^ THE PERSIAN MAXUAL. CLARKE. s *& /. -. X4 \ ' .. - X > THE PERSIAN MANUAL, A POCKET COMPANION INTENDED TO FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINMENTS OP CONVERSING WITH FLUENCY AND COMPOSING WITH ACCURACY, IN THE MOST GBACEJUL OF AIL THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE EAST. FART I. A CONCISE GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE, With Exercises on its more prominent peculiarities, together with a Selection of Useful Phrases, Dialogues, and Subjects for Translation into Persian. PART II. A VOCABULARY OF USEFUL WORDS, ENGLISH AND PERSIAN, SHOWING AT THE SAME TIME THE DIFFERENCE OF IDIOM BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES. BT CAPTAIN H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE, "Royal Engineers. LONDON: WM. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 1878. LONDON : GILBERT AND EIVINGTON, PBINTEBS, 52, ST. JOHN'S SQUABE, E.C. Wirult, 1- SI. ., WHO ENCOURAGED ME IX BOYHOOD, YOUTH, AND MANHOOD, THIS WOBK IS, WITH AFFECTION, PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR. THIS work is divided into Two Parts : Part I. Section 1. The Grammar. 2. Progressive Lessons and Exer- cises. 3. Miscellaneous Dialogues and Exercises. Part II. Vocabulary. 2. Sections 2 and 3 of Part I. and the whole of Part II. are entirely original. The Grammar is, in part, compiled from the Per- sian Grammars by Dr. Lumsden, LL.D., 1810. Mirza Muhammad Ibrahim ShirazI, 1841. Mr. A. H. Bleeck, 1857. Dr. D. Forbes, LL.D., 1862. Its arrangement is entirely new ; much original mat- ter has been introduced ; and the whole rendered as concisely as possible. The Exercises and Sentences (English to be turned X PREFACE. into Persian) have been taken from Dr. Forbes' Manual of Hindustani. It was considered that these exercises and sentences were possibly as good and as well arranged as any others which could be devised, while, by adopting them for this work, the student would have the advantage of being able to compare the Hindustani with the Persian idiom. The great success which Dr. Forbes' Manual of Hindustani has obtained was a further inducement to adopt the same plan. 3. The aim throughout this work has been to gather under each sentence as many useful idioms, expressions and synonyms as possible. That portion of a sentence which may be represented by other equivalent expressions is enclosed in brackets ; and the equivalent expressions also placed within brackets and separated by semi-colons are put at the end of the sentence. Thus, on page 126 of the Vocabulary, against the word "robbed," it is to be understood that the expressions " duzd burda ;" " dast-burd-i-duzd gardida;" "ba sirkat rafta;" "duzdida shuda," may each be substituted for the expression " ba duzdi rafta," in the sentence. This plan of rendering the sentences will, it is be- lieved, give great aid to the student in mastering the language. He will see at a glance the several PREFACE. XI ways in which a sentence may be rendered, will observe the force of words, and will be able to com- pare idiom with idiom.* 4. It has been customary to regard Persian as a language easy of attainment ; this is far from being the case. A certain degree of proficiency may easily be reached ; but to obtain a thorough knowledge of the language is exceedingly difficult, owing to (a) The vast number of words (said to be 80,000) in the language ; (<5) The ambiguous expressions in which a Persian delights ; (c) The want of translations ;t (d) Want of properly qualified teachers.* That there are defects in this work is most readily allowed ; yet all that care and labour could do to prevent error has been given to the task. The critic will remember that this is the first attempt ever * In his Hindustani Manual Dr. Forbes rendered the English sentence in one way only. For Hindustani this may be suffi- cient ; but a rich language, such as the Persian, requires more generous handling. f The only Persian books translated into English are the Gulistan, the Amvar-i-Suhaili, and the Shah-Namah. J This is a most serious difficulty as regards Persian and Arabic. Xli PREFACE. made by anyone to bring out a work, systematically arranged, treating of the rendering of English into Persian. 5. At the present time, the only books which at- tempt to treat of the rendering of English sentences into Persian are the following : (a) "The Persian Munshi," by Dosa-Biya,i Su- rabji, a Parsi. This book contains 1117 sentences, rendered in Hindustani, SindhI and Persian. The sentences are not arranged alphabetically, nor so as to express the rendering of a certain dominant word ; they are simply grouped together under six heads, Introductory, Mercantile, Medical, Judicial, Military and Miscellaneous. The work is roughly lithographed on bad Indian paper. The renderings in lithographed oriental character are not easy for a beginner to decipher. But for the arrangement and the way in which it is got up it would be an excellent work. It can be obtained from Messrs. Thacker and Co., of Bombay, for 6J rupees. (6) " Modern Persian," by an Officer of the Hai- derabad Contingent, revised by MIrza Zainul 'Abadm Shirazi. This is a small book, printed in Bombay in 1871 ; it contains 1769 sentences, without any arrangement whatever ; the vowel points in the oriental character (which is not transliterated) have all been omitted, making it very difficult for a beginner to pronounce the words. It may be obtained from Messrs. Thacker and Co., of Bombay, for 10 rs. (c) "The Conversation Manual," by Captain G. Plunkett, E.E. This is a book, printed in London, containing 670 sentences and a bare list of 1500 words, which are rendered in Hindustani, Pushtu and Persian. Eoman character only is used. It. is a small book and necessarily covers but a small extent of each of the three languages. It may be obtained from Messrs. Kichard- son and Co., Cornhill, London, for 6 rs. The three books, briefly described, labour under one defect, which is, that each sentence is rendered in one way only. The student is not afforded the op- portunity of contrasting idiom with idiom, word with word ; nor of exercising his powers of observation. The Persian Manual now offered to the public contains: In Section 2, Part I., 555 sentences. 3, Part I., 333 In Vocabulary, Part II., 1969 Total number of sentences, 2857 This number 28.57 represents the actual number of English sentences rendered into Persian ; but almost every sentence is expressed in several ways. The actual number of Persian sentences probably amounts, at least, to 2857 x 3 = 8671, all methodi- cally arranged. A bald list of words is of little use ; the student requires to know how to use them.* It is hoped that a study of this Manual may save the student much unnecessary drudgery with a native teacher ; and that the tables of Persian weights and measures, the digest of regulations regarding examinations in Per- sian and Arabic, and the lists of Persian and Arabic books may prove useful. 6. I here beg to record the service which I have re- ceived, in correcting the proof-sheets of this work, and generally in bringing it out, from (a) Maulawi Allah BaKhsh, who passed twenty- five years of his life in Persia, acted as Arabic in- terpreter during the Abyssinian campaign, and is now Instructor in Persian in the High School of Karachi in East India. () Shaikh Muhammad Sadik, Hajiu-1-haramam, a native of Tahran, who served me in the Abyssinian campaign, and followed my fortunes at divers seasons in India.f I mention the names of these men not only be- cause they deserve to be named, but also as a gua- * This is especially the case with regard to Arabic words used in Persian. f " Hajm-1-haramain " is the title of a Musulman who haa made a pilgrimage to Makkah and Madlna. PREFACE. XV rantee that the Persian renderings of the sentences are idiomatic as well as grammatical. 7. The student's attention is drawn to the excel- lent manner in which the "Work has been got up by the Publishers. I freely acknowledge the great obligation under which I rest for the care and trouble which they have exercised. H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE, CAPTAIN, R.E. Karachi, May 1877. The following Table gives a list of Exercises in this Manual, which- will be found rendered in Persian in Forbes' " Persian Grammar." The other exercises have been taken from the " Gulistan" and "Arabian Nights' Entertainment." No. of Exercise Forbes' Persian Grammar. in this Manual. Page. No. of Story. 24 1 5 27 3 14 28 8 30 29 6 22 37 12 50 38 6 23 39 11 39 43 12 41 44 13 43 45 10 35 46 11 37 47 14 46 48 10 36 49 17 51 50 25 66 51 26 67 52 19 55 1 PERSIAN MANUAL PART I. SECTION I. ON THE LETTERS AND PARTS OF SPEECH. 1. The Persian Alphabet consists of thirty- two letters. Of these twenty are common to the Persians and Arabs, eight are peculiar to the Arabs, and four to the Persians. These thirty-two letters are to be considered as consonants, and are written from right to left ; con- sequently their books and manuscripts begin at what we call the end. The letters often assume a different form according to their position in the formation of a word. Thus there will be in many cases three distinct forms ; namely, the initial, the medial, the final. In the following Table we have in column 1, the names of the letters in the Persian character; in column 2, the names of the letters in the Roman character; in column 3, the detached forms of the letters ; and, in column 4, the corresponding English letters. 1 ( 2 ) THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET. 1. 2. A 4. 6. COMBINED FOKM. 6. BXEMPLIFICATION8. NAME. | | POWEB. "3 !i "3 w _c "3 - Final. Medial Initial. S ;^ i all alif 1 o, etc. I v ^ 1 i L * vl gr? le ^r C.A ^ L_A* ^r J (^ P e v J v c ^ "* J !-' V^" ^5- ^i " J c ^ t fe o < lOi i -* ^ J CJjJ e^-o La ( *J -^ J C J " J * C / s. E r jf f us che cli P f * e^ ^ 4? ^4 ^ &* C \ f- * - c^ ^ >' Ml x- ^ Mi* C kh ^ s. i. ^Ai d Js > - * J Jb dal > d A J- d oU t" U Jli =f i * A j. J SI) XX > r* l> re r i/-> SJ ^ -A* S* */ *_J '{ &^ , * J z /-> S-> j J^ (V? >5 3 C' G-" J zh LTj i/J J J^ >*; v jc vJJ ^ .m LH s u- -. - c^ hH ^ < ..^.i shin jji sh ^ Mk *** ^ tri J " ^ THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET. 3 1. 2. a 4. 5. COMBINED 6. EXEMPLIFICATIOKS. gw FOBM. NAME. g |8 POWEB. 1 I ! FinaL Medial Initial jLo sci(L u- , u* - - ** ^ O x ^ ^ zdd yi ? u* - - &y o4 >r L Jj t.o,e s. t k k k ^U Cl u^e J. Jj& zo,e k 2 k k b kU*. kL > jfr ^j-jC 'ain e 'fl,etc. e X c ^ e? ^ & ^-jjc ghain gh 6 c / f ^ J~c 1 J uJ\5 kaf J k J ft i J 1 ^ <3? >: Jj v_& A"/ J k el { r e)l sb J^ c^" 1 1 yi/" ^ 9 ^ < ^ erf, ; X i f V // J I jr 1 j JL. j^ Jje sj ^s* mm r m r r. * r u r: c^- 't j o - O y nun u n c; A* - i cyi cH^ x ^ P 5 J * 1 j\j wdw ^ to J j J Jj ^ JA **-J ^he 1 h A <* A iU ^ w >* yg - a. etc. (^U- J J-* Jj 4 PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 2. It will be observed that 1 , J , J, j , j , J , j , do not alter in shape, whether initial, medial, or final; neither do they unite with the letter following to the left. The letters b, k, do not alter ; but they always unite with the letter following to the left. The eight letters peculiar to Arabic are <^>, ^, fjc, \s , la, c , Jf. They appear only in words purely, or originally, Arabic. The four letters pecu- liar to Persian are (>, -. , j , ^J. PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 3. cu t. The sound of this letter is softer and more dental than that of the English t ; it is identical with the Sanskrit if . iJL> s is sounded by the Arabs like th in the words thick, thin; by the Persians as s in the words sick, sin. -. ch has the sound of ch in the word church. -. h is a strong aspirate like h in the word haul; f it is .uttered by compressing the lower muscles of the throat. -^ kli has a sound like ch in the word loch, as pronounced by a Scotchman. J d is more dental than the English d. j z is sounded by the Arabs bike th in the words thy, thine ; by the Persians as z in zeal. PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 5 . r is sounded as r in the French word pardon, j zh is pronounced like j in the French word jour ; or as z in the word azure. i sh is sounded as in shun, shine. fjc s has a stronger and more hissing sound than our s. ^ 2 is pronounced by the Arabs as a hard d or dt; by the Persians as z. L, k t and z in Persian are sounded like eu t, and ) z : c gA is like the letter r as pronounced by a Scotchman. Jf resembles the letter c in cp, ca/m. CJ k is sounded like A; in king, Calendar. d/ # is sounded like g in go, give ; never as g in gem, gentle. J Z is sounded like I in law. When alif is com- bined with it, the two take the form of ^ or ^. ^ n at the Beginning of a word, or syllable, is sounded like n ; at the end of a word or syllable, if preceded by a long vowel, it has a soft nasal sound bike that of n in the French word gar^on. When followed by the labials t_j b, i_j p, t i /, it assumes the sound of m, as in the word Juu^, gumbad, not guiibad. * /i is an aspirate like h in heart, hand ; but at the end of a word, if preceded by the short vowel 6 PRONUNCIATION OP THE LETTERS. a (faihoC), it lias no sensible sound, as in <)Jlj, dand, '*** "a grain." In this case, it is called .J^* .J^ ha,e-muMtafi } or obscure h. In a few words, where the fatha is a substitute for the long vowel alif, the final 8 is fully sounded ; as - chi, with their compounds, whether conjunctions or pronouns. A Persian word ending in the obscure 5 h will have the h omitted when written in Roman characters ; as aUiU nama [not namah] " a letter," or " written communication." 4. It is difficult to distinguish between the sounds of the letters forming one of the following groups : a . 1 ]o eu t^ j ^ ^ CL; The Persians never attempt to pronounce them as the Arabs ; they content themselves by sounding them according to the Persian letters, to which they most nearly assimilate. VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS, 7 Observation 5. When s and h, or z and h, represent two 'C separate letters following each other, as in JvfJ as,hal, " more or most easy/' and .Ifcfl az,h(ir, " plants/' a comma will be inserted, as shown in the examples. At the end of Arabic words s li is often marked with two dots, thus 'i, and sounded like t. In such words the Persians generally convert the 'i into t^_> t; sometimes they leave the 'i unaltered, and frequently they omit the two dots, in which case the letter becomes imperceptible in sound. YOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 6. The primitive vowels in Arabic and Persian are three in number. *fr* The first is called : zer, "beneath." i <( j? i. )) ^ pesh, in front. 7. When a consonant is accompanied by one of the three vowels, fath a, kasra, or zamma, it is said 'z f to be t^J^rs^" mutaharrik, or moveable. In Persian and Arabic, the first letter of a word is always accompanied, or moveable, by a vowel. When, in the middle or at the end of a word, a consonant is not accompanied by a vowel, it is said to be ,j-U sakin, quiescent, or inert. Thus in the 0/0^ word +-> mardum, the * is moveable by fath a ; the . is inert, having no vowel ; J is moveable by zamma, and, finally, the * is inert. The symbol , called +:- jazm, is placed over a consonant to ' o/o^ show that it is inert, as in the example ^^> mar- dum, a man*'' In Persian the last letter of a word is generally inert ; hence jazm is omitted. LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION. 9 THE CONSONANTS I y c , ^ , AND ^ . 8. At the beginning of a word or syllable I (alif) depends for its sound on the accompanying vowel. c ('airi) depends for its sound on the accom- panying vowel; its place of utterance is in the lower muscles of the throat, thus : 'ab , C^ 'ib , (^.^c. 'ub, are different in sound from ^ f c_>l ab, L__>! ib, c >! ub. j (waw) has the sound of w in the words we, went. The modern Persians pronounce the waw like v in words such as *y& shavam, ^jj^ shavL ^ (ya) is, in sound, like y in the words you, yet. LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION. 9. When I , inert, is preceded by a letter move- able by fatha, the fatha and alif coalesce and give a lengthened sound, as J6 Mr, "work;" the sound is like that of a in war. Alif, inert, is always preceded by fatha ; hence 10 LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION. dlif, not beginning a word or syllable, has always a lengthened sound. 10. When ^, inert, is preceded by a consonant moveable by zamma, the zamma and ^ coalesce and form a sound like u in rule. When ^ ,* inert, is preceded by a consonant, moveable by fatha, the fatha and . coalesce, and form a sound like ou in sound- When j , inert, is preceded by a consonant move- * * When j is preceded by ^ , moveable by fatha and fol- lowed by alif, the sound of j is almost imperceptible, as in the words khwab, "sleep," pronounced Jch.db. khwdham, " I desire," pronounced kh,dham. In such cases the j will not be sounded, and in the Eoman character it will be represented by w. When j , preceded by ^, moveable by fatha, and some- times by zamma, or Jcasra, is followed by any of the nine letters : > I> V ) t ^ ie J occasionally loses its sound, as in the words : .jji. pronounced Tfhad, not khaud or Jchawad. .jji. pronounced kfiyd, not Jchiid. ^ji. pronounced khesh, not Jchiwesh. This rule applies only to words purely Persian. In the Eoman character, the w will in such words be omitted, and the vowel marked with a dot, as M< SUMMARY. 11 able by kasra, no union takes place, and the ^ retains the sound of w, as ly (siwa). 11. When ^j (2/0), inert, is preceded by a con- sonant moveable by kasra, the kasra and ya unite and form a long vowel, like i in the word machine. This sound of ya, is called ya,e m'ariif, " familiar ya." In Persia yd has sometimes the sound of ea in the word bear ; this sound is called ya,e majhul, " unknown ya," or ya,e 'ajami, i. e. " Persian ya." When (_$ (?/), inert, is preceded by a consonant moveable by fatha, the fath'a and ya unite and form a diphthong like ai in the German word kaiser, or as i in wise. When ^ (ya), inert, is preceded by a consonant, moveable l)y*zamma, no union takes place ; and the 13 --/ ya retains its sound of y, as in the word j*u^ muyassar, " obtainable." SUMMARY. 12. From what has been said we have : x' t Three short vowels, Jo bad, Jo bid, Jj bud ; > > '(, Three long vowels, j'j fcaci, Jjj &zci, J^j &cZ ; o* C-^ Two diphthongs, Jju laid, Jy laud; Two long vowels peculiarly majhul, "unknown," or O 'ajami, " Persian," Jjj be1,j*. roz. 12 RULES FOB, READING. RULES FOR READING. 13. There are very few Persian works, manuscript or printed, in which all the vowels are marked. The primitive short, vowels -, ~, _, as well as _ and _ are almost always omitted. The following remarks may be of service : (a) The last letter of every word is inert, hence the mark _ (jazm) is omitted. (&) The short vowel 1 (fatha} is of more frequent occurrence than kasra or zamma; hence, in print- ing, it is omitted. (c) The short vowel _ (fatha) should be supplied for every consonant in a word, except the last and those marked with _, or one of the vowels. (d) The letters 1, ^, ^, are generally inert, when not initial ; hence they are not marked with jazm. , (e) When ^, ^, not initial, are moveable conso- nants they are marked with their proper vowels. (/) When ^ (10010) or ^ (ya) follow a consonant unmarked by a short vowel, or by jazm, they have the majhul or 'ajamt sound ; as jye mor, an ant." -x sher, " a lion." (g) When ^ is preceded by a consonant moveable by zamma, and ya by a consonant moveable by kasra, the sound is m'aruf, or known ; as 4)***, sud, " gain." | ^Ji shir, " milk." RULES FOR READING. 1 3 (7i) When waw and ya follow a consonant marked with jazm, they are consonants, and are sounded as j (iv) and ^ (y) . (i) When waw and ya follow a consonant, move- able by fatha, they form diphthongs ; as *$ kaum, "a tribe." | ^ sair, "a walk." 14. Some symbols have still to be noticed. They are : madda, hamza, tanwtn, tashdid, the definite article of Arabic nouns, and wasla. (a) SJK (madda) [^] signifies extension, and when placed over an alif gives it a broad and open sound, almost equivalent to that of a in water. The madda is used to avoid the meeting of two alifs at the beginning of a word. Thus, instead of L-J! 1 , the Persians write L_J! ab, " water." (ft) 8^ (hamza) [j or -] is used, instead of alif, when one syllable of a word ends with a vowel, and [according to our ideas of orthography] the following syllable begins with a vowel ; that is, vir- tually with an alif. Thus we have : f- -* ^Ij pa,e, instead of ^lU ; jjl fa } ida, instead of sjlli . In Persian the sound of hamza is that of alif; in Arabic the sound of hamza is that of 'ain. Strictly, 14 RULES FOR READING. hamza ought to be used whenever a syllable, begin- ning with a vowel, is added to a root in the way of inflexion, as : *j JoJ didem, " we saw," from root, did ; ^jj badl, " badness," from root, bad. This rule is seldom observed. Practically, hamza in the middle of a word is equivalent to our hyphen in such words as re-open. ; At the end of words, terminating in the imper- ceptible 3 , hamza has the sound of e. In the Roman character, hamza will be repre- J sented by a comma between the vowels, as in SJJU j fa,ida. (c) ^fi (tanwln) [-, ~, -] signifies the using of the letter ^. It is formed by doubling the vowel point of the last letter of a word. The vowel is then pronounced as though it terminated in ^ n. In the Roman character it will be represented by n. In Arabic, tanwln serves to mark the inflexion of nouns ; thus the symbol : - (double zamma) marks the nominative^) . / sing. & ~ (double ~kasra) marks the genitive > , , ^ (double fath a) marks the accusative } In Persian only the _ (double fath a) (accusative form) is used, and that adverbially ; as RULES FOR READING. 15 9 lJU*5sr takhminan, " by valuation." Is'Jul ittifdkan, le by chance." The symbol * (double fatha} requires alif, which, however, does not prolong the sound of the last syllable. The 1 is not required when the word ends with - (hamza) or , as : * .* shai~an, " willingly," *. hikmatan " skilfully ;" nor when the word ends with ya, surmounted by alif [in which case alif only is pronounced] ; as, J.yb haivq-an, " lovingly." Without tanwtn the alif is sounded like the alif of prolongation, as : jJUJ ta'ala " God." 'ukbu, "end," "futurity." In the Roman character this symbol will be repre- sented b a or o. (taslidld) [-], or " corroboration," doubles the letter over which it is placed; as Oil w / IV*" M urram ) 'joyful/* vXor< Muhammad. (e) J I ; this Article is used only before Arabic 1 SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRONOUNS. Nouns. If the Noun begins with any of the fourteen letters eu d> ^ j j j ^j~ ^ (jo (jo ^ & J yj the J of the Article assumes the sound of the initial letter of the Noun, which is then marked by tashdid; thus f So^ jiJJ 1 , " the light," is pronounced an-nuru. ^H*A^J I " the sun," is pronounced ash-shams. ^ jj ! " the faith," is pronounced ad-din. The J must always be written, though it has lost its own sound. When the Noun begins with J the J of the Article is omitted, and the initial J of the Noun is marked by taslidtd, as : > -6 f ^c bJ) al-lailatu, "the night/' instead of 2Ljlil. (/) <*Loj (wasla) \_-~\, implies conjunction, and is only inscribed over an initial alif, in Arabic Nouns, to mark union with the preceding vowel ; as >.^ ^^juU.^JL.^c) amzru-l-muminin, "Commander of the Faithful." Ml J> > ' ^.^Jl -.lo Salahu-d-dln, " Saladin, or Peace of Religion." SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRO- NOUNS. 15. Th.e Grammarians of Arabia and Persia GENDER. 17 reckon three parts of speech : the Noun, ism ; the ' Verb,/Z; and the Particle, harf. The Noun includes substantives, adjectives, pro- nouns, and participles. The Verb agrees in its nature with ours. The Particle includes adverbs, prepositions, con- junctions, and interjections. GENDER. 16. Males* are masculine, feinales are feminine, and all other words are of no gender. * Animals have different names to express the male or female; thus + mard, " a man." j pisar, " a son." *- khurus, " a cock." zan, " a woman. dukhtar, " a daughter.' makiyan, "a hen." ~ mesh, " an ewe." \i, t Animals have sometimes^ (war), "male," and iL (mdda~), " female," affixed or prefixed to them, as : sher-i-nar, "a oU^-i sher-i-mdda, "a lioness." maU madaran. Nouns denoting animals usually form the plural by adding an, sometimes ha, as : tt . ( plur. ^UJ aspan. asp, a horse,"-' [ lyju *} aspha. .* murgh., "a, bird," ^r mur S^ n> ") ( ' i shutur (( \ . .iJLi sliuturan. ^ .!Li! ushtur \ / UJLi shuturhd. Nouns denoting inanimate objects form the plural by adding ha to the singular, and rarely an ; as JJ> kalam, " a pen," plur. l^Jji kalamha. JJ ^Z, "a flower," L^ gulha. (pi. 'sA^.J dirak/itlia. " diraMtan. (pi. 'sA^. ," 1 U OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX aw. 18. If the noun ends in \"L (a), or ^ (), or^ (o), the letter is inserted before ^1 (an) to prevent FORMATION OP THE PLURAL. 19 I the hiatus. Sometimes, though rarely, the letter ^ is omitted after _j ; as x* U! J daria, " a page," plur. ^V-H J dunayan. jijl pari-ru, "fairy-faced," pZwr. _jj'j &OZM, " the arm," plur. ^jjj^ bazmvan. In nouns ending in obscure s (A), the is changed into i _ f, as : X- auLi,^ jirishta, * r an angel/' pZ-ur. ^'JoLi^j -firish- tagan. **x* 4fc^ bachcha, "& child," ^>Zw. ^iXsr bachchagan. Sometimes the 8 is retained ; as t f jyc murda, " dead," plur. ^tdj* murdahgan. When s is preceded by a long vowel the plural is formed in the usual way ; a'^j'j padshah, "a king," plur. ^lalij'j pad- sJiahan. OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX Jid. 19. In nouns ending in the obscure s (h) the disappears ; as x\, rahha. / FINAL OBSERVATIONS. 