, and, determining to gir< 
 
 himself up to literary pursuits, he went to 
 France, to study in retirement. In 1787 
 he came to London, and published, in the 
 folkrwinjj year, without success, his Trea- 
 tise on Human Nature; which he after- 
 wards recast, with the title of An Inquiry 
 concerning Human Understanding. In 
 1742 and 1752 appeared his Essays; Poli- 
 tical Discourses; and Inquiry concerning 
 the Principals of Morals. In the interval 
 between the publication of these works, 
 he accompanied, in 1747, General Sinclair 
 on an embassy to Vienna and Turin, and 
 in 1752 was appointed librarian to the 
 Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh. In 
 1754 he brought out the first volume of his 
 History of England, which was so coldly 
 received that all his equanimity was re- 
 quired to support his disappointment. He 
 persisted, however, and his work 
 
 gained ground. It was completed in 1761 
 The gurn which he was paid for the copy- 
 right, together with a pension from govern- 
 ment, made him completely independent. 
 After having attended the British ambas- 
 sador to Paris, and been left charge d'af- 
 faires in that capital, and after having, 
 
 but he resigned the see in 1699, and spent from 1767 to 1769, been under secretary 
 
 of state, Hume settled at Edinburgh, where 
 he died in 1776. His Correspondence 
 with Madame de Boufilers wa& published 
 a few years ago. On the metaphysics of 
 Hume it is unnecessary to enlarge. Innu- 
 merable pens have been drawn in the hope 
 of showing the fallaciousness and the dan- 
 ger of them. His History, which ha* long 
 been popular, charms by the ease and spirit 
 of its style, and its philosophical tone; but 
 it is often exceedingly unfaithful, and be- 
 trays somewhat more than a leaning towards 
 principles which are abhorrent to every 
 friend of freedom. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, DATID, raii-Uter of 
 the United States to the court ol Spain, 
 
 n-as born in Connecticut in 1753, and re- 
 ceived his education at Yale College. Soon 
 
 HUME, DAVID, an historian and phi- ifter the commencement of the revolution- 
 losopher, was born, in 1711, at Edinburgh. ; iry war, he entered the army, and wae 
 After having oadc a brie/* atteuij.t t< suocMiively an oid to Parsons, Putnam, 
 
HUN 
 
 Gieene, and Washington. He left the 
 mrmy with the rank of colonel. In 1784 
 he was appointed secretary of legation to 
 Paris, and was subsequently ambassador 
 to the court of Lisbon, and in 1797 minis- 
 ter plenipotentiary to the court of Madrid. 
 While in the military service, he published 
 a |x>ein addressed to the American armies, 
 and after the war another on the Happi- 
 ness and Glory of America. In 1789 he 
 published a life of General Putnam, and 
 while in Europe a number of miscellaneous 
 poems. He died in 1818. 
 
 HUNIADES, JOHN CORVIXUS, a cele- 
 brated general, was born in the beginning 
 of the fifteenth century. His father was 
 a Wallachian, and his mother a Greek, of 
 imperial descent. After having tried his 
 valour in the Italian wars, he distinguished 
 himself in the Hungarian service, and was 
 made vaivode of Transylvania. On the 
 fall of Ladislas, at Varna, Huniades was 
 appointed regent; and for sixteen years 
 he rendered himself so formidable to the 
 Ottomans, that they surnamed him the 
 Devil. His last exploit was the successful 
 
 HUH 
 
 881 
 
 After his eturn he rose into high surgica 
 reputation, and was appointed surgeon to 
 
 St. George's Hospital, surgeon extraordi- 
 nary to the king, inspector general of hos- 
 pitals, and surgeon general. He died, of 
 angina pectoris, in 1793. He was a mem* 
 ber of the Royal Society, in the Transac- 
 tion* of which body many of his valuable 
 physiological and other discoveries are re- 
 corded. He wrote a Treatise on the Nat- 
 ural History of the Teeth; Observations 
 
 defence of Belgrade, in 1456; shortly after on certain Parts of the Animal Economy; 
 
 a Treatise on the Blood ; and other works. 
 
 which he died. 
 
 HUNTER, WILMAM, an anatomist 
 and physician, was born, in 1718, in 
 Lanarkshire; studied at Glasgow; and, 
 after having resided for some time with 
 Dr. Cullen, went to London in 1741, and 
 became dissecting assistant to Dr. James 
 Douglas, and tutor to his son. In 1746 
 he commenced a series of Iccturea on anat- 
 omy and surgery. He soon rose into ex- 
 tensive practice in surgery and midwifery; 
 but eventually he confined himself to the 
 latter branch of his profession. In 1764 
 he was appointed physician extraordinary 
 to the queen. Dr. Hunter wa* a fellow of 
 the Royal Society, the College of Physi- 
 cians, the Medical Society, and other 
 learned bodies; and contributed various 
 
 Kipers to the Philosophical Transactions, 
 e died in 1783. The valuable museum 
 which he formed ia now in the university 
 f Glasgow. His great work is, The Anat- 
 omy of the Gravid Uterus. 
 
 HUNTER, JOHN, younger brother of 
 the foregoing, was born at Loii" Culder- 
 wood, in Scotland, in 1723, and was at 
 
 His anatomical museum was purchased for 
 the use of the public, and given to the Col- 
 lege of Surgeons. 
 
 HUNTER, ANNE, the wife of John 
 Hunter, was a sister of Sir Everard Home. 
 She was born in 1742, and died in 1821. 
 She is the author of Poems; and of Sports 
 of the Genii. Many of her lyrical poem* 
 possess great beauty, and some of them 
 were pet to muic by Haydn. Her virtue* 
 were equal to her talents. 
 
 HU 
 
 squal to 
 NTING 
 
 1TON, SAMUKL, a signer 
 
 of the declaration of independence, wa* 
 born in 1732, in Connecticut, settled in 
 early life at Norwich as a lawyer, and soon 
 rose to popularity and eminence. In 1775 
 he was elected a delegate to congress, and 
 in 1779 was chosen president of that ven- 
 erable lx>dy. In 17S4 he was appointed 
 lieutenant governor of his native state and 
 advanced to the seat of chief judge. He 
 was chosen chief magistrate in 1786, and 
 in 1796 he died. 
 
 IIURD, RICHARD, an eminent prelate 
 and writer, the son of a farmer, wa* born. 
 
 first placed with a brother-in-law, who was > in 1720, at Congreve, in Staffordshire; 
 a carpenter and cabinet-maker. At the! was educated at Emanuel College, Cam- 
 age of twenty, however, he joined his 'bridge; and, after having been rector of 
 brother in London, and, in a few months, Hurcaston, preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and 
 attained such a knowledge of anatomy as archdeacon of Gloucester, was raised, in 
 to be capable of demonstrating to the pu-J 1767, to the bishopric of Litchfield and 
 pils in the dissecting room. In 1755 nil Coventry, and, soon after, was appointed 
 brother admitted him to partnership in his preceptor to the priace of Wales and duke 
 lectures, and in 1756 he was appointed of York. In 1781 he was translated to 
 house surgeon to St. George's Hospital. Worcester, and in 1783 he declined tne 
 His health Uiing impaired by intense study, see of Canterbury. He died in 1SO&. 
 be went abioad, in 1760, as staff surgeon, ' Among his works are, Sermons; Com* 
 and served at Bellcisle and in Portugal, raeuloric* oo Horace'* Art of Poetry; 
 
tsa HUS 
 
 Diaibguea; and Letters on Chivalry and 
 Romance. He was the bosom friend of 
 Wnrbtvrton; and his friendship for that 
 eminent man (which has Ix-en censiuttl as 
 of somewhat too suhserv iein a nature) .ed 
 him to attack Dr. Jortm in a pamphlet. 
 He aUo wrote a biographical sketch of 
 Warburton, edited an edition of liis --ri- 
 tinjs, and published a volume of his Cor- 
 respondence. 
 
 Hl'RDIS, JAM KS, a poet, was born, in 
 1763, at Bishopstone, in Sussex, of which 
 parish he subsequently became the minis- 
 ter; was educated at St. Mary Hall and 
 Magdalen College, Oxford; was appointed 
 poetry professor in 1793; and died in 1801. 
 He wrote The Village Curate; Adriano; 
 The Favourite Village; and other poems ; 
 Sir Thomas More, a tragedy; Disserta- 
 tions on Psalm and Prophecy ; and some- 
 works of minor importance. Hurdis is of 
 the school of Cowper, and is no unworthy 
 dinciple of his great master. 
 
 HUSKISSON, Right Hon. WILLIAM, 
 a statesman, was born about 1769. His 
 mother was a sister of the physician to the 
 British embassy at Paris, and he is said to 
 have been apprenticed to a surgeon in the 
 French capital. He was recommended by 
 Lord Gower to Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas", 
 and became private .secretary to the latter. 
 He sat in parliament, successively, for 
 Morpeth, Liskeard, Chioester and Liver- 
 pool. After having held various subordi- 
 nate offices, he was made secretary to the 
 treasury, on Mr. Pitt's return to 'power. 
 He was afterwards president of the board 
 of trade, and, under the ministry of his 
 friend, Mr. Canning, was appointed secre- 
 tary of state for the colonial department. 
 He was, however, dismissed by the duke 
 of Wellington. He died, September 15, 
 
 1830, in consequence of one of his le^.- 
 oeing crushed b\ the wiu-els of a locomo- 
 tive st'-a:ii engine, at the opening of the 
 Liverpool and Manchester Railway. He 
 v\as a thu.-nt .-pcaker, and a ma-i of great 
 financial and politic,.! knowledge. He 
 wrote The (iuetlion roncei ni.ig ihe Depreci- 
 ation of our Currency itatedand examined. 
 I1USS. JOHN, I reformer, * lorn/ 
 
 HUT 
 
 about 1876, at Hussienitz, in Bohemia , 
 was educated at the university of Prague, 
 of which he became rector; adopted tUe 
 principles of Wicklifle, and propagated 
 them with great 7.eal and eloquence; and, 
 in violation of the emperor's safe conduct, 
 ami in contempt of humanity, was burnt 
 by the council of Constance in 1416. Hi* 
 Bohemian disciples, who bore the name of 
 Hussites, avenged his death by a long and 
 bloody war against the emperor Sigia- 
 mund. 
 
 IIUTCHESOX, FRANCIS, a philoso- 
 pher and writer, was born, in 1694, in the 
 north of Ireland; studied at the university 
 of Glasgow; and, after having for many 
 years kept an academy at Dublin, wag 
 "invited, in 1729, to Glasgow, to fill the 
 chair of professor of philosophy; a situa- 
 tion which he held till his decease in 1747. 
 Fie is the author of An Inquiry into the 
 Ideas of Beauty and Virtue; A Treatise 
 on the Passions; and A System of Moral 
 Philosophy. Ilutcheson is an elegant 
 writer; his metaphysics are of the school 
 of Shaftesbury. 
 
 HUTCHINS, THOMAS, was bom in 
 \e\v Jersey, and entered the army in the 
 western states as an ensign. In 1T79 he 
 was in England and was imprison'. d some 
 time on suspicion of holding a correspon- 
 dence with Franklin in France. He was 
 nominated geographer-gene' J to the Unit- 
 ed States, and died at Pittsburg in 1789. 
 He published an Historical Sketch of the 
 Expedition of Bouquet against the Indians 
 of Ohio, in 1764; a Topographical De- 
 scription of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land and Carolina, with maps (London, 
 1778); a Historical Account of Louisiana, 
 &c. 1784. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, JOHN, was born, in 
 1674, at Spenny thorn, in Lincolnshire, 
 was for many years steward to the duke 
 of Somerset, and afterwards his riding 
 purveyor; and died in 1737. Hutchinson 
 was a violent opponent of Newton's theory 
 of gravitation, and laboured to establish a 
 system of philosophy of his own, which 
 he expounded in his Moses's Principia 
 and several other works, to the extent of 
 twelve volumes. His system hleads con- 
 siderable ingenuity and learning with a 
 much larger portion of absurdity. 
 
 IM'TCHLN'SON, THOMAS, a governor 
 of the colony of Massachusettn, was born 
 in Boston in 1711, and was graduated at 
 Harvard College. He was for a while 
 occupied with commercial pursuits, but 
 !OOM engaged in the study of law and 
 politics and was sent agent toGrejit Brit- 
 ain. On his return he was elected a 
 representative, an-.l ;ifter a few years was 
 ( hosen speaker of ihe liou.--, and in 1752 
 judge of probate. After being a member 
 -f the council, lieutenant < vernur and 
 
HUT 
 
 chief justice, in 1771 he received his com- 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 HYP 233 
 
 his eel vices; Dr. Hutton was foreign sec- 
 retary to the Royal Society from 1779 till 
 1783, in which latter year "he retired from 
 the Society in disgust, along with several 
 other eminent men. He died January 23, 
 1823. Among his works are, A Mathe- 
 matical and Philosophical Dictionary, two 
 vols. quarto ; Elements of Conic Sections ; 
 
 and A Course of Mathematk 
 joined with Drs. Pearson and 
 
 He also 
 Shaw in 
 
 mission us governor 
 In 1774 he was removed from his office 
 and was succeeded bv general Gage. He 
 then repaired to England, fell into disgrace v 
 and died in retirement in 1780. He is 
 the author of a valuable History of Mas- 
 sachusetts, some occasional essays, and a 
 pamphlet on Colonial Claims. It is said 
 that no man contributed more effectually to 
 bring about the separation between the col- 
 onies and Great Britain than Hutchinson. 
 HUTCHINSOX, ANN, a religions 
 enthusiast, who occasioned dissensions in 
 the churches of New-England, came from 
 Lincolnshire to Boston in 1636. She was 
 banished from the colony, and removed to 
 a Dutch settlement in New-York, where 
 h 1643 she was killed by the Indians. 
 
 I1UTTEX, UI.RIC OF, a German re- 
 former, was born, in 1488, at Steckenberg, 
 in Franconia; studied at Frankfort on the 
 Oder; distinguished himself as a soldier 
 in Italy and Germany; espoused the doc- 
 trines of Luther, and published many pieces pensioned by the French monarch, here- 
 in favour of the Reformation ; and died in 'sided at Paris from 1666 to 1681; but, in 
 the island of UiYnau, in the lake of Zurich, I the latter year, disgusted at the revocation 
 in 1523. Hutten was a brave and learned! of the edict of Nantz, he returned to Hoi- 
 
 abridging the Philosophical Transactions. 
 HLYGENS, CHRISTIAN, son of the 
 lord of Znylichen, was born, in 1629, at 
 the Hague; received his scientific educa- 
 tion from his father; and studied the law 
 at Leyden. At the age of thirteen he was 
 no contemptible mathematician. In the 
 course of a few years he distinguished 
 himself by several learned works, and by 
 inventing a pendulum, improving the air- 
 pump, ascertaining the laws of the collision 
 of elastic bodies, and discovering the ring 
 and one of the satellites of Saturn. Hav- 
 ing been invited to France by Colbert, and 
 
 gis 
 
 Ed 
 
 man, but exceedingly violent. He wrote 
 several Latin works, in verse and prose. 
 HUTTON, JAMES, a celebrated geolo- 
 ist and philosopher, was born, in 1726, at 
 Edinburgh. Originally destined to be a 
 lawyer, he prevailed on his friends to ex- 
 change his profession for that of a physi- 
 cian ; and he, in consequence, studied 
 medicine at Edinburgh, Paris, and Leyden, 
 at the last of which universities he took his 
 decree in 1749. Instead, however, of be- 
 ginning to practise, he went into Norfolk, 
 to make himself conversant with agricul- 
 ture, and, in 1754, settled upon a farm of 
 his own in Berwickshire. In 1768, he 
 Went to reside at Edinburgh, and his time 
 thenceforth, till his decease in 1797, was 
 
 land. He died in 1695. His works were 
 collected and edited by S'Gravesande. 
 
 HUYSUM, JOHN" VAN, a celebrated 
 painter, a pupil of Justus, his father, was 
 born, in 1682, at Amsterdam; and died in 
 1749. In flower arid fruit painting he 
 excelled every other artist, and so greatly 
 in request were his pictures that he ob"- 
 tained enormous prices for them: for one 
 lower piece he was paid one thousand 
 four hundred and fifty guilders, and for a 
 fruit piece, one thousand and five. Van 
 Iluysum also painted landscapes with great 
 spirit. 
 
 HYDE, THOMAS, D. D., an eminent 
 orientalist, was born, in 1636, at Billings- 
 ley, in Shropshire, and studied at King's 
 
 devoted to scientific pursuits. His principal ! College, Oxford. Before he was eighteen 
 
 works are, A Theo _ 
 An Investigation of 
 
 ry of the Earth; and 
 of the Principles of, 
 
 Knowledge. Hutton is the founder of the 
 Plutonian system of geology, so called 
 because it considers subterraneous fire as 
 the agftnt by which the upper strata of 
 the globe were arranged in their present 
 rtate. 
 
 HUTTON, CHART, F.*, an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was born, in 1737, at New- 
 castle upon Tyne, and began life as a 
 teacher of mathematics. His earliest 
 scientific productions were communicated 
 to the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Diaries, 
 and to Martin's Magazine. In 1773 he 
 was elected professor of mathematics at the 
 
 Km 
 
 and 
 
 Military Academy at Woolwich, 
 
 this appointment he held 
 
 1S07, 
 
 he assisted Walton in the Polyglott Bible. 
 
 He was successively Hebrew reader, keeper 
 
 of the Bodleian 
 
 Salisbury, archdeacon 
 
 Arabic and Hebrew professor. He died 
 
 Library, prebendary of 
 aeon of Gloucester, and 
 
 Of his numerous learned works 
 is, A History of the Religion 
 
 when ill health induced him to resign it. 
 
 A pension of five hundred pounds rewarded talent, both military and civil 
 
 in 1703. 
 
 the 
 
 of the Ancient Persians. 
 
 HYDE. See CLARF.NDON. 
 
 IIYDER ALT, a celebrated Indian 
 sovereign, was the son of a Mysorean gov- 
 ernor of a small fortress. About 1763 he 
 dethroned the monarch of Mysore, and 
 assumed the sceptre with the tit* of re- 
 gent. He made important conquetls from 
 the Mahrattas and twice invaded the East 
 India Cornpar r's territories, and shook the 
 British power to its foundations. He died 
 in 1782. Hyder was a maa of super iow 
 
04 
 
 1GN 
 
 IRE 
 
 IBRAHIM MANSOUR EFFEN'DI.an 
 adventurer, whose real name was Cerfbere, 
 was born at Strasburgh, of a Jewish family. 
 After having served in the republican hus- 
 sars, he became so violent a royalist that 
 he was imprisoned. In 1802 he went to 
 Constantinople, turned Mahometan, and 
 was employ! to discipline the Turkish 
 troops. lie subsequently wandered through 
 Russia, Sweden, and Denmark ; he4d, 
 under the name of Medelsheim, a govern- 
 ment v.ffice n Westphalia; fought against 
 tne Servians; was for three years engineer 
 to Ali Pacha ; recommenced his wander- 
 ings, and extended them to various parts 
 of Asia, Africa, and America; and at last, 
 being in a starving state, shot himself at 
 Paris, in 1826. He wrote a Memoir of 
 Greece and Albania during the Govern- 
 ment of Ali Pacha. 
 
 At first he was opposed, and eren iniprn 
 oned; but at length the pope, in 15-10, 
 gave his sanction to the new order which 
 Loyola had established, and appointed him 
 its first general. He died in 1556, and was 
 canon i/ed in 1622. 
 
 HIRE, JOHK, an erudite Swede, wa 
 born, at Upsal, in 1707; was educated at 
 th university there; became professor of 
 poetry, rhetoric, and politics; was enno- 
 bled, and made a knight of the Polar star; 
 and died in 17SO. He is the author of 
 Lexicon Dialertorum ; (Jlossariuin Sueco- 
 Gothicum; A Dissertation on Runic Anti- 
 quities; and other works. 
 
 LNCHBALD, ELIZABKTH, a dramatist 
 and novelist, whose maiden name was 
 Simpson, was born, in 1756, at Stanning- 
 (ield, near I Jury, in Suflblk. At the a 
 
 of sixteen slie secretly quitted her family 
 
 ge 
 ly, 
 
 IBYCUS,a Greek lyric poet, a native being prompted by an irrepressible desire 
 of Rhegium, was born in the sixth century of visiting the metropolis 
 
 B. c. He wrote seven books of Odes, of 
 which only a few fragments are extant. 
 He was killed in a solitary spot by rob- 
 bers, whose crime is said to have been 
 discovered in a singular manner. While 
 dying, he saw a flight of cranes passing, 
 and called upon them to avenge him. As 
 the murderers were walking in Rhegium, 
 one of them saw some cranes overhead, 
 and said to his companions, " Here are 
 the avengers of Ibycus." This speech ex- 
 cited suspicion, and the truth was wrung 
 from the criminals by torture. 
 
 IFFLAND, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM, a 
 popular actor and dramatist, was born at 
 Hanover in 1759, and from his childhood 
 had a propensity to the stage, which his 
 father vainly endeavoured to repress. In 
 1770 he absconded from his home, and 
 made his appearance at the Gotha theatre. 
 He soon rose to the first rank among Ger- 
 man actors. As a writer he was almost 
 equally successful. He died, in 1814, at 
 Berlin, where he was the court theatrical 
 manager. In 1798 ne published an edition 
 of his works, which contained forty-seven 
 comedies and tragedies ; and he subse- 
 quently wrote nrjnv others. 
 
 IGNATIUS Dfi LOYOLA, the founder 
 of the order of the Jesuits, wni born, in 
 1491, of a noble family, in the Spanish 
 
 many dangers in her rasl 
 
 After escaping 
 adventure, the 
 
 province of GoipofOoa. In 1521 he was 
 
 married Mr. Inchbuld, of Drury Lane 
 Theatre, and was for several years upon 
 the stage. In 1789, however, she quitted 
 it, and thenceforth depended upon her 
 literary labours. She died in 1821. She 
 wrote nineteen dramas, some of which 
 were deservedly successful ; and two novels, 
 The Simple Story, and Nature and Art, 
 which rank among the standard works in 
 that classi of literature ; and the edited 
 The British Theatre, The Modern Theatre, 
 and a Collection of Farces. 
 
 INGENHOUSZ, JOHK, a physician 
 and experimental philosopher, wan born, in 
 17SO, at Breda, in Holland; settled in 
 London, where he was chosen a member 
 of the Royal Society ; w as recommended 
 by Sir John Priugle to inoculate the family 
 of the empress Maria Theresa; resided for 
 many years at Vienna, in the enjoyment of 
 honours and fortune ; and at length returned 
 to England, where he died in 1799. He 
 is the author of Experiments on Vegeta- 
 bles; Ex|>eriments in and Observations on 
 Natural Philosophy ; and other works of 
 great merit. 
 
 IRELAND, JOHN, was born at Trench 
 farm, nrar Wc-m, in Shropshire ; v.as 
 brought up as a watchmaker ; became a 
 dralrr in paintings and prints; and died, 
 
 ,. , ... near Birmingham, in 1789. He is the 
 
 severely wmmded at the siege of Pampe- j author of Illustrations r,f Hognrth ; and the 
 luna. The result of his meditations on a Life and Letters of J.hn Henderson. 
 
 bed of pain was, sorrow for his past de- 
 bauched life, and a determination to devote 
 himself to works c;f piety, lie he^an by 
 t pilgrimage to Jerusalem; after which he 
 itulied at Alrala, Salamanca, and Paris ; 
 ii I began to preach and to mnke disciple*. 
 
 IRELAND, SAMLF.I., \\as originally a 
 
 manufacturer in Spitallicldx ; but having 
 a taste for the arts, and some knowledge 
 of drawing and engraving, he became a 
 sj collator in books, prints, and works of 
 art, and a writer of embellished tours. 1 
 
JAC 
 
 1796 his character sustained & deep injury 
 by his giving to the world, in an expensive 
 volume, his son's impudent forgery of wli;it 
 were called The Slvikspeare Taper*. He 
 died in 1800. He published .Graphic 
 Illustrations of Hogarth ; A Pictareaque 
 Tour through Holland, Brabant, and 
 France; Picturesque Views on the Thames 
 on the Medway and on the Severn and 
 Avon ; and A History of the Inns of Court. 
 
 IRETON, HK.XRV, was born, in 1610, 
 nt Attenton, in Nottinghamshire; studied 
 *t Trinity College, Oxford, and the Middle 
 Temple; espoused the cause of the parlia- 
 ment, and commanded the left wmg of its 
 army at the battle of Na^eby; married a 
 daughter of Cromwell ; sat in judgment 
 upon Charted. ; wraa appointed Commander- 
 in-chief in Ireland; and died there in 1651. 
 
 IS^EUS, a Greek orator, was born about 
 413 B. c. at Chalcis, in Syria, and was a 
 disciple of Lysias and laocrates. He estab- 
 ished a school of eloquence at Athens, 
 and Demosthenes was one of his pupils. 
 Of his many orations only eleven are now 
 extant ; ten of which have been translated 
 oy Sir William Jones. He is eaid to have 
 been the first who gave names to the figures 
 of rhetoric. 
 
 ISLA, JOHN, a Spanish Jesuit, was 
 born, in 1714, at Segovia After the ex- 
 pulsion of his order from Spain, he settled 
 at Bologna, in Italy, where he died in 
 1783. His principal" work is The Life of 
 Friar Gerund, a pleasant satire upon 
 monkish ignorance, and upon the prevailing 
 faults of pulpit eloquence. He also wrote 
 A Compendium of Spanish History, from 
 Duchesne; Familiar Letters; The Great 
 Pay of Navarre; and Gil Bias restored to 
 4 t Country. 
 
 JAC 
 
 833 
 
 ISOCRATES. one of the ten grea 
 Attic orators, was born B. c. 436 at Athena, 
 and was the son of a musical instrument 
 maker. Prodicus, Gorgias, and Thera- 
 menes were his preceptor* in eloquence. 
 His timidity, and the weakness of his 
 voice, prevented him from taking a part 
 in public business ; but he composed 
 pleadings for others, and opened a school 
 of oratory, in which he formed many illus- 
 trious speakers and statesmen \\ armly 
 attached to the liberties of his country, he 
 starved himself to death in consequence of 
 the fatal issue of the battle of Cheronara. 
 Twenty-one of his harangues are extant. 
 
 ITURBIDE, AUGUSTIN, emperor of 
 Mexico, was born, in 1784, at Valladolid, 
 in New Spain, of a distinguished family, 
 and entered the military service at the age 
 of seventeen. During the first Mexican 
 revolution, Iturbide fought against the 
 insurgents ; but in 1820 he took up arms 
 on the side of liberty. His splendid suc- 
 cesses were successively rewarded by the 
 rank of generalissimo, president of the 
 congress, and finally, in May, 1822, of 
 emperor, with the "title of Augustin the 
 First. In 1823, however, he was deposed 
 and banished. He returned 'n 1824, but 
 was immediately arrested and was shot on 
 the 19th of July'. 
 
 IVANOF, FEODOR FEODOROVITSCH, 
 a Russian dramatist, was born in 1777; 
 served in the army, from which he was 
 removed to the commissariat department ; 
 and died at Moscow in 1816. He wrote 
 the tragedy of Martha, or the Conquest of 
 Novogorod ; and the comedies of Virtue 
 Rewarded, The Old Family, The New- 
 married Couple, and All is 'not Gold that 
 glistens. 
 
 JACKSON, JAMKS, an officer in the 
 army of the American revolution, was 
 born in England in 1757. In 1772 he 
 emigrated to America and settled in Geor- 
 gia He served with distinction during 
 the war and displayed much intrepidity. 
 On the disbanding of the army, h com- 
 menced the practice of the law, to which 
 He had been ducated, in Georgia, and 
 Boon obtained a lucrative amount of busi- 
 ness. After having been a member of the 
 state legislature, an.l successively colonel, 
 brigadier general, and major general in 
 the militia, Jic was chosen a member of 
 Congress, and died in Washington in 1S06. 
 
 J\CKSO.\, WILLIAM, a composer and 
 author, who liaJ also some talent for paint- 
 ing, wa born, in 1730, at Exeter; studied 
 vtwic utv.ler Travers ; was tlecte 1 ;:rgnuist 
 
 of Exeter Cathedral in 1777; and died in 
 
 1803, in his native city. "JACKSON'S 
 
 peculiar forte," says an eminent musical 
 
 critic, " existed in giving an elegant and 
 
 plaintive melody to elegiac poetry. In 
 
 j constituting harmony, without rendering 
 
 ! the middle part or parts destitute of me 
 
 I ody, Jackson stands unrivalled." As aa 
 
 author he is above mediocrity. He wrote 
 
 Thirty Letters on various subjects; The 
 
 Four Ages; and a Treatise on the present 
 
 State of Music. 
 
 JACOBI, JOHX GF.ORCK, a German 
 poet, was lx>rn, in 1740, at Dusseldorf; 
 studied at Gottingcn; obtained, througi 
 the influence of his friend Gleim, a pr- 
 IKMV! in the chapter of St. Boniface at 
 H.ilbcii'tadt ; was professor of philoso- 
 phy and el:M{ip,u-e at Hall; 1 , and, 
 
SX JAM 
 
 quently, of the belles lettres at Friburg, 
 in the Brissjau; and died, in the latter 
 city, in 1^14. The st\i of Jacob i in 
 veisc was farmed on that of the lighter 
 Fren/l) p-et.-, ami pos-o.-t-s much gaiety 
 and c.i.-c. His Summer Journey and 
 Winter Journey are a mixture of prose 
 and \erse, like the Journey by Rauclia- 
 mont and La Chapelle. Besides his poems, 
 he wrote Comedies, Romances, Fables, and 
 Sermons. 
 
 , NICHOLAS JOSEPH, a cel- 
 ebrated botanist, was born, in 1727, at 
 Lcyden, and acquired reputation i\a a phy- 
 ician. He died in 1817. His Ixitanieal 
 works, wliii-h are nninerous, are splendidly 
 eml>cllislicd. Among them are, The Aus- 
 trian l*T>ra; The Vienna Botanical Gar- 
 den ; The Schoenbrunn Garden; Botani- 
 cal Fragments; and Select American 
 Plants; all in folio. Of the last of these 
 only twelve copies were produced, its 264 
 plates being all drawings. 
 
 JAGO, RICHAKP, a poet, was born, in 
 1715, at Beaudesert, in Warwickshire; 
 was educated at University College, Ox- 
 ford; successively obtained the livings of 
 Harburv, Chesterton, Smittersfield, and 
 Kimc.otc; and died in 1781. Jago was a 
 friend to Shenstone. His principal poem 
 is Edge Hill; but it is excelled by some of 
 his smaller pieces. 
 
 JAILN, JOHN, an eminent oriental schol- 
 
 JAY 
 
 in high favour at the court of sultan Abu* 
 said and his successor; and died in 1492 
 Among his works, which are nearly forty 
 in number, are the tales of Yusep'h and 
 Zulcika, and Mejnoun and Leila. 
 
 j A .\ s i : \ , or j A .\ s i ; M r s , Co R N E L- 
 
 ir>, famous for having, unconsciously, been 
 the founder of a sect, and the causer of a 
 schism in the catholic church, was born, in 
 1585, at Akay, near Leerdum, in Holland. 
 He was educated at Louvain; and, after 
 having resided for twelve years in Fiance, 
 and been principal of the college of St. 
 Pulcheria, at Lnuvain,he was raised to the 
 see of Ypres, by the king of Spain, for 
 writing a severe a'ttack upon France and 
 the Dutch. He died, in 1638, shortly after 
 he had taken possession of his bishopric 
 
 He left behind 
 
 a work, intitled Au- 
 
 gustinuB (published in 1640), \\hich he was 
 led to write by the controversy then exist- 
 ing between the Jesuits and Dorninicians, 
 respecting the nature and necessity of di vino 
 grace. In this work the authority of St. 
 Augustine was brought to bear against the 
 Jesuits. Its doctrines were condemned by 
 a papal bull, but they were, nevertheless, 
 espoused by great numbers; and almost 
 interminable and furious quarrels ensued 
 between the Jansenists and their opponents. 
 JARCHI, SOLOMON BEN ISAAC, a 
 celebrated rabbi, was born, in 1104, at 
 Troyes, in France; travelled over a con- 
 
 ar, who died in 1817, was canon of Saint isiderable part of Europe and Asia, and in- 
 Stephen's Church at Vienna, and held theito Egypt; and died, at his native place, in 
 
 ment. 
 
 JAMBLICHUS, 
 
 professorship of biblical archaeology, the- 
 ology, and the eastern languages, till 1806, 
 when he was removed from it, on the charge 
 of heterodoxy. Among his works are, Ara- 
 bic, Chaldean, Hebrew, and Arainic Gram- 
 mars; Biblical Archeology; and an In- 
 troduction to the Study of the Old Testa- 
 
 a philosopher, who 
 
 flourished about the beginning of the fourth 
 century, and is supposed to have died about 
 333, was a native of Chalsis in Coelo Syria. 
 He was a pupil of Anatolius, and after- 
 ward? of Porphyry; and himself establish- 
 ed a school, to which, by his knowledge, 
 and still more by his pretension to an m- 
 trrcourse with the invisible beings, he at- 
 tricted numerous disciples. Several of his 
 v filings are extant. 
 
 JAMES, ROBKRT, a physician, was 
 born, in 1703, at Kinxerstone, in Stafford- 
 shire; was educated at St. John's College, 
 Oxford; and settled in London, after hav- 
 ing practised in several country towns. He 
 died in 1776. He is the author of a Med- 
 ical Dictionary; the Practice of Physic; 
 
 and other 
 friendship 
 
 oiks. He was in habits of 
 ,'ith Johnson, Cumberland, and 
 
 many other eminent men. 
 
 JAM!, Ar.v ALRAHM * v, a Persian po- 
 tt, wat born, in 1414, in Khorasan; li\ed 
 
 1180. He wrote Commentaries on various 
 parts of the Bible, and also on the Talmud ; 
 which are so highly esteemed that he bus 
 been called the Prince of Commentators. 
 
 JAUCOURT, Louis DE, was born, in 
 1704, at Paris; studied at Geneva and 
 Cambridge; was a medical pupil of Boer- 
 haave ; returned to his native city in 1736; 
 and engaged in literary pursuits; contri- 
 buted an immense number of articles to the 
 Encyclopaedia; and died in 1779. He 
 wrote a Life of Leib.iitz; Inquiries into 
 the Origin of Fountains ; and other works ; 
 and bore a part in the Musa-Mim SebaeBMB 
 
 JAUREGUI Y AGU1LAK, JOHN, a 
 Spanish poet and painter, was born at To- 
 ledo, in 1566, and died in 1650. As a poet 
 he was of the school of Garcilaso and Bos- 
 can, and laboured strenuously to 'reform the 
 taste of his countrymen, which had been 
 vitiated by Gongora. He wrote Orpheus, 
 in five cantos; Miscellaneous Poems; and 
 an Apology for Painting; and translated 
 the Pharsalia, and theAminta. As a pain- 
 ter he was distinguished by his management 
 of light and shade, expression, colouring, 
 and the tone of the flesh. 
 
 JAY, JOHN, was born in the city of New 
 York in 1745. He was graduated at Co- 
 lumbia College in 1764, and in 1768 was 
 admitted to the bar. He toon ros* to mi- 
 
JEF 
 
 enee R a lawyer and began to take an ac- 
 tive part in politics. In 1774 lie was elect- 
 ed a dclegat^ to tlio first congress. In May 
 1776 he was recalled from congress by the 
 provincial convention, to aid in forming the 
 government for the province, and to this it 
 is owing that his name does not appear 
 among the signers of the declaration of in- 
 dependence. Upon the organization of the 
 State government in 1777 Air. Jay was ap- 
 pointed chief justice, and held this office 
 till 1779. In November 1778, he was 
 again chosen a delegate to the continental 
 congress, and three days after taking his 
 seat was elected president of that venera- 
 ble body. In September 1779, ha was ap- 
 pointed minister plenipotentiary to the 
 court of Spain, and he arrived at Cadiz in 
 January of the Pillowing year. Having re- 
 signed his commission as minister in 1783, 
 in 17S4 he returned to the United States, 
 and was placed at the head of the depart- 
 ment for foreign a flairs. In this post he 
 remained till the adoption of the present 
 constitution when he was appointed chief 
 justice of the United States. In 1794 he 
 was sent as envoy extraordinary to Great 
 Britain, and before his return in 1795 he 
 had been elected governor of his native 
 state. In 17.98 lie was re-elected to this 
 office, and in 1801 went into voluntary re- 
 tirement. Tlie remainder of his life was 
 passed in the faithful discharge of the char- 
 itable duties, and lia was publicly known 
 only by the occasional appearance of his 
 name, or the employment of his pen, in the 
 ffrvice of philanthropy and piety. Hedied 
 in 1829. Beside a variety of state papers 
 and political essays, Mr. Jay was the au- 
 thor of the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 64th num- 
 bers of the Federalist. 
 
 JEBB, JOHN, a divine and physician, 
 was born, in 1736, in London; studied at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and St. Peter's 
 College, Cambridge; obtained considera- 
 ble preferment in the church, which, how- 
 ever, he conscientiously resigned in 1775, 
 because he disapproved of some of the es- 
 tablished doctrines; studied physic, and 
 commenced practice as a physician, in 
 1778 ; and died in 1786. Jebb was a stren- 
 rus advocate of civil and religious liberty, 
 a.id took a conspicuous part in many meas- 
 ures designed to promote it. His theolog- 
 : ral, political, and medical works form three 
 octavo volumes. 
 
 JEFFERSON, THOMAS, was born in 
 Albermarle county, Virginia, in 1743, and 
 was entered a student in the college of 
 William and Mary. On leaving this semi- 
 nary, he applied himself to the study of the 
 law, under the tuition of the celebrated 
 George Wythe, and was called to the bar 
 in 1766. He soon occupied a hisjli stand 
 in his profession, and at the early age of 
 twenty-five entered the house of burgesses 
 
 El SSI 
 
 f his native state In 1774 he published 
 a Summary View of the Rights of British 
 America, a bold but respectful pamphlet 
 addressed to the king. In 1775 he was 
 elected a member of the continental con- 
 gress, and in the following year draughted 
 the declaration of independence. Between 
 1777 and 1779 he was employed together 
 with George Wythe and Edmund Pendle- 
 ton on a commission for revising the laws 
 of Virginia. In 1779 he was elected gov- 
 ernor of Virginia, and continued in office 
 until June 1781. In the latter year he com- 
 posed his celebrated Notes on Virginia, and 
 in 1787 published it under his own signa- 
 ture. In November 1783 he again took his 
 seat in the continental congress, and in 
 May following was appointed minister plen- 
 ipotentiary, to act abroad with Adams and 
 Franklin in the negociation of commercial 
 treaties. In 1785 he was appointed to suc- 
 ceed Dr. Franklin as minister to the court 
 of Versailles, and performed tlie duties of 
 this office till 1789, when he returned to his 
 native country and was placed by president 
 Washington at the head of the department 
 of state. In 1797 he became vice-presi- 
 dent, and in 1801 president of the United 
 States. At the expiration of eight years 
 he again retired to private life, and took 
 up his residence at Monticello. He still 
 continued anxious to promote the interest 
 of science and literature, and devoted the 
 attention of several years to the establish- 
 ment of an University in Virginia. Hedied 
 on the fourth of July 1826, the fiftieth an- 
 niversary of the declaration of independ- 
 ence. In stature Mr. Jefferson was six feet 
 and two inches high. His person was erect 
 and well formed, though spare. In bjs man- 
 ners he was simple and unaffected, simple 
 in his habits, and incessantly occupied with 
 the pursuits of business or study. Four vol- 
 umes of his Correspondence have been pub- 
 lished since his decease. 
 
 JEFFREYS, GKORGE, Baron Wein, 
 was born, about the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century, at Acton, in Denbighshire; 
 studied at Westminster and the Inner Tem- 
 ple; and rose, through the gradations of re- 
 corder of London, a Welsh judge, and chief 
 justice of Chester, till, in 1683, he attained 
 the dignity of chief justice of the King's 
 Bench, to which James II. added, the tit.e of 
 baron. He earned his court honours by being 
 base, slavish, sanguinary, and brutal, in an 
 extreme degree, whenever politics were 
 in question. On the dowufal of James II. 
 Jeffreys attempted to escape, but was dc- 
 te.eted and sent to the Tower, where he 
 dir-.l in 1689. 
 
 JEFFRIES, JOHIT, ?.n eminent physi 
 cian, was born in Boston in 1744, was grad 
 uated at Harvard college, and immediately 
 after entered upon his medical studies. In 
 order to acquire a more perfect kno\vldf 
 
888 JEN 
 
 of hit profession, he visited Europe and at- 
 tended to the instructions of the most dis- 
 tinguished lecturers. In 1769 he returned 
 ton and recommenced the practice 
 of physic, and was employed during the. war 
 
 JOA 
 
 the same subject, Ire vv bte Observation* 
 on the Natural History of thg Cuckoo. 
 
 JENYN3, SOAMK, a poet and miscel 
 laneous writer, was born, in 1704, i* 
 London; was educated at St. John'fc Co. 
 
 as surgeon in the British army. In 17SO ie^e, Cambridge; sat in parliament foi 
 
 Cambridgeshire, and subsequently for Dun- 
 wich; and for his attachment to minister?, 
 was rewarded bv being made a commis- 
 sioner of the board of trade, which office 
 ne held during five and twenty years, lie 
 died in 1787. His prose works, besides 
 some papers in the World, and some pain- 
 
 he went a^ain to London and practised will 
 great success. In the course of liis philo- 
 sophical experiments, he was induced to 
 undertake two aerial voyages; the second 
 of which was from the clitVs of Dover across 
 the British channel into the forest of Guinea 
 in France. In 1789 he returned to Boston, 
 and after a successful practice of 53 years 
 died in 1819. 
 
 JEHAN GIIIR, or JEHANGUIRE, 
 
 AEUL MUZAFFKR NOUREDDIN MOHAM- 
 
 M ED, emperor of Hindostan, the son of Ak- 
 bur, was originally named Selim. He suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of Delhi in 1605, and 
 died in 1627. Jehanguire was liberal, afia- 
 ble, and accessible to his subjects, and a pa- 
 tron of literature and arts. He wrote Me- 
 moirs of the first Seventeen Years of his 
 Reign ; and added to the historical commen- 
 taries of Sultan Baber. 
 
 JENKINSON. See LIVERPOOL. 
 
 JENNER, EDWARD, the celebrated in- 
 troducer of vaccine inoculation, was born, 
 May 17, 1749, in Gloucestershire, was 
 apprenticed to a surgeon ; and subsequent- 
 ly settled at Berkeley, as a <;oneral medi- 
 cal practitioner. A .-out 1776 his attention 
 was turned to the cow pox, by the circum- 
 stance of his finding that those who had 
 been affected by it had become incapable 
 of receiving the variolous infection. Vac- 
 
 cination -was introduce;! 
 
 the British 
 
 capital, in 1796, by Mr. Cline, and a 
 violent controversy was long, maintained 
 with respect to its merits. Its ultimate 
 triumph was complete. It was extended 
 to every part of the globe; and plaudits 
 and honours were showered upon the dis- 
 coverer from all quarters. Oxford pre>rute<I 
 him with a diploma, the Royal Society 
 admitted him as a member, and parliament 
 voted him JL). 20.000. He died January 
 26, 1823 Besides iwo works on th-- '' m 
 Pox, and icattered papers and letters on 
 
 phlets, consist of, An T 
 
 Nature and Origin 
 
 nquiry 
 of Evil which 
 
 into the 
 
 roughly handled by Johnson; View of the 
 " iterrral Evidences of the Christian Relig- 
 ion which, though popular, was unsatis- 
 factory to all parties ; Disquisitions on 
 arious Subjects which brought down on 
 him the satirical Lash of Mason. 
 
 JEROME, or HIERONYMUS, ST,, 
 one of the fathers of the church, was Born, 
 between 329 and 343, at Stridon. on the 
 Pannonian and Dacian frontier, and Btndi- 
 dat Rome, under Donatus the grammarian 
 and other preceptors. He was ordainet! 
 presbyter in 378 ; became secretary to 
 Pope"Damasus; and died, in 420, sii|-*?r- 
 intendant of a monastery at Bethlehem. 
 The best edition of his works is in five 
 volumes folio. 
 
 JEROME of PRAGUK, a native of the 
 Bohemian capital, studied in the universi- 
 ties of Oxford, Paris, Prague, Heidelberg, 
 and CoLogn ; joined zealously with Huss 
 in spreading the doctrines of Wicklifle; 
 followed him to Constance; was terrified 
 into a momentary recantation of his prin- 
 ciples; but resumed his courage, defended 
 himself eloquently, and met his death at 
 the stake, May 30, 1416, with heroical 
 fortitude. 
 
 JERVIS. See ST. VINCEWT. 
 
 JEUFFROY, R. V., a gem and medal 
 engraver, was born, in 1739, at Rouen, in 
 \Vhen he was 
 assistance, suc- 
 
 ceeded in imitating an engraved preciooa 
 stone which had come into his hands. He 
 went to Italy to study, and for some years 
 resided at Rome, and worked for Pichlcr, 
 who sold his productions as antiques. On 
 his return to France, he was placed at the 
 head of the school of gem engraving. He 
 died in 1786. 
 
 JOAN OF ARC, generally called The 
 Maid of Orleans, the greatest i,f heroine*, 
 
 a very humble condition, 
 young, he, without any 
 
 born, in 1410, at Domremi 
 
 Lor- 
 
 raine. Her parents were poor, and her 
 occupation^ were the tending of sheep and 
 taking care of horses at a country inn. 
 But her mind was far superior to her 
 station, aad .-he brooded o\e<- the sulTcring* 
 <>f her country, and the means of relieving 
 theui, till *he" believed that she beard voices 
 
JOh 
 
 from heiven commanding her tc become the 
 deliverer of France. She wat presented to 
 
 king, and it was resolved that her 
 services should be accepted. The idea 
 that an agent endowed with supernatural 
 powers had taken the field produced its 
 natural effect in a superstitious age; it 
 inspirited the French, it depressed the Eng- 
 lish. The first exploit of Joan was the 
 relieving of Orleans, in May, 1428, after 
 having defeated the besiegers. The tide 
 of her success was rapid. Cky after city 
 was reduced, the English were worsted at 
 Patay, and, in July, 1429, the maid led 
 her sovereign to be crowned in the cathe- 
 
 JOI1 . 8 
 
 tate, published in 1682, he was fined five 
 hundred marks. In 1685 lie was treated 
 till more severely; l>eing sentenced to pay 
 five hundred marks, be thrice pilloried, 
 and be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, 
 for having written an Address to the Armv 
 He died in 1703. Ilia works form a foil* 
 volume 
 
 JOHJVSON, SAMUEL, one of the great- 
 est literary characters of the eighteenth 
 century, was the son of a bookseller; was 
 born, in 1709, at Litchfield ; and completed 
 his education at Pembroke College, Oxford. 
 After having been usher at Market Bos- 
 worth tvhool, and having married Mrs. 
 
 dral of Rheims. Her mission, she declar-| Porter, the widow of a mercer, and vainly 
 ed, was now accomplished, and she wished endeavoured to establish an academv at 
 
 display her 
 of May, 14 
 
 to retire into obscurity. But her aid was 
 too valuable to be easily relinquished, and 
 the king at length prevailed on her to 
 remain with the army. Joan continued to 
 1 er wonted valour till, on the 25th 
 1431, she was taken prisoner bv 
 the Burgundians, while she was heading a 
 sally from Compiegne. Her captors sold 
 her to the English, who lastingly disgraced 
 themselves by burning her at Rouen, May 
 31, 1431, on a charge of sorcery. 
 
 JODELLE, STEPHEN, a French poet, 
 was born at Paris, in 1532, and died in 
 indigence in 1573. Jodelle formed one of 
 the Pleiad, as it was called, of Gallic poets. 
 He was the first in France who composed 
 
 Edial, he settled in the metropolis, in 1737. 
 In the following year lie published hia 
 London, a satire, which established his 
 poetical reputation, and was praised by 
 Pope. For home years his subsistence 
 was chiefly derived from supplying biogra- 
 phical and miscellaneous articles, including 
 the debates in parliament, to the Gentle- 
 
 man's Magazine, 
 appeared in 1744. 
 
 His Life of Savage 
 From 1747 to 1755 he 
 
 was engaged on his English Dictionary. 
 In the interval, however, he gave to the 
 world The Vanity of Human Wishes ; The 
 Rambler; and the tragedy of Irene. These 
 labours, however, were more productive 
 of fame fhan of profit. He was still 
 
 tragedies with chorusses on the Greek [obliged to toil to provide for the passing 
 model. j day, and thus necessity called into exist- 
 
 JOHNES, THOMAS, was bora, in 1748, lence the Idler, Rasselas, and various pro- 
 at Ludlov.*, in Shropshire; studied at Eton, jductions of less consequence. At length, 
 and Jesus College, Oxford; sat in parlia- in 1762, a pension of ,300 was granted 
 ment for Cardigan, and subsequently for to him by the crown; and, in 1765, a 
 Radnorshire; and died in 1816. He trans- 1 large increase was made to his comforts 
 liitcd Froissart, Monstrelet, Joinville, Ber-!by his becoming intimate with the family 
 trand de la Brocquicre, and St. Palaye's of Mr. Thrale. In the course of the last 
 Life of Froissart. twenty years of his life he produced his 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL, a divine, emi- political pamphlets; an edition of Shaks- 
 nent for his fortitude, and for his numerous poare; a Journey to the Western Islands 
 writings in the cause of liberty, was born, of Scotland; and the Lives of the Poeta. 
 in 1649, in Staffordshire; was educated at He died December 13, 1784. 
 St. Paul's School, and at Trinity College, JOHNSON, Sir WILLIAM, a military 
 Cambridge; and became minister of Cor- oflicer, who served with distinction in 
 ringliam, in Essex, and chanluin to Lord North Carolina, was born in Ireland about 
 William Russel. For his Julian the Apos- the year 1714. Early in life he came to 
 
MO JON 
 
 America, and settled on the Jlohawk and 
 carried on an extensive traHu. with the In- 
 dians. In 17f>5 he commanded the provin- 
 cial troops of New York in the expedition 
 against Crown Point, and for his services 
 received from the House of Commons the 
 gift of .5000, ami from t'ne king the title 
 of baronet. He died in 1774. He was 
 shrewd, brave and successful. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMIH, president of 
 King's College, New York, was a native 
 of Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale 
 College. He studied divinity, became an 
 
 Episcopalian, and in 1722 went to England a strenuous champion of 
 to obtain ordination. In 1754 he was philosophy, was born, i 
 chosen president of the college just estab- in Northamptonshire; i 
 li.-hei] at New Yoik, and filled the office 
 with much credit until 1763, when he re- 
 signed and returned to Stratford to resume 
 his pastoral duties. He died in 1772, in 
 the 76th year of his age. He was the 
 author of some controversial works, and 
 of a Hebrew and an English Grammar. 
 
 JOHNSON, or JOHNSTON, 
 CHARLES, a novel writer, was born in 
 Ireland, in the first ha f of the eighteenth 
 century, and was called to the bar, but his 
 deafness confined him to chamber practice. 
 In 1782 he went to Calcutta, where he 
 became joint proprietor of a newspaper, 
 and died about 1800. His novels, the 
 principal of which are, Chrysal, or the 
 Adventures of a Guinea, and its continua- 
 tion, The Reverie, are spirited, and full 
 of pungent satire, and the characters are 
 mostly copied, and often caricatured, from 
 real fife. 
 
 JOINVILLE, JOHN, Sire de, seneschal 
 of Champagne, was born about 1223. He 
 attended Louis IX., in 1249, on the Egyp- 
 tian expedition, rendered great services 
 to that monarch, and was ever after con- 
 
 sidered 
 friends. 
 
 bv him as one of his dearest 
 n the king's second crusade, 
 however, he declined taking a part. Join- 
 ville died about 1307. His Life of Saint 
 Louis is one of the most delightful of an- 
 3 ent chronicles. 
 
 JO.MELLI, NICHOLAS, a celebrated 
 composer, was born, in 1714, at A versa, in 
 the kingdom of Naples, and was a pupil 
 
 of Leo and Durante. After having resided 
 / 
 
 for some years in Germ; 
 
 the service 
 
 of the duke of Wirtemberg, he returned 
 to his native country, and died at Naples, 
 ir. 1774. He composed more than forty 
 operas; oratorios; and several excellent 
 pieces of church music; besides smaller 
 workn. 
 
 JONES, INK, o, an eminent architect, 
 'i of a clothworker, was born about 
 1572, at London. Christian IV. of Den- 
 mark, made him his diief architect, and 
 brought him to England when he visited 
 
 JON 
 
 made surveyor of the board of works, 
 and was also much employed by the nobil 
 itv and gentry. Being a catholic, and 
 favourable to the subverted government, 
 Jones suffered considerably during the civil 
 war. He died in 1652. Of his abilities 
 the finest specimens are, the Banqueting 
 House, at Whitehall; St. Paul's Covcnt 
 Garden; and Wilton House in Wiltshire. 
 He sometimes sinned against good taste 
 by blending the Grecian and the Gothic 
 styles. 
 
 "JONES, WII.T.IAM, a divine, who was 
 a strenuous champion of the Hutchinsonian 
 in 1726, at Lowick, 
 was educated at the 
 
 Charter House, and at University College, 
 Oxford ; and died in 1800, perpetual curate 
 of Nayland, and rector of Paston and 
 Hollingbourne. His theological and philo- 
 sophical works form twelve octavo vol- 
 umes. Among them are, The Catholic 
 Doctrine of the Trinity; Physiological 
 Disquisitions; and Lectures on the Figur- 
 ative Language of the Scriptures. 
 
 J ON ES,Sir WILLI AM, an eminent poet, 
 scholar, and lawyer, the son of an excellent 
 mathematician, was born, in 1746, in 
 London; was educated, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself, at Harrow, and at 
 University College, Oxford; and, in 1765, 
 became tutor to Lord Althorpe, now Earl 
 Spencer, with \\hom he travelled on the 
 continent. In 1770, he was admitted of 
 the Inner Temple; in 1776 he was made 
 a commissioner of bankrupt; in 1783 he 
 was knighted, and appointed judge of the 
 supreme court of judicature in Bengal. 
 One of his early acts in India was the 
 establishment, at Calcutta, of an institution 
 on the plan of the Royal Society, of which 
 he was chosen the first president. Another 
 was, to take vigorous measures for pro- 
 curing a digest of the Hindoo and Mahom- 
 etan laws. He died, at Calcutta, in 1794. 
 His poems, translations, philological es- 
 says, and other works, form twelve vol- 
 umes. In his command of languages he 
 had few rivals; he being more or less ac- 
 quainted with no fewer than twenty-eight. 
 His. poems are always elegant, often ani- 
 mated, and their \er.-iticatii.n .is melliflu- 
 ous. His learning was extensive ; his le- 
 gal knowledge was prcfound; and he was 
 an enlightened and zealous champion of 
 constitutional principles. 
 
 JONES, JOHN l' A ri.. a native of Scot 
 land, was born, in 1747, at Scikiik, and 
 settled in America when young. He dis- 
 tinguished himself liy his bravery in the 
 
 American service, durn^ the contest with 
 i . ... i 
 
 des- 
 
 wilh the Serapis frigate, 
 died in Paris in 
 
 the mother country, particularly 
 
 perate 
 
 which he captured. He 
 
 James I. Jones now transferred his fervi-j 1792, and was buried at the expense of 
 ci to lug natural sovereign. He was , the national convention. Jont-e wa* not 
 
JOR 
 
 only a man of signal courage, but also of 
 great talent, and keen sagacity, wrote poe- 
 try, and in France aspired to be a man of 
 fasliion. His memorials and correspond- 
 ence are quite voluminous. 
 
 JONES, JOHN', an American physi- 
 cian, was born on Long Island in 1729. 
 After receiving a school education, he 
 commenced the study of medicine and vis- 
 ited Europe to improve his professional 
 know ^dge. Returning to America he 
 settled in New York, and in 1775 pub- 
 lished his Plain Remarks upon Wounds 
 and Fractures. He was the intimate friend 
 of Franklin, and attended him in his last 
 illness; he was also for some time the 
 family physician of president Washington. 
 He d'ied fii 1791. 
 
 JOV 
 
 841 
 
 JONSON, BENJAMIN, a celebrated 
 poet ind dramatist, the posthumous son of 
 a clergyman, was born, in 1574, in West- 
 minster. His mother having entered again 
 
 to the marriage state with a bricklayer, 
 
 she took the 
 
 from Westminster 
 
 School, to follow his stepfather's trade; 
 but he emancipated himself by entering 
 the army, as a private soldier, and, during 
 a campaign in Holland, was applauded by 
 his officers for his courage. On his return 
 he studied at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, but the scantiness of his means 
 soon obliged him to quit the university. 
 Removing to London, he embraced the two- 
 fold profession of author and actor. As an 
 actor Jonson acquired no fame; as an au- 
 
 thor 
 
 he was mure fortunate. His 
 Every Man in his Humour, 
 
 first 
 
 brought out in 1598, and it was followed, 
 in rapid succession, by numerous others, 
 and by liis poems. In 1C17, he was ap- 
 pointed poet laureate. He died August 
 16, 1637. Of Jonsou'si poetry much is be- 
 low mediocrity, but then: art- a tew of his 
 
 House, and Jesus College, Oxford; and 
 held, successively, the livings of Swavtaey, 
 St. Dunstau's in the East, and Kensing- 
 ton. He was also a prebendary .of St. 
 Paul's, and archdeacon of London. He 
 died, at Kensington, in 1770, as much be- 
 loved for his private virtues as admired for 
 his piety, learning, abilities, liberality of 
 mind, and contempt of subserviency. 
 Among his works are, Lusus Poetici; .4. 
 Life of Erasmus; Remarks on Ecclesiast- 
 ical History; Sermons; and Six Disserta- 
 tions on different subjects. As the last 
 work happened to impugn one of Wai- 
 burton's theories, an illiberal attack was 
 made upon it by Hurd, in a Seventh Dis- 
 sertation on the Delicacy of Friendship. 
 
 JOSEPHINE, Empress of the French. 
 The maiden name of this celebrated wo- 
 man, who was born, in 1761, at Martinico, 
 was Mary Francis Josephine Tascher de 
 la Pagerie. She was early taken to Paris 
 by her father, and united to viscount de 
 Beauharnois. In 1794, her husband per- 
 ished on the scaffold, and she herself was 
 imprisoned, but was saved by Tallien. In 
 1796, she married General Bonaparte, and 
 they lived together in perfect union, till 
 1809, when the desire of having an heir 
 to his throne induced him to divorce her, 
 and take an Austrian princess as his wife. 
 She died* at Malmaison, May 29, 1814. 
 In her youth Josephine was beautiful, and 
 to the last she continued to possess many 
 charms, uncommon gracefulness, and win- 
 ning manners. For these she was admired, 
 but for her amenity and benevolence she 
 was universally beloved. 
 
 JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS, a Jewish his- 
 torian, descended, by his mother's side, 
 from the Maccabcan race, was born at Je- 
 rusalem, A. D. 37, and was early instruct- 
 ed in Hebrew learning. He is supposed 
 to have died about the year 95. He wrote 
 the History of the Jewish War; Jewish 
 Antiquities; and other works ; which have 
 been translated into English by L'Estrange 
 and by Whiston. 
 
 JOVELLANOS, CASPAR MELCHIOR 
 DE, was born, in 1749, at Gijon, in the 
 Astunas, and was early distinguished for 
 his learning. Charles III. made him a 
 counsellor of state, but he was exiled in 
 1794, for proposing to tax the clergy. In 
 1799 he was recalled, to be minister of 
 justice; but in eight months he was again 
 banished. Being suspected of favouring 
 the French, he was put to death, in 18l~ 
 
 pieces which are polished into perfect j by the populace. He wrote Lyric Poems; 
 gems. Besides his poems and dramas lie . Pelayo, a tragedy; The Honourable De 
 
 wrote some prose work*. The story of 
 hia regard in :j 8hakspe<urc"with a i i envious 
 eve appeal's to be a calm 
 
 linquent, a comedy; and several Memoirs 
 on subjects connected \\ith political econ 
 omv. He also translated Paradise Lost 
 
 JOR'TIN, Dr. JOHN, W eminent the-j- | JOVIAN, FI.AVIUS CLAUDIUS, a Ro 
 tOgian arid :h I .r, was b >rn, in 1698, in ' man e:nper;r, was born, : bout 330, at 
 Loud.) ; was r.luculuJ at liu Charter i Sind man, in Pannoui'i. When Julian 
 
M3 JUL 
 
 fell, in the expdi ion again? he Persians, 
 Jovian, who was then a. olliecr, was 
 raised to the tin me by tin troops. To 
 save t]ie remains of the Unman army, he 
 was compelled to consent to a dishonoura- 
 ble peace with the Persians. His sway 
 -iiort, for he died, in 364, in the 
 eighth month of his reign; but whether by 
 annotation from the vapour of charcoal. In 
 apoplexy, or by poison, remains undecided. 
 
 JOYCE, J KRKMI AH, a dissenting min- 
 ister, and an industrious author, was born 
 in 17U4, aud died in 1816. In 1794, he 
 was one of the persons accused of high 
 treason, but was not brought to trial. He 
 was the principal compiler of Gregory's 
 and Nicholson's Encyclopaedias; and pub- 
 lished, among other works, Elements of 
 Arithmetic ; Scientific Dialogues ; Dia- 
 logues on Chemistry ; and Letters on Nat- 
 ural Philosophy. 
 
 JUAN Y SANTI CILIA, DonGKORG E, 
 an eminent Spanish mathematician and 
 naval officer, was born, in 1712, at Ori- 
 hucla. A considerable part of his life was 
 spent in successful exertions to improve 
 and increase the Spanish naval force. He 
 died in 1774. Among his works are, Ob- 
 servations on Astronomy and Natural Phi- 
 losophy, made in Peru; and a Treatise on 
 Mechanics applied to the construction of 
 Vessels. 
 
 JUDAH HAKKADOSH, a famous 
 rabbi, the founder of the school of Tibe- 
 rias, was born at Sephora, in 120, and 
 died in 194. He is the author of the 
 Mischna, or first part of the Talmud, and 
 is said to have been occupied upon it for 
 thirty vears. 
 
 JUDAH HIUG, or CHIUG, a learned 
 rabbi, was a native of Fez, and exercised 
 the profession of a physician at that place, 
 about 1040. The date of his death is un- 
 known. 
 
 JUEL, NICHOLAS, a celebrated Danish 
 admiral, was born in 1629, and learned 
 his profession under Tromp and Ruyter, in 
 the Dutch service; after which he returned 
 to Denmark, to serve his country. In 1659, 
 he distinguished himself during the siege 
 of Copenhagen; for which he was one of 
 the first who received the order of Dane- 
 bro*. In 1676 and 1677, he made himself 
 ia.-ter of Gothland, and defeated the 
 Swedes in severa desperate engagements. 
 He died in 1^97. JucI was no less modest 
 than brave. 
 
 JTLIAN, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, sui na- 
 med the Apostate, a nephew of Constan- 
 ! ine the Great, was born in 331, and was 
 brought up a Christian, but apostatized to 
 pag.ilii"'-. In 335, l-e. was de -hired ( 'a-.-ar, 
 and was . -n( i,, govern Gaul, where he ob- 
 tained several victories oxer tin: Germans. 
 Ill 3bl. the troops in Gaul revolted from 
 Cons intira, nnd placed Julian on the 
 
 JUR 
 
 throne. He was killed, in 363, i Y ex 
 
 pod it ion against the Persians. His work* 
 form two volumes folio. 
 
 JULIO ROMA NO, a celebrated painter 
 and architect, whose real name was PIPPI, 
 was born, in 1492, at Home, and studied 
 under Raphael ; but, after the decease of 
 his great master,. he adopted a style which 
 approximated to that of .Michael Angelo. 
 He died in 1546. 
 
 JT.NGE, or JUNGIUS, JOACHIM, 9 
 German philosopher, whom Leibnitz cha- 
 racterises as being inferior only to Des- 
 cartes, and equal to Copernicus, Galileo, 
 and Kepler, was born, in 1537, at Lubeck; 
 and died, in 1657, rector of St. John's 
 School, at Hamburgh. He was a formid- 
 able antagonist of the Aristotelian philoso. 
 phy. Among his works are, Geometria 
 Empirica; Doxoscopire Physicse Minnies; 
 and Isagoge Phytoscopia ; from the last of 
 which hints appear to have been borrowed 
 by Kay and Limupus. 
 
 JUNIUS, ADRIAN, a native of Hol- 
 land, a physician, and one of the most 
 .fertile literary characters of his age, was 
 born at Hoorn, in 1512; practised with 
 great success in England and his native 
 country; and died in 1575. His works, 
 including translations from the ancient lan- 
 guages, and remarks on ancient authors, 
 are very numerous. 
 
 JUNIUS, FRANCIS, a philologist, was 
 born, in 1589, at Heidelberg; settled in 
 England in 1620; was thirty years libra- 
 rian to the earl of Arundel; and died, in 
 1678, at Windsor. His principal works 
 are, De Pictura Veterum; Glossarium 
 Gothicus ; and Etymologicnm Anglicanum ; 
 the last of which was published by Lye. 
 His extensive Glossary of the Five North- 
 ern Languages remains imprinted. 
 
 JUNOT, AN DOCK E, duke of Abrantes, 
 a French general, was born, in 1771, at 
 Bussy le Grand ; entered the army in 1791, 
 as a volunteer ; .attracted by his coolness 
 and courage the attention of Bonaparte at 
 the siege of Toulon ; and w as promoted 
 by that general, and distinguished himself 
 under him throughout the Italian and K<ry|>- 
 tian campaigns. In 1S07, he was placed 
 at the head of the army which occupied 
 Portugal; but, being defeated at Vimeira 
 by Sir Arthur Wellesley, lie was compelled 
 to capitulate. He subsequently sened in 
 Spain and in Ilussia; and was governor 
 of the Illyrian provinces; and dJed in 1813 
 
 JUUIEU, PKTKR, a French pmtestan. 
 divine and theologian, was born, in 1637, 
 at Mer, near Blois; was partly educated 
 in England; was professor of Hebrew at 
 Sedan, and, wibsequently, of divinity at 
 Rotterdam; .and died at the latter place, 
 in 1713. Of his works, the principal are, 
 The History of Calvinism and Popery; 
 History of the Opinions and Religiom 
 
Ceremonies of the Jews; A Treatise on] 
 
 the Unity of the Church ; and Sermons. 
 Juried was a visionary, an 1 dabbled, with 
 \vofully bad success, in prophecy. 
 
 JUSSIEU, BKRNARI.) DK, an eminent 
 botanist, was born, in 1699, at Lyons, and 
 died in 1777, botanical demonstrator at 
 the king's garden. In 1758 he was em- 
 ploved to arrange the plants in the royal 
 garden of Trianon, and the arrangement 
 which he adopted forms the basis of what 
 is called The Natural System of Plants, 
 which was first brought forward by his 
 nephew Anthony Laurence, and has been 
 perfected by Vcntenat, Brown, Mirbel, 
 Richard, and L)e Candolle. His brother, 
 A XT HO NY, was also a celebrated botanist. 
 
 JUSTIN, M. JUNIANUS, a Latin histo- 
 
 ran, is believed to have 
 Antoninus Pius, in the 
 
 flourished under 
 second century 
 
 His history is only an epitome of a larger 
 work, written in the reign of Augustus, by 
 Trogus Potnpeius. 
 
 JUSTIN, surnamed the MARTYR, one 
 
 KAL 841 
 
 JUVENAL, OKCIUS TUNIUS, the most 
 vehement of satirists, is believed to hare 
 
 of the fathers of the church, 
 
 born at 
 
 been born about the commencement of the 
 reign of Claudius. He studied under 
 Fronto and (.inintilian; and acquired repu- 
 tation and fortune at the bar. His satire 
 n the actor Paris, who was the favourite 
 of Domitian, is said to have been the cause 
 of Juvenal being sent, nominally as com- 
 mander of a cohort, but really as an exile, 
 to Pentapolis, on the Egyptian frontier. 
 He is supposed by some to have died, 
 about 128, at Rome; while otUers as*ert 
 him to have died of grief in banishment. 
 His satires have been spiritedly translated 
 
 his works the principal are, Two Apologies j by Dryden, Gifford, Hodgson, and Bad- 
 for the Christians. ham. 
 
 JUSTINIAN I., emperor of the East, JUXON, WILLIAM, a learned prelate, 
 was born, in 483, of an obscure family, at was born, in 1582, at Chichester; wag 
 Tauresiura, in Dardania, on the Illyrian ' educated at Merchant Tailors' School, and 
 and Thracian frontier; was associated in . St. John's College, Oxford; was warmly 
 the government of the empire by his uncle' patronised by Laud, and, through his in- 
 
 Neapolis, anciently Sichem, in Palestine; 
 and was a philosopher of the Platonic 
 school. He is believed to have preached 
 tlie gospel in Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt. 
 He was beheaded at Rome, in 165. Of 
 
 Justin; and, on the death of that monarch, 
 succeeded to the sole authority. Person- 
 ally, Justinian was a bigot, and a man of 
 a weak mind; yet, in some points of view, 
 
 his reign was a glorious one. 
 565. 
 
 Ho died in 
 
 fluence, rose to be Bishop of Hereford in 
 1633, and of London in the same year. 
 He attended Charles I. in the Isle of 
 Wight, and on the scaffold; was elevated 
 to the archbishopric of Canterbury, at the 
 Restoration: and died in 1663. 
 
 KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet, au- 
 thor of one of the seven poems which were 
 euspended in the temple of Mecca, was 
 originally a strenuous opponent of Mahom- 
 et, whose doctrines and person he satirised. 
 Hi:, however, recanted, by writing a poem 
 in honour of the prophet. As a reward, the 
 prophet gave him his green mantle, which 
 one of the descendants of Kaab sold for ten 
 tinnsand pieces of silver^ He died in 662. 
 
 K/EMPFER, ENOLEBKRT, a celebra- 
 ted phvsician, naturalist, and traveller, was 
 born, in 1651, at Lc;n^ >w, in Westphalia; 
 Studied at P.intzir, Thorn, (.'racow, ami 
 Upsalj accompanied the Swedish embassy 
 to Persia, whence he proceeded to Java, 
 nd thence to Japan ; returned to hi.-- native 
 
 country, and entered upon the medical prac 
 tice; and died in 1716. Besides Ins His- 
 tory of Japan, he published Amoenitates 
 Exoticae ; and other valuable works 
 
 KAESTNER, ABRAHAM GOTTHELF, 
 an eminent mathematician and astronomer, 
 was born, in 1719, at Leipsic, and died, in 
 1799, professor of mathematics at Gottin- 
 gen; an office which he held with high rep- 
 utation for more than forty yeirs. He was 
 a man of wit and satire, and a poet, as 
 well as a votary of 'science. His works 
 are more than two hundred in number. One 
 of the most important of them is a History 
 of Mathematics. 
 
 KALKRRENNER, CHRISTIAN, was 
 l>orn, i;i 1755, at Muaden, in Prussia, wa 
 
144 KAR 
 
 a pupil of Emanuel Bach; and, after haT- 
 ing been in the service of Prince Henry of 
 Prussia, he settled at Paris, where he died 
 in 1806. He composed several operas, 
 among which are the Widow of Malabar, 
 Olympia, Don Juan, and (Enone; am 
 wrote two musical treatises, on Acconipa 
 niments, Fugues, and Counterpoint; anc 
 Dart of a History of Music. 
 
 KALM, PKTKK, a Swedish natural phi 
 .osopher and traveller, was born, in 1715 
 in Ostro Bothnia; travelled from 1748 tc 
 1751 in North America, and, at a later pe 
 riod, in Russia; became professor of bota 
 By at the university of Abo; and died ii 
 1779. Besides his American travels, whicl 
 have been translated into English, he wrott 
 more than eighty Dissertations on subjects 
 connected with the commerce, agriculture 
 and manufactures of Sweden. 
 
 KAMES, HE HRY HOME, lord, a Scotch 
 judge, and fertile writer, was born, in 1696 
 at Kames, in Berwickshire; and, aftei 
 having been successful at the bar, was ap- 
 pointed, in 1752, a judge of session, on 
 which occasion he took the title by which 
 he is generally known. In 1763 be was 
 raised to be one of the lords of justiciarv. 
 He died in 1782. Many of his works are 
 on Scotch law. Of those which are whol!\ 
 literary the principal are, Elements of 
 Criticism; Sketches of the History of 
 Man; Essays on the Principles of Morality 
 and Natural Religion; and Essays upon 
 several Subjects connected with British An- 
 tiquities. 
 
 KANT, I M MANUEL, a celebrated meta- 
 physician, and founder of a new sect, wa 
 born, in 1724, at Krenigsberg, in Prussia, 
 and was the son of a saddler. He was edu- 
 cated at the Frederician College, on leav- 
 ing which he became a private tutor. At 
 a later period he gave lectures on mathemat- 
 ics. He commenced as an author in his 
 twenty-third year; but it was not til! 1781 
 that he began to publish the works which 
 have excited so much admiration and con- 
 troversy, especially in Germany. In that 
 year he published his Crkique of pure Rea- 
 Borij which contains his system of philoso- 
 phy, commonly called the Critical Philos- 
 ophy. A second part of it, published in 
 1783, bore the title of Prolegomena for fu- 
 ture Metaphysics The principles contain- 
 ed in them he had, however, long been pro- 
 mulgating from the chair of logic and 
 caetapavsics at Kcenigaberg, to which he 
 was appointed in 1770. In 1786 and 1788, 
 no was chosen rector of the university. He 
 died in ISO 1, Inving for some years been 
 in a state of gradual decav. 
 
 KARAMSi.N, \ICHUI".\S MICH \rio- 
 '' i -en, a Russian historian a-id mire. i!a- 
 MOOS writer, hiatoriogra| her of: fie ,': 
 empire, was born, ia ITft."), i'i tlir g >\<-MI- 
 ciit (if Siiu'.irsk; aai veil ( r a wh.li? in 
 
 KEI 
 
 I the imperial guards; and, after his .,. 
 i from travelling, devoted himself to litera- 
 ture. He died, at Moscow, June 3, 1826. 
 He is the author of ;i History of Russia, in 
 eleven volumes; Letters of a'ltu.ssian Trar 
 eller ; Tales ; and various other works. 
 
 KAUFFMAN, MARIA ANNA ANGEL- 
 ICA CATHKRINK, an eminent artist, waa 
 born, in 1741, at Coire, in the Grisons; 
 as instructed by her father ; and was no 
 mean portrait painter at eleven years of age. 
 In 1766 she came to England, and resided 
 here for seventeen years. In 1781 she 
 married Zuechi, a Venetian painter. She 
 died at Rome, in 1S07. Angelica particu- 
 larly excelled in poetical subjects; her 
 dra\ving-\vas good, and her colouring at- 
 ractive. Ton much sameness in the forms 
 if her figures was her defect. She etched 
 with great spirit; and she was also a per- 
 "ect mistress of music, which she is said to 
 lave been at one time inclined to adopt as 
 ler profession. 
 
 KEATS, JOHN, a poet, was born, in 
 Vloorfields, in 1796; was apprenticed to a 
 urgeon, but devoted himself to literature; 
 ind died, of consumption, at Rome, De 
 ccmber 27, 1820. He published a volume 
 f poems; Endymion, a poetic romance; 
 ind Lamia, Isabella, and other poems. 
 There is much negligence and bad taste in 
 is poetry; but theie is also much that i* 
 >f a redeeming quality; much that indi- 
 tes a genius which required only time 
 and study to ripen it into excellence. 
 
 KEILL, JOHN, an able mathematician 
 .nd natural philosopher, was born, in 1671, 
 t Edinburgh ; and studied at Edinburgh, 
 nd Haliol College, Oxford, under Da\id 
 Jregory. At the latter university he ac- 
 nired a great reputation by his lectures on 
 Vewton's I'rincipia, and on natural philo- 
 nphy. He became a fellow of the Roval 
 : oeiety, Savilian pr;fossor of nstroiiomy, 
 nd decipherer to the queen, and took his 
 e-jnvasdocim- in physic. He died in 1721. 
 KEITH, JAM; s, "an eminent general, 
 'in of the cail irrirshal of Sen laml, was 
 cini in l(;'.'?r>; \\ as expatriated in eonsv- 
 tKvire of his having engaged in rl:e rebel)* 
 not' HI"). Mn'.ei i:ir the. lvu:-M.iii service. 
 
KEL 
 
 ne distinguished himself greatly against the 
 Turks and Swedes; rose to be field mar- 
 shal; and contributed to the revolution 
 which raised Elizabeth to the throne. He 
 next offered his sword to Frederic of Prus- 
 sia, who appointed him a field marshal and 
 governor of Berlin, and reposed unbounded 
 confidence in him. Keith bore a conspic- 
 uous part in the battles of Koln, Rosbach, 
 and Leu then, and the siege of Olmutz; and 
 was killed at Hochkirchen, in 1758. His 
 elder brother, GKORGE, was also eminent 
 as a warrior and statesman, and died, in 
 1778, in the Prussian service. 
 KEITH, Viscount, GEORGE KEITH EL- 
 PHINSTONE, son of Lord Elphinstone, 
 was born in 1747; entered the naval ser- 
 vice at an early period; distinguished 
 himself, as captain, in the American war, 
 at the attack of 31 ud Island and Charles- 
 town, and by the capture of L'Aigle 
 frigate; served at Toulon, in 1793; assisted 
 in reducing the Cape of Hope, in 1795, and 
 captured a squadron which was sent to its 
 relief, for which he was created a baron ; 
 commanded subsequently the fleets in the 
 Mediterranean, the Downs, and the Chan- 
 nel ; was created an English Viscount in 
 1814; and died in 1823. 
 
 KELLERMAN, FRANCIS CHRISTO- 
 PHER, duke of Valmy, a French marshal, 
 was born, in 1735, at Strasburgh; entered 
 the army as a hussar when he was only 
 seventeen ; was made an olh'cer for his con- 
 duct in the seven years' war; rose to the 
 rank of major general in 1788 ; was ap- 
 pointed commander in chief of the army 
 of the Moselle in 1792, and contributed 
 greatly to save France from her invaders 
 by his gallant repulse of the Prussians at 
 Valmy ; was, nevertheless, imprisoned dur- 
 ing the reign of terror ; held, subsequently, 
 the command of the armies of the Alps and 
 of Italy, and the posts of inspector general 
 of* cavalry, and president of the senate; 
 was loaded with honours by Napoleon, 
 vet voted for his deposition; and died in 
 1820. 
 
 KELLY, HUGH, a dramatist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born, in 1739, near 
 the Lake of Killarney; was brought up 
 as a staymaker; was afterwards in an 
 attorney's ollice; and finally restored to 
 literature for a subsistance. His success 
 as an author enabled him to study in the 
 Temple, and he was called to the bar in 
 1774 H* died in 1777. He wrote the 
 comedies of False Delicacy; A Word to 
 the Wise; The School for Wives, The 
 Romance of an Hour ; Clementina, a 
 tragedy ; Thespis, and other poems ; Louisa 
 Mildmay; and The Babbler. 
 
 KELLY, MICHAEL, a composer and 
 
 *inger, was born, in 1762, at Dublin; 
 
 received lessons from Rauzzini; and was 
 
 afterwards sent to Naples, where he stud- 
 
 15J 
 
 KEM Stt 
 
 ied under Finaroli and April!. He was 
 well received as a singer in the Italian 
 theatres; was for some time in the service 
 of the emperor Joseph; and at length 
 returned to London* where he made his 
 first appearance, in 1787, at Drury Lane 
 theatre, in Lionel and Clarissa. As a 
 composer he set between sixty and seventy 
 pieces; among which are, The Gentle 
 Spectre, and Blue Beard. He died ia 
 1826. He published his Rerain Licence!. 
 
 KEMBLE, JOHN PHILIP, one of th 
 
 most perfect of modern tragedians, wai 
 born, in 1757, at Prescot, in Lancashire; 
 and studied at the Roman catholic semi- 
 nary of Sedgeley Park, and at the college 
 of Douay. He was destined fur one of 
 the learned professions, but, on his return 
 to England, he immediately became an 
 actor. After having undergone a proba- 
 tion at various provincial theatres, he made 
 his appearance, on the 30th of September, 
 1783, at Drury Lane, in the character of 
 Hamlet. He soon rose to the highest 
 histrionic eminence, and retained it to the 
 last. For some years he was manager of 
 the Drury Lane "establishment. In 1802, 
 he purchased a sixth part of Covent Gar- 
 den theatre, at which house also he had 
 the management. His fortune, however, 
 was seriously injured by the conflagration 
 of the house, and by the ensuing riots. In 
 1817 he retired from the stage, and he 
 died, at Lausanne, February 26, 1823. In 
 characters which require dignity of action 
 and of person Kemble was unrivalled; 
 he was also a man of learning, accom- 
 plishments, and taste. Early in his career 
 he produced a volume of poems, with the 
 title of Fugitive Pieces, which he sup- 
 pressed the day after it was published. 
 He also altered several plays, and wrote 
 the musical entertainment of Lodoiska. 
 
 KEMPELEN, \VOLFGANG, baron, a 
 celebrated mechanician, was born, in 1734. 
 at Presbiirg, in Hungary ; and died in 1S04 
 Among his inventions were an automaton 
 chess player, the secret of which was never 
 discovered; a speaking figure, which he 
 himself described in a work called tha 
 Mechanism of Speech; und a printing 
 
KEP 
 
 for the Ufe of the blind. He wa* 
 aiso an author, and wrote I'crscus and 
 Andromeda, a drama; The I nknown 
 Benefactor, a comedy; and some poems. 
 K?mpelen held various important posts 
 in the imperial court. 
 
 KKMi'lS, TMOM AS A, whose real name 
 was Hammerlein, \\as born, in 1380, at 
 Keiupen, in the diocese of Cologn, and 
 died, in 1471, sub-prior of the monastery 
 of Mount Agnes, at Zwoll. Much of his 
 time was spent in transcribing the Bible, 
 and other works, which he performed in 
 a very beautiful manner. The treatise on 
 the Imitation of Christ was found in one 
 of his manuscripts, and was therefore 
 attributed to him; but there seems to be 
 little doubt that it was written by Gerson 
 
 KEN, THOMAS, a prelate, was born, in 
 1637, at Berkhamstead ; was educated at 
 Winchester, and at New College, Oxford; 
 was made bishop of Bath and Wells by 
 Charles II.; was one of the seven bishops 
 who were tried for petitioning James II.; 
 declined taking the oaths to William III., 
 for which he was deprived of his see; 
 was pensioned by Queen Anne; and died 
 in 1711. His Sermons, Poems, and other 
 works, were published in four volumes 
 8vo. Ken was a truly honest man, im- 
 movable in what he deemed to be right, 
 but of a pacific temper, and generally be- 
 loved. 
 
 KENRICK, WILLIAM, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was a native of Hertfordshire, born 
 at Watford, and was brought up a rule 
 maker, but quitted his trade, obtained a 
 doctor's degree at Leyden, and became a 
 multifarious and not contemptible author. 
 He died in 1779. Kenrick had talent, but 
 was acrimonius, vindictive, and some- 
 what charlatanic. He established The 
 London Review; compiled a Dictionary 
 of the English Language; and wrote va- 
 rious works, among which are the come- 
 dies of Falstaff's Wedding, The Widowed 
 Wife, and the Duellist; Epistles, Philo- 
 sophical and Moral ; and several occasion- 
 al poems. 
 
 KEPLER, JOHN, an eminent astrono- 
 mer and mathematician, was born, in 1571, 
 at Wiel, in Wirtemberg, and was a math- 
 ematical pupil of Mic'fctlins. The pulpit, 
 after having acquired some reputation in 
 it. he relinquished to fill the chair of 
 mathematics, at Gratz, in Styria. In 
 1600 he was invited by Tvcho "llrahe to 
 Toin him in Bohemia; and when Tycho 
 uied, the emperor retained Kepler, to 
 complete the Rodolphine Tables. He 
 died, in 1630, at R.itisbon. Kepler ranks 
 among the fkst class of astronomers, and 
 has justly been termed the precursor of 
 Newton. It was he who discovered the 
 ellipticity of the planets, and also the laws 
 which regit'ltt) tho movement* of those 
 
 KIL 
 
 Bodies. Among his works are, Cowne 
 graphiea. Mystery ; New Astronomy ; 
 Copcrnican Astronomy ; and Harmony of 
 the World. 
 
 KKPPKL, AUGUSTUS, viscount, a Brit- 
 ish admiral, the second >n of tin- earl of 
 Allx-marle, was horn in 1725; sailed with 
 Anson round the globe; and received the 
 command of the Channel fleet in 1778. 
 Tlie action which he fought oft" Ushant,and 
 which was rendered undecisive by the 
 conduct of one of his officers, excited great 
 national dissatisfaction. He was tried, 
 and honourably acquitted, and his accuse-' 
 was disgraced. Keppel was twice ap- 
 pointed first lord of the admiralty. He 
 died in 1786. Burke calls him " one of 
 the greatest and best men of his age." 
 
 KERGUELEN TREMAREC, YVES 
 JOSKPH DE, a French navigator, was 
 born, in 1745, at Brest. In 1771 he was 
 sent on an exploratory voyage to the South 
 Sea, where he discovered the land which 
 now bears his name. He sailed on a 
 similar expedition in 1772. After his re- 
 turn, he was cashiered and imprisoned, 
 Ion a charge of having abandoned a boat's 
 ' crew on n desert shore ; but he was at 
 length liberated. He died in 1797. He 
 wrote a Relation of a Voyage to the 
 North Sea ; a Relation of two Voyages to 
 the South Seas ; and a Relation of the 
 Maritime Campaign of 1778. 
 
 KERR, ROBKRT, a surgeon at Edin- 
 burgh, and a member of the Royal and 
 Antiquarian Societies of that city, is the 
 author of A History of Scotland during 
 the reign of Robert Bruce; The Memoirs 
 of William Smellie; and The Berwick- 
 shire Agricultural Report; edited a Gene- 
 ral Collection of Voyages and Travels, in 
 eighteen volumes; and translated Lavoi- 
 sier's Elements of Chemistry; Lacepede's 
 History of Quadrupeds and Serpents ; 
 Bertho'llet's Essay on Bleaching; Cuvior'n 
 Theory of the Earth ; and Limueus's Zoo- 
 logy. 'He died in 1814. 
 
 KETT, HKSRY, a divine and scholar, 
 was born, in 1761, at Norwich; was edu- 
 cated at Trinity College, Oxford; bcrai le 
 perpetual curate of Hykeham, in Lincoln- 
 shire; and was drowned, in 1825, while 
 bathing. He wrote Juvenile Poems ; His- 
 tory the Interpreter of Prophecy ; A Tour 
 to the Lakes; Emily, a moral tale; and 
 Logic made easy; edited The Flowers of 
 Wit, and Hradley's Beauties,; and con 
 tributed to the Olla I'odrida. 
 
 KILLIGREW, THOMAS, a wit and 
 dramaist, was born at Hanworth, in 1611; 
 was page to Charles L, and groom of the 
 bedchamber to Charles II.; and died in 
 1682. With the second Charles, whom he 
 liad attended in exile, he wits so great a 
 favourite for bis facetiousness, that he hai 
 acquired the not very dignified appellation 
 
KIN 
 
 of chat monarch 'a jester. He wrote nine 
 plays. His brothers, WILLIAM and HEN- 
 Rr, were both dramatic writers. 
 
 KIM CHI, DAVID, a learned rabbi, was 
 born, at Narbonne, about the end of the 
 twelfth century; and died, in Provence, in 
 12-10. His contemporaries regarded him 
 with almost superstitious reverence. He 
 is the author of a Hebrew Grammar ; a 
 Treatise on Hebrew Roots; Dictionarium 
 Talmudictiin; and Commentaries on the 
 Psalms and several other books of the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM, a poet and miscella- 
 neous writer, was born, in 1G63, in Lon- 
 don ; was educated at Westminster, and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford; was admitted an 
 advocate at Doctors' Commons; obtained 
 various preferments in Ireland, among 
 which was the office of judge of the ad- 
 miralty, but lost the benefits of them 
 through indolence; was subsequently gazet- 
 teer in England; and died in 1712\ His 
 Original Works, in Prose and Verse, form 
 three volumes, and are seasoned with much 
 pleasantry and wit. 
 
 KL\G, RUFUS, an eminent American 
 statesman, was born in Scarborough, in 
 ihe state of Maine, in the year 1755. He 
 was graduated at Harvard College in 
 1777, immediately entered as a student at 
 law in theolhce o"f the celebrated Theophi- 
 ls Parsons, at Newburyport, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1780. In 1784 he 
 was chosen to represent Newburyport in 
 the state legislature, and in the same year 
 was elected a delegate to the old congress. 
 In 1787 he was 'appointed a delegate to the 
 general convention assembled at Philadel- 
 phia, and in 1788 removed from Massachu- 
 setts to the city of New York In 1796 
 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary 
 to the Court of Great Britain, and re- 
 mained there for seven years with equal 
 honour to his country and himself. In 
 1813, he was chosen by the legislature of 
 New York a senator of the United States, 
 and being re-elected in 1820 he continued 
 till the expiration of the term in 1825. 
 Upon nis retirement from the senate, he 
 accepted from president Adams a'n invita- 
 t'on again to represent the United States 
 *t the Court of Great Britain. During 
 the voyage to England his health was se- 
 : "iisly impaired, and his illness induced 
 IMKI to return in about a twelve month to 
 hu native land. He died in April, 1827. 
 
 KL\G, WILLIAM, a miscellaneous wri- 
 .er, was boi-n, in 16S5, at Stepney; was 
 ed u-ated at Balio! College, Oxford; bo- 
 c-.nne principal of St. .Mary lla!!, aaJ 
 uublic orator; and died in 17(i3. Kiu^ 
 edited South's posthumous Sermons; and 
 wi>te various Latin tracts, mostly on tem- 
 porary subjects; but the work by which he 
 will lie roaiemlxjrcd is, Political a^i Lite-! 
 
 KIR 
 
 41 
 
 rary Anecdotes of his owi. times. He WM 
 a high tory, and corresponded with the 
 expatriated Stuart family. 
 
 KIPP1S, ANDREW, a dissenting di- 
 vine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer, 
 the son of a silk mercer, was born, in 
 1725, at Nottingham; was educated by 
 Dr. Doddridge; and, after having been 
 minister at Boston and at Dorking, waa 
 appointed, in 1753, pastor to a congrega- 
 tion in Princes Street, Westminster. In 
 1763 he was chosen classical and philolog- 
 ical tutor to the academy founded by Mr. 
 Coward; and this office he held for more 
 than a quarter of a century. He was sub- 
 sequently connected with the Hackney in- 
 stitution. Dr. Kippis was a member of 
 the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He 
 died in 1795. Kippis contributed to the 
 Monthly Review, and other periodicals; 
 projected and wrote in the New Annual 
 Register; and produced, besides various 
 occasional pamphlets, Lives of Cook, 
 Pringle, Doddridge, and Lardner; but his 
 great work was the new edition of the 
 Biographia Britannica, of which only five 
 volumes were published. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, WILLIAM, was born, 
 in 1753, and went early to India, where 
 he spent the greatest part of his life, held 
 high and confidential situations, and rose 
 to the rank of major general. He died in 
 1812, He gave to the press, Biography 
 of Persian Poets, translated from Dowlut 
 Shah; A Description of Nepaul; and a 
 Selection of the Letters of Tippoo Saib. 
 By his exertions an institution was estab- 
 lished in Bengal, to provide for the orphan 
 half-cast children of officers and soldiers. 
 
 KIRWAIY, RICHARD, a celebrated ge- 
 ologist, mineralogist, and chemist, was 
 born in the county of Galwuy, in Ireland, 
 about the middle of the seventeenth centu- 
 ry. St. Omers is stated by some, and 
 Dublin by others, to have been the place 
 where he was educated. He acquired a 
 high scientific reputation, and became a 
 fellow of the Royal Society, and of many 
 other learned bodies, and president of the 
 Royal Irish Academy. lie died in 1812 
 Among his works are, Elements of Mine- 
 ralogy ; Geological Essays ; Essay on the 
 Analysis of Mineral Waters; Logic; and 
 Metaphysical Essays. 
 
 KIRWAN, WALTER BLAKE, an Irish 
 divine, born about 1751, ;UGalway; was 
 educated at St, Oncer's and LjOUToinj too^ 
 orders as a catholic priest; and, in 177&, 
 was appointed chaplain to the Neapolitan 
 ambassador, In 1787 he conformed to the 
 established church, and, after having hel4 
 the living of St. Nicholas, jn Dublin, wa$ 
 promoted to the deanery qf Kjllala. He 
 iiiiul in 1805, As a fMljpit orator, Kir\va 
 hiul u< 1'ival among his coDtemporariM, 
 an i his powers \\cre often exerted witr 
 
348 
 
 RLE 
 
 astonishing success in favour of charitable 
 nstitutions. A volume of his Sermons 
 VTA* published after his decease. 
 
 KITCHENER, WILLIAM, a physician, 
 
 but inoro celebrat< i.inomist and 
 
 autnur, was born, l>ot\veen 1770 and 17M>, 
 in B?aufort Buildings, and was the son of 
 a coalmerchant, who left him a large for- 
 tune. His education he received at Eton. 
 He died February 26, 8127. Kitchener 
 wa? not a little eccentric, but was amiable 
 and kind-hearted. Of his works The 
 - Oracle is the most popular. Among 
 his other productions are, The Art of In- 
 vi<rorating and Prolonging Life; The Tra- 
 veller's Oracle; The Theory of the Eyes; 
 Observations on Vocal Music; and The 
 Loval and National Songs of England. 
 
 KLAPROTH, MARTIN HENRY, an 
 eminent chemist and mineralogist, was 
 l>orn, in 1743, at Berlin; was chemical 
 professor at that place, and member of 
 many learned bodies; and died in 1817. 
 He excelled in analysis. Among his dis- 
 coveries are, uranium, zircon, and the mel- 
 litic acid. He wrote A Mineralogical 
 System; Chemical Essays; and, in con- 
 junction with Wolf, A Dictionary of Che- 
 mistry. 
 
 KLEBER, JOHN BAPTIST, one of the 
 most celebrated of the French generals, 
 was born, in 1754, at Strasburgh, and was 
 intended for an architect, but preferred the 
 military profession, and served seven years 
 as a second lieutenant in an Austrian regi- 
 ment; at the expiration of which period 
 he returned to his country, and became 
 inspector of public buildings at Befort. 
 When the French revolutionary war broke 
 out, he entered as a grenadier into a volun- 
 teer regiment of his native department, 
 and rose rapidly to command. He sig- 
 nalized himself at the siege of Mentz, in 
 Vendee, at Fleurus, and in the campaigns 
 of 1795 and 1796 on the Rhine. In 1793 
 Bonaparte took him to Egypt as one of his 
 generals of division. Kleber amply sus- 
 tained his former fame, and was left at the 
 head of the French army when Bonaparte 
 sailed for France. He defeated the Otto, 
 man forces at the battle of Heliopolis, re- 
 co\ered Cairo, and was taking measures 
 to perpetuate French dominion on the 
 banks of the Nile, when he was assassi- 
 nated by a Turk, June 14, 1800. 
 
 KLKIST, CHRISTIAN EWALD Von, 
 a German poet, was born, in 1715, atZoeb- 
 lin, in Pomerania; rose to the rank of 
 major in the Prussian service; and was 
 mortally wounded, in 1759, at the battle 
 Kimiiersdorf, where he displaced almost 
 i *a:itic bravery. Among his woiks are, 
 iVpring, a poem; Odes; Son;,'*; Id} Us; 
 Epistles; and Ci.-:.-idi-s, a metric;.! romaace. 
 Hi.- Spring is one of the most interesting 
 i* 'em.- of tlie descriptive 
 
 KNO 
 
 KLOPSTOCK,FREDERicTHEoim 
 LUS, one of the most eminent poets ( 
 (ienuany, was born, in 1724, at Quedlin- 
 burg and was educated at the college of 
 that place, at Jena, and at Leipsie. The 
 first three cantos of his .Messiah were pub- 
 li.-hed, in 1748, in a Bremen periodical 
 work; in 1751 the first five appeared, and, 
 in 1755, the first ten; the concluding ten 
 did not appear till 1769. In 1750 the king 
 of Denmark invited him to Copenhagen, 
 and gave him a pension. Klopstock con- 
 tinued to reside in the Danish capital till 
 1771, when he removed to Hamburgh, to 
 fill the offices of Danish legate, and coun- 
 sellor from the court of B:\den. He die<i 
 March 14, 1803. 'The Messiah is a woik 
 of great sublimity and beauty; but Klop- 
 stock has certainly failed to accomplish 
 that which some of his countrymen sai:- 
 guinely hoped from him; namely, to eclipse 
 the Paradise Lost. His Odes glow with 
 poetic fire, and his Tragedies, though not 
 calculated for the stage, are worthy of their 
 author. His first wife, MARGARKT, 
 whom he married in 1754, and who died 
 in 1758, was a woman of genius. Among 
 her works are, Letters from the Dead to 
 the Living; and The Death of Abel, a 
 tragedy. 
 
 KNELLER, Sir GODFREY, a painter, 
 born about 1648, at Lubeck, was intended 
 for the military profession, but his inclina- 
 tion leading him to painting, he \\aa 
 allowed to study it under Bol and Rem- 
 brandt. After" having visited Italy, he 
 came, in 1674, to England, where he M>OII 
 acquired "popularity and a large fortune. 
 He died in 1723. 
 
 KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE, a man 
 of fortune, talent, and taste, was born in 
 1748; represented Ludlow in parliament 
 during several sessions; and died in 1S24. 
 He left his Collection of bronzes, medalc, 
 pictures, and drawings, worth jC.50,000, 
 to the British Museum. Among his works 
 are, An Account of the Remains of the 
 Worship of Priapus; Analytical Essay on 
 the Greek Alphabet ; Analytical Inquiry 
 into the Principles of Taste; The Land- 
 scape, a didactic poem; and The Progress 
 of Civil Society, a poem; the last of which 
 was ridiculed in the Anti-Jacobin. 
 
 KNOX, Ht-NKY.an American general, 
 was born in Boston in 1750, and, after 
 receiving a common school education, com- 
 
 menced luisiiir.-s as a bookseller in his na- 
 tive town. He took an early part in the 
 affairs of the revolution, and was present 
 as a volunteer at the battle of Bunker hill. 
 For his sen ices in procuring some pieces 
 of ordnance from the Canadian frontiers, 
 he was entrusted by Congress with the 
 .ci.mmand of ihc artillery department, with 
 I the rank of brigadier general. He wa 
 and displayc.' great hkill luui 
 
KNO 
 
 'courage at the battles of Trenton, Prince- 
 ton, Gcrmantown, and Momnouth, and 
 contributed greatly to the capture of C * r n- 
 wallis. Immediately after this even .u- 
 -eceived from Congress the commission of 
 ni ijor-generat. In 1785 he succeeded 
 general Lincoln in the office of secretary 
 of war, and having filled this department 
 for eleven years, he obtained a reluctant 
 permission to retire into private life. In 
 1798, when our relations with France were 
 ussir.ning a cloudy aspect, he was called 
 upon to take -i command in the army, but 
 the peaceful arrangement of affairs soon 
 permitted him to return into his retire- 
 ment. He died at Thoma.ston, Maine, in 
 180G. In private life he was amiable, in 
 his public character persevering and of 
 unsurpassed courage. 
 
 iv\O\, JOHN, the great champion of 
 the Scottish reformation, was born, in 
 150. 1 ), at Gilford, in East Lothian, and 
 was educated at Haddington and St. An- 
 di ew ; s. He was converted from the Romish 
 faith by Wishart, and became a zealous 
 preacher of the new doctrines. Having 
 been compelled to take shelter in the castle 
 of St. Andrew's, he fell into the hands of 
 the French in July, 1547, and was carried 
 with the garrison to France, where he re- 
 mained a captive on board of the galleys 
 'i.i 1;"-19. Subsequent to his liberation he 
 v;,s for a s.U'-t time chaplain to Edward 
 VL, after whicii he visited Geneva and 
 Frank!" n t, and, in 1555, returned to his 
 native country. After having for twelve 
 months laboured actively and successfully 
 to strengthen the protestant cause in Scot- 
 la.id, he revisited Geneva, where he re- 
 mained till 1559. During his residence in 
 duit'va he pub 1 . shed his First ftiast of the 
 'I -limpet ag'AttS; the monstrous Regiment 
 of Women; a treatise which was levelled 
 agu nst Mary of England, but which gave 
 H"rious ofic'.ce to Elizabeth. From April, 
 1559, when he once more and finally set 
 foot on Scottish earth, till his decease, 
 which took plr.ce November 24, 1572, the 
 ;cfonned church was triumphant, and he 
 v us one of its most prominent, admired, 
 Md honoured It? dm*. Of hi* wjrks the 
 
 KOS 34* 
 
 principal is A History of the Reformation 
 in Scotland: the fourth edition of it in- 
 cludes all his other writings. 
 
 KNOX, Dr. VICESIMUS, a divine and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born in 1752; 
 was educated at Merchant Tailors School, 
 and at St. John's College, Oxford, suc- 
 ceeded his father as head master of Tun 
 bridge School ; held that situation for 
 thirty-three years; obtained the livings of 
 Runwell and Ramsden Grays, in-Essex, 
 and the chapelry of Shipbourne, in Kent; 
 and died December 6, 1821. Among his 
 original works are, Essays, Moral and 
 Literary ; Liberal Education ; Winter 
 Evenings ; Personal Nobility ; Christian 
 Philosophy; and The Spirit of Despotism. 
 He was the compiler of the Elegant Ex- 
 tracts and Epistles. 
 
 KOCH, CHRISTOPHER WILLIAM, a 
 publicist and historian, was born, in 1737, 
 at Bouxweiller, in Alsace ; was educated at 
 Strasburgh, under Schoepflin; succeeded 
 him as professor of public law; and died, 
 in 1813, rector of the university of Stras- 
 burgh. Among his numerous and learne<' 
 works are, A View of the Revolutions r. 
 Europe; An Abridged History of Treat' 
 of Peace; and Genealogical Tables oft; 
 Sovereign Families of Europe. 
 
 KOERNER, THEODORE, a Germs 
 poet, was born, in 1788, at Dresden; wa, 
 educated at Leipsic; became a dramatist, 
 and secretary to the management of the 
 court theatre at Vienna; entered as a vol- 
 unteer into the Prussian army, in 1812; 
 signalized himself equally by his bravery 
 and his martial songs; obtained a lieuten- 
 ancy as his reward; and fell gloriously at 
 the "battle of Leipsic, in 1813. His works 
 were published, after his death, with the 
 title of The Lyre and the Sword. 
 
 KOSCIUSZKO, THADDEUS,a Polish 
 general and patriot, was born, in 1746, in 
 Lithuania, and was partly educated at the 
 Warsaw military school, where he excelled 
 in mathematics and drawing. He com- 
 pleted his studies in France. When the 
 American colonies tkrew off the yoke of 
 the mother country, Kosciuszko entered 
 into their service, and waa mad a colonel 
 
of engineers ind aid-de-camp to Washing- 
 <ou. Retur ling to his own country, he 
 lived in retirement till 17S9, \Mrn the diet 
 appointed him a major-general. In the 
 
 briil stiMimle of 17!>1? lie behaved with 
 distinguished valour; b-U as soon ns the 
 t". le , t Pu'-.n 1 was sealo t he retired into 
 voluntary exile. He kej ; up, however, a 
 correspondence with the friends of liberty 
 in his native land; and when, in 1794, the 
 Pole* resolved to make one more effort to 
 break their chains, they placed Kosciuszko 
 .u thrir head. He began his career by 
 defeating the Russian generel Penisoff at 
 Ka.-la\ ice. But the enemy poured in on 
 a,, side.*, i ml at length, after having for fix 
 months delayed the fall of Poland, he was 
 wounded and taken prisoner, on the 4th of 
 October, at the battle of Maceiowice. He 
 was sent to St. Peters-burgh, and incarce- 
 rated" till tb accession of ths emperor 
 Tui!, who liberated him. The remaining 
 part of hip existence was spent in America, 
 France, and Switzerland, but chiefly in 
 France. He died, at Soleure, October 16, 
 1817. 
 
 XOTZEBUE, AUGUSTUS FREDERIC 
 'VRIMNAND VON, a German writer, was 
 born, in 17(>1, at Weimar, and was edu- 
 cated at Jena and Duisbourg. In his 
 twentieth year he was invited to St. Pe- 
 ter.-bui gh by the Prussian ambassador, and 
 was patronised by Catherine, who raised 
 him from post to "post, till he became pre- 
 sident of tic, civil go /eminent at Revel; a 
 fc.tttiim -.vhich he held for ten years. From 
 I *95 till 1SOO he resided, variously occu- 
 j ied, it. Germany. In the latter year he 
 returned to Russia, but had no sooner set 
 foot on its territory, than be was seized 
 and banished to Sibt'iia. The capricious 
 tyrant Paul ?oon, however, recalled him, 
 and took him into favour. In 1801 he 
 again quitted the lane! of the knout and of 
 autocracy. Some subsequent years were 
 spent in travelling, and the remainder of 
 his life in pouring forth his innumerable 
 literary productions, and taking a part in 
 |j...itlc.:. Hi said to have written main 
 of the Russian state papers and proclama- 
 tions. The emperor Alexander subse- 
 quently employed him in various posts, 
 and in 1817 appointed him his literary 
 correspondent in Germany. This invidi- 
 ous office KoUebue is said to have filled in 
 a manner hostile to the freedom of his na- 
 tive c-uiMliy ; and for this supposed ciime 
 -inated, on the 23d of March, 
 1S19, by a youthful fanatic named S.md. 
 K(/t/eU:e undoubtedly 'ispl ivrd genius in 
 his writing.-:; bat they aie vitiated by 
 much fiivolity, much bad taste, and, in 
 u;an\ instances, a more than doubtful mo- 
 rulit'v. lli.s dri'.mas amount to nearly threj 
 humfrid. Among his other wir. <-> 
 Jf ; -,u.i-} of the arnuui Empire] A History 
 
 KYR 
 
 of Ancient Pri'sria; and various Narr* , 
 lives and Recollections of his travels. 
 
 KRAY, baron, an Austrian genera , 
 embraced the military service at an early 
 period. lie distinguished himself first 
 again.-t the Turks, and n>>e (> the rank .if 
 general. In the campaigns in the 
 .Netherlands, and on the Rhine, from 179.3 
 to 1797, he was one of the most active of 
 the Imperial commanders. In 1799 he 
 opened the campaign in Italy, as com-, 
 mandcr-in-chief, by decisive, sue cesses 
 against the French"; and in 1800 he re- 
 placed the archduke Charles, as leader of 
 the army of the Rhine. He died in 101. 
 
 KRUDENER, baroness VALERIA, a 
 religious enthusiast, daughter of Count 
 Wittenkoff, was born, in 1766, at Riga; 
 married baron Krudener when she was 
 only fourteen; and was for a considerable 
 period one of the gayest of fhe gay in the 
 Parisian circles. At length she became a 
 fanatical devotee, announced herself as an 
 envoy from Heaven, and \vandered from 
 state to state preaching, and surrounded 
 by thousands of people. In many places 
 she was driven out by the magistrates. 
 She died, in the Crimea, in 1824. Alex- 
 ander of Russia was among those who 
 listened to her doctrines. She wrote Va- 
 leria, a novel, which is believed to depict 
 some of her early adventures. 
 
 KUNGKEL, JOHN, a chemist, was 
 born, in 1632, at Huysnm, in Sleswick; 
 was employed by the electors of Saxony 
 and Brandenburgh, and by the king of 
 Sweden, the latter of whom ennobled him, 
 and made him counsellor of mines; was 
 a member of the Swedish Academy; and 
 died, in 1703, at Stockholm. The extrac- 
 tion of phosphorus from urine is one of his 
 discoveries. He wrote Chemical Obser- 
 vations; and The Art of Glass-making. 
 
 KUTUSOFF-SMOLENSKOI, Mr- 
 CHAEL LAVRIONOVITI H GOI.EKIT- 
 CHEFF, a Russian field-marshal, was 
 born in 1745, and was sent to France to 
 complete his education at Strasburgh. He 
 entered the army at the age of sixteen. 
 Between 1764 and 1790 he "distinguished 
 himself in several campaigns against the 
 Turks, particularly at Ock/.akolV and 
 Ismailoffj and rose to the rank of lieuten- 
 ant-general. In 1805 he commanded tFie 
 Russian army at Austerlitz, but protested 
 :i^ r a : n-t the measures \\hich were adopted. 
 In 1810 and 1811 he obtained fe-veral ad- 
 vantages over the Turks, and in 1812 was 
 placed at the head of the army destined to 
 oppose Napoleon He was, however, de- 
 le ited at Borodino, in spite of his skill 
 and the bravery of his troops. He died in 
 1813. 
 
 KYRLE, JOHN, a man remnrkaMe for 
 his active benevolence, was i*,rn, in 1640 
 at \\ hiteh'iucr, in (ilouccKtershiro, a MI 
 
LAC 
 
 Jied at Ross, in Herefordshire, in 1824. 
 Pope, in his Moral Essays, has commem- 
 orated tlie good de(l.s of this estimable 
 character. With his email fortune, how- 
 ever, Kvrle could not solely have accom- 
 
 LAF 
 
 351 
 
 n 
 his 
 
 all that is attributed U him; but 
 example prompted some, and his so- 
 licitations induced others, .o associate \\ ith 
 him in the work of charity and public 
 utility. 
 
 LABAT, JOHN BAPTIST, a French mis- 
 sionary and traveller, was born, in 1663, 
 at Paris ; visited tne West Indian isles and 
 some parts of Europe in his clerical capac- 
 ity ; and died in 1738. He wrote A New 
 Voyage to the American Islands; and A 
 Joyrney in Spain and Italy; and assisted 
 in compiling and editing various works of 
 a similar kind. 
 
 LACEPEDE, BERNARD GERMAIN 
 STEPHEN DE LA VILLE, count de, a cel- 
 ebrated naturalist, son of count de la Ville, 
 was born, in 1756, at Agen, and in his 
 youth studied nitural history and music 
 with equal enthusiasm. Button, his friend, 
 obtained for him the post of keeper of the 
 cabinets in the king's garden, at Paris; 
 a post which greatly facilitated his scien- 
 tific studies. He was returned to the legis- 
 lative assembly as one of the members for 
 the capital, and was raised to the office of 
 president. During the reign of terror he 
 was unmolested, and in 1796 he became a 
 member of the Institute. Under the sway 
 of Napoleon honours were heaped upon 
 him. He was successively made a member 
 and president of the conservative senate, 
 grand chancellor of the legion of honour, 
 and senator of Paris, and decorated with 
 the grand eagle of the legion. He died 
 in 1825. Lucepede holds a high station 
 among modern naturalists. He wrote a 
 Natural History of Oviparous Quadrupeds 
 and Serpents of Reptiles of Fish and 
 of Cetaceous Animal.-; A General Physi- 
 cal and Civil History of Europe from the 
 last years of the fifth" century to the middle 
 of the eighteenth; two Romances; and 
 many other works. 
 
 LACRETELLE, PETER Louis, the 
 slder, was born, in 1751, at Met/.; distin- 
 guished himself greatly at the bar; sat in 
 the legislative assemblies of 1791 and 1801 ; 
 defended the principles of liberty against 
 the ministers of Louis XVIIL; and died 
 in 1824. Among his works are, Judicial 
 El tqucnce and Legislative Philosophy; 
 Portraits and Pictures; Theatrical Ro- 
 mance; Studies on the Revolution ; jd 
 My E\ enin^s at Male>herbea 
 
 LACTANTIU8, Lucius C.EI.IUS, a 
 father of the church, the purity <( whose 
 Lutinity has gained for him the title .f the 
 Christian Cicero, was born is: the third 
 caiitnry, but \\hether in Africa, or at f-Vi- 
 
 mo, in Italy, is undecided. He studied 
 under Arnonius; became celebrated for 
 his eloquence; and was appointed tutoe to 
 Crispus, the son of Constantino. He is 
 supposed to have died at Treves, about 
 325. His principal works are, De Opificio 
 Dei; and Divinarum Institutionum. 
 
 LAFONTAINE, JOHN, an inimitable 
 French fabulist, was born, in 1621, at 
 Chateau Thierry, where his father was 
 overseer of woods and forests. He is said 
 to have been partly educated at Rheims, 
 and to have been for eighteen months 
 under the fathers of the Oratory. His 
 poetical genius wis first aroused by hear- 
 ing an officer of the garrison read one of 
 Malherbe's Odes; and his taste was im- 
 proved by the study of the ancients, which 
 was recommended to him by a relation 
 named Pintrel. His father prevailed on 
 him to marry, and gave up to him his 
 post; but Lafontaine, who was the very 
 personification of indolence and careless"- 
 ness, was equally neglectful of his post and 
 of his wife. He was soon, however, re- 
 lieved from both by the duchess of Bouil- 
 lon, who was then in exile at Chateau 
 Thierry, and who took him with her to 
 the French capital. In Paris Lafontaine 
 spent the last thirty-five years of his liTe, 
 residing successively with the duchesses 
 of Bouillon and Orleans, .Madame dr. la 
 Sabliere, and Madame d'Hervart, and in 
 habits of intimacy with all the celebrated 
 characters of that age. It was in the 
 house of Madame de la Sabliere that he 
 composed the greatest part of his works 
 He died in April, lb'95. Lafontaine'f 
 Fable*, TaK-s, and other poetical produc 
 li.m.o, fonn four volumes folio A* u uu 
 
852 
 
 LAH 
 
 .er of I ables lie seta all % competition at 
 defiance. 
 
 LAM 
 
 LAIRESSE, GEKARD, a painter 2f>d 
 
 escrraver, was born, in 1610, at Liege 
 
 F,, JOSEPH Louis, one of nnd died at Amsterdam, in 1711. So rapic 
 
 the most consummate mathematicians of 
 modern time?, was honi, in 1736, at Turin, 
 and at tho age of nineteen became teacher 
 of mathematics at the royal artillery school 
 of that city. He \\as the founder of the 
 Arad;my of Sciences in the Sardinian 
 ra|.al. In 1766 he removed to Berlin, 
 an! thenre, in 17S7, to Paris. In the 
 Fren.'h metropolis he was received with 
 merited respect ; a pension was granted 
 to him; he was at a later period made 
 professor of the normal and polytechnic 
 schools ; and, lastly, Napoleon created him 
 a n.tmt and a senator, and invested him 
 with other honours and dignities. He died 
 in 1*13. Of his well known works the 
 Meeanique Analytiinie is one of the most 
 celebrated. 
 
 LA HARPE, JOHN FRANCIS DE, a 
 French dramatist, poet, critic, and miscel- 
 laneous writer, was born, in 1739, at Paris, 
 and is said to have been the son of a 
 
 Swiss officer 
 
 died in poverty. He 
 
 was left an orphan at the age of nine 
 years , and was f r some time supported by 
 th< Sisters of Charity of the parish to 
 which he belonged. They also recommen- 
 ded him to M. Asselin, o'f Harcourt Col- 
 lege, by whom he was gratuitously educa- 
 ted. He began his literary career, in 1763, 
 by the tragedy of Warwick, which was 
 siiccc>.-fu]. It was followed by Pharamond, 
 Gustavus, and several others, some of 
 which were failures. In 1776 he became 
 a member of the French Academy. La 
 Harpe was a warm partisan of "the rev ' 
 
 but in 1793 he 
 
 incarcerated bv 
 
 the Jacobins. While lie was imprisoned 
 
 was his pencil, that in one dav he painter. 
 Apollo and (he Muses, of the natural si/.e, 
 and also the portrait of the person who had 
 watered against his achieving the ta<k. 
 For some years previous to his decease no 
 was blind; in which situation he dictated 
 to his sons The Principles of Design, and 
 Lessons in Painting. His engravings 
 exceed two hundred in number. 
 
 LAKE, GERARD, viscount, was born 
 in 1744; entered the army at the age of 
 fourteen; served in Germany during the 
 seven years' war ; in America, under 
 Cornwallis; in the Netherlands, at the head 
 of the first brigade of guards, in 1793 and 
 1794; and against the Irish insurgents in 
 1798. In 1800 he was appointed com- 
 mander- in-chief in India. He defeated 
 the Mahrattas at the battle of Delhi, in 
 1803; and in 1805 and 1806 he subjugated 
 Scindia and Holkar. Returning to Eng- 
 land in 1807 he was created a viscount, 
 and he died in 1808. 
 
 LALANDE, JOSEPH JEROME LK 
 FRANCAIS DE, a celebrated French as- 
 tronomer, was born, in 1732, at Bourg en 
 Bresse; was intended for the law, but 
 deserted the study of it for that of mathe 
 mat ies under Lemonnier; and made such 
 a rapid progress in the science that, wnen 
 
 only eighteen, he was 
 observations at Berlin, 
 parallax of the moon. 
 
 chosen to make 
 to determine the 
 In 1762 lie suc- 
 
 ceeded Delisle as astronomical professor at 
 the college of France, which post he held, 
 with distinguished success, during forty- 
 six years. He died in 1807. Among his 
 works are, A Treatise on Astronomy ; 
 
 he was converted to Christianity, and he! Astronomical Bibliography ; A History of 
 was ever after an ardent enemy of republi-j Mathematics ; and A Journey in Italy, 
 canism, and a friend of the catholic- faith. Lalande edited thirty-two volumes of the 
 
 Among his numerous works are, The Ly- 
 ceum, or a Course of Literature, by which 
 he lias gained the appellation of the French 
 Quintilian; Eulogies; Private Correspon- 
 dence with the Czar Paul I.; Poems; A 
 Commentary on Racine; ami Translations 
 
 of Suetoi 
 
 and Camoens. 
 
 LA HIRE, PHILIP LV, an eminent 
 French mathematician, was born, in 1660, 
 at Paris, and was intended to bt a painter, 
 but was drawn from the arts by his love of 
 the sciences. Louvois and Colbert em- 
 ployed him in various public works. At 
 once an astronomer, mechanician, geome- 
 ter, and hydrographer, he was, said Fonte- 
 nelle, " a whole scientific academy in a 
 single individual." He died in 1719, 
 or of mathematics and astronomy at 
 the college of France. Among his numer- 
 rr jnomical Tables; The 
 
 ous works are 
 
 Surveyor's Guide ; and a Treatise 
 Mechanics. 
 
 Connoissance des Temps. 
 
 LAMB, Sir JAMES BLAND BCIK;ES, 
 better known by his original name of V?ur- 
 ges, was born, in 1752, at Gibraltar ; 
 studied at Westminster, University Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn, and was 
 called to the bar; held various offices under 
 government, and was a member of parlia- 
 ment; and died, in 1825, knigjit marsha 
 of the royal household. Besides various 
 pamphlets, he wrote The Birth and Tri- 
 umph of Love, a poem; Richard the First, 
 a poem; part of the Exodiad ; The Dragon 
 Knight, a romance; and Reasons for a 
 new Translation of the Bible ; altered 
 Massinger's City Madam; and established 
 The Sun newspaper. 
 
 LAMB, Lady CAROLINE, the daughter 
 of the earl of Besborough, was born in 
 1785, and, before she was twenty, \\a* 
 married to the Hon. W. Lamb. Her do- 
 mestic felicity, however, wad destroyed l * 
 
LAN LAN 858 
 
 ft fital attachment to the late Lord Byron ; j Lanfranc to the archbishopric of Canter* 
 Hnd, after his death, her intellects are said bury, who held the see till his decease in 
 to have been affected. She died January! 1089. Lanfranc rebuilt the cathedral of 
 25,1828. She was highly accomplished", ; Canterbury, and founded the hospitals of 
 aun possessed no common" talents. Lady St. John and Harbledown. He wrote, in 
 Carolina wrote three nove^ Glenarvon,' good Latin, various theological works. Hig 
 Graham Hamilton, and Ad. F.is. I conduct, political and clerical, was highly 
 
 L \MBEir.'.' JOHN, an eminent general, honourable to him. 
 
 in th-j service of the Parliament, was! LANGDON, JOHN, a distinguished 
 originally designed for the law, which he American patriot, was bora at Portsmouth, 
 was studying when the civil war broke N. H. in 1739. He engaged in commerce, 
 out. He distinguished himself at Marston and took an early and efficient X'.erest in 
 Moor, IVascby, and other places; aided ; the cause of the colonies. He was suc- 
 Cromwell in obtaining the protectorate, cessively a delegate to the general congress, 
 but thwarted him in his project of being navy agent, speaker of the assembly of his 
 king; joined in restoring the parliament native state, president of his native state, 
 after Oliver's death; was arrested by a delegate to the convention that framed 
 Monk; and at the Restoration was sen- the federal constitution, and a member of 
 truce,! to death, but was only banished to the Senate of the United States. In 1805 
 Guernsey, where he lived more than thirty he was chosen governor of his state and 
 
 years. 
 
 LAMBERT, JOHST HENRY, a mathe- 
 
 mitician and astronomer, was born, in 
 172x, ,it Muhlhausen. in Alsace; and died, 
 
 again in 1810. He died in 1819. 
 
 LANGLAND, or LONGLAND, RO- 
 BERT, a poet of the fourteenth century, 
 was a secular priest, and a fellow of Oriel 
 
 in 1777, one of the most eminent of the ! College, Oxford, and is believed to have 
 Berlin academician*. Lambert, who was i been a disciple of Wicklilf. To his pen are 
 i of a poor tailor, was one of the ' attributed the curious poems which bear 
 ni.ist extensively learned men of his time,! the titles of the Vision of Piers Plou;h- 
 au.l was indebted to his own unaided ex- man, and Piers Ploughman's Creed. The 
 ertions f>r his knowledge. Among his date of his decease is unknown, 
 works, besides innumerable memoirs and I LANGLES, Louis MATTHEW, one of 
 
 esertatkm*, are, The System of 
 World; Photometry; Pyrometry; and A 
 New Key to the Sciences. 
 
 LANCASTER, JAMES, a navigator of 
 the sixteenth century. After having voy- 
 aged to America and to the East Indies, 
 he. in 1594, made himself master of Per- 
 
 the most eminent of modern oriental schol- 
 ars, was born, in 1763, at Peronne, in Pi- 
 cardy. He studied Arabic and Persian 
 under Caussin de Perceval, Ruftin, and Sil- 
 vestre de Lacy ; and made himself master 
 of several other eastern languages. He died 
 January 24, 1824, after having long been 
 
 nambuco, in Brazil, and gained a rich professor of Persian and Malay at the spe- 
 booty. In 1600, he again visited the east, I r.ia'l school, and keeper of the oriental 
 entered into a commercial treaty with the j MSS. in the royal library. Among his 
 king of Adiem, and opened an intercourse j works are, A Mantchu and French Diction- 
 with the monarch of Bantam. He died,ary; Translations of Indian Tales and 
 in 1620. Baffin gave the name of Lancas- Fables, and of Timur's Institutes; many 
 ter to the sound through which Captain lives in the Universal Biography; and nu- 
 
 Parrv has since penetrated into the Polar 
 Ocean. 
 
 LAXDON, C. P., a French artist, who 
 died in 1826, was keeper of tlie French 
 Museum. He painted several pictures of 
 merit; but he is more extensively known 
 as the projector and editor of several works 
 connected with his profession ; among 
 winch are, The Annals of the Museum, and 
 
 merous articles in the Encyclopedic Review, 
 and in other periodicals. 
 
 LANJUINAIS, Count JOHN DENIS, a 
 French statesman and literary character, 
 was born, in 1753, atRennes, in Britannv; 
 became an advocate and professor of law 
 at his native place; and had a seat in all 
 the various legislative bodies from the com- 
 mencement of the revolution down to the 
 
 of the Modern School of the Fine Arts, I period of his decease, January 13, 1827. 
 thirty-three vols. 8vo.; Lives and Works j Of all the representatives of the French 
 of the most celebrated Painters, twenty- j people, Lanjuinais was one of the most en- 
 two vols. 4to. ; and Historical Gallery of lightened, intrenid, and honourable. He 
 the most celebrated Characters, thirteen i wrote several works, nearly all of which 
 vols. 12mo. i relate to polities or law. 
 
 iXTf7M14Vr/~1_* _ . 1 1 .__ 1 T^T T -r-i .~i V -v 
 
 LANFRANC, a pious and learned pre-j LA\.\ES, JOHN, Duke of Montebello, 
 :e, was born, in 1005, at Pavia; became a French yiarshal, was born, in 1769, at 
 ior of I>,-c, in Normandy, in 10-14; and Li>et<>ure, in Guienne, of a poor family; 
 was in-ule al>b'>t of St. Stephen, at Caen, was originally a dyer; and entered the ar 
 in 10(>2. When William the Coirj'.ieror ray, as a volunteer j in 1792. He signalized 
 6reiid'.;tl the English throne, he raised himself on ho Spanish frontier, in 1794; 
 
 ate 
 prioi 
 
554 LAP LAU 
 
 in Italy in 1796 and 1797; and in Egypt, 
 in 1799; rose to tin- rank of general of 
 
 division; was one of the officers vtho ac- 
 companied Bonaparte to France ; and \\-as 
 placed by liim at the head of the consular 
 guard. "He bore a conspicuous part at the 
 
 tended by his valuable protluc flo.is. Afte/ 
 the establishment of the consu.ship, he waj 
 for a short time minister of the home de 
 partmcnt. In 1799 he was placed in the 
 senate, and in ISO.'} became vice-presi,len( 
 of that body. Napoleon made him a count ; 
 
 battles of Marengo, Montebe.Ho, and Aus- Louis XVIII. raised him to the rank ot 
 terlitz, and in the campaigns of 1S06 and mart]iiis. He died March (}, 1827. Hi? 
 
 1807; reduced Saragnssa in 1809; and 
 was mortally wounded. May 22, in the same 
 year, 411 the battle of Essling. 
 
 LANSDOWN, GEORGE GRAN- 
 VII..LE, Viscount, was born in 1667; wa 
 
 two greatest works, which alone would ?iif 
 lice to immortali/.e his name, are, An Ex- 
 position of the System of the World, twc 
 vols. 8vo. ; and "a Treatise on Celestia 
 Mechanism, five vols. 4to. 
 
 educated at Westminster, and at Trinity! LARDNER, NATHAMF.L, a learned 
 College, Cambridge; sat in the Commons, j dissenting divine, was born, in 1684, al 
 as member for Fowey ; was appointed sec- Nawkhurst, in Kent; studied at Utrecht 
 retary of war in 1710; was raised to the and Leyden ; became a minister in his 
 peerage in 1711; was arrested and sent to twenty-fifth year; and, after having been 
 the Tower in 1715, on suspicion of being ' chaplain and tutor in the family of Lady 
 disaffected to the house of Hanover, and Treby, acquired equal reputation as a 
 remained twelve months a captive: and died preacher and awriter. He died, at his na- 
 in 1735. His poetical and prose works tive place, in 1768. The collected edition 
 form two qnarto volumes. of his works forms eleven vols. 8vo. Of 
 
 LANSDOWN, WILLIAM PETTY, these the chief is, The Credibility of the 
 marquis of, was born in 1737; and succeed- j Gospel History, a production which is de- 
 ed to the title of earl of Shelburne in 1761. perving of the highest praise. 
 After having twice held a post under gov- ] LATIMER, HUGH, a prelate, one of the 
 eminent, in 1763 and 1766, he was dis- victims of the sanguinary Mary, was the 
 placed in 1768, and remained in opposition son of a yeoman, and was born, about 1470, 
 till 1782, when he was appointed secretary at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire. He was 
 of state for the foreign department. On educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. 
 the death of the marquis of Kockingham, In early life he was a zealous papist, but, 
 he succeeded him as premier, but was soon being converted, he became an equally zeal- 
 ousted by the coalesced influence of Fox ous champion of the Reformation. "After 
 and North. In 1784 he was created a having encountered many perils, he waa 
 marquis. He died in 1805. The marquis made bishop of Worcester, in 1535, by 
 of Lansdown is one of the many persons Henry VIII. The bishopric, however, he 
 to whom the Letters of Junius have been resigned, on the passing of the act of the 
 ascribed. six articles; and was punished by being 
 
 risoned during the remainder of Henry's 
 
 LANTIER, E. F. DE, a poet and mis- 
 
 cellaneous writer, who, from his age, was reign. The accession of Edward VI. set 
 
 denominated the Nestor of literary France, I/itimer at liberty, and he resumed his 
 
 was born, in 1736, at Marseilles; and died preaching, but refused to resume the mitre, 
 
 there in 1826. His chief works are, The On Mary ascending the throne, he wak 
 
 Travels of Antenor in Greece (which has again incarcerated; and, in 1555, was 
 
 been called the Anacharsi* of the boudoirs); brought to the stake, where he suffered 
 
 A Journey in Spain; Tales; Comedies; with unshaken courage. Ridley was his 
 
 Poems; a'nd Geoffrey Rudel, or the Trou- fellow martyr, 
 badour, in eight cantos. LAUD, WILLIAM, a prelate, the son of 
 
 L.*> \ZI, Louis, a learned Italian Jesuit, a clothier, was born, in 1573, at Reading, 
 
 was born in 1732, at Monte di Olmo, and in Berkshire; was educated at the free 
 
 jied, in 1810, at Florence, of the gallery school of his native place, and at St. John's 
 
 of which city he was sub-director. He College, Oxford ; was ordained in 1601; 
 
 was considered as one of the most able of became president of his College in 1611; 
 
 Italian philologists and archaeologists. Two and, after having held various livings, was 
 
 of his l>est works are, An Essay on the at length patronised by James I. who had 
 
 Tuscan Language; and a History of Paint- long locked upon him with coldness. His 
 
 in in Italy. first preferment from the sovereign was the 
 
 LAPLACE, Marquis PKTI R SIMON, a deanery of Gloucester, which he obtained 
 
 celebrated French astronomer and geoine- in 1616. In 1620 he was nominated to the 
 
 trician, was born, in 1749, at Beaumont en see of St. David's, whence he was PMCCCS- 
 
 Auge After having been professor of sivelv translated, in 1626, 1628, and 1633, 
 
 mathematics at lii.s native place, he went to to Bath and Wells, London, and Cinter- 
 
 Parif, where he succeeded Be/out, as ex- bury. From the moment of his att tilling 
 
 amincr of the roval artillc'v corps. His power he acted the part of a furious irnw- 
 
 cieiuific reputation was t* >n widely ex- cutor of those who diffused from hid on re* 
 
LAU 
 
 ligious points, and an enemy to public lib- 
 erty. His ingratitude, too, was equal to 
 his violence. The meeting of the long Par- 
 liament was the signal of his downfal. He 
 was impeached, and confined during three 
 years in the Tower. On his being brought 
 to trial he defended himself with great 
 courage and acutenesi . A bill of attainder 
 was at length passed against him by the 
 Commons, and he was executed January 10, 
 1644-5. Laud was intolerant, tyrannical, 
 and superstitious; but it would be unjust 
 to conceal that he was a patron of learning. 
 The most interesting of his works is his 
 Diary. 
 