20. Arabic words may have the Persian or the Arabic form of plural ; thus Sing. Persian PL Arabic PL 3 awa,ib _ defect . . < ^o> * * ( ^y-t-z 'uyub viceroy . L-^Jli na,ib ^^'J nafoan t-^'y nuwab a book . L_>'Jtf kitab l^j'Jo kitabhu ^oo A-wfatft alabourer^J^U 'ami/ ^^UU 'amilan L*c 'amalat In imitation of the feminine plural of Arabic nouns, names applicable to females, or to things without life, sometimes form the plural by the affix tjul (ut) or ci^'o (iyat) ; as Sing. Plur. a favour . . nawuzish naivazisliat an anecdote . nakl nakliyat When the word ends in imperceptible 8 (7i) the affix becomes cy'*- (jai), the letter a being omitted; FORMATION Or THE CASES. 21 Sing. Plur. a letter, or ") r nama namajat written communication.) nawishta nawit a fort k'ila k'ilajat These terminations, at, iyai, and jat, are con- sidered vulgar, and are rarely used. FORMATION OF THE CASES. 21. There is only one declension of Persian Nouns; it is extremely simple. The cases are formed as follows : (a) The Accusative, by adding \. (ra) to the nomi- native (singular or plural); often the ra is omitted, and the accusative has then the same form as the nominative. (6) The Dative, by adding ra to the nominative ; and sometimes [omitting ra] by prefixing ba, " to" or " for." The prefix r d, " man!" Uu,.J dosta, " friend !" f*9 j bulbuhl, " O nightingale I" 22 FORMATION OF THE CASES (d) The Ablative, by prefixing to the nominative (singular or plural) the prepositionjl (az). (e) The Genitive, by the juxtaposition of two substantives ; the thing possessed comes first, with c/ its final letter sounded with kasra, called ^j^S e^J 1 -^' Jcasra,e izafat ; thus x- (JiJlo jt^ pisar-i-malik, " the son of the king." viXLo j^o c__>H Ttitub-i-pisar-i-malik, " the book of the king's son." If the governing word ends in ! or j the Persians use (1) <_ majJiul with _ hamza ; (2) or _ hamza alone with " kasra, expressed or understood ; as ^^ ..io jU- or j&) ^U- ja,e padar, " the place of the father." f J.-C ^U or J^c t_$U pa,e mard, " the foot of the ." * or .wjj ^JM rw,e pisar, the face of the ." f s- or J^ j_^ &w,e ^fw/, " the scent of the rose." In practice, when ^ majhul is used, - hamza is suppressed; as ^ ^U ^?o,e mard; .^ ^j ru,e pisar. If the governing word ends with the obscure * (li), or the long vowel ^ (z or e), the Persians man. son. t DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 23 use the mark _ hamza with - kasra expressed or understood; as L>_ &li- khana,,e mard, " the house of the man." b , J *\^*> muht,e darya, " the fish of the sea." u banda,e khuda, "the servant of God." Observe that both _ and ya,e majhul. are pronounced as 22. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. Kurd, " a knife." Nom. Jcard. f-i-Mrd. Gen.< ^ e-kard. ( * e-Mrd. Dat. kard-ra. ba kard. Ace. kard-ra. kard. Voc. ai kard. Abl. az kard. Plur. kardha. i-kardha. e-kardha. e-kardha. kardha-ra . ba kardha. kardJia-ra. kardha. ai kardha. az kardha. Similarly, every substantive may be declined. The only questions to be satisfied are, whether ^1 (an) or lib (ha) is to be added for the plural, and 24 THE AKTICLE. whether ~ , ,_$ , or - is to be used for the geni- tive. (Vide pars. 20 and 21.) THE ARTICLE. 23. In Persian there is no Article. Jyc mard, may signify "man/' or the man," according to the context. A substantive may be made definite by adding ya,e majhul, or ya,e wahdat, i.e. the ya of unity, thus : ^i^c marde, " a certain man." ^jj zane, " a certain woman/' ^'J^ kitabe, " a certain book." If the noun ends in $ quiescent, the symbol _ (liamza) may be added; as ^ bachcha, " a child." &s? bachcha, e, " a certain child." If a be preceded by long alif, ^ (ya,e majhuf) is retained, as : s'-i^U padshali, "a king." ^y&lijU padshahe, "a certain king." Observation. Since an abstract noun is formed ADJECTIVES. 25 by adding ya "with kasra, i. e. yu,e ma'ruf, to any adjective, or appellative noun, ambiguity may oc- casionally arise. Thus the difference between ^lij'j badshahe, " a certain king/' ^lij'j badshaht, " sovereignty," or " royal," can be distinguished; but it often happens that the mark kasra is, through negligence or custom, omitted. In such a case the context alone can indicate the proper meaning. ADJECTIVES. 24. Persian adjectives are indeclinable ; in con- struction they follow * their substantives, to which they are connected by - (kasra), ^ (y<*,e majhul) , or _ (hamza), as : mard-i-nek, " a good man." . ru,e kltub, " a fair face." banda,e khuda, " a servant of God." DEGREES OF COMPARISON. 25. The comparative degree is formed by adding Jp (tar) to the positive, and the superlative by adding ^Ji (tarin) , as : * See p. 90. 26 ADJECTIVES. t-jj*. /chub, "fair." | yj^i- khubiar, "fairer." .^j Ju~>- khubtarin, fairest/'* Arabic adjectives (if triliteral) form the com- parative and superlative degrees by prefixing I to the triliteral root, as : ha-san, "beautiful." ,** 1 ahsan, " more, or most, beautiful." *.xlac azim, " great." ** *r *lac! a'zam, "more, or most, great." Generally the Arabic adjectives in Persian form the degrees of comparison in the Persian manner ; as fazl, " excellent." afzal-tar, or fazl-tar (Pers.) | "more excel- afzal (Arabic) j lent." fazl-tarin (Pers.)) * 7 ( A u- \ \ most excellent." a/zed (Arabic) ) * Tar and tarln may be written with the word or sepa- i rately ; tarln is sometimes contracted to In ; as ( j s y bihin, " best," for tf.jty UJitarin. Tar and tarln are also added to prepositions and adverbs ; bar, " upon," bartar, " higher," bartarin, " highest;" zer, "below," zertar, " lower," zertarin, " lowest." ( 27 ) PRONOUNS. 26. First Person ^ man, " I." Singular. Plural. Nom. man. ma. (- i-man. " i-ma. \ ' ^ Gen. < ,_ e-man. i_f e-ma. (i e-man. t e-ma. Dat. mara . ma-rd. . 6 a man. ba ma. Ace. mara. md-rd. Voc. (nil.) (nil.) Abl. a2 maw. az ma. ! at, thy; ^jZ] ash, his. ^U inan, our ; ^U tan, your ; ^li s/iaw, their. PRONOUNS. 29 f When the noun ends in 1 or . long, the 1 of the termination is rejected and ^ inserted in its place ; as *j'j pay am, my foot. c^o^c may at, thy hair. .Jij. . ruyasli, his face. When the noun ends in quiescent s, alifis re- tained ; as kjtana-am, my house. khana-at, thy house. .JSl&ili- khana-ash, his house. In other cases alif is rejected ; as +j Jo padaram, or ^ j ^ in mard, this man. ^Jj-o ^ *n mardtin, these men. T an ~kitab, that book. o?i kitabha, those books. When ^1 m is prefixed to a noun, so as to form one word, it is sometimes changed into J im ; as imruz, "this day;" imshab, "this night;" imsul, " this year." INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 30. There are three in number : of o \ are rejected, when they are closely connected with the preceding word ; as jji dar 0, in him. i-ilij bar eshdn, on them. jj\ az o, from him. jja. cliun o, like him. ^^ dar an, in that. ^j* dar In, in this. 32 PROXOUNS. ki, who? Ttira, whom? to whom? (appli-' cable to persons.) Sing, or C/H, what? chira, what? to what? why? Plural. (applicable to things.) kudam, which ? out of any number ; as kudam sliakhs, which person ? kudam rail, which road ? INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 31. These are all indeclinable. chand, some. yake, one, some one. shakes, a person. has, some one. hech, any. hama, all. tane chand, sundry individuals. har, every, all. liar anki or harki, who- soever. liar kudam, whosoever, which so ver. harchi, whatsoever. har kuja or harja, wheresoever. harkas, everybody. haryak, everyone. hard-it, both. har cMz, whatsoever thing. har shab, every night. har ruz, every day. har wakt, whensoever. bahar hot, however. EELATIVE PRONOUNS. 32. There are no Eelative Pronouns ; the parti- cles &$ ki, for persons, and a^ clii, for things, are THE VERB. 33 sometimes regarded as relatives. This matter will be considered in the Syntax. THE VERB. 33. There is only one conjugation. All the tenses are formed from the root, or from the infinitive, as will be seen from the following example of the Verb ^Jo*-, rasidan, "to arrive;" root ^j~j ras. TENSES OF THE ROOT. Aorist. " I may, or can, arrive. " Singular. Plural. 1. rasam rasem. 2. rasz rased. 3. rasad rasand. Present Tense. I arrive, or am arriving." 1. mt-rasam mz-rasem. 2. vu-rasi mz-rased. 3. tnt-rasad ml -rasand. 3 34 THE VERB. Simple Future. " I shall, will, or may arrive." Singular. Plural. 1. bi-rasam bi-rasem. 2. bi-rasi bi-rased. 3. bi-rasad bi-rasand. Imperative. " Let me arrive/' 1. ras am rasem. 2. ras rased. 3. rasad rasand. The Noun of Agency is formed by adding *jj_ (anda) to the root; as rasanda, "the arriver." The Present Participle is formed by adding ^ 1 ; as ..it* 1 ; rasan, ' arriving." The Causal Verb is formed by adding amdan, or landau, as : ^jaiUwj rasamdan, " to cause to arrive." ^lioUw^ rasandan, "to cause to arrive." OBSERVATIONS. 34. The Simple Future differs but little from the Aorist. THE VERB. 35 Native grammarians call that tense the Aorist which is here styled the Simple Future, and they say that when the Aorist (our Simple Future) is used in the subjunctive mood, the particle bi is omitted, as : bi-bdsham, I be. | bdsham, I may be. The Simple Future is most often used as follows : I promise that I will come, vfada mi-kunam ki biydyam. The second person (singular and plural) of the Imperative has frequently the particle bi prefixed; thus arrive thou, bi-ras \ arrive ye, bi-rased. When the first letter of the Imperative has zamma for its vowel, bi may become bu ; as do thou, bu-kun. The third person singular of the Imperative may be rendered benedictive by lengthening the vowel /a^dt of its final syllable ; as let him arrive, rasad. O that he may arrive ! rasdd. Similarly kunad, from kardan, "to do," makes kundd. shavad, shudan, " to become," makes shavdd. dihad, dddan, " to give," makes dihdd. buvad, _budan, "to be," makes buvdd or bad. garddnad garddnidan, " to cause to become," makes garddnad. 36 TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. Except in poetry, and on occasions of particular formality, it is rather pedantic to use this benedictive form. The Aorist is more frequently used. TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. 35. Preterite or Indefinite Past. " I arrived." Singtilar* Plural. 1. rasldam rasldem. 2. rasldl raslded. 3. rasld rasldand. Imperfect. " I was arriving/' 1. ml-rasldam ml-rasldem. 2. ml-rasldl ml-raslded. 3. ml-rasid mi-rasldand. Past Potential or Habitual. " I might arrive," " I used to ai-rive." 1. rasidame rasldeme. 2. rasldl rasldede. 3. raslde rasidande. Compound Future. " I will arrive." 1. k/iwaham rasld khwahem rasid 2. khwahl rasld khwahed rasld. 3. khwahad rusld khwahand rasld. PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. 37 OBSERVATIONS. 36. In the Imperfect ^-A* (liami) is often pre- fixed instead of ml . The Past Potential is formed by adding ya,e majhul to all the persons of the Preterite, except the 2nd person singular. In the Compound Future, the auxiliary is the Aorist of the verb khwastan, "to wish/' root khwdh. The letter j is not to be sounded (see p. 10). PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. 37. StXx-. rasida, " arrived," or " having arrived." The following three tenses are derived from the Preterite Participle. Perfect Tense. " I have arrived." Singular. Plural. 1. rasida am rand a em. 2. rasida I rasida ed. 3. rasida ast rasida and. Pluperfect Tense. " I had arrived." 1. rasida budam rasida budem. 2. rasida bfidl rasida bitded. 3. rasida lud rasida budand. 38 PERSONAL TERMINATIONS. Future Perfect. " I shall have arrived." Singular. Plural. 1. raslda bdsham raslda bdshem. 2. raslda bdshl raslda bashed. 3. raslda bdshad raslda bdshand. Similarly^ every verb in Persian may be conju- gated. In all the tenses the termination of the 2nd person singular is ya,e m'aruf. In the terminations *.> (em) &> (ed) (1st and 2nd persons plural), ya,e majhul is sounded.* PERSONAL TERMINATIONS. 38. These are Singular. Plural, am, am. *?.) em, are. r & or ^1 I, art. y ed, are. and, are. The personal terminations may be joined to a * An educated native of Shiraz informs the writer that the terminations em, ed (1) should properly be pronounced im, Id, (2) may em, ed, (3) may never aim, aid. The sound of e in the 2nd case is that of ea in " bear." PERSONAL TERMINATIONS. 39 pronoun, adjective, or substantive. In compo- sition (a) The initial alif is omitted ; Ai^-i ( ^> man shagird am, I am a scholar. iXiGj yj'-io! eshan nek and, they are good. o sultan ast, he is Sultan. ^ (ft) If the word ends in obscure s (Ji), alif is retained, as : e^*J SiiJu j! o banda ast, he is a slave. (c) If the substantive be an abstract noun, as, hastt, " existence," dUiri, " boldness," sliadl, "glad- ness," the final ya of the noun is omitted ; as > ^Jli, tu sliud-l, thou art glad. O^^Jj jl o diltr ast, he is bold. ^JJUJD hastem, we are, or exist. (d) In the case of the pronouns *> "who?" - khub -ruyast, he is fair-faced. Jlj danayH, thou art wise. In the 3rd person singular and plural, yd need not be inserted ; as A'/tfib ruyast or k]nib rust, he is fair-faced. ddndyast or dand&t, he is learned. ddndyand or ddndnd, they are wise. 39. From 38 we have : Singular, hastam, I am. Jiastl, thou art. hast, he is. Plural. hastem, we are. hasted, yon are. hastand, they are. 40. The verb Ivdan, "to be;" root, lu or bash. TENSES FKOM THE ROOT. Aorist. " I may be." Singular. Plural. 1. bdsham* bds/iem. * The form buwam, from the root &w, ia also used. Vide paragraph 34, p. 35. THE VERB " BUDAN." 41 Singular. Plural. 2. bdshl basked. 3. bdshad bdskand. Present, mi-bashaw, " I am," &c. Simple Future. bi-bdskam, "I shall, will, or may be," &c. Imperative. 1. (no first person) Idskem, let us be. 2. bask, be thou. basked, be ye. 3. bdskad or bad, let him be bdskand, let them be. Present Participle (not in use), bdskdn, being. Noun of Agency (not in use), bdshanda, be-er. TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. Preterite, or Indefinite Past. " I was." Singular. Plural. 1. budam budem. 2. budl folded. 3. bud budand. Imperfect, mi-budam, " I was," &c. 42 THE VERB "SHUDAN." Past Potential or Habitual, budame, " I might be, or used to be/' &c. Compound Future. khwaham bud, or ^\ - andan, to the root of the primitive verb ; j thus Just an, " to leap," root, jah ; jahanidan or jahan- (/ti/i,"to cause to leap," rooi,ja/idn: gashtan, "to ' become," root, gard ; gardanidan, * f to cause to be- : come," &c., root, gafddn. ( 45 ) NEGATIVE VERBS. 44. A verb is rendered negative by prefixing the particle &i na, " not ;" or <*H, purs, ask not. ! jlx or oU* ma feat?, let it not be ! God forbid ! OBSERVATIONS. When the particles shinau. (^ shnnuftan } to lose ( kushddan { kuskudan I kushd,e. to see, didan, bin. to strike, zadan, zan. to stitch, akhidan. akhin. to take ( sitddan \ sitdndan^ 1 titan. * Yerba marked thus (f) are regular. ROOTS OF VERBS. 49 t (I) Infinitives in ^J. (udan) reject that termina- tion, and substitute I (a) or ^1 (a,e) for the root, as : VERB. ROOT. to praise, sittidan, sifd,e. Exceptions. to be, budan, bu or bdsh. to become ] shudan for shudan shaii. to draw, tanudan, tanau. f shunudan ) to hear ] shunidan shunau ( shunuftan , \ to neigh, zinudan, zinau. to reap, durudan, duru. to slumber, ghunudan, ghunu. (c) Infinitives in ^ (dan), preceded by re or nun, reject the termination dan for the root, as: VERB. ROOT. to cherish, parwardan, parwar. to dig, kandan, lean. Exceptions. to bring, dwardanrf dwar or dr. to count, shimurdan, shimdr. 4 50 ROOTS OP VERBS. VERB. ROOT. to carry, burdan, bar. to do, fcardan, kun. to die, murdan, mlr. to entrust, sipurdan, sipdr. to offend, dzwrdan, dzdr. to squeeze, afshurdan, afshdr. (d) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by . (kji), reject the termination, and change j. into j for the root, as : VERB. ROOT. to throw, anddkhtan, anddz. Exceptions. to cook, j3itkhtan t paz. to draw a sword, akhtan, dkh. to recognise, shindMtan, shinds. ( gusekhtan ~) ., to snap gusil. (_ gusastan ) . . ( sukhtan ') to weigh . > sanj. (e) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by reject both tan and sin for the root, as : VERB. ROOT. to live, zistan, zl. ROOTS OF VERBS. 51 Exceptions. VERB. ROOT. to bind, bastan, land. to break, shikastan, shikan. to desire, khwdstan, kjiwdh. to diminish, kdstan, kd/i. to escape, rastan, rih. f r us tan i to grow j ruffian 5 to join, paiwastan, paiwand. to know, ddnistan, dan. to leap, jastan, ... jih. to place nishastan nishdndan [ nishdn. to rise, khdstan, tchez. ( ristan ) to spin s rishtan > rls. to sit down, nishastan, nishln. to split, gusastan gusekhtan [ gusil. to wash, shustan, shu,e. (f) Infinitives in V> (tan), preceded by ^, reject tan, and change the shin into j , as : VERB. ROOT. to have, ddshtan, dor. HOOTS OF VERBS. VERB. to become, to embrace to elevate, to kill, to let down or quit to mix, to plant, to sow, to spin to write, Exceptions. gas Jit an, dghoshtan, gddan, afrdshtan, kushtan, hislitan hilldan hishldan sirishtan, kdshtan,^ kishtan, irishtan ristan nawishtan, HOOT. gard. dghosh. gd,e. afrdz. kush. or huh. saris Ji. Mr. kdr. (g) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by u_j, generally reject tan, and change < j into e__> , as , " to shine,"* toftan, root, tab. In some verbs the c_s remains unchanged, as : We may add : VERB. to deceive, to obtain, to beat, L fareftan ydflan kuftan fareb. yab. kub. I VERB. tOOTS OF VERB to weave, I af tan, Exceptions. to accept, paziraftan, to bore, nuftan, to conceal, ni /i iff fan, to disturb, aftliuffan, to dig, kandanfi to dig a canal, farkandanfi to expand (as "j a flower) J shnknftan, to go, rciftan, 1 r shimiffan to hear < j shun ft dan ( skunldan to sweep, ruftan, to seize, (jinftan, to speak, gnftan, to sleep,* khuftan, 53 ROOT. baf. pazlr. suft and sumfj. 'HI /I)' ft. dskftb. kd,o kan. \kaiid. farkan and far- shukuf. shinau. rub. glr. go and go,e. kfcusp. If the preceding rules, with their exceptions, be learned, no difficulty will be found in conjugating any Persian verb. We have also VEEB. to sleep, to sleep, khicnlidan khmbidan khusb. ( 54 ) INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 48. . ADVERBS. (1) Number: bare ) si bar, thrice. 77 _ > once. yalibar ) Icam bar, seldom. dubar, twice. (2) Order: nakhustin ^ siwum awwala f firgt siyum awwal martaba i siyumin thirdly. auwaUn / siywn martaba salisa duwum ") chaharum \ . duwumln > secondly. cliaharumin ( a saniya ) chaJiurum martaba i ^ \ rabi'aA ) *** (3) Place: zn/o, here. damn ") .,, . ( within. 2 Mjji/, hence. andarun j , 7 /this way, this in jamb } . \ direction. ??i taraj ) berun ^ .,-, [- without. birun ) faro ~) under, be- anja, there. farod ) neath. a^; anja, thence. bala, over, upon, above. an su ^] ., / that way, that an iamb } , \ direction. o?i tar of ) liar Jffiija ki, wheresoever. hechja, somewhere. hech ja na, nowhere. INDECLINABLE PARTS OP SPEECH. 55 Interrogation : Jcu ? where ? kuja ? *\ what place ? Tfudum ja ? I what way ? kicdam ta- (what direc- raf?. ) tion? chand ? how many ? chiguna ? in what way ? cliun ? how ? Time present : aknun kunun hulan hamindam tn zaman hamzn zaman ham aknun Time past : just now, this in- stantjthis very mo- ment. pesh az ^n ) r before this. kabl az tn ) az pesh pesh \ previously. pesetar chira, why ? fwhy ? on 6an/,e cfei ? 1 ; , . 7 7 1 what ac- ba c/a saoao ? / 9 V count '. eld kadar, how much ? what quantity ? feat, how ? when ? imruz, to-day. imsJiab, to-night. imsal, this year. hanoz, yet. shamgah, in the evening. bamdad | in the morn- sahrgah ) ing. peshin ) r c anciently. dtruz, yesterday. dishab, yesternight. par sal parln, last year. 56 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Time to come : farda, to-morrow. sal-i-ayanda, the coming ruz-i-dtgar) , \ the next day. atgar ruz ) year. mah - i - ayanda, the farda shab, to-morrow coming month. night. hofta,e ayanda, the shab-i-dtgar, the next coming week. night. ba'd az In pas farda sJiab, the night sipas henceforth, after to-morrow. ayanda in future. pas farda, the day after pas az m , to-morrow. 'ankarib ") sal-i-dzgar, the next year. , " . - 7- r presently. dar in zud^ ) r mali-i-dvgar, the next fi-l-faur } immediately, month. fi-l-kal > instantly, di- hafta,e dlgar, the next bi zudl ) rectly. week. Time indefinite : barha "j nadir, rarely. bisiyur bar [often, many hamesha, always. bisiyar I a time. paiwasta, constantly. mukarraray, ) gUli-gah, occasionally. liar ruz ) f daily. ruzana ) guli wakte, sometimes. liar hafta ^ zud, soon. Jiaftugi ) INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Time indefinite (continued) : 57 leamtor, very seldom. liar maha } 7 . f monthly. muhiyana ) liar sola saliyuna every year. har dam ) every mo- dam ba dam ) ment. bar } dlgar \ again digar-bar ) Quantity : andak, a little. bisiyar, much. If am, little. firawan} 1-1,1 [ abundantly. wajvr ) khaili, greatly, much. kafi, sufficiently. bas, enough, only. hamm, even this, only, even. Doubt : sliayad, perhaps. bashad, it may be. tawanad, possibly. bukiJc, peradventure. Affirmation : certainly. Itamana It nr ajna be shah ^ la shak [undoubtedly. be shubha ) albatta, verily. behama chiz, without any doubt whatever. be sakhta, without arti- fice. 58 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Negation : hargiz, ever. na, no, not. mutlakan, not at all. hech, not any. hech wakt, at no time. bi hech wajh, in no wise. more. Comparison : ziyadat beshtar afzun fuzun bisiyartar, much more. aksar ^ aghlab > most. beshtarin ) kamtar akul kuchak less. khurd small. hech cliiz, netting what- ever. hech Tcudam, none what- ever. hech Teas, no person. hech bab, on no account. smaller. kamtarin, least. kuchaktar Murdtar misal, alike. musawi, equal. muwazi, parallel. ru ba ru } mukabil \ opposite. muhazl ) muwazin } of the same ham wazn j weight. Arabic nouns in the accusative case are used adver- bially, as : kasdan, purposely; mukarraran, repeatedly. INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 59 Example*. 49. I went to see him once, Once upon a lime he went to see him, I went to see him once only, He was only two hours with me, God only knows, You asked of me alone, I do not exactly recollect ; it might have been mid- day, Think well ; perhaps it may come into thy re- collection, Why, because just as I was returning disappoint- edly from the door of your house, I saw a number of them in the street, For I have often seen them eating their food at two o'clock, man yak bar ba didan-ash raftam. bare ba didan-ash raft. man yak bar ba didan-ash raftam o bas. o da sd'at ba man biid o bas. khudd mi-ddnad o bas. ahumd hamin tanhd az man pursided. durust dar khatir-am nist ; mi-tawdnist ki zuhr bd- shad. khub ta,ammul bi-kun shd- yad ba khdtir-at biydyad. chird ki, chftn man mahru- mdna az dar-i-shumd bar mi-gasfitam jamae az dnhd-rd dar kucha di- dam. chi man bisiydr didaam \ ki eshdn dar sd'at-i-dii ghizd mi-khurand. 62 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. (a) The following- require to be followed by the zer-i-izafat, or sign of the genitive case. nazdiki, vicinity. lerun, out. andarun, in. kabl, before. ba'd, after. jihat, toward. jdnib, side. bahar, bard,e, for, on ac- count of. siwd,e, except. bald, upon, aloft. pdjin, down. fardz or zabar, above. zer, below, beneath. furud, down. pesh, before. pas, after or behind. su,e, towards, side of. miydn, between. pahlu, by the side. nazd or nazdik, near. (b) All the above in para, (a) may take az before them, except ba'd, which takes az after it. (rnT* CJJ^Uji i 100,000 formed by adding the smaller number to the decade conjunction o, as : shast o shish, sixty and six. To find the precise date (Christian) corresponding to any given year of the Hijra. Let M = Mussulman date in years. Let E = required English date in years. Then E = M x 0-970225 + 621-54. This is exact to a day. DAYS OP THE WEEK. Sunday, yak sTiamba. Monday, du shamba. Tuesday, si shamba. [ba. Wednesday, chahar skam- Thursday, panj shamba. Friday, ddlna. Saturday, shamba. 56. DERIVATION OF WORDS. SUBSTANTIVES. (a) The Persian names of Agents are formed by prefixing nouns to contracted participles active, as : a seller of roses, a co.oker of broth | (i.e. the cook), ) a shoemaker, a hatter, a saddler, zln-sdz. The contracted participle is sometimes corrupted, gul-farosh. ash-paz. kafsh-d&z. kullak-dfiz. Ban, a corruption of man, contracted from mdnanda, " a remainder/' Gar and gar a form of Tear. Observe that gar signifies a maker, and that gar indicates a performer. Examples. a gardener, a porter (doorkeeper), a jailor, a goldsmith, a blacksmith, a potter, an attendant, bdgh-bdn. dar-bdn. zinddn-bdn. dhangar. kilzagar. khidmalgdr. 68 DEEIVAT10N OF WORDS. NOUNS OF PLACE. (fj) Gdh is added to the noun, as : a bed, a resting-place, a throne-chamber capital of an empire the evening, halting-place, untimely, khwab-gali. manzil-gah. takhi-gah. sham-gah. farud-gah. begah. (c) The affixes istan, zar, Ttada, dan, sar, lakh, may be used, as : a rose-garden, a salt place an idol temple, a firs temple, a penholder, a mountainous country, a rough, stony place, a demon-haunted place, gidistan. namak-zar. shura-zar. but Jcada. atash had a. kalam dan. Jcoh sar. sang lakh, dew lakh. DIMINUTIVES. 57. A diminutive is formed by-adding one of the four affixes and 2 to a noun. DERIVATION OF WORDS. 69 (a) The affixes CJ , t and * only are used in the case of rational beings, as : a small man, mardak. a small woman, zanak. a small girl, duk/ttarak. In an endearing sense, as: My poor dear little child tiflak-i-man blmar ast. is .sick, (Z>) In a contemptible sense &S is used. thou fellow ! ai mardi.ka. Why, this woman ! ai zanaka. (c) In the case of persons' not grown up it is sufficient to add s (h) only, as : a naughty boy, pisara, a good-for-nothing girl, dufchtara. (d) The only affix used in the case of an irra- tional being is CJ , as : a small horse, aspak. a small ass, kharak. At the same time the adjectives kucliak or khurd may be used, as : a small horse, aspak-i-kuchaJc. 