 LAUDOHN, GIDEON ERNEST, a dis- 
 tinguished general, was born, in 1716, at 
 Totzen, in Livonia. After having served, 
 and been neglected, in the Russian army, 
 he obtained a commission from Maria 
 Theresa, rose to the highest rank, and 
 contributed greatly to the glory of the 
 Austrian arms. In the seven years' war, 
 he was the most formidable antagonist of 
 Frederic, as that monarch found to his 
 cost at Hochkirchen, Kunnersdorf, Land- 
 shut, Glatz, and Schweidnitz. In 1789 he 
 took Belgrade from the Turks; and he 
 died in the following year. 
 
 LAURENCE, Sir THOMAS, a celebra- 
 ted artist, was born, in 1769, at Bristol. 
 Before he was five years old, he was re- 
 markable for drawing likenesses and reci- 
 ting poetry. Of education he received very 
 ittle, but he acquired a large portion of 
 knowledge by reading. He was not more 
 than ten years old when his talents became 
 the sole resource of his father and the rest 
 cf the family. For eight years he contin- 
 ued to draw portraits at Oxford and 
 Bath; but in 1787 he took up his residence 
 'n the metropolis, and soon became a pop- 
 ular painter. In 1791 he was admitted 
 an associate, and, soon after, an acade- 
 mician, of the Royal Academy. Every 
 \ear now .added to his fume and fortune. 
 In 1814 the Prince Regent employed him 
 to take portraits of the sovereigns and 
 warriors who visited England; in 181-3 he 
 u?a* knighted; in 1818 lie was- sent to Aix 
 u Chapelle, to paint the members of the 
 
 LAV 8SA 
 
 congress; in 1819 he visii.ec Ita.y; and, 
 in the following year, he was elected pres- 
 ident of the Academy. He died January 
 7, 1830. 
 
 LAURENS, HENRY, an American 
 patriot and statesman, was born at. Charles 
 ton, S. C. in 1724. After receiving a 
 good school education, he engaged in com- 
 merce, and soon amassed an ample fortune. 
 At the breaking out of the revolution lue 
 was in London, but he immediately return- 
 ed to his native country, and in 1776 was 
 elected a delegate to the general congress. 
 He was soon chosen president of this body, 
 and remained so till the close of the year 
 1778. In 1779 he received the appoint- 
 ment of minister plenipotentiary to Hol- 
 land, but on his way thither was captured 
 by the British, and committed to the 
 Tower, where he was in confinement four- 
 teen months. He was one of the commis- 
 sioners for negotiating a peace with Great 
 Britain, and in 1782 he signed with Juy 
 and Franklin the preliminaries of the 
 treaty. His health, however, was much 
 impaired, and he soon returned home and 
 passed the remainder of his life in agricul- 
 tural pursuits. He died in 1792. 
 
 LAURENS, JOHN, lieutenant-colonel, 
 son of the preceding, was liberally educa- 
 ted in England, and having returned to his 
 native country joined the American army 
 in 1777. He displayed prodigies of valour 
 at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, 
 Savannah and Charleston, and was killed 
 at the very close of the war by carelessly 
 exposing himself in a trifling skirmish. In 
 1780 he was sent as a speaial minister to 
 France, to negotiate a loan, and after being 
 subjected to a vexatious delay, he deter- 
 nined to present a memorial to the king in 
 person at the levee. This purpose he car- 
 ried into effect, the memorial was graciously 
 received, and the object of ncgociation sat- 
 'sfactorily arranged. 
 
 LAVATER, JOHN CASPAR, anative of 
 Zurich, in Switzei.and, was-born in 1741; 
 became pastor to the Orphan's Church, in 
 lii.s birthplace, and afterwards to that of 
 St. Peter; and received a wound from a 
 French soldier in 1799, of which he died 
 
S56 
 
 LAW 
 
 in 1801. He is the author of Swiss Lavs ; 
 Spiritual Canticles, The Journal of a 
 Secret Observer; and other productions; 
 but the work which has made him uni- 
 versally known is his Fragments on Phys- 
 iognomy. These Fragments have been 
 translated into several languages ; but their 
 popularity has been long on the wane. 
 Lavater was an enthusiastic and credulous, 
 but a worthy and benevolent man. 
 
 LAVOISIER, ANTHONY LAURKNCK, 
 a celebrated chemist, was born, in 1743, at 
 Paris; was educated at Mazar in College; 
 and, after he quitted it, devoted himself 
 wholly to the sciences, particularly botany, 
 astronomy, and chemistry. Before he was 
 twenty he obtained the prize which was 
 offered by the Academy for a better mode 
 of lighting the streets. In his twenty-fifth 
 year he was admitted a inemlx;r of the 
 Academy. He now began, and for many 
 years assiduously continued, that course of 
 chemical investigation, which effected a 
 complete change in the science of chemis- 
 try, and immortalized his name. His 
 system was developed to the world in an 
 Elementary Treatise on Chemistry; and 
 A Method of Chemical Nomenclature. 
 Having been one of the farmers general, he 
 became one of the victims of the jacobins, 
 and was guillotined on the 8lh of May, 
 1794. 
 
 LAW, JOHN, a projector, the son of a 
 goldsmith, was born, in 1681, at Edin- 
 burgh; quitted his country in consequence 
 of having killed his antagonist in a duel; 
 proposed his financial projects to various 
 governments, and at length succeeded in 
 having them adopted by the French regent, 
 who made him comptroller general of the 
 finances; established a bank, and the Mis- 
 sissippi company f which eventually spread 
 ruin through France; was obliged to save 
 himself by flight; and died, in 1729, at 
 Venice. 
 
 LAW, WILLIAM, a nonjuring divine, 
 was born, in 1686, at King's Cliffe, in 
 Northamptonshire; was educated at Ema- 
 nuel College, Cambridge; and died in 1761. 
 Law was a man of piety, acuteness, and 
 talent; but a firm believer in the absurdi- 
 ties of Behmen. Of his works the most 
 popular are, The Serious Call to a devout 
 and holy Life; and a Practical Treatise 
 on Christian Perfection- 
 
 LAW, EDMUND, a learned prelate, was 
 born, in 1703, near Cartmel, in Lancashire ; 
 was educated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge; and after having held some lesser 
 preferments, among which were the living 
 of Greystock, the archdeaconry of Carlisle, 
 and the mastership of Peterlionse, ( 'mi- 
 bridge, he was raised, in 17(W, to the 
 bishopric of Caili.-le. He died in 1787. 
 He wrote Considerations on the Theory 
 of Religion' Inquiry into the Ideas of 
 
 LEB 
 
 Space, Time, &c. ; and various tract*, 
 
 and published an edition of Locke's works 
 Bishop Law was the father of the luttj 
 Lord Ellenborough. 
 
 LAWK FA CM, J A MKS,an officer of the 
 American Navy, was born in New Jersey, 
 in 17S1, and became a midshipman in 
 1798. In 1803 he was sent to the Medi- 
 terranean, as first lieutenant to the sehr.o- 
 IUT Knterprise, and while there distin- 
 guished himself by his activity and valour 
 He remained on this station for thre 
 years, and then returned to the United 
 States, having been transferred to the fri< 
 ate John Adams. In February, 181.'?, lit 
 was in command of the Hornet, and took 
 the fine British brig Peacock, after an ac- 
 tion of fifteen minutes. On his return to 
 the United States he was transferred to 
 the frigate Chesapeake, and in June of the 
 same year, while engaged in battle with 
 the frigate Shannon, he received a i/ortal 
 wound. His last exclamation, as they 
 were carrying him below, was DouMgive 
 up the ship. He lingered in J>TO;,'. pain 
 for four days, when he died. His i-: 'lains 
 were buried at Halifax. 
 
 LEARE,Sir JOHN, a naval offi.'f;r, was 
 born, In 1656, at Rotherbithe ; f,r.\M at 
 the battle of La Hogue ; was km/.'itod in 
 1723; assisted in defend ing Gibraltar, and 
 reducing Barcelona; took CartK-igena and 
 Minorca; was appointed to coir.mand the 
 Mediterranean fleet in 1707, in -f hich situ- 
 ation he, among other important services, 
 contributed to the conquest of fsirdinia an. I 
 Minorca; was superseded on th^'acceesion 
 of George L; and died in 17;.:0. 
 
 LEARCHUS, of RHKGIUI/, who is be- 
 lieved to have lived before the fortieth 
 Olympiad, was one of the most ancient 
 sculptors of Greece. He rride the bronze 
 statue of Jupiter at Spart*, which is con- 
 sidered to have been the oldest work of 
 that kind. It was, however, "not cast en- 
 tire, but in separate parts 
 
 LEB RUN, CHAR Lie 3, a celebrated 
 painter, was born, in 1619, at Paris; 
 studied under Vouet av.-d Poussin; and, 
 after his return from Ro ne, was liberally 
 patronised by Fouqnet. He was next in- 
 troduced to Louis XIV. \\ho appointed 
 him his principal painter, ennobled .him, 
 and consulted him on r.11 subjects conncc- 
 ted with the arts. LcKrun availed himself 
 of his influence to obtain from the monarch 
 the founding of a school at Rome, for stu- 
 dents of painting. He died in 1690. He 
 wrote a Treatise on the Passions; and 
 another on Physiogromy. 
 
 LKBRUN, "pn.Nvu -S'DKNIS ECOUCH- 
 AKD, a French pott, who; e lyrical compo- 
 sitions obtained for him the appellation of 
 th:- French i'indar, was born, in 17'2!), at 
 1'aris, in which oily he died in ]H)7. He 
 was. brought up lv I ho j mire of Conti, 
 
LEE. LEE 857 
 
 to whom he became secretary. It was' Americanus, were numerous, and procured 
 even suspected that they were very nearly j for him the: acquaintance of the leaders .< 
 related. Before ho was twenty-six he had the popular party. In 1776 he was :p 
 established his fame as a lyric poet. Of pointed minister to France, in conjunction 
 the revolution he \vas a violent panegyrist ; with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane, and 
 in his latter days he was a pensioner of assisted in negotiating the treaty with that 
 Napoleon. Lebrun was not an amiable ' nation. In 1779, in consequence rf the 
 man; he delighted in scattering about his false accusations of Mr. Deaue, coin- 
 satires and epigrams, without paying much plaints of his political conduct we;e 
 regard to truth or decency. i freely circulated at home, and in t'le fol- 
 
 LEBRUN, CHARLES FRANCIS, dukeof lowing year he resigned his ttppoir.'.iueut] 
 Pliicentia, was born, in 1739, near Cou-jand returned. In 17S1 he was elected to 
 lances, in Normandy; studied the law ; the assembly of Virginia, and by tin* body 
 was secretary to the chancellor Maupcon, returned to Confess, where he continued 
 and shared the odium which that minister to represent the state till 1785. In 1784 
 incurred; sat in the states general and the he was employed to arrange a treaty vt ith 
 council of five hundred; was chosen by the six Indian nations. lie was ue.vt 
 Bonaparte as third consul; and was sue- called to the board of treasury, where he 
 cessively governor of Liguria and admin- continued till 1789, when he went into 
 istrator general of Holland. He died in ! retirement. He died in 1792. 
 1824. Lebrun translated the Hi. id and j LEE, CHAKLKS, a maj >r-general in 
 Odyssey, and Ta.so's Jerusalem. I the army of the American (evolution, waa 
 
 LECLERC, JOHN, an eminent critic, 'born in ".North Wales, and became an olti- 
 was born, in 1657, at Geneva; and died, cer at the age of 11 years, lie served at 
 in 1736, in a state of childishness, at Am- an early age in America, and afterwards 
 Fterdam, where he was a clergyman, and distinguished himself under general Bur- 
 professsor of philosophy, belles jetties, and g >vne, in Portugal. He subsequently cu- 
 Hebrew. Leclerc was impatient of con- tered the Tolish service, wandered ;.!! over 
 tradiction, acrimonious and satirical in de- Europe, killed an Italian ofiiccr in a duel, 
 bate, irascible, and fond of singularity, j and in 1773 sailed for Mew Voik. Es- 
 Ile has been called the self constituted pousing the cause of the c.donies, he re- 
 inquisitor of the republic of literature, ceived a commission from Congress in 
 Among his works are, Ars Critica; Har-j 1775, with the rank of major geneial. In 
 m.,nia Evangelica; and the three Biblio- j 1776 lie was invested With the command 
 theques, or Libraries in twenty-five, twenty- at New York, and afterwards with the 
 eight, and twenty-nine volumes. chief command in the southern dcpart- 
 
 LEDYARD, JOHK, an adventurous jnient. In December, 1776, lie was made 
 traveller, was born at Groton, in Connecti- | prisoner by the English, as he lay carelessly 
 cut, and was educated at Dartmouth Col- guarded at a considerable distance from the 
 lege, in New Hampshire. After having main body of the army in New Jersey, 
 lived for some time among the Indians, In- He was kept prisoner till the surrender of 
 came to England, and sailed with Cook, j Burgoyne, in 1777, and treated in a man- 
 on his second voyage, as a marine. On n<T unworthy of a generons enemy. In 
 his return, he resolved to penetrate on foot 1778, he was arraigned before a court 
 across Northern Asia, and proceed to the ''martial, in consequence of his misconduct 
 opposite coast of America. He was, how- at the battle of Monmouth, and wns sus- 
 cver, seixed at Yakut/,, and sent out oflpended from any commission in the army 
 the Russian dominions. He was next I of the United "States fur one year. He 
 employed bv the African association toj retired to a hovel in Virginia, living in 
 explore the interior of Africa j but he died _ entire seclusion, surrounded by his books 
 Ji Cairo, in 1788. ! and his dos. In 1782, he went to reside 
 
 LEE, ARTHUR, an eminent American at Philadelphia, where he died in obscurity 
 patriot, was born, in Virginia, in 1740,! ;-i October of the same year. He was a 
 and received his education in England, m^n of much energy and courage, with 
 taking his degree of M. P. at the univer- considerable literary attainments, but mo- 
 eity of Edinburgh. He then returned to rose and avaricious. He published essays 
 his native state, and for some years prac- on military, literary ami political subjects, 
 ti^fd physic at Williamsburg, but political which with his extensive correspondence 
 affairs were then assuming so interesting were collected in a volume in 1792. The 
 in aspect, that he again went to England authorship of the Letters of Junius has 
 ind entered on the study of law in the been ascribed to him. 
 
 Temple. In 1770 he visited London, 
 and became a member of the famous 
 society of the supporters of the bill of 
 rights. His political publications at this 
 per.'od, under the signature of Junius 
 
 LEE, HENRY, a distinguished oflicet 
 in the American revolutionary army, was 
 born in Virginia in 1756, and was gradu- 
 ated at the college in Princeton. Jn 1776 
 he was a captain of one of the six compa- 
 
858 LEE 
 
 nies of cavalry, raised by Virginia, and 
 afterwards incorporated into on*? regiment, 
 nnd in 1777 added to the main body of tlie 
 provincials. At the battle of (lernmntown, 
 Lot* was selected \\iili his company to at- 
 lend Washington as his bodyg*tard. In 
 170, Ix'ing raised to the rank of lieuten- 
 ant-colonel, he was sent with his legion to 
 the army of tin- pou'lh, under general 
 (ireene, and conthuied will) it till tlie end 
 of the war. He distinguished himself 'at 
 the battle of Eutaw spring*, and in the en- 
 suing October was sent on a special commis- 
 sion to the commander in chief, then em- 
 ployed in the siege of Yorktown; in 17S6 
 he was appointed a delegate to Congress, 
 from the state of Virginia, and remained 
 in that body till the adoption of the present 
 constitution. He was a member of the 
 state convention which ratified that instru- 
 ment, and in 1792 he was raised to the 
 chair of governor of Virginia. In 1799 
 be. was again a member of Congress, and 
 while there selected to pronounce a funeral 
 oration on the death of Washington. The 
 latter years of his life were embarrassed 
 by want, and it was while confined for 
 debt in the limits of Spottaylvania county, 
 that he prepared for publication his excel- 
 lent Memoirs of the Southern Campaign. 
 He was severely wounded during the riot 
 in Baltimore, in 1814, and his health rap- 
 idly declined. He died on Cumberland 
 island, Georgia, in 1818. 
 
 LEE, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT, a signer 
 of the declaration of independence, was 
 born in Virginia in 1734. He inherited a 
 large fortune, and in 1765, became a mem- 
 ber of the house of burgesses of his native 
 state, and continued in that body till 1775, 
 when he was chosen a member of the con- 
 tinental congress. He remained in this 
 assembly till 1779, when he entered the 
 legislature of his native state. He died in 
 1797. 
 
 LEE, RICHARD HENRY, an eminent 
 American patriot, and signer of the dec- 
 laration of independence, was born in 
 Virginia in 1732, and received his educa- 
 tion in England. He returned to his na- 
 tive country when in his nineteenth year, 
 and devoted himself to the general study 
 of history, politics, law, and polite litera- 
 ture, without engaging in any particular 
 profession. In his twenty-fifth year, he 
 was chosen a delesate to the house of bur- 
 gesses, wlre he soon distinguished him- 
 self by his powers in debate. In 1764, he 
 v--a appointed to draught an address to the 
 king, and a memorial to the house of lords, 
 which are among the best state papers of 
 tlie period. His efforts in resisting the 
 various encroachments of the British gov- 
 ernment were indefatigable, and in 1774 
 he attended the first wm. nil congress at 
 p hiladelphia, as a delegate from \ irginia. 
 
 LEF 
 
 lie was a member of most of the important 
 
 committees of this b-ody, and laboured with 
 
 I unceasing vigilance and energy. The me- 
 nvirial of Congress to the people of Britisn 
 ] America, and the second address of Con- 
 gress to the people <'f Great Britain, wore 
 ! both from his pen. In June, 1776, lie in- 
 troduced the measure that declared the 
 CO Ion let free and independent states, and 
 supported it by a speech of the most bril- 
 liant eloquence, lie continued to hold a 
 seat in congress till June, 1777, \\lien ho 
 solicited leave of absence, on account of 
 the delicate state of his health. In August 
 of the next year, he was again elected to 
 con.rrc.-s, and continued in that body till 
 17 W 0, when he declined a reelection till 
 1784 In that year he was chosen presi- 
 dent o.' congress, but retired at the close 
 of it, and in 1786 was again chosen a 
 member of the Virginia assembly. He 
 was a member of the convention which 
 adopted the present constitution of the 
 United States, and one of the first senatorr 
 under it. In 1792 he again retired from 
 public life, and died in 1794. 
 
 LEE, NATHA5IBL, a dramatist, was 
 born at Hatfield, in Hertfordshire; was 
 educated at Westminster School, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; tried his f>r- 
 tune as -in actor and a writer for the stage ; 
 became insane, and was confined in Bedlam 
 for two years; and died, in pcm-rty, in 
 1692, of injuries received during a drunken 
 frolic. He. wrote eleven tragedies, of which 
 The Rival Queens, and The.odosius, arc 
 the best; and he assisted Dryden in writ- 
 ing CEdipns and The DuKe of Guise. 
 Lee possessed genius, but was deficient in 
 judgment ; and his style is often bom- 
 bastic. 
 
 LEE, SOPHIA, the daughter of an able 
 actor, was born in London, in 1750. Her 
 first l.terary attempt, which, however, was 
 not published till many years after it 
 was written, was The Life of a Lover. 
 In 1780 her comedy of the Chapter of Ac- 
 cidents was so successful that the profits 
 of it enabled her to establish, at Bath, an 
 academy for young ladies, which was con- 
 ducted by herself and her sisters. Her 
 novel of The Recess established her fame. 
 In 1803 she? 'retired from her toils of tui- 
 tion ; and she died March 13, 1824 She 
 wrote, besides the above works, A.ruoyda, 
 a tragedy; The Assignation, a comedy; 
 A Hermit's Tale, a poem; and two of the 
 stories in her sister's Canterbury Tale*. 
 
 LKFKBVRK, JOSEPH FRANCIS, duke 
 of I);int/.ic, a French marshal, was born, 
 in 1755, at Rufack, in Alsace; and died 
 in 1820. He entered early into the army. 
 In 1791 IK; attained the rank of general. 
 From that year till 1799, In; distinguished 
 himself greatly in all the campaigns i 
 Flanders and on the Rhine. When Bona 
 
LEI 
 
 partc ubverted tlie directorial government, 
 Lefebvre seconded him efficaciously, and 
 his services were rewarded with multiplied 
 honours. Between 1803 and 1815, he bore 
 a conspicuous part at Jena, Eylau, Wa- 
 gram, and many other battles; and his 
 conquest of Dantlie won for him the ducal 
 title. Lefelivro was modest, disinterested, 
 and of unaffected manners. 
 
 LEGOUVE, GAKRIKI, MAKY JOHN 
 
 LEM 
 
 869 
 
 him the tommand of the English army 
 He died in September, 1588. Of three 
 wives, Dudley is believed to have mur- 
 dered the first; the second, to whom h 
 was privately wedded, lio basely disowned. 
 LJSIGHTOiN, ROBKRT, a Scotch pro- 
 Lite, waa born, in 1613. in London; wag 
 educated at Edinburgh; quitted the pies- 
 byterian church for tiie episcopal; was 
 successively principal of Edinburgh un"> 
 
 aid died 
 
 BAPTIST, a French dramatist and poet, I versity, bishop of Duiublane, zn 
 \vas born, in 1764, at Paris; was admitted j bishop 
 a member of the Institute in 1798; held, 
 as substitute -for Delille, the professorship 
 of Latin poetry at the college of France; 
 and died insane in 1813. Legouve was an 
 exceedingly elegant writer, but was defi- 
 cient in imagination and poetical h're. He 
 wrote six tragedies, and several poems. 
 Among the latter are, The Recollections; 
 Melancholy; and The Merit of Women. 
 
 LEIBNITZ, GODFREY WILLIAM, 
 baron, a man of almost universal genius, 
 was born, in 1646, at Leipsic; and studied 
 at the universities of that place and of 
 Jena. He was first in the service of the 
 elector of Mentz, as counsellor of revision 
 in the chancery; and, after the death of 
 that prince, was patronised by the house of 
 Hanover. He also received pensions and 
 flattering distinctions from Peter the Great, 
 the king of Prussia, and the emperor of 
 Germany; and was a member of various 
 learned "bodies. France he visited once, 
 and England twice, and was received with 
 the respect which was due to his merits. 
 He died at Hanover in 1716. The major 
 part of the numerous works of Leibnitz 
 has been collected in six quarto volumes 
 by Dutens. Some of the rest were pub- 
 lished by Raspe, with the title of Philo- 
 sophic Works. " Leibnitz, who was thus 
 occupied with the most abstruse metaphys- 
 ical inquiries (says a modern writer), was 
 also in his day the rival of Newton himself 
 in physical science; possessed unequalled 
 erudition, classical and Bchoiautir; was 
 distinguished by his knowL-dge of Roman 
 : urisprudence and German antiquities; and 
 was a profound and masterly controversial 
 theologian." Gibbon also has drawn his 
 
 arch- 
 1684. 
 
 His works, which are still deservedly in 
 repute, form six octaxo volume?. Ltighton 
 was a man of great eloquence, mildness, 
 disinterestedness, and piety. 
 
 LELAND, JOHN, an antiquarv, war 
 born, in London, about the end of" Ilenr- 
 the Seventh's reign; was educated at Si 
 Paul's School, and at Christ** College, 
 Cambridge, and All Souls, Oxford; be- 
 came chaplain and librarian to Henry the 
 Eighth; and obtained church preferment; 
 spent six years i:i travelling to examine 
 English antiquitiet; and died insane ip 
 1552. His Itinerary, and some of his oth- 
 er works, were published by H.^arne and 
 Hall. 
 
 LELAND, THOMAS, a divine and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born, in 1772, at 
 Dublin, and was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, where, in 1763, he became professor 
 of oratory. In 1768 the lord lieutenant 
 appointed him his chap-lain, and subse- 
 quently gave him the \icarage of Bray, 
 and a prebend in St. Patrick's cathedral. 
 Dr. Leland died in 1785. He wrote Ser- 
 mons; The History of Ireland; The Life 
 of Philip of Macedon ; and a Dissertation 
 
 on the Principles of Hi 
 
 (which 
 
 Eloquence 
 
 anonymously attacked b 
 
 character at full length, and in 
 colours. 
 
 ing 
 
 LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, 
 earl of, born in 1532, was the son of the 
 duK.e of Northumberland, who was exe- 
 cuted in the reign of Mary. He was taken 
 into the favour of Elizabeth soon after her 
 accession, and continued to enjoy it to the 
 last Honours and grants of immense es- 
 tates were lavished on him by the virgin 
 queen. In 1561, she created bio b.iron 
 of Denbigh and earl of Leicester; in 15S5, 
 he procured his appointment as g:>\ernor 
 of the Netherlands; and in 158S, at the 
 omei'.t of impending invasion, she give 
 
 period he gradually rose in reputation, for 
 his portraits, till his dec 
 
 Hurd) ; and translated the Orations 
 Demosthenes and ^F,schines. 
 
 LELY, Sir PETER, an eminent painter, 
 whose real name was Vander Faes, was 
 born, in 1618, at Soest, in Westphalia, and 
 was a pupil of Grebber of Haerlem. In 
 1641 he came to England, and from that 
 in reputation, for 
 decease, in 1680. 
 
 Charles II. knighted him, and appo-nted 
 him his principal painter. Lely waj so 
 much employed in taking likene'sses iliat 
 he producea few historical pictures. Hit 
 style is elegant, and his colouring beauti- 
 ful, but there is little variety in his ex- 
 pression. 
 
 LEMIERRE, ANTHONY MORIN, a 
 French poet and dramatist, was born, in 
 1733, or, according to some, in 1721, at 
 Paris. He was successively a writer of 
 MS. sermons, under master of rhetoric at 
 IlarC'Hirt College, and secretary to l)upin ; 
 one of the farmers general, who had th 
 ' 
 
 liberalit 
 
 him a pension, to cnabU 
 
 him to give himself ip to literature, la 
 
LES 
 
 governor. She was sent to England to be 
 educated; married, ami was left; 
 
 WC LEX 
 
 1781 I e l)ecanie a member of the French 
 
 Academy. He died in 1793. Hi pmduci-d 
 
 seveial poems, and nine t f the uith one child; ami resorted to her pen foi 
 
 latter, William Tell, Ihpeimnestra, and subsistence. Her latter da\s were clci-d- 
 
 the V> <N! by poverty and sick'irs-'. She died in 
 
 LEMONNIER, PETER CHARLES, an isoi. Among her works an-, th. 
 
 eminent astronomer, was bom, in 1715, at of The Female Quixote, Henri. 
 
 Paris; began his astronomical observations >hia, and Euphemi.i; Shaksj 
 
 .mi before he was sixteen; was ad- 
 mitted a member of the Academy of Si i- 
 ii !?:>(), and was sent, in the same 
 \\ ith Maupertuis and Clairault, to 
 measure a degree of the meridian under the 
 polar circle; was for many years pi 
 at the college of France ; and died in 1799. 
 Lalandc was one of his pupils. Among his 
 works are, Celestial History; a Theory of 
 Comets; Xantical Astronomy; and The 
 Laws of Magnetism. 
 
 LEMPRIERE, JOHN, a native of Jer- 
 sey, was educated at Winchester, and at 
 Pembroke College, Oxford ; was head 
 master of Abingdon grammar school, and 
 afterwards of the school at Exeter; and, 
 on resigning the latter, was presented to 
 the livings of Mecth and Newton Petrock, 
 in Devonshire, which he held till his de- 
 cease, in 1S24. He compiled the Biblio- 
 theea Classica; and Universal Biography ; 
 and printed ihe first volume of a transla- 
 tion of Herodotus. 
 
 LEXCLOS, ANNE, or familiarly Xi- 
 NON de, a celebrated female voluptuary, 
 was born, in 1616, at Paris, and died in 
 1706. She was beautiful; and so highly 
 accomplished, and of such elegant man- 
 ners, that her society was courted by all 
 the distinguished characters of that age; 
 but she held chastity in utter contempt, 
 and for constancy she had as little respect. 
 Her charms she is generally said to have 
 retained in extreme old age; but this is 
 denied bv Voltaire. 
 
 LEXGLET DUFRESNOY, NICHO- 
 LAS, a French literary character, was 
 born, in 1674, at Beauvais, and was 
 brought up as an ecclesiastic, but became 
 Latin and French secretary to the elector 
 of Cologne; and, subsequently to the peace 
 of Utrecht, he settled at Paris as an au- 
 thor. He was, on some occasions, em- 
 ployed as a spy by the ministry; and, on 
 others, was imprisoned by them for his 
 writings. He was five times a captive in 
 the Bastile, once at Vincemies, and once 
 at Strasburgh. He was burnt to deatl in 
 1~!jj. 11 is works are numerous, but aH 
 of them are full of errors. The \test 
 known of them are, The Method of study- 
 ' i-tory ; and Chronological Tablets of 
 
 : sal I li-tory. 
 LE.NXOX. CHARLOTTE, a literary fe- 
 male of ruii-;d.Tab!<: ta!":il.-. who was tin 
 friend of Johnson and Richardson, wu 
 corn, in 1720, at New York, of which hei 
 father, Colonel Ramsay, was lieutenant- 
 
 rated; two plays; and various transla- 
 
 is. 
 
 .EXOTUI \v, an architect 
 
 in d designer of gardens, was b.irn, in 
 1613, at Paris, and studied painting under 
 Vouet. For Louis XIV. he laid out tltr 
 gardens of Versailles, the Tuillrries, Clag- 
 iv, Chantilly, St. Cloud, .Men, Ion, Sc<v.n\, 
 SI. Germain, and Fontainebloan; and tUat 
 laughty monarch treated him rather as a 
 familiar friend than as a Mibject and n-r 
 vant. He died in 1700. 
 
 LEO X., Pope, Jnii.v IT. MEDICI, 
 the son of the illustrious Loren/o, .va* 
 born, in 1475, at Florence, and was nomi 
 Dated a cardinal in his thirteenth year 
 In 1505 he was made governor of Perugia; 
 was intrusted with the command of the 
 papal army in 1511 ; and was made (iris- 
 oner, in the following year, at th" 1 at tie 
 of Ravenna. He attained the papal crown 
 in 1513, on the death of Julius II. He 
 died in 1521. Leo was one of the most 
 munificent patrons of learning and ( f the 
 arts; but he was prodigal, and on pome 
 occasions grossly violated the principles of 
 justice. To his shameless sale of in- 
 dulgences the world is indebted for the 
 reformation of the church. 
 
 LEONIDAS I., king of Sparta, famous 
 for his heroic patriotism, succeeded his 
 half brother Cleomenes, B. c. 491. When 
 Xerxes invaded Greece, Leon i das, at the 
 head of four thousand men, defended the 
 pass of Thermopylae. Threats and prom- 
 ises were tried in vain, to induce the val- 
 iant Spartan to retire from his post. In 
 an attack, which lasted two days, the 
 Persians were not more sueccessful; thev 
 were defeated with the slaughter of twin 
 ty thousand men. Xerxes was on the 
 point of abandoning his enterpi i.-e, \\hen 
 Ephialtes, a traitorous Grce.k, made known 
 to him a path by which the Pei>ians TM T^ 
 enabled to penetrate to the Grecian rear. 
 Leonidas was now surrounded, and, after 
 a severe contest, he perished with his brave 
 companions. , 
 
 LESAGE, ALAIN RF.NK, eminent as 
 a novelist and a dramatist, was horn, in 
 1668, at Sarzeau, in Hritann\ ; and stud- 
 ied at the Jesuits' College at Vannes. Af- 
 ter hiving, it is believed, f>i 
 held a situation under the fan; 
 in his native province, he went to Paris in 
 1692, tried the bar lor a short tin 
 then adopted the profession of an author. 
 His scanty means were cnlargecj by tUr 
 
LES 
 
 generosity of the abbe de Lyonne, his 
 friend, who allowed him a pension of six 
 hundred livres, and made him many valua- 
 ble presents. De Lyonne did him'another 
 essential service, by directing his attention 
 to Spanish literature, and teaching him the 
 language. For some years he continued 
 to be Tittle known as a writer; but, in 
 1707, he rose at once into popularity by his 
 comedy of Crispin the Rival of his Mas- 
 ter, and hia romance of Le Diable Boiteux. 
 The comedy of Turcaret, in 1709, added to 
 his fame, and that fame was, in the course 
 of a few years, rendered imperishable by 
 his admirable Gil Bias, which placed him 
 in the first rank of novelists. Lesage 
 was endowed with great literary fertility. 
 Among hi? novels are, The Adventures of 
 Gusman d'Alfaraohe; The Adventures of 
 the Chevalier Beauchesne; The History 
 of EstevanilleGonzales; and The Bachelor 
 of Salamanca. Of dramatic pieces he 
 composed twenty-four, and had a share in 
 the composition of seventy-six others. 
 Several miscellaneous works and transla- 
 tions also dropped from his pen. He died, 
 in retirement, at Boulogne, November 17, 
 1747. 
 
 LESAGE, GEORGE LEWIS, a philoso- 
 pher, was born, in 1724, at Geneva; and 
 died there in 1803. He was educated tor 
 the mediiKil profession, but never practised 
 it. Lesage is principally known by his 
 inquiries into the phenomena of gravita- 
 tion. Most of his works remain unpub- 
 lished. Among those which have been 
 printed are, Fragments on final Causes; 
 iin I a Treatise on Mechanical Physics. 
 
 LESLEY', JOHN, a Scotch prelate, was 
 born in 1527, and was educated at Aber- 
 deen and Pari*. The unfortunate Mary 
 of Scotland gave him the bishopric of Ross, 
 and he accompanied her from France to 
 her native country. After her dethrone- 
 ment, he served her with an honourable 
 fidelit) ind zeal, defending her warmly in 
 the conferences at York ajid Westminster. 
 Elizabeth imprisoned him, and afterwards 
 %rnt him out of the kingdom. On the con- 
 tinent, he renewed his fruitless exertions 
 on behalf of his captive sovereign. In 
 1593 he was made bisnop of Constance. 
 Ho die:! in 1596. Among his works are-, 
 A Defence of Queen Mary; and A De- 
 scription of Scotland. 
 
 LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM, a 
 celebrated German writer, ~-as born, in 
 1729, at Kamenz, in Pomerania; and was 
 ~ nrated at Meissen and Leipsic. A part 
 en nis youth was spent in a desultory man- 
 ner; but the rest of his life was given to 
 literary toil, and to performing the duties 
 ol various employments. His first attempts 
 ^vere dramatic, and, though imperfect, they 
 vrere well received. They were followed 
 by hit Fables, and several other produc- 
 M 
 
 LEU 
 
 861 
 
 tions, which widely extended his repute* 
 tion. In 1770 the hereditary prince of 
 Brunswick appointed him librarian at 
 Wolfenbuttel, and when the sovereignty 
 devolved upon that prince, Lessing was 
 still more efficiently patronised by him. 
 He died in 1781. Lessing is regarded as 
 one of those authors who contributed to 
 refine German literature. Among his dra- 
 mas are, Miss Sarah Samson; Emilia 
 Galotti; Philotas; Nathan the Wise; 
 Minna de Barnhelm; the Jews; the Mis- 
 ogynist; and The Free Thinker. Of big 
 other works the principal are, Laocoon; 
 The Hamburgh Dramaturgy; and Thi 
 Fragments of an Unknown. 
 
 L ? ESTRANGE, Sir Roc ER, a political 
 writer, was born, in 1616, in Norfolk; 
 espoused the cause of Charles I. and was 
 four years imprisoned by the Parliament 
 for attempting to surprise Lynn ; was made 
 licenser of the press, and a justice of the 
 peace, after the Restoration; established 
 the Public Intelligencer, and subsequently 
 the Intelligencer, two furious tory papers; 
 and died in 1703. He published many 
 abusive political tracts, and translated Jo- 
 sephus; ^Esop's Fables; Seneca's Mor- 
 als ; and other works. 
 
 LESUEUR, EUSTACE, an eminent 
 painter, who is called the French Raphael, 
 was born, in 1617, at Paris, and was a 
 pupil of Vouet, but derived his excellence 
 from the study of the antique. In many 
 important points he was far superior to his 
 rival Lebrun. Lesueur was of a modest 
 and retired disposition. He died in 1655. 
 Landon has engraved a hundred and ten 
 of his works, among which are, St. Paul 
 healing the Sick; St. Paul preaching at 
 Ephesus ; the Life of St. Bruno, in twenty- 
 two paintings; and the Martyrdom of St. 
 Laurence. 
 
 LETI, GREGORY, an Italian historian, 
 was born, in 1630, at Milan; studied at 
 Cosenza and Rome ; abjured the catholic 
 religion at Geneva; visited England in 
 1680, and was pensioned by Charles II., 
 but soon displeased the court by the free- 
 dom of his pen, in the Britannic Theatre, 
 and was ordered to quit the kingdom ; and 
 died, in 1701, at Amsterdam, nistoriogra 
 pher of that city. Among his works are, 
 Lives of Sixtus V. ; Charles V.; Philip 
 II.; Queen Elizabeth; and Oliver Crom 
 well. Leti is so incorrect a writer as to 
 have acquired the appellation of the Italian 
 Varillas. 
 
 LEUWENHOECK, or LEEUWEN- 
 HOECK, ANTHONY VAN, an eminent 
 Dutch experimental philosopher, was born, 
 in 1632, at Delft. Having brought to great 
 perfection the art of making lenses, he 
 engaged in microscopical observations 
 principally anatomical, which lie continued 
 throughout his life with equal perseverance 
 
362 LEW 
 
 and success. His discoveries were com- 
 municated to the world through the medium 
 ol the Philosophical Transactions He 
 died in 172:!. 
 
 LEVAILLAXT, FRANCIS, a traveller 
 was born at Paramaribo, in Gtumna, and 
 died, in 1824, at Se/.anne, in France. 
 Resides his two narratives of his Travels 
 into the interior of Southern Africa, he 
 published a Natural History of African 
 Birds of a part of the new and rare 
 Birds of America and the West Indies 
 of Parrots and of Birds of Paradise. The 
 travels of Levaillant are amusing, and 
 afford considerable information; but the 
 veracity of some parts of them has been 
 doubter/. 
 
 LEVIZAC, JOHN PONS VICTOR LE- 
 COUTZ DE, a grammarian, was born at 
 Alby, in LaanttuOC ; emigrated at the com- 
 mencement of the revolution ; and died, in 
 1813, in London. His chief works are, A 
 Philosophical and Literary French Gram- 
 mar; an Abridgment of it; a French 
 and English Dictionary; a Dictionary of 
 Svnonymes; and A Portable Library of 
 French Writers. In his youth he gained 
 some applause as a poet. 
 
 LEWIS, FRANCIS, a signer of the de- 
 claration of American independence, was 
 born in 1715, in South Wales, and after 
 receiving a good school education, engaged 
 in commerce. In 1736 he came to Amer- 
 ica, and after a short residence at Phila- 
 delphia, he removed to New York city. 
 In 1775 he was elected to the continental 
 congress, and was an efticient'and useful 
 member of that body. He was taken pris- 
 oner by the British during the war, and 
 si'ifered much both in person and in prop- 
 erty. He died in 1803. 
 
 LEWIS, MERI WETHER, a celebrated 
 explorer, was born in Virginia, in 1774, 
 and, after receiving a good school educa- 
 tion, engaged in agriculture. When Gen- 
 eral Washington called out a body of 
 militia in consequence of the discontent 
 produced by the excise taxes, young Lewis 
 entered as a volunteer, and from that situ- 
 ation was removed to the regular service. 
 In 1803 he was sent by President Jefferson 
 on an exploring expedition to the north- 
 western part of our continent; and of this 
 expedition, which was completed in about 
 three years, and in which he was accom- 
 
 terest- 
 blithed. 
 
 L'HO 
 
 anc ead a course of chemical lectures to 
 Gecrge III. when he was prince of W ales. 
 Me wrote An Experimental History of the 
 Materia Medica; The Philosophical Com. 
 merce of the Arts; and A Course of Prac- 
 tical Chemistry; and abridged Frederic 
 Hoffman's medical works. 
 
 LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY, a mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born, in 1773, in 
 London; was a son of the under secretary 
 at war; and was educated at Westmin- 
 ster. His first production was The Monk, 
 a novel, which was equally admired for 
 the talent it displayed, and censured for 
 its licentiousness. He had a seat in the 
 House of Commons, but never came fur- 
 ward as an orator. He died in 1818, at 
 sea, on his return from his West Indian 
 estate. He is the author of fifteen dramas, 
 of which the most popular is The Castle 
 Spectre; Poems; Feudal Tyrants, a ro- 
 mance ; Romantic Tales ; and some leseer 
 productions in prose and verse. 
 
 LEYDEN, LUCAS DAMMESZ, called 
 LUCAS of, a celebrated painter and engra- 
 ver, was born in that city, in 1494; was a 
 pupil of his father, and of Cornelius Enge- 
 hrechtsen ; practised every kind of painting 
 at the age of nine years; was at the head 
 of the Flemish artists when he was eigh- 
 teen ; and died in 1533. He excelled even 
 more as an engraver than as a painter. 
 He executed a hundred and seventy- two 
 among which were, The Magi 
 an Ecce Homo; and Tlie 
 Prodigal Son. The proof 
 
 panied by Mr. Clarke, an highly int< 
 ins account was afterwards publi 
 
 ing 
 
 plates, 
 
 orshipping; 
 eturn of the 
 
 jtrints from his graver are in high esti 
 lation. 
 
 LEYDEN, JOHN, a poet* orientalist, 
 and physician, was born, in 1775, at Den- 
 lirjm, in Roxburghshire, and was the son 
 of a shepherd. After having picked up a 
 little learning at his native place, he studied 
 at Edinburgh. The church was his desti- 
 nation, but he relinquished it for surgery, 
 obtained a doctor's degree, and was up- 
 pointed assistant surgeon on the Madias 
 establishment. In India, his profound 
 knowledge of the native dialects occasion- 
 ed his being made professor of them in the 
 Bengal College; from which situation, 
 however, he was soon removed, to be 
 judge of the twenty-four Pergunnuhs of 
 Calcutta. In 1811 he accompanied Loid 
 Minto to Batavia, where he fell a victim 
 to the climate, on the 27th of August. 
 Leyden had a wonderful power of acqtiir- 
 
 Lewis was subsequently appointed irovcrnor insj lan?n:ig-s. As a linguist he exceeded 
 i/ the Louisiana territory. He put an end; even Sir William Jones. His poems, in- 
 to his own life in 1809. Hr> was a man chiding the Scent's of Infmcy, have been 
 of energy, perseverance, and of a sound collected in two '..!..<-.>. Hi- wrote A 
 undemanding. Hwrtory of P*Muv*rif ri Africa; and edi- 
 LEWIS, Wn.MA.M, a |,hy:-ician, who te<l Tlie Ccj.ipiayut of Scotland, and Scot- 
 practi.-fd at King-ton, in Surrey, where lish IV-crip! i\c [joem? 
 he died hi 1781, WM ; fallow of the Royal L'HOpJTAL, Mun A r.i. I.E. one of the 
 , and of Stockholm Royal Academy , ni"t illuftrious <( French ?tutestuoi, w;u 
 
LIG 
 
 born, in 1505, at Aigueperse, in Auvergne; 
 studied the law at Toulouse and Padua ; 
 
 LIL 
 
 863 
 
 the Austrian army at the age of seventeen ; 
 and acquired reputation in the seven years* 
 
 practised at the French bar; was sent as war, and the short war of 1778. eno 
 ambassador to the council of Trent; and, sent on a mission into Russia, his wit and 
 after his return, was made superintendent talent, and his personal accomplishments 
 of finances. His upright and able conduct j rendered him a favourite of Catherine, 
 in that post caused him to be raised to Who made him a field marshal, and gave 
 the dignity of chancellor. All his efforts, him an estate in the Crimea. He assisted 
 =s chancellor, were directed to make the Potemkin in the reduction of Ockzakoff, 
 laws revered, restore prosperity to France, [and Laudohn in that of Belgrade. Subse- 
 and avert a civil war by extending tolera- quently he was not employed in the Aus- 
 tion to the protestants. He was baffled, trian army. He died in 1814. His works, 
 however, by the baseness and violence of : military and miscellaneous, form nearly 
 the court; "and, in 1568, he retired from forty volumes. The pretended Autobiogra- 
 
 public affairs. He died in 1573. 
 
 L'HOPITAL, WILLIAM FRANCIS AN- 
 THONY, marquis of St. Mesme, one of the 
 most eminent of the French mathemati- 
 cians, was born, in 1661, at Paris. So 
 
 phy of Prince Eugene was written by the 
 prince de Ligne. 
 
 L1LBURNE, JOHN, a republican of 
 an unconquerable spirit, was born, in 1618, 
 in the county of Durham. In 1638 the 
 
 precocious was his scientific knowledge, | infamous star-chamber sentenced him to 
 that when he was only fifteen he solved a be pilloried, and to receive five hundred 
 problem relative to the cycloid, which lashes. Even while this punishment was 
 had been proposed by Pascal. At a later ; being severely executed, lie braved his per- 
 period he gave solutions of several of the secutors. The Long Parliament voted 
 most difficult geometrical problems. He him reparation; and he fought against 
 died in 1704. L'Hopital is the author of | Charles at Edgehill, Marston Moor, and 
 two valuable works: The Analysis of In- ! other places; and attained the rank of 
 finitesimals; and an Analytical Treatise lieutenant-colonel. Disapproving, howev- 
 
 on Conic Sections. 
 
 LICHTENBERG, GEORGE CHRISTO- 
 
 er, of the conduct of Cromwell, Lilburne 
 opposed him with great boldness, and was 
 
 PHER, a German philosopher and writer,! in consequence imprisoned, fined by the 
 was born, in 1742, at Ober Ramstaedt, j parliament, and twice tried by a "jury, 
 near Darmstadt, and was educated at before which he made so able a defence 
 
 Darmstadt and Gottingen; at which latter 
 place he became professor of mathematics, 
 and, subsequently, of experimental philos- 
 ophy. He died in 1799. His scientific 
 and miscellaneous works have been pub- 
 lished in nine volumes. Among the con- 
 tents of the second class are, An Expla- 
 nation of Hogarth's Prints; some severe 
 Satires on Lavater's System of Physiog- 
 nomy; and an Autobiographical Journal. 
 Lichtenberg, says Stapfer, " is sportive, 
 and never grotesque ; novel, without effort ; 
 gay, without the slightest levity; various 
 and profound, without ceasing to be solid 
 and clear.'* 
 
 LICINIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS Li- 
 CINIANUS, a Roman emperor, was born, 
 about 263, in a Dacian village. His mili- 
 tary talents, especially in the war against 
 
 N arses, the Persian monarch, induced J which are not without merit. He is' most 
 G.ilerins in 307 to make him an associate I remarkable, however, for two works, inti- 
 in the government, and place Pannoniaj tied Euphues and his England, and En- 
 and Rhretia under his authority. After the phues, the Anatomy of Wit, written with 
 
 j u _r /-i_i^ "i i . i / .\ -w~* i i 
 
 tha* he was acquitted. Not long previous 
 to his decease, which took place in 1657, 
 he adopted the tenets of the quakers. 
 
 LILLO, GEORGE, a dramatist, was 
 born, in 1693, in London; was a jeweller 
 by trade, and a dissenter in religion; and 
 died in 1739. Fielding, who was his 
 friend, speaks of him as being a truly es- 
 timable character. He wrote eight piays, 
 of which the principal are, the tragedies 
 of George Barnwell; The Fatal Curiosity; 
 Elmerick; and Arden of Feversham. 
 
 LILLY, or LYLIE, JOHN, a dramatist 
 and miscellaneous writer, was born, about 
 1533, in the weald of Kent; was educated 
 at Magdalen College, Oxford; was long 
 an unsuccessful suitor for court favour; 
 and died, in poverty, towards the close of 
 Elizabeth's reign. He wrote nine plays, 
 
 death of Galerius, Licinius also obtained 
 
 a view to reform the English language; 
 
 the province of Illyricum. He joined " the strange and barbarous jargon" of 
 Constantino against Maxentius, and mar- | which, as Ellis justly calls it, was actually 
 ried his sister Constantia ; but in the course j popular among the courtiers. Sir Walter 
 of a few years the two emperors became! Scott has put this Babylonish dialect into 
 enemies, and Licinius was dethroned, and the month of Sir Piercie Shafton in The 
 ultimately put to death, in 324, by Con- Monastery. 
 
 tantine. LILLY, WILLIAM, an astrologer, was 
 
 LIGNE, CHARLES JOSEPH, prince de, born, in 1602, at Diseworth, in Leicester- 
 was born, in 1735, at Brussels; entered 'shire; and> after having been servant it 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 a manttia-maker, and hook-keeper to a! lishment of peace, he returned to his nat vt 
 tradesman, he became a professor of astrol- state, and in 1787 was appointed to com* 
 O<TV. Lillv, who had a tolerable spice of i mand the troops, employed in the suppres- 
 the knate in his composition, soon acquired sion of the insurgents in Massachusetts 
 both fame and money in his new vocation. In 1788 he was chosen lieutenant governor. 
 During the civil wars he w;is consulted by and in the following year he was a member 
 both parties as to events ; but it was the i of the convention which ratified the con- 
 cause of the parliament that he finally stitution of the United States. He died in 
 espoused. He died in 1681. Among his 1810. He was the author of several 
 works are, Observations on the IM'c and published letters and essays; a member of 
 
 Death of Charles I.; and his own Life. 
 
 LILY, or LILYE, WILLIAM, a gram- 
 m irian, was born, about 1468, at Odiham, 
 in Hamphiie; took us bachelor's decree 
 nt Masdalen College , Oxford ; visited Je- 
 
 the American Academy of the Arts and 
 Sciences; and president of the Society of 
 Cincinnati of Massachusetts. 
 
 LINDSAY, or LYNDSAY, Sir DAVID, 
 a Scotch poet, was born, in 1490, at Gar- 
 
 rusalem, and studied the Greek language i mylton, in Haddingtonshire; was educated 
 at Rhodes for five years; and died, in 'at St. Andrew's; and was, successively, 
 1523, head master o'f St. Paul' 
 He wrote some Latin poems, 
 
 some J^atin poems, and the 
 Latin Grammar which l>earshis name. 
 
 School. ' page of honour to James V., and, in 1530, 
 
 LINACRE, THOMAS, a physician and 
 philologist, was born, about 1460, at Can- 
 terbury; and was educated at All Souls 
 
 College, Oxford. After 
 Iralv, he read lectures 
 
 Lyon king at arms; and is supposed by 
 some to have died about 1557, but it seems 
 more probable that he lived till 1567. 
 
 LI.NDSEY, THEOPHILUS, a Unitarian 
 tlivine, was born, in 1723, at Middlewich, 
 
 physic at Oxford. Henr 
 him his physician, and 
 Arthur. From Henrv V 
 
 having \i.-itcd in Cheshire, and was educated at St. John's 
 Greek and | College, Cambridge. He resigned the 
 
 Henry VII. appointed I living of Catterick in 1773, in consequence 
 tutor to Prince of his having embraced the principles of 
 VIII. he obtained, I unitarianism. From 1774 till 1793 he was 
 
 in 1518, letters patent for the establish-) minister of a congregation in Essex Street, 
 ' ' ' in the Strand. He died in 1803. He 
 
 nient of the royal college of physicians, of 
 which body he Was the first president. In 
 the decline of life he entered into orders. 
 He died in 1 524. Besides translating Pro- 
 clus on the Sphere, and some of Galen's 
 treatises, he drew up The Rudiments of 
 Latin Grammar, and wrote De Emendata 
 Structura Latini Sermonis. 
 
 LINCOLN, BENJAMIN, a major gen- 
 eral in the American army, was born in 
 Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1733, and until 
 the age of forty years was engaged in the 
 pursuits of agriculture. At the commence- 
 ment of the revolution he was elected a 
 member of the provincial Congress, in 
 1776 received the commission of major- 
 general, and employed himself vigorously 
 to improve the discipline of the militia. 
 He was second in command in the army 
 which compelled the surrender of Burgoyne. 
 On the day after the battle of Still water, 
 he received a dangerous wound in his leg, 
 and was confined for severa months by its 
 effects. In the following '?ar, he was 
 appointed to the command of the southern 
 department, and while in this post he at- 
 vempted the defence of Charleston, but 
 was compelled to capitulate in May, 1780. 
 He was exchanged in November, and in 
 I lie spring following joined the army on 
 
 tlie North river. At the 
 
 f York- 
 
 town he commanded a central division, and 
 shared largely in the dangers and honours 
 of the day. In 1781 he was appointed 
 secretary of the war lepartrnent, and after- 
 wzrds on several occasions commissioner 
 to treat with the Indians. On the estab- 
 
 wrote, among other works, An Apology for 
 himself; A Sequel to the Apology; Con- 
 siderations on the Divine Government; An 
 Historical View of the Unitarian Doctrine 
 and Worship; and Sermons. 
 
 LLNGUET, SIMON NICHOLAS HEIC- 
 RY, a political and miscellaneous writer, 
 was born, in 1736, at Rheiras; was brought 
 up as a barrister, but was expelled from 
 the bar; took a violent part in the politics 
 of the day, and was confined for two years 
 in the Bastile; was favourably received at 
 Vienna by Joseph II.; but was at length 
 sent out of the Austrian states ; and closed 
 his career by the guillotine, at Paris, in 
 1794. Besides his Political Annals, and 
 various other works, he wrote Histories of 
 the Age of Alexander of the Revolutions 
 of the Roman Empire and of the Jesuits ; 
 Memoirs of the Bastile; and a Theory of 
 Civil Laws. 
 
 LIN.N, JOHN BLAIR, an American 
 divine and poet, was born in Prnns\ l\ania, 
 in 1777, and after graduating at Columbia 
 College, entered on tlie study of law, in the 
 oflice of Alexander Hamilton, in New- 
 York. Finding but little agreeable to hirr. 
 in this pursuit, he determined to embrace 
 
 the ministry, and 
 of theological st 
 
 ifter completing a course 
 dy, lie was selilr d as a 
 
 preacher in Philadelphia in 17.99. He 
 
 died of consumption 
 
 author of Valer 
 
 in 1805. 
 
 poem ol 
 
 He is the 
 iconiider- 
 
 able merit, published since his decease; 
 and of the Powers of Genius, a poem pos- 
 sessing much beauty, a- id which has gone 
 
LIP 
 
 (krough several editions both in England 
 and the United States. 
 
 LIV 
 
 665 
 
 L1NNE, or LINNAEUS, CHAKLES 
 
 VON, the most celebrated of modern natu- 
 
 Commentary on Tacitus; Varise Lectio 
 nes; De Militia Romana; and Treatises 
 on Amphitheatres and Libraries. 
 
 LISTER, MARTIN, a physician, wait 
 born, about 1658, at Radcliffe, in Buck- 
 inghamshire; was educated at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, but took his degree 
 at Oxford ; became a fellow of the college, 
 and of the Royal Society, and physician 
 in ordinary to Queen Anne; and died in 
 1718. He wrote several medical works; 
 A Journey to Paris (which was burlesqued 
 by Dr. King); A History of English Ani- 
 mals; and other works on natural history; 
 and contributed many papers to the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions. 
 
 LITTLETON, THOMAS, an eminent 
 lawyer, was born, about the beginning of 
 the fifteenth century, at Frankley, in Wor- 
 
 ralisfs, was born, in 1707, at Raslmlt, in Icestershire; studied at the Temple; was 
 Sweden. Even from his infancy he mani- appointed king's sergeant and judge of 
 Tested his fondness for the study of plants, 
 and he almost lived in his father's garden. 
 
 studied at the universities of Lund 
 ind of Upsal, but laboured under great 
 disadvantages from his exceedingly indigent 
 state. The patronage of CeUius, the 
 theological professor, who was also a natu- 
 ralist, at length bettered his condition. It 
 was at this period that he first formed the 
 idea of that botanical system which has 
 
 immortalized him. 
 1738, he explored 
 
 Between 
 Lapland, 
 
 assize in 1455; became one of the justices 
 of the common pleas in 1466; and died in 
 1481. His celebrated treatise on Tenures, 
 which may be considered as a law classic, 
 has passed through numerous editions; and 
 has been commented upon by Coke, Sir 
 M. Hale, and other distinguished legal 
 characters. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, CHARLES JENKIN- 
 SON, earl of, the eldest son of Colonel 
 
 obtained the materials for his Flora Lap- 
 ponica; resided for three years in Holland, 
 as superintendent of Clifford's celebrated 
 
 1731 and) Jenkinson, was born in 1727, and *.vas 
 where he educated at the Charter House, and at 
 
 University College, Oxford. In 1761 he 
 became a member of parliament, and under 
 
 as superintendent ot ^imoru s ceieuratea j secretary of state ; in 1766, a lord of the 
 garden; took hi.s medical degree at Harder- 1 admiralty ; in 1772, vice-trea?urer of Irc- 
 wyck ; and visited England and France, land ; in 1778, secretary at war; in 1784, 
 After his return to Sweden, in 1738, he j president of the board of trade; in 1786, 
 settled as a physician at Stcckholm. The! he was created Baron Hawkesbury; in 
 subsequent career of Li nn e was uniformly 1796, earl of Liverpool; and he died in 
 prosperous. His fame spread through 
 every part of the civilized world, scientific 
 bodies eagerly enrolled him among their 
 
 members, he was ennobled by his sovereign, 
 and acquired sufficient wealth to purchase 
 an estate, on which he resided for the last 
 fifteen years of his life. He died January 
 11, 1778. Among his works are, Systernae 
 Naturae; Fundamenta Botanica; Hortus 
 Cliffortianus; Flora Suecica; Fauna Sue- 
 cica; and Species Plantarum. 
 
 LIPSIUS, JUSTUS, an eminent scholar 
 and critic, was born, in 1547, at Isch, in 
 Brabant, and studied at Aeth, Cologne, 
 and Louvain. After having resided for 
 some time in Italy, he was appointed pro- 
 fessor of eloquence at Jena. He soon, 
 however, relinquished his post ; and, in 
 1577, he removed to Leyden, where he 
 remnine'l for thirteen years. At the expi- 
 ration of that period he settled at Louvain, 
 
 1808. The earl of Liverpool was often 
 accused of being one of the secret and 
 irresponsible, and therefore unconstitution- 
 al, advisers of George III. He wrote a 
 Treatise on the Coins of the Realm; and 
 some other works ; and made a Collection 
 of Treaties. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, ROBERT BANKS JEN- 
 KINSON, earl of, the son of the forego- 
 ing, was born in 1770, and was educated 
 at the same seminaries as his father. In 
 1791 he took his seat as member for Rye 
 A speech against abolishing the slave trade 
 was one of his earliest efforts in parlia- 
 ment. In 1793 he was appointed one of 
 the commissioners of the India Board; in 
 1801, he was introduced into the cabinet, 
 as secretary of state for the foreign depart- 
 ment; he was placed in the home de- 
 partment, on the return of Mr. Pitt t 
 power; he returned t^ that office after the 
 
 where he died in 1608. Though he changed dismission of the whig administration ; ana 
 his religion no less than four times, Lipsiusj was removed to the war department under 
 Iras the advocate jf intolerance ! Among Mr. Perceval. By the death of Mr. Por- 
 t 4 works, which form six folios, i e, Alceval, in 1812, Lord Liverpool was raiud 
 
866 LLO 
 
 to the premiership, and he held tha ele- 
 vated station till February, 1827, when un 
 apoplectic and paralytic stroke rendered 
 him incapable of taking any further part 
 in public afiairs. He died "December 4, 
 1828. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, PHILIP, a signer of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was norn at Albany, N. Y. in 1716, was 
 graduated at Yale "College, and became a 
 merchant in New-York. In 1774 he was 
 returned to the general Congress, and 
 remained in that body till 1777. He 
 died in 1778. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R. a cele- 
 brated American statesman and lawyer, 
 was born in New- York, and was educated at 
 King's College. He engaged in the pro- 
 fession of the law, and was elected to the 
 first general Congress of the colonies, 
 where he was one of the committee ap- 
 pointed to prepare the declaration of inde- 
 pendence. In 1780 he was appointed 
 secretary of foreign affairs, and at the 
 adoption of the constitution of New-York, 
 chancellor of that state. This last office 
 he held till 1801, when he was sent minis- 
 ter plenipotentiary to France. It was in 
 Paris that he formed a personal friendship 
 with Robert Fulton, whom he materially 
 assisted. In 1805 he returned to the 
 United States, and devoted the remainder 
 of his life to the promotion of agriculture 
 and the arts. He died in 1813. 
 
 LIVIUS, or LIVY, TITUS, a celebrated 
 Roman historian, was born either in the 
 city or the territory of Patavium, now 
 Padua. In the reign of Augustus he went 
 to Rome, and was held in great esteem by 
 the emperor, and many illustrious charac- 
 ters. He returned to Padua after the 
 death of Augustus, and died A. D. 17, at 
 the age of seventy-six. His History is one 
 of the valuable" relics of antiquity. It 
 originally consisted of a hundred and thirty- 
 two books; of which, unfortunately, only 
 thirty-five have been preserved. 
 
 LLORENTE, JOHN ANTHONY, a 
 Spanish ecclesiastic, was born, in 1756, at 
 Rincnn del Soto, and obtained various 
 preferments, among which was that of 
 secretary general to the Inquisition. Hav- 
 ing accepted a considerable post under 
 Joseph Bonaparte, and written in his fa- 
 vour, he was compelled to quit Spain on 
 the return of Feidinand. He died in 1823. 
 He is the author of a History of the In- 
 quisition ; Memoirs relative to the History 
 of the Spanish Revolution; Political Por- 
 traits of the Popes; and other works. 
 
 LLOYD, DAVID, a biographer, was 
 born, in 1625, in Merionethshire ; was 
 educated at Oriel College, Oxford; and 
 died, in 16.91, a piubend of St. Asaph, 
 and vicar of Northop, in Flintshire. His 
 r) icf works are, Memoirs of t le Suter.u:n 
 
 LOG 
 
 and Favourites of England; Memoirs of 
 Persons who sufl'ered for their Loyalty; 
 A Life of General Monk ; and A Ilistort 
 of Plots and Conspiracies 
 
 LLOYD, HKNRY, an eminent military 
 officer and writer on tactics, was born in 
 Wales, in 1729. He served with great 
 reputation in the French, Austrian, Prus- 
 sian, and Russian armies, and rose to the 
 rank of general. He died, in the Nether- 
 lands, in 1783. Lloyd wrote A Political 
 and Military Rhapsody on the Invasion 
 and Defence of Great Britain and Ireland; 
 A History of the War in Germany; and 
 a work on the composition of various an- 
 cient and modern armies. 
 
 LLOYD, ROBERT, a poet, was born, in 
 1733, and was the son of the second mas- 
 ter of Westminster School. After having 
 been educated by his father, and at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, he became an usher 
 at Westminster School. Disliking the re- 
 straint, and becoming acquainted with 
 Wilkes, Churchill, Bonnel Thornton, and 
 other wits, he resigned the ushership, and 
 became an author by profession. His gen- 
 ius, however, could not shield him from 
 poverty, and he died a prisoner in the 
 Fleet, in 1764. 
 
 LLOYD, JAMES, was born in Boston 
 in 1769, and, after graduating at Harvard 
 College, entered into commercial pursuits, 
 and spent some time in Europe. In 1808 
 he was elected by the legislature of Mas- 
 sachusetts a senator in congress, and for 
 five years conducted himself with great 
 prudence and firmness during a period of 
 great political excitement. In 1822 he 
 was again appointed to the national sen- 
 ate, and was distinguished for his applica- 
 tion to business. In 1826 he published at 
 Boston a pamphlet on the Report of the 
 Committee of Commerce of the Senate of 
 the U. S on the British Colonial Inter- 
 course. He died at New York in 1831. 
 
 LOBEIRA, VASCO, the author of the 
 far famed romance of Amadis de Gaul, 
 was a Portuguese, born at Porto, in the 
 fifteenth century. Joar.i I. knighted him 
 on the field of battle at Aljubarotta. He 
 died, at Elvas, in 1403. Southey h:b 
 translated Lobeira's work, and has satis- 
 factorily proved him, and not a native of 
 France, to be the real author of it. 
 
 LOBO, JEROME, a Portuguese mis- 
 sionary, was born, in 1593, at Lisbon, and 
 went to India in 1621. He spent tnree 
 years in Abyssinia, of which country he 
 afterwards published an interesting c- 
 count, with the title of a History of Ethio- 
 pia. An abridgment of a French version 
 of this work was Dr. Johnson's first lite- 
 rary effort. He died in 1678. 
 
 LOCKE, JOHN, one of the greatest of 
 British philosophers and metaphysician* 
 wui I Man, in 1632, nt Wrington, in Sum- 
 
LOG 
 
 was educated at Westmtnstei 
 School, and at Christ Church, Oxford; 
 
 went to the continent, in 1664, as secre- 
 tary to the envoy sent to Berlin ; resumed 
 his medical studies after his return; and 
 graduated as a bachelor of physic, in 1674, 
 though he never entered upon general prac 
 tice. Locke was introduced, in 1666, to 
 Lord Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftes- 
 buty, who esteemed him highly, confided 
 to him the superintendence of his son's 
 education, and the forming of a constitu- 
 tion for the colony of Carolina, and, when 
 he himself became chancellor, appointed 
 him secretary of presentations, and, at a 
 Liter period," secretary to the board of 
 trade. When Shaftesbury withdrew to 
 Holland, Locke accompanied him, and he 
 remained on the continent for some years. 
 So obnoxious was he to James's govern- 
 ment, that the British envoy demanded 
 that he should be delivered up. It was 
 while he resided in Holland that he com- 
 pleted his Essay on the Human Under- 
 standing, and wrote his first Letter on 
 Toleration. Having returned to England 
 at the Revolution, he published his Essay 
 in 1690. It was virulently but vainly as- 
 sailed, and rapidly spread his fame in all 
 quarters. That fame he enhanced by his 
 additiona Letters on Toleration ; his two 
 Treatises on Government, which annihi- 
 lated Filmer and the whole tribe of nonre- 
 gistance teachers; his Thoughts on Educa- 
 tion ; and other pieces. His merit was 
 rewarded by his being made a commis- 
 sioner of appeals, and, subsequently, of 
 trade and plantations. He died in 1704. 
 His collected works form four quarto vol- 
 umes. Great as are his merits in other 
 respects, it is principally as the champion 
 of civil and religious liberty that Locke 
 is entitled to the reverence and gratitude 
 of mankind. 
 
 LOGAN, JOHN, a divine and poet, was 
 Iwrri, in 1748, at Fala, in Scotland; was 
 educated at Edinburgh ; and, after having 
 been minister at South Leith, ha removed 
 to London, in 1786, and became a writer 
 in the English Review. He died in 1788. 
 Lngau wrote a volume of poems ; the trag- 
 
 LON 867 
 
 edy of Runnamedc; Sermons; a Disserta- 
 tion on the Manners and Spirit of Asia; 
 md A Review of the Charges against Mr. 
 Hastings. Fur the last, which appeared 
 anonymously, Stockdale, the publisher, 
 was prosecuted ; but was successfully de- 
 fended by Erskine. 
 
 LOGAN, JAMES, was born in Ireland 
 in 1674, and was put apprentice to a Knen 
 draper; but was able by self-instruction to 
 obtain a competent knowledge of Latin, 
 Greek, Hebrew, Italian and Spanish, and 
 of the mathematics. In 1699 he accompa- 
 nied William Penn to Philadelphia, as his 
 secretary, and subsequently filled the offices 
 of provincial secretary, commissioner of 
 property, and governor of the province. 
 He was the author of several learned 
 works, and his Experimenta Meletemata 
 de Plantarum Generatione, is a treatise of 
 much reputation. He died at Steaton, 
 near Philadelphia, in 1751. 
 
 LOMBARD, PETER, was born, in th 
 twelfth century, at a village near Novara, 
 in Lombardy ; was educated at Bologna 
 and Rheims"; and died, in 1164, bishop of 
 Paris. 
 
 LOMONOSOFF, MICHAEL VASSIL- 
 IEVITCH, a Russian writer, was born, in 
 1711, at Dennisofka, on the White Sea, 
 and was the son of a dealer in fish at 
 Kholmogori. After having studied a" 
 VIoscow and St. Petersburgh, he was sem 
 nto Germany, at the expense of the gov 
 eminent, and acquired a knowledge of 
 chemistry, metallurgy, and mineralogy 
 After his return, he was made director of 
 he university, and, in 1764, a counsellor 
 of state. He died in 1765. Lomonosoft' 
 was the creator of Russian lyric poetry, 
 rle wrote Poems ; two tragedies ; A His- 
 .ory of Russia; and some productions of 
 ess importance. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STFW- 
 ART, marquis of, long known as Lord 
 Jastlereagh, was burn, in Ireland, in 
 1769, and completed his education at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge. In his twen- 
 ty-first year liu was returned to the Irisb 
 parliament as member for the county of 
 n)wn. He commenced his political <* 
 
868 LON 
 
 reer at a parliamentary reformer, but no 
 ions period elapsed before he joined the 
 ranks of the opposite party. In 1797 he 
 was appointed chief secretary to the vice- 
 roy of Ireland, and he took a very active 
 part in accomplishing the Union. In 180E 
 he waa appointed minister of war; and 
 this office he resumed in 1807, after the 
 dismissal of the whigs; but his disagree- 
 ment with Mr. Canning, which produced 
 a duel between them, led to his resignation 
 in 1809. In 1811 he was placed at the 
 head of the foreign department, and he 
 continued in it till his decease. In 1814 
 he was plenipotentiary extraordinary to 
 the allied powers, and, towards the close 
 of the same year, to the congress of Vi- 
 enna. He succeeded to the title of Lon- 
 donderry on the decease of his father, in 
 1821, but he did not long enjoy it, for in 
 fit of insanity, brought on by excessive 
 mental and personal exertion, he put an 
 end to liia existence on the 12th of August, 
 1822. 
 
 LONG, EDWARD, was born, in 1734, 
 at St. Blaize, in Cornwall ; was brought 
 up to the law, and became judge of the 
 vice-admiralty court in Jamaica; and died 
 in 1813. He wrote a History of Jamaica, 
 in three quarto volumes; The Prater, a 
 collection of Essays; The Antigallican, a 
 novel; Letters on the Colonies; and seve- 
 ral smaller miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 LONGINUS, PIONYSIUS CASsius,an 
 eminent Greek critic and philosopher, who 
 was " blessed with a poet's fire,'* was born 
 in the third century; but whether at Athens 
 or in Syria is undecided. He was a dis- 
 ciple of Ammonias Saccas, and a friend 
 of Plotinus. , After having travelled, he 
 settled at Athens, taught philosophy there, 
 and published his noble Treatise on the 
 Sublime. His, knowledge was so exten- 
 sive that he was called the living library. 
 Zenobia invited him to her court, intrusted 
 to him the education of her eons, and made 
 him her principal minister after the death 
 of Odenatus. Aurelian basely put him to 
 death, after the surrender of Palmyra, in 
 revenge for Longinus having dictated the 
 dignified letter which was addressed by Ze- 
 nobia to the Roman monarch. 
 
 LONGOMONTANUS, CHRISTIAN, an 
 astronomer, was born, in 1562, at Langs- 
 berg, in Jutland, and was left an orphan in 
 his eighth year. In 1577 he went to Wv- 
 borg, where he remained eleven years. By 
 dint of attending lectures in the day, and 
 working for his subsistence during a part 
 of the night, he acquired a perfect knowl- 
 edge of the mathematics. For nearly ten 
 vears he assisted Tycho Brahe in his la- 
 bour?. He died, in 1647, professor of 
 mathematics of Copenhagen ; an office 
 which he had heM for forty years. His 
 unncipal wrk is hi* Afronoinic;i Danica. 
 
 UMf 
 
 LOPE DE VEGA CARPIO, FELII,. 
 
 celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist, was 
 born, in 1562, at Madrid, and began to 
 compos* plays when he was only fourteen 
 His first successful poem, the Arcadia, was 
 composed while he was in the service of 
 the duke of Alba. From Madrid, howev. 
 er, he was obliged to fly, in consequence of 
 a duel, and he resided for some years at 
 Valencia. After having served in the Ar 
 mada, during which period he wrote hi 
 Hermosura de Angelica, he returned t 
 Madrid, and became the most popular 01 
 the Spanish writers. He entered into tin 
 order of St. Francis, but still continued t< 
 pour forth his unpremeditated verse, and u 
 write for the stage. Almost idolatrous hon- 
 ours were paid to his genius, and he ac- 
 quired weahh, yet he incessantly complain- 
 ed of the malice of fortune and of his ene- 
 mies. He died in 1635. His fertility wa 
 wonderful. Besides innumerable poems, 
 he is said to have composed eighteen hun- 
 dred theatrical pieces in verse. Only a 
 fourth of his productions has been printed; 
 but that portion occupies forty-six quarto 
 volumes. 
 
 LORRIS, WILLIAM DE, a French po- 
 et, was born at Lorris on the Loire, near 
 Montargis, and is believed to have died 
 young, about 1240. He wrote the Romance 
 of the Rose, which is known to English 
 readers by the version of Chaucer. 
 
 LOUTHERBOURG, PHILIP JAMES, 
 a painter, was born, in 1740, at Strasburgh, 
 and was a pupil of Tischbein, Casa Nova, 
 and Carlo Vanloo. He came to England 
 in 1771, and was first employed by Garrick 
 as a scene painter. In 1782 he produced a 
 pictorial exhibition, called the Eidopluisi- 
 kon, or representation of nature. He sub- 
 sequently acquired great reputation, espe 
 cially in landscape, and became one of tha 
 council of the Royal Academy. He died 
 in 1812. 
 
 LOUVOIS, FRANCIS MICHAEL LE 
 TELLIER, marquis of, a French states- 
 man, was born, in 1641, at Paris, and in 
 1666 became war minister to Louis X V.; 
 the reversion of which office had been grant- 
 ed to him several years before. He died in 
 1691. Louvois was a great minister, but 
 not a good man. He was indefatigable iu 
 performing the duties of his office, and his 
 plans were characterized by genius; but he 
 was imperious and envious, and his cruel- 
 ties to the protestants, and the atrocious de- 
 vastation of the Palatinate twice executed 
 under his positive orders, have branded liis 
 name with infamy. 
 
 LOVELACE, RICHARD, a son of Sir 
 William Lovelace, was born, in 1618, at 
 Woolwich, in Kent; was educated at the 
 Charter House, ami at Gloucester Hall, 
 Oxford; expended his whole property fur 
 
 ;ii W I.; \\SIF UMC>rMoneU by Ute l'uil ; .*- 
 
LOW 
 
 itent; and died in indigence in 1658. He 
 is the author of poems, with the title of 
 Lucasta, many of which are exceedingly 
 elegant; The Soldier, a tragedy; and 
 The Scholar, a comedy. 
 
 LOWELL, JOHN, an eminent American 
 'awyer was born at Newbury in 1744, and 
 was educated at Harvard College. He 
 studied law, and rising to reputation, in 
 1761, he removed to laston, and soon dis- 
 tinguished himself by _iis political knowl- 
 edge and eloquence. Li 1781 he was elect- 
 ed a member of Congress, and on the es- 
 tablishment of the federal government was 
 appointed a judge of the circuit court of 
 the United States. In these situations he 
 was much respected for his legal knowledge 
 and dignity. He died in 1802. 
 
 LOWRY, WILSON, a celebrated engra- 
 ver, was born, in 1762, at Whitehaven, and 
 died June 23, 1824, a member of the Roy- 
 al Society. He was employed on many sci- 
 entific works, particularly Rees's Cyclopae- 
 dia, and the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. 
 He invented two machines for drawing 
 lines, introduced the use of diamond points 
 in etching, and was the first who succeeded 
 in "bitin" in" well upon steel. With anat- 
 omy, geology, and other sciences he was 
 well acquainted. 
 
 LOWTH, ROBERT, the eminent son of 
 a livine of talent, was born, in 1710, at 
 Buriton, in Hampshire; was educated at 
 Winchester School, and at New College, 
 Oxford ; and was elected professor of po- 
 etry at Oxford, in 1743. He accompanied 
 Mr Legge on an embassy to Berlin, and 
 was Rriweqoeattv travelling tutor to the sons 
 of the duke of Devonshire. In 1753 he 
 published his Lectures on Hebrew poetry; 
 in 1758 the Life of William of Wykeham ; 
 and, in 1765, he chastised the arrogance of 
 Warburton, in an admirable and unanswer- 
 able Letter. After having enjoyed several 
 valuable preferments, he was raised to the 
 see of St. David's, in 1766; was transla- 
 ted to Oxford, in the same year; and, in 
 1777, was removed to London. The arch- 
 bishopric of Canterbury he declined. In 
 1778 he gave to the world his translation 
 16+ 
 
 LUC S69 
 
 of Isaiah. He died in 1787. Besides his 
 great works, he wrote some sermons and 
 poems. 
 
 LOYOLA. See IGNATIUS. 
 
 LUCAN, MARCOS ANN JEUS, acelebra- 
 ted Latin poet, was born, A. D 37, at Cor- 
 duba, in Spain, and was a nephew of Sen- 
 eca. He was early taken to Rome, and 
 studied there under the beat masters. Be- 
 fore he was of the legal age, he was made 
 questor ; and he was also admitted into the 
 college of Augurs. He was put to death 
 by Nero, A. D. 65, for having taken a 
 part in the conspiracy of Piso. He wrote 
 several poems, but the Pharsalia alone ii 
 extant. 
 
 LUCIAN, a celebrated Greek writer, a 
 native of Samosata, the capital of Coma- 
 gene, is believed to have been born between 
 the years 118 and 124. He abandoned the 
 profession of a sculptor to become a plead- 
 er, and then quitted the bar to profess phi- 
 losophy and rhetoric. After having travel- 
 led in Ionia, Greece, Gaul, and Italy, he 
 settled at Athens. Marcus Aurelius ap- 
 pointed him procurator of Egypt. Lucian 
 is supposed to have lived to the age of 
 ninety. In humour and the power of ridi- 
 cule, he stands unrivalled among the an- 
 cients, and his style is excellent. His works 
 have been translated into English, by Carr, 
 Franklin, and Tooke. 
 
 LUCILIUS, CAIUS, the oldest Roman 
 satirist of whom we have any remains, was 
 born, B. c. 148, at Suessa; served in the 
 Numantine war; was a friend of Scipio 
 and Laelius; and died, at Naples, B. c. 
 191. Of the thirty books of his works time 
 has spared only a "few fragments. 
 
 LUCRETIUS CARUS, TITUS, one of 
 the greatest of the Latin poets, was born, 
 B. c. 95, at Rome; studied at Athens, 
 under Zeno ; and is said to have put an 
 end to hjs own existence, at the age of 
 forty-four. He was the friend of Atticus, 
 Catullus, and Cicero. The story that he 
 was rendered insane by an amatory philtre 
 being administered to him, and that he 
 wrote his magnificent work, On the Nature 
 of Things, in his lucid intervals, is proba- 
 bly a fable. In energy and sublimity Lu- 
 cretius is hardly equalled even by Virgil 
 himself. Creech, Good, and Busby have 
 translated his poem into English. 
 
 LUCULLUS, Lucius LICINIUS, a Ro- 
 man, celebrated at once for his military 
 talents and his magnificence, was born I, c 
 115. As a warrior, he distinguished t im- 
 self first in the social war. He next dc 
 feated Amilcar, in two naval battles. But 
 these successes were eclipsed by those 
 which, when consul, he obtained over 
 Mithridates and Tigranes. The satisfac- 
 tion of consummating his triumph in Asi* 
 was snatched from him by the appointment 
 of Porapey to the command ; and LucuUuft 
 
pnt the remainder of his life in luxunou 
 retirement. He died B. c. 49. 
 
 Ll'Dl.OW, EiiL'M), an eminent re- 
 |)ublican leader, the son of Sir Henry Lud- 
 low, was born, in 1620, at Maiden Bradley 
 in Wilts; studied at Trinity College, Ox- 
 ford, and the Temple; entered the parlia- 
 mentary service; fought at Kdgehill, Mew- 
 bury, and other places; sat in judgmcu' 
 upon Charles I.; opposed Cromwell': 
 plans, and was sent by him to Ireland, a; 
 general of horse; assisted in restoring the 
 long parliament; and, after the restora- 
 tion, withdrew to Switzerland, where he 
 died, in 1693, at Vevay. He wrote hi 
 own Memoirs. Ludlow was a sincere, 
 disinterested republican, of unimpeachable 
 moral character. 
 
 LULLI, or LULLY, JOHN BAPTIST 
 a musical composer, was born, in 1633, at 
 Florence, and was sent to Paris in his 
 twelfth or thirteenth year, to be page to a 
 ladv. She, however, was so dissatisfied 
 with his appearance, that she made hin 
 an under scullion. His musical talent was 
 at length discovered, and was cultivated, 
 and he rose to be superintendent of the 
 king's music, and joint director of th 
 opera. He died in 1687. Lulli composed 
 nineteen operas, and WHS much admired 
 by his contemporaries, but his fame is now 
 nearly extinct. 
 
 LULLY, RAYMOND, a philosopher of 
 the thirteenth century, was born, about 
 1235, at Palma, in the island of Majorca. 
 His philosophy, which was known under 
 the name of the Lullyan doctrine, was 
 popular in that ag-;. Lully twice visited 
 Tunis, with the \ievr of converting the 
 Mahometans. The first time he received 
 no injury: but in his second expedition he 
 was so rougl.iy treated that he died, in 
 1285, as he was returning home. He wrote 
 Ars Generalis ; Arbor Scientiae ; Ars Bre- 
 vis; and many other now forgotten works ; 
 v.'liich fill ten folio volumes. 
 
 LUTHER, MARTIN, the parent of the 
 jwotegtant reformation, was lorn, in 1484, 
 at Eisleben, in Saxony; an A was the son 
 of a miner. Ho studied at 1'isenach and 
 Erfurt, and wag intended for the law but 
 
 LYC 
 
 the circumstance of a friend being killed 
 at his side by lightning induced him tc 
 become a monk. He entered the Augus- 
 tine order, and, in 1507, was ordained a 
 priest. In the early part of his career he 
 was one of the most intolerant champions 
 of the papal authority. The abuses which 
 he witnessed while he was on a mission at 
 Rome, and the perusal of the works of 
 Hnss, are said to have been the causes 
 which produced a change in his opinions 
 on this subject; and, in his capacity of 
 professor of divinity at Wittenberg j he 
 began to disseminate his newly adopted 
 principles. His opposition, however, might 
 have died away, had it not, in 1527, been 
 roused into violent action by an insult of- 
 fered to his orler. The sale of the papal 
 indulgences, waich had hitherto been in- 
 trusted to the Augustine friars, was now 
 given to the Dominicans; a circumstance 
 which induced Luther to publish a denial 
 of the papal right to grant those indul- 
 gences. This gave rise to a vehement 
 controversy, the result of which was the 
 excommunication of Luther by the pope, 
 while Luther on his part assailed other 
 Uomixh tenets, and at length quitted the 
 monastic habit, and married a nun. His 
 reforming principles spread rapidly through 
 Germany; he was protected by the elector 
 of Saxony and other princes; and lon<* 
 before his decease, which took place in 
 1546, he had the satisfaction to see that 
 his doctrines had taken such deep root that 
 no earthly power could eradicate them. 
 His works form seven folio volumes. 
 
 LUXEMBOURG, FRANCIS HENRY 
 DE MONTMORENCI-BOUTEVJLLE, 
 duke of, a celebrated French general, wai 
 born in 1628, and died in 1695. He dis- 
 tinguished himself on numerous occasions, 
 particularly at the battles of Senef, Saint 
 Denis, Fleams, Steinkirk,and Neerwinde. 
 
 LYCOPHRON, a Greek poet, wa?bor* 
 at Colchis, in Eubosa, and was patronised 
 by Ptolemy Philadelphia, king of Egypt 
 He was one of the seven poeis who re- 
 ceived the appellation of the Pleiads. Ha 
 wrote forty-six tragedies, a satirical drama, 
 and other works. 
 
 LYCURGUS, the Spartan legislator, 
 the son of Eunomus, king of Sparta, wai 
 of the royal race of the Heraclides, and 
 is supposed to have been born about B. c. 
 
 J. His brother's widow being left 
 sregnant, Lycurgus refused to assume the 
 sovereignty, and the issue proving to he a 
 boy, he faithfully fulfilled the office of 
 guardian to it. After having travelled, 
 and minutely investigated the institutions 
 of other lands, he returned to his own 
 country, and established those laws by 
 which Sparta was so long governed. Hav- 
 ng bound the people by a solemn oath tc 
 observe them till he came back, he d*. 
 
MAB 
 
 parted from Sparta, and saw it no more. 
 The manner and time of his death are va- 
 riously st-ited. 
 
 LYMAN, PHINEHAS, major general, 
 was born at Durham in 1716, and afler 
 receiving his education at Yale College, 
 coinn.enced the study of the law, and be- 
 came eminent in its practice. In 1755 he 
 was appointed commander in chief of the 
 Connecticut forces, and held this post with 
 much distinction till the conclusion of the 
 Canadian war. In 1762 he commanded 
 the American forces in the expedition to 
 Havana, and afterwards went to England 
 as agent to obtain from government a tract 
 of land on the Mississippi and Yazoo, where 
 he proposed to establish a colony. Failing 
 in this enterprise, he was ashamed to return 
 to his native country, and passed eleven 
 -ears in England almost in a state of im- 
 becility. He was then induced to return, 
 and embarked with his family for the Mis- 
 sissippi, and died in West Florida in 1778, 
 At one period of his life he enjoyed a very 
 high and extensive reputation. 
 
 LYNCH, THOMAS, a signer of the de- 
 claration of independence, was born in 
 South Carolina in 1749, was educated in 
 1'n^land, and commenced the study of law 
 at the Temple. In 1772 he returned to 
 his native state, and when but twenty-seven 
 years of age took his se it in the continental 
 congress of 1776. The decline of his 
 health soon rendered a change of climate, 
 necessary, sind he embarked about the close 
 of the year 1779 for St. Eustatia. The 
 ship in which he sailed was never after- 
 wards heard from. 
 
 LYONS, ISRAEL, a mathematician and 
 botanist, was born, in 1739, and was the 
 son of a Polish Jew of the same name, at 
 Cambridge, who taught Hebrew, and pub- 
 lished a Grammar of that language, and 
 Observations on various Parts of Scripture 
 History. He was Sir Joseph Bankes's 
 instructor in botany, and accompanied 
 Captain Phipps, as astronomer, in his 
 
 MAC 
 
 87? 
 
 polar voyage. He died in 1775. Miss 
 Edgeworth has paid a tribute to his talents, 
 in her novel of Harrington. He wrote a 
 Treatise on Fluxion?; a work on the 
 plants in the neighbourhood of Cambridge; 
 and was one of the calculators of The Nau- 
 tical Almanack. 
 
 LYSANDER, a famous Lacedemonitn 
 general, who put an end to the Pelopon- 
 nesian war, and destroyed the ascendency 
 of Athens, by defeating the Athenians, 
 B. c. 405, in the decisive naval action of 
 ^Egospotamos. He intrigued to obtain the 
 sovereign authority at Sparta; but he 
 failed in the attempt, and narrowly es- 
 caped being brought to trial. He was slain 
 in the war against the Thebans, B. c. 375. 
 The political morality of Lysander was of 
 that accommodating kind which never 
 stands in the way of a gainful act of in- 
 justice. 
 
 LYSIAS, a Greek orator, was oorn at 
 Athens, or, as some say, at Syracuse, 
 about B. c. 459, and acquired fame as a 
 teacher of rhetoric. He died at the age 
 of eighty-one. Out of between three and 
 four hundred of his orations only thirty- 
 four are extant. Quintillian characterizes 
 the eloquence of Lysias as resembling 
 rather a pure and clear stream than a ma- 
 jestic river. 
 
 LYTTELTON, GEORGE, lord, a poet 
 and historian, was born, in 1709, at Hag- 
 ley, in Worcestershire; was educated at 
 Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford; took a 
 vigorous part in the parliamentary oppo- 
 sition to Sir Robert Walpole; and, after 
 the fall of that minister, was appointed 
 one of the lords of the treasury. He was 
 subsequently chancellor of the exchequer, 
 but resigned in 1757, and was raised to 
 the peerage, after which he withdrew from 
 public affairs. He died in 1773. Lord 
 Lyttelton is the author of Poems ; Dia- 
 logues of the Dead; A Dissertation on 
 St. Paul's Conversion ; and a History of 
 Henry II. 
 
 MABLY, GABRIEL BONNOT DK,abbe, 
 a French historical and political writer, 
 the brother of Condillac, was born, in 
 1709, at Grenoble; and, being patronised 
 bj his relation, Cardinal Tencin, might, 
 if he please;!, have risen to eminence in 
 tlu 'jtnte. iNothing, however, could pre- 
 vail on him to sacrifice his independence, 
 and he lived contented on a small income. 
 A pension was given to him, but he applied 
 it wholly to the relief of indigent persons. 
 He died in 1785. His works form fifteen 
 volumes Among them are, DtMotaftm 
 
 on History; The Conversations of Phe- 
 cion; The Public Law of Europe; and 
 Observations on the History of France. 
 
 MACAULAY, and, by a second mar- 
 riage, GRAHAM, CATHERINE, a daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Sawbridge, was born, in 1733, 
 at Ollantigh, in Kent; and died in 1791 
 Her principal work is a History of Eng- 
 land, in eight volumes. It has considera- 
 ble merit both in matter and style; but 
 the narrative is tinged by her republican 
 principles. Of her other productions, 
 among which are various political oaiu- 
 
371 M'KK 
 
 rhlets, the rnoat prominent are, Remarks on 
 Hohbes; a Treatise on the Immutability 
 of Moral Truth; and Letters on Education. 
 
 M ATI)! A KM ID, JOHX, a writer of 
 promising talents, was born, in 1779. at 
 Werm, in Perthshire; studied at Edin- 
 burgh and St. Andrew's; Fettled in Lon- 
 don, and became editor of the St. James's 
 Chronicle; and died in 1807. He wrote 
 an Inquiry into the System of Military 
 Defence o'f Great Britain; an Inquiry 
 into the Nature of Civil and Military 
 Subordination; and lastly, and best, The 
 Lhes of British Statesmen. 
 
 MACHIAVEL, NICHOLAS, a celebra- 
 ted Italian writer, was born, in 1469, at 
 Florence, of a patrician family. At the 
 age of twenty-nine he was appointed chan- 
 cellor of the second chancery, and, shortly 
 after, secretary of the Florentine republic. 
 This latter office he held nearly fifteen 
 years, during which period he was also 
 employed on twenty-three diplomatic mis- 
 sions, some of them highly important. On 
 the return of the Medici to Florence, he 
 was deprived of his post; and, being sus- 
 pected of having participated in the bon- 
 spiracy of Capponi and Boscoli against 
 Cardinal de Medicis, be was imprisoned 
 and put to the torture. Subsequently, how- 
 ever, Leo the Tenth availed himself of his 
 talents. Machiavel died poor in 1527. 
 His chief works are, The History of Flo- 
 rence; Discourses on Living; A Treatise 
 on the Art Military; and the Prince. 
 The last of these works has stamped op- 
 probrium upon his name; yet there is 
 reason to doubt whether it is not rather a 
 covert satire upon tyranny, than a roanuel 
 for a tyrant. 
 
 M'KEAN, THOMAS, an eminent Amer- 
 ican judge, and a signer of the declaration 
 of independence, was born in Pennsylva- 
 nia, in 1734, and, after a course of acad- 
 emic and professional studies, was admit- 
 ted to the bar at the age of 21 years. His 
 politic;^ career commenced in 1762, when 
 ne was returned a member of the assembly 
 from '.he county of Newcastle. He was a 
 member of the" congress which assembled 
 in New York, in 1765, to obtain relief of 
 I he British government for the grievances 
 under which the colonies were suffering. 
 I'n this body he behaved with much decis- 
 ion and energy. In 1774 he was appoint- 
 ed to the general congress, a delegate 
 from the lower counties in Delaware, and 
 wa? the only man who, without intermis- 
 sion, was a member during the whole 
 period. Of this body he was president in 
 1781. In 1777 he was appointed chief- 
 justice of Pennsylvania, and discharged 
 the duties of this office with impartiality 
 and dignity for 22 years. In 1799 he was 
 elected a governor of tlie state of Penn-yl- 
 t, and hit aHminigtration continued for 
 
 MAC 
 
 retired from p** 
 lie life, and died, much respected and hon- 
 oured, in 1817. 
 
 MACKENZIE, HENRY, an elegant 
 miscellaneous writer, who has been called 
 the Addison of the North, was born, in 
 1745 or 1746, in Scotland; received a 
 lil>eral education; and, in 1766, became 
 an attorney in the Scottish Court of Ex- 
 chequer. He was, subsequently, made 
 comptroller general of taxes for Scotland. 
 Mackenzie's first production was The Man 
 of Feeling, which was published in 1771, 
 and soon acquired unbounded popularity. 
 It was succeeded by The Man of the World, 
 and Julia de Roubigne. In dramatic wri- 
 ting he was less happy. His tragedies of 
 The Prince of Tunis, and The Shipwreck, 
 and hi? comedies of The Force of Fashion, 
 and Tne White Hypocrite, though contain- 
 ing many beauties, were only brought upo 
 the stage to die. To the Mirror, the Loun- 
 ger, and the Transactions of the Edinburgh 
 Royal Society, he contributrd several valu- 
 able papers. He died, at Edinburgh, Jan- 
 uary 14, 1831.. The style of Mackenzie 
 is polished and melodious, and his power of 
 exciting the feelings, by scenes of pathop, 
 is of the very highest order. 
 
 MACKLlN, CHARLES, an eminent 
 actor and dramatist, whose real name wai 
 M'Laughlin, was born, in 1690. in Ireland; 
 joined a company of strolling players i* 
 his twenty-first year; made his first ap- 
 pearance in London in 1716; acquired 
 reputation, particularly in the diaractet 
 of Shylock; and died In 1797. He wrote 
 eight dramatic pieces, of which the come- 
 dies of The Man of the World, and Love 
 A-la-Mode, retain possession of the stage-, 
 and attest the talent of the author. 
 
 MACKNIGHT, JAMF.S, a Scotch di- 
 vine, was born, in 1721, at Irvine, in Ar- 
 gyleshire; studied at Glasgow and Leyden ; 
 and, after having held the livings of May- 
 bole and Jedburgh, was, for thirty yearn, 
 one of the ministers of Edinburgh, lit 
 died in 1800. He published A Harmony 
 of the Four Gospels ; The Truth of the 
 Gospel History (for which he received th 
 degree of D. D.); and a Translation, with 
 Commentaries and Notes, of all the Apotj. 
 Iv-jlical Epistles. 
 
 MACLAURIN, COLIN, an eminent 
 mathematician, was born, in 1698, at Kil. 
 modai), near Inverary, in Scotland, and 
 studied at Glasgow. After having been 
 pn.lWsor of mathematics at Marischal 
 College, and travelling tutor to the son of 
 Lord Polworth, he was chosen, in 1725, to 
 fill the mathematical chair in the univern'ty 
 of Edinburgh. He died, in 1746, of 
 dropsy, brought on by intense application, 
 and by his exertions against the rebels in 
 the preceding year. He wrote a Trea 
 ti.Mt on Fluxions (which waa called forth 
 
MAH 
 
 87S 
 
 by Berkeley's Analyst); A Treatise or. [minister and favourite of Augustus, waa 
 A pohrn; An Account of Sir Isauc New descended from the ancient kings of F.tru 
 ton'? Discoveries; Geometries Organicn* ria. He fought for that monarch at Phi- 
 and various papers in the Philosophic j ( lippi, Actium, and other battles; anJ 
 rran*acttonn. (suppressed at Home the conspiracy of tlie 
 
 MACPHERSOIV, JAMES, a Scotch I younger Lepidus. To Horace and 'Virgil 
 wiiter. was born, in 1738, at Kingussie. I lie was a warm friend, and to men of genius 
 ,n Invrrni'Sf-hire, a:id studied at Aberdeen j in general was so liberal that his name has 
 
 and Edinburgh. 
 
 1760 he published 
 
 Fragments of Ancient Poetry, collected in 
 the Highlands of Scotland. Public curi- 
 osity was excited by them; a subscription 
 was entered into to enable him to collect 
 more; and the result was, that he gave to 
 the woild Fingal, Temora, and the other 
 are attributed to Ossian. 
 
 poems 
 
 Much ink lias been spilt on the question 
 of their authenticity; nor is the point yet 
 decided. In 1764 he accompanied Governor 
 Johnstoue to Florida, as secretary. After 
 his return he translated the Iliad 'into Ossi- 
 auic prose; wrote an Introduction to the 
 History of Greut Britain, and A History 
 of Great Britain from the Restoration to 
 the Accession of the House of Hanover; 
 and employed his pen in vindication of the 
 measures of the government against the 
 Americans. His zeal was rewarded by 
 the appointment of agent to the nabob of 
 Arcot, and by a seat in parliament. He 
 died in 1796. 
 
 MACCiUER, PETER JOSEPH, a chem- 
 ist and physician, was born, in 1718, at 
 Paris ; was professor of pharmacy there ; 
 and died in 1784. He wrote A Dictionary 
 of Chemistry ; The Elements of Theoretical 
 Chemistry ; The Elements of Practical 
 Chemistry; and various dissertations. Mac- 
 quer made some important discoveries, and 
 has been asserted to be the first who wit- 
 nessed the combustibility of the diamond. 
 
 MADAN, MARTIN, a divine, was born 
 in 1726, and was educated for the bar, but 
 took orders, and became a popular preacher 
 at the Lock Chapel. In 1781 he drew 
 upon himself a host of assailants by pub- 
 lishing his Thelyphthora, in which he 
 maintained the lawfulness, and even neces- 
 sity, of polygamy in certain cases. He 
 died in 1790. Besides Thelyphthora, he 
 wrote A Treatise on the Christian Faith ; 
 and some sermons and short works: and 
 published an edition of Juvenal and Per 
 sins, with a literal translation. 
 
 MADOX, THOMAS, an antiquary, was 
 historiographer to the king, and died in 
 January, 1727. Of his life no farther 
 particulars are known. He is the author 
 of A History of the Exchequer; A Col- 
 lection of Charters ; and An Historical 
 Essay concerning the Cities, Towns, and 
 Boroughs of England; works valuable for 
 their research. His extensive collection 
 of MSS. was presented to the British 
 Museum by his widow. 
 . MAECENAS, CAIU* OILNIUI, the 
 
 become the synonyme of a generous patron, 
 lie died E. c. 9. " 
 
 MAFFEI, FRANCIS SCIPIO, marquiw, 
 an eminent Italian writer, was born, iu 
 1675, at Verona; was educated at the 
 college of nobles at Parma; served as a 
 volunteer in the Bavarian service, in 1704, 
 nid distinguished himself at the battle of 
 Donawert; spent the remainder of his life 
 in the cultivation of literature; an. lied, 
 at his native place, in 1755. Among his 
 
 orks are, the tragedy of Merope ; Latin 
 Poems; A Treatise against Duelling; A 
 History of Diplomacy ; Verona Illustrated ; 
 and The Veronese Museum. 
 
 MAGALHAEISS, or MAGELLAN, 
 FERDINAND, a celebrated Portuguese nav- 
 igator, the place and time of whose birth 
 are unknown. He fought under Albuquer 
 
 ]uer- 
 ilf at 
 
 que in India, and distinguished himse 
 the siege of Malacca; but, his services 
 not being rewarded by his own country, he 
 offered his talents to "Charles V. In "1519 
 the Spanish monarch intrusted him with a 
 fleet destined to attempt a westward pas- 
 sage to the Moluccas. In this voyage 
 Magellan was so fortunate as to discover 
 the straits which now bear his name. He 
 passed through them into the Pacific, and 
 reached the Philippines; but was unfortu- 
 nately slain, in 1521, in a skirmish with 
 the natives of one of those islands. 
 
 MAGLIABECCHI, ANTHONY, a man 
 of extraordinary memory and learning, 
 was born, in 1633, at Florence, of poor 
 parents; became librarian to the grand 
 duke ; and died in 1714. So strong was 
 his memory, that having only for a single 
 time perused a manuscript of considerable 
 length, he could repeat it without the 
 slightest omission. 
 
 MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, t) 
 founder of the religion which bean h 
 
fU MAI MAL 
 
 name, wild born, in 569, at Mecca, and;-h was saved from ii by Madame d 
 
 was left an orphan at two years of age. It Monti-span, the king's mistress, intrusting 
 was not till lie was in his fortieth year, her with tho care of her children. At 
 ami had acquired a considerable property, first, sin- \vas disliked by Louis XIV'., bin 
 partly by his marriage with Khadijah, a she ^rndnally gained his atlcction, and h- 
 rieh widow, and partly as a merchant, concluded by privatclv marrying her. She 
 that lie began to assiui.e the chaiacter of died, in 1719, at the establishment of St. 
 a delegate of llea\en. For several \e:irs, <'\r, of which she was the foundress. By 
 however, his prci.-elytes were few in mini- meddling in state affairs, and by encoura- 
 er. In t'ne twelfth y?ar of his assumed ging the bigotry of Louis XIV., Madame 
 mission, his life bein^ in danger at Mecca, de Maintenon inflicted much serious injury 
 he was compelled to fly to Medina, the upon France. 
 
 'nliabitants of which pface had embraced IfAlTTAlRE, MICHAEL, a bililio* 
 his doctrines It is from this event, called grapher and classical editor, was born, 
 ,, or flight, that the Mussulmans in 1668, in London, and was educated at 
 Westminster School, and Christ Church 
 College, Oxford; of the former of which 
 
 -'omputc their tune. From this period the 
 career of Mahomet was a series of tri- 
 
 umphs, and, before his decease, the whole he became for some time second master. 
 of Arabia had submitted to his authority. He died in 1747. His editions of Greek 
 He died in 632. His Koran, the bible of and Latin classics are numerous, and valu 
 the Mahometans, was originally produced I able for their accuracy ; but his chief work 
 by him in separate chapters, according as is, Annals of Typography, in five quarto 
 
 circumstances required. 
 
 volumes. 
 
 MAHOMET II., the seventh Turkish MALCOLM, JAMES PELLKR, an artist 
 sultan, was born at Adrianople, in 1430; 'and antiquary, was a native of America; 
 took Constantinople by storm, and put an settled in England to study painting, but 
 end to the eastern empire, in ljJ53 ; made became an engraver; and died in 1815. 
 
 He wrote Londinium Redivivum; Anec- 
 dotes of the Manners and Customs of 
 London; First Impressions; and other 
 works. 
 
 M A LEBR AN CHE, NICHOLAS, a 
 French philosopher, was born, in 1638, at 
 Paris ; became a member of the congrega- 
 tion of the Oratory; and died in 1715. 
 He was no less beloved for his manners 
 than admired for his talents. To meta- 
 physics his attention was first directed by 
 perusing Descartes' Treatise on Man, and 
 he immediately became a devoted partisan 
 of the Cartesian philosophy. His celebra- 
 ted treatise, The Search after Truth, was 
 the result of ten years' meditation upon that 
 philosophy. Besides that work he pub- 
 lished several others, among wln^h are, 
 A Treatise on Nature and Grace; Christian 
 Conversations; and Dialogues on Meta- 
 physics and Religion. 
 
 MALESHERBES, CHRISTIAN WIL- 
 LIAM LAMOTGNON DE, a French states 
 man, of a family distinguished in the 
 magistracy, was born, in 1721, at Paris; 
 succeeded his father as president of the 
 court of aids; was appointed superinten- 
 dent of the press ; was twice minister of 
 state, in 1775 and 1786, to Louis XVI. ; 
 volunteered to perform the dangerous 
 office of counsel for that monarch on his 
 trial; and fell, with nearly all his family, 
 a victim to the jacobins, in 1794. Males- 
 herbes was a man of high honour and of 
 an enlightened mind. Among his world 
 are, Observations on Bufibn's Natural 
 
 numerous other conquests in Europe and 
 Asia ; and died in 1481, when he was 
 meditating the invasion of Persia. 
 
 MA1MBOURG, Louis, an historian, 
 was born, in 1610, at Nanci; entered the 
 society of the Jesuits, but was expelled 
 from it for defending the liberties of the 
 (iallican church ; was consoled by a pen- 
 sion from Louis XIV.; and died in 1686. 
 He wrote Histories of Arianism the 
 Iconoclasts the Crusades the Greek 
 Schism the Great Schism of the West 
 the Decline of the Empire Calvinism 
 Lutheran ism and the League. Wnere 
 his catholic prejudices do not warp his 
 judgment, Maimbourg is a meritorious 
 writer. 
 
 MAIMOMDES, or BEN MAIMON, 
 MOSKS, one of the most celebrated of the 
 Jewish rabbis, who is called the eagle of 
 the doctors, and the lamp of Israel, was 
 born, in 1131, at Cordova; was profoundly 
 versed in languages, and in all the learning 
 of the age; became chief physician to the 
 sultan of Egypt ; and died in 1204. Among 
 his works are, A Commentary on the 
 Mischna; An Abridgment of the Talmud; 
 
 and The Book of Precepts. 
 MAINTENON, FRANCES 
 
 AU. 
 
 BHiNE, marchioness of, who rose to share 
 'Jic throne of France, was born, in 1635, 
 in a prison at Niort, in which her father 
 was confined for some political cause. 
 Being left an orphan, and in poverty, she 
 married the celebrated Scarron. "After 
 the decease of her husband, she for some 
 lime enjoyed a pension, but she lost it on 
 the death of the queen dowager, and was 
 to link again into itidigc ce, when 
 
 History; and some pamphlets on agricul 
 ture and land. 
 
 MALHERBE, FKANCIS DC, on eon 
 
MAL 
 
 nent Frencn poet, was born, about 1555, 
 at Caen; bore arms in the troops of the 
 League; was pensioned by Henry IV'.; 
 
 MAN 
 
 376 
 
 MALPIGH1, MARCELLUS, an Italian 
 naturalist and anatomist, was born, ir 
 1628, at Crevalcuore, near Bologna; was 
 
 and died in 1628. Malheibe was one of j appointed physician to Pope Innocent 
 the first who gave polish and regularity XII. after having been professor of medi- 
 to French poetry. He was a man of in- cine at Bologna, Pisa, and Messina; and 
 finite wit, but of a quarrelsome and misan- died in 1694. His physiological, botani- 
 
 thropical disposition. While he wis talking 
 once against mankind, he referred to the 
 murder of Abel, " Was not this a pretty 
 beginning 1" said he. " There were but 
 thr*e or four of them in the world, and one 
 of them kills his brother !" 
 
 MALLET, DAVID, whose real name 
 was Malljch, a poet and miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, about 1700, at Crief, in 
 Perthshire; was travelling tutor to the 
 eons of the duke of Montrose; settled in 
 London, where he acquired literary repu- 
 tation; was made under secretary to the 
 prince of Wales; gained a dishonourable 
 pension from government for contributing 
 to write down the unfortunate Byng; and 
 died in 1765. Bolingbroke, in whose scep- 
 ticism Mallet participated, left him his 
 works as a legacy. Besides his poems, 
 which have considerable merit, he wrote 
 the tragedies of Mustapha, Eurydice, and 
 
 cal, and anatomical works form two 
 umes folio. 
 
 MALTE-BRUN, CONRAD, a poet, po- 
 litical and philosophical writer, and geo- 
 grapher, was born, in 1775, at Tliye, i 
 Jutland, and was obliged to quit his na 
 live country in 1796, in consequence of- 
 the persecution he sustained for having 
 written in favour of the liberty of the 
 
 El 
 
 a Life of Bacon ; and some minor 
 
 productions. 
 
 MALLET, PAUL HENRY, an historian 
 and antiquary, was born, in 1750, at Ge- 
 neva; was successively professor of belles 
 lettres at Coj>enhagen and at his native 
 place, and resident from Hesse Cassel at 
 Geneva and Berne; and died in 1807. 
 Mallet was a man of learning and talent. 
 Among his works are, Histories of Hesse 
 
 Denmark- 
 League and 
 
 the 
 the 
 
 Swiss the Hanseatic 
 House of Brunswick; 
 
 and an Introduction to the History of 
 Denmark, which Dr. Percy translated, 
 with the title of Northern Antiquities. 
 
 MALME3BURY, WILLIAM OF, an 
 English historian, was a native of Somer- 
 setshire; flourished in the twelfth century; 
 was educated at Oxford; became a monk 
 and librarian of Malmesbury Abbey; and 
 died in 1143. Besides his History of 
 England, from the landing of the Saxons 
 to 1126, he wrote a History of his own 
 Times; a Church History; The Antiqui- 
 ties of Glastonbury ; and a Life of St. 
 Aldhelm. 
 
 MALONE, EDMUND, a dramatic com- 
 inentat >r and miscellaneous writer, the 
 eon of an Irish judge, was born, in 1741, 
 at Dublin; studied at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and the Inner Temple; spent his 
 life in literary pursuits; and died in 1812. 
 Among his works are, in edition of Shaks- 
 peare; A Life of Dryden, and edition of 
 his Prose Works; A Life of Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds, prefixed to his writings; and 
 
 an Inquiry into 
 Shakspeara. 
 
 the Papers attributed to 
 
 press, and the enfranchisement of the peas- 
 ants. After having resided for some time 
 at Stockholm, he settled at Paris, and, 
 from 1806 till his decease, December 16, 
 1826, edited the foreign political depart- 
 ment of the Journal of Debates. He also, 
 in conjunction with M. Eyries, edited the 
 Annals of Voyages. Among his works 
 are, his excellent System of Geography; 
 A Picture of Poland; Poems; and Miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 MALUS, STEPHEN Louis, a mathe- 
 matician and experimental philosopher, 
 was born, in 1775, at Paris; served as an 
 officer of engineers, on the Rhine, in 1797, 
 and in Egypt; entered on a course of ex- 
 periments on the phenomena of optics; 
 and immortalized his name by the discov- 
 ery of the polarisation of light. At the 
 time of his decease, in 1812, he was direc- 
 tor of the polytechnic school, and superin- 
 tendent of fortifications. 
 
 MANCO CAPAC, the founder of the 
 Peruvian empire, and the first of its In- 
 cas, is said to have lived about four hun- 
 dred years before the invasion of the coun- 
 try by the Spaniards; to have first appear- 
 ed, with his sister and wife Mama Oella, 
 in an island of the lake Titicaca; to have 
 declared that he and his partner were chil- 
 dren of the sun, sent to civilize the natives; 
 to have founded Cusco ; and to have reign- 
 ed long and prosperously over a grateful 
 people. 
 
 MANDEVILLE, Sir JOHN, a celebra- 
 ted abuser of the traveller's privilege of 
 exaggerating, was born at St. Albans; left 
 his native country in 1332, to proceed on 
 his peregrinations; and was absent upon 
 them for thirty-four years, during which 
 period he pretends that he visited all the 
 countries of the east, and served in the ar 
 mies of the sultan of Egypt and the khai 
 of Cathay. He died at* Liege, in 1372 
 His Travels contain such enormous fables 
 rendered his name a syno- 
 
 that they have 
 nyme for a liar. 
 'MANDEVILLE, BERNARD, a 
 
 phy 
 
 sician and writer, was born, about 1670, 
 at l)s-rt, in Holland; settled in England <* 
 
876 
 
 MAN 
 
 At All 
 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century; : both houses of par] lament, -and by a 
 and died in 1733. He is the author of of writer*, forenort of whom in talent 
 
 nost 
 and 
 
 several productions, among which are, An 
 Inquiry into the Origin of Honour; Free 
 Thoughts on Religion; and The Virgin 
 Unmasked; but his principal work is The 
 Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made 
 Public Benefits. This last was attacked 
 by Berkeley, to whom Mandeville replied, 
 and was presented, as flagrantly immoral, 
 bv the grand jury of Middlesex. 
 
 "MV.SKS, .MAM, or MAiMCH^EUS, 
 the founder of the Manichiran sect, a na- 
 tive of Persia, was born about 239, and If 
 said to have been the first slave, and after- 
 wards the adopted son, of a i ich w'idow, 
 who left him her possessions. He began 
 to promulgate his doctrines in 267. After 
 having been patronised by some of the 
 Persian monarchs, and persecuted by oth- 
 ers, he was put to death, in 274, by Beh- 
 ram I. He rejected the Old Testament ; 
 and taught that there are two creative 
 principles, Ormudz, the author of good, 
 and Ahriman, the author of evil; that 
 Christ had come to save mankind; and 
 that he himself was the paraclete an- 
 nounced in the New Testament. 
 
 MANSART, JULIUS HARDOUIK, an 
 eminent architect, a nephew of Francis 
 Mansart, who was also a man of great 
 architectural talent, was born, in 1645, at 
 Pari.-;; and was employed by Louis XIV. 
 for whom he built the palaces of Ver- 
 sailles, Marly, and the Great Trianon; 
 the Hospital of the Invalids; and many- 
 other magnificent public edifices. He died 
 in 1703. 
 
 ^ f ANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, 
 
 vehemence was the terrific Juniu*. The 
 rank of earl was conferred on him in 
 1776. In the disgraceful no-popery riots 
 of 1780, his town mansion and all his 
 valuable books and manuscripts were burnt 
 by the mob. He resigned his office of 
 chief justice in 1788, and died March 20, 
 1793. Lord Mansfield was a man of fine 
 taste, fluent eloquence, strong argumenta- 
 tive powers, and great legal knowledge; a 
 partisan of high principles of government, 
 but an enemy of religion? persecution. 
 
 MANUZIO, or MANUTIUS, AL- 
 DUS, a celebrated printer and author, was 
 born, in 1447, at Bassiano, in the papal 
 states ; established a printing office at 
 Venice in 1488; and died in 1515. He 
 printed numerous valuable editions of 
 Greek and Latin classics; compiled a 
 Greek and Latin Dictionary, and a Latin 
 Grammar; and wrote a Treatise on the 
 Horatian Metres. He was rivalled in 
 learning and typographical fame by his 
 son PAUL, and his grandson ALDUS; the 
 former of whom was born in 1512, and 
 died in 1574; the latter was born in 1547, 
 and died in 1597. 
 
 MARAT, JOHN PAUL, the most infa- 
 mous and sanguinary of demagogues, was 
 born, in 1744, at Boudry, in the princi- 
 pality of Neuchatel, and was physician to 
 the lx>dy guards of the count d'Artois when 
 the French revolution commenced. He im- 
 mediately became the most violent of Che 
 violent revolutionists, and established a 
 journal called The Friend of the People, 
 in which he never ceased to preach pillage, 
 proscription, and murder, on tire largest 
 scale. In the Convention he maintained 
 the same doctrines; and he triumphed ovet 
 his antagonists, the Girondists, who had 
 succeeded in sending him to trial. He 
 was assassinated, in 1793, by Charlotte 
 Corday. Marat was a man of considera- 
 ble scientific knowledge, and published 
 various works on fire, light, electricity 
 and other subjects. 
 
 MARATTI, CARLO, an eminent pain- 
 ter, was born, in 1625, at Camerino, in 
 the papal territory; was a pupil of Andrew 
 Sacchi; was painter to several popes, and 
 was knighted; sustained the reputation of 
 
 eput 
 
 carl of, fourth son of Lord Stormont, was the Roman school while that of others was 
 born, in 1705, at Perth; studied at West- [declining; and died in 1713. Maratti also 
 minster School, Christ Church, Oxford, displayed talent as an architect and en- 
 and Lincoln's Inn; became solicitor gen- i graver. His daughter, MARIA, who mar- 
 eral in 1742, attorney general in 1754, and ;ried J. B. Zappi, was an artist and a 
 chief justice of the king's bench, in 1756; [poetess. 
 
 shortly after which he was created Lord" MARCEAU, FRANCIS SEVERIN DES- 
 Mansfield. In 1757 he held, for a few ] GRAVIERS, an eminent French general, 
 months, the office of chancellor of the ex- i was born, in 1769, at Chartres; distin- 
 chequer, during which period he accom- guished himself in Vendee, at Fleurus, 
 plished a coalition of parties. In 1770 his and on the Rhine, in 1795 and 1796; and 
 judicial conduct was severely arraigned in wag killed at Hochateinbacn, in the latter 
 
MAR 
 
 jrw 1 o great military talents Marceau 
 nnitc-3 gieut virtues. So much was he re- 
 spected, that when he was buried in the 
 intrenched camp of Coblentz, the Austrian 
 and French armies joined in honouring 
 tJie ceremony by volleys of artillery. Lord 
 Byron has paid a lasting tribute to his 
 worth 'n the third canto of Childe Har- 
 old. 
 
 MARCIIETTI, ALEXANDER, a poet 
 nnd mathematician, was born, in 1633, at 
 Pontormo, in Tuscany; studied at Pisa un- 
 der Borelli, whom he succeeded as profes- 
 eor of mathematics; and died in 1714. He 
 translated Lucretius, Anacreon, and part of 
 the Eneid; and wrote a volume of Poems, 
 and various mathematical works, of which 
 latter the principal is a Treatise de Resis- 
 tentia Solidorum. His Lucretius is in blank 
 verse, and is executed in a masterly manner. 
 
 MARIANA, JOHN, a celebrated Span- 
 ish historian, was born, in 1537, at Tala- 
 vera; was educated at Alcala; entered 
 into the order of the Jesuits, and was suc- 
 cessively professor of theology in their col- 
 leges at Rome and at Paris; and died at 
 Tolado in 1624. His principal work is the 
 History of Spain, which entitles him to an 
 honourable place among historical writers. 
 His treatise De Rege, in which he main- 
 tains the justice of killing a tyrant, excited 
 great clamour, and was burned by order of 
 the parliament of Paris. 
 
 MARINI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian 
 poet, was born, in 1659, at Naples, and 
 was intended for the law, but devoted him- 
 self to literature, in consequence of which 
 he was turned out of doors by his father. 
 He found protectors, however, in Italy, and 
 afterwards in France, where Mary of Me- 
 dicis gave him a pension. He returned to 
 his own country in 1622, and died in 1625. 
 His principal poem is The Adonis, in twen- 
 ty cantos. 
 
 MARINO, St. a native of Dalmatia, 
 was one of the workmen employed in re- 
 building the bridge of Rimini. The bishop 
 of Brescia, who had noticed him for his pi- 
 ety, ordained him a deacon, and he retired 
 to a hermitage on Mount Titano, where he* 
 died towards the end of the fourth century. 
 The miracles said to be wrought at his 
 tomb brought a crowd of pilgrims to the 
 pot; houses were built to receive them; 
 and thus rose into existence the miniature 
 republic of San Marino. 
 
 MARION, FRANCIS, a distinguished 
 officer in the American army, was born in 
 South Carolina in 1732, and first served in 
 1761 as a lieutenant against the Cherokees. 
 Soon after the commencement of the revo- 
 lution, he received a major's commission, 
 and in 1780 he obtained that of brigadier 
 general. He continually surprised and cap- 
 tured parties of the British and the royal- 
 ts by *.he secrecj and rapidity of his 
 
 MAR BTf 
 
 movements. On the evacuation of Charles- 
 ton he retired to his plantation, where he 
 died in 1795. He was bold, generous, and 
 severe in his discipline. 
 
 MARIOTTE, EDMUND, a Frenca math, 
 ematician and experimental riiilosopher, 
 was born at Dijon ; was prior of St. Mar- 
 tin, and a member of the Academy of Sci- 
 ence; and died in 1684. Mariotte was 
 one of the first of the French philosopher! 
 who applied to experimental researches 
 Among his works are, An Essay on Phys- 
 ics; and Treatises on the Collision of 
 Bodies ; the Pressure and Motion of Fluids { 
 and the Motion of Pendul'ims. 
 
 MARIUS, CAIUS, a famous Rormn 
 general and demagogue, was born about 
 B. c. 153, at Cerratinum, of an obscure 
 family. It was at the siege of Numantia 
 that lie laid the groundwork of his reputa- 
 tion. After having been tribune of the 
 people, and praetor, he was chosen consul. 
 He subdued Jugurtha, and defeated with 
 tremendous slaughter the Cimbri, Teutones, 
 and Ambrones, who had poured their myr- 
 iads into Italy. His rivalry with Svlla 
 produced a sanguinary domestic contest, 
 in which the best blood of the republic was 
 spilt, and he was more than once on the 
 verge of ruin. He died at Rome B. c. 86, 
 in his seventh consulship. 
 
 MARIVAUX, PETER CARLET DE 
 CHAMBLAIN DE, a French dramalist and 
 novelist, was born, in 1688, at Paris. His 
 father was director of the mint at Riom, 
 and gave him an excellent education, but 
 left him no fortune. The talents and social 
 nerits of Marivaux, however, gained him 
 nany ardent friends. He died in 1763. 
 "Marivaux," says one of his biographers, 
 "was good, charitable, indulgent in his phi- 
 losophy, full of respect for religion, but 
 exceedingly hostile to fanaticism and hy- 
 pocrisy." His principal novels are, Mari- 
 anne, and The Paysan Parvenu. Of his 
 comedies, which form five volumes, some 
 are still acted. Of his miscellaneous works 
 The French Spectator is one of the best. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCH- 
 ILL, duke of, was born, in 1650, at Ashe, 
 'n Devonshire, and, at the age of twelve 
 
78 
 
 MAR 
 
 rears, was tak?n from school to be a page 
 5f the duke of Yor.\, who gave him a pair 
 of colours in 1666- It was at the siege of 
 Tangier that he was first engaged in actixe 
 ervice. In 1672 he distinguished himself 
 in the Netherlands, under the duke of Mon- 
 mouth. For several years he was the fa- 
 vourite of the duke of York, who obtained 
 for him the barony of Eyemouth ; and, on 
 ascending the throne, sent him ambassa- 
 dor to France, and created him Lord 
 Churchill. The attachment of his lordship 
 to the protestant cause induced him, how- 
 ever, to join the prince of Orange. For 
 this he received from William the earldom 
 of Marlboi - v 'gh, and the command of the 
 English ariTA in the Netherlands. In 1G90 
 he commanded in Ireland, and reduced 
 Cork, Kinsale, and other places. But in 
 1692 he was dismissed from all his offices, 
 and committed to the Tower, on suspicion, 
 not wholly groundless, of plotting to restore 
 the exiled monarch; nor, though he w:is 
 soon liberated, was he ag.iin employed till 
 after the death of Queen Mary. His splen- 
 did course of glory began with the acces- 
 sion of Queen Anne, when he was created 
 captain general of the forces, and wis sent 
 as plenipotentiary to the Hague. The 
 campaign of 1702 earned for him the title 
 of Duke. From that period till 1711 he 
 ran a career of victory which has placed 
 his name among those of the most illustrious 
 generals. He rescued the Low Countries 
 and Germany, broke through the iron fron- 
 tier of France, humiliated her haughty 
 monarch, and placed her on the verge of 
 ruin. His principal victories were those 
 of Blenheim, in 1704; Ramillies, in 1706; 
 Oudenarde, in 1708; and Malplaquet, in 
 1709. Party intrigues at home at length 
 deprived him of the command, and even 
 compelled him to retire to the continent. 
 On the accession of George I. however, 
 Marlborough resumed his employments; but 
 age and toil had impaired his faculties, and 
 he subsequently took very little part in pub- 
 lic affairs. He died June 16, 1722. His 
 imperious duchess, whom Pope has satiris- 
 ed under the name of Alossa, survived him 
 more than twenty years. 
 
 MARLOE, or'MARLOW, CHRISTO- 
 FH r. R, a dramatist and poet, was born about 
 1562; was educated at Bene't College, 
 Cambridge; became an author and actor; 
 and was killed by a servant, about 1593. 
 He wrote six iiagedies; some poems; and 
 translated The Rape of Helen by Coluthus, 
 and parts of Ovid and Lucan. His pow- 
 ers as a tragic writer were of a high order, 
 and some parts of his poems display great 
 excellence. 
 
 MARMONTEL, JOHN FRANCIS, a 
 celebrated French writer, was born, in 
 1723, at Bort, in the Limousin, and was 
 educated in tlia Jeauiu' College at Mauri- 
 
 MAR 
 
 ac. oeing persuaded by Voltaire to tri 
 his fortune at Paris, he settled there in 1745 
 
 and by his" tragedies of Dionysius, and 
 Aristoinenes, and other successful works, 
 he soon gained reputation, fortune, and 
 court favour. Madame de Pompadour 
 obtained for him the appointment of sec- 
 retary to the royal buildings, and, subse- 
 quently, the management of the French 
 Mercury. At a later period he became 
 historiographer of France, and secretary 
 of the Royal Academy. For some yearc 
 he led a licentious ife; but at length he 
 married, and graced his talents by the 
 domestic virtues. He survived the horrors 
 of the revolution, and was elected to the 
 Council of Ancients; but his election was 
 annulled, and he again withdrew into re- 
 tirement. He died December 31, 1799. 
 Of his works the principal are, Moral 
 Tales; his own Memoirs; the Incas; Be- 
 lisarius; and Elements of Literature. 
 "Though not superior in any kind of com- 
 position," says one of his countrymen, " he 
 was an agreeable, pure, and elegant writer." 
 Perhaps this faint praise hardly does justice 
 to the merit of Marmontel. 
 
 MAROT, CLEMENT, an eminent French 
 poet, was born, in 1495, at Cahors; wa 
 wounded and taken prisoner at the battle 
 of Pavia; was persecuted for his attach- 
 ment to the protestant religion; and died 
 
 n 1544, at Turin. As a poet he far out- 
 shone not only all his predecessors and 
 
 ontemporaries, but all who succeeded him 
 till the time of Malherbe. 
 
 MARSTON, JOHN, a dramatist, who 
 flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and 
 James the First, studied at Corpus Christ! 
 College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; 
 was at one time the friend of Ben Jonson, 
 and died subsequently to 1633. Ha wrote 
 three books of Satires, called The Scourge 
 of Villany ; and eight plays, which contain 
 many fine scenes and passages. 
 
 MARTENS, WILMAM FRKDF.RIC, 
 an eminent German diplomatic writer, waa 
 professor of public law at Gottingen, and 
 was employed at the congress of \ ienna to 
 draw up the reports of the conferences. 
 He died, in 1821, at Frankfor*, where h 
 
MAS 
 
 was meting as deputy from Hanover to the 
 diet. Among his works are, A Treatise 
 on the Law of Nations; and A Collection 
 *f Treaties of Peace. 
 
 MARTIALIS, or MARTIAL, MARCUS 
 VALERIUS, a celebrated Latin epigram- 
 matist, was born at Bilbilis, in Spain 
 about A. D. 40; studied the law in the 
 Roman capital; was patronised by Domi- 
 tian, after whose death he returned to his 
 native country; and is believed to have 
 died about A. D. 100. 
 
 MARTYN, JOHN, abotanist and learned 
 writer, was born, in 1699, at London; was 
 a fellow of the Royal Society, and nearly 
 thirty years professor of botany at Cam- 
 bridge; and died in 1768. He wrote 
 various botanical works; The Grub Street 
 Journal ; and A Dissertation on the ^Eneid ; 
 assisted in the abridgment of the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions; published Virgil's 
 Georgics, with aversion and notes; and 
 translated Tournefort's History of Plants. 
 