70 DEUIVATION OF WORDS. The affix may denote pity, or compassion, as : the poor tired ox, gawak-i-Masta. the poor wretched ass, kharak-i-miskin. -x It is usual, however, to add CJ (&) to the gene- ric noun,* as : poor little creature, haiivanak. poor little bird, murgh_dk. poor jaded beast, h aiwandk-i-k/iasta. the weak miserable animal, janwarak-i-za'if. * ! are added to denote fitness, as : fit for a prince, shdhwdr or shdhdna. fit for a maniac, dewdna. fit for a man, marddna. fit for women, zandna. (g) The ordinal number is formed by adding urn to the cardinal, as : the seventh, haftum, from haft, seven, the twenty-seventh, hist o huftnm. The three first ordinals are exceptions to this rule, 76 DERIVATION OP WORDS. first, nakhustln, awwal. second, duwum or duyum. third, siwum or siyum. book the first, bdb-i-awwal. (h) By adding * to d. noun, preceded by a numeral, a compound adjective will be formed, as : of one day's duration, yak rftza, from yak ruz, one day. one year old, yak sdla, from yak sal, one year. a man aged 30 years, mard si sdla, from mard si sal. fickle, du dila, from du dil, two hearts. VERBS. 61 . The principal derivative verbs are causal verbs, and are derived from Arabic roots by adding Idan, as: to seek, to send for, talabldan, from talab, search, to understand, fa&midan, fromfahm, understanding. ADVERBS. 62. A list of Adverbs has been already given (see p. 54). Adjectives ending in dna and war may be con- sidered as adverbs, as : in the manner of a pedes- trian, piydda-wdr. wisely, 'aklana. bravely, dillrdna. 77 COMPOUND WORDS. 63. SUBSTANTIVES. (a) Two nouns may be used in juxtaposition in the reverse order of the genitive, the sign of izdfat being rejected, as : the counsel-book, pand-ndma. the day-book, ruz-ndma. the cook-house, bdwarchi-khdna. the battle-field, razm-gdh. the asylum of the world, jahdn-pandh. (b) Two contracted infinitives may be used, con- nected by j , as : speaking and hearing (i.e. conversation), guftoshunid. coming and going, dmad o raft, dmad o shud. (c) A contracted infinitive with the corresponding root may be used, as : conversation, guft o go or guft-go. search,/^ ojn, orjust-ju. (d) Two substantives of the same, or of different significations, may be used, as : boundary and region (i.e. empire), marz o bum. water and air (i.e. climate), db o kawd. growing and increasing (i.e. rearing), nashw* o numd*. 78 COMPOUND WORDS. (e) An infinitive preceded by li is rendered nega tire, as : the non-hearing, na shunidan* U corresponds with the English prefixes un, in or non. j profession, an inhabi- f tan t, lord, master, wor- f thy, fit, endowed with ) as : veiled, ahl-i-hijdb. an artificer, ahl-i-san'at. a councillor of state, ahl-i-dewdn. a traveller, aM-i- COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. Any noun with a particle prefixed to it may become an epithet, as : a man possessed of wealth, mard-i-bdmdl. Some epithets consist of several words, as: a country taken in war, mulk-i-bajang girifta. a slave with a ring in his ear, banda,e halka bagosh. the All-wise, who endows halam-i-sukhan bar zabdn the tongue with speech, dfrin. ( 93 ) NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. Numeral adjectives precede the substantives to which they belong. The noun must always be in the singular number, as : a thousand men, hazdr mard (not) hazdr marddn. twenty brave men, blst mard-i-dildwar (not) blst marddn-i-dildwar . The greatest number should be expressed first ; the rest following in the same order, as : two hundred and fifty-four du sad o panjdh o oftahdr thousand seven hun- hazdr o haft sad o hashtdd dred and eighty-three du si gusfand. sheep, From eleven to nineteen, however, the smaller number is expressed first. (See p. 65.) A definite noun may be used in the plural number to answer the cardinal number, as : the men were two thou- mardan du kazdr ludand. sand, Sometimes a phrase from the Arabic is introduced as an epithet to a Persian substantive, as : a darwesh whose prayers darwesh-i -mustajdbu-d- are answered, da'wdt. a man sincere of speech, mard-i-sddiku-l-kaul karl- generous of soul, mu-n-nafs. 9-1 COMPARISON. The adjective pronouns an, in, precede their sub- stantives. Some adjectives of a pronominal nature, as Jtama, " all/' digar, " other," ckand, " some," or " several," precede or follow their substantives ; for example : all the people, hama marduman ; or, mar- duman- i-hama. the other woman, digar zan ; or, zan-i-dlgar. some, or several days, chandrfiz; or^tiz-i-c/iand. COMPARISON. The word than after the comparative degree is ex- pressed in Persian by az, as : more splendid than the sun, roshantar az of tab. women are more delicate zandn ndzuk-tar az mar- tlian men, dan and. Sometimes bih, "good," in the positive form, is used, when denoting comparison, for " better," as : silence is better than evil- khamoshl bih az sukhan-i- speaking; but speaking bad ast ; wa mkhan-i-nek well is better than bih az kjiamoshl. silence, The superlative degree governs the genitive as : COMPARISON. 95 the best of men, ' nektarln-i-mardumdn. they say that the mean- goyand kl kamtarin-i-jdn- est of animals is the ass, wardn, Mar ast. The same rule applies to superlative forms from the Arabic, as : the most illustrious of the ashraf-i-ambiyd. Prophets, The particles called prepositions are few in number. The most common are : Az, " from," Id, " with," bar, " on," da, " in, into," ! be, " without," td, " till," " as far as," juz, " except," " besides," and dar, " in." Prepositions take the simple or nominative form of a noun or pronoun after them, as : from Baghdad to Shiraz I az baghddd id slilrdz bd will go with thee, tu khwaham raft. Such other words as are used like prepositions require zer-i-lzdfat, as: near the minister, nazd-i-wazir ; or, da nnzd- i-wazlr. above his head, bdld,e sarash. before me, pesh-i-man ; or, dar pesh- i-man. under the earth, zer-i-zamln. ( 96 ) PRONOUNS. The affixes are : Pers. Sing. Plur. 1. my J am, our ^U man. 2. thy MJ\ at, your ^o ftm. 3. his (^1 asfr, their ^jli shan. Mention has already been made (see page 28 Gr.) of the use of these affixes when attached to nouns. It will be sufficient in this place to add that the plural terminations are rarely used ; and that when the noun to which the affix belongs is in construc- tion with an adjective, the affix is usually added to the adjective, as : thy dear life, 'umr-i-azizat. The affixes J , eul , \\ may be employed to ; I ^^ denote the dative and accusative cases to me, to thee, or me, thee, &c., as well as the possessives my, \ thy, his. The affixes may bo joined to the verb which > governs them, or to any word* in the sentence, as : * Except the simple prepositions and a few of the conjunctions, as wa arid yd. PIIOXO'UXS. 97 the porter did not admit darba-nam ralia na hard. me, the earth has so much khalt-asli cliunun bufdunl . consumed it, Sometimes there is ambiguity ; thus, in the first sentence, darba-nam, by itself, might mean my por- ter. In a case of this kind the context must be considered. 9 The reciprocal pronoun <3ji- corresponds to our pronoun self, as : I myself, man khud. thou thyself, tu khud. It may be the nominative to any person of the verb, the termination of the verb showing sufficiently the sense, as : I myself went, khud raft am. they themselves went, khud raft and. It is used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun, as : the goldsmith went to his zargar la khanate khi'd house, raft. I was coming from my man az Idgh-i-khud^dma- garden, dam. Zaid beat his (own) slave, Zaidghuldm-i-khnd-rdzad. Zaid beat his (another's) Zaid ghuldm-i-o-rd zad. slave, 7 98 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The affix khiidash is used in the third person singu- lar, as : I saw Zaid in his (own] Zaid-rd dar khan(Lj> khud- house, ash didam. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, In and an. When the name of an irrational being, or of an inanimate object has been mentioned, and reference is afterwards made to it by a pronoun (as it or they), In and an, with their plurals are used, as : the lion said the painter sher guft mmawwir-i-in of it was a man, ins an ast. the wise men were at a loss hukamd az tdwll-i-dn 'djiz in the explanation of it, mandand. The phrases dn-i-man, dn-i-tu, az dn-i-man, az an- i-tft, &c., are equivalent to the English words, mine, thine, &c., as : the throne of Egypt is masnad-i-misr dn-i-tust. thine, whose house was this ori- In khdna awwal az dn-i- giually? kibud? he said, that of my grand- guft az dn-i-jaddam. father's, when he died, whose did chiin o U-guzasht az dn-i- it become ? ki skud ? DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 99 he said, that of my fa- guft az dn-i-padar-am. ther's, ) pleased with him !) in a rd la khwdb dldam. dream, GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. Ill When an adjective is placed in apposition to a noun, rd is added to the noun, as : I saw a tyrant asleep, zdlime-rd khufta didam. The verbs bdyistan, to be necessary ; shdyistan, to be fit ; tawdnistan, to be able ; are used impersonally, as : it is necessary to do, bdyad kard. it is proper to say, shdyad guft. one may do, tawdnad kard The root of tawdnistan is more frequently used, as: one may do, tawdn kard. Some impersonal verbs take a nominative of cog- nate meaning-, as : it rains, bdrdn ml-bdfad. (r'ad sadd mi-zanad; or, it thunders, J r 'ad m/j-shurad. (tundar in~i-tundad. it lightens, bark ml-darakhshad. Two tenses of the Potential Mood, present and past, can be formed by adding the contracted infinitive to the aorist and preterite of the verb tawdnistan, " to be able" : I am able to go, tawdnam raft, I was able to go, tawdnistam raft. 112 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. The verb kJncdstan, " to desire," is similarly used, as : I will go, kkicdham raft. If the infinitive precede the .governing verb, it takes the full form, as : I cannot do this deed, 'in kar Itardan na ml-ta- wdnam. When the infinitive and its governing verb are separated by an intervening clause, the full form is used, as : it does not become persons abnd,e jins-i-mdrd na shd- of our sort, in the pre- yad (Jar huzrat-i-pdd- sence of kings, to speak slidhdn ju~ ba rdsll other than the truth, . sukhan g lift an. Often after k/iwdstan, sJunjlstan, bdyiifan, and ta- i'.-a HIS tan, the present subjunctive with the particle Jci is used, instead of the infinitive, as : I wish to go, nii-khwdkan ki bi-ravam. it is proper that I should shdyail ki bi-kbp&nttm. read, This construction is sometimes necessary, for the sentence turd Idyad zad might stand for "I must strike you/ 5 or " you must strike." The infinitive is often used as a verbal noun, in THE TENSES. 113 which case the noun which follows is put in the geni- tive, as : from the arrival of spring az dmadan-i-lahdr , az raf- and the departure of tan-i-dai, aurdk-i-ha- winter the leaves of our ydt -i-md mi - gardad lives are folded. THE TENSES. After verbs signifying " to command," " to order/' the perfect tense is used to imply that the order given was immediately carried out, as : the king gave orders to pddskdh farmud id o-rd put him into prison, dar zinddn nihddand. the sage commanded that haJdm farmud to, ghu- they should throw the Idm-rd ba dar yd anddkh- boy into the sea. tand. If the fulfilment of the order was not immediate, the present subjunctive is used, as : (the king) commanded bi-farmvd ki musdra'at ku- them to wrestle, nand. he gave orders so that they farmiid id ustdd-rd khiCat bestowed a robe of ho- o ni'mat dddand. nour and a reward on the master, * To become rolled up ; to close, tai gardidan. 8 ] 14 THE TENSES. In narration, when a second verb occurs after. a verb in the preterite, the present, or aorist, is used, as : the young- tiger saw that palang lachcka did ki td- he has not the power kat-i - mukdwamat na of resisting. ddrad. In recounting a conversation the very words of the speaker are used, as : Hatim told her that he Hdtim o-rd guft ki na would not eat, khwdham khurd. SECTION II. COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES. LESSON 1. Substantives. man, mard ; ddam ; mardum ; insan. father, padar ; u-dlid ; ab ; abu ; (parents) walidain. husband, shaukar ; zauj ; khasm. brother, barddar ; akh. son, or child, pisar ; walad ; (child) tifi; ibn. by> kodak; tifi, (plur.) atjdl ; bachcha. animal, jdnwdr ; jdnwar ; haiwan-i-ghair natik ; (beast of prey) naJchdilr; (wild beast) tvahsh, (plur.) wultush. horse, asp ; markab faras. house, khdna ; kad ; buk'a ; makdm ; makdn ; bait ; maskin ; ma,wd ; (hut) kulba ; (building) 'imdrat; (palace) mahall. pen, kalam. dog, sag; kalb. elephant, fil; pll, woman, zan ; (married lady) khdtun ; (lady of rank) beg am. mother, mddar ; wdlida. wife, zan; zauja. sister, (Mtwjor (elder). ( tiamshira (younger), daughter, dukhtar : sabiya. gii'l> dukhtarak ; zan-i-shabdb. thing, chlz ; shai (plur.) ashiyd. mare, mddiydn. table, mez. 116 OF ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. book, kitab ; daftar ; jarldat. fox, rubdh. cow, mddah gdiv; (cattle) bakar or mawdshi. Adjectives. good, khub ; nek ; bih ; taiyab ; nafls. bad, wicked, bad; khardb ; khabls; fdhish; fdsid. great, large, kaldn ; buzurg ; 'azim ; azam; kabir. little, small, khin-d ; khwdr ; kotah kad, or kdsir kad (stature). lazy, sust ; tamlial. wise, ddnd ; 'aklmand ; ddnishmand, ; zaki ; khiradmand. ignorant, ndddn ; nd fahm ; jahil ; nd khwdnda. swift, tez ; chust ; chdldk ; tezrau ; chdbuk. high, lofty, Inland; 'dli. handsome, khub-surat; hasin; zebd; marghub ; khush shakl ; khush haikal ; kabul-surat ; jamll ; waj'ih . ugly, bad-surat ; bad haikal ; zislit ; kar 1 lni-l- manzar ; tal ' at-i-na-mauzun ; shaldu- l-maUiln; kabih-surat; nd khush tar at. EXAMPLES. in barddnr-i-man ast. an pisarat ast. in khdnahd,e eshdn and. in khdna,e padaram ast. an asp-i-barddar-i-[tu ast^ or [tust]. m rnddar-i-dn mard ast. an khwdharat ast. asp-i-khicdharat tezrau ast. in kalam bisiydr khub ast. an kitab bisiydr khub ast. ( o zan-i-kotah-kad ast. \ o zanak ast. padar-i-o buzurg bud. this is my brother, that is your son, these are their houses, this is my father's house, that is your brother's horse, this is that man's mother, that is your sister, thy sister's horse is swift, this pen is very good, that is a very good book, she is a little woman, his father was a great man, OF COMPAUISOX. 11' your sister was very hand- khwdhar - i - til mah-icash bud. khicdhar - i-tii mall-fatal some, bud. Tthwdharat bisiydr marghub bud. my brother's horses were aspdn-i-barddaram nihdyat extremely swift, tez-raftdr budand. their children's books were kitabhd,ebachchagdn-i-e$hdn very good, bisiyar If hub budand. Exercise. I am that man's brother. This woman is my brother's daughter. That boy is my brother's son. This is my sister's book. That man is this boy's father. These houses are very lofty. That girl's mother was veiy wise. Your father's horse was very swift. My brother's children are handsome. My sister's daughters are very good girls. That man's brother's wife was a very ignorant woman. That was a very handsome woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very lazy. These women were excessively ugly. The man's horses were very small. They are very had husbands. She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives. LESSON 2. EXAMPLES. the elephant is larger than fil az asp kaJdn-tar ast. the horse, the fox is smaller than the rubah az sag khurd-tar ast. dog, the horses are swifter than aspdn az flldn tezrau-tar the elephants, and. ( fil az hamajdnii'drdn buzurg the elephant is the largest \ ast. animal of all, 1 fil bitzurgtarln-i-hama hai- \, wdndt ast. 118 OF INTEIIROGATIVES. the elephant, the horse, and the dog, are wiser than all other animals, fil, asp, o sag az ama fa n- wardn-i-dltjar ddnd-tar and. fil, asp, o kalb az liama haiwdndt-i-dlgar zakd- wat-tar ddrand. Exercise. The cow is more lazy than the horse. These men are more wicked than dogs. The boys are more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better than your pen. This boy is wiser than that boy. My father's horse is swifter than your brother's mare. Our dogs are swifter than your horses. The men are worse than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is the handsomest of all (more handsome than all). That girl was much wiser than her mother. She was the wisest of all the girls (wiser than all the girls). LESSON 3. EXAMPLES. who is that man ? who is this woman ? who are these boys ? who are those girls ? whose house is this ? whose children are these ? whose books are these ? whose daughter is she ? where is my father ? where is his brother ? where are your father's horses ? [\ an ddam Iclst ? in khdtun klst ? in kodakdn klstand ? In atjdl klstand? an dukhtardn klstand? in khana,e klst ? In bachchag dn-i-kistand ? In kitdbhd,e klstand ? o dukhtar-i-klst ? padaram kujd ast ? barddarash kujd ast? aspdn-i-padar-i-shumd kujd and ? OF INTERROGATIVES. 119 where are my brother's kitabhd,e bachcliagdn-i-bar- ehildren's books ? ddar-i-man kujd and ? where may be that man's mddiydn-i-madar-i-dn ddam mother's mare ? kujd bdshad ? is this your house ? dyd, In khdna,e shumd ast ? was that my father's horse ? dyd, an asp-i-padar-i-man bud? may this be my sister's dyd, mez-i-Tchwdhar-i-man table ? bdshad ? how many pens will there chand kalamhd Jchwdhand be? bud?' what-like books will they Jcitdbhd,e chi kism khwdhand be ? bud ? Exercise. Where is your brother ? Where is this man's mother ? Whose son are you ? Whose horses are these ? How many houses are there ? What sort of book is this ? Is that your sister's table ? Is this pen yours ? Where had you been yesterday ? Where will these children be to-morrow ? When will you be at home (in the house) ? Was your father at home yesterday ? Will your brother be at home to-morrow ? Were my two books on the table yesterday ? Where are his four sons ? Have his three daughters been at home ? Were there seven horses there yesterday ? Will there be eight men in the house three days hence ? Were there five or six dogs there two days ago ? What is this thing? What animals are these? Is that an-imsil a horse or a cow ? LESSON 4. day, roz ; yaum. city, shahr ; balad (plur. bildd). rver r > I (canal) nahr. forest, besha ; bddiya ; (desert) dasht ; sahrd ; bi- ydbdn kff-i-baslt^ a plain, maiddn. 120 OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS. water, db; (drinking) db-i-zuldl; (dirty) ab-i-mukad- dar, or manjal db ; (iced) ab-i-yalth ; (pure) salsabil; (impurity of) kadurat; (purity of) 'uzubat ; (boiling) db-i-ddgh ; (warm) db- i-malul ; (still) db-i-khufta ; (running) db- i-rawdn. fish, mahl ; samaTc. street, Mcha. night, shab ; lail. a boat, mdshuya ; zaurak ; safina ; kishti,e Tchiird. a tree, darakht ; shajar ; (young) nihdl ; (branch) shakh. a road, rah ; rah; (high) shdh-rdh ; shdrC ; jdda. fruit, mewa ; bar ; samar (plur.) asmdr. bird, paranda ; murgh ; tair (plur.) tuyur. name, nam ; ism. people, ahl ; ins; insan ; haiwan-i-natik. Intransitive Verbs. , ,, ( mandan. to stay, dwell, | mmga d - ghtan . ^^ ^.^ to come, amadan. to go, raftan. to run, dawldan ; puyidan, ( khwabidan. to sleep, < khuftan. (_ khushldan. to arrive, rasldan ; ivdrid or wurud shudan. Cjari shudan. to flow, < rawan shudan. (. sail-i-ab shudan. to proceed, advance, pesh raftan ; mukaddam shudan. C pas, pa shudan. to retreat, fall back, < 'akab amadan. ( mutaakib shudan. to sit, nishastan. to return, bdz or pas gashtan. OF INTRANSITIVE TERBS. 121 to die, / mvrdan. wafdt yaftan. la jalian-i-bakl raftan. intikal kardan. (ready) bajdn amadan. EXAMPLES. man dar sliaJir mi-munam. I am staying in the city, my father dwells in that house, we came from the forest yesterday, we will go to the city to- morrow, the bird was sitting on the tree, where are you going ? whence does this river flow? niiin ? ( in aTb ( a-ku)a ml-rasad ? dar an darya. mahiyan bi- siyar buzurg and? dnun klstand ki zer-i-da- rakht nishasta budand? is the fish in that river very large ? who were those that were sitting underneath the tree? Exercise. The forest near the city is very large. How many men are sleeping beneath the tree ? The road towards the forest is not very good. The horses 122 OF SUBSTANTIVES. were running from the plain. The water flows from the river into the city. In that forest there were many large trees. The boats on the river are coming towards the city. How many boats are there ? There will be 250 horses on the plain to-morrow. There were 2500 men on the large plain near the city yesterday. A hundred and fifty men have retreated from the river towards the forest. The horses are dying on the plain, and a hundred men died yesterday within the city. That man stayed nine days in my house. I slept one night in the forest, but I will not sleep there a second night. The water is flowing from the river into the streets of the city. The men are advancing towards the city. The fruit on these trees is very good. Where do all these people come from ? What is the name of that city ? What is the name of that river which flows from the forest ? What is the name of the street in which you dwelt ? The people were sitting beneath the trees. When did you arrive in this city ? When will you return home ? LESSON 5. Substantives, oread, nun. butter, mask a ; kara ; zubdat. wine, shardb; mat; bdda; sahbd ; (fermented liquor) Ichamr. tea, ckd or chd,e ; (urn) samawar. breakfast, (very early) ndshta; (between 11 and 12) nahdr ; (about noon) chasht. dinner, sham; tadm-i-shdm ; (food) Jehu-risk; khprdk ; gjiizd ; asham ; ma'ishat. knife, kdrd ; (penknife) chdkii. fork, changal. meat, gosht ; (cold meat) goshti-skabma or gosht-i-sard ; gosht-i-sliabmunda. milk, shir ; (cream) sar-i-shlr ; zabd. rice (boiled), (raw) birinj ; (cooked) chaldw. OP TRANSITIVE VERBS. 123 plate, bushkdb ; rikdb ; tabak ; (large) kd b ; (cover) sar posh-i-kdb. spoon, kdshugh. sugar, shakar, kand, nab at ; (sugar-cane) nai- shakar ; (loaf) kulla,e kand ; (refined) kand-i-muka mar. a letter, khatt ; ruka'a ; risdlat ; (royal) ndma ; (official) khatt-i-sarkdr ; (private) jchatt-i-khanagi. news, khabar ; akhbdr ; flam. Adjectives. coldjSarof; (intense) zamhari I clean,sa/; pale; palclza;nazij hot, garni; hdrr \ pure, khalis ; mahz ; khulus sweet, shirin \ ready, taiyar ; muhaiyd Verbs. to swim, to bring, to make (prepare), to eat, to drink, to eat and drink, to make, do, to place, put, to call, to learn, to give, C shindwldan. \ shindiv kardan. dwardan. ( sakhtan. ( tceiydr or muhaiyd kardan. khurdan. C khurdan. ( naushldan. akl wa sharb farmudan. kardan. nihddan. ( burdan. < bar ddshtan. (. bar girt/tan. talabldan. dmokhtan. f dudan. j bakhshldan. 1 'miiyat kardan. V, 'at a kardan; arzdrii ddshtan. 124 OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. to say, tell, to see, look, to hear, to strike, to read, to write, to take, he is bringing bread, we drink water, they drink wine, my brother will drink cold pure water, make tea, bring a spoon, give me some meat, bring a knife and fork, make breakfast ready, bring a clean plate, when will you get dinner ready ? will you drink wine ? what will you eat ? Cguftan. < harf zadan. (_ sukhan guftan. / dldan. \ mushdhida kardan. "} muaiyana kardan. \muldhaza kardan. f shun id 'an ; isghd kardan. \shuniidan; gosh kardan. y shinuftan. \istima namudan. ( zadan. ( zarb zadan. khwdndan. nawishtan ; rakam or tah- rlr kardan. giriftan ; (seize) dast dar girebdn zadan. EXAMPLES. o nan ml-drad. md db-i-zuldl mi-khurem. ma db-i-zuldl ml-navshem. eshdn shardb mi-naualiand. barddaram db-i-sard o sdf khwuhad khitrd. ( did taiydr bi-ktin. ( chd bi-sdz. kdshug]i.e biydr. kadre gosht mard bi-dih. kdrde o changdh biydr. nahdr taiydr bi-kun. bushkdb-i-sdf biydr. kai shdm-rd khwdhcd award? shardb khwdhed kJiurd ? chi khwdhed khurd? OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. 1 2o Exercise. Do you eat any fruit ? Bring me some tea, sugar, and milk. Put a knife and fork on the table for my father. Cool (make cold) some wine for us. Prepare dinner for six people. You will bring us some rice and milk. Will yon give me some wine and some cold water, that I may drink ? Do you drink tea ? Will your brother drink wine ? Bring us three knives, three forks, three spoons, and three clean plates. He reads very good books. He writes a letter to me every day. She was writing letters when I came to her house. He hears good news of him. We were reading their letters when they arrived. Tell us all the news of the city. I will tell you the news of the city when I return. Give us some bread and butter. LESSON 6. E x A M P L E s. put the water on the table, ab-rd bar mez \bi-nili\. \J)i-guzar,~^ ( shakar-rd [bar dar~\. [bar take away the sugar, < gir.'] (. kand-ra bi-bar. give me the wine, tharub-rii ba-man bi-dih. clean (make clean) the plate, bushkiib-ru saf bi-kun. cool the water, ab-rd sard bi-kun. Exercise. The dog is drinking the milk. They were putting the water on the table. Who has taken away the sugar ? He is cleaning the plate. They are cooling the water. Take away the meat and put the wine on the table. Put the water near me on this table. The dogs will drink the water. Beat (or strike) that idle boy. He was eating the sugar and drinking the wine. I shall see him to-morrow. We shall see them to-day in the city. If they see us here, they will beat us very much. We shall not see that man, if we remain in this house. 126 OP TRANSITIVE VERBS. LESSON 7. EXAMPLES. f o bar mez ta am-i-Tchub ni- he has placed good food j hdda ast. upon the table, 1 o bar mez Tchiirish-i-nafls (. yuzdslita ast. she has made tea, an zan chd taiydr karda ast. my father has drunk all padaram tamam shardb-rd the wine, khnrda ast. we drank cold water, ma db-i-sard Tthurdem. who has eaten the rice ? birinj-rd ki khurda ast ? he called all the servants o hama naukardn-rd anda- into the house, run--i-khdna talabid. we had given very good ma mardumdn-rd bisiydr bread to the men, khub nan ddda budem. the women ate bread and zandn nan o shir khurdand. drank milk, Exercise. Have you learned the Persian language ? I have read a few pages. Have you seen the city of Teheran ? You have made the voyage of the sea, what wonders did you see there ? I may say what one of the sages said, " The wonder that I saw on the sea was this, that I came safe to land." How much money have your friends given you ? My father gave me an order for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to the man ? How many rupees did he demand of you ? He demanded ten rupees, and I gave him three rupees and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put the bread on the table ? LESSON 8. to be able, tawdnistan ; root tawdn. EXAMPLES. ( o zabdn-i-md ml-tawdnad he can (or is able to) speak \ guft. our language, y o zabdn-i-md guftdn ml-ta- V wdnad. OF VERBS. shuma nawishta,e mard khwdndan ml-tawdned? dast-i-khatt-i-man khwdn- dan mi-taivdned ? siwd,e shuma kase in-rd khwdndan na kjucuhnd tawdnist. kadre dar zabdn-i-inglislml- tawdnad harf zad. eshdn az khnrdan fdrigh shuda and. eshiin az tandivul-i-ta dm parddkhta and. eshdn-rd az tandwul-i-ta dm Jardghat hasil shud. shuma az nawishtan fdriah shuda ed ? 1 dar hm-i-rasldan-i-man, eshdn az khwdndan farigh shuda budand. wakte ki man rasldam e- shdn, &c. ba-mujarrad-i- rasidan -i- man, eshdn, &c. Exercise. When he had done writing the letter, then I came away from the house. When you come (i. e. shall come) here to-morrow, I shall have done reading the book. Can you swim across this river ? I cannot swim at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great was the darkness that I could not see anything. The ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can speak Persian well. I hope I shall be able to learn the language of this country in the space, of six months. are you able to read my writing ? no one will be able to read this but yourself, he can speak a little English, they have done eating, have you done writing ? they had done reading when I arrived there, 1 " Come punctually," wakt-i- [jnauuda'] biyd. [ma hud ; mu'otyan.1 128 OF VERBS. LESSON 9. to rise, khastan. root khez. to begin, giriftan. glr. to allow, \dadan ( guzashtan. ,, gnzar. EXAMPLES. he arose and began to say, o bar khdst wa guftan girifi. they began to read, eshdn khwandan giriftand. you began to eat, shumd khyrdan girifted. he allows them to come dar khdna eshdn-rd ijdzat-i- into the house, dmadan dihad. , , i ( o-rd rattan bi-dih. let him go, J. - T - , 7 . ( o-ra bi-guzar ki bi-ravad. he is allowed to come, j <"**??* dmad. ( o rukhsat-i-amadanyana ast. he will allow us to do what harchi ma ml-khwahem, o we like, rdwdddradkimabi-kunem. Exercise. He sat down, and began to tell this story. One man began to say, I shall not be able to eat this bread. Another began to say, I will not allow the children to read these books. He will give you leave to walk in this beautiful garden every day. My father is allowed to go to Shiraz on account of transacting (making) business. Go to my brother's house, present to him my compliments, and bring home my saddle. Strip off your clothes, swim across this river, and bring the boat to this side. LESSON 10. EXAMPLES. he is in the habit of read- ( J \ ar ?W \Mat-i-Khwan- ing every morning, (^o liar sabali i/ii-ki/iwanaa. OF VERBS. 129 f o liar ruz cJnze mashk-i- he is in the habit of writing \ nawishtan diirnd. something every day, y o har ruz chize * udat-i-na- \ wishtan ddrad. he used always to give o kamesha shagird-rd 'ddat- (make) this injunction to i-tdkid ml-kard. the scholar, f man zabdn-i-fdrsl dmokhtan I wish to learn the Persian \ ml-lthwaham. language, 1 mard arzu,e dmokhtan-i- \ zabdn-i-fdrst ast. what do you wish to say ? kuddm sukhan guftan ml- khwdhed ? I wish to write a letter, Jchatt nawishtan ml-Jthwah- am. Exercise. I am accustomed every day to rise at the dawn. He is in the habit of dining every day at two o'clock. We make it a practice to read three hours in the morning. I wish very much to learn the language of this country. Do you wish to read this book? It is necessary to learn the Arabic language in order to speak and understand well the Persian. It is desirable to know the language of the country in which you are dwelling. LESSON 11. EXAMPLES. ( an ddam-rd ki kusfit ? who killed that man ? \ kuddm kas katl-i-dn ddam (_ karda ast. he has placed all the things o liama chizhd bar mez on the table, [nihdda~\ ast. [guzdshta.'] lay my watch on the'shelf, saat-i-man bar tdk [bi- guzdr~\. [6i'-wz'A.] 9 130 OF VERBS. f eshan tamam shdm-rd bi-l- they have eaten up all the \ kull khurda and. dinner, 1 eshdn sham tamam tandwnl \ karda and. write a letter for me, az bardie man khatte bi- naiuls. f tamam darakht ki dar bagfe. he has cut down all the \ ast, burida ast. trees in the garden, y o hama darakhthd,e bugh-ra (^ munkati' karda ast. Exercise. Put all the things ou the table. That man has killed my companion. Has he written out the two letters, as I told him ? The king said to the soldier, Cut off this man's head in my presence. Throw out the water from this basin. They all spoke out, saying, We will not sit down in your house unless you make an apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the looking-glass with his horns. He has lost a great sum of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will sit down in this room until I return from the king's audience (darbcir). The dog has eaten up the whole of the butter. Who has cut down that fine tree ? LESSON 12. EXAMPLES. I read my book, man kitab-i-khud-ra nii- khwdnai/i. f tii kitab - i - khudat mi- thou readest thy book, \ Xhyani. } tu kitab - t - khud mi- \ Jchwani. he reads his (own) book, o kitab - i - khudash ml- khwdnad. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. 131 she reads her (own) book, an zan kitab-i-khud-ra mi- khwanad. we have seen our father, ma pidar-i-[khud~\ dlda em. your have you written letter ? the goldsmith and carpenter went to their (own) city, the women feed their (own) children, shuma khatt-i-khud-ra na- wishta ed? zargar o [najjur] ba shahr- i- khud - i- shun rajtand. \_dar rudgar.~\ zandn bachcha(jun-i-kh{(d-i- shun ml-paitvarand. Exercise. Did you see your father yesterday ? Bring your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting. Wait in this room till I shall have done writing my letter to your master. Give my compliments to your master and say that Mr. F. is not at home. Why do you beat your servants in that manner ? In my country every man considers his own house as his castle. My friend is gone to his native country for the benefit of his health. The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take your money from the woman. The plaintiff came back and said, Sir, I cannot get my money from this woman. LESSON 13. EXAMPLES. where did you find this dog- like, unclean animal ? a wise man like you, what-like animals are these? he took up a very large stone, a fine-looking stag came in sight, in jdnioar ki najis misal-i- sag ast kujd ydfted ? misal-i-shumd ddnd. hamchu shumd ddnii. in haiwdndt chi sdn and? In jdnwardn misal-i-ki and ? o sange bisiydr kaldn bar ddsht. dhu,e kjtush manzar ba nazar umad. 132 EXPRESSIONS OP SIMILITUDE. f zan-i-siydh misal-i-dew. a black woman like an \ zan-i-siyah misal-i-ghid. ogress, 1 zan-i-siydh misal-i-ifrlt. \ zan-i-siydh misal-i-jinn. Exercise. Her face was fair as the moon, her eyebrows were like a bow, and her hair (lit. hairs) black as night. Her form was straight as the cypress, her lips red as the Tcandurl (a beautiful red flower), and her feet delicate as the flower of the lotus. She was beautiful as Zulaikha, and faithful as Laili. The young prince was handsome as Yusuf. The king was wise as Sulaiman, just as Naushirwdn, liberal as Hdtim, and brave as RUstam. LESSON 14. to drink, naush-i-jdn farmudan. to come, tashrif dwardan. to have an inclination for, Tfhwdstan mail kardan, or mail ddshtan ; itta,il shudan. man mail-i-ab ml-Jcunam. man db-rd mail mj-kunam. man db ml-~khwdham. man ba ub \_mai \rna,il I have an inclination for water, EXAMPLES. ( man Jchud o-rd Tchwdham did. I shall see him myself, -J man khndam o-rd Tchwdham ( did. 1 an zanlfhud khwdhad dmad ? will she herself come ? ^ an zan Tchudash khwdhad dmad ? 1 1 These forms are rarely used. RESPECTFUL FORMS OF ADDRESS. 133 f shumd khudfarda Jchicahed will you come yourself to- \ dmad ? morrow ? ) shumd Jchud-i-tdn farda V. Jchwdhed dmad ? l will you, sir, come to- shumd Jchiid tashrif khwdhed morrow ? award ? . , ,,, f ( mizaj-i-sharif chiquna ast ? how is the health of your < * . - a j M [ san] ast? honour? ( \_iaur.-] shumd Jchud kadre shardb will you, sir, drink any naush-i-jdn Tchwdhed far- mud. jandb Tfhud mail-i-shardb khwdhand farnnud. fjandb-i-dll ba kursi tashrif may it please monsieur to \ bi-ddred ? sit down, y bismi-l-ldh bi-farmdyed (at C. the time of eating). f mizctj - i -jandb -i- 'all ba how is the health of your \ Jchairiyat ast ? highness ? j miztij - i -jandb - i-'ald ba V. 'tfiyat ast ? Exercise. I am going there myself this very day. Will you come yourself to-morrow ? If he himself cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able to advance it for him. We do not wish to appear our- selves in this business. I am your worship's faithful slave. I have sought for the child in your honour's garden. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready. Master's palki (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door. You, sir, are my father and mother ; there is no one in the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor miserable slave. Where is the native country of your highness ? Will your majesty ride on the white elephant to-day ? 1 This form is rarely used. 134 USE OP THE INFINITIVE. LESSON 15. EXAMPLES. ( tu-rd you must go home, I must buy a good horse, do not commit such folly, do not go to that country, I do not now intend to go to Persia, ba Jch>rna,e \ raftan bdyad. 1 bayad ki tu ba Jchdna,e Wind \_ bi-ram. az bard,e Tthud asp-i-khub mar a bay ad kharld. f chunin himdkat ma kun. < dar chunin bddiya,e zaldlat (. ma ran, baddn mulk ma ran. ilhdl ba Iran irdda,e raftan na ml-ddram. hdlan mard irdda ba raftan- i-lrdn nlst. aknun man irdda,e raftan- i-ajam na ddram. ilhdl az bard,e raftan-i-fdrs irdda na ddram. Exercise. We must not do evil to the end that good may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much fruit. You must read three j>ages of this hook every day. Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is about to travel in Persia (Fdrs), Arabia ('Arab), and Turkey (JRum). She does not mean to remain in this country after the cold season. The officers do not intend to go to the tiger-hunt. LESSON 16. Use of the Relative. EXAMPLES. that which you say is all dnclii shumd ml-goyed, hama true, rdst ast. USE OP THE RELATIVE. 135 dnchi dar dil-i-tu bi-dyad, sdf bi-go. an mard ki shumd o-rd dar shahr dl ruz dided imruz subh murd. marde ki o-rd dl ruz dar shahr dided, imruz dam-i- subh [wafdt ydft~\. \ba jahdn-i-bdkl raft.~\ Ifhatte ki ba-man nawishted, na raslda ast. ba-jde ki gul ast, khdr ast. dnchi ml-kdrl, bi-dnravl. dnchi ml-kunl, biydbl. harki shdkh -i - mazarrate kdrad, mewd,e manfa'at kujd chinad. har jd,e ki tu ram hamrdh- i-tii khwdham bud. har jd,e ki tu ravl ['akab-i- tu] khwdham dmad. \jnu- tadkib-i-tu ; darpai,e tu^\ dnchi ustdd bdsliad, shdgird- dnash bdshand. dnchi miCallim^ bdshad, taldmlzash bdshand. hamchu zagji, hamchu bach- cha. hamchu rlsh, hamchu shdna. Exercise. That very foolish young man has lost in play all the money that his father had given him when he left home. They broke to pieces all the furniture plainly whatever comes into your mind, the man whom you saw in the city yesterday died this morning, the letter which you wrote to me has not arrived, where there is a rose there is also a thorn, as you act, so will you experience, wherever you go, thither will I also go, as the master, so will be the scholars, 1 master, mudarris ; mu,addib : pupil, talnnz, (plur.) talamiz ; muta'allim. 136 ON ORIENTAL PHRASEOLOGY. which they found in the people's houses. The king highly approved of the horses which you sent to him last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what I told you ? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the i*oot of the very tree under which you are now standing there is buried a potful of ashrafis. The servant whom you recommended to me is a great rascal. LESSON 17. On Oriental Phraseology. chess, shatranj game of hazard, kimdr checkmate, mat ; shdh gambler, kimdr bdz check, kisht knight (at chess),/aros; asp card, ganjl/a opponent (in a game), harlf card-maker, gan'ftfa sdz pawn (at chess), piydda cheating, dagjia bdzl king shdh a cheat, dagjia bdz ; ahadddr queen farzln ; wazlr A . f k'abat: kimdr dice, < ,, , . (^ kaoatain bishop pil ; fil castle . rukh to bet, shart kardan. to checkmate, mat kardan. to be checkmated, mat shudan. to gamble, ' kimdr bdkhtan. bdzl bdkhtan. to lose a game, hdzi bdkhtan. (_ bazi na yajtcm. to win a game, bdzl ydftan. to play at cards, ganjlfa bdkhtan. to play at dice, kimdr bdkhtan. EXAMPLES. my brother said to me that baradaram ba-man guft, ki he was going to the desert pas farda ba dasht-i-be- of Persia next day, daulat kjiwdham raft. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 137 he told me to go home, o mard guft ki ba khana,e khud bi-rau. did he not tell you that he dyd, o ba slmmd na fjtift ki had lost all his money at man hama pul-i-khud-ra play ? dar bdzl bdkhtam ? he says that his parents o ml-goyad ki wdlidain-i~ have died, man wafdt ydfta ast. ask him whether that horse ' az o bi-purs ki an asp az be his own or not, dn-i-o ast yd na ? he says it is assuredly his o ml-goyad ki albatta az en- own, i-man ast. Exercise. My master sends you his compliments, and desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day, as he is busy writing. I told him, that if he would prove to me that he did not charge me more than the market price (or price current) for the grain, then I would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend this morning, and told him that I would send him the book in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner. He told me that he had suffered great hardships on the journey ; that he had been robbed of part of his property, and obliged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses during his way home. He wished to come here this morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was dead, and therefore he could not come. LESSON 18. bring breakfast, nahdr biydr. bring dinner, sham biydr. bring bread, nan biydr. bring milk, shir biydr. give sugar, [s^aar] bi-dih. \kand or nabdt.~\ 1 " Whose will it be ? " kird bdshad ? 138 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. eat your dinner, shdm-i-lchnd bi-Tthur. drink milk, shir bi-[naush~\. [khur.~\ light the lamp, chirdgh-rd roshan [bi-kun~\. [biydfroz.~\ light the can die, shama'-rd roshan bi-kun. bring the shade, fdnus biydr. put out the candle, shama'-rd khdmosh bi-kun. ' raise the shade, fdnus [bar dar~\. [bar glr.~] \ C dn-rd fardmosh ma kun. don't forget, < az yad-i-an zamane ghcifil (_ ma shau. come here, In jd biyd. come neai", nazdlk biyd. where do you come from ? shumd az kujd [ml-dyed~\ ? [tashrif ml-dred ?] where are you going ? shumd ba kujd [mi-raved"] ? [tashrif mi-bared; ka- dam ranga ml-farmdyed.^ make ready the tea, chd,e [taiyar bi-kun~\. [bi- sdz.] turn to the right, ba rdst [bar gard~\. [ru,e bi-kun.] ' turn to the left, ba chap [bar gard~\. [ru,e biydr ; ru,e bi-nih.] go home quickly, ba khdna,e khud zud bi-rau. Exercise. Who is bringing the breakfast? Sir, I have brought the breakfast. What is -there to-day for dinner ? They eat good bread and drink fresh milk. Have you lighted the caudles ? Bring us some tea, sugar, bread, and milk very quickly. Where have all the servants gone to ? Sir, they have all gone home. When will they come back ? When you go there, you will first turn to the left and then to the right. Ask these soldiers of what regiment they are. What is the name of the officer ? At what hour to-morrow morning will they march for Ispahan ? PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 139 LESSON 19. move straight on, call the porters, take away the table, take away the things, raise the table, be careful, what is your command ? get ready the carriage, it is of no consequence, are you at leisure ? be pleased to forgive me, bring a little bread, have you made the bed ? fasten the door, they are old, ( rdst bi-rau. \ rdst bar blnl bi-rau. mazdiirdn-rd bi-talab. mez-rd [bar ddr~\. [fo'-iar.] asbdb-rd bi-bar. mez-rd [bar ddr\. [bi-yir.~\ C khabar-ddr bash. < hoshiydr bash, (^nigdh ddr. hukmat chist ? kdliska \_taiydr~\ bi-kun. \_dmdda.~\ muzdyaka nut. dyd, ba shumd faragJ^at ast ? mard mu'dfbi-farmdyed. lutf Tcarda mard [mu'af bi-farmdyed]. [rna'zur bi- ddred.'] az ru,e 'indyat mard ma'zur bi-ddred. marhamat karda mard mu'aj bi-farmdyed. az ru,e talattuf 'uzr-i-mard kabul kuned. kadre nan biydr. shumd \_bistar~\-rd gustarda ed? l [rakht-i-Jchwdb~] ( dar bi-band. \ dar mukaffal bi-htn. f eshdn [kadlm~\ and. [derina; < fcuhna.^ { shakhsdn-i-kadlm and. court dress, rakht-i-saldmi. to set oif on a journey, rajeht bar bastan. 140 PEOGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. this is a misfortune, l ln [bad~\ lakhti ast. [kam.~\ they are ignorant, eshdn jdhildn and. bring my book, kitdb-i-man biydr. bring niy shoes, \Jcafsh~\-i-man biydr. [pa, posh, pa afzdr, or pd,e zdr, orpd,e dan, or muza.~\ go to the market, la bazar bi-rau. bring a little meat, kadre yosht biydr. Exercise. Sir, all the porters have come. Tell them to put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened the door of the house ? When I shall be at leisure I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat from the market ? Have you put my books on the table ? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten. Well, do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is ! Sir, I have brought your shoes. I am not at leisure to see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who is that old man who is standing near the door ? LESSON 20. who are you? shumd Jclsted? why are you come? chird dmaded? ~ you will say something to C sl ] um ~ a . cMz f * < sliuma im-kmuatied (_ clilze bi-goyed. don't be troublesome, call my house steward, mara ma ran] an. dast az man ddr. takhllfam ma dih. mara mutakhallif ma shau. mara dar mashakkat may- anddz. [darogjia,e] pesh khidmat- gdrdn - i-mard bi-talab. [ndzir-i.~\ 1 misfortune, afat ; bald; sakhtl ; musibat ; shiddat ; tlrd-bakhtl ; dsliilb ; nakbat ; dsib ; sammd. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 141 order dinner, I will go out, bring my clothes, please come quickly, repair the warehouse, bring the newspaper, is this the very thing? they are all there, who is he ? is any one there? say that again, how are you ? we shall go to-morrow, move this way, move that way, has the gun fired? sham biydr. sham ba mez nigah ddr. sham ba mez nig h ddr. sham la mez bi-guzdr. hukm-i-dwardan-i-shdm bi dih. man,ba kdre,berunkhwdham raft. 1 rakhut-i-poshidan-i-mard biydr. zud tashrlf biydred. marammat-i-khdna,e tijdrat bi-kuned. akhbdr biydr. ak_hb art biydr. in chiz bi-'ainihihamdnast. eshdn hama dnjd and. o kist? dyd, dnjd Tease ast? bdz bi-go. chiguna I? or chi taur I? ahwdlat chi taur ast ? farda man khtvdham raft. In [rdh] bi-rau. [taraf.~] an [rdh~\ bi-rau. [jdnib.~\ C 2 top sar shuda ast ? ( top zada ast ? Exercise. Who is that man, and why has he come here? Is the newspaper come to-day? Where have you put my clothes? Has the Jchdnsdmdn yet returned from the market ? Tell me when he comes back. Sir, the khdnsdmdn says there is no good meat in the market 1 rakhut is the plur. of rakht, apparatus, apparel. ( top-rd sar dddan; tufang-rd sar dddan. 8 to fire, < top-rd sar kardan. \top-rd zadan. 142 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. to-day. Carry the books and newspapers to the ware- house. What will he say to you to-morrow ? How is he to-day ? He says that he is now much better. The gun in the fort is fired every morning at dawn, and also at the end of evening twilight. Such is the custom of this country. LESSON 21. send for the palanquin quickly, has the master risen ? this is a very fine fruit, this is wonderful news, we are hungry and thirsty, he is a careful man, they are great rogues, the whole land is level, . his heart is grieved, is your business now com- pleted ? 1 az lard,e 'amdrl,e raivdn zud bi-firist. dyd, sdhibat az khwdb [bar khdsta ast]. \_beddrshuda ast.] In mewa [laziz] ast. [nafis ; latif.~] m akhbdr-i-'ajlb ast. ma gursina o tushna em. o sliakhse [dur andesh] ast. [hoshiydr; bu khabar ; sahib-i-intibdh.~\ z eshdn kalun [bad ma' ash] and. [_aubdsh ; diinan o kjiasis hiinmatdn ; fdsikan; ishrdr ; na-kasdn.~\ hama zamln [_bardbar~\ ast. [hamwur ; musattafi.'] dil-i-o [_maahjimm~\ ast. [ran- jlda ; mukaddar ; malul ; majruh.^ ilhul kdr-i-shwnd [tamum shuda ast] ? [ba itmdm raslda ast.] 1 Litter for an elephant, 'amdri. Litter for a camel, haudaj, or kajdwa (for women). A palanquin, 'amdri,e rawdn. 3 Victuals, kijdf-i-ma'dsh. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 143 is the proof of it strong ? she is very impudent, the sky is quite clear, these are mischievous chil- dren, he received great punish- ment, they all remained hidden, sabut-i-dn amr mazbut ast? dalU-i-dn kdr kdmil ast? ( o bisiyur yustdlch ast. ( o bisiydr be adab ast. dsmdn khub musaffa ast. In bachchagdn \jshokji\ and. \_nnt zirr.~\ o \_saza] bisiyur ydft. [siydsat ; ta'zlb ; 'akubat ; - esluin hama [nihufta~\ mdn- dand. \_poshlda ; dar pinhdn.~j /" khdtir -i- o [rniiztarib asf\. \ [jam' nist.] i dil-i-o bekardr ast. \dil-i-o dar iztirdb nil-dyad, o \_ahmak~] ast. \_abla ; nd-ddn ; nu-fahmJ\ in kdgjiaz [tarj ast. \_nam- ndk.] C ki [shor] mi-kunad? [saut ; ( sadd ; ghnughd.~\ ( shumd chi ml- EXERCISES. 155 content, my good friend ; if I give all my poor brothers one kauri each, I shall not have any remaining." LESSON 29. some of onr soldiers have Vaze sar-bdzdn-i-md majruh been wounded, shuda and. beat that lazy boy, an kodak-i-sust-rd bi-zan. dig up that underwood, an darakhthu,e khurd-rd bar kan. having said this, he de- in yuft o [rukhsat girift]. parted, [rawdna shud.] lar ~' r - . clothes, ; L ._ ', - r -,4. ,.,- V. azjamana \_nam] otyajsnur. they sleep carelessly (sound- ( eshdnghdfildnaml-khuspand. ly), (^ eshdnf/hdfildnami-Jehwdband. what is the amount of your jam',ehisdb-i-shumd chlst? bill? a wasp has stung me, 1 zambur mard \_gazl da~] ast. \nesh-zada.~\ what is the tonnage of this in jahdz chi kadr bur bar ship ? mi-ddrad? ihtiydj-i-in kadr-i-khabar- what need is there of so much care ? ddrt chist ? ihtiydj-i-ln kadr-i-hifdzat ' chist? in kadar ihtiyut chi maslahat ddrad? what is the price of these kimat-i-in chizhd chist ? things ? ( magas-i-'asal. 1 a bee < inagas-i-shalnl. (. magas-t-ambagm. purified honey, 'asal i-musa/d. 156 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. what is the depth of this tank? what is the difference be- tween these two ? Exercise. A person went to a scribe, and said unto him, " Write a letter for me." He said, " There is a pain in my foot." The man said, " I do not wish to send you anywhere, why are you making this unreasonable excuse?" The scribe replied, "You are speaking the truth ; but when I write a letter for any person, then I am always sent for to read it ; for nobody else is able to read my handwriting." LESSON 30. this army does not know its exercise, between you two what fighting is there ? in lashikar kawd'id-i-7ckud na mi-ddnad. md bain-i-shumd har du [kaziya~\ chist? [d'awa ; takru,e ; ma'raJca ; miijd- dilat o mundza'at ; Jang ojadal o harb; mundkisha o mukdUla ; mukhdtiba o mu'dtibd.~\ in this book how many dar in kitdb chand [bdbhd~\ chapters are there ? and? [faslhd.] ( bar in asbdb hech [Aasr] ast ? on these goods is there any j [Jcasr ; kasr.~] discount ? 1m asbdb-rd chand pul tanzil I ml-kunand ? 'umuk-i-in hauz chi kadr ast? in yambugh chi kadr 'amlk ast ? md bain-i-in har du farak \ chist ? dar miydn-i-in har du td tafrik chist ? miydn-i-in har du tufdwat chist ? chi farak az in baddn ast? PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 157 the drum beats every day in the fort, this boy is much loved by us, in this tank are there any fish? make a hole here in the earth, I caught a fish with a rod, I this cow has no horns, I of what kind is this cloth ? do you intend going to Europe ? hang up this lamp in the hall, do you go by land or by water ? dar hisdr har ruz [kos kofta ml-shavad]. [tibl mi- zanand.~\ dar kilo? har yawn duhul mi- naivdzand. in kodak bisiydr 'aziz-i-md ast. dar in [hauz] hech mdhi ast? \_db-gir; birka.~\ in jd dar zamin \jnacfhdke'] bi-kan. \_gaude.~} bd dam mdhi t e girijtam. in mddah-gdw-rd shdJchhd nayand. in mddah-gdw shdTchhd na ddrad, in [pdrcha~\ chi kism ast ? [tdka.'] ayd,irada,e raftan-i-farang- istdn mi-kuned? 1 dar ddldn in fdnus-rd [mu- 'allak bi-kun.~] [biydwez.