 MARTYR, PETER, a celebrated re- 
 former and theologian, whose real name 
 was Vermigli, was born, in 1500, at Flo- 
 rence. He was originally an Augtistin 
 monk, and became an eminent preacher, 
 and prior of St. Fridian's at Lucca. Hav- 
 ing, however, embraced the protestant 
 doctrines, he found it necessary to quit his 
 native country. After having been for 
 some time professor of divinity at Stras- 
 bourgh, he was invited to England, and 
 appointed professor of theology at Oxford. 
 He left England on the accession of Mary, 
 and died in 1561, theological professor at 
 Zurich. He wrote several works, among 
 which are Commentaries upon Parts of 
 the Scriptures. 
 
 MARVELL, ANDREW, eminent as a 
 writer and a patriot, was born, in 1620, at 
 Kingston upon Hull; was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; and, after 
 having been secretary to the English lega- 
 tion at Constantinople, and assistant to 
 Milton, as Latin secretary, he was chosen, 
 in 1660, member of parliament for his na- 
 tive place, which he continued to represent 
 till the end of his life. He is said to have 
 been the last member who received pay 
 Irom his constituents. In parliament, and 
 with his pen, he was active in the cause 
 of liberty, and no consideration could turn 
 f'in aside from the path of duty. He re- 
 fused a present of a thousand pounds from 
 Charles II., u'.ough at that very moment 
 he was obliged to borrow a guinea from a 
 friend. Marvell died in 1678. His works, 
 in prose and verse, form three quarto 
 volumes. 
 
 MASCAGiro, PAUL, a celebrated Italian 
 anatomist, was born, in 1752, in Tuscany; 
 and died, in 1815, professor cf anatomy, 
 uhysiology, and chemistry, at Florence. 
 He was the first who demonstrated tlia real 
 
 MAS 
 
 979 
 
 structure of the corpus spongiosum of the 
 urethra. Among his works are A Treatise 
 on the Lymphatic Vessels ; and Anatomy 
 for the Use of Students in Sculpture and 
 Painting. 
 
 MASCARON, JULIUS, a distinguished 
 French prelate and pulpit orator, was born 
 in 1634; entered among the priests of the 
 Oratory; and soon became so popular a 
 preacher that multitudes thronged from all 
 quarters to hear him. In 1666 he was 
 called to the court, to preach before Louis 
 XIV.; and in 1671, he was raised to the 
 see of Tulle, whence, in 1679, he was 
 translated to that of Agen. He died in 
 1703. Of his Funeral Orations the most 
 admired are those on Henrietta of England, 
 the Duke of Beaufort, and Marshal Tu- 
 renne. 
 
 MASERES, FRANCIS, a lawyer and 
 mathematician, was born in 1731; studied 
 at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and the Temple; 
 was appointed attorney general of Quebec; 
 was made cursitor baron of the exchequer 
 on his return from Canada; and died in 
 May, 1824. He published a collection of 
 the Scriptores Logarithmici, in six quarto 
 volumes; A Treatise on Life Annuities; 
 The Canadian Freeholder; Elements of 
 Plane Trigonometry; Tracts on Algebraic 
 Equations ; and other works. 
 
 MASON, JOHN, a dissenting theologian, 
 was born, in 1706, at Dunmow; was pastor 
 of a congregation at Dorking, and subse- 
 quently at Cheshunt; and died in 1763 
 He wrote several able works, one of which, 
 A Treatise on Self-Knowledge, has been 
 very often reprinted. 
 
 MASON, JOHN MITCHELL, a divine 
 and pulpit orator, was born in the city of 
 New-York in 1770, and after graduating 
 at Columbia College, prepared himself for 
 the sacred ministry. His theological 
 studies were completed in Europe. In 
 1792 he returned to New-York and was 
 established in the ministry at that place till 
 1811, when he accepted the appointnrvent 
 of provost in Columbia College. This 
 situation his ill health obliged him to 
 resign, and he visited Europe to repair his 
 constitution. On his return in 1817 he 
 again resumed his labours in preaching, 
 md in 1821 undertook the charge of Dick- 
 nson College in Pennsylvania. In 1824 
 le returned to New-York, and died in 
 1829. He was the author of Letters on 
 Frequent Communion ; A Plea for Sacra- 
 nental Communion on Catholic Principles; 
 and a number of essay, reviews, orations, 
 and sermons published at different times. 
 
 MASON, WILLIAM, a divine and poet, 
 ,vas born, in 1725, at Trinity Hall, in 
 Yorkshire, and was educated at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. It was while he was 
 t the university that he began his poetica 
 career, by the poetn of Isis an attack 
 
880 
 
 MAS 
 
 upon Oxford, to which Thomas Warton 
 eplied by the Triumph of Isis. His next 
 work was the tragedy of EllYida, on the 
 Greek model. It was succeeded, at long 
 intervals, by his Odes, and the drama of 
 Caractacus. His first church preferment! 
 were the living of Aston, in Yorkshire, 
 and a royal chaphiinship; the last of these 
 he lost by his zeal in behalf of liberty. In 
 1762 he was made precentor and canon of 
 York. He died in 1797. Besides his 
 poems, Mason published the works of Gray 
 and Whitehead, with Lives, and an Essay 
 on Church Music. It seems to be certain 
 that he was also the author of the witty 
 satires given to the world under the signa- 
 ture of Malcolm Macgregor. 
 
 MASSENA, ANDREW, prince of Ess- 
 lir., and duke of Rivoli, one of the most 
 celebrated of Napoleon's marshals, Mas 
 born, in 1758, at Nice; entered the army 
 in 1775; and retired from it after having 
 served for fourteen years. The revolution, 
 however, again roused his military ardour. 
 His rise was rapid, for he attained the 
 rank of general of division in 1794. In 
 the Italian campaigns from 1794 to 1798 
 he on every occasion so distinguished him- 
 self that he was called the darling child of 
 victory, and in 1799 he saved France from 
 invasion by routing the Austrians and 
 Russians in Switzerland. His memorable 
 defence of Genoa in 1800 gave time to 
 Bonaparte to cross the Alp?, and crush the 
 Austrian army at Marengo. In the cam- 
 paigns of 1805, 1807, and 1809, in Italy, 
 Poland, and Germany, he was among the 
 most conspicuouslv successful of the French 
 leaders. His conduct in the last of these 
 campaigns was rewarded with the title of 
 prince of Essling. In 1810 he was ap- 
 pointed to command the army which invad- 
 ed Portugal, but he was foiled by the 
 genius of Wellington, and was compelled 
 to abandon the Portuguese territory. Af- 
 ter this period Massena did not' again 
 appear in the field; and he died April 4, 
 1817. 
 
 MASSILLON, JOHN BAPTIST, one of 
 the most eloquent of French pulpit orators, 
 was born, in 1663, at Hieres; entered at 
 the age of eighteen into the congregation 
 of the Oratory ; and became so celebrated 
 as a preacher that he was summoned to 
 court to display hi* powers. His success 
 there was complete. Louis XIV however 
 complimented him in the strongest terms, 
 but neglected to promote him. It was left 
 to the regent, duke of Orleans, to reward 
 his merit; and, in 1717, he gave him the 
 bishopric of C'lermont. Massillon held 
 this i-ce til! his decease in 1742, and his 
 many virtues rendered him universally be- 
 loved. I lib So i iiions and theological woiks 
 form fifteen volumes. 
 
 MASSINGER. PHILIP, one of our 
 
 son 
 ruary 
 
 >IAT 
 
 elder dramatic writers, was born, in 1534) 
 at Salisbury; was educated at Alban Hall, 
 Oxford; became a writer for the stage; 
 suffered frequently from poverty; and died 
 in 1()39. Of thirty-two plays which he 
 wrote, fourteen are unfortunately lost. AH 
 a dramatist, Massinger claims an honoura- 
 ble place among those who are second 
 only to Shakspeare. His works were 
 excellently edited by the late William 
 Gi fiord. 
 
 MATHER, INCREASE, a learned 
 American divine, was born at Dorchester 
 in 1639, was educated to the ministry, and 
 was settled in the North Church, Boston, 
 in 1664. He continued there for sixty-two 
 years, discharging the duties of his f acred 
 office with zeal and ability. In 1685 he 
 was appointed to the presidency of Harvard 
 College, which he resigned in 1701. He 
 died in 1723. He was an indefatigable 
 student, and published a variety of works 
 on religion, politics, history, and philoso- 
 phy. 
 
 MATHER, CoTTON,a celebrated divine, 
 n of the preceeding, \vas born, in Feb- 
 ary 1663, and was educated for the 
 profession of theology. In 1684 he was 
 ordained minister of the North Church in 
 Boston, as colleague with his fat'ner. He 
 dietl in 1728. His learning was marvel- 
 lous, but his taste was eccentric, and he 
 was very pedantic and credulous. His 
 publications are 382 in number: the most 
 celebrated of which is Magnalia Christi 
 American!. 
 
 MATSYS, QUINTIN, an eminent paint- 
 er, was born, in 1460, at Antwerp, and 
 died in 1529. He was originally a black- 
 smith, aftid his love for the daughter of an 
 artist is said to have been his inducement 
 to study painting. Some of his heads in a 
 Descent from the Cross, at Antwerp, are 
 declared by Sir Joshua RevnoHs to be 
 equal to any of Raphael's. His Two Mi- 
 sers, in the Windsor Gallery, is also much 
 admired. 
 
 M ATTHIOLI, or MATTIOLI, PETER 
 ANDREW, a botanist and physician, was 
 born, in 1500, at Sienna ; studied at Pndua ; 
 and, after having practised at Rome,Gratz, 
 and other places, was appointed physician 
 to Maximilian II. He died in 1577. The 
 work by which he is best known is his 
 Commentaries on Dioscorides, which con- 
 tains nearly all the botanico-medic-U knowl- 
 edge of the" age in which he lived. 
 
 MATURIN, CHARLES ROBERT, a 
 divine, dramatist, and poet, was born, in 
 1782, in Ireland, ana was educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin. Though he was 
 popular for his eloquence as a preacher, 
 his only church preferment \v;is the curacj 
 of St. 1'elei's, in tin- ]ii*h metropolis. 
 His pen was fertile, but the remuneration 
 which he received could not rave him from 
 
MAX MAZ 881 
 
 Ifrequent embarrassments. His fi.-st tin eo j Alexander Sc-verus. After a short and 
 novels The Fatal Revenge, The Wild cruel reign, lie was assassinated by his 
 Irish Boy, and The Milesian Chief were ! troops, near Aquileia, in 238. He was of 
 published under the assumed nam.- of Den-! giant strength and stature; and is said to 
 nis Jasper Murphy. He died in 1825. j have eaten and drank forty pounds of meat 
 Besides the works already mentioned, he ' and eighteen bottles of wine daily. 
 
 i-rota Sermons; The Universe, a poem; 
 )he novels of Melmoth, and Woman; and 
 the tragedies of Bt'rtram, Manuel, and 
 Fredolpno. The genius of Matnrin was 
 great, but it was not always under the 
 control of a pure taste. 
 
 MAUPERTUIS, PETER Louis Mo- 
 n E AU i> E, an eminent French geometrician 
 and astronomer, was barn, in 1698, at St. 
 Malo ; studied at the college of La Marche, 
 at Paris; and, after having served for four 
 years in the army, he devoted himself to 
 Hcience and literature. Maupertuis has 
 ,he merit of having been one of the first in 
 France to prefer Newton to Descartes. 
 He was one of the persons \yho were sent, 
 m 1736, to measure a degree of the me- 
 ridian at the polar circle. In 1745, invited 
 by Frederic the Great, he settled at Berlin, 
 and was made president of the Royal 
 The latter part of his 
 
 M AXIMUS, MARCUS CLOplVf Pu- 
 
 PIENUS, a Roman emperor, was of humble 
 birth, but rose by his merits to the most 
 eminent posts in the state, and was at 
 length, in conjunction with Balbinus, raised 
 to the imperial dignity by the senate, on 
 the death of the Gordians. He was mur- 
 dered by the soldiery, after a reign of 
 fifteen months, during which he had made 
 good laws, and laboured to reform abuses 
 MAY, THOMAS, an historian and poet, 
 was born, in 1594, at Mayfield, in Sussex; 
 studied at Sidney Sussex College, an 1 
 Gray's Inn; was in some favour at court, 
 but espoused the cause of the people; was 
 appointed secretary and historiographer to 
 the parliament; and died in 1650. He 
 wrote A History of the Parliament of 
 England; several dramas and poems; and 
 translated and continued Lucan's Phar- 
 Acadeaiy there. The latter part of hisjsalia. 
 
 life was imbittered by his quarrel with) MAYER, TOBIAS, an eminent astrono- 
 Voltaire, who showered down sarcasm and mer, was born, in 1723, at Mai bach, in 
 satire upon him. He died in 1759. His! the duchy of Wirtemberg; became pro- 
 works form four volumes. 
 
 MAURY, JOHN SIFFREIN, a French 
 cardinal and statesman, was born, in 1746, 
 
 fessor of mathematics at the university of 
 Gottingen; and died, exhausted by intense 
 labour, in 1763. He made several import- 
 
 at Vaureas, in the comtat Venaissin, and! ant astronomical discoveries, and invented 
 acquired great reputation by his eloquence j various instruments. For his Tables of the 
 as a preacher. He was one of the deputies | Moon's Motion, his widow received three 
 of the clergy to the states general, and was ! thousand pounds from the Board of Lon- 
 conspicuous for his opposition to revolu- ! gitude. Among his works are, A Treatise 
 tionary measures. In 1791 he quitted ion Curves; and A Mathematical Atlas. 
 France, and the pope made him a cardinal. MAYHEW, JONATHAN, a divine, and 
 Napoleon, in 1810, gave him the arch- missionary among the Indians, was born in 
 bishopric of Paris. Maury died in 1817. ! Martha's "Vineyard, in 1720, and educated 
 He wrote on Essay on Eloquence; and | at Harvard College. In 1747 he was or- 
 other works. lie was a man of wit and,dained pastor of the West C..jrch, in 
 presence of mind as well as of great ora- Boston, and continued in this station the 
 torical powers. On one occasion, when a remainder of his life. He possessed a 
 furious mob was following him with cries I mind of great acuteness and energy, and in 
 of " Hang him on a lamp post !" he turned his principles was a determined republican, 
 round, and coolly said, " Do you think you! His sermons and controversial tracts ob- 
 should see cleareV if I were there 1" The tained for him a high reputation, and many 
 ready joke saved his life. I of them were republished several times in 
 
 MAXIMIANUS, MARCUS AURELIUS England. He died in 1766. 
 VALERIUS HERCULIUS, a Roman empe- MAYOW, JOHN, a physician ind phi- 
 ror, the son of a poor labourer in the jlosopher, was born, in 1645, in Cornwall; 
 environs of Sirmium, was chosen as his studied at Wadham College, and at All 
 associate in the government by Diocletian, Soul's College, Oxford; and died in 1679. 
 in 286; abdicated with that monarch inlToMayow belong some chemical discov- 
 305; resumed the purple; and was put to | cries w'hich have been attributed to later 
 death, in 310, by order of Constantine. writers: oxygen is among the number. 
 He was one of the most violent persecutors j They are to "be found in his Five Medico- 
 Philosophical Treatises, printed in 1674. 
 
 of the Christians. 
 
 MAXIMINUS,CAius JULIUS VERUS, 
 
 MAZARIN, Cardinal JULIUS, a cele- 
 
 a Roman emperor, the son of a Thracian brated statesman, was born, in 1602, at 
 peasant, was born in 173; gained great jPiscin'i, in the Neapolitan territory, and 
 reputation in the Roimn armies ; and was at the age of seventeen went to Srain, 
 raised to the throne M the murder of where he studied jurisprudence for tare* 
 
8 1EA 
 
 yeara at the universities of Alenla and 
 Salamanca. After his return to Italy, he 
 was employed by the papal minis 
 various diplomatic mission?, in one of 
 which Cardinal de Richelieu conceiu-.J so 
 high an opinion of the negotiator's talents, 
 that l:r procured him to It- .sent as nuncio 
 extraordinary to I'ans, and on his death- 
 bed he recommended him warmly to the 
 kitir. Mazarin succeeded him as minister; 
 and though, during the civil wars of the 
 minority, he was twice compelled to fly, 
 and a price was set upon his hrad, he re- 
 turned in triumph, and held the reins of 
 power til! his decease, in 1661. As a poli- 
 tician he displayed great talents; as a man 
 he possessed few virtues. His most praise- 
 worthy act, and that was done on his death- 
 bed, was the endowing of the college \\hich 
 hears his name, and is also called the Col- 
 lege of the Four Nations. 
 
 MAZEPPA, JOHN, hetman or prince of 
 the Cossacks, was born, about the middle 
 of the seventeenth century, in the palati- 
 nate of Podolia, and in his youth was page 
 to John Casimir, king of Poland. Being 
 detected in an intrigue with a married 
 lady, the husband ordered him to be tied 
 naked to the back of a wild horse, which 
 was then let loose. The animal had been 
 bred in the Ukraine, and thither it carried 
 him. Nearly expiring with fatigue, Ma- 
 zeppa was found by some peasants, who 
 took care of him till his recovery. He 
 remained in the Ukraine, and finally rose 
 to be hetman. But, though a prince, he 
 was a vassal of Russia; and the hope of 
 becoming independent, induced him to form 
 an alliance with Charles XII. After the 
 fatal battle of Pultowa, which was fought 
 by his advice, he sought refuge at Bender, 
 and he died there in 1709. 
 
 MAZZUOLI, FRANCIS, a celebrated 
 
 MEII 
 
 The presidency of the college his numeroni 
 avocations compelled him to decline ac. 
 crptin^. The riches uhich he g ; ned by 
 his skill he used nobly, in forming a mLg. 
 nificent library and museum, and in assist- 
 ing men of talent. He died in 1754. His 
 woiks form .i quarto volume. 
 
 .Mi:cH\l.\, PKTKR FRANCIS A* 
 DRK.W, a French astronomer and geometri- 
 cian, was born, in 1744, at Laon. Lalunde 
 procured for him an appointment in tho 
 national depository of marine charts. M;>- 
 chain particularly applied himself to dis- 
 cover comets, and to calculate * l >cir ele- 
 ments, and he observed eleven in the course 
 of eighteen years. He was also employed, 
 with Delambre, in measuring a degree of 
 the meridian between Perpignan and Bar- 
 celona ; and he edited the ConrxNsance 
 des Temps from 1786 to 1794. He died 
 in 1805. 
 
 MEDICI, LORENZO DI, surnamed the 
 Magnificent, was born in 1448; was edu- 
 cated with the utmost care; and, in 1469, 
 succeeded his father, Peter, in the govern- 
 ment of Florence. In 1478 he was near 
 becoming the victim of a conspiracy formea 
 by the Pazzi, between whom 
 
 , , 
 
 painter, known by the name of PARME- family there existed an hereditary 
 GIANO, was born, in 1503, at Parma, and deadly enmity. His brother Julio 
 
 and his 
 and 
 
 was instructed in painting by his uncles, 
 but owed his eminence to his studying the 
 reputation was 
 
 His 
 
 and 
 
 killed, but Lorenzo saved himself by his 
 courage and presence of mind. With 
 equal good fortune he succeeded in break- 
 
 works of Raphael. 
 
 soon widely spread, and he might have 
 
 acquired a princely fortune had he not against him by his inveterate enemy, Pope 
 
 wasted his time, and exhausted his resour- Sixtus IV. His latter years were spent in 
 
 ing up a confederacy which was formed 
 
 ces, in the delusive labours of alchemy. 
 Hie disappointment threw him into a deep 
 melancholy, and undermined his health 
 and he died in 1540. Mazzuoli is gener 
 ally supposed to be the inventor of etching 
 MEAD, RICHARD, an eminent physi 
 cian, w *.< born, in 1673, at Stepney 
 studied at Utrecht and Leyden ; took his 
 
 tranquillity, and in the munificent encour- 
 agement of learning and the arts. He 
 died in 1492. Many editions of hia poems 
 have been published. 
 
 MEHUL, STEPHEN HENRY, an emi- 
 nent French composer, was born, in 1763, 
 at Civet ; was an admirable organist when 
 only ten years old; settled at Paris in 
 
 df-gire at Padua; and began to practise in 1 1779, and was so fortunate as to obtain 
 1696. In a few years he acquired the, the friendship and advice ofGluck; be- 
 highest degree of professional reputation, 'came inspector at the Conservatory of 
 and, as a necessary consequence, a splendid, Music, professor of Composition at tin 
 fortune. He became vice-president of the Royal School, a member of the Institute. 
 Royal Society, censor of the college of | and Academy of Fine Arts, and a knigh 
 physicians, and physician to George II. of the legion of honour ; and died in 181? 
 
MEL 
 
 MEN 
 
 Of his operas the principal are, Euphro- 1 triumph of the coalition displaced him; 
 
 syne and Coradin ; Stratoniep; and Josepn. but he returned to oflice with Mr. Pitt, 
 MEISSNER, AUGUSTUS TH K OP HI- I and was ever after a firm and useful coad- 
 jutor of that minister. When the board 
 of control was established, he was appoint- 
 ed its president. In 1791 he was made 
 secretary for the home department, and, in 
 17!) 4, secretary of war. The latter post he 
 held till he retired with Mr. Pitt, when he 
 was created a viscount. When Mr. Pitt 
 again became premier, Dundas was made 
 first lord of the admiralty. But in 1S05 
 he w;is impeached i>y the Commons, and 
 though he was acquitted of the aJleged 
 malversations, and only proved to have 
 been negligent of his duty with respect 
 to his agents, he ceased to take a part 
 in public affairs. He died May the 27th, 
 1811. 
 
 MENANQER, a Greek comic poet, 
 was born B. c. 342, at Athens; studied 
 
 LUS, a German romance writer and dram- 
 atist, was born, in 1757, at Bautzen, in 
 Lusatia ; studied at Leipsir. and Wittem- 
 oerg; and was, successively, keeper of 
 the archives at Dresden, professor of belles 
 lettres at Prague, and director of the supe- 
 rior schools at Ful la. He died in 1F07. 
 His principal works are, Sketches; Alci- 
 biades; Bianco Capcllo; The History of 
 the Frink Family ; and Fragments towards 
 the Life of Chapel-Master Naumann. 
 
 MELA, POMPOISMUS, a Latin geogra- 
 pher, was born in Spain, in the first centu- 
 ry, and is supposed by some to have been 
 related to Seneci and lyiican. He is the 
 author of a work, in throe b;>oks, on the 
 Geography of the World as far as it was 
 then known. 
 
 MELANCTHON, PHILIP, a celebrated 
 protest.tnt reformer, was born, >n 1497, at 
 
 Bretten, in the Palatinate. His real in 
 was Schwartzerde, or Black Earth 
 
 which Melancthon is a translation. He 
 studied at Wittemberg and Tubingen ; 
 and, in 1518, was appointed Greek pro- 
 fessor at Wittemberg. where he became 
 the friend of Luther, ami a convert to his 
 doctrines. He died at Wittemberg in 1560. 
 His works form four folio volumes. 
 
 MELENDEZ VALDEZ, JOHN AN- 
 THONY, an eminent Spanish poet, was 
 born, in 1754, at Ribera; and, after hav- 
 ing fdled various important offices in the 
 law department, was obliged to quit his 
 country in consequence of his having ac- 
 cepted a place under Joseph Bonaparte. He 
 died in 1807. His poems, which form 
 three volumes, possess merit of a superior 
 order, especially his epistles. 
 
 MELMOTH, WILLIAM, a barrister, 
 was born in 1666, and died in 1743. He 
 wrote a popular and excellent work, The 
 Great Importance of a Religious Life; 
 and, in conjunction with Peere Williams, 
 published V r ernon's Reports. 
 
 MELMOTH, WILLIAM, son of the fore- 
 going, was born in 1710; w;s brought up 
 to the law, and became a commissioner of 
 bankrupts; and died in 1799. He wrote 
 Memoirs of his father; and Fitzosborne's 
 Letters; translated the Letters of Pliny 
 and of Cicero; and Cicero's Treatises de 
 Amicitia et de Senectute. 
 
 MELVILLE, HENRY DUNDAS, vis- 
 count, the son of Lord Arnistone, a Scotch 
 judge, was born in 1740; was educated at 
 the university of Edinburgh; was called 
 to the bar; and, in 1773, 1775, and 1777, 
 became solicitor general, lord advocate, 
 and joint keeper of the signet for Scot- 
 'and. His political existence commenced 
 n 1782, when he was made a privy coun- 
 
 philosophy under Theophrastus; composed 
 one hundred and eight comedies; and was 
 drowned, B. c. 290, in the harbour of the 
 Pinrus. Of the numerous works of this 
 principal author of the new school of com- 
 edy nothing remains but a few fragments. 
 Terence is believed to have copied the 
 whole of his pieces from Menander, ex- 
 cept the Phormio and Hecyra. 
 
 MENDELSSOHN, MOSES, a learned 
 Jewish writer, was born, in 1729, at Des- 
 sau, in the principality of Anhalt. Though 
 in his youth he was extremely indigent, 
 yet, by incessant study, he acquired an ex- 
 tensive knowledge of philosophy and lan- 
 guages, and became a celebrated author. 
 He died at Berlin in 1786. Among his 
 productions are, Phaedon, a Dialogue on 
 the Immortality of the Soul, which gained 
 him the title of the Jewish Socrates; Phi- 
 losophical Works ; Morning Hours ; and a 
 Letter to Lavater. 
 
 MENGS, ANTHONY RAPHAEL, an em- 
 inent painter, who has been called the 
 Raphael of Germany, was born, in 1729, 
 at Aussig, in Bohemia; studied at Rome; 
 and died there in 1779, after having spent 
 a considerable part of his life at the Saxon 
 winter to the sover- 
 5pain. His works 
 are held in high estimation. 
 
 MENINSKI, FRANCIS MESGNIEN, m 
 learned orientalist, was born, in 1623, in 
 Lorraine; studied at Rome; accompanied 
 the Polish ambassador to Constantinople, 
 in 1652, and acquired the Turkish lan- 
 guage; and died in 1698, 
 preter to the emperor of 
 chief work is A Persian, Arabic, and 
 Turkish Dictionary, in four folio vols. 
 
 MENZINI, BENEDICT, an eminent 
 Italian poet, was born, in 1646, at Flo- 
 rence. He was patronised, at Rome, by 
 Christina of Sweden, after whose death ha 
 
 and Spanish courts, as 
 eigns of Saxony and 
 
 principal 
 Germany. 
 
 inter- 
 His 
 
 ell ir and treasurer of the navy. The ' wag in indigent circumstances till he fonrxi 
 
3S4 
 
 MET 
 
 another protector in Cardinal Album, who 
 
 raised him above the fear of want, 
 died in 1704. 
 
 II,- 
 
 MID 
 
 real name w:i* TRAPASSI, was born, n 
 1698, at Rome. When he was only ten 
 years of age, his talent of extemporizing 
 
 MERCATOR, GERARD, a geographer, inverse attracted the notice of Gravma, 
 
 was born, in 1512, at Rnpelniomle, in the 
 Netherlands; and died in 1594. So as- 
 siduous a student was he that he scarcely 
 allowed himself time to eat or sleep. He 
 was oiwinognpher to the duke of Juliera, 
 and was much esteemed by Charles V. 
 AI creator published many maps, and some 
 works on chronology, geography, and di- 
 vinity. The mode of projection'in marine 
 charts, to which his name is attached, is 
 
 who took him under his patronage, and 
 fostered his poetical powers, while, at the 
 same time, he initiated him in the profes- 
 
 sion of the la 
 
 The youthful Mctasta- 
 
 eaid to belong 
 Englishman. 
 
 to Edward Wright, an 
 
 MERIAN, MARIA SYBiLLA,a painter 
 and naturalist, was born, in 1647, at 
 Frankfort; studied painting under Mig- 
 non; married Graff, a painter and archi- 
 tect; went to Surinam, in 1698, to draw 
 the reptiles and insects of that country; 
 and died in 1717. Her pictures in needle- 
 work almost equalled the labours of her 
 pencil. Her principal work is A History 
 
 sio also entered into the minor order of 
 priesthood. His tragedy of Giustino was 
 produced when he was only fourteen. In 
 1718 his patron died, and left him the 
 whole of his property. Metastasio ulti- 
 mately devoted himself to dramatic com- 
 position. In 1730 he was invited to tho 
 court of Vienna, where he became imperi- 
 al laureat; a post which he continued to 
 hold for more than half a century. He 
 died in 17S2. Metastasio wrote" sixty- 
 three lyrical tragedies and operas, beside* 
 innumerable poems. 
 
 MICHAELIS, JOHN DAVID, a learned 
 orientalist and biblical critic, was born, in 
 1717, at Halle, in Saxony, at the univer- 
 sity of which place he was educated. After 
 
 of the Insects of Surinam, in folio, with i having visited England, and been preacher 
 sixty plates. Her daughters, JANK HF.L- at the German Chapel, St. James's Pal- 
 ENAand DOROTHEA MARIA HENRIET- ace, he became librarian and professor of 
 TA, inherited her pictorial talent, and the theology and eastern literature at Gottin- 
 
 lattcr was an excellent Hebrew scholar. 
 
 MERRICK, JAMES, a poet and divine, 
 was born, in 1720, at Reading; was edu- 
 cated at the school of that place, and at 
 Trinity College, Oxford; and died in 
 1769. Bishop Lowth speaks of him as 
 being one of the best of men and most 
 emineiit of scholars. Among his works 
 are, Poems on Sacred Subjects ; Annota- 
 tions on the Psalms, and on the Gospel of 
 St. John; a translation of Tryphiodorus; 
 and a netrical version of the Psalms. 
 
 MESMER, FREDERIC ANTHONY, a 
 German physician, the founder of animal 
 magnetism, which is also called Mesmer- 
 ism, was born, in 1734, at Menseburg, in 
 Swabia,and first made his doctrines known 
 to the world, in 1766, by a thesis on Plan- 
 etary influence, in which he contended 
 that *iie heavenly bodies diffuse through 
 the universe a subtle fluid, which acts on 
 die novous system of animated beings. 
 He died in 1815. Of late years his theo- 
 ry has again excited great attention on the 
 Continent. 
 
 MESSIER, CHARLKS, a French as- 
 tronomer, was born, in 1730, at Badon- 
 viller, in Lorraine; was for a considerable 
 period an assistant to Delisle; became as- 
 tronomer to the navy, and a member of 
 many learned bodies; and died in 1817. 
 Messier particularly directed his attention 
 to the discovering of comets, and his dis- 
 coveries were numerous. Louis XV. called 
 him the fern-t of comets. 
 
 METASTASIO, PKTF.R BONAVKN- 
 ITRE 9 celebrated Italian poet, whose 
 
 gen. He died in 1791. Of the numerous 
 works of Michaelis the Introductions to 
 the New and to the Old Testament, and 
 the Interpretation of the Laws of 3Ioses, 
 are the principal. 
 
 MICHAUX, ANDREW, a French trav- 
 eller and botanist, was born, in 1746, at 
 Satory, near Versailles ; spent many year* 
 in journeying through the United States; 
 and died, in 1802, at Madagascar. He 
 published a History of North American 
 Oaks; and a North American Flora. 
 
 MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS, a poet, 
 was born, in 1734, at Langholm, in Dum- 
 friesshire. After having failed as a brewer 
 in his native country, he went to London, 
 with the view of turning to account his 
 literary talents; and, in 1765, he became 
 corrector of the Clarendon Press, at Ox- 
 ford. In 1778 he accompanied his friend 
 Commodore Johnstone on a mission to 
 Lisbon, as secretary. He died in 1788 
 The poems of Mickle, the principal of 
 which is Sir Martyn, originally called The 
 Concubine, are elegant and animated. His 
 version of the Lusiad docs honour to his 
 genius, but it is unfaithful to Camoens; 
 not, however, by suppressing beauties, but 
 by adding them. Mickle edited the col- 
 lection of poems called Pearch's; and 
 wrote many of the finest pieces in Evans'* 
 Old Ballad's. 
 
 MIDDLETON, CONYERS. a learned 
 divine and elegant writer, was born, in 
 1683, at York, and was educated at Trin- 
 ity College, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came a fellow. In the contest between. th 
 
MIL MIL 88f 
 
 OMiaoen of 'that college and Dr. Bentleyllhe following year at the age of twenty, 
 he took a prominent part In 172-* hn j seven. A volume of his Poems and 
 visited Italy. He was, subsequently, Wood- j Sketches was collected and published at 
 wardian professor of mineralogy, and li- I Boston in 1830. 
 
 bra.-ian, at Cambridge. His ori4y church ! MILLER, EDWARD, an eminent phy- 
 preferment was the living of Hascomb, [ sician, was born in Delaware, in 1760, 
 in Surrey, for his free spirit of inquiry land in 1796 removed to New-York for the 
 was not calculated to conciliate clerical I practice of his profession. He became 
 patronage. He had, however, a suffi- known by an able treatise on the Origin of 
 cient fortune to render him indifferent to the Yellow Fever, and in conjunction with 
 
 the emoluments of his profession. He 
 died in 1750. His chief works are, A 
 Life of Cicero, which ranks among the 
 classical productions of our literature; 
 and a Free Inquiry into the Miraculous 
 Powers of the Church, which excited 
 against him a host of vehement opponents. 
 His Miscellaneous Pieces form five octavo 
 vo.umes. 
 
 MI DDLETON, ARTHUR, a signer of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was born in South Carolina in 1743, and 
 received his education in Europe. Soon 
 after his return home, he began to take an 
 active part in the revolutionary movements, 
 and in 1776 was chosen one of the dele- 
 gates from his native state to the American 
 Congress. At the close of the year 1777 
 he resigned his seat, leaving behind a 
 character for the purest patriotism and 
 unwavering resolution. In the year 1779 
 many of the southern plantations were 
 ravaged* and that of Mr. Middleton did 
 not escape. On the surrender of Charles- 
 ton he was taken prisoner and kept in 
 confinement for nearly a year. In 1781 he 
 was appointed a representative to Con- 
 gress, and again in 1782. In the latter 
 vear he went into retirement, and died, in 
 1787. 
 
 MILLER, PHILIP, an eminent gardener 
 and botanist, was born, in 1691, in Scot- 
 land, and is said to have succeeded his 
 father, in 1722, as gardener to the Apoth- 
 ecaries' Company. It is, however, doubt- 
 ful whether his father ever held the situation. 
 Miller was a correspondent of Linnaeus, 
 and a member of the Royal Society. 
 Foreigners denominated him the Prince of 
 Gardening. He died in 1771. Besides 
 hi? great production, The Gardener's Dic- 
 tionary, he wrote The Gardener's Calen- 
 dar ; The G& dener's a id Florist's Dic- 
 tionary ; and some other works. 
 
 MILLER, JAMES WILLIAM, an Amer- 
 ican poet, and miscellaneous writer, passed 
 his early life in a variety of different 
 pursuits, without being able to fix himself 
 permanently in any occupation. He pur- 
 ued for a while the study of law, and 
 subsequently engaged in literary pursuits 
 'n Boston, where he met with disappoint- 
 ments and was worn by disquietude. He 
 left his native country for the West Indies 
 in 1828, where he obtained a grant of land 
 from the Spanish government, and died in 
 17 
 
 Dr. Mitchill and Dr. Smith established the 
 Medical Repository. In 1807 he wa* 
 elected professor of the practice of physic 
 in the university of New-York, and in 
 1809 clinical lecturer in the New-York 
 hospital. He died in 1812. His medical 
 treatises have been collected and published 
 in one volume. 
 
 MILLEVOYE, CHARLES HUBERT, a 
 French poet, was born, in 1782, at Abbe- 
 ville; studied at Mazarin College, Paris; 
 displayed poetical talents at the age of 
 
 thirteen; and died in 1816. 
 form four octavo volumes. 
 
 His works 
 Millevoye 
 
 excels in elegiac composition. Many of 
 his pieces are characterized by great feel 
 
 an eminent 
 
 ing, elegance, and animation. 
 
 MILLIN, AUBIN Louis, 
 archaeologist and naturalist, was born, in 
 1759, at Paris, and entered the ecclesiasti- 
 cal profession, but soon abandoned it for 
 literature; and, being a man of fortune, he 
 was not compelled to endure the misery of 
 writing for bread. In 1794 he succeeded 
 Barthelemi as keeper of the cabinet of 
 medal.?. Part of his time was spent in 
 travelling in Italy and the south of France, 
 and he published accounts of his tours. 
 Millin was one of the founders of the 
 Linnaean Society at Paris. Among his 
 numerous works may be mentioned, Ele- 
 ments of Natural History; National Anti- 
 quities ; Ancient inedited Monuments ; 
 Dictionary of the Fine Arts ; Etruscan 
 Vases and Paintings; and Introduction to 
 Archaeology. Millin also conducted the 
 Encyclopedic Magazine from 1792 to 1816. 
 
 MtLLOT, CLAUDE FRANCIS XAVIER, 
 a French historian, was born, in 1726, at 
 Ornans, in Franche Comte; studied at the 
 Jesuits' College, and entered into the 
 order, but quitted it in consequence of 
 being illiberally treated; was successively 
 professor of history at Parma, and tutor 
 
 to the duke of En 
 
 >ry at r ar 
 ghein; an 
 
 d died in 1785 
 
 Among his works are, Elements of the 
 History of England of France and ~,f 
 Ancient and Modern History; and a Lite- 
 rary History of the Troubadours. 
 
 MILLS, CHARLES, an historian, wa* 
 born, in 1788, at Croom's Hill, Green- 
 wich, and was educated at a private school. 
 On the foundation which he had thus laid, 
 he, by solitary and persevering study, raised 
 the fabric of extensive knowledge. He 
 served his time at clerk to a tolicitor, ant 
 
886 Mil. 
 
 Became thoroughly \ersed in the jaw; but 
 he at length relinquished his legal pursuits 
 for others winch were more OOBgenial. In 
 1817 he published his Hi.-tory of Muham- 
 medemsm. It was succeeded by the His- 
 tory of the Crusades ; the Travels of Theo- 
 dore Ducas ; and the History of Chivalry: 
 and he was fast rising into nine, when his 
 career was rut short by a tedious and 
 painful disorder, which terminated his 
 existence on the 9th of October, 1826. 
 
 MILIS'ER, JOHN, an eminent catholic 
 thjologian and antiquary, whose real name 
 was Miller, was born, in 1752, in London; 
 was educated at the schools of Sedgely 
 Park and Edgbaston, and at Douay; and, 
 after having been a priest at Winchester, 
 was appointed, in 1S03, vicar apostolic in 
 the midland district, with the title of bishop 
 of Catalba. In 1814 he visited Rome. 
 He remained there for twelve months, and 
 had frequent audiences with Pope Pius 
 VII. He died April 19, 1826. Of all 
 the advocates of the catholic church, no 
 one has displayed more learning and acute- 
 ness than Milner. Proofs of this will be 
 seen in his Letters to a Prebendary ; The 
 F.3d of Religious Controversy ; and his 
 otiier controversial treatises. As an anti- 
 quary he fully established his character by 
 the History of Winchester; Dissertation 
 on the modern Stvle of altering Cathedrals; 
 and Treatise on" the Ecclesiastical Archi- 
 tecture of England during the Middle 
 Ages. He was a fellow of the Antiqua- 
 rian Society, and contributed many learned 
 papers to the Archacologia. 
 
 MILTIADES, an illustrious Athenian 
 general, nephew of the king of Thrace, 
 flourished in the fifth century B. c. Among 
 his first exploits were the reduction of the 
 Chersonesus, and of Lemnos, and the Cy- 
 ciades. When the Persians invaded Greece, 
 Miltiades was at the head of the army 
 which gained, B. c. 490, the glorious vic- 
 tory of Marathon. But, shortly after, 
 having failed in an attempt upon Paros, 
 his grateful countrymen accused him of 
 treason ; a heavy fine was imposed upon 
 him; and the hero died in prison, B. c. 
 489, of the wounds which he had received 
 iu fighting for Grecian independence. 
 
 MILTON, JOHN, the Homer of Britain, 
 was born, Dec. 9, 1608, in Bread Street, 
 in London, and was educated at St. Paul's 
 Schoo., and Christ's College, Cambridge. 
 After he quitted the university he passed 
 five jears of studious retirement at his 
 father's house at Horton, in Buckingham- 
 shire; during which period he produced 
 Comu?, Lyeidas, and some of his other 
 poems. In 1638 he went to France, 
 wtence ha proceeded to Italy. On his 
 return, after an absence of fifteen months, 
 M opened an academv at Aldersgate Street, 
 ftod began also to take a part in the cou- 
 
 BIIN 
 
 troversies of the time. He married i 
 1643, but so scanty was his nuptial felicity, 
 
 his wife leaving him to return to her pir 
 cuts in the course of a month, that be 
 was stimulated to write his treatise on 
 Divorce, and to take measures for pro- 
 curing another helpmate. On her becoming 
 penitent, however, he not only received 
 her again, but gave her royalist'father and 
 brothers an asylum in his house. He en- 
 tered twice more into the marriage state. 
 The zeal with which, in his Tenure of 
 Kings and Magistrates, he vindicated the 
 execution of Charles I. induced the Council 
 of State to appoint him Latin secretary, 
 and he thus became, in a manner, the 
 literary champion of the popular cause. 
 Ifl behalf of that cause he published his 
 Iconoclastes, in answer to the Icon Basi- 
 like, and his two Defences of the People 
 of England against the libels of Salmasius 
 and Du Moulin. Tn the execution of this 
 " noble task," as he calls it, he lost his 
 sight; his previous weakness of the eyes 
 terminating in gutta serena. At the Re- 
 storation he remained concealed for a while, 
 but the interest of his friends, particularly 
 of Marvell and Davenant, soon enabled him 
 to reappear in safety. The rest of his life 
 was spent in retirement, employed partly 
 in the composition of that noble work 
 which he had long meditated, and by which 
 he at once immortalized his name, a'nd shed 
 a lustre over his country. The. Paradise 
 Lost appeared in 1667. The Maecenas of 
 a bookseller paid him five pounds for the 
 first edition of thirteen hundred copies, and 
 liberally agreed to pay ten more, upon the 
 sale of two subsequent H' uions of equal 
 magnitude! Tl'*" *\>.radise Regained, 
 Samson 4^n<et,, and The History of 
 Britain, w?re among h hucst productions 
 He died November o, 1674. 
 
 MIND, -'TO^KREY, a painter, the pupi' 
 of Freudenberger, was ls"vn, in 1768, at 
 Berne; where, also, ii* jied in 1814. His 
 fondness for }i teline race was unbounded 
 From the vwcuracy and spirit with whicl 
 he delineated every altitude and peculiarity 
 of thi .ace of animal.-, ~ti wan called tbii 
 Raphael of cats. 
 
MIR 
 
 MINOT, GEORGK RICHARDS, an 
 American historian, was born in 1758, was 
 educated at Harvard College, and pursued 
 the profession of the law. His chief pro- 
 durtion is a Continuation of Hutchison's 
 History of Massachusetts in two volumes. 
 He died in 1802. 
 
 MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETTI, 
 marquis de, a prolific French writer of the 
 tect of the political economists, was born, 
 in 1719, at i'erthuis, and died in 1790. 
 As a private character he was deserving 
 of reprobation for his vices; as an author 
 he was equally so, for his obscurity, affecta- 
 tion, and vanity. Of his works the prin- 
 cipal are, The Friend of Men ; The Theory 
 of Taxation; and Rural Philosophy. 
 
 MIRABEAU, HONORIUS GABRIEL 
 RIQUETTI, count de, one of the most 
 celebrated characters of the French revolu- 
 tion, was the son of the foregoing, and was 
 born, in 1749, at Bignon, near Nemours. 
 Of his early life much was spent in ex- 
 cesses, in prison, or in obscure, and some- 
 times licentious, labours of the pen. Seven- 
 teen lettres de cachet were obtained against 
 him by his father, who seems to have de- 
 lighted in persecuting him. In 1784 he 
 visited London, and he was afterwards 
 sent to Berlin, by Calonne, on a secret 
 mission. The revolution opened for him 
 the path to fame, and, as he had reason to 
 hope, to fortune and power also. Rejected 
 by the nobles, he was chosen as a deputy 
 to the states-general by the commons of 
 Aix. In this new capacity, his extraor- 
 dinary eloquence, his talent, and his bold- 
 ness, soon gave him irresistible weight in 
 the assembly, and rendered him the idol 
 of the people. At length, apprehensive 
 that the existence of monarchy itself was 
 becoming endangered, he entered into a 
 treaty with the court, to use his influence 
 in stopping the progress of the republican 
 designs. Before, however, he could carry 
 his intentions into effect, a sudden illness 
 terminated his existence, April 2, 179.1. 
 His remains were honoured with a public 
 funeral, and deposited in the Pantheon; 
 whence, only two years later, they were 
 by the mob, and scattered" to the 
 
 winds! Among his works are, a Treatise 
 on Lettres de Cachet; On the Prussian 
 Monarchy under Frederic the Great; Secret 
 History of the Court of Berlin; and Let- 
 ters to his Constituents. 
 
 MIRANDA, PRAXIS, a general, was 
 born, about 1750, in Peru; quitted his 
 country on the discovery of a plan which 
 he had concerted to liberate it from the 
 Spanish voke; fought under the banners 
 of republican France, in 1792 and 1793; 
 succeeded in bringing about a revolution 
 in Venezuela, in 1811, but finally fell into 
 the handf of the Spaniards; and died a 
 prisoner at CadJ/, in 1816. Miranda was 
 
 MOL 
 
 SSI 
 
 a persevering, brave, and well Informed 
 man. 
 
 MITCHILL, SAMU EL L., a celebrated 
 physician, was born in the year 1763, and 
 was for a great number of years professor 
 of various branches in the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons of New York. He 
 was elected to the assembly of New York 
 soon after the revolution, and was after- 
 wards a senator in Congress and colleague 
 of De Witt Clinton. He was a man of 
 immense acquisitions, and his labours are 
 dispersed through many volumes. He was 
 a member of most of the philosophical so- 
 cieties of any note in Europe and his native 
 country. He died in 1831. 
 
 MITFORD, WILLIAM, an historian 
 and philologist, was born, in 1734, in Lon- 
 don; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, 
 and the Middle Temple; became colonel 
 of the Hampshire militia, and M. P. for 
 Newport, in Cornwall, Beeralston, and 
 New Romney; and died in 1827. His 
 principal works are,The History of Greece ; 
 and An Essay on the Harmony of Lan- 
 guage. 
 
 MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, sur- 
 named the Great, succeeded to the throne, 
 B. c. 123, in his eleventh year. His life 
 was one long struggle against the tyranni- 
 cal ascendancy of Rome. He inflicted 
 frequent defeats on the Romans, but was 
 at length expelled from his kingdom by 
 Pompey, and put an end to his own exist- 
 ence, B. c. 64. 
 
 MOESER, JUSTUS, an eminent German 
 author, was born, in 1720, at Osnaburgh; 
 was educated at Jena and Gottingen; be- 
 came a popular advocate, and counsellor 
 of justice; and died in 1794. Moeser was 
 called the German Franklin. Among his 
 numerous works are, Patriotic Ideas, in 
 four volumes; Arminius, a tragedy; a 
 History of Osnaburgh; and Miscellanies. 
 
 MOHAMMED BEN ABD AL WA- 
 HAB, SHEIK, the founder of the sect of 
 the Wahabites, was born in Arabia, about 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century, in 
 the tribe of Temim, and claimed descent 
 from Mahomet. Having studied the mus- 
 sulman theology and jurisprudence at Me- 
 dina, and being a man of talent and elo- 
 quence, he set up for a reformer of islamiam. 
 His progress at first was slow, but hi 
 ultimately succeeded in spreading his doc- 
 trines widely, and establishing his power. 
 He died at an advanced age 
 
 MOLE', MATTHEW, a French magis- 
 trate, remarkable for his probity and cour- 
 age, was born, in 1584, in the capital of 
 France; became president of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and keeper of the stals; 
 displayed great strength o' mind and per- 
 sonal bravery amidst the oerils to which 
 he was exposed in a civi. war; and died 
 in 1656, " If it were not a iort of bU- 
 
88 MON 
 
 pheiny (sa> i Cardinal de Retz) to affirm 
 thjU there lias l)een in our limp ;\ man more 
 intrepid than the great Gustavus or the 
 prince of Cond -, I Mould declare that man 
 to be M. M..1 ." 
 
 MOLIERE, JOHN P, \PTIST, a relc- 
 brated French comic writer, whose real 
 name was POUULLl.N, was born, in 1622, 
 
 at Paris ; was the son of an upholsterer and M on jje was the creator of descriptive ge- 
 
 de CMmbre to the king; was edu- 
 
 cattd at Clement College In 
 
 Jesuits; 
 
 studied the law at Orleans, and was in- 
 tended for a barrister, but was diverted 
 from the bar bv hi* fondness for the stugr. 
 That fondness he first indulged in private 
 theatres; then, changing 1 his name, he be- 
 came a provincial actor, and began also to 
 display his dramatic powers as an author. 
 In 1658 he established hi? theatrical com- 
 pany at Paris, and in 1665 he was taken 
 into the service of Louis XIV. aid pen- 
 sioned. He now brought forward all his 
 best pieces, and his fame as a writer of 
 comedy was spread throughout Europe. 
 But though he was in possession of afflu- 
 ence and reputation, though he was patron- 
 ised and esteemed by his sovereign, and 
 lived in habits of friendship with men of 
 genius and rank, Moliere was far from 
 being happy; his health was in a languish- 
 ing state, and his domestic circumstances 
 were fraught with discomfort. He died in 
 1673. His works form eight volumes. 
 
 MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, 
 lord, a learned but eccentric writer, was 
 born, in 1714, at Monboddo, in Scotland, 
 and was educated at Aberdeen and Gron- 
 ingen. In 1738 he was admitted an advo- 
 cate, and, in 1767, was raised to the bench. 
 He died May 26, 1799. Lord Monboddo 
 was an excellent Greek scholar and meta- 
 physician, but his whimsies threw a shade 
 over his merits. He held modern learning 
 in utter contempt, and believed in satyrs, 
 mermaids, and the relationship of the hu- 
 man and monkey races. He wrote Ancient 
 Metaphysics; and An Essay on the Origin 
 and Progress of Language. 
 
 MONGE, CASPAR, an eminent French 
 geometrician, was born, in 1746, at Berume ; 
 displayed profound mathematical talents 
 a. an early age; taught physics and mathe- 
 matics at the military school of Mezleres; 
 and, in 1780, became a member of the 
 Academy of Sciences. In 1793 he was 
 
 mm 
 
 all his employments, and, in 1618, WM 
 excluded from the Institute. Grief aod 
 age combined to weaken his faculties, and 
 he died, almost in a state of imbecility, in 
 1818. Of his works the principal "are, 
 Descriptive Geometry; the Application of 
 Analysis to the Geometry of Surfaces, 
 and an Elementary Treatise on Statics. 
 
 ometry. 
 
 MONK, GEORGE, duke of Albemarle, 
 the son of Sir Thomas Monk, was born, 
 in 1608, at Potheridge, in Devonshire; en- 
 tered the army early, and, after having 
 served in various quarters, espoused the 
 cause of Charles I. and was made governor 
 of Dublin. He was taken by the Parlia- 
 ment troops at Nantwich, and committed 
 to the Tower, where he wrote his Obser- 
 vations on Military and Political Affairs. 
 After having been confined for three years, 
 he accepted a commission from the parlia- 
 ment, and was employed in Ireland and in 
 Scotland. In 1653 he was transferred to 
 the naval service, and, in conjunction with 
 Blake and Dean, he twice defeated the 
 Dutch fleet. On peace being restored, he 
 returned to the chief command in Scotland. 
 By means of the army which was under 
 Sis orders he succeeded in restoring Charles 
 II.; for which he was rewarded with the 
 order of the garter, and the dukedom of 
 Albemarle. His last exploit was his three 
 days desperate engagement with the Dutch 
 fleet in 1666. He died in 1670. 
 
 MONROE, JAMES, president of the 
 United States, was born, in Virginia, in 
 1759, and was educated in William and 
 Mary college. He entered the revolution- 
 ary war in 1776 as a cadet, was at thr 
 battles of Haerlem Heights and White 
 Plains, and in the attack on Trenton, and 
 rose througn the rank of lieutenant to that 
 of captain. He was present at the battles 
 of Brandywi.ie, Germanto*vn, and Mon- 
 mouth, as aid f.o Lord Sterling. Resuming 
 the study of the law, he entered the office 
 of Mr. Jefierson,and after being a member 
 of the assembly of Virginia and the coun- 
 cil, he wa elected in 1783, a member of 
 the old Congress. In 1790 he was elected 
 a member of the senate of the United 
 States, in 1794 went as minister plenipo- 
 tentiary to France, and in 1799 was ap- 
 pointed governor of Virginia. In 1803 
 
 for a short time minister of the marine, he was appointed minister extraordinary 
 
 to France, in the same year minister to 
 
 ind acted as substitute for the war minis- 
 ter. In 1796 he was employed in Italy; 
 and, in 1798, accompanied Bonaparte to 
 Egypt, where he was chosen president of 
 Jie'lnstitute of Cairo. Under the imperial 
 government, he was made a senator and 
 count of Pelusium. Napoleon also gave 
 him an estate in Westphalia, and a present 
 of two hundred thousand francs. On the 
 turn of the Bourbons he was deprived of 
 
 London, and in the next ninisterto Spain. 
 
 In 1806 he was 
 
 again 
 
 . Willi 
 
 appointed in con- 
 
 junction with Mr. William Pinkney, min 
 ister to London. He wa? subsequent.}- 
 governor of Virginia; in 1811 was ap- 
 pointed secretary of state, and continued 
 to exercise the duties of this department, 
 and for some time those of the department 
 of war, till 1817. In that year ne WM 
 
MON 
 
 dloaen presi lent of the Union, and ir. 182 
 was re-elected by a vote, unanimous, with 
 the single exception of one vote in New 
 Hampshire. He died in New York, on 
 the fmirtn of July. 1831. 
 
 MONRO, ALEXANDER, professor of 
 anatomy, was born in 1732, and died i 
 1817. Among his works are, Observations 
 on (he Nervous Svstem; Outlines of the 
 Anatomy of the Human Body; The 
 Structure of Physiology of Fishes; and t 
 Description of the Burs-.e Mucosse. His 
 brother, DONALD, a physician, wrote a 
 Treatise on Medical and Pharmaceutica 
 Chemistry; Memoirs of lis Father; anc 
 Observations on the Means of preserving 
 the Health of Soldiers. 
 
 MONTAGU, Lady MARY WORTLEY, 
 a beauty, a wit, and an elegant writer, was 
 born, about 1690, at Thoresby, in Notting- 
 hamshire, and was the eldest daughter of 
 the duke of Kingston. She was carefully 
 educated, and manifested precocious tal- 
 ents. In 1712 she married Mr. Wortley 
 Montagu, and in 1716 she accompaniejd him 
 on his embassy to Constantinople. To this 
 journey we are indebted for her admirable 
 Letters, and for the introduction of inocu- 
 lation into England, the efficacy and safety 
 of which she first tried upon her own son. 
 After her return, in 1718, she shone con- 
 spicuously in the circles of talent and 
 fashion. Pope was among her friends, or 
 rather lie was her lover, but he at length 
 quarrelled wuh and libelled her. In 1739, 
 her declining health induced her to settle 
 on the continent; whence, however, she 
 returned in 1761. She died in the follow- 
 ing year. Her collected works have been 
 published in six volumes. Her poems are 
 light and spirited, but often incorrect; her 
 Letters place her at the head of female 
 epistolary writers in Great Britain, and 
 leave her few rivals in other countries. 
 
 MONTAGU, EDWARD WORTLEY, the 
 ion of the foregoing, was born, in 1713; 
 was elected a member of parliament in 
 1747; and died in 1776. Hi.s character 
 vr,\s full of eccentricity. He ran away 
 fron; Westminster School, and be- 
 
 MO.N 3*1 
 
 came a chimney sweep , a fishmonger'* 
 boy, a cabin boy, and a nule driver; aod 
 in his latter days he nr.arried a washer- 
 woman, wandered through the East, and, 
 after hav ing been a Roman catholic, ended 
 by apostatizing to Mahometanism. He 
 wrote Reflections on the Rise and Fall of 
 the Ancient Republics; and some papers 
 in the Philosophical Transactions. 
 
 MONTAGU. See HALIFAX am* 
 SANDWICH. 
 
 MONTAIGNE, MICHAEL DE, a cele- 
 brated French essayist, was born, in 1533, 
 at the castle of Montaigne, in Perigord. 
 The utmost care was taken in his education. 
 Latin and Greek he acquired by their 
 being constantly spoken to him in his 
 childhood. He finished his studies at 
 Guienne College in Bordeaux. About 1554 
 lie became one of the counsellors of the 
 parliament of Bordeaux. He was twice 
 mayor of Bordeaux; took a part in the 
 assembly of the States of Blois; and re- 
 ceived the order of Saint Michael from 
 Charles IX. In 1580 and 1581, he visited 
 jrermany, Switzerland, and Italy. His 
 Essays were begun about 1572, and the 
 irst edition was published in 1580. He 
 died in 1592. Hid Essays, of which in- 
 numerable editions have appeared, and 
 which must always retain their popularity, 
 lave been twice translated into English. 
 
 MONTALEMBERT, MARK RENF, 
 marquis de,a French general, was born, in 
 L714, at Angouleme; entered the army 
 early in life, and made several campaigns"; 
 vas attached to the Russian and Swedish 
 taff, during the seven years' war, as the 
 military agent of the French government; 
 assisted Carnot with his advice during the 
 first part of the revolutionary war; and 
 died in 1800. Montalembert is the in- 
 ventor of a new system of fortification, 
 vhich has given rise to much controversy. 
 ~ts principles are explained in his Per- 
 rendicular Fortification, or the Defensive 
 Art superior to the Offensive, in eleven vol- 
 unes. quarto. 
 
 MONTECUCULI, RAYMOND, one of 
 he greatest generals of the seventeenth 
 entury, was born, in 1609, of a noblt 
 
390 MON 
 
 family tn the Modenese It wtts in the 
 thirty years' war, and in the Imperial ser- 
 vice, that he first held a command, and 
 displayed his superior talents. In 1657 
 he was sent, with an auxiliary force, to 
 the assistance of the king of Poland, and, 
 soon after, to that of the king of Denmark. 
 In 1664 lie gained a splendid victory at 
 
 St. Gothard, over the Turkish army 
 1675 and 1676, he commanded 
 
 In 
 the 
 
 Rhine, and foiled all the efforts of Turenne 
 and the prince of Conde by his master!} 
 manoeuvres. He died in 1681. He is the 
 author of Memoirs on Military Affaire; 
 and a Treatise on the Art of Reigning. 
 
 MOO 
 
 Quebec in 1775 He was ar. officer ol 
 much energy and valour. 
 
 .MONTI," VINC-K.VT, one of the most eel 
 rbrated poets of modern Italy, and one of 
 the most versatile of men in his po.itica 
 principles, was born, about 1753, at Fusig- 
 nana, in the duchy of I'Yrrara. I le began 
 by being a violent partisan of the papa 
 government, and enemy 
 became a republican, and 
 
 MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES DE SE- 
 CONDAT, baron de, an illustrious French 
 writer and magistrate, was born v in 1689, 
 at the castle of Brede, near Bordeaux; 
 oecame counsellor of the parliament of 
 Bordeaux in 1714, and in 1716 succeeded 
 his uncle as president a mortier. His first 
 published work was his Persian Letters, 
 which appeared in 1721. In 1726 he relin- 
 quished his office, in order to devote him- 
 self to literature. He then travelled over 
 a considerable part of the continent, and 
 visited England, where he resided for two 
 years. On his return he retired to the 
 castle of Brede. His two principal works, 
 On the Greatness and Decline of the Ro- 
 mans ; and The Spirit of Laws ; the former 
 given to the world in 1734, and the latter 
 in 1748, were the result of his long studies 
 and meditations. He died in 1755. Burke 
 characterizes hiiii as " a genius not born 
 in every country, or every time; a man 
 gifted by nature with a penetrating aqui- 
 line eye; with si judgment prepared with 
 the most extensive erudition ; with a Her- 
 culean robustness of mind, and nerves not 
 to be broken with labour." 
 
 MONTGOMERY, RICHARD, a major 
 general in the army of the American revo- 
 lution, was born hi Ireland in 1737. He 
 entered the British army, and fought with 
 Wolle at the siege of Quebec in 1759. He 
 Fiibsequenily left the army and settled in 
 New York. Joining the cause of the col- 
 
 \pol 
 
 f the FiVnch; 
 next a paneg\r- 
 
 ist of Napoleon ; and ended by ofleimj 
 his incense to the emperor of Austria. He 
 
 died in 1828. In his 
 
 illiana he 
 
 proves 
 
 himself no unworthy disi'iple of Dante. 
 Among his other works are, The Bard of 
 the Black Forest; and the tragedies ,f 
 Galeotto Manfredo, Aristodemns, and Caivis 
 Gracchus. One of hie last labours was of 
 an unpoetical kind: it consisted in re- 
 moulding the Delia Crusca Dictionary. 
 
 MONTMOREN CI , A N N r. i> K , constable 
 and marshal of France, was born, in 1493, 
 at Chantilli, and was mortally wounded 
 at the battle of St. Denis, in 1567. From 
 his early youth he was remarkable for his 
 va.our, and he acquired renown on nu- 
 merous occasions; but his most splendid 
 achievement was his saving France, in 
 1536, when Charles V. invaded Provence 
 with a formidable army. By his prudence 
 and skill at that period he gained the title 
 of the French Fabius. 
 
 MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, mar- 
 quis of, a royalist general, a descendant 
 from the royal family of Scotland, served 
 in the Scotch guards, in France, and 
 joined the covenanters after his return 
 home. He soon, however, changed sides, 
 acted with great zeal for Charlen I., and 
 gained the battles of Perth, Aberdeen, and 
 Inverlochy. Being defeated by Lesley, in 
 1645, he was compelled to leave the king- 
 dom. In 1650 he made another attempt 
 o raise the standard of royality, but was 
 speedily taken prisoner, and was executed 
 in the 21st of May in that year. 
 
 MOODY, PAUL, a celebrated mechanic, 
 was born in Essex countv, Massachusetts, 
 about the year 1780, and was for some time 
 the employment of Jacob Perkins, of 
 \e\vburyport. He was the head mechanic 
 jf the manufacturing establishments at 
 Waltham, and subsequently of the great 
 manufactories at Lowell, where he died 
 uddenly, in July, 1831. 
 
 MOORE, EDWARD, a poet, and miscel- 
 aneous writer, was born, in 1712, at 
 Abingdon, in Berkshire, and quitted the 
 business of a linen draper in London, to 
 ssume the literary character. He died 
 n 1757. Moore conducted The World, to 
 vhich many men of talent and fashion 
 vere contributors. His poem.--, the prin- 
 cipal of which are Fables for the Female 
 
 onies, he waj appointed a general in the! Sex, have considerable elegance. Hi* 
 orthern army, and fell at the u.vault oiJooroediec of Gil Bias and the Fonudlinf 
 
HOB 
 
 were unsuccessful; but his tragedy of 
 The Gamester is still represented with ap- 
 plause. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN, a miscellaneous writer, 
 was born, in 1730, at Stirling; studied 
 medicine and surgery, at Glasgow; and 
 was succerrfc jvely a surgeon's mate in the 
 Netherlands, and surgeon to the English 
 ambassador at Paris. In 1772 he took 
 his degree as a physician ; after which he 
 pent five years in travelling upon the 
 continent with the duke of Hamilton. On 
 his return lie settled in London, and he 
 died in 1802. As an author he enjoyed 
 considerable popularity. He wrote three 
 novels, Zeluco, Edward, and Mordaunt, 
 the first of which is superior to the others; 
 A View of Society, &c. in France, Swit- 
 zerland, and Germany; in Italy; and of 
 the French Revolution 
 
 MOORE, Sir JOHN, a general, the 
 eldest son of the foregoing, was born, in 
 176.1, at Glasgow; entered the army at 
 the age of fifteen as an ensign ; and dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Calvi, 
 the capture of St. Lucia, and on various 
 occasions in Ireland, Holland, and Egypt; 
 in the course of which services he received 
 several wounds. On his return from Egypt 
 be was made a knight of the Bath. In 
 1808 he commanded the forces sent to 
 assist the king of Sweden; towards the 
 close of the same year he was placed at 
 the head of the army in Spain ; and he fell 
 gloriously, on the 16th of January, 1809, 
 at the battle of Corunna. 
 
 MORATIN, NICHOLAS FERDINAND, 
 a Spanish poet and dramatist, who was a 
 Barrister, and died in 1780, endeavoured 
 to assimilate the Spanish comic theatre to 
 the strict lules of the French. He wrote 
 three tragedies; a comedy; Diana, or the 
 Art of Hunting; and other poems. 
 
 MORATIN, LEANDER FERDINAND, 
 son of the foregoing, a Spanish dramatist, 
 who is called the Moliere of Spain, was 
 born, about 1760, at Madrid; was obliged 
 to quit his native country in consequence 
 of having been a partisan of Joseph Bona- 
 parte; and died at Paris, in 1828. He 
 wrote several comedies; and, as a theatri- 
 cal writer, is superior to his father. 
 
 MORDAUNT. See PETERBOROUH. 
 
 MORE, Sir THOMAS, chancellor of 
 E.gland, the son of a judge, was born, in 
 1480, in Milk Street, London, and was 
 educatea in i\e family of Cardinal Morton, 
 who used to predict More's future emi- 
 nence. He completed his studies at Christ 
 Church, then Canterbury College, Oxford, 
 and at Linco-.n's Inn. lie early obtained 
 a seat in parliament, and on more than 
 one occasion displayed an independent 
 ipirit- In 1523 he was chosen spenker. 
 He was much in favour with Henry VIII. 
 whc, after having given him snme im- 
 
 MOR 
 
 391 
 
 portant offices, raised him to vhe lord 
 chancellorship, in 1530, in the place of 
 
 Wolsey. This high office he filled fo r 
 three years with the utmost talent and 
 integrity. He resigned the seals, becaus 
 he could not conscientiously lend his sup- 
 port to the measures of Henry with respect 
 to religion and the divorce of Catherine 
 of Arragon. For this, the implacable 
 tyrant devoted him to death, and he was 
 b'eheaded in 1535. His humour and pleas- 
 antry did not desert him even In his last 
 moments. The virtue of tolerance xvas 
 alone wanting to render More an almost 
 perfect character. Of his works the most 
 celebrated is the Utopia, a political ro- 
 mance. 
 
 MORE, HENRY, a divine and platonic 
 philosopher, was born, in 1614, at Grant- 
 ham; was educated at Eton, and Christ's 
 College, Cambridge; refused the highest 
 preferments ; and died, universally be- 
 loved, in 1687. His works, in which are 
 many fine passages, form two folio volumes 
 As a poet, he is known by his Pyschozoia, 
 or Song of the Soul, in which, though it 
 is often obscure and prosaic, there is much 
 poetical imagery. 
 
 MOREAU.JoHN VICTOR, one of the 
 most celebrated of modern French gener- 
 als, was born, in 1763, at Morlaix, and 
 was brought up to the bar. The army, 
 however, was the profession of his choice, 
 and he entered a regiment before he was 
 eighteen, but was taken from it by bis 
 father. The revolution enabled him to 
 gratify his wishes, and he made his first 
 campaign under Dumourier, in 1792. He 
 gained the rank of brigadier general in 
 
 1793, and that of general of division in 
 
 1794. lu the latter year he commanded 
 the right wing of Pichegru's army, and 
 obtained great successes in the Nether- 
 lands. In 1796 he was placed at the head 
 of the army of the Rhine. In that year 
 he distinguished himself by penetrating 
 into Bavaria, and by his masterly retneat 
 before a superior force; in 1797, by his 
 passage of the Rhine; and in 1800, by his 
 campaign in Gcrmnny, crowned by the 
 decisive victory n" Moh.nlindc!!. Haviitg 
 
fltl 
 
 MOR 
 
 engaged with Pichegru, Georget, and other 
 royalists, in a plot against the consular 
 government, he was brought to trial, in 
 1804, and sentenced to two years imprison- 
 ment, but was allowed to retire to North 
 America. There he remained till 1813, 
 when lie was prevailed upon to join the 
 allied sovereigns, and appear in arms 
 against his country. He was, however, 
 mortally wounded at the battle of Dresden, 
 and died on the 1st of September, 1813. 
 
 MORERl, LEWIS, the first author of 
 the Dict'onary which bears his name, was 
 born, in 1643, at Bargemont, in Provence; 
 was educated at Draguignan, Aix, and 
 Lyons; took orders, and oecame almoner 
 to the bishop of Apt; and died in 1680, 
 from a disease brought on by excessive lit- 
 erary exertion. The Dictionary to which 
 he owes his reputation was published in 
 1673, in one volume folio; it has since 
 been extended to ten volumes. 
 
 MORETO Y CABANA, AUGUSTIN, 
 a Spanish dramatic poet of the seventeenth 
 century, a contemporary of Calderon, was 
 patronised by Philip IV. and entered into 
 the ecclesiastical state on ceasing to write 
 for the stage. He wrote six and thirty 
 comedies; from two of which Moliere bor- 
 rowed hints for his Princess of Elis and 
 School for Husbands'. 
 
 MORGAGNI, JOHN BAPTIST, an emi- 
 nent Italian anatomist and physician, was 
 born, in 1682, at Forli ; studied at Bolog- 
 na; became successively professor of theo- 
 retical medicine and of anatomy at Padua ; 
 was honoured by the king of Sardinia and 
 several popes; was a member of various 
 learned bodies; and died in 1771. His 
 works, which are much valued, form five 
 volumes folio. 
 
 MORGAN, 
 
 officer in the army of the American revo- 
 lution, was born in New Jersey, and re- 
 moved to Virginia in 1755. He enlisted 
 in Braddock's expedition as a private sol- 
 dier, and on the defeat of that general 
 returned to his occupation as a farmer. At 
 the commencement of the revolution he was 
 appointed to the command of a troop of 
 horse, and joined the army under Wash- 
 ington, then in the neighbourhood of Bus- 
 ton. He distinguished himself very much 
 
 1 ! ' * /"^ L 1 
 
 DAMET,, a distinguished 
 
 MOR 
 
 oon after resigned hia Commission. It 
 1794 he commanded the militia of Virginia 
 called out to suppress the insurrection in 
 Pennsylvania, and continued in the service 
 till 1795. He afterwards was e ected to a 
 seat in Congress. He died in 1799. 
 
 MORGAN, JOHN, an eminent Ameri- 
 can physician, was born in Philadelphia, 
 in 1735, and was educated at the college 
 in that city. He completed his medical 
 studies in Europe, and on his return in 
 1765 was elected professor of the theory 
 and practice of medicine in the medica 
 co lege in Philadelphia. In October 1775, 
 he was appointed chief physician to ihe 
 general hospitals of the American army, 
 but in 1775 was removed on account of 
 certain accusations which he afterward 
 proved to be entirely groundless He died 
 in 1789. He was the author of leveral 
 medical treatises. 
 
 MORISON, ROBERT, an eminent bot- 
 anist, was born, in 1620, at Aberdeen; 
 studied at the university there, and at Paris 
 and Angers; settled in England, in 1660; 
 and became king's physician, a fellow of 
 the college, and regius professor of bota- 
 ny; and died in 1683, professor of botany 
 at Oxford. His principal work is, Plan- 
 tarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis; 
 the second volume of which was published 
 by Bobart. 
 
 MORITZ, CHARLES PHILIP, a Ger 
 man writer, was born at Hameln, in 1757; 
 studied at Hanover, Erfurt, and Wittem- 
 berg; travelled in England, Switzerland, 
 and Italy; and died in 1793 Moritz was 
 a most eccentric character. In his novels 
 of Anthony Reiser and Andrew Hartknopf 
 he has drawn a portrait of some of his 
 own singularities and adventures. Among 
 his other works are, his Traveis in Eng- 
 land and Italy; The Antiquities of Rome; 
 and various grammatical and philological 
 productions. 
 
 MORLAND, GEORGE, a painter of 
 considerable talent, but irregular and de- 
 basing habits, was born, about the year 
 1764, in London, and was instructed by 
 his father. His works were exceedingly 
 popular, and he might have gained an am 
 pie fortune, had not his inveterate propcn 
 sity to intemperance and to low company 
 
 in the expedition against Quebec, where kept him always poor, and more than onca 
 he fell into the hands of the enemy. On . deprived him of his liberty. He died in 
 the exchange of prisoners, he rejoined the 
 
 Amen: can army, was appointed to the 
 com.nand of a select rifle corps, and de- 
 
 1804. 
 
 MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, ui eminen 
 statesman and orator, was born at Morris- 
 
 tached to assist general Gates on the north- ania, near the city of New York, in 1752. 
 ern frontier, where he contributed materi- ! was graduated at'King's Co!lefle in 1768, 
 a ly to the capture of general Burgoyne. and licensed to practice l?w in. 1771. In 
 After a short retirement from service, on 1775 he was a member of 'Ki nrovincia 
 
 account of ill health, he was appointed coogrCM "f New York, an.l \ ij cne of 
 wigadi^r general by brevet, and command- , the committee which drafted A \ ^titu- 
 td at the force by which cobnel Tarletun ti'>n for th;; state of New York. 
 nw routed at the kittle of Omvj>."!i<. lie }> wa* rho-^.i a d<:h-;j-ile tu the e 
 
MOR 
 
 ai cnres, and in the following year 
 wrote the celebrated Observations on the 
 American Revolution. % In 1781 le ac- 
 cepted the post of assistant superintendent 
 of finance, as colleague of Robert Morris; 
 and in 1787 was a member of the conven- 
 tion which framed the constitution of the 
 United States. In 1792 he was appointed 
 minister plenipotentiary to France, and 
 held this station till his recall by the re- 
 quest of the French government in 1794. 
 In 1800 he was elected a senator in Con- 
 gress, from the state of New York, and in 
 this body was very conspicuous for his 
 political information and his brilliant elo- 
 quence. Many of his speeches in congress 
 and orations have been published; and a 
 selection from his correspondence and oth- 
 er valuable papers, with a biographical 
 sketch, by Mr. Jared Sparks, was issued in 
 1832. 
 
 MORRIS, LEWIS, a signer of the dec- 
 .aration of independence, was born at the 
 manor of Morrisania, near the city of New 
 York, in 1726. He was educated at Yale 
 College, and took an early part in the 
 cause of the colonies. In 1775 he was 
 elected a delegate to the continental con- 
 gress, and while in this body served on 
 several of the most important committees. 
 His rich estates were laid waste by the 
 British army in 1776. He left congress in 
 1777, and died in 1798. Three of his sons 
 served with distinction in the revolutiona- 
 ry army. 
 
 MORRIS, ROBERT, a celebrated finan- 
 cier, was a native />f England, removed 
 with his father to America, at an early 
 age, and subsequently established himself 
 as a merchant in Philadelphia. In 1775 
 he was appointed a delegate to congress, 
 and signed the declaration of independence 
 in the following year. In 1781 he was ap- 
 pointe ! superintendent of finance, and ren- 
 dered incalculable service by his wealth 
 and credit during the exhausted state of 
 our public funds. It has been said, and 
 with much truth, that " the Americans 
 .owed, and still owe, as much acknowledg- 
 ment to the "mancial operations of Robert 
 Morris, as ? *he negociations of Benjamin 
 Franklin, or even to the arms of George 
 Washington." He was a member of the 
 convention which framed the constitution 
 of the United States in 1787, and after- 
 wards a senator in congress. In his old 
 age he lust his ample fortune, by unfortu- 
 nate land speculations, and passed the last 
 years of his life confined in prison for 
 debt He died in 1806. 
 
 MORTIMER, THOMAS, a miscellane- 
 ous writer, was born, in 1730, in London ; 
 was for some time vice consul in the Neth- 
 erlands; and died in 1809. Among his 
 works are, The British Plutarch; A Dic- 
 tionary of Trade and Commerce ; A Gen- 
 Hi 
 
 MOT 
 
 3U3 
 
 ral Dictionary of Commerce; The Cle- 
 ments of Commerce; and a History of 
 England. 
 
 MORTIMER, JOHN HAMILTON, a 
 painter, was born, in 1741, at Eastbourne, 
 in Sussex; was a pupil of Hudson, to 
 whom he was superior in talent; and dice 
 in 1779. Among his best historical pic- 
 tures are, The Battle of Agincourt ; Vorti- 
 gern and Rowena ; the signing of Magna 
 Charta; and St. Paul converting the Bri- 
 tons. Mortimer excelled in sketches of 
 banditti and terrific subjects. 
 
 MORTON, NATHANIEL, one of the 
 first settlers of Plymouth, New England, 
 and a magistrate of the colony, was the 
 author of a history of the church at Ply- 
 mouth, and of a volume called New Eng- 
 land's Memorial. This work was origin 
 ally published in 1669, and a new edition 
 of it has been recently issued. 
 
 MORTON, JOHN, a signer of the dec- 
 laration of American independence, was 
 born in the county of Chester, Pennsylva- 
 nia, was a member of the provincial as- 
 sembly of his native state, and in 1774 ap- 
 pointed a delegate to the continental con- 
 gress. He died in 1777. 
 
 MOSCHUS, a Greek bucolic poet, a 
 native of Syracuse, is believed to have 
 been a friend of Bion; though some imag- 
 ine him to have lived under the reign of 
 Ptolemy Philometer. His Idyls are among 
 the most beautiful specimens of ancient 
 pastoral poetry. 
 
 MOSHEIM, JOHN LAURENCE, a Ger- 
 man protestant theologian, was born, in 
 1695, at Lubeck, and, after having filled 
 professorships in Denmark and Brunswick, 
 died in 1755, professor of theology and 
 chancellor of the university of Gottmgen. 
 His sermons were much admired for their 
 pure, elegant, and mellifluous style. In 
 his private character he is said to have re- 
 sembled Fenelon. He wrote above a hun- 
 dred and sixty works, among which may 
 be mentioned, The Morality of the Holy 
 Scriptures; and an Ecclesiastical History, 
 the latter of which was translated by Mac- 
 laine. 
 
 MOTHE LE VAYER, FRANCIS v* 
 LA, a French philosopher and writer, wa 
 born, in 1588, at Paris*; quitted the .aw 
 for literature; was appointed preceptor to 
 the duke of Orleans, and afterwards cf 
 Louis XIV.; and died, in 1672, historio- 
 grapher of France, and a member of the 
 Royal Academy. His works, in which 
 there is nrich acuteness and learning con- 
 veyed in a faulty stvle, form fourteen vol- 
 I times. It was not till he was fifty that he 
 began to publish them. 
 
 MOTTE, ANTHONY HOUDAR, DK 
 I LA, an eminent French writer, was born, 
 I in 1672, at Paris. He was educated at 
 'the Jesuits' seminary, and was intended 
 
MOZ 
 
 MCR 
 
 for the law, but chose to become a draiirfU- 1 parts of Germany. He next visited France 
 i.M. The failure of his first piece. The England, and Italy, and was every where 
 
 Original.*, so liscouraged him that he 
 would have Ixv me a monk of La Trnppe 
 had not the ale de Kaucf dissuaded him. 
 Hi subsequent pieces were more success- 
 ful. In 1710, he was admitted a mcml>er 
 of tit" Academy. He was a fertile writer. 
 Am >ni( his works are, Odes, Eclogues, 
 Fables, and an abridged translation of the 
 Iliad, which he made without understand- 
 ing a word of Greek. His prose, hower- 
 er, was much superior to his verse. Dur- 
 ing the last twenty years of his life he was 
 blind. L:i Motte'd'ied in 1731. 
 
 MOTTKUX, PKTF.R ANTHONY, a 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1669; 
 
 settled in England after the revocation of 
 the edict of Mantz; obtained a situation in 
 the post office ; and was found dead in a 
 house of ill fame, in 1718. Motteux was 
 a perfect master of the English language. 
 He wrote nearly twenty dramatic pieces, 
 and translated Don Quixote and Raheh 
 
 received with enthusiasm. 
 
 tenth 
 
 year he applied himself strenuously to the 
 study of composition ; forming his taste on 
 the works of the most celebrated master*. 
 His first serious opera, Mithridates, which 
 ran for twenty nights, was produced in his 
 fifteenth year.' After having made a second 
 
 the last of which works Tytler considers journey to Paris, he entered into the ser 
 
 as a model of translation. 
 
 MOURAVIOF,Micn AEL NIKITJTSCH, 
 a Russian poet and miscellaneous writer, 
 was born, in 1757, at Smolensk; was pre- 
 ceptor to the sons of Catherine II.; was 
 appointed by Alexander a senator, privy 
 counsellor, and assistant to the minister for 
 the department of public instruction; and 
 died in 1807. A complete edition of his 
 works was published in 1820. 
 
 MOULTRIE, WILLIAM, a major gen- 
 eral in the army of the American revolution, 
 was born in England, but emigrated to South 
 Carolina at an early age. He served with 
 distinction in the Cherokee war in 1760, 
 and in its last campaign commanded a com- 
 pany. At the commencement of the revo- 
 lution, he was a member of the provincial 
 
 regi- 
 brave 
 
 congress, and a colonel of the secom 
 ment of South Carolina. For his 
 
 defence of Sullivan's Island in 1776, he 
 received the thanks of Congress, and the 
 fort was afterwards called by his name. 
 
 ice of the emperor of Germany, in which 
 he remained till his decease, on the 5th of 
 December, 1792. His last production was 
 his celebrated Requiem. Of his operas, 
 of which he composed twelve, (he princi- 
 pal, are, Idomeneus, The Clemency of 
 Titus; Don Giovanni ; The Marriage of 
 Figaro; and The Enchanted Flute. 
 
 MUDGE, THOMAS, a celebrated watch- 
 maker, was born, in 1715, at Exeter; was 
 apprenticed to Graham, whom he after- 
 wards surpassed ; received a parliamentary 
 reward for his improvements in chronome- 
 ters; and died in 1794. 
 
 MULLER, JOHN VON, a celebrated 
 Swiss historian, was born, in 1752, at 
 Schaflfhausen, and studied at Gottingen. 
 He was, successively, professor of Greek 
 at his native place, and of history at Cas- 
 sel, secretary of state to the elector of 
 Metz, counsellor of the Imperial chancery, 
 and secretary of state, and director general 
 )f public instruction of the kingdom of 
 
 In 1779 he gained a victory over the Bri- Westphalia. Midler, who has been called 
 tish at Beaufort. He afterwards received the Helvetian Thucydides, died in 1809. 
 the commission of major general, and was His principal works are, A History of the 
 second in command to general Lincoln at ! Swiss Confederacy; and A Course of 
 
 the siege of Charleston. After the close 
 of the war he was repeatedly effected gov- 
 ernor of South Carolina. He published 
 Memoirs of the Revolution in the Carolinas 
 and Georgia, consisting chiefly of official 
 letters. He died at Charleston', in 1805. 
 
 MOZART, JOHN CHRYSOSTOM WOLF- 
 GANG THKOPHILUS, one of the greatest 
 of modern composers, was born, in 1756, 
 at Saltzhurgh, and was the son of an able 
 musician. He began to display his musical 
 talents when he was only three years old; 
 and by the time he was twice that age he 
 was hat mad to as a prodigy in various 
 
 Universal History. 
 
 MULLNER, ADOLPHUS, an eminent 
 Gern un dramatic writer, was born, in 
 177-1, at Langendorf, near Weissrnfels; 
 was brought up to the law; acquired great 
 reputation as a dramatist and critic; and 
 died June 11, 1829. Mullner was a man 
 of genius, but the bitterest of censors, and 
 tlve most quarrelsome of authors. Among 
 his plays are the tragedies of Guilt; King 
 Ingurd ; and The Albanaserin. 
 
 MURAT, JOACHIM, ex-king of Naples, 
 one of the most intrepid of the French 
 marshals, was born ia 1771 ; was the 
 
MUR 
 
 if an inkeepei a Bastide, near Cahors; 
 *nd was intenJeJ for the church. The 
 
 army, however, was his choice; and in 
 1796 Bonaparte made him his aid-de-camp. 
 In Italy, in 1796 and 1797, and in Egypt, 
 and Syria, in 1798 and 1799, Murat dis- 
 played" gre-.it valour and military talent. 
 He returned with Bonaparte to France, 
 assisted him in overthrowing the Directory, 
 and was rewarded with the hand of Caro- 
 line, the sister of the first consul. At 
 Maren^o und Austerlitz, he was one of the 
 mast distinguished of the French leaders. 
 In 1806 Napoleon created him grand duke 
 of Berg; and in 1808 he raised him to the 
 throne of Naples. Murat took a conspicu- 
 ous part in the campaigns of 1806, 1807, 
 1808, 1812, and 1813; but, in 1814, find- 
 ing that the throne of his patron began to 
 totter, he joined the allies. In the follow- 
 ing year, however, he was expelled from 
 his kingdom; and, having made a despe- 
 rate attempt to recover it, he was taken 
 prisoner, and shot, at Pizzo, Oct. 13, 1815. 
 
 MURILLO, BARTHOLOMEW STE- 
 PHEN, one of the greatest of the Spanish 
 painters, was born, in 1618, at Seville; 
 Acquired the rudiments of art from his 
 uncle Juan del Castillo ; was generously be- 
 friended by Velasquez, who brought him 
 forward at Madrid ; acquired fame and an 
 independent fortune; and died, in 1682, 
 in consequence of a fall from the scaffold, 
 fc'hile painting his picture of St. Catherine. 
 
 MURPHY, ARTHUR, a dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1727, 
 t Clooniquin, in Ireland; was educated 
 a;. St. Omer's; and, after hav'ng been for 
 a short time in mercantile sLjations, be- 
 came a. i author by profession. The Gray's 
 Inn Journal was his first literary attempt. 
 His first dramatic pieces were the farces 
 of The Apprentice and the Upholsterer. 
 These he followed up by a long series of 
 tragedies, comedies, and minor dramas, 
 many of which were received with ap- 
 plause, and continue to be acted. Of this 
 number are, The Grecian Daughter, All 
 ir. the Wiong, The Citizen, and Three 
 Wsttta -ifter Nforrioge. In 1762 he was 
 eaiUj'j to toe bui, but his practice apprai-g 
 
 MUR 99o 
 
 never to have been considerable. He tried 
 his powers as a political writer, by de- 
 fending Lord Bute, in the Test and the 
 Auditor; but here he failed; and some 
 ludicrous mistakes, into which he was in- 
 sidiously led by his antagonists, exposed 
 him to ridicule. In his latter days he was 
 made a commissioner of bankrupts, and 
 obtained a pension. He died in 1805. 
 Among his other works are, Lives of Gar- 
 rick, Johnson, and Fielding; and transla- 
 tions of Tacitus and Sallust,. 
 
 MURPHY, JAMES C'AVAN.AGH, an 
 architect and antiquary, was a native of 
 Ireland, and died in" 1816. He is the 
 author of Travels in Portugal, in 1789 and 
 1790 ; Antiquities of the Arabians in Spain ; 
 and Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Views 
 of the Church of Batalhu. 
 
 ; MURRAY, ALEXANDER, a distin- 
 guished naval officer in the American ser- 
 jvice, was born in Maryland in 1755. He 
 went early to sea, and being appointed a 
 lieutenant' in the navy, obtained a corres- 
 pondent rank in the army, and distinguished 
 j himself at the battles of Whiteplains, Flat- 
 bush, and New York. Being promoted to 
 a captaincy he served with gallantry to 
 the close of the campaign of 1777. During 
 the war he was engaged in thirteen battles 
 by sea and land, and was once taken pris- 
 oner. On the organization of the new 
 government, he was one of the first officers 
 recalled into service, and was engaged for 
 a while to defend the American trade in 
 the Mediterranean. His last appointmen 
 was that of commander of the navy-yard in 
 Philadelphia, a post which he held till fhe 
 time of his death in 1821. He was a brave 
 officer and much respected. 
 
 MURRAY, WILLIAM VANS, an Ameri- 
 can statesman, was born in Maryland in 
 1761, and received his legal education in 
 London. On returning to his native state, 
 he engaged in the practice of law, and in 
 1791 was elected to a seat in congress 
 where he distinguished himself by his 
 ability and eloquence. He was appointed 
 by Washington minister to the republic of 
 Batavia, and discharged the duties of the 
 office with much ability. He was subse- 
 quently envoy extraordinary to the French 
 republic, and assisted in making the con- 
 vention which was signed at Paris in 1800, 
 between France and the United States 
 Returning to his station at the Hague, he 
 embarked in 1801 for his native country, 
 where he died in 1803. 
 
 MURRAY, LINDLEY, a grammarian, 
 was born, in 1745, at Smetara, near Laa 
 caster, in Pennsylvania; was originally 
 an American barrister, but quitted the bar 
 to become a merchant; acquired a compe- 
 tency by his mercantile pursuits; settled ia 
 England, and became known by his schoo 
 bo-.Ks ; and died January 10, 1826. Among 
 
96 
 
 IVAN 
 
 is works art, English Grammar ; Exer- 
 cises; Key; Spelling Book; and Reader; 
 two French Selections; The Power of 
 Religion on the Mind; and The Duty and 
 Benefit of Reading the Scriptures. 
 
 MURRAY, JOHN, an eminent physi- 
 cian, chemist, and lecturer in natural 
 philosophy, chemistry, materia medica, and 
 pharmacy, was a native of Scotland, and 
 died at "Edinbirgh, July 22, 1820. He 
 wrote Elements of Chemistry; A System 
 of Chemistry ; a Supplement to that Sys- 
 tem ; Elements of Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy; and a System of Materia Med- 
 ica and Pharmacy. 
 
 MUS.EUS, an" Athenian poet, said to 
 have been the son, or the pupil, of Orpheus, 
 flourished fourteen centuries B. c., and 
 presided over the Eleusinian Mysteries. 
 Another poet, of the same name, who wrote 
 The Loves of Hero and Leander, is sup- 
 posed to have lived between the second and 
 the fourth centuries. 
 
 MUSJEUS, JOHN CHARLES AUGUS- 
 TUS, an eminent German writer, was born, 
 in 1735, at Jena, and studied at that 
 university. He was appointed minister at 
 Eisenach, but the peasants refused to re- 
 ceive him as their pastor, because they had 
 wen him dance ! He died in 1788. Among 
 his principal works are, Physiognomical 
 Travels ; Popular Tales of the Germans ; 
 and The German Grandison ; of which the 
 first two have been translated into Eng 
 lish. 
 
 WAT 
 
 MUSSCHENBROEK, PiTR VA*. 
 a celebrated Dutch natural ph .osopher ana 
 mathematician, was born, in 1692, at Ley- 
 don, where he died, in 1761, professor of 
 astronomy, after having held professorships 
 at various places. He was a member ol 
 the Royal Society, and the French Acadc 
 my of Sciences. M ussccnbrock contributed 
 largely to introduce experimental philoso- 
 phy and the Newtonian system into Hol- 
 land. Among his works are, Element* 
 Physicae ; and Compendium Physicae Ex 
 perimentaUs. 
 
 MUTIS, JOSEPH CF.LESTINO, a cele 
 brated naturalist, was born, in 1732, at 
 Cadiz, and died, in 1808, royal botanical 
 director and astronomer at Santa Fe de 
 Bogota. Mutis resided during nearly half 
 a century in South America, and contribut- 
 ed greatly to the spreading of science and 
 the arts of civilization in that country. 
 He was the first botanist who distinguished 
 the various species of cinchona, and the 
 true characters of that genus. 
 
 MYLNE, ROBERT, an architect, ws 
 born, in 1734, at Edinburgh. His father 
 was of the same profession. While ha 
 was studying at Rome, he gained the chief 
 architectural prize at the academy of St. 
 Luke. Of that academy, and of the acad- 
 emies of Florence and Bologna, he was 
 chosen a member. Blackfriars Bridge, 
 which was begun in 1760, and completed 
 in ten years, is his great work. He died, 
 in 1811, surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral- 
 
 IV 
 
 NADIR SHAH, or THAMAS KOULI 
 KHAN, a Persian warrior and usurper, 
 was born, in 1688, at a village near 
 Meshed, in the province of Rhorasau; 
 experienced many vicissitudes in his youth; 
 and was taken into the service of Shah 
 Thamas, in 1726, for whom he gained 
 several victories aver the Afgans and Turks. 
 In 1732, howc-sr, he deposed him, and 
 placed Abbas III. on the throne. On the 
 decease of Abbas, in 1736, Nadir assumed 
 the sovereignty, and retained it till he was 
 assassinated in 1747. During his reign he 
 vanquished the mogul, and made himself 
 master of Delhi, and defeated the Usbecks 
 and the Turks. 
 
 NjEVIUS, a Latin dramatist and poet, 
 was born in Campania, and died at Utica, 
 B. c. 203. He wrote several tragedies 
 and comedies, and a metrical history of the 
 first Punic war. 
 
 NANEK, or N ANN UK, a native of 
 Hindostan, the founder of the sect of the 
 Seins, which has now grown into a power- 
 \t) nation, was born, in 1469, t Tal'vcndy, 
 
 a small village of Lahore, and dtod ai 
 Kartipour, in 1539. The unity, omnisci- 
 ence, and omnipotence of God was one of 
 the principal tenets taught by Nanek. 
 
 NAPIER, or NEPER, JOHN, baron of 
 Merchiston, in Scotland, a celebrated 
 mathematician, was born, in 1550; was 
 educated at St. Andrew's; and, after hav. 
 ing travelled in France, Italy, and Ger 
 many, declined all state employments, in 
 order that he might devote himself to th 
 study of mathematics and theology. H 
 died in 1617. Napier immortalized himsell 
 by the discovery of logarithms, an account 
 of which he published in 1614. The rods 
 or bones, for multiplying and dividing, 
 which bear his name, were also invented 
 by him. Besides the work already men- 
 tioned, he wrote Rabdology; and A Plain 
 Discovery of the Revelation of St. John. 
 
 NAPOLEON I. (NAPOLEON BONA 
 PARTE), emperor of the French, king of 
 Italy, &c. &c. This extraordinary man 
 was born, August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio, in 
 Cornea, of a noble family, was educated 
 
NAP 
 
 t th military school of Brienne; and 
 *nt*<*e i the ariillery service, as a second 
 
 NAP 
 
 897 
 
 lieutenant, in 1785. He served at the 
 sieges of Lyons and Toulon, to the reduc- 
 tion of which latter city he greatly con- 
 tributed; and he subsequently displayed 
 high taleiU-j in the French army which 
 assailed Piedmnnt on the Genoese frontier. 
 In October, 1795, he commanded the force 
 which victoriously defended the convention 
 against the revolt of the Parisians. He 
 now married Josephine Beauharnois, the 
 widow of viscount de Beauharnois. Early 
 in 1796. he was placed at the head of the 
 FixMK-h army in Italy, and here began his 
 career of glory. In the campaigns of 
 1796 and 1797', he overran the whole of 
 Italy, repeatedly defeated with inferior 
 numbers the Piedunontese and Austrians, 
 reduced all tne Italian powers to submis- 
 sion, and at length compelled the emperor 
 to sign a peace. On the 19th of May, 
 179S, Bonaparte, with a formidable arma- 
 ment, sailed to conquer Egypt; and, in his 
 way thither, he took possession of Malta. 
 Having subjugated Egypt, he invaded 
 Syria; but. his progress was stopped at St. 
 John of Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, and 
 he returned to the banks of the Nile. There 
 he learned the reverses which his country- 
 men had sustained in Europe; and, in 
 consequence, leaving Kleber to command 
 the troops, he embarked for France, and 
 landed in safety at Frejus, October 9, 
 1799. On the 9th and 10th of November, 
 he overthrew the directorial authority, and 
 was raised to the supreme power, under 
 the title of First Consul. His first care 
 was to restore internal tranquillity by a 
 eystetn of moderation and order; his next 
 was, to restore the military preponderance 
 of liis country. Having collected an army 
 on the frontier of Switzerland, he, by almost 
 miraculous exertions, led it over the Alps, 
 und by the battle of Marengo, fought on 
 the 14th of June, 1800, he recovered the 
 whole of Italy. A peace ensued with the 
 emperor, and, next, with England. The 
 latter, however, was broken at the.expiri- 
 (ioq of little more than a year. His li e 
 was, in the mean while, endangered by tvo 
 
 conspiracies. In 1804, he was raised to 
 the dignity of emperor, and was crowned by 
 the pope; and, in the following year, he 
 was proclaimed king of Italy. While lift 
 was preparing, at Boulogne, for an invasion 
 of England, a league was formed against 
 him by Austria and Russia, and he hasten- 
 ed to* meet those powers in the field. The 
 battle of Austerlitz, on the 2nd of Decem- 
 ber, 1805, dissolved the coalition, and 
 obliged Austria to accept a humiliating 
 peace. In 1806, Napoleon created se\er:il 
 kings, and put himself at the head cf the 
 Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia de- 
 clared war against him in the same year; 
 but her army was utterly routed at the bat- 
 tle of Jena; and though, with the aid of 
 Russia, tne maintained the contest a while 
 longer, she and her ally were under the ne- 
 cessity of making peace in July, 1807 
 Spain was unwisely and unjustly attacked 
 by Napoleon in 1808, and thi's contest, 
 which continued till 1814, was ose of the 
 causes of his downfal. In 1809, while he 
 was thus occupied, Austria once more took 
 up arms against him. The struggle was 
 an obstinate one; but the decisive victory 
 of VVagram, on the 5th and 6th of July, 
 again compelled her to submit to the vic- 
 tor. Desirous of an heir to the crown of 
 France, Napoleon, in 1810, divorced the 
 Empress Josephine, and married Maria 
 Louisa, a daughter of the Austrian empe- 
 ror. A son, born in March, 1811, was the 
 fruit of this union. Disputes now arose 
 between France and Russia, which ended 
 in war. Napoleon, in June, 1812, invaded 
 the Russian territory with a mighty force, 
 gained several battles, and made himself 
 master of Moscow ; but he was at length 
 under the necessity of retreating, and nearly 
 the whole of his army was destroyed, by 
 the inclemency of the winter and the sword 
 of the enemy. Prussia now joined the 
 victorious monarch of Russia. Yet, in the 
 following campaign, Napoleon defeated 
 the allies at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Wurl/.en, 
 and would, perhaps, have conquered them, 
 had not Austria united with them. The 
 battle of Leipsic drove back Napoleon 
 within the limits of France; and, in 1814, 
 France was invaded on all sides. With a 
 comparatively insignificant force, Napoleon 
 nevertheless gained several victories over 
 the invaders; but partly ills overwhelming 
 numbers of his enemies, and partly the 
 treason of some of his generals, at length 
 compelled him to abdicate, and to accept 
 the sovereignty of Elba. At Elba, how- 
 ever, he did not long remain. At the head 
 of only one thousand two hundred men, he 
 landed at Frejus, on the 1st of March, 1815, 
 and expelled Louis the Eighteenth fromhia 
 kingdom. But nearly all Europe once 
 more confederated against him; he wa 
 vanquished at Waterloo ; and wad a second 
 
NEK 
 
 NEL 
 
 time forced to abdicate. In this emergency j ries on Microscopical Discoveries; Nen 
 
 e "* Microscopical Discoveries; Inquiries con- 
 
 he threw himself on the generosity of the 
 Biiii.>h government. That government 
 exiled him to St. Helena, where he ex- 
 pired, on the 5th of May, 1821, of cancer 
 in the stomach; ft disease the progros <if 
 which was probably accelerated by the cli- 
 mate, and by the vexations to which he 
 was Msdulouily and perpetually subjected. 
 N >t merely one of the most consummate 
 generals whom the world ever saw, but pos- 
 sessed, too, of splendid and varied talents, 
 And of some virtues, Napdcotl might have 
 held a throne till the last moment of exist- 
 ence, had not his fatal ambition, and his 
 repugnance to the principles of liberty, led 
 hun astray from the path of true glory, and 
 renbercdbun at once an object of dislike 
 to ihe friends of freedom, and of terror to 
 the surround ing nations. 
 
 .\EAL, DANIKL, a dissenting minister, 
 was born, in 1678, in London; was educa- 
 ted at Merchant Tailors' School, and at 
 Utrecht; became minister to a congrega- 
 tion in Jewin Street; and died in 1743. 
 He wrote A History of the Puritans; and 
 A History <^ New England. 
 
 MOCKER, J AMts, an eminent financier 
 and statesman, was born, in 1732, at Ge- 
 ie va, and for many ye.irs carried on the 
 mis-mesa of a banker at Paris. His Eulogy 
 on Colbert, his Treatise on the Corn Laws 
 and Trade, and some Essavs on the Re- 
 sources of France, inspired such an idea of 
 his talents for finance, that, in 1776, he 
 was appointed director of the treasury, 
 and, shortly after, comptroller general. 
 Before his resignation, in 1781, he pub- 
 lished a statement of his operations, ad- 
 dressed to the king; and, while in retire- 
 I reduced a woik on the admin is- 
 Lhe Finances, and another on the 
 importance of Religious Opinions. He 
 was reinstated in the comptrollership in 
 1788, and advised the convocation of the 
 states general; was abruptly dismissed, 
 and ordered to quit the kingdom, in July, 
 1789; but was almost instantly recalled, in 
 couseqiience of the ferment which his de- 
 parture excited in the public mind. Neck- 
 er, however, soon became as much an ob- 
 ject of antipathy to the people as he had 
 been o their idolatry, and in 1790 he left 
 I" ranee for e\er. He died, at Copet, in 
 Switzerland, in 1804. The whole of his 
 
 woiks form fifteen volumes. His wife, 
 
 SCSANNA, whose maiden name was CUR- 
 CHOI*, witi a woman of talent, and wrote 
 Reflexions ua Divorce; and Miscellanies. 
 Sha was the object of Gibbon's early at- 
 tachment. 
 
 NEEDIIAM, JOHN Tc RB KRVILLE, a 
 
 nient, he 
 
 tradon 
 
 ep 
 oft 
 
 cerning IN'atiire and Religion; and an Essay 
 on the Origin of the Chinese Empire. 
 
 NEELE, HENRY, a poet and miscella- 
 neous writer, was born in 1798; followed 
 the profession of an attorney ; and put an 
 end to his existence in a tit of insanity, 
 February 7, 1828. He is the author of 
 Poems; Dramatic and Miscellaneous Po- 
 etry The Romance of English History; 
 and v'.erarv Remains. 
 
 NELSON, HORATIO, viscount, was 
 born, September 29, 1758, at Burjham 
 Thorpe, in Norfolk, of which parish his 
 father was the rector. At the age of 
 twelve he went to sea, as a midshipman, 
 with his uncle, Captain Suckling. He 
 reached the rank of post captain in 1779, 
 and was appointed to the command of the 
 Hinchinbroke frigate. During the Amer- 
 ican war and the succeeding peace he 
 gained the character of a good officer; the 
 war of the revolution gave him that of a 
 great one. In 1793 he was appointed to 
 the Agamemnon, forming a part of Lord 
 Hood's squadron in the Mediterranean 
 There, he distinguished himself at the 
 sieves of Bastia and Calvi, at the last of 
 which he lost an eye ; harassed the enemy 
 with incessant activity; and contributed 
 so largely to the victory of Cape St. Vin- 
 cent, that he was made a rear-admiral, and 
 received the order of the Bath. In an it- 
 tack upon Santa Cruz he failed, and iost 
 his ri^ht arm. In 1798, he destroyed th 
 French fleet, on the first of August", in the 
 Bay of Aboukir; and he subsequently 
 took an active part in the expulsion of the 
 French from the Neapolitan and Rotr.aa 
 territories. For this he was created a 
 baron. In 1801 he defeated the Danes at 
 the battle of Copenhagen, and was made a 
 viscount; and in 1805, on the 21st of Oc- 
 tober, he crowned his achievements by the 
 glorious victory of Trafalgar, over the 
 
 natural philosopher, was born, in 1713, at i united French and Spanish squadrons. 
 London; was educated at Dt.ua y ; and died, This triumph, however, was dearly earned 
 in 1781, director of the Imcerial Academy j to the country by the loss of the hero vi 
 ltUru*boU. Among 'ii w >rk :MC, Inqui- gained it. He wns moitnl'.y v-otmded 
 
NEW 
 
 rifle shot, and lived only just long enough 
 to learn that the success was complete. 
 
 NELSON, THOMAS, was Wn at i\e\v 
 York in 1738. He received his education 
 in England, and about the clase of the year 
 1761, returned to his native country, and 
 took up his residence at York. In 1774 
 he was chosen a member of the house of 
 ourgesses, and in the following year vas 
 appointed a delegate to the continental con- 
 gress. He held a seat in this assembly for 
 two successive years', and again in 1779. 
 In 1781 he succeeded Mr. Jefferson as 
 governor of Virginia. His death took 
 place in 17S9. 
 
 NEPOS, CORNELIUS, a Latin histori- 
 an, is said to have been born at Verona, 
 or in ita vicinity. He flourished under 
 Julius and Augustus Cicsar, and was a fa- 
 Tourite of the latter. He wrote the Lives 
 of celebrated Greek and Roman characters. 
 
 NERO, Lucius DOMITIUS CLAUDIUS, 
 a Roman emperor, was born A. D. 37, and 
 succeeded Claudius, by whom he had been 
 adopted. At the commencement of his 
 reign his conduct excited great hopes in 
 the Romans; but he soon degenerated into 
 one of the basest of tyrants. Some crimes, 
 however, among which is the burning of 
 Rome, appear to have been falsely attribu- 
 ted to him. He put an end to his existence, 
 in 68, in consequence of the successful re- 
 bellion of Galba. 
 
 NEWCOME, WILLIAM, a learned pre- 
 late, was born, in 1729, at Barton le Clay, 
 in Bedfordshire; was educated at Abing- 
 don School, and at Pembroke College, 
 Oxford; was successively bishop of Dro- 
 inore, Ossory, and Waterford; was raised 
 to the archbishopric of Armagh by Earl 
 Fitzwilliam; and died in 1800. Of his 
 works the principal are, A Harmony of 
 the Gospels; An Historical View of the 
 L'iglish Biblical Translations; and At- 
 tempts towards an improved Version of 
 Ezekiel and the Minor Prophets. 
 
 NEWCOMEN. THOMAS, a blacksmith 
 of Dartmouth, in Devonshire, lived at the 
 latler end of the seventeenth century, and 
 the beginning of the eighteenth. To him 
 belongs the merit of the first great im- 
 provements in steam engines, by forming a 
 vacuum under the piston, and thus bringing 
 into action the atmospheric pressure. 
 
 NEWTON, Sir ISAAC, the greatest of 
 philosophers, was born, December 25, 1642, 
 at Colsterworth, in Lincolnshire, and early 
 displayed a talent for mechanics and draw- 
 ing. He was educated at Grantham School, 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 tudied mathematics with the utmost assi- 
 duity. In 1667 he obtained a fellowship; 
 in 1669 the mathematical professorship; 
 and in 1671 he became a member of the 
 Royal Society. It was during his abode 
 t Cambridge that he made his threo great 
 
 IS'EY 800 
 
 discoveries, of fluxions^ the nature of light 
 and colours, and the laws of gravitatiou 
 
 To the latter of these his attention wat 
 first turned by his seeing an apple fall from 
 a tree. The Principia, which unfolded to 
 the world the theory of the universe, waa 
 not published till 1687. In that year also 
 Newton was chosen one of the delegates, 
 to defend the privileges of the university 
 against James II.; and in 1688 and 1701 
 ic was elected one of the members of the 
 university. He was appointed warden of 
 the Mint in 1696; was made master of it 
 n 1699; was chosen president of the 
 Royal Society in 1703; and was knighted 
 n!705. He died March 20, 1727. Among 
 liis works are, Arithmetica Universalis ; a 
 New Method of Infinite Series and Flux- 
 ions; Optics; The Chronology of Ancient 
 Kingdoms amended; and Observations on 
 :he Prophecies of Daniel and the Apoca- 
 'ypse. 
 
 NEWTON, THOMAS, a learned pre- 
 ate, was born, in 1704, at Litchfield; wag 
 educated there, at Westminster, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; and, after 
 having filled various minor preferments, 
 was made bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He 
 died in 1782. His principal work is, 
 Dissertations on the Prophecies. He also 
 published editions, with notes, of Parad.* 
 Lost, and Paradise Regained. 
 
 NEY, MICHAEL, a French marshal, 
 arince of the Moskwa, duke of Elchingen, 
 denominated " the bravest of the brave* 
 by his countrymen, was the son of an ai'ti- 
 
400 NIC 
 
 an, and was born, in 1769, at Sarre Louis. 
 He entered the army in 1787; exerted him- 
 self so much in the early campaigns of the 
 revolution that he was called the Indefati- 
 gable; and rose to the rank of brigadier 
 general in 1796. He bore a part in all the 
 achievements of the army of the Rhine, 
 particularly the battle of Ilohenlinden. In 
 all the campaigns from 1805 to 1814, Nry 
 held high commands, and constantly sig- 
 nalized himself by his military skill and 
 his daring valour. He was made a peer 
 by Louis XVIII., and was placed at the 
 head of an army to stop the progress of 
 Napoleon in 1815. Ney, however, went 
 over, with his army, to his former sove- 
 reign, and fought for him at Quatre Bras 
 and Waterloo. On the second restoration 
 of the Bourbons, he was condemned to 
 death, and was shot on the 7th of Decem- 
 ber, 1815. 
 
 NICHOLS, JOHN, an antiquary and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1744, 
 at Islington; was apprenticed to Bowyer 
 the printer, and became his partner; con- 
 ducted The Gentleman's Magazine for 
 nearly half a century; and died November 
 26, 1826. Among his works are, The 
 History and Antiquities of Leicestershire; 
 Anecdotes of Bowyer; Literary Anec- 
 dotes of the Eighteenth Century ; arvd Il- 
 lustrations of the Literature of "the Eigh- 
 teenth Century. 
 
 NICHOLSON, JAMES, an officer in 
 the American navy, was born in Chester - 
 town, Maryland, in 1737. He followed 
 the life of a sailor till the year 1763, when 
 he married and settled in the city of New- 
 York. Here he remained until 1771, 
 when he returned to his native province. 
 At the commencement of the revolution, 
 the government of Maryland built and 
 equipped a ship of war, called the Defence, 
 and the command of her was entrusted to 
 Nicholson. He performed various exploits 
 during the war, and before the close of it 
 was taken prisoner and carried into New 
 York. He died in 1806. 
 
 NICHOLSON, WILLIAM, ar able wri- 
 ter on natural philosophy and chemistry, 
 was born, in 1753, in London; was, suc- 
 cessively, in the maritime service, agent 
 on the continent for Mr. Wedgwood, a 
 mathematical teacher, and engineer to the 
 Portsea water works; and died in indi- 
 gence, in 1815. His chief works are, An 
 Introduction to Natural Philosophy; A 
 Dictionary of Chemistry; and The Navi- 
 gator's Assistant. In 1797 he established 
 the scientific Journal which bears his 
 name, and which he conducted till his de- 
 cease. 
 
 NICOLAI, CHRISTOPHER FREDER- 
 IC, a German author, who was also a 
 bookseller, was born at Berlin, in 1733, 
 nd died there in 1811 Among his nu- 
 
 NOL 
 
 merous works are, The Life and Opinion* 
 of Sebaldus Nothatiker; A Tour in f7er 
 many and Switzerland; and Character- 
 istic Anecdotes of Frederic II. He also 
 edited The Library of B< llr* Lcttres; Let 
 ters on Modern Literature; The German 
 General Library; and The New German 
 General Library; the whole forming near- 
 ly two hundred volumes. 
 
 MCOLSON, Wn. MAM, a learned pre- 
 late, was born, in 1655, at Orton, in Cum- 
 berland ; was educated at Queen's Col 
 lege, Oxford; was, successively, in 1702, 
 1718, and 1727, bishop of Carlisle, and of 
 Derry, and archbishop of Cashel ; and died 
 a few days after he was raised to the 
 archicpiscopal dignity. The English, 
 Scotch, and Irish Historical Library; and 
 the Leges Marchiariim, or Border "Laws, 
 are his principal productions. 
 
 NIEBUHR, CARSTEN, a celebrated 
 traveller, was born, in 1733, at Ludings- 
 worth, in the dutchy of Lauenbcrg; was 
 sent, in company with four other learned 
 men, by the Danish government, in 1761, 
 to explore Arabia; was employed foi six 
 years on that mission, and was th only 
 one who returned ; was liberally rewarded 
 by the Danish monarch; and died in 1815 
 Among his works are, A Description of 
 Arabia; and Travels in Arabia and the 
 neighbouring Countries. 
 
 NIEBUHR, G. B., a son of the forego- 
 ing, was, successively, professor at the 
 university of Berlin, counsellor of state, 
 and Prussian ambassador to the pope. 
 While he was at Rome, he discovered 
 some valuable fragments of two of Cicero's 
 orations. He died in 1830. His great 
 work is The History of Rome, which is 
 far superior to most of its rivals. 
 
 NIEWLAND, PETER, a Dutch math 
 ematician, was born, in 1764, at Dimmer- 
 meer, near Amsterdam, and died in 1794. 
 professor of natural philosophy, mathemat- 
 ics, and astronomy, at Leyden. Niewlan.l 
 was an instance of precocious talent. At 
 seven years of age he wrote a poem to the 
 Deity, and at eight he solved difficult geo- 
 metrical problems with uncommon facilitv. 
 He is the author of various scientific 
 works, and of a volume of poetry. 
 
 NIVERNOIS, Louis JrLus BAR- 
 BON MANCINI MAZARIM, duke de, 
 was born, in 1716, at Paris; served a* 
 colonel in the army, but was obliged by ill 
 health to resign his commission ; was, snc- 
 r(>si\ely, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, 
 and London, in which latter city he nego- 
 tiated the peace of 1762; was imprisoned 
 by the republicans in 1793; and died in 
 1798. Among his works are, Fables in 
 verse; Dialogues of the Dead; Dramas; 
 and translations from the Latir, English, 
 and Italian. 
 
 NOLLEKINS, JOSEPH, un 
 
NOR 
 
 colp or, *. *on of a painter, wat born, in 
 1737. m houdon; studied under Schee- 
 inakcr, and subsequently at Rome under 
 C:\vaceppi; remained nine years in Italy, 
 during which period he gained great rep- 
 utation as an artist, and also improved his 
 fortune by dealing in antiques; returned to 
 England in 1770; became a royal acade- 
 mician IP 1772; and was so extensively 
 employed, particularly on busts, that he 
 accumulated .200,000. He died April 
 23, 1S23. In his character Nollekins had 
 more than the usual share of that singular- 
 ity which is supposed to be attendant upon 
 genius. 
 
 NOLLET, JOHN ANTHONY, a French 
 natural philosopher, was born, in 1700, at 
 Pimpre; acquired considerable scientific 
 reputation, and became a member of the 
 Royal Society, and of several learned 
 bodies ; and died in 1770. Besides vari- 
 ous works on electricity, and other sub- 
 jects, he wrote Lectures on Experimental 
 Philosophy, in six volumes. 
 
 NORDEN, FREDERIC Louis, an em- 
 inent traveller, a captain in the Danish 
 navy, was born, in 1708, at Gluckstadt, in 
 Holstein. He was sent by his sovereign 
 to France and Holland, to collect naval 
 information, and afterwards to Egypt to 
 describe and design the ancient monuments 
 of that country. He died in 1742. He is 
 the author of Travels in Egypt and Nubia; 
 and of a Memoir on the Ruins and Colos- 
 sal Statues of Thebes. 
 
 NORTH, ROGER, a lawyer and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, the youngest son of Dud- 
 ley Lord North, was attorney general un- 
 der James II., and died in 1733. He 
 wrote the Lives of his three brothers, 
 Lord Keeper North, Sir Dudley North, 
 and Dr. John North, all of whom were 
 eminent men; Examen, or Inquiry into the 
 Credit and Veracity of Kennet's History; 
 A History of Esculent Fish; and other 
 works. 
 
 NORTH, FREDERIC, earl of Guild- 
 ford, better known as Lord North, was 
 born, in 1732; was educated at Eton, and' 
 at Trinity College, Oxford. After huving' 
 held several less important offices, he was, i 
 in 1767, appointed chancellor of the ex- ! 
 chequer, and, in 1770, first lord of the 
 treasury. His administration continued 1 
 through the whole of the American war, ! 
 during which he was incessantly assailed 
 by the opposition, and was often threatened' 
 with impeachment. In 1782 he resigned; i 
 but in 17S3 he was for a few months a 
 member of the coalition ministry. He 
 Mas blind for some years previous -to his; 
 decease, which took place in 1792. 
 
 NORTON, JOHN, a clergyman of Bos-' 
 ton, was born in Hertfordshire, England, 
 in 1606. After receiving a theological 
 sducsrion, lie adopted the creod and prae- 
 
 NOY 
 
 401 
 
 tice of the Puritans, and in 1685 emigrated 
 to New England. He was first uettleJ in 
 the ministry at Ipswich, but was afterwards 
 prevailc:! oil to remove to Boston. In 1662 
 lie was appointed one of the two agents of 
 the colony to address king Charles on his 
 restoration, but they did not fully succeed 
 in the objects of their mission. He died 
 in 1663. His theological works were nu- 
 merous, and he published several political 
 tracts. 
 
 NORWOOD, RICHARD, an English 
 geometrician, of the seventeenth century, 
 was the first who measured a degree of 
 the meridian in England. The operation 
 was performed in 1635, and was carried 
 on between London and York. No par- 
 ticulars of his life are recorded. He wrote 
 treatises on Trigonometry, on Navigation, 
 and on Fortification. 
 
 NOSTREDAME, or NOSTRADA- 
 MUS, MICHAEL, a famous astrologer and 
 empiric, was born, in 1503, at St. Remi, 
 in Provence. After having practised phy- 
 sic for some years, he assumed the char- 
 acter of a prophet, and, in 1555, published 
 seven centuries of Predictions, each of 
 which was comprised in a stanza of fov.r 
 lines. They became popular, and he re- 
 ceived valuable presents from Charles IX., 
 Catherine of Medicis, the duke of Savoy, 
 and other eminent persons. He died in 
 1566. 
 
 NOTT, JOHN, a physician, poet, and 
 translator, was born, in 1751,at Worcester ; 
 settled at the Hot Wells, Bristol, in 1793, 
 as a physician; and died there in 1826. 
 Among "his works are, various poems; 
 translations from Hafiz, Propertius, Ca- 
 tullus, Horace, Lucretius, Johannes Se- 
 cundus, Bonefonius, and Petrarch ; A 
 Nosological Companion ; and Select Poems 
 from Herrick's Hesperides. 
 
 NOUE, FRANCIS DE LA, a French 
 Calvinist warrior, surnamed Iron-arm, from 
 the loss of his left arm being supplied Iv- 
 an artificial limb of iron, was born, in 
 1531, in Britanny, and distinguished him- 
 self in the wars in Italy, the Nether 1 mils, 
 and France. He was killed in 1591, at 
 the siege of Lamballe. La Noue was no 
 less admired for his virtues than for Ina 
 military talent. He is the author of Polit- 
 ical and Military Discourses; and Remarks 
 on Guicciardini's History. 
 
 NOVES, LAURA DK,"the female whom 
 Petrarch has immortalized in his poems, 
 was born, near Avignon, in 1307 or 1308; 
 married Hugh de Sade in 1325; and died 
 in 1348. 
 
 NOY, WILLIAM, a celebrated .awycr, 
 who may be considered as one of the main 
 authors of the chil war between ('h.-il s 
 I. and his people, \\as horn, in 1577, iit 
 St. Burian, in Cornwall, a:id studied at 
 Exeter College, Oxford, and Line. In' 
 
.nn. In ilie reign of Jame* 1. IS'oy wit in 
 parliament for Helston. and subsequently 
 tor St. Ives, and was a stern op|x>nent 01 
 the court. But in 1631 Charles converted 
 him by appointing him to the other of 
 attorney general ; and Noy was thenceforth 
 an inveterate enemy of liberty. Among 
 other pernicious measures lie is said to 
 have originated the claim of ship money. 
 He died in 1634. Among his works are, 
 A Treatise on the Grounds and Maxims of 
 the Law of England ; The Perfect Convey- 
 ancer; and The Complete Lawyer. 
 
 NUMA POMPILIUS, the second king 
 
 OLD 
 
 of Rome, w oorn at Cures, a SabiM 
 village, and mi rried Tatia, the daughter 
 of the king of the Sabines. He was choeen 
 by the Romans as their sovereign after the 
 death of Romulus; introduced many refor- 
 mations among them during a reign of 
 forty-three years; and died B. c. 672. 
 
 NTMEKIAN, Miuds AURELIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, the son of Carus, suc- 
 ceeded to the throne A. D. 282, and, after 
 a reign of eight months, was murdered 
 by Arrius A per, his father-in-law. Nume- 
 rian was a good writer, and an eloquent 
 speaker. 
 
 OATES, TITUS, one of the most infa- 
 mous characters that ever disgraced human- 
 ity, was born about 1619; was educated at 
 Merchant Tailors' School, and at Cam- 
 bridge; became a Roman Catholic, and a 
 Jesuit in 1677; but, shortly after, declared 
 himself a protestant, and gave information 
 of a pretended popish plot, by which means 
 he excited a popular ferment, and brought 
 many innocent individuals to the scaffold. 
 In the reign of James II. Gates was tried 
 for perjury, and a dreadfully severe sen- 
 tence was passed upon him. After the 
 Revolution he was pensioned. He died in 
 1703. 
 
 OCCAM, or OCKHAM, WILLIAM, a 
 divine and philosopher, called the Invinci- 
 ble Doctor, was born at Ockham, in Sur- 
 rey, in the fourteenth century ; was educated 
 at Merton College, Oxford, under Duns 
 Scotus; became a Franciscan friar, and 
 archdeacon of Stow, but resigned his pre- 
 ferment; wrote boldly against the pope, 
 for which he was excommunicated ; and 
 died at Munich in 1347. He is the founder 
 of the scholastic sect of the nominalists. 
 
 OCKLEY, SIMON, a celebrated orien- 
 talist, was born, in 1678, at Exeter; was 
 educated at Queen's College, Cambridge; 
 obtained the vicarage of Swanesey, in 
 Cambridgeshire; and died in indigence in 
 1720. He is the author of a valuable 
 History of the Saracens; The Life of Hai 
 Ebn Yokdan, from the Arabic; an Intro- 
 duction to the Oriental Languages-; and 
 other works. 
 
 OECOLAMPADIUS, JOHN, an emi- 
 nent German reformer, was born, in 1482, 
 at Weinsberg, in Franconia. He was con- 
 verted to the protestant faith by reading 
 the works of Luther; became professor of 
 theology at Basil; embraced the opinions 
 of Zuinglius respecting the sacrament ; 
 contributed much to the progress of eccle- 
 siastical reform; ard died in 1531. 
 
 OGILBY, Jon*, a multifarious wr'ter, 
 
 was born, in 1600, at Edinburgh, nnd was 
 originally a dancing master. Being com- 
 pelled by an accident to relinquish that 
 occupation, he became an author. He was 
 also appointed king's cosmographer, and 
 master of the revels in Ireland, where he 
 built a theatre. He died in 1676. Among 
 his works are, translations of the Iliad 
 Odyssey, and Eneid ; and many geograph 
 cal productions. 
 
 OGILVIE, JOHN, a Scotch divine and 
 poet, was born in 1733; was educated at 
 the university of Aberdeen, from which he 
 obtained a doctor's degree; was for more 
 than half a century minister of Midmar, 
 in Aberdeenshire ; and died in 1814, re- 
 spected for his piety and talents. Hi 
 poetical powers were by no means incon- 
 siderable. His chief works are, Sermons ; 
 Poems; Britannia, an epic poem; Philoso- 
 phical and Critical Observations on Com- 
 positions ; and Examination of the Evidence 
 of Prophecy. 
 
 OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD, an 
 English officer, was born in London, in 
 1698, and was educated at Oxford. H 
 was aid-de-camp to prince Eugene. In 
 1732 he settled the colony in Georgia, and 
 laid the foundations of the town of Savan- 
 nah. In 1745 he was made ma 'or-general, 
 and was employed to follow the rebels under 
 the Pretender." He died in 1785. 
 
 OLDHAM, JOHN, a poet, was born, in 
 1653, at Shipton, in Gloucestershire; was 
 educated at Tetbury Free School, and 
 Edmund Hall, Oxford ; became usher of 
 Croydon Free School, ami afterwards tutor 
 in the families of Sir Edward Thurlard, 
 and Sir William Hickes; was patronised 
 by the earl of Kingston; and died in 1 183 
 His satires are rugged, but full of eneigy. 
 Dryden, in a beautiful tribute to his memo- 
 ry, calls him " the young, but ah too short, 
 Mareellus of our tongue !" 
 
 OLDYS, WILLIAM sn antiquary and 
 miscellaneous writer, the natural soa of a 
 
DPI 
 
 ORE 
 
 401 
 
 civilian, was born in 1696; became, libra- bout hood. He was first drawn from ob* 
 rian to Lord Oxford in 1726; was appoint-! acurity by Dr. Wolcot, and, about 1777, 
 d Norroy king at arms; and died in 1761. was patronised by Lord Bateman. After 
 
 II . mi T% . I I . J " / f 
 
 Among other works he wrote The British 
 Librarian; The Universal Spectator; a 
 Life of Sir Walter Raleigh ; and several 
 lives in tnr Biographia Britannica. He 
 also assisted in selecting The Harleian 
 
 Miscellany. 
 OLEARIUS, 
 
 or OELSCHL^GER, 
 
 having practised for a few years in the 
 provincial towns of the west, he settled in 
 London in 1780, where he acquired both 
 fame and fortune He became a royal 
 academician, and professor of painting to 
 the Academy. Opie died in 1807. He 
 wrote Lectures; a Life of Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds ; and a Letter on the Formation of a 
 National Gallery. 
 
 OPITZ, MARTIN, whom the Germans 
 call the father and restorer of their poetry, 
 was born, in 1597, at Buntzlau, in Silesia; 
 was educated at Breslau and Frankfort on 
 the Oder; spent several years in travelling 
 in various parts of Europe; was ennobled, 
 and sent on a mission to Paris; and died 
 in 1639. 
 
 OPPIAN, a Greek poet, a native of 
 Corycus, in Cilicia, flourished in the second 
 century, and was liberally rewarded for 
 his works by Caracalla. He wrote two 
 
 Jesuit, but quitted the order, to give him- \ poems; the one in five books, called Ha- 
 self up to literature. In 1723 he became! leutics, on fishing; the other in four, with 
 
 ADAM, a learned German traveller, was 
 born, in 1599, at Ascherleben, in AnhaJt; 
 was educated at Leipsic; entered into the 
 service of the duke of Holstein Gottorp, 
 and was appointed secretary to the embassy 
 which that prince sent to Russia and Per- 
 sia; was, on his return, made counsellor, 
 librarian, and mathematician, to the duke; 
 and died in 1671. He wrote an account 
 of his Travels; a Chronicle of Holstein; 
 and other works. 
 
 OLIVET, JOSEPH THOULIKR i>', a 
 French grammarian and critic, was born, 
 in 1682, at Salins. He was originally a 
 
 a member of the French Academy, the 
 dictionary of which body he assisted in 
 revising. He died in 1762. His principal 
 works are, a valuable edition of Cicero; 
 translations from Demosthenes and Cicero ; 
 a History of the French Academy; and a 
 Treatise on Prosody. 
 
 OLIVER, ANDREW, was graduated at 
 
 the title of Cynogeticon, on hunting. Some 
 critics have doubted whether he is really 
 the author of the latter. 
 
 ORANGE, WILLIAM of NASSAU, 
 prince of, the founder of the Dutch repub- 
 lic, was born, in 1533, at the castle of 
 Dillemburgh. He was brought up in the 
 court of Charles V., who, in 1554, 
 him the command of the army in the 
 therlands. When the monarch abdicated, 
 he bestowed many marks of esteem on him, 
 and recommended him to his son. Philip 
 II., however, treated him with coldness; 
 and the conduct of the prince, in joining 
 with the Flemish nobles to protect the 
 liberties of the Nethef lands, converted tha*. 
 coldness into hatred. William was forced 
 
 gave 
 Ne- 
 
 Harvard College in 1724, and was early 
 engaged in public employments, succeeded 
 Hutehinson as lieutenant governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts, in 1771, and retained that of- 
 fice till his death in 1774. He rendered 
 himself very unpopular by accepting from 
 the British government the office of stamp 
 distributor of the province 
 
 OLIVIER, WILLIAM ANTHONY, an 
 eminent French naturalist and traveller, 
 was born, in 1756, at Frejus; was sent on 
 a scientific mission to Persia by the French 
 government in 1792 ; returned with a val- 
 uable collection after an absence of six 
 years; and died in 1814. His chief works 
 are, Travels in the Ottoman Empire, 
 Egypt, and Persia; A Natural History of 
 Coleopterous Insects ; and a portion of the 
 Dictionary of the Natural History of In- 
 iccts, in the Methodical Encyclopaedia. 
 
 OPIE, JOHN, a c\ebrated painter, was 
 tarn, in 1761, at St. Agnes, near Truro, 
 in Cornwall, and was the son of a carpen- 
 ter, who destined him to follow that busi- 
 ness. Young Opie displayed early talents. 
 At ten years of age he could solve many 
 difficult problems in Euclid, and at twelve 
 he taught writing and arithmetic at an 
 evening school in his native village. But 
 drawing soou became his principal object, 
 
 and he made several sketches and copies, j Peru. Passing the Andes, he embarked 
 which were much talkod of in tli* neigh- 1 , on the 4mazons, and followed its COUEM 
 
 to fly, and, in his absence, was condemned 
 to death. He then took up arms, and after 
 several reverses, succeeded in wresting a 
 part of the Netherlands from the dominion 
 of the Spanish tyrant. But he did not 
 witness the consummation of his labours; 
 he being assassinated, in 1584, at Delft, 
 by Balthasar Gerard. 
 
 ORANGE, FREDERIC HKNRY of 
 NASSAU, prince of, stadtholder of Hoi- 
 land, was born, in 1584, at Delft, and waa 
 brought up by his brother Maurice, whom 
 he succeeded in 1625. He governed with 
 wisdom and equity, and secured the inde- 
 pendence of his country by numerous vic- 
 tories and conquests. He died in 1647. 
 See NASSAU. 
 
 ORELLANA, FRANCIS, one of the 
 Spanish adventurers to the new world, waa 
 born, at Truxillo, early in the sixteenth 
 century, and accompanied the Pizarros to 
 
404 
 
 OUR 
 
 to the ocean. He was the first European 
 that naviga-tel that mighty stream, and it 
 still bears his name. He died in 1549. 
 
 ORFYREUS, JOHN F.R.N KST ELIAS, 
 a German mechanician, whose real name 
 was BESSLEll, was born, in 1680, near 
 Zittau, in Lusatia; led a wandering, dis- 
 turbed, and varied life; and died in 1745. 
 His most remarkable mechanical attempt 
 was a machine whirl) he asserted to pos- 
 sess the power of perpetual motion ; and 
 which S GraveMUKM declared to be un- 
 doubtedly " something wonderful, even if 
 it were a deception." 
 
 ORIGEN, one of the fathers of the 
 church, was born, in 185, at Alexandria, 
 and studied philosophy under Ammonius, 
 and theology under Clemens Alexandrinus. 
 Being persecuted by his diocesan Deme- 
 trius, he went to Ca?sarea, and afterwards 
 to Athens. During the persecution of 
 Dec i us, he was imprisoned and tortured. 
 He died in 253. His great works are, 
 The Hexapla ; Commentaries on the Scrip- 
 tures; and a treatise against Celsus. 
 
 ORME, ROBERT, an historian, the son 
 of a physician in the East India Company's 
 service, was born, in 1728, at Anjeogo, in 
 Hindostan; was educated at Harrow; be- 
 came a member of the council at Fort St. 
 George, and commissary and accountant 
 general; and died in 1S01, historiographer 
 to the company. He is the author of a 
 History of the Military Transactions of 
 the British Nation in Hindostan; and His- 
 torical Fragments of the Mogul Empire. 
 As an historian Orme is entitled to a place 
 among our most eminent writers. 
 
 OROSIUS, PAUL, a Spanish ecclesias- 
 tic of the fifth century, was born at Tarra- 
 gona, and was a disciple of St. Auguslin. 
 The place and time of his decease are 
 unknown. His chief work is a History 
 of Human Calamities, in seven books, 
 H-hich was written at the request of St. 
 Augustine, and has had the honour of being 
 translated by Alfred the Great. 
 
 ORPHEUS, a Greek poet, musician, 
 and founder of some religious ceremonies, 
 is supposed by some to be an imaginary 
 person, but is probably a real one, though 
 his history is involved in fable. He seems 
 to have been a native of Thrace, son of 
 one of the princes of that country, and to 
 have been born about a century before the 
 Trojan war. He is said to have been one 
 f the Argonauts, to have subsequently tra- 
 velled in Egypt, and to have introduced 
 Egyptian science and customs into Greece. 
 The works attributed to him are of a much 
 later period. 
 
 ORRERY, CHARLES BOYLE, earl of, 
 was born, in 1676, at Chelsea, and was 
 educated at Christ Church, Oxford, under 
 the tuition of Dr. Atterbury. He pub- 
 jshcJ uliile at college an edition of Pha- 
 
 OTI 
 
 laris. Bentley questioned the authenticity 
 of the epistles; Boyle replied ; and thi? leil 
 to a warm controversy, in which Bentlev 
 was fruitlessly opposed by a confederacy 
 of wits. Boyle succeeded to the earldom 
 on the death of his brother, was promoted 
 in the army, employed as an ambassador, 
 and made an Engli.-h peer, bv Queen 
 Anne; but was in disfavour during the 
 reign of George I., and was e\en impri- 
 soned for six months. He died in 1731. 
 He wrote As You Like It, a comedy; and 
 some verses. The astronomical instrument 
 which bears his name was so called in 
 compliment tohim by Graham, its inventor. 
 
 ORTE, Viscount d', a man of true 
 honour, whose name deserves to be rccoi ded. 
 He was governor of Bayonne at the time 
 of the infamous massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. Having received an order from 
 Charles IX. to put to death all the pro- 
 testa, its in his government, he replied in 
 the following words, " Sire, I ha\e com- 
 municated your majesty's letter to the i;;u- 
 rison and inhabitants of this city. 1 have 
 found only brave soldiers and good citizens, 
 and not a single executioner." 
 
 ORTELL, OERTEL,or ORTEL1US, 
 ABRAHAM, a learned geographer, who 
 was called the Ptolemy of his age, was 
 born, in 1527, at Antwerp. He travelled 
 on the continent, and in Great Britain, 
 and formed a valuable collection of anti- 
 quities. On his return he published an 
 Atlas, which gained for him the appoint- 
 ment of geographer to Philip II. of Spain. 
 He died in 1598. His principal works 
 are, Thesaurus Geographicus; and Theatri 
 Orbis Terrarum. 
 
 OTHO, MARCUS SA^TUS, a Roman 
 emperor, was born A. D. 32. In his early 
 youth he was prodigal and licentious, and 
 was a favourite of Nero; but, during his 
 ten years' questorship of Lusitania, he 
 distinguished himself by his upright and 
 dignified conduct. He espoused the cause 
 of Galba; but, disappointed in his hopes 
 of being adopted by him, he formed a con- 
 spiracy against him, and was raised to the 
 throne. Olho, however, retained the 
 imperial authority little more than three 
 months. Having been defeated by the 
 forces of Vitellius, he put an end to his 
 own existence, A. D. 69. In his last houri 
 he displayed a calm heroism which is 
 worthy of admiration. 
 
 OTIS, JAMKS, a distinguished Ameri- 
 can statesman, was born at West Barnsta- 
 ble, Massachusetts, in 1725, and waa 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1743. 
 He pursued the profession of the law, and 
 establishing himself in Boston soon rose to 
 eminence. His public career may l;e said 
 to have opened with his celebrated speech 
 against writs of assistance. At (he next 
 election he was chosen a representathr t 
 
PAC 
 
 Che legislature, and soon became the leader 
 of (he popular party. In 1765 he was a 
 member of the Congress which assembled 
 at New-York. In 1769 he was severely 
 wounded in an assault committed upon him 
 by some British officers; from one of whom 
 he recovered large damages, which hs re- 
 mitted on receiving a written apology. In 
 1772 he retired from public life, and in 
 May of the following year was killed by a 
 stroke of lightning. He was a good 
 scholar, a learned and atle lawyer, a bold 
 and commanding orator, and possessed 
 infinite powers of humour and wit. 
 
 OTWAY, THOMAS, a celebrated dra- 
 matic writer, a native of Sussex, was born, 
 in 1651, at Trottin; was educated at Win- 
 chester School, and Christ Church College, 
 Oxford; and, after having made a vain 
 attempt to ba an actor, he became a writer 
 for the stage. The ra: 1 of Plymouth ob- 
 taine 1 fir him a cornet's commission, but 
 at the end of one campaign in Flanders, 
 Otway quitted the military service. The 
 tragedy of Alcibi ides, his" first piece, ap- 
 peared in 1675. His finest tragedies, The 
 Orphan, and Venice Preserved, were acted 
 in 1630 and 1682. Otway lived and died 
 p>or. It has bean said that he was choked 
 by a piece of roll, which he ate too eagerly 
 after having long fasted; but there is rea- 
 son to believe that his death proceeded 
 from fever, brought ov by his violent ex- 
 ertions in pursuit of the murderer of one 
 of his friends. His decease took place in 
 16S5. He wrote ten dramas, and some 
 poems. 
 
 OVID, RURLIUS NASO, a celebrated 
 Roman poet, was born, B. c. 43, at Sulmo, 
 and was of the equestrian order. He 
 studied the law under Messala, but soon 
 abandoned the b:ir for poetry and a life of 
 pleasure. Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, and 
 Propertins were his friends, and Augustus 
 was a liberal patron to him. At length, 
 h >\vever, for some cause which has never 
 bec-n discovered, the emperor banished him 
 to Tuinos, in Scythia; nor could all the 
 prayers and lamentations of the" despairing 
 Ovid procure a remission of his sentence. 
 He died, in his place of exile, A. D. 17. 
 
 PAC 
 
 40* 
 
 OWEJV, JOHN, a divine, *as born, 
 about 1765, in London, and wa educated 
 at St. Paul's School and Cambridge 
 Having taken orders, he became a popular 
 preacher, and obtained from Bishop Por 
 tens the living of Pagglesham, in Essex, 
 and the curacy of Fulham. On the insti- 
 tution of the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society, he became one of the secretaries 
 and for eighteen years was the most active 
 of its members. " He died September 26, 
 1822. Among his works are, Travels in 
 different Parts of Europe; The Christian 
 Monitor ; The Fashionable World dis- 
 played ; and a Vindication of the Bible 
 Society. 
 
 OXEiVSTIERNA, Count AXEL, a cel- 
 ebrated Swedish statesman, was born, in 
 1583, in the province of Upland, and 
 studied at various German universities, 
 where he became versed in history, poll- 
 tics, and the learned languages. Charles 
 IX. employed him in important negotia- 
 tions; and" Gustavus Adolphus made him 
 prime minister, and reposed in him an 
 unlimited confidence. After the death of 
 Gustavus, Oxenstierna for several years 
 conducted the affairs of the kingdom with 
 vigour and success. He died in 1654. 
 
 OZANAM, JAMES, an able French ma- 
 thomatician, was born, in 1640, at Bou- 
 ligneux, in the principality of Dombea. 
 He was brought up for the church, but 
 relinquished the clerical profession on the 
 death of his father. For many years he 
 was in high repute as a mathematical 
 teacher. He died in 1717. Among his 
 works are, A Course of Mathematics; a 
 Treatise on Gnomonics; New Elements of 
 Algebra ; and Mathematical and Philosoph- 
 ical Recreations. 
 
 OZEROFF,V T LADisLAs ALEXANDRO- 
 VITSCH, a celebrated Russian tragic au- 
 thor, was born, in 1770, near Twer, and 
 entered into the civil service, after having 
 attained the rank of major general in the 
 army. He died in 1816. OzerofF pro- 
 duced, between 1798 and 1809, the trage- 
 dies of The Death of Oleg; CEdipus at 
 Athens ; Fingal ; Dmitri Donskoi ; and 
 Polixena. He also wrote some lyric poems 
 
 PACA, WILLIAM, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, 
 was educated at the College in Philadel- 
 phia, and pursued the profession of medi- 
 cine. He was a delegate to Congress from 
 Maryland, and afterwards governor of that 
 tate. In 1783 he was a member of the 
 Maryland Convention which ratified the 
 federal constitution, and in 1789 wai ap- 
 
 pointed district judge for Maryland. He 
 died in 1799. 
 
 PACUVIUS, MARCUS, a Latin dra- 
 matist, a nephew of Ennius, was crrn, B 
 c. 218, at Brindisium, and died at Faren- 
 tum, at the age of ninety. He possessed 
 the talent of painlingas well as of poetry. 
 Only a few fragments of his dramas arc 
 extant. 
 
406 
 
 I'AI 
 
 PAJ 
 
 PADILLA, Don JOHN DK, a Spanish 
 patriot, of a noble family, was the son of 
 the comrrinder of Castile; <vpouscd the 
 cause of the people ; and supported it 
 bravely during the struggle of the Span- 
 iards f >r liberty, from 1420 to 1422. Being 
 defeated and taken prisoner, at the battle 
 of Villalar, he was put to death on the 
 following day, and met his fate with heroic 
 firmness. 111? wife. Donna MARIA PA- 
 CHECO, was worthy of such a husband. 
 During his life she participated in all his 
 labours, and after his death she defended 
 Toledo for several months, gained several 
 advantages at the head of her troops, and 
 did not quit the place till she was deserted 
 by the citizens. She died in Portugal. 
 
 Co fege in 1749. After a visit to Eurq 
 of some years, he commenced the study of 
 the law .-and about 1759 settled in its nrac- 
 
 1759 settled n ts prac- 
 tice in aunton. He took an early and 
 active interest in public affairs, and in 
 1774 was appointed a delegate from Mas- 
 sachusetts to the general Congress. He 
 was a nieml er of the committee of the 
 convention that drafted the constitution of 
 his native state. Under the government 
 that was organized he was appointed attor- 
 ney general, and held this oftice till 1790, 
 when he was appointed a judge of the 
 
 He remained on the 
 He died at Boston in 
 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 bench till 1804. 
 
 1814. His legal attainments and his gen- 
 
 eral acquirements were extensive, and he 
 
 as a man of much brilliancy of wit. 
 PALME, ROBERT TREAT, a poet, son 
 of the preceding, was born at Taunton in 
 1773, and graduated at Harvard College in 
 1792. On leaving college he was placed 
 in a counting house, but soon turned hi* 
 attention to literature and theatricals, and 
 
 iblished several orations and poems 
 
 is poems were very popular and profita- 
 ble, and by the sale of the song of Adams 
 and Liberty, he received the sum of seven 
 hundred and fifty dollars. In 1800 he 
 began the practice of law, but failed of 
 success from the want of industry, and 
 passed the close of his life in poverty. He 
 died in 1811. His works have been col- 
 lected and published in one volume 8vo. 
 prefaced by a biographical sketch. 
 
 PAISIELLO, JOHN, a celebrated com- 
 poser, a pupil of Durante, was born, in 
 
 pupil 
 Taren 
 
 PAINE, THOMAS, a political writer, 
 was born, in 1736, at Thetford, in Norfolk. 
 He was brought up as a staymaker, but 
 became an exciseman. Being, however, 
 dismissed for misconduct, he went over to 
 America, and espoused the cause of the 
 colonists, who were then in arms against 
 the mother country. His first literary- 
 production, a pamphlet, with the title of 
 Common Sense, had a powerful effect, and 
 he was rewarded by a grant of land, and 
 another of .500. He was also employed 
 by the congress. In 1790 he visited Eng- 
 land, and, in the following year, he pro- 
 duced Uis celebrated Rights of Man, in 
 answer to Burke's Reflections; for the 
 second part of hich a prosecution was 
 instituted against .lim. He was, however, 
 Ijeyond the reach of the English law ; he 
 having taken his seat as a member of the 
 National Convention. As a French legis- 
 lator he displayed a degree of moderation 
 which broug'iu'upon him the hatred of the 
 
 jacobins. He was imprisoned, and was j age of eighteen, and was sent to study at 
 near becoming a victim to the guillotine. [ Rome, where he remained for twelve 
 He at length returned to America, and i years; and died, in 1809, professor of the 
 died there in 1809. Besides the works | Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and 
 
 a member of the Institute, and of the 
 legion of honour. His countrymen have 
 called him the restorer of the art. Among 
 
 pies. He began his public career in 1763 
 by two operas, which raised him at once 
 'nto popularity throughout Italy. His 
 subsequent works extended his reputation 
 over the whole of the continent. Several 
 sovereigns invited him into their service. 
 He accepted the ofler of the Empress 
 Catherine, and resided in Russia for nine 
 years. He next settled at Naples. In 
 1801 he went to Paris at the request of 
 Bonaparte; but, after having lived nearly 
 three years in France, he returned to Na*- 
 and died there in 1816. His operas 
 and other works are numerous, and are in 
 high repute. 
 
 PAJOLJ, Aur.usTiic, an eminent French 
 sculptor, was born, in 1730, at Paris: 
 gained the prize of the Academy at the 
 
 already mentioned, he wrote The Age of 
 Reason, and some political tracts. 
 
 PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, an eminent 
 lawyer, and a signer of the declaration of 
 American independence, was born at Bcs- 
 loo in 1731, and wa* graduated at Harvard 'abandoned by Lo\p, and statue? of 
 
 lis numerous works, some of the principal 
 LIC, Pluto lr>ldin<r < Vicbtis chained, Psycbt 
 
PAL 
 
 mosthenes, Descartes, Bossuet, Pascal, and 
 Turenne. 
 
 PAN 
 
 407 
 
 PALEY, W LLiAM,an eminent divine, 
 the son of a clergyman, was born, in 1745, 
 at Peterborough, and was educated, as a 
 sizar, at Cluf st's College, Cambridge, of 
 which he became a fellow in 1766. For 
 ten subsequent years he resided at the 
 university; but in 1776 he obtained the 
 vicarages of Dalston, in Cumberland, and 
 Appleby, in Westmorehnd. Within the 
 noxt nine years he became a prebendary, 
 archdeacon, and chancellor of Carlisle. In 
 1785, he at once attained high reputation 
 by his Elements of Moral and Political 
 Philosophy. At various intervals in the 
 course of a few years, this work was suc- 
 ceeded by Hora Paulina? ; A View of the 
 Evidences of Christianity; and Natural 
 Theology ; besides some smaller pieces. 
 His Sermons were a posthumous publica- 
 tion. Preferment awaited him as well as 
 competence and fame. He was succes- 
 sively made vicar of Stanwix, a preben- 
 dary of St. Pancras, subdean of Lincoln, 
 a doctor of divinity, and rector of Bishop's 
 Wearmouth. Dr. Paley died May 25, 1805. 
 
 PALISSET DE MONTENOY, 
 CHARLES, a French satirist and miscella- 
 neous writer, was born, in 1730, at Nanci; 
 was throughout his life in a state of vio- 
 lent hosti ; ty with the French literary 
 characters of the philosophical sect; and 
 died in 1814. His works form six octavo 
 volumes. Among them are The Dunciad ; 
 some comedies; Little Letters against great 
 Philosophers; Memoirs for a History of 
 French Literature, and a History of the 
 early Ages of Rome. 
 
 PALLADIO, ANDREW, a celebrated 
 Italian architect, was born, in 1518, at 
 Vicenza; acquired in his own country a 
 reputation which has received the sanction 
 of other nations and of posterity ; and died 
 in 1580. His Tieatise on Architecture is 
 one of the classics of the art. 
 
 PALLAS, PETER SIMON, an eminent 
 traveller and naturalist, was born, in 1741, 
 at Berlin; studied at Halle, Gottingen, 
 nd Leyden ; and acquired so much repu- 
 tation by his Elenchus Zoophytorum and 
 
 Miscellanea Zoologica, that Catherine of 
 Russia invited him to St. Petersburg!!, 
 made him a member of the Academy, 
 and for six years employed him, as a 
 naturalist, in exploring various parts of 
 ler vast empire. During his tour he suf- 
 : ered such hardships that his hair turned 
 .vhite, and his constitution was severely 
 njured. In 1794, the empress gave him 
 in estate in the Crimea. There he resided 
 >r fifteen years; but at length he quitted 
 Russsia, and settled at Berlin, where he 
 died, September 8, 1811. Among his 
 numerous works are his Travels, which 
 Saussure denominated " an inexhaustible 
 mine for the naturalist and statesman;" 
 Historical Documents on the Mongols; 
 and a Physical and Topographical Descrip- 
 tion of the Taurida. 
 
 PALLA VICING, SFORZA, was born, 
 in 1647, at Rome; was employed by Pope 
 Innocent X. in various important aflairs; 
 obtained a cardinal's hat in 1657; and 
 died in 1667. His chief work is A His- 
 tory of the Council of Trent, in two vol- 
 umes folio. 
 
 PALOMINO DE CASTRO Y VE- 
 LA.SCO, ACISCLES ANTHONY, an emi- 
 nent Spanish painter, was born, in 1653, 
 at Bujalance, in Valencia; was a pupil of 
 Valdes; became king's painter; entered 
 into the clerical profession in his latter 
 days; and died in 1726. Among his most 
 remarkable woiks are, a Confession of 
 St. Peter, at Valencia, and five pictures 
 in the choir of the cathedral at Cordova. 
 Palomino wrote The Pictorial Museum, 
 three volumes folio; of which the third 
 volume contains the lives of Spanish 
 artists. 
 
 PANARD, CHARLES FRANCIS, a 
 French dramatist, whom Marmontel sur- 
 named the Lafontaine of the Vaudeville. 
 was born, in 1694, near Chartres; and 
 died in 1765. He wrote eighty pieces, 
 among which are five comedies, and thir- 
 teen comic operas. The songs of Panard 
 are remarkable for their easy style and 
 their piquancy. 
 
 PANCIROLI, or PANCIROLUS, 
 GOT, a civilian, was born, in 1523, at 
 Reggio; was professor of law at Padua, 
 and afterwards at Turin; and died in 
 1599. He is the author of various works; 
 but the one by which he is remembered is a 
 curious treatise on the ancient inventions 
 which are lost, and on those inventions 
 which belong to the moderns. 
 
 PANCOUCKE, CHARLES JOSEPH, 
 one of the most eminent booksellers in 
 France, and also a man of literary talent, 
 was born at Lisle, in 1736. He settled at 
 Paris; became connected with most of the 
 distinguished authors of his time; am 
 published many magnificent works. Th 
 Moniteur was established by him; and a 
 
408 
 
 PAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 a {no projected the Methodical Encyclopae-j PARINI, JOSEPH, an Italian port, WM 
 dia. He died in 1798. Among his own born, in 1729, at Basizio,in the Milanese, 
 productions are, a free translation of Lu- He was patronised by Count Firmian, 
 cretins; On Man, and the reproduction of governor of Lombardy, and, afterwards, 
 different Individuals; and Philosophical by Princess Marii Beatrix of Este, and 
 Discourses on the Beautiful. His father, was professor of belles lettres, eloquence, 
 ANDREW JOSKPH, was a bookseller and and the fine arts at Milan. He died in 
 author. ] 1799. Parini was one of the most emi- 
 
 PAOLI, PASCAL, a patriot and general nent lyric poets of Italy, and excelled also 
 (the son of Hyacinth Paoli, who was also in satire. His works form six volumes 
 an intrepid assertor of his country's liberty), octavo. 
 
 was born, in 1726, at Stretta, in Corsica; | PARIS, MATTHEW, an English histo- 
 ful lowed his father into exile; and was rian, was a Benedictine monk at St. Al- 
 educated at the Jesuits' college, at Naples, bans, into which order he entered in 1217. 
 Fn 1755 his countrymen having elected him He died in 1259. Matthew Paris was an 
 their generalissimo, he returned to Corsica, Universal scholar, and a man of great pro- 
 and acted with such vigour against the bity. His History is a valuable work. 
 Genoese that he confined their dominion j PARK, MUNGO, a celebrated traveller, 
 within the narrow limits of the fortified the son o f a farmer, was born, in 1771, at 
 seaports. To enact wise laws, introduce Fowlshi'Vs, near Selkirk, in Scotland, and 
 reforms, and encourage agriculture was his j was bought up to the medical profession, 
 next care. But all his noble labours were J After having made a voyage to Bencoolen, 
 rendered abortive. The Genoese sold the he was engaged, in 1795, by the African 
 jsJand to France, and, after a severe strug- j Society, to penetrate into the interior of 
 gle against the invading army, Paoli was Africa, and explore the course of the Ni- 
 once more compelled to become an exile. ! ger. He arrived in the Gambia in June, 
 For twenty years he resided in England, and, on the second of December, proceeded 
 subsisting on a pension from the govern- from Pisania, on his adventurous journey, 
 mcnt. In 1789 he was recalled by the On the twentieth of July, he came in sight 
 constituent assembly; but in 1793 he" was of the long sought river.' After having 
 proscribed by the jacobins, and he subse- traced it to a considerable distance, he was 
 quently placed Corsica under the protection ! under the necessity of desisting from his 
 of Great Britain. He died in London, in enterprise. On his return to Scotland, 
 
 1807. 
 PA PI MAN, 
 
 the 
 
 Park married, and entered upon the prac- 
 greatest tice of his profession. In 1804, however, 
 
 cvil lawyer of antiquity, was born iboatlhe undertook a second expedition for the 
 A. D. 145; was pretorian prefect under the same purposes as the first. He again reach- 
 Emperor Severus ; and was put to death by 
 
 Caracalla, in 212, for refusing to justify 
 the murder of Geta. Most of his works 
 are lost. 
 
 PARACELSUS, AUREOLUS PHILIP 
 THEOPHRASTUS BOMBAST DE HOHEN- 
 HKIM, a celebrated Swiss empiric and 
 alchemist, was born, in 1493, at Einsie- 
 delm, in the canton of Schwitz. He lived 
 a wandering life for several years; but, 
 having performed some extraordinary cures, 
 he was invited, in 1526, to fill the medical 
 and surgical chair at the unversity of Ba- 
 sil. This post, however, he held for little 
 more than a year, when he recommenced 
 his peregrinations. He died at Salzburgh, 
 
 ed the Niger, and embarked upon it at 
 Bammakou, but was attacked by the na- 
 tives, and drowned, in his voyage to 
 Houssa. His Travels have been published 
 in two volumes. 
 
 PARKER, MATTHEW, a learned pre- 
 late, was born, in 1504, at Norwich; was 
 educated at Cambridge ; and was succes- 
 sively chaplain to Anne Boleyn, dean of 
 Stoke Clare, master of Bene't College, 
 and dean of Lincoln. In the reign of 
 Mary he was in great danger of being 
 brought to the stake. Elizabeth raised 
 him to the see of Canterbury, which he 
 filled with honour to himself. He died in 
 1575. Parker took a share in the re- 
 
 in 1541. Paracelsus was an impudent and ' formed Liturgy, and the Bishop's Bible; 
 supremely vain charlatan, but he has the published editions of some of the old En- 
 
 /" t . i J .. *_ I'l l .L ] , A- Tl_ A*! !*_* 
 
 merit of having introduced into practice 
 several powerful medicines. His works 
 form three volumes folio, and swarm with 
 absurdities. 
 
 PARE, AMBROSE, who is called the 
 father of French surgery, was born, at 
 
 Laval, about the beg 
 
 of the sixteenth 
 
 century ; was successively surgeon to Henry 
 II., Francis II., Charles IX., and He.iry 
 
 III.; and died in 1590. 
 I'D one volume folio. 
 
 His works are 
 
 glisli historians; and wrote De Antiquitata 
 Britannicse Ecclesia;, and some works of 
 less importance. 
 
 PARKER, ISAAC, an eminent lawyer, 
 was born in Boston, and graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1786. He studied law in 
 the office of Judge Tudor, and commenced 
 practice at Castine, in Maine, then an 
 integral part of Massacnusetta. Removing 
 to Portland, he was sent for one term to 
 Congress at a representative from Cumber- 
 
PAR 
 
 land County. He also held for a short 
 tire the office of United Statef marshal 
 for that district. In 1806 lie was appointed 
 by governor Strong associate Judge of the 
 supreme court of Massachusetts, and soon 
 after took up his residence at Boston. In 
 1814 he was appointed chief justice of the 
 supreme court, and held that office till his 
 sudden death in July, 1830, at the age of 
 sixty-three years. He was distinguished 
 for urbanity, and his legal opinions are 
 very highly respected. 
 
 PARKES, SAMUEL, a chemist, w*s 
 born, in 1759, at Stourbridge, in Worces- 
 tershire; was educated under Dr. Alding- 
 ton, at Market Harborough; *-.d died 
 December 23, 1825. He was a great 
 manufacturing chemist, and a member of 
 the Geological and other Societies. He is 
 the author of a Chemical Catechism, which 
 has passed through numerous editions; 
 Rudiments of Chemistry; An Essay on 
 the Utility of Chemistry; and Chemical 
 Essays. 
 
 PARKHURST, JOHN, a divine, was 
 born, in 1723, at Catesby, in Northamp- 
 tonshire; was educated at Rugby School, 
 and Clare Hall, Cambridge; and died in 
 1797. He is the author of a Hebrew 
 Lexicon; A Greek Lexicon; An Address 
 to Wesley ; and the Divinity and Preexist- 
 ence of Christ demonstrated. 
 
 PARKINSON, JOHN, a botanist, was 
 born in 1567; was appointed apothecary 
 to Charles T. ; was nominated Botanicus 
 Regius Primarius by Charles L; and died 
 about 1640. He is the author of Paradisus 
 Terrestris ; or, a Garden of all Sorts of 
 pleasant Flowers; and of Theatrum Bota- 
 nicuni ; or, Theatre of Plants. 
 
 PARMA, ALEXANDER FARNESE, 
 duke of, one of the most celebrated gene- 
 rals of the age in which he lived, first 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Le- 
 panto. Being appointed to the govern- 
 ment of the Netherlands by Philip II. he 
 gained several victories, and restored the 
 reatet part of the provinces to the author- 
 ity of his sovereign. In 1590 he com- 
 pelled Henry IV. to raise tbs siege of 
 Paris; and, in 1592, the siege of Rouen. 
 IH the last of these expeditions he received 
 a wound in tht arm, which he neglected, 
 and whic'.i caused his death, at Arras, on 
 tlie second of December, in the forty- 
 seventh year of his age. 
 
 PARMENTIER, ANTHONY AUGUS- 
 tijf,an eminent French agricultural impro- 
 ver, was born, in 1737, at Montdidier, *nd 
 was successively apothecary to the army, 
 in Hanover, and to the Hotel des Invalids 
 at Paris. He died in 1813. To Parmen- 
 tier France is indebted for rendering the 
 culti\ation of the potatoe general, and for 
 improving and introducing various other 
 a imentary articlrs Hi* whole attention 
 18 
 
 PAR 409 
 
 was paid to these subjects, and a 1 iii work* 
 relate to them. 
 
 PARNELL, THOMAS, a divine and 
 poet, was born, in 1679, at Dublin; waa 
 educated at Trinity College, in that city, 
 obtained, in 1705, 1713, and 1716, the 
 archdeaconry of Clogher, a prebend in 
 Dublifi Cathedral, and the vicarage of 
 Finglass; and died at Chester in 1717. 
 He was the friend of Swift and Pope, th 
 atter of whom gave the works of Parnell 
 to the press. , 
 
 PARNY, EVARISTE DESIRE DES- 
 FORGES, viscount de, whom his country- 
 men denominate the French Tibullus, wag 
 born, in 1753, at the Isle of Bourbon; was 
 sent to France, at the age of nine years; 
 was educated at the college of Rennes; 
 and entered into the military service. Hif 
 Elegies, inspired by an unfortunate pas 
 sion, appeared in 1775, and at once gava 
 him a conspicuous place among poets. 
 Subsequent works sustained his reputation 
 It is, however, to be regretted that, in his 
 latter years, he sullied his fame by several 
 impious and licentious productions. H 
 died in 1814. 
 
 PARR, SAMUEL, one of the most pro- 
 found of Greek scholars, was born, in 
 1746, at Harrow on the Hill, and was edu- 
 cated at the grammar school of that place, 
 and at Emanuel College, Cambridge. Hav- 
 ing in consequence of his youth, bc?n dis- 
 appointed of becoming head master at Har- 
 row, he established a seminary at Stan- 
 more; which, however, he ultimately gave 
 up, and was successively master of Col- 
 chester and Norwich grammar schools. 
 His first church preferment was the rec- 
 tory of Asterby, which he obtained in 1780. 
 He subsequently received the perpetual en- 
 racy of Hatton, the living of Graff ham, in 
 Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. He died March 6, 1825. 
 Among his works are, various Sermons; 
 the Preface to Bellendenus ; and a Letter 
 from Irenopolis. 
 
 PARRHASIUS, an ancient painter, the 
 contemporary and rival of Zeuxis, was 
 born about B. c. 420, at Ephesus. His 
 vanity ua equnl to his talents, great M 
 
414) PAT 
 
 they were. Among his most celebrated 
 vorks were, an allegorical picture of the 
 Athenian People, Melea^-r, Hercules ami 
 Perseus, and a high priest of (\\bele. 
 
 P.\KSO.NS, TIM OPIUM'S, a distin- 
 guished law\er, \\as born at Byeflcld, "Mas- 
 sachusetts, in 17.")() and graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1769. He studied, and 
 pursued the practice of the law, for some 
 \ears, in Falmouth, now Portland, but 
 when that town was destroyed by the Brit- 
 ish, he retired to the house of his father in 
 .\e\\b.irv. About a year afterwards he 
 opened an office in Newboryport. He soon 
 -one to the highest rank in his profession, 
 and made immense acquisitions in legal 
 knowledge. His professional services 
 were sought for in all directions, and after 
 thirty-five years of extensive practice he 
 was appointed chief justice of the supreme 
 fourt of Massachusetts. In 1780 he was a 
 member of the convention which formed the 
 constitution of the State, and of the con- 
 vention which accepted the federal consti- 
 tution. He was a powerful speaker, with- 
 out a rival in knowledge of law, and sur- 
 passed by few in his acquaintance with sci- 
 ence and classical literature. He continued 
 in the seat of chief justice till his death in 
 1813. 
 
 PASCAL, BLATZE, equally eminent as 
 a geometrician and a writer, was born, in 
 1623, at Clermont, in Auvergne. Though 
 himself a mathematician, his father would 
 not allow him to be taught mathematics; 
 but such was his propensity to that science 
 that, unassisted and by stealth, he mastered 
 a part of Euclid before he was twelve years 
 of age. He was then suffered to indulge 
 his genius. At sixteen he published a Trea- 
 tise on Conic Sections; and at nineteen he 
 invented an arithmetical machine. Unlike 
 many early prodigies, he more than sus- 
 tained in manhood the fame acquired in 
 youth. But his incessant mental exertions 
 injured his health, and in some degree af- 
 fected his intellect, without, however, de- 
 priving him -^f the free use of his talents. 
 In 1655 and Ib56, he publisiied, under the 
 name of Louis de Montalte, his admirable 
 Provincial Letters. His latter days were 
 spent in the practice of austere devotion. 
 
 He died in 1662. 
 volumes octavo. 
 
 His works form five 
 
 PASQUIER, STEPHEN, an eminent 
 French civilian and writer, was born, in 
 1529,atParis : was a pupil of Cujas ;and first 
 rose into reputation as an advocate by plead- 
 ing against the Jesuits before the parliament. 
 
 L'EL 
 
 Roman historian, of an equestrian 
 nourished in the reigns of Augustus and 
 Tiberius, lie filled the ofVirrs of tribune of 
 the soldiers, questor, tribune of the people, 
 and pra-tor, and commanded the cavalry 
 under Tiberius, lie is supposed by some 
 to have been involved in the ruins of Seja- 
 ntis. Only a part of his valuable cp'tom* 
 of Greek and Roman history is extant. 
 
 PATRICK, SAMUEL, a learned pro- 
 late, was born, in 1626, at Gainsborough; 
 was educated at Queen's College, Cam 
 bridge; and, after having filled with hon- 
 our several secondary preferments, \va 
 raised, in 1689, to the see of Chiehrster, 
 for his exertions against popery. In 1691 
 he was translated to Ely ; and he died in 
 1707. His chief work is, Paraphrases and 
 Commentaries on the Old Testament. 
 
 PAUSAIS'IUS, a Greek orator and his- 
 torian, settled at Rome, A. I). 170, and died 
 there at a very advanced age. He is the 
 author of a valuable Historical Description 
 
 of Greece, in ten books. 
 
 PAUW, CORNELIUS PE, 
 
 learned 
 
 writer, was born, in 1739, at Amsterdam; 
 was educated at Liege by a relation; re- 
 fused the most tempting oners from Fred- 
 eric the Great, to settle at Berlin ; became 
 canon of Xanten ; and died in 1799. He 
 is the author of Philosophical Inquiries re- 
 specting the Americans the Egyptians anrf 
 Chinese and the Greeks. All hiswoikt 
 are ingenious, but abound with paradoxes 
 and bold theories. 
 
 PEALE, CHARLES WILSON, wnsbr.rn 
 in Maryland in 1741, and was successively 
 a saddler, harness maker, silver smith, 
 watch maker, carver, portrait painter, nat- 
 uralist, machinist, and dentist. He found- 
 ed the extensive miiseu<n at Philadelphia 
 which bears his name He died in 1827. 
 
 PEARCE, Z &rf<*KY, a learned pre- 
 late, was born, i. 1690, in London; was 
 educated at Westminster School, and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; was succes- 
 sively rector of StapleforJ Abbots, and of 
 St. Bartholomew, lu-r.r the Bank, vicar cf 
 St. Martin in the Field.;, dean of Win- 
 chester; and bishop of Bangor and Roch- 
 ester; and died ,ii 1774 He wrote Ser- 
 
 mons; some papers m u.C Spectati 
 
 and 
 
 Guardian; A Commentary on the Evangel- 
 ists and Acts; and otb -"oiks; and pu)>- 
 lished editions ofl*ir .nus, and Cicero de 
 Ofliciis. 
 
 PELISaon-FONTAPIER, PAIL, a 
 French author, was born, in 1624, at P-e- 
 ziers. He wax bred to tie law. but waa 
 
 In his writings he was also a formidable forced to retire from /lie bar 1 y ill health. 
 adversary of that encroaching and danger-! He held an office under FoUfutet, and \\hen 
 ous order. lie died in 1615. One of hl.s 'that minister was overthrown, IVlisM.u was 
 principal works is, Inquiries respecting involved in his ruin, and wa committedfb 
 France. The v.v.ole occupy two folio \<,1- the Hastile, where he re:u:M;ied di;un li\e 
 (lines. 'years. He had, nexei t\:< li >.-, the rmir.'ge 
 
 PATERCULT Tf \ CAII :.i Vrr.LKir-, a 'M mlir fhirp el<><;u nl ::'' i ..\jrfiil M- 
 
PEN 
 
 moirs in >;half of his fallen patron. Louis 
 XIV. at length released Pelisson, and 
 loaded him with favours. He died in 1693. 
 Among his works are, Histories of the 
 Frencli Academy, of Louis XIV., and of 
 the Conquest of Franche Comte. 
 
 PELLOUTIER, SIMON, a German his- 
 torian, of a French family, was born, in 
 1694, at Leipsic; became minister of the 
 French church at Berlin, and librarian of 
 the Academy; and died in 1757, a victim 
 to intense stiitly. His principal work is a 
 valuable History of the Celts, particularly 
 of the Gauls and Germans. 
 
 PELOPIDAS, an illustrious Theban, 
 the son of Hippoclus, was the friend of 
 Epaminondas; in conjunction with whom 
 he rescued Thebes from the combined 
 tyranny of the nobles and the Lacede- 
 monians. After having been repeatedly 
 reelected to the government of B;ieotia, 
 and distinguished himself at Tegyra and 
 Leuctra, he was slain, B. c. 364, in a bat- 
 tle against Alexander of Pheraea. 
 
 PELTIER, JOHN GABRiKL.a French 
 political writer, a native of Nantz, born 
 ibout 1770, began his career in 1789, by 
 the publication of a royalist journal called 
 The Acts of the Apostles. After the tenth 
 of August, he took refuge at London, and 
 for many years published a monthly work, 
 with the title of Paris pendant 1'Ann^e. 
 He afterwards established the Ambigu, for 
 a libel in which, upon the first consul, he 
 wag prosecuted by the attorney-general. 
 He also wrote several pamphlets. His de- 
 ce**e took place at Paris, in 1825. 
 
 PEP 
 
 411 
 
 PENN, WILLIAM, the founder and leg- 
 viator of Pennsylvania, whom Montesquieu 
 Denominates the modern^Lycurgus, was the 
 on of Admiral Penn; was born, in 1*644, 
 .n London; and was educated at Christ 
 church, Oxford. At college he imbibed 
 the principles of quakerism, which, a few 
 years afterwards, he publicly professed. 
 he was, in consequence, twice turned out 
 of doors by his father. In 1668 he began 
 to preach in public, and to write in de- 
 fence of the doctrines which he had em- 
 braced. For this he was thrice imprisoned, 
 nd once brought to trial. It <-a during 
 
 his first imprisonment that he wrote No 
 Cross, No Crown. In 1677 he visited 
 Holland and Germany, to propagate qua- 
 kerism. In March, 1680-81, he obtained 
 fiom Charles II. a grant of that territory 
 which now bears the name of Pennsylva- 
 nia; in 1682 he embarked for his new" col- 
 ony; and in the following year he founded 
 Philadelphia. He returned to England in 
 1684. So much was he in favour with 
 James II., that, after the Revolution, he 
 was more than once arrested on suspicion 
 of plotting to restore the exiled monarch; 
 but he at length succeeded in establishing 
 his innocence. The rest of his life was 
 passed in tranquillity. He died July 30, 
 1718. His works have been collected in 
 two folio volumes. 
 
 PENN, JOHN, a signer of the declara- 
 tion of American independence, was born 
 in Virginia in 1719, received a common 
 school education, and after studying the 
 profession, was licensed as a practitioner 
 of law. He removed to North Carolina, 
 and was a delegate to congress from that 
 state. He died in 1788. 
 
 PENNANT, THOMAS, an antiquary 
 and naturalist, was born, in 1726, at the 
 family seat of Downing, in Flintshire; was 
 educated at Queen's and Oriel Colleges, 
 Oxford ; became a fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and of various other learned bodies; 
 travelled in Great Britain and on various 
 parts of the continent; and died December 
 16, 1798. Among his numerous works 
 may be mentioned his Literary Life; Brit- 
 ish Zoology; A Tour in Scotland; Arctic 
 Zoology; A View of Hindostan; Outlines 
 of the Globe; An Account of London; and 
 various Tours. 
 
 PEPPERELL, Sir WILLIAM, lieuten- 
 ant general in the British service, was born 
 in Maine, and engaged in commercial pur- 
 suits. He was early appointed an officer 
 in the militia, and for his services in com- 
 manding the successful expedition against 
 Louisburg, was rewarded by the king with 
 the dignity of baronet. His courage and 
 activity were much admired by the colo- 
 nies. He died in 1759. 
 
 PEPYS, SAMUEL, was born atBramp- 
 ton, in Huntingdonshire; was educated a; 
 St. Paul's School, and at Magdalen Col 
 lege, Cambridge; was patronised by his 
 relative, Montague, afterwards earl of 
 Sandwich ; and accompanied him, as sec 
 retary, in the fleet that was sent to bring 
 back Charles II. During the whole of the 
 reigns of Charles II. and James II., with 
 but one short interval, he was secretary of 
 the admiralty, in which capacity he intro- 
 duced many important improvement? into 
 the navy. He resigned after the Revolu- 
 tion, and died in 1793. For ten years h 
 was president of the Royal Society. H 
 wrote Memoirs of the Navy: but his mo* 
 
412 PER 
 
 interesting work is his own Diary, which 
 has recently been published. 
 
 PERCIVAL, THOMAS, a physici 
 
 and BIMceUaneoVB wii:cr, was lx>rn, ill 
 1740, at NVarrington, in Lancashire; ?tud- 
 ied at Edinburgh and Le\den; settled at 
 Manchester, where he fmndcd a scientific 
 society; and died in 1>'OI. Among his 
 works are, Medical F.tliics; Moral and 
 Literary Dissertations ; and A Father's 
 Instructions to his Children. 
 
 PERCY, THOMAS, an eminent prelate, 
 related to the Northumberland f-'.mily, was 
 born, in 172S, at Bridgenorth, in Shrop- 
 shire; was educated at Christ ( liurcli, 
 Oxford; became chaplain to the king in 
 17(J9, dean of Carlisle in 1778, and bishop 
 of Dromore in 17S2. He died in 1S11. 
 Of hi- works the principal aie, The Her- 
 mit of \Valkworth, a poem; a new Trans- 
 lation of .Solomon's Song; and the Rel- 
 iqnes cf English Poetry. 
 
 PERCY, Baron PETF.R FRANCIS, a 
 celebrated French military surge-on, was 
 born, in 1754, at Montagncy ; was head 
 surgeon to several of the French armies; 
 introduced many improvements into sur- 
 gical practice; received from Napoleon 
 the title of baron and commander of the 
 legion of honour ;. and died in 1825. 
 Among his works are, The Army Sur- 
 geon's Manual; and Practical Surgical 
 Pyrotechny. 
 
 PEREFIXE, HARDOUIN DE BEAU- 
 MONT DE, a French historian and di- 
 vine, wras born, in 1605, at Paris; studied 
 at Poitiers and his native city; and, after 
 having acquired great popularity as a 
 preacher, was appointed preceptor to Lou- 
 is XIV. in 1644. In 1648 he was raised 
 - to the see of Rhodez, and, in 1662, was 
 made archbishop of Paris. He died, gen- 
 erally regretted, in 1670. His principal 
 work is the Life of Henry IV., which is 
 the best history of that monarch, and has 
 been translated into every foreign lan- 
 guage. 
 
 PRGLESE, JOHN BAPTIST, an 
 eminent musical composer, was born, in 
 1704, at *Jasoria, in the Neapolitan terri- 
 tory. He was a pupil of Gaetano Greco, 
 and was afterwards improved by the les- 
 sons of Vinci and Hasse. For a consider 
 able part of his short life his compositions 
 were not popular; but he at length ac- 
 quired, and still retains, a high reputation. 
 He died in 1737. Among his principal 
 works are, the justly celebrated Stabat 
 Mator; a Mass and Vespers, written for 
 the duke of Matelon ; Olimpiade, an ope- 
 "a; and the.Salva Regina, which was his 
 ast production. 
 
 PERICLES, an illustrious Athenian 
 >rator, warrior, and statesman, was born 
 between 490 and 500 B. c., and received 
 the leofon* of Zeno, Damon, and Anaxa- 
 
 PER 
 
 goras. In opposition to Cin.. n, he e 
 poused the popular cause, nnd he acquired 
 a wonderful ascendancy over the minds of 
 his countrymen. For forty years he was 
 at the head of affairs in Athens, during 
 which period he increased the military 
 glory of the state, and embellished the 
 capital with many magnificent edifices. He 
 died H. c. 429. 
 
 FERIER, JAMES CONSTANTS F, an 
 aliln Fiench mechanist, was born, in 1742, 
 at Paris, and died August 17, 1818, a 
 member <f the \cademyofScienres. He 
 and his brother, who was a partner with 
 him, were the greatest manufacturers in 
 France of machinery, particularly of steam 
 engines, and at one period had no less 
 than ninety-three establishments. He wrote 
 an Essay on Steam Engines; and some Es- 
 says in tiie Transactions of the Academy. 
 
 PERON, FRANCIS, a Fiench natural- 
 ist and voyager, was born in 1775, at 
 Cerilly, in'the department of the Allier; 
 entered the army in 1792, and served till 
 1795, during which period he was made 
 prisoner and lost an eye; studied medicine 
 and natural history after his discharge; 
 was appointed, in" 1800, zoologist to the 
 expedition which was sent to the Austra- 
 lian ocean; and died in 1810. He is the 
 author of a Narrative of his Voyage, two 
 volumes quarto ; and of Observations on 
 Anthropology. 
 
 PEROUS"E,JoHN FRANCIS GALAUP 
 DE LA, a French navigator, was born, in 
 1741, at Albi, and entered into the naval 
 service at an early age. In 1782 he com- 
 manded an expedition against the British 
 settlements in Hudson's Bay. He was 
 dispatched, in 1785, with two vessels, on 
 a voyage of discovery; and in March, 
 1788, he sent home an account of his pro- 
 gress. From that period, however, noth- 
 ing more was heard of him, though vain 
 attempts were made to ascertain his fate. 
 Chance has, at length, recently brought to 
 light that both his vessels were lost on dif- 
 ferent islands of the New Hebrides. 
 
 PERRAULT, CLAUDIUS, a celebrated 
 French architect, was bom, in 1613, at 
 Paris, and was originally brought up to 
 the medical profession, which, however, 
 he abandoned for architecture. He died 
 in 1688, a member of the Academy of 
 Sciences. The attacks which Bo'ilean 
 made upon him disgraced only the satirist. 
 Perrault was a man of great genius, and 
 his front of the Louvre is one of the no- 
 blest architectural productions of modern 
 times. He translated Vitruvius; and wrote 
 various works. 
 
 PERRAULT, CHARLES, brother of tha 
 foregoing, WHS born, in 1628, at Paris 
 He practised for some time at the bar, 
 but quitted it for an office under hi.s brother 
 Peter, who wa receiver general of tM 
 
PER 
 
 PET 
 
 411 
 
 of Paris. Subsequently he rose to important offices, among which were those 
 
 be comptroller general of t!ie royal build- of consul and proconsul in Africa, Fie was 
 
 jig*. lie contributed to the founding of raised to the throne on the death of Com- 
 
 tlie Academies of Inscriptions, of the modus. He began his reign by restoring 
 
 Sciences, and of Painting, Sculpture, and discipline and reforming abuses; but he 
 Architecture. He died in 1703. Hisprin-jwas murdered, in 193, by the pretorian 
 
 cipal works are, Eulogies of Illustrious guards, after having held the imperial dig- 
 
 Men; an;l a Parallel Ivetwcen the Ancients nity only eighty-seven days. 
 rns; the last of which drew PERUGLNO, PETER, an 
 
 and the Modern 
 
 up:jn him the satire of Boilf 
 
 .1 'I* I - - 
 
 in eminent pam- 
 
 tu. The well ter, whose real name was VAN UCC1, was 
 
 known Fairy Tales were also written by .born, in 1446, at Citta della Pieve, in .he 
 Perratilt. Papal territory. He was the master of 
 
 PERRONET, JOHN RODOLPH, a cele- Raphael, who lias introduced him into his 
 brated French civil engineer, was born, prcture of the School of Athens. Peru- 
 in 1703, at Surene; ami died in 1794, a gino was suspicious and avaricious, and 
 member of many learned societies. Amoii^ Vasari charges him with an utter want of 
 his works are, tho canal of Burgundy, and religion. As a painter he has high merit, 
 thirteen bridges. Of his bridges the finest He died in 1524. 
 
 are those of Neutlli, Nemoura, Pont Saint PESCENNIUS NIGER, CAIUS, a 
 Maxence, and Louis XVI. at Paris. That ! Roman emperor, a native of Aquino, of & 
 of Neuilli was the first example of an ! considerable family, was appointed gover- 
 
 horizontal bridge. 
 
 PERRY, JAMES, an able whig political 
 writer, was born, in 1756, at Alierdeen; 
 was educated .it the high school and univer- 
 sity of hiss native place; settled in London, 
 in "1777, and was engaged as a writer in 
 The General Advertiser and London Eve- 
 ning Post. In 1782 he established The 
 European Magazine, the management of 
 which he quitted at the end of a year, to 
 become editor of The Gazetteer. He after- 
 wards purchased The 'Morning Chronicle, 
 of which he continued to be the sole pro- 
 prietor till his decease; and he raised it to 
 eminence among Mie public journals. He 
 died December 4, 1821. 
 
 PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD, an Amer- 
 ican naval officer, was born in Rhode 
 Island in 1785. Entering the navy in 
 1713, he served in the Mediterranean in 
 the expedition against Tripoli, and distin- 
 guished himself in the late war with Great 
 Britain by obtaining a splendid victory 
 over a superior force on Lake Erie. For 
 this exploit he was raised to the rank of 
 Captain. He commanded the Java in the 
 expedition to the Mediterranean under 
 commodore Decatur. He died in the 
 West Indies in 1820. 
 
 PERSIUS FLACCUS, AULUS, a Ro- 
 man satirist, was bo/n, A. D. 34, at Vol- 
 terra, in Etruria; studied at Rome, and 
 imbibed the Stoic philosophy from Cor- 
 nutus; was intimate with Lucan, Seneca, 
 and other eminent men; and died in his 
 eight and twentieth year His six Satires, 
 animated and often beautilu. "Hit also often 
 obscure, have been translated .. f o English 
 bv Dryden, Brewster, Drummonu, '^owes, 
 and Gilford. 
 
 PERTIXAX, PUBLTUS HELVIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, was born, in 126, at 
 Villa Martis, in Liguria. After having 
 lignalised himself in arms, particularly 
 th Germans, and filled varj"is 
 
 of Syria, and commander of the legions 
 in Asia, bv Commodus. On the death of 
 Pertinax,"the troops of Pescennius pro- 
 claimed him emperor, in 193, but he was 
 opposed by Severus. After having been 
 defeated at Issus, in 195, he was killed by 
 some soldiers, while he was on his flight 
 to the Parthian dominions. His virtues 
 rendered him worthy of a happier fate. 
 
 PESTALOZZI, or PESTALUZ 
 HENRY, celebrated for having introduced 
 a new method of education, was born, in 
 1745, at Zurich, in Switzerland. After 
 having studied theology and jurisprudence, 
 he relinquished his views with respect to 
 the church and the bar, to cultivate his own 
 small property. Witnesssing the wretch- 
 edness of the peasantry, he became anxious 
 to ameliorate theff situation by cultivating 
 their mental faculties. In the pursuit ot 
 his benevolent purpose he publichcd several 
 works, and considerably injiued his for- 
 tune. It was not till 1798, lu wcver, that 
 his plans were patronised by the Helvetic 
 government. Under that pati >nage he for 
 several years conducted an institution, 
 which acquired extensive c< iebrity. Ho 
 died February 27, 1827. 
 
 PETER THE HERMIT, memorable 
 as having been the author of ^he Crusades, 
 was born at Amiens, about the middle of 
 the eleventh century. He quitted the pro- 
 fession of arms to become a hermit, in 
 which capacity he made, about 1093, a 
 pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Indignant 
 at the insults to which the Christians were 
 subjected, he originated the plan of expel- 
 ling the infidels from Palestine. History 
 has recorded the success with which he 
 preached it after his return to Europe. 
 He led the first irregular band of crusaders, 
 but he displayed little talent, and most of 
 
 followers were destroyed. He died, 
 1115, abbot of New Moutier, in the 
 
 territory of Liege. 
 
414 
 
 PET 
 
 PETER I. ALEXIKVITSCH, eurnrnmed 
 THE GREAT, c/ar of Riusia, \vus born, in 
 
 1672. In 1682 lie succeeded to a share in 
 the crown, and in Hi96 obtained the sole 
 authority on the death of his brother Ivan. 
 At an early period he began to form pro- 
 jects for the ci\ili/.atii;n and aggrandise- 
 ment of his empire. Military and naval 
 improvements were the first objects of his 
 ef Forts, and he was ably seconded by his 
 confidant and counsellor, Lefort, a native 
 of Geneva. He twice travelled, in 1697 
 and 1716, to acquire knowledge, and, in 
 the course of Vis first journey, he worked 
 as a shipwright in the dockyard at Saar- 
 dain. From all quarters he ikewise in- 
 vited men of talent and mechanical skill to 
 settle in Russia. In 1700 he entered 
 upon a war with Sweden, which lasted till 
 1721. At the commencement of it he was 
 repeatedly defeated, at Narva and other 
 places, but he at length acquired the ascen- 
 dency, gained a decisive victory at Pullova, 
 in 1709, and wrested several provinces 
 from the Swedes. On part of the territory 
 thus conquered he founded St. Petersburgli. 
 In 1711, however, he was less fortunate 
 against the Turks, by whom he was sur- 
 rounded on the banks of the Pruth, and 
 compelled to sign an ignominious peace. 
 Against Persia he was successful, in 
 1723, and obliged that power to make 
 extensive cessions to him. But amidst 
 all his glory his latter years were clonded 
 by domestic infelicity: Ins wife, Catherine, 
 was more than suspected of being unfaith- 
 ful to him; and his son, Alexis, was diso- 
 bedient. The former he spared ; the latter 
 he brought to trial, and is believed to have 
 put to death in prison. He died, January 
 28, 1725. The narrow limits of this arti- 
 cle preclude an inquiry into his right to 
 the appellation of Great, which his ad- 
 mirers have assigned to him. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH, CH A RLKsMOR- 
 DAUNT, earl of, the son of Lord Mor- 
 duunt, was born in 1658; distinguished 
 himself against the Moors at Tangier, in 
 IGSO; contributed to the Revolution, and 
 was created earl of Motunovth; succeeded 
 to th: t : tle of Peterborough i.i 1697; u 
 
 PET 
 
 appointed commander in chief of the 
 lisli forces in Spain, in 1703, at the head 
 of which he reduced Barcelona, and ob- 
 tained other splendid smve^es, for which 
 he was appointed generalissimo of the 
 imperial forces; was made general of the 
 marine?, and a knight of the garter by 
 George I.; and died in 1735. Moi daunt 
 man of varied tal'-nts, and lie was in 
 habits of friendship \\itli I'opc, Swift, and 
 other illustrious contemporaries. 
 
 PETKRS, HriiH, a celebrated fanatic, 
 was the son of a Corni:-h merchant; was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; 
 and, after having' been on the stage, in 
 the churvh, and a resident in America, 
 took a very active part ;igainst Charles 1. 
 for which he was executed in IfiCO. He 
 wrote Discourses; and a Last Legacy to 
 his Daughter. 
 
 PETERS, RICH ARP, an eminent judge, 
 was born in June 174-1, and received his 
 education in the city of Philadelphia. He 
 adopted the profession of the law, and 
 soon obtained an extensive practice. At 
 the commencement of hostilities with the 
 mother country, Mr. Peters joined the side 
 of the colonies, and in 1776 was appointed 
 by congress secretary of the Board of War. 
 II is exertions in this department were 
 highly meritorious and useful, and on re- 
 signing the post, in 1781, he was elected a 
 meml)cr of congress, and assisted in closing 
 the business of the war. On the organi- 
 zation of the new government, Mr. Peters 
 was appointed judge of 'he District Court 
 of Pennsylvania, and performed the duties 
 of this oflice for thirty-six years. During 
 this time he was engaged in several objects 
 of public improvement, and issued several 
 valuable publications in relation to agri- 
 culture. Asa judge he possessed powers of 
 a high order, and his decisions on admiralty 
 law form the ground work of this branch 
 of our jurisprudence. Their principles 
 were not only sanctioned by our own courts, 
 but were simultaneously adopted by Lord 
 Stovvell, the distinguished maritime judge 
 of Great Britain. Judge Peters died in 
 August 1828. 
 
 PETION, ALEXANDER, a mulatto, 
 whose real name was SABES, was the son 
 of a St. Domingo planter; was born al 
 Port au Prince, in 1770; and received a 
 liberal education. From the commence- 
 ment of the struggle between the blacks 
 and the whites in his native island, he bore 
 arms, and distinguished himself on various 
 occasions. In ]. Q 07 he was elected presi- 
 dent of the republic of Haiti, comprehen- 
 ding the southern and western part of St. 
 Domingo, and this office he filled so wor- 
 thily that he was called The Father of hit 
 Country. He died in isis. 
 
 PETlS I)i: LA CROIX, FRANCIS, a 
 celebrated orientalist, was born, in 1658, 
 
PET 
 
 at Paris; was employed in negotiations 
 with the Burbar v powers, and wan Arabic 
 professor at the Royal College; and died 
 in 1713 Among his works are, A Hi.. lory 
 of Tamerlane; Persian Tales; and Turk 
 is!i Tal >.-. 
 
 PKTIT, JOHN LB-WIS, an eminent sur- 
 geon, wis b:>rn, in 1674, at Paris; studied 
 a riloinv under Littre, and surgery under 
 L'.isto!; was fr some years an army and 
 li ispital surgeon; settled at Paris, gave 
 lectures, and acquired a well merited rep- 
 u a! ion; a:id died, in 1750, director general 
 of t!ie surgical scliool. He invented a 
 tourniquet, and a method of extracting 
 firo'^i bxlies from the (Baophagus; and 
 wr ;t- a Treatise on Diseases of the Bones; 
 4:1,1 a Treiiise on Su.gicul Diseases. 
 
 PETITOT, JOHN, an admirable painter 
 in enani:-*!, who so m-ich improved that 
 branch of the art th it he may almost be 
 fn\ I to be the inventor of it, was born, in 
 1607, at Geneva, and died at Vevay, in 
 1601. He was patronised by Charles I. 
 of England, and, afterwards, bv Louis XIV*. 
 Petitot worked in conjunction with his 
 brother in law Bourdier, and it is honour- 
 able to th.- character of both, that they 
 lived together for half a century without 
 the slightest disagreement. 
 
 PHI 
 
 415 
 
 PETRARCH, FRANCIS, one of the four 
 greatest of the Italian poets, was born, in 
 1304, at Arezzo, in Tuscany. The dissen- 
 sions which distracted that country induced 
 his father to remove to Avignon; and the 
 first rudiments of education were received 
 by Petrarch, at Carpentras, from Conven- 
 nole. Being intended for the law, he 
 *tndied it at Montpellier and Bologna. 
 His whole soul, however, was devoted to 
 literature; but it was nut till he was in his 
 twentieth year that the death of his father 
 allowed him to indulge his inclination. 
 Having settled at Avignon, he first saw, 
 on the 6th of April, 1327, the beautiful 
 Laura de Noves. Her charms inspired 
 him with a lasting passion, the effusions 
 of which he poured forth in those sonnets 
 and odes which h we rendered his name 
 urmortal bat which failed to gain the 
 objec.'. J his n.Tecti.j is ifter hiving 
 
 vainly traveled to forget or moderate his 
 love, he settled at Vaucluse, a romantic 
 spot, where he wrote some of his finest 
 works. His literary reputation attracted 
 the regard of princes; he was invited to 
 Naples, to Paris, and to Rome; and re- 
 ceived the laureat crown in the Capitol of 
 the latter city. Among his warmest friends 
 and patrons was the Colonna family. In 
 1348 his feelings were deeply wounded by 
 the death of Laura. He survived her, 
 however, nearly thirty years; during all 
 which period he was admired and honoured 
 by his own countrymen, and by foreign 
 princes. He died July 13, 1374. Of all 
 his numerous works, in prose and verse, 
 his Italian poems alone preserve their 
 reputation undiminished ; but they are 
 identified with literature itself, and till 
 that is annihilated their fame is secure. 
 
 PH.'EDRUS, JULIUS, an elegant Latin 
 fabulist, was born on the frontier of Thrace 
 and Macedonia; was a slave of Augustus, 
 by whom he was manumitted ; and was 
 persecuted by Sejanus, during the reign of 
 Tiberius. The time of his death is not 
 recorded. After having lain in oblivion 
 for many centuries, his Fables were dis- 
 covered by Francis Pithou, and given to 
 the press by Peter, his brother. 
 
 PHIDIAS, one of the greatest of sculp- 
 tors, an Athenian, is supposed to have been 
 born about 497 or 498 B. c. and to have 
 died B. c. 431. Little, however, is known 
 respecting his life. Hippias is stated by 
 some to have been his master, and Eladas 
 by others. He executed several statues of 
 i\iinerva, particularly that in the Parthenon 
 (the works of which temple he superin- 
 tended) ; a statue of Jupiter Olympius ; 
 and various other admirable productions. 
 
 PHILIDOR, FRANCIS ANDREW, a 
 omposer, was born, in 1726, at Dreux; 
 composed a great number of operas, and 
 set Alexander's Feast, and the Carmen 
 Seculare, to music; and died, in 1795, in 
 London. Philidor had respectable musical 
 talents, but he owes his fame to his con- 
 summate skill as a chess player, in which 
 lie has seldom been equalled. He wrote 
 The Analysis of Chess, which has passed 
 through many editions, and may be called 
 one of the classical works upon the game. 
 
 PHILIP II. king of Macedon, son of 
 Amyntas II. and father of Alexander the 
 Great, was born B.C. 383. The art of 
 war he learned under Epaminondas, On 
 the death of his brother Perdiccas, he 
 isurped the throne, at first under the guise 
 of guardian to his infant nephew. After 
 having repeatedly defeated the bordering 
 Dowers, and enlarged his dominions by 
 successive encroachments, he extinguished 
 the liberties of Greece by the victory of 
 Cheronsea. He was next appointed gen* 
 ral of the Greeks agaiji^t the Persians. ;uu' 
 
116 
 
 PIA 
 
 1'IC 
 
 was preparing to invade Asia, when he omer, was born, in 1746, at Ponte, in th* 
 was assassinated by Pausanias, B. c. 836. Valteline; entered into the order of the 
 
 PHILIP, MARCUS JULIUS, a Roman theatins, and, after having been a professor 
 pmperor, surnamed the Arab, from his at Genoa, Malta, and Ravenna; was in- 
 being born at Bosra, in Arabia, rose from vited to Palermo, in 1780, to (ill the pro- 
 being a common soldier to the highest rank feMOnhip of the higher branches of math* 
 in the army. He gained the throne, in ematics. At Palermo he obtained the 
 244, by the assassination of Gordian, and establishment of an observatory, and en- 
 for a while his lil)erality rendered him tered into a correspondence with the most 
 popular. He was at length defeated by eminent European astronomers.. He made 
 Decius, and was slain by his own troops in a new catalogue of stars, containing seven 
 249. {thousand six hundred and forty-six, and, 
 
 PHILIPS, JOHN, a poet, was born, in 'on the 1st of January, 1801, discovered an 
 1676, at Hampton, in Oxfordshire; was 'eighth planet, to which he gave the name 
 
 educated at Winchester School and Christ 
 Church, Oxford; and died in 1708. While 
 at college, he wrote The Splendid Shilling, 
 :he most popular of his works, and the 
 poem of Blenheim. He is the author, 
 likewise, of Cyder, a poem, ia imitation 
 of Virgil. 
 
 PHILIPS, AMBROSE, a poet and dram- 
 atist, was born in Leicestershire, in the 
 
 of Ceres Ferdinandea. Piazzi died July 
 22, 1826. lie is the author of Astronom- 
 ical Lessons, and of various other scientific 
 works. 
 
 PI CARD, JOHN, an able French as- 
 tronomer and mathematician, was born, in 
 1620, at La Flache, in Anjou ; became 
 astronomer to the Academy of Sciences at 
 Paris; made a voyage to Uraniburg o 
 
 atter part of the seventeenth century ; | ascertain the exact longitude and latitude 
 received his education, and obtained a 'of that observatory ; and died in 1683 or 
 fellowship, at St. John's College, Cam- 1 1684. He was the first who observed the 
 oridge; and died, in 1749, registrar of the ! phosphoric light in the barometric vacuum, 
 Irish prerogative court. He wrote Poems ;' and applied the telescope to quadrants, 
 the tragedies of The Briton, Humphry I He edited the Connoissance des Temps 
 Duke of Gloucester, and The Distressed I from 1679 to 1683; and wrote a Narrative 
 
 Mother; and a Life of Archbishop \Vil 
 Jams; and contributed to the periodical 
 paper called the Freethinker. His pasto- 
 rals involved him in a quarrel with Pope, 
 r>v whom they were insidiously attacked in 
 T*he Guardian. 
 
 PHILOPCEMEN., a celebrated general, 
 who 1ms been called the last of the Greeks, 
 was born B. c. 223, at Megalopolis, in 
 Arcadia; became generalissimo of the 
 Achaean league; reduced the Spartans to 
 a tributary state, dismantled Sparta, and 
 abolished the laws of Lycurgus; but was 
 at length taken prisoner in a battle with 
 uie Messeniann, and was put to death by 
 poison, B. c. 183. 
 
 PHOCION,an Athenian, illustrious for 
 his virtues no less than for his talents, was 
 
 of his Voyage; and other works. 
 
 PICARD, Louis BENEDICT, a celebra- 
 ted French dramatist and romance writer, 
 was born, in 1769, at Paris; and died 
 there in 1824. For many years he wat 
 also a popular actor. He wrote nearly a 
 hundred dramatic pieces, most of which 
 were crowned with success. The collec- 
 tion of them forms ten octavo volumes. 
 His romances, among which may be men- 
 tioned The History of Gabriel Desodry, 
 The Gil Bias of the Revolution, and The 
 Confessions of Laurence Gifi'ard, are infe- 
 rior to his comedies. 
 
 PICART, BERNAUD, an engraver, the 
 son of STEPHEN, who was of the same 
 profession, was born, in 1663, at Paris; 
 acquired an early reputation for designing 
 
 born about E. c. 400, of an obscure family, las well as engraving; settled in Holland 
 Plato and Xenocrates were his masters in j with his father; and died, at Amsterdam, 
 Philosophy. Forty-five times he was placed I in 1733. Among his best works are, Th 
 at the head of the Athenian armies, and Massacre of the Innocents; Time discov- 
 on all occasions displayed bravery and ering Truth; and The Arcadian Shepherds, 
 kill. He was, however, a lover of peace, He also executed the plates for the Reli- 
 and he discouraged hostile proceedings giou* Ceremonies of all Nations, 
 against the Macedonians, because he was P1CCINI, NICHOLAS, an eminent corn- 
 convinced that circumstances were such [poser, was born, in 1721, at Bari, in the 
 as to render success hopeless. In probity ! kingdom of Naples, and studied under 
 and disinterestedness, he was never sur-'Leo and Durante, of the latter of which 
 
 passed. He was, nevertheless, condemned 
 to die by poison, B.C. 318, and was even 
 denied a grave in his own country. When 
 
 the madness of popular MM ion haJ sub- 
 
 masters he was the favourite pupil. He 
 began his career in 1754, and soon ac- 
 ' 
 
 quired an extensive reputation by 
 cornuosition?. carticulariv by La 13 
 
 sided, the Athenians raised 
 l ii rnernorv, : nd put hi? 
 PIA7.XI. J->i n\, :i 
 
 composition* 
 
 statue 
 to flea 
 troii 
 
 to I Figluola, and ( M, 
 :li. 'of nearl twenty 
 invited 
 
 his 
 
 particularly by La i'lmnft 
 ni| ia. After a residence 
 \ears ;it Rome, lie wag 
 I'a.i^. His ?uL-c"H'.*;iit lite u> 
 
PIC 
 
 chequered with much vexation and ill for- 
 tune He died in 1800. 
 
 PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIUS, a leader 
 of the imperial armies, one of the most 
 distinguished generals of the thirty years' 
 war, was born, in Italy, in 1599, and 
 made hid first military essays in that 
 country, in the Spanish army. He passed 
 into the service of the emperor, and ren- 
 dered himself conspicuous for bravery and 
 talent, at Lutzen, Nordlingen, and many 
 other battles. Returning to the Spanish 
 colours, he was appointed commander in 
 chief in the Netherlands, but was soon 
 recalled by the emperor, and was made 
 field-marshal. His subsequent exploits 
 gained for him the title of prince. He 
 died in 1656. 
 
 PICHEGRU, CHARLES, one of the 
 most celebrated generals produced by the 
 wars of the French revolution, was born, 
 
 of poor parents, 
 Franche Comte 
 
 in 1761, at Arbois, in 
 was educated by the 
 
 monks of that town ; and was a tutor to 
 the mathematical and philosophical classes 
 at the college of Brienne, when Bonaparte 
 WAS a student there. He entered into the 
 artillery as a private soldier, and rose to 
 be adjutant before 1789. Subsequent to 
 the revolution he rapidly attained the rank 
 of general of division. After having com- 
 manded the army of the Rhine, he was 
 placed, in February, 1794, at the head of 
 the army of the North. He defeated the 
 allies in the several actions, and achieved the 
 conquest of the Netherlands and of Hol- 
 land. But, in 1795, while general of the 
 army of the Rhine, he sullied his fame by 
 
 entering into tie;. 
 
 )tiations with the exiled 
 
 Indians 
 
 PIN 417 
 
 He was successively post mantel 
 
 general, secretary of war, and secretary 
 of state. From the last office he was re- 
 moved by president Adams in 1800. From 
 1803 to 1811 he was a senator in congress 
 from his native state, and from 1814 to 
 1817 a representative in that body. In 
 public life he was distinguished for firm- 
 ness, energy, activity and disinterested- 
 ness. He died in Salem in 1829. 
 
 PICTET DE RICHEMONT, 
 CHARLES, was born, in 1755, at Geneva; 
 spent several years in the military service; 
 retired to his estate, where he devoted him- 
 self to farming and literature ; was employ- 
 ed in 1815 as negotiator for Switzerland at 
 Paris, Vienna, and Berlin; and died in 
 1824. He conducted (in conjunction with 
 
 ijur 
 
 riu 
 
 Bourbons. In 1797 he 
 member of the council 
 
 his brother and M. Maurice) The Britannic 
 Library; translated various works from 
 the English; and published A Course of 
 Agriculture, and other productions on the 
 same subject. 
 
 PIGAFETTA, ANTHONY, a voyager 
 of the sixteenth century, was one of the 
 eighteen companions of Magellan, who 
 survived the voyage, and returned to Se- 
 ville, in 1522. In 1524 he was made a 
 knight of Rhodes. The time of his death 
 is unknown. He wrote a Narrative of the 
 voyage, the MS. of which was supposed 
 to be lost, but was discovered, some years 
 ago, in the Ambrosian library at Milan. 
 
 PIGALLE, JOHN BAPTIST, an emi- 
 nent sculptor, was born, in 1714, af. Par- 
 is; studied at Rome; became a sculptor to 
 the French monarch, and a knight of the 
 order of St. Michael; and died in 1785 
 Among his best works aro, the monument 
 
 elected a of Marshal Saxe; Love and Friendship; 
 
 if five hundred, 
 
 and was chosen president of that body. 
 He was one of those who were transported 
 
 and statues of Silence, Mercury, and Venus. 
 PIKLER, or PICHLEli; JOHN, the 
 most able gem engraver of the age, was 
 
 to Cayenne by the Directory, after its i born, in 1784, at Naples, and was the son 
 triumph in September; but he contrived \ of JOHN ANTHONY, who was also cele- 
 to make his escape to England. In 1804, : brated for his skill in the same art. He 
 
 in conjunction with Georges and others, he 
 visited Paris, for the purpose of attempting 
 the overthrow of the consular government. 
 He was arrested, and committed to the 
 Temple; and was found dead in hie bed, 
 by strangulation, on the 6th of April. 
 
 PICKERING, TIMOTHY, an American 
 statesman, was born in Salem in 1746, and 
 was graduated at Harvard College in 
 1763. He took an active part in the 
 popular cause, and, in organizing the pro- 
 visional government of Massachusetts in 
 1775, \v;if- appointed a judge of the Court j 
 of Common Pleas for Essex, and sole 
 judge of the Maritime Court for the mid- 
 dle district. During the war he was ap- 
 pointed adjutant general, and subsequently 
 a member of the board of war. From 
 1790 to 1798, at different intervals^ he was 
 employed or various negotiation!, wit i 'he 
 
 knighted by Joseph II. His works 
 are numerous, and highly valued. He died 
 in 1791. 
 
 PINDAR, the greatest of lyric po*t*, 
 was born, about R.~f. o22, neur'Thebes, ii 
 
418 
 
 PIN 
 
 BT>otia, tnd is believed to have died about 
 B r. 442. He was patronised by Theron 
 of Agrigt ntnm, and Iliero of Syracuse, at 
 the court of which latter pi hire he is said 
 to have resided during the closing \ears 
 of his existence. Little, howe\rr. is know n 
 of his real history. Of his woiks which 
 were numerous, and in various kinds of 
 composition, time has spared only four 
 books of Odes; but what it has spared is 
 amply sufiicient to vindicate his claim to 
 be ranked among the most illustrious of 
 ancient bards. 
 
 P1NEL, PHILIP, an eminent French 
 physician, was born, in 1742, at St. Paul, 
 in "the department of the Tarn; practised 
 with distinguished success at Paris, par 
 
 PIN 
 
 WORTH, a distinguished officer of the 
 
 revolutionary annv, was born 
 
 South 
 
 ticularly in cases of 
 the most important 
 
 isanity; introduced 
 nprovements into the 
 
 mode of treating insane patients; acquired 
 great popularity by his lectures; and died 
 in 1826. Among his works are, A Medico- 
 Mental Aliena- 
 and 
 
 philosophical Treatise on 
 
 tion ; Philosophical Nosography ; 
 
 Clinical Medicine. 
 
 P1NG11E, ALF.XANDKR GUT, an able 
 astronomer, was born, in 1711, at Paris; 
 was originally an ecclesiastic, and began 
 the study of astronomy at a late period ; 
 made a voyage, in 1760, to isle Rodri- 
 guez, to observe the transit of Venus, and 
 
 Carolina, received his education in Eng- 
 land, and studied law in the Temple-. On 
 returning to his native province in 1769, 
 he de\ <.ted hiin.-clf t.i the successful prae 
 (ice of his profession. On the commence- 
 ment of hostilities he renounced law for 
 the study of military tactics, and was soon 
 promote,! to the command of the first regi- 
 
 ment of Carolina infantry, lie 
 
 sub- 
 
 sequently aid-d 
 
 encamp to 
 
 Washington, and 
 
 n this capacity at the battles of Brandy 
 wine and (iei inantown. On the surrender 
 of Charleston he was taken prisoner, and 
 remained so till all opportunity of gaining 
 iVe.-h reputation in the field, had passed. 
 He was a member of the convention which 
 formed the federal constitution, and in 
 1796 was appointed minister to France. 
 When preparations were making for war 
 on account of the expected French inva- 
 sion, Mr. Pinckney was nominated a 
 major general, but he soon had an oppor- 
 tunity of retiring to the quiet of private 
 life. He was afterwards president, of the 
 Cincinnati Society of the United States. 
 He died in 1825.' 
 
 P1NKNEY, WILLIAM, an eloquent 
 lawyer and statesman, was born in Mary- 
 land in 1765, and prepared himself for the 
 
 three subsequent voyages, to try the chro- ! bar under the instruction of judge Chase, 
 nometers of Berthoud and Le Roy; and; He was admitted to practice in 1786, and 
 died in 1796. The most important of his! soon gave indications of possessing superi- 
 works is his Cometography, or Historical or powers. lie was a member of the con- 
 and Theoretical Treatise on Comets. vention of Maryland which ratified the 
 
 PINKERTON, JOHN, a fertile but ec- federal constitution. In 1776 he was ap- 
 centric author, was born, in 1758, in Edin- pointed one of the commissioners under 
 burgh. He was educated at Lanark Gram- the British treaty. The state of Maryland 
 mar School, and served five years as clerk also employed him to procure a settlement 
 to an attorney; after which he settled in of its claims on the Bank of England, and 
 London, and gave himself up to literature. ; he recovered for it the sum of 800,000 dot- 
 He began his career by poetical produc- lars. This detained him in England till 
 tions, among which were, Rhymes, Odes, the year 1804, when he returned and re- 
 and Tales, but he did not rise above medi- sumed his professional labours. In 1806 
 ocrity. In emulation of Chatterton he also he was sent as envoy extraordinai to 
 produced two volumes of pretended Ancient I London, and in 180S received the authvri- 
 Scottish Poems. One of his, earliest works ty of minister plenipotentiary. He re- 
 \ as Letters on Literature, under the as-: turned to the United States in 1811, ana 
 sumed name of Robert Heron, in which he soon after was appointed attorney gener 
 disjiayed a degree of vanity and impu-'al. This office he held till 1814. During 
 dence which has seldom been equalled. In the incursion of the British into Alary - 
 his latter years he took up his abode in land, he commanded a battalion, and wa 
 France; and he died at Paris, March 10, .wounded in the battle of Bladcnsburgh in 
 1826. One of the singularities of Pinker- ! August 1814. He was afterwards tepie- 
 ton was his utter aversion of every tiling! tentative in congress, minister plenipoten- 
 Celtic. Among the worKs of this inde- tiary to Russia, envoy to Naples, and in 
 fatigable writer are, an excellent Essay on 1819 senator in congress. In tne last 
 Medals; The Treasury of Wit; A Disser- office he continued till his death in 1822. 
 tation on the Origin of the Scythians and PINKNEY, EDWARD COATK, son of 
 Goths; A History of Scotland; Icono- > the foregoing, was born in London, in 
 graphia Scotica ; Modern Geography ; A 1802, passed his infancy in England, and 
 CoJection of Voyages and Travels; Kecol- was placed as a student "in Baltimore Col- 
 ectiona of Pans ; and Petralogy, or a lege at the age of ten or eleven. He en- 
 Treatise on Rocks. j'.ered the navy as a midshipman and con- 
 
 Pi N C K N E Y , CHARLES COTES JC laued in the service for several years O 
 
PIR 
 
 th death of his father he quitted toe navy 
 and devoted himself to the practice of the 
 law. He published, in 1825, a volume of 
 poems, which possess much beauty. He 
 died in 1828. 
 
 PINTO, FERDINAND MENDED, a cel- 
 ebrated Portuguese traveller, was born, in 
 1510, at Montomor o Velho, and became 
 a mariner at the age of thirteen. In the 
 course of his peregrinations he visited 
 Abyssinia, India, China, Siam, and many 
 other oriental countries, and was several 
 times reduced to a state of slavery. In 
 155S he returned to Portugal, and pub- 
 lished ;\ narrative of his travels. The date 
 of his death is unknown. Some of his sto- 
 ries are so extraordinary that they caused 
 his authority to be discredited, and Pinto 
 was long a synonyme for an enormous liar; 
 but there is now reason to believe that he 
 has been treated with injustice. 
 
 Pl.NZON, VINCENT YANKZ, a Span- 
 ish navigator, accompanied Columbus on 
 his memorable voyage; was the first Eu- 
 ropean who crossed the line; discovered 
 Brazil, and the river Amazon; was ap- 
 pointed one of the royal pilots; and died 
 in the early part of the sixteenth century. 
 PIOZZI, HESTER LYNCH, a miscel- 
 laneous writer, whose m:\iden name was 
 Salisbury, was born, in 1739, at Bodvel, 
 in Carnarvonshire; and was united, in 
 1763, to Mr. Thrale, an opulent brewer. 
 For many years Dr. Johnson was the in- 
 timate friend of her and her husband. 
 After the death of Mr. Thrale she accepted 
 the addresses of Signor Piozzi; an act 
 which occasioned a dissolution of her 
 friendship with Johnson. For a consid- 
 erable period, she resided at Florence with 
 her second husband, and while there she 
 contributed to the Florence Miscellany. 
 She died at Clifton, in 1821. Among her 
 works are, Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson; 
 Observations in a Journey through France, 
 Italy, and Germany; British Synonymy; 
 and" Retrospection. 
 
 PIRANESl, JOHN BAPTIST, an emi- 
 nent engraver and antiquary, was born, in 
 1707, at Rome; in which city he died, in 
 1778. Piranesi was one of the most inde- 
 fatigable of artists, and his talents were 
 equal to his industry. His works form 
 iixteen atlas folio volumes. 
 
 PI RAN ESI, FRAN.CIS, a son of the 
 foregoing 1 , and the inheritor of his genius, 
 was born, in 1748, at Rome. The mag- 
 nificent works begun by his father ha con- 
 tinued with such a kindred spirit that the 
 labours of the parent and son cannot be 
 cKstinguighed from each other; and he ex- 
 ecuttd manv others of equal magnitude. 
 He died, at'Paris, in 1810. 
 
 PI RON, ALEXIS, a French poet, dra- 
 matist, and wit, was born, in 1689, at Di- 
 jon, and was about to become a ba.Tis.ie:-, 
 
 PIT 
 
 419 
 
 1 when family misfortunes compelled him, 
 not very reluctantly, to relinquish the bar. 
 He went- to Paris, and fur a while earned 
 a scanty subsistence a.s a copyist. To 
 write for the stage was his next resource. 
 He began by composing pieces for the the- 
 atre of the Comic Opera, and Harlequin 
 Deucalion was his first effort. In 1728 he 
 tried the regular drama, and produced the 
 comedy of The Ungrateful Son. It was 
 not, however, till 1738, that he gained a 
 place among the highest class of drama- 
 tists, by his admirable comedy of Metro- 
 mania, which is justly considered as a 
 masterpiece. He died in 1773. His' works 
 form seven octavo volumes. 
 
 PISISTRATUS, an Athenian, who 
 flourished in the fifth century before the 
 Christian era, and was distinguished for 
 eloquence and valour. He thrice obtained 
 the sovereign authority at Athens. Twice 
 he was expelled, and in the last instance 
 he remained eleven years in exile, before 
 he could again seize the reins of power. 
 He died about B.C. 527. Though bearing 
 the name of a -tyrant, Pisistratus was just 
 and liberal. He established a public library 
 at Athens, and collected the poems of Ho- 
 mer in their present form. 
 
 PITT, CHRISTOPHER, an elegant poet, 
 was born, in 1699, at Blandford, in Dor- 
 setshire; was educated at Winchester and 
 at New College, Oxford; and obtained, in 
 1722, the living of Pimperne, which ne 
 icld (ill his decease, in 1748. His Poems 
 lave considerable merit; and his transla- 
 tions of the ^Eneid -and of Vida'g art of 
 Poetry are of a superior kind. 
 
 PITT, WILLIAM, a celebrated states- 
 
 nan, the second son of the great earl of 
 
 Chatham, was born, May 28, 1759, at 
 
 rlayes, in Kent. The earlier part of his 
 
 education he received at home, under t'te 
 
 watchful superintendence of his father, w:*> 
 
 "pared no pains to cultivate his talents, 
 
 and especially to g/lve him habits of self- 
 
 jossession and of public speaking. At the 
 
 IIP- nf fourteen h went to Pembroke Hull, 
 
 'liiibritlge, uht're his tutor was Dr. Pret- 
 
 y in. in. In 1780, alter having studied at 
 
 ancoln's Inn, he waa culled to the ba*\ 
 
420 
 
 PIZ 
 
 but he only once or twice went to the west- 
 ern circuit. He wai destined to move in 
 a higher sphere. Early in 1781 he was 
 returned to parliament for the borough of 
 Appleby, and immediately became one of 
 the most distinguished members of the op- 
 position. He began political life as the 
 friend of parliamentary reform. While 
 the earl of Shelburne was in office, Pitt 
 was chancellor of the exchequer. The tri- 
 umph of the coalition displaced him for a 
 while; but, on the downfal of their ad- 
 ministration, he returned to power as 
 prime minister. In vain the House of 
 Commons endeavoured to effect his expul- 
 sion ; the parliament was dissolved ; and 
 a general election gave him an overwhelm- 
 ing majority. From 1786 till 1801, he 
 continued to hold the reins of government, 
 during one of the most stormy periods of 
 our history; and hia admirers have con- 
 ferred on "him the title of " the pilot that 
 weathered the storm.'' He resigned in 
 1801 ; but resumed his post in 1804, and 
 held it till his decease, which took place 
 on the 23d of January, 1806. His disso- 
 ution is believed to have been hastened by 
 ihe disastrous result of the continental co- 
 alition in 1805. With respect to pecuniary 
 considerations no man was ever more dis- 
 interested and incorrupt, and he died poor. 
 In eloquence he rivalled some of the most 
 illustrious of the ancient orators. As a 
 finance minister he possessed great abili- 
 ties, though the policy of some of his 
 measures is more than doubtful; but in the 
 conduct of a war he did not shine, for his 
 plans were neither grandly conceived nor 
 vigorously executed. 
 
 PITT." See CHATHAM. 
 
 PITTACUS, one of the seven sages of 
 (Jreece, v/ho was a warrior as well as a 
 philosopher, was born, about B. c. 650, at 
 Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos ; expelled 
 the tyrant Melanchrus from Lesbos; gov- 
 erned wisely for ten vears; and died B. c. 
 570. 
 
 P1ZARRO, FRANCIS, the conqueror 
 cf Peru, was born, in 1475, at Truxillo, 
 in Estremadura, and was the natural son 
 f a gentleman. His father did Dot even 
 
 teach hint to read, but employed him I* 
 keep the hogs at his country house. Hav- 
 ing lost one of them, Pizarro took flight, 
 and embarked for Spanish America. 
 There* he first distinguished himself, in 
 1513, under IS'unez cle Balbon. In 1524, 
 in conjunction with Almagro,he discovered 
 Peru. Charles the Fifth gave him tiro 
 government of the new-found country. B> 
 force and fraud he achieved the conquest 
 of Peru, in 1532. In 1537 a contest arose 
 between Pizarro and Almagro, which ter 
 minatcd in the defeat and execution of the 
 latter. The son of Almagro, however, 
 avenged his father, for, in 1511, he and 
 some of his friends assassinated Pizarro, 
 in his palace at Lima. 
 
 PLATO, an illustrious Grecian phi]oo- 
 pher, the founder of the academic sect, 
 was styled the Divine by the ancients; 
 was born, B. c. 430, in the island of yEgina ; 
 was educated with the utmost. care; and, 
 at the age of twenty, became the disciple 
 of Socrates. After the death of Socrates, 
 Plato visited Magna Graecia and Egypt, 
 in search of knowledge. On his return to 
 Athens, he opened a philosophical school, 
 and soon numbered among his pupil* many 
 distinguished characters. Plato thrice 
 visited the court of Sicily; once invited 
 by the elder Dionysius, and twice by the 
 younger. The former he so much offended, 
 that the tyrant caused him to be seized on 
 his passage home and sold for a slave ; and 
 the philosopher was indebted for his libe 
 ration to Aniccris of Cyrene. He died 
 B. c. 347. His memory "was honoured by 
 statues and siltars, and his birthday waa 
 long held as a festival. Most of his works 
 are extant. 
 
 PLAUTUS, so called, it is supposed, 
 from his feet being deformed, but whose 
 real name was MARCUS Accius, was one 
 of the most celebrated of the Roman comic 
 writers; was born, B. c. 227, at Sarsina, 
 in Umbria; and is believed to have been 
 the son of a slave. The fortune which he 
 gained by his dramatic talents, he is Raid 
 to have lost in commerce, and to have been 
 reduced to work nt a mill. H died B. f 
 
1'LO 
 
 184 Of his numerous plays only twenty 
 
 re fxt.int. 
 
 PL AY FAIR, JOHN, an eminent mathe 
 natician and natural philosopher, was born, 
 in 1719, at Dundee; was educated at St. 
 Andrew's; resigned a living, and became 
 matheavitical professor at Edinburgh ; and 
 die.l July 20, 1819. Playfair was cele- 
 brated as a geologist and a strenuous de- 
 fender of the Huttonian system. Among 
 his works are, Eleme s of Geometry; 
 Outlines of Philosophy, ^lustrations of 
 the Huitonian Theory; an: a System of 
 Geograj hv. 
 
 PLAYFAIR, WILLIAM, an ingenious 
 projector and author, a brother of the fore- 
 g-'>ing, was born, in 1759, at Dundee; was 
 originally apprenticed to a millwright; 
 was for some time a draughtsman at the 
 Solio manufactory; obtained patents for 
 various inventions, and engaged in many 
 peculations; became a fertile writer upon 
 politics and other subjects; and died Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1823. Among his works are, 
 Statistical Tables; The Statistical Bre- 
 viary; The Commercial and Political At- 
 las; History of Jacobinism; British Fa- 
 mily Antiquity; Political Portraits; and 
 France as it is. 
 
 PLINY", the ELDER, or CAIUS PLINIUS 
 SKCUXDUS, a celebrated Roman writer, 
 was born, A. D. 23, at Verona, or, as some 
 ay, at Como ; served in the army in Ger- 
 many, an:l afterwards became an advocate; 
 was a member of the college of augurs, 
 and procurator in Spain and Africa; and 
 was suffocated A. D. 79, while in command 
 of the fleet at Misenum, in consequence of 
 his having approached too near to Vesu- 
 vius, in order to observe the phenomena of 
 t'le eruption. Of his numerous works his 
 Natural History is the only one which is 
 extant. 
 
 PLINY, the YOUNGER, or CAIUS 
 C^Ecn.ius PLINIUS SECUNDUS, the ne- 
 phew and adopted son of the foregoing, 
 was born, in 61 or 62, at Como; was a 
 pupil of Quintilian; and pleaded success- 
 fully as an advocate in his nineteenth year. 
 He was, successively, tribune of the peo- 
 ple, prefect of the treasury, consul, pro- 
 consul in Pontus and Bithynia, and augur ; 
 ui:'J died, universally esteemed, in 115. 
 His Letters and his Panegyric on Trajan 
 are theonlv parts of his waitings that remain. 
 
 PLOT IN US, .a Platonic philosopher, 
 was born, in 203, at Lycopolis, in Egypt; 
 was a disciple of Ammonius Saccas; en- 
 countered great danger in accompanying 
 the emperor Gordian on his expedition 
 against the Parthians, which he did with a 
 view to obtaining a knowledge of Persian 
 and Indian philosophy; and died, in 270, 
 after having resided at Rome during many 
 years. His works were translated into 
 Latin, iu 1492, lv- Ficino. 
 
 roc 
 
 421 
 
 PLOW DEN, FRANCIS, an historian 
 and miscellaneous writer, a native of Ire 
 land and a Roman Catholic, was a barrister 
 and conveyancer. A verdict of .5000 
 obtained against him in an Irish court, in 
 1813, for an alleged libel in his History of 
 Ireland, compelled him to retire to France, 
 where he remained till his decease, at an 
 advanced age, in 1829. Among his woiki 
 are, The History of Ireland; Jura Angi>- 
 rum ; Church and State ; The Case stated ; 
 and a Treatise upon the Law of Usury and 
 Annuities. 
 
 PLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek biog- 
 rapher and philosopher, was born, about 
 A. D. 50, at Cheronaea, in Bceotia, and 
 studied at Athens under Ammonius, after 
 which he travelled in Greece and Egypt, 
 sedulously acquiring knowledge. For some 
 years subsequently he resided at Rome, 
 where his lectures on philosophy attracted 
 many illustrious auditors. Trajan was one 
 of his hearers, and, after he became empe- 
 ror, is said to have conferred on him the 
 consular dignity; but this story is apocry- 
 phal. Plutarch at length retired to Chero- 
 nxa., where he filled the office of archon. 
 He was also a priest of the Delphic Apollo. 
 He is believed to have died about A. u. 
 120. His extant works are his Morals, 
 and his Lives of Illustrious Men; the last 
 of which, though often erroneous in point 
 of fact, must ever be read with delight. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, daughter of an Indian 
 Chief, and much celebrated in the early 
 history of Virginia, was born about the 
 year 1595. She became warmly attached 
 to the English, and rendered them impor- 
 tant services on various occasions. S!ie 
 married an Englishman, and in 1616 ac- 
 companied her husband to his native coun- 
 try, where she was presented at Court. 
 She soon after died at Gravesend, when 
 about to return to Virginia. She left ono 
 son. 
 
 POCOCK, EDWARD, an eminent 01 - 
 entalist, was born, in 1604, at Oxford; 
 was educated at Thame School, and at 
 Magdalen Hall and Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford ; twice visited the Levant, on one 
 of which occasions he wa chaplain to ti* 
 
422 
 
 POL 
 
 British fiutory at Aleppo, was Hebrew 
 professor at Oxford, rector of Childri-y 
 and canon of ChrUtcharch; and died i! 
 1691. Aiming his works are, .Specimei 
 Historic Arabum ; AbuUaragiui Uistoria 
 Dynastiarum; ami Couuneotariefl on the 
 
 Minor Pr<>pnets. 
 
 PO'JGIO BKACCIOLIXI, an Italian 
 writer of the fifteenth century, who con- 
 tributed powerfully to the revival of clas- 
 sical studies, was born, in 1380, at Terra- 
 nova, in Tuscany ; was educated at Flor- 
 ence; was appointed apostolical secretary 
 by Boniface the Ninth, and held that cvfiice 
 under seven other popes; discovered many 
 ancient manuscripts in monasteries; was 
 appointed chancellor of the Florentine 
 republic; and died in 1459. Poggio was 
 a man of eminent talent, but of licentious 
 in >rals, and a satirical and quarrelsome 
 disposition. His principal works are, a 
 History of Florence ; Dialogues on IVobil 
 ity; and Funeral Orations. 
 
 POLE, Cardinal REGINALD, a states- 
 man and ecclesiastic, descended from the 
 royal family of England, was born, in 
 1500, at Stourton Castle, in Staffordshire; 
 was educated at Sheen Monastery, and 
 Magdaien College, Oxford; opposed the 
 divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of 
 Arragon; was papal legate to England, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, and chancellor 
 of both universities, during the reign of 
 Mary; and died in 1558, shortly after that 
 queen. He wrote various controversial 
 and theological works. 
 
 POLIZIANO, or POLITIAN, ANGE- 
 LCS, an eminent Italian scholar, whose 
 family name was CINIS, was born, in 
 1454, at Monte Pulciano, in Tuscany; was 
 professor of Greek and Latin at Florence, 
 and tutor to the children of Lorenzo the 
 Magnificent, who gave him a canonry in 
 the cathedral of the Florentine capital. 
 He died in 1494. Among his works are, 
 The History of the Conspiracy of the 
 Pazzi ; Poems; the drama of Orpheus; 
 and a translation 01" Herodian. 
 
 POLO, MARK or MARCO, a celebrated 
 Venetian traveller, was born, about 1250, 
 and accompanied his father and uncle, in 
 1471, into Tartary, wjiere they resided for 
 twenty-four years, and acquired great 
 riches". Marco was in high favour with 
 the Grand Khan; was employed by him in 
 missions to the most distant parts of the 
 eupire; and was for three years governor 
 of Yang-cheu-feu. After "his return to 
 Venice, he was appointed to the command 
 of a galley, but had the misfortune to be 
 captured "by the Genoese, who kept him 
 four years a captive. To beguile the 
 tedium of captivity, as well as to satisfy 
 the curiosity of numerous inquirer*, he 
 wrote the narrative of his travels. He 
 died about 1523. An excellent translation 
 
 POP 
 
 of his Travels, with notes, was published, 
 in 1818, by Mr. Marsden. 
 
 POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek histo- 
 rian, S;HI of Lycoitas, general of the 
 Ach.eans, was born, about B. c. ?05, at 
 Megalopolis, lie \\ as firmed for public 
 business by the precepts and example of 
 lMiilop<rmen, the friend of his father, and 
 at the funeral of that general he bore the 
 urn which contained his ashes. He was 
 one of the thousand persons whom the 
 Romans demanded from the Achirans as 
 hostages, and he lived at Rome many years. 
 There he became the friend of the Scipim, 
 one of whom he accompanied to the siege 
 of Carthage. He died in his own country, 
 at the age of eighty-two. Of his works 
 only a part of his excellent Universal His- 
 tory has been preserved. 
 
 !"'( >MPEY, CNEUs.surnamed the Great, 
 a Roman statesman and warrior, was bou 
 B. c. 106, and learned the art of war from 
 his father. In his twenty-third year he 
 joined with three legions the party of Sylla, 
 recovered Sicily and Africa, and obtained 
 the honours of a triumph. He obtained a 
 second triumph for putting an end to the 
 war in Spain, and a third for his splendid 
 successes in Asia, where he considerably 
 extended the dominion of his countrymen. 
 About B. c. 60 he formed the first triumvi- 
 rate with Crassus and Caesar, and married 
 the daughter of the latter. In the course 
 of a few years, however, dissensions broke 
 out between Caesar and Pompey; a civil 
 war ensued; and Pompey sustained a de- 
 cisive defeat at Pharsalia. He fled to 
 Egypt, and was assassinated there, B. c. 
 48. 
 
 PONIATOWSKI, Prince JOSEPH, an 
 llustrious Polish general, who was called 
 he Polish Bayard, was born, in 1763, at 
 Warsaw; distinguished himself in the 
 cause of his country during the fruitless 
 struggles of 1792 and 1794: entered the 
 French service, and displayed conspicuous 
 jraverv and talent in the campaigns of 
 1806, 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814; was 
 ippointed a marshal on the field of battle 
 at Leipsic; and was drowned in attempt- 
 ing to cross the Elster, on the 19th of 
 October. 
 
 POPE, Sir THOMAS, a statesman, was 
 born, about 1508, at Dedington, in Oxford- 
 shire; studied at Eton and Gray's Inn, 
 and was called to the bar; held various 
 important offices under Henry VIII. and 
 Mary ; and died in 1559. Trinity College, 
 Oxford, was founded by him. 
 
 1'OPE, ALEXANDER, a celebrated poet, 
 was boi n, May 22, 1688, in Lombard Street, 
 London. His father, a linen draper, in 
 which trade In- -amassed a considerable for- 
 tune, retired from business, and settled at 
 Binlield, in Berkshire, soon after the birth 
 of his son Both parents were Roma* 
 
FOR 
 
 Catholics, and, as Pope tells us, were of 
 gentle blood. He himself was born de- 
 
 POT 
 
 423 
 
 formed, small in size, and delicate in con- 
 titution. The groundwork of learning he 
 acquired at two private schools, and from 
 two priests, who were .employed as his 
 tutors; for the rest he was indebted to his 
 own persevering studies. Before he was 
 twelve years old he formed a play from 
 Ogilby's Homer, which was acted by his 
 schoolfellows. Poetry he began early to 
 compose, or, to use his own words, he 
 " lisped in numbers." His Pastorals were 
 written when he was sixteen, and they 
 obtained him the friendship of many emi- 
 nent characters. They were succeeded by 
 The Essay on Criticism, The Messiah, The 
 Rape of the Lock, The Temple of Fame, 
 Windsor Forest, and The Epistle from 
 Eloisa; and his reputation as a poet was 
 thus firmly established. The translation 
 of the Iliad, by which he gained above five 
 thousand pounds, was completed in 1720. 
 With the aid of Broome and Fenton he 
 afterwards added a version of The Odys- 
 sey. In 1721 he undertook an edition of 
 Shakspeare; a task in which he failed. 
 With the exception of the Essay on Man, 
 \\hich was first published in 1733, and 
 completed in the following year, his pen 
 was chiefly devoted to satire during the 
 remainder of his literary caieer. The 
 first three books of The Dunciad appeared 
 in 1723; the fourth, suggested by War- 
 burton, was not written till 1742, and he 
 injured '\e poem by substituting Gibber as 
 .he hero in place of Theobald. He died 
 May 30, 1744. 
 
 PORPHYRY, or PORPHYRIUS, a 
 philosopher, whose original name was 
 Ma thus, was born, A. D. 233, at T\ re; 
 studied under Origen and Longinus; be- 
 came- a disciple of Plotinus; and died, in 
 304, at Rome. His works against the 
 Christiar.s, to th> number of filtecM, are 
 ost. Among his extant productions are, 
 A Life of Pythagoras; A Treatise on Ab- 
 stinence from Animal Food; and Questions 
 on Homer. 
 
 PORSON, RICHARD, an eminent hcl- 
 lanist aud critic; wa* born, in 1750, at 
 
 East Ruston, in Norfolk; wat educated at 
 Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; 
 was elected Greek professor ;n 1793; bew 
 came librarian of the London Institution; 
 and died September 19, 1808. In profound 
 knowledge of Greek, critical powers, ana 
 acuteness, Porson had few equals. Among 
 his works are, Letters to Archdeacon Tra- 
 vis; editions of ^Eschylus, and some of 
 the plays of Euripides; and Tracts and 
 Miscellaneous Criticisms. 
 
 PORTEUS, BEILBY, an eminent pre- 
 late, was born, in 1731, at York, and 
 entered as a sizer at Christ's College, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. After having been chaplain to 
 Archbishop Seeker, he was, successively, 
 rector of Hunton, prebendary of Peterbo- 
 rough, rector of Lambeth, king's qhaplain, 
 and master of St. Cross Hospital, near 
 Winchester. In 1776, through the queen's 
 influence, he obtained the bishopric of 
 Chester, whence, in 1787, he was trans- 
 lated to that of London. He died in 1808. 
 Among his works are, Sermons ; a Life of 
 Seeker; and a Seatonian prize poem on 
 Death. 
 
 POSTHUMUS, MARCUS CASSIANUS 
 LATINIUS, a Roman emperor, one of the 
 thirty tyrants, was of obscure birth, but 
 rose rapidly in the army till he obtained 
 the command in GUul. He assumed the 
 imperial title in 257; ruled Gaul and a 
 part of Spain, and obtained various suc- 
 cesses against the Germans; and was mur- 
 dered by his soldiers in 267. 
 
 POTEMKLN, GREGORY ALEXAN- 
 DROVITSCH, a Russian prince and field- 
 marshal, the minion of Catherine II., was 
 born, in 1736, in the neighbourhood of 
 Smolensk, of a noble though poor family, 
 and was intended for the church, but ob- 
 tained a cornetcy in the horse guards. 
 Over tSe empress, after the death of her 
 husba-jd, he acquired an/unbounded influ- 
 ence, and he retained it till nearly the end 
 of 1 ;s life. He distinguished himself 
 ag.ii :t the Turks, particularly in the war 
 of 17s7, when he commanded in chief 
 He died in 1791. 
 
 POTHIER, ROBERT JOSEPH, OM * 
 
4*4 
 
 pou 
 
 1RA 
 
 the most eminent of the French juriacon- J ana Fonquieres, who envied and dre.tded 
 fliilts. \v;is born, in 1669, at Orleans; was him for his superior genius. He therefore 
 professor of law in his native city; and returned to Rome in 16-12, arid remained 
 died, in 1772, as much beloved for his vir- there till his decease in 1665. His pictures 
 tucs as admired for his extensive learning, are numerous and highly esteemed; in 
 His great work is his Digest of the Pan- landscape he particularly excelled. 
 dects of Justinian, in three folio volumes, j POUSSIN, CASPAR, an eminent pain- 
 His treatises on various legal questions ter, was born, in 1613, at Rome. His 
 form seventeen volumes octavo. name was DL'GHF.T, but he took the eur- 
 
 POTOCKI, Count STANISLAUS, a Po-|name of his pictorial preceptor, Nicholas, 
 lifh \\riter and statesman, of a family who was his brother-in-law. He died in 
 
 which has produced several eminent char- 
 acters, was born, in 1757, at Warsaw; 
 was one of those who contributed most 
 actively to establish the constitution of 
 1791; was appointed a palatine senator 
 and one of the ministers of the grand 
 
 1675. In landscape he acquired a high 
 reputation. Such was the rapidity with 
 which he -worked that he often completed 
 a picture in the course of a day. 
 
 PRATT, CHARLES,Earl CAMDEN.a 
 celebrated lawyer, the son of "Chief Justice 
 
 dutchy of Warsaw; was president of the j Pratt, was borii in 1713; studied at Eton, 
 senate in 1818; and died in 1S21. Among King's College, Cambridge, and Lincoln'* 
 his works are, a Treatise on Eloquence i Inn ; was chosen member for Down ton in 
 and Style; and The Journey to Ciemno- : 1754; was, successively, recorder of Bath, 
 grod, a satirical romance. j attorney general, chief justice of the com- 
 
 POTTER, PAUL, a celebrated Dutch j tnon pleas, lord chancellor, and president 
 painter, the son of an artist, was born, in of the council. The title of baron he ob- 
 1625, at Enkhuysen; acquired a peifect tained in 1765, and that of earl in 1786. 
 knowledge of his profession by the time He died in 1794. Lord Camden was pop- 
 that he was fifteen; and died in 1654. ular for his opposition to the unconstitu- 
 His pictures are held in high estimation tional measures of the court, with respect 
 for their fidelity to nature, and the beauty to Wilkes and American taxation, 
 of their execution. In representing ani-j PRATT, SAMUEL JACKSON, a once 
 mals he was almost unequalled. ! popular novelist and miscellaneous writer, 
 
 POTTER, JOHN, a learned prelate, was born, in 1749, at St. Ives, in Hunting- 
 was born, about 1672, at Wakefield; was j donshire, and, after having l;een an actoi, 
 educated it the free school there, and at ! an itinerant lecturer, and a bookseller, he 
 University College, Oxford; was made became an author by profession. He died 
 bishop of Oxford in 1715, and archbishop in 1814. Of his numerous works the prin- 
 of Canterbury in 1737; and died in 1747. j cipal are, the poems of Sympathy and 
 He wrote Archacologia Graeca; and vari- 
 ous theological works; and edited Clemens 
 Alexandrinus, and Lycophron's Alexandra. 
 
 POTTER, ROBERT, a divine and poet, 
 was born in 1721 ; was educated at Eman- 
 
 uel College, Cambridge 
 
 and was 
 
 for 
 
 Landscapes in Verse; the tragedy of The 
 Fair Circassian; the novels of Liberal 
 Opinions, Emma Corbet, The Pupil of 
 Pleasure, Shenstone Green, and Family 
 Secrets; Gleanings through Wales, Hol- 
 land, and Westphalia; Gleanings in Eng- 
 
 some years vicar of Scanting, after which 1 land; and Harvest Home. 
 
 b<; obtained the livings of Lowes toff and i PRATT, BENJAMIN, chief justice of 
 
 Kessingland, and a prebend in the cathe- New York, was born in Massachusetts in 
 
 dral of Norwich. He died in 1801. His 
 original poetry consists of a volume of 
 Poems, and two Odes from Isaiah, and is 
 much above mediocrity. But he is best 
 known by his spirited versions of ^Eschy- 
 lus, Sophocles, and Euripides. 
 
 POUSSIN, NICHOLAS, one of the 
 greatest of the French painters, was born, 
 in 1594, at Andelys, in Normandy, and re- 
 vived instructions from Varin, Elle, and 
 Lallemant, but was more indebted to na- 
 ture and his own assiduity than to their 
 lessons. In 1624 ne went to Rome, where 
 he improved himself by stinking the works 
 of Titian, Domenichino, and Raphael, and 
 of the ancient -sculptors. Louis XIII in- 
 
 vited him to France in 1639, ai 
 him a pension, and apartments 
 
 1 gave 
 in the 
 
 Louvre; but Poussin was soon disgusted 
 by the intrigue* of Vonet, Le Mercier, 
 
 1710, and was graduated at Harvard <"'<>!- 
 lege. He studied law, and entering on its 
 practice in Boston soon became eminent. 
 Turning his attention to public a flair*, he 
 soon rose to political distinction, and by 
 the influence of governor Pownell \\as ap- 
 pointed chief justice of New York. He 
 died in January 1763. He had made col- 
 lections for a history of New England, 
 and possessed considerable talent fur poet- 
 ry. 
 
 PRAXITELES, a famous Grecian 
 sculptor, is believed to have been a native 
 of Athens, to have flourished early in the 
 fourth century B. c., and to have died at 
 the age of eighty. He wag long attached 
 to the celebrated Phryne, of whom he exe- 
 cuted two statues, one of which was placed ' 
 in the temple of Delphi, the other in the 
 temple of Love at Theapia. Hit Venui 
 
PRI 
 
 at Cnidus \va,s considered at one of the 
 
 gregation 
 
 PRI 
 
 In 1791, however, the sceiw 
 
 changed. His religious principles, and hit 
 
 most finished productions of Greece. 
 
 TREBLE, EDWARD, a distinguished 
 naval officer in the American service, was 
 born at Falmouth in Maine, in 1761, and 
 entered the navy as a midshipman in 1779. 
 He soon rose to the rank of lieutenant, 
 and during the revolutionary war distin- 
 guished himself by capturing a British 
 vessel at Penouscot. In 1798 he was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the brig Pick- 
 ering, and soon after to the Essex. He 
 commanded, in 1803, a fleet sent against the 
 Barbary powers, and repeatedly attacked 
 Tripoli with considerable success. In 
 1804 he returned to the United States, and 
 died in 1807. 
 
 PREVOST D'EXILES, ANTHONV avowed partiality to the French revolution, 
 FRANCIS, one of the most fertile of French excited the hatred of the high church and 
 
 writers, was born, in 1697, at Hesdin. 
 His early life was restless and changeful. 
 He hesitated between a monastic and a 
 military life, twice made a trial of both, 
 became at last a Benedictine, and ended 
 by flying from the convent, taking shelter 
 in Holland, and adopting the profession of 
 an author. His end was equally singular. 
 In 1763 he was struck by an apoplectic fit 
 in the forest of Chantilly, and was found 
 apparently lifeless. As soon as the sur- 
 geon proceeded to use the knife on his body, 
 Prevost screamed and opened his eyes, but 
 the incision was mortal, and he almost 
 immediately expired. His works amount 
 to one hundred and" seventy volumes. Of 
 his novels, the best are, Memoirs of a Man 
 of Quality; the Dean of Coleraine ; Cleve- 
 land; an"d Manon L'Escaut. Among his 
 other productions are, 4. History of Voy- 
 ages and Travels; and The Pro and Con, 
 a periodical paper. 
 
 PRIDEAUX, HUMPHRY, a learned 
 divine, was horn, in 1648, at Padstow, in 
 Cornwall ; was educated at Westminster 
 School, and at Christ Church College, 
 Oxford; and died in 1724, dean of Nor- 
 wich. His great work is The Connexion 
 of the History of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment. Among his other productions are, 
 
 tory party, and :n the riots which took 
 place in July, his house, library, manu- 
 scripts, and apparatus were, committed to 
 the flames by the infuriated mob, and he 
 was exposed to great personal danger. 
 Quitting Birmingham, he succeeded Dr. 
 Price at Hackney ; but, in 1794,' conceiving 
 himself to be not secure from popular rage, 
 he embarked for North America. He took 
 up his abode at Northumberland, in Penn- 
 sylvania, at which place he died May 6, 
 1804. As a philosopher his fame princi- 
 pally rests upon his pneumatic inquiries. 
 His" works extend to between seventy and 
 eighty volumes. Among them are Lectures 
 on General History on the Theory and 
 History of Language and on the Princi- 
 ples of Oratory and Criticism; Charts of 
 Biography and History; Disquisitions re- 
 lating to Matter and Spirit; Hartleian 
 Theory of the Human Mind ; History of 
 the Corruptions of Christianity ; Letters 
 to a Philosophical Unbeliever; Institutes 
 of Natural and Revealed Religion; His- 
 tory of Electricity; History of Vision, 
 Light, and Colours; and Experiments and 
 Observations on different Kinds of Air 
 
 PRIOR, MATTHEW, a celebrated poet 
 and statesman, was born in 1664 ; but 
 whether in Middlesex or Dorsetshire is 
 
 A Life of Mahomet; am The Original j uncertain. Being left fitherless, he was 
 Right of Tithes. jsent \iy his uncle, a vintner, to We&tmin- 
 
 PRIESTLE\ , JOSEPH, an eminent dis-i ster School; and, after he quitted that 
 sentring divine and experimental philoso-j seminary, was fortunate enough to attract 
 pher, was born, in 1733, at Fieldhead, in | the notice of the earl of Dorset, who 
 Yorkshire; was educated at Da ventry; 'placed him at St. John's College, Cam- 
 ami, alter having been tutor at Warring- bridge. While he was at the university 
 ton, and pastor to various congregations, he wrote, in conjunction uiih Montague, 
 and having acquired considerable teputa- The City Mouse and Country Mouse, in 
 lion as an experimentalist and author, he ridicule of Dryden's Hind and Panther. 
 become companion to the carl of Shelburne. The work was advantageous to both. In 
 At the end of a sc\eu \i\irs' r:^i;l;:n(.j 1691 Prior was appointed secretary of the 
 with that noblemm, hr: received a pt-nsion, embassy which was sent t} the Congress 
 and settled, in 1780, at Birmingham, There at the Hague. After ha\ 1115 been gentle- 
 he proceeded actively with h:s phil i.-op'ni- man of the bedchamber, a;ul again, in 
 2al anil theological" rose irches, and w:u 1697, secretary of embassy, lie \va, in 
 Uo app inted pastor t. n dbaeating con- 1700 mads under secretary of state, a:s4 
 
26 PR? 
 
 hortly after, commissioner of trade. Dur- 
 ing the greatest part of the reign of Anne 
 he was chiefly engaged in literary pursuits; 
 but, when the whiga were displaced, lie 
 was employed to negotiate the treaty of 
 Utrecht, and was subsequently nominated 
 Ambassador at the French court. For his 
 share in the treaty he was committed to 
 prison after the accession of George I., 
 and was threatened with impeachment; 
 but was at length discharged. He died in 
 1721. His poems, which have long been 
 received into the collected works of the 
 British Poets, are often spirited, and are 
 very seldom deficient in melody o> - in ele- 
 gance. 
 
 PRISCIAN, or PRISCIANUS, a cele- 
 brated grammarian, was born at Cansarea, 
 and was the master of a famous school at 
 Constantinople, about A. D. 525. His 
 principal work is a treatise on Grammar. 
 His rigid attention to correctness gave 
 rise to the saying of" breaking Priscian's 
 head," which is applied to the violators of 
 grammatical rules. 
 
 PROTAGORAS, a Grecian sophist, was 
 born at Abdera, about B. c. 488; exer- 
 cised in his youth the calling of a porter; 
 opened at Athens a school of philosophy, 
 and acquired great reputation and riches; 
 was banished on a charge of atheism; and 
 perished by shipwreck at the age of seven- 
 ty. Prodicus was one of his disciples. 
 
 PROTOGENES, an eminent Grecian 
 painter, a native of Caunus, in Caria, 
 flourished about B. c. 336. A considerable 
 part of his life was spent in obscurity, but 
 he was at length brought into notice by^ 
 Apelles giving a large price for one of his* 
 pictures. His masterpiece was a picture 
 of lalysus, the founder of Rhodes, on 
 which he was employed for seven years. 
 
 PRYNNE, WILLIAM, a lawyer and 
 political writer, was born, in 1600, at 
 Swanswick, in Somersetshire; was edu- 
 cated at Bath Grammar School, and Oriel 
 College, Oxford; studied the law at Lin- 
 coln's Inn ; and was successively marie 
 barrister, bencher, and reader. His II is- 
 trio-Mastix, a violent attack on the stage, 
 and his News from Ipswich, twice brought 
 on him, in 1633 and 1637, the vengeance 
 of the infamous star-chamber. He was 
 branded, deprived of his ears, pilloried, 
 fined ten thousand pounds, and doomed to 
 perpetual imprisonment. He obtained his 
 liberty in 1640, was elected member for 
 Newport, and bore a prominent part in the 
 trial of Laud, his persecutor. After the 
 overthrow of Charles, however, Prynne 
 endeavoured to effect an accommodation 
 between him and his subjects; and he op- 
 posed Cromwell with such boldness that 
 the protector imprisoned him. He joined 
 n the restoration of Charles II.; was 
 Appointed keeper of the records in the 
 
 PUI 
 
 Tower; and died in 1669. Prynne was t 
 voluminous writer. His works amount tc 
 forty volumes. Among them are, Records, 
 in three folio volumes; and Parliamentary 
 Writs. 
 
 PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE, the as- 
 sumed name of a singular character, who 
 began his career in life by acting the part 
 of an impostor. Ik was born, in 1679, in 
 the south of France, and received an ex- 
 cellent education. "Among the many dis- 
 guises which he assumed was that of af 
 native of Formosa, and to keep up the de- 
 lusion he invented an alphabet, grammar, 
 and history of the island, which were 
 considered as authentic by many eminent 
 men. The cheat was not discovered till 
 after he had been sent to Oxford. He 
 subsequently gained a subsistence by writ- 
 ing for the booksellers, and became re- 
 markable for his sincere and unaffected 
 piety. He died in 1763. A large por- 
 tion of the ancient part of the Universal 
 History was written by him; and he left 
 behind him his own memoirs. 
 
 PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS, an ancient as- 
 tronomer and geographer, was born, about 
 A. D. 70, in Egypt, but whether at Pelusi- 
 um, as some say, is doubtful. Alexandria 
 was the place where he resided. The time 
 of his death is not known. He wrote va- 
 rious astronomical and geographical works. 
 The system which makes the earth the cen- 
 tre cf the solar and planetary motions takes 
 its name from him. 
 
 PUFFENDORF, SAMUEL, an eminent 
 German publicist and historian, was born, 
 in 1632, near Chemnitz, in Saxony; was 
 educated at Leipsic and Jena ; was, 
 successively, in the service of the elector 
 palatine, Charles XL of Sweden, and the 
 elector of Brandenburg; and died in 1694. 
 Of his works the chief are, The Law of 
 Nature and Nations; The Elements of Ju- 
 risprudence; The State of the German 
 Empire; and an Introduction to the His- 
 tory of Europe; Commentaries on Swedish 
 Afiairs; and Lives of Scanderbeg, Charles 
 Gustavus of Sweden, and Frederic III. of 
 Brandenburg. 
 
 PUISAYE, Count JOSEPH, one of the 
 most able of the French royalist chiefs, 
 was born, about 1754, at Montague, and 
 was descended from an ancient and noble 
 family. He was intended for the church, 
 but preferred the military profession. In 
 1789 the nobility of Perche deputed him aa 
 their representative to the states general. 
 He sat in the constituent assembly, and 
 was an enlightened friend of reform. In 
 1793 he held a command in the departmen- 
 tal army, under Wimpfen, and was conse- 
 quently proscribed by the Convention. He 
 took refuge in Britanny, where, by dint of 
 eloquence, talent, and activity, he organ- 
 ized a formidable force, under the nun* of 
 
PUT 
 
 Choiiana. He visited England in 1794, 
 obtained a powerful succour, and returned 
 with it to France in 1795; but hi;* hopes 
 vere blasted by envious intrigues of his 
 own party, who occasioned the disas- 
 ter at Qurberon. After having continued 
 his efforts for two years longer, he resigned 
 his commission, disgusted by the conduct 
 of the Bourbons, and fixed his abode in 
 Canada, whence he afterwards removed to 
 England. He died December 13, 1827. 
 He published his own Memoirs. 
 
 PULASKI, COUNT, a celebrated soldier, 
 was a native of Poland, and made brave 
 though unsuccessful efforts" to restore his 
 country to independence. He came to the 
 United States during the revolutionary war, 
 was appointed a brigadier general in^ the 
 Amei ican awny. He was mortally wounded 
 in the attack on Savannah in 1779. Con- 
 gress voted to erect a monument to his 
 memory. 
 
 PULCI, Louis, an Italian poet, was 
 born, in 1432, at Florence; was the friend 
 of Lorenzo di Medici, Politi^iii, and other 
 eminent men; was the inventor of that 
 species of heroi-comic poetry which bears 
 the name of Berni; and died about -1487. 
 His great work -is the Morgante Maggiore, 
 a truly poetical production, an idea of 
 which may be formed from specimens trans- 
 lated by Lord Byron, and by a writer in 
 the Monthly Magazine. 
 
 PURCELL, HENRY, a celebrated Eng- 
 lish composer, was born, in 1658; was 
 organist of Westminster Abbey at the age 
 of eighteen, and was afterwards appointed 
 organist of the chapel royal; and died in 
 1695. Among his works are, Anthems; 
 Sonatas; Orpheus Britannicus; and the 
 opera of Diocletian. " This musician 
 (says Dr. Busby) shone not more by the 
 greatness than the diversity, by the diver- 
 sity than the originality of his imagination ; 
 nor did the force of his fancy transcend the 
 olidity of his judgment." 
 
 PURCHAS, SAMUEL, a divine, was 
 birn, in 1577, at Thaxted, in Essex; was 
 educated at St. John's College, Oxford ; 
 and died in 1628, rector of St. Martin's, 
 Ludgate. His principal work is the well 
 known collection of voyages, in five vols. 
 fDlio, which bears the title of Purchas, his 
 Pilgrimages, or Relations of the World. 
 
 PUTNAM, ISRAEL, an oflicer in the 
 army of the American revolution, was 
 born in' Salem, Massachusetts, in 1718. 
 He received but a meagre education, and 
 removing to Connecticut, engaged in agri- 
 culture. In the French war he comni nul- 
 ed a company, and was engage I in several 
 contests with the enemy. In 1756 he fell 
 into an ambuscade of savages, and wasex- 
 oosed to the most cruel tortures. He ob- 
 tained hi* release in 1759, and returned to 
 
 PYT 
 
 421 
 
 his farm. Soon after the battle at Lex* 
 ington he joined the army at Cambridge, 
 was appointed major general, and distin- 
 guished himself at Bunker's Hill. In 1776 
 he was sent to complete the fortifications 
 at New York, and afterwards, to fortify 
 Philadelphia. In the winter of 1777, he 
 was stationed with a small body at Prince- 
 ton, and in the spring appointed to a com- 
 mand in the Highlands, where he remained 
 most <if the time till the close of 1779, when 
 he was disabled by an attack of paralysis, 
 lie died in 1790. He was brave, e'ner- 
 getic, and one of the most efficient officers 
 of the revolution. 
 
 PYE, HENRY JAMES, a poet of an an- 
 cient Berkshire family, was born, in 1745, 
 in London; was educated at Magdalen 
 College, Oxford ; ruined his fortune by be- 
 coming a candidate for Berks; was ap- 
 pointed poet laureat and a police magis- 
 trate, in 1790 and 1792; and died in 1813. 
 His principal works are, Alfred, an epic; 
 translations of the poetics of Aristotle, six 
 Odes of Pindar, and Homer's Hymns; The 
 Democrat; The Aristocrat; and Com- 
 ments on the Commentators upon Shaks- 
 peare. 
 
 PYM, JOHN, a lawyer, was born, in 
 1584, in Somersetshire. After having 
 finished his education at Broadgate Hall, 
 Oxford, he studied law at one of the inns 
 f court, and was called to the bar. Dur- 
 ing the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
 lie had a seat in parliament, and was a 
 strict puritan, and a strenuous opponent of 
 the arbitrary measures of the crown. He 
 was one of the five members whom the in- 
 fatuated Charles demanded to be given up 
 to him by the House of Commons. Pym 
 died in 1643, not long after having been ap- 
 pointed lieutenant of the ordnance. 
 
 PYRRHO, a Greek philosopher, who 
 flourished about B. c. 340, was born at 
 Elea, in the Peloponnesus, and was origi- 
 nally a painter, but became a disciple of 
 Anaxarchus, whom he accompanied in the 
 expedition of Alexander. On his return 
 his fellow citizens made him their high 
 priest, and the Athenians gave him the 
 rights of citizenship. He lived to the age 
 of ninety. Pyrrho founded the sect of the 
 Sceptics or Pyrrhonists. 
 
 PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philoso- 
 pher, the founder of that school which is 
 called the Italic, was born, about B. c. 586, 
 at Samos, or, according to some, atSidon, 
 and began to travel.at the age of eighteen. 
 He visited Phenicia and Asia Minor, and 
 even, it is said, Persia and India, and re- 
 sided for twenty-five years in Egypt. On 
 his return he taught geometry at Snmos; 
 after which he settled at Crotona,i:? M igna 
 (.ira-'cia, and established a school of p: iio- 
 phy, which became famous. Persecwioa 
 
( fergth drove him thence, and he took 
 refuge in the temple of the Muses at M>t- 
 apoutum, where he is said, but the truth of 
 the story is doubtful, to have been starved 
 
 to death, about 
 
 QUI 
 
 i. c. 497. 
 
 Besides oem| 
 
 an illustrious metaphysical philosopher, 
 Pythagoras was a great geometrician and 
 
 astronomer. 
 
 Q 
 
 QUARLES, FRANCIS, a poet, was 
 oorn, in 1592, near Romford, in Essex; 
 studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 and at Lincoln's Inn; was successively 
 cupbearer to Elizabeth, daughter of James 
 I., and secretary to Archbishop Usher in 
 Ireland ; suffered greatly for his attachment 
 to the cause of Charles I. ; and died in 
 1644. His principal works are, Emblems ; 
 Argalus and Parthenia; Divine Fancies ; 
 and Enchiridion. Quarles has been made 
 an object of satire; but, with all its faults, 
 his poetry is above contempt. 
 
 QUESNAY, FRANCIS, a physician, 
 \nd the founder in France of the sect of 
 the Economists, was born, in 1694, at 
 Merci, near Montfort 1'Amauri. He was 
 exceedingly fond of fanning in his youth, 
 but was brought up to the profession of 
 medicine, and became physician to Louis 
 XV., who loved to converse with him, 
 called him the Thinker, and ennobled him. 
 Qr^stiay died in 1774. Besides his medi- 
 cal productions, which are numerous, he 
 wrote Physiocracy, and various articles in 
 the Encyclopaedia, and in periodicals, to 
 promulgate his doctrines on political econ- 
 omy. 
 
 QUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, FRAN- 
 CIS, a Spanish poet and miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, in 1580, at Madrid; 
 studied at Alcala; was obliged to quit 
 Spain for having killed a brutal noble in a 
 duel ; held important offices under the duke 
 of Ossuna, viceroy of Sicily; was exiled 
 to his estate on the disgrace of the duke, 
 but was again received into favour at 
 court; lived for several years in retire- 
 ment, devoted to literary pursuits; w:is 
 throw into a dungeon, in 1641, where he 
 remained twenty-two months, on an un- 
 founded charge of having libelled Count 
 d'Olivares; and died in 1645. Quevedo 
 stands high among Spanish authors, par- 
 ticularly as a satirist. His Visions of 
 H*ll, and Comic Tales, have been trans- 
 lated int ; English. 
 
 QUIN, JAMES, almost equally cele- 
 Itrated aa an actor and an epicure, was 
 a*rn, in 1698, in Cove.it Garden. His 
 
 father, who was a barrister, died, in 1710, 
 at Dublin, where Quin was educated. 
 Being left resourceless, he went upon the 
 stage, and for a considerable period \\a* 
 confined -to inferior parts. At length, he 
 rose into high reputation, and was without 
 a rival till the appearance of Garrick. He 
 retired from the stage in 1751, and died 
 in 1766. George III. was instructed bv 
 him in recitation. Thomson, with whom 
 Quin was in habits of close friendship, ILLS 
 paid, in The Castle of Indolence, an ele- 
 gant tribute to his talents. 
 