~\ ba khushkl yd ba tari khwdhed raft ? Exercise. A certain hare having gone to the presence of the tigress, said to her, " O tigress, of me eveiy year there are many young ones, but of you, during the whole of your life, there are no more than two or three." The tigress, having smiled, replied, " What you say is very true : of me, indeed, there may be only one young one in all my life, but that one is a tiger." 1 hall, ddldn ; aiwdn. 158 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. LESSON 31. , , ( sanduk-i-slmmd-rd kufl nist. thesis no lock to your I ?a ^_ ^^ . ^ ^ d - r _ (. ad. there is much mud on the bar lab-i-daryd bisiydr riverside, [khildb'] ast. \_gil; shor; how many passengers were dar an jahdz chand 'dbirdn in that vessel ? budand? f tamdm-i-hujra khiish bii kar- , \ da shuda ast. the whole room was scented, j tamSmri _^ jra mu ^t ar kar - \_ da shuda ast. are you the owner of this dyd, mdllk-i-in khdna ed ? house ? C az [susti] nuksdn ast. [ih- from idleness is loss, < mdl ; taghdful.~] (. natija,e kahili nuksdn ast. such as you will do, so will harclii shumd khwdhed kard, you find, khwdhed ydft. khubtarin-i-musdhib ast. resignation is the best com- panion, ast. tasHm a'latarin-i-m isdhib the world is the house of deceit, the fruit of rashness is re- pentance, patience is an excellent quality, ast. tasllm yake az khubtarm-i- musdhibdn ast. [dunyd~\ khdna,e fareb ast. \kurra,e arz.~\ natlja,e [ta'jil] tauba ast. [be tadbirl ; taltawwar]. sabr kamdl khulk ast. sabr 'all khaslat ast. temperance is excellent parhez khub dawd ast. physic, hearing is better than shunidan az guftan bihlar speaking, ast. from labour results great- natija,e mihnat buzurgi ast. ness, PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXD EXERCISES. 159 Exercise. A certain old woman had a goose which every day used to lay an egg of gold. One day the oM woman thought in her own mind, thus : " If I increase the food of this goose, then she will every day give two golden eggs." Having thus determined, the old woman began to give the goose every day as much food as she could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having be- come very fat, gave no more eggs. LESSON 32. such as you speak so will dnchi tu goyi, bi-shinavi. you hear, in dunyd kisht - i - J dlam-i this world is the harvest for the next, \^akabat] ast. ['alam-i- dkihir ; sard,e jdwaddrii ; ddru-l-bakd; 'iikbu.^ jahdn - i-fdni Tchirmdn-i- jahdn-i-bdki ast. contentment is the key of kinu'at \Jcalid-i-drdm~\ ast. repose, \musabbib-i-rdhat ; wajh- z-'at'sA.] to be ignorant is death to jdhil shudan maut-i-zindagi the living, ast. moderation in everything is [aiisat-i-ahwdl] bihtar ast. best, [i' tidal] to the wise a hint is enough, 'dkil-rd ishdra,e bas ast. death laughs at expecta- bar ummed [mauf\ mi-khan- tions, dad. \_ajl.~] assist your brother in barddar - i khyd - rd [dar distress, hdlat-i-sakhti'] madad bi- dih. \_dar hdlat-i-ihtiydj ; dar muhtdji.~\ very frequently medicine is aksar aukdt dawd bimdri sickness, ast. God is upright and holy, alldh ta'dla [hakkopdk~\ ast. \_rdst-bdz o mukaddar.~\ 160 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. man becomes known from his conduct, from prohibition desire in- creases, fortune does not increase with wisdom, adam az mu'dmala,e Jchitd mashhur mi-shavad. adam az 'amalhii,e Tfhud \_mashhur mi - shavad~], [shuhrat mi-ydbad.~\ az mana' kardan Jchwdhish ziyada mi-shauad. az muzahamat khwahish ta- rakki mi-pazirad. az 'akl \_nafaka~\ ziyada na mi-shavad. [rotlna ; wo Exercise. One day a large bull was grazing in afield, when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns. The fly began to say in her own mind, " I am very heavy, and if I remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able to lift his head from the ground." Then the fly said aloud, " O bull, I am afraid I am giving you great in- convenience ; if so it be, then speak out, and I will immediately depart." The bull answered, " O fly, be not uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware of your being there till you spoke to me." LESSON 33. during this month much dar in mdh bisiydr bdrdn rain fell, uftdd. send a servant there, an jd [naukare] bi-firist. [muldzim; khddime; chd- sit under this tree, zer-i-in daraTcht bi-nishin. / kimat-i-in ddndhd,e durr what is the price of these \ chist ? pearls ? y kimat-i-in ddndhd,e mar- \ ii} arid chist ? how heavy will this stone wazn-i-in sang chi kadr mi- be? shavad? PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 161 what is the name of this l nam-i-in [rft'A] chist? village ? \mauza 1 ; karya^\ bring the riding-horse, asp-i-sawdri-rd biydr. brush the curtains well, so parda-rd khub biyafshdn td that no mosquito may ki pasha,e na mdnad. remain, fkafshhd-rd khub [saf] bi- clean the shoes well, j fcJSLS^L ratg bi- C dih. ( bay ad ki [fcarim] bdshem. we ought to be benevolent, SS ^;U ^ fa . V. karlm bdshem. we have fallen into great dar mushkilut-i-kaldn uftd- difficulties, da em. faz tufdn bisiydr jahdzhd many ships have been \ nuksdn khurda and. damaged by the storm, 1 az tufdn ba bisiydr jahdzhd V. nuksdn rasida ast. he every day drinks new o har ruz shir-i-tdza mi- milk, naushad. to sit still is better than ba kh'imoshi nishastan az quarrelling, bar khdstan ba kaziya bihtar ast. grind this wheat in the mill, ( 'dardsiydln g^allabiyds. ( dar asiya in ghalla oi-sao. do you know who is his shwnd mi-ddned ki \wakil~\- agent ? i-o kist ? [gumdshta ; nd,ibJ\ Exercise. A man went, for the purpose of seeing a certain person, to his house, at the time of midday. That person, from his own house, saw the man coming, 1 village, dih, or dih ; plur. dihut. 1 to grind, sdbidan or dsidan. 11 162 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. and said to his servants, " When he asks where the master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone to dine with some one." In the meanwhile, the man liaving arrived, asked, " Where is the master of the house ? " They said, " Our master is gone out." The man said, " A great fool he is to have gone out of his house in the midst of such heat." The master of the house, having put his head out of the window, said, "You are a very great fool to wander about at this time: for I have been all day in my own house." LESSON 34. buy two candlesticks for me, this cat has large claAvs, j take away this counterpane into the other room, is this place in the district of Shlraz? I will show you a beautiful picture, your signature is necessary to this bond, 1 az bard,e man du 'adad-i- shama'ddn bi-khar. (with glass shades) bajihat- i-man yak juft-i-pdya,e Idla bi-khar td. in gurba kaldn [panja'] ddr- ad. [nakkun; TtJianj.~\ dar hujra,e digar in lihdf bi-bar. dyd, dar 'aldka,e Shirdz in mauza ast. manshumd-rdtaswire [Aasm] khwaham namud. [ma- khul ; margJiiib ; nadir ; ma'kuL~\ ba in tamassuk dastkhatt-i- shumd [zarur~] ast. [Za- zim ; malzumj] 1 one pair of candlesticks, yak jvft-i-shamd'ddn ; i.e., two articles, one paii- of scissors, 'adad-i-mikraz ; i.e., one article. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 163 to-day there is a guest in imriiz dar khdna,e eshan their house, mihmdne ast. who is this bo 7 's governor ? t* ""'"* ** ? I [amraUi.] bisiydr der shuda ast md-rd ba khdna,e khud raftan it is very late, permit us to bi-dih. go home, bisiydr der shuda ast [bii/ dmala [>/] ast, , < [bisiyar berahmi ; btsiyar ielty ' ( be muruwatL] they commit oppression of eshdn [zulm]-i-har kism ml- every sort, kunand. [jour ; sitam ; be dad.'] we have at present a long In wakt md safr-i-dardz journey, dar pesh ddrem. Exercise. A certain feeble old man having gathered a load of wood (literally sticks) in a forest, was carrying it to his own house. After having gone some distance, the old man became very tired, and having thrown down the burden from his shoulder on the ground, he began to cry out, " O Angel of Death, deliver me from this misery \ " At that very instant the Angel of Death stood before him, and said, " Why have you called, me, and what do you want with me ? " On seeing this frightful figure, the old man, trembling, replied, " O friend, be pleased to assist me, that I may lift once more this burden upon my shoulder : for this purpose only have I called you." LESSON 35. have you a glass for holding - 1 dyd shumd bard,e giriftan- the medicine ? i-dawd finjdn-i-shisha dared ? 1 a glass-blower, shlsha-gar. 164 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. man has reason, a brute none, please give me a letter of introduction, why do you write with a bad pen ? of these two which is the best? I will take the business from you and give it to him, your going there is not necessary, he is well versed in science, he is very learned and intelligent, this will be best of all, tell me what he is saying, tell the groom to get the horse ready, insdn 'akl ddrad, haiwdn na. az ru,e lutf mard sifdrish ndma bi-dihed. az sar-i-lutf mard sifdrish ndma marhamat bi-kuned. ba kalam-i-bad chird shumd mi-nawised ? az in har du td kuddm bihtar ast? man az tu Carnal Jchwdham girift o bado khwdhatu dad. an jd raftan-i-shumd zarur nlst. 1 o dar 'ilm Jchub ivdkif ast. o az 'ilm khub mahdratyufta ast. o dar 'ilm khub mahdrat ddrad. o bisii/dr 'dlim ast o tez-fahm. in [bihtarin-i-hama~\ khwdh- ad bud. [_az hama bihtar.~\ bi-go ki o chi mi-goyad. mihtar-rd bi-go ki asp taiydr bi-kunad. Exercise. In a country of Kashmir a certain merchant had an Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as charcoal. One day in the winter season the slave took off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began, with great labour, to rub it on his body. During this, his master came that way, and having seen this curious circumstance, said, " What are you doing here ? " The experience, wdkij kdri ; tajriba kdri. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 165 slave answered, " I am rubbing my body with snow, so that I may become white like the people of this country." His master, laughing, said, " fool, do not labour in vain ; your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but your skin will not thereby become white." LESSON 36. I also wish to go out, why do you climb the tree ? when will you be able to depart ?* is the saddle on the horse or not ? we will return in a few minutes, if dinner be ready, bring it, give my compliments to your master, do you know this man ? he has acquired much science, he has amassed much wealth, 'man mi-khwdham Tci berun bi-ravam. I man niz berun raftan mi- khwdham. I mar a niz irdda,e berun raftan ast. man khwdhish-i-berun raftan \ ddram. chird ba dirakht bar mi- dyed, kai judd sliudan khwdhed tatcdnist. bar asj> zin [basta~] ast yd na ? [karda shuda.~\ md dar chand \_dakika~] bdz khwuhem dmad. \_lahza.] agar \_shdm~\ taiydr ast biyar. [khurish, khnruk.~\ \_saldm~\-i-man ba sdhib-i- khud bi-dih. \_taslim.~\ shinud 'inmard-rdmi-ddned? o bisiydr 'ilm hdsil karda ast. o bisiydr daulat jama' karda ast. To leave a person, az kase [judd~\ shudan. To leave a town, az shahre rukhsat shudan. 166 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. come, let us two have some biyd, kt ma har du bdkam talk, guft-gu bi-kunem. will one horse be able to uyd in kadr bdr-i-girdn yak draw so great a weight ? asp mi-tawdnad kashld? you go on, we are coming, shifmd pesh bi-raved, kt ma [^am] miyayem. [dar-paiJ] these things are come from az waldyat-i-farang m chiz- Europe, hd rasida and ? , n ,1 ( wa kujd shab ba sar bi- shall we pass the u (. guzrdnemJ] ,( ilhdlmd-rd farsat-i-bdzimst. we have no time to play at \ ^ "ftaf+W* na ( 'ddrem. / Exercise. One day an ox was grazing in a field in which several young frogs were playing. By chance one of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox, and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home, and having told their mother what had occurred, they then said, " O mother, we never before saw so large an animal." On hearing this, the old frog, having distended her belly very much, said, "Is he as large as this?" The young ones replied, " Assuredly, he is much larger than that." She then, having distended herself twice as much, said, " Is he so large ? " They answered, " O mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog, however, through pride, continued to distend her body more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died. LESSON 37. he has scalded his foot, o pd,e Tchud-rd ba ab-i- \cjarm] sozdnida ast. \ddgh ; josh.] PROGRESSIVE LESSONS A^D EXERCISES. ,1 be knives a,, these children are scream- ing all day, we were seeking for this all day, have you sealed your letter? our house is shaded with trees, it is raining, give us shelter, go forward there, and stand still, bring out these things from the palkl, speak loud, then I shall hear you, what do you call that in Persian ? in bachchagun hama ru; \_shor o ghur\ mi-kunand. [ghciughu.^ ma tamum ruz baru,e In just o ju dashtem. aya khatt-i-khnd-ra muJtr \_karda ed \ ? \_zada ed.~\ kh_ana,e inn dar zer-t-suya,e dirakht-ha ast. aknun burun mi-burad, mar a panulte bi-dih. an ja pesh bi-rau o ba \ khamosht biyist. az 'amar1,e rawunln chiz-ha i biyur. ba uwuz-i-buland bi-go ki bi-shinavam. an chi ;-> to thread rubies, lul munsalik kardan. to extinguish a fire, dtash nislidndan. to take fire, dtash girijtan. to set fire (to a khuna-rd dtash zadan. house), 182 CONVERSATIONAL TERMS. Good night ! Peace be on you ! Good morning ! Praised be God ! And on you be peace and < the blessing of God ! i God bless you ! God be with you ! On whom be the peace of God! Blessing on him ! May it be well ! No, by God ! < With heart and soul, < The great and glorious God, 1 In the name of God the merciful and compassion- ate ! 1 To God be praise and glory ! 1 There is no power, nor virtue, but in God, masd,u-l-khair ! saldm 'alaikum ! sabdhu-l-khair ! al hamdu-li-lldh ! o ' alaikumu-s-saldm o rahmatu-l-ldh ! khudd hdfiz-i-shumd ! khudd hamrdh-i-shumd t rahmatu-l-ldhi 'alaihi! 'alaihi-s-saldm ! khair bdshad ! Id wa-l-ldh ! ba jdn o dil. ba sar o chashm. ba chashm. bajdn o minnat. Mudd,e 'azza wajalla. bismi -l-ldhi-r- rahmani- r- rahim ! li-l-ldhi-l-hamdu wa-l-min- natu! Id haula wa Id kuwata illd li-l-ldhi. 1 These expressions are in common use. As they are at once common and peculiar they are given in character. CONVERSATIONAL TERMS. 183 The student should note : (a) The use of wasla. (b) The use offaiha, as a final termination, in the words azza, jalla, haula, kuwata. (c) The use of zamma, as a final termination, in the words, hamdu, minnatu. (d) That 4)1 is pronounced as alldh ; that a . tir-i-jahdz ; situn-i-jahdz. bahri. malldhat. halisa ; (blade of) pala. kishti gdh ; bandar. rdh numd,e jahdz. snkkan ; dumbdl -i- kishti khalla. koh. auzdr-i-jahaz. hallsa-zan. bad bun. bahr; kalzan; (s-nore) sahif; Cgulf) khallj ; (stormy) bahr-i-mashauwash , ma- khshUsh ; tamawwuj. milh; namak; (being) maid- hat. malldh. tujdn. (jahdz-i-dukJidni. \ markdb-i-dtashi. C kishti,e dudt. jahdz ; kishti ; (deck) path- i-jahdz ; (sides) a;Id'-i- jahdz. 212 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. a swimmer, swimming, wharf, water, ,, shallow, deep, running, still, wave, wind, stormy, fair, adverse, hot, -vane, whirlpool, north, south, east, west, north-east, south-east, to blow (like the wind), to coil a rope, to embark, to founder, to let go the sail, tb let go the anchor, to row, to swim, to steer the ship, to set sail, to strike (ground), ( shindwar ; shindr. (^ shindb. shind. furza ; farud-gdh-i-jahdz. db. db-i-tunak. db-i-'amik. db-i-rawdn. db-i-ghair mutaharrik. mauj (pi. amwdj). bad; (cold, boisterous) bdd- i-sarsar. bdd-i-titnd. Idd-i-shurta. b d d-i-nm khd lif. bdd-i-samum. bdd-numd. gird-db;warta; dl-i-gardish. shamdl. janub. mashrik. maghrib. md bain-i-sliamdl o mashrik. md bain-i-janub o mashrik. wazidan. rassan pechidan. bar kishti sawdr shudan. gliark shudan. bad-ban pd,tn kardan. lanaar kardan. halisa zadan. shind kardan. jahdz-rd garddnidan. bdd-bdn bar ddshtan. f ba zaniin chaspidan. < ba zamin nishastan. { ba koh khiirdan. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 213 to fall to pieces, admission ticket, 1 railway ticket, theatre ticket, free pass by rail, bank note, para para shudan. madkhal ndma ; sanad-i- madkhal. f kdghaz-i-rasid-i-lcirdya, efi. \ nafar [az rdh-i-dlianl~\. ] sanad - i - kiraya,e 'ardba,e V. diikharii. madkhal ndma,e [tamdsha gdh\. [inazhar.] ( sanad -i- mu'dfi,e kiraya,e ( 'ardba,e dukhdni. bardt. LESSON 50. WITH A MUNSHI. sa bak panjdhum dar guft-o-gu,e md lain shakhse az farang o mu'allim-i-fdrsi. munshi sahib, I am very munshi sdhib man az didan- j;lad to see you ; why have you been absent so long ? Lave you brought me the works of Sa'di ? i-shumu bisiyur khusham; chird In kadar muddat gjiair huzir mdnda ed ? az bard,e man Tcidliydt for ash'dr~\-i-sa'di dwarda ed? ' 1 For the part within brackets we may use az 'ardba,e [dtashl~\. [dulihdni ; ditdl.'] Similarly we may say for the steamer ticket az jahdz-i-dtashi. az markdb-i-dulthdrii. az kishti,e dudl. 214 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. ( niard har du zabdn fdrsi o can you teach me both the \ 'arabum-tawdneddmokht? Persian and Arabic Ian- < mar a [ta'lim-i-har du za- guages ? I bdn] mi-tawdned dad. ( \_dar hardu zabdn ta'lim.^ ( ' dyd bihtarin-i-kitdbhd ku- \ dcrm and i what are the best books ? - kit dam az kitdbhd bihtar ( ast ? ( ' mard bad talaffuz kardan do not allow me to pro- ma dih. nounce badly, maguzdr ki man bad talaffuz ( bi-kunam. do not use so many hard chandln la/zhd,e mushkil ba words, kdr naydr (or maydr}. tell me a short history, or mard kissa,e khyrd yd the news of the day ; for, akhbdr-i-mruzhd bi-go: zi- unless we converse much rdki agar bisiydr guft-o-gil together, how can I learn baham na khwahem kard, to speak ? [chiguna~\ guftan khwd- ham tawdnist. \_chi taw. ~\ your business is to teach kdr-i-shumd In ast, ki mard me the real pronuncia- bardbar talaffuz o ist'imdl- tion and practice of the i-zabdn biydmozed. language, is this correct or not ? in bardbar ast, yd na? pray, sir, in your opinion, sdhibd dar rd,e shumd ku- is the Arabic or Per- ddm mushkil-tar ast 'arabi sian language the more yd fdrsi ? jawdb - i-in difficult ? si~t,dl bi-farmdyed. as to the difficulty of the ba nisbat - i-mushkildt -i- Arabic there can be no zabdn-i-arab shakk ntst, doubt, but it is more magar az zabdn-i-fdrs necessary than the Per- zarur-tar ast ; az in sabab sian ; we therefore are m-rd koshish-i-dmokhtan striving to learn it. Can mi-kunem. dyd mard dars you teach us ? dddan mi-tawdned ? MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 215 do say, in your idea, for the person who has trans- actions of all sorts with both the low and the high throughout Persia, of these two languages, viz. Arabic and Persian,which is the most requisite ? in regard to the mere Arabic words which occur in the language, they are notsoverydifficult,butthe masculine and feminine, with the discrimination of pronunciation in the pure Arabic, to learn them is so arduous a task, that no one as yet hath properly acquired it, nay, never will ; for perfection in science is like an en- chanted bird, which, the more one tries to catch, the farther that imp flies from him, in acquiring the Persian tongue, what is your advice ? Speak candidly, that I may learn the lau- guage accordingly, and remain eternally obliged to you on that account, shumd ba khaydl-i-khiid chi mi-goyed, bard,e shakhse ki mu'dmala,e har /. Exercise. The prince neither distinctly articulated with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, all that he raved being, "Alas, Badar Munir !" In short, they placed i him in the palki, and conveyed him with fear and ; trembling to the king, to whom they stated the matter so : " May it please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a I* lovely fawn came in sight, and the prince, after forbidding ! us, set his horse after it himself at full gallop ; we j nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our sight entirely, though we were all following him with our eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook us, and we J being helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but rising by daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last ' we found him in this distracted condition, at the lodge of A a hermit there. When we inquired of him, he also gave J\ us no information whatever, though we naturally con- jecture that the person's name which is mentioned must be one with whom the prince is in love." LESSON 63. In continuation. sabak sJiast o siwum dar guft-o-gu,e mausuf. do you know where Na- najmu-d-din kujd ast, sJiumd jamudin is ? mi-daned ? sir, I heard he is not coming sdhibd! man shunlda am kio to-day ; his brother says imruz na mi-dyad ; bard- he has a fever, dar-ash guft ki o tap karda ast. 17 ' 258 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. how does he mean to do his work ? he has a fever daily, was the cloth examined yesterday, and placed to Muhammad Ali's ac- count ? sir, it is entered in the waste-book, not in the ledger, why so, if he objects to the brokerage, how is it to be settled ? sir, I will thank you to settle it with him ; he does not mind us in the least, make out the account of what cloth he has pur- chased up to this time, balance the account, leaving out the cloth bought yesterday, chiguna kur-i-khiid-rd mt- kunad, ki o har riiz tap darad. nii'kh-i-pdrcha-rd dirilz dar- ydft karda, shumd ddkh- il- i - hisdb-i - muhammad 'alt karda ed, yd na ? sdhibu! ddkhil-i-khasra shu- da ast, magar dukhil-i- tafrik-ndma na shuda. chird agar i'tirdz-i-daldlat kunad, chiguna [band o bast] khwdhad shud? \_mukarrar ; munfasil.~\ ai sdhib ! man \_az shumd / ihsdnmand~] 1 kkwdham shud agar bd o faisala,e I dn rmCdmala khwdhed kard ; [o ba sukhan-i-man ] hech wazn na ml-nihad]. 2 i l [_mamniin-i-ihsdn-i-shumd. ~\ 2 [_ki kaldm-i-man nazd-i-o wazn na mi-girad.~\ *[o sukhan-i-mard hech ba khaydl - i - khud na mi- drad.'] 2 [o ba sukhan-i-man hech i'tind na ml,-kunad.~\ hisdb-i-dn pdrcha ki o td in zamdn kjiarida ast bi-kun. pdrcha,e diruza \_dar hisdb nayaxvarda] tam$j1 hisdb purchase peshlna bi-kun. \_wd guzdshta ; dar ffUfdshta.^ MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 2o9 the account ought not to remain unbalanced, 1 hisub-i-o baghair-i-tamsil dddan na buyad guzasht. dar hisab-i-o jam' iva kharch waza' nainuda baghair-i- nawishtan-i-bakaya an-rd na buyad guzasht. Exercise. The king then tenderly began : " My child, if you will discover your affliction, we shall then consider of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned, "O my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar^, jMuriir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next ' j interrogated about her address and residence. The prince " sorrowfully said, " I know not, indeed." He rejected all food, continued day and night heaving deep sighs, and weeping bitterly. Witnessing this distress, his parents also were sorely afflicted, and kept beating their breasts in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state were running fast into disorder and confusion. The minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to his majesty : " Let not your highness be so woe-begoue, but attend as usual to the interests of your kingdom ; your slave is despatching messengers in every direction ; should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we may then get the prince married to her ; if the parents agree with a good grace, all is well ; if not, why, let us force them." outstanding balances, bakayfi,e hisdb. a remainder, residue, baklyat (plur. bakaija). 260 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. LESSON 64. In continuation, sabak shast o chahdmm dar zikr-i-mazkiir. the account of shawls, hand- kerchiefs, baftas, &c., which have been agreed for, ie all settled, there is nothing else due to him ; if you please to compare Dr. and Cr. you will see, Kasim accountant, what are you doing ? see that the accounts are correct, I am afraid there are errors in Saladdin's last year's account, hisdb-i-shdlhd, dast mdlhd, bdfta o ivagjiaira \ki ki- mat-i-dnhd faisal shuda biid ba sar-anjum rasida ast]. [ki dar kimat faisal shuda bud ba anjdm rasida ast.] 1 az md o-rdhech dddani riist; agar az rdh-i-mihrbdni jam' a o wdsil-rd [mukabit] khwdhed kard, khwahed fahmid. [tanzir; tamsil ; tatbik.-] 1 ai kdsim muhdsib ! chi mt- kuned? bi-bin ki hisdbhd \_durust~\ and, yd na. [sahih.~\ man mi-tarsam ki dar hisdb- i-par sdla,e salahu-d-dln [g_halathd~] wdkf shuda and. [aghlat.~] 1 compare this with that. in chiz-ra ba an chiz mukabil bi-hin. mukdbila y e in chizhu bi-ktm. in chiz wa an chiz-ra mukabil bi-kun. 2 to correct, amend, sahih kardan. Hiilhcntic news, sahih khabar. excellent proof, sahihu-l-'aiyar. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 261 I can't make out what sugar,coffee, sugar-candy, and raisins have been purchased, sir, here is nothing without a written order ; the accounts agree with what is written, that's not what I mean. I say it's not clear what belongs to each account, sir, there is no fear about that I have by me the accounts of sales and pur- chases, tell me what is the amount of Saladdin's account what quantity and kind of articles, khabar na ddram, ki chi kadar shakar, kahwa, na- bdt o kishmish Jchartda shuda ast. sdhibd ! baghair-i-hukm-nd- ma,e huzur hech ddkhil-i- hisdb na shuda ast ; hisdbhd ba dnchi nawishta shuda ast [muwdfik~\ and. [mutdbik ; barubar.^ an matlab-i-man nist, balki mi-goyam ki dnchi ba har hisdb ta'alluk ddrad, an saj m'alum nist. man in na mi-goyam, balki matlab-i-man an ast ki ta'alluka,e har chtz ba har hisdb-i-[_'ala haddah~\ saf m'alum nist.' [muta- farnka.~\ suhiba ! ba nisbat-i-an hech Tthaufnist, man hisabhd,e kharid o farokht ddram. mar a jam* -i- hisdb- i-sald- hu-d-din bi-go, wo, kadar o kism-i-asbdb-ash nishdn U-dih. Exercise. This plan was applauded by the sovereign, and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarter?, nnth a requisition in due form. One of these emissaries found his way to Badar Munir's country, and on making the requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation wa.s still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her lover. On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered the presence of her illustrious father, and presented the ' 262 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. formal request to him ; who, though drooping with sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the f paper, became much exhilarated. He instantly, without loss of time, preparing an answer, delivered it to the . messenger, with this injunction, " Do you quickly proceed ' by night and by day till you deliver this from me." The purport of it was thus : " The friendly epistle hath reached us, in which you solicit my daughter Badar Munir's hand for your son Mihr Munir, to which I have consented : it is now incumbent on you to reflect, that the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the better : you will therefore be pleased to make no delay, nor take any trouble about the bridal preparations." LESSON 65. In continuation. sabak shast o panjum dar makdla,e ma kail. 1 sdhibd ! kadre sabr bi-far- sir, wait a moment, the articles had on the 4th instant are not entered, Mr. will sail to- morrow ; is his account ready ? inayed ; asbdb-i-tdrikh-i- chahdrum -i - mdh - i- hdl [dar kitdb nawishta~] na shuda ast. \_ddkhil-i- hisdb ; madkhiil -i- daf- tar ; ddkhil-i-daftar ; dar daftar kaid ; dar hisub mundarij ; dar daftar indirdj ; darj-i-hisdb^] /uldn sdhib farda \_sawdr-i- jalidz~\ khwdhad shud ; ay a hisdb-i-o taiydr ast ? [dar jahdz rawdna.~\ 1 current month, mdh-i-hal. current year, sdl-i-rawdn. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEttCISES. 263 it is here, sir ; the amount due from him is 56,411 rupees, give me the account ; I will go on board the ship, settle it, and get the money, you come with me, then I shall have no trouble in explaining, Kudrat-Ulla, bring the waste-book, journal, and ledger with the book of sales with you, sdhibd! hi sub hamin ast mab- layk ki az o \_rasulani~\ ast panjdh o shish hazdr chahdr sad o ydzdah rupiya mi-bdshad. [mu- tdliba.~] ba mar, hisdb-i-o bi-dih, man barjahdz rafta,faisal khwdham kard, wa mab- laghrru khwaham girift. }ia>it/-<~iJi-i-man biyd ki maru \Jiech zuhtnat-i-fahinuish- i-dn na khwahad shud.~\ [hech zuhmat dar tafsil- i - an na bdshad ; ki man dar talcrir-i-tafsil-i- dn hisdb hech zuhmat na baram.^ 1 kudrat alldh ! kitdb-i-yad ddsht, waste- book. kitdb - i-mutafar- ^ i---, < kitab-i-tafnk, kitdb-i-riiz - ndma, ) kitdb -i-madkhal o "\ journal. J l edger . kitab-i-amaaani o I March, ) kitdb-i-farosh, sales-book. hamrdh-i-khud biydr. 1 To be written thus :kudratu-l-lah. 264 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. show me the amount of what is due to and from each of the shopkeepers, it appears to me all the accounts are in confusion, hark you ! are all my ai things ready ? sir, some one has taken money for them ; no doubt they will be here by two o'clock, when they come, send them immediately to the new landing-stage, it is now high water, I can't wait longer, pul-i-madkhal o karz-i-har dukdnddr ba man nishdn bi-dih. ba man bi-namd mablaghdt- i-ddd o sitad-i-har dukdn- ddr. mard [rni-namdyad~\ Tci hama hisdb darham barham ast. [ma'lummi-shavad.~] nafar ! hama chizhd,e men taiydr and, yd na ? ai sdhib ! faldn nafare bard,e an kdr mablagh girifta ast. yakin ddram ki karib-i- sd'at-idu injd khwdhand \bud~]. [rasid.~] ' 1 wakte ki bi-rasandfi-l-faur ba mat dbar-i-nau bi-firist. aknun madd bald ast, ziydda az in \_tdkhir~\ na mi- taw dnam kard. [der ; tawakkuf.~\ Exercise. When the bearer of such cheering intelli- gence delivered the letter into the minister's hands, he forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court ; and when his majesty cast his eyes over the lines, he felt his heart glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely happy, and accordingly ordered a reward for the bringer . of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the whole city, there were great rejoicings, and the king thus instructed the minister : " I will set out on such a 1 it is high-tide, madd bald ast. it is low tide, jazr pd, in ast. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 265 day to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mthr Muriir ; in the mean time, get all the equipage immediately ready for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our journey." In that period every requisite was prepared, and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous and resplendent, that a detail here would prove too tedious. . In a few weeks he entered the other's territories with becoming grandeur and dignity, with flying colours aarfbands of music, and thence, having accomplished the ^ otyect of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a very splendid manner, bringing with him his son and daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and delight. 17* PERSIAN MANUAL, PART II. VOCABULARY. ENGLISH AND PERSIAN. THE following selection of phrases will be found to answer two distinct purposes: 1st, To exercise the student in readily turning into Persian every possible variety of English expressions ; 2nd, To serve as a vocabulary of useful words, each sentence containing a leading word, arranged according to the order of the alphabet. A. abandoned able. ABANDONED The crew having abandoned the ship, had run away. mallahan jaliaz-ra guzashta (mafrur gashta) budand. (fircir karda; ru, ba firar nihada.) Or, mallahan tark-i-jahaz nirifta gurekhta budand. ABATE He does not abate me one diram. o (yak diram kam} ba man na ml-kunad. (takhfl/-i-yak diram.} Or, o az an kimat yak diram az man kam na mi^girad. ABIDE Abide with me a few days. ba man chand roz (bi- maned.) (tashrlf bi-dared.) Or, chand roz in (banda)-ra az suhbat-i-khud mamnun bi- far may eel. (khaksar ; fidict.) ABILITY He possesses great ability. obisiijar (kabiiiyat darad). (kabil ast.) Or, o dar 'iliii kamil ast. Or, o ba kamal-i-ilm~tyat raalda ast. Or, o sahib-i-(balacfli) ast. (isti'adad.) ABLE He is an able man. o (s,ahib-i-aswad) ast. (mus- ta'idd; mahir ; ahl-i-isti'adad.) 18 268 able accomplish. ABLE Are you able to do this ? in kar mi-tawaned kard ? Or, shuma mi-tawaned ki in kar bi-kuned ? Or. shuma kabiliyat-i-ln kar kardan dared ? ABSENT I have been absent ten days. dah roz (ghair- hazir) buda am. (hazir na.) Or, ghaibat-i-tnan ta dah roz tul kashida ast. ABSTAIN We ought to abstain from committing evil. ma-ra bayad ki az bad-karl (parhez bi-kunem). (buz biyayem ; dost bi-darem ) Or, ma-ra az kar-i-shanl' (dant kotah) bayad kard. (tajannub.) ABSURD It is absurd to speak thus. churiin gu/tan (behudd) ast. (la-ya'ni; 'abas.) ABUNDANCE Take as much as you please ; I have abun- dance. har kadar ki khwahed, bi-glred ; man (ba kasrat] daram. (ba i/rat ; ba wafur ; ba wafrat ; ba firawam ; la fart.} ABYSSINIAN That is an Abyssinian slave. o (gliulam}-i- habshl ast. (banda ; zar-i-kharld ; mamluk; 'abd.) ACADEMY He goes to an academy daily. o rozmarra ba madrassa mi-ravad. ACCEDE Do you accede to what I propose, or not ? anohi ml-goyam kabul mi-kuned, ya na ? ACCENT I still retain my Persian accent. ta hal lahja,e zaban-i-farsl daram. ACCEPTABLE The book you sent me was acceptable. kitdbe ki shuma ba man Jiristaded (pasandida) bud. (pasand ; matbu ; makbul.} ACCEPTED He immediately accepted my offer. ofi-l-faur &ukhan-i-mara (kabul kard]. (paziraft ; ijabat kard.) Or, haman scCat bar sukhan-i-man razl shud. ACCOMPANY Except you accompany me, I will not go. man baghair (ham-rahl,e) shuma na khwaham raft. (rafakat-i- ; suhbat-i-.) Or, man na ml-ravam ta anki shuma hamrah-i-man nayayed. ACCOMPLISH I was not able to accomplish my wishes. man (ba murad-i-kjiud rasidaii) na tawanistam. (arzu,e account action. 28ff Jchud bar sar awardan ; ummed-i-khyd ba anjam rasani- dan; gul-i-murad-i-kjnid-ra chidan.) Or, mudda'uyam az dastam bar nayumad. Or, nuiksudam hasil (naya- mad). (na shud.} ACCOUNT Have you an account with him ? shuma ba a hisabe dared ? ACCUSED He is accused of robbing his master. bar o tuhntat-i-dumdl karda n-i-aghfi,e khud-ash amada ast. Or, tuhmat bar an shakh_s nihada and ki o mal- i-malik- i-khtfd- ra duzdida ast. Or, an has ba. tuhmat-i-duzdi kardan-i- agjtfi^ khtid (giriftar amada) ast. (mat'un gardlda ; muttahim gardlda ; mansiib ffashta.) ACCUSED lam accnsed of breach of my word, personal levity, and weakness of judgment. man ba tanakis-i- kaul \ca kkiffat-i-zat ica rakakat-i-ra^ mansub gardlda am. ACCUSTOM Accustom yourself to read and write. dar kjnvfindan wa natrishtan khvd-ra masliak bi-kun. Or, (istimal}-i-khwandanu-anau-ishtan bi-kun. (rabt ; saicad.) ACID This fruit is very acid. In meica khaill (turush ast). (talkhl darad.) ACQU.\INTANCES He has many acquaintances. o bisiyar (ashnayan) darad. (musahiban ; rufaka ; munisan.) Or, o ba mardumcin-i-bisiyar marifat darad. ACQUAINTED I am acquainted with all man hama-ra im-shinasam. Or, man ba hama (icaklf am), (ma'rifatl daram; ru shinas hastam.) ACQUIRED He has acquired great knowledge. o 'ilm-i~ u-afir (hiisil) karda ast. (paida ; andokhta.) Or, o tahs~d-i- Urn ba darja,e kamal karda ast. ACQUITTED He has been tried and acquitted. mnrafa'a,e o tamam sJiud chtze bar o sabit nayamad. Or, tah- kikat-i-o kardand wa lekin az ^adm-i-sabutl riha,i yaft). ^ufida,e anjunn berun amad.) ACTION A good action deserves our praise. -fil-i-nek (lu,ik-i-afrin wa tahslri) ast. (wajibu-l-ta'rjf.) 270 active admitted. ACTIVE He is exceedingly active in that business. o dar an kar bisiyar (chalak) ast. (shatir; Mr-ran; tez-kar; chust; tez-dast.) ADJACENT This is adjacent to that. in badan muttasil ast. ADAM The angel of God expelled Adam and Eve from paradise. -Jirishta,e khuda az bihisht adam wa hawwa-ra ikhraj kard. Or, malaku-l-hakk az jannat adam wa hawwd-rd (badar kard). (jildkard; berun kashid.) ANGEL The angel of death seizes upon all men. malaku- l-maut (jdn-i-har insdn mi-g~irad.) (kabizu-l-arwah ast.) Or, azra.il dkhirjdn-i-hama-rd mi-glrad. Or, ajal akhir ba hama kas mi-rasad. Or, liama kas-ra ajal jirdr mi- rasad. Or, ma hama 'alufa,e marg hastem. ADDITION He has received an addition to his salary. o izafa,e musliahira,e khud yafta asU Or, bado izafa,e mmvajib raslda ast. Or, dar tankhicah-i-o (tarakkl) gar- dida ast. (afznni ; ziyadafl.} ADDRESS Pray can you tell me his address? sdhiba, ni- shan-i-khitab wa nam wa makam-ash fannudan mi- tawaned ? ADJOUKNED To-day's meeting is adjourned till Monday nent. majlis-i-imroz ta da shamba,e ayanda maukitf ast. Or, mahfil-i-imroz ta dli shamba,e ayanda mu'attat karda and. ADJUST Let us first adjust this matter. (biya ta au-u-al mukarrar)-i-m kar-ra bi-kunem. (bi-guzar ki awical rafa' wa ruju'.) ADMIBABLF. This is admirable writing. In Tfhatt bisiyar (nafis] ast. (khush-khrttt.} ADMIRE I greatly admire him for his great learning. man az kamal-i-' Urn-ash bisiyar ta'ajjub ddram. ADMIT! do not admit what you say. man ancld shuma ml-goyed, (kabul na daram). (manzur-na ml-kunam.) Or, man ka,il-i-kaul-i-shi(i>ia mstam. Or, bar anchi shuma m7-goyed man ka,il instam. ADMITTED May a stranger be admitted ? begana-ra dar adult affecting. 271 In ja ijazat-i-(d(n giriftar shud). (kasim o-ra giriftar hard.) ARRIVAL Have you heard the news of his arrival? ayii shumakhabar-i-(rasulan)-ash shimlda ed ? (icurud ; rasl- dagl ; makdam; u-arid shudan.) ART I am not acquainted with that art. az (or bar) an hunar (wakif nayam). (wukiif na daram.) Or, dar an (san'at) maharate na detrain, (faun, p\. funiin.) ARTFUL They are very artful. eshan bisiyar (klla-baz) and. ( rtibah-baz ; hukka-biiz ; dli ru ; ntrang-parduz ; gurpaz.) Or, eshcin dil)n-i-f(trcb ica dagha mi-gustarand. Or, eshan inajmi'-i-fasad wa makr wa majmiCa,e zirk wa gjiadr and. ARTICLES They deal in various articles. eshan dar matW- i-har nau tijHrat ml-kunand. Or, eshan pllaicar hastand (inal-i-jiizl) nu-faroshand. (apia.s-i-kjhj.ir da ^ Or, eshan tujjclr and mal-i-knlll mi-faroshand. As Has he repaired the carriage as I told him ? ba mujib-i-guftan-i-man (marammai)-i-kaliska karda ast, ya, na ? (tajdld.) ASCEND Let us now ascend the mountain. biya ta il-hrd bdla,e koh bi-ravem. ASK Ask him what is his name. (az o bi-pitrs) ism-i-shuma chlst ? (o-ra bi-purs.) Ass To whom does that ass belong? an khar azan-i- kist ? Or, mcilik-i-an khar klst ? ASSEMBLED The people of the villages assembled. ahl-i-dihat (jam) shudand. (majmii' ; tiitijtami' ; mujam- ma\) Or, marduman-l-bulukat (firaham ) itmadand. (gird.) Or, jam!' muklman-i-karya (ijtima') namUdand. (jam'lyat.) ASSEMBLY I saw a great assembly of people. man guroh- i-buzurge dldam. Or, izhdihame bisiyar midahaza kar- dam. Or, jam'iyate kaslr mushahida kardam. Or, (.(,- ifa)e 'azlm ba nazar-i-man dmad. (jam' ; jama'at ; zumra; kasrat-i-khala,ik ; mahfd, pi. mahafil; majma'- i-marduman.) 278 assent astonishment. ASSENT I assent to your proposal. man ra,e shuma-ra kabul ml-kunam. Or, ba irada,e shuma muttafik-am. Or, man ba kh_wahish-i-shuma karar mi-(kunani). (glram.) Or, man mukirr-i-arzu,e shuma hastam. ASSERTED He asserted that it is so. o (ba yakln guft) Id ham chunin ast. (ikrarkard; tahklk hard.) ASSIST We ought to assist each other. bayad Id yak digar- ra madad bi-dihem. Or, mara bayad Id yak djyar-ra (mu- 'awin bashem.) (mu'awanat ; imdad ; yaicarl ; piishtl; madad bi-kunem.} Or, bayad ki murad-i-yak dlgar-ru, bar arem. ASSOCIATE Why do you associate with evil company? ba suhbat-i-bad chira (mukhaHtat} ml-kuned ? (ikhtilat ; mujalisat ; muwasilat ; ulfat; mubasliarat ; mu'asliarat; mura/ikat ; uns.) Or, ba bad-raftaran chira (yar nil- shaved)? (rni-nishlned ; nn-paiwanded ; dam saz mi-bashed ; suhbat dZred.) Or, chira dar taicila,e rindcin mi-bashed? Or, chira bamardum-i-sharirwa/attan ikh tilat mi-war zed ? *0r, chira dar silk-i-suhbat-i-safikan (ablahan, faroma- yagan, kam-zarafan, subiiksaran, kfnmnaf/ftn, bad-tlnatan, nakisan, na-kasan, bdd-sifjalan, na/as parwaran, khlra- ruyun, ttra-rayan, turush-ruyan, bahana juyan, bad' khuyan, miCjiban, mtkis-aklan, talkh-guftaran, mardum- azaran, gada-taba'an ; na parhezgan) munsalik nil-shaved ? ASSURE I assure you there is no danger in that matter. man ba shuma, rust nii-goyam ki dar an mu'amala hech khauf ica kh_atar nist. ASSUREDLY Assuredly this is true. (yakln ast ki m rast) ast. (be shakk m sadik ; al hakk In hakk ; ba khuda m sahlh ; ba sar-i-khudat In muhakkak.J ASTONISHMENT He manifested great astonishment on his part. o az taraf-i-khitd (ta^ajjub^-i-bisiyar (zahirf hard. *(tahaiyur ; hairat.) 2 (ashkar.) Or, ma'lum ast ki to,- * The meanings of these useful words, here grouped together, should be found from a Dictionary. astronomy auction. 279 kaiyur bar o (mustauli) shud. (girifta.) Or, az taraf- i-khwesh mutahaiyir mand. Or, o angusht-i-tahaiyur ba dandan girift. ASTEONOMY Are you acquainted with the science of astro- nomy? aya az 'ilm-i-najum (wakif ed)? (wukuf dared.) Or, aya, dar 'ilm-i-astar chlze (maharat) dared? (dakhl.) ATONE How shall I atone for this conduct? ba jihat-i- kaffara,e In bad raftari chi bi-kunam ? Or, ba chi taur takfir-i-ln khabasat-i-nafas-i-man bi-kunam? ATTACKED The enemy's cavalry attacked us. sawaran-i- dusliman bar ma (hamla) 1 (kardandf. l (yurish ; tukht; hujum.) z (burdand ; aicardand.) Or, sawaran-i-dushman bar ma zadand. ATTEMPTED He never attempted to learn. o liargiz tan-i- khnd ba (tallm} na dad. (ta'allum ; tadris.) Or, o bi-l- kull kosliisli-i-khwandan na hard. ATTEND Let us attend to our studies. biya Id ma ba sabak-i-khjid (tan bi-dihem). (khayal bi-dihem ; shughl girem; mashghTd basliem; mutawajjih bashem; tawajjuh bi-kunem ; mnltafit bi-sliavem.) ATTEND I have received notice to attend the court at ten o'clock. ihzar-nama ba jiliat-i-man amada ast ki (pesh-i- hahim-i-shara?) ba sa'at-i-dali hazir basham. (criminal, dar mahkama,e mujrima; civil, dar mahkama,e mahsul; judicial, dar nuthlcama.e 'adalat.) ATTENDANCE Your attendance there is required. hazir sliudan-i-shuma dar an ja zarnr ast. Or, hazir biidan-i- sliuma dar an ja az jumla,e zaruriyat ast. ATTENTION She pays attention to learning. an za,ifa ba 'Urn kjiwandan bisiijar (nia,il darad}. (ma,il mi-bashad ; tawajjuh ml-kintad ; iltifat ml-kunad ; mutawajjih m~i- shavad.) Or, an, zan dar tahsll-i-'ilm (tan) ml-dihad. (dil; khayal.) AUCTION Do you mean to attend the auction? aya ba harraj khwahed raft ? Or, uya irada dared ki ba mazad bi-raved ? 280 authentic awkward. AUTHENTIC I believe the information is authentic. man chumn ml-falimam ki m khabar sahlh ast. Or, man bar In khabar (itimad) mi-kunam ki rast ast. (itikad ; itibar.) ADTHOK Who is the author of this book ? musannif-i-in kitabkist? (mu,allif; nainsanda; naklband.) AUTHORITY By whose authority do you do this ? shuma ba hukm-i-kiidam shakhs In 'atnal ml-kuned ? AVARICE There is no end to his avarice. (tama^-i-o (az hadd zlyada f ast. *(hirs ; imsak; bukhul; baj^hlll.) z (la intiha ; be ghjayat ; la hadd ; be hisab.) AVARICIOUS He is extremely avaricious, o nihayat(bakhil} ast. (harfs ; bakfail ; tami'.) Or, o abu-l-hivs ast. AVERAGE What is the average of attendance at your school? ba maktab khana,e shuma (sarasarl) ta'adad- i-atjal clli kadar ast. (takhmman.) AVOID I cannot avoid going, man az raftan (ihtiraz) na mi-tawanam kard. (ijtinab ; imtina' ; na/rat,) Or, man az raftan (baz na ml-tauTmam mcind}. (sar baz na ml- tawanam zad.} Or, man tark-i-raftaii-i-aii ja na mi-ta- iranam girift. AWAKE Awake me early in the morning. ba tcakt-i-pagah mara bedar bi-kuned. Or, Cala-s-aabah] mara ikaz bi- kuned. (sabuh ; barn-dad ; fajr ; tabashir-i-sabah ; subh- i-sadik ; subh-i-kazib.) AWARE I was not aware of this. man az m wakif na budam. (khabar na dashtam ; ittila na dashtam ; muttaW na budam ; wukuf na yii/tam.) AWFUL How inexpressibly awful is the state of those wha despise God! halat-i-aw (i$]ikhjt ki khuda-ra haklr ml- danand chiguna (1iavilu.uk) ast I (aahmgln ; maJchiif: haibatwar.) AWKWARD He is awkward at his work. dar kar-i-khud (khani) ast. (na-kabil ; muhmil; na-shinas.) AWKWARD This is an awkward circumstance. wuku-i-in wakiat be wakt ast. Or, m kaziya (gjfoiir makbuV) ast. (ia munasib.) axe banwupt. 281 AXE Bring an axe, and chop this wood. tabare biy tired wa in (chub-ra para para bi-kunrd). (heztun-ra kafa' bi- kuned ; hema-ra bi-shikaned; hatab-ra bi-bured; wakaid- ra munkati bi-kuned.) B. BACHELOR Is he still a bachelor? aya tfi in roz an shak&s (mujarrad) ast. ( 'a nisi na kardn ; \izab; nakad- khudJ.) BACK What has he got on his back? an kas bar pusht- i-khiid chi darad ? BAG Put this money in the bag. in pul-ra dar (kisa bi-giizar). (kharita bi-nih ; jamcCdan bi-kun; jibbiyan- ddz.) BAGGAGE The soldiers departed this moniing with their baggage. imroz subh 'eukarty&n ham rah-i-asbab- i-kJi ud rawan shudand. BAIL Are you willing to become bail for him ? tiija shuma mi-khwahed ki zaman-ash bi-shaved ? Or, az taraf-i-o (zaman) khwahed shud ? (kaftl.) Or, zamanat-i-khud az taraf-i-o kabul dared ? BALANCE What is the balance of my account ? (mtzan)- i-hisab-i-man chlst ? (tonsil ; bafctiya,e.') BALE Open the bale of cotton. basta,e pwnba-ra, (wa kun). (baz kun ; bi-kusha.) BALLAST That vessel has come in ballast. an jahaz (dar sabra) amada ast. (kh~di.) BANISH We may now banish our fears. ilhal ma dah- shatha,e kh_ud-ra (yak taraf kunan). (bar taraf kunem ; yak su nihem ; az dast riha kunem.) BANKERS They are bankers in Shiraz. eshan sarrafan az shircizand. Or, eshan dar shiraz sarrafl mi-kunand. BANKRUPT He has lately become a bankrupt. o dar in rozha (dar) shikasta ast. (war.) Or, o dar in aiyam khisarat-i-hama mal-i-khud girifta ast. Or, o-ra khisurat- i-hama milk-i-khud rasida ast. 282 bare beaten. BARE We sat on the bare ground. ma bar (zamin-i-ba- rahna) nishastem. (khiik.) BARGAIN You have made a bad bargain. shuma mu'aha- dat-i-kab~ih karda ed. BARKS This dog barks at everybody. in sag ba har shakhs Caf-'af)mi-kunad. (Jaw-'aw ; nabbah; uh_az-i-khud-rd tasum hard. BLOW Blow the dust off your book. az kitdb-i-khud-at gard (fut bi-kun}. (pa/ bi-dih ; u-d pak.) Or, kitab-i- khud-rd bi-taluined. BLUNDER You blunder continually. sJiumd hamesha (sahw) mi-kuned. (khata; ghalat ; kusur.) BOLDER He is bolder than 1. o az man (shuja'tar) ast. (be baktar ; shaji'tar ; dilawartar.) Or, o az man ziyada shuja'at darad. BOLT Fix a bolt on the window. dar danclia chifte bi-zan. Or, dar gkurfa darbande murattib bi-kun. Or, dar rauzan band-kasha,e ka,im bi-kun. BOND He wishes to have a bond for this amount. bara,e In mablac^-i-pul tamassuk ml-khwahad. BONE The dog has a bone in his mouth. sag dar dahan- i-khud 'azme darad. BOOKSELLER I have been to the bookseller's shop. ba dukdn-i-kitdb-farosh buda am. BORN He was born before you. o pesh az shuma (paidd) shuda bud. (maulud ; zdda ; mutawallad.) BORROW I want some money, from whom can I borrow ? man kadre pul mi-kh_waham az kuddm kas (karz) mi- t awdnam girift, ? (warn; 'driyat.) BOTTLE Put this oil into a bottle. in raug]ian-i-talkh-rd dar (surcihl bi-guzdr) (kuza bi-kun.) bottom broken. 287 BOTTOM Kead to the bottom of the page. ta ba (intiha),e safha bi-lthwaned. (akhir ; anjam ; Jchatm; ikhtitam ; muntaha ; ta Id tah.~) Or, sahlfa-ra tamam bi-kJi waned, Bow Having made a bow, he sat. o (salam hard) wa nishast. (sar-i-khidmat bar astun dasht ; zamin-i- kh_idmat bostd ; kjiidmat hard; shart-i-kjndmat ba ja award ; rasm-i-adab wa tahiyat ba ja award ; sar-i-khidmat ba zamin nihad; alif kamat-i-khud-ra chun nun kliam sakht.} Bows Bows and arrows were formerly used in war. (dar aiyam-i-giizashta) lir wa kaman aslilia,e Jang budand. (sabikan; dar aiyam-i-salaf ; dar wakt-i-peshin ; mukad- daman ; pesh az m ; kabl az ?n.) Box What shall I put in this box? dar in sanduk eld bi-(guzaram}. (kunam ; niham.) BBACELETS That lady wears bracelets. an banii yara ba dost ml-kunad. Or, an sahiba mi'zad ba dast ml-poshad. Or, an khatun dast-biranjan dar dast ml-kunad. BBAKCHES That tree has many branches. an shajar bisiyar (afanlri) darad. (funi, sing, far' ; aghsa,e, sing. ghusu ; fajha ; shakhha.) BRASS Don't you know brass from copper? ayH birinj-ra az mis na ml-daned ? Or, fark ma-bain birinj u-a mis na mi-kuned ? Or,fark-i-birinj wa mis na ml-daned ? BBAVE His soldiers are very brave. 'askariyan-ash kkaill (shiija') and. (dilir ; jang-ju ; dushman-kush.) BRAVERY What bravery have they displayed ? eshan clii (sliuja'at namuda] and ? (dilawarl zahir karda ; himmat izhar sakhta.) BBAYING The ass is braying. himar (nahik mi-zanad). ('ar-'ar ml-kunad; ml-shorad.) BREADTH What is the breadth of that cloth ? (arz)-i-an parcha chi kadar ast ? (pahan ; kushudagl.) BROKEN He has broken it in pieces. o iln-ra (kJnird- kjiiird karda) ast. (para-para shikasta ; reza-reza gusekhta.) 288 broken butt. BROKEN He has broken the agreement. (khilaf)-i- 'ahd karda ast. (nuks ; faskh.} BREATH I have run to such a degree that I am out of breath. man chunin dawlda am ki (nafs) na mi-tawan- - am zad. (tanaffus ; dam.] Or, man chunan dawlda am ki majdl-i-nafs kashidan na (ddram). (awuram.) BREED These insects breed in the rice. in kirmha dar birinj paida mi-shavand. BRED He bred up his children in the best manner. o atfal-i-khitd-ra ba (tarik-i-ahsan panvarish dad), (afzalu- l-icajh tarbiyat kard ; bihtartn-i-surat nashw o nama dad.) BRIBED He was bribed to commit that wicked deed. o rishwat fjirifta an kar-i-sham kard. Or, ba jihat-i-kar-i- shanl' o-rd rishwat dada shuda ast. BRICKS Bricks are made of this kind of earth. az In kism-l-(j)il) khishtha sakhja mi-shavand. (khilab.) BRIDEGROOM I saw both the bridegroom and the bride. har du damad ica 'arus dldam. BRIGHT Do you observe that bright star ? aya an (najm- i-mujalli)-rd ml-bined? (sitara,e darafohan; akhtar-i- darakjishan.} BROAD. How broad shall I make this mat ? m (boriya) 1 clii kadar ^ariz) 9 bi-sazam ? ^zlgh. ; hcisir.) s (pahan ; ' wasi'.) BROKER He is by trade a broker. o ba harfat dallale ast. Or, o ba kasb baiyae ast. Or, pesha,e o dalldll ast. BRUSH Here is a brush, where is the paint? wjdkalam- i-mu ast, ammo, rang kitja ? BUD. These trees are beginning to bud. m darakhtha shuguftan mi-glrand. Or, m ashjcir (dar shuguftan) and. {ba shuguftan dar amada.) BUILD I am going to build a house. man makcime ta?m/ir kjiwaham kard. BULL Are you not afraid of the bull? az an nar-gaw (na ml-tarsed)? (shuma-ra khau/ nist; mukhauicaf na mi- bashed.) bundle cake. 289 BUNDLE Where shall I put this bundle ? in bukcha-ra kuja bi-((fuzaram). (niliam ; kunam ; daram.) BUKDEN The whole burden rests upon me. tamam bar bar man ast. Or, man humil-i-tqmam haml-am. BURN Burn this waste paper. in kaajiaz-i-raddi-ra ba atash bi-dih. Or, In kirtas-i-bekar-ra ba atash bi-soz. Or, vi kaghaz-i-muhra-dar-i-mardud-ra ba atash biijandaz. BURST They drank so much that they almost burst. an kadar tiaiishldandki (tiazdlk bud ki shikam-i-eshan bi-tarkad). (dar tarkjdan-i-shikam-i-t'shan clnze na manda bud.) Or, eshan ba an kadar ashaniTdand ki mi\la,e eshan karlb ba tarkidan bud. BURST He burst open the door. o darwaza-ra shikasta waz kard. BURY He is gone to bury his father. o padar-i-khnd-m da/n kard an rafta ast. Or, (o barfi,e tajlriz tea takfln) kardan-i-mdid-i-khud rafta ast. (o bara,e tadfin.) BUSINESS He is come on business. o bam,e (shuyhhe amada ast. (kare ; 'amale ; hajate.