 QUINAULT, PHILIP, a celebrated 
 French lyrical dramatist, was born, in 
 1(535, at "Paris; began to write for the 
 theatre at the age of eighteen; became 
 highly popular; was attacked by Boileau, 
 with much more inveteracy than wit or 
 justice; and died in 1668. His works 
 form five volumes. In the species of drama 
 to which Quinault devoted his talents he 
 stands without a rival. It has been said 
 )f his verses that they were already music 
 when they were placed in the hands of the 
 composer. 
 
 QUINCY, JOSIAH, a distinguished 
 lawyer and patriot, was born in Boston in 
 1743, and was graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege. He soon became eminent in tire 
 practice of law, and distinguished by his 
 active exertions in the popular cause. His 
 powers of eloquence were of a very high 
 rder. In 1774 he took a voyage to Eu- 
 rope for the benefit of his health, and to 
 advance the interests of the colonies. H; 
 died on his return, on the 25th of April, 
 1775, the day the vessel reached the har- 
 bour of Cape Ann. 
 
 QUIXTILIAN, MARCUS FABIUS, a 
 celebrated rhetorician, was born, in 42, at 
 Rome; followed Galba into Spain, an^ 
 taught rhetoric there; returned to his na 
 tive city, in 68, and was long a professor 
 )f rhetoric ; and died in his eightieth year 
 His Institutes of the Orator have been 
 translated into English. Declamations, 
 and A Dialogue on Oratory, are also at- 
 ributed to him ; but the latter is 
 ascribed to Tacitus. 
 
RAC 
 
 RAF 
 
 429 
 
 R 
 
 RABELAIS, FRANCIS, a celebrated 
 French wit, was born, about 1463, at Chi- 
 non. He took the monkish habit, as a 
 cordelier, but, in consequence of having 
 been punished for some indecorous pranks, 
 he threw it oil", studied medicine at Mont- 
 pellier, and obtained a doctor's degree. 
 He accompanied Cardinal du Bellay, in 
 his embassy to Rome, and was absolved by 
 the pope for his abandonment of the clois- 
 ter. After his return, he obtained, through 
 the influence of the cardinal, a prebend, 
 incl the rectory of Meudon. He died about 
 1553. Of his works the only one which is 
 read is his fatuous Lives, Heroic Deeds, 
 and Sayings of Gargantua and Pantagruel, 
 in which he blends admirable wit, humour, 
 and satire, with tlie grossest absurdity, 
 , and obscenity. 
 
 RACINE, JOHN, one of the greatest of 
 French dramatists, was born, in 1639, at 
 La Ferte Mi Ion, and completed his edu- 
 cation at the seminary of Port Royal. He 
 commenced his poetical career by an Ode 
 on the king's marriage, for which he was 
 magnificently rewarded. A second Ode 
 obtained for him a fresh recompense, and 
 the friendship of Boileau. II is first dra- 
 matic e Torts, The Thebaid and Alexan- 
 der the Great, gave but faint indications 
 of superior talent, but his tragedy of An- 
 dromache placed him far above all his 
 contemporaries except Corneille. He in- 
 creased his fame by the production of 
 Britannicus, Berenice, Iphigenia, and other 
 tiagedies, and by his comedy of The 
 Pleaders; but a base cabal which was 
 formed against his Phsedra induced him 
 to desist from writing for ihu stage. After 
 a lapse of twelve years, he wrote, by desire 
 of Madame de Maintenon and Louis XIV., 
 the dramas of Esther and Athaliah, to be 
 performed at the seminary of St. Cyr. 
 The last of these pieces was cried down 
 by his enemies, and Racine relinquished 
 his pen in disgust. lie diet! in 1699. A 
 commentator upon Racine, says Voltaire, 
 
 I " has only to write at the bottom of every 
 page, beautiful, pathetic, harmonious, ad- 
 1 mirable, sublime!" 
 
 RADCLIFFE, ANNE, a celebrated ro- 
 mance writer, whose maiden name was 
 Ward, was born, in 1764, in London. In 
 her twenty-third year she married Mr 
 RadcliflTe, who was brought up for the bar, 
 but was never called to it, and became 
 proprietor and editor of the English Chron- 
 icle. Her first production was The Cas- 
 tles of Athlin and Dunbayne, and it did 
 not indicate that high talent which she 
 subsequently displayed. It was succeed- 
 ed by the Sicilian Romance, The Romance 
 of the Forest, the Mysteries of UJrlpho, 
 and tlie Italians; works which placed her 
 fame upon an imperishable basis. " She 
 seems (says Mrs. Barbauld) to scorn to 
 move those passions which form the in- 
 terest of common novels: she alarms the 
 soul with terror; agitates it with suspense, 
 prolonged and wrought up to the most in- 
 tense feeling by mysterious hints and obscure 
 intimations of unseen danger." She died 
 February 7, 1823. Besides the above 
 works she wrote A Journey through Hol- 
 land, and the romance of Gaston de Blon- 
 deville; of which the last was a posthu- 
 mous publication. 
 
 RAFFENEL, CLAUDIUS DENTS, a 
 French author, was born, about 1797, in 
 the department of the Jura; travelled in 
 the Levant and Africa; and gave promise 
 of future eminence in literature, but was 
 killed by a cannon bullet at Athens, in 
 1827, while serving as a volunteer in the 
 Greek service. He wrote A Complete His- 
 tory of the Events in Greece; A History 
 i of the Modern Greeks; and Summaries of 
 ! the History of Persia, and of the Lower 
 I Empire. 
 
 RAFFLES, Sir THOMAS STAMFORD, 
 
 an eminent statesman, was born at sea, in 
 
 1781, off Jamaica, and entered the East 
 
 India Company's service, at an early age, 
 
 a clerk in the home secretary's office. In 
 
 i 1805, he was appointed assistant secretary 
 
 | at Prince of Wales'? Island; in 1810 he 
 
 was made agent of the governor general 
 
 with the Malay states; and, in 1811, wi 
 
 raised to be lieutenant governor of Java. 
 
 ! During his government, which lasted till 
 
 ! 1S16, he acted upon the most enlightened 
 
 principles, and gained the warm affection 
 
 of the Javanese. In 181S he was placed 
 
 at the head of the factory at Bencoolen, 
 
 and he introduced many important reforms 
 
 there. But the master s'troke of his policy 
 
 was the establishing of the settlement and 
 
 free port of Sincapore in 1819. In 1824 
 
 he left Bencoolen, tut, at a eliort distance 
 
4BO . RAL 
 
 from the land, the vessel took fir, and all 
 his valuable collections and manuscripts 
 oecar-.e a prey to the flames. He died, 
 of apnpx jxy, at Highwood Hill, in Middle- 
 sex, Jny*5, 182(j. His chief work is, 
 The History of Java, two volumes quarto. 
 
 
 RALEGH, or RALEIGH, Sir WAL- 
 TER, a man illustrious in arms and in lit- 
 erature, was born, in 1552, at Budleigh, 
 
 RAP 
 
 nnd Night, a poem; to the last of 
 h productions Pope has given two 
 linos in The Dunciad. 
 
 KAMLF.K, CHARLES WILLIAM, a 
 German port and miscellaneous writer, 
 \v;is born, in 1725, at Coll>erg, of poor 
 parents ; became professor of logic and 
 belles lettres at the Beilin royal cadet 
 school; and died in 1798. He was called 
 the German Horace. Among his works 
 are, Odes ; rooms; and a complete trans- 
 lation of the Odes of Horace. 
 
 RAMSAY, ALLAN, a Scotch poet, was 
 born, in 1685, at Leadhills ; was originally 
 a wig-maker, but became a bookseller; 
 acquired fame by his talents, and fortune 
 by his trade; and died in 1758. His Po- 
 ems contain much that is worthy of praise; 
 but his fame rests on his delightful pas- 
 toral comedy of The Gentle Shephoru, 
 which is one 'of the classics of Scottish lit- 
 erature. His son, ALLAN, who was born 
 in 1709, and died in 1784, was an eminent 
 portrait painter; and wrote The Investiga- 
 
 .n Devonshire, and was educated at Oriel | tor, and The Present State of the Arts. 
 
 College, Oxford. Between 1569 and 1581 
 he served with distinction in the army of 
 the French protestants, in the Netherlands, 
 and in Ireland, and accompanied his half- 
 
 KAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL, usu- 
 ally called Chevalier Ramsay, was born', 
 in 1686, at Ayr, in Scotland; was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh and Leyden ; was tutor 
 
 brother, Sir Humphry Gilbert, in a voy- 1 in several families of rink, among which 
 
 age to America. In 1582 he attracted the 
 notice of Elizabeth, by a pdece of gallant- 
 ry, in throwing his cloak on a wet spot 
 for her to pass over; and he thenceforth 
 stood high in her favour, was actively em- 
 ployed, and liberally rewarded. During 
 her reign he settled in Virginia, shared in 
 the defeat of the Armada, and the enter- 
 prise against Cadiz, and commanded ex- 
 peditions against Panama and Guiana. 
 
 were those of the Pretender, and the duke 
 of Argyle; and died in 1743. His princi- 
 pal works are, The Travels of Cyrus; 
 Lives of Turenne and Fenelon; and a' Dis- 
 course on Epic Poetry. 
 
 RAMSAY, DAVID, an American his- 
 torian, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1749, 
 was educated at Princeton College, and 
 commenced the study of medicine. After 
 practising a short time in Maryland, he 
 
 But the sun of Ralegh set when Elizabeth j removed to Charleston, South Carolina, in 
 died. Hersuccessor was prejudiced against j 1773, and soon rose to an extensive prac- 
 him, and a pretext was soon found, or'tice. He took an active and early part in 
 made, for his ruin. In 1603 he was I the cause of the colonies, and was for some 
 
 brought to trial, on a charge of treasor 
 and was condemned to death. He was, 
 however, not executed, but was confined 
 for twelve years in the Tower, during 
 which period he wrote his History of the 
 World. In 1616 he was not only released, 
 but was intrusted with the command of an 
 expedition to Guiana. It failed, however, 
 and on his return he was arrested, and wi 
 iniquitouslv brought to the block, on his 
 former sentence. He died October 29, 
 1618. Besides hi.* History, he wrote sev- 
 eral poems, which have considerable merit ; 
 and a variety of tracts on military, naval, 
 and other subjects. 
 
 RALPH, JAMES, a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, was born at Philadelphia; came to 
 
 England in 1726 ; became 
 writer; obtained a pension; 
 1762. Anii.ng his works are, 
 
 a political 
 and died in 
 A History 
 
 t>f Cngland ; The l'.-e and Abuse r.f Par- 
 ianents; The Case of Authors by Pro/Si 
 
 time a surgeon in the revolutionary army. 
 In 1782 he was chosen to a seat in congress. 
 He wrote a History of the Revolution in 
 South Carolina; a History of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution; a L'fe of Washington; a 
 History of South Carolina; and" a History 
 of the United States. He died in 1815. 
 
 RAPHAEL, RAFFAELLE, or RAF- 
 FAELLO, whose real name was SAN- 
 ZIO, was born, in 1483, at Uibino, ana 
 was the son of a painter, who placed him 
 under the tuition of Perugino. The prin 
 ciples of colouring and chiaro oscuro he 
 obtained from Fra Bartolomco, and he 
 improved his original st\lo by stu<iv.ig the 
 works of da Vinci and Michael "Angelo. 
 When he was only twenty-five, he wa 
 invited to Rome liy Julius II. to embellish 
 the Vatican. Th* three apartments of that 
 edifice, which lie adorned by his pencil, 
 occupied him during nine years, and con- 
 ta'y some of hie finest productions tb 
 
RAY 
 
 School of Athens is among the number. 
 The Cartoons, and the 1 ransfigiiration, 
 
 REE 
 
 431 
 
 were among the last of his labours. Ra- 
 phael was also an architect; succeeded 
 his uncle Bramante as superintendent of 
 the works of St. Peter's; and designed 
 several splendid edifices. Sculpture and 
 poetry likewise shared in his attention. 
 He died April 7, 1520. " General opin- 
 ion," says Mr. Fuseli, " has placed Rafia- 
 elle at the head of his art; not because he 
 possessed a decided superiority over every 
 other painter in every branch, but because 
 no other artist ever united with his own 
 peculiar excellence all the other parts of 
 the art in an equal degree with him." 
 
 RAPIN, NICHOLAS, a French writer, 
 was born, in 15-10, at Fontenai-le-Comte; 
 obtained an office in the parliament at 
 Paris; fought for llenry IV. at the battle 
 of Ivry; and died inMCOS. He wrote 
 Poems; Latin Epigrams ; and other works: 
 and had a large .'hare in the composition 
 of the celebrated Menippenn Satire. 
 
 RAPIN, RF.NATUS, a French Jesuit, 
 was born, in 1621, at Tours, and died at 
 Paris in 1687. He wrote several works, 
 of whirh the principal are, a Latin poem 
 on Gardens; Reflections on Eloquence 
 and Poetry; and a Comparison of Homer 
 and Virgil, Demosthenes and Cicero. 
 
 RAPIN-THOYRAS, PAUL DF, a 
 French historian, w:is burn, in 1661, at 
 Castres; quitted France on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nant/. ; served as an officer 
 in the Dutch army, accompanied William 
 of Nassau to England, and was present at 
 the battle of the Br.yne, and the siege of 
 Limerick; became tutor to the son of th 
 earl of Portland; and died, in 1725, at 
 Wesel. His great work is The History of 
 England, which was long in repute, and 
 was the only complete narrative of English 
 e\ents. 
 
 RAY, JOHN, a celebrated naturalist, the 
 son of a blacksmith, was born, in 1628, at 
 Black Notley, in Essex; was educated at 
 Craintree School, and at Catherine Hall 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge; 1 >st his 
 ft-Huwfhip in the latter college, by refusing 
 tj comply with the Act ot Uniformity; 
 
 travelled on the continent for three year* 
 with Mr. Willoughby and other friends j 
 jecame a F. R. S. ; and died in 1705. Hi* 
 works are numerous and valuable. Among 
 hem are, Historiu Plantarum; his Trav- 
 >ls; The Wisdom of God manifested in 
 he Works of the Creation ; Physico-The- 
 ological Discourses; and a Collection of 
 English Proverbs. 
 
 RAYNAL, WILLIAM THOMAS FRA*- 
 CIS, an eminent French historian and phi- 
 losopher, was born, in 17J3, at St. Genies. 
 Educated by the Jesuits, he became or.e of 
 their order, and acquired some reputation 
 as a preacher, but his irregularities deprived 
 him of the hope of church preferment, and 
 he turned to literature for a subsistence. 
 He joined the French philosophical party, 
 as it was called, adopted their principles 
 to the fullest extent, and was one of the 
 writers in the Encyclopaedia. Of his works 
 The Philosophical History of the European 
 Establishments and Commerce in the two 
 Indies, in which he was assisted by Diderot 
 and others, is the most celebrated. The 
 second edition was prosecuted, and he was 
 under the necessity of quitting France. 
 After ha-ving travelled for some years, he 
 was allowed to return in 1787. He died 
 in 1796. 
 
 REAUMUR, RF.NATUS ANTHONY 
 FERCHAULT DK, a celebrated French 
 naturalist and philosopher, was born, in 
 1683, at Rochelle; was admitted into the 
 Academy of Sciences in 1708; and was 
 for nearly fifty years one of its most active 
 and efficient members. He died in 1?57. 
 Among his works are, A History of In- 
 sects ; and a Treatise on the Art of making 
 Steel. Reaumur contributed largely to 
 the improvement of various manufactures; 
 among which were those of porcelain, tin 
 plates, and artificial pearls. He also in- 
 vented the manner, which still bears his 
 name, of graduating the thermometer. 
 
 READ, GKORGE, a signer of the dec- 
 laration of American independence, wa 
 born in Maryland, in 1734, and was edu- 
 cated to the profession of the law. In 
 1775 he was appointed a delegate to Con- 
 gress, and after the adoption of the federal 
 constitution,*he was chosen a member of 
 the senate of the United States from Dela- 
 ware. He was afterwards chief justice 
 of the supreme court of that state. H 
 died in 1798. 
 
 REED, ISAAC, a critic and miscellane- 
 ous writer, was born, in 1742, in London; 
 wis brought up a conveyancer, but relin- 
 quished the profession; and died in 1807. 
 He published editions of Shakspearc ; Lady 
 W. M. Montagu's Poems; the Seatoniaii 
 i Poems; Dodsley's Old Plays; a:ul The 
 liiographia Dramatica: compiled The Re- 
 pository; and was, for many years, tht 
 editor of the European Magazine. 
 
REE REI 
 
 REED, JOSKPII, a patriut of the tionary principles induced bim to form 
 American i evolut ion, was graduated at the the eelebVfcted AawtCtttion for protecting 
 College in New Jersey, M 1767. While a liberty and property against republicans 
 mem! _ress, in 1778, the British and levellers. In 1795 he was prosecuted, 
 
 commissioner endeavoured to procure his bv order of the House of Commons, for an 
 influence to bring about a reconciliation alleged libellous pa^aur in his Thoughts 
 ortxveen the colonies and the mother conn- on the English Government; but was ac- 
 try: he rejected their offers with the reply quitted. He was appointed one of the 
 --"That he was not worth purchasing; kind's printers in 1799 ; and from If 03 to 
 but such as he was, the king of Great 1S14 lie held the superintendence of the 
 Britain was not rich enough to buy him. " , alien office. He died August 7, 1829. 
 In 177S he was chosen president of Penn- His learning was extensive, his judgment 
 f) Kauia, and retained that office till his! was acute, and no man ever possessed a 
 deutli, in 1781. j more kind and benevolent heart. Among 
 
 Kl'.KS, Dr. ABRAHAM, an author and his principal works are, A History of the 
 dissenting divine, was born, in 1743, in ; English Law ; History of the Law of Ship- 
 North Wale*; was educated at the dis- ping and Navigation; and A Collection of 
 editing establishment, Hoxton, of which the Hebrew and Greek Texts of the 
 he became the mathematical tutor; was Psalms. 
 
 appointed theological professor at Hackney | REGNARD, JOHN FRANCIS, a French 
 College; officiated more than forty years ' comic writer, who stands next to Moliere, 
 as minister of the congregation in the Old Was born, in 1647, at Paris; travelled 
 Jewry ; was a fellow of the Royal Society, over various parts of Europe; was taken 
 and of other institutions; and. died June by the Algerines, and held in slavery for a 
 9,1825. He wrote Sermons; and con- considerable time; settled in the French 
 tributed to the Monthly Review; but is capital, bought an office at court, and 
 best known as the editor of the enlarged became a popular dramatist; and died in 
 edition of Chambers's Cyclopaedia; and of 1709. His works form six volumes oc- 
 the still more extensive Cyclopaedia, in tavo. 
 forty-four volume?. REGNIER, MATHURIN, a French sat- 
 
 REEVE, CLARA, a novelist, was born, irist, was born, in 1573, at Chartres, and 
 in 1723, at Ipswich, and was the daughter died in 1613. Unfit as his continual de- 
 of a clergyman, who gave her a good edu- baucheries rendered him for the church, 
 cation, iier earliest work was a translation, he obtained considerable preferment in it. 
 published in 1772, of Barclay's Argenis. His talents, however,*were indisputable, 
 Among her subsequent productions are, The and his Satires still retain a place in tin 
 Old English Baron; The Two Mentors; standard literature of his country. 
 The Progress of Romance; The Exile; REID, THOMAS, a celebrated Scotch 
 and Memoirs of Sir iloger de Clarendon; divine and metaphysician, was born, in 
 of which only the first is now read. She 1710, at Strachan, in Kincardineshire; 
 died in 1803. was educated at Marischal College, Aber- 
 
 REEVE, TAPPING, an eminent lawyer, deen; became minister of New Machar; 
 was born at Brook-Haven, in 1744, and was appointed one of the professors of 
 was graduated at Princeton College. He philosophy at King's College, Aberdeen, 
 established himself as a lawyer in Litch- in 1751 ; succeeded Adam Smith, in 1764, 
 field. Connecticut, where he founded the as professor of moral philosophy at Glas- 
 law school, of which, for nearly thirty gow; and died in 1796. Dr. Reid was 
 years he was the principal instructor. He the first writer in Scotland who attacked 
 was for many years judge of the supreme the sceptical conclusions of Hume's philos- 
 ro'.irt of that state, and some time chief ophy, and laboured to refute the Ideal 
 iiir-tice. His legal attainments were of a Theory, which was then prevalent. His 
 nigh order, and as a man he possessed the principal works are, An Inquiry into the 
 esteem aid respect of the community. Human Mind; Essays on the Intellectual 
 
 REEVES, JOHN, was born in "1752; Powers of Man; and Essays on the Active 
 was educated at Eton and Merton Col- Powers of Man. 
 
 Icge, Oxford; studied the law -in the M id- REISKE> JOHN JAMES, a learned 
 die Temple: and was called to the bar in German philologist and orientalist, was 
 17^0. I)i>u r "-t, however, at being called born, in 1716, at Zorbig, in Saxony; 
 upon to defend alike the right and the studied at Halle and Leipsic, at the last 
 vrotig, soon induced him to discontinue of which places he became Arabic pro- 
 *.he aci ivc practice of his profession. After fessor; was appointed rector of the college 
 having been law <-lM k to the board of of St. Nicholas; and died in 1774. Among 
 trade, he was, in 1791, appointed chief his numerous works are, editions of tho 
 justice <,f Newfoundland. In 1792, on his Greek Orators, and of many classics; and 
 
 retiiiTi frt.-m the colony, his alarm translations from the oriental languages 
 on witnessing thr prevalence of rejoin- He wa? assisted by his wife, ERN I:*TIK* 
 
REN 
 
 CHRISTINA, whr learned Greek and Latin 
 that she might be able to lighten his labour 
 
 REMBRANDT, PAUL, called Van 
 Ryn, from his living on the banks of the 
 Rhine, but whose real name was GER- 
 RETZ, was born, in 1606, in a village 
 near Leyden, and studied painting under 
 Van Swanenburg, Lostman, and Pinas. 
 He. settled at Amsterdam, and soon be- 
 came so highly celebrated that he acquired 
 a large fortune. His habits, however, 
 were low, and his avarice was insatiable; 
 mo that he lived like a beggar, and descen- 
 ded to the meanest tricks to increase his 
 hoard. He died in 1647. He excelled 
 with the graver no less than with the pen- 
 cil. Rembrandt has been called, but not 
 with much discrimination, the Shakspeare 
 of painting. 
 
 REIS'NEL, JOHN, an eminent English 
 geographer, was born, in 1742, at Chud- 
 leigli, in Devonshire ; and entered the 
 naval service at tike age of fifteen. He 
 quitted the sea, however, in his twenty- 
 fourth year, went to India as an officer of 
 engineers, resided there for some years, 
 und rose to the rank of major and survey- 
 or general of Bengal. On his return home 
 be became a member of the Royal Society. 
 He died May 29, 1830. Among his chie'f 
 works are, The Bengal Atlas; a Map of 
 Hindostan; Memoirs on the Geography of 
 Asia; and The Geographical System of 
 Herodotus explained. 
 
 RENNIE, JOHN, one of the most cele- 
 brated civil engineers and mtchatmta, 
 19 
 
 REY 453 
 
 was burn, in 1761, at I nantaeaie, in East 
 Lothian, and first became known by the 
 
 talent which he displayed in the mill work 
 of the Albion Mills. He soon, however, 
 became eminent in labours of a superior 
 kind. Among his numerous works are .he 
 Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet and Avon, and 
 many other canals ; the Southwark, Wa- 
 erloo, and New London Bridges ; the 
 Breakwater at Plymouth ; and several 
 docks and harbours, among which are 
 hose of London, Hull, and Sheerness. He 
 died Oct. 4,1821. 
 
 RESTIF DE LA BRETONNE, Ni. 
 HOLAS EDMUND, a French author, 
 equally remarkable for his fertility as a 
 writer, and for his cynicism and vanity ua 
 a man, was born, in 1734, at Sacy, in 
 Burgundy, and died at Paris, in 1806. He 
 wrote more than two hundred volumes of 
 novels, and other productions, of which 
 the best is Le Paysan Perverti. At one 
 >eriod In was a printer, and some of hi* 
 compositions were transferred from his 
 lead to the press without being previously 
 committed to paper. 
 
 RETZ, JOHN FRANCIS PAUL DK 
 ONDI, cardinal de, remarkable for hii 
 daring and intriguing spirit, was born, in 
 .614, at Montmirail; became coadjutor to 
 the archbishop of Paris, archbishop of 
 Jorinth, and a cardinal; took a prominent 
 part in the troubles of France, and in 
 5J.i7.arin, during the minority of 
 tue fourteenth; was imprisoned but 
 escaped, and remained in exile till 1661 ; 
 >ractised in-his declining years those vir- 
 ues which he had trampled under foot in 
 his youth; and died in 1679. His Memoirs 
 are highly interesting. 
 
 PEYNOLDS, Sir JOSHUA, a celebrated 
 art. .-4, was born, in 1723, at Plympton, in 
 Devonshire; of the grammar school of 
 which place his father, a clergyman, wa 
 the master. As he early manifested a ta.-te 
 for drawing, he was placed under Hudson. 
 He afterwards visited Rome, where he 
 studied for three years In 1752 he settled 
 in the British metropolis, where he rapidly 
 rose to eminence, ami numbered Butke. 
 Johnson, and othei illustrioui cut acter* 
 
04 
 
 RIG 
 
 among his friends. When the Royal Aca- His effort* drew 
 ey was instituted, in 1768, "he wa 
 
 unanimously chosen president, and wa: 
 knighted. In 1783 he was appointed prin 
 cipal painter to the king, lie died Feb 
 23, 1792. His literary works, the princi- 
 pal of which are the masterly Discourses 
 lelivered to the Academy, form three vol- 
 umes. In the British school of art, espec- 
 ially as a portrait painter, he stands very 
 high; as a writer he displays much ele- 
 gance and sound sense ; and as a man he 
 was deservedly beloved. " He had (says 
 Burke) too much merit not to excite some 
 jealousy; too much innocence to provoke 
 any enmity." 
 
 RICARDO, DAVID, an able political 
 economist, was born, in 1772, in London, 
 and entered upon a mercantile life, after 
 having received a common school education. 
 He gained a large fortune by commerce; 
 obtained, in 1819, a seat in parliament 
 for Portarlington ; and acquired reputation 
 as a senator and as a writer. He died 
 September 11, 1823. He wrote Princi- 
 ples of Political Economy and Taxation; 
 On the Depreciation of the Currency; an 
 Essay on Rent; and other works of a 
 similar nature. 
 
 RICAUT, or RYCAUT, Sir PAUL, a 
 traveller and historian, was born in Lon- 
 don, and educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. In 1661 he was secretary to 
 the embassy at Constantinople; after which 
 he was, successively, consul at Smyrna, 
 secretary to the viceroy of Ireland, judge 
 of the admiralty there, and resident in the 
 Hans Towns, "lie died in 1700. Ricaut 
 wrote The State of the Ottoman Empire; 
 The Present State of the Greek and Ar- 
 menian Churches; ajid a Continuation of 
 Knolles's History; and translated Platina's 
 Lives, and Garcilasso's Commentaries of 
 Peru. 
 
 RICCI, Scipio,an Italian prelate, was 
 born, in 1741, at Florence, and was raised 
 to the bishopric of Pistoia and Prato, in 
 1786. He distinguished himself hy stren- 
 uously seconding the grand duke Leopold RICHARDSON, SAVUKL, j 8 8a jd tc 
 in the attempt to introduce a reform into ave been the eon of a joiner, and was 
 It* ecclesiastical diHcipline of tin dutrhy. born, in 1689, in Derbjeh-e. His eduem- 
 
 RIC 
 
 ipon him the hatred of 
 the clergy, the displeasure of the pope, and 
 much consequent persecution, lie: died in 
 1810. His Life, by De Potter, co.itaiim a 
 variety of curious information. 
 
 RICCOBOM, ANTHONY FRANCIS, 
 was born, in 1707, at Mantua, and was an 
 actor and author. lie was, however, far 
 more successful in the latter capacity than 
 in the former; his comedies having attract- 
 ed crowded audiences. What he gained 
 by the stage he dissipated in foolish at- 
 tempts to discover the philosopher's stone. 
 He died in 1772. Among his works are 
 Comedies, Farces, and The Art of the 
 Theatre. 
 
 RICCOBONI, MARY JANE LABORAS 
 E MEZIERES, the wife of Anthony Fran- 
 cis, was born, in 1714, at Paris; became 
 an actress from necessity, in 1734; and 
 remained on the stage till 1761, when she 
 quitted it, and became eminent as a ro- 
 mance writer. She died in 1792. Among 
 tier best productions are, Letters of Julia 
 Catesby ; History of the Marquis de Cressy ; 
 Ernestina; and Letters from Lord River* 
 k> Sir Charles Cardigan. 
 
 RICH, CLAUDIUS JOHN, a learned 
 writer, was born in 1776, and at the age 
 >f seventeen became resident of the East 
 udia Company at Bagdad; for which 
 situation he was indebted solely to his 
 
 rit and literary attainments. His re- 
 searches into the' antiquities of the East 
 were extensive. He wrote Memoirs of 
 Ancient Babylon. He died at Shiraz, in 
 1821. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JONATHAN, an Eng- 
 ish painter, born about 1665, was a pupil 
 >f Riley, and married his niece. As a por- 
 ra ; t painter, he was not without merit. 
 Assisted by his son, he wrote an Essay on 
 he Art of Criticism, as it relates to Paint- 
 ng; an Argument in behalf of the Science 
 jf a Connoisseur; an Account of some 
 Statues, Bas Reliefs, &c. in Italy; and 
 xplanatory Notes on Milton. He died 
 n 1745. 
 
RIC 
 
 tion was scanty, and he was acquainted 
 with no language but his own. He seems 
 at an early period to have been fond of 
 framing stories, to relate to his schooJ fel- 
 lows, and of writing letters. In 1706, he 
 vas bound apprentice to a printer, and in 
 1719 he commenced business in Salisbury 
 Court, Fleet Street. By dint of industry, 
 his establishment became highly flourish- 
 ing. Onslow, the speaker of the commons, 
 was one of his patrons. Though he had 
 compiled indexes, and written prefaces 
 and dedications, it was not till 1741 that 
 he carne prominently forward in a liter'ary 
 character. In that year he published Pa- 
 mela, and at once rose into popularity. 
 In 1748 Clarissa came forth, and in 1753 
 Sir Charles Grandison. The general cho- 
 rus of praise, and almost of adulation, 
 that rose around him, it would be difficult, 
 to describe. His pecuniary concerns were 
 also in the mont prosperous condition. 
 But the best gift of Heaven was wanting. 
 In his latter years he suffered much from 
 ill health, and he died of apoplexy, July 
 the 4th, 1761. 
 
 RICHARDSON, WILLIAM, a Scotch 
 poet and miscellaneous writer, a son of 
 the minister of Aberfoyle, became a stu- 
 dent at Glasgow, in 1758; accompanied 
 Lord Cathcart, who had been his pupil, to 
 Russia; was for more than forty years pro- 
 fessor of humanity at Glasgow; and died 
 in 1814. Among his works, all of which 
 are marked by elegance and learning, are 
 Anecdotes of the Russian Empire ; Essays 
 on Shakspeare's Dramatic Characters; 
 ioems; and Dramas. 
 
 RIC 
 
 435 
 
 RICHELIEU, ARM AND JOHN Dn 
 PLESSIS, cardinal and duke, a French 
 talesman, was born, in 1585, at Paris. 
 He was at first intended for the army, but 
 the bishopric -jf Lucon being opened to 
 him by the resignation of his brother, he 
 tudied theology with such industry that 
 he obtained a doctor's degree in his twen- 
 tieth year, and the mitre before he was 
 twenty-two. His ambitious views first 
 began to be manifest on his being ap- 
 pointed, in 1614, a deputy to the states 
 general. Attaching himself to the queen 
 
 mother, he became her almoner, and, 
 through her, was appointed one of the 
 secretaries of state. When she lost hei 
 influence, he resigned his employment to 
 retain her favour, but took care to act in 
 such a manner as not to irritate her ene- 
 mies. When a reconciliation at length, 
 through his intervention, took placf, he 
 was rewarded by the dignity of cardinal. 
 Aware of Richelieu's aspiring character, 
 Louis XIII. long refused to admit him 
 into the administration. At length he 
 yielded, and thenceforth, for a period of 
 eighteen years, he was little more than 
 the phantom of a monarch; the sceptre 
 being, in fact, wielded by the cardinal 
 " He made (says Montesquieu) his sov- 
 ereign play the second part in the mon- 
 archy, and the first in Europe; he de- 
 graded the king, but he rendered the reign 
 illustrious." Richelieu was, indeed, a 
 great minister, as far as greatness can be 
 attained by success bought at the expense 
 of every virtue, but as a man he merits ex- 
 ecration. He died December 4, 1642. 
 
 RICHELIEU, Louis FRANCIS AR- 
 MAND DU PLESSIS, duke of, a French 
 marshal, descended from the brother of the 
 cardinal, was born in 1696, and died in 
 1788. He was an odd compound of scoun- 
 drel and hero; in which admirable mix- 
 ture the first ingredient bore a lar^e pro- 
 portion. He distinguished himself under 
 Villars, and afterwards at Kehl, Philips- 
 burgh, Dettingen, and Fontenoy; and re- 
 duced Minorca. He compelled the duke of 
 Cumberland to capitulate at Closter Seven, 
 after which he pillaged the electorate of 
 Hanover in the most infamous manner. 
 On more than one occasion he proved him- 
 self an able ambassador. The rest of his 
 life was spent in open defiance of all the 
 laws of morality. 
 
 RICHELIEU, ARMANDEMANUEL DU 
 PLESSIS, duke of, a French statesman, 
 grandson of the foregoing, was born, in 
 1766, at Paris. He emigrated at the com- 
 mencement of the revolution ; entered the 
 Russian service; and distinguished himself 
 at the siege of Ismael. After having fought 
 for a while under the banners of the prince 
 of Conde, he went back to Russia, ana 
 was appointed governor of Odessa. By 
 his prudnet measures he raised that city 
 from insignificance to the height of pros- 
 perity. The restoration of the Bourboni 
 enabled him to return to France, and in 
 1815 and 1820 he held the office of prime 
 minister. He died in 1822, respected for his 
 lisinterestednessand his good intentions. 
 
 RICHTER, JOHN PAUL FREDERIC, 
 an eminent German novelist and miscella- 
 icous writer, was born, in 1763, at Wun- 
 siedc-I, in Franconia; studied at Leipsic; 
 was patronised by various princes; and 
 died Nov. 14, 1825. Among his workf 
 
36 KIT 
 
 are, A Selection from tlio Devil's Papers; 
 Hesperus; Quintus Fixlein; Introduction 
 to ^Esthetics; and Levana, or Le.sons of 
 Education. They manifest great talent, 
 but their style is marked by much singu- 
 larity. 
 
 RIDLEY, GLOSTKR, a divine, was 
 born at sea, in 1702; was educated at 
 Winchester School, and at New College, 
 Oxford; obtained respectable preferment in 
 the church; and died in 1774. His princi- 
 pal works arc, A Life of Bishop Ridley ; A 
 Review of Philips's Life of Cardinal Pole ; 
 Mel.unpus, a poem ; and some smaller po- 
 ems in Dodsley's Collection. 
 
 RIEGO Y NUNEZ, RAPHAEL DEL, 
 a Spanish patriot, was born, in 178.'*, at 
 Tuna, in the Asturias. As an officer of the 
 Asturian regiment, he bore arms ag linst 
 Napoleon, and was taken prisoner. On his 
 return, he obtained the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel. In 1819 he formed, with Quiroga 
 and others, a plan for freeing his country 
 from the yoke of despotism; and in 1820 
 he powerfully cooperated to execute it. 
 When, however, the worthless Ferdinand, 
 by the aid of the French army, recovered 
 the power of tyrannizing, Riego was brought 
 to trial, and was executed with every cir- 
 cumstance of insult and indignity, Nov. 5, 
 1825. 
 
 RIENZI, NICHOLAS GABRINO DE, 
 an Italian reformer, of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, was the son of an innkeeper, but re- 
 ceived an excellent education, and was en- 
 dowed with great genius and eloquence. 
 In 1347 he succeeded in overthrowing the 
 tyranny of the nobles at Rome, and obtain- 
 ing the supreme authority, with the title 
 of tribune and liberator. He was, how- 
 ever, soon expelled, and was imprisoned 
 for three years by Clement VI. He was 
 released by Innocent VI., who sent him to 
 ..he Roman capital as senator and tribune, 
 but he was murdered by the people in 1354. 
 
 RING, JOHN, an eminent surgeon, and 
 a miscellaneous writer, was a pupil of Pott. 
 He died in 1821. Ring was a strenuous 
 advocate of vaccination. Among his works 
 are, a Treatise, and various pamphlets, 
 on Cow Pox ; a Treatise on Gout ; parts 
 of a translation of Virgil ; and some poems. 
 
 RIQUET, PETKR PAUL, a celebrated 
 French civil engineer, was born, in 1604, 
 at Be/.iers, and died, in 1680, at Toulouse. 
 Riquct projected, and nearly completed the 
 execution of, the magnificent canal of Lan- 
 guedoc, which forms a communication be- 
 tween the Mediterranean and the Ocean 
 
 RITSON, JOSEPH, a critic and anti- 
 quary, was Imrn, in 1752, at Stockton, in 
 the county of Durham ; was a conveyancer 
 by profession; and held the office of high 
 bailiff of the Svoy. He died in 1803. Rit~ 
 son was an acute and well informed man, but 
 of a moat unfortunate temper. One of his 
 
 ROB 
 
 singularities was me holding of animal foo4 
 in abhorrence; and on this subject he wrote 
 a volume. Among his work? are, Biog- 
 raphia Poetica; The English Anthology; 
 English Songs; and Ancient Metrical Ro- 
 mances. 
 
 RITTEMIOUSE, DAVID, a relebra 
 ted mathematician, was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1732. During his early life "he 
 was employed in agriculture, but as hi* con- 
 stitution was feeble he became a clock and 
 mathematical instrument maker. In 1770 
 tie removed to Philadelphia, and practised 
 his trade. He was elected a member, and 
 f.r some time presidentof the philosophic- 
 al societv; and one of the commissioner! 
 employed to determine the boundary line 
 between Pennsylvania and Virginia, and 
 between New York and Massachusetts. 
 He was treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 
 to 1789, and from 1792 to 1795 director of 
 the United States mint. His death took 
 place in 1796. His mathematical talents 
 were of the highest order. 
 
 RIVINUS, AUGUSTUS QUIRINUS, an 
 eminent botanist and physician, whose real 
 name was Bachmann, was born, in 1652, 
 at Leipsic; practised medicine, and was 
 professor of physiology and botany, in his 
 native city; and died in 1723. His princi- 
 pal work is a Systema Plantarum. Rivi- 
 nus's system of classification is founded on 
 the forin of the corolla. 
 
 ROBERT DE VAUGONDY, GIL*S, 
 a French geographer, was born, in 1688, 
 at Paris, and died there in 1766. Among 
 his works are, The Great Universal Atlas, 
 in 108 sheets; and a Complete Atlas of the 
 Revolutions of the Globe, in 66 sheets. 
 His son, who was born in 1723, and died 
 in 1786, was also an able geographer 
 
 ROBERTSON, WILLIAM, a divine and 
 
 a ri l.'lnatc* historian, was born, in 1721, 
 at Borthvrck, in Mid Lothian, ( f which 
 parish his father wtts the minister. After 
 having been educated at Dalkcith, and at 
 Edinburgh university, In- was presentrd, in 
 1743, to the living of Ghulsmuir. During 
 he rebellion he bore arms as a volunteer 
 His first work was a Scimoii, published iu 
 1755, which passed through numerous edi- 
 
ROB 
 
 lions. It was not, however, till 1759, that, 
 by hvj History of Scotland, he acquired a 
 place among British classical writers. Fame 
 was accompanied by preferment. He was 
 transferred from Gladsmuir to Edinburgh; 
 and, in 1759, 1761, 1762, and 1764, be- 
 s-ime chaplain of Stirling Castle, one of 
 the king s chaplains, principal of the uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, and royal historiog- 
 rapher for Scotland. Advancement in the 
 English church was offered to him, but was 
 refused. In 1769 he brought out the His- 
 tory of Charles V. ; in 1775 the History of 
 America; and in 1790 an Historical Dis- 
 quisition concerning Ancient India. He 
 died June 11, 1793. 
 
 ROBERVAL, GILES PERSONF DE, 
 a French geometrician, was born, in 1602, 
 at Robervul ; became professor of mathe- 
 matics in the Royal College at Paris; and 
 died in 1675. Roberval invented the curve 
 lines to which Torricelli gave the name of 
 Robervallian; and also a geometrical 
 method of resolving the most difficult pro- 
 blems. His miscellaneous works were col- 
 lected by his friend Gallois. 
 
 ROBESPIERRE, FRANCIS MAXIMIL- 
 IAN JOSEPH ISIDOKE, one of the most 
 celebrated and most violent demagogues of 
 the French revolution, was born, in 1759, 
 at Arras, where his father was a lawyer. 
 He was left an orphan at the age of nine 
 years, but was protected by the bishop of 
 Arras, who placed him at the college of 
 Louis XVI. at Paris. Returning to his 
 native place, he became an advocate in 
 respectable practice. His political career 
 began, in 1789, when he WAS sent a depu- 
 ty from the bailiwick of Arras to the states 
 general. He held a seat in all the subse- 
 quent legislative bodies, and gradually ac- 
 quired influence in them, and unbounded 
 popularity among the people, from whom 
 he obtained the title of " the incorruptible." 
 It was in the Convention, however, that 
 he rose to his greatest eminence. He was 
 the acknowledged head of the Jacobins, 
 and, after the defeat of the Girondists and 
 Dantonists, was, in a manner, the ruler of 
 France. He would, perhaps, have esta- 
 blished his authority had not some of his 
 accomplices discovered that he had devoted 
 them to the scaffold. A struggle ensued, 
 in which he was defeated, and, with many 
 of his partisans, he was guillotined, July 9, 
 1794. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN, minister of the 
 church in Holland, to which the first settlers 
 of New England belonged, was born in 
 Great Britain in 1575, a id educated at 
 Cambridge. In 1602 he becama pastor of 
 a dissenting congregation in the north of 
 E:igiand, and removed with them to Hol- 
 land in Ib'OS. It was his intention to 
 follow hia congregation to the new world, 
 out his sudden dc-ith 'n \'25 prevented. 
 
 ROC 
 
 487 
 
 ROBINSON, MARY, a poetess and 
 miscellaneous writer, whose maiden name 
 was Darbv, wa? born, in 1758, at Bristol. 
 She was married early to a worthless 
 character, and was obliged to resort to the 
 stage for a subsistence. In this situation, 
 her beauty attracted the Prince of Wales 
 (afterwards George IV ), and she became 
 his mistress. The connexion, however, 
 was but of short duration. In her latter 
 years she lost the use of her limbs, and was 
 partly dependent upon her pen for the 
 means of living. She died in 1800. Among 
 her works are Poems; Lyrical Tales; 
 Memoirs of her own Life; and several 
 novels. 
 
 ROCHEFOUCAULD, FRANCIS, duke 
 DE LA, prince of Marsillac, a French 
 writer, was born in 1613, aud died in 
 1680. He was a man of wit and courage, 
 and acted a conspicuous part in the war 
 of the Fronde. He wrote the well know" 
 Maxims, which do. more credit to his head 
 than his heart; and Memoirs of the Re- 
 gency of Anne of Austria. 
 
 ROCHEFOUCAULD LIANCOURT, 
 FRANCIS ALEXANDER FREDERIC, duke 
 DE LA, was born in 1747, and was grand 
 master of the wardrobe to Louis XV. and 
 XVI. During the revolution, he was the 
 friend of liberty, but the enemy of licen- 
 tiousness. The downfal of the throne 
 compelled him to quit France, and, after 
 having resided for some time in England, 
 he visited America. In 1799 he was al- 
 lowed to return to his native country, and 
 he died in March, 1827, generally respected 
 for his liberal principles and his actixe 
 benevolence. It was chiefly by his exer- 
 tions that vaccination was introduced into 
 France. His principal work is, Travels 
 in the United States. 
 
 ROCHEJAQUELEIX, H F.NRY DE L A, 
 one of the most eminent of the Vendean 
 royalist leaders, was born, in 1773, near 
 Chatillon sur Sevre, and was a son of the 
 marquis de la Rochejaquelein. First as 
 one of the chiefs, and afterwards as gene- 
 ralissimo, of the royalists, he displayed 
 great talent, and the most daring valour. 
 On first taking the command he addressed 
 his men in the following pithy harangue: 
 " I am young, and inexperienced, but I 
 have an ardent desire to render myself 
 worthy of heading you. Let us march to 
 meet the enemy ; if I give way, kill me; 
 if I advance, follow me; if I fall, avenge 
 me." He was killed in March, 1794. 
 
 ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, earl 
 of, was born in 1647; was educated at 
 Burford grammar school, and at Wadham 
 College, Oxford; and subsequently trav- 
 elled on the continent. In 1665 "he dis- 
 tinguished himself in the fleet under the 
 earl of Sandwich. The remainder of hie 
 life was spent at court, where he wa 
 
480 ROL 
 
 equally remarkable for his HceotiouaoeM 
 and his wit. He died, penitent, in 1680. 
 His Pooms manifest talent, but many of 
 them are grosj$lv indecent. 
 
 RODNEY. G tour. K BRYDGES, lord, 
 an able British admiral, the son of a na\al 
 officer, was born in I" 7 !?; entered early 
 into the navy; was appointed governor of 
 Newfoundland in, 1749; was made admiral 
 of the blue in 1759; and was so active in 
 the seven years' wr, that at the conclusion 
 of it he was created a baronet. In 1768 
 he was chosen inernl>er for Northampton; 
 and in 1771 was sent to Jamaica, as com- 
 mander in chief. Having ruined .his for- 
 tune by his election contest, he was under 
 the necessity of retiring to France. In 
 1779, however, he was called into active 
 service; in the following year he defeated 
 the Spinish admiral Langara; and on the 
 12th of April, 1782, he obtained a splendid 
 victory over count de Grasse, and was 
 rewarded by a peerage. He died in 1792. 
 
 RODNEY, CJESAR, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, was 
 born at Dover, Maryland, in 17SO. He 
 iv as sent as a delegate to the congress of 
 1774, and remained in that body till the 
 autumn of 1776. He was afterwards pres- 
 ident of his na".ve state for about four 
 years. His de^th took place in 1783. 
 
 ROEMER, GLAUS, an eminent astron- 
 omer, was born, in 1644, at Copenhagen ; 
 was invited into France, in 1672, to be 
 mathematical teacher to the dauphin ; re- 
 turned to his native place in 1681; and 
 held several considerable offices previously 
 to his decease, which took place in 1710. 
 Roomer, by means of the eclipses of the 
 satellites of Jupiter, was the first who 
 ascertained the velocity of light. 
 
 ROHAN, HENRY, duke of, prince of 
 Leon, a celebrated general, was born, in 
 1579, at the castle of Blain, in Britanny. 
 He first distinguished his valour and talents, 
 as head of the Calvinists, in the civil wars 
 during the reign of Louis XIII.; and he 
 subsequently enhanced his fame by his ad- 
 mirable military conduct in the Valteline. 
 He was mortalfy wounded at the battle of 
 Rh infield, in 1638. Among his works are, 
 Memoirs on French Affairs; Political Dis- 
 courses on State Affairs; and The Perfect 
 Captain. 
 
 ROLAND, PHILIP LAURENCE, an 
 eminent French sculptor, was born, in 
 1746, near Lisle; was a pupil of Pajou, 
 and afterwards studied at Rome; acquired 
 gieat reputation on his return to France; 
 and died in 1S16. His masterpiece is a 
 Biatue of Homer singing to his lyre, which 
 if in the "allerv of the Louvre. 
 
 ROLAND I)i: LA PLATRIERE, 
 JOHN .MARY, a French writer, was born. 
 in 1732, at Lvons, and held the office of 
 inspector general of manufacv iroaat Lyons, 
 
 ROL 
 
 when the revolution broke out. RottuM) 
 espoused the popular cause. Removing to 
 Paris, he became clos-cly connected with 
 the Girondist party, and, through the in- 
 fluence of that party, was made minister 
 of the home department, in 1792. After 
 the 10th of August, he was a member of 
 the executive council. The downfal of 
 his party, in 1793, exposed him to pro- 
 scription, but he found a secret asylum at 
 Rouen. Hearing, however, of the execu- 
 tion of his wife, he quitted his retreat, and 
 stabbed himself on the high road to Paris. 
 He wrote The Dictionary of Manufactures, 
 for the Methodical Encyclopaedia ; various 
 works of a similar kind; and Letters from 
 Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, and Malta. 
 
 ROLAND, MARY JA.NK, a woman of 
 great talents, whose maiden name was 
 PHLIPOX, was the daughter of an en- 
 graver, and was born, in 1754, at Paris. 
 At an early period she manifested a strong- 
 ly marked character, ami a love of read- 
 ing. After her marriage with M. Roland, 
 she assisted him in his literary and other 
 avocations. Her principles were decidedly 
 republican, and she was a warm and elo- 
 quent defender of the government which 
 was established on the ruins of the throne. 
 But to the jacobins she was as ardently 
 hostile, and, when they succeeded in over- 
 throwing the Girondists, she became one 
 of the victims. She was guillotined, No- 
 vember 8, 1793. She wrote An Appeal to 
 Impartial Posterity ; and Miscellaneous 
 Works, iu three volumes. 
 
 ROLLIN, CHARLKS, an eminent histo- 
 rian, was born, in 1661, at Paris. He 
 was the son of a cutler, who designed him 
 to follow his own trade; but a Benedictine 
 monk obtained his admission in the college 
 of Du Plessis. After having acquired there 
 a knowledge of languages and philosophy, 
 he studied theology for three years at the 
 Sorbonne. Between 16S3 and 1693, he 
 filled the chairs of pn lessor of rhetoric 
 and of eloquence at the college of Du 
 Plessis and the Ro\al College. In 1694, 
 he was appointed rector of the university, 
 and, in 1696, coadjutor of the college of 
 Il: aia. The last poet he he- 1,1 for fif 
 
ROM 
 
 ROS 
 
 439 
 
 Men year*, greatly to the advantage of the tempts tu introduce a i rlbrm of the cnmi- 
 rtudents; but he was at length driven fromjnal law. In 1818 he was elected one of 
 it by the intrigues of the Jesuits. Then: % .e- \ the representatives for Westminster. He, 
 forth ho gave his time wholly to literature, however, never took hi.-: seaU In a fit pf 
 He died in 1741. His principal works temporary insanity, occasioned by the death 
 are, Ancient History ; Roman History ; of his wife, to whom he was tenderly at- 
 and a Treatise on the Mode of Studying, tached, he put an end to his own existence, 
 
 ROMAN A, Don PETER CAROYSU- 
 REDA, marquis de LA, a Spanish gene- 
 
 Nov. 2, 1-818. 
 ROMNEY, GEORGE^ a painter, 
 
 spa nig 
 
 rul, was born, in 1761, at Palma, in Ma- 'born, in 1734, at Dalton, in Lancashire; 
 jorca ; was educated at Lyons, Salamanca, and was the son of a builder, who design- 
 and Madrid; served as aid-de-camp to ed him for his own profession, but he De- 
 Moreno, at the siege of Gibraltar; and j came an itinerant portrait painter, by which 
 distinguished himself in the campaigns j he acquired sufficient money to enable him 
 against the French, on the Pyrenean fron- to settle in London. He afterwards visit- 
 tier, from 1793 to 1793. La Romana;ed Italy, where he spent two years. On 
 commanded, in 1807, the auxiliary Span-! his return he became a formidable rival to 
 Lsh corps of fourteen thousand men, which j Sir Joshua Reynolds, and also enjoyed 
 was sent to the north of Germany by Na- considerable reputation as a historical 
 poleon. When Spain rose against her op- 'painter. He died in 1802. 
 pressor, La Romana, aided by an English j ROMULUS, the founder of Rome. Of 
 squadron, succeeded in embarking his his real history little or notMrv is known, 
 troops from the island of Funen, and i There exist, however, an abundance of fa- 
 jeading them home in safety. He dis- |bles respecting him, among which are, that 
 played great talents, both in the field and he was the son of Maps, and was suckled 
 the council, in 1809 and 1810; but his ca- by a wolf. He is said to have founded 
 
 reer was unfortunately cut short by death, 
 January 23, 1811. 
 
 ROMANZOFF, PETER ALEIANDRO- 
 
 Rome, B. c. 753. Its firt citizens were 
 robbers! He is believed to have been as- 
 sassinated after a' reign of thirty-seven 
 
 VITSCH, count de, a Russian general, was 'years. 
 
 born, about 1730, and entered the army at j RONSARD, PETER DE, a French 
 a very early period. After having acquired ! poet, was born, in 1524, in the Vendo- 
 repulation in subordinate ranks, he was, inois; was page to the duke of Orleans, 
 in 1769, appointed to command the army who transferred him to James of Scotland, 
 against the Turks. In four campaigns he [and afterwards received him again into 
 obtained several victories, and conquered ! his own service ; gained unbounded popu- 
 aeveral fortresses; and he crowned his la-jlarity by his poems, but has since been as 
 hours by compiling the grand vizier to i much undervalued ; was a favourite of 
 sign, in 1774, the treaty of Kainardgi. In ' Charles IX.; who gave him several rich 
 1788 he was again placed at the head of j benefices; and died in 1585. His poems 
 an army against the Ottomans; but he was j form ten volumes. Ronsard undoubtedly 
 
 thwarted by Potemkin, and resigned in 
 disgust. . He died in 1796. 
 
 ROML DE L'ISLE, JOHN BAPTIST 
 Louis, a FrencM mineralogist 'and natural 
 philosopher, was born, in 1736, at Grai; 
 visited India, and was made prisoner at 
 Pondic.herry; studied natural history after 
 his return to France, and gave lectures on 
 mineralogy; and died in 1790. His prin- 
 cipal works are, Crystallography ; Me- 
 trology ; and a Letter on Soft Water 
 Polypuses. 
 
 ROMJLLY, Sir SAMUEL, an eminent 
 advocate and senator, was born, in 1757, 
 in Westminster, and was the son of a jew- 
 clW. He was called to the bar in 1783, 
 a:id gradually rose to high reputation in 
 
 possessed talent, but was deficient in taste 
 and judgment. 
 
 ROOKE, Sir GEORGE, an admiral, 
 was born, in 1650, in Kent; gained at an 
 early period a high reputation for skill and 
 bravery; defeated the French and Span- 
 iards at Vigo, in 17C2, and captured sever- 
 al men of war and galleons ; bore a part 
 in the reduction of Gibraltar, in 1704; 
 and died in January, 1708-9. He was not 
 less disinterested than able and intrepid. 
 
 ROSA, SALVATOR, a celebrated Ital- 
 ian painter, was born, in 1614, at Naples. 
 Francanzano and Ribera were his in- 
 structors in the pictorial art. He rose to 
 great eminence, and was patronised at Na- 
 ples, Rome, and Florence, at the last of 
 
 the court of chancery. When the whig | which cities he resided for nine years. In 
 party c;ime into power, in 1806, he was j landscape, in scenes of gloom, and in the 
 appointed solicitor general, was knighted, representation of banditti, he has not been 
 and sat in parliament for Queenborough. surpassed. Nor were his talents confined 
 
 He was or 
 
 >C th 
 
 gers of the im- 
 
 peachaient 01 Lord Melville. As a senator 
 lie t'iatiugui.shed himself on many occa- 
 
 t ? . * . 
 
 to painting. He composed ir.'isic, en- 
 graved several of his own picture.-, and 
 wrote plays and poetry. His Satires hwe 
 
 ionr; but raot conspicuously iu hu at- , been often reprinted. He died in 1673 
 
* frxJk talent that his name has since been 
 giro.i to fivery performer of transcendent 
 merit, J belie'ved to have been horn i tlie 
 
 territory of Lanuvium. 
 advanced age, B. c. 61. 
 
 He died, at an 
 Cicero, to whom 
 
 KOS ROL' 
 
 , QuiNTt'9, a Roman actor, ROSENMl LLER, 
 
 a celebrated German anatomist, was born, 
 in 1771, a>. Hessberg; was professor of 
 anatomy and surgery at the university of 
 Leipsic; and died in 1820. His principal 
 work is an Anatomico-Chirurgical Atlas, 
 of which the plates were designed by him- 
 self. 
 
 ROSS, GEORGE, a signer of the decla- 
 ration of American independence, was 
 born in New Castle, Delaware, in 1730 
 He pursued the profession of law, and 
 settled in the western part of Pennsylvania 
 In 1774 he was elected a delegate to th 
 Congress which met ^i Philadelphia, am* 
 continued in this l>ody till January 177" 
 In April 1779 he was appointed a judge of 
 the state court of admiralty. He died in 
 the July following. 
 
 ROtGANS, LUKE, a Dutch poet, was 
 born, in 1645, at Amsterdam; served in 
 the army from 1672 to 1674, as an ensign; 
 and died in 1710. He wrote a poem, in 
 eight books, the hero of which is Willian 
 III.; two tragedies; the Dutch Fair, & 
 descriptive poem; and some miscellaneous 
 poetry. 
 
 ROTROU, JOHN, a dramatic poet, one 
 of the creators of the French theatre, was 
 born, in 1609, atDreux,and became early 
 
 he had given lessons in the art of declaim 
 ing, wrote en* of his orations to defend 
 him against Chrt'ea. 
 
 ROSCOE, WTLLIAM, a biographer and 
 raised ancous writer, was born, aboutl751, 
 -at Liverpool. Ilia parentage was humble; 
 his education im|)erfect; and he began his 
 career in life as articled clerk to an attor- 
 ney. In the few honre, however, which 
 he could snatch from the law, he made 
 himself master of the Latin, Italian, and 
 JKrench languages; and he subsequently ac- 
 quired a considerable knowlc'ge of Greek. 
 His first literary attempt, a poem called 
 Mount Pleasant, was written in his six- 
 teenth yea . On the expiration of his 
 clerkship, he entered into partnership with 
 Mr. Aspinwall, an attorney of Liverpool. 
 After having followed the proftwon for 
 several years, he eniered himself at Gray's 
 Inn, with the purpose of becoming a bar- 
 rister; and he subsequently l>ecame a part- 
 ner in a banking house. As a banker he 
 unfortunately failed. In 1806 he vv. 
 elected one of the members for Liverpool; 
 but he declined a contest at the next elec- 
 tion. His two great works, The Lives of 
 Lorenzo the Magnificent, and of Leo X 
 
 were published in 1796 and 1805, 
 ive him an enduring reputation. 
 
 ffave 
 lied 
 
 and 
 He 
 
 June 30, 1831. Among his other 
 
 tf orks are, Poems ; a translation of Tan- 
 illo's Nurse; and various pamphlets on 
 politics, and against the slave trade. 
 
 ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DIL- 
 LON, earl of, was born, about 1633, in 
 Ireland ; received his education partly 
 under Dr. Hall, and partly at Caen, under 
 Bochart; spent his youth in dissipation, 
 but became reformed in his maturer years; 
 and died in 1684. His Poems, though 
 admitted into collections of British poetry, 
 and once highly praised, have now few 
 
 readers, and fewer admirers. 
 
 ROSE, GKORGK, a statesman 
 
 and 
 
 writer, was born, in 1744, at Brechin, it 
 Angusshire, and was the son of a clergy 
 man; was originally a purser, but, through 
 the influence of Lord Marchmont, was 
 made keeper of the records in the exche- 
 quer; displayed talents for business, by 
 
 a writer for the sta 
 
 age. 
 
 He held the office 
 
 of civil and criminal lieutenant at his 
 Being at Paris when a pes- 
 
 native place. 
 
 tilential disorder broke out at Dreux, he 
 hastened to afford relief to his fellow citi- 
 zens; but, three days after his arrival, in 
 1660, he died, the victim of his courageous 
 benevolence. Incapable of mean jealousy, 
 Rotrou bore public testimony to the supe- 
 rior iptrit of his rival Corneille. Of his 
 thirty-ewen plays, the best are the trage- 
 dies of Conroes'and Wenceslaus. 
 
 ROUBILLIAC, Louis FRANCIS, 
 sculptor, Mas born, at Lyons, about the 
 latter end of the seventeenth century. He 
 settled in England in the reign of George 
 I.; was much esteemed both :ti an artist 
 and as a man; and died in 1762. Among 
 his works are, the monument of the duke 
 of Argyle, in Westminster Abbey; statue* 
 of Sir Isaac Newton, Handel, George ) 
 and II.; and the duke of Somerset ; and 
 a figure of Religion, at Gopsal), in Leices- 
 tershire. 
 
 ROUSSEAU, JOHN BAPTIST, a ch> 
 brated French poet, the son of a shoe- 
 maker, was born, in 1670, at Paris, ant 
 
 which he obtained the confidence and | received an excellent education. At hia 
 
 friendship of Mr. Pitt; rose to be presi- 
 dent of the board of trade, and treasurer 
 of the navy; and died January 13, 1818. 
 
 outset in life, he was page to the French 
 
 ambassador in Denniaik; after which h 
 \\a> secretary t<> Marshal Tallard, in hi* 
 
 niong his works are, A Report on the embassy t> l.ngland. The liberaJity of 
 Records; Observations, on Mr. Fox's His- M. Konilh, director of the fin c 
 torv ; and an Examination into the Increase, i .et)i;tli enabled him to devote himself to 
 f British Rt>;e> t:t-s, Commerce, and ,\av- i literature, and he attained hi^h reputation 
 ^Kt ot.. | |>:u ticulai ly a a lyt ic poet He tdtf 
 
RO(J 
 
 Ihc point of auceeeding Boileau as a raera- 
 oer of the French Academy, and of obtain- 
 ing a pension, when an event occurred 
 which annihilated all his prospects. On a 
 charge of having written some infamously 
 libellous verses, and then having suborned 
 a witness t< at tribute them to Saurin, he 
 was, in 1712, condemned to perpetual 
 banishment. During the remainder of his 
 life, however, and in his last moments, he 
 solemnly denied that he was guilty. He 
 died at Brussels, in 1741. His works form 
 me volumes 12mo. His Odes, Psalms, 
 ind Epigrams are excellent; but many of 
 the latter are grossly obscene. 
 
 ROZ 
 
 441 
 
 ROUSSEAU, JOHN JAMES, one of the 
 roost eloquent, paradoxical, and singular 
 of French writers, was the son of a watch- 
 iriaker, and was burn, in i712, at Geneva. 
 His education was neglected ; and romances 
 formed the chief part of his early reading. 
 After having been dismissed, as incapable, 
 from an attorney's office, he was appren- 
 ticed to an engraver, from whom he re- 
 ceived such ill treatment that he ran away 
 before he was sixteen. He found a friend 
 in Madam de VVarens, who ended by be- 
 coming his mistress. With her he lived 
 for some years at intervals; and, when 
 not with her, he spent a wandering life, in 
 various characters, some of them of the 
 humblest kind. It was not till 1750 that 
 he manifested his splendid literary talents. 
 In that year he gained the prize given by 
 the Academy of Dijon, for his celebrated 
 Essay, in answer to the question " Whether 
 the progress of the sciences and arts has 
 contributed to corrupt or purify manners." 
 He maintained that the effect had been 
 injurious. From this period his pen be- 
 came fertile and popular. He produced, 
 in succession, the words and music of The 
 Village Conjurer; A Letter on French 
 Music; The Origin of the Inequality of 
 Ranks; The Social Contract; The New 
 Eloisa; and Emilius. The last of these, 
 which appeared in 1762, was condemned 
 by the parliament, and he was compelled 
 to fly from Franco. Thenceforth his exist- 
 ence was passed in frequent changes of 
 plax, to escape real or fancied persecution, 
 
 and in inspecting all his friend* of insult* 
 ing and conspiring agah^t him. To dis- 
 ease of body and mind must, no doubt, be 
 attributed much of his strange conduct. 
 He died July 3, 1778. Of his latest works 
 his Confessions are the most remarkable. 
 
 ROUSSET DE MISSY, JOHN, apolit- 
 ical and miscellaneous writer, was born, 
 in 1686, at Laon, in Picardy; quitted his 
 country in consequence of being persecuted 
 for his religion; resided for many years in 
 Holland; and died in 1762. He was the 
 proprietor and editor of The Historical 
 and Political Mercury ; and v -ote and 
 compiled many works, one of the princi- 
 pal of which is, A History of Prince 
 Eugene, the Duke of Marlborough, and 
 the Prince of Orange. 
 
 ROWE, NICHOLAS, a poet and dramat- 
 ist, the son of a serjeant at law, was born, 
 in 1673, at Little Berkford, in Bedford- 
 shire; studied at Westminster School, and 
 the Middle Temple, but was never called 
 to the bar ; began to write for the theatre 
 at the age of twenty-five, and had consid- 
 erable success; and died in 1718. Ilia 
 tragedies of Tamerlane, Jane Shore, and 
 The Fair Penitent, still retain possession 
 of the stage. His translation ot Lucan is 
 declared by Johnson to be " one of the 
 greatest productions of English poetry." 
 
 ROWE, ELIZABETH, whose maiden 
 name was Singer, a lady remarkable for 
 the graces of her person and mind, was 
 born, in 1674, at Ilchester, in Somerset- 
 shire ; and died in 1737. Among her 
 works are, Poems; Friendship in Death; 
 The History of Joseph, a poem; and De- 
 vout Exercises of the Heart. 
 
 ROWLANDSON, THOMAS, an artist, 
 who excelled in caricature and ludicrous 
 subjects, was born in 1756, in London; 
 studied drawing at Paris, and the British 
 Roynl Academy ; dissipated, chiefly by 
 gambling, a considerable fortune; and died 
 in 1827. Among his works are the plates 
 to Dr. Syntax's Tours ; The Dance of Life ; 
 and The Dance of Death. 
 
 ROXBURGH, WILLIAM, a physician 
 and botanist, was born, in 1759, at Craigie, 
 in Ayrshire; was educated at Edinburgh; 
 settled at Madras, whence he removed to 
 Calcutta, where he became keeper of the 
 botanical garden, and a member of th* 
 Asiatic Society; and died, in 1815, at 
 Edinburgh. His principal work is, The 
 Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. He 
 contributed many papers to the Asiatic 
 Researches. 
 
 ROZIER, JOHN, a botanist and agri- 
 cultural writer, was born, in 1734, at 
 Lyons ; and was killed, by a bomb, during 
 the siege of that city, in 1793. His chief 
 works are, A Complete Course of Agri- 
 culture; Elementary Demonstrations of 
 Botany; and Observations on Natural 
 
442 ROD 
 
 Philosophy, Natural History, and the 
 Artt. 
 
 RrnF.NS PKTF.R PACL, a celebrated 
 paintei \va>! born in 1577, but whether at 
 Antwerp or at Cologne is a disputed point. 
 He rect-md an excellent education. The 
 principles of painting he acquired from 
 Vestraet ht, Van Oort, and Van Veen, and 
 he completed his knowledge by stinking in 
 Italy tlie works of tl greatest masters. 
 In the classic land fx the arts he was 
 employed by the duke of Mantua, not 
 only as an artist, but also on an embassy 
 to Madrid. Being invited back to the 
 Netherlands by the Archduke Albert and 
 the Infanta Isabella, who conferred on him 
 the office of chamberlain, and gave him a 
 pension, he settled at Antwerp, where he 
 rapidly rose to the highest eminence in 
 his profession. In 1620, he went to Paris, 
 at the request of Mary of Medicia, to em- 
 bellish the Luxemburg!) gallery with a 
 series of pictures; a task which occupied 
 him for three years. In 1628 Isabella 
 dispatched him to Madrid, on a political 
 mission. While residing there, he executed 
 several fine works, for which he was re- 
 warded with knighthood, and the appoint- 
 ment of gentleman of the royal bedchamber. 
 In the following year he was sent on an 
 embassy to England; painted, at White- 
 iiall, the apothesis of James I. and other 
 pieces; and received a gold chain, and the 
 title of knight from Charles I. He died at 
 Antwerp, in 1640. 
 
 RUCELLAI, JOHN, the son of BER- 
 HARD, who was an eminent writer and 
 statesman, was born, in 1475, at Florence; 
 was papal nuncio in France, and after- 
 wards apostolical prothonotary and gover- 
 lor of the castle of St. Angelo; and died 
 : .n 1525. Among his works are, The Bees, 
 A didactic poem; and the tragedies of 
 Rosmonda and Orestes. Rosmonda was 
 one of the yirliest specimens of modern 
 tragedy. 
 
 RUDBECK, OLAUS, a learned Swedish 
 physician, was born, in 1630, at Vesteras, 
 of which his father was bishop ; established 
 the botanic garden at Upsal; was botan- 
 ical, medical, and anatomical professor,! 
 anri chancellor of the university of that' 
 city; and died in 1702. lie discovered 
 be lymphatics of the liver. He wrote 
 fceveral works, the most curious of which 
 is the Atlantica, in which he maintains 
 that Sweden is the primitive Eden, and 
 the Atlantis of Plato. 
 
 RUDDIM AN, THOMAS, a grammarian, 
 was born, in 1674^ at Boyndie, in Banft- 
 shire; was educated at King's College, 
 Aberdeen; became assistant r.eeper of the 
 advocates' library at Edinburgh, and a 
 printer; and died in 1757. He establish- 
 ed The Caledonian Mercury; wrote The 
 Rud intents of the Lsti t Tongue, and other 
 
 RUP 
 
 grammatical productions ; and edited van 
 ous works. 
 
 RUHNKEN.orRUHNKENlUS. DA- 
 vi i>, an eminent German philologist and 
 critic, was born, in 1723, at Stolpen, in 
 Poiuerania; studied at Wittemberg and 
 Leyden; and died, in 1798, professor of 
 eloquence and history, and librarian, at 
 Leyden. He edited and added notes to 
 several classics; and published a collection 
 of his oratorical, critical, and philological 
 tracts. 
 
 RULHIERE, CLAUDIUS CARLOMAW 
 DE, a French historian, was born, in 1735, 
 at Bondi, near Paris. After having been 
 in the army, he accompanied the ambassa- 
 dor, baron de Bretuil, to Petersburg!!, as 
 secretary and confidential friend. In 1771 
 he received a pension; in 1787 he became 
 a member of the Academy; and lie died in 
 1791. Among his works are Poems; An- 
 ecdotes on the Russian Revolution of 1762; 
 and A History of the Anarchy of Poland, 
 and of the Partition of that Republic. 
 
 RUM FORD, BK.NJAMIN THOMP- 
 SON, count, was born, in 1753, at Rum- 
 ford, in New Hampshire, and was educated 
 at Harvard College. During the Ameri- 
 can war he espoused the royal cause, ob- 
 tained the rank of colonel, and was knight* 
 ed. At the close of the contest he entered 
 the Bavarian service, as lieutenant-general, 
 and was created a count, and received the 
 order of the white eagle, for the reforms 
 which he introduced into the army and 
 the police. In 1798 lie visited England, 
 where he remained for four years, and 
 took a prominent part in founding the 
 Royal Institution. On his return to the 
 continent he married the widow of Lavoi- 
 sier. He settled near Paris, and died 
 there August 21, 1814. His experiments 
 and discoveries are recorded in his Essays, 
 and in the Philosophical Transactions. 
 
 RUPERT, Prince, third son of the 
 elector palatine, king of Bohemia, and of 
 the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James 
 the First, was born in 1619. He com- 
 manded the cavalry of Charles the First 
 Turing the civil war, and on various occa- 
 ioni manifested the most daring valour; 
 
RUS 
 
 but hw impetuosity and want of prudence 
 more than counterbalanced the effects of 
 his bravery. In 1665 and 1666 he distin- 
 guished himself in various naval actions 
 against the Dutch. He died in 1682. 
 Rupert was a lover of the sciences, partic- 
 ularly of chemistry and experimental phi- 
 losophy. He invented prince's metal, and 
 the art of mezzotinto engraving 
 
 RUSH, BENJAMIN, an eminent Amer- 
 ican physician, was born, in 1745, at 
 Bristol, in Pennsylvania; was educated at 
 Princeton College, and took his degree at 
 Edinburgh; was chosen, in 1776, a mem- 
 ber of congress; and signed the declara- 
 tion of independence; was professor of 
 medicine and clinical practice at the Penn- 
 aylvanian university; and died in 1813. 
 He was one of the "greatest and best men 
 who have adorned his country. Among 
 his works are, Essays, literary, moral, and 
 philosophical; Medical Inquiries and Ob- 
 servations; and A History of the Yellow 
 Fever. 
 
 RUSSEL, Lord WILLIAM, one of the 
 martyrs of liberty, was born about 1641, 
 and was the third son of the duke of Bed- 
 ford. In the house of commons he was a 
 warm supporter of the bill for excluding 
 the duke of York from the throne. The 
 court did not fail to take a sanguinary ven- 
 geance for this oftence. He was accused 
 of having participated in the Rye House 
 Plot, and on this charge he was brought 
 to trial, July 13, 1683. By the aid of 
 perjured and infamous witnesses, and a 
 packed jury, a verdict was obtained against 
 him, and notwithstanding powerful interest 
 was exerted to save his life, the sentence 
 of judicial murder was carried into execu- 
 tion on the 21st of July. After the Revo- 
 lution the proceedings against him were 
 annulled. 
 
 RUSSEL, Lady RACHEL, the wife of 
 the foregoing, was the second daughter of 
 the earl of Southampton, and widow of 
 L"V"d Vaughan. In 1667, she was united 
 to Liord William Russel, and for sixteen 
 years they enjoyed uninterrupted felicity. 
 Oi) his trial she assisted him in taking 
 otOB. She survived him forty years, bu'. 
 
 RUT 443 
 
 constantly refused to enter again into the 
 marriage state. She died, at the age of 
 eighty-seven, in 1723. Lady Russel wan 
 a woman of unaffected piety and an excel- 
 lent understanding. Her Letter! have 
 been often reprinted. 
 
 RUSSEL, EDWARD, earl of Oxford, a 
 British admiral, was born in 1651 ; was 
 one of the promoters of the Revolution ; 
 gained the celebrated Iwitlle of La Hogue, 
 in 1692; commanded subsequently in the 
 Mediterranean; was, at two periods, first 
 lord of the admiralty; was one of the 
 regents on the death of Queen Anne, till 
 the arrival of her successor; and died in 
 1727. 
 
 RUSSEL, ALEXANDER, a physician, 
 was born and educated at Edinburgh; was 
 appointed, in 1740, physician to the English 
 factory at Aleppo, and resided there several 
 years; became physician to St. Thomas's 
 Hospital; and died in 1770. He wrote 
 The Natural History of Aleppo. His 
 orother PATRICK, who succeeded him at 
 Aleppo, and died in 1805, wrote a Trea- 
 tise on the Plague; and Description of 
 Fishes on the Coromandel Coast. 
 
 RUSSEL, WILLIAM, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, in 1746, in Mid Lothian, 
 and began life as a bookseller ; but at 
 length became an author. He died in 
 1794. His principal work is The Histo- 
 ry of Modern Europe. He began The 
 History of Ancient Europe, but left it in- 
 complete. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, a natural 
 philosopher and physician, was born, in 
 1749, at Edinburgh, at the university of 
 which city he studied. In 1786 he was 
 appointed professor of botany, and keeper 
 of the botanic garden. He died in 1819. 
 Dr. Rutherford was the discoverer of ni- 
 trogen, and was one of the first, if not the 
 first, who observed the acidifying power 
 of oxygen. 
 
 RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, a di- 
 vine, was born, in 1712, at Papworth 
 Everard, in Cambridgeshire ; was edu- 
 cated at Saint John's College, Cambridge; 
 became professor of divinity in 1745 ; 
 and died, in 1771, rector of Barley, io 
 Hertfordshire, and archdeacon of Essex. 
 Of his works, the most important are, A 
 System of Natural Philosophy ; Institutes 
 of Natural Law; A Discourse on Mipa- 
 cles; and Sermons. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, an eminent 
 lawyer, and a signer of the declaration of 
 American Independence, was born in 
 Charleston, S. C. in 1749. His legal ed- 
 ucation was completed in England, and in 
 1773 he returned to his native country, and 
 entered upon the duties of his profession. 
 In 1774, he was appointed a delegate to 
 live congress at Philadelphia, and took an 
 [active part in the discussions of the day 
 
444 
 
 SAC 
 
 After a ucveviful practice of his protec- 
 tion for seventeen years, in 1798 he relin- 
 quished his station at the bar, and \v:is 
 elected chief magistrate of South Caroli- 
 na. He died in 1800. 
 
 RUYSCH, FREDERIC, a celebrated 
 anatomist, was born, in 1683, at the 
 Hague, and graduated at Franeker, after 
 having studied at Leyden. In 1665, his 
 Treatise on the Lymphatics gained for 
 him the anatomical chair at Amsterdam. 
 Peter of Russia gave him thirty thousand 
 florins for his specimens and preparations. 
 Ruysch d'ed in 1731. He excelled all 
 other anatomists in injecting the vessels 
 with coloured wax; but, unfortunately, his 
 secret died with him. His works form 
 five quarto volumes. His son, HENRY, 
 who died in 1717, was the author of The- 
 atrum Animaliuin. 
 
 RUYSDAEL, JACOB, a celebrated 
 Dutch painter, was born, in 1636, at 
 Haarlem, and died there in 1681. By 
 whom he was instructed is not known; 
 but his talents were great. In landscape 
 he stands among the highest masters of 
 his profession. His brother SOLOMON, 
 who was also a painter, but far inferior in 
 merit, was born in 1616, and died in 
 1670. 
 
 RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIAN, a 
 Dutch admiral, was born, in 1607, at 
 Middleburgh, or at Flushing. He entered 
 the naval service when he was only elev- 
 en years of age, and, by dint of bravery 
 and skill, rose to the summit of his pro- 
 
 8AD 
 
 fession. After having distinguished him* 
 self on numerous occasions, particularly in 
 the wars of 1652 and 1666, against the En- 
 glish, in the last of which he penetrated 
 up the Medway, and destroyed some ships ; 
 he was mortally wounded in 1676, in an 
 engagement with the French admiral Du- 
 quesne. 
 
 RYMER, THOMAS, an antiquary and 
 critic, a native of Yorkshire, was edu- 
 cated at Northallerton School, and at Sid- 
 ney College, Cambridge. In 1692 he was 
 appointed royal historiographer. He died 
 in 1713. As a critic he deserves little- 
 praise, lie wrote a tragedy and some 
 poems, which are equally worthless with 
 :is View of the Tragedies of he last Age. 
 His great work, The Foeixra, though 
 faulty, entitles him to somewhat more re- 
 spect as an antiquary. 
 
 RYSBRACH, JOHN MICHAEL, an 
 eminent sculptor, the son of a painter, was 
 born in 1694; settled early in life in Eng- 
 land, where his works were much ad- 
 mired; and died in 177ft. Westminstet 
 Abbey contains several of his productions, 
 
 RZEWIESKY, WENCESLAUS, a Po- 
 lish nobleman, was born in 1705; filled 
 various high offices, among which was tha* 
 of grand general of the crown ; was six 
 years a prisoner in Russia, (or his opposi- 
 tion to the election of Stanislaus Potowski ; 
 and died in 1779. He is the author off 
 two tragedies ; two comedies ; poems ; A 
 Course of Rhetoric; several other worku; 
 and a translation of Horace's Odes. 
 
 SAA DO MIRANDA, an eminent Por- 
 tuguese poet, was born, in 1495, at Coim- 
 bra; abandoned the law professorship in 
 that city to give himself up to literature 
 and travelling; and died in 1558. He 
 wrote two comedies, and many pastorals, 
 epistle], and sonnets. 
 
 SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO, DIEGO DE, 
 a Spanish writer, whom his countrymen 
 named the Spanish Tacitus, was born, in 
 1584, at Algezares, in Murcia; w-as em- 
 ployed during thirty-four years as a diplo- 
 matist; and died in 1648. Among his 
 principal works are, The Gothic and Cas- 
 tilian Crown, which, however, he com- 
 pleted only as far as the death of Roderic ; 
 and The L terary Republic. 
 
 SACCIJETTl, FRANCIS, an Italian 
 novelist and poet, was born, about 1335, 
 at Florence; filled some of the most im- 
 portant office* in the Florentine republic; 
 and died about 1410. As a writer of tales 
 he f lands next to Boccaccio. 
 
 8ACCI11N1, AJITHOWT MART GA. 
 
 PAR, a celebrated Italian composer, wua 
 born, in 1735, at Naples; studied under 
 Durante; obtained an early reputation for 
 talent; and died at Paris, in 1784, after 
 having resided successively for considera- 
 ble periods at Rome, Venire, and London, 
 Among his finest operas are, CEdipus, Ta 
 merlane, Montezuma, and The CJd, 
 
 SACKVILLE. See DORSET. 
 
 SADI, or SAADI, one of the most ce> 
 ebrated of the Persian poets, was a native 
 ofShiraz, and studied at Bagdad. He i* 
 said to have visited Mecca forty times an 
 foot, and he fought against the Crusaders, 
 by whom he was taken prisoner in Syria, 
 Sadi lived to the ae of one hundred and 
 
 two, and died in 1296. His principal worku 
 are, The Gulistan, or Rose Garden; The 
 Bostan, or Frujt Garden. 
 
 SADOC, a Jewish doctor, flourished 
 about B. c. 248, and was a disciple of 
 Antigomis Sochseus, who succeeded Simon 
 the Just as president of the Sanhedrim. 
 He, in conjunction with his fellow pupil 
 
SA 
 
 Bmihoas, wai the founder of the sect of 
 
 Saddueees. 
 
 S^EMUND SIGFUSSON, a celebra- 
 ted Icelander, is believed to have been 
 Dorn about 1045, and to have died in 1135. 
 He cosnpilod The Edda; assisted in fram- 
 ing the Icelandic ecclesiastical ordinances; 
 and wrote a History of Norway. 
 
 SAGE, BALTHASAR GEORGE, an 
 eminent natural philosopher and mineralo- 
 gist, was born, in 1740, at Paris, and 
 after having been professor of experimen- 
 tal minera.ogv. was appointed superintend- 
 ent of the school ol mines. At the begin- 
 ning of his career S'lge contributed much 
 to the progress of nm. valogy in France, 
 but he subsequently set his face against the 
 modern discoveries in that science and in 
 chemistry. He died in 1824, a member 
 of the Institute. Among his works are, 
 Elements of Docimastic Mineralogy; and 
 a Theory on the Origin ot Mountains. 
 
 SAINT GLAIR, ARTHUR, a general 
 in the American army, was born at Edin- 
 burgh, was a lieutenant under general 
 Wolfe, and afterwards settled in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and became a naturalized citizen. 
 On the commencement of the revolution, 
 he embraced the cause of the American 
 army, and in February 1777 -was appoint- 
 ed major general. He served with dis- 
 tinction, and in 1783 was elected presi- 
 dent of the Cincinnati Society of his adopt- 
 ed state. In 1785 he was elected a dele- 
 gate to Congress, and in 178? was chosen 
 president of that body. He was afterwards 
 governor of the North West Territory, and 
 in 1790 commanded an army against the 
 .Miami Indians. He resigned his commis- 
 sion of major general in 1792. His latter 
 years were passed in poverty. He died 
 in 1818. 
 
 SAINTE CROIX, WILLIAM EMM AN- 
 UKL JOSEPH GU1LHEM DE CLER- 
 MONT LODEVE, baron de, a learned 
 French writer, was born, in 1746, at 
 Mormoiron; studied at the Jesuits' Col- 
 lege, Grenoble ; quitted the army for lite- 
 rary pursuits; and died, in 1809, a mem- 
 ber of the Institute. His chief works are, 
 A Critical Examination of the Historians 
 of Alexander the Great; and Memoirs for 
 a History of the se-/ret Religion of Ancient 
 Nations. 
 
 S A I NT EVREMOND, CHARLES 
 MARGUETEL DE SAINT DENIS, 
 eigneur de, a French wit and author, 
 was born, in 1613, of a noble family, near 
 (Coutances; was educated at Paris and 
 2^*0 ; served with reputation in the army ; 
 & as subsequently a courtier, and was much 
 admireij for his brilliant and sarcastic 
 gonversatfc0al talents ; took refuge in 
 England, ia 1662, to avoid th: Bastile; 
 flras in favour t^jth Charles II. and Wil- 
 twm JU ; and ,<&d in London, in 1703. 
 
 SAI 449 
 
 ilk works have been collected in *eve 
 volumes 12mo. 
 
 SAINTE FOIX, GERMAIN FRANCIS 
 POULLAIN DE, a French dramatist and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1698, 
 at Rennes. He served in the army, and 
 acquired reputation, but quitted the mili- 
 tary profession for literature. He did not, 
 however, relinquish all his military pro- 
 pensities, for he was frequently engaged in 
 quarrels and duels. He died in 1776 
 Of hi.s numerous dramatic pieces, only 
 The Oracle retains possession of the stage. 
 Of his miscellaneous productions, Histor- 
 ical Essays on Paris is the principal. 
 
 SAINT HYACINTHE, HYACINTH 
 CORDONNIER, generally known as 
 Themiseul de St. Hvacinthe, a Fi -nch 
 author, was born, in 1684, at Orlmns. 
 After having served in the army, M a 
 cavalry officer, he resigned the swoif to 
 take up the pen. He died in 1746. Of 
 his works the most important is, The 5'as- 
 terpiece of an Unknown, which met with 
 extraordinary success, and indicted a e- 
 vere wound upon pedantry. The Literary 
 Journal was established by him, in conjunc- 
 tion with s'Gravesande and other writers 
 
 SAINT JOHN. See BOLINGBROKE. 
 
 SAINT LAMBERT, CHARLES FRAN- 
 CIS, marquis de, a French poet, was born, 
 in 1717, at Vezelize, in Lorraine. At the 
 peace of Aix la Chapelle he 'quitted tlu- 
 army, and obtained an office in the court 
 of Stanislaus, where he became admired for 
 his wit, and intimate with the marchioness 
 de Chatelet. After the death of Stanislaus, 
 Saint Lambert again entered the military 
 profession, and served in the campaigns of 
 1756 and 1757. Settling at Paris, he was 
 admitted a member of the Academy, and 
 was one of the contributors to the Encyclo- 
 psedia. He died in 1803. He wrote The 
 Seasons: Fugitive Poems; Tales, &c.; 
 and Philosophical Works. 
 
 SAINT MARC, CHARLES HUGH LE- 
 FEBVRE DE, u French writer, WAS born, 
 n 1698, at Paris; was, successively, a mil- 
 itary officer, an ecclesiastic, a private tutor, 
 and an author; and died in 1769. Beside* 
 editions of several established productions, 
 ic published various original works, one of 
 he most important of which is, A Chrono- 
 ogical Abridgment of the History of Italy, 
 "rom the downfall of the Western Empire. 
 
 SAINTE PALAYE, JOHN BAPTIST 
 DE LA CURNE DE, a French writer, was 
 :>orn, in 1697, at Auxerre; studied with 
 ^articular attention the manners and cus- 
 :oms of ancient France and of the times of 
 chivalry; became a member of the Academy 
 of Inscriptions, and of various other learn- 
 ed bodies; and died in 1781, of grief fur 
 he death of his twin brother. He wrote 
 Memoirs on Chivalry; and supplied the 
 materials from which Millot derived Tbt 
 
46 
 
 SA1 
 
 History of the Troubadours. His MS. Col- 
 lections formed one hundred volumes folio. 
 SAINT PIERRE, Ca A ALKSlRJ 
 
 CAS TEL, abbe dc, a French publicist and 
 miscellaneous writer, was limn, in I 1 
 Saint Pierre Egli.M-. in !><>rmandv, and 
 studied at the college of Caen. Ills life 
 out in acts of benevolence, in framing 
 projects f>r the benefit of mankind, and in 
 making those projects public. Among his 
 M-hemes was one for bringing about a per- 
 petual peace ; which Cardinal Dubois called 
 " the dream of a good man." Having, in 
 bis Polvsynodia, denied Louis the Four- 
 teenth's right to the surname of Great, the 
 Academy expelled him; and, when, on the 
 do. -ease of St. Pierre, it filled up the vacant 
 place, it forbid his successor, Maupertuis, 
 to pronounce, as was usual, his eulogy! 
 His works form eighteen volumes 12mo. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE. See BKRSARDIN. 
 
 SAINT REAL, CASAR MCHARD, 
 abbe dc, a Savoyard historian, was born, 
 in 1639, at Chamber i; accompanied the 
 duchess of Mazarine to England in 1673; 
 resided subsequently for some years at 
 Paris; and died, at his native place, in 
 1693. His works, among which are Don 
 Carlos, and The Conspiracy of the Span- 
 iards against Venice, form eight volumes 
 12mo. His histories are elegant, but are 
 deteriorated b\ an infusion of romance. 
 
 SAINT SIMON, Louis DE ROUVROI, 
 duke of, a French writer and statesman, was 
 born in 1675, and was a godson of Louis 
 XIV. After having served in the army, he 
 spent the rest of his life at court. He" was 
 appointed one of the council of regency by 
 the duke of Orleans; and, in 1721, was "sent 
 to Madrid to negotiate the marriage of Lou- 
 is XV. with an Infanta. He died in 1755. 
 Saint Simon wrote valuable Memoirs of the 
 Court of France and of the Regency, of 
 which no complete edition has yet been 
 published. 
 
 SAINT SIMON, CLAUDIUS HENRY, 
 count de, of the same family as the forego- 
 ing, was born, in 1760, at Paris, and died 
 in that city in 1825. He is the founder of 
 die politico-philosophical school of the 7n- 
 duatriels; the leading dogma of which 
 ahuol is, that industry is the definitive pur- 
 pose of human society, and that those en- 
 g'iged in it constitute the superior class of 
 society. Saint Simon published an Intro- 
 ^u'.-tio'n to the Scientific Labours of the 
 Nineteenth Century; Political, Moral, and 
 Philosophical Discussions; and other 
 works, to disseminate his doctrines. 
 
 SAINT VINCENT, JOHN JERVIS, 
 earl of, an eminent British naval officer, 
 
 
 son of the auditor of Greenwich 
 
 SAL 
 
 of post captain in 17CO; cjinroanded the 
 Foudroyant in the action between Kcpj 1 
 and d'Orvilliers; and in 1782 was reward 
 ed with the rod ribbon for his gallant con- 
 i 'net in the capture of the I'ejj'i.-e. In 1794, 
 a* admiral of the squadron in the West In- 
 <li-'.-, he contributed to the reduction < f tho 
 French islands; and, on the 14th of Febru- 
 ary, 1797, being then at the head of the 
 Mediterranean fleet, he gained the splendid 
 victory oil Cape Saint Vincent. For this 
 success, to which Nelson mainly contribut- 
 ed, Sir John Jervis .was made an English 
 peer, and received a pension. In 1801 he 
 became first lord of the admiralty, which 
 post he held till 1804; in 1814 he was ap- 
 pointed general of marines; and in 1821 
 admiral of the fleet. He died March the 
 15th, 1823. 
 
 SALAH-EDDYN, or SALADLN, MA- 
 LEK NASSER Y'JSSUF, sultan of Egypt 
 and Syria, one of the most celebrated cham- 
 pions of islamisiu during the crusades, wan 
 born, in 1137, at Tekrit, on the Tigris; 
 raised himself from the station of an officer 
 to that of a sovereign ; obtained various 
 successes over the Christians, but was de- 
 feated by Richard C<jeur de Lion ; and died, 
 deeply regretted by his subjects, in 1193. 
 
 SALE, GEORGK, an author and oriental 
 scholar, was' born about 1680, and died iu 
 1736. He wrote a part of the Ancient Uni- 
 versal History, and translated the Koran. 
 He was one of the founders of a Society for 
 the Encouragement of Learning. 
 
 SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, earl 
 of, an eminent statesman, the son of Lord 
 Bnrleigh, was born about 1550; was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Cambridge; 
 sat in parliament for Westminster, and 
 subsequently for the county of Hertford; 
 became a privy counsellor in 1591, and 
 secretary of state in 1596; and was sent 
 ambassador to France in the following 
 year. By James I., with whom he had 
 kept up a secret correspondence, he waa, 
 in 1605, created earl of Salisbury, and in 
 1608 h was appointed lord high treasrzcr. 
 He died in 1612. 
 
 SALLO, DEMS DE, a French writer, 
 was born, in 1626, at Paris; was a coun- 
 sellor of the parliament in that city; and 
 died in 1669. He was the first person who 
 established a literary journal. It was in 
 1665 that he began the Journal des Savani ; 
 a work that was long continued bv other 
 authors, and maintained a high reputation 
 
 SALLUST, or SALLUSTH S, CAIU 
 CRispus,a Roman historian, of equal tal- 
 ents and profligacy, was lx>rn, B.C. 86, at 
 Amiternnm, and was so remarkable in early 
 life for shameless licentiousness, that he wa* 
 
 v -lospilal, was born, in 1734, at Meaford degraded from the senatorial rank by the 
 I 'all; entered the navy, as a midshipman, ' censors. Caesar restored him to his seat, 
 at the ige of fourteen ; served in the expe- j and successively made him quapstor and 
 dilion againsC fjnebec; obtained the rank ! prartor, and governor of N imidia. In tb 
 
SAN 
 
 fast of these offices he amassed an enormouo 
 fortune by acts of rapine, lie died B. c. 35. 
 His History of the Roman Republic is lost, 
 with the exception of some fragments ; but 
 his masterly Histories of the Jugnrthine 
 War, and of the Conspiracy of Catiline, 
 a;-e extant, and bear ample testimony to his 
 genius. 
 
 SALMASI US, or SAUM A ISE, CLAU- 
 DIUS, an eminent French scholar, was born, 
 in 1588, at Semur. He was educated by 
 his father, and at Paris and Heidelberg; 
 and translated Pindar, and composed Latin 
 and Greek verses, when he was only ten 
 years old. His knowledge of languages 
 was extensive, and such was his memory 
 that he retained whatever he once heard 
 read. In 1632 he succeeded Scaliger at 
 the university of Leyden. He twice visited 
 Christina of Sweden -it Stockholm, and was 
 received in the most distinguished manner. 
 In 1649 he wrote a defence of Charles I., 
 to which Milton bitterly and victoriouslv 
 replied. Salmasius . died in 1653. His 
 printed works amount in number to eighty, 
 and he left sixty in manuscript, and as many 
 unfinished. 
 
 SALUCE3 D2 MZNU3IGLIO, JO- 
 SEPH AflGEi.ur,, coi'.nt di, an Italian phi- 
 losopher, was born, in 1734, at Saluzzo; 
 made several important discoveries in 
 chemistry, dyeing, and mechanics; and 
 died in 1810. He wrote various essays on 
 chemical and other subjects. 
 
 SAMANIEGO, FELIX MARIA, a Span- 
 ij). poet, who is called the La Fontaine of 
 Spain, was born, in 1742, at Bilbao, and 
 died, in 1806, at Madrid, a member of the 
 Royal Academy. His Fables are in two 
 volumes octavo. 
 
 SANCHO, IGNATIUS, a negro of talent, 
 nas born, in 1729, on board a slave ship, 
 nd was carried to Carthagena. While 
 he was young, he was brought to England, 
 and given to three sisters, who called him 
 Sancho. The duke of Montague took him 
 into his service, and encouraged him in his 
 love of learning, and the duchess left him 
 an annuity at her death. Having married 
 'A woman of small property, he began busi- 
 ness as a grocer, and continued in it till 
 kis decease in 1780. Sterne, Garrick, and 
 other li.erary characters, were among his 
 friends. He wrote Letters ; some poems; 
 and a tract on music. 
 
 SAN CROFT, WILLIAM, an English 
 prelate, was born, in 1616, at Fresingfield, 
 in Suffolk; and was educated at St. Ed- 
 rtiundsbury School, and at Emanuel Col- 
 Jege, Cambridge, of which latter seminary 
 he became master in 1662. After having 
 toeen dean of York, and of St. Paul'?, he 
 was raised to the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury in 1677. Sancruft was one of the > 
 even prel.ites who were trie.l tor resisting i 
 to tyranny of James II.; but he nfn*o<l 
 
 SAN 447 
 
 to take the oaths to William III., and was. 
 in consequence dsprived of his see. He 
 died in 1693. He wrote Fur Predestina 
 tus; Modern Politics; Sermons; and 
 Letters. 
 
 S A. \CTORIUS, or SANTORIO, a 
 celebrated Italian physician, was born, in 
 1631, at Capo d'Istria; studied at Padua, 
 and was professor of the theory of medi- 
 cine at that university for many years; and 
 died at Venice, in 1636. Of his works 
 the most iir.portant is, Ars de statica Me- 
 dicina, w'.iich contains many valuable ex- 
 periments on insensible perspiration, and 
 has been repeatedly reprinted and trans- 
 lated. He invented a pulse-measurer, and 
 several surgical instruments. 
 
 SANDEMAN, ROBITRT, founder of the 
 sect called Sandemanians, was born, in 
 1723, at Perth; was at one period of his 
 life a linendraper ; became a preacher in 
 America; and died there in 1771. His 
 principal work, Letters on Theron and 
 Aspasio, was written to controvert Her- 
 vey's doctrine respecting justifying faith. 
 
 SANDWICH, EDWARD MON- 
 TAGUE, earl of, a son of Sir Sidney 
 Montague, was born in 1623; entered the 
 parliament service at the age of eighteen; 
 and commanded both by land and sea. At 
 the Restoration, he conveyed Charles II. 
 to England, and was created by him earl 
 of Sandwich. He fought, under the duke 
 of York, against the Dutch, in 1664, 1665, 
 and 1672, and was drowned in the last of 
 those years, by jumping overboard on hir 
 ship taking fire. 
 
 SANDYS, GEORGE, the second son o 
 the archbishop of York, was born, in 1577. 
 at Bishop's Thorpe, and was educated a. 
 St. Mary Hall, Oxford. In 1610 he began 
 his travels through the Levant and Italy, ot 
 which, in 1615, he published an account. 
 The rest of his life was devoted to literary 
 pursuits at home. He died in 1643. 
 Among his works are, a Translation of 
 Ovid's Metamorphoses, and of Grotius's 
 Christ's Passion; and Paraphrases of th* 
 Psalms, Job, and other parts of Scripture. 
 Sandys has been praised by Dryden and 
 Pope"; a sufficient proof that he deserves 
 the name of poet. 
 
 SANMICHELI, MICHAEL, an eminent 
 Italian architect and engineer, was born, 
 in 1484, at Verona; erected many superb 
 edifices, and fortified many of the Venetian 
 cities; and died in 1559. He was the in- 
 ventor of angular bastions, the first exam- 
 ple of which he gave at Verona. 
 
 SANNAZARO, or SANNAZARIUS, 
 JAMES, a celebrated Italian poet, was 
 born, i.i 1458, at Naples. The poems and 
 canzonets which failed to win the heart of 
 liis mistress procured for him the patronage 
 of Prince Frederic of Naples; and tha. 
 patronage was still more liberally bestowed 
 
148 SAP 
 
 when toe prince ascended the throne. San- 
 nazaro testified his gratitude by remaining 
 unalterably attached to him in his subse- 
 quent misfortunes. He died in 1530. His 
 principal works are, Arcadia; Piscatory 
 Eclogues; and a Latin poem, de Pa/tu 
 Viri;i:ii<5, on which he bestowed the labour 
 of twei ty years. 
 
 NSLVEKO, RAYMOND DI SAN- 
 GllO, prince of, a man of multifarious tal- 
 ents, WHS born, in 1710, at Naples; made 
 many discoveries in mechanics, hydraulics, 
 fortification, painting, and otner sciences 
 and arts; and died in 1771. Among his 
 mechanical inventions was a four-wheeleu 
 vthi. le to pass over the surf.ice of the 
 water, which he exhibited on the bay of 
 Naples. 
 
 SANSON, NICHOLAS, a French geo- 
 grapher and engineer, who is considered 
 as the creator of geography in France, was 
 born, in 1600, at Abbeville; constructed, 
 when he was only sixteen, a map of ancient 
 Gaul; was appointed engineer in Picardy 
 by Louis X11L; published above three 
 hundred maps, and several volumes, in 
 illustration of them; and died in 1667. 
 His three sons, NICHOLAS, WILLIAM, 
 and ADRIAN, were all eminent geogra- 
 phers. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ DE MARZENADO, 
 Don ALVAR DE NAVIA OSORIO, marquis 
 of, an able Spanish officer and diplomatist, 
 was born, about 1687, in the Asturias; 
 distinguished himself, in the service of 
 Philip V., during the war of the ucces- 
 sion; acquired equal reputation subse- 
 quently as a negotiator at Turin, the con- 
 gress of Soissons, and Paris; and was 
 killed, in 1732, in a sally from Oran, of 
 which city he was governor. He is the 
 author of Military Reflections, eleven vol- 
 umes quarto. 
 
 SANTEUL, JOHN DE, an eminent 
 modern Latin poet, w r as born, in 1630, at 
 Paris; studied under the Jesuits, at the 
 colleges of St. Barbe, and Louis the Great ; 
 distinguished himself early by his talent 
 for composing Latin verse; entered among 
 the canons of the abbey of St. Victor ; was 
 patronised by Louis XIV. and several 
 illustrious personages; and died in 1697. 
 Sante'.il was a man of much wit and hu- 
 mour, and of eccentric habits. His works 
 form thite volumes. His Inscriptions for 
 Public Buildings, and his Hymns, are his 
 best productions. 
 
 SAPPHO, a Grek poetess, born about 
 B. c. 600, in the island of Lesbos, was the 
 wife of Cereolas, by whom she had a 
 daughter. After the death of her husband 
 she became enamoured of Phaon, and is 
 aid to have thrown herself into the sea 
 from the promontory of Leucate, in conse- 
 quence of bis neglect of her; but this story, 
 Ike many others injurious to her - c ter, 
 
 SAO 
 
 is of doubtful Authority. Sappho inrentort 
 the met:e \\hich I/ears her name. Few of 
 her works are extant, but tliuse few breathe 
 the very soul of poetry. 
 
 8ARBIEWSKI, ,",r SAitP.IEVirs, 
 MATTHIAS CA<I MIH, a Polish pert, better 
 known by his Christian name i* C'asimir, 
 was born, in 1595, in the palatinate of 
 Ma/o\K; was a professor in the Jesuits' 
 College at Wilna; was highly esteemed 
 by Ladislaus IV.; and died in 1610. His 
 Latin poems have great merit. He left 
 unfinished an epic poem, the- subject of 
 which was drawn from the history t;f his 
 native country. 
 
 SARGENT, W i NTH R or, governor of 
 .Mississippi, -.vas a native of Massachusetts, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1771 
 He entered the revolutionary army in 1775, 
 and served in various capacities with repu- 
 tation to the close of the war. In 1786 
 he was appointed by congress surveyor of 
 the northwestern territory, and in 1787 
 secretary of the government established 
 there. He attended general St. Clair as 
 adjutant general in his unfortunate expedi- 
 tion against the Indians, and was also ad 
 jutant-general and inspector under general 
 Wayne. He died in 1820. 
 
 SAKt'I, PKTKR, better known under 
 the name of Father Paid, or Fra Paolo, 
 was born, in 1552, at Venice. So preco- 
 cious were his talents, that, at the age of 
 seventeen, he publicly maintained theolog- 
 ical and philosophical theses, consisting of 
 three hundred and nine articles. His 
 eloquence was equal to his learning. He 
 did not confine his studies to theology; for 
 anatomy and astronomy also engaged much 
 of his attention. He was of the order of 
 the Servites, and became provincial of the 
 order. The Venetian government appoint- 
 ed him its consulting theologian, and repos- 
 ed unbounded confidence in him; which 
 he justified and repaid, by defending 
 the ecclesiastical liberties of his country 
 against the encroachments of the Roman 
 pontiff. His patriotism roused the venge- 
 ance of Rome against him, and in 1C07, 
 five ruftians made an attempt to assassinate 
 him. They failed, however, in their pur- 
 pose, though they gave him fifteen wounds. 
 He died in 1628. His greatest work is, 
 A History of the Council of Trent 
 
 SARRASIN, JOHN FRANCIS, a French 
 wit and poet, was born, in 1C03, at Hei - 
 manviile, near Caen; and became secre- 
 tary to the prince of Conti. That prince, 
 however, having struck him, Sarrasin wai 
 so deeply affected by the indignity, that it 
 brought him to the grave in 1654. He 
 wrote various Poems; A History of the 
 Siege of Dunkirk; and other works. Se 
 veral of his productions have been ofter. 
 reprinted. 
 
 SAUNDERS, WILLIAM, a physician. 
 
SAU 
 
 <vai born in 1743; became senior phyai- 
 eian to Guy's Hospital; and died in 1817. 
 Amcng liis works are, Treatises on Mer- 
 curyon the Devonshire Colic on Dis- 
 eases of the Liver on Indian Hepatitis 
 on lied Dark and on Mineral Waters. 
 
 SAURIN, JAMKS, a protestant divine, 
 was horn, in 1677, at Nismes; quitted his 
 c.tii Hry, i i childhood, with his fither, in 
 c:>!ise:| i .j.?nce of the revocation of the edict 
 of .Vint.'. ; completed his studies at Geneva ; 
 a>id, after having been in a regiment of 
 
 refugees, and pastor to the Walloon church the royal mercy. He was, however, par- 
 
 Loadoa, be settled at the Hague, and 
 for in >re than a quarter of a centtin en- 
 joyed the highest reputation as an eloquent 
 preacher. He died in 1730. He wrote 
 twelve volumes of Sermons; and Histori- 
 cal, Theological, and Moral Discourses on 
 the Events of the Scriptures. 
 
 SAURIN, JOSEPH, brother of the fore- 
 going, was born, in 1659, at Courtaison, 
 in the principality of Orange, and was for 
 some years a protestant preacher. In 1690, 
 however, he embraced the catholic religion, 
 and was pensioned by Louis XIV. He 
 rendered himself celebrated as a geome- 
 trician; became a member of the Academy 
 of Sciences ; contributed for some years to 
 the Journal des Savans; and died in 1730. 
 
 SAURIN, BERNARD JOSEPH, son of 
 Joseph, was born, in 1706, at Paris; quit- 
 ted the bar to become a dramatic writer; 
 was a member of the French Academy ; 
 and died in 1781. Among his best pro- 
 ductions are the tragedies of Spartacus 
 and Beverley; and the comedies of The 
 Three Rivals, and The Manners of the 
 Times. 
 
 SAUSSURE,HoRACE BENEDICT DE, 
 an eminent naturalist, was born, in 1740, 
 at Geneva. He was taught botany by Bon- 
 net; was the friend and companion of 
 Haller ; and at the age of twenty was a 
 proficient in the mathematical and physical 
 gciences. For several years he was pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Geneva. By the 
 instruments which he invented, and by the 
 valuable observations which he made in 
 hi?: travels, particularly during those in the 
 Alps, he contributed much to the advance- 
 ment of geology and meteorology. He died 
 in 1799. Saussure is the author of Tra- 
 ^'els, four volumes; Essays on Hygr,netry ; 
 and various papers in the Transactions. 
 
 SAUVAGES-DE LA CROIX, FRAN- 
 CIS BOISSIER DE, a celebrated French 
 ootaniot and physician, was born, in 1706, 
 Ht Alais; studied at Montpellier, at which 
 university he was subsequently professor 
 of medicine and botany; was a member 
 of all the learned societies in Europe; was 
 as much admired for his zeal and humanity 
 HP for his knowledge ; and died in 1757. 
 His great woik i* his Nosology, fi\e voU. 
 
 SAX 
 SAVAGE, RICHARD, a 
 
 449 
 
 poe., sprung 
 
 from the illicit intercourse of Earl Rivera 
 with the countess of Macclesfield, was born, 
 in 1698, in London. His mother not only 
 renounced him at his birth, and condemned 
 him to be brought up in a low situation, 
 but was, through life, his bitterest perse- 
 cutor. It was by chance that he <,btained 
 the knowledge of his parentage. Having 
 accidentally killed a man in a drunken 
 brawl, he was sentenced to death, and his 
 unnatural mother endeavoured to intercept 
 
 doned, and Queen Caroline allowed him a 
 small pension. For a while he was patron- 
 ised by Lord Tyrconnel, but the bard and 
 the peer soon quarrelled. After having 
 suffered great misery, partly brought on by 
 his own misconduct, he died a debtor in 
 prison at Bristol, in 1743. Savage waa 
 intimate with Johnson, who wrote an ad- 
 mirable life of him. His poems, the prin- 
 cipal of which are, The Wanderer, and The 
 Bastard, hnve considerable merit. 
 
 SAVARY, NICHOLAS, a French tra- 
 veller and writer, was born, in 1750, at 
 Vitro, in Britanriy; visited Egypt, the 
 
 , . 
 Archipelago, and Crete; and 
 
 1 fcgyi 
 
 died in 1788. 
 
 He translated the Koran, to which he added 
 a Life of Mahomet, and Notes; and wrote 
 Letters on Egypt ; Letters on Greece ; and 
 an Arabic Grammar. 
 
 SAVERIEN, ALEXANDER, a French 
 mathematician and writer, was born, about 
 1720, at Aries; spent his life in mathe- 
 matical and literary pursuits; and died, 
 unpatronised and in obscurity, in 1805. 
 It was upon his suggestion that the naval 
 academy was established at Brest. Among 
 his works are various treatises on mari- 
 
 time tactics andshi 
 of mathematics 
 
 Dictionaries 
 of naval affairs ; His- 
 
 tories of ancient and modern philosophers ; 
 and a History of the Progress of the Hu- 
 man Mind in the Sciences. 
 
 SAVONAROLA, JEROME, acelebrated 
 Italian monk, was born, in 1452, at Fer- 
 rara In 1488 he settled at Florence, 
 whe -3 lie became popular for his eloquence 
 as 4. preacher, and his exertions in the 
 cause of liberty. Having, however, at- 
 tacked the papal court, he was brought to 
 trial in 1498, and was condemned to the 
 flames. His works have been printed in 
 six volumes. 
 
 SAXE, MAURICE, count de, a cele- 
 brated general, the son of the king of Po- 
 land and the countess of Konigsmarck, was 
 born, in 1696, at Dresden. His military 
 career began at the siege of Lisle, when he 
 was only twelve years old, and he next 
 was present at the siege of Totirnay, and 
 the battle of Malplaquet. He afterwards 
 fought, at the head of his regiment of cav 
 
 alry, in Sweden and Hungary. 
 he filtered into thu Trench 
 
 Fu 1720 
 lu 
 
450 8CA SCH 
 
 1726 lie was elected duke of Courland, but most valuable is a treatise De Emendatioa* 
 
 the hostility of Russia compelled him to 
 relinquish the dukedom, and he returned to 
 France. He distinguished himself greatly in 
 the campaigns of 1733, 1734, 1735 and 1741, 
 and rose to the rank of marshal. In 1744 
 
 Temporum. 
 
 SCAMOZZI, VINCENT, an eminent 
 Italian architect, was horn, in 1550, at 
 Vici-n/.a ; settled al Veniee in 15SiJ; and 
 ilied in 1616. He was tlie rival of I', lla- 
 
 he was appointed to the command of tin- dio, and after tlie death of that artist had 
 Fieueh armies in Fl.tnders; and, between " competitor. Venice, Florence, and 
 that period and the close of the war, he Genoa contain some of his finest edifices, 
 gained tlie victories of Fontenoy, Rouotnix, He wrote A Treatise oji Architecture, and 
 _...ii..i"..i.i. 1 1 ~ .J :.. .1 : ~ i Tr:/\ ii_. A r n : *i._ * . . . / n 
 
 and Lafeldt. He died in 1750. He wrote, 
 
 A Treatise on the Antiquities of Rome 
 
 on the art of war, a treatise intitlcd My SCAPULA, JOHN, a lexicographer, was 
 Reveries. born, in Germany, about the middle of the 
 
 SAXE-WEIMAR, BERNARD, duke sixteenth century", and died at the begin- 
 ef, one of the greatest generals of the seven- [ ning of the seventeenth. He was e.nploved 
 teenth century, was born, in 1600, at Wei- 'as a corrector by Henry Stephens, \\hile 
 mar, and first served under his brother in that eminent man was printing the Greek 
 the contest between Frederic V 7 . of Bohe- Thesaurus ; and he basely availed himself 
 mia and the Austrians. From 1623 till ! of the opportunity to pilla'ge it, and form a 
 1639, when he died, he was constantly en- Lexicon, by the publication of which he 
 gaged in Germany, performed numerous ruined his master. 
 
 splendid actions, aiii} was looked up to as ! SCARLATTI, ALEXANDER, a cele- 
 one of the firmest and most valuable chain- brated Italian composer, was born, in 
 pions of the protestant cause. It was he 1650, at .Naples, and died there in 1725. 
 who assumed the command after the fall of He produced nearly a hundred operas, and 
 Gustavus Adolphus, and secured the victory two hundred masses, besides many other 
 ofLutzen. compositions, and contributed greatly to 
 
 SAXO, GRAMMATICUS, an historian restore a pure musical taste in his n.ithe 
 and antiqu-iry, born in tlie twelfth century, country. His son DOMINIC and his grand- 
 was a priest in the cathedral of Rothschild, sou JOSEPH were both composers of 
 and is believed to have been a Dane by | merit. 
 
 birth. He died in 1208. His History of 
 Denmark is the source whence Shakspeare 
 derived the story of the tragedy cf Ham- 
 
 .et. 
 
 SCALIGER, JULIUS CJESAR, usually 
 
 SCARPA, ANTHONY, an eminent Ital- 
 ian anatomist and surgeon, was born about 
 1746, and died in 1826 at Pavia, at tlie 
 university of which city he was professor. 
 He enjoyed an extensive reputation both as 
 
 known as the elder Scaliger, a learned a practitioner and an observer, and con- 
 critic, was born, in 1484, of a noble family, tributed greatly to the improvement of 
 at Ripa, in the territory of Verona, and at surgery. Among his works are, An Ana- 
 twelve years of age was appointed one ofjtomical Description of the Auditory and 
 the pages of the emperor Maximilian. His | Olfactory Organs; Observations on Aneu- 
 noble birth, however, is denied by someirism; and A Treatise on the Principal 
 writers. Till he was nearly forty he led a Diseases of the Eye. 
 
 military life; but he then quitted the army,! SCARRON, PAUL, a French poet and 
 and began to study medicine and the dead miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1610, 
 languages. In 1526 he settled as a phvsi- at Paris, and was intended for the church, 
 cian at Agen. Before his decease, which ' but never took orders; for which, 'indeed, 
 took place in 1558, he acquired high ] his habits rendered him unfit. In his 
 reputation as an erudite writer. His van- 1 seven and twentieth year, one of his wild 
 ity and insolence were at least equal to his! pranks having obliged him to hide himself 
 talents. Among his works are, Poems; J in a marsh, he lost the use of all hit limbs, 
 and a treatise De Causis I. ingu;e Latinae. I For some time he subsisted by tlie compo* 
 SCALIGER, JOSEPH JUSTUS, son of ' sition of burlesque comedies, which were 
 the foregoing and his rival in learning and exceedingly popular. Anne of Austria 
 arrogance, was born, in 1540, at Agen, 
 and was educated at the college of Bor- 
 deaux, and, finaly, by his father and 
 Turnebus. Languages he acquired with 'Mile d'Aubigne, who, at a later period, 
 wonderful ease, and is said to have been acquired such celebrity as Madame do 
 
 afterwards gave him a pension; which, 
 however, he subsequently lost by writing a 
 satire on Mazarin. In 1652 he married 
 
 roaster of no less than thirteen. His friends 
 denominated him " an ocean of science," 
 and "the afterpiece of nature." He 
 
 Maintenon. At his house all the Parisian 
 wits were accustomed to assemble. He 
 died in 1660. Of his works The Comic 
 
 . . ^ 
 
 died in 1609, professor of the belles lettresj Romance is the only one which is still 
 at Leyden. His works, most of which are read. 
 
 commentaries on the classics, are numer- SCHADOW, ZONO RiDOLFO,a sculp* 
 ef . Of his ether productions, one of the tor, the son of Godfrey Schadow, who woa 
 
8CH 
 
 abo a aculptor, was born, in 1786, at 
 Rome; was taken by his father to Berlin 
 in 1788; returned to Rome to study at the 
 age of eighteen ; and was instructed by 
 Canova and Thorwaldsen. He died in 
 1822. Among his works are, Paris delib- 
 erating on his judgment; a girl putting on 
 her sandals ; and a colossal group of Achil- 
 les defending the body of Penthesilea. 
 
 SCHALKEN, GODFREY, a Dutch 
 painter, a pupil of Van Hoogstraeten and 
 of Gerard Dow, was born, in 1643, at 
 Dort, and died at the Hague, in 1706. He 
 particularly excelled in candlelight scenes. 
 His portraits are true to nature, but are 
 deficient in grace. 
 
 SCHANK, JOHN, a n-ival officer, was 
 born, about 1740, in Fifeshire; entered the 
 naval profession early in life; distinguish- 
 ed himself as an engineer and seaman, on 
 the Canadian lakes, during the American 
 war; was actively employed in the defence 
 of the coast, and in the transport service 
 during the war with France; and rose to 
 the rank of admiral of the blue in 1821. 
 He died in 1823. Schank was the inven- 
 tor of sliding keels, guns with moveable 
 tides, and other important improvements. 
 
 SCHIAVONETTI, Louis, an engrav- 
 er, was born, in 1765, at Bassano, in the 
 state of Venice. He was taught painting 
 by Golini, and engraving by Bartolozzi 
 and Valpato. Settling in England, he de- 
 servedly obtained a high reputation as an 
 artist, and esteem as a man. He died in 
 1810. 
 
 SCHILL, FERDINAND VON, an intre- 
 pid and patriotic Prussian officer, was 
 born, in 1773, at Sotthoff, in Silesia; and 
 entered the Prussian army as a cadet in 
 1789. He was severely wounded at the 
 battle of Jena; but took the field again, 
 and distinguished himself, at the head of a 
 free corps, before the end of the war, for 
 which he was rewarded with the rink of 
 colonel. In 1809, with the hope of con- 
 tributing to free his country from the 
 Frerch yoke, he collected a small body of 
 troops, and commenced operations on the 
 Elbe against the forces of Napoleon ; but, 
 after having obtained several successes, and 
 displayed equal ability and bravery, he was 
 overpowered and slain, at Stralsund, on 
 the 31st of May. 
 
 SCHILLER, JOHN FREDERIC CHRIS- 
 TOPHER, one of the most illustrious of 
 modern German writers, was born, in 1759, 
 at Marbach, in Wurtemburgh. In his 
 youth he was desirous to be of the clerical 
 profession, but at length he studied medi- 
 cine, and became a surgeon to a regiment. 
 In his twenty-second year he published his 
 drama of The Robbers, which, notwith- 
 standing its sins against good taste, estab- 
 lished his reputation as a man of genius. 
 Vlis vu^ceai ind'iced him to devote himself 
 
 sen 
 
 451 
 
 to literary pursuits. The tragedies of Fi- 
 esco and Cabal am" 
 
 and Love were hid ncx 
 
 productions. In 1787 he removed to Wei- 
 mar; acquired the friendship of Wieland, 
 Herder, and Gothe; and was nominated 
 aulic counsellor and professor of history 
 and philosophy at Jena, by the dukj?. 
 Thenceforth he continued to increase his 
 fame by various excellent compositions. 
 He died May 9, 1805. Amon^ his princi- 
 pal works are, The History ot the Thirty 
 Years' War; The History of the Revolt 
 in the Netherlands; and the tragedies of 
 Don Carlos, Wallenstein, Mary Stuart, 
 Joan of Arc, The Bride of Messina, and 
 William Tell. 
 
 SCHLOETZER, AUGUSTUS Louis, a 
 German historian, was born, in 1737, at 
 Jagstadt; was educated at Wittenberg a n "i 
 Gottingen; was invited to Russia, and re- 
 sided there for some years; became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and politics at Gottin- 
 gen; and died in 1809. Among his work, 
 are, A History of Lithuania; and various 
 publications on the history of Russia. 
 
 SCHMIDT, MICHAEL IGNATIUS, a 
 German historian, was born, in 1736, at 
 Arnstem, in the bishopric of Wurtzburgh; 
 was brought up to the church; and died 
 at Vienna, in 1794, aulic counsellor and 
 keeper of the archieves. His History of 
 the Germans, of which he publishe \ only 
 eleven volumes, is much esteemed. It 
 was continued by Milbiller, from the pa- 
 pers of Schmidt. 
 
 SCHOEFFER, PETER, one of the in- 
 ventors of printing, was born at Gem- 
 sheim, in the territory of Darmstadt, and 
 was originally a copyist at Paris. He 
 entered into partnership with .Guttenberg 
 and Fust, the latter of whom gave him liis 
 daughter in marriage, and, on his decease 
 in 1466, left him sole possesswr of the 
 printing establishment. Schoeffer died 
 about 1502. He invented the steel punches 
 
 ! used in letter-founding. 
 
 SCHREVELIUS, CORNELIUS, a lexi- 
 rographer, was born, about 1615, at Haar- 
 lem; succeeded his father as rector of the 
 
 I grammar school at Leyden; and died 
 either in 1664 or 1667. He edited various 
 
452 
 
 SCH 
 
 classics, but is only remembeu'd by his 
 Greek and Latin Lexicon, the first edition 
 f which was published in 1645. 
 
 SCHULEMBOURO* JOHN MATTHI- 
 AS, count de, one of the most eminent gen- 
 erals of the seventeenth century, vtas born, 
 in 1661, at Cendan, near Mafftiebargb. 
 After having been in the I)ani>h sen ice, 
 he entered into that of Poland, and distin- 
 guished himself greatly in the campaigns 
 
 under Snbieski, and in those 
 
 against 
 
 Charles XII. In 1708 he led eight thous- 
 and Saxons to join the allies in the Neth- 
 erlands. There he increased his fame, 
 particularly by his conduct at the battle 
 of Malplaquet. In 1715 he was appointed 
 generalissimo of the Venetian forces, and 
 in the following year he gained immortal 
 honour by his defence of Corfu against the 
 Turkish army. He died in 1747. 
 
 SCHULTENS, ALBERT, who has been 
 Called the restorer of oriental literature in 
 the eighteenth century, was born, in 16S6, 
 
 SCO 
 
 Lower Austria; was educated at Vienw; 
 
 actised with great success for some \ear 
 in England and Scotland ; settled and \\a 
 naturalized at Paris, in 17S9; and died 
 there August 27, 1824- lie wrote a Trea- 
 tise on Syphilitic Maladies; Pharmacolc.- 
 gia; a New System of Medicine; and 
 ntlirr works. 
 
 SCIPIO, PUBLIUS CORK FLU'S, sur- 
 named AKRICANUS, a celebrated Iu .man 
 general. At the age of seventeen, he dis- 
 tinguished himself by saving his fathei'a 
 life at the battle of the Ticinus. Heiug 
 sent with an army into Spain, he, in th 
 course of four years, wrested the xvln.le of 
 that country from the Carthaginians. I!t 
 next proposed the bold measure of attack* 
 ing Carthage on her own territory, \\hirl 
 was adopted. After having defeated As 
 drubal and Syphax, he crowned lii> glor\ 
 bv vanquishing Annibal, at the battle i.t 
 Zama, B. c. 202, and compelling Caithag* 
 to submit to humiliating terms of peace 
 
 near Groningen ; became professor of the I His laurels, however, did not protection 
 eastern languages at Franeker, and after- from the intrigues of his enemies in Home 
 
 Various charges were brought against hitr 
 and he at length retired Ln disgust to lr , 
 country seat at Liternum, where he did;, 
 B. c. i89. 
 
 SCIPIO A",MILIANUS, PCBLIUS 
 known as Africanus the Younger, wa 
 the son of Paulus ^F.milius, and w.u 
 adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. 
 He first distinguished himself in Spain, 
 where he killed a gigantic Spaniard, and 
 obtained a mural crown at the siege of 
 Intercatia. The destruction of Carthage, 
 B. c. 147, was his next exploit. His last 
 was the subjugation of Numantia, B. c. 
 133. He was found dead in his led, ir 
 his fifty-sixth year, B. c. 128, and is be- 
 lieved to have been strangled. Scipio waj 
 a patron of literature. 
 
 SCOPAS, one of ihe most celebrated 
 artists of antiquity, was born, at Paros, 
 about B. c. 460. Among his most admired 
 works were a statue of Venus, and the 
 mausoleum which was erected by Arte- 
 misia, queen of Caria, to the memory of 
 her husband. 
 
 SCOPOLI,JoHN ANTHONY, an Italian 
 naturalist and physician, was born, in 1723, 
 at Cavalese, in the Tyrol ; became succes- 
 sively first physician to the mines at Idria, 
 professor of mineralogy at Chemnitz, and 
 professor of chemistry and botany at Pavia; 
 and died in 1787. Among his works are 
 a Carniolan Flora and Entomology; and 
 Deliciae Flora et Faunae Insubricse. 
 
 SCOTT, MICHAEL, a Scottish philoso- 
 pher, was born, in the thirteenth century, 
 at Balwirie, in Fife; travelled in France : 
 
 that gunpowder was known to Roger I Germany, and England, and was highly 
 Bacon as early n.< 1292. honoured by the monarchy of tlx.se coun- 
 
 tries; was knighted and employed by hie 
 own sovereign, Alexander the Third; and 
 
 wards at Leyden ; and died in 1750. 
 Among his Works are, Origines Hebrea? ; 
 and A Commentary on the Book of Job. 
 JOHN JAMES, his son, and HKNRY AL- 
 BERT, his grandson, were also eminent 
 orientalists. 
 
 SCHURMANN, ANNA MARIA, a fe- 
 male of varied talents, wag born, in 1607, 
 at Cologne ; became, in 1653, one of the 
 disciples of the fanatic Labadie, to whom 
 she was even said to be privately married; 
 and died in 1678. She was mistress of 
 painting, engraving, sculpture, and music, 
 and of the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Chaldee, 
 Ethiopic, and several modern languages. 
 She wrote various works, which were 
 collected under the title of Opuscula He- 
 brapa, Graeca, Latina, Gallica, Prosaica, 
 et Metrica. 
 
 SCHUYLER, PHILIP, an officer in 
 the American army, was appointed major 
 general in 1775, and was dispatched to the 
 Jollifications in the north of New York, to 
 prepare for the invasion of Canada. He 
 afterwards fell under some suspicion, and 
 was superseded in the chief command by 
 general Gates. He was a member of con- 
 gress before the adoption of the present 
 constitution, and afterwards twice a sena- 
 tor. He died in 1804, in the seventy tmri J 
 year of his age. 
 
 SCHWARTZ, BERT HOLD, to whom is 
 attributed the invention of gunpowder, is 
 said to have been born at Friburg, in the 
 Brisgau, in the early part of the fourteenth 
 century, and to have been a benedict ine 
 or cordelier monk. It is certain, however, 
 
 , FRANCIS XAVIER, 
 ahys'cian, was born, in 1748. at Steit, in 
 
SEC 
 
 died, at a great age, in 1291. He wrote 
 various works ; and was looked upon ad a 
 magician. 
 
 SCOTT, THOMAS, a divine, was born, 
 in 1747, at Braytoft, in Lincolnshire; was 
 intended for the medicil profession, but 
 entered into the church; became chaplain 
 of the Lock Hospital in 1785, and rector 
 of Aston Sandford in 1801; and died in 
 1821. He wrote The Force of Truth ; 
 Sermons; A Defence of Calvinism; and 
 A Commentary on the Bible. 
 
 SCUDERI, GEORGE, a French writer, 
 whom Boiieau has devoted to ridicule as 
 having " monthly given birth to a volume, 1 ' 
 was born, in 1601, at Havre. After having 
 served in the army, he became a writer for 
 the theatre, and produced sixteen pieces. 
 Among his other works are, Alaric, or 
 Rome Vanquished, an heroic poem; and 
 an atack upon The Cid of Corneille. He 
 died in 1667. 
 
 SCUDEKI, MAGDALEN, sister of the 
 foregoing, a woman of more wit and talent 
 than taste, was born in 1607; was long a 
 popular writer of romances; was intimate 
 with many of the most distinguished of 
 her literary contemporaries; and died in 
 1701. Her principal works are, the ro- 
 mances of Almahide, Artamenes, Clelia, 
 and Ibrahim; Conversations; Fables; and 
 some fugitive poetry. 
 
 SEBA, ALBERT, a naturalist, was born, 
 in 1665, at Eetzel, in East Friesland; was 
 brought up as an apothecary ; and settled 
 in that capacity at Amsterdam, after hav- 
 ing made several voyages to the East and 
 West Indies, in the course of which he 
 formed a valuable collection of natural 
 history. He died in 1736. He left a 
 description of his collection in four folio 
 volumes, with plates. 
 