} BUSY He is now very busy, and cannot speak to you. ilhal (ba kar maslighnl ast) ira ba shitma sukhan guftan na m~i-tau-anad. (madi(fh_ul-i-kh_id)nat ast; ba kar o bar ishtighal darad ; ba mu'ainila muslitaghal ast ; dar band- i-khwesli ast.) BUY I am going to the bazar to buy paper. man ba bazar az bara,e khandan-i-kaghaz ml-ravam. CABLE That ship has lost her anchor and cable. lanaar ira (kals)-i-an jahaz har du gum shuda ast. (kataj.) CAGE This cage is to keep birds in. in kafs bara,e niyah dashtan-i-paranda ast. CAKE Where did you get that cake ? an (kullcha) az kuja ba dast-i-shuma rasid. (ka'k ; bishmat; kurs ; rag&if, pi. 290 calamity cash. , CALAMITY This will be to them a great calamity. 7n (afat-i-'azimy bar eshan icaki (Jchwahad shnd).* l (sadma,e kabtr ; bala,e buzurg ; hadisa,e kalan.) ^(khwahad it/tad.) CALUMNTATES He calumniates a person. o dar posfln-i- mardumemi-(uftad). (ravad.) Or, o harf-i-kase mi-chmad. Or, o ghjbat-i-kasc ml-kunad. Or, o dar 'aib giriftan-i- kase mi-koshad. Or, o kase-ra ghaibat nu-kiinad. Or, o kase-ra ba badl yad ml-kunad. Or, o nam-i-kase ba zishtl mi-bavad. CALCULATION Have you made a calculation of the cost? (hisab]-i-lfh.arj jam karda ed? (takjimlna ; muwazina.} CALF The cow and calf were together. mada-gaw ica gfisala baham yak ja budand. CALM The sea was quite calm. bahr bi-l-kull (be manje) bud. (bi la amuTij ; mmhauii'islina.) CANVAS Where did you buy this canvas ? In (palas)-ra az kujci Jchanda ed ? (parclia,e kanv.} CAPACITY He is a person of great capacity. an shaJchs biftiyar (kabilvjat) darad. (isti'dad ; firasat ; idruk ; kuu-at-i-madrika ; dirayat ; ahliyat ; diiuish.) Or, an sheikhs (darfirasat kamif) ast. (sahib-i-fazllat ; sahib-i-fazl- i-kamal.) Or, J aklmaitdJ,e an kas ba kamal raslda ast. CARD He has sent me a card of invitation. an kas rulta,e da'u'at-ra ba jihat-i-man jiristada ast. CARE I have no care on that account. dar an sukh_an (parwa) na daram. (fikr ; andoJt : muzayaka; dil-tanqi.} Or, az an amr ghamna (daram). (kh_uram.) Or, dar dil- i-khiid tafakkure-ra rah na diham. CARRYING I saw him carrying a load on his head. man o-ra dldam ki bar bar sar guzashta ml-rarad. CASE Have you no case for your razor? aya (g]iilaf-i-teq- i-dallaki)-ra na dared? (jild-i-ustura ; miyan-i-mardiida.) CASE This is a very difficult case. In murafa'a (mushkil ast). (ishkal darad.) CASH In cash and notes I have 100 dinars. dar wajh-i- nakd wa barat sad dinar daram. cast clia/. agi CAST Cast away this clothing. In libils-ra bar andaz. CASTLE He lives near the castle. nazd-i-hisar sukunat diirad. Or, karib-i-(kasr) manzil darad. (hisn.) CATALOGUK Have you seen to-day's catalogue of the sale? (fihrist)-i-hurraj-i-iinroz-rii dlda ed ? (fard ; fard- i-tafsil.) CATCH Catch that bird. an murak-ra (akhz bi-kun). (bi-ylr.) CAUSE Do you know the cause of this ?-{sabab)-i-in amr mi-da ned ? (illat; u'usita ; miijib.) CAUTION What need of all this caution '? hajat-i-m chunin (Jchabardar'i) cliist? (dn r-andeshl ; 'akibat-andeshi; dtir- bnn ; ihtiyat; huzar ; ihtiraz ; tahzlr ; hazam ; ta,ammul; tadblr.j CAUTIOUS We ought to be cautious, and not to give offence to any. mara bayad ki az zuhmat diidan-i-kase hazar bi- kunem. Or, mara baijad ki ta tairanem (tz azlyat dtidan- i-kase (khabardar sharem). (hoshiyar bashem ; hazur shavem ; sahib -i-ihtiyiit bashem; mu&tagir bashem.) CEASE When will you cease talking ? az sukjian guftan kai (faraghat) kjncahed kard? (mauktif ; farug]t ; taicaJc- kuf.) Qr,kaitark-i-harafzadankh_wa]ied(yirift)? (kard.) CELEBRATED He is a very celebrated poet. o shd'ire bisiyar (masJihur) ast. (ma'riif ; mausiif ; riamicar ; mu- a~~'ii ; mamduh.} Or, o \dlama,e shiiara ast. CENIKE Place this in the centre. in chlz-ra dar (miyan bi-ynzjir). (markaz-i-da,ira bi-nih.} CBKTUKY This house has been built a century. sadd sal guzaslita ast ki in khiina (ma'mur sltuda ast). (-ra ta'mlr karda and.) CERTAIN I am certain of it. man in-ra yakln mi-danam. CERTIFICATE I have received from him a certificate of my capacity and good conduct. man azo ba nisbat-i-kabin>/t tea nek-raftari,e Ithud (sifiirish nama),e yafta am. (dust an-eza ; liyakat namu.) CHAFF Here is plenty of chaff, but no wheat. in ja post- 292 chain cheap. i-gandum Jirawan ast magar gandum na. Or, m liama sabos ast (nishan)-i-gandum dar m nist. (s#r.) CHAIN Is this chain made of iron? aya m zanj lr-(i-ahani) ast ? (az alian sakhta shuda.) CHALK He writes only with chalk. an has fakat ba gil- i-safaid mi-nawisad. CHANGE He is gone there for change of climate. az bara,e (tabdify-i-ab o haiva an ja ra/ta ast. (tahicil.} CHANGE I must change my clothes. mara bat/ad ki libas- i-khud-ra ^iwaz] bi-kunam. (badal ; tabdil ; ibdal.} CHANGEABLE His mind is changeable. o mutalamnnu-t- taV ast. Or, o saliilu-l-kabul wa sahilu-l-tark ast. Or, o sabitu-l-kaul wa ka,imn-l-mizaj nlst. Or, dil-ash (be karar) ast. (na payadar.) Or, o talauivun dar tab 1 darad. CHAPTER What chapter shall we read? kudam bub bi- kh_wanam ? CHARACTER He bears an excellent character. o n~im-i- neko darad. Or, o (sahib-i-'izzat) ast. (zU-l-izzat; mu'azzaz ; mukarram.) CHARCOAL She draws pictures with charcoal. tin zan tasivtrha ba zaghal ml-kasliad. CHARGES He charges very high. o giran klmat ml- kunad. (khwahad.) CHARITABLE They are very charitable to the poor. eshan ba (ghanban karim) and. (muflisan rahlm; maflukan sakhl ; mustam audit n sadkat-baklish'} CHARITY He bestows a great deal in charity. o bisiyar (khairat) ml-dihad. (sadka ; tasadduk ; zakat ; zakwat.} CHARMING That is a charming song. an naghina,e dil- fareb ast. Or, an sarod-i-tarab-anfjez ast. Or, an sama- i-dil-awez ast. Or, an tarannum-i-dil-faroz ast. Or, az an nagjtma kase-ra shor u'a tarab dar sar ml-ayad. Or, az an nag&ma kase dar halat wa tarab nn-bashad. CHEAP These articles, I think, are cheap. man mi- pindaram ki in chlzha (arzan) and. (kam-klmat ; subuk- baha.) cheat circuit. 293 CHEAT They cheat whom they can. eshan ba har kase ki mi-tawanand fareb ml-dihand. Or, esluin ba har kase ba kadar-i-makdur-i-kjnid (cfhadr ml-kunand). (gjtabn mi- snzand ; hlla-bazi rn'i-kunund ; ghabin mi-bashand.) CHEESE This cheese is not good. In panlr (khub nist). (lih shuda ast?) CHICKENS I saw a hen with ten chickens. manmakiyane- ra ba ma' dah chuza dldam. CHIEK My chief reason for coming here was to see you. man rnahz az bara,e d~idan-i-shuma mja amadaam. CHILDHOOD I have known him since his childhood. man az (hln-i-tufiiliyat-ash) o-ra danista am. (aiyam-i-koda- klijash ; 'altd-i-khurd^yash.) Or, az wakte ki o tifl bud man o-ra shinakhta am. CHILDISH These are but childish employments. infakat (bazi,e kodakan) ast. (kar-i-kodakl.) CfliNA^-He has lately come from China. dar m rozlia az chin icarid shuda ast. CHIPS Why are all these chips here? take them away. in khtishak chira In ja ast? an-ra bar dar. Or, in (ta- rashha) chira In ja itftada ast ? an-ra bi-bar. (rezaha,e chub.) ' CHISEL Cut this stick with a chisel. in chub-ra ba nnilziC bi-tarash. CHOICK It was his own choice to do so. o m kar ba kh_wahish-i-Jchud kard. Or, ? chunln kar kardan o-ra ikhtiyar tiftad. CHOOSE Choose which of these two you please. az In har du ta yake-ra (bi-guzin). (bi-chm ; ikhtiyar bi-kun ; kabul bi-kun.) CINNAMON Mix some cinnamon with the other spices. ham-rah-i-dlnar masalih dar-chlnl (biyamez). (makhlut bi-kun ; takh_llt bi-kun ; ikhtUat bi-kun ; bi-khisanid.) CIRCLE They all sat in a circle. eshan (dar surat-i-da,ira) nishastand. (halka zada.) CIRCUIT He is now judge of circuit. an ilhal hakim-i- da,ir ast. 294 circulated clock. CIRCULATED They have circulated notices in all directions. eshan ba har taraf ishtihiir-ra jari karda and. Or, ba har taraf ittila' namajut-i-eshun ijrci yafta and. CIRCULATION Has this coin been long in circulation? In zarb az bisiyar wakt murauwaj buda ast. Or, aya bisiyar sal ast ki in sikka (ra,ij- buda) ast. (rawuj yafta.) CIRCUMSTANCE This is a curious circumstance in sa- niha,e 'ajlb ast. Or, in kaifiyat-i-bisiyar nadir ast. Or, In ahiitil-i-khaill ta'ajjub amez ast. CIVIL He is one of the civil servants of the Government. o yoke az sahiban-i-(amur-i-daulat) ast. ('arnal-i-mam- lakat.) CIVIL He is civil to every one. o ba har has (mida,im] ast. (salim ; halim ; adib ; mu,addab ; sahib-i-siduk ; Malik ; scihib-i-adab ; mulatlf ; latlf.} Or, o ba har kas ta'zim ml-kunad. CIVILITY He received us with great civility. o ba bisiyar (tawazu') ba ma mulcikat kard. (khulk ; ikhlak; adab ; suliik; mula,imat ; mudara; mudarat.) CLAIM Have you any further claim on that gentleman's estate ? bar imlak-i-an sahib iddi'a,e digar dared ? CLEVER She is more clever than he. an zan az an mard (dana)-tar ast. (zakl ; hoshiyar ; kar-guzar ; maslahat- guzar j pukhta.^ CLIENT The attorney has written to his client. an wakil ba muwakkil-i-khud nawishta ast. CLIMATE The climate of Europe is very fine. ab o hawa az midk-i-maghrib bisiyar khub ast. CLIMBING He was climbing a tree. o (bala,e darakht bar) mi-raft, (bar darakht bala.) CLINGS That child clings to its mother. an farzand ba (madar-i-kjiud mi-chaspad). (gardan-i-madar-i-khud mi- awezad.) CLOAK Leave your cloak in the hall. (bala-posh,}-i-khud- ra dar dalan bi-guzar. (farghul; labada; jawalik.) CLOCK What is the time by the church clock? ba sa'at-i- clothe comfort. 295 (7sa-kadaj chi s~iat ast? ('ibadat-gah ; Kkana,e khuda ; ma'bid ; sijda-gah ; masjid ; jdmi.) It is near two o'clock. karlb ba sa'at-i-du ast. CLOTHE They clothe the naked and feed the hungry. (barahnaga n,} l -ra ml-poshanand wa (gundnag~in)"-ra Tchurish mi-dihand. *('ariyiinan ; 'ariijan.) *(jau'iinan ; ja,i'an ; mitjl'an.) CLOUDS There are many clouds, it will rain heavily. (abr) bisiyar ast baran khiib khwahad bund, (megh; sahab ; cfhaim.} COACHES Some people ride in coaches, others go on foot. ba'ze marduman ba kaliska sawcir mi-shavaud wa ba'ze piyfida ml-ravand. COAKSE This cloth is very coarse. In parcha bisiyar (kiduft) ast. (salb ; hanguft ; jar'ab ; riafij ; satt/th ; sitabr.) COBWEB Sweep away that cobweb. an parda,e 'ankabnt- rajarUb bi-kiin. Or, an (nasju-l-'ankabutj-ra az Inja bi-rub. (malkm.} COLD I feel very cold. man burudat-i-azim ihsas mi-hm- am. Or, mara (sardt),e bisiyar mahsus ml-shavad. (bard.) COLLECTED A great crowd was collected. majma-i-buzurg majmu' shud. Or, jama'at-i-kaslr (Jam') shud, (mujtami ; mujamma.} COLLECTOR He is now collector (revenue-officer) of Shi- raz. o ilhal (tahslldar)-l-sliiraz muaiyan ast. (muhassil ; bazhglr ; khiraj-i-jairialll ; jami'-i-mahasil.) COLLEGE Have you seen the new college? (madrassa,e nail) dlda ed? (daru-l-'ilm-i-jadld.) COLOUR What colour shall I make it? rang-i-an chi bi- sazam ? COMB Take a comb, and comb your head. (shana} 1 bi-gir ic a m nyat-ra (shatia bi-kuii) 9 . *(mas]ti; sarkhara.) s ()nasht bi-kun ; shana bi-zan.) COMFORT This affords me comfort in my trouble. In dar (zahmat)-am tasalll ml-bakhshad. (tasdl; ranj ; 7?.) Or, iti chiz (marham-i-dil-i-majruh-am) mi-bashad. (tasalll 296 commanded compare. bakhsh-i-dil-hazln-am.) Or, in clnz mam az takhTif takhflf ml-dihad. COMMANDED He commanded me to go instantly. an sliakhs ba man hukm farmud ki haman sa'at an ja bi- rau. COMMENCE Let us now commence our work. biya ta (shuru ' -i-kar-i-Tchiid) bi-kunem. (kar-i-kjmd-ra shuru'.) COMMEND I commend your prudence. man (ta'rtf)-i- tamlz-i-shuma mi-kimam. (tahsln; afrin; tausif ; sita,- ish.) Or, imtiyciz-i-shuma muwafiku-r-ra,e khttd-am mi- ayad. Or, hazar-i-sliumti mara pasatid mi-ayad. Or, dUr-andes]i~i,e shuma-ra tasmb tnt-namayam* COMMERCE Baghdad is a first-rate seat of commerce. Baghdad 'umda,e ja,e tijarat ast. COMMITTED He was committed to prison. o dar mahbas firistada shud. Or, o dar kaid-khana tnursil sliud. COMMON The common people speak thus. marduman-i- 'awamm m churiin mi-goyand. Or, in kalcim muhav:ara,e 'amm ast. COMMUNICATE Communicate this to him. mmkhan bado (baiycin') bi-kun. (zahir; izhar ; aslikam* fash ; huwaida.) COMMUNICATIVE He appears to be very communicative. ma'lum ml-shavad ki o (zaban-i-daraz durad). (bisiyar go,e ast.) COMPANION I have no companion. man (musahibe) na daram. (munise ; ma,nuse ; ham-suhbate.) COMPANY I am glad to be in his company. khatir-i-man . ba mukhalitat-i-o mail darad. Or, suhbat-ash ghanimat shumaram wa khidmat-ash yaghma. Or, ba muna- dimat-ash raghbat ml-(daram). (kunam,^ Or, ba ikhtilat- i-o bisiyar mail ml-daram. Or, az musaMbat-asli khaill khushnud am. Or, miimfikat-ash mara khusJi mi-ayad. Or, sud-i-sarmaye 'umr-am wisal-i-o-ra ml-shwnaram.. COMPARE Let us compare my writing with yours. biya to, khatt-i-mara ba khatt-i-shamel (dar taslibih bi-darem). (tashbih bi-kunem; mukabil bi-kunem.) Or, biya ki met har du kliatt-i-khud-ra dar mlzan-i-taswiyat bi-nihem. canvass conceit. 297 COMPASS A ship sails by the compass. ba (icasita),e kutb- numa jahtiz rah mi-ravad. (waslla.} COMPASSION Why act thus ? have you no compassion ? chira chumn kar ml-kuned ' shuina-ra (nih/iiat) na mi- ayad? (rahm ; shafkat ; talattuf ; tarrahum.) Or, chira ba kase chumn kar ml-kuned ? dil-i-shiona na ml-sozad. COMPETENT Are you competent to the work ? shuma liyakat-i-~ui kar dared? Or, shuma kabil-i-ln 'amal hasted? Or, In kar ay dast-i-shuina bar ml-taivtinad amad ? COMPLAINED I have long complained of his conduct. bisiyar aiyam (fjuzashta ast ki az afal-ash(shikayat) karda am. (nalish ; gila; faryad; shakica.} COMPLAINTS He is always coming with complaints. o hamesha (daftar-i-shikayat baz) ml-kunad. (faryad ; nalish.} COMPLETE He is complete master of this language. o dar In zaban kamil ast. Or, o dar lit Usan kainiliijat darad. COMPLIMENTS Sir, Mr. sends his compliments to you. sahibci sahib-i-fuldn ba shuma (salam ml-rasanad). (tasllm im-dihad.) COMPLY Unless you comply, what can I do ? agar shuma razl nlsted chi bi-kunam ? COMPOSING He is now composing a grammar. o ilhal sarf wa nahw (tasnlf) ml-kunad. (ta,lif.) COMPREHEND I don't exactly comprehend this. In sukhan (-ra khub na m'i-fahmam'}. (dar 'akl-i-man durust na nil- ayad.) CONCEAL I cannot conceal this matter. man na ml- taicanam ki tn sukhan-ra (pinhan dnram). (nihufta kunam; mastur kunani ; ikhja kunam ; makhft daram ; kitiium or maknun daram; bi-posham.) CONCEIT Let us not indulge conceit. mara bayad ki (khnd-pasand na bashem). (az klt_>td na balem ; 'ujb dar sar na darem; dimayh-i-behlida na pazem ; khud-bln na bashem.) 298 conceited confined. CONCEITED That man is very conceited. an shakhs kh_aill (inn' jib) ast. (maghrur ; khud-pasand ; Miud-ra,e ; kjuid- bin ; khi.ul nama ; mudammagh.) CONCEIVE I conceive you are iu the right man ml-danam ki shuma ba rah-i-rastl mi-bashed. CONCERN This business does not concern you. m bar ba shuma (ta'alluk na darad). ('alaka na darad ; muta'allik nlst). Or, dar In kar dakhl-i-tasan'uf-i-shuma riist. Or, shuma t dar In kar dakhl-i-tasarmf na ml-tawaned kard. CONCERN This has caused her much concern. az In kai- fiyat an zan bisiyiir mutafakkir gardid. Or, in amr sabab-i-iztirab-i- azlm-i-an nisa shud. CONCLUDE It is time to conclude. ilhal wakt-i-(tamam kar dan) ast. (kh_atm ; kJiatima.) CONCLUSION This is the conclusion of the chapter. m (akhir)-i-bab ast. (khatm ; iklititam.) CONDITION .My condition is better than his. hal-i-man az ahu-al-i-o (bihtar) ast. (afisan.) CONDUCT His conduct is to be commended. raftar-ash ld,ik-i-ta'nf ica tahsin ira afrln ast. CONDUCT Who will conduct us thither? an ja ki mara (rahban khwahad kard)? (khwahad burd ; dallalat khwahad kard.) CONFESS I confess my conduct lias been amiss. man (i'tiraf)m'i-kunai ki kirdar-i-inanmayiib ast. (ikrar.) Or, man kliud ka,il-am bar anki dar in amr clnze takslr az man sadir shuda ast. Or, man mukirr-i-bad rajtari,e khud hastam. CONFIDENCE I place no confidence in what they say. bar sukhanha,e eslian (misuk-i-man nlst). (itibar or i'timad na ml-kunam.) Or, i'tikad-i-kaul-i-eslian nazd-i-man bi-l- kutt sakit shud. CONFINED He is now confined in jail. o ilhal dar kaid- khana kaidkarda shuda ast. Or, o ilhal dar mahbas mahbiis ast. Or, o aknan dar (sijn nihada) shuda ast. (zindan basta; kaid-khana mukaiyid.) confirmed consigned. 299 CONFIRMED Is the news confirmed or not? In Khobar (sabit) shuda ast ya na ? (tahklk ; mukarrar.) CONFUSED You have confused my work. kar-i-mara (darham barham) karda ed. (pareshan.) CONFUSED He is confused. an has (saraslma) ast. (pareshan; mutaraddid ; sar-gardan ; hairan ; muztarib ; niuztarir.) CONNECTION There is no connection in these sentences. In jumlaha ba yak d~iyar (nisbat na dar and).' (bo, ham munsalik nayand ; muntazlm nayand ; 'alakana darand.) CONQUERED He conquered the whole country. o bar tamam mulk (tasallut yaft). (musallit shiid.) Or, zer-l- hukm-i-khud tamam diyar-ra dar award. Or, o sultanat- ra dar tasarruf-i-khnd dar award. Or, mainalik-i-atraf (o-ra musallam shud). (dar kabz-i-o dar amad.) Or, o tamam mulk-ra (ma/tuK) kard. (jath.} Or, o mutajarrif- i-nahiyat shud. CONSCIOUS I am not conscious of having said 'so. man yad na (daram) ki m chunin sukhan gufta am. (m~i- kunam; ml-glram.} Or, (dar yad-i-man na mi-ayad) ki m chumn gufta am. (ba yad-am na ml-ayad ; man ba yad na da rain.) CONSENT Do you consent to my proposal ? ba ra,e-i-man (razl hasted)? (raza mi-dihed.) Or, tajwlz-i-mara kabul nu-kuned ? Or, tadbir-i-man makbuLi-khatlr-i-shuma ast ? CONSENT She went without my consent. baajtair-i-(ijazat)- i-man an za'lfa raft, (izn; rukh_sat ; raza,e.) CONSEQUENCE That is of no consequence. an zarar na darad. Or, muzayaka,e m m'anl nlst. Or, dar an mazayaka nlst. CONSIDER I will consider it. bar an amr tajwiz khwaham kard. Or, dar band-i-an kar klvwaham bud. Or, dar in sukhan tasauwir khwaham namud. Or, m sukhan-ra ba mizan-i-kiyas khwaham sanjld. Or, an-ra ba kadam-i- tafakkur khwaliam paimud. CONSIGNED The cargo of the vessel was consigned to him. 20 300 constitution contrary. tamam bar-i-jaJiaz ba (hawala),e an kas bud. (tahinl ; sapurd ; tafu'iz.) Or, tafmz-i-tamam mahmula,e jahaz- ra bado kardand. CONSTITUTION His constitution is very strong. tabiat-ash bisiyar (kaiii) ast. (mustakim ; mazbvt ; mustakill.} CONSULT Let us consult upon this subject. biya ta dar in (maslahate maslahat) bi-kunem. (amr mashwarat ; CONTAIN How much indigo will this box contain? dar in sanduk chi kadar nil khwahad gunjid. Or, in sanduk chi kadar nil khwahad girift. CONTEMPT Treat no one with contempt. dar kase (nazar- i-hikarat) ma kun. (ba chashm-i-istihkar nazar ; tahkir ; karahat). Or, kase-ra ba ch ashm-i-istikhfaf ma nigar. Or, dar kase ba dida,e istikrah ma bin. Or, kase-ra (khitrd) ma dan. (khwar ; hakir ; tasgfeir ; makruJi ; karili.) CONTENT I am content with what I have. har chi daram (bar an kani' ml-basham). (ba an dar mi-sazam ; bar an kina'at ml-kunam ; az an pa,e kinaat dar daman-i-sala- mat mi-kasham.) CONTENTIOUS They are very contentious. eshan bisiyar (fitna-angez) and. (jang-ju ; siteza-ru ; fasad -award ; mufsid; sharir; 'arbada-kh_u ; khar-khasha saz.} Or, niza' bar pa mi-namayand. Or, ba jang-i-har kas mi-(khezand). (uftand.} Or, ba khiiaf wa inkar-i-har Jfus ba dar mi-ayand. Or, da'wa,e mukawamat bar pa mi-kunand. CONTINUAL There is a continual noise in this place. dar m ja (shor) hamesha mi-manad. (ghaugha ; ghol ; ghal- ghala ; haw-hu ; ashob.) CONTBACTED The Honourable Company contracted for the paper. jama'at-i-bahadur az bara,e in kaghaz ijara kard. CONTRARY Contrary winds detained the vessel. az bad-i- mukhjilif jahaz baz mand. Or, bad-i-yhair-shurta jahaZ' ra (tauklf) kard. (mutawakkif.) contrivance couch. 301 CONTRIVANCE By what contrivance shall we go there ? ba kudam hila ma an ja khwiihem raft? CONVENIENT Will your coming to-morrow be convenient ? -farda dmadan-i-shuma (munasib) khwahad bud? (mu- wafik; sha,ista.) CONVEBSATION Are you fond of conversation? sliauk-i- guft-gu dared ? Or, sha,ik-i-mukalima hasted ? CONVEY Will you please to convey this article to him ? azru,e(lutf) In chiz-ra bado bi-rasaned? (altaf ; talat- tuf; mifirbam.) CONVINCED I am convinced what you say is true. man yakin daram ki an clii shuma mi-goyed rast ast. COOKS. Having no cook, he cooks for himself. an shakhs ghiza,e khud-ra khud (mi-pazad) Id tabbakh na darad. (bar sikh ml-kunad ; bar taba birlyan ml-kunad.) COOI-ER It is cooler to-day than it was yesterday. imroz az diroz sard-tar ast, COPY Please copy this for me. hitffarmuda bara,e man (nakl}-i-m bi-kuned. (saicud.) CORD Buy some cord, and tie these things together. kadre (risman-i-bar~ik) bi-khared wa In chizha-rti ba-hatn bi-banded. (habal.) CORK Is there no cork to this bottle? aija in kuza,e shisha (sidad) na darad ? (simam.) CORN. There was great plenty of corn last year. dar stil- i-gvzashtm (ghalla,e jirawfin paida shud, (madakhil-i- ghalla bisiyar bud ; ba ifrat ghalla pai da shud.) CORRESPONDENCE Have you any correspondence with him '? shuma ba o (murasalai) dared? (nawisht tea khwand.) Or, shuma tarika,e ritsul wa rasa,il ba o jarl dared ? CORRUPT Society here is extremely corrupt. suhbat-i- majlis-i-mardutn-i-m ja bisiyar (mazmiim) ast. (mashnii' ; makhzul ; maklmh ; fasid ; mukhlaf.) COUCH Move this couch into the other room. in (rakht- i-istirahat)-ra ba ittak-i-dlgar bi-bared. (shaft; shafta ; ufa ; mihad ; mahd, pi. muhud.) 302 council credit. COUNCIL He is a member of the Supreme Council. o yoke az ahl-i-majlis-i-('uzma) ast. (a'la ; ula.) Or, o mushlr-i-mashwarat-i-a'zam ast. Or, an agha yoke az (mushawiranyi-khass ast. (mudabiran.) COUNSEL Let us regard good counsel. mar a lay ad Id (maslahat-i-nek kabul durem). {az naslhat-i-akilan ru- kash na shavem.) COUNT Count over the money I gave you. pule ki man ba shuma dadam bi-shumarcd. COUNTERFEIT This is a counterfeit coin. in ashrafi kalb ast (gold). Or, in zarb-i-sim daghal ast (silver). COTTON This country produces much cotton. dar m mulk pumba,e bisiyar pai'da ml-shavad. Or, zira'at-i- pumba dar In ja ba ifrat ast. COUNTEY This is my native country. in (watan)-i-man ast. (maulid ; watan-i-asli ; mautin.) COUPLE Buy for me a couple of razors. bara,e man juft- i-teoh-i-dallciki bi-khared. COURAGE You possess greater courage than I. shuma az man ziyada (shuja'at) darad. (himmat ; mardanagi ; diliri ; dilawarl ; jurat ; tajiisur.} CRACK There is a crack in this basin. in aftaba mu darad. Or, In lagan shiyuf darad. Or, in tasht mu- dar shuda ast. CREATED God created the world. allah-ta'ala geti-ra afrid. Or, (hakk-ta'ala) jahan-ra az 'adm ba icvjtid award, (hakk-i-jalla wa a'lla ; bara ; khuda,e 'azza wa jalla; izd; musabbabu-l-asbab ; musta'an.) CREATOR God is the Creator of all creatures. khuda k_halik-i-hama (khal(i,ik} ast. (ka,inat; maujudat ; makh- lukat.) Or, sani'-i-kull masnuat khuda ast. CREDIT I agree to give you three months' credit shuma- ra ta si mail (dain) mi-diham. (mukarizat.) CREDIT This action does him great credit. azinkar o-ril bisiyar (i'tibar) hasil mi-gardad. ('izzat ; sharraf; cib-ru; J azz wa wakar ; karam ; ikram ; ihtiram.) creditors cry. 303 CREDITORS His affairs are in a bad state, therefore he has called together his creditors. bar o bar-ash mun- tashlr shuda ast lihaza karz-kjiwahan-i-khud-ra talabtda ast. CREEP Look how these lizards creep along the wall. bi-bln chiguna in (karfasliati) bar diwar chaspan mi-ravand. (kalpakan.) CREEPER This is called a creeper. In nihal-ra (arghaj] mi-n (Imand. (buklatu-l-bdrida.) CRIME What crime has he committed? o chi takvir karda ast ? Or, chi kusur az o sar zada ast ? Or, chi (khata) az o sadir shuda ast ? (zamb, pi. zunub.) CRITICISE He will criticise our composition. o (islah-i- tasnlf)-i-mara khwahad kard. (tashlh-i-musauwada.) CROOKED That line is crooked. an satar kaj ast. CROSSED He crossed the river. az ab-ju,e guzasht. Or, (bar) rud 'iibur kard. (az.) CROWS He rises when the cock crows in the morning, o ba (bang)-i-khurus bar ml-khezad. (mujarrad-i-awaz ; shart-i-awaz.) CROWD There was a great crowd of people. an ja kalan (izdiham)-i-khalfc bud. (jam'tyat ; ijtima' ; jama at ; majma'.) CRUELTY They delight only in cruelty. eshan az (be rahnu) khushi hasil ml-namayand. (sang -dill ; dil- azcirl; sab'iyat ; zidm ; sitam.) Or, khaill khurrann zahir mi-kunand ki ba digaran durushtl ba (kar barand). ('amal fiwarand.) CRUMBS The birds will pick up all these crumbs. par- andagan in rezhci,enan khwahand chid. CRUSHED He was crushed under the carriage- wheel. zer-i-charkh-i-'arciba (mas,huk sdkhta) shud. (takwib sakhta ; rasis karda.) CRY What is the matter? why do you cry out so ? chi halat ast ? chira chumn ghul wa shor ml-kuned ? 304 cubits damp. *CUBITS The length of this stick is about four cubits. (darazi) l ,e In chub karib ba chahar (gazf ast. l (tul ; tawalat.) z (said; dost; mirfak.] CULTIVATED This land is cultivated. In zamm (mazru) ast. (ma'mur ; abad ; zira'at karda shuda ; kishtashuda.) CUNNING They are by nature cruel and cunning. bi-t-tab' be rahm wa harif and. Or, bi-l-asl sang-dil wa ghaddar and. Or, bi-l-nafs zalim wa na"ar and. Or, bi-z-zat be shafakat wa makkar and. Or, ba khu dil azar wa 'aiyar and. CUPS They drink tea out of cups and saucers. eshan cha bafinjan wa nalbaki ml-khurand. CURED I have been cured by that physician. man az an (tablb) shifa yafta am. (pizishk.) CUBIOUS This is a curious shell. in sadaf ('ajib) ast. (badi.) Or, In gosh-i-mahi nadir ast. (gharib.} CURTAINS Are there no curtains to this bed? aya in bistar pasha-paran na darad ? (parda ; sidafat ; sajf.) CUSTOM Do you know how this custom arose ? shuma mi- daned chiguna in rah o rasm (uftdd)? (paida shud; sar bar award; sar bar zad; ru,e namud.) Or, khabar dared ki m rasm-ra ki (ijad) kard ? (ikhtira 1 ; waza'.) CUT ^You have cut this pen so that it won't write. In kalam-ra chunan kat' karda ed ki az an nawishtan na ml- CYPHER One and a cypher make ten. agar ba hindasa,e yak ifr ddda shavad hindasa,e dah gardad. D. DAMAGE Has the cargo received any damage? aya nuksan ba (mahmula},e jahaz rasida ast ? (bar.) DAMP This house is very damp. m khana bisiyar (nam- nak) ast. (namgm ; martub ; martab.) * The breadth of one finger = 2 barley corns, end to end. ,, = 7 ,, side by side. one hand = 8 end to end. six hands = 48 = one cubit = 18 inches. dancing deceit. 