 SECKER, THOMAS, an eminent and 
 pious prelate, was born, in 1693, at Sib- 
 thorpe, in Nottinghamshire, and was edu- 
 ca'ed, at various seminaries, with the view 
 of becoming a preacher among the dissent- 
 ers. In 1716, however, he went to Leyden, 
 tudied physic, and took his degree. In 
 1721 he entered at Exeter College, Oxford. 
 Having conformed to th church, he took 
 
 8EL 4U 
 
 orders, and cbtamed prefermert. After 
 having filled various minor ministries, he 
 was consecrated bishop of Bristol in 1734. 
 He was translated to Oxford in 1737 ; and, 
 in 1758, he was raised to the archiepisco- 
 pal see of Canterbury. He died in 1768. 
 His Sermons, Charges, and other works, 
 form twelve volumes octavo. 
 
 SEDGWICK, THEODORE, was born 
 at Hartford, in 1746, was educated at Yale 
 College, and removing to Massachusetts, 
 pursued the study of the law. He ernbai k- 
 ed with spirit in the cause of the popular 
 party before the revolution, held a seat 
 several years in the state legislature, and 
 was a member of congress under the old 
 confederation. He was a member of the 
 Massachusetts convention to decide on the 
 adoption of the federal constitution, was a 
 representative and senator to congress, and 
 in 1802 was appointed judge of the ^u- 
 preme judicial court of Massachusetts. In 
 this office he remained till his death in 
 1813. 
 
 SEDLEY, Sir CHARLES, a poet, dra- 
 matist, and wit, of the court of Charles II. ; 
 was born, in 1639, at Aylesford, near 
 Maidstone, in Kent, and was educated at 
 Wadham College, Oxford. In the licen- 
 tious circle which surrounded the restored 
 Charles, he was a conspicuous figure. One 
 of his frolics was haranguing a mob naked 
 from a balcony, for which he was fined 
 five hundred pounds. Irritated by James 
 the Second having seduced his daughter, 
 Sedley took an active part in promoting 
 the Revolution. He died in 1701. Hii 
 six plays, and miscellaneous poems, form 
 two volumes. 
 
 SEGUR, Count Louis DE, a French 
 diplomatist and writer, the eldest son of 
 Marshal de Segur, was born, in 1753, at 
 Paris; and, after having served in Amer- 
 ica, was successively ambassador to St 
 Petersburg!! and Berlin. He was ruined 
 by the revolution, and for a considerable 
 period supported his father and his family 
 by the productions of his pen. Napoleon, 
 however, placed him in the council of state, 
 and nominated him grand master of the 
 ceremonies, and a senator. Count Segur 
 died at Paris, August 27, 1830. His prin- 
 cipal works are, A History of the Reign 
 of Frederic William II. ; Moral aif^l Po- 
 
 litical Ga.lery; and Ancient and Modern 
 History. 
 
 SELDEN, JOHN, an eminent lawyei 
 and writer, was born, in 1584, at Salv'in- 
 ton, in Sussex; was educated at Chiohes- 
 ter, and at Hart Hall, Oxford; and studied 
 the law at Clifford's Inn and the Inner 
 Temple. After having been called to the 
 bar, he practised chiefly as a chamber 
 counse., and much of his time was devoted 
 to studying the history ar * antiquities of 
 hie native land. Between 1607 and 1640, 
 
454 
 
 SER 
 
 M produced ncveral work?, of which (he 
 chief are, Titles of Honour; A Treatise on 
 the Syrian Deities; The History of Tithes ; 
 and Mare Chusum. In 16-10 In- was cho- 
 sen M. T. for Oxford. Though Si-ld-n 
 had more than oner been persecuted ami 
 imprisoned by the court for his li\e >.l 
 liberty, yet lie acte;l with great moderation 
 at the commencement of the disputes be- 
 tween Charles and the parliament. The 
 hous-5 of commons appointed him keeper 
 of the records in the Tower, and, sub>e- 
 quently, one of the commissioners of the 
 admiralty, and voted him five thousand 
 pounds. " He died in 1654. His Table 
 Talk was published, after his death, by 
 his amanuensis. 
 
 SENECA, Lucius ANNJEUS, a cele- 
 brated Roman philosopher, statesman, and 
 moralist, the son of Marcus Anna-us, a-i 
 eminent orator, was born at Cordiba, in 
 Spain, about B. c. 2. His education, 
 which he received at Rome, was of the 
 most liberal kind. The stoical philosophy 
 was that which he adopted. Messalina 
 having accused him of adultery with Julia, 
 the daughter of Germanicus,Jie was han- 
 ished to Corsica, where he remained eight 
 years. Agrippina recalled him, and in- 
 trusted to him the tuition of Nero. After 
 his accession to the throne, his imperial 
 puptt for a while loaded him with favours; 
 but at length, resolved to rid himself of 
 him. Seneca was charged with being 
 concerned in the conspiracy of Piso, and 
 theemj)eror sent him an order to terminate 
 his existence, which he obeyed by opening 
 his veins, A. D. 65. He was a min of 
 genius, but by no means a praiseworthy 
 character. Several of his works have been 
 translated into English, by Lodge, L'Es- 
 trange, and Morell. 
 
 SEPULVEDA, JOHN GINEZ DK, an 
 historian, who has been called the Spanish 
 Livy, was born, in 1490, near Cordova; 
 resided for many years in Italy; became 
 historiographer to Charles V.; and died, 
 in 1572, at Salamanca. Sepulveda wrote 
 A History of Charles V.; A History of 
 the War of the Indies; and a treatise 
 highly disgraceful to him, vindicating the 
 cruelties of the Spaniards in America. 
 
 SERASSI, PETER ANTHONY, an Ital- 
 ian biographer, was born, in 1721, at 
 Bergamo, and died in 1791, at Rome, 
 where he was secretary to several of the 
 cardinals. He wrote lives of Ta.Bo, Dante, 
 Bembo, Poliziano, and other eminent Ital- 
 ians; published edit ions of various authors; 
 and collected materials for a literary his- 
 tory of his native country. 
 
 SERGEL, JOHN TOBIAS, an eminent 
 Swedish sculptor, was born, in 1740, at 
 Stockholm; was a pupil of I,archeve<|uc, 
 and subsequently completed his studies at 
 Rome; rose to great eminence, and was 
 
 SEV 
 
 ennck'Jed after his return to Sweden; and 
 died in 1814. Among his most admired 
 productions are, Othrvadcs ; a recumbent 
 Kami ; a Venus C.illipyges ; Diomedes 
 bearing away the Palladium; Venus and 
 Mai>: and Cupid and l's\che. 
 
 SKIIKKS, OLIVER JJE, a celebrated 
 agriculturist, to whom his countrymen have 
 given the title of " the father of French 
 agriculture," was born, in 1539, at Ville- 
 neuve de Berg, in the Vivarais. He died 
 in 1619. France is indebted to him for 
 thi, introduction of the manufacture of raw 
 silk. His Theatre of Agriculture has 
 passed through twenty editions, and is still 
 popular. 
 
 SERTORIUS, QUINTUS, a Roman 
 general, was born at Nursia, in the Sabine 
 territory, and made his first campaign 
 under Marius, in the Cimbrian war. Being 
 proscribed by Svlla, he sought an asylum 
 in the Iberian peniiuttla, \\here, by'dint 
 of consummate talent and bravery he long 
 maintained his ground against the Roman 
 generals, foiled even Pompey, and was it 
 last assassinated B. c. 73. 
 
 SERVETL'S, MICHAEL, a celebrated 
 antitrinitarian, was born, in 1509, at Vil- 
 lanueva, in Arragon ; was educated at Tou- 
 louse; and took his doctor's degree in 
 medicine at Paris. He published several 
 works against the doctrine of the trinity, 
 which excited against him the violent 
 hatred of both catlu.lica and protestants. 
 From the persecutions of the former he 
 was fortunate enough to escape; but he 
 could not escape the vengeance of the hit- 
 ter. He was seized as he was passing 
 through Geneva, and, being persecuted by 
 Calvin with a baseness and malignity 
 which have covered the reformer with infa- 
 my, he was condemned to the flames in 
 1553. Servetus appears to have approach- 
 ed to the disco\ery of the circulation of 
 the blood. 
 
 SEVERUS, Lucius SFPTIMIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, was born, A. D. 146, at 
 Leptis, in Africa, and after having filled all 
 the principal offices of the state, was raid- 
 ed to the throne on the death of Didius Ju- 
 lian us. Pescennius Niger proved for a 
 while a formidable rival, but was at length 
 overthrown at the battle of Issus. Alhinui 
 shared the same fate in Gaul; and Severn* 
 reigned without a competitor. The mon- 
 arch was victorious over the Parthians, 
 and other enemies, but stained his char- 
 acter by his cruelty at home. He died at 
 York in 211. 
 
 SEVERUS II.Fr.Avius VALERIUS,* 
 Roman emperor, was a native of Illyrium, 
 of an obscure family. Diocletian created 
 him Caesar, and Galerius made him hi* 
 associate in empire. He was overthrown 
 l>y Maxentius, and was put to death, if) 
 67, by Maximinianui. 
 
mately espoused that of the people, 
 was hostile, however, to Cromwell's u 
 
 SHA SHA 4*5 
 
 Inn. In his nineteenth year he was cho.m 
 representative for Tewkesbury. At first 
 he leaned to the king's party, but ulti- 
 
 He 
 jsur- 
 
 pation, and he took an active port in 
 restoring Charles II. For his services to 
 the royal cause, he was made chancellor 
 ; of the exchequer, and a lord of the treasu- 
 jry, and created Lord Ashley. He formed 
 a part of the Cabal administration ; but it 
 is doubtful whether he participated in some 
 'of its worst measures. In 1672 he was 
 ; made earl of Shaftesbury, and appointed 
 lord chancellor. At the end of a twelve- 
 SEVIGNE, MARY DE RABUTIN- 'month, however, he resigned the seal?, 
 CHANTAL, marchioness of, daughter of ' which even his bitterest enemies confessed 
 the baron de Chantal, was born, in 1627, that he had held with honour to himself, 
 at Bourbilly, in Burgundy, and was left He was but once more in office, and that 
 an orphan at an early age. Her maternal only for four months, in 1679; but during 
 uncle brought her up, and her mind was that brief period he conferred on his coun- 
 cultivated by Menage and Chapelain. At try the benefit of the Habeas Corpus Act. 
 the age of eighteen she married the mar- The rest of his life was spent in opposition 
 quis de Sevigne, who was killed in a duel to the unconstitutional measures of Charles 
 seven years afterwards. Left with a son II. For this conduct he was libelled by 
 and daughter, she devoted herself entirely Dryden, and a swarm of inferior writers: 
 to their education. To her daughter, who", i was twice committed to the Tower; and 
 in 1669, was united to the count de Grignan, | was accused of treason, but the grand jury 
 she was particularly attached, and to her threw out the bill. Heat length withdrew, 
 were addressed the major part of the well in 1682, to Holland; and died there Janu- 
 known letters which have placed the i ary 22, 1683. 
 
 marchioness in the first rank of epistolary) SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY 
 writers. She died In 1696. The best edi-j COOPER, eai 1 of, a celebrated writer, 
 tion of her Letters is in eleven volumes : the grandson of the foregoing, was born, 
 octavo. Jin 1671, in London. His education was 
 
 SEVVALL, SAMUEL, chief justice of ! partly private, and partly received at 
 Massachusetts, was born at Boston in : Winchester. After having travelled, he 
 1757, and, after graduating at Harvard became, in 1693, M. P. for Pool, and, as 
 College, entered on the profession of the j a senator, he acted on enlightened and 
 law. He soon became eminent; in 1797 j liberal principles. Subsequently, however, 
 was elected a member of congress, and in j his delicate health deterred him from 
 1800 was placed on the bench of the su- 
 preme judicial court. In 1813 he was 
 
 appointed chief justice, but died suddenly 
 in the following year. He was a lawyer 
 of ability and learning, and highly popular. 
 SEWARD, ANNA, daughter of the 
 Rev. Thomas Seward, was born, in 1747, 
 at Eyam, in Derbyshire. Very early in life 
 ishe manifested a talent for poetry, which 
 her father vainly endeavoured to discour- 
 age. Her first productions were contri- 
 butions to Lady Millar's Vase it Bath 
 Easton ; her first separate work, An Elegy 
 on Captain Cook, appeared in 1780. 
 From that period she came frequently be- 
 fore the public as a poet, and acquired 
 considerable reputation. She died in 1809. 
 Her poems have been collected in three 
 volumes. She also wrote A Life of Dr. 
 Darwin; and Letters. 
 
 SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY 
 COOPER, earl of, a celebrated statesman, 
 was born, in 1621, at Winborne, in Dor- 
 ethue; was educated at Exeter College, 
 O*fbH; and studied the Law at Lincoln's 
 
 taking an active part in public affairs; 
 and he devoted his leisure to literature. 
 He died, in 1713, at Naples. His works, 
 the style of which is polished with too 
 laborious care, were collected in three 
 volumes, under the title of Characteristics 
 of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE, WILL AM, the glory 
 of the British drama, was born, April 23, 
 1564, at Stratford upon Avon, and wa* 
 
* SHA 
 
 the ion of a dealer in wool. All the learn- 
 ing which he possessed lit acquired at the 
 free school of his native place. In his 
 eighteenth \e;ir he married Ann Hatha- 
 way, a yeoman's daughter, who was con- 
 siderably older than himself. He was, 
 however, compelled to quit the country, 
 about 15S6, in consequence of having form- 
 ed one of a party in " conveying" awav 
 Borne of Sir Thomas Lucy's deeV, and after- 
 wards written a lampoon on the knight; 
 for which he was prosecuted. On his first 
 reaching London he is said to have been 
 employed as prompter's call boy at the 
 theatre. Other accounts represent him as 
 holding horse* for gentlemen at the door 
 of the playhouse. He was next an actor, 
 but does not appear to have risen high 
 in the profession. His earliest dramatic 
 attempt, the First Part of Henry VI., is 
 supposed to have been made in 1589. He 
 was patronised by the earl of Southampton ; 
 enjoyed the friendship of his most eminent 
 literary contemporaries; and was favoured 
 by Elizabeth and James I. Having be- 
 come proprietor and manager of the Globe 
 Theatre, he realized a handsome fortune, 
 with which he retired to Stratford, where 
 he purchased an estate, and resided for 
 several years. He died in 1616, on his 
 birthday. 
 
 SHARP, GRANVILLE, a philanthropist 
 and writer, was born, in 17S4, at Durham, 
 and was brought up to trade, but soon 
 abandoned it. A place in the ordinance 
 office he resigned, because he disapproved 
 of the American war. The rest of his long 
 life was spent in exertions of active benev- 
 olence. He, with infinite difficulty and 
 expense, established the right of Africans 
 to freedom in England; instituted the So- 
 ciety for the Abolition of the Slave Trade; 
 promoted the distribution of the Bible; 
 and exerted himself in the cause of par- 
 liamentary reform. He died July 6, 1813. 
 Among his works are various pamphlets, 
 on Slavery, Tracts on the Hebrew Lan- 
 guage; and Remarks on the Definitive 
 Article in the Greek Testament. 
 
 SHARP, WILLIAM, an eminent en- 
 graver, was born, in 1740, in Haydon 
 Yard, in the Minories; was apprenticed 
 to Mr. Longmate, a writing engraver; 
 rosi to excellence in the highest branch of 
 the graphic art by dint of his own unas- 
 sisted exertions; and died July 25, 1824. 
 His works are numerous, and are held in 
 high estimation. His talent was all con- 
 fined to his art. He was, in other respects, 
 a common place being; and was, in suc- 
 cession, the dupe of Mesmer, Swedenborg, 
 Brothers, and Joanna Southcolt. 
 
 SH A\V, THOMAS, a <ii\it!- and traveller, 
 was born, al>out 1692, at Kendal, in West- 
 moreland; was educated at Queen's Col- 
 lege, Oxford ; became chaplain to the 
 
 SHE 
 
 I factory at Algiers; and died, in 1751. 
 principal of St. Edmnnd'a Hall, Greek 
 professor, and vicar of Bramlvy. He wrote 
 Travels in Barbary and the Levant. 
 
 SHAW, GEOHGK, a naturalist, was 
 born, in 1751, at Bierton, in Buckingham- 
 shire. He was educated at Magdalen (VI- 
 lege, Oxford; studied medicine at Edin- 
 burgh; and took his degree at Oxford. He 
 was a fellow of the Royal Society; vice 
 president of the Linnaran Society; and li- 
 brarian and assistant keeper of natural his 
 tory at the British Museum. He died in 
 1813. His principal works arc, General 
 Zoology; Zoological Lectures; and the 
 Zoology of New Holland. He also con 
 ducted the Naturalist's Miscellany; and 
 was one of the editors of the abridged Phi- 
 losophical Transactions. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOL- 
 ROYD, earl of, a statesman, was born, 
 r.bout 1735, at Penn,in Buckinghamshire; 
 sat in the house of commons fur Coventry 
 and Bristol; obtained an Irish peerage; 
 and died in 1821. He possessed consider- 
 able knowledge upon mercantile subjects; 
 and wrote several pamphlets on Irish and 
 American commerce, and on the corn and 
 wool trade. Holroyd was one of the most 
 intimate friends of Gibbon, whose miscel- 
 laneous works he edited. 
 
 SHEFFIELD. See BUCKINGHAM- 
 SHIRE. 
 
 SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHK, an emi- 
 nent poet, the son of Sir Timothy Shelley, 
 was born, in 1792, at Field Place, in Sus- 
 sex; was educated at Eton, and at Oxford ; 
 and was drowned, in the Mediterranean, 
 July 8, 1822. Shelley was a man of splen- 
 did talent, and a highly poetical mind; 
 but, unfortunately for his reputation and 
 happiness, had adopted the blighting prin- 
 ciples of atheism. His Revolt of Islam; 
 Prometheus Unbound ; Cenci; and, indeed, 
 the whole of his poems, bear the stamp of 
 genius. 
 
 SKENSTONE, WILLIAM, a poet, was 
 born, in 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shrop- 
 shire, and was educated at the grammar 
 school of that place, and at Pembroke Col- 
 lege, Oxford. From his father he inherit- 
 ed an estate of no great magnitude, called 
 The Leasowes. He rendered it an <>\ ject 
 of much picturesque beauty; but the praise 
 which it attracted from its numerous visit- 
 ors was dearly bought by him, for the im- 
 provement of it involved him in embarrass- 
 ments which imbittered his latter years. 
 He died in 1763. H is works, in verse and 
 prose, form three volumes. 
 
 SHERIDAN, THOMAS, son of the well 
 known friend of Dean Swift, and father of 
 R. B. Sheridan, was born, in 1721, at 
 Quilca, in Ireland, and was educated at 
 Westminster School, and at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin. In 1742, he went upon th* 
 
SHE 
 
 * > 4 1 % ^ l'\ it 1 ipplause as a tra^uian. 
 I\ ; i A At iec. n:e manager of the Dublin 
 Theai.-e, but was ruined by riots and an 
 apposition establishment.- He subsequently 
 gave lectures on elocution, and for a short 
 period was manager of Drury Lane The- 
 atre. A pension was granted to him by 
 Lord Bute. He died in 1788. His chief 
 works are, an Ortlioepical Dictionary of 
 the English Language; and *i Life of Swift. 
 SHERIDAN, FRANCES, wife of the 
 foregoing, whose maiden nams was CHAM- 
 BERLAIN E, was born, aboiit 1724, at 
 Dublin, and died in 1767. She -rote Sid- 
 ney Biddulph, a novel; IVou ja'uad, an 
 eastern romance ; and the comedies .->f The 
 Discovery , and The Dupe. 
 
 SHI 
 
 457 
 
 uly, 1616 Hi* poems and plays were 
 olfected, in wo volumes, by Moore, who 
 Iso wrote a Life of him. 
 
 SHERLOCK, WILLIAM, a divine, was 
 >orn, about 1641, in Southwark; was ed- 
 cated at Eton, and at Peterhouse. Cam- 
 >ridge; obtained the mastership ot tne 
 temple, and other preferment; was sua- 
 icnded for refusing to take the oaths to 
 Villiam III., but subsequently complied, 
 And was made dean of St. Paul's ; and died 
 n 1707. His Discourses on Death and 
 udgment are his only works which remain 
 >opular. 
 
 SHERLOCK, THOMAS, a prelate, son 
 of the foregoing, was born, in 1678, in 
 Condon; and was educated at Eton, and 
 t Catherine Hall, Cambridge, of which 
 ast he became master. He also succeeded 
 lis father in the mastership of the Temple, 
 and was, successively, dean of Chichester, 
 nd bishop of Bangor, Salisbury, and Lon- 
 don. He died in 1761. Sherlock was an 
 antagonistof Hoadley in the Bangorian con- 
 roversy, and likewise undertook the refu- 
 ation of Anthony Collins. He is the author 
 of Sermons; and of The Trial of the Wit- 
 
 SHERIDAN, RICHARD Bni!fst. 
 was born, October 31, 1751, at Dublin > 
 was educated at Harrow, and studied tlu 
 law at Lincoln's Inn; but was not called to 
 the bar. He married curly in life, and, 
 having exhausted his pecuniary resources, 
 lie looked to literature for his immediate 
 subsistence. His first dramatic attempt was 
 The Rivals, which was but imperfectly suc- 
 cessful. The Duenna, however, and The 
 School for Scandal, placed him foremost 
 among living dramatists; and he sustained 
 his reputation by The Critic. In 1776 he 
 became one of the proprietors of Drury Lane 
 Theatre; and in 1780 he was elected mem- 
 ber for Stafford. For two and thirty years 
 he pursued a splendid parliamentary career, 
 tiurinj which he was unrivalled in wit, and 
 h. id few equals in eloquence. One of his 
 greatest efforts of oratory was his speech 
 as manager, upon the impeachment of 
 Hastings. He was thrice in office, for 
 short periods, under the Rockingham coa- 
 lition, and whig administrations. In his 
 latter years he drank deeply of the cup of 
 bitterness. His profuse habits involved 
 him deeply in debt; the destruction of Drur\ 
 Lane Theatre by fire contributed to his 
 ruin; his failure to obtain a seat in parlia 
 lent deprived him of protection (rora ar- 
 rest; his person was more than otice seize* 
 by the harpies of the law; and, amids 
 difficulties, fears, and sorrow?, this highly 
 f -fted man sunk to the grave on the 7th of 
 
 n 
 
 SHERMAN, ROGER, a signer of the 
 ieclaration of American independence, wa 
 >orn at Newton, Massachusetts, in 1721, 
 and with only a common school education, 
 rose to distinction as a lawyer and states- 
 nan. His early life was passed in the oc- 
 cupation of a shoe maker. Removing to 
 Connecticut in 1743, he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1754, and soon became distin- 
 guished as a counsellor. * In 1761 he ne- 
 mo ved to New Haven, four years after was 
 appointed a judge of the county court, and 
 n 1776 advanced to the bench of the su- 
 >erior court. He was a delegate to the 
 celebrated congress of 1774, and was a 
 member of that body for the space of nine- 
 teen years. He was a member of the con- 
 tention that formed the constitution of the 
 United States. He died in 1793. 
 
 SHERWIN, JOHN KEYSE, an emi- 
 <ent engraver, was a native of Sussex, in 
 which county, till he was nineteen, he was 
 a wood cutter. His talent for drawing 
 having by mere chance been discovered, he 
 was patronised, and became a pupil of Bir- 
 tolozzi, after which he rose high in his pro- 
 fession. He died in 1790. The Finding 
 of Moses, Christ and Mary Magdalen in 
 the Garden, and Christ bearing the Cross, 
 are among his principal works. 
 
 SHIELD, WILLIAM, a celebrated com- 
 poser, was born, about 1749, at Swall- 
 well, in the county of Durham, and was die 
 son of a singing master, who, in his ninth 
 year, left him fatherless. He was appren- 
 ticed to a boat builder, but quitted that 
 business as soon as his indentures expired, 
 for h had never ceawwl to cultivate the 
 
468 
 
 SIC 
 
 Knowledge of the violin, which he had early 
 acquired. After having acquired reputa- 
 tion in the country, he 1 c .une first violin 
 player at the Opera House; and, in 1778, 
 lie came forward as a dramatic composer, 
 in the music to the Flitch of Bacon. The 
 merit of this piece procured fur him tin- sit- 
 uation of composer to Covent Garden The- 
 atre, which he hell fir several years. In 
 1791 he visited France and Italy. Till his 
 decease, which took place January 2o, 
 1829, he continued to enjoy a high degree 
 of popularity. He wrote An Introduction 
 to Harmony", and Rudiments of Thorough 
 Bass; and composed between thirty and 
 ibrty musical dramas; besides numerous 
 songs and other works. 
 
 SHIPPEN, WILLIAM, an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born in Pennsylvania, and was 
 graduated at Princeton College in 1754. 
 His medical studies were completed at Ed- 
 inburgh, and on his return in 1764 he began 
 at Philadelphia the first course of lectures 
 on anatomy ever delivered in the country. 
 He assisted in establishing the medical 
 school of that city, and was appointed one 
 of ila professors. In 1777 he was appointed 
 director general of the medical department 
 in the army. He died in 1808. 
 
 SHIRLEY, JAMES, the last of the Eliz- 
 abethan race of dramatic writers, was 
 born, about 1594, in London ; was educated 
 at Merchant Tailors' School, and at St. 
 John's College, Oxford; and took his de- 
 He obtained a curacy, 
 igned it on becoming a catholic. 
 Having failed to establish a scnool, he 
 wrote with success for the stage, and was 
 taken into the service of Henrietta Maria. 
 During the civil war, he again adopted the 
 profession of a schoolmaster. He lost all 
 his property by the fire of London, and he 
 and his wife died of grief within twenty- 
 four hours of each other, in the following 
 October. An edition of Shirley's works 
 was one of the last labours of William G if- 
 ford. 
 
 SIBTHORP, JOHN, a botanist, was 
 born, in 1753, at Oxford; was educated 
 at Lincoln College; studied medicine at 
 Edinburgh; visited France, Switzerland, 
 and Greece; became botanical professor at 
 Oxford; and died in 1796. He wrote 
 Flora Oxoniensis; and left an estate to 
 tie university, to defray the expense of 
 publishing, from his observations, a Flora 
 Graeca. 
 
 SICARD, ROCH AMBROSE CUCUR- 
 RON, an eminent teacher of the deaf and 
 dumb, was lx>rn, in 1742, at Fonsseret 
 
 gree at Cambridge, 
 but resigned it or 
 
 sin 
 
 tage to his pupils. He died May 1\>, 1821 
 
 He wrote Elements of General Grammar. 
 several valuable works on the vuitiou of 
 the deaf and dumb: was editor of the 
 Catholic Annals; and assisted in the En- 
 tyclopedic Magazine. 
 
 , SARAH, the most consum- 
 nate of English tragic actresses, wa? born, 
 n 1755, at Brecknock, and was the daugh- 
 ter of Roger Kemble, the manager of a 
 company of itinerant playtis. In early 
 fe she experienced those privations and 
 vicissitudes to which wandering actors are 
 irily exposed. At the age of fifteen 
 she became attached to Mr. Siddons, and 
 her parents refusing their consent to ner 
 marriage, she went over to reside with 
 Mrs. Greathead, of Guy's Cliff, as a hum- 
 ble companion. In her eighteenth year she 
 was united to the object of her cho'ice, and 
 she returned to the stage. In 1775 she 
 tried her powers on the London boards, 
 but was unsuccessful. Time, however, ma- 
 tured her powers, and, after an absence of 
 seven years, partly spent at Bath, when* 
 she was much admired, she reappeared at 
 Dairy Lane, on the 10th of October, 1782, 
 in the character of Isabella* Thenceforth 
 her course was a perpetual triumph. In 
 1812, having acquired an ample fortune, 
 
 she withdrew into pr 
 June the 9th, 1831. 
 
 ate life. She died 
 Mrs. Siddons pos- 
 
 sessed considerable talent as a sculptor; a 
 medallion of herself, avi a bust of John 
 Kemble, are among hei "vorks. 
 
 SIDNEY, Sir PHILIP, one ofthe mot 
 accomplished men of the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, was the son of Sir Henry Sidney; 
 was born, in 1554, at Penshurst, in Kent; 
 was educated at Shrewsbury School, Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, 
 Cambridge ; and subsequently travelled in 
 France, Germany, and Italy. On his re- 
 turn he became a favoiuite of the queen, 
 and was sent by her, in 1576, on an em- 
 
 near Toulouse, and was brought up to I bassy to the Emperor Rodolpk. He was 
 the church. In 1789 he was chosen to I Knighted in 1583. When his maternal 
 ucceed the Abbe de 1'Epee, in the Paris- 1 uncle, the earl of Leicestet , was appointed 
 ian institution for the deaf and dumb; to the command of the auxiliary forces in 
 %nd he held this situation for ma.iy years, the Netherlands, Sidney was nominated 
 with honour to himself and great advan- j general of cavalry. He wa?, however. 
 
SIM 
 
 mortally wounded, in September, in a vic- 
 torious* action near Zufphen, and died on 
 the 17th of October, 1586. Sidney was 
 universally beloved and admired. So high 
 did his character stand that, in 1585, he 
 was named as a candidate for the crown 
 of Poland. He wrote The Arcadia; The 
 Defence of Poetry; and various poems. 
 
 SIDNEY, ALGKRNON, the second son 
 of the earl of Leicester, was born about 
 1620, and received an excellent education 
 under the eye of his father. In 1643 he 
 returned from Ireland, where he had serv- 
 ed during the rebellion. He joined the 
 standard of the p-arliament, and was ap- 
 pointed a colonel, and subsequently lieu- 
 tenant general, of horse. He was nomi- 
 nated a member of the court instituted to 
 try Charles I. but he took no part in the 
 proceedings, though he did not disapprove 
 of them. To (he usurpation of Cromwell 
 he was decidedly hostile. At the Restora- 
 tion he bee, une a voluntary exile, and he 
 continued abroad for seventeen years, till 
 his father obtained for him a special par- 
 don. Sidney, however, was too firm a 
 friend of liberty to be tolerated by the 
 minion? of despotism. He was involved 
 in the Rye House Plot, and was brought 
 to trial after Lord William Russel. The 
 most infamous perversion of justice was 
 resorted to, in order to convict him; and 
 he met death with heroic fortitude, Decem- 
 ber 7, 1683. Sidney is the author of 
 Discourses on Government. 
 
 SILIUS ITALICUS, CAius,a Roman 
 poet, was born A. D. 15; rose to the dig- 
 nities of consul, and proconsul in Asia; 
 and died at his villa of Tusculum, in his 
 seventy-fifth year. He wrote a poem, in 
 sixteen books, an the second Punic war. 
 
 SIMEON STYLITE, SAINT, a crack- 
 brained fanatic, was born, about 390, at 
 Sisan, on the Syrian and Ciliciin fron- 
 tier, and was the son of a shepherd. After 
 having inflicted upon himself many ascet- 
 ic" severities, he took up his abode on the 
 summit of a pillar. In this singular situ- 
 ation he existed, or rather vegetated, 
 nearly forty years. He died about 459. 
 
 SIMON, RICHARD, a learned French 
 hebraist and theologian, was born, in 
 1638, at Dieppe ; was professor of philos- 
 ophy for several years at the college of 
 Juilly; and died in 1712. His Critical 
 History of the Old Testament was sup- 
 pressed, because it denied Moses to be vhe 
 author of the Pentateuch. He wrote va- 
 rious other theological and critical works. 
 
 SIMONIDES, a Grecian philosopher 
 and poet, was born, B.C. 558, in the island 
 of Ceos, and died in his eighty-ninth year, 
 at the court of Hiero, king of Syra'cuse. 
 He excelled in lyric poetry and elegy. 
 Only a few fragments of his works are 
 xtattt. 
 
 8LE 459 
 
 SIMPSON, THOMAS, an eminent nuith. 
 ematician, was born, in 1710, at Market 
 Bos worth, in Leicestershire, and was the 
 son of a weaver, who brought him up to 
 jhis own trade, and prohibited his reading. 
 Simpson separated from his father, and, 
 
 after many vicissitudes, one of which was 
 
 J his becoming a fortune teller, he acquired 
 a perfect knowledge of mathematics. He 
 ultimately rose to be mathematical profes- 
 sor at the Royal Academy, Woolwich, aid 
 a member of the Royal Society. His de- 
 cease took place in 1761. He wrote Trea- 
 tises on Fluxions, Annuities, and Algebra; 
 Elements of Geometry; and other scien- 
 tific works. 
 
 SIMSON, ROBERT, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, -was born, in 1687, at Kirton 
 Hall, in Ayrshire ; studied medicine at 
 Glasgow, and took his degree, but did not 
 practise; was professor of mathematics at 
 Glasgow during a period of nearly half a 
 century; and died in 1768. Among his 
 works are, A Treatise on Conic Sections; 
 The Loci Plani of Apollonius restored; 
 and a translation of Euclid's Elements. 
 
 SIX, JOHN, a Dutch dramatic poet, 
 was born, in 1618, and died in 1700. The 
 works of Six are remarkable for purity of 
 style. He wrote several traged.es, of 
 which Medea is considered as the best 
 He was the friend and patron of Rein 
 brandt, and his portrait was engraved b) 
 that artist. 
 
 SIXTUS V. pope, FELIX PERETTI, 
 the son of a gardener, was born, in 1521, 
 at Montalto, in the marquisate of Ancona, 
 and, in his early youth, w;is employed in 
 keeping swine. Having become a corde- 
 lier, he acquired popularity by his preach- 
 ing, and rose, successively, to be commis- 
 sary general at Bologna, inquisitor at Ven- 
 ice, general of his order, bishop of St. 
 Agatha, and a cardinal. By artfully 
 feigning to be bowed down with age and 
 infirmities, he induced the conclave to 
 elect him pope, in 1585; but the moment 
 his election was secured, he threw off the 
 mask. lie held the papal chair only five 
 years; during which period he goveined 
 with great firmness and talent. 
 
 SKELTON, JOHN, a poet, was born, 
 towards the close of the fifteenth century, 
 in Cumberland ; was educated at Oxford, 
 where he was made poet laureat, obtained 
 the curacy of Trompington, and the living 
 of Diss; was obliged to take refuge i.i the 
 sanctuary of Westminster, in consequence 
 of his satires on Wolsey and the mendi- 
 cant friars; and died there in 1529. 
 
 SLEIDAN, JOHN PHILIPSON, an hia 
 torian, whom protestant Germany considers 
 as its Livy, was born, in 1506, a'tSchleide, 
 in the electorate of Cologne, and completed 
 his studies at the universities of Paris and 
 Oilcans. For many years he was oonfv 
 
460 8ME 
 
 dential secretary to Cardinal du Bellay. 
 Having, however, espoused the doctrines of 
 tlic reformation, he settled at Strashurgh; 
 wa? employed in various MgotMtioM; and 
 died in 1556. Of his \\oiks tlie must im- 
 portant are, A History <f the Reforma- 
 tion; and A History of the Tour Ancient 
 Monarchies. 
 
 SLOA.NE, Sir HANS, an eminent phy- 
 sician and naturalist, was l>rn, in 1GCO, 
 at Killileagh, in Ireland; took his decree 
 Rt Mont|>ellier; settled in London, in KiS-l; 
 and l>ecaine a fellow of (lie college, and a 
 member of the Royal Society. In 1687 
 lie went to Jamaica, as physic!. in to the 
 duke of All>emarle; and, during the fifteen 
 months that he remained theie, he made 
 a valuable collection of objects of natural 
 history. After his return to London, he 
 acquired great reputation, and an ample 
 fortune. He was secretary, and, on the 
 decease of IS'ewton, president of the Royal 
 Society; president of the College of Phy- 
 sicians ; physician general to the army ; j 
 physician to George II.; and was created 
 a baronet. He died in 1752. Sloanc 
 bequeathed the whole of his immense col- 
 lection of natural curiosities, medals, and 
 books to the public, on payment of a com- 
 paratively trilling sum, and it constitutes 
 the basis of the British Museum. His 
 chief work is A Natural History of Ja- 
 maica. 
 
 SMART, CHRISTOPHER, a poet, was 
 born, in 1722, at Shipbourne, in Kent, 
 and was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cam- 
 bridge. After having encountered numer- 
 ous vicissitudes and sufferings, and having 
 for a while laboured under insanity, he died, 
 in 1770, within the rules of the King's 
 Bench prison. Smart was a man of gen- 
 ius ; and his poems, many of which are of 
 a superior order, deserve the place which 
 they have obtained among the collected pro- 
 ductions of the British Poets. Among 
 his other works are prose and metrical 
 versions of Horace, and a translation of 
 Phaedrus. 
 
 SMEATON, JOHN, an eminent civil 
 engineer, was born, in 1724, at Austhorpe, 
 in Yorkshire, and, at an early period dis- 
 played a genius for mechanics. He began 
 life as a mathematical instrument maker, 
 but subsequently became an engineer, and 
 goon rose to the summit of bis profession. 
 Hi great work, the Eddystone Light- 
 house, was completed in 1759. Among 
 his other work are the navigation of the 
 Calder, the great canal in Scotland, and 
 the improvements at Rams-rate Harbour. 
 He died in 1792. He wrote An Account 
 of the Eddystone Lighthouse; An Experi- 
 mental Inquiry into the Powers of Wind 
 and Water to turn Mills; Reports; and 
 tome paper* in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tion* 
 
 SMI 
 
 SMELLIE, WILLIAM, an able practi. 
 tioner of midwifery, and lecturer on that 
 branch of the medical art, was a native of 
 Scotland ; followed his profession for many 
 \eais in London ; and d : ed, at a:i advanced 
 age, in 1763. Dr. \V. Hunter was one of 
 his pupils. He published a Treatise on 
 Midwifery; and illustrated it subsequently 
 by Anatomical Tables. 
 
 "SMELLIE, WILLIAM, a naturalist, was 
 born, in 1740, at Edinburgh, and followed 
 the profession of a printer. He died in 
 1795. He wrote The Philosophy of Nat- 
 ural History; A Dissertation on the Sexes 
 of Plants; and some articles in the first 
 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; 
 translated Burton; a'nd, in conjunction with 
 Gilbert Stuart, carried on the Edinburgh 
 Review and Magazine. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, one of the early settlers 
 of Virginia, was born in Lincolnshire in 
 1579. After passing through a variety of 
 wonderful adventures, he resolved to visit 
 North America, and having with a number 
 of other persons procured a charter of 
 South Virginia, he came over thither in 
 1607. Being taken prisoner by the In- 
 dians, and condemned to death, his life 
 was sared by the daughter of the savage 
 chief, the celebrated Pocahontas. He pub- 
 lished an account of several of his voyages 
 to Virginia, a history of that colony, and 
 an account of his own life. He died at 
 London in 1631. 
 
 SMITH, ELIHU H., a physician, was 
 born at Litehfield, Connecticut, in 1771, 
 and was graduated at Yale College. He 
 studied medicine, and engaged in its prac- 
 tice at New York, where he soon obtained 
 an extensive business. In conjunction 
 with Dr. Miller and Dr. Mitchill, he com- 
 menced the publication of the Medical 
 Repository, and communicated to it a num- 
 ber of valuable treatises. He died in 1798. 
 His medical learning was very uncommon. 
 
 SMITH, JAMKS, a signer of the dec- 
 laration of American independence, was 
 a native of Ireland, removed with his father 
 to this country at an early age, and estab- 
 lished himself in the practice of law at 
 York, in Pennsylvania. He was a dele- 
 gate from York county to the continental 
 congress. His death touk place in 1806. 
 
 SMITH, WILLI AM, a divine, was born, 
 in 1711, at Worcester; was educated at 
 the grammar school of th.it city, and at 
 New College, Oxford; and ditdj dean of 
 Chester, and rector of Trinity Church, 
 Chester, in 17S7. He produced transla- 
 tions of Thucydides, Longinus, and Xeno- 
 phon's History of Greece; Sermons ou the 
 Beatitudes; and Poems. 
 
 SMITH, ADAM, a celebrated writer on 
 morals and political economy, was born. 
 June 5, 1723, at Kirkaldy,'in Scotland 
 His education he received at the gramma* 
 
SMI 
 
 ehool of his native town, the university 
 of Glasgow, and Baliol College Oxford. 
 
 SMY 
 
 461 
 
 On leaving the latter seminary, in 1*'48, 
 he delivered lectures on rhetoric and petite 
 literature at Edinburgh; in 1757, he was 
 chosen professor of logic at Glasgow; and, 
 in the following year, lie WHS removed to 
 the chair of mural philosophy. His The- 
 ory of Moral Sentiments, which appeared 
 in 1759, established his reputation, and led 
 to his baing engaged, in 1763, to accom- 
 pany the duke of Buccleugh in his travels. 
 On "his return, after an absence of three 
 years, he lived in retirement during ten 
 vears, which period was occupied in the 
 composition of his admirable inquiry into 
 the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of 
 Nations. It was published in 1776. He 
 died in 1790, one of the commissioners of 
 Scotch customs. 
 
 SMITH, CHARLOTTE, a poetess and 
 novelist, whose maiden name was Turner, 
 was born, in 1749, in Sussex, where her 
 father possessed considerable property. 
 When she was only sixteen, she married 
 a West India merchant, who was subse- 
 quently ruined, partly by imprudence, and 
 partly by legal chica'nery. Her pen, which 
 hal been her amusement, now became the 
 support of her husband and family, and she 
 long enjoyed great popularity as a writer 
 both of verse and prose. Her volume of 
 Elegiac Sonnets, published in 1784, and 
 which passed through several editions, was 
 the first work which she gave to the press. 
 She died in 1806. Among her works are, 
 Poems, Minor Morals, and other produc- 
 tions for youth ; and the novels of Emme- 
 line, Desmond, Marchmont, Ethelinda, 
 Celestine, and The Old Manor House. 
 
 SMITH, Sir JAMES EDWARD, an emi- 
 nent naturalist and physician, was born, in 
 1759, at Norwich; studied medicine at 
 Edinburgh, and took his degree at Ley- 
 den; was one of the founders and president 
 of the Linna-an Society; and practised as 
 a physician at his native place, where he 
 died', March 17, 1828. His chief works 
 are, A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent ; 
 Natural History of the Lepidopterous 
 f -^ets of Georgia 3 English Kota*y{ Eng- 
 
 h Flora; and An Introduction to Bota- 
 ny. 
 
 SMITH, ELIZA BETH, an accomplished 
 female, was born, in 1776, at the family 
 seat of Burnhall, in the county of Durham'; 
 nd died in 1SOG. She had a knowledge 
 f mathematics and drawing, possessed 
 much poetical talent, and understood the 
 Hebrew, Syriac. Arabic, Persian, Greek, 
 Latin, Italian, Spanish, German, and 
 French languages. Her Fragments, Trans- 
 lation of Job, and Translation of the Life 
 of Klopstock, have been published. 
 
 SMOLLET, Dr. TOBIAS, a writer of 
 varied talents, was born, in 1721, at Dal- 
 quluirn, in Dumbartonshire; was educated 
 at Dumbarton Grammar School ; and stu- 
 died medicine at Glasgow, where he was 
 apprenticed to a surgeon. He served as 
 surgeon's mate in the expedition against 
 Carthagena, and, after a short residence 
 in Jamaica, he returned to England, set- 
 tled in the metropolis, and adopted die 
 profession of an author. The tragedy of 
 The Regicide, the spirited poem called 
 The Tears of Scotland, and Advice and 
 Reproof, two satires, were his first pro- 
 ductions. In 1748 he gave to the press the 
 novel of Roderick Random, which raised 
 him into popularity. It was followed, at 
 various intervals, by Peregrine Pickle, 
 Count Fathom, a translation of Don Quix- 
 ote, a History of England, Sir Launeelot 
 Greaves, The Adventures of an Atom, Trav- 
 els, and Humphrey Clinker. The growling 
 tone of his travels drew upon him, under 
 the appellation of Smelfungus, the playful 
 satire of Sterne. In 1756, he established 
 The Critical Review; for a libel in which, 
 upon Admiral Knowles, he suffered fine and 
 imprisonment. He was one of the cham- 
 pions of Lord Bute, in support of whom he 
 published The Briton, a weekly paper, 
 which was speedily silenced by the North 
 Briton of Wilkes. He died, near Leghorn, 
 in 1771. 
 
 SMYTH, JAMES CARMICHAEL, an 
 eminent physician, was born, in 1741, in 
 Scotland ; studied medicine at Edinburgh 
 and Leyden ; obtained a medical appoint- 
 ment in the army department; ind died 
 
462 
 
 SOC 
 
 June 18, 121. For his discovery ol the 
 node of destroying contagion by means of 
 nitrous vapour (a discovery which ha> l>rm 
 claimed tor (union Morxeauand Dr. John- 
 stone), he was remunerated by parliament. 
 Besides several pamphlets on that subject, he 
 wrote A Treatise on Hydrocephalns ; and 
 published an edition pf Dr. Stalk's works. 
 
 .S.NEYDERS, or SNYDERS, FRAN- 
 CIS, a painter, was born, in 1579, at Ant- 
 werp; was a pupil of Henry Van Halen ; 
 was appointed principal painter to the 
 Archduke Albert; and died, at his native 
 place, in 1657. His landscapes are excel- 
 lent; and his animals are not to be sur- 
 passed. 
 
 SXORRO-STURLESON, an historian 
 Rnd antiquary, was born, in 1178, at Dale- 
 Syssel, in the west of Iceland; was gover- 
 nor of his native island; and was assassi- 
 nated in 1241. He compiled the Edda 
 which bears his name; and collected the 
 Sagas, or traditions, relative to the Nor- 
 wegian monarchs. 
 
 SOAVE, FRANCIS, an Italian writer, 
 was born, in 1743, at Lugano. Being ap- 
 pointed professor of philosophy at Milan, 
 be introduced important reforms into the 
 method of teaching; wrote and translated 
 many works on education ; and established 
 numerous schools in Lombardy. He died 
 in 1816, professor of ideology at the univer- 
 sity of Pavia. His Moral Tales have been 
 often reprinted. 
 
 SOBIESKI, JOHN III. king cf Poland, 
 purnamed the Great, was born, in 1629, of 
 an illustrious family, at the castle of Olesko, 
 in Poland. In the Polish wars, from 1648 
 to 1674, he distinguished himself on numer- 
 ous occasions; not only by being one of the 
 bravest where many were brave, but also 
 by superior military genius. During that 
 period he gained several battles, in spite of 
 an enormous disparity of numbers against 
 him. In 1674 he was raised to the throne, 
 and he led his troops to fresh victories. He 
 repeatedly defeated the Turks and Tartars, 
 and overran Moldavia and Wallachia; but 
 the greatest of his exploits was the raising 
 of the siege of Vienna, in 1683, by which 
 he saved Europe from all the calamities 
 consequent upon an irruption of the Otto- 
 man forces. He died in 1696. 
 
 SOCINUS, FACSTUS, from whom the 
 Bocinians derive their name, was born, in 
 1539, at Sienna, and was for a considera- 
 ble period in the service of the grand duke 
 of Tuscany; after which he went to study 
 theology at Basil. The result of his studies 
 was the adoption of those anti-trinitarian 
 doctrines, which his uncle Lelio Socimis. is 
 believed als./ to ha*e professed. Faustus 
 .si- tried in Poland; gained many followers, 
 but endured much persecution; and died in 
 1694. 
 
 SOCRATES, one of the greatest of an- 
 
 SOM 
 
 cient philosophers v.is born, B. c. 470, ut 
 Athens, was the son of a sculptor; and 
 
 followed the profession of his father f>r 
 some years before he entered on the study 
 of philosophy. He also distinguished him- 
 self at the battles of Tanagra and Delium. 
 His philosophical lessons were highly fa- 
 vorable to virtue; and his disciples were 
 numerous and illustrious. Against the 
 shafts of satire and calumny, however, his 
 j noble character afforded no shield. Aristo- 
 phanes held him up to ridicule, in the com- 
 edy of the clouds; and at a later period, 
 and with more deadly effect, the infamous 
 I Melitus and Anytus accused him of being a 
 |Contemner of the gods. Insanely giving 
 credit to the charge, the Athenians con- 
 demned him to death by poison, and he 
 I met his fate with admirable fortitude, in the 
 seventieth year of his age. 
 
 SOLIS, ANTONIO DK, an eminent Span- 
 ish historian and poet, was born, in 1610, 
 I at Placentia; was secretary to Philip IV. 
 , and historiographer of the Indies; was in 
 orders for the last twenty years of his life; 
 I and died in 1686. He wrote A History of 
 I the Conquest of Mexico ; Poems ; and nine 
 j dramas. 
 
 SOLON, the illustrious legislator of 
 Athens, and one of the qeven sages of 
 j Greece, was born, B. c. 592, at Salami?, 
 'of an ancient family. He acquired fortune 
 I by commerce, and knowledge by his visiti 
 'to foreign parts. He then directed his 
 | attention to state affairs. After having 
 j enhanced the glory of his country by recov- 
 ering Salamis, he refused the sovereignly 
 of Athens, but accepted the archor.nhip. 
 As irchon, he framed a new code of laws, 
 and, having obtained from the citizens an 
 | oath that they woiiil observe them for ten 
 j years, he departed from Greece, and visited 
 : Egypt and Cyprus, and, perhaps, Lydia. 
 On his return he found the tyranny of 
 Pisistratus establisned, and he withdrew 
 to Cyprus, where he is said to have died at 
 the :ig<- ( f eighty. 
 
 SOMERS, JOHN, lord, a celebratco 
 ! statesman and lawyer, was born, in 1650., 
 ! at Worcester, at the school of which place, 
 and Ht Trinity College, Oxford, he \\.\t 
 
SOP SOU 463 
 
 educated. The law he studied at the Mid-jart from /Edchylus. He is also asscrtec 
 lie Temple, and he soon rose to eminence! to have contended with him in tragedy, 
 as ;i counsel. He \\ as one of the legal de- , and gained the pri/.e. He continued to 
 A'.I.KTS of t!ir> seven bishops. In the c % on-j write for the theatre till a very late period 
 vention parliament, where he sat for War- 1 of life. The number of dramas which ho 
 cester, he took a conspicuous part, and was produced is variously stated from one hnn- 
 
 one of the managers appointed by the coin- 
 in cis. Under William III. lie was succes- 
 sively solicitor and attorney general, lord 
 keeper, and lord chancellor, and was raised 
 to the peerage. For his share in the Par- 
 tition treaty he was impeached in 1701, bi 
 \ as acquitted bv the lords. In 1706 he wi 
 o;ie of the commissioners for accomplishing 
 the Union, and in 170S he was made pres- 
 ident of the council, but was displaced in 
 1710. He died in 1716, with the character 
 of having been one of the greatest and best 
 men of the age in which he lived. The 
 Sotners Tracts were selected from a collec- 
 tion made by him. 
 
 SOMERVILE, WILLIAM, a poet, was 
 born, in 1692, at Edston, in Warwickshire; 
 was educated at Winchester, and at New 
 College, Oxford; resided on his patrimo- 
 nial estate, performing the duties of a mag- 
 istrate; and died in 1742. Of his poems, 
 most of which have considerable merit, The 
 Chase is the principal. 
 
 SOMNER, WILLIAM, an antiquary and 
 philotoger, was born, in 1598, at Canter- 
 bury, at the grammar school of which city 
 he was educated. He became Anglo-Saxon 
 lecturer at Cambridge, and, at a later pe- 
 riod, master of St. John's Hospital, and 
 auditor of Christ Church, Canterbury. His 
 chief works are, The Antiquities of Canter- 
 bury ; A Saxon Dictionary ; and A Treatise 
 on Gavelkind. 
 
 SONNERAT, PETER, a traveller and 
 naturalist, was born, about 1745, at Lyons; 
 went to the isle of France, in 1768 ; made 
 several voyages fi various parts of the In- 
 dian peninsulas and islands; and died in 
 1814. The bread fruit, the cacao, the 
 mangMistan, and other trees and fruits 
 were introduced by him into the isles of 
 France and Bourbon. He \vi >te A Voyage 
 to New Guinea, and A Voyajja to the East 
 Indies and China. 
 
 SONNINI DE MANONCOURT, 
 CIIARLKS NICHOLAS SIOISBERT, a 
 traveller and naturalist, was born, in 1751, 
 at Luneville, and was brought up to the 
 bar, but quitted it to become an officer of 
 mt rinc engineers, in order to gratify his 
 .ove of travelling. He spent three years in 
 Guiana ; after which he visited various parts 
 of the European and African continents. 
 He died in 1S12. Among his works are, 
 Travels in Egypt; Travels in Greece and 
 Turkey; and an edition of BufFon's works. 
 
 SOPHOCLES, ;n illustrious tragic poet 
 of Greece, was bori, about B. c. 495, at 
 Athens, and is said, but the fact is doubt- 
 ful, to have rscf ived less MIS in the dramatic 
 
 dred and two to one hundred and thirty. 
 Unfortunately, only seven are extant. So- 
 phocles was the first who brought three 
 characters togetner on the stage, and he 
 introduced many important improvements 
 into tragic composition. His talent was 
 highly honoured by his countrymen, and he 
 was employed both in a civil and a military 
 capacity. He died in his ninety-first year. 
 
 SORBONNE, ROBERT, the founder of 
 the college which bears his name at Paris, 
 was born, in 1201, at Sorbonne, in the 
 diocese of Itheims; was chaplain and cou- 
 fessor to St. Louis, and canon of Paris; 
 and died in 1274. 
 
 SOSIGENES, an Egyptian mathemati- 
 cian and astronomer, was one of the scien- 
 tific characters whom Julius Caesar invited 
 to Rome to assist him in the reformation 
 of the calendar. No further particulars 
 respecting him are known, nor are any of 
 his works extant. 
 
 SOUFFLOT, JAMES GERMAIN, an 
 eminent French architect, was born, in 
 1714, at Irancy, near Auxerre, of rich 
 parents, and was educated with the utmost 
 care. As he displayed an early taste for 
 the arts, his father sent him to travel in 
 Italy and the Levant, to examine the re- 
 mains of antiquity. After his return, he 
 so much distinguished his architectural 
 talent by several splendid edifices, that he 
 was invited to Paris, where he became 
 superintendent of the royal buildings. His 
 great work is the church of St. Genevieve, 
 at Paris; of which, however, it is feared 
 that the dome will give way. He was so 
 severely attacked upon the subject that his 
 health and spirits were destroyed, and h 
 died in 1781. 
 
 SOUTH, ROBERT, an eminent divine, 
 was i >rn, in 1638, at Hackney; was edu- 
 cated ;.t Westminster School,"a.:d Christ- 
 church, Oxford; and, between J660 and 
 1678, was, MpseMNvely, public oratov at 
 
464 SPA srK 
 
 Oxford, chaplain to the earl of Clarendon. ; hit decease, in 1799, and \ is laboan wer* 
 prebendary of Westminster, chaplain to; interrupted only by several tours iu various 
 ihe duke of York, canon of Christ Church, ' parts. His works are numerous, ai.d are 
 chaplain to the English ambassador in highly valuable, as having contributed 
 Poland, and rector of Islip, in Oxford- 1 largely to the progress of physiology and 
 shire. In 1693 he carried on a controversy comparative anatomy. 
 
 with Sherlock on the doctrine of the Trin- SPA.NHEIM, EXKKIXL, the son of 
 ty. South was a man of great wit, and Frederic Spanheim, a learned divine, was 
 did not spare to display it even on serious i born, in 1629, at Geneva ; and, after having 
 occasion*. He is the author of Sermons, j been professor of eloquence in that city, 
 ind Latin and English Miscellaneous was employed, in a diplomatic capacity', 
 Works. ' ' ' 
 
 SOUTHCOTT, JOANNA, a fanatic, 
 
 was born, in April, 1750, in the west of , Prussian ambassador at London, in 1710. 
 England. Her parents were poor, and she j His chief work is A Treatise on MedaU. 
 herself was, for many years, a servant, two volumes folio. 
 Early in life she indulged in visionary 
 feelings; but, when she was forty-two, she 
 went further, and claimed the character of 
 a prophetess. From that period, for more 
 than twenty years, she continued to pour 
 forth her "unintelligible rhapsodies ; by 
 
 which, however, she succeeded in making penetrated a considerable distance into the 
 upes. At length, mistaking j interior of southern Africa; and accompa- 
 nied Captain Cook on one of hie voyages. 
 He died, in 1820, at Stockholm.* His 
 
 by the elector palatine, and, subsequently, 
 by the elector of Brandenburg. He died, 
 
 SPARRMAN, J\NDRE\V, a Swed*:. 
 
 naturalist and traveller, was born, about 
 1747, in the province of Upland, studied 
 medicine at Upsal, and gained, by his pro- 
 gress in natural history, the notice of 
 Linnaeus. He visited China ind the Cape; 
 
 numerous d 
 
 disease for pregnancy, she announced 
 the world that she was destined to be the 
 mother of the promised Shiluh; and splen- 
 did preparations were made for his recep- 
 tion by her deluded followers. She, 
 however, died of the malady, December 
 27, 1814. Her sect is not even yet extinct. 
 
 SOUTHERN, THOMAS, a dramatic 
 writer, was born, in 1660, at Dublin; was 
 educated at Trinity College there; studied 
 the law at the Middle Temple, but became 
 an author, and afterwards an officer in the 
 army ; and died in 1746. Of his tragedies, 
 Isabella and Oronooko are still acted. 
 
 SOWERBY, JAMES, a naturalist, was 
 born in 1766, and was originally a draw- 
 ing master ; but acquired considerable 
 reputation as a botanist and mineralogist. 
 He died October 25, 1822. Among his 
 works are, English Botany ; English Fungi ; 
 nd British Mineralogy. 
 
 SPAENDONCK, GE RARDVAN, a flow- 
 er and miniature painter, was born, in 
 1746, at Tilburg, in Holland, and wan a 
 pupil of Herreyns of Antwerp. He set- 
 
 died in May, 1822. AH a flower painter 
 he stands highest, perhaps, of all modern 
 
 artists. 
 SPALLANZANI, LAZARUS, 
 
 cele- 
 
 brated Italian naturalist and physiologist, 
 m as born, in 1729, at Scandiano ; studied at 
 and Bologna; and was intended 
 bar by his parents, but, at the re- 
 quest of Vallisinieri, was allowed to follow 
 the natural bent of his genius towards 
 science. After having held pro&^onhipfl 
 at Iteggio and Modena, he became jirclrssur ; 
 af na''iral history, and direr >r of the' 
 Ppviitl Hv held ais nflk<' till 
 
 principal works are narratives of bis 
 Travels. 
 
 SPARTACUS, a Thracian hero, who 
 was torn from his country by the Romans, 
 and made a gladiator at Capua. Escaping 
 with a few of his companions from his 
 tyrants, hp at length rallied round his 
 standard a formidable army, repeatedly 
 defeated the Roman generals, and, had he 
 been properly seconded, would, perhaps, 
 have shaken the power of Rome. He waa 
 slain B. c. 71, after having displayed th 
 most daring valour. 
 
 SPEED, JOHN, a geographer and his- 
 torian, was born, about 1555, at Farring- 
 ton, in Cheshire, and was a tailor by 
 trade, but was enabled, by Sir Fuika 
 Greville, to devote his time to study. He 
 died in 1629. Speed is the author of Tht 
 Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain; 
 A History of Great Britain; and A Cloud 
 of Witnesses. 
 
 SPELM IN, Sir HENRY, an eminent 
 
 tied at Paris; became miniature painter to antiquary, was born, in 1562, at Congham, 
 the king, and, subsequently, professor of in Norfolk; studied at Trinity College, 
 iconography at the botanical garden; and Cambridge, and at Lincoln's Ian; filled 
 
 the offices of sheriff of Norfolk, a com- 
 missioner for settling '.ithes in Ireland, an<l 
 a commissioner to inquire into fees in the 
 courts; and died iu 1641. His principa. 
 works are, Archaeologus ; A History of 
 English Councils; and A History of Fen* 
 ure by Knight's Service. 
 
 SPENCE, JOSEPH, a divine and critic, 
 was born in 1698, and was educated ;u 
 Winchester School, and at New College, 
 Oxford; after which he was twice ou the 
 continent, ;is a travelling tutor, lie ob- 
 tained the poetry professorship at Oxfor'., 
 rertnvy "f fiivut HofWOOd, and u rs 
 
8PI 
 
 oend in >urhara Cathedral. He was 
 drowned in 1768. Spence was intimate 
 with Pope, whose friendship he obtained 
 by his Essay on the Translation of the 
 Odyssey. Besides that work, he wrote 
 Polymetis ; and Observations, &c. collected 
 from the Conversations of Mr. Pope and 
 other eminent men. 
 
 SPENCER, JOHN, an erudite divine, 
 was born, in 1630, at Boughton, in Kent; 
 was educated at Canterbury School, and 
 at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; 
 became master of his college, archdeacon 
 of Sudbury, and dean of Ely; and died in 
 1695. His chief works are, A Treatise 
 on the Laws, &c. of the Jews; and A Dis- 
 course concerning Prodigies. 
 
 STA 
 
 465 
 
 SPENCER, E;>MUND, one of the great- 
 est of English poets, was born, about 
 1553, in London, and was admitted a si/.er 
 of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1569. 
 In 1576, he published The Shepherd's 
 Calendar, which he dedicated to Sir Philip 
 Sidney, to whom he had been introduced 
 in the preceding year. After having, from 
 1580 to 1582, been secretary to Lord Grey, 
 the lord lieutenant of Ireland, he obtained, 
 in 15S6, a grant of lands in the county of 
 Cork. Residence being the condition on 
 which he held the property, he took up his 
 dbode at Kilcolman ; and it was there 
 that he wrote The Faerie Queen. The 
 first three books were published in 1590, 
 
 he wai in his thirtieth ye- , when he raised 
 a considerable body of troops for Philip 
 III. ; and w-s employed in the Netherlands. 
 He reduced Ostend, which had foiled a'l 
 his predecessors, and, in the five succeed- 
 ing campaigns, was a formidable adversary 
 to Maurice of Nassau. On the expiration 
 of the truce of 1621, he again led the Span- 
 ish troops in the Low Countries, and 
 there, during six years, he enhanced his 
 reputation. Being sent to command in 
 Italy, he was neglected by the Spanish 
 ministry, which withheld succours, and he 
 died of grief, in 1630, exclaiming in his 
 last moments " they have robbed me of my 
 honour." 
 
 SPINOSA,^r SPINOZA, BENEDICT, 
 or BARUCH, the head of the modern pan- 
 theists, was the son of a Portuguese Jew, 
 and was born, in 1632, at Amsterdam. He 
 juitted the Hebrew faith, and, after having 
 been an Arminian and a Mennonist, be- 
 came an atheist. In private life, however, 
 his character was unexceptionable. He 
 died in 1677. His principal work, 'liac- 
 tatus Theologico Politicus, appeared in 
 1670, and roused a host of adversaries. 
 His system is still further unfolded in his 
 Posthumous Pieces. 
 
 SPOTS WOOD, or SPOTISWOOD, 
 JOHN, a Scotch prelate, was born in 1565; 
 was educated at Glasgow; was made arch- 
 bish:>p of Glasgow in 1603, and was trans- 
 ferred to St. Andrew's in 1615; was ap- 
 pointed chancellor of Scotland in 1635; 
 ind died in 1639. His History of tlie 
 Church of Scotland was published in 1655. 
 
 SPRAT, THOMAS, a prelate and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born, in 1636, at 
 Tallaton, in Devonshire, and was educated 
 at Wadham College, Oxford. After having 
 been the panegyrist of Cromwell, he be- 
 came the adulator of the Stuarts. Hifl 
 subserviency was rewarded by the succes- 
 sive preferments of king's chaplain, pre- 
 bendary of Westminster, rector of Saint 
 Margaret, canon of Windsor, and bishop 
 of Rochester, to the last of which he at 
 
 and inscribed to Queen Elizabeth, who I tnined in 16S6. He favoured the arbitrary 
 conferred o i him a pension of fifty pounds 
 per annum. He was subsequently sheriff 
 of Cork, and clerk of the council of the 
 
 province of Munster; in which latter ca- 
 pacity he drew up his View of the State 
 of Ireland. The fe'.Lity which he had for 
 several years enjoyed was, however, put 
 an end to by the rebellion of Tyrone. His 
 house was burnt, with one of his children, 
 and he was compelled to fly to England, 
 where he died, broken-hearted, but not, as 
 has been supposed, in want, January 16, 
 1598-9. 
 
 SPINOLA, AMBROSE, marquis de,one 
 of the greatest generals c ' the seventeenth 
 century, was born, in 1571, at Genoa, and 
 
 did not enter into the 
 SO* 
 
 lit.iry service till 
 
 schemes of James II.; but retained his 
 bishopric under William III. In 1692 he 
 narrowly escaped being the victim of a 
 conspiracy. He died in 1713. Sprat 
 wrote Poems ; Sermons ; A History of the 
 Royal Society; A History of the Rye 
 House Plot; and some minor pieces. 
 
 STAAL, Madame de, 
 name was De Latinai, wa< 
 
 whose maiden 
 born, in 1693, 
 
 at Paris, and was the daughter of a painter 
 who was obliged to quit the kingdom before 
 she was born. She received an excellent 
 education in the convent of St. Sauveur, in 
 Normandy, and displayed precocious tal- 
 ents. For several vears she was waiting 
 woman to the heartless duchess of Maine. 
 Having been privy to gome of the political 
 
460 STA 
 
 intrigue* of that personage, and refusing to 
 betray them to the government, she sutiered 
 two years imprisonment in the Bastile; 
 for which honourable fidelity she was out 
 ill rewarded. Her n.arriage, however, 
 with the baron de Staal placed her i;i com- 
 fortable circumstances. She died in 1750. 
 Her works consist of her owr. Memoirs; 
 Letter.*; and two Comedies. 
 
 STACKHOUSE, THOMAS, a iivine, 
 was born in 1680, but the place of n.s birth 
 is n-'t known; became, in 1733, after man 
 vicissitudes, vicar of Benham, in Berk- 
 shire; and died there in 1752. He wrote 
 everal works, of which the most impor- 
 tant is, A History of the Bible. It has 
 been often reprinted. 
 
 STAEL-HOLSTEIN, ANNE LOUISA 
 GERMAINE, baroness de, a celebrated fe- 
 male writer, the daughter of M. Necker, 
 the French financier, was born, in 1766, at 
 Paris. Her talents were so early displayed 
 that she was said never to have been a 
 child, and the utmost care was taken to 
 cultivate them. In her twentieth year she 
 married the Baron de Stael, the Swedish 
 ambassador. From that period she took 
 an active part in literature, and an almost 
 equally active one in politics. It was 
 through her influence with Barras that 
 Talleyrand was appointed minister of the 
 foreign department. At tire commence- 
 ment of Bonaparte's career she was one of 
 his admirers, but she afterwards became 
 hostile to him; and, in 1801, in conse- 
 quence of her attempting to thwart his 
 government, she was ordered to quit Paris. 
 After having visited Germany, Prussia, 
 and Italy, she returned to France, whence, 
 however, she was again expelled. Her 
 peregrinations were next extended to Mos- 
 cow, Stockholm, and London; nor did she 
 again behold her favourite abode of Paris 
 till after the restoration of the Bourbons. 
 In 1811 she married M. de Rocca, but 
 their union was kept secret. She died 
 July 14, 1817. Of her works, which form 
 seventeen volumes, the principal are, the 
 romances of Delphine and Corinna; Con- 
 siderations on the French Revolution; 
 Dramatic Essays; Considerations on Lite- 
 rature; German v; and Ten Years of Exile. 
 
 STAHL, GEORGE ERNEST, an emi- 
 nent German physician and chemist, was 
 born, in 1660, at Anspach ; studied at 
 Jena; became physician to the king of 
 Prussia; and died, in 1734, at Berlin. 
 Stah 1 invented the theory of phlogiston, 
 which was long prevalent. His chemical 
 and medical works are numerous. 
 
 STAHREMBERG, Guiuo BALDI, 
 count de, a celebrated Austrun field mar- 
 shall, was born, in 1657, in Austria; dis- 
 tinguished himself at the sieges of Vienna, 
 Buda, and Belgrade, and at the battles of 
 Ckrpi Qriari, and Luzzara, under Prince 
 
 STA 
 
 Eugene j commanded the Imperial armj 
 in Italy from 1702 to 1704; and subse- 
 quently in Hungary; whence he was re- 
 moved to lx? |4aced at the head of the army 
 in Spain. In the latter country he ob- 
 tained several important -successes, but lost 
 the battle of Villa Viciovu. He died, in 
 1737, president of the auiic council of war. 
 
 STA.NDISH, MILES, the first captain 
 at Plymouth, New England, was born at 
 Lancashire in 1584, and accompanied Mr. 
 Robinson's congregation to Plymouth in 
 1620. His services in the wars with the 
 Indians were highly useful, and many of 
 his exploits were daring and extraordinary. 
 He died in 1656. 
 
 STANHOPE, CHARLES, earl, a poli- 
 tician and man of science, was born in 
 1753; was educated at Eton and Geneva; 
 was member for Wycombe till he took his 
 seat in the house of peers, in 1786, on the 
 death of his father; was a strenuous repub- 
 lican, and enemy to Mr, Piu's adminis- 
 tration; and died December 16, 1816. 
 Among his many inventions are, an iiri- 
 proved printing press, a monochord, an 
 arithmetical machine, a mode of t-ecuirng 
 buildings from fire, and a double inclined 
 plane. He wrote several political and sci 
 entific pamphlets and papers. 
 
 STANLEY, THOMAS, a poet and his- 
 torian, was born, in 1625, at Laytonstone, 
 in Essex; was educated at Pembroke Hall, 
 Cambridge; settled in the Temple after 
 returning from his travels; and died in 
 1678. He wrote a valuable History of 
 Philosophy; Poems and Translations; and 
 edited ^Eschylub. 
 
 STARK, JOHN, a general in the army 
 of the American revolution, was born in 
 Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1728. 
 During the French war, he was captain of 
 a company of rangers in the provincial 
 service, in 1755, and was with Lord Howe 
 when that general was killed, in storming 
 the French lines at Ticonderoga, in 1758. 
 On receiving the report of the battle of 
 Lexington, he was engaged at work in his 
 saw-mill; and, fired with indignation, 
 seized his musket and immediately pro- 
 ceeded to Cambridge. HP was at the 
 battles of Bunker's Hill and of Trenton, 
 and achieved a glorious victory atBenning- 
 ton. He rose to the rank of brigadier 
 general, and was distinguished throughout 
 the war for enterprise and courage. He 
 died in 1822. 
 
 STATIUS, PUBLICS PA PINIUS, a La<in 
 >oet, was born, A. u. 61, at Naples, and 
 died there in his thirty-fifth year. He 
 wrote The Thebaid, which he began before 
 ic was twenty; Sylvae; and two cantos 
 f The Achilleid, which he did not live to 
 correct. 
 
 STAUNTON, Sir GEORGX LEONARD. 
 a native of tha county of Galway. in Iitr 
 
STE 
 
 itnd, was educated at Montpellier, where 
 he took his medical degree; practised in 
 the island of Grennda, where he became 
 intir.i'ite with Lord Macartney, who made 
 him his secretary, and took him to Madias. 
 He accompanied hL< lordship to China, in 
 1795, as secretary of legation; and on his 
 return he published an Account of the Em- 
 busy. He died in 1801. 
 
 STEELE, Sir RICHARD, son of the 
 secretary to the duke of Ormond, was born 
 in 1671, or, according to some account?, 
 In 1675, at Dublin; was educated at the 
 Charter House, and at Merton College, Ox- 
 ford; and entered the military service, in 
 which lie rose to the rank of captain. The 
 Christian Hero, which was printed in 1701, 
 was his first production. It was followed 
 ov the comedies of The Funeral, The 
 render Husband, and the Lying Lover. 
 In the beginning of Queen Anne's reign, 
 he obtained the office of gazetteer, and, in 
 1710, he was made a commissioner of 
 stamps. The Taller he began in 1709, and 
 he subsequently was, in part or in whole, 
 the author of The Spectator, Guardian, 
 Englishman, Spinster, Lover, Reader, and 
 Theatre. In 1713 he was elected M. P. 
 for Stockbridge, but was expelled for what 
 the house was pleased to consider as libels. 
 He afterwards sat for Boroughbridge. 
 During the reign of George I. he was 
 knighted, made surveyor of the royal 
 stables, manager of the king's company of 
 comedians, and one of the commissioners 
 of forfeited estates, and gained a large sum 
 by The Conscious Lovers; but his benevo- 
 lence and his lavish habits kept him in a 
 state of constant embarrassment. A para- 
 lytic attack at length rendered him incapa- 
 ble of literary exertion, and he retired to 
 Llangunuor, in Caermarthenshire, where 
 he died in 1729. 
 
 STEVENS, GEORGE, a commentator, 
 was born, in 1736, at Stepney; was edu- 
 cated at King's College, Cambridge; and 
 died in 1800. He was a man of talent 
 and exter sive reading, Jjut his disposition! 
 was not amiable. His first work, pub- 
 .ished in 1766, was an edition of twenty 
 ef Sliakjpearo' plays ; the note to which, 
 
 STE 467 
 
 and additions, were afterwards incorpo- 
 rated with those of Johnson. 
 
 STEPHENS, A LEX A MJKR, a miscella- 
 neous write:', was born, in 1757, at Elgin; 
 studied at Aberdeen ; was designed for the 
 law, but rave himself up to literature; and 
 died in 1821. He wrote a History of the 
 War of the French Revolution; and Me- 
 moirs of John Hume Tooke ; and contrib- 
 uted to the Monthly Magazine; Public 
 Characters; and The Annual Obituary. 
 
 STEPHENS. SeeEriENNE 
 
 STERNE, LA u R E N c E , a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, in 1713, at Clonmel, in 
 Ireland; and was educated at a school 
 near Halifax, and at Jesus College, Cam- 
 bridge. He successively obtained the living 
 of Sutton, a prebend at York, the rectory 
 of Stillinglon, and the curacy of Coxwokf. 
 In 1760 he published the first two volumes 
 of Tristram Shandy; the remainder ap- 
 peared in 1761, 1762, 1765, and 1767. 
 Some of his latter years were spent in 
 travelling on the continent, and his travel* 
 gave birth to The Sentimental Journev. 
 lie died in 176S. Besides the works 
 already mentioned, he wrote Sermons, 
 and various minor piece?. When aH that 
 Sterne borrowed from old authors is de- 
 ducted, there will still remain enough of 
 wit, humour, and pathos, to entitle him 
 :o a distinguished place among British 
 authors. His indecency, however, doubly 
 disgusting in a clergyman, desei ves sever* 
 censure. 
 
 STEUBEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM 
 A.UGUSTUS, BARON DE, was a Prussian 
 officer, aid-de-camp to Frederic the Great, 
 and lieutenant general in the army of that 
 distinguished commander. He arrived in 
 America in 1777, and immediately offered 
 lis services to the continental congress. 
 [n 1778 he was appointed inspector gen- 
 eral, with the rank of major general, and 
 rendered the most efficient services in the 
 establishment of a regular system of disci- 
 pline. During the war he was exceedingly 
 active and useful, and after the peace he 
 retired to a farm in the vicinity of New 
 York, where with the assistance of books 
 and friends he parsed hip time RR a$reeal>U 
 
MS STI STO 
 
 a* a frequent want of funds would permit. late, was burn, in 1635, at Cranbourne, i 
 
 Dorsetshire; was educated at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge; obtained various pre 
 
 The State of New York afterwards gave 
 lim a tract of sixteen thousand acres in 
 
 ihe county of Oneida, and the general gov- 'ferments, among which \vere, in 1677 and 
 eminent made him a grant of two thousand j 1678, the archdeaconry of London and th 
 five hundred dollars |>or annum. He died; deanery of St. Paul's; was promoted to 
 in 1795, and at his own request was wrap- j the see of Worcester at the Revolution; 
 ped in his cloak, placed in a plain coflinjand died in 1699. His works form itix 
 and hid in the earth, without a stone to ! volumes folio; among them are Originea 
 tell where he was laid. Stirrtn, and Origines Britannicae. Among 
 
 STEVENS, GEORGE AI>EXAKDF.R, a|hi latest literary efforts was a controversy 
 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in Lon- 
 don, in the first half of the eighteenth 
 
 with Locke, on some points in the Essay 
 on Human Understanding. 
 
 century; was for some years a strolling STOB^EUS, a Greek compiler, is be- 
 player; suffered severely from poverty tilkjlieved to have lived ia the fifth century, 
 his Lecture on Heads brought him a com- 'and to have derived his name from th 
 petence; and died in 1784, after having city of Stobi, in Macedonia. He made it 
 seen long in a state of utter imbecility.! collection of extracts from various Greek 
 Among his works are, Religion, a poem ; j authors, which time has rendered highly 
 Tlie History of Tom Fool; The Dramatic' valuable by destroying many of the origi- 
 History of Master Edward, Mrs. Ann,! nal works. 
 <tc.; Songs; and some interludes. STOCKTON, RICHARD, a signer ol 
 
 STEWART DENHAM, Sir JAMES, ai the declaration of American Independence, 
 political economist, was born, in 1713, at j was graduated at Princeton College in 
 Edinburgh; was educated at the university j 1743, and entering on the practice of the 
 of his native place; and became an advo-jlaw soon rose to eminence. He settled ia 
 eate. Having taken, in 1745, an active! New Jersey, was appointed to the office 
 part in favour of the house of Stewart, he of judge, and was a delegate to the con,- 
 was under the necessity "of living for sev-;gress of 1776. He died in 1781. 
 eral years in exile. *He was, however,! STOEFLET, NICHOLAS, a French 
 allowed to return in 1767, and his estate royalist chief, was born, in 1751, at Lime- 
 was restored to him. He died in J780. ville; and, after having served during 
 His chief work is, An Inquiry into the I fifteen years in the army, became a game- 
 Principles of Political Economy. (keeper in the province of Anjou. In 1793 
 
 STEWART, DUOALD, an eminent phi-| he was placed at the head of a division of 
 losapher and writer, was born, in 1753, al Angevin royalists, and he distinguished 
 Edinburgh, and was the son of the profes- himself in no less than a hundred and fifty 
 gor of njathemat : cs; was educated at the j actions with the republicans. He wa* 
 high school and university of his native taken prisoner and shot in 1796. 
 city ; and attended the lectures of Dr. Reid STOLBERG-STOLBERG, FREDER- 
 at Glasgow. From Glasgow he was re-'ic LEOPOLD, count, a German writer, 
 called, in his nineteenth year, to assist hisj was born, in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Hoi- 
 father; on whose decease, in 1785, be stein; was educated at Halle and Gottin- 
 ucceeded *o the professorship. He, how- j gen ; was employed in negotiations by the 
 ever, exchanged it for the chair of moral | duke of Oldenburg and the prince regent 
 philosophy, which he had filled in 1778, 'of Denmark; and died in 1819. He 
 during the absence of Dr. Ferguson in translated the Iliad and the tragedies of 
 America. In 1780 he began to receive! ^Eschylus; and wrote A History of the 
 pupils into his house, and many young Christian Religion ; Travels in Germany, 
 nollemcn and gentlemen, who afterwards ; Switzerland, and Italy; Poems; and 
 became celebrated, imbibed their knowl-l Drama?, 
 
 dge under his roof. It was not till 1792J STONE, EDMUND, an eminent mathe- 
 that he came forward as an author; he| matician, the son of the duke of Argyle't 
 then published the first volume of the gardener, vi as born in Scotland, towards 
 Philosophy of the Human Mind. He the close of the seventeenth century. Be- 
 
 died June 11, 1828; after having long en- 
 joyed the reputation of being one of the 
 
 fon? he was nineteen he taught himself 
 arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and French, 
 
 most amiable of men, and one of the ablest without any assistance. He died poor 
 of modern philosophical writers. Among | about 1767, He wrote a Treatise on 
 his works are, Outlines of Moral Philoso- j Fluxions; and a Mathematical Dictionary; 
 phy; Philosophical Essays; Memoirs of translated Bion on Mathematical Irnlru- 
 
 A I (T< I 1 T-V-^ T* _ I 1 
 
 Adam Smith, and Drs. Robertson and 
 Reid; and Prefatory Dissertations in the 
 Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Bri- 
 
 uieuts ; and published aa edition of Euclid, 
 with a Life. 
 STONE, THOMAS, a signer of the dec- 
 
 mnica. laration of American inde|>eiide ce, 
 
 STILLING FLEET, EDWARD, a pre-| horn in Char tc County. Maryland, u> 1748, 
 
STft 
 
 iSTl. 
 
 4C9 
 
 and was educated to the profession of the | tatter capacity he acted with the 
 
 mw. Ho was a delegate t 
 tal 
 
 the continen- arbitrary rigour. 
 
 In 1632 he was sent to 
 
 congress of 1776, and was again a' Ireland as lord deputy. His conduct 
 mem'xrr of that body when Washington! there, during a government of seven years, 
 vsri^'ieii tne ,>iTn:e of "coimnurider in chief, j was that of a despot. It would, however, 
 He died in 1787. i be unjust to deny that Ireland derived 
 
 STOTilARD, CHARLES ALFRED, a jsome benefits from" his administration. In 
 painter and antiquary, son of the eminent! 1639, on visiting England, heobtained the 
 artist of the same name, was born in j garter, the title of earl of Stratford, and 
 J787, and early* displayed a talent for the dignity of lord lieutenant. He demon- 
 drawing. He became a "member and his- strated his gratitude by violent counsels to 
 toriril draughtsman of the Society of An 
 
 liquaries, and was deputed by that body to 
 Like drawings from the famous tapestry at 
 Bayeax, in Normandy. He was killed by 
 a f*ll in 1821. Ho published Monumental 
 EilL'io.s of Great Britain. 
 
 STOW, JOHN, an antiquary, was born, 
 about 1525, in Cornhill. By trade he was 
 a tailor, but applied himself to the study 
 
 of British 
 of Ar 
 
 the infatuated Charles But his downfal 
 was at hand. In 1640 he was impeached 
 bv the Commons, and was brought to trial 
 March 22, 1641. He defended himself 
 with an eloquence and dignity worthy of a 
 better cause. No moral doubt could exist 
 of his crimes, but the legal proof was de- 
 fective. In order to secure their victim, 
 the Commons themselves lost sight of jus- 
 
 antiquities under the patronage j tice, and resorted to a bill of attainder. 
 Parker and the earl of j It was passed, and Stratford, deserted by 
 
 of Archbishop Parker and the earl of It was passed, and Stratford, deserted by 
 Leicester. Li lib old age he was reduced his sovereign, was brought to the block, 
 to such indigence as to solicit charity by on the 12th of May, 1641. 
 
 . _r .. i. :-.4* if j:~.i :. ~I?AX ul t! r no 4 xmt 1 D /* i> r f ** Atts*><ni<A- it">: 
 
 STRANGE, ROBERT, an engraver, waa 
 born, in 1721, in Pomona, one of the Ork- 
 neys; studied under Cooper and Lebas; 
 resided for several years in Italy, where 
 he copied some of the finest works of art ; 
 was knighted by George III.; and died in 
 1792. Among his best productions are, 
 Charles I. and his Family, from Vandyke; 
 St. Jerome, from Corregio; and Danae, 
 from Titian. 
 
 STRONG, CALEB, governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was born at Northampton in 
 1744, and graduated at Harvard College. 
 He pursued the profession of the law, and 
 established himself in his native town. 
 Taking an early and active part in the 
 revolutionary movements, he was appoint- 
 ed in 1775 one of the committee of safety, 
 and in the following year a member of the 
 state legislature. He was a member of the 
 convention which formed the constitution 
 of the state, and of that which formed the 
 constitution of the United States. Subse- 
 quently he was senator to Congress, and 
 for eleven years at different periods, chief 
 magistrate of Massachusetts. He died in 
 1820. 
 
 STRUTT, JOSEPH, an engraver, aim- 
 quary, and miscellaneous writer, was born, 
 in 1749, at Springfield, in Sussex; was a 
 pupil of Ryland; and died in 1802. Strutt, 
 who was a man of considerable talent, 
 produced A Dictionary of Engravers ; 
 Sports and Pastimes of the People of 
 England ; Dresses and Habits of the Peo- 
 ple of England ; Regal and Ecclesiastical 
 Antiquities of England; Chronicle of Eng 
 land; Manners, Customs, &c. of the In- 
 habitants of England; Queen Hoo Hall; 
 Ancient Time; and The Test of Guilt. 
 
 STUART, JAMES, an architect, wat 
 and president o< the North. "In the born, in 1713, in London, of poor pai*!iw 
 
 means of a brief. He died in 1605. He 
 wrote A Survey of London ; and Annals 
 of this Kingdom. 
 
 STRABO, a Greek geographer, was 
 born, about half a century B. c., at Ama- 
 ia, in Cappadocia, and received an excel- 
 lent education, under several philosophers. 
 He travelled extensively, and his Geogra- 
 phy, the result of his observations and 
 i;i j'.iiries, entitles him to be considered as 
 ?ta iding at the head of ancient geogra- 
 phers. 
 
 STRADA, FAMiNius.an historian and 
 modern Latin poet, was born, in 1572, at 
 Home, and belonged to the society of 
 Jesuits. For fifteen years he was a teacher 
 of eloquence at the Roman College. He 
 died in 1649. He is the author of Poetical 
 Profusions; and of a History of the Belgic 
 
 'sTRAFFORD, THOMAS WENT- 
 WORTH, earl of, an eminent statesman 
 and minister, the eldest son of Sir William 
 Wentworth, was born, in 1593, in London ; 
 was educated at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge; and, after having travelled, was 
 V.mghted, and made custos rotulorum of 
 tin west riding of Yorkshire. In 1621 
 he was chosen one of the representatives 
 o( the county of York. For a few years 
 he was one of the most active friends of 
 the popular cause; stood prominently for- 
 ward as an advocate for the petition of 
 right; and was even imprisoned for re- 
 lusing to contribute to a forced loan. But 
 his seeming patriotism sprang rather from 
 hatred of Buckingham than from principle, 
 and was not proof against corruption. In 
 1628 he was gained over to the court. His 
 apostacy was paid for by the titles of baron 
 and viscount, and the offices of privy coun- 
 
4* SUA 
 
 and originally gained hia livelihood by 
 painting funs. Having made himself mas*- 
 ter <.f Greek, Latin, and mathematics, he 
 travelled to It:ilv on foot, and at Koine he 
 learned tlu; principle* of architecture from 
 Revett, whom he subsequently accompa- 
 nied to Athens. On his return to England 
 he became eminent as a:i arehiteci, and 
 WT- appointed surveyor to Greenwich 
 Hospital. Ik- dird in 17S8. He pub- 
 lished The Antiquities of Athens. 
 
 STUART, GILBERT, an historian and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1742, 
 at Edinburgh, where also he was educated. 
 Me studied jurisprudence, but became an 
 author by profession ; sometimes residing 
 ia London, and sometimes in his native 
 city. Dropsy, brought on by intemper- 
 ance, terminated his existence in 1786. 
 Stuart was a man of genius, but of a must 
 unamiable disposition. He wrote The 
 History of Scotland ; History of the Refor- 
 mation in Scotland ; and other works ; 
 contributed to the Monthly Review; and 
 w;is editor of the Edinburgh Magazine and 
 Rex iew. 
 
 STl ART, GILBERT, a celebrated 
 painter, was born in Newport, Rhode Isl- 
 aa.l, in 1755. Soon after becoming of age, 
 he went to England, where he became the 
 papil of Mr. West. He soon rose to emi- 
 nence as a portrait painter, and obtained 
 a high reputation both in England and 
 Ireland. In 1794 he returned to his na- 
 tive country, chielly residing in Philadel- 
 phia and Washington, in the practice of his 
 prof-, ssion, till about the year ISpl, when 
 he removed to Boston. Here he remained 
 till his death in 1828. Mr. Stuart was 
 not only one of the first painters of his 
 time, hut was also a very extraordinary 
 man out of his profession. 
 
 STUBBS, GEORGE, an artist, was 
 born, in 1724, at Liverpool; studied at 
 Rome; settled in London, and became 
 celebrated as an animal painter; was ad- 
 mitted an associate of the Royal Academy; 
 and died in 1806. He wrote The Anato- 
 sny of the Horse; and A Comparative 
 Anatomical Exposition of the Human 
 Body with that of a Tiger and Common 
 Fowl. 
 
 SUARD, JOHN BAPTIST ANTHONY, a 
 Trench writer and translator, was born, in 
 1734, at Besancon ; acquired considerable 
 reputation as a contributor to and editor 
 of many pub ic journals ; was admitted 
 into the Acadumv, and subsequently into 
 me Institute; and died in 1817 Among 
 iiis translations is Robertson's Charles V. 
 Many of his pieces are contained in the 
 Literary Varieties, and Literary Miscella- 
 nies. Several lives in the Universal Biog- 
 raphy are also frof. his j:en. 
 
 SUAREZ, FRANCIS, a jesuit andtheo- 
 U>gian, wax born, in 1548, a- Granada; 
 
 5v E 
 
 and, ufier having filled the theoJogica 
 chair at various universities, was appointed 
 professor at Coimbra, by Philip II. lit 
 died, in 1617, at Lisbon. Iiis works oc- 
 cupy twentx-thrce folio volumes. One of 
 t'u-m, his Defensio Catholk-a-, was burnt 
 I tin- hangman at London and Paris. 
 
 SUCHET, Loi'is GABRIEL, duke < ; f 
 I Albufera, a celebrated French marshal. 
 was born, in 1772, at Lyons, and entered 
 the army, as a volunteer, in his twentieth 
 year. Between that period and 1800 he 
 distinguished himself in Italy, Switzerland, 
 and the Grisons, and rose to the rank of 
 major general. He subsequently increased 
 his fame at Marengo, at Austerlitz, and in 
 Poland. In 1808 he was appointed to the 
 command of the French forces in the south- 
 east of Spain, and this command he re- 
 tained till the termination of the war. 
 He gained many victories, reduced a great 
 number of fortresses, and conquered Valen- 
 cia; and his services were rewarded with 
 the rank of marshal, and the title of duke. 
 When Napoleon returned from Elba, he 
 intrusted Suchet with the defence of the 
 departments bordering on the frontier of 
 Savoy. He died January 7, 1826. 
 
 SUCKLING, Sir JOHN, a poet and 
 courtier, was born, in 1609, at Whitton, 
 in Middlesex; served in Germany under 
 Gustavus Adolphus; acquired reputation 
 as a wig and dramatist after hip return to 
 England ; raised a regiment to serve 
 against the Scotch, in 1639; was obliged 
 to retire to France, in consequence of hav- 
 ing participated in a project to liberate 
 the earl of Straffbrd ; and died there, in 
 1641. His Poems have obtained a place 
 in the standard collections. 
 
 SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, CA 
 us, a Latin historian, was born in the first 
 century of the Christian era, and died in 
 the second, but the precise dates of hia 
 birth and death are not recorded. Little 
 more is known of him than that he was 
 brought up to the bar, was made tribune, 
 and subsequently became secretary to 
 Adrian, but lost the secretaryship in 121, 
 and that he was intimate with Pliny. All 
 his works have perished except The Lne 
 of the Twelve Co?sars. 
 
 SUETONIUS PAULINUS, a cele- 
 brated Roman general of the first century, 
 the place and time of whose birth and 
 leath are unknown, first distinguished 
 himself by reducing, A. D. 37, the revolted 
 Mauritanians to obedience. In 59 he wa 
 appointed to the government of Great 
 Britain, which province he brought com 
 pletely under the yoke ; defeating Boadicea. 
 ;ind destroying the Druids in Mona. In 
 Iiis latter \ears he stained his reputation by 
 tlie means to which he resorted for obtain* 
 ng the favour of \ itellius after 
 fought for Othn. 
 
SUL 
 
 SUHM, PETER FREDERIC, an erni- 
 Be.it Danish historian and miscellaneous 
 
 SUK 
 
 471 
 
 History of the District of Maine, and an 
 Essay <>n Banks. His rank at the bar 
 
 writer, was born, in 1728, at Copenhagen; was in the very first class, and in his pri- 
 held various important offices under the vate character he was distinguished for 
 government, and was appointed royal his- pietv, patriotism, and integrity, 
 toriographer; married in Norway, and! SULLY, M AXIMILIAN DK BET1IUNE, 
 resided there for fourteen years, (luring duke of, a French warrior and statesman, 
 which period he was indefatigable in co 1 : 
 
 lee-ting historical materials relative to the 
 northern nations ; returned to Copenhagen 
 in 1765; and was a liberal patron of learn- 
 ing till his decease in 1798. Ilia Miscel- 
 lanies form fifteen volumes; and his valua- 
 ble Histories of Denmark occupy sixteen 
 volumes 4to. 
 
 S UIDAS, a Greek lexicographer. When 
 and where lie was born and died are un- 
 known, but he is supposed to have lived in 
 the latter end of the ninth and the begin- 
 ning of the tenth century. His Lexicon, 
 faulty as it is in many respects, is valuable 
 for the fragments it contains of lost works, 
 and the information which it affords res- 
 pecting ancient writers. 
 
 SULLIVAN, JOHN, an officer in the 
 army of the American revolution, was born 
 in Maine, and established himself in the 
 profession of law in New Hampshire. 
 Turning his attention to military affairs, 
 he received, in 1772, the commission of 
 major, and in 1775 that of brigadier gen- 
 eral. The next year he was sent to Can- 
 ada, and on the death of general Thomas, 
 the command of the army devolved on him. 
 In this year he was promoted to the rank 
 of major general, and was soon after 
 captured by the British in the battle on 
 Long Island. He commanded a di 
 
 equally brave in the field and wise in the 
 council, was born, in 15GO, at the castle 
 of Rosiiy. At an early age he was placed 
 about the person of the king of Navm re, 
 afterwards Henry IV., to whom he ever 
 continued to be strongly attached. He 
 narrowly escaped being one of the victims 
 of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. In 
 the majority of the battles and sieges which 
 occurred during the struggle between Henry 
 and his enemies, Sully bore a consplcuoua 
 part; he commanded the artillery at the 
 battle of Coutras, and had two horses killed 
 under him, and was dangerously wounded 
 at the battle of Ivry. Though himself a 
 zealous Calvinist, it was he who advised 
 the king to secure the crown by conform- 
 ing to the catholic religion. In 1597 he 
 was placed at the head of the finances, 
 which was then in the most dilapidated 
 state, and by his prudent administration 
 he at once increased the revenue and 
 lightened the burthens of the people. Af- 
 ter the death of Henry IV. Sully retired 
 from public affairs, and he died in 1641. 
 His Memoirs, written by himself, are high- 
 ly interesting. 
 
 SULZER, JOHN GEORGE, a Swiss 
 writer, was born, in 1720, at Winterthur ; 
 became mathematical professor, and subse- 
 luently professor of philosophy, to the acad- 
 
 of the army at the battles of Trenton, I emy of nobles at Berlin ; and died in 1779 
 
 Brandywine and Germantown ; and was 
 the sole commander of an expedition to 
 the island of Newport, which failed through 
 want of cooperation from the French fleet. 
 In 1779 he commanded an expedition 
 against the Indians. He was afterwards 
 a member of Congress, and for three years 
 president of New Hampshire. In 1789 he 
 was appointed a judge of the district 
 court, and continued in that office till his 
 death, in 1795. 
 
 SULLIVAN, JAMES, was born atBer- 
 
 His principal work, which possesses great 
 merit, is The Universal Theory of the Fine 
 Arts. 
 
 SUMAROKOFF, ALEXANDER PE- 
 TROVITSCH, a Russian poet and drama* 
 list, the son of a general officer, was born, 
 in 1718, at Moscow; was educated at the 
 Cadet School; displayed an early talent 
 for dramatic writing; -and died in 1778, 
 a counsellor of state, and director of the 
 court theatre. He wrote Tragedies, Coin- 
 Poems; Dialogues 
 
 .___ , edies, Miscellaneous , 
 
 wick, Maine, in 1744, and after passing 1 of the Dead; an Abridged Chronicle of 
 the early part of his life in agricultural Moscow; and some works of less conse- 
 pursuits, adopted the profession of the law. iquence. 
 
 He took an early part in the revolutionary j SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, earl 
 struggle, and in"l775 was chosen a mem"- 'of, eldest son of the duke of Norfolk, was 
 her of the provincial Congress. In 1776 : born about 1515; studied at Christ Church, 
 he was appointed a judge of the superior Oxford ; travelled in France, Germany, 
 court. He was subsequently a member of and Italy, in the last of which countries 
 Congress, a member of the executive he fell in love with the Geraldine whom 
 council, judge of probiue, and in 1790 was he celebrates in his verses; was captain 
 appointed attorney general. In 1807 be I general of the army at Boulogne in 1546; 
 was elected governor of Massachusetts, and fell a victim, on the scaffold, to the 
 and again in the following year, in the tyranny of Henry VIII. in 1547. "He 
 December of which he died. He was the was (says Raleigh) no less valiant than 
 author of a History of 5 .ancj Title., a lemx-.l, and of excellent hopes;" aiwd 
 
472 
 
 SWB 
 
 Warton considers him M " th- first En- 
 glish classical poet." 
 
 BUTTON, THOMAS, was born, in 
 1532, at Knaith, in Lincolnshire; studied 
 at Eton, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn; 
 became a merchant, after having been mas- 
 ter general of the ordnance in the north ; 
 rose to be the richest commoner in the 
 kingdom; and died in 1611. Sutton was 
 the founder of the Charter House, of which 
 he intended to be the first master, but he 
 died in the same year that the work was 
 begun. 
 
 SUVAROFF, or SUWARROW, 
 Prince ALEXANDER, a celebrated Rus- 
 sian field marshal, was born, in 1730, at 
 Suskoi, in the Ukraine, and was educated 
 at the Cadet School of St. Petersburgh. 
 He distinguished himself during the seven 
 years' war; in Poland, in 1768, against 
 the Confederates; in 1773, against the 
 Turks; and, in 1782, against the Nogay 
 Tartars. For these services he was re- 
 warded with the rank of general in chief, 
 the government of tlte Crimea, the portrait 
 
 SNVI 
 
 Oxford. For eom years he tifed with 
 Sir William Temple as a companion, and 
 
 when that statesman died he left him * 
 legacy and his posthumous works. From 
 King William IK: entertained expectations 
 of preferment, which were disappointed. 
 Having accompanied Lord Berkeley, one 
 of the lords justices to Ireland, as chapls*..), 
 he obtained from him the livings of Lara- 
 cor and Lathbeggan, on which he went to 
 
 of the empress set in diamonds, and several j reside, and to which he invited the lady 
 Russian orders. In the war against the 
 
 Turks, from 1787 to 1790, he gained the 
 battle of Rymnik, took Ismail by storm, 
 and obtained other important advantages. 
 In 1794 he defeated the Poles who were 
 struggling for freedom, and carried Praga 
 by assault. When Russia joined the con- 
 tinental coalition, in 1799, he was placed 
 at the head of the combined army in Italy, 
 and, after several sanguinary battles, he 
 succeeded in wresting that country from 
 the French. He was less successful in 
 Switzerland, whence he was obliged to 
 retreat. He died of vexation, April 18, 
 1800, soon after his return to St. Peters- 
 
 8W E D E N B O R G, EM ANUF.L, the 
 founder of a sect called The New Jerusa- 
 lem Church, was the son of the bishop of 
 Skara, and was born, in 1689, at Stock- 
 holm. He was not twenty when he pub- 
 lished a volume of Latin poems. On 
 returning from his travels he was appointed 
 assessor extraordinary to the College of 
 Mines, and, in 1719, was ennobled. Of 
 his many works on mining the principal is 
 his Opera Philosophies et Mineralogica. 
 In 1743 he imbibed a belief that he was 
 admitted to an intercourse with the invisi- 
 ble wor d, and this belief he retained till 
 his decease in 1772. On this subject he 
 published several singular works, among 
 which is the Arcana Coelestis. Swedenborg, 
 though labouring under a mental delusion, 
 
 whom he has celebrated under the name 
 of Stella. He eventually married her, but 
 would never acknowledge her as his wife. 
 His conduct to two other ladies, Miss Wa- 
 ring and Miss Vanhornrigh, with whom lie 
 coquetted, was equally devoid of proper 
 feeling. In 1701 he took his doctor's de- 
 gree, and on tlie accession of Queen Anne 
 he visited England. In the course of the 
 nine ensuing years he published several 
 works, but it was not till 1710 that he 
 became active as a political writer. Hav- 
 ing gone over to the tories, and become 
 intimate with Harley and Bolingbroke, he 
 exerted himself strenuously in behalf of his 
 new allies. Among his labours in this 
 cause were The Examiner, and The Con- 
 duct of the Allies. It was not, howe\er, 
 till 1713 that he obtained preferment, and 
 even then he was frustrated in hi* hope* 
 of an English mitre, and received only the 
 deanery of St. Patriok. When he returned 
 to Ireland he was exceedingly unpopular; 
 but he lived to be the idol "of the Ii i.-h. 
 Of the writings by which this change was 
 produced, The Drapier's Letters, published 
 in 1724, stand foremost. In 1726 he gave 
 Gulliver's Travels to the world. A* he 
 advanced in years he suffered from deafness 
 and fits of giddiness; in 1739. his intellect 
 gave way ; and he expired in October, 1745. 
 SWIFT, ZEPHAMAH, a learned law- 
 yer, was graduated at Yale College, and 
 established himself in the legal profession 
 
 was no impostor, but a learned and pious, in Windham, Connecticut. He was for 
 Tian. | eighteen years a judge of the superioi 
 
 SWIFT, JONATHAN, a celebrated court of that state. He published a Digest 
 writer, was born, in 1667, at Dublin, and I of the laws of Connecticut, in two vol. 
 was educated at Kilkenny School, Trinity I umes, on the model of Blackstone. Hi* 
 College, Dublin, and Hertf rd College, I deuth took place in 1823. 
 
TAO 
 
 SWI.NTO.X, JOHN, a divine and and. 
 quary, was born, in 1703, at Bexton, in 
 
 Cheshire; was educated at Wadham Col- 
 lege, Oxford ; was chaplain to the factory 
 at Leghorn ; and died in 1777, keeper of 
 the university records at Oxforn. He con- 
 tributed largely to the Universal History; 
 and wrote many learned dissertations on 
 Ph^nician ami other antiquities. 
 
 SYDENHAM, THOMAS, an eminent 
 physician, was burn, in 1624, at Winford 
 Eagle, in Dorsetshire; was educated at 
 Wadham College, Oxford; studied medi- 
 cine at Mont pettier; and settled in West- 
 minster, where he deservedly attained a 
 high reputation. He died in 1689. Syden- 
 ham was an acute observer of symptoms, 
 ind introduced very important improve- 
 ments into the treatment of smallpox and 
 other diseases. His works have been fre- 
 quently reprinted. 
 
 SYDEMIAM, FLOYER, an eminent 
 Greek scholar, was born in 1701, and was 
 educated at Wadham College, Oxford. In 
 1739 he began a translation of the works 
 of Plato, a part of which he published; 
 but the want of patronage involved him in 
 embarrassments ; he was thrown into prison 
 for a small debt which he had contracted 
 for his frugal meals ; and there he perished 
 
 TAL 
 
 471 
 
 in 1788. His fate gave rise to the estab- 
 lishment of the Literary Fund. 
 
 SYLLA, Lucius CORNELIUS, a cele- 
 brated Roman, was born, B. c. 137. After 
 having spent a part of his youth in licen- 
 tious pleasures, he distinguished himself in 
 Africa, under Marius; in Pontus, as com- 
 mander in chief ; and on various other 
 occasions. He rose to the consulship in 
 the forty-ninth year of his age. He sul>- 
 sequently reduced Greece, and vanquished 
 Mithridates; and, returning to Italy, over- 
 came the Marian party, and Assumed tin 
 dictatorship. By his merciless edicts of 
 proscription he deluged Rome with blood; 
 but, at the very moment when no one dareJ 
 to dispute his power, he retired into private 
 life. He died, B. c. 78, of the morbus pe- 
 diculosus, the consequence of his debauche- 
 ries. 
 
 SZALKAI, ANTHONY, a Hungarian 
 poet, who is considered as the founder of 
 the dramatic literature of his country. 
 He held an office in the household of the 
 archduke palatine, Alexander Leopold, and 
 died, in 1804, at Buda. His Pikko Hcrt- 
 zog was the first regular drama composed 
 in the Hungarian language. He also wrote 
 a travesty on the Eneid. 
 
 TACITUS, CAIUS CORNELIUS, a 
 Latin historian, was born about A. D. 56, 
 and was of an equestrian family. The 
 place of his birth is not known. He early 
 cultivated poetry; he became an advo- 
 cate; and he is supposed also to have 
 borne arm?. He was successively questor, 
 edile, a<id pretor, and, in 97, attained the 
 rank of consul. Pliny the younger was 
 his bosom friend , and Agricola was his 
 father-in-law. He is believed to have 
 died about A. D. 135. Of his admirable 
 History and Annals a large portion is un- 
 fortunately -het. Tacitus also wrote The 1 
 Life of Agricofoj The Manners of the 
 Germans; and a Dialogue on Eloquence: I 
 the Ix.st of these, however, is by some at- 
 liibute.l to < in mt ilian. 
 
 TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, a 
 Roman emperor, who claimed descent 
 from the foregoing, was raised to the 
 throne by the senate, in 275, at the age 
 of seventy-five, after having been twice 
 consul. He reigned only six months, dur- 
 .ng which short period he displayed both 
 wisdom and vigour. It is not certain 
 whether ho was assassinated or died of a 
 violent disean--. 
 
 TAGLIACOZZJ, or TALLACOTIUS, 
 GAS PAR, a:i utuineat Italian si -<?eon, wa* 
 
 born, in 1546, at Bologna; was for many 
 years anatomical professor there; and died 
 in 1599. He is the author of a work on 
 the restoring of the nose. Butler, in his 
 Hudibras, has a ludicrous allusion to 
 him. 
 
 TALBOT, JOHN, lord, a famous war- 
 rior, was born, in 1373, at Blechmote, in 
 Shropshire; obtained various successes 
 against the Irish; distinguished himself in 
 France by his skill and valour during the 
 reigns of'Henry V. and VI., for which he 
 was rewarded by the earldoms of Shrews- 
 bury, Wexford, and Waterford ; and was 
 killed at the battle of Castillon, in 1453. 
 
 TALBOT, CATHKRiNK,the only child 
 of the bishop of Durham, was born in!720, 
 and died in 1770 She was an intimate 
 friend of Mrs. Carter, and wrote Essays, 
 Letters, Dialogues, and Poems; and Re- 
 flections on the Seven Days of the Week. 
 
 TALLIEN, JOHN LA'MBKRT, one of 
 the most prominent characters in th 
 French revolution, was the son of a no- 
 bleman's porter; was born, in 1769, at 
 Paris; received a goo I education; and 
 early in life \v:is Fucces.ively clerk t > ;n 
 attorney, and in a public oilire, and lure- 
 man to a printing establishment. On the 
 breaking out of tha revolution, b took a 
 
474 
 
 violent part against the court, And he 
 gradually acquired considerable influence. 
 As a member of the Convention, he v>*rd 
 for the death of the king, and for a w ;ile 
 he participated in all the enormities of the 
 jacobins. At length, however, he became 
 more moderate, and it was mainly to his 
 courage and eloquence that France was 
 indebted for the downfall of Robespierre. 
 He conti.iued to lx an active member of 
 the legislature till 1798, when he accom- 
 panied Bonaparte to Egypt. He enjoyed 
 a place under the consular and imperial 
 governments; remained unmolested after 
 the accession of Louis XV1IL; and died 
 in 1820. 
 
 TALMA, FRANCIS JOSEPH, the great- 
 est of French actors, was born, in 1763, 
 at Paris, and spent his childhood in Flap- 
 ders and England, where his father was a 
 dentist. At the age of nine years he was 
 sent to France to be educated, whence he 
 returned to England. The stage was early 
 his delight, and he was at one time on the 
 point of appearing at Drury Lane. On 
 his settling in France, he for eighteen 
 months followed the profession of his fa- 
 ther; but in 1787 he came out upon the 
 French theatre, in the character of Seide. 
 For some tiaie, however, he was kept in 
 the background; but at length he attained 
 the highest r<nk as a tragedian. Talma 
 also accomplisned in France a complete 
 reformation of theatrical costume. He 
 died, at Paris, Oct. 19, 182C. Talma was 
 highly esteemed, both as an actor and a 
 man, by Napoleon. 
 
 TAMERLANE, TIMUR LENC, or 
 TIMUR BEG, one of the scourges of 
 mankind, was born, B. c 1336, in the 
 province of Kersch, the ancient Sog- 
 diana, where his father was the chief of 
 a tribe. He attained the sovereign au- 
 thority at Samarcand, in 1730. lie snb- 
 fequently conquered Persia, India, Syria, 
 and many other countries; made prisoner 
 Bajazet, the Turkish sultan; and was on 
 the point of tnvadvag China, when he died 
 in 1405. 
 
 TANSILLO, ^ouis, an Italian poet, 
 was boru, aboi.: 1510, at Venosa, and 
 
 TAS 
 
 died iu 1568, judge of Gueta. Among 
 his poems are The Vintager, and Th 
 Nurse, the laKer of which has been trans- 
 lated by Rose, e. 
 
 TART AC LI A, NICHOLAS, an eminent 
 geometrician, was born, ID tlie beginning of 
 the sixteenth century, at Venice. Though, 
 at the age of six vears, he was left an or- 
 phan, and in distress, lie overcame every 
 impediment in the acquisition of learning, 
 and rose to be one of the most celebrated 
 mathematicians of his time. He died in 
 1557. Among his works are, A Tieuise 
 on Gunnery; Various Questions and In- 
 ventions; and A Commentary on Euclid. 
 
 '7ARTINI, JOSEPH, an "eminent vio- 
 linist and composer, was born, in 1692, at 
 Pirano, in Istria; was educated for the 
 law, but devoted himself to music; ob- 
 tained celebrity as a consummate violin 
 player; and died in 1770. He wrote A 
 Treatise on Music, and other works; and 
 composed many pieces. His finest compo- 
 sition is The Devil's Sonata, so called, 
 localise he dreamt that it was played to 
 him by his Satanic majesty. 
 
 TASMAN, ABEL JANSSEN, a great 
 navigator, a native of Holland, was born 
 at Hoorn, but in what year is not known. 
 In 1642 and 1644 he was employed on 
 exploratory voyages by Van tfiemen, the 
 Dutch governor general in the East, and 
 he made many important discoveries in 
 Australia, and the surrounding islands. 
 The time of his death is not recorded. 
 
 TASSIE, JAMES, a modeller, was 
 born, in the first half of the eighteenth 
 century, near Glasgow, and was originally 
 a stone mason, but acquired, from Dr. 
 Quin, the art of imitating gems in col- 
 oured pastes, and was so successful that 
 he gained both reputation and fortune. He 
 likewise modelled in wax. Tassie died in 
 1799. The descriptive catalogue of his 
 gems forms two volumes quarto. 
 
 TASSO, BERNARDO, an Italian poet, 
 was born, in 1493, at Bergamo; was suc- 
 cessively in the service of the prince of 
 Salerno and the dukes of Urbino and 
 Mantua; and died in 1569. Of his poems 
 the principal is Amadis de Gaul, in a 
 hundred cantos. 
 
 TASSO, TORCIUATO, one of the great- 
 est of the Italian poets, was the son of 
 Bernardo, and was born, in 1544, at Sor- 
 rento. He may almost be said to havo 
 " lisped in numbers;" and at twelve years 
 of age he had acquired extensive know- 
 ledge. After having been educated at 
 Rome, he went to Padua, to study law, ii 
 compliance with the wishes of his father. 
 It was while he was there, and in hi* 
 eighteenth year, that he published the 
 poem of Rinaldo. In 1565 Duke Alphon- 
 so of Ferrara invited him to his cjirt, 
 and, with the exception of the time occu- 
 
TAY 
 
 pied br a journey to France, Tasso re- 
 sided Jute till 1577. During this period, 
 
 besides many minor pieces, he produced 
 bis Aminta, and completed the Jerusalem 
 Delivered. In 1577 he secretly quitted 
 Ferrara; having, it has been supposed, in- 
 curred the anger of the duke by his pas- 
 sion for the Princess Leonora of" Este, his 
 patron's sister. He returned, however, 
 but his intellects being now in some de- 
 gree affected, he was ungenerously shut up 
 in a madhouse by Alphonso, where for 
 seven years he experienced the most un- 
 worthy treatment. The remonstrances of 
 several Italian princes at length procured 
 his release. In 1592 he settled at Naples, 
 and began to write a new poem on the 
 subject of his Jerusalem. This poem he 
 finished to his owi: satisfaction, but pos- 
 terity has not ratified his partiality for it. 
 He died April 25, 1595, at Rome, while 
 preparations were making to confer on 
 him the laureate crown in the capitol. 
 
 TASSOXI, ALEXANDER, an Italian 
 poet, was born, in 1565, at Modena; was 
 successively in the service of several prin- 
 ces; and died in 1635, counsellor to the 
 duke of Modena. He was a man of exten- 
 sive literary and scientific knowledge, and 
 wrote various works; but it is to The 
 Rape of the Bucket, a heroi-comic poem, 
 that he owes his reputation. 
 
 TAVERNIER, JOHN BAPTIST, a trav- 
 eller, was born in 1605; visited Turkey, 
 Persia, and the East Indies, several times, 
 as a dealer in diamonds and precious 
 stones;, was ennobled by Louis XIV.; 
 and died, about 1686, at Moscow. His 
 account of his Travels in the East, which 
 has often been reprinted, forms three vol- 
 umes quarto. 
 
 TAYLOR, J ERF. MY, a prelate and elo- 
 quent writer, was the son of a barber ; 
 was born, in 1613, at Cambridge; and 
 wai educated at the grammar school of his 
 native place, and at Caiu College. He 
 became chaplain to Archbishop Land, and 
 ubvequently to Charles I., and obtained 
 the rectory of Uppingham. During the 
 Civil war he gained a subsistence by keep- 
 tag a school, till he was interdicted from 
 
 TEM 479 
 
 teaching. Lord Carbery then appointed 
 him his chaplain, and it was while he re- 
 sided with that nobleman that he wrote 
 most of his pieces. He was twice impris- 
 oned by the republican government. At 
 the Restoration lie was made bishop of 
 Down and Connor; along with which see 
 he held that of Dromore, and the vice- 
 chancellorship of Trinity College, Dublin. 
 He died in 1667. His works, which stand 
 high among those of British theologians, 
 have been repeatedly reprinted. 
 
 TAYLOR, BROOK, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, WAS born, in 1685, at Edmonton, 
 in Middlesex; was educated at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge; became a fellow and 
 secretary of the Royal Society, to the 
 Transactions of which body he largely 
 contributed; and died in 1731. Among 
 his works are, Methodus Incrementorum; 
 New Principles of Linear Perspective, 
 and Contemplatio Philosophica. Taylor 
 invented the analytical formula which 
 bears his name, and which Lagrange has 
 made the basis of his theory of analytical 
 functions. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, was 
 born in Ireland in 1716. Emigrating to 
 America, he became the proprietor of ex- 
 tensive iron works at Durham on the river 
 Delaware. He was for some years a rep- 
 resentative for Northampton County to the 
 provincial assembly, and in 1776 was elect- 
 ed to the continental congress. He died 
 in 1781. 
 
 TEKELI, EME RIC, Count, a Hungarian 
 nobleman, was born in 1658, and headed 
 his countrymen in their struggle against 
 Austrian tyranny. He defeated the Im- 
 perialists in several battles, and even pen- 
 etrated in Moravia ; but, after many 
 vicissitudes, he was at length obliged to 
 seek an asylum in Turkey, where he died 
 in 1705. 
 
 TELL, WILLIAM, one of the champions 
 of Swiss liberty, was born, in the latter 
 part of the thirteenth century, at Burglen, 
 in the canton of Uri. Some doubt exists 
 as to the truth of the story, that he was 
 compelled to shoot at an apple on the head 
 of his child, and that he shot the Austrian 
 governor Gessler; but there is no doubt 
 that he contributed to emancipate his coun- 
 try, and that he fought at the battle of 
 Morgarten. He died in 1354. 
 
 TEMPLE, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent 
 statesman and writer, was born, in 1628, 
 in London, and was educated at Bishop 
 Stortford Grammar School, and at Ema- 
 nuel College, Cambridge; Cudwoilh wa 
 his college tutor. In his nineteenth year 
 he began his travels, in the course of 
 which he resided for two years in France, 
 and visited Flanders, Holland, and Cier* 
 many. On his return be obtained a tea* 
 
476 
 
 TEN 
 
 in tlte Irish parliament. Charles 11. em- 
 ployed him us a diplomatist, in which 
 
 Capacity Temple displayed abilities of no 
 common kind. He was twice dispatched 
 on a secret mission to the bishop of Mini- 
 ster; as envoy extraordinary to the Hague 
 he concluded within the short space of five 
 da\ s the treaty of triple alliance; he was 
 one of the negotiators at the congress of 
 Aix la Chapeile; he signed the peace of 
 1673; was appointed ambassador to the 
 Hague in 1674, and contributed to bring 
 about the marriage of the prince of Orange 
 with the princess Mary; and, lastly, was 
 one of the negotiators at IXimeguen. In 
 1679 he was appointed one of the king's 
 new council, but was soon displaced for his 
 freedom of speech. After this he retired 
 into private life, and never again took part 
 in public affairs. He died in 1698. His 
 work? form four octavo volumes. 
 
 TENCIN, CLAUDINE ALEXANDRINA 
 GUERIN DE, a French writer, was born, 
 in 1681, at Grenoble, and died in 1749. 
 She was early bound by monastic vows, 
 from which she succeeded in obtaining 
 her release, and she subsequently spent 
 many years in political, and especially in 
 love intrigues; in the course of which she 
 was imprisoned, unjustly, however, on a 
 charge of having murdered one of her 
 lovers. D'Alembert was her son. At 
 length she adopted a more regular mode 
 of living, and her house became the resort 
 of wits and men of letters. Of her novels 
 The Count de Commingcs is that which is 
 most esteemed; but theyallhavegreatmerit. 
 
 TEMERS, DAVIU, the elder, an emi- 
 nent painter, was burn, in 1582, at An- 
 twerp; studied under Rubens, and at 
 Rome under EUheimer; and died in 1649. 
 His pictures of rural festivities, conversa- 
 tions, fairs, fortunetellers, and similar sub- 
 jects, are usually of a small size, and are 
 much valued. 
 
 TE.NIERS, DAVID, the younger, a son 
 of the foregoing, was born, in 1610, at 
 Brussels, and was instructed fn painting 
 by his father, and by Adam Biomver 
 nnd Rubens'. In his youth such was his 
 far.iliiy of imitating the Mtyles of various 
 
 YB-B 
 
 masters that he was called the Pro toot 
 and the Ape of Painting. He soon, how 
 ever, had the good sense to choose nature 
 as his model, and he rose into high repu- 
 tation. He was patronised by the arch- 
 duke Leopold William, the king of Spain, 
 Christina of Sweden, and other distin- 
 guished personages. Teniers died in 1694. 
 The subjects of his pictures are such as 
 employed his father's pencil, and likewise 
 landscapes. His works are numerous and 
 of great price. 
 
 TENNANT, SMITHSOPT, an eminent 
 chemist, was born, in 1761, at Selhy, in 
 Yorkshire ; studied medicine at Edinburgh, 
 and took his degree at Cambridge in 179(>, 
 but never practised ; became a member of 
 the Royal Society in his twenty-fourtn 
 year; was chosen professor of rhemi.-'try 
 at Cambridge in 1813; and was killed, by 
 a fall from his horse, at Boulogne, 1Y)>. 
 22, 1815. He contributed many valuable 
 papers to the Philosophical Transactions. 
 Among his discoveries are, the mode of 
 effecting a double distillation bv the same 
 heat; the true nature of carbonic acid gas, 
 and of the diamond; and two new metals, 
 indium and osmium. 
 
 TERENCE, or TEREIS'TIUS, PUB- 
 LIUS, a Latin comic writer, is believed to 
 have been a native of Carthage, and to 
 have been Vorn aoout B. c. 192. Being 
 taken a captive to Rome, he was sold to 
 Terentius Liu-anus \\lio gave him a good 
 education, and enfranchised him. lie was 
 in his twenty-fifth year when he brought 
 out his fii\-t play. His talents acquire*! for 
 him illustrious friends, among whom were 
 Scipio and Lxlius. He quitted Rome 
 when he was thirty-five, and is supposed 
 to have perished at sea in a storm. Of 
 his admirable comedies only six are ex- 
 tant. 
 
 TERRASSON, JOHN, a French writer, 
 was born, in 1670, at Lyons; was a mem- 
 ber of the French Academy and the Acad- 
 emy of Sciences; and died in 1750. Of 
 his works the principal are, the philoso 
 pineal romance of Sethos, some parts of 
 which are lauded by Voltaire; and a 
 translation of Diodorus. 
 
 TERTULLIAN, QUINTUS SEPTIMUS 
 FLORENS, one of the most learned men of 
 the primitive church, was born, about 160, 
 at Carthage. Originally a bitter enemy 
 of the Christian faith, he was converted 
 by witnessing the firmness of the martyrs, 
 became a priest, and was thenceforth one 
 of the most eloquent defenders of the doc- 
 trines which he had despised. Late in 
 life he adopted the opinions of the Mon- 
 tanists, and afterwards formed a sect of 
 his own. He died about 245. Among his 
 woiks arc, An Apology lor the Christians; 
 a Treatise against the Jew*; nod the five 
 books Hgaintt Murciou 
 
THE 
 
 TEST!, FULVIO, a celeb.-ateii Italian 
 poet, was born, in 1593, at Ferrara; held 
 various important offices under the dukes 
 Alphonso and Francis; but was thrown 
 into prison, in consequence of having en- 
 tered into a correspondence with Cardinal 
 Mazarin; and is believed to have been 
 pul to death there, in 1646. His lyric 
 pieces rank with those of Chiabrera, Guidi, 
 and Filicaja. 
 
 THAARUP, THOMAS, a Danish poet, 
 was born, in 1749, at Copenhagen; was 
 professor of history, geography, and belles 
 ettres at the marine ca.let academy, and 
 me of the managers of the royal theatre; 
 ind died in 1821. His works consist of 
 Dramas and Sacred Songs. 
 
 THALES, one of the seven sages of 
 Greece, was born, B. c. 639, at Miletus, in 
 Jo:iia, or, as s.Hno affirm, was a native of 
 Phenicia; he travelled in Egypt and other 
 countries; a:ul died in the ninety-sixth 
 year of his age. Thales \vas the founder 
 of the Ionian school of philosophy, and 
 was an admirable astronomer and geome- 
 trician. He was the first who accurately 
 calculated a solar eclipse. 
 
 THEMISTOCLES, an illustrious Athe- 
 nian, was born, B. c. 535, at Phreus. Li- 
 centious in his youth, he was reclaimed 
 from his follies by the love of glory. He 
 bore a conspicuous part in the battle of 
 Marathon, and the trophies gained there 
 by Miltiades were a stimulus to the ambi- 
 tion of Theraistucles. When, after the 
 banishment of his rival Aristides, he ac- 
 quired the management of the Athenian 
 a:fairs, he displayed splendid talents. It 
 was by his persuasion that his countrymen 
 were induced to confide their safety to j 
 their navy, and to him were the Greeks I 
 indebted for the glorious victory of Salamis. j 
 He rebuilt the walls of Athens, fortified 
 the Pirneus, and prevented the Spartans 
 from gaining an ascendancy in the Am- 
 phictyonic council. The popular favour, 
 however, was at length withdrawn from' 
 him, and he was banished for five years. 
 Further proceedings being meditated 
 against him, he sought an asylum at the 
 court of Artaxerxes, and was hospitably 
 received. He died B. c. 470. Some at- 
 tribute his death to poison taken by him- 
 self, rather than assist the Persian monarch 
 against Athens, while others aflirm that he 
 died a natural death. 
 
 THEOBALD, LEWIS, a dramatist and 
 commentator, was born at Sittingbourne, 
 in Kent, and was brought up to his father's 
 profession, that of a lawyer, but quitted it 
 for literature. Having offended Pope, by 
 editing a rival edition of Shakspeare, that 
 poet made him the hero of the Dunciad. 
 Vet, in spite of the wit of the satirist, 
 Theobald is not despicable as a commen- 
 tator on the hard of Avon. He died in 
 
 THE 
 
 477 
 
 1744. Among nis works are twelve plays, 
 four of which are translated from the 
 Greek ; some poems ; and The Gentleman'a 
 Library The tragedy of The Fata4 False- 
 hood he brought forward as a composition 
 by Shakspeare. 
 
 THEOCRITUS, a celebrated Greek 
 pastoral pT.et, was born at Syracuse, and 
 flourished in the third century B. c. Ptol- 
 emy Philadelphia invited him to his court, 
 and treated him munificently. It is said, 
 that he was strangled by Hiero, tyrant of 
 Syracuse, for having written satires upon 
 him; but there is little or rather no e\i- 
 dence in support of the assertion. 
 
 THEODOR, JAMES, a physician and 
 botanist, generally known by the name 
 of TABERN^EMONTANUS, was born 
 about 1520, at Bergzal>ern, in the dutchy 
 of Deux Ponts, and died in 1590. He 
 published, in 1588, the first volume of a 
 New Complete Herbal, which was the re- 
 sult of thirty-six years' labour, but deatli 
 prevented the completion of it. 
 
 THEODOSIUS, FLAVIUS, surnamed 
 the Great, a Roman emperor, was born, 
 in 346, in Spain. In his eighteenth year 
 he defeated the barbarians, and drove them 
 across the Danube. Gratian rewarded him 
 with the purple, and the sway over the 
 eastern provinces. In the course of his 
 reign Theodosius triumphed over the Goths, 
 and various other enemies of the empire. 
 He vanquished Arbogaste, in 394, and 
 added the western provinces to his domin- 
 ions; and died shortly after, at Milan, 
 in 395. 
 
 THEODOSIUS II., surnamed the 
 Younger, emperor of the East, grandson 
 of the great Theodosius, was born in 400, 
 and succeeded to the throne at the age of 
 eight years. The early part of his reign 
 was marked by some success against the 
 Persians; the remainder of it was not 
 fortunate. The code which bears his name 
 was formed by his order, and was the \vork 
 of seven lawyers. He died in 450. 
 
 THEOPllRASTUS, a celebrated Grecli 
 philosopher, was born, B. c. 371, at Eresus, 
 in Lesbos. He was a disciple of Plato 
 and of Aristotle, the latter of whoir h 
 succeeded, and with splendid success, n 
 the Lyceum. Twice he was persecuted by 
 /'i is enemies., but, in both instances, :.e 
 eventually triumphed. He died i:. nil 
 eighty-fifth year. Of all his numerous 
 works time has spared only a Treatise on 
 Stones; parts of his Characters, and of a 
 History f Animals; and some fragment* 
 quoted by other authors. 
 
 THESPIS.aGreek poet, born at Icaria, 
 in Attica, flourished B. c. 576. He is con- 
 sidered as the inventor of tragedy, from 
 his having introduced actors in addition 
 to the chorus. His ftage is said to have 
 l-een a cart, and the fact* of the performer* 
 
*78 THO 
 
 were smeared with wine lees, or, accord- 
 ing to Suici.i3, with white lead and ver- 
 million! 
 
 THEVKNOT, JOHN, a Frem h trarel- 
 lei. <vas l>orn, in 1633, at Paris. His for- 
 tune enabling him to gratify his lo\e of 
 travelling, he visited severarpnrt* of Eu- 
 rope, and afterwards explored many coun- 
 tries of tlie east. He died in Persia, in 
 1667, as he was returning from Hindustan. 
 His Voyage* ami Travels have been often 
 reprinted. 
 
 TIH 'MAS, AvnioNY LEONARD, an 
 erninent French miscellaneous writer and 
 poet, was l)oi n, in 1732, at Clermont Fer- 
 rand. He was brought up as an attornev, 
 but he quitted the law to become a teacher 
 in one of the colleges at Paris. His literary 
 productions having at length brought him 
 into reputation, he became a member of 
 the French Academy, and obtained a pi. ice 
 under government which raised him above 
 the fear of want. He died in 1785. Among 
 his best works are his Eulogies; and his 
 Essay on the Character, Manners, and 
 Talents of Women. 
 
 THOMON, THOMAS JOHN THOMAS 
 DE, a French architect, was born, in 1759, 
 at Paris; was a pupil of Leroi, and after- 
 wards studied at Rome; emigrated in 1791 ; 
 nettled in Riifsia, in 1798; and died at 
 St. Petersburg!!, in 1813. He embellished 
 the Russian capital, Odessa, and other 
 places, by the erection of many fine edifices, 
 and wrote a Treatise on Painting. 
 
 THOMPSON, WILLIAM, a poet and 
 divine, was born at Brough, in Westmore- 
 land ; was educated at Queen's College, 
 Oxford; and died, about 1766, dean of 
 Raphoe, in Ireland. His poems have been 
 deservedly admitted among the collected 
 works of "the British Poets. His poern on 
 Sickness contains many fine passages, and 
 his Hymn to May breathes more of the 
 tpirit of Spenser than most modern imita- 
 lions of him. Thompson also wrote Gon- 
 dibert and Bertha, a tragedy; and pub- 
 lished an edition of Bishop Hall's Satires. 
 
 THOMSON, JAMES, one of the most 
 popular of English poets, was the son of a 
 Scotch clergyman ; was born, in 1700, at 
 
 THO 
 
 Ednam in Roxburghshire; and ws ed 
 rated at Jcdhurgh and at Edinburgh. Relin- 
 quishing his views in the church, he went 
 to London, where, in 1726, he published 
 liis Winter. The three other Seasons ap- 
 | eared in 172*, 172<>, and 17oO. During 
 (lie same period lie also produced the tra- 
 il 'dy ol'St>|>hoiii.-l;a, the poem of Hritannia, 
 and a p< em on Sir Isaac .Newton. Among 
 the friends whom he gained by these splen- 
 did proofs of his genius was lord chancellor 
 Talbot, who chose him as a proper com- 
 panion to accompany his son on the grand 
 tour. Thomson was thus occupied for 
 three years, in the course of which lie visited 
 most of the European courts. After his 
 return he was made secretary of bk iefs by 
 the chancellor, but the death of his patron 
 soon deprived him of that place. For this 
 loss, however, he was indernnilied by the 
 oHice of surveyor general of the Leeward 
 Islands, and a pension from the prince of 
 Wales. His peif. meanwhile, was not idle. 
 He wrote the tragedies of Agamemnon, 
 Edward and Eleonora, Taucred and Sigis- 
 munda, and Coriolanus; the masque of 
 Alfred, in conjunction with Mallet; and 
 the poems of Liberty, and The Castle of 
 Indolence. He died, at Richmond, Au- 
 gust 27, 1748. 
 
 THOMSON, WILLIAM, an industrious 
 writer and compiler, was born, in 1746, at 
 Burrtside, in Perthshire; was educated at 
 St. Andrew's; and quitted the clerical 
 profession in Scotland, to become an author 
 and master of an academy in the metropo- 
 lis. He died in 1817. Thompson was not 
 without abilities and learning, but he was 
 a hasty and slovenly writer. He was con 
 nected with various newspapers and peri 
 odicals ; prepared for the press many work* 
 of other authors; and wrote, among othei 
 thing*, Mammoth; The Man in the Moon; 
 and Memoirs of the War in Asia. 
 
 THORNHILL, Sir JAMES, a painter, 
 was born, in 1676, in Dorsetshire, and, 
 after his return from his travels in Hol- 
 land, Flanders, and France, rose into con- 
 siderable reputation as an artist. He wa 
 employed to paint the dome of St. Paul's, 
 the refectory and saloon at Greenwich 
 Hospital, and some of the apartments ul 
 Hampton Court. He died in 1734. Thorn- 
 hill was also occasionally employed aa an 
 architect. 
 
 THORNTON, BONNEL, a witty mis- 
 cellaneous writer and poet, was born, in 
 1724, in London; was educated at West* 
 minster School, and at Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford ; took the degree of bachelor of medi- 
 cine, but never practised; was in habits 
 of friendship with many of the wits of that 
 period; and died in 1768. The Connois- 
 seur \vis the joint production of him and 
 Colman. He translated a part of Plautus; 
 and wiote a burlesque Ode on St. Cecilia ' 
 
TIB 
 Day, The Battle of the W.gs, and a varitty 
 
 of humorous pieces. 
 
 THORNTON, MATTHEW, was 
 
 born 
 
 in Ireland in 1714, and when about two or 
 
 three years old his father emigrated to at the head of the elegiac poets. 
 
 America, and finally Fettled in Worcester, 
 Massachusetts. Young Thornton pursued 
 the study of medicine, and commenced the 
 practice of his profession in Londonderry, 
 New Hampshire. In 1776 he was chosen 
 
 Rome. 
 
 TIL 
 
 He was the friend of Hor. ce, 
 
 of many other eminent contemporaries, and 
 is believed to have died shortly after Virgil 
 His four books of Elegies have placed him 
 
 TICKELL, THOMAS, a poet, was born t 
 in 1686, at Mridekirk, in Cumberland; was 
 educated at Queen's College, Oxford; was 
 the friend of Addison, who made him under 
 secretary of state ; was appointed, in 1724, 
 
 a delegate to the continental congress, and | secretary to the Lords Justices in Irehu 
 affixed his name to the declaration 
 
 of in- 
 dependence. He was afterwards chief 
 justice of the court of common pleas, and 
 judge of the superior court, of his adopted 
 state. He died in 1803. 
 
 THOU, JAMES AUGUSTUS DK, emi- 
 nent as a magistrate and an historian, was 
 born, in 1553, at Paris. After having 
 studied the law at Orleans and Valence, 
 and travelled in Italy, he entered into 
 public life, and was successively clerk of 
 the parliament, master of requests, and 
 president ft mortier. Henry IV. he served 
 with zeal, and was much esteemed by him. 
 He died in 1617. His History of his own 
 Times, in Latin, has been often reprinted. 
 
 THUCYDIDES, a Greek historian, 
 descended from the kings of Thrace, 
 
 born, B.C. 469, at Ath 
 
 Having failed 
 
 to relieve Amphipolis, which was besieged 
 by the Lacedemonians, he was banished by 
 his countrymen, and he retired into Thrace, 
 where he had large possessions. Nothing 
 certain is known of the remainder of his 
 life; but he is supposed to have died about 
 B. c. 400. As an historian he ranks high 
 among the writers of ancient times. 
 
 THUNBERG, CHARLKS PETER, an 
 eminent Swedish naturalist and traveller, 
 was born in 1743, and was the pupil of 
 Linmeus, and his successor at the universi- 
 ty of Upsal. In his ardent zeal to improve 
 the science of botany, he visited various 
 parts of the globe. He died in 1828. Be- 
 sides his Travels in Europe, Africa, and 
 Asia, which were translated into English, 
 he wrote several valuable works on natural 
 history. 
 
 TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NK- 
 RO, a Roman emperor, was born, B. c. 34, 
 at Rome. During the reign of Augustus, he 
 was successful at the head of the armies in 
 Spain, Armenia, Germany, and^other prov- 
 inces, but, falling into disgrace, he resided 
 for some years, as an exile, at Rhodes. He 
 was, however, restored to favour, and he was 
 again victorious a? the leader of the legions 
 in Germany. On his accession to the throne, 
 his ac's gave promise of a beneficent sover- 
 eign; but he soon became licentious and 
 sanguinary, and, after a reign of nearly 
 twenty-three years, he died, universally 
 bated^ at Misneum, A. D. 37. 
 
 T1BULLUS, AULUS ALBIUS, a Latin 
 poet- f an equestrian family, was born at 
 
 and held that oflice till his death, in 1710. 
 His Poems, which have much sweetness and 
 elegance, form a part of the collected worka 
 of the British Poets. His translation of the 
 first book of the Iliad occasioned the rup- 
 ture'between Pope and Addison. 
 
 TICKELL, RICHARD, a grandson of 
 the foregoing, was born at Bath; obtained 
 a pension and a place in the stamp oflice; 
 and was killed, in 1793, by throwing him- 
 self in a fit of phrenzy from the window of 
 his apartments in Hampton Court Palace. 
 He wrote two poems, The Project, and The 
 Wreath of Fashion ; Anticipation, and oth 
 er political pamphlets; and the Carnival of 
 Venice, a comic opera. 
 
 TILGHMAN, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 jurist, was born, in 1756, in Talbot county, 
 
 on the eastern shore of Maryla 
 
 1772 
 
 he began the study of law in Philadelphia, 
 but was not admitted to the practice of the 
 profession till 1783. In 1788, and for some 
 
 successive years, he was elected a 
 
 rep re- 
 
 sentative to the legislature of Maryland. 
 In 1793 l>e returned to Philadelphia, and 
 pursued the practice of the law in that city 
 till 1S01, when he was appointed chic'f 
 judge of the circuit court of the United 
 States for the third circuit. After the abo- 
 lition of this court, he resumed his profes- 
 sion, and continued it till 1805, when he 
 was appointed president of the courts of 
 common p!e:is in the first district of Penn- 
 sylvania. In the following year he was 
 commissioned as chief justice of the su- 
 preme court of that state. He died iu 
 1827. 
 
 T1LLEMONT, SEBASTIAN LE NA1N 
 DE, a French ecclesiastical writer, wja 
 born, in 1637, at Paris; was educated at 
 the. seminary of Port Royal, where Nico/e 
 was his preceptor in logic; look orders, on 
 which occasion he assumed the name of 
 Tillemont, his family name being Le Nain; 
 and died, generally respected, in 1698. He 
 wrote a History of the Emperors ; and Me- 
 moirs for the Ecclesiastical History for the 
 first six centuries. 
 
 TILLI, JOHN TZERCLAES, count de, 
 a celebrated German general, was born at 
 Brussels, of an illustrious family, towards 
 the close of the sixteenth century". Origin- 
 ally he was a Jesuit, but he quitted that 
 order to take arms. He first Hgnalurd 
 himself in Hungary against the Turk*. 
 
4* TIL 
 
 Subsequently he rose to high jommanu in 
 ihe Bavarian service, and next in the Im- 
 perial, nnd gained several victories between 
 1620 and 1631 ; in which last year he eter- 
 nally disgraced himself by his rrnelty at the 
 storming of Magdeburgh. Gustavus Adol- 
 plr.is dcfi-ated him at Lutzen in 1631, and 
 again at the passing of the Lech, in 1632, 
 in which action Tilli was mortally wound- 
 ed. 
 
 TILLOCH, ALEXANDER, was born, in 
 1757, ai Glasgow, where he received a 
 liberal education. While resident at his 
 Dative place he invented stereotype print- 
 ing; but, after having joined with Mr. 
 Foulis to carry it on, and taken out a pa- 
 tent, he had the mortification to find that 
 the process had been previously discovered 
 by Ged. Settling in London, he became 
 editor and one of the proprietors of the Star 
 newspaper, and, in 1797, he established the 
 Philosophical Magazine. He died Janua- 
 ry 26, 1825. Tilloch made some improve- 
 ments on the steam engine. 
 
 TILLOTSON, JOHN, an eminent pre- 
 late, was born, in 1630, at Sowerhy, in 
 Yorkshire, and was educated at Clare Hall, 
 Cambridge. He was of a puritan family, 
 and was brought up in their religious prin- 
 ciples, but. he conformed to the church in 
 1662. Between that period and 1669 he 
 was, successively, curate of Cheshunt, rec- 
 tor of Keddington, preacher in Lincoln's 
 
 T1R 
 
 deoeaee look place n 1694. Fie died poor 
 the copyright of his Posthumous Sermon*, 
 which sold for two thousand five hundred 
 guineas, being all that his family in!u i itrd. 
 His works f.irm three folio vt.l:nncs. 
 
 TI.NDAL, MATTHF.W, a dcistic-.il wii- 
 U-r, \\as born, about 1657, at Hrrr Feners, 
 in Devonshire; was educated at Liiic<>la 
 ( 'olh'gc, Oxford, ami obtained a fellowship 
 in All Souls; and died in 17o3. Anu.ng 
 his works are, The rights of the C'hrit-.tiu:i 
 Church asserted; and Christianity as old 
 as the Creation. 
 
 TLXDAL, NICHOLAS, nephew of th- 
 foregoing, was born, in 1687, in Devon- 
 shire; was educated at Oxford; uhtainvd 
 arious livings, and the chaplains-hip i.f 
 Greenwich Hospital; and died i,i 1774. 
 He wrote a continuation of Rapin; ti uns- 
 tated Calmet and Cantemir; and abridged 
 Spence's Polvmetis. 
 
 TINTORETTO, a celebrated painU-r, 
 whose real name was JAMES ROJsl S'i'I, 
 was the son of a dyer, from which ctrcrui- 
 stance he derived his pictorial appellation. 
 Hie was born, in 1512, at Venice, and was 
 a pupil of Titian, who became jealous of 
 talents, and dismissed him from his 
 school. He rose to high reputation, and 
 was employed by the Venetian goveinment 
 o paint a picture of the victory gained o\rr 
 the Turks in 1571. Most of his finest com- 
 positions are at Venice, where he died, in 
 1594. 
 
 TIPPOO SAHEB, or SAID, sultan of 
 Mysore, was born in 1749, and suc.ce; -de.-' 
 .o the throne in 1782, on the death of I!\- 
 der Ali, his father. In 1784, he concluded 
 a peace with the East India Company ; but 
 ic never for a moment ceased to cherish the 
 lope of expelling the British from Hiudos- 
 an. His attack, in 1790, upon our ally, 
 he rajah of Travaucore, brought on a war 
 vith the Company, in the third campaign 
 >f which he was invested in his capital, and 
 compelled to purchase a peace at the price 
 af one half ol his dominions. Still impla- 
 cable, he continued his plots against the 
 
 Inn, lecturer at St. Lawrence Jewry, and! English. The result was a f-ec.ond and 
 gained reputation both as a preacher and a final war, which terminated Mav 4, 1799, 
 
 - T i f*~r\ i l l .1 f o " *l J .L 
 
 controversial ist. In 1670 he was made a 
 prebendary, and, two years afterwards, dean 
 of Canterbury. In 1683 he attended Lord 
 Russet on the scaffold, and laboured, but, 
 of course, in vain, to draw from him a dec- 
 laration in favour of passive obedience. 
 This blot in his character is to be regretted. 
 At the Revolution, he was appointed clerk 
 of the closet to his majesty, and in the fol- 
 
 by the storming of Seringapatam, the death 
 of Tippoo, who fell in the assault, and the 
 political extinction of the descendants of 
 Hyder. 
 
 TIRABOSCHI, JEROME, an Italian 
 writer, was born, in 1731, at Bergamo, and 
 died in 1794, counsellor and librarian to the 
 duke of Modena. His works are numerous 
 and valuable. Among them are, Memoirs 
 
 lowing year he exchanged his deanery for of Modenese writers; and Notices of Paint- 
 that of St. Paul's. In 1691, after fruitless! ere, Sculptors, &c. ; but his great produc- 
 attcmpts to avoid the honour, he accepted, tion is The History of Italian Literature, 
 with unfeigned reluctance, the see of Can- sixteen vols. quarto. 
 
 terbury, which was become vacant by the TISSOT, SIMON ANDREW, an emi 
 deprivation of Sancroft. This promotion, nent Swiss physician, was born, in 1728, 
 kowTr, he did not long mrvivr, as hi* at Granry, in the Pays de Vaud ; tudid 
 
JOB 
 
 mniae at Montpellier; tattled at Lav- 
 anne, where IIP became celebrated, partic- 
 ularly for bis now method of treating the 
 smallpox; was for three years medical pro- 
 fessor at Pavia ; and died, in 1797, at Lau- 
 sanne. His works were collected by him 
 elf in ten volumes 12mo. 
 
 TOC 
 
 431 
 
 TITIAN, whose name was TIZIANO 
 VECELLI, the greatest painter of the 
 Venetian school, was born, in 1477 or 
 1-180, at Pieve de Cadore, in Friuli; was 
 a pupil of Zuccati and Bellini; and im- 
 proved his original stylo by observing the 
 works of Giorgione. He was patronised 
 and highly honoured by Charles V., Phil- 
 ip II., and other princes. His powers 
 continued undiminislvod till almost the 
 latest period of his existence, and, as he 
 was indefatigable in his art, and lived to 
 the age of nearly a hundred, his works are 
 numerous. They still retain their rank 
 among the highest efforts of pictorial skill. 
 Titian died of the plague, in 1576. 
 
 TITUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS, 
 FLAVIUS, a Roman emperor, the son of 
 Vespasian, was born A. i>. 40. After hav- 
 ing distinguished himself in arms, particu- 
 larly at the siege of Jerusalem, he ascended 
 the throne A. D. 79. His early licentious- 
 ness inspired fears as to his future conduct, 
 but he discarded hi* vices, and acted in 
 such a manner as to be denominated the 
 delight of the human race. He was the 
 father of his people. On one occasion, 
 having within the twenty-four hours per- 
 formed no act of kindness, he e ^claimed, 
 " My friends, I have lost a day!" He 
 reigned little more than two years 
 
 TOBIN, JOHW, a dramatic writer, wan 
 born, in 1770, at Salisbury; was educated 
 at private schools at Southampton and 
 Bristol ; and was brought up as a solicitor. 
 He had an irresistible propensity to dra- 
 matic composition, and at the age "of twen- 
 ty-four had written several plays ; and he 
 continued his labours till the close of his 
 existence. In his applications to theatri- 
 cal managers, however, he was uniformly 
 unsuccessful; little to the credit of their 
 judgment. It was not till he was sinking 
 tat* the frave from consumption that bis 
 
 mm ' 
 
 Hooey Moon was accepted, and lie did n t 
 live to witness its success. He died De- 
 cember 8, 1804. The Curfew, and Toe 
 School for Authors, were subsequently 
 represented. 
 
 TOFINO DE SAN MIGUEL, VIN- 
 CENT, a Spanish astronomer and hydro- 
 grapher, was born, in 1740, at Carthagena 
 or Mexico ; entered the naval service, and 
 rose to be brigadier of marines; was em- 
 ployed in surveying the Spanish coast ; 
 and died in 1806. He is the author of a 
 Compendium of Geometry; Astronomical 
 Observations; and an excellent Atlas of 
 the Coasts of Spain. 
 
 TOLAND, JOHN, a deistical writer, 
 was born, in 1669, near Londonderry ; was 
 originally a Roman Catholic, but became 
 a dissenter, and, lastly, a sceptic ; was 
 educated at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Ley- 
 den ; was employed in secret missions to 
 the German courts; and died in 1722 
 Among hid works are, Christianity not 
 mysterious ; Nazarenus ; Pant heist icon ; 
 Tetradymus; Amyntor ; and a Life of 
 Milton. 
 
 TOMLINE, GEORGE, whose family 
 name was PRETTY MAN, a prelate and 
 writer, was born, about 1750, at Bury St. 
 Edmund's, where his father was a trades- 
 man. He was educated at Bury School, 
 and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and 
 was senior wrangler in 1772. Mr. Pitt, 
 to whom he had been academical tutor, 
 made him his private secretary, gave him 
 the living of Sudbury, and a prebend of 
 Westminster, and, in 1787, raised him to 
 the see of Lincoln, whence, in 1820, Dr. 
 Tomline was translated to that of Win- 
 chester. He died November 8, 1827. Hi 
 principal works are, Elements of Chris- 
 tian Theology; Refutation of the Charge 
 of Calvinism against the Chur :h of Eng- 
 land ; and a Life of Mr. Pitt. 
 
 TOOKE.JoHN HORNE, a polit etaat 
 and philologist, who for many years *a* 
 known By his family name of Home, waa 
 born, in 1736, in Westminster; was edu- 
 cated at Westminster and Eton school*, 
 and St. John's College, Cambridge; nn<i 
 in 1760 was idcte 1 to the rbapclry r<f 
 
TOR 
 
 TCU 
 
 New Brentford. The clerical profession, ' Dominic ; became inquisitor general IV 
 however, was little suited to his habits i 1483; and died in 1498. In the course of 
 and feelings, and he took an active part in sixteen years he jjave lo the (lames no lest 
 politics. The cause of Wilkes he warmly than eight thousand eight hundred victims, 
 espoused for a considerable time, but at besides executing nearly as many in effigy, 
 length they became enemies. In 1771 he condemning ninety thousand to perpetual 
 \vas attacked by Junius, but he defended imprisonment and other severe punit-h- 
 himeelf with spirit and success against incuts, and expelling from Spain above 
 that formidable writer. Resigning his eight hundred thousand Jews, 
 living at Brentford, he studied law at the i TORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA, a eel- 
 Temple, but his ecclesiastical character ebrated Italian geometrician, was born, in 
 proved an obstacle to his being admitted 1608, at Modighana, or. as some assert, at 
 to the bar. In 1775 he wa? sentenced to ,1'iancaldoli ; began hu education under 
 
 imprisonment on a charge of having libel- 
 led the king's troops in America. Out of 
 this circumstance arose his Letter to Dun- 
 ning, which formed the basis of his subse- 
 
 the Jesuits at Faenza, and completed it at 
 Rome; was invited to Florence by Gali- 
 leo; and succeeded that eminent man a* 
 professor of mathematics. The grand 
 
 qnent philological work, The Diversions duke also appointed him his muthemati- 
 of Purley, published in 1786. In 1790, } cian. Torricelli died in 1647. His geo- 
 and 1796, he stood, ineffectually, as can- metrical works form a quarto volume. To 
 Hidate for Westminster; and in 1794 he him science ia indebted for the invention 
 was one of the persons who were tried at of the barometer. 
 
 the Old Bailey, and acquitted, on a charge 
 of treason. In 1801 he was returned to 
 parliament for Old Sarum; but he sat 
 only during that session, a bill being pass- 
 ed to prevent individuals in orders from 
 sitting in future. He died March 19, 
 1812. 
 
 TOOKE, WILLIAM, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, in 1744, at Islington. 
 He was originally a printer, but took 
 orders in 1771, and went to Russia, where 
 he became chaplain to the factory at St. 
 Petersburgh. He returned to England in 
 1792, and died in 1820. Among his works 
 are translations of Lucian, and ZoJlikof- 
 fer's Sermons and Prayers; and A History 
 of Russia; A View of the Russian Em- 
 pire; A Life of Catherine II.; and other 
 productions relative to Russia. 
 
 TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE, 
 an eminent Calvinistic divine, was born, 
 in 1740, at Farnham, in Surrey ; was 
 educated at Westminster School, and at 
 Trinity College, Dublin; and died in 1778, 
 vicar of Broad Hembury, in Devonshire. 
 Toplady was a strenuous opponent of 
 Wesley. His works form six volumes 
 octavo. 
 
 TORDENSKIOLD, PETER, a cele- 
 brated Danish admiral, was born, in 1691, 
 at Drontheim, in Norway, and was killed 
 in a duel, in 1720. His family name was 
 WESSEL, but, for his exploits his sover- 
 eign gave him the name of Tordenskiold, 
 compounded from words signifying thun- 
 der and shield. Among his achievements 
 were the capturing of a Swedish squadron 
 in the port of Dynekiln, and the taking of 
 the town of Marstrand and the citadel of 
 Carlnlein. 
 
 TORQUEMADA, THOMAS UE, the 
 first inquisitor general of Spain, a man 
 infamous for his barbarity, was born in 
 1426; wa* x ruonU of the ord*r of St. 
 
 TORRINGTON, GEORGE BYNG 
 viscount, a British admiral, was born, in 
 1668, in Kent; became a rear admiral in 
 1703; and, during the reign of Queen 
 Anne, distinguished himself at the taking 
 of Gibraltar, the battle of Malaga, and 
 the relieving of Barcelona. In 1718 he 
 defeated the Spanish fleet off Sicily; in 
 1721 he was created a viscount; and* wa* 
 afterwards appointed first lord of the admi- 
 ralty. He died in 1733. 
 
 TORSTEJNSON, 1 EONARP, count, a 
 celebrated Swedish gei*ral, was born, in 
 1595, at the castle of Forstena; commenc- 
 ed his career as page t - Gustavus Adol- 
 phus; was rapidly promote' lor his military 
 talent by that monarch; and distinguished 
 himself on numerous occasions during the 
 thirty years' war, particularly by gaining 
 the battles of Breitenfclt and Jankovitz. 
 destroying great part of the army of Gat- 
 las, and conquering Holstein, Sleswick, 
 and Jutland. He died in 1654. 
 
 TOTT, FRANCIS, baron de, a French 
 negotiator and officer, the son of a Hun- 
 arian gentleman, was born, in 1733, at 
 
 gar 
 Ch; 
 
 hamigny, near la Ferte-sous-Jouarre, and, 
 after having served in the army, was em- 
 ployed in the French embassy at Constan- 
 tinople. In 1767 he was appointed coiieul 
 in the Crimea. He subsequently went 
 back to Constantinople, and was charged 
 by the grand seignor to cany into cflect 
 various important reforms in the military 
 department. He was pronged on hit 
 return to France, but emit afjd in 1790, 
 and died in Hungary, in 11. OS. He wrote 
 Memoirs on the Turks an ' Tartars. 
 
 TOURNKFORT, JOSEPH PITTON 
 DF, an eminent botanist, was born, in 
 1656, at Aix, in Provence; manifested at 
 a very early age a love of ootaiu ; studied 
 medicine and anatomy a' Jdontpelliet ; 
 travelled in various part* of Enr<j-.e ,\n>\ 
 
TRA 
 
 TRR 
 
 and died in 1705, professor of physic] wai born, A. D. 52, at Italica, in Spain, 
 in the royal college, and of botany in the After having distinguished himself at the 
 king's garden at Paris. Tournefort has head of the legions in Lower Germany, he 
 been called the first restorer of botanical was, at the age of forty-two, adopted by 
 science. Amungliis works are, Voyages Nerva. On the death of that monarch, 
 in the Levant; Elements of Botany; and A. I). 98, Trajan was invested wit: wie 
 a History of Plants in the Environs of imperial purple. The adoption of Nerva, 
 Paris. ! and the choice of the senate, were justified 
 
 TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, a ne- by the conduct of the emperor. In his 
 gro of great talents, was born, in 1743, in civil capacity he ruled for the welfare of 
 St. Domingo. His early years were spent! his people; in his military character, he 
 in slavery on the estate of Count Noe. ; sustained the glory of Rome, by defeating 
 When the blacks threw off the yoke, the: the Dacians, Parthians, Arabians, A rme- 
 abilkies and courage of Toussaiat soon'nians, and Persians. The column which 
 raised him to the highest rank among! bears his name was raised in the Roman 
 them. By hia wise measures lie succeed- capital to commemorate his victories. He 
 ed in expelling the English, reducing the died A. D. 117. 
 
 Spanish part of the island, and restoring 
 peace and order in the colony; for which 
 
 the central assembly of St. Domingo voted 
 , . . i .. f j i 
 
 TRAPP, JOSEPH, a divine and poet, 
 was born, in 1679, at Cherrington, in 
 Gloucestershire; was educated at Wad- 
 
 him the dignity of governor and president ham College, Oxford, at which university 
 for life. Anxious to recover so valuable a 'he was professor of poetry; and died, in 
 possession, Bonaparte, in 1801, dispatched j 1747, rector of Harlington, Middlesex. 
 General Leclerc with a large army. A ' His principal works are, A Translation of 
 desperate contest ensued, in which "Tous-! Virgil; Praelectiones Poeticae; Sermons; 
 
 Poems; and Abramule, a tragedy. 
 
 TREMBLEY, ABRAHAM, a natural- 
 ist, was born, in 1700, at Geneva. After 
 
 paint was overcome. He was sent a 
 
 pris- 
 
 oner to France, and the sable hero died in 
 the fort of Joux, April 27, 1803. 
 
 TOWERS, JOSEPH, a miscellaneous' having been tutor to the families of Lord 
 writer, was born, in 1737, in South wark; Beotinck and the duke of Richmond, he 
 was successively a printer, a bookseller, returned, in 1757, to his native city, where 
 and a preacher among the Unitarians; re- he became one of the members of the great 
 ceived the degree of doctor of laws from council. He died in 1784. By his Me- 
 
 the university of Edinburgh; and died in 
 1799. Among his works are, British Bi- 
 ography; a Life of Frederic, King of 
 Prussia ; and many political and other 
 tracts. He a.so contributed to Dr. Kip- 
 pis'a edition of the Biographia Britan- 
 nic*. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOSEPH, a divine and 
 writer, was born about 1740; was educat- 
 ed at Clare Hall, Cambridge ; studied 
 physic under Dr. Cullen, at Edinburgh, 
 but became chaplain to Lady Huntingdon, 
 and was satirised by Graves in The Spir- 
 itual Quixote; obtained the living of Pew- 
 Bey, in Wiltshire; and died in 1816. He 
 was eminent as a scholar, mineralogist, 
 and conchologist. Of his works the chief 
 are, Travels in Spain; The Physician's 
 Vade Mccum; Sermons; and The Charac- 
 ter of Mo.*-s as an Historian established. 
 
 TRADESCANT, JOHN, a Dutch natu- 
 ralist, who, after visiting various parts of 
 Europe, settled in England, established at 
 Lambeth a garden of exotics, and was ap- 
 pointed gardener to Charles I. He died 
 about 1652. His son, JOHN, who died in 
 1662, published, with the title of Museum 
 Tradescantium, a description of his father's 
 collection of curiosities. The flower called 
 Tradescantia was brought from Virginia 
 by the latter. 
 TRAJAN, MARC ;s ULPIUS CRISITUS, 
 
 moirs on Fresh Water Polypes he ac- 
 quired reputation, and admiss'ion into the 
 Royal Society and other learned bodies. 
 He also wrote, Instructions from a Father 
 to his Children on Nature and Religion ; 
 Instructions on Natural and Revealed Re- 
 ligion; and Inquiries info the Principle of 
 Virtue and Happiness. 
 
 TRENCHARD, JOHN, a political wri- 
 ter of the whig party, was born, in 1669, 
 in Somersetshire ; quitted the bar, and 
 was appointed commissioner of forfeited 
 estates in Ireland; and died in 1723. He 
 wrote various pamphlets, and, in conjunc- 
 tion with Gordon, The Independent Whig; 
 and Cato's Letters. 
 
 TRENCK, FREDERIC, baron de, a 
 Prussian officer, celebrated for his adven- 
 tures, was born, in 1726, at Koenigsberg, 
 and made such rapid progress in his stud- 
 ies, that, at the age of seventeen, he waa 
 presented to the king, as the most remark- 
 able student in the university. Frederic 
 rapidly advanced him in the army, and 
 manifested much regard for him; but t.ia 
 personal and mental accomplishments of 
 Trenck having won the heart of the Prin- 
 cess Amelia, the monarch, her brother, ie- 
 solved to punish him. Trenck was con- 
 fined at Glatz, but contrived to escape. 
 He then visited the north of Europe, Aus- 
 tria, and Italy. . In 1758, he was seized 
 a Roman emperor, tin-named OpTiMU,'at Dantzick, and was conveyed to Mafd 
 
M TRO 
 
 burgh, where, loaded with iron*, he was 
 incarcerated for nearly ton years in a hor 
 rible dungeon. After his " lil>eration In 
 withdrew to Vienna. He was subsequent 
 Ij a wine merchant at Aix U Chape lie 
 and a cultivator of his rotate in Hungary 
 In 1791 he settled in France, and in !?!>! 
 he closed his eventful career under the axe 
 of the guillotine. He wrote his own M 
 moirs, and some other works of considera- 
 ble merit. 
 
 TRESIIAM, HENRY, a painter and 
 poet, was born in Ireland, and imbibed 
 the principles of art from West, of Dub- 
 lin. He accompanied Lord Cuwdor t 
 Italy, and resided for fourteen years in 
 that country. On his return to England 
 he became a royal academician. He died 
 in 1814. Tresham wrote three poems, 
 The Seasick Minstrel; Rome at Uie close 
 of the Eighteenth century; and Britamii- 
 cus to Bonaparte. 
 
 TRESSAN, Louis ELIZABKTH DE 
 LA VERGNE, count de, a distinguished 
 French officer and writer, was born, in 
 1705, at MODS; signalized his valour in 
 the army during several campaigns, par 
 ticulai ly at the battle of Fontenoy ; was 
 appointed grand marshal of the court of 
 Stanislaus at Lorraine in 1730; was ad- 
 mitted into the French Academy in 1781 ; 
 and died in 1783. His select works form 
 twelve volumes, and contain his miscella- 
 neous pieces, and his translations of Ama- 
 dis de Gaul, The Orlando Furioso, and 
 several old French romances. Tressan 
 did not confine himself to subjects of mere 
 amusement; as early as 1749 he wrote a 
 Treatise on Electricity, which was not 
 published till more than thirty years af- 
 terwards. 
 
 TREVETT, SAMUEL R., a surgeon 
 in the army of the Uni ted States, was burn 
 at Marblehead, Massachusetts ^ in 1783, 
 and was graduated at Harvard College. 
 After studying the profession- of medicine, 
 he commenced practice in Boston, but be- 
 ing naturally of a chivalrous cast of 
 character, he sought and obtained an ap- 
 poiut:nea' in the medical department of 
 the navy He was in the Constitution 
 during her cruise before the last war, on 
 board the United States when she captured 
 the Macedonian, and was in the President 
 when she was captured by the British 
 fleet. He distinguished himself very much 
 by hi.- intrepid conduct when a passenger 
 in the steam boat Phoenix, which was 
 burned on Lake Champlain, in September 
 1819. After the war he had been ap- 
 pointed Burgeon of the Navy Yard at 
 Charlestown, and in 1822 he was stationed 
 as surgeon on board the sloop of war Pea- 
 cock, bound on a summer cruise to the 
 West Indies. He waa seized with the 
 fevr, and died at Norfolk in No- 
 
 TYL 
 
 vcmbcr of that year. For some time be- 
 fore sailing on his last cruise he had been 
 engaged in collecting materials for the bi- 
 ographv of American physicians. 
 
 TRIBOMAN, a celebrated jurisconsult, 
 was born, alx>ut the beginning of the sixth 
 century, at Sida, in Pamphylia; obtained 
 reputation at the bar, and rose, through a 
 succession of state offices, to those of pre- 
 torian prefect and consul. Justinian in- 
 trusted to him the superintendence of live 
 compiling of his new code of laws. This 
 ta>k was begun i.i 530 and completed in 
 534. Tribonian, whose rapacity and ve- 
 nality were at least equal to his talents, 
 died about 547. 
 
 TRIMMER, SARAH, an active and in- 
 telligent female, the daughter of Kirby, 
 who wrote on Perspective, was born, in 
 1741, at Ipswich, and died December 15, 
 1810. She wrote several useful works to 
 promote the diffusion of education. 
 
 TRISSINO, JOHN GEORGE, an Ita - 
 ian poet, was born, in 1478, at Vicenza; 
 was educated at Rome and Milan, and had 
 Chalcondyles for one of his tutors ; was 
 employed by Leo X. and his successor 
 Clement on various diplomatic missions; 
 nd died in 1550. Among his works are, 
 The Deliverance of Italy from the Goth*, 
 an epic poem ; and the tragedy of Sopho- 
 nisba. 
 
 TROMP, MARTIK HERBERTSON, a 
 celebrated Dutch admiral, was born, in 
 1597, at Brill; began his naval career at 
 an early age; defeated the Spaniards in 
 1637 and 1639; fought with great gallan- 
 try against the English, during the war 
 which began in 1652; and was killed in 
 an engagement in 1653. His son, NICH- 
 OLAS, who was born in 1629, and died in 
 1697, emulated the fame of his father, 
 )articularly in the four days' action in the 
 Downs, in 1666. 
 
 TRONCHIN, THEODORE, an emi- 
 nent physician, was born, in 1709, at 
 jJeneva; was educated at Cambridge; and 
 studied medicine under Boerhaave at Ley- 
 den. He first settled at Amsterdam, and 
 afterwards at his native city but subse- 
 quently removed to Paris on being ap- 
 >ointed physician to the duke of Orleans, 
 ie died in 1781. Tronchin was a man 
 of consummate skill in his profession, and 
 of great benevolence. He was the friend 
 f Voltaire, Rousseau, and many other 
 celebrated characters. 
 
 TROVVBRIDGE, EDMUND, a learned 
 uris-t, was born at Newton, in 1709, and 
 was graduated at Harvard College. He 
 Mirsued the profession of the law, ro*e to 
 listinction, in 1749 was appointed attor- 
 ney general, and a judge of the supreme 
 :ourt of Massachusetts in 1767. In 1772 
 le resigned his seat on ;he bench, and died 
 n retirement in 1793. 
 
TSC 
 
 TRUMBULL, JOHS, the author of 
 McFingal, was born in Connecticut in 
 1730, anil was educated at Yale College, 
 .vlieiv lie entered at a very early age. In 
 1 772 he published the first part of his poem, 
 Tliu Progress of Dulness. In the follow- 
 ing year, he was admitted to the bar in 
 Connecticut, and, removing to Boston, con- 
 tinued his legal studies in the office of John 
 Ad.im.-s. He returned to his native state 
 in 1774, and commenced practice at New 
 H.ivcn. The first part of McFingal was 
 published at Philadelphia, in 1775: the 
 poem was completed an i published in 1782 
 it Hartford, where the auth-jr at that time 
 lived. More than thirty editions of this 
 work have been printed. In 1789 he was 
 appointed state attorney for the county of 
 Hertford, and in 1801 was appointed a 
 j.uige of the superior court of errors and 
 tic-Li this appointment till 1819. In 1820 
 a collection of his poems \\as published in 
 two vols. 8vo. In 1825 he removed to 
 Detroit, where he died, in May 1831. 
 
 TRUXTO.X, THOMAS, an officer in the 
 Ameri-tan navy, was born on Long Island 
 in 1755. In 1775 he commanded a vessel, 
 and distinguished himself by his depreda- 
 tions on British commerce during the rev- 
 olution. He subsequently engaged in com- 
 merce, till the year 1794, when he was ap- 
 pointed to the frigate Constitution. In 
 1799 he captured the French frigate L'ln- 
 Burgente; and in the following year he 
 obtained a victory over the La Vengeance. 
 On the close of the French war he retired 
 from the navy, and died at Philadelphia 
 in 1822. 
 
 TRYPHIODORUS, a Greek poet and 
 grammarian, is believed to have been an 
 Egyptian, and to have lived in the begin- 
 ning of the sixth century. All his works 
 are lost, with the exception of nearly sev- 
 en hundred verses on the destruction of 
 Troy. 
 
 TSCllIRNLR, HENRY THF.OPHILUS, 
 an eminent German theologian, and high- 
 ly esteemed as a pulpit orator, was born, 
 in 1778, in the vicinity of Chemnitz; was 
 professor of theology at Wittenberg; and 
 died February 17, 1828. He wrote The 
 Fall of Paganism; Christian Apolo- 
 getics; A Treatise on Catholicism and 
 Protestantism, considered in a political 
 point of view; The System of Reaction; 
 and other works. 
 
 TSCHIRNHAUSE.EHRENFRED 
 
 WALTHER I>E, a German geometrician 
 and experimental philosopher, was born, 
 in 1651, in Lusatia, and was lord of Kil- 
 lengswald and SlaUenberg in that country. 
 He studitvl at Leyden, and, after having 
 ervctl in the army and travelled, he de- 
 voted himself to scientific pursuits. He 
 died in 1708. -He establish! several glass 
 loupes tn improve the girts. wed for optical 
 
 TTJI, 
 
 489 
 
 instrument*; constructed an enormous burn* 
 ing mirror; gave rise to the manufacture 
 of Saxon porcelain; and discovered a par- 
 ! ticular kind of curve, which now bears his 
 name. He wrote De Medicina Mentis 
 et Corporis; and some philosophical pa- 
 pers. 
 
 TUCKER, ABRAHAM, a metaphysical 
 writer, born, in 1705, in London, was the 
 son of a merchant, and was educated at 
 Bishop Stortford School, and Merton Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He studied for a while a* 
 the Inner Temple, but was not called to the 
 bar. He died in 1774. His great work is, 
 The Light of Nature pursued, in seven vol. 
 umes octavo, of which the first half was 
 published by himself, under the fictitious 
 name of Edward Search. 
 
 TUCKER, JOSIAH, an acute writer on 
 politics and political economy, was born, 
 in 1712, at Langharn, in Caermarthen- 
 shire; was educated at St. John's College, 
 Oxford; and was, successively, curate of 
 All Saints, Bristol, rector of St. Stephens, 
 in the same city, minor canon and preben- 
 dary in the cathedral, and dean of Glou- 
 cester. During the American war he pub- 
 lished many pamphlets, and strenuously re- 
 commended the separation of the colonies 
 from the mother country. In his Treatise 
 on Civil Government he controverts the 
 doctrines of Locke. He died in 1799 
 Among his works are, Sermons ; Elements 
 of Commerce; and An Apology for the 
 Church of England. 
 
 TUCKEY, JAMES HINGSTON, a nau- 
 tical writer, was born, in 1778, at Green- 
 hill, in the county of Cork; entered the 
 navy at early age, and went to India; was 
 employed in surveying the coast of New 
 South Wales; was taken prisoner bv the 
 French in 1805, and remained in captivity 
 till 1814; and died in September, 1816, 
 while commanding the expedition of dis- 
 covery on the Congo river. He wrote 
 Maritime Geography. 
 
 TUDOR, WILLIAM, a man of letters, 
 was born in the state of Massachusetts, and 
 was graduated at Harvard Oollege in 1796. 
 He soon after visited Europe and passed 
 several years there. After having been 
 some time a member of the legislature of his 
 native state, he was appointed, in 1823, con- 
 sul at Lima and for the ports of Peru. In 
 1827 he was appointed charge d'affaires of 
 the United States at the court of Brazil 
 He died at Rio de Janeiro in 1830. Mr. 
 Tudor was the founder, and for two yeara 
 the sole editor of the North American Re- 
 view. He was the author of Letters on 
 the Eastern States, and a Life of James 
 Otis, and left a number of volumes in 
 manuscript, nearjy prepared for the 
 press. 
 
 TULL, JETHRO, an agricultural writer 
 wan burn nbout 1630: studied at one of th 
 
TUK 
 
 TV I. 
 
 m reritiea and the Temple, and was ad- general of the finances; but h)?> bc <v tenl 
 milted a barrister; but, on returning from views were thwarted by intrigues, and h 
 his travels, he settled on his estate, and was removed in 1776. " He died in 17SL 
 t!e\<>ic,l h mst-'if to agriculture. He died His works form nine \ohiines octavo. 
 in 1740. Tull is the inventor of the horse- Tl'R.NKR, WU.I.IAM, an English nat- 
 hor ing system of husbandry, on which he uralist of the sixteenth century, was born 
 wrote an Essay, in folio, and some smaller ; at Morphet, in iNortluur.bei laud ; was edit 
 tiarts. 'rated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; and 
 
 TtKK.VNE, HENRY DF. LA TOUR i died, in 1568, dean of Wells. He wrote, 
 D*AUVERGNE, YMCOOnt de, a consum- aiming other things, A H istr.ry of Plants, 
 
 Tiiate general, second son of the duke of 
 Bouillon, was born, in 1611, at Sedan; 
 had from hi.s childhood an irresistible pro- 
 
 which is the earliest English herbal. 
 
 TUSSER, THOMAS, one of <.ur earliest 
 
 agricultural writers, was horn, about 1515, 
 
 priisity to a military life; and was initia- at Rivenhull, in Essex, und, after having 
 ted in the art of war by five years' hard been a singing boy at St. Paul's, was edu- 
 eervice under his uncles, Maurice of Nas- catedat Eton, and at King's College, Cain- 
 au and Prince Frederic Henry. On his bridge. He spent ten years at com t, under 
 returning to France, a regi.nent was given the patronage of Lord Vaget, nnd then be- 
 to him. He displayed such talent in Lor- came a farmer in Suffolk. Tusser, who 
 raine, Germany, Italy, and Roussillon, that, died about 1580, is the author, in homely 
 
 + a |T _ * l : ' . . . \I-___.' iw- T i in'. r r* ' 
 
 anxious to fix him inhis interests, Mazarin 
 gave him the marshal's staff in 1644. In 
 1645 he was defeated at Mariendahl, but 
 wus soon amply avenged by the victory of 
 Nordlingen. During the war of the Fronde, 
 
 burb of St. Antoine. 
 the Spaniards, from 
 
 In the war against 
 1654 to 1659, he 
 
 gained the battle of the Downs, and a va- 
 riety of oilier advantages. He now en- 
 joyed some years of repose, during which 
 he abandoned the faith of his fathers, and 
 became a catholic. In the campaign of 
 3672 all the other marshals employed were 
 placed under his orders. Between tlvat 
 period and 1675 he compelled the elector 
 of Brandenburg to sign a peace, gained 
 the battle of Sintzheim, and, by a move- 
 ment of the most masterly kind, expelled 
 the Imperialists from Alsace, and drove 
 them over the Rhine. He sullied his glory, 
 nowever, by his barbarous conduct in the 
 Palatinate, which country he utterly devas- 
 tated bv fire and sword. In 1675 he was 
 opposed to Montecuculi, and the game of 
 wur was never played with greater skill 
 than by the two generals. furenne be- 
 fieved that he had at length found a favour- 
 able opportunity of attacking his enemy, 
 when he was killed, July 27, 1675, bv a 
 cannon b-ill, and the consequence of his 
 death was the immediate retreat of the 
 French 
 
 TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JAMES, a 
 French statesman, was born, in 1727, at 
 Paris. He studied at the Soibonne, and 
 was intended for the church, but relin- 
 quished the clerical profession, and was 
 made master of requests. In 1761 he was 
 appointed intendant of Limoges, which of- 
 fi'.-e he held for twelve years, greatly to the 
 advantage of the inhabitants of the Li- 
 aoiuiu. In 1774 be wax mrxde comptroller 
 
 verse, of Five Hundred Points of Gooi 
 Husbandry. 
 
 TWEDDEL, JOHN, a highly giftec 
 scholar, was born, in 1769, at 'Threep- 
 
 he at first espoused the cause of the princes, I II 
 and was beaten at Rhetel; but, having re- 
 joined the royal party, he was more suc- 
 cesst'ul in the battles of Gien and the su- 
 
 wood, near Hexham; was educated at 
 
 forth School, Yorkshire, next under 
 Dr. Parr, and lastly at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge; gained several prfzes at the 
 university; began his travels in 1795; and 
 died suddenly, at Athens, in 1799. The 
 manuscripts of the observation* which he 
 made in his journey were unfortunately lost. 
 A volume of his Correspondence was pub- 
 lished in 1815. His Juvenile Prolusions 
 appeared in 1794. 
 
 TWISS, RICHARD, an English traveller, 
 was born, in 1747, at Rotterdam. He wan 
 a man of fortune, and spent several years 
 in visiting various parts of the continent. 
 He died in 1821, at an advanced age. 
 Among his works are, Travels through 
 Spain and Portugal; A Tour in Ireland; 
 A Trip to Paris in 1792; Anecdotes of 
 Chess; and Miscellanies. His illiberal 
 attack on the natives of Ireland drew on 
 him a severe literary chastisement from the 
 Irish poet Preston. 
 
 TYCHSEN, OLAUS GERHARD, a cel- 
 ebrated Danish oriental scholar, was born, 
 in 1734, at Tondern, and died, December 
 30, 1815, professor of oriental kutgMffes 
 and librarian at Rostock. Among hi* 
 works are, Introductio in rein nummarium 
 Muhammedanorum ; Physiologus Syruo , 
 Tentamen de variis Codicurn Hebraicorum ; 
 and Arabic and Syriac Grammars. 
 
 TYLER, ROYALL, a lawyer and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born in Boston, 
 and graduated at Harvard College in 1776. 
 In 1790 he removed his residence to Ver- 
 mont, and soon distinguished himself in his 
 
 profi 
 
 f law. For HX years he was 
 
 an associate judge of the supreme court ol 
 
 that state, and 
 
 more chief 
 
 justice. He was the author of several dra* 
 matic piece* <.f contidcruble mark ; a novel 
 
ULP 
 
 ailed Tha Algetme Captive; and uunter- 
 ois pieces in prose and verse published in 
 the Farmer' A Museum, when edited by 
 Dennie. ti: addhi.m to these he published 
 two volumes entitled Vermont Reports. 
 He die;! at Bruttleboro', in 1825. 
 
 TYRREL, JVMES, an historian and 
 political writer, was born, in 1642, in 
 London; was educated at Queen's College, 
 Oxford; studied in the Inner Temple, and 
 was called to the bar, but, being possessed 
 of an independent fortune, did not prac- 
 tice. He died in 1718. He is the author 
 of A History of England; A Refutation of 
 FiLner; Political Dialogues; and other 
 works. 
 
 TYKTJ2US, a Greek poet, who flour- 
 ished about B. c. 684, is said to have been 
 a native of Miletus, and to have settled at 
 Athens. He was lame, and blind of one 
 eye. Defeated by the Messenians, the 
 Spartans applied fora general to the Athe- 
 nians, who, in derision, sent Tyrtaeiis, to 
 them. The bard, however, so inspired the 
 Spartans by his warlike songs that they 
 were victorious. Some fragments of his 
 battle strains are extant. 
 
 TYftWHITT, THOMAS, a judicious 
 critic, was born in 1730, and was educated 
 at Eton, and at Queen's College, Oxford. 
 In 1756 he was under secretary of state ; 
 and, in 1762, clerk to the house of com- 
 mons; but he resigned his situation in 
 1763, in order to devote himself to study. 
 
 40? 
 
 He wus u fellow of the Royal and Anti 
 quarh.ii Societies, and a curator of the 
 Hi -itish Museum. He died in 1786. Among 
 his works are, editions of Chaucer's Can- 
 terbury Tales, and the pseudo Rowley'* 
 poems, the latter of which he proves, to I* 
 the composition of ChaUerton; Dissertatio 
 de Babrio; notes on Euripides; and Con- 
 jectune in Strabonem. 
 
 TYTLER, WILLIAM, an historical and 
 miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1711, 
 at Edinburgh; was educated at the gram- 
 mar school and university of his native 
 city; followed the profession of a solicitor; 
 and died in 1792. His principal work is. 
 An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the 
 Evidence produced agaiust Mary Queen of 
 Scots. 
 
 TYTLER, ALEXANDER FRASER,son 
 of the foregoing, was born, in 1747, at Ed- 
 inburgh, in which city he was educated. 
 After having been professor of universal 
 history, at the university, and deputy judge 
 advocate for Scotland, ne was appointed a 
 senator of the college of justice in 1802, 
 on which occasion he took the title of Lord 
 Woodhouselee. In 1811 he was appointed 
 a commissioner of justiciary. He died in 
 1813. Among his works are, Decisions of 
 the Court of Sessions; A Treatise on Mil- 
 itary Law ; Elements of General History ; 
 An Essay on Translation; An Essay on 
 the Life of Petrarch; and Memoirs of Lord 
 Kames. 
 
 u 
 
 ULLOA, Don ANTHONY DE, an able 
 Spanish nava! officer and mathematician, 
 was born, in 1716, at Seville; entered the 
 navy in 1733; and at the age of only nine- 
 teen was chosen as one of the scientific 
 characters who were appointed to measure 
 a degree of the meridian in Peru. He was 
 ten years a resident in South America. 
 After his return he rose to high rank in 
 the navy, and was employed in various im- 
 portant offices by the government. Spain 
 is indebted to hiiv for many important 
 improvements. He died in 1795. He pub- 
 lished his Travels; and a Physico-Histor- 
 ical work on South America. 
 
 ULPHILAS, or WULFILAS, a 
 Gothic bishop, who flourished about the 
 middle of the fourth century. He was 
 deputed by the Goths, in 377, to obtain 
 leave from the Emperor Valens to settle 
 in one of the Roman provinces. His de- 
 cease is supposed to have taken place in 
 llie following year. He translated the 
 Gospels, and s.mie other parts of the Scrip- 
 tures, into the Gothic language. 
 
 ULPIAN, n<>MiTius, in eminent Ro- 
 
 man civilian, was tutor to the Emperor 
 Alexander Severus, who made him his 
 secretary, and afterwards pretorian pre- 
 fect. Having disobliged the soldiery by 
 his reforms, Ulpian was murdered by fheJi 
 in 228. Some fragments of his works are 
 extant. 
 
 ULUGH BEIGH, or OLEG BEK, a 
 Tartar prince, celebrated for his astrono- 
 mical knowledge, was a grandson of Taw- 
 erlane, and was born in 1393. His real 
 name was Mohammed Taragai. He formed 
 a seminary, and constructed an observatory, 
 at Samarcand, and was a patrc n of learn- 
 ing. He was slain, in 1449, by one of hia 
 sons who had rebelled against him. He 
 made a series of observations on the fixed 
 stars. His works have been published by 
 Greaves, and Dr. Hyde. 
 
 UNDERHILL, JOHN, one of the ear 
 liest settlers of Massachusetts, was sent by 
 Sir Henry Vane to command the troops at 
 Savbrook in 1637. He was engaged in the 
 expedition against the Pequots, and dis- 
 greatvalourandontei-pri.se. In 164] 
 
 was elected governor <;f Kxoter Do*- 
 
m TAI 
 
 Remorinf to Kew York, he di*U at Med- 
 lord. 
 
 URFE, HONORIUS D', a French writer, 
 was born, in 1557, at Marseilles; distin- 
 guished himself as a soldier during the 
 wars of the league, and as a negotiator at 
 Turin and Venice; and died in 1625. He 
 is the author of the romance of Astrea, 
 which was once exceedingly popular in 
 France, but is now completely forgotten. 
 His brother, the count de Lyon, wrote 
 a volume of sonnet?, with the title of 
 Diana. 
 
 USHER, JAMES, a divine and histori- 
 an, was born, in 1580, at Dublin, and was 
 educated at Trinity College, in that city. 
 In 1601 he took orders; in 1620 he was 
 made bishop of Meath; and, in 1624, was 
 raid to the archbishopric of Armagh. 
 
 Th rebellion rn Ireland drove bhn from 
 his see, and deprived him of every thing 
 but his library. To the cause of Charles I. 
 he was warmly attached. He died, in 
 1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Ushe~ is the 
 author of many learned works ; among 
 which may be mentioned, De Ecclesiarum 
 Christianarum Successione et Statu; Bri- 
 tannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates; An- 
 nals of the Old and New Testament; and 
 Chronologia Sacra. 
 
 USTARIZ, JEROME, the first Spanish 
 writer who distinguished himself by a 
 knowledge of political economy, was born, 
 in Navarre, towards the end of the seven- 
 teenth century, and died about the middle 
 of the eighteenth. His Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Commerce and Navigation h^i 
 been translated into English and French 
 
 VADE, JOHN JOSEPH, a French wri- 
 ter of broad farcei and songs, was born, 
 in 1720, at Ham, in Picardy. His career 
 was cut short, in 1757, by the consequen- 
 ces of the dissipation in which he had 
 spent his early youth. He was the first 
 who introduced on the stage the coarse but 
 emphatic slang language of the Parisian 
 mob. His works form six volumes. 
 
 VAHL, MARTIN, a Norwegian natu- 
 ralist and botanist, was born, in 1749, at 
 Bergen ; studied natural history, at Copen- 
 hagen and Upsal, under Stroem and Lin- 
 naeus; was sent to travel, at the king's 
 expense, over various parts of Europe and 
 the African coast; and died, in 1804, pro- 
 fessor of botany and inspector of the botanic 
 garden at Copenhagen. Among his works 
 are, Symbols; Botanicae ; Eclogae Ameri- 
 oanae ; Enumeratio Plantarum ; and a part 
 of the Danish Zoology. 
 
 VAILLANT, JOHN Foi, a celebrated 
 French numismatist, was born, in 1632, at 
 Beauvai?, and was brought up as a physi- 
 cian. To the study of medals he was first 
 led by a farmer bringing him some which 
 he had found; and he pursued it eagerly 
 and successfully. Employed by Colbert to 
 collect medals for the king's cabinet, Vail- 
 lant made numerous visits to Italy, Sicily, 
 and Greece. In one of his voyages, being 
 pursued by an Algerine pirate, he swal- 
 lowed twenty scarce gold medals, to save 
 them from the pursuers. He died in 1706. 
 His works on the medallic scier.cw are 
 numerous. His son, JOHN FRANCIS Foi, 
 trod in hid footsteps. 
 
 VAILLANT, SKBASTIAN, an eminent 
 botanist, was born, in 1669, at Vij:)v, near 
 Pontoise. Under his father, who was an 
 9rg*nit, h* wix-u n child acquired a pn - 
 
 ficiency in music; but he quitted 
 for the study of surgery. The lectures of 
 Tournefort, at Paris, revived Vaillant's 
 early predilection for botany, and to that 
 science he devoted himself. He died, in 
 1722, director and professor of the royal 
 garden. His great work is the Botanicon 
 Parisiense, on which he was thirty-eighr. 
 years occupied. 
 
 VALCKENAER, Louis CASPAR, one 
 of the most abla of modern philologists am 
 critics, was born, in 1715, at Leenwarden, 
 in Friesland ; and studied at Franeker and 
 Levden, at which latter university he died, 
 in 1785, professor of natural history, and 
 of the Greek language and antiquities. 
 Among his works are editions of various 
 classical productions. His Opuscula were 
 published in 1809, in two volumes. 
 
 VALDO, PETER, the founder of the 
 sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenses, war 
 born, in the twelfth century, at Vaux, i 
 Dauphiny, and acquired a considerable 
 fortune as a merchant at Lyons. The 
 sudden death of a friend produced such an 
 effect upon his mind, that he distributed 
 all his property to the poor, and began to 
 translate the B'ible, and explain it to them. 
 He also taught that the laity had the same 
 right as the clergy to preach and adminis- 
 ter the-sacramentp. The general council 
 of Lateran, in 1179, condemned his doc- 
 trines, and he and his followers were 
 obliged to take refuge in the mountains 
 of Dauphiny and Piedmont, where, for a 
 long period, they were brutally persecuted. 
 A remnant of them still exists in Piedmont. 
 
 VAI.H.XS, SLAVICS, a Roman cm; eror, 
 (he son of (Jratian, count c;f AV-'a, <vas 
 born, about 328, \n Panmmia. ' *T ' 
 ' hv hi* brother V . 
 
VAL VAL 489 
 
 to a share m the imperial authority, and ter of Malta. The city was attacked by a 
 he took the government of the East. After formidable force in 1565; but after a cfes- 
 having defeated the Persians and Goths, perate struggle of four months, the valour 
 he sulfeied the latter to settle in Lower j of Li Valette and his knights compelled 
 MoRsia. They, however, revolted, and the besiegers to retire with a loss of thirty 
 Viil.-ns was defeated by them, in 378, ! thousand men. He died in 1568 La Va- 
 nt-ar Adrianople. A house, to which the j lette founded the new city, which ttars his 
 r was conveyed, was set name. 
 
 VALLA, LAURENCE, one of tixj most 
 eminent philologists of the fifteenth con 
 tury, who contributed greatly to the diffu- 
 sion of classical literature, was born, in 
 1406, at Rome ; was a celebrated professor 
 at several Italian universities; was liber- 
 
 wounded emperor was conveyed, was set 
 on fire by the victors, and he perished in 
 the (lames. 
 
 VALENTINE, BASIL, an alchemist 
 and chemist, of whose life little is record- 
 ed, is said to have been born, in 1394, at 
 Erfurth, and to have been a Benedictine 
 monk. The properties of anatomy were 
 discovered by him. His Currus Trium- 
 phalis Antimonii has been translated into 
 English. 
 
 VALENTINIAN I., FLAVIUS, a Ro- 
 man emperor, the eldest son of Count 
 Gratian, was born, in 321, in Pannonia; 
 was chosen successor to Jovian, in 364; 
 was victorious over the Alemani and the 
 Quadi; and died in 375. 
 
 VALENTIN! AN II., FLAVIUS, the son 
 of the foregoing, was born in 371; suc- 
 ceeded to the empire, in 375. with his 
 brother Gratian, and had Italy for his por- 
 tion; was dispossessed by Maximus, but 
 was restored in 338; and was found dead 
 in his palace, in 392, supposed to have 
 been strangled by some of his domestics. 
 
 VALENTINIAN III., FLAVIUS PLA- 
 cimus, emperor of the West, was born, in 
 419, at Ravenna; and was assassinated in 
 455, in revenge for his having dishonoured 
 the patrician Maximus, by intriguing with 
 
 his \vife. 
 
 VALERI4N, 
 
 PUBLIUS LlCINIUS, 
 
 riaved alive. 
 
 VALERIUS 
 
 Roman emperor, was raised to the imperial 
 dignity in 254. After having reigned 
 even years, he was defeated and taken 
 prisoner, near Edessa, by Sapor, king of 
 Persia. The imperial captive is said to 
 have been treated with the utmost indignity 
 bv the vicVir, and to have been at length 
 
 MAXIM US, a Roman 
 historian, was born in the reign of Augus- 
 tus. After hiving served in Asia, under 
 Sextus Pompey, he settled at Rome, and 
 withdrew from public affairs that he might 
 devote himself to literature. He. is the 
 author of a valuable work, De Dictis 
 Factisque Memorabilibus, in nine books, 
 which he dedicated to Tiberius ; and which 
 was one of the first books that was pub- 
 lished after the invention of printing. 
 
 VALETTE, JOHN PARTSOT WE LA, 
 the forty-seventh grand master of the order 
 of St. John of Jerusalem, was born, in 
 1494, of an ancient Toulousan family, and 
 succeeded to the grand masteiship in 1557. 
 His activity and success against the infi- 
 dels so irritated Soli-nan, the Turkish sul- 
 tan, that be resolved to make himself inas- 
 Ht 
 
 in the Spanish fleet, disap- 
 him to assume a pilgrim's 
 
 ally patronised by Alphonso, king of Arra- 
 gon and Naples; and died in 1457. Valla 
 was of a contentious disposition, and had 
 several violent literary disputes with Poggio 
 and others. His attack on the pretensions 
 of the Holy See exposed him to danger 
 from the Inquisition. One of his princi- 
 pal works is A Treatise on the Elegancies 
 of the Latin Language. 
 
 VALLANCEY, CHARLES, an anti- 
 quary, whose real name was Vallance, was 
 born, in 1721, in England; entered the 
 military service at an early period ; roce 
 to the rank of general of engineers; re- 
 sided in Ireland during the greatest part 
 of his life; and died in 1812. Among his 
 works are, The Field Engineer; The An- 
 cient History of Ireland; and several pro- 
 ductions relative to Irish antiquities. 
 
 VALLE, PETER DELLA, a traveller, 
 was born in 1586. After having made a 
 naval campaign 
 pointed love led 
 
 habit. He began his travels in 1614, in 
 the course of which he visited Asiatic 
 Turkey, Persia, and India. On his return, 
 in 1626, he obtained an office in the pope's 
 household. He died in 1652. The narra- 
 tive of his peregrinations forms three quarto 
 volumes. 
 
 VALLI, EUSEBIUS, an eminent and en- 
 terprising Italian physician, was born, in 
 1762, at Pistoia, and studied at Pisa. For 
 ten years he was a military physician. 
 He visited Smyrna and Constantinople to 
 make observations on the plague; and 
 Spain and the Havannah to perform the 
 same task with respect to the yellow fever. 
 In both instances he voluntarily ul>j<vted 
 himself to the disease. From the plague 
 he escaped, but he died of the yellow fever, 
 in 1816. Among his works are, Treatise* 
 on the Plague; on Phthisis; and on Chro- 
 nic Diseases. 
 
 VALLISNIERI, ANTHONY, an Italian 
 naturalist, was born, in 1661, at Tresilico, 
 in the duchy of Modeaa; was appointed 
 
 professor of practical medicine at Padua, 
 in 1700; and died in that city in 1730 
 The complete edition of his works forma 
 three folio volumes. Among them are, A 
 History of G iteration ; and maw treat ue 
 
400 VAN 
 
 on injects. Vallianieri has a just claim to 
 
 rank high among natural philosophers and 
 tue.iical practitioner*. 
 
 YALMIKI, the oldest a-id most cele- 
 brated of the epic poets of India, is the 
 author of Raymayani, which narrates the 
 exploits of Rama against the giant Ra- 
 vnnna. He is said to have existed at a 
 ^ cry reunite period, and the stories which 
 are told of him are manifestly fabulous. 
 Two books of the Sanscrit text of the 
 Rumayann, with a literal version, have 
 been published by Carey and Marslnnan. 
 
 VALMONT "DE BOMARE, JAMES 
 CHRIS TOPHKR, an eminent naturalist, 
 was born, in 1731, at Rouen. He was in- 
 tended f>r the law, but chose the medical 
 profession. The French government ap- 
 pointed him its travelling naturalist, and 
 lie made an extensive tour on the conti- 
 nent, whence he returned, in 1756, with a 
 rich collection, especially of minerals. For 
 many years he wai exceedingly popular, at 
 Paris, as a lecturer on natural history. 
 He died in 1807. His principal works 
 are, A Treatise o-.i Mineralogy; and A 
 Dictionary of Natural History. 
 
 VALPERGA DI CALUSO, THOMAS 
 DESCOMTES MASINO, an Italian mathe- 
 
 matician and author, was b< 
 
 1737, 
 
 at Turin; was for a while in the Maltese 
 naval service; and afterwards entered the 
 church. Settling at Turin, he became pro- 
 
 VAJ1 
 
 ami architect, of whom it was raid that, 
 though he wanted grace, he never wanted 
 wit, was born, about 1672, in London 
 
 lit- \\us early in the army, but does not 
 appear to have remained in it long. His 
 
 th>t coined 
 in 1697. It 
 
 The Relapse, was produced 
 was followed by the Pro- 
 
 voked Wife and /Ksop. In 1707 he joined 
 Betterton and Congreve in establishing the 
 Haymaiket Theatre, on which occasion he 
 brought out The Confederacy. In 1704 
 he was appointed clarencieux king at arms; 
 in 1714 he was knighted; and, soon after, 
 was made comptroller of the board of work* 
 and surveyor of Greenwich Hospital. He 
 died in 1726. Though his licentiousness 
 as a dramatist must be condemned, his 
 talent is undeniable. As an architect much 
 ridicule has been cast on him by ignorant 
 or tasteless critics, but against such puny 
 attacks the splendid piles of Blenheim and 
 Castle Howard are alone sufficient to de 
 fend his fame. 
 
 VANCOUVER, GEORGE, a British 
 navigator, was born about 1750; entered 
 early into the naval service; and served, as 
 midshipman, under Captain Cook, in his 
 second and third voyages. In 1790, he was 
 appointed to command an expedition, to 
 explore the western coast of North Amer- 
 ica, to ascertain whether any communica- 
 tion by water exists between the Atlantic 
 and the Pacific. On this service, which 
 
 fessor of Greek and the oriental languages i he performed skilfully, he was five years 
 n the university, and president and direc- employed. He died in 1798, when he had 
 tor of one of the classes of the Academy nearly completed for the press the Account 
 
 of Sciences and Literature. He died 
 
 of his Voyage. 
 
 1815. Of his numerous works, the mathc-j VANDALE, ANTHONY, a Dutch phy- 
 matical were published with his own name; sician and author, was born, in 1638, at 
 the poetical, under that of Euforbo Mele- ; Haerlem; was physician to the hospital 
 itigeneo; and those on the eastern languages j of that city; and died in 1708. He is the 
 under that of Didvmus Tauiinensis. | author of several learned but ill written 
 
 VALSALVA, "ANTHONY MARIA, ajwoiks, one of the principal of which it 
 celebrated Italian anatomist, was born, in: Two Dissertations on Oracles, to which 
 1666, at Imola ; was professor of anatomy '. Fontenelle is much indebted for his History 
 in the university of Bologna, and surgeon : of the same subject. 
 
 f the hospital of Incurables; and died in! VANDERVELDE, WILLIAM, called 
 1723. Among the services which he ren- 1 the Old, a celebrated painter, was born, in 
 dered to surgery are the simplifying of i 1610, at Leyden,and was bred to the sea, 
 >any instruments, and the abolition of but (juitted it for painting. He was in- 
 1ie practice of cauterising the aiteries of vited to England, with his son, by Charles 
 an amputated limb. He had several emi-jthe Second; lived there many years; aim 
 nent pupils, among whom was Morgagni. died, in London, in 169.'>. lie excelled in 
 His principal work is the Anatomy <,f the \ marine subjects and battles; and was so 
 Ear, which was the result of sixteen years' anxious to be correct in his representations 
 Inoour. ;tliat he would sail, in a light vessel, close 
 
 VALVASONE, ERASMUS DI, an Ital- j to the fleets while they were hotly engaged, 
 i-an poet, was born, in 1523, in Friuli;! VANDERVELDE, WILLIA'M, called 
 resided upon the lordship which belonged the Young, the 5on of the foregoing, was 
 to him and bore his name; spent his time i born, in 1633, at Amsterdam; accompa lied 
 in literature and in hunting; and died in his father to England, where his wjrks 
 1593. His principal work is The Chase, j became exceedingly popular ; and died in 
 a poem in five cantos, which is considered 1707. He surpassed even the elder Van- 
 
 ' 
 
 or.e of the best didactic poems in the 
 
 8u JOHB, a dramati* 
 
 MBfM 
 
 dervelde in marine painting. Walpole 
 denominates him the Raphael of this branch 
 of art 
 
VAK 
 
 VANDERVELDE, ADRIAN, ant admi- 
 rable landscape painter, was horn, in 1639, 
 at Amsterdam; was a pupil of Wynants; 
 and died in 1672 Though landscape was 
 the peculi:ir department of Adrian, yet he 
 was no me:in historical painter, and he 
 drew figures with such excellence that his 
 assistance was often sought for by his own 
 master, and by Ruysdael, Hobbema, and 
 other*. 
 
 VANDERWERF, ADRIAN, in emi- 
 nent painter, was born, in 1659, at Am- 
 hafh*. nrar Rotterdam; was a pupil of 
 Picolel and Vandermeer; was patronised 
 by the Elector Palatine, for whom he exe- 
 cuted many of his best works; and died in 
 1718. His small history pieces are much 
 esteemed. H ; s brother, PETER, who was 
 born at Rotterdam in 1663, ami died in 
 1718, acquired fame as a painter of por- 
 trait* and conversation pieces. 
 
 VANDYCK, Sir ANTHONY, one of the 
 g fatest of portrait painters, was born, 
 March 22, 1598-9, at Antwerp, and was 
 the son of a merchant. His mother dis- 
 tinguished herself as a dower painter. 
 Henry Van Balens and Rubens were his 
 tutors in tne pictorial art; the latter, with 
 whom ha was a favourite, cultivated his 
 talents with great care, and advised him 
 to visit Italy. After having resided for 
 ome time at Rome, and other Italian cities, 
 Vandyck returned to Antwerp, whence he 
 passed over to England. Charles I. was a 
 liberal patron to nim. He knighted and 
 pensioned him, and obtained for him in 
 marriage the daughter of Lord Gowrie. 
 Van lyi-k died in 1641. His works are 
 numerous, and are deservedly held in the 
 highest estimation. 
 
 V \\ DYK, HARRY STOE, a poetical 
 and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 
 1798, in London, and died June 5, 1828. 
 He is the author of Theatrical Portraits; 
 The Gondola; Songs of the Minstrels; 
 contributed to the first series of The Lon- 
 don Magazine? and joined with Mr. Bow- 
 ing in translating the Batavian Anthology. 
 
 VANE, Sir HENRY, the younger, the 
 on of Sir Henry Vane, was born, in 1612, 
 ami was educated at Westminster School 
 
 and Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Having inv. 
 bibed the principles of the puritans, he 
 emigated to America, and was elected 
 governor of Massachusetts. Returning to 
 England, he was chosen member for Hull, 
 and, during the struggle between the king 
 and the parliament, he took an active part 
 on the side of the latter. He had, how- 
 ever, no part in the trial or death of 
 Charles. To the authority of Cromwell 
 he was steadily hostile, and, after the 
 death of the protector, he laboured strenn- 
 uously to establish a republican govern- 
 ment. He was executed for high treason, 
 in June, 1662, in violation of justice, and 
 of the king's plighted word. Vane was a 
 man of talent, and, though he was an 
 enthusiast in religion and politics, there 
 seems to be no valid reason to doubt bit 
 sincerity. 
 
 VAN'IERE, JAMES, a French poet, a 
 member of the society of Jesuits, was born, 
 in 1664, at Gausses, in Languedoc; was 
 professor of languages and rhetoric in 
 various colleges; and died in 1739. His 
 principal work is a Latin poem, the Prae- 
 dium Rusticum, in sixteen books, describ- 
 ing, in elegant verse, the various labours 
 of a farm. 
 
 VANINI, LUCILIUS, a philosopher, was 
 born, in 1585, at Taurosano, in the king ? 
 dom of Naples; studied philosophy and 
 theology at Rome ; entered into the eccle- 
 siastical state ; travelled in various parts 
 of Europe ; and was at last burnt, in 1619, 
 at Toulouse, on a charge of atheism, which 
 appears to have been unfounded. He is 
 the author of Amphitheatrum^Eternae Pro- 
 videntiae; De Admirandis Naturae; Dia- 
 logues; and other works. 
 
 VANNUCCHI, a celebrated painter, 
 generally known under the namfe of AN- 
 DREA DEL SARTO, was born, in 1488, at 
 Florence, in which city he died in 1530, 
 in a state of abject poverty. Among his 
 finest pieces are, The Preaching of Saint 
 John; a Virgin and Child; and a Flight 
 into Egypt. 
 
 VAN SWIETEN, GERARD, an erai- 
 nent physician, was born, in 1700, at Ley- 
 den ; studied at the university of that city, 
 and of Louvain, and was a pupil of Boer- 
 haave ; became medical professor at Lcyden, 
 but lost his office in conseauence of being 
 a catholic; and was invited to Vienna, in 
 1745, by the empress, who made him her 
 principal physician, director general of 
 medicine in Austria, imperial librarian, a 
 professor, and a baron. He died in 1772. 
 Among his works are, Commentaries on 
 the Aphorisms of Boerhaave; Aphorisms 
 of Surgery ; and Treatises on Epidemics, 
 and on Diseases of the Army. 
 
 VAX VITELLI.or VAN VITE,Loci, 
 ! a celebrated architect, the son of a paint*! , 
 was Ixirn in 1700 at XapV", and die! ! 
 
YAH TAV 
 
 CaserU, In 1773. Among hi* treat and 
 
 fCase 
 
 numerous worka are, the palace of Caserta, 
 the Public buildings at the port of Ancona* 
 an'", the churches of St. Francis and St. 
 
 i regarded a* the most learned < ..- 
 ancient Romans, was born B. c. \\ti j 
 studied philosophy under Stilo and 
 chils of Ascalon; filled the offices of t 
 
 Vominic at Urbino. vir and tribune of the people; espoused the 
 
 VARCHI, BENEDICT, a poet and his- 'cause of Pompey, but afterwards became 
 torian, was born, in 1502, at Florence, and the friend of Caesar, who confided to him 
 studied at Parma and Pisa. Having taken the formation of a public library; nar- 
 a part against the Medici family, he was rowly escaped proscription by the triumvi- 
 banished, but his literary reputation in- rate; and died B. c. 27. He is said to 
 duced Cosmo I. to recal and pension him, have written between four and five hundred 
 and to confide to him the task of writing volumes, of which only a Treatise on 
 the History of the Florentine Republic. 'Agriculture, part of a Treatise on the 
 In his latter days he entered into the cler- Latin Language, and some fragments, are 
 ical state. He died in 1565. Among hid extant. 
 
 works are, The Florentine History; VASARI, GEORGE, a Florentine artiit 
 Poems; and A Dialogue on the Tuscan and author, was born, in 1512, at Arezzo; 
 Language. 'studied under Michael Angelo and other 
 
 VAREN, or VARENIUS, BERNARD, great masters; acquired a profound km-w- 
 a geographer, was born, about the begin- ledge of architecture as well as of paint* 
 ning of the seventeenth century, at Am- ing; was employed by Cosmo I. to stij/tr- 
 cterdam ; followed the profession of a intend the public buildings which he 
 physician; and died about 1680. He is erected; and died in 1574. As a pai^tei 
 the author of a well executed System of he has merit, but he is best known by hi* 
 Geography, on which Newton did not dis- 1 valuable work, The Lives of the n>osl 
 dain to comment; and A Description of 'excellent Painters, Sculptor*, and Ar 'n- 
 Japan and Siam. jtects. 
 
 VARGAS Y PONCE, Don JOSEPH, a i VASI, JOSEPH, a designer and engrrv- 
 Spanish geographer and navigator, was er, was born, in 1710, in Sicily; spent he 
 born, about 1755, at Cadiz or Seville; ! greatest part of his life at Rome, and win 
 assisted Tofino in forming the Atlas of the patronised by Benedict XIV. and vy 
 Spanish Coasts; and died, in 1821, at Charles III. of Naples ; ami died in 1782 
 Madrid, a member of the Cortes. He His two great works, the one in ten folio 
 wrote, among other works, A Description volumes, the other in two, represent nil 
 of the Pityusae and Balearic Isles; and A the remarkable objects in Rome and it 
 Relation of the last Voyage in the Straits environs. He was the instructor of J. B. 
 of Magellan. jPiranesi. 
 
 VARIGNON, PETER, an eminent geo- VATER, JOHN SKTERINCS, an emi- 
 metrician, the son of an architect, was'nrnt philologist, was born, in 1771, at 
 born, in 1654, at Caen, in Normandy; was : Altenburg, in Saxony; and died, in 1826, 
 intended for the church, but became pro- 'professor of the oriental languages at Halle, 
 fessor of mathematics at Mazarin College, j after having filled the theological chair at 
 and afterwards at the College of France ; j Kosnigsberg. He is the author of varioui 
 and tlied of apoplexy, in 1722. Varignon j works on the eastern tongues; the Con 
 was one of the first to cultivate the science jtinuation, of Adelung's Mithridates; Syn- 
 of infinitesimals. Among his works are, j chronistic Tables ol Ecclesiastical Histo- 
 New Conjectures on Gravity; New Me-jry; and a Universal and Chronological 
 chanics or Statics ; and Elements of Math- History of the Christian Church, 
 raatic*. VATTAL, EMMERICK, a celebrated 
 
 VARILLAS, ANTHONY, a French his- Swiss publicist, was born, in 1714, M 
 
 Couret, in the principality of Neufchatel; 
 became envoy from Saxony to Berne, and 
 
 torian, was born, in 1624, at Gueret. 
 After having been a private tutor in his 
 
 native province, be went to Paris, where 
 
 afterwards privy counsellor to Auguptua 
 
 he was made historiographer to the duke III. of Saxony; and died in 1767. Th 
 of Orleans, and assistant librarian at the work on which his fume rests is, The Law 
 Royal Library. The last of these places,! of Nations, or Principles of Natural Law 
 however, he lost, in consequence of the applied to the Conduct and Affairs of 
 careless manner in which he collated some Nations and Sovereigns. It has been 
 manuscripts. His historical works were! translated into various languages, and haf 
 popular for a time, but, after his gross j partly superseded the productions of Uro- 
 errors in The History of Heresies had been tins and Pufiendorf. 
 detected by Burnet and Larroque, no book- VAUBAN, SEBASTIAN LE PRES- 
 
 teller would purchase his productions. He 
 died in- 1696. Hi principal work is A 
 History of France. 
 
 TRE DK, a French nvirshal, the grratert 
 of military engineers, \vifs born, in 1633, 
 at Saint Leger dc Foucheret, in Bui t mdy 
 
 VARRO, MAMCUS TrHEsncs, who He SntMrrad in the S punish armj 
 
VAf? 
 
 Conde, but, being taken prisoner by die 
 French troops, Mazarin gave him a lieu- 
 tenancy. The sieges of Ypres, Gravelines, 
 
 YEN 4it8 
 
 VEGETIUS RENATUS, FI.AVIU*, 
 
 the most celebrated Roman writer on the 
 military art, flourished about the end of 
 
 find Oudenarde, in 1653, were his first [ the fourth century, under Valentinian II. 
 essays in the science of attack. From ! and is supposed to have been an inhabitant 
 
 that per 
 
 the peace of Ryswick he 
 
 was m-essantly employed, either in erect- 
 ing fortresses for the defence of France, or 
 in reducing those which belonged to her 
 enemies; and in both cases his matchless 
 skill was equally displayed. In 1703 he 
 reluctantly accepted the marshal's staff. 
 The siege of Brisach was his last operation. 
 He died in 1707. Vauban left a MS. col- 
 lection, in twelve folio volumes, containing 
 his ideas and projects on various branches 
 of government. He also wrote various 
 other works, principally on fortification. 
 All contemporary writers agree in giving 
 the highest praise to his private character. 
 
 VAUCANSON, JAMES DE, an eminent 
 mechanist, was born, in 1709, at Grenoble, 
 and died in 1732. Among his automatical 
 performances were a flute player, and a 
 pipe and tabor player. But even these 
 were surpassed by two ducks, which dab- 
 bled with their beaks, ate grain, and voided 
 it after it had undergone a sort of digestive 
 process. 
 
 VAUGELAS, CLAUDE FAVRE DE, a 
 celebrated grammarian, was born, about 
 1535, at Chambery, and died, at Paris, in 
 1650. His critical knowledge of the French 
 language caused him to be admitted into 
 ths Academy, and to be chosen to superin- 
 tend the execution of the Dictionary. He 
 wrote Remarks on the French Language; 
 and translated Quintus Curtius. 
 
 VAUVENARGUES, LUKE DE CLA- 
 PIERS, marquis of, an eminent French 
 writer on moral philosophy, was born, in 
 1715, at Aix, in Provence, and entered 
 the army at the age of seventeen. The 
 fatigue which he endured in the retreat 
 from Prague undermined his constitution, 
 a-ul the small pox completed the ruin of 
 his health. To soothe his continual suffer- 
 ings he resorted to meditation and com- 
 position. He died in 1747. Voltaire was 
 one of his warmest friends. The works of 
 Vauvenargues form three volumes, and 
 consist of Thoughts, Reflections, and Max- 
 ims, Dialogues, Characters, &c. 
 
 VAUVILLIERS, JOHN FRANCIS, an 
 eminent hellenist, was born, in 1737, at 
 Paris; succeeded his father as Greek pro- 
 fessor at the university of that city ; and 
 died, IN 1801, in Russia, in which country 
 he had taken refuge, after being condemned 
 to transportation, as a royalist, in 1797. 
 Among his works are, An Essay on Pin- 
 dar; An Examination of the Government 
 Of Sparta; and Summary Ideas on Politi- 
 cal Societies. The last of these, on which 
 he was occupied duri <g fifteen years, is 
 fei unpublished. 
 
 jf Constantinople, and of a noble familv. 
 His work on Military Affairs consists of 
 five books, and has been commented upon 
 by Turpin de Cris?*". 
 
 "VELASQUEZ, JAMES RODERICK os 
 SILVA v, a celebrated Spanish pa-ate;-, 
 was born, in 1599, at Seville; was a pupil 
 of Herrera the Elder and Pacheco; was 
 patronised and highly esteemed by Philip 
 III. and IV.; and died in 16GO Among 
 his greatest works are, The Expulsion of 
 the Moors; The Crucifixion; Joseph's 
 Coat; and several portraits. 
 
 VELDE, CHARLES FRANCIS, VAN 
 DER, a romance writer, who has been call- 
 ed the German Sir Walter Scott, was 
 born in 1799, at Bj-e.slau, and died in 1824. 
 He began his career, in 1809, by writing 
 short pieces for the journals ; was after- 
 wards a dramatist, in which he was not 
 successful; and, lastly, became a popular 
 novelist. His works form eighteen vol- 
 umes. Among them are, Arwed Gyllen- 
 stierna ; The Patricians ; The Anabaptists ; 
 The Hussites; Christina and her Court; 
 and Tales and Legends. 
 
 VELLY, PAUL FRANCIS, a French 
 historian, was born, in 1711, or 1709, at 
 Crugny, near Rheitns; was at one period 
 a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became 
 a private tutor; and died in 17.59. He is 
 the author of a History of France, of which 
 he completed eight quarto volumes, and 
 which was continued by Villaret and Gar- 
 nier. Velly is impartial, and accurate as 
 far as his knowledge extends, but his in- 
 formation is n >t drawn from the fountain 
 head. 
 
 VENDOME, Louis JOSEPH, duke ot, 
 a great general, and a profligate man, th 
 grandson of Henry IV., was born in 1654, 
 and made his first campaign in 1672, at 
 the invasion of Holland. After having 
 distinguished himself in Flanders and Italy, 
 was, in 1695, appointed to command 
 the army in Catalonia, where he reduced 
 Barcelona with extraordinary celerity. 
 From Italy, where, in the war of the suc- 
 cession, he was opposed to Prince Eugene, 
 be was recalled, in 1708, to remedy the 
 disasters which the incapacity of Villeroi 
 had occasioned in the Netherlands. H 
 failed, however, to accomplish this, and 
 was defeated at Oudenarde. In 1709 h<* 
 was sent into Spain, where he gained the 
 decisive victory of Villa Viciosa, and es- 
 tablished Philip on the throne. He died 
 suddenly in 1712. Vendome possessed 
 abilities, but he was dirty in his habits, 
 and depraved in his morals. 
 
 VE\TENAT STIPHCK PTEE, a* 
 
44 VKR 
 
 mi ne nt French botanist, waa born, in 
 1757, at Limoges; was a regular canon of 
 Saint (iiviex i:-\e. hut qui'ted tin* order 
 during UK- revolution, am married; ler.- 
 tured on hotany at the Lyceum; became 
 chief librarian of the Pantheon, and 
 member of the Institute ; and died in 1803. 
 Besides it any papers in scientific Transac- 
 tions, he published The Garden of Mal- 
 maison, in two folio volumes; A Selection 
 of 1' ants; A Dissertation on Mosses; and 
 other works. 
 
 VENTUKI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian 
 natural philosopher, was born, in 1746, at 
 Bibiano, in the duchy of Reggio; was 
 successively professor of metaphysics and 
 geometry at Reggio, engineer and professor 
 of philosophy at Modena, member of the 
 legislative body of the Cisalpine republic, 
 professor of physics at Pavia, and envoy 
 from the kingdom of Italy to Berne. Na- 
 poleon gave him the cross of the legion of 
 honour and of the iron crown. Venturi 
 died in 1S22. Among his works are, 
 Commentaries on the History and Theory 
 of Optics; On the Origin and Progress of 
 Artillery; and An Essay on the Physico- 
 M ithcm.itical Works of Leonardo da 
 Vinci. 
 
 VERE, Sir FRANCIS, an English gen- 
 eral, the grandson of the earl of Oxford, 
 was born, in 1554, and served with dis- 
 tinction in the Netherlands, under the rarl 
 of Leicester, Lord Willoughby, and Prince 
 Maurice, and also, as lord marshal, in the 
 expedition against Cadiz. Bergenopzoom, 
 Zutphen, Deventer, Nieuport, and Ostend 
 were the principal scenes of his exploits. 
 He died in 1608. He wrote Commenta- 
 ries on the wars in which he had been 
 engaged. His younger brother, HORACE, 
 was also a gallant officer. 
 
 VERNET, CLAUDIUS JOSEPH, an em- 
 inent French painter, was born, in 1714, 
 at Avignon, and at the age of eighteen he 
 v'uited Rome, where he studied under 
 Fergioni. His voyage to Italy turned his 
 genius to marine painting, in which he 
 acquired almost unrivalled reputation. 
 After an absence of twenty-two yean !:? 
 returned to France. On his homeward 
 passage a storm arose, during which he 
 ordered himself to be tied to the mast, 
 that he might make a faithful sketch of 
 the scene. On his return he was employed 
 py Louis XV. to delineate the principal 
 ports, a task which occupied him for ten 
 years. He died in 1789. 
 
 VERNIER, PETER, a French mathe- 
 matician, was born, about 1&80, at Ornans, 
 in Burgundy, and died in 1637. He in- 
 vented the astronomical instrument which 
 bears his name, but which has sometimes 
 been erroneously attributed to Nonius. 
 
 VER.N'ON, ED WARD, a British admiral, 
 lescemled from i Staffordshire family, way 
 
 VER 
 
 born, in 1684, at Westminster, and choc 
 
 the naval profession, in opposition to tlu: 
 wishes of his father, who was secretary of 
 state to William III. After having served 
 miilcr llopson, Rouke, and other com- 
 manders, he rose, in 173.9, to the rank of 
 vii-e. admiral of the blue. In that year he 
 took the town of Porto Hello, and destroyed 
 the fortifications, lie was less fortunate" in 
 1741, when, in conjunction with Went- 
 worth, he failed at Carthagena. He died 
 in 1759. 
 
 YKKRI, PKTF.R, an Italian *tate.ma 
 and author, was born, in 1728, at Milan; 
 quitted the military service for the civil, 
 and held several important offices under 
 the Milanese government; and died in 
 1797. His advice had considerable influ- 
 ence in inducing Beccaria to write the 
 famous treatise on crimes and punishments. 
 His principal work is, Meditations on Po- 
 litical Economy. 
 
 VERRI, Count ALEXANDER, a brother 
 of the foregoing, was born, in 1741, at 
 Milan; was brought up to the bar, but 
 quitted it to devote himself to literatnre; 
 and died in 1816. Among his works are, 
 A Life of Erostratus; the romance of Sap- 
 pho; An Essay on the General History of 
 Italy; Analyses of and Criticisms upon 
 the principal Grecian Orators; and The 
 Roman Nights; the last of which has been 
 translated into several languages. 
 
 VERROCHIO, ANDREW, a sculptor, 
 was born, in 1422, at Florence, and died 
 in 1488. In bronze works he surpassed 
 all his contemporaries. Among his chief 
 productions are, a Christ and St. Thomas, 
 and an equestrian statue of Bartholomew 
 Colleoni. Verrochio was also an able pain- 
 ter, and one of the best musicians of his 
 period. He invented the method of taking 
 the features in a plaster mould. 
 
 VERSTEGAN, RICHARD, an antiqua- 
 ry, was born in London, and waa educated 
 at Oxford. Being a catholic, he settled at 
 Antwerp, where, in 1592, he published 
 iiis Theatrura Crudelitatum Hapreticorum, 
 which gained him little credit, and was the 
 cause of his being imprisoned when he 
 subsequently visited Paris. As an anti- 
 quary he was more fortunate. His most 
 valuable work is The Restitution of de- 
 ayed Intelligence, which has been more 
 than once reprinted. He died in 1635. 
 
 VERTOT, RENE A u BERT, abbe de,m 
 French historian, was born, in 1655, at 
 Benetot, in Normandy, and was, succes- 
 sively, a capuchin friar, a Premonstraten- 
 sian, a secular ecclesiastic, prior of Joy- 
 enval, and a parish minister. lie was also 
 secretary to the duchess of Orleans, histo- 
 riographer of Malta, and an associate of 
 the academy of belles lettres. He died in 
 1735. The principal woi ks of Vertot aie 
 A History of the Conspiracy of Portufal 
 
VES 
 
 VIE 
 
 493 
 
 jf the serious historical 
 fault of facrificfog correctness to dramatic 
 effect. 
 
 VERTUE, GEORGE, an able engraver, 
 was b:>rn, in 1684, in Westminster; was 
 apprenticed to a plate engraver, and after- 
 wards worked for seven years under Van- 
 dergucht. In 1709 he began business fur 
 himself. He was patronise.) by Sir God- 
 frey Kneller, the earls of Oxford and Bur- 
 lington, and the prince of Wales. He 
 died in 1756. Among his engravings, 
 which amount to 
 heads for Ripin's 
 
 of the Revolutions of Sweden of the ' however, by the honour which Columbia 
 Revolutions of the Roman Republic and had acquired, Vespucci quitted traliic, 
 of Malta. The style of Vertot is pleading, about 1499, to enter on the careet of dis- 
 but he M deficient in research, and is oc- j covery. He subsequently made several 
 
 voyages in the Spanish and Portuguese 
 services, and explored a considerable ex- 
 iuth American coast. He 
 By an act of flagrant in- 
 
 fi\e hundred, are the 
 England, twelve heads 
 of distinguished poets, and portraits of 
 
 died 
 
 of the Si 
 in 1516. 
 
 justice to Columbus, the name of one who 
 was only his imitator was given to the ner 
 world. 
 
 VICENTE, Git, the earliest and most 
 eminent of the Portuguese comic poets, 
 was born, about 1480, at Guimaraens, or 
 at Barcellos; studied jurisprudence at the 
 university of Lisbon ; became a popular 
 dramatist, and brought the drama of his 
 country to a much more perfect state; and 
 died in 1557. His works were published 
 
 Archbishop Tillotson and George I. li. j by his son; but complete copies of them 
 
 was principally from the materials col- j are now unattainable. 
 
 lected by Vertue that Horace Walpole VICQ D'AZYR, FELIX, an able 
 
 J L-4 _ J . f r . 
 
 drew his Anecdotes of Painting. 
 
 VERUS, Lucius AURELIUS, a Roman 
 emperor, was born in 130, and, with Mar- 
 cus Aurelius, was adopted by Antoninus 
 Pius. He filled the offices of questor and 
 consul, and, after the death of Antoninus, 
 Marcus Aurelius associated him in the 
 government. Verus obtained a triumph, 
 and the surname of Parthicus, for the suc- 
 cesses of his generals against the Parthi- 
 ans. He died in 169. His manners were 
 dissolute, but bis disposition was not 
 cruel. 
 
 VESALIUS, ANDREW, 
 
 French anatomist and physician, wax 
 born, in 1748, at VaUrjne; lectured at 
 Paris with great success upon anatomy; 
 became principal phy?ici*n to the queen; 
 and died in 1794. Among his works are, 
 A Treatise on Anatomy and Physiology; 
 An Anatomical System of Quadrupeds; 
 and A Treatise on the Curing of Horned 
 Cattle. The whole of his productions 
 have been collected in six volumes. 
 
 VIDA, MARK JEROME, one of the 
 most eminent of modern Latin poets, was 
 
 anatomist, was born, in 1514, at Brussels; 
 was educated at Louvain and Paris; was 
 professor of anatomy at various Italian 
 universities; and afterwards chief physi- 
 cian to Charles V. and Philip II. ; and died 
 of huayer and fatigue, in 1563, in Zante, 
 on which island he had been shipwrecked 
 as he was returning from a pilgrimage to 
 Jerusalem. Vesalius displayed an extra- 
 ordinary predilection for the science of 
 anatomy at a very early period, and his 
 treatise on The Formation of the Human 
 Rudy was comp ^ed when he was only 
 fligh'teen. 
 
 VESPASIAN, TITUS FLAYIUS, a Ro- 
 man emperor, was born, at Rieti, towards 
 the close of the reign of Augustus; and, 
 sifter having beenedile, pretor, commander 
 of a le^icn, consul, and proconsul of Afri- 
 ca, and having distinguished himself in 
 Germany, Britain, and Palestine, was 
 raised to the empire, A. D. 69. He 
 reigned ten years, and died, in 79, gene- 
 rally regretted. 
 
 VESPUCCI, or VESPUCIUS, AME- 
 RIGO, an eminent navigator, was born, in 
 1451, at Florence; \viis liberally educated : 
 
 born, in 1490, at Cremona; studied at 
 eminent | Padua, Bologna, and Mantua; was raised 
 
 to the bishopric of Alba by Clement VII. 
 as a reward for having written The 
 Christiad; and died in 1566. His works 
 form two quarto volumes. Among them 
 are, The Art of Poetry ; Chess ; The 
 Christiad; The Silkworm; Hymns; and 
 other poems. 
 
 VIEL, CHARLES FRANCIS, an archi- 
 tect, was born, in 1745, at Paris, and 
 died there in 1857. He erected several 
 splendid edifices in the French capital; 
 and wrote a Letter on Ancient and Mod- 
 ern Architecture; Principles of the Ar- 
 rangements and Construction of Buildings; 
 and other works. 
 
 VIEN, JOSEPH MART, an eminent 
 French painter, was horn, in 1716, at 
 Moulpellier; studied at Paris, under Na- 
 toire, and at Rome; was received a mem- 
 ber of the Academy, in 1745, and became 
 successively professor, rector, and direc- 
 tor; a:id died in 1809. Among his b9t 
 works are, St. Denis 
 
 is preaching; a Sleep- 
 Parting of Hector ai.d 
 
 ing Hermit; the 
 
 Andromache; and Hector exhorting Paris 
 to ann himself. David and Vincent were 
 pupils of Vien. His wife, 31 ARIA, who 
 
 and was brought up to c uninerce. In 1490 j died in 1S05, aged seventy-seven, was an 
 he was sent by his father to conduct his ; excellent painter of bird?, e\u I IU. atJ 
 Ottwerckil affair* u> Sj>ai* Simulated, ! (lowers. 
 
vn. 
 
 V1L 
 
 VIETA, FRANCIS, a celebrated French j Moulin? . Fie served his ai^renticeehta. 
 mathematician, was born, in 1540, at' to the art of war under Turenne, Conde, 
 Fontenai le Comte, in Lower Poiton, and Luxembourg, and Crequi. Soon after the 
 died at Paris, in 1603. He is considered ' peace of Nimr^ucn, he was sent ambassa- 
 as one of the principal founders of mathe- j dor to Vienna. In the war which was 
 malical analysis, and made many improve- , terminated by the treaty of Ryswick, he 
 ments in algebra, among whu'h is the use distinguished himself, and particularly at 
 
 of letters as the symbols of quantities. 
 Vieta was also celebrated as a decypherer. 
 His works were edited, in a folio volume, 
 by Schooten, with the assistance of Golius 
 an-J Mrrsnme. 
 
 VIGEE, Louis WILLIAM BERNARD 
 
 the combat of Leuze. In lb'99, he was 
 again appointed ambassador at Vienna, 
 and in this situation he displayed infinite 
 diplomatic skill. During the war of the 
 succession he was commander in chief in 
 tarious quarters, and by numerous splendid 
 
 8TCFHEK. a French poet and dramatist, [achievements acquired a right to be con- 
 was born, in 1755, at Paris, and died there j sidered as one of the greatest generals of 
 in 1820, reader to Louis XVIII. He is | the age. He closed, in 1732, his military 
 the author of many poems; a Course of career, by the conquest of the Milanese 
 Literature, delivered at the Athenaeum; and the M'antuan. He died in 1734. 
 three coined ie>-; and the Pro and Con, a VILLARS, MONTFAUCON DE, a French 
 religious, moral, political, and literary abb", was born, in 1635, in the neighbour- 
 dial-jgnt;. I hood of Toulouse; and acquired great 
 
 VIGNOLA, JAMES, whose real name! reputation at Paris as a preacher, but waa 
 was BAROZZIO, a celebrated architect, 1 prohibited from preaching inconsequence 
 was born, in 1507, at Vignola, in the Mo- ! of his publishing The Count de Gabalis, 
 denese territory, and relinquished paint-: which his enemies pretended to be an 
 ing for architecture. He constructed va- irreligious work. He was assassinated in 
 rious magnificent edifices at Bologna, Par- 1675. The idea of the sylphid machinery 
 nvi, Perugia, and Rome ; but his master-' of the Rape of the Lock is borrowed from 
 
 piece is the Caprarola palace, and he 
 was intrusted with the management of the 
 works at St. Peter's after the death of 
 Michael Angelo. For the king of Spain 
 he drew the designs of the Escurial ; and 
 in this instance his plans were preferred to 
 those of twenty-two other artists. He died 
 in 1573. He wrote treatises on Perspec- 
 tive, and on the Five Orders. 
 
 VILLAM, JOHN, a celebrated Italian 
 historian, was burn, before the close of the 
 thirteenth century, at Florence; travelled 
 on various parts of the continent; filled 
 several important offices in his native 
 country ; and died of the plague in 1348. 
 His History of Florence was continued by 
 hi* brother MATTHEW and his nephew 
 PHILIP, the latter of whom is also the au- 
 thor of Lives of Illustrious Florentines. 
 
 yiLLARET, CLAUDIUS, a French his- 
 torian, was born, about 1715, at Paris, 
 
 Count de Gabalis. 
 
 VILLARS, DOMINIC, a French botan- 
 ist, was born, in 1745, in a hamlet of the 
 Gapen^'ois; received a scanty education, 
 but improved it by study ; became eminent 
 as a physician and botanical lecturer; and 
 died in 1814. Among his works are, A 
 Natural History of the Plants of Dauphiny ; 
 and Memoirs on Topography and Natural 
 History. 
 
 VILLEHARDOUrV.GEOFFRY DE, a 
 French chronicler, was born, in 1167, 
 near Arcis sur Aube; held the office of 
 marshal of Champagne; took a part in 
 the crusade of 1198, and was present at 
 the capture of Constantinople; was ap- 
 pointed marshal of Romania; and died in 
 Thessaly, about 1213. He wrote a His- 
 tory of the Events from 1198 to 1207. 
 
 VILLERS, CHARLES FRANCIS Do 
 MINIC, a French writer, was born, in 1767, 
 
 and was brought up to the bar, but quitted! at Boulay, in Lorraine; served as a cap 
 it for literature, and then we ^ upon the! tain of artillery, but emigrated in 1792, 
 tage, on which he remained till 1756. and joined the army of Conde; subse- 
 He subsequently obtained a place in thejquently abandoned miPtary for literary 
 Chamber of Accounts, and was intrusted pursuits, settled in Germany, and became 
 
 will: tke arrangement of the archives of 
 that office a task which led him to ex- 
 amine into the sources of French history. 
 In consequence of this, he was employed 
 to continue the work of Velly, and he is 
 allowed to have surpassed his predecessor. 
 His portion of the History extends from 
 1329 to 1469. His other productions are 
 forgotten. He did in 1766. 
 
 VILLARS, Louis HECTOR, marshal, 
 duke of, one of the most eminent of the 
 Preach gnrmU, was born, in 1658, at 
 
 professor of French literature at Gottingen ; 
 and died in '1815. His principal work is 
 An Essay on the Spirit and Influence of 
 the Reformation brought about by Luther. 
 
 VILLIERS. See BUCKINGHAM. 
 
 VILLIERS DE L'ISLE ADAM, PHI- 
 LIP DE, the forty-third grand master of 
 the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was a 
 Frenchman, born in 1464. He was re- 
 siding in France, as ambassador from his 
 order, when, in 1521, he was raised to the 
 yrand-raaterhip, and he instantly hastened 
 
rm 
 
 back to Rhodes, which (U knew to be 
 threatened by the Turks. In the follow- 
 ing year lie, for several months, defended 
 the islan : with desperate valour against 
 the numerous forces of SoKmanj but was 
 at length obliged to accept an honourable 
 capitulation. After having remained for 
 gome tiin : with his knights at Viterbo, he 
 took possession of M.ika, which was ceded 
 (o the order by Charles V. He died in 
 1534. 
 
 VILLOISON, JOHN BAPTIST D'ANSSE 
 !>E, a celebrated French hellenist, was 
 )>rn, in 1750, at Corbeil, and at the ag-e 
 jf niiv.-teen had read, and made critical 
 notes on, all the Latin authors and many 
 of the Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic, 
 he learned in a few months to read. Vil- 
 loison travelled in Germany, Holland, Italy, 
 and the Levant, in search of manuscripts. 
 He died, in 1S05, professor of ancient and 
 modern Greek at the college of France. 
 Among his works are, Anecdota Graeca; 
 and Epistola Vimarienses. 
 
 VI\CE, SAMUEL, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, was born, of humble parentage, 
 at Fressin^field, in Suffolk; was educated 
 at Gains College, Cambridge; became Plu- 
 mian professor of astronomy and experi- 
 mental philosophy at Cambridge, a fellow 
 of the royal society, rector of Kirkby Be- 
 d >:), vicar of South Creek, and archdeacon 
 of Bedford; and died in 1821. His prin- 
 cipal works are, A Complete System of 
 Astronomy; The Principles of Fluxions; 
 The Principles of Hydrostatics; Elements 
 of Conic Sections; and A Treatise on 
 Trigonometry- 
 
 VINCENT, WILLIAM, an able critic 
 and divine, was born, in 1739, in London j 
 was educated at Westminster School, and 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge; was suc- 
 cessively usher, second master, and head 
 master, of the former seminary, and pre- 
 bend and dean of Westminster; and died 
 in 1815. His principal works are, The 
 Commerce ami Navigation of the Ancients 
 in the Indian Ocean; Sermons; The Con- 
 jugal ion of the Greek Verb; and A Defence 
 of Public Education. 
 
 VI \CE\T DE PAUL, ST. a French 
 divine and philanthropist, was born, in 
 1576, at ttanquines, and closed in 1660 a 
 life which h id been devoted to acts of be- 
 nevolr nee. He was considered as " the 
 father of the poor and the steward of Pro- 
 vidence." France is indebted to him for 
 the institution of the Daughters of Charity, 
 and of various other establishments to 
 alleviate the sufferings of his fellow crea- 
 tures. He was canonized in 1737. 
 
 VINCI, LEONARDO DA, a celebrate:! 
 Italian painter, tlie natural sun of a not iry, 
 was born, in 14-32, at a castle near Flo- 
 lencc, w le ice he derived his name. To 
 .he persi sial gift* which be received from 
 
 nature were joined the advantage* of an 
 excellent education, and he early acquired 
 an extensive knowledge of mathematics 
 and other branches of science. Verocchio 
 was his preceptor in painting, and da Vinci 
 soon surpassed him. In 1489 he was in- 
 vited to Milan, by duke Louis Sforza, and 
 he resided there for many years, acting at 
 once ag engineer, mechanist, sculptor, ar- 
 :hitect, and painter. During the period 
 of his abode there he executed his great 
 work, the Last Supper, and formed the 
 canal of Martesana. He was subsequently 
 employed at Florence and at Rome. In 
 1515 he accepted an invitation from Fran- 
 cis I. to visit France, and he died in that 
 country in 1519. The story that he ex- 
 pired in the arms of Francis appears to bo 
 a fiction. Da Vinci is the author of a 
 Treatise on Painting, and of some unpub- 
 lished works. 
 
 VINER, CHARLES, an English law 
 writer, was born, about 1680, at Aldershot, 
 in Hampshire; spent a considerable part 
 of his life in compiling the well known 
 General Abridgment of Law and Equity; 
 endowed several fellowships and scholar- 
 ships, and founded the law professorship, 
 at Oxford; and died in 1756. 
 
 VIRGIL, or PUBLIUS VIRGILTUS 
 MARO, the greatest of the Roman poets, 
 was born, B. c. 70, at Andes, near Man- 
 tua, and studied at Cremona, Milan, and 
 Naples. It appears to have been in his 
 thirtieth year that he first visited Rome. 
 His object was, to obtain restitution of his 
 lands, of which the soldiers of Octavius 
 had taken possession after the battle of 
 Philippi. Through the interest of Varus 
 and Pollio he obtained from Augustus the 
 desired order; but, when he returned with 
 it, the military usurper compelled him to 
 save his life by swimming over the Mincio. 
 A second mandate, however, had the wished 
 for effect. The rest of his life was devoted 
 to literature, and was cheered by the friend- 
 ship of Augustus, Maecenas, and all .the 
 other eminent men of the age. The fame 
 which he acquired by his Eclogues, and 
 The Georgics,he crowned by The ^Eneid ; 
 to which last work, however, he did not 
 live to put the finishing touches. On hit 
 return from meeting Augustus, at Athens, 
 he died at Brundusium, B. c. 19, and was 
 buried at Naples. 
 
 VIRIATHUS, an illustrious Lusitanian 
 chief, who was originally a shepherd, ani- 
 mated his countrymen to throw off the yoke 
 of Rome. He repeatedly defeated the Ro- 
 man armies, and for fourteen years suc- 
 cessfully defended the liberty of'Lusitania 
 and a part of Spain. He was at last mur- 
 derel by his servants (B. c. 40), wha had 
 been bribed by Cicpio, the Rom in general. 
 
 VISCONTI, JOHN BAPTIST ANTIIO. 
 *T, a learned Itnlia:i antiquary, WJM both, 
 
la 17M, at Vernazza, in the Genoese terri- j 
 tory; was educated at Rome; succeeded! 
 Winckclman as commissary of MtM|uitM> 
 there; hail a large share in tne form.ition 
 of tlic Pio-Clt'inonline Museum; and died 
 in 1784. He wrote \arious essays upon 
 antiquarian subjects. 
 
 V1SCOXTI, EN.NIUS QUIRINUS, the 
 eldest son of the foregoing, and more than 
 his equal in archaeological knowledge, was 
 burn, in 1751, at Koine; displayed un- 
 coinm ui precocity of talent; was appointed 
 conservator of the innseuin of the Capitol 
 by Pius VI.; was minister of the home 
 department, and subsequently one of the 
 consuls, of the shortlived Roman republic; 
 was in consequence compelled to seek an 
 asylum in France; became there u member 
 of the Institute, professor of archaeology, 
 and administrator of the museum ; and 
 died in ISIS. Among his numerous works 
 are, The Description of the Pio-Clemen- 
 tine Museum; Grecian. Iconography; ami 
 Roman Iconography. 
 
 VITELLIUS, Aui.us, one of the most 
 oontemplible of the Roman emperors, was 
 born, A. v. 15, at Rome; rose to greatness 
 by being subservient to the vices of his 
 imperial masters; was at the head of the 
 legions in Lower Germany when Galba 
 died; was raised to the throne by^ his sol- 
 diers, apd obtained full possession of it on 
 the fall of Otlio; and was put to death, 
 A. r>. 69, after a disgraceful reign of only 
 eight months. His inordinate gluttony was 
 bis least vioe. 
 
 VITRUVIUS POLLIO, MARCUS, a 
 celebrated Roman writer on architecture, 
 is supposed to have been born at Formia, 
 in Campania ; to have flourished under 
 Julius C*sar and Augustus; and to have 
 lived to a very advanced age. He wrote 
 an able work, \n ten books, on Architec- 
 ture. 
 
 VIVARES, FRANCIS, an eminent en- 
 graver, was born, in 1709, in France, at 
 St. Jean de Breul, a village of Rouergue; 
 came to London in 1729, and was appren- 
 ticed to his uncle, a tailor; but left the 
 hopboard, was instructed in engraving by 
 Amiconi, and rose to eminence, particu- 
 larly in landscape. He died in 1780. 
 
 V1VIA.M, VINCENT, a celebrated Ital- 
 ian mathematician, was born, in 1622, at 
 Florence; was the last pupil of Galileo, 
 and was also instructed by Torricelli ; 
 became geometrician aid chief engineer to 
 the duke of Tuscany, and a member of 
 various learned bodies, and died in 1703. 
 He restored a part of the lost works of 
 Aristeus and Apollonius; and wrote some 
 valuable mathematical treatises. 
 
 VOET, or VOETIUS, GISBF.RT, 
 Dutch theologian, was born, in 1593, at 
 lleusden ; became professor of theology 
 End the oriental language* at Utrecht; and 
 
 VOL 
 
 distinguished himself by his intolerance 
 against the Arminians, and Ins hostility tc 
 Cocceius and Descartes, the latter of whom 
 le accused of being a disguised Jesuit and 
 in atheist. His partisans were called 
 Voetians, in opposition to die Cocceians, 
 \\h'. espoused the cause of Cocceius. He 
 died in 1677. His numerous works are 
 low nearly forgotten. 
 
 .VOISENON, CLAUDIUS HENRY FU- 
 SEE DE, a French dramatist and miscella- 
 neous writer, was born, in 1708, near Melun ; 
 was educated for the church, and became 
 grand vicar to the bishop of Boulogne, on 
 vhose decease he very properly refused 
 he bishopric because he deemed himself 
 in lit for the episcopal office; spent his life 
 in literary pursuits, in conviviality, and in 
 licentiousness; and died in 1775. Among 
 lis works are, Comedies; and Fugitive 
 Poetry. 
 
 VOITURE, VINCENT, a French wit 
 and poet, was the son of a winemerchant, 
 and was born, in 1598, at Amiens. Hia 
 manners and talents conciliated to him the 
 kindness of the great, and he became a 
 favourite at the hotel de Rambouillet and 
 it court. Gaston, duke of Orleans, was 
 much attached to him, and made him his 
 master of the ceremonies. Under the ad- 
 ministration of Cardinal Mazarin, Voiture 
 was in the zenith of his reputation, and 
 enjoyed large pensions ; but women and 
 gambling kept him poor. In private life 
 tiis character was amiable. His best poem 
 is an Epistle to the Prince of Conde. Hig 
 Letters, which were once considered ai 
 inimitable, are now almost wholly neg- 
 lected. 
 
 VOLNEY, CONSTANTINE FRANCIS 
 
 CHASSEBCEUF, count de, an eminent 
 French writer, was born, in 1757, at 
 Craon, in Britanny. He was educated at 
 Angers, and for three years studied medi- 
 cine at Paris; but coming into possession 
 of a small estate he was enabled to indulge 
 his ardent desire of Travelling. He spent 
 three years in Syria and Egypt; and on 
 his return published, in 1787, his Travels, 
 which established his reputati MI. He was 
 elected a member of the stutes general; 
 was confined for ten months during the 
 reign of terror; was appointed professor 
 of history at the Normal school in 1794; 
 and in 1795 made a voyage to the United 
 States, whence he did not return till 1798. 
 Napoleon created him a senator and a 
 count. In all circumstances, however, 
 Volney was a friend of freedom. He 
 died April 25, 1820. Among his principal 
 works are, The Ruins; Lectures on His- 
 tory; and New Researches on AncieiU 
 History. 
 
 VOLPATO, JOHN, an em inert Italian 
 engraver, was born, in 1733, at Bassano. 
 Till he was wen ty -one ha followed UM 
 
VOL 
 
 ttade of au embroiderer, but he lubse- 1 he lived for short periods at Geneva and 
 quently, by his own unaided efforts, ac- jollier places, and at length purchased an 
 quired such perfection in engraving as estate at Ferney, in the Pays de Gex, on 
 
 ranked him among the best modenf artists. 
 He died in 1802. Volpato ia the author 
 of The Principles of Design. Raphael 
 Morghen was his pupil and son-in-law. 
 
 VOLTA, ALEXANDER, a celebrated 
 experimental philosopher, who contributed 
 largely to the progress of science, was of 
 a noble family, and was born, in 1745, at 
 Como; was for thirty years professor of 
 natural philosophy at Pavia; was made an 
 Italian count and senator by Napoleon: 
 was a member of many learned bodies; 
 and died March 6, 1826. Electricity was 
 the first object to which Volta turned his 
 attention ; and he invented the perpetual 
 electrophorus and the condenser. But the 
 great invention which immortalizes his 
 name is the Voltaic pile, to which we are 
 indebted for so many important philosoph- 
 ical and chemical discoveries. His works 
 form five octavo volumes. 
 
 VOLTAIRE, MARIE FRANCIS AROU- 
 ET DE, the most universal of French 
 writers, was born, February 20, 1694, at 
 
 which he finally settled. There, in pos- 
 session of a large fortune, and surrounded 
 by friends, he gave free scope to his inde- 
 fatigable pen. In April, 1778, he went 
 once more to Paris, after an absence of 
 nearly thirty years. He was received with 
 enthusiasm, his bust was crowned on the 
 stage, and was placed by the Academi- 
 cians next to that of Corneillc; but he did 
 not long enjoy these honours, for he expir- 
 ed on the 30th of May, and his death ia 
 supposed to have been hastened by an 
 overdose of laudanum, which he took to 
 calm the pain occasioned by strangury; 
 and to procure sleep, of which he had long 
 been deprived. His collected works, in 
 tlie edition of Beanmarchais, form seventy 
 volume*. " He was," says a French au- 
 thor, " one of our greatest poets; the most 
 brilliant, the moat elegant, the most fertile, 
 of our prose writers. There is not, in the 
 literature of any country, either in verse 
 or in prose, an author who has written on 
 many opposite kinds of subjects, and 
 
 Chatenay, near Sceaux, and was educated i has so constantly displayed a superiority 
 with great care at the Jesuits' College at 
 Paris. One of his tutors predicted that he 
 would be the Coryphaeus of deism in France ; 
 and the society which the youthful poet 
 frequented, elegant, but licentious and 
 irreligious, did not tend to falsify the pre- 
 diction. His father destined him for the 
 magistracy, but the literary propensity of 
 the son was unconquerable. In his twen- 
 ty-second year he was sent to the Bastile, 
 by the regent, on an unfounded suspicion 
 of his being the author of a libel, and, 
 while he was in prison, he formed the plan 
 of The Henriade, and completed the trag- 
 edy of (Edipns. The tragedy wag repre- 
 sented in 1718 with distinguished success. 
 Two ethers, by which it was succeeded, 
 weie less fortunate. A second unjust con- 
 
 in all of them.' 
 VONDEL, JUSTUS VANDEN, a Dutch 
 
 Koet, was born, in 1587, at Cologne, but 
 is parents settled in Holland while he was 
 a child. He was by trade a hosier, but he 
 left business almost wholly to his wife, that 
 he might cultivate poetry, and at length he 
 obtained an office under government. He 
 died in 1697. He wrote thirty-two trage- 
 dies, and many poems ; and translated 
 Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. 
 
 VON VISIN, DENIS IVANOVITSCH, a 
 Russian dramatist and miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, was born, in 1745, at Moscow; and 
 
 and 
 He 
 
 died in 1792, counsellor of state, 
 member of the Russian Academy, 
 wrote Comedies; Poems; Letters; and 
 Callisthenes, a Greek tale; and translated 
 
 finement in the Bastile induced him to takes various works from the German ana 
 
 up 
 
 residence in England for three 
 
 years, where he was favourably received by 
 many illustrious characters, and obtained 
 a large subscription for The Henriade. In 
 1728 lie returned to France, and between 
 that year and 1749 he produced his trage- 
 dies of Zara, Alzira, Mahomet, Meropf , 
 and many other works; was admitted into 
 the French Academy; and was appointed 
 
 French. 
 
 VOSS, JOHN HENRY, a German poet 
 and critic, was born, in 1751, at Sommers- 
 dorf, and was educated at Gottingen. In 
 1775 he began to edit the Almanac of the 
 Muses, and he conducted it till 1800. He 
 was appointed rector of the college of Ot- 
 tendorf, in 1778, whence he was removed 
 to fill the same office at Eutin. At the 
 
 atter place he remained for three and 
 twenty years. The grand duke of Baden 
 
 gentleman of the king's chamber in ordi 
 
 it.iry, and historiographer of France. In 
 
 1750 he accepted the invitation of the king invited him, in 1805, to Heidelburg, and 
 
 of Prussia to Berlin. For a while the i he diet! there in 1826. Voss wrote Louisa, 
 
 sovereign and the poet were on the most! a poem; Idylls; Miscellaneous Poems, 
 
 amicable terms ; but in 1753 tlu-ir friend-' Letters on Mythology; and other works; 
 
 ihip was broken, and Voltaire quitted the and translated Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, 
 
 Prussian dominions. Paris, in COMSO- Virgil, Horace, and several other Greek 
 
 quanee of the intrigues of his enemies, and Roman poets. 
 
 oeing no longer an eligible aboda for him, VOSSIU8, GERARD JOHN, tin emiiwnl 
 
600 WA* 
 
 critic and philologist, was born, hi 1577, 
 near Heidelberg; studied at Dort and 
 Leydcn ; was removed from the professor- 
 ship of rhetoric and chronology at Leyden, 
 in consequence of his favouring the Re- 
 monstrants; obtained a pretend in Can- 
 terbury Cathedral, through the influence of 
 Laud, with a dispensation from residence 
 in England ; and Jied, in 16S3, professor 
 of history at Amsterdam. His works form 
 six volumes folio. 
 
 VOSSIUS, ISAAC, son of the foregoing, 
 was born, in 1618, at Leyden, and acquired 
 reputation by publishing, at the age of 
 twenty-one, an edition of the Periplus of 
 Scylax, with a Latin version and notes. 
 After having resided for some time at 
 Stockholm, to which capital he was in- 
 vited by Christina, and subsequently in 
 
 WAR 
 
 bis own country, he settled in Englnd, ffe 
 1670, and was made canon of Windsor. 
 He died in 1688. His works are numer- 
 ous, and bear ample testimony to hit 
 learning. He was rude in his manners, 
 sceptical as to religion, but of boundless 
 credulity in all other matters. Charles II. 
 said of him that he believed every thing 
 but the Bible. 
 
 VOUET, SIMON, a French painter, was 
 born, in 1582, at Paris; learned the rudi- 
 ments of art from his father, \vho was also 
 a painter; resided for several years in 
 Italy; was recalled by Louis XIII., who 
 employed him in the Louvre and Luxem- 
 burgh palaces; and died in 1649. Lebrun, 
 Le Sueur, Mignard, and other eminent 
 artists, were his pupils. 
 
 WADHAM, NICHOLAS, the founder of 
 the college which bears his name at Ox- 
 ford, was born, about 1536, in Somerset- 
 shire, and was educated at Christ Church 
 College. He died in 1610; and the semi- 
 nary to the establishment of which he 
 devoted a large part of his fortune was 
 completed in 1613. 
 
 WAILLY, NOEL FRANCIS DE, a 
 French lexicographer and grammarian, 
 was born, in 1724, at Amiens; settled at 
 Paris as a teacher; became a member of 
 the Institute; and died in 1S01. He pub- 
 lished an Abridgment of the Dictionary 
 of the Academy: General and Particular 
 Principles of the French Language; and 
 other works; and edited various classical 
 authors. 
 
 WAILLY, CHARLES DK, an eminent 
 architect, was born, in 1729, at Paris; 
 studied his art under Blondel, Lejay, and 
 Servandoni, and at Rome; was a member 
 of the Institute, and the founder of the 
 society of the Friend? of the Arts; and 
 died in 1798. His principal woiks are, 
 the Spinola palace at Genoa, the mansion 
 of Ormcs in Touraine, and the hotel of 
 Argenson, and the Odeon at Paris. The 
 Odeon was the joint production of Wailly 
 and Peyre. 
 
 WAKE, WILLIAM, a learned and pious 
 prelate, was born, in 1627, at Bland ford, 
 in Dorsetshire ; and was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. After leaving college, 
 lie was successively chaplain to the P>i iii>h 
 embassy at Paris, preacher at Gray's Inn, 
 king's chaplain to William III., and dep- 
 uty clerk of the closet, rector of St Jaine.-'^ 
 Westminster, and dean of Exeter. He also 
 distinguished himself as a controversialist 
 against tb Catholic*, particularly in teply 
 
 to Bossuet, and had the rare merit ot con- 
 troverting without acrimony. In 1705 he 
 was raised to the see of Lincoln, whence, 
 ' in 1716, he was translated to Canterbury, 
 j He died in 1737. Wake endeavoured to 
 ; promote a union of the English and Gal- 
 i lican churches; a well-meant measure, for 
 j which he was grossly calumniated. Among 
 ; his works are, Sermons; an Exposition of 
 ! the Catechism ; and a version of the Epis- 
 tles of the Apostolical Fathers. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, GILBERT, a scholar 
 
 and critic, was born, in 1756, at Notting- 
 ham, and was educated at Jesus College, 
 Oxford. After having been a curate at 
 Stockport, and also near Liverpool, he 
 quitted the church, and became classical 
 tutor at the Warrington Dissenting Acad- 
 emy. In 1790 he was appointed to the 
 same office in Hackney College,, but held 
 it only a year. Being a warm friend to 
 the French revolution, and as warmly hos- 
 tile to the war against the republic, he 
 took a decided part in the angrv politic! 
 of that disturbed period. In 179S he wa 
 prosecuted for i Uet.lv to the Bwbop of 
 
WAL 
 
 LlandafPs Address to the People of Great 
 Britain, and was sentenced to an impris- 
 onment of two years in Dorchester Gaol. 
 During his captivity a subscription amount- 
 ing to five thousand pounds was raised for 
 him. He died in 1801, soon after his 
 liberation. Among his works are, his own 
 Memoirs; a translation of the New Tes- 
 tament; Silva Critica; a Reply to Paine's 
 Age of Reason ; and editions of various 
 classics, and of Pope's Homer. 
 
 WALES, WILLIAM, a mathematician 
 and astronomer, was born about 1734; 
 went to Hudson's Bay in 1769 to observe 
 the transit of Venus; accompanied Captain 
 Cook in two voyages round the world ; 
 and died, in 1798, mathematical master 
 at Christ's Hospital, and secretary to the 
 board of longitude. Among his works are, 
 Astronomical Observations in the Southern 
 Hemisphere; a treatise on the Discovery 
 of the Longitude by means of Timepieces; 
 
 WAL 
 
 601 
 
 and an Inquiry into the Population of 
 England and Wi 
 
 rales. 
 
 WALKER, CLEMENT, a political wri- 
 ter of the seventeenth century, was born at 
 ClilTe, in Dorsetshire; was educated at 
 Christ Church, Oxford ; and became M. P. 
 for Wells. Being a zealous presbyterian, 
 he was violently hostile to the Indepen- 
 dents, against whom he published, in 1648, 
 A History of Independency. He also at- 
 tacked the protector in a treatise called 
 Cromwell's Slaughter House. He was com- 
 mitted to the Tower, and died therein 1651. 
 
 WALKER, GEOKGK, an Irish divine, 
 was born, in the seventeenth century, in 
 the county of Tyrone; was educated at 
 the university of Glasgow; and became 
 rector of Donoghmore. When James II. 
 invaded Ireland, Walker raised a regi- 
 ment, and successfully defended London- 
 derry against him, alter the governor had 
 abandoned his pos... He was nominated 
 bishop of Derry, but was killed soon after 
 at the battle of" the Boync. He wrote an 
 Account of the Siege. 
 
 WALKER, ADAM, an astronomical 
 lecturer ami miscellaneous writer, was 
 born, in 1731, in Westmoreland, and very 
 early displayed a turn for mechanics. 
 While following his father's business of a 
 woollen manufacturer, he used to amuse 
 himself with making models of mills. He 
 was, in succession, an usher, a mathemati- 
 cal teacher, a tradesman, and the master 
 of an academy ; and at last became, and 
 continued through life, a highly popular 
 ecturer on astronomy. He died February 
 11, 1821. Among his works are, A System 
 }f Familial Philosophy; Lectures on Ex- 
 perimental Philosophy; A Treatise on 
 Geography; and two Tours. 
 
 WALKER, JOHN, a lexicographer, was 
 born, in 1732, at Friern Barnet, in Hert- 
 fordshire ; was, at first, muter of an 
 
 academy, and, subsequently, * lecturer ua 
 elocution; and died in 1807. His princi- 
 pal works are, A Pronouncing Dictionary; 
 a Rhyming Dictionary; Elements of Elo- 
 cution ; and a Rhetorical Grammar. 
 
 WALKER, JOHN, a physician and geo- 
 graphical writer, was born, in 1759, at 
 Cockermouth, and died June 23, 1880 V 
 This singular character passed through the 
 various occupations of engraver, smith , 
 one of the crew of a privateer, school- 
 master, and medical practitioner In the 
 latter capacity he contributed greatly to 
 diffuse vaccination, and at the time of his 
 decease he was at the head of the Vaccine 
 Institution. He published a Gazetteer 
 and Atlas. 
 
 WALL, JOHN, a physician, was born, 
 in 1708, at Powick, in Worcestershire; 
 was educated at Worcester Grammar 
 School, and at Merton College, Oxford; 
 settled at Worcester as a medical practi- 
 tioner; and died in 1776. Wall first made 
 known the virtues of the Malvern waters, 
 and he contributed" to establish the porce- 
 lain manufactory at Worcester. 
 
 WALLACE, Sir WILLIAM, a Scottish 
 patriot and hero, the younger son of Sir 
 Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Renfrew- 
 shife, was born in 1276. Indignant at 
 seeing his country enslaved by Edward I. 
 he resolved to undertake its liberation. 
 His success at the head of a small band of 
 followers induced many of the barons to 
 join him, and he gained a splendid victory 
 over Earl Warenne, at Cambuskenneth. 
 He was appointed regent, but his elevation 
 having excited jealousy among the nobles, 
 he resigned the office. The defeat of the 
 Scots, at Falkirk, compelled Wallace to 
 resort to his original system of predatory 
 warfare, and for seven years he continued 
 to harass the invaders; but, in 1305, he 
 was betrayed into the hands of Edward bj 
 Sir John Monteith, and the monarch stained 
 his character by executing his captive as a 
 traitor. 
 
 WALLEIVSTEIN, WALSTEIN, :' 
 WALDSTEIN, ALBKRT VKNCK 'LAUS 
 EUSKBIUS, duke of Friedland, a celebra- 
 ted German general, was born, in 1583, in 
 Bohemia, and began life as page to the 
 margrave of Burgau, son of the archduke 
 Ferdinand. After having travelled over 
 nearly the whole of Europe, he married a 
 widow possessed of immense riches, who 
 left him a widower at the end of four years. 
 At the head of a formidable army raised by 
 him for the service of the emperor, and 
 paid from his own resources and from un- 
 limited plunder, he, for several years, dis- 
 tinguished himself by his successes in Mor- 
 avia, Bohemia, and Northern Germany, 
 and was rewarded with the dukedoms of 
 Mecklenburgh and Friedland. His ene- 
 mies at length succeeded in procuring hit 
 
102 
 
 WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 dismission, and he retired to Prague, where WALLERIUS, JOHIC GOTTSCHALK, 
 he lived with all the state of a soxerrign. A Swedish naturalist, was born, in 1709, 
 The progress of Gustavus Adolphus om- in the district of Aecke, and died, in 1905, 
 polled the emperor, in 1632, to place Wai- professor of chemistry, metallurgy, and 
 lenstein again in command of his force?, pharmacy, at the university of Upsaf. His 
 with i-linust regal authority. He foiled countrymen consider him to have been one 
 Gustavus at Nmeml>erg, but was defeated of those who, in the eighteenth century, 
 at Leipsie. At length he was accused of contributed the most to the diffusion of 
 treason, and his commission was revoked; science and literature among them. He 
 and, while he was meditating projects of wrote several works on mineralogy, me- 
 rcvenge, he was assassinated, in 1634, by tallurgy, chemistry, and agriculture. 
 some of his own officers. WALLIS, JOHN, an eminent mathema- 
 
 WALLER, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent! tician and divine, was born, in 1616, at 
 parliamentary general, was born, in 1597, Ashford, in Kent; was educated at Ema- 
 in Kent, und was educated at Magdalen j nuel College, Cambridge; obtained, in 
 College and Hart Hall, Oxford. On his 1 1643, the living of St. Gabriel, Fenchurch 
 returning from serving as a volunteer in (Street; was chosen, in 1649, Savilian pro- 
 Germany, against the emperor, he was'fessor of geometry at Oxford; was made 
 elected "for Andover as a member of the I keeper of the archives there, in 1658; re- 
 Long Parliament. He opposed the court,, tained his offices at the Restoration, and 
 and, on the breaking out of the war, was] was appointed one of the royal chaplains; 
 
 made second in command under the earl of 
 Essex. He fought chiefly in the west of 
 
 was one of the earliest members of the 
 Royal Societ ; and died in 1703. Wallis 
 
 England, and with varied fortune. The j had consummate skill in the art of deci- 
 felf-denying ordinance excluded him from phering, and his talents were much called 
 service, and he became so much an object! into use by the republican and succeeding 
 of suspicion to the republicans, that he was! regal governments. He WHS also one of 
 twice imprisoned. He died in 1668. Hej the first who gave the power of speech to 
 wrote Divine Meditations; and a Vindica- the deaf and dumb. As a mathematician 
 
 tion of his conduct. 
 
 his fame stands high both in England and 
 
 WALLER, EDMUND, an elegant poet,] on the continent. His mathematical works 
 the son of a Buckinghamshire gentleman | form three volumes, and his theological a 
 of large fortune, was born, in 1603, at fourth. 
 Coleshill, in Warwickshire, and was edu- WAL\, ROBERT, a miscellaneous wri- 
 
 cated at Eton, and at King's College, 
 Cambridge. In his sixteenth or seven- 
 teenth year he sat in parliament, and in his 
 eighteenth he began to display his poetical 
 talent*. His already large fortune he in- 
 creased by a marriage with a rich heiress, 
 who soon left him a widower, and lie then 
 unsuccessfully paid court to Lady Dorothea 
 Sidney, the Sacharissa of his verses. In 
 the Long Parliament he was a moderate 
 opponent of the court, and he was one of 
 the commissioners appointed to treat with 
 the king at Oxford. He was either already 
 a secret royalist, or was converted by his 
 : 1tercourse with the monarch; for, soon 
 
 jter his visit to Oxford, he entered into a 
 Conspiracy against the house of commons, 
 .t was discovered; but Waller saved his 
 life : though at the expense of such cow- 
 rdice, treachery, and cunning, as tho- 
 
 oughly disgraced him. He was fined tea 
 thousand pounds, and banished. Cromwell, 
 however, permitted him to return, and 
 treated him with favour; and the gratitude 
 of the poet was displayed by a splendid 
 panegyric, and, rubsequently, by the less 
 'jiiestionable tribute of an elegy 
 
 leatli of the protector. During the reigi 
 of Charles II. and James II. he was highly 
 
 elegv on the 
 
 distinguished at court, und was generally 
 
 admired for hi* abilities and his wit. 
 died in 16*7. 
 
 ter, was born in Philadelphia, and was 
 liberally educated, but adopted no profes- 
 sion. He was the author of The Hermit 
 in Philadelphia, a satire; The American 
 Bards, a satire; Sisyphi Opus, or Touches 
 at the Times; a History of China; some 
 of the lives in the Biography of the Signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence ; a Life 
 of Lafayette ; and an account of the Quaker 
 Hospital at Frankford, near Philadelphia. 
 He died in 1824, at the age of thirty-one. 
 WALPOLE, ROBERT, earl of Oxford, 
 a statesman, was born, in 1676, at Hough* 
 tf\n, his father's seat, in Norfolk, and was 
 educated at Eton, and at King's College, 
 Cambridge. He first sat in parliament, 
 in 1701, as member for Castle Rising; but 
 in the following year he was elected for 
 Lynn, which he thenceforth continued to 
 re'present. A? a senator he soon distin- 
 guished himself among the whigs. In 1708 
 he was appointed secretary at war; in 
 1709, treasurer of the navy; and in 1710 
 one of the managers of Sacheverell's trial; 
 but, on the triumph of the lories, he lost 
 his offices, and was expelled the house, and 
 committed to the Tower, on an unproved 
 charge of breach of trust und corruption. 
 The accession of George I. restored the 
 ascendancy of Walpole's party, and he 
 
 He! was made paymaster of the forces, and, 
 'subsequently, primp minister. Dispute* 
 
WAI. 
 
 with his colleagues, however, induced him 
 to resign, in 1717, and he remained in op- 
 position till 1720, when he once more 
 became paymaster of the forces. On the 
 retirement of Lord Sundcrland, Walpole 
 was again raised to the high situation of 
 premier, and that situation he retained for 
 two and twenty years, in spite of incessant 
 attacks from political enemies of splendid 
 talents. To maintain peace was one of the 
 main objects of his administration. In 
 1742 he resigned, and was created earl of 
 Orford. He died in 1745. " The pru- 
 dence, steadiness, and vigilance of that 
 man, joined to the greatest lenity in his 
 character and politics (says Burke), pre- 
 served the crown to this royal family; and 
 with it, their laws and liberties to this 
 country." 
 
 WALPOLE, HORATIO, lord, brother 
 of the foregoing, was born in 1678; held 
 various offices under the government; was 
 employed as ambassador to France and 
 Holland; was created a peer in 1756; and 
 died in 1757. He wrote an answer to 
 Bolingbroke's Letters on History; and 
 some political pamphlets. 
 
 WALPOLE, HORACE, earl of Orford, 
 the youngest son of Sir Robert, a man of j 
 varied and brilliant talents, was born in 
 1718, and was educated at Eton, and at 
 King's College, Cambridge. In 1741 he 
 entered parliament as member for Calling- 
 'on, and he afterwards represented Castle 
 Rising and Lynn. He was a steady whig 
 and an independent senator, but took no j 
 active part in the business of the legisla- 
 ture; and in 1768 retired wholly from it. 
 Literature and v irtu were the great occu- 
 pations of his life; and much of his exist- j 
 ence was dedicated to embellishing his 
 villa at Strawberry Hill, near Twickeiv- 
 im:n, and forming a collection there. At j 
 Mat place he also established a private 
 press, and printed several works. In 1791 
 he succeeded to the eaildom; an accession | 
 of dignity which he would ha\e been glad 
 to have avoided. He died in 1797. His 
 works form several volumes in quarto, j 
 independent of his numerous Letters. 
 
 \VAl.SL\GHAM, Sir FRANCIS, an! 
 eminent statesman, was born, in 1536, at 
 Chiselhurst, in Kent; was educated at 
 King's College, Cambridge ; and acquired 
 a knowledge of men and modern languages ; 
 bv foreign travel. After having been am- 
 bassador to France, he was, in 1573, ap- 
 pointed one of the secretaries of state, and 
 was knighted. In 1581 he was a se.-ond 
 time ent to France, and in 1583 to Scot- 
 land As a minister he was active and 
 vigilrii.t, but his policy was of the Machi- 
 avelian character, which cannot honestly 
 be pi rsed. In the final proceedings against 
 Mar) jneen of Scots he acted a conspicu- 
 ous j*rt He died poor in 15,90. The 
 
 WAL 
 
 603 
 
 paper? relatire to kis second negotiation* 
 in France were published by Sir Dudley 
 Digges, in 1665, with the title of The Com- 
 plete Ambassador. 
 
 WALTER, JOHN THEOPHILUS, a 
 celebrated German anatomist, was born, in 
 1734, at Koenigsberg; studied at Frankfort 
 on the Oder; l>ecame professor of anatomy 
 and midwifery at Berlin; and died in 
 1818. He performed more than eight 
 thousand dissections, and formed a cabinet 
 consisting of nearly three thousand highly 
 interesting anatomical subjects. Among 
 his works are, Anatomical Observations; 
 and Treatises on Myology, Osteology, and 
 Neurology. 
 
 WALTON, IZAAK, was born, in 1593, 
 at Stafford, and kept a linen draper's shop 
 in London, first in the Royal Exchange, 
 and lastly in Fleet Street, at the corner of 
 Chancery Lane. About 1643 he quitted 
 the metropolis, and he died at Winchester 
 in 1683. His Complete Angler has long 
 afforded delight not only to those who are 
 fond of angling, but to general readers of 
 taste, and has passed through numerous 
 editions. His Lives of Hooker, Sanderson, 
 Wotton, Donne, and Herbert, exhibit him 
 in a highly favourable light as a biogra- 
 pher. Wordsworth says of them, 
 
 The feather whence the pen 
 Was shaped that traced the lives of these 
 
 good men 
 Dropped from an angel'* wing. 
 
 At a very advanced age Walton published, 
 under the name of Chalkhill, Thealma and 
 Clearchus, a Pastoral History. 
 
 WALTON, BRIAN, a divine and orien- 
 tal scholar, was born, in 1600, at Seymour 
 in Cleveland, Yorkshire; was educated 
 at Peter House, Cambridge ; obtained con- 
 siderable ecclesiastical preferment, ot which 
 he was deprived during the civil wars; 
 published in 1657 his Polyglott Bible; and 
 was made bishop of Chester at the Restor- 
 ation, but died, shortly after, in 1661. 
 He wrote Introductio ad Lectionem Lin- 
 guaruin Orientalium; a Defence of th 
 Polyglott Bible; nnd a pamphlet on litht* 
 
ifc4 WAR 
 
 W ALTON, GEOROK, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, 
 was hern in Frederick county, Virginia, 
 about the year 17-10. He was early ap- 
 prenticed to a carj>enter, but at the expira- 
 tion of his apprenticeship lie removed to 
 Georgia and entered the office of an attor- 
 ney at law. In 1776 he was elected to the 
 cont nental congress. At the siege of 
 Savannah he was wounded and taken pris- 
 oner, but was exchanged in September, 
 1779. In the following month he was 
 appointed governor of the state, and in the 
 succeeding January was elected a member 
 of congress for two years. 
 
 WAKBURTON, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 prelate and writer, was born, in 1698, at 
 Newark. After having been educated at 
 Okeham and Newark schools, he served 
 his clerkship to an attornev, and was 
 admitted to practice. Tiring, however, of 
 the law, he turned to the church, and took 
 deacon's orders in 1723. In 1726 he ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Greasley, and in 
 1729 the rectory of Brant Broughton. 
 Between 1723 and 1729 he published Mis- 
 cellaneous Translations, An Inquiry into 
 the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, and 
 a Treatise on the Legal Judicature of 
 Chancery. These were preludes to his 
 great works, The Alliance between Church 
 and State, which appeared in 1738, and 
 the first volume of his Divine Legation, 
 which was given to the world in 1738. 
 His Vindication of Pope's Essay on Man 
 acquired for him the friendship of that 
 poet, who introduced him to Mr. Allen, 
 of Bath, and thus laid the foundation of 
 his fortune. He rose successively to be 
 king's chaplain, prebend of Durham, dean 
 of Bristol, and bishop of Gloucester; to 
 the last of these dignities he attained in 
 1759. He died in 1779. His original 
 works were collected in six quarto volumes 
 by his friend Bishop Hurd. The talents 
 of Wai burton were great; his erudition 
 was still greater; and his vanity and arro- 
 gance were in full proportion to his abili- 
 ties and learning. 
 
 WARD, SETH, a prelate and mathema- 
 tician, was born, in 1618, at Buntingford; 
 was educated at Sidney College, Cam- 
 bridge; became Savilian professor of as- 
 tionomy; was made bishop of Exeter in 
 1662, whence, in 1677, he was translated 
 to Salisbury; and died in 1689. He wrote 
 various mathematical works; Sermons; a 
 Treatise against Hobbes; and a Philoso- 
 phical Essay on the Being and Attributes 
 of God, the Immortality of the Soul, fee. 
 
 WARE, Sir JAMES, an Irish antiquary, 
 was born, in 1604, at Dublin; and was 
 educated at Trinity College, in that city; 
 succeeded his father, in 1632, as auditor 
 general, and secretary to the lords justices; 
 VM elected representative for hi native 
 
 WAR 
 
 place, and made one of the privy council; 
 was an active partisan or the earl of 
 Strafford and of Charles I.; was twice a 
 captive to the parliament; resided in 
 France for some years after his lilieration ; 
 accompanied Charles II. to England, aim 
 was restored to his posts; and died in 
 1666. Among his principal work." are, 
 De Scriptoribus Hibernia;; De Hibernia 
 et ejus Antiqnitatibus Disquisitiones; Re- 
 ruin Hibernicarum Annales; and De Praes- 
 ulibus Hibernhe. 
 
 WARE, JAMES, an eminent surgeon 
 and oculist, was born, about 1756, at Ports- 
 mouth, and was apprenticed to Mr. Karr, 
 surgeon of the king's dockyard at that 
 place. After having been demonstrator 
 under Dr. Collignon, professor of anatomy 
 at Cambridge, he formed a partnership, 
 in the metropolis, with Mr. Wathen, which 
 continued till 1791. Subsequent to that 
 period he practised on his own account, 
 and ranked high among British surgeons. 
 He died in 1815. Among his works are, 
 Observations on Opthalmy; Remarks on 
 Fistula Lachrymalis; and Chirurgical Ob- 
 servations. 
 
 WARING, EDWARD, a mathematician, 
 was born, in 1734, at Fitz, in Shropshire ; 
 was educated at Shrewsbury free school, 
 and at Magdalen College, Cambridge; 
 was chosen Lucasian professor at the age 
 of twenty-five; became a fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and member of the board 
 of longitude; and died in 1798. lie wrote 
 Miscellanea Analytica; Meditationes An- 
 alytica); Meditationes Algebraicte ; and 
 An Essay on the principles of Human 
 Knowledge. 
 
 WARREN, Sir JOHN BORLASE, an 
 eminent naval officer, was born, in 1754, 
 in Cornwall; entered the naval service at 
 an early age from Winchester school ; and 
 completed his education subsequently at 
 Emanuel College, Cambridge. During the 
 American war he performed several gal- 
 lant actions, and rose to the rank of post 
 captain. In the two wars of the French 
 revolution, he equally distinguished him- 
 self; particularly in capturing the Hoche 
 and six frigates; and he attained the rank 
 of admiral in 1810. After the peace of 
 Amiens, he was appointed ambassador to 
 Russia, in which post he remained till 
 1805. He sat in parliament in 1774 and 
 1780 for Great Marlow, and in 1796 and 
 1802 for Nottingham. He died February 
 27, 1822. Sir J. B. Wawen is the author 
 of A View of the Naval Force of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 WARREN, CHARLES, an eminent en- 
 graver, died suddenly, of an enlargement 
 of the heart, April 21, 1823. To Wan*D 
 the art' arc indebted for having brought 
 to perfection the process of engraving or 
 teel. 
 
WAR 
 
 WARREN, JOSEPH, a patriot of the 
 American revolution, was horn in Roxbury, 
 near Boston, in 1741, and was graduated 
 t Harvard College in 1759. He p 
 the profession of medicine, and soon after 
 commencing the practice, distinguished 
 nimself by nis successful treatment of the 
 small pox. Early engaging in politics, 
 he obtained great influence, and rendered 
 efficient service by his writings and ad- 
 dresses. He was twice elected to deliver 
 the oration in commemoration of the mas- 
 sacre on the fifth of March. In June 1775, 
 he provincial congress of Massachusetts, 
 of which he was at this time president, 
 made him a major-general of their iorces. 
 At the battle of Bunker Hill he fought as 
 a volunteer, and was slain within a few 
 yards of the breast work as he was among 
 the last slowly retiring from it. He was 
 a man of the most generous and intrepid 
 spirit, much elegance of manners, and of 
 commanding eloquence. His loss was 
 deeply felt and regretted. In 1776 his 
 remains were removed from the battle 
 ground, and interred in Boston. 
 
 WARREN, JAMES, was born at Plym- 
 outh in 1726, and was graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1745. He took an early 
 and active part in tne cause of the colonies 
 against the aggressions of the mother 
 country, was a member of the general 
 court, proposed the establishment of com- 
 mittees of correspondence, and after the 
 death of general Warren, was appointed 
 president of the provincial congress. He 
 was afterwards appointed a major general 
 of the militia. On the adoption 'of the 
 constitution of Massachusetts, he was for 
 many years speaker of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. He died at Plymouth in 1808. 
 
 WARREN, MERCY, the wife of general 
 James Warren, was the author of a valu- 
 able History of the American Revolution ; 
 The Adulator, and the Group, two political 
 pieces before the revolution ; and a volume 
 of poems. She died at Plymouth, in 
 1814. 
 
 WARREN. JOHN, a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born, in 1753, at Roxbury, 
 Massachusetts, and was graduated at Har- 
 vard College. He delivered the first course 
 of lectures on anatomy, ever givu in New- 
 England, and was appointed professor on 
 the foundation of Dr. Hersey. Through 
 life, he enjoyed a very high reputation, as 
 a physician and anatomist. He died in 
 1S15. 
 
 WARTON, JOSEPH, a poet and critic, 
 was born, in 172-2, at Dunsfold, in Surrey; 
 was educated at Winchester school, and at 
 Oriel College, Oxford ; took his degree of 
 D. D. in 1763; held, at various periods, 
 the living > of Winslade, Tain worth, Thor- 
 ley, Easton. and Wick ham, and prebends 
 < St. Paul's and Winchester, and was 
 22 
 
 hen i i.m-otcr o:' Winchester school iron; 
 1760 tu 1793. lie died iu isoo. Me wrott 
 Poems; and An Essay on Pope; contrib- 
 uted to the Adventurer; translated the 
 Eclogues and G< , Baited the 
 
 works of Dryden and Pope. 
 
 WARTON, THOMAS, a poet, critic, and 
 miscellaneous writer, brother of the fore- 
 going, was born, in 1723, at Bassingstoke; 
 and was educated at Winchester "school, 
 and at Trinity College, Oxford. His first 
 poetical work was The Triumph of Ibis ; 
 the next, The Progress of Discontent. As 
 a poet he was much superior to his brother. 
 In 1757 he was chosen poetry professor at 
 Oxford; m 1771 obtained the living of 
 Kiddington ; in 1731 that of Hill Farrance ; 
 and in 1785 was appointed Camden pro- 
 fessor of history and poet . laureat. He 
 died in 1790. tiis principal works are, 
 Poems ; Observations on the Faery Queen ; 
 and The History of English Poetry. Of 
 the last work an elegant and enlarged 
 edition was published a few years since bf 
 Mr. Price. 
 
 WASHINGTON, GEORGE, the illu. 
 trious founder of American independence, 
 was born, in 1732, in the county of Fair- 
 fax, in Virginia, where his father was pos- 
 sessed of great landed property. He was 
 educated under the care of a private tutor, 
 and paid much attention to the study ol 
 mathematics and engineering. He was 
 first employed officially by General Din- 
 widdie, m 1753, in remonstrating to the 
 French commander on the Ohio, for the 
 infraction of the treaty between the tvro 
 nations. He subsequently negotiated a 
 treaty of amity with the Indians on the 
 back settlements, and for his honourable 
 services rece-ved the thanks of the British 
 government. In the unfortunate expedi- 
 tion of general Braddock he served as aid- 
 de-camp, and on the fall of that brave but 
 rash commander, he conducted the retreat 
 to the corps under colonel Dunbar in a 
 manner that displayed great military talent. 
 He retired from trie service with the rank 
 of colonel; but while engaged in agricul- 
 ture at his favourite seat of Mount Ver- 
 non, he was elected senator in the national 
 
il lor Frederic county, and afterwards 
 for Fairfsx. At the commencement of the 
 revolutionary war. he was selected as the 
 most proper person to take the chief com- 
 mand of the provincial troops. From the 
 moment of taking upon himself this im- 
 portant office, in June, 1775, he employed 
 the great powers of his mind to his favour- 
 ite object, and by his prudence, his valour, 
 and presence oi mind he deserved and 
 obtained the confidence and gratitude of 
 his country, and finally triumphed over all 
 opposition. The record of his services is 
 the history of the whole war. He joined 
 the army at Cambridge in July, 1775. On 
 the evacuation of Boston in March, 1776, 
 he proceeded to New- York. The battle 
 of Long Island was fought on the 27th of 
 August, and the battle of White-plains on 
 the 23th of October. On the 25th of 
 December he crossed the Delaware, and 
 soon gained the victories at Trenton and 
 Princeton. The battle of Brandywine was 
 fought on September llth,, 1777; of Ger- 
 mantown, October 4th; of Monmouth, 
 February 23th, 1778. In 1779 and 1780 
 he continued in the vicinity of New- York, 
 and closed the important military opera- 
 tions of the war by the capture of Corn- 
 wallis, at Yorktown, in 1781. When the 
 independence of his country was establish- 
 ed by the treaty of peace, Washington 
 resigned his high office to the congress, 
 and, followed by the applause, and the 
 grateful admiration of his fellow citizens, 
 retired into private life. His high charac- 
 ter and services naturally entitled him to 
 the highest gifts his country could bestow, 
 and on the organization of the government 
 he was called upon to be the first president 
 of the states which he had preserved and 
 established. It was a period of great 
 difficulty and danger. The unsubdued 
 spirit of liberty had been roused and kind- 
 led by the revolution of France, and many 
 Americans were eager that the freedom 
 and equality which they themselves enjoy- 
 ed should be extended to the subjects of the 
 French monarch. Washington anticipated 
 the plans of the factious, and by prudence 
 and firmness subdued insurrection, and 
 silenced discontent, till the parties which 
 the intrigues of Genet the French envoy 
 had roused to rebellion, were convinced of 
 the wildness of their measures and of the 
 wisdom of their governor. The presi- 
 dent completed, in 1796, the business of his 
 office by signing a commercial treaty with 
 Great "Britain, and then voluntarily re- 
 signed his power at a moment when all 
 hands and all hearts were united, again to 
 confer upon nim the sovereignty of the 
 country. Restored to the peaceful retire- 
 ment o'f Mount Vernon, he devoted himself 
 lo the pursuits of agriculture; nnd though 
 be aeo^pted the command of the army in 
 
 1798, it was merely to uiiilt the titfeu- 
 tions of his fellow citizens to the general 
 good, and was one more sacrifice to hi? 
 high sense of duty. He died after a short 
 illness on the 14th of December 1799. He 
 was buried with the honours due to the 
 noble founder of a happy and prosperous 
 republic. History furnishes no parallel to 
 the character of Washington. He stands 
 on an unapproached eminence ; distinguish- 
 ed almost beyond humanity for self com- 
 mand, intrepidity, soundness of judgment, 
 rectitude of purpose, and deep ever-active 
 
 WASHINGTON, BUSHROD, an emi- 
 nent judge, was born in Westmoreland 
 county, Virginia, and was educated at 
 William and Mary's College. He pursued 
 the study of the law in the office of Mr. 
 Wilson of Philadelphia, and commenced 
 its practice with great success in his native 
 county. In 1781 he was a member of the 
 house of delegates of Virginia. He after- 
 wards removed to Alexandria, and thence 
 to Richmond, where he published two vol- 
 umes of the decisions of the Supreme 
 Court of Virginia. In 1798 he was ap- 
 pointed an associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and continued 
 to hold this situation till his death in 
 November, 1829. He was the favourite 
 nephew of President Washington, and was 
 the devisee of Mount Vernont 
 
 WATELET, CLAUDIUS HEKRY, a 
 French writer, was born, in 1718, at 
 Paris; was receiver general of the finan- 
 ces ; patronised and understood the arts, 
 being himself a proficient in painting, 
 engraving, and sculpture ; was a member 
 of the French Academy, and of other 
 bodies connected with literature and the 
 arts ; and died in 1786. Among his works 
 are, The Art of Painting, a poem; Essay 
 on Gardens ; and A Dictionary of Painting, 
 Engraving, and Sculpture. 
 
 WATERLAND, DANIEL, a learned 
 divine and controversialist, was born, in 
 1633, at Wasely, iu Lincolnshire, and was 
 educated at Lincoln free school and at 
 Magdalen College, Cambridge, of the last 
 of which seminaries he became master. 
 He died, in 1740, chancellor of York, 
 archdeacon of Middlesex, canon of Wind- 
 sor, and vicar of Twickenham. Among 
 his works are, A History of the Athanasian 
 Creed; Scripture Vindicated; A Defence 
 of Christ's Divinky; A Review of the 
 Doctrine of the Eucharist ; and Remarks 
 on Dr. Clarke'? Exposition of the Church 
 Catechism. 
 
 WATSON, ROBERT, an historian, was 
 born, in 1730. at St. Andrews; was edu- 
 cated at thai university, and at Glasgow 
 and Edinburgh ; became professor of logic, 
 rhetoric, and belles lettres at St. Andrew's, 
 and subsequently principal 5 and died in 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 He wrote The History of Philip II. j capacity he was employed by the uuiver- 
 f Spain; and left unfinished A History sity of his native place Yrorn 1757 to 1763. 
 
 of Philip III. ; which was completed by 
 Dr. Thompson. 
 
 WATSON, HENRY, a celebrated en- 
 gineer, the son of a grazier, was born, 
 about 1737, at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire; 
 was one of the most remarkable mathemat- 
 ical contributors to the Lady's Diary at 
 the age of sixteen ; completed his educa- 
 tion at the Royal Academy at Woolwich ; 
 and obtained a commission in the corps of 
 engineers. He so much distinguished him- 
 self at the sieges of Belleisle and the 
 Havannah, that Lord Clive took him to 
 Bengal, as chief engineer. Among the 
 works which Watson executed are the 
 fortifications of Fort William, and those 
 at Budge Budge and Melancholy Point. 
 He died in 1786, soon after his return to 
 England. 
 
 WATSON, RICHARD, an eminent pre- 
 late and writer, was born, in 1737, at 
 Haversham, in Westmoreland. He com- 
 menced his education under his father, 
 who was master of the free grammar 
 school at his native place, and he com- 
 pleted it at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he studied with unremitting appli- 
 cation. In 1764 he was chosen professor 
 of chemistry, and, in 1771, regius profes- 
 sor of divinity. In politics he was of the 
 liberal sehpolj and he made a full avowal 
 of his opinions in a sermon, called The 
 Principles of the Revolution vindicated, 
 which he preached before the university in 
 1776, and which excited much comment. 
 In the same year he published his Apelogy 
 for Christianity, in answer to Gibbon. In 
 1732 he was made bishop of LlandafF} but 
 George HI. having imbibed a prejudice 
 against him, he obtained no further promo- 
 tion. He died July 4, 1816. Among 
 his other works are, Chemical Essays ; 
 Apology for the Bible ; and his own Me- 
 moirs. 
 
 WATT, JAMES, a celebrated natural 
 philosopher and engineer, the son of a 
 tradesman, was born, in 1736, at Green- 
 ck, in Scotland, and began life as a 
 mathematical instrument maker. In that 
 
 It was, in 1764, wnile he was engaged in 
 repairing the model of a steam engine, 
 that the idea of improving the construction 
 arose in his mind. His first discovery was 
 that of the mode of avoiding the enormous 
 loss of power occasioned by cooling the 
 cylinder ; his next was the substitution of 
 the expansive power of steam instead of 
 the almospneric pressure. To these he 
 subsequently added many others, which 
 brought the steam engine to its present 
 state of perfection. In 1774 he entered 
 into partnership with Mr. Boulton, of Bir- 
 mingham. His subsequent life was cheer- 
 ed by extensive fame and ample fortune. 
 He died August 23, 1819. Among his 
 other inventions are a micrometer, a copy- 
 ing machine, and a machine for making 
 drawings in perspective. Watt possessed 
 an extraordinary memory, a more than 
 superficial acquaintance with many sciences 
 and arts, and a knowledge of several 
 modern languages. Some of his chemical 
 papers are printed in the Philosophical 
 Transactions. 
 
 WATT, ROBERT, a physician and bib- 
 liographer, was born, in 1774, in Ayrshire ; 
 became president of the faculty o'f physi- 
 cians and surgeons at Glasgow ; and died 
 in that city, March 12, 1819. He compil- 
 ed the Bibiiotheca Britannica ; and wrote 
 a Treatise on Chinrough ; and some medi- 
 cal tracts. 
 
 WATTEAU, ANTHONY, a French ar- 
 tist, was born, in 1684, at Valenciennes. 
 He received little instruction, and began by 
 being a scene painter at Paris, but his 
 admirable genius soon raised him above 
 that humble occupation. He gained the 
 prize of the Academy for a picture, and 
 thenceforth continued to increase in fame. 
 He died in 1721. The engravings from 
 his compositions, to the number of five 
 hundred and sixty-three, form three vol- 
 umes. Comic conversations, movements 
 of armies, landscapes, and grotesques, are 
 his principal subjects. 
 
 WATTS, Dr. ISAAC, a pious and highly 
 gifted nonconformist divine, was born in 
 1674, at Southampton, and was educated 
 at the free school there, and also at a dis- 
 senting academy in London. In his twen- 
 ty-second year he became tutor to the son 
 of Sir John Hartopp, and in 1702 he suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Chauncey as minister of a con- 
 gregation in the metropolis. Nearly the 
 last forty years of his blameless life "were 
 spent in the family of his friend, Sir 
 Thomas Abney, at Stoke Newington. His 
 theological and miscellaneous works lorm 
 six quarto volumes, and many of them are 
 still popular. His poems have a place 
 in the collections of the standard BhUftO 
 poet*. 
 
.8 WEB 
 
 WATTS, JANE, an accomplished fe- 
 male, whose maiden name was Waldie, 
 was horn, in 1792, at Hendersyde Park, 
 iu Koxburgshire ; displayed precocious tal- 
 ents ; acquired music, French, Italian, 
 Spanish, and Latin, without assistance, 
 and painting witii very little ; gave proof 
 of superior literary powers in her Sketches 
 of Italy, Journal ol a Tour in Flanders, 
 and many smaller pieces; and died July 
 6, 1826. Several of her pictures were 
 exhibited at the Royal Academy and the 
 British Gallery, and were admired even by 
 the most fastidious judges. 
 
 WAYNE. ANTHONY, major general in 
 the army of the United States, was born, 
 in 1745, in Chester county, Pennsylvania. 
 Hi entered the army as colonel in 1775, 
 served under Gates at Ticonderoga, and 
 was promoted to the rank of brigadier 
 general. He was engaged in the battles 
 of Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- 
 niouth, in 1779 captured the fortress at 
 Stony Point, and rendered other important 
 services during the war. In 1787 he was 
 a member of the Pennsylvanian convention 
 which ratified the constitution of the Unit- 
 ed States. In 1792 he succeeded St. Clair 
 in the command of the western army, and 
 gained a complete victory at the battle of 
 the Miamis in 1794. He died at Presque 
 Isle in 1796. 
 
 WAYNFLETE, WILLIAM of, a muni- 
 ficent prelate of the fifteenth century, whose 
 real name was PATTEN, derived his adopt- 
 ed name from the place of his birth in 
 Lincolnshire ; and was educated at Win- 
 chester school, and at Oxford. He was 
 made provost of Eton, in 1442 ; bishop of 
 Winchester in 1447 ; and lord chancellor 
 in 1456; and died in 1486. Magdalen 
 College at Oxford, and a free school at 
 Wainfleet, were founded by him. 
 
 WEBBE, SAMUEL, an eminent musician, 
 particularly celebrated for his glees, was 
 born in 1740. His mother being left desti- 
 tute, he was bound apprentice to a cabinet- 
 maker, but, when his term of servitude 
 expked, he ihandoned his trade, and gained 
 a subsistence by copying music. By dint 
 of incessant study he became an excellent 
 composer, and also acquired several lan- 
 guages and elegant accomplishments. He 
 died in 1816. His glees and part songs 
 form three volumes. 
 
 WEBBER, SAMUEL, president of Har- 
 * \rd College, was born in Byfield, Massa- 
 chusetts, and was educated at the college 
 of which he afterwards became thf head. 
 His displayed an early fondness for mathe- 
 matics, and in 1789 became professor of 
 mathematics and natural history. In 1S06 
 he was raised to the presidency of Harvard 
 College, and discharged the duties of this 
 office till his death in 1810. He published, 
 in 1801, B system of mathematics, in two 
 
 WKI 
 
 vols. &VO., intended us u text book for ih 
 university. 
 
 WKBER, HENRY WILLIAM, tin ar- 
 chaeologist and editor, was bora, in 1783, 
 at Saint Petersburg!!, of German parents ; 
 studied medicine at Edinburgh and at 
 Jena ; settled in Scotland, and devoted 
 himself to literary pursuits ; and died in 
 1818, after having for some lime \\f<cr 
 disordered in his intellect. Among his 
 publications are, Metrical Roman. 
 the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth 
 Centuries} The Battle of Flodrien Field, 
 poem of the sixteenth century ; and edi- 
 tions of Ford and Beaumont and Fletcher ; 
 of which the last two subjected him to se- 
 vere criticism. 
 
 WEBER, CARL MARIA von, one of 
 the most eminent of modern coin] 
 was born, in 1786. at Eutin, in Hoku-in, 
 and was liberally educated. To music he 
 displayed the warmest attachment at an 
 early age. His instructors in the science 
 were Heuschel, Michael Haydn, Valesi, 
 Kalcher, and the Abbe Vogler. For a 
 while, however, he abandoned his favour- 
 ite art to practise that of lithography, but 
 he soon returned to it. His first ope- 
 ras were Das WaMmunchen, and Peter 
 Schmoll, the first of which was produced 
 in 1800. He made professional tours 
 through various parts of Germany, and 
 was, successively, chapel master at Bres- 
 lau and at Carlesruhe, and conductor of 
 the opera of Prague. In 1816 he was in 
 vited to Dresden by the elector of Saxony, 
 to form a national opera, and was appoint- 
 ed director of music to the court. His 
 Freischntz was brought out in 1821, a 
 Berlin, and rapidly became popular through 
 out Europe. In 1826 he visited London 
 and brought out the opera of Oberon ; but 
 his health was now completely broken, and 
 he died suddenly, on tne third of June. 
 Weber left a prose work in manuscript, 
 called Lives of Artists, which possesses 
 considerable merit. 
 
 WEDGEWOOD, JOSIAH, an eminent 
 manufacturer of pottery, was born in 1730. 
 He succeeded to the business of his father, 
 and, in 1760, began his improvements iu 
 porcelain and earthenware, which have 
 changed the current of trade in those arti- 
 cles, and rendered England an extensive 
 exporting instead of an importing country. 
 He invented the ware which "bears h* 
 name of the queen, and various otuer 
 kinds. Wedgewood was also the inventor 
 of the pyrometer, and the projector of tha 
 Grand Trunk Canal. He died in 1795. 
 
 WEISSE, CHRISTIAN FELIX, a Ger- 
 man poet and dramatist, was born, iu 
 1726. at Annaberg, in Saxony; was edu- 
 cated at Altenberg and Leipsic ; estab- 
 lished and conducted two periodicals 
 named the Library of elegant Literature 
 
WES 
 
 and The Children's Friend, from which 
 latter work Berquin borrowed his plan 
 and part of his materials; succeeded in 
 1790 to a good estate; and died in 1804. 
 His original works consist of tragedies, 
 comedies, comic operas, and lyrical po- 
 ems; and he translated no less than one 
 hundred and forty volumes from the Eng- 
 lish and French languages. 
 
 WELLS, EDWARD, a theologian and 
 scholar, was born, in 1663, at Corsham, 
 in Wiltshire ; was educated at Winchester, 
 and at Christchurch, Oxford; became 
 Greek professor, and rector of Cotesbach, 
 in Leicestershire; and died in 1727. His 
 principal works are, A Paraphrase with 
 Annotations on the Old and New Testa- 
 ment; Historical Geography of the Old 
 and New Testament; and The Young 
 Gentleman's Mathematics. 
 
 WELLS, WILLIAM CHARLES, a phy- 
 sician, was born, in 1753, at Charleston, 
 in South Carolina. His parents were 
 Scotch, and he was educated at Dumfries 
 and Edinburgh, after which he returned 
 to his native province. Being a loyalist, 
 he quitted America at the close of the war, 
 nnd settled in London, where he died in 
 1817. He is the author of an Essay on 
 single Vision with two Eyes, and of some 
 valuable papers m the formation of dew, 
 for which he received the gold and silver 
 medals of the Royal Society. 
 
 WERNER, ABRAHAM TnEOPHiLus,one 
 of the most eminent of modern mineralo- 
 gists, was born, in 1750, at Wehlau, in 
 Upper Lusatia. He studied at the min- 
 eralogical school of Freyberg, in Saxony, 
 and at Leipsic ; and, in his twenty-fourth 
 year, he published an excellent Treatise 
 on the Characters of Minerals. In 1775 
 he was appointed lecturer on mineralogy 
 at Freyberg, and inspector of the cabinet 
 of mines. His lectures soon extended his 
 reputation throughout Europe. He died 
 in 1817. Among nis works are, A New 
 Theory of Veins, with its application to 
 the art of working mines ; Classification 
 and distribution of Mountains ; and a trans- 
 lation of Cronstadt's Mineralogy. His 
 system is now very generally received. 
 
 WERNER, FREDERICK Louis ZACH- 
 ARIAH, a German poet and dramatist, 
 was born, in 1768, at Koenigsberg, in Prus- 
 sia ; held for some years an employment 
 under the Prussian government ; abjured 
 protestantism, and went to Vienna, where 
 be became a popular preacher; and died 
 in the Austrian capital in 1823. Among 
 his works are, Confessions ; Poems ; and 
 Tragedies. 
 
 WESLEY, SAMUEL, a divine and po- 
 et, was born, in 1662, at Whitchurch, in 
 Dorsetshire; was educated at Exeter Col- 
 lege, Oxford; obtained the living of South 
 Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories 
 
 WES 509 
 
 of Epworth nnu Wroot; mid died in 735. 
 He wrote a volume of poems, with iho title 
 of Maggots ; The Life of Christ, in verse; 
 The Histories of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment, in verse; Elegies on Queen Mary 
 and Archbishop Tillotson; and Disserta- 
 tions on the Book of Job. 
 
 WESLEY, JOHN, second son of the 
 foregoing, the founder of the sect of the 
 Methodists, was t>orn, June 17, 1703, at 
 Epworth. He was educated at the Char- 
 terhouse, and Christchurch, Oxford, and 
 was ordained in 1725. Naturally of a se- 
 rious disposition, he was rendered still 
 more so by the reading of devotional trea- 
 tises ; and, in conjunction with his brother 
 Charles and some friends, he formed a re- 
 ligious society; to the members of which, 
 with reference to a sect of Roman phy- 
 sicians, his gay fellow collegians gave the 
 name of Methodists. In 1 735, with C harles 
 Wesley and other missionaries, he went 
 to Georgia to convert the Indians ; hut, 
 after a residence of less than two years 
 in the colony, during which he was ex- 
 tremely unpopular, he returned to Eng- 
 land. In 1738 he began those public la- 
 bours which ultimately produced such a 
 mighty effect, and in 1739 the first meet- 
 inghouse was built at Bristol. For some 
 time he acted in conjunction with White- 
 field, but the radical difference in their 
 tenets at length produced a separation. 
 Over the sect which he had founded, Wes- 
 ley obtained an unbounded influence ; and 
 it must be owned that he earned it by his 
 zeal and his unwearied and astonishing ex- 
 ertions. Two sermons he usually preached 
 every day, and often four or five. In the 
 course of his peregrinations he is said to 
 have preached more than forty thousand 
 sermons, and to have travelled three hun- 
 dred thousand miles, or nearly fifteen 
 times the circumference of the globe ! On 
 the 17th of February 1791, he took cold, 
 after preaching at Lambeth. For some 
 days he struggled against an increasing 
 fever, and continued to preach until the 
 Wednesday following, when he delivered 
 his last sermon. From that time he be- 
 came daily weaker and more lethargic. 
 He died on the second of March, 1791, 
 being in the eighty-eighth year of his ae, 
 and the sixty-fifth of his ministry. His 
 works are published in sixteen volumes, 
 8vo. He also published the "Christian 
 Library; or, Extracts and Abridgments, 
 &c., from various Writers," fifty vols. 
 12mo.; "The Arminian Magazine," a 
 monthly publication, now continued under 
 the title of "The Methodist Magazine;" 
 &c. &c. His brother and fellow labourer, 
 CHARLES, was born, in 1708, at Epworth: 
 was educated at Westminster school ana 
 at Christchurch; and died in 1788. Hi 
 wrote Hymns ; Poems; and Seimon*. 
 
510 
 
 WEST, GILBERT, a poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer, was born in 1 706 ; was 
 educated et Eton and at Christcnurch, 
 Oxford ; obtained, through the influence 
 of his friend Mr. Pitt, the offices of clerk 
 to the privy council, and treasurer of 
 Chelsea College; and died in 1736. Be 
 wrote Poems; and Observations on the 
 Resurrection ; and translated Pindar. 
 
 WEST, BENJAMIN, an eminent pain- 
 ter, was born, in 1733, at Springfield, near 
 Philadelphia, of quaker parents. At the 
 age of seven years he began to manifest 
 his pictorial talents by sketching with pen 
 and ink an infant sleeping in a cradle. 
 From some Indians he obtained red and 
 yellow, and his mother gave him a piece 
 of indigo ; and as camel's hair pencils 
 were wanting, he supplied the want by 
 clipping the fur of the cat. Improving as 
 he advanced in years, he became a portrait 
 painter of considerable repute, and pro- 
 duced some meritorious historical pictures. 
 In his twenty-second year he visited Italy, 
 where he remained for some time. In 
 1763 he settled in England, where he soon 
 acquired reputation. Among his patrons 
 was Archbishop Drummond of York, by 
 whose means he was introduced to George 
 the Third, who immediately gave nim a 
 commission to paint The Death of Regulus, 
 and continued ever afterwards to employ 
 him. In 1791 he was chosen president of 
 the Royal Academy. Among nis last and 
 perhaps his best works are, Death on the 
 Pah Horse, and Christ healing the Sick 
 He 'ied March 18, 1820. 
 
 WETSTEIN, JOHN JAMES, a learned 
 Swiss, was born, in 1693, at Basil; was a 
 pupil of the younger Bernouilli ; entered 
 the church, but was compelled by persecu- 
 tion to quit his country ; settled in Holland, 
 where he became professor of theology and 
 ecclesiastical history at Amsterdam ; and 
 died there in 1754. Among his works is 
 an edition :f the New Testament, in two 
 folio volumes, with the various readings 
 which he collected from numerous manu- 
 scripts: 
 
 WHARTON, PHILIP, duke of, whom 
 Pope has so udmiraMv characterised in 
 
 WH1 
 
 his Epistle on the Knowledge and Charac- 
 ters of INicn, was born in 1669, and very 
 early gave signs of those talents which he 
 afterwards displayed and disgraced. After 
 having, during his travels, accepted the 
 title of duke from the Pretender, he re- 
 turned to England, and became a warm 
 champion of the existing government. 
 Having dissipated his fortune, he changed 
 his politics again, retired to the continent, 
 intrigued with the Stuarts, entered into 
 the Spanish service, and died, in indi- 
 gence, in Spain, in 1731. His poems and 
 miscellaneous works form two octavo vol- 
 umes. 
 
 WHEELOCK, JOHN, was born at Le- 
 banon, Connecticut, in 1754. During the 
 revolution he held the commission of lieu- 
 tenant colonel, and obtained some military 
 refutation. In 1779 he became president 
 of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, 
 and in 1732 visited fiurope to obtain con- 
 tributions for that seminary. He remained 
 in that office for thirty-six years. Hi 
 death took place in 1517". 
 
 WHELER, Sir GEORGE, a divine and 
 traveller, (sometimes erroneously called 
 Wheeler), was born, in 1650, at Charing, 
 in Kent ; was educated at Lincoln Hall, 
 Oxford ; travelled into Greece and Asia 
 Minor; became a prebendary of Durham, 
 vicar of Basingstoke, and rector of Hough- 
 ton le Spring; and died in 1723-4. Besides 
 his Travels, he wrote the Protestant Mo- 
 nastery; and An Account of the Churches 
 of the Primitive Christians. 
 
 WHIPPLE, WILLIAM, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, 
 was born in Maine in 1730, and! engaged 
 in commercial pursuits. He took an early 
 part in the controversy with Great Britain, 
 and in 1776 was sent as a delegate from 
 New Hampshire to the continental con- 
 gress. He was afterwards brigadier-tren- 
 eral of the troops of that state, and held 
 several civil offices of importance. He died 
 in 1785. 
 
 WHISTON, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 divine and mathematician, was born, in 
 1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and 
 was educated at Tamworth school, and at 
 Clare Hall, Cambridge. In 1693 he ob- 
 tained the living of Lowestoffe, in SutFoik, 
 which he resigned, in 1703, when he sue 
 ceeded Sir Isaac Newton in the mathe 
 matical professorship at Cambridge. At 
 length he adopted Arian principles, in 
 consequence of which he was expelled 
 from the university in 1710, lost his offices 
 of professor and catechetical lecturer, and 
 was even prosecuted as a heretic. Lai* 
 in life he became a baptist. He died in 
 1752. Among his works are, A Theory 
 of the E-mh; Sermons; Primitive Chris 
 tianity revived; and a translation of Jo 
 
JVHi 
 
 WHITAKER, JOHN, a dmne, critic, 
 antiquary, and historian, was born, in 1735, 
 at Manchester; was educated at the free 
 school ot that place, and at Corpus Christi 
 College, Oxford; and died in 1808, rector 
 of Ruan Lanyhorne, in Cornwall. His 
 principal works are, The History of Man- 
 chester; A Vindication of Mary, Queen 
 of Scots ; The Course of Hannibal over 
 the Alps ; Criticisms on Gibbon's History ; 
 The Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall ; and 
 The Origin of Government. He also con- 
 tributed largely to The British Critic, and 
 the English and Antijacobin Reviews. 
 
 WHITAKER, THOMAS DUNHAM, an 
 antiquary and historian, was born, in 1759, 
 at Uainham, in Norfolk ; was educated at 
 St. John's College, Cambridge; obtained 
 the vicarages of Whalley and Blackburne ; 
 and died in 1821. His principal works 
 are, Histories of Yorkshire, the Deanery 
 of Craven, Richmondshire and Lunedale, 
 the Parish of Whalley, and the Rebel- 
 jion in 1745. 
 
 WHITE BREAD, SAMUEL, an able sen- 
 ator, son of the eminent porter brewer in 
 Chiswell Street, was born there, in 1758; 
 w,is educated at Eton and St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge; travelled on the conti- 
 nent, accompanied by Mr. Coic the his- 
 torian ; was elected member for Steyning 
 in 1790, but subsequently represcnted'Bed- 
 ford ; and put an end to his existence, in 
 a temporary fit of insanity, July 6, 1815. 
 He was one of tl.e most active itiid intelli- 
 gent of the whig party, and to him was in- 
 trusted the management of Lord Melville's 
 impeachment. 
 
 WHITBV, DAVID, a learned divine, 
 was born, in 1638, at Rushden, in North- 
 amptonshire, and was educated at Trinity 
 College, Oxford. His controversial zeal 
 gainst the catholics gained for him the 
 patronage of Bishop Ward, who gave him 
 a prebend of Salisbury and the rectory of 
 St. Edmund in that city, with the pre- 
 centorship. In his latter days he became 
 an Arian. He died in 1726. His great- 
 est work is a Paraphrase and Commenta- 
 ry on the New Testament. 
 " WHITE, Sir THOMAS, a native of Read- 
 Ing, was born in 1492 ; acquired a fortune 
 by trade in London, and served the office 
 of lord mayor ; was knighted for his con- 
 duct on Wyatt's Rebellion; and died in 
 1566. He is the founder of St. John's 
 College, Oxford, the patent for which ho 
 obtained in 1557. 
 
 WHITE, THOMAS, a divine, was born, 
 in the sixteenth century, at Bristol, and 
 waH educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; 
 obtained considerable church preferment, 
 among which were a prebend of St. Paul's, 
 and canon ries of Chnstchurch and Wind- 
 Bor ; and died in 1623. He founded Sion 
 f in the metropolis, and a hospital 
 
 WH1 . 
 
 at Bristol, and was a benefactor to Magda- 
 len College, Oxford. 
 
 WHITE, GILBERT, a naturalist and 
 antiquary, was born, in 1720, at S^bt, ru- 
 in Hampshire ; and was educated a has 
 singstoke school, and at Oriel C' j!eg 
 Oxford. After having taken a n ss;cr 
 degre.6, and been senior proctor .' ih^ 
 university, he retired to reside i j tn> 
 
 Kroperty in his native village ; nor <-t uic 
 e be tempted to quit it by tl/e olft r <>.' 
 valuable church preferment. He d to ir 
 1793. He wrote the Natural History ar.d 
 Antiquities of Selborne, one of the mos* 
 amusing of books ; The Naturalist's CaJ 
 endar ; and Miscellaneous Observations. 
 
 WHITE, JOSEPH, an eminent divine a; 
 oriental scholar, the son of a weaver, w* 
 born, in 1746, at Stroud, in Gloucestershi'tj 
 and received his education at Gloucester 
 school and Wadham College, Oxford, ii 
 1755 he was appointed Laudian profess<i 
 of Arabic, and in 1783 he delivered tL< 
 Bampton lecture. In the composition y 
 the lectures he was assisted by Dr. Par 
 and Mr. Badcock. He obtained a prebcr/ 
 of Gloucester, and the rectory of Melton 
 in Suffolk; and died in 1814. Among Jr.* 
 works are, ./Egyptiaca ; Diatessaron ; ar n 
 editions of the Philoxenic Syrian version* 
 of the four Gospels, and of Griesbach' 
 Greek Testament. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY KIRKE, a poet, wa/ 
 born, in 1785, at Nottingham, and wa> 
 the son of a butcher. His delicate health 
 protected him from being brought up to 
 his father's trade, and he was placed with 
 a stocking weaver, but was subsequently 
 removed to an attorney's office. He pro- 
 duced several prose and verse compositions 
 at an early age, and devoted his leisure 
 hours to reading, and to the study of 
 Greek and Latin. To obtain a universi- 
 ty education, for the purpose of entering 
 into the church, was the main object of 
 his wishes. By the generosity of Mr. 
 Wilberforce and some other friends, he 
 was at length enabled to become a stu- 
 dent at St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 His progress was rapid, but his intense 
 application destroyed the vital powers, 
 and he died October 19, 1806. He pub- 
 lished Clifton Grove, with other poems ; 
 and his Remains were edited by Southev 
 WHITEFIELD, GEORGE, a celebrated 
 divine, the founder of the Calvinistic 
 Methodists, was born, in 1714, at Glou- 
 cester, where his father kept the Bell inn. 
 He was educated at the Crypt school of 
 his native city, and at Pembroke College, 
 Oxford. At the university he was one of 
 the members of the society formed by 
 Wesley, and inflicted on himself many 
 ascetic privations. He was ordained a 
 deacon in 1736, and his pulpit eloquence 
 soon became highly popnlnr. In 17S7 1 
 
M2 
 
 \VHI 
 
 ailed to Georgia, and he remained In the 
 colony for nearly two years. He returned 
 to America in 1739, made a tour through 
 several of the provinces, and resided in 
 Georgia till 1741 ; and he subsequently 
 made five visits to that quarter of the 
 globe. The foundation of the orphan 
 house was one of the benefits which White- 
 field conferred on Georgia. In England 
 he first introduced, in 1739, the practice of 
 preaching in the open air, and the effect 
 of his oratory was astonishing. The Taber- 
 nacles in Moorfields and Tottenham Court 
 Road were erected by his followers, and 
 among his converts was the countess of 
 Huntingdon. In 1741 the breach took 
 
 glace between him and Wesley. He died 
 eptember 30, 1770, at Newburyport, in 
 New England. Under the name of Leu- 
 tonomuSj the character of Whitefield is 
 well delineated by Cowper. His works 
 ibrm six volumes. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, GEORGE, one of the 
 early preachers among the quakers, was 
 born, in 1636, at Orton, in Westmoreland, 
 and was educated at Blenclow free school, 
 in Cumberland. At the age of eighteen he 
 began to propagate those religious doc- 
 trines which he had embraced, and he con- 
 tinued his labours, in various parts of Eng- 
 land, in spite of the severest persecution. 
 After the Revolution, his exertions pro- 
 cured from the legislature the admission of 
 a quaker's affirmation instead of an oath. 
 He died, generally respected, in 1722-3. 
 He wrote his own Memoirs ; and some 
 other works. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, PAUL, a poet, was 
 born, in 1710, in Holborn; was apprenticed 
 to a mercer, but quitted trade to study law 
 in the Temple ; acquired considerable popu- 
 larity as a satirist ; was appointed deputy 
 treasurer of the exchequer ; and died in 1 774. 
 He wrote the State Dunces ; Manners ; 
 Honour; The Gymnasiad ; and other poems. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM, a poet and 
 dramatist, was born, in 1715, at Cam- 
 bridge, and \vas the son of a baker. He 
 was educated at Winchester school, and at 
 Clare Hall, Cambridge ; became travelling 
 tutor to Lord Nuneham and the earl of 
 Jersey's son ; obtained the registrarship to 
 the order of the Bath ; and, on the death of 
 Clbber, was appointed poet laureat. He 
 died iu 1765. Among his works are the 
 tragedies of the Roman Father and Creusa ; 
 The School of Lovers, a comedy ; Poems, 
 and some miscellaneous pieces. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, JOHN, a physician and 
 Wesleyan minister, was originally a lay 
 preacher among the methodises ; then be- 
 came a linendrapt.T r<t Bristol ; next es- 
 poused the tenets of the quakers, and 
 opened a school; subsequently studied at 
 Leyden, and took a medical "degree ; and 
 finally, returns! to the methorlisls. nl oc 
 
 W1C 
 
 quired popularity among them as a pulph 
 orator ana physician. ^Whitebead attend- 
 ed John Wesley in liis last illness, preached 
 his funeral sermon, and wrote his Life, in 
 two volumes. He died in 1M>4. 
 
 WHITKHURST, JOHN, an eminent 
 engineer, was born, in 1713. nt Congle- 
 ton; was brought up to his father's I usi- 
 ness of a watchmaker ; followed that busi- 
 ness at Derby, and also became celebrated 
 for constructing philosophical instruments 
 and hydraulic machines; was appointed, in 
 177.", stamper of the money weights in ths 
 Mint ; and died in 17S3. lie wrote an In- 
 quiry into the Original State and Forma- 
 tion of the Earth; A Treatise on C'him 
 neys ; An Attempt towards obtaining in 
 variable Measures of Length. Capacity 
 and Weight, from the Mensuration o! time, 
 and some papers in the Philosophical 
 Transactions. 
 
 WHITELOCKE, BULSTHODE, son of a 
 judge, was born, in 1605, in London, and 
 studied at Merchant Taylors' School. St. 
 John's College, Oxford, and the Middle 
 Temple. He was a member of the long 
 parliament, and espoused the popular 
 cause, but was moderate in his conduct. 
 In 1648 he was appointed one of the coun- 
 cil of state, and in 1653 was eeiit on an 
 embassy to Sweden. He died in 1676. 
 He wrote Memorials of English Afiairs ; 
 Notes on the King's Writ ; An Account 
 of his Swedish Embassy; and Lahourf 
 remembered in the Annales of Life. 
 
 WHITGIFT, JOHN, a prelate, was born, 
 in 1530, at Great Grimsby, in Lincoln- 
 shire; was educated at Queen's College, 
 and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge ; was 
 successively, made Margaret professor of 
 divinity, queen's chaplain, master of Pem- 
 broke Hall and of Trinity College, and 
 dean of Lincoln. In 1577 he became 
 bishop of Worcester, and vice-president of 
 the Welch marches, and, in 15>3, was 
 translated into the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bun-. As primate, he distinguished him- 
 self by persecuting the catholics and puri- 
 tans. He died in 1603. 
 
 WHITWORTH, CHARLES, earl, an 
 able diplomatist, was born, in 1754, at 
 Seaburnegrange, in Kent, and was educated 
 at Tunbridge grammar school, .n 17S6 he 
 was appointed ambassador to 1-oland ; and, 
 in 1788, to Russia, at the last of which 
 courts he resided for twelve years. In 1901 
 he negotiated a treaty with Denmark, and 
 in 1802 was sent as plenipotentiary to 
 Paris. Iu 1814 he was created an Eng- 
 lish baron, and was made viceroy of Ire- 
 land ; and he was subsequently raided to 
 the rank of earl. He dier May 13, \^:>. 
 
 WICKLIFFE, WYCLIFFE, or WIC- 
 LEF, JOHN, a divine anc 1 ccIesiasticaJ 
 reformer, who has been relic ' the morn- 
 ling star of OM refomwtwr," , l^rn, rt 
 
W1L 
 
 1334, at a village of the same name in 
 Yorkshire. He studied at Queen's and 
 Merlon Colleges, Oxford, and early dis- 
 tinguished himself by opposing the mendi- 
 cant friars, and by his proficiency in schoel 
 divinity and the works of Aristotle. His 
 exertions against the friars were rewarded 
 by the mastership of Baliol College, and 
 the wardenship of Trinity. Of the latter 
 he was deprived by ArchFiishop Langham, 
 and the sentence was ratified by the pope. 
 Having gained the favour of John of Gaunt, 
 Wicklitle was made king's chaplain, and 
 rector of Lutlerworth. He now began vig- 
 orously to attack papal usurpation and the 
 abuses" of the church; nor aid he slacken 
 his efforts till he ceased to exist. The 
 pope insisted on his being brought to trial 
 as a heretic, but he was effectually protect- 
 ed by his patron, the duke of Lancaster. 
 He died in 1334. His works are very 
 numerous. Among them are, Trialogus ; 
 Wicklifi's Wicket; and a version of the 
 Old and New Testament. 
 
 WICQUEFORT, ABRAHAM DE, a Dutch 
 diplomatist and writer, was born, in 1598, 
 at Amsterdam; served the elector of Bran- 
 denburgh and the duke of Brunswick Lu- 
 nenberg in a diplomatic capacity'; was im- 
 prisoned in France, on suspicion of having 
 conveyed intelligence to Holland ; and in 
 Holland, on a charge of corresponding with 
 the enemies of his country ; and died about 
 1682. He wrote A History of the United 
 Provinces ; The Ambassador and his Func- 
 tions ; and some other works. 
 
 WIELAND, CHRISTOPHER MARTIN, a 
 German writer, who rivals Voltaire in 
 universality of talent and literary fertility, 
 was born, in 1733, at Holtzheim, near 
 Biberach, in Suabia. He was educated 
 by his father, a clergyman, and completed 
 his studies at Klosterbergen and Tubingen. 
 In his thirteenth year he began to compose 
 Latin and German verses. His first pub- 
 lished work was The Nature of Things, in 
 six cantos, which appeared in 1751. In 
 the following year he went to reside in 
 Switzerland, whence, in 1700, he returned 
 to Biberach, where he was appointed to a 
 municipal office. His productions in prose 
 and verse, which rapidly succeeded each 
 other, raised him to the summit of literary 
 reputation. The elector of Ment/ r.^mi- 
 nated him professor of philosophy and 
 belles lettres at Erfurt; and, in 1772, the 
 duchess Dowager of Saxe Weimar gave 
 him the tuition of her two sons. He died 
 January 20, 1813. His original works 
 ,fonn forty-two volumes quarto; and he 
 translated' Lucian, Shakspeare, Cicero's 
 Epistles, and Horace's Satires. 
 
 W1LFORD, FRANCIS, an eminent ori- 
 entalist, was born, about 1760, at Hanover; 
 was for many years in tae service of the 
 East India Company in Hindoata ^ ; and 
 
 WIL 
 
 513 
 
 died in 1823. Many of his paper* art 
 printed in the Asiatic Researches. 
 
 WILKES, JOHN, a celebrated political 
 character, was born, in 1717, in Clerken- 
 well, and was the son of a rich distiller. 
 His studies, which he commenced under 
 
 Sivate tutors, he completed at Leyden. 
 e began his public career as meml>er for 
 Aylesbury, and lieutenant colonel of the 
 Buckinghamshire militia. By some pam- 
 phlets which he wrote against the Bute ad- 
 ministration, in 1762, he gained reputation ; 
 but it was to his periodical paper, The 
 North Briton, and especially to No. 45 of 
 it, that he was indebted for his popularity. 
 That number the government determined 
 to prosecute, and, accordingly, a general 
 warrant was issued against the author, 
 printer, and publisher. Wilkes contended 
 that the warrant was illegal ; obtained a 
 decision to that effect in the court of Com- 
 mon Pleas, and large damages from the 
 secretary of state and his subordinate myr- 
 midons. Still bent on his ruin, the min- 
 istry renewed the prosecution in a regular 
 manner, and commenced another for an ob- 
 scene poem. He was also dangerously 
 wounded in a duel with Mr. Martin, one 
 of their partisans. Giving way to the 
 storm, he retired to France ; upon which 
 he was outlawed, and expelled from his 
 seat. In 1768, being elected for Middle- 
 sex, he returned, and was condemned to a 
 fine of one thousand pounds, and twenty- 
 two months imprisonment, and was subse- 
 quently expelled a second time for a libel. 
 Again" he was chosen, but, in utter con- 
 tempt of all right, the house declared 
 him ineligible to sit in that parliament, 
 and seated Colonel Luttrell, who had but 
 a small number of votes. This infamous 
 vote was afterwards expunged from the 
 Journals. In 1770 he was chosen an alder- 
 man of London, in which capacity he set 
 at defiance the mandates of the House ; in 
 1772 he was sheriff; in 1774, lord mavor ; 
 and in 1779 he became chamberlain of" the 
 city. In 1775 he was once more sent to 
 parliament by Middlesex, and he was a 
 steady opponent of the American war. 
 He died Dec. 26, 1797. Two collections 
 of his Correspondence have been published 
 s^"" hi- Jeafh. The purity of Wilkes's 
 political motives has been doubted ; but 
 there can be no doubt as to the beneficial 
 effect produced by his persevering strug- 
 gles against the encroachments of power. 
 
 W1LKINS, JOHN, a prelate and mathe- 
 matician, was born, in 1614, at Faw&ley, 
 in Northamptonshire, and was educated at 
 New Inn Hall, and Magdalen Hall, Ox- 
 ford. Having espoused the popular cause, 
 and being married to Cromwell's sister, he 
 was mad* warden of Wad ham College; 
 and, by Richard Cromwell, was appointed 
 master of Trinity ColVge. The Restore- 
 
\Vlj 
 
 6on deprived him of these pr 
 but he soon obtained ntlu-rs, iv.i 1. i;, 
 
 .'.sod to the biMioprie of Chester. 
 He dk-d in If. 7 -2. ll<- \v;is the founder of 
 that association which afterwards became 
 the Royal Society. Besides his mathe- 
 matical" works, reprinted in two volumes, 
 he wrote an Essay towards a real Charac- 
 ter and Philosophical Language ; and vari- 
 ous theological pieces. 
 
 WILKINSON, JEMIMA, a bold and art- 
 ful religious impostor, was born in Cumber- 
 land, Rhode Island, about the year 1753. 
 Recovering suddenly from an apparent sus- 
 pension of life in 1773, shn gave out that 
 she had been raised from the dead, and 
 laid claim to supernatural power and 
 authority. Making a few proselytes, she 
 removed" with them to the neighbourhood 
 of Crooked Lake in New- York, where she 
 died in 1S19. 
 
 WILLAN, ROBERT, an able physician 
 and medical writer, was born, in 1757, at 
 Hill, in Yorkshire; studied medicine at 
 Edinburgh ; and settled as a physician at 
 Darlington, whence he removed to Lon- 
 don, where he was appointed physician to 
 the Carey Street Dispensary. He was 
 brought up a quaker, but quitted the socie- 
 ty. He died in 1812. Among his works 
 are, A Treatise on Cutaneous Diseases ; 
 A Treatise on Vaccination ; Reports on 
 the Diseases of London ; and The Life of 
 Christ. 
 
 WILLARD, SAMUEL, an eminent di- 
 line, was born in Massachusetts, and re- 
 ceived his education at Harvard College, 
 here he was graduated in 1650. He was 
 settled over the old south church in Bos- 
 ton, and became the rr.js 1 " celebrated among 
 his contemporaries in the ministry. In 
 1701 he wus made vice president of Har- 
 vard College, and continued in this oflice 
 till his death in 1707. He published a 
 large number of sermons, and a folio vol- 
 ume of divinity. ** 
 
 WILLDENOW, CHARLES Louis, an 
 eminent botanist, was born, in 1765, at 
 Berlin ; studied at Halle and Langensalza ; 
 became professor of natural history and 
 botany, and superintendent of the botanic 
 garden, at his native city ; and died in 
 IS 12. He was an associate of four and 
 twenty scientific bodies. His principal 
 works are, Elements of Botany; Hist. 
 Amaranthorum ; and Species Plantarum. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN, a divine and 
 statesman, was born, in 1582. at Abercon- 
 way, in Wales, and was educated at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge. After having 
 held several minor but valuable preferments, 
 he was made bishop of Lincoln, and keep- 
 er of the great seal, in 1621. Of the 
 office of lord keeper he was deprived by 
 Charles I. on his accession. He was sub- 
 eouentlir orosecuted in the star -chamber 
 
 WIL 
 
 and sentenced to a fine of ten 
 pounds and imprisonment in the Tower, 
 riif proceedings were, however, rescinded 
 in Hi JO, and in the following year he was 
 translated to the see of York. During the 
 civil war he made an ineffectual attempt 
 to hold out Conway Castle against the 
 parliament. He died in 1650. 'Williams 
 -trenuous opponent to Laud. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Sir CHARLES HASBC- 
 RY, a poet and diplomatist, was born in 
 1709; was educated at Eton; was for a 
 considerable period one of the member* 
 for the county of Monmouth ; held the pay- 
 mastership of the marines ; was employed 
 as ambassador to Dresden and St. Peters- 
 burgh ; and died insane in 1759. His 
 poems are spirited and witty, but licen- 
 tious. 
 
 WILLIAMS, DAVID, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born, in 1738, in Cardigan- 
 shire ; was educated at a dissenting acad- 
 emy ; and became a dissenting minister. 
 Changing to a deist, he opened a chapel to 
 diffuse his newly adopted opinions, and for 
 some time his hearers were numerous. 
 The subsequent part of his life was dedi- 
 cated to literary pursuits and to private 
 teaching. . The Literary Fund was founded 
 by him. He died June 29, 1816. Among 
 his chief works are, Lectures on the Prin- 
 ciples and Duties of Religion and Morali- 
 ty ; Lectures on Education ; Lectures on 
 Political Principles ; and a History of 
 Monmouthshire. 
 
 WILLIAMS, HELEN MARIA, a poet 
 and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 
 1762, in the north of England, and was 
 ushered into public notice, when she was 
 eighteen, by Dr. Kippis. Between 1782 
 and 1783 she published Edwin and Eltru- 
 da, a poem ; Peru, a poem ; and othei 
 pieces, which were afterwards collected in 
 two volumes. In 1790 she settled in Paris. 
 There she became intimate wkh the most 
 eminent of the Girondists, and, in 1794, 
 was imprisoned, and nearly shared their 
 fate. She escaped, and took refuge in 
 Switzerland, but returned to the French 
 capital in 1796, where she continued to 
 reside till her decease, December 15, 1827. 
 Among her numerous works may be men- 
 tioned, Julia, a novel ; Letters from France ; 
 Travels in Switzerland ; A Narrative of 
 Events in France ; and a translation of 
 Humboldt and Bonpland's Personal Narra- 
 tive. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ROGER, one of the found- 
 ers of Rhode Island, was born in Wales, 
 in 1599, and received his education at 
 Oxford. He was for some time a minister 
 of the established church, but dissenting, 
 he removed, in 1631, to Ne\i England, ana 
 preached till 1636 at Salem and Ply. 
 mouth. Being banished from the colony 
 on nccomit of hi* religious opinions, h 
 
WIL 
 
 lemovel with several others fo Rhode Isl- 
 and, and laid the foundation of Providence. 
 They there established the first society in 
 which was enjoyed perfect liberty of con- 
 science. For several years Williams was 
 president of the colony. He died iu 
 1633. 
 
 WILLIAMS, OTHO HOLLAND, an officer 
 in the American army, was born in Mary- 
 land in 1748, served in various capacities 
 during the revolutionary war, and fought 
 tt the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill 
 and the Eutaws. Before ^the disbanding 
 of the army he was made brigadier general. 
 For several years he was collector at Bal- 
 timore. He died in 1794. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, a signer of the 
 declaration of American independence, was 
 born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1731, 
 and was educated at Harvard College. 
 From the university he returned home, and 
 for some time devoted himself to the study 
 of theology. At an early period of the 
 revolution, he embarked in the cause of his 
 country, and was a. delegate from his na- 
 tive state to the continental Congress. He 
 died in 1311. 
 
 WILLIS, BROWNE, an eminent anti- 
 quary, was born, in 1632, at Blandford, 
 in Dorsetshire ; studied at Westminster 
 School, and at Christ Church, Oxford; 
 was elected M. P. for Buckinghamshire 
 in 1705 ; became a member of the society 
 of antiquaries in 1717; and died in 1760. 
 Willis was a man of an eccentric charac- 
 ter. Miss Talbot, wno gives a ludicrous 
 description of him, declares, that " with 
 one of the honestest hearts in the world he 
 has one of the oddest heads that ever drop- 
 ped out of the moon." His principal 
 works are, Notitia Parliamentaria ; A 
 Survey of the Cathedrals of England ; 
 History of the Mitred Parliamentary Ab- 
 bies ; and a History of Buckingham. 
 
 WILLIS, FRANCIS, a physician, cele- 
 brated for his skill in cases of insanity, 
 was bcrn, about 1718, in Lincolnshire, 
 and was educated at Brazennose College, 
 Oxford. He was brought up to the church, 
 and obtained a college living in the metro- 
 polis ; but subsequently took the degree of 
 M. D. and practised as a physician. He 
 restore! (korge III to sanity, and was 
 amply rewaided by a parliamentary grant. 
 ile died in i807. 
 
 WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS, an eminent 
 naturalist, was born, in 1635, in Lincoln- 
 shire, and was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. Ray was his tutor, and was 
 subsequently his fellow traveller on the 
 .ontinent, his frequent guest, and his exe- 
 cutor. In 161V2 he became a member of 
 tho Royal Sm-ioty. He died in 1674. He 
 rroto "a Latin treatise on Ornithology; 
 mother otf Ichthyology; and some paw'rs 
 in t!c Philosophical Transaction*. Thr 
 
 WIL 
 
 515 
 
 treatises were edited, after Willughby's 
 death, by Ray. 
 
 WILMOT. See ROCHESTER. 
 
 WILSON, ALEXANDER, the celebrated 
 ornithologist, was born at Paisley, Scot- 
 land, and came to Delaware in 1794. 
 Removing to Philadelphia he became ac- 
 quainted with Mr. Bartram, the naturalist, 
 and devoted himself to the cultivation of 
 natural history. His great work is the 
 American Ornithology m seven volumes, 
 quarto, splendidly executed, and very ac- 
 curate and comprehensive. He possessed 
 considerable taste for literature, and pub- 
 lished several small poems of much beauty. 
 He died in 1813. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, a signer of the de- 
 claration of American independence, was 
 bora in Scotland, about the year 1742. 
 He was well educated, and after complet- 
 ing his studies emigrated to America. 
 Settling at Philadelphia, he received an 
 offer to enter the office of Mr. John Dick- 
 inson and pursue the study of the law. Ha 
 soon distinguished himself, and was ap- 
 pointed a delegate to the continental Con- 
 gress, where he continued from 1775 to 
 1777. He was a member of die conven- 
 tions which framed the constitution of 
 Pennsylvania and that of the United States, 
 and in 1789 was appointed one of the 
 judges of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. In 1797 he was made professor of 
 law in the university of Pennsylvania, and 
 in this capacity delivered a course of lec- 
 tures, afterwards published in three volumes 
 8vo. He died in 1793. 
 
 WILSON, THOMAS, a prelate eminent 
 for piety, was born, in 1663, at Barton, in 
 Cheshire. He was educated at Trinity 
 College, Dublin. The earl of Derby, to 
 whom he was chaplain, and whose son he 
 accompanied to the continent as tutor, 
 nominated him, in 1697, bishop of the isle 
 of Man. He held the see during fifty-eight 
 years, and though his annual income was 
 only three hundred pounds, he refused to 
 accept an English bishopric. Scanty as 
 were his means, he was benevolent to thq 
 poor, built a new chapel at Castleton] 
 founded parochial libraries, and introduc- 
 ed important improvements in the agricul- 
 ture of the island. He died in 1755, Hi$ 
 works form two vols. folio. 
 
 WILSON, RICHARD, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, was born, in 1714, at Penegos, ifi 
 Montgomeryshire. He received a liberal 
 education, and, having manifested a genius 
 for painting, he was placed under an ob- 
 scure portrait painter named Wright. He 
 himself began nis career in the same branch 
 of art. Qn his visiting Italy, however, he 
 was advised by Zuccarelli to devote him- 
 self to landscape, and, fortunately, he fol- 
 lowed that advico. His picture of Niob* 
 was exhibited in i~fift. Ho attained greet 
 
reputation, but, nevertheless, the latter part 
 *t his life was clouded by poverty. He 
 died in 1732. Fuseli declares that " Wil- 
 son's taste was so exquisite, and his eye so 
 chaste, that whatever came from his easel 
 bore the stamp of elegance and truth." 
 
 WINCHESTER, ELHANAN, an Amer- 
 ican divine, who visited England about 
 Attempted to found a Philadelphia!! 
 society, and disseminated his peculiar te- 
 n^ts by means of preaching, and of a 
 Philadelphian magazine. He succeeded in 
 establishing a sect called Winchestarians, 
 or Universalists, which is still in existence. 
 Hi; distinguishing tenet was the ultimate 
 redemption of all mankind, and even of 
 the devils. He returned, in 1792, to his 
 native country, and died there. Among 
 his works aref Lectures on the Prophecies"; 
 The Universal Restoration ; and an heroic 
 poem on Christ. 
 
 WINCKELMAN, JOHN JOACHIM, a 
 celebrated German antiquary, was born, in 
 1717, at Steindall, in Brandenburg. After 
 having been professor of the belles lettres 
 at Seehausen, and librarian to Count Bu- 
 nau, he became a catholic, and wetit to 
 Rome, where the pope appointed him 
 president of antiquities, and librarian of 
 the Vatican. He was murdered, in 1768, 
 at Trieste, while on his return from Ger- 
 many to Italy. His principal works are, 
 A History of Art among the Ancients ; 
 Ancient inedited Monuments; Reflections 
 on the Imitation of the Productions of the 
 Greeks in Painting and Sculpture ; On 
 Allegory ; and Letters on Herculaneum. 
 
 WINDER, WILLIAM H. an officer in 
 the American army, was born in Mary- 
 land in 1775, was educated for the bar, 
 end pursued his profession in Baltimore 
 with great success. In 1812 he received a 
 colonel's commission, was promoted to the 
 rank of brigadier general, and served with 
 rsputation during the war with Great 
 Britain. He commanded the troops at the 
 battle of Bladensburg. On the declara- 
 tion of peace he resumed the practice of 
 his profession. He died in 1824. 
 
 WINDHAM, WILLIAM, a statesman, 
 was born, in 1750, at Felbrig, in Norfolk, 
 and was educated at Eton, Glasgow, and 
 University College, Oxford. In 1782 he 
 was elected M. P. for Norwich, and for a 
 short time secretary to the viceroy of 
 Ireland. He continued to act with the 
 whigs till 1793, when he adopted the sen- 
 timents of Burke ; and, in the following 
 year, he was appointed secretary at war, 
 with a seat in the cabinet. In 1801 he 
 resigned. To the peace of Amiens he was 
 trenHously hostile. During the brief pos- 
 tession of power by the whigs in 1806, he 
 held his former office. He died in 1310. 
 His speeches have been published in three 
 volumes octavo Wind ham wag a man of 
 
 extensive reading, and no menu /i:achem* 
 tician. 
 
 WINGATE, EDWARD, a lawyer and 
 mathematician, was born, in 1593, in York- 
 shire ; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, 
 and at Gray's Inn ; was sent to France to 
 instruct Honrietta Maria in the English 
 language; took the popular side in the 
 civil war ; and died in 1656. Among hin 
 works are, Natural and Artificial Arith- 
 metic; The Exact Surveyor; Ludus Ma- 
 thematicus ; Maxims of Reason ; and an 
 Abridgment of the Statutes. 
 
 WINSLOW, EDWARD, was born in 
 Worcestershire in 1594. He was among 
 the first settlers of New England, in 1620, 
 and was repeatedly electca governor 01 
 the colony they founded at Plymouth. He 
 went several times as an agent to Eng- 
 land, and in 1655 was appointed a com- 
 missioner to superintend the expedition 
 against the Spaniards in the West Indies. 
 He died near Jamaica in the May of thnt 
 year. 
 
 WINSLOW, JAMES BENIGN, a eel- 
 ebrated Danish anatomist, was bon, in 
 1669, at Odensee; settled in France ; and, 
 in 1699, became a catholic. In 17^3 he 
 succeeded M. Hunald as professor of ana- 
 tomy and physiology at the Royal B '.anic 
 Garden. He died in 1760. Winslo* was 
 a member of several learned bodies. His 
 principal work, which still preserves its 
 reputation undiminisbed, is An Anatomical 
 Exposition of the Structure of the Human 
 Body. 
 
 WlNTHROP, JOHN, first governor of 
 Massachusetts, was born at Groton, Eng 
 land, in 1587. He arrived with the co.'o 
 nists in Salem in 1630, having a commis- 
 sion as their governor, and held this office, 
 with the exception of six or seven years, 
 till his death in 1649. He kept a minute 
 journal of the affairs of the colony, which 
 has been published, and possesses much 
 value. 
 
 WlNTHROP, JOHN, son of the fore- 
 going, was born in England, in 1605, and 
 received his education at Cambridge. He 
 came to Massachusetts in 1633, and sub- 
 sequently visiting England, returned pnd 
 established a colony, at Saybrook, Con- 
 necticut. In 1657 he was chosen gov-naor 
 of that colony, and remained so till his 
 death in 167C. He was distinguishe 1 for 
 his love of natural philosophy, and was jn 
 of the founders of the Royal Society ot 
 London. 
 
 WlNTHROP, JAMES, a man of Idlers, 
 was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
 1752, and was graduated at Harvard Col- 
 lege. He was for twenty years lib<ariau 
 of that institution. His acquiremetits iu 
 the exact sciences, the ancient ajid moderr 
 languages, and in biblict I in'l polite litera- 
 ture were extensive. H ' in 1S21. 
 
WIT 
 
 WIN WOOD, Sir RALPH, a statesman, 
 WAS born, about 1565, at Aynhoe, in North- 
 amptonshire ; was educated at St. John's 
 and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford ; was twice 
 sent as envoy to Holland ; and was secre- 
 tary of state from 1614 till his decease in 
 161*7. Memorials of Affairs of State, three 
 volumes folio, were published from his 
 papers in 1723. 
 
 WISHART, GEORGE, a Scotch pro- 
 iestant martyr, was born at the commence- 
 ment of the sixteenth century. Little is 
 known of his early life ; but he is said to 
 have embraced the protestant faith while 
 travelling in Germany ; to have resided 
 for some years at Cambridge ; and to have 
 taught at" Benet College. In, 1544 he re- 
 turned to his native land, and exerted him- 
 self zealously in preaching the doctrines oT 
 the Reformation. In 1546 he was seized 
 by Cardinal Beaton, was brought <o trial, 
 and was mercilessly condemned to the 
 Barnes. 
 
 WISTAR, CASPAR, a celebrated physi- 
 cian, was born in Philadelphia, in 1761. 
 He studied medicine under Dr. John Red- 
 man, and completed his professional course 
 at the schools in London and Edinburgh. 
 Returning in 1787 to his native city, he 
 soon distinguished himself in his profes- 
 sion, and in 1789 was elected professor of 
 chemistry in the college of Philadelphia. 
 In 1792 he became adjunct professor of 
 anatomy, midwifery, and surgery, with Dr. 
 Shipper" ; and on the decease of that gen- 
 tleman, in 1803, sole professor. His ac- 
 quirements in professional knowledge were 
 very extensive, and he obtained much pop- 
 ularity as a lecturer. He died in 1818. 
 His chief work is a valuable System of An- 
 atomy, in two volumes. 
 
 WITHER, GEORGE, a poet, was bora. 
 in 1533, at Bentworth, in Hampshire, and 
 was educated at Magdalen College, Ox- 
 ford. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, 
 but did not practise. In 1613 he was com- 
 mitted to prison for his satires, called 
 Abuses Stript and Whipt. In the civil 
 war he espoused the popular cause, and 
 rose to the rank of major general. After 
 the Restoration he was again incarcerated 
 for his writings, and remained for more 
 than three years in durance. He died in 
 16G7. Of Jus numerous works many are 
 hasty and incorrect, but in his Shepherds 
 .Hunting, and some of his other pieces, 
 there is much of genuine poetry. 
 
 WITHERING, WILLJAM, a physician, 
 was born, in 1741, at Wellington, in Shrop- 
 ihire ; studied at Edinburgh ; practised 
 successfully, first at Stafford ? and after- 
 wards at Birmingham; and died in 1799. 
 His c!u:f work is a Systematic Arrange- 
 ment of British Plants. The native car- 
 bonate of barytes was discovered and first 
 described by him. 
 
 TYOt i'17 
 
 WITHERSPOON, JOHN, a sigutr ol 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was born in Scotland, in 1722, and was 
 educated at the university of Edinburgh. 
 He studied divinity, and became one of the 
 most influential and distinguished of the 
 Scottish clergy. Being induced to accept 
 the presidency of the college at Princeton, 
 he removed to New Jersey with his family 
 in 1763. In 1776 he was appointed a dele- 
 gate to the continental congress, and re- 
 tained a seat there during the war. On 
 the return of peape he resumed his duties 
 at the college. He died in 1794. His 
 works have been collected, in four volumes 
 octavo. 
 
 WOODHULL, MICHAEL, a poet, was 
 born, in 1740, at Thenford, in Northamp- 
 tonshire ; was educated at Winchester 
 School, and at Bruzennose College, Ox- 
 ford ; lived on his paternal estate, and 
 amused his leisure hours with literature ; 
 and died in 1816. He wrote Poems, which 
 have a considerable portion of merit ; and 
 translated the tragedies of Euripides. 
 
 WODROW, ROBERT, a Scotch histo- 
 rian, was born, in 1679, at Glasgow; 
 studied at the university of that city, of 
 which he afterwards became librarian ; 
 and died in 1734, minister of the parish of 
 Eastwood. He wrote a valuable out prolix 
 History of the Sufferings of the Church of 
 Scotland ; and left unfinished a Biography 
 of the principal Persons concerned in intro- 
 ducing the Reformation of Religion into 
 Scotland. 
 
 WOLCOTT, JOHN, a poet, better 
 known by the name of Peter Pindar, wa 
 born, in 173S, at Dodbrook, in Devonshire: 
 was educated at private seminaries; aim 
 was apprenticed to his uncle, an apothe- 
 cary at Truro, who ultimately left him the 
 bulk of his property. Having: taken a de- 
 gree, he accompanied Sir William Tre- 
 lawney to the government of Jamaica, as 
 physician. While residing in that island 
 he took orders, and was presented to a liv- 
 ing. On his return to England he settled 
 at Truro, whence he removed to Helstone. 
 It was while he was living in Cornwall 
 that b drew from obscurity the painter 
 
318 
 
 WOf. 
 
 Opie; and in 1780 he went with him to 
 settle in London. Wolcott's first publica- 
 tion, An Epistle to the Reviewers, ap- 
 peared in 177S. After his arrival in the 
 metropolis, his productions rapidly suc- 
 ceeded each other, and wore highly popular. 
 Among his most finished works are, Lyric 
 Odes to the Royal Academicians ; and The 
 Lousiad. In the decline of life he became 
 Mind, and he died January 14, 1819. His 
 works form fire octavo volumes. Wolcott 
 also possessed considerable talents m draw- 
 in? and music. 
 
 WOLCOTT, OLIVER, governor of Con- 
 necticut, was born in 1727, and received 
 his education at Yale College. He served 
 as captain in the French war, and studied 
 medicine though he never practised. He 
 was a delegate to the congress of 1776, 
 signed the declaration of independence and 
 the articles of confederation, and remained 
 a member till 1785. In 1785 he was elected 
 deputy governor, and was re-elected till 
 1796, when he was made governor. He 
 died in 1797. 
 
 WOLF, FREDERIC AUGUSTUS, an emi- 
 nent German philologist, was born, in 1759, 
 at Haynrode, in Holstein; was educated 
 at Gottingen ; was appointed professor, in 
 1783, at the university of Halle, where he 
 remained for twenty-three years ; had a 
 considerable share in founding and organ- 
 izing the new university at Berlin, in 1803, 
 and became professor of it ; and died in 
 1824. He edited, and added notes and 
 dissertations to, many Greek and Roman 
 classics ; and wrote A History of Roman 
 Literature ; and other works. 
 
 WOLFE, JAMES ? a distinguished gen- 
 eral, the son of a lieutenant general, was 
 born, in 1726, at Westerham, in Kent, 
 and distinguished himself, before he was 
 twenty, at the battle of Laffeldt. He in- 
 creased his reputation so much by his con- 
 duct at Minden ond Louisburgh, that Pitt 
 selected Lim to command the expedition 
 against Quebec. Wolfe overcame all ob- 
 stacles, scaled the heights of Abraham, 
 and compelled the enemy to risk the pro- 
 vince on the issue of a battle. In the mo- 
 ment of victory he fell, mortally wounded. 
 Cries of " th'ey run !" struck his ear. 
 Rousing himself from the faintness of death, 
 he inquired, " who run ?" and being told 
 that it was the French, he exclaimed, 
 " Thank God, then I die contented!" and 
 immediately expired. He died September 
 13. 1759. 
 
 WOLFE, CHARLES, an Irish divine 
 and poet, was born, in J791, at Dublin; 
 was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; 
 obtained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he 
 exchanged for that of Castle Caulfield ; and 
 died of consumption in February, 1823. 
 He wrote the wen known Ode on the Death 
 f Sir John Moore, beginning with " Not 
 
 WOL 
 
 a drum was heard ;" and the praise which 
 after his decease, was bestowed upon thai 
 piece, induced his friends to publish a 
 volume of his Remains. 
 
 WOLFF, or WOLFIUS, JOHN CHRIS- 
 TIAN, a celebrated German philosopher 
 and mathematician, was born, in 1079, at 
 Breslaw, in Silesia; studied at Jena and 
 Leipsic ; and gave early indications of 
 talent. By the advice of Leibnitz, he de- 
 clined becoming a preacher, and dedicated 
 himself to philosophy. In 1707 he was 
 appointed professor of mathematics and 
 natural philosophy at Halle ; and he filled 
 this office with high reputation for several 
 years, till, in 1732, his enemies, by repre- 
 senting his doctrines as dangerous, suc- 
 ceeded in prevailing on the king of Prussia 
 to order Wolff to quit his territories in 
 two days, on pain of death. He was sub- 
 sequently professor at Marpurg. Frederic 
 the Great recalled him to Halle, made him 
 professor of the law of nature and nations 
 as well as of mathematics; and pensioned 
 him, and the elector of Bavaria created 
 him a baron. He died in 1754, chancellor 
 of the university. It was Wolff who ac- 
 complished the expulsion of the Aristotelian 
 philosophy from the German schools. His 
 philosophical, metaphysical, and mathe- 
 matical works are numerous ; the Latin 
 philosophical productions alone forming 
 twenty-three volumes quarto. 
 
 WtfLLASTON, WILLIAM, an ethical 
 and theological writer, Avas born, in 1653, 
 at Cotton Clanford, in Staffordshire ; was 
 educated at Sidney College, Cambridge ; 
 took orders ; but obtained an independence 
 which turned his views from church pre- 
 ferment; and died in 1724. His principal 
 work is, The Religion of Nature Deline- 
 ated. 
 
 WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HvnE.a phy- 
 sician and experimental philosopher, the 
 great-grandson of the foregoing, was bora 
 in 1766, and was educated at Caius Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for the in- 
 terests of science, his want of patronage- 
 as a physician, at Bury St. Edmunds ami 
 London, induced him to give up the medi- 
 cal profession in disgust, and devote him- 
 self to scientific pursuits. The result was 
 that he became one of the most eminent 
 chemists and experimentalists of modern 
 times. Among his discoveries- are th 
 two metals, palladium and rhodium, and 
 the method ot rendering platina-mallcablej 
 by the last of which he is said to hay 
 gained thirty thousand pounds. Amonj 
 his inventions- are, a sliding scale of chem- 
 ical equivalents, a goniometer, and the 
 camera lucida. His papers in the Philo 
 sophical Transactions are numerous. He 
 died December 22, 182S. 
 
 WOLSEY, THOMAS, cardinal, an em- 
 inent prelate and statesman, the sou fC 
 
woo 
 
 butcher, was born, in 1471, at Ipswich. 
 He was educated at Magdalen College, 
 
 WOO 
 
 519 
 
 Oxford. His first preferment of impor- 
 tance was that of chaplain to Henry VII., 
 who gave him the deanery of Lincoln, as 
 a reward for his expeditious execution of 
 some diplomatic business. Being intro- 
 duced to Henry VIII. by Fox, bishop of 
 Winchester, he made a rapid progress in 
 the royal favour, till at length he reached 
 the highest pitch of power to which" a 
 subject can aspire. Between 1510 and 
 1515, besides several other valuable but 
 less important offices and honours, he ob- 
 tained the bishoprics of Tournay and Lin- 
 coln, the archbishopric of York, the chan- 
 cellorship, the legantine authority, and the 
 dignity of cardinal. He lived in princely 
 stale; and his train consisted of eight 
 hundred persons, of whom many were 
 knights and gentlemen. Charles V. and 
 Francis I. were suitors for his influence 
 with his master, and bought it by pensions 
 and professions of respect. His great am- 
 bition was, to fill the papal chair, but in 
 this he was disappointed. At length his 
 capricious sovereign became his enemy. 
 The conduct of Wolsey relative to the 
 divorce from Catherine of Arragon was 
 the first cause of offence. In 1529 he was 
 deprived of the seals, a part of his property 
 was seized, and he was impeached. A 
 full pardon, ho-vever, was granted to him, 
 and in 1530 he ratired to Cawood Castle. 
 There, in the autumn of that year, he was 
 a^ain arrested, on a charge of high treason, 
 and he died at Leicester, on his way to 
 London, on the 23th of November. With 
 all his faults, Wolsey was a munificent 
 patron of learning. He founded a colle-. 
 giate school at Ipswich, and the college of 
 Christ Church, and several lecturesnips, 
 at Oxford. 
 
 WOOD, ANTHONY, a biographer and 
 antiquary, was born, in 1632," at Oxford, 
 and was educated at Merlon College. 
 The perusal of some works on heraldry, 
 and of Dugdale's Warwickshire, inspired 
 in him a taste for antiquarian lore. His 
 History and Antiquities of Oxford, which 
 ras translated into Lntin by Dr. Frll, 
 
 appeared in 1G74, and his Athena Oro, 
 menses was published in 1691. An attack 
 upon Lord Clarendon, in the last of thcsfl 
 works, subjected him to a sentence of 
 expulsion, and his jacobitical prejudices 
 rendered him an object of hatred to the 
 whit* party. He died in 1G95. 
 
 WOOD, ROBERT, a scholar and a man 
 of taste, was born, in 1716, at Iliverstown, 
 in the Irish county of Meath ; made the 
 tour of Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in 
 1751 ; was appointed under secretary of 
 state in 1759 ; and died in 1771. He wrote 
 a Description of the Ruins of Balhec ; The 
 Ruins of Palmyra; and an Essay on the 
 Life and Writings of Homer. 
 
 WOODDESON, RICHARD, an eminent 
 civilian, was born, in 1745, at Kings- 
 ton, in Surrey ; was educated at Kingston 
 Grammar School, and at Pembroke and 
 Magdalen Colleges, Oxford; was chosen 
 Vinerian professor, on the resignation of 
 Sir Robert Chambers; and died in 1822. 
 He wrote Elements of Jurisprudence ; A 
 Systematic View of the Laws of England ; 
 and a Brief Vindication of the Rights of 
 the British Legislature, in reply to Mr. 
 Reeves. 
 
 WOODFALL, WILLIAM, a printer and 
 parliamentary reporter, was born about 
 1745, and was the son of a printer who 
 was proprietor of The Daily Advertiser. 
 He was brought up to his father's occupa- 
 tion, but was so fond of the stage that for 
 a short time he was an actor, and, to the 
 close of his life, never missed being present 
 at the coming out of a new piece. He was 
 successivelv editor of The London Packet, 
 and The Morning Chronicle, and editor 
 and owner of the Diary. Wood fall had an 
 astonishingly retentive memory, and was 
 the first who gave a full and immediate 
 detail of the proceedings of the legislature. 
 He died in 1803. 
 
 WOODHOUSE, ROBERT, an eminent 
 mathematician, was educated at Cam- 
 bridge ; was a fellow of Caius College ; 
 took his degree of B. A., and was senior 
 wrangler, and Smith's first prizeman, io 
 1795 ; was elected Lucasian professor in 
 1820, Plumian professor in 1822, and 
 keeper of the observatory in 1824 ; and 
 died December 28, 1827. " He wrote The 
 Principles of Analytical Calculation ; A 
 Treatise on Trigonometry ; A Treatise on 
 Isoperimetrical Problems ; An Elementary 
 Treatise on Plane Astronomy ; and several 
 papers in the Philosophical Transactions. 
 
 WOODVILLE, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 physician, was born, in 1752, at Cocker- 
 mouth, and, after having been apprentice 
 to an apothecary, took the degree of M. D. 
 at Edinburgh in 1775. He settled in Lon- 
 don, where he became physician to' tht 
 Middlesex Dispensary and the Small pox 
 Hospital, and died in 130*. He wrote 
 
/0 TTOR 
 
 Medical Botany; and The History of 
 Small pox Inoculation. 
 
 WOODWARD, JOHN, a physician and 
 natural philosopher, was born, in 1665. 
 in Derbyshire, and received a classical 
 education, but was apprenticed to a linen- 
 draper. Dr. Barwick, however, took him 
 into his house, and instructed him in the 
 medical art, and Woodward became pro- 
 fessor of physic at Gresham College, and 
 i fellow of the college and the Royal 
 Society. He died in 1728. His principal 
 works are, An Essay towards the Natural 
 History of the Earth ; a Defence of it ; 
 and Fossils of all Kinds digested into a 
 Method suitable to their Relation and 
 Affinity. 
 
 WOOLLET, WILLIAM, an eminent 
 engraver, was born, in 1735, at Maid- 
 stone ; was a pupil of Tinney ; rose to great 
 eminence in the graphic art ; and died in 
 1785. Among his finest works are, The 
 Battle of the Boyne ; The Death of Gen- 
 eral Wolfe; The Fishery; Niobe ; Phae- 
 ton ; Ceyx and Alcyone ; and Celadon and 
 Amelia. 
 
 WOOLSTON, THOMAS, a deistical 
 writer, was born, in 1669, at Northamp- 
 ton, and was educated at Sidney College, 
 Cambridge. The perusal of the writings 
 of Origen gave him a fondness for allego- 
 rizing, and his first work, The Old Apology 
 for the Truth of the Christian Religion 
 revived, was meant to prove that the ac- 
 tions of Moses were typical of Christ and 
 the church. He gradually, became a deist, 
 and at length his Six Discourses on Mira- 
 cles, and his Defence of the Discourses, 
 brought upon him a prosecution for blas- 
 phemy, and he was fined and imprisoned. 
 He died within the rules of the King's 
 Bench, in 1732. 
 
 WORCESTER, EDWARD SOMERSET, 
 marquis of, a man of highly inventive tal- 
 ents, was born about 1597 ; was employed 
 when earl of Glamorgan by Charles I. to 
 negotiate with the Irish catholics ; and 
 died in 1667. In 1663 he published his 
 curious pamphlet called The Scantlings of 
 One Hundred Inventions. Among those 
 inventions is the Steam Engine, though 
 described, like all the rest of the articles, 
 in a somewhat enigmatical manner. He 
 afterwards put forth a tract, which he 
 called An exact and true Definition of the 
 most stupendous water-commanding En- 
 gine. Wai pole, who was ignorant upon the 
 subject, calls him " a fantastic mechanic," 
 and some later writers have endeavoured 
 to depreciate his merit ; but the feasibility 
 of many of his projects has been amply 
 proved. 
 
 WORLIDGE, THOMAS, a painter and 
 engraver, was born, in 1701, at Peter- 
 borough, and died, in 1766, at Hammer- 
 unith. He was originally a painter in 
 
 miniature, and afterwards in oil, but laid 
 down the pencil, and devoted himself to 
 engraving, in which he adopted, and with 
 great success, the manner of Rembrandt ; 
 so that he has been called the English 
 Rembrandt. His great work is A Select 
 Collection of Drawings from carious An- 
 tique Gems. 
 
 WpRMIUS, OLAUS, an able Danish 
 physician and antiquary, was born, in 
 1588, at Aarhuscn, in Jutland; studied at 
 Marpurg, Strasburgh, and Basil ; w:;s, 
 successively, professor of belles lettres, 
 Greek literature, and physic, at Copenha- 
 gen ; was made a canon of the cathedral 
 ofLunden by Christiern IV. as a reward 
 for his medical services; and died in 1054. 
 He wrote various works on his profession, 
 but his principal productions relate to 
 Danish and Norwegian history and anti- 
 quities. 
 
 WOTTON, Sir HENRY, a diplomatist 
 and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 
 1568, at Boughton Hall, in Kent; and 
 was educated at Winchester School, and 
 at New College and Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford. After having visited France, Ger- 
 many, and Italy, he was appointed secre- 
 tary "to the earl of Essex, whom he ac- 
 companied on his expeditions against the 
 Spaniards, and into Ireland. On the fall 
 ot that noblemaq, \Votton went to reside 
 at Florence. James I. employed him as 
 ambassador at Venice, and on various 
 missions to Italian and German princes. 
 He was made provost of Eton College in 
 1624, and died in 1639. He wrote~Ele- 
 ments of Architecture; The State of 
 Christendom; and Reliquiae Wottonianaj. 
 Some of his poems are spirited and ele- 
 gant. 
 
 WOULFE, PETER, an eminent chem- 
 ist, who died in 1S05. His character was 
 marked by great eccentricity. He was a 
 firm believer in alchemy; his apartments 
 were so filled with furnaces and the arti- 
 cles of a laboratory that his firc-r.iHc was 
 not easily reached ; he breakfasted at lour 
 in the morning; and his mode of curing any 
 serious indisposition was, to take a place 
 in the mail to Edinburgh, and immediate- 
 ly return from that city. He invented an 
 apparatus for experiments on gases; and 
 contributed several papers to the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions. 
 
 WOUVERMANS, PHILIP, an emi- 
 nent artist, the son of an indifferent his- 
 torical painter, was born, in 1620, at 
 Haarlem, and was a pupil of Wynants; 
 but much improved himself by an indefati- 
 gable study of nature. Great as was hi* 
 merit, he was so poorly patronised as to 
 be always in narrow circumstances; and, 
 before his death, he ordered a box filled 
 with his designs to be burned, that his <on 
 might not be allured to embrace " 90 nx- 
 
WRE 
 
 set tain and miserable a profession." He 
 died in 1603. 
 
 WRAGG, WILLIAM, was born in South 
 Carolina, iu 1714, and was educated in 
 England, where he studied law and enter- 
 ed upon its practice. Not long afterwards 
 he returned to his native country, in 1753 
 was made one of the king's council for the 
 province, and in 1769 was offered the seat 
 of chief justice, which he declined. When 
 the revolution commenced he maintained a 
 conscientious opposition to the measures 
 of the colonies, and determined to return 
 to England. He embarked for that coun- 
 try and was wrecked in a violent storm on 
 the coast of Holland, in September 1777. 
 A monument is erected to his memory in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
 WTC 
 
 521 
 
 WREN, Sir CHRISTOPHER, a celebrated 
 architect and mathematician, son of the 
 dean of Windsor, was born, in 1632, at 
 East Knoyle, in Wiltshire, and was edu- 
 :ated at Wadham College, Oxford. His 
 mathematical talents were precociously 
 manifested ; in his thirteenth year he in- 
 vented an astronomical instrument and a 
 pneumatic machine ; and at fifteen he 
 wrote a new System of Spherical Trigo- 
 nometry. He was one of the earliest mem- 
 bers ol the Philosophical Society at Ox- 
 ford, which afterwards ripened into the 
 Royal Society. In 1657 he was chosen 
 Gresham professor of astronomy, and in 
 1661 Saviliau professor at Oxford. During 
 this period he made many curious discov- 
 eries in astronomy, natural philosophy, 
 and other sciences. It was in 1663 that 
 his architectural talents were first called 
 into action, when he was commissioned to 
 prepare designs for the restoration of St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. The fire of London, 
 however, soon opened to him a wider 
 sphere. Between 1663 and 1718, he built 
 St. Paul's (which was begun in 1675), 
 tiie Monument, the hospitals of Chelsea 
 and Greenwich, various edifices at Oxford 
 and Cambridge, Winchester Castle, the 
 new oart of Hampton Court, and nearly 
 sixty churches. In 1630 he was chosen 
 .president of the Royal Society. In 1718 
 intrigue unworthily deprived him 
 
 of the surveyor generalship of his rr tjesty's 
 works, which ne had held dunn half a 
 century. He died February 25, 17 :3. 
 
 WRIGHT, EDWARD, a mather atician, 
 was born at Garveston, in Norfoll , in the 
 latter end of the sixteenth centut < ; was 
 educated at Caius College, Cap ) ridge ; 
 accompanied the earl of Cumbe l;uid in 
 his voyages : was appointed math -.natical 
 lecturer to the East India Coin pa 1^ ; and 
 died in 1615. The true method 1 divid- 
 ing the meridian line was first di server* d 
 by him. He wrote The Correction of 
 certain Errors in Navigation ; aiU The 
 Haven finding Art. 
 
 WRIGHT, JOSEPH, an eminent pain- 
 ter, commonly known as Wright of Derby, 
 was born in that town, in 1734, and wai 
 a pupil of Hudson, alter which he studied 
 in Italy. On returning to England he re- 
 sided tor two years at Bath, and then set- 
 tled at Derby, where he di-.-d in 1797. He 
 displayed no common talents in portrait, 
 landscape, and historical painting. Among 
 his principal works are, the eruption of 
 Vesuvius, the head of Ulleswater Lake, the 
 Dead Soldier, the destruction of the Float- 
 ing Batteries afc Gibraltar, Belshazzar's 
 Feast, Hero and Leandor, and the Lady in 
 Coinus. 
 
 WYAT, Sir THOMAS, a statesman and 
 poet, was born, in 1503, at Allington, in 
 Kent ; was educated at St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and at Oxford; was a 
 favourite of Henry VIII.; was employed on 
 various diplomatic missions ; and died in 
 1541. His poems have very considerable 
 merit, and were printed wiln those of his 
 friend, the accomplished earl of Surrey. 
 
 WYATT, JAMES, an eminent architect, 
 was born, about 1743, at Burton, in Staf- 
 fordshire ; studied architecture and paint- 
 ing at Rome ; succeeded Sir William 
 Chambers as surveyor of the board of 
 works ; was for a while president of th< 
 Royal Academy ; and was killed, Septem- 
 ber 5, 1313, by the overturning of a car- 
 riage. Among his works are, the Pan- 
 theon, Kew Palace, Fonthill Abbey, various 
 improvements at Windsor, Westminster, 
 ana Salisbury, and the wings to the duke 
 of Devonshire's villa at Chiswick. 
 
 WYCHERLEY, WILLIAM, a wit and 
 dramatist, was born, about 1640, at Clove, 
 in Shropshire. He studied at Queen's 
 College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple, 
 but paid little attention to law. His Love 
 in a Wood, which was acted in 1672, gave 
 him popularity, and he became a favourite 
 of Charles II. and the duke of Bucking- 
 ham. His marriage with the countess of 
 Drogheda, however, deprived him of the 
 smiles of the sovereign, and her jealousy 
 embittered his existence. After her death, 
 the succession to her property involved him 
 in lawsuits, and he spent sereml rears * 
 
922 
 
 XEN 
 
 prison, till he was released by James II. 
 He died in 1715. He wrote, besides the 
 comedy already mentioned, The Gentle- 
 man Dancing Master ; The Country Wife ; 
 The Plain Dealer ; Poems ; anrt some 
 pieces which were published after his de- 
 cease. 
 
 WVKEHAM, WILLIAM of, an eminent 
 prelate, derived his name from a Hamp- 
 shire village, in which he was born in 1324. 
 His parents, though respectable, were poor, 
 and he was indebted for his education to 
 Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of 
 Wykeham, and governor of Winchester 
 Castle. Uvedale not only educated him, 
 but made him his secretary, and eventually 
 recommended him to Edward III. By the 
 monarch he was employed to superintend 
 the building of Windsor Castle. After 
 having held some minor church preferment, 
 he was raised, in 1366, to the see of Win- 
 chester, and in 1367 was made chancellor 
 of England. In 1371 the party of the duke 
 of Lancaster compelled him to resign the 
 seals, and he was persecuted by it for sev- 
 eral years. Richard II., however, restored 
 him to his dignities. He died in 1404. 
 New College, Oxford, and Winchester 
 school, were founded by Wykeham. 
 
 WYTHE, GEORGE, "a signer of the de- 
 claration of American independence, was 
 born in Virginia in 1726. His early course 
 
 XIM 
 
 was dissipated, but at the age of thirty \\t 
 reformed, turned his attentioTi to literature, 
 studied law and commenced its piactice! 
 At the breaking out of the revolution hf 
 was a distinguished leader of the popular 
 party. He was for some time speaker ol 
 the house of burgesses, and in 1775 was 
 elected a member of congress. He was 
 one of the committee to revise the laws of 
 Virginia in 1776, and had a principal share 
 in preparing the code adopted in 1779. 
 Soon after he was appointed one of the 
 three judges of the high court of chancery, 
 and subsequently sole counsellor. He was 
 a member of the convention of Virginia to 
 consider the constitution of the United 
 States. His death, which was attributed 
 to poison, took place in 1806. 
 
 WYTTENBACH, DANIEL, a learned 
 philologist, was born, in 1746, at Berne j 
 studied at Marburg, and at Gottingen, un- 
 der Heyne ; and became professor of'phi- 
 losophy and literature at uie Remonstrant* 
 College at Amsterdam. He was subse- 
 quently appointed philosophical professor 
 at the institution called the Illustrious 
 Athenaeum, in the same city ; and, in 1799, 
 he succeeded Ruhnken at Leyden. He 
 died in 1820. Among his productions are, 
 an edition of the moral works of Plutarch; 
 Precepta Philosophize Logicne ; and Epis- 
 tola Critica. 
 
 XAVIER, ST. FBANCIS, denominated 
 the Apostle of the Indies, was born, in 
 1506, at the castle of Xavier, in Navarre ; 
 studied at Paris ; became one of the first 
 and most zealous disciples of Ignatius 
 Loyola ; was sent to the East by John III. 
 of Portuga,, to propagate the gospel ; per- 
 formed his mission in Hindoslan, the Mo- 
 luccas, and Japan ; and was on the point 
 cf landing in China, when he died, in 
 1552. 
 
 XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher, 
 was born, B. c. 406, at Chalcedon ; was a 
 disciple of Plato ; succeeded Speusippus 
 in the Platonic school ; and died about B. 
 c. 314. Such was his command over his 
 passions, that the beautiful Phyrne in vain 
 endeavoured to rouse them, though she had 
 confidently wagered upon her success. His 
 works are lost, with the exception of a 
 Treatise on Death. 
 
 XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher, 
 was born in the seventh century B. c. at 
 Colophon, in Asia Minor; settled at Elea 
 in his eightieth year ; and died there at the 
 age of more tha'n a hundred. He founded 
 the Elealic sect, and his doctrines were 
 in verse. 
 
 XENOPHON, a celebrated philosopher, 
 historian, and general, a native of Athens, 
 was born about B. c. 445, and was a dis- 
 ciple of Socrates. After having borne 
 arms at the battle of Delium, and in the 
 Peloponnesian war, he became one of the 
 body of Greek auxiliaries, who fought on 
 the side of the younger Cyrus against Ar- 
 taxerxes. When the Grecian leaders were 
 treacherously slain, after the battle of Cu- 
 naxa, the arduous task of conducting the 
 retreat was intrusted to Xenophon. and he 
 performed it with consummate skill. Sub- 
 sequently he served under the banners of 
 Thrace and of Lacedcemon. He died at 
 Corinth B. c. 360. Of his works, the 
 style of which is admirable for sweetness, 
 purity, and perspicuity, the principal are, 
 the Anabasis; tne Cyropaedia ; and Hel- 
 lenics, or Grecian History. 
 
 XIMENES DE CISNEROS. Cardi- 
 nal FRANCIS, an eminent Spanish states- 
 man, was born, in 1437, at Torrelaguna 
 in Old Castile, and was educated at Alcala 
 and Salamanca. After having filled vari 
 ous benefices, he became a monk of the 
 Franciscan order, and obtained great repu- 
 tation as a preacher. In hi* fifty-irtl 
 
YOU 
 
 rear, Queen Isabella made him her con- 
 ibssor, and, two- years afterwards, he was 
 raisei to the archbishopric of Toledo. It 
 was not, however, till he received the ex- 
 press injunction of the pope that he would 
 accept the archiepiscopal dignity, and he 
 continued to preserve the austere habits of 
 a Franciscan. He subsequently became 
 prime minister, and a cardinal, and Ferdi- 
 nand, on his deathbed, appointed him re- 
 gent till the arrival of Charles V. He 
 died in 1517. Few ministers have gov- 
 erned with as much ability and firmness as 
 
 YOU 
 
 52 1 
 
 Ximcnes. He was also the patron of 
 learning; founded various academical and 
 other establishments ; and employed the 
 most erudite men of all countries to edit 
 the famous'Complutensian Polyglott Bible. 
 XYLANDER, WILLIAM, a learned cri- 
 tic, whose real name was HOLTZE.MANN, 
 was born, in 1532, at Augsburgh; display- 
 ed a profound knowledge of the classics at 
 an early age ; was chosen Greek professor 
 at Heidelberg, in 1558 ; and died in 1576. 
 He translated and edited various Greek 
 and Latin authors. 
 
 YALDEN, THOMAS, a divine and poet, 
 was born, in 1671, at Exeter; was edu- 
 cated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; ob- 
 tained, successively, the livings of Wil- 
 loughby, Chalton, and ClanfieTd, and the 
 preachership of Bridewell Hospital ; was 
 implicated with Bishop Atterbury, but was 
 soon released; and died in 1736. His 
 poems have been admitted into the collect- 
 e.l works of the British poets. 
 
 YEARSLEY, ANNE, a writer of poems, 
 novels, and dramas, was born, about 1756, 
 at Bristol, and was originally a milk- 
 woman. Some of her verses obtained for 
 her the patronage of Miss Hannah More, 
 under whose auspices a volume of her pro- 
 ductions was published by subscription, in 
 1735. The profits enabled her to opon 
 a circulating library at the Hot Wells. 
 She died in 1806. Among her works are, 
 Poems ; Earl Godwyn, a tragedy ; and 
 The Royal Captives, a Romance. 
 
 YERMAK, a Cossack chief, who was 
 born on the banks of the Don, in the last 
 half of the sixteenth century. With only 
 six thousand men he conquered Siberia. 
 The subjugated territory he transferred to 
 the czar of Muscovy, who loaded him with 
 honours and presents. He was drowned 
 in 1533. 
 
 YORK, FREDERICK, duke of, second 
 son of George III., was horn, in 1763, at 
 Buckingham House, Westminster. In 1784 
 he received the title which he bore till the 
 end of his life, and in 1787 he took his seat 
 in the upper house. He narrowly escaped 
 death, in 1789, in a duel with Colonel 
 Lenox. In 1791 he married the eldest 
 daughter of the king of Prussia. He was 
 placed at the head of the British army in 
 Flanders in 1793, and, after alternate suc- 
 cess, was expelled from that country by 
 the French. Nor was he more fortunate, 
 in 1799, when he was employed in Hol- 
 land ; he being under the necessity of sign- 
 ing a disadvantageous convention. His 
 o'.h'-p of t'ommnrill'-r in chief, to which 
 
 he was appointed in 1795, he resigned in 
 1809, in consequence of the charges which 
 were brought against him by Colonel 
 Wardle. He was, however, reinstated by 
 the prince regent, and held it till his de- 
 cease, on the 5th of January, 1S27. It is 
 but justice to say that he administered it 
 in a manner which was highly beneficial to 
 the army. 
 YORKE. See HARDWICKE. 
 
 YOUNG, EDWARD, a poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer, was born, in 1681, or, 
 according to some, in 1679, at Upham, in 
 Hants, and was educated at Winchester 
 school, and at New College, Oxford. H 
 was designed for the law, and took Ins 
 degree of doctor, but he at length chose 
 the clerical profession, and, in 1723, was 
 ordained, and appointed chaplain to the 
 king. His poetical reputation he had 
 already established by the poems of The 
 Last Day, The Force of Religion, and The 
 Love of Fame ; and the tragedies of The 
 Revenge, and Busiris. In 1730 he ob- 
 tained the living of Welwyn, and though 
 for several years he (to use his own words) 
 "besieged court favour," he received no 
 further church promotion. His Night 
 Thoughts are supposed to have been 
 prompted by the death of his wife, whom 
 he lost in 1741. He died in 1765. Hit 
 poetical and prose works form four rol. 
 
5-4 
 
 ZAC 
 
 YOUNG, ARTHUR, an eminent agri- 
 cultural writer, was horn, in 1741, at ISnul- 
 lield, in Suffolk. He was apprenticed to 
 i wine merchant, at Lynn, in Norfolk; hut 
 mulled that business to engage in farming. 
 :n furtherance of his wish to improve the 
 husbandry of his country, he not only 
 made innumerable experiments on his own 
 land, hut also travelled over the greatest 
 part of the British islands, and in France, 
 Spain, and Italy. In 1770 he puhlished 
 his Fanner's Calendar, which became a 
 popular work; and in 1774 he established 
 The Annals of Agriculture. On the estab- 
 lishment of the Board of Agriculture he 
 was appointed secretary, an office which 
 he held till his decease in 1820. Among 
 his principal works, besides those already 
 mentioned, are his Tours in England, Ire- 
 land, and France. 
 
 YOUNG, MATTHEW, a mathematician 
 and divine, was born, in 1750, in the coun- 
 ty of Roscommon ; was educated at Trini- 
 ty College, Dublin, at which, in 17S6, he 
 hecame professor of philosophy ; was rais- 
 ed to the see of Clonfert by Marquis 
 Cornwallis; and died in 1SOO. He wrote 
 An Essay on Sounds; An Analysis of the 
 Principles of Natural Philosophy; and 
 The Method of prime and ultimate Ra- 
 tios. 
 
 YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM, a miscellane- 
 ous writer, was born, in 1750, at Charlton 
 House, near Canterbury ; was educated at 
 Eton, Clare Hall, Cambridge, and Uni- 
 versity College, Oxford ; was M. P. for St. 
 Mawes, in 1783, and F. R. S. in 1786; 
 and died, in 1815, governor of Tobago. 
 His principal works are, The History of 
 Athens; and The West India Common 
 Place Book. 
 
 YOUNG, THOMAS, an eminent philos- 
 opher and physician, a nephew of Dr. 
 nrocklesby, was born in 1774; was edu- 
 
 ZAC 
 
 coted nt Gottingcn and Edinburgh; wa 
 physician to St. George's Hospital, and 
 foreign secretary of the Royal Society; 
 and died May 10, 1S2'.K Besides contri- 
 buting a great number of valuable papers 
 to the Supplement to the Encyclopedia 
 Britannica, and to many scientific periodi- 
 cals, he wrote several works, of which the 
 chief are, A Course of Lectures on Natural 
 Philosophy; An Introduction to Medical 
 Literature ; A Practical and Historical 
 Treatise on Consumptive Disease; and 
 Elementary Illustration of the Celestial 
 Mechanics of La Place. To Dr. Young 
 belongs the merit, which has been claimed 
 for M. Champollion, of having discovered 
 the means of deciphering the Egyptian 
 hieroglyphics. 
 
 YPSILANTI, Prince ALEXANDER, son 
 of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia in 
 1802, accompanied his father when he took 
 refuge in Russia. He entered into the 
 Russian army, attained the rank of major- 
 general, and was made aid-de-camp to 
 the emperor. When the Greek revolution 
 broke out he was chosen to hoist the stand- 
 ard of freedom in Wallachia and Moldavia. 
 He was, however, routed by the Turks, 
 and was forced to fly into Austria, where 
 he was long held captive in the fortress 
 of Mongatz. He died at Vienna in 1821. 
 Ypsilanti possessed courage and military 
 knowledge, but his almost insane pride 
 wholly unfitted him for being the leader 
 of an insurrection. 
 
 YRIARTE, Don THOMAS DE, an emi- 
 nent Spanish poet, was born, about 1750, 
 at Teneriffe ; studied at Madrid ; held office 
 under government, and was made editor 
 of the Madrid Mercury; and died in 1791. 
 Of his works, which form eight volumes, the 
 principal are, Comedies ; Music, a poem ; 
 Literary Fables ; Moral Epistles ; and Mis* 
 cellanies. 
 
 ZABAGLIA, NICHOLAS, an architect, 
 
 as born, in 1674, at Rome, and died there 
 
 j 1750. His first occupation was that of 
 
 i carpenter at the Vatican ; but the various 
 
 masterly mechanical engines which he in- 
 
 ented, and the abilities which he display - 
 
 i, caused him to be appointed architect 
 
 f St. Peter's. Zabaglia is the inventor 
 
 jf the method by which fresco paintings 
 
 ire transferred from the plaster on which 
 
 tlu-v were originally executed. 
 
 ZACCARfA, FRANCIS ANTHONY, a 
 Jesuit, was born, in 1714, at Venice ; suc- 
 ceeded Muratori as librarian at Modena ; 
 retired to Home after the dissolution of 
 ki< ordw; and died there, in 1795. pro- 
 
 fesso' ol ecclesiastical history at the Sapj- 
 enza College. Of his one hundred and six 
 printed works, the most important arc, 
 Literary History of Italy, sixteen vols.; 
 Literary Annals of Italy ; Anecdotes of the 
 Middle Age ; and Numismatic Institutions. 
 ZACHARIA, JUSTI-S FKEDERIC WIL- 
 LIAM, a German poet, was born, in 1726, 
 at Frankenhausen, in Thuringia ; vas edu- 
 cated at Leipsic; was appointed professor 
 of poetry in the Caroline College at Bruns- 
 wick ; and died in 1777. His poems, among 
 the best of which are, Phaeton, the Four 
 Parts of the Day, and Woman in the Four 
 Stages of her Life, form nine volumw 
 octavo. 
 
I5EH 
 
 7JIIONC2EK, JOSEPH, a Polish gen- 
 eral, of a noble but poor family, was born, 
 in 1752, at Kamimeck, and entered the 
 military service at an early period. In 
 ths diets from 1783 to 1792. he espoused 
 the cause of freedom, and for that cause 
 he fought bravely in 1792 and 1794. It 
 was he who commanded at Praga when 
 that unfortunate suburb of Warsaw was 
 carried by assault, and on that occasion 
 he is said to have displayed more bravery 
 than military skill. Severely wounded, he 
 sought an asylum in Moravia, and was 
 sent prisoner to the fortress of JosephstadL 
 where he remained till after the death of 
 Catherine of Russia. On his being libera- 
 ted he entered into the service of France, 
 and fought under her banners, from 1797 
 till 1812, in Italy, Egypt, Prussia, Poland, 
 and Russia. When the congress of Vienna 
 assigned Poland to the Russian emperor, 
 that monarch conferred on the Polish gen- 
 eral the title of prince and the office of 
 viceroy. These favours were fatal to the 
 glory of Zaionczek. He forgot all his 
 patriotism, became the devoted slave of 
 Russia, and died universally hated by his 
 fellow citizens, July 23, 1826. 
 
 ZARCO, JOHN GONZALES, a Portuguese 
 navigator of the fifteenth century. He 
 discovered, in 1417 and 1419, the islands 
 of Porto Santo and Madeira. In 1421 he 
 was made governor of a part of the latter 
 island, and founded Funchal. Zarco is 
 said to have introduced the use of artillery 
 in ships. 
 
 ZENDRINI, BERNARD, an eminent 
 Italian mathematician, but especially cele- 
 brated for his skill in hydraulics, was born, 
 in 1679, at Saviore; studied at Padua; 
 and settled at Venice as a physician. His 
 profound knowledge of the subject caused 
 him to be appointed chief hydraulic engi- 
 neer at Ferrara, and the same office, with 
 the superintendence of all the waters, 
 rivers, and ports, was afterwards conferred 
 on him by the Venetian republic. He 
 was also employed by the Austrian govern- 
 ment and the republic of Lucca. Many 
 works of great importance were executed 
 by him. He died in 1747. 
 
 ZENO, of Elea, a philosopher, was 
 born, about B. c. 463, at Elea, in Magna 
 Graecia, and was a disciple of Parmenides. 
 The invention of dialectics is ascribed to 
 him. His native city having fallen under 
 the dominion of a despot, he endeavoured 
 to deliver it, but failed ; and, being put to 
 the torture, he is said to have bitten off 
 his tongue, and spit it into the face of the 
 tyrant. 
 
 ZENO, the founder of the sect of the 
 Stoics, was born about B. c. 362, at Citium, 
 in the isle of Cyprus, and quitted mercan- 
 tile pursuits to become a philosopher. After 
 kavuig received the lessons of Crates, 
 
 tm b^ 
 
 Stilpo, Xenocratet, and Polemon, he him- 
 seli opened a school of philosophy in the 
 Stoa, or painted portico, whence his fol- 
 lowers were callea Stoics. He taught for 
 nearly fifty years ; was highly respected by 
 the Athenians; and died B. c. 204. 
 
 ZENO, NICHOLAS and AKTHONY, two 
 brothers, natives of Venice, who, about 
 1388, are believed to have discovered the 
 Feroe islands, Greenland, tnd Newfound- 
 land. Their voyages were first published, 
 in 1558, by Mercolmi. 
 
 ZENO, ApoaTOLO, an eminent Italian 
 writer, was born, in 1668, at Venice. In 
 1691 he founded the academy " degli 
 Animosi," and in 1710 he began The 
 Literary Journal, of which the first twenty 
 volumes are from his pen ; the remainder 
 being the composition of his brother. 
 Having obtained reputation by his dra- 
 matic compositions, Charles VI., in 1718, 
 invited him to Vienna, and appointed him 
 his historiographer and laureat. Zeno re- 
 sided for eleven years at the imperial 
 court, and produced nearly forty pieces. 
 He returned to his own country in 1731, 
 and died in 1750. His theatrical compo- 
 sitions form ten volumes ; and his Letters, 
 and other prose compositions, nearly 
 twenty. 
 
 ZENOBIA, SEPTIMA, queen of Pal- 
 myra. She was descended from the Pto- 
 lemys, and her mind was cultivated by 
 trie lessons of Longinus. After the deatn 
 of Odenatus, in whose labours of war and 
 government she had participated, she as 
 sumed the title of Queen of the East 
 pushed her conquests in various directions 
 and rendered Palmyra one of the most 
 splendid of oriental cities. Aurelian made 
 war against her, and, after having gained 
 two battles, laid siege to Palmyra. She 
 was taken while attempting to escape ; 
 was carried to Rome to grace his triumph ; 
 and died there, in private life, about A. D. 
 300. 
 
 ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter of antiq- 
 uity, is believed to have been born about 
 B. c. 497, and to have died about B. c. 
 400. He was a native of Heraclea, but 
 of which of the cities bearing that name 
 is not known, though it is supposed to 
 be the Heraclea of Magna Graecia. He 
 brought to perfection the management of 
 light and shade. Of his own merit he 
 had a sufficiently lofty idea : for, having 
 become rich, he gave away his pictures, 
 on the ground that no price was equal to 
 their worth. 
 
 ZIMMERMAN, JOHN GEORGE, a 
 physician and miscellaneous writer, was 
 born, in 1723, at Brug?, in the canton of 
 Berne ; studied medicine under Hallor in 
 Gottin^en ; practised for some years at 
 his native place; was appointed, in 1768, 
 chief physician to the king of England at 
 
J2f /OK 
 
 Hanorer ; attended Frederic ot" Prussia ou 
 his death bed ; was a violent literary op- 
 
 of the Illuminati and the French 
 ^evolutionists ; and died, in 1795, a victim 
 Jo hypochondriac disease. Among his 
 works are, A Treatise on Solitude (once 
 highly popular) ; An Essay on National 
 Pnde ; and A Treatise on the Experience 
 of Medicine. 
 
 ZINCKE, CHRISTIAN FREDERIC, a 
 German painter, was born, about 1684, at 
 Dresden ; studied under Boit ; settled in 
 England in his twenty-second year ; be- 
 came justly celebrated for the beauty of his 
 enamel portraits ; and died in 1767. 
 
 Z1NZENDORF, NICHOLAS Louis, 
 Count, the restorer of the Moravian sect, 
 fcas born, in 1700, at Dresden ; was a son 
 ol the elector of Saxony's chamberlain ; 
 and studied at Halle and Wittenberg. He 
 early manifested an enthusiastic turn of 
 mincl with respect to religious concerns. 
 In 1721, having given an asylum on his 
 estate to some of the persecuted Moravian 
 brethren, he espoused their doctrines, and 
 became the head of their church. To 
 spread those doctrines, and procure tole- 
 ration for the professors of them, he tra- 
 relled over a large part of Europe, visited 
 England, and even made two voyages to 
 America. He died in 1760. The Mora- 
 vians, and their head, were long the subject 
 of many gross calumnies, from which, how- 
 ever, their meritorious conduct has amply 
 findicated them. 
 
 ZISCA, JOHN, a celebrated Bohemian 
 warrior, was born about 1380, of a noble 
 family. His real name was TROCH- 
 ZNOW, but he received the appellation 
 of Zisca, or one-eyed, after having lost an 
 eye in battle. When the Hussites rose in 
 arms, to oppose the succession of Sigis- 
 mund to the crown of Bohemia, they placed 
 Zisca at their head, and he justified their 
 choice by numerous victories over the ene- 
 my. Though he lost his other eye during 
 the contest, he compelled Sigis'mund to 
 submit to humiliating terms of peace. He 
 died in 1424. 
 
 ZOEGA, GEORGE, an eminent Danish 
 archaeologist, wa* born, in 1758, at Dahler, 
 
 7.1-K 
 
 in JutlaiKt ; was educated at AHuna writ 
 Uottingen; resided for many years ai 
 Rome, as consul for Denmark, and wax 
 much esteemed by Pius VI. ; anu died in 
 1809. Among his works are, a treatise 
 de Origine et Usu Obeliscorum ; Ps'umi 
 ^Ecryptii ; and the Ancient Basso Relievos 
 of Rome. 
 
 ZOLLIKOFFER, GEORGE JOACHIM, a 
 Swiss divine, was born, in 1730, at Saint 
 Gall ; was educated at Bremen and Utrecht ; 
 was, successively, a minister in the Pays 
 de Vaud, the Grisons, and at Loinsic ; and 
 died in 1798. Of his Sermons, which form 
 fifteen volumes, a part have been translated 
 into English. 
 
 ZOROASTER, an ancient philosopher, 
 of whose history little or nothing that is 
 authentic is known. There are supposed 
 to -have been several of the name. The 
 most celebrated, however, the Zerdusht of 
 the Persians, is believed to have been the 
 reformer of the Magian system of religion, 
 and the author of the Zendavesta, which 
 contains the doctrines that he tauglit. Irre- 
 concileable differences exist among the 
 learned as to the time in which he flou- 
 rished. Volney fixes his birth B. c. 1250. 
 
 ZOUCH, RICHARD, a distinguished ci- 
 vilian, was born, about 1590, at Anstey, 
 in Wiltshire ; was educated at Winchester 
 school, and at New College, Oxford ; be- 
 came regius professor of Inw at Oxford, 
 principal of St. Alban's Hall, warden of 
 the cinque ports, and judge of the admi- 
 ralty ; and died in 1660. His numerous 
 works in civil, military, and maritime 
 jurisprudence, all of them in Latin, are 
 still esteemed. 
 
 ZOUCH, THOMAS, a divine and bio- 
 grapher, was born, in 1737, at Sandal, in 
 Yorkshire ; was educated at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge ; and died in 1806," rector 
 of Scrayingham, and prebendary of Dur- 
 ham. Late in life the bishopric of Carlisle 
 was offered to him, but ne refused it. 
 Among his works are, Memoirs of Sir P. 
 Sidney, of Dean Sudbury, and of Sir 
 George Wheler; An Inquiry into the pro- 
 phetic Character of the Romans : and The 
 Crucifixion, a Seatonian prize poem. 
 
 ZUMBO, GAETANO JULIUS, a celebra- 
 ted modeller in wax, was born, in 1656, 
 at Syracuse, in Sicily ; and died at Paris 
 in 1701. For the grand duke of Tuscany 
 he executed, in coloured w^ax, several admi- 
 rable works. The most celebrated of these 
 bears the name of the Putrefaction. It 
 exhibits five figures a dying person, a 
 dead body, a corpse in a state of incipient 
 corruption, one half corrupted, and another 
 in the last stage of corruption and a prey 
 to worms. His masterpieces, a Nativity 
 and a Descent from the Cross, arc ai Genoa. 
 
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