305 DANCING They spend their time in singing and danc- ing. eshan wakt-i-khud-ra dar (sarajdan wa raksidan) mi-guzranand. (nag/iina pardakh_tan wa rates kardan; tarannum zadan wa rakis shudan.) DANGER Why are you afraid ? there is no danger. chird mi-tarsed ? hech kjiauf-i-khatar nlst. DARE I dare not do as you say. an chi shuma ml-goyed jur,at-i-kardan na diiram. DABK The night was very dark. shab bisiyar (tarlk) bud. (tar.) Or, lail kh_aill daijur bud. DAEKNESS They are in gross darkness. eshan dar (zidmat) and. (zidmat; zalamat.) DATE What is the date of his letter? tarlkh-i-tahrir-i- khatt-ash chist? DAWN They rise at dawn. eslian (ba u-akt-i-sahar) bar mi- khezand. (dam-i-subh ; 'aJa-s-sabuh.) DAY What time of the day is it? chi saat ast? DEAD I saw a dead snake on the roadside. ba kinar-i- rah (mar-i-murda-ra) did am. (afa,e-ra la haiy.) DEADLY Its wound is fatal ; its poison deadly. zakhm- ash muhlik ast ; zahr-ash(katil). (halahal.) DEAF He is deaf, and can hear nothing. o (kar) ast. liech na ml-tawanad shunld. (summ ; asamrn ; giran-gosh.) DEALS He deals honestly with everybody. ba har kase ba (rast-bazi) suluk ml-kunad. (diyanat; wiandari; sadakat-kari ; ikhjas.) DEAR The goods you have purchased, I think, are very dear. an asbab ki shuma k_h_anda ed, ba ra,e man bisiyar (giran) ast. (giran-baha; besh-fclmat.) DEAR He is very dear to me. ba dil-i-man bisiyar (azlz) ast. Or, man ba o muhabbat-i-kamil daram. Or, o (munis)~i-dil-am ast. (muhnim-i-raz.) DEBTOR A debtor is one who owes money. karzdar hose ast ki (karz) dcirad. (warn; dainj bidih.) DECEIT They only live by deceit. eshan fakt ba fareb (guzran mi-kunand). (aukat ba sar mi-burand; rozgar 806 deceitful deficient. mi-guzranand.) Or, eshan ba (makr) zindagi mi-kunand. (dagha ; talbls ; ghahn ; gjiadr ; kaid ; makadat; khad'at ; flw ; zark ; shaid ; 'aiyarl.) DECEITFUL What is there more deceitful than the human heart? az dil-i-insan kudam chiz (dagha-baz)-tar ast. (gjhadir ; ghadar.) DECEIVED You have been deceived by them. slmma badeshan (maghbun shuda ed). (ghabn khurda ed ; mughalata sakhta shuda ed ; taghlit karda shuda ed.) Or, shurna az eshan daghja yafta ed. DECIDE Let him decide this question. bi-guzar Id o (in mu'amala-rafaisal) bi-kunad. (infisal-i-m amr.) DECLINED I asked him, but he declined. man az o pursldam, mayar o (inkar kard). (razi na shud ; sar baz zad.) DECREASES That article decreases in value daily. roz ba roz kimat4-an chiz (kam) mi-shavad. (habut ; sakit ; fuisid.) DECREE A decree was passed for this purpose. az bara,e In hukme mukarrar shud. Or, ba jihat-i-w (hukm-i-kaza mu'aiyan gardid). (tauki'-i-farma ijra yaft.) DEDUCT I shall deduct so much from his account. az hisab-ash In kadarpul (kat) khivaJiam kard. (icazl'at; icaz'.) DEFECT Do you see any defect in this ? aya dar In hech ('aib) ml-bined? (pi. 'ayub ; tawaffun.} DEFENCE He made his defence in court. dar 'adalat 'uzr- i-khud-ash kard. Or, dar mahkawa tti a'zarat-i-kJi ita matbu' ; na marghiib ; na makbul ; maskh.nt ; tnakriih.) DISAGREEMENT They have disagreement. darmiyan-i- ehan (na muicafikat] ast. {ikhtilaf; nifak ; be-ittijaki; naklz.) disappointed dislike. 3 1 1 DISAPPOINTED I was much disappointed. man bi-l-kull (mahrum) shudam. (be bahra ; na ummed ; ma,yus.) DISCHARGE He is now able to discharge his debts. halan karzha,ekhud-ra ada mi-tairanad hard. DISCIPLINE This army is without discipline. In 'askar kaicrCid nn ml-danad. Or, in Ioshkar (be kanun) ast. (la nizam ; be ,m.) DISCONTINUED The custom is now discontinued. ilhal an rasm (mansukh) ast. (mardud ; maukiif; na murauicaj.) DISCOURAGES What you say discourages me. kaul-i- shuma mara (no, ummed) ml-kunad. (be dil; ma,yus ; takhinf.} DISCOURSE Come, let us hold a discourse. biya ta ma l niakalima) bi-kunem. (kll-kUl ; r/tift o shunid ; guft o gu,e.) DISCOVERED I have not as yet discovered the thief. ta m wakt duzd-ra (na y lift a inn), (jiaida nakardaam; badast ninjawarda am.] DISCOVERV That is an important discovery. an (ijad) bisiyar khub ast. (ikhtira'.) DISCRETION He has ability, but wants discretion. o (kabillyat) 1 darad ica lekin (imttyazp na darad. ^(liyiikat ; 'akl.) *(tamlz ; intibah ; ihtiyfit.) DISGUISE Let us not use disguise. ma-rafareb kardan no, bayad. DISGRACE To do so would be a disgrace to us. az chumn kardan ab ril,e ma rekhta kjnvahad shud. Or, az chuiun munkire ma dar chah-i-itifi'al khwahem uftad. Or, Infil ba ma (mazillai) khwahad award, (zillat; karahiyat ; be 'izzatl; be hurmatl ; fazlhat ; ta'nat.) Or, in fi'l mam (m-akrith) khwahad sakht. (mitluini'as.) DISHONEST They are very dishonest. eshiiu kh_atil (kh_a,in~) and. (be-diyanat; khiyiinat-kar.} Or, khhjanat- i-t>xhun ma'ruf ast ica fasad-i-afsad sahir. DISLIKE 1 dislike their company very much. murafikat- i-eshan bi-l-kull jiasftnd na daram. Or, shan (dar dil-i-man nafrat padtd nri-ayad). (karahiyat 312 dismissed dissuade. or tanaffur or hakarat daram.) Or, dar silk-i-muica- nasat-i-eshan munsalik shudan na mi-khwaham. Or, az mandan dar halka,e suhbat^i-eshan dil-am mutanaffiv mi-shavad. DISMISSED The king dismissed the courtiers. padshah ahl-i-darbar-ra (murakhkhas) kavdand. (rukhsat; bar- khast.) DISOBEY I cannot disobey his orders. man radd-i-far- man-i-o-ra na mi-taivanam kard. Or, man hukm-ash na mi- tawanam shilcast. Or, man na mi-tawanam ki (sar-i-kjiud az halka,e inkiyad-ash bar awarani). ^adul-i-hukm-ash bi-kunam ; (fhashiya,e mutabaat-l-o az. dosh-i-khud biyan- dazam.) DISPLAYS Herein he displays great talent. dar in masla- hat (istfdud-i-o zahir mi-shavad). (firasat-ash ba zuhur mi-ayad ; idrak-ash huwaida mi-ay ad or gardad; zakawat- ash padid mi-ayad ; majal-ash rukTi mi-namayad.) DISPLEASED They became much displeased. cshan bisii/rir (na khiish) shudand. (mukaddar ; ranjula; azurda; lira.} DISPOSE Can you dispose of these goods for me? in ashiya bara,e man ba (tijarat) farokhtan mi-tawaned ? (serarfa.) DISPUTE What is the dispute between you two? ma, bam- i-shuma har du chi talcrar ast? Or, darmiyan-i-sJiumil iva o chi (bahs) ast? (mubahasa ; ibtihas ; kaziya; shor wa fasad ; niza ; munaza'at; tancizu'; khar-khasha : mujadila.) DISSATISFIED Why are you dissatisfied ? chira (ahair- razi) hasted ? (az in amr be raz'i ; na raz.} DISSOLVES The sun dissolves the snow. a/tab yakh-ra gudazad. Or, partfib-i-sJiams baraf-i-nishasta-ra ab mt- kunad. Or, tab-i-kjnirshed yalth basta-ra hall mi-kunad. DISSUADE Cannot you dissuade him from doing so again. shuma o-rci (man na ml-tawfined kard) ki o in chunin kar baz nakunad? (man? nit ml-taivaned shud.) distance doses. 313 DISTANCE What distance is the city of Baghdad from this place? az inja shahr-i-bng]idJid eld imifasala ddradf Or, ma bain in ja ica shahr-i-bagfadad chi kadar (tiifawat) ast? (ba'd; ba'id ; masafat ; masahat.) DISTENDED Having distended his belly with food, he at last perished. shikam-i-khttd-ra pur <(Z ta'am karda (lialak shud). (fautshud; jan-i-zindagiyash lab rez gusht ; safr-i- akhirat kard; intikal hard; rihlat namud; ba halakrasld; jan ba hakk tasllm kard ; jan-ash baramad; az daru-l- fana ba daru-l-baka shitaft ; az jalian-i-faril rakht bar bast ; da?l ajal-ra labbaik gitft ; az jan wida kard ; nearly, jan-ash ba lab amad; bajan amad.) DISTINCT His articulation is clear and distinct. talaffuz- i-o saf wa (sahih) ast. (makhraj-dar.) DISTINGUISH I cannot distinguish these two letters. ma-bain-i-m haraf har dii (tafrik) na mi-tawanam kard. (fark; imtiyaz ; tamiz ; mumaiyiz.) DISTRESS She is now in great distress. aknTm an banii dar (muslbat-i-shadid) uftada ast. (sakhtl; iztirab-i- tamam; tang-dasti.) Or, ilhalan sadat (dil-asJnifta) ast. (paraganda wa pareshan khatir ; khasta-khatir.) Or, bekh-i-jam'jyat-i-khatir-ash burlda ast wa gul-i-aram pazhmuda. DIVERSION This is their diversion. in kar (bazi,}e eshan ast. (tafarruh-i-dil ; nuzhat-i-khatir ; nishat-i-tcalb ; tarab- i-diJ.) Or, az In kar imbisat-i-tab' hasil ml-namayand. DIVIDEND A dividend on his estate will be paid the first of next month. ba tarlkh-i-gjiurra,e mah-i-ayanda (kist) az mal-ash dada khwahad shud. (Tinaksam ; hissa ; para ; bakhsh.) DOCK The vessel is now in dock repairing. -jahaz ilhal bara,e (marammat dar sunar) ast. (ta'mir shudan dar ta'mlr-khana,e jahaz.) DOCTRINE This is very strange doctrine. in usiil-i-bisiyar 'ajlb ast. DOSES He has taken two doses of this medicine. o dti 314 double drove. khurtik az In dawa khurda ast. Or, o du habba,e daru girifta out (pills). DOUBLE Double this string, and then it will do. in rassan-i-barik du ta bi-kun ki kifayat khwahad kard. Or, In rassan (muza'af bi-kun) ta ba kar bi-khurad. (du chand bi-kun ; taz'if bi-saz ; az'fif bi-kun.) DOUBLE Is this paper double ? aya in kaghaz du ta ast ? DOUBTFUL It is doubtful if he will come. dar bab-i- amadan-ash (shakk) ast. (shabha.) Or, amadan-ash tashklk dar ad. DBAG How can one horse drag such a load? yak asp chiguna In chunin bar ml-tawanad kashld? Or, ba chi taur yak asp kifayat-i-kashldan-i-in bar tm-kunad ? DRAIN There is a drain under the house. zer-i-khana (badar-raii) ast. (ab-yuzar ; ab-lula ; jub ; ab-rah ; baluat.) DRAUGHT Give me one draught of water. yak (katra},e ab ba man bi-dih. (jur'a.) *DRAW Make the figures, and draw a line. hindasa bi- nawis wa (khatf) bi-kash. (satar.~) DRAWBACK Is there any drawback on these goods? bar in asbab hech (dasturi) ast? (wazi'at, pi. waz(i,i'.) DREAM I thought thus in a dream. dar khwabe In chunin (didam). (khayal dashtam ; muhlim sakhtam.) DRESS He cares nothing about dress. o az babat-i-libas- i-khudjikre na darad. Or, o ba (poshak) dil-i-khud-ash na ml-dihad. (talizlb kardan; libas kardan.) DRESSING Wait a little, he is now dressing. andake sabr bi-kunki o (libas ml-poshad). (mulabbis mi-gardad; libas- i-khud-ra dar bar mi-kunad.) DRIVES He always drives very fast. o hamesha kciliska zud ml-ranad. DROVE I drove a nail into the wall. man mekhe-ra dar dlwar (zadam). (koftam.) * Parallel line Maft-i-mutawazt. Right line Tthatt-i-mustaJclm. Circular mustadir. Curved munhant. drum eagerness.. 315 DROM The drum is beat in the fort daily. roz-marra fall dar hissar nawakhta mi-sharad. Or, har roz naubat d(ir kil'a mi-zanand. DRY This house is exceedingly dry. In khana la ghaynt (khushk) ast. (sannl ; samil.) DUE That note falls due to-morrow. miad-i-an bariit farda tamam kjiwaliud sliud. Or, wada,e an dast-awez fanln ba {twain nil-rasad. DUMB She is both dumb and deaf. an zan ham (gung) wa ham kar ast. (Ifil ; bukum.) DUNCE He has learned so long, yet he is a dunce. muddat-l-madid khwanda, ast ica lekin lianoz abla,e ast. DURABLE Eeal and durable happiness is not attainable on earth. dar in dunya (rahat-i-asli wa imtstaJclni) ?- yassar riist. ('aish-i-'ain wa pa,edar; tarab wa nashat.-i- baki; 'ishrat-i-asll wa ka,im ; masarrat-i-hak~ikl wa sabit ; imbisat-i-mukjilis wa mustamarr.) DUTY Do these articles pay duty ? aya In ajnas mahstil- i-gumruk darand ? Or, aya In asbab gumrukl ast? DWARF A dwarf is one who is little in stature. shakhse-ra (kotah-kadd) wl-goyand Id kadd-i-kotuh darad. (kas'iru- l-kadd.) DWELL Dwell where he may, he is unhappy. jii,e ki o manzil darad na khush mi-manad. E. EAGER He is eager to undertake the business. o (mushtak) la kar kardan ast. {sha,ik.) Or, o ishtiyiik la kar kardan darad. Or, kJiwaJtish darad ki kar ba zimma,e khud ffirud. EAGERNESS He shows great eagerness to learn. ba dars khwandan kh_wahish-i-lmyar (zahir ml-kunad). (ml- iMmayad.) Or, ba tadrls dil-i-khyd-ra ml-dihad 21 316 ears eclipse. EARS You deafen one's ears by your noise. ba shor-i- shuma goshha,e mardum (para) ml-shavad. (darlda.) EARN In this way I can earn ten rupees a month. badin taur man dak rupaiyafl mail hasil ml-taicanam kard. EARNEST You are not in earnest in what you say, you only jest. slmma rast na nn-goyed, shaitkhl nri-ku>ied. Or, dar guftar-i-shuma sadakat tnst balki (tan)a.ikJnir) ma'lum ml-shavad. (zarafat ; maziihat; hazal-bazl ; tlb- amezl ; mutay aba-go, i ; bazla-yo,i ; latlfa-go,i; wibisat.) EARNEST I gave ten rupees earnest money. man dah rupaiya ba tarik-i-(bai'ana] dadani. (ta'nb ; tamslk.) EARTHENWARE They manufacture earthenware. eshun (zuruf-i-sifall) ml-sazand. EARTHQUAKE An earthquake was felt lately in this neigh- bourhood. chand roz yuzashta dar In nawaln larza,e zanrin bud. Or, kabl az m dar In mahalla (jiimbish) l -i- zamln (amadf. l (tnzalzal ; zuhala.) \ufttid.) EAST Do you travel east, west, north, or south ? aya ba sii,e ntashrik, ya maghrib, ya shutnal ya janii-b safr ml- kuned ? EASE He lives at ease. o rozgar-i-khud-ra dar (kliHsht) ml-guzranad. (rafahiyat; aram ; ' aish ; faraghat ; rahat; tana'um ; asa,ish; fatighu-l-baligh; farkhanda-huli : kjiurrami; awn ; inibisat.) EASY I will set you an easy lesson. slunna-ra sabak-i- (asan} khwaliam dad. (said ; sails; asjial.) EAT [In Persia people eat according to their class, thus : haklman se r kji_itrand ; 'Ubidan nlmser kji_urand ; zaliidati to, sadd ramk khurand; jriran khurand ta 'arak bar ai/ad; jait-anan khyrand ta tabak bar glrand.] EBB The tide has begun to ebb. jazr-i-ab-i-bahr sliurn shuda ast. Or, ab-i-bahr (jazr shudan giri/ta) ast. (dar ibtida.e jazr.) ECLIPSE There will soon be a solar eclipse. ba'd az chand roz (kusuf-i-aftab icakij khwahad shud. (a/tab mahjiib; a/tab girifta.) edge encourages. 317 EDGE I saw him sitting on the edge of the river. ba kinar-i-nahr o~ra nishasta didam. Or, man o-ra didam ki ba lab-i-rud nishasta bud. EDITOR Who is the editor of this newspaper? (muhta- mim)4-ln akhbiir-nama last ? (ratcim-wcaka,i' ; muharrir-> i-akhbar-nama ; ii-aka,i-nigar ; muwallif.) EDUCATION She has written a book on education. 7/i 'akila kitabe dar bub-i-tarJab-i-td'llm (tasrilf) karda ast. EFFECT I gave him medicine, but it had no effect. man o-ra dam dadam, am ma (asar na hard). (mu,assir or fa,idamand or az ofci,tda na sJuid.) EGGS I saw a bird's nest with four eggs. ashiyana,e murgJi didam ki dar tin chahcir baiza bud. ELEGANT Hers is an elegant house. khana,e an zan pur takalhtf wa khush-nama ast. ELOQUENT He is very eloquent. o bisiyar (faslK) ast. (baligh. ; zaban-aicar ; sukhan-ran ; sukhan-guzar ; fusa- hat-pardaz ; sarlhu-l-kalam ; surl'u -l-kalam ; sahib-i-bala- ghat.} Or, o bisiyar fasahat darad. EMPIBE China is a large empire. mulk-i-chm mamlakat- i-(ivasi'} ast. (mabsut; basit; 'madid; mamdiid ; kushuda.) EMPLOY Who will employ such people? bachumn ashlthiis ki (shughf) khwahad dud? (khidmat ; kar o bar.) Or, chunin marduman-ra ki (inashghjll) khwahad kard / (mushtagftal.) EMPLOYER Who is your employer? (munlb]-i-shuma hist ? (agha ; aka ; kar-farma. ) EMPLOYMENT What is your employment? (kar}-i-shnm~i chitt? (shughl; ishtighjil ; kasb ; pesha ; hirfa; sina'ftt.) EMPTY This house is empty, it has no tenant. In khaiia khali ast Jcirayadar na darad. ENCLOSE Enclose my letter in yours. andar-i-khatt-i- khnd ruk'a,e mara bi-kun. Or, khatt-i-mara dar kh_att- i-khud (malfuf] bi-kun. (tai; lifufa.] ENCOURAGES Your former kindness encourages me.- 318 encouragement engraver. mihrbam,e sabika,e shurna mara ummed mi-dihad. Or, talattuf-i-peshm-i-shuma mara (jur,at) ml-dtfiad. (tasaUl.} Or, altaf-i-salf-i-shuma dil-i-mara (istimalat) mi-kunad. (tahris ba hare.} ENCOURAGEMENT This affords me encouragement. in ba man (tasalK) ml-dihad. (istimalat ; tahrls ; tahrik.) END There is no end to his talking. kll-kal-i-o intiha na darad. Or, sukhan guftan-i-o-ra andaza riist. ENDEAVOUR I must endeavour to see him to-day. mara bayad ki imroz (ba mulakat-i-o] sai bi-namayam. (mu- lakat ba o ; mulakat-i-o-rd.) Or, bayad ki imroz ba (dldr/r- ash kasd bi-kunani). (sharf-i-mulazitn-ash 'azm bi-sazam.} ENDORSEMENT This note wants your endorsement. w tamassuk dast-kh_att-i-sliuma mi-kh_ivahad. Or, bar In barat sahih-i-shuma (zarur) ast. (lazim ; dar-kar.] ENEMY The cat is the enemy of the mouse. gurba ba mush 'adawat-i-(zati) darad. (jibilfi ; tab'L) Or, gurba wa mush baham az aliyat mukhtalif and. Or, ma bain- i-gurba u-a mush az sirisltt (ikhtilaf) ast. (khilaf.) ENERGY He goes to work with great energy. o ba sar garml,e tamam (ba) kar nuuhgfaul ml-shavad. (dar.) Or, o ba kuwat-i-dil kar ml-kuitad. Or, az jan wa dil sa'i,e kar ml-namaijad. ENOAGED I have engaged him as my servant. man o-ra ba taur-i-naukar (gu-zashta) am. (mukarrar karda ; dar kar mu'aiyan karda.) Or, man o-ra naukar dashta am. ENGAGEMENT I have an engagement this evening, and therefore cannot accept your invitation. im*hab (shwjk- le) daram lihaza dawat-i-shuma ijabat na tni-tan-unam hard. (To dinner, da'wat-i-ziya/at ; to a dance, da'icat-i- raks ; to a party, fete,da'wat-i-inihm(lni, dit'tcat-i-yuhbat.) ENGLAND Have you ever been in England ? aya dar muUt-i-ingllstan nahe buda ed ? ENGRAVER Send for an engraver. (muhrkane)-ra bi- talabed. (hakkake.) enjoy estate. 319 ENJOY I enjoy this season of the year. az m mausim-i- sal rahat mi-glram. Or, az ni'mat-i-kazz-i-mausim (muta- matti') ml-shavam. (mutalazziz.) ENTER Who will enter this cave ? dar in ghar Id dakhil khwahad shud ? Or, dar in maaJinra ki (dakhJ) khwahad ka'rd? (madkhal; dnkhul ; tadakJikhid.) Or, dar in kalif ki dar khwahad amad ? ENTIRELY That news is entirely false. an khabar bi-l-kiiU darogh ast. Or, an afwci sar a sar kazib ast. EQUAL Is your writing equal to mine ? nawi$hta,e tu barabar-i-dast-khatt-i-man mi-bashad ? Or, dast-khatt- i-tu laf-i-barabarl,e dast-khatt-i-man mi-zanad ? Or, tahrlr-at ba tahrir-am (masawl) ast ? (mutasawl.) Or, rakam-at ba rakam-am sawiyat dar ad ? ENVY Envy is hateful. hasad makruh ast. Or, rishk karih ast. Or, hasrat (kablh) ast. (makbuh; mazmun.} ERRAND He went there, but forgot his errand. o an ja raft, magar paigftam^-i-khud-ra faramosh kard). (az y ad- ash raft ; -i-khud-ra mansi kard.) ERRONEOUS It is incumbent on us to forsake erroneous opinions. ma-ra lazim ast ki khayalat-i-mahal bi-gu- zarem. Or, zarur ast ki ma (tasauu'ircit-i-na marbut az dast bi-dihem). (ra,eha,e batil az sar badar bi-kunem.} ERROR Do you see any error in this writing ? aya dar in nawishta liecli ghalat ml-bined ? ESCAPED They escaped from prison. az zindan ru ba- firar nihadand. Or, az habs gurekhtand. Or, az mahbas mafrur gashtand. Or, az sijn zahuf kardand. ESPECIAL This is a matter of especial moment ; the rest is by no means essential. m mukaddama bisiijar zarur ast, baki hech (muzayaka nlst). (ihtiycij na darad ; zarur- at na darad.J ESTABLISHED This law has lately been established. m kanun dar in rozha (mu'aiyan) sJnida ast. (miikarrar ; bar karar ; mujciwiz ; murauu-aj.) ESTATE He left all his estate to his eldest son. o hama 320 eternal example. mal-i-khud-ra bapisar-i-a'zam bawaslyat dad. Or, o murd u~a wasiyat hard ki imlak-i-man bapisar-i-buzurg-am dad a shavad. ETEENAL They who fear God will obtain eternal happi- ness. anan ki az allah-i-ta'ala tarsand rahat-i-'ukba khwahand yaft. Or, anan ki az kh/iida khauf mi-darand 'aish-i-(mudam) hasil mi-namayand. (jawid ; abadl; la fana ; ba baka.} EUROPEAN European articles are now plentiful. chizha,e farangistan halan (Jarawan] and. (wqfir ; ba ifrat ; ba kasrat ; kasir ; ba ivafur.} EVEN Draw two even lines. du khatt-i-mutawazi bi-kash. EVIDENT It is evident you are mistaken. (zahir) ast ki shuma ghalati khurda ed. (wazih ; huwaida ; paida ; roshan ; ashkar ; mubaiyin ; ba wuzuh.') EVENING I expect to see him this evening. man imshab mulakat-i-o-ra (intizar mi-kasham). (muntazir mi-basham.) Or, man imshab muntazir-i-tashrif-i-o mi-basham. EVENT This is a melancholy event. in waki'a ghamnak ast. Or, in saniha maghmum ast. Or, in hadisa andoh- aym ast. Or, in ittifak ranj-awar ast. EVIDENCE. By the evidence produced in court, his guilt was proved. ba gawahi ki dar 'adalat (iwardand jur- mash ( abit) shud. (masbut ; sabut ; isbat ; sabat. ) EVIL His coming caused much evil to many. az amadan- ash bajam'-i-kasir kabahat rasid. Or, amadan-ash mtijib- i-(ranj)-i-unas gardid. (maltil ; ashob ; dahiyat.) EVIL In this world evil and good are found. dar In jahan badi wa neko,t baham maiijud ast. Or, dar in dunya kabahat wa alahiyat ya/ta ml-fshavand. EXALTS He neither exalts nor abases himself. o na khweshtan-ra fuziim nihad na tan dar zabuni dihad. Or, na khjtd-ra tarjih dihad wa na zabun sazad. EXAMPLE That lady is an example to all around her. an banu bara,e dlgar banmcan (misale) ast. (zarbu-l- misal; namudar ; unmudaj ; unmnz, j.) exceeds executed. 391 EXCEEDS He exceeds every one in intelligence. o dar dana,i (bar harna sabkat ml-barad). (az hama go,e sab- kat ml-rabayad; az or bar hama musabikut ml-kunad or barud.) EXCEPTIONABLE What you propose, I think, is exception- able in one particular. anchi shuma tajwlz ml-kuned, dar an yak daklka (kfibil-i-i'tiraz) ast. (la,ik-i-saniyat ; mustasnl.) Or, maslahate ki shuma mi-farmayed dar yak nukta ja,e (istisna) ml-bashad. (i'tiraz.) EXCHANGE I will give you this in exchange for that. man ba 'iwaz-i-an in chlz ba shuma khwaham dad. Or, man in chiz-ra ba an chlz ba shuma (tabaddul) khwaham hard, (badal ; 'iwaz ; tabdll; istibadal.) EXCHANGE The exchange is a place where merchants meet to transact business. bazar-yah ja,e ast ki tar-i-nll.} FAILED Had it not been for his assistance, I should have failed in my purpose. ayar o maru (imdadpna ml-namud (dar husul-i-muddal.,e khud mahrurn shiidame). l (i'anat ; mu'aicanat ; dast-glri ; pa,e mardi ; icasatat ; himayat; madad.} z (kam-i-dil-i-man bar nayamade ; yad-i-man bar murcid-i-dil na raslde ; jam-i-arzuyam hamchunan pur mande.} FAINTED From fatigue and hunger they fainted away. az mandagl wa gursinagi dar ghash cimadand. Or, az koft-i-safr v:a faldh ghash giriftand. Or, az (be- takati) u'a ju' be-hosh shudand. (faro mandagl; dar mandagl.} FAIR It is now fair, you can go. ilhal asman be sahab ast, sliuma mi-tawaned raft. FAITHFUL He is an old and faithful servant. o naukar-i- kadlm wa Imandilr ast. FALL He was killed by a fall from his horse. o az asp-i- khud ba zamln uftad wa mnrd. FALSE Be assured that the report is false. yakln kun ki 324 family, -faultless. In, khabar (darogh ast). (p~iya na darad ; az zewar-i-sidk mu'arra ast ; batil ast.) FAMILY He has a large family. o 'lyal-i-bisiyar darad. FAMINE* So scarce was corn in that city, that it was feared there would be a famine. dar an shahr ghalla chandan (ba killat] bud Id khauf-i-kaht wa khunhk-sall bud. (kami.) FAN It is now cold, what need have you of a fan ? ilhal sard ast, zarurafl,e bad-zan chlst ? Or, halan mausim-i- sarma ast, ihtiyaj-i-(bad-kash) chist ? (bad-bezan ; mir- waha.} FASCINATED She has entirely fascinated my heart. an pari-ru dil-i-mara burda ast. Or, an ma'shnka mar a farefta karda ast. Or, ba muhnbbat-i-an mah-ru yiriftar amadam. Or, an sarw-saln dil-am az dast rabiida ast. Or, man dil az dast dada,e an mahwash hastam. Or, tit ,ir-i-dil-am asir-i-dam-i-an mushkin-bu,e gardida ast. Or, an dil-fareb marci az sar o pa dar dam-i- 'ishk-i-kh ltd andakhta ast. Or, an (naznln) dil-i-mara bi-l-kull ba khtid kashida ast. (sayad-i-said-i-dil-i-'asMkan.) FASTENED Have you fastened the saddle on the horse ? aya bar asp zln nihada ed ? Or, ba asp zln-ra basta ed ? Or, asp-ra zln karda ed? FAT Are these sheep fat or lean? in gusfandha (farbih) 1 ya laghir)* and ? ^(samln.') 9 (nahlf; zaft.) FATHERLESS He died there, leaving a widow a,nd five fatherless children. o an ja murd iva biwa-zan ba ma? panj farzand yatwi guzjisht. FATIGUED I am very much fatigued with walking. az aasht o gard man kofta am. Or, az bisiyar raftan mar a (koftagl) girifta ast. (mandagl.} Or, dar rah daraz random wa (sust) mandam. (furo ; dur.) FAULT Those things are not yet ready, whose fault is it ? in chizha hanoz taiyar nay and, khata az kist? FAULTLESS Who is there that is faultless? kitdamkas (be ku$u,r) ast. (ma'sum; be takslr ; be khata ; be gunah.) * Plenteous year, sal-i-farakh. favourable -figurative. 325 FAVOURABLE The wind on the river is favourable for g<>in^ up the river. bara,e raftan ba bala,e nuhr bad (inuicajik) ast. (shurta.) FAVOUR Pray favour me with your address. az ru,c luff nam o imhan-i-khana,e kkiid la UKIII bi-diltcd. FAVOURITE This little boy is my favourite. In tiflak 'az7z- i-man ast. Or, In kodak (niahbub)-i-man ast. (matlub.) FEAR We ought to fear God more than man. ina-ra liaijad ki ma har kadar ki az marduman ml-tarsem ziyada az an khauf-irkhudu dashta biisheni. FEAR I would have gone there, but I went not. from fear of its being too late ere I arrived. man an ja ml- raftame ica lekiti az khauf-i-der amadan na ret/tarn. FEATHER This feather is very beautiful. in par bisiyar (khjlb-surat) ast. (hqsln ; jamll.) FEATURES The features of these two are alike. shakl-i-~in du til ba yak dlgar (mushtabl ant), (nntslwbahat or ishtibaJi darad ; bdham mi-lthurad ; iniitiiasil or mushablh ast.) FEEBLE He is now very feeble ; he is unable to stir from home. halan o bisiyar za'lf ast u-a az makam-i-khud (harakat) na ml-taicanad kard. (taliarruk; jumbish.) FEEDS The squirrel feeds chiefly upon fruit. mush-i-par- anda bi-l-kjinssa bar men- a zindaal ml-kunad. FERRV-BOAT There is a ferry-boat at this place. badln ja (Idxbtl.e 'itbur) ast. (ma 1 bar ; kishti,e guzara.) FERULE The whole soil of that country is fertile. tamam zanrin-i-iin diyar (ser-hasil) ast. (zar-khez ; barumand ; kabil-i-zirifat.} FETCH Go, fetch some fruit out of the garden. bi-rau kadre meica az bagh biyar. FEW I know not if many or few were there. man na mi- dunam ki dar an ja kasir budatid ya kalil. FIGHT It is better to sit still than to fight. khcimosh nishastan az bar khastan ba Jang bihtar ast. FIGURATIVE This is a figurative mode of speaking. in 326 file flatter. taur-i-guft-gu tamsll-amez ast. Or, in tarz-i-kalam (mu- sajja')ast. (murassd" ; mukallal; rangln.) FILE File the screw. inpech-ra (sohan bi-kuri). (bi-su,e.) FILE File these papers. in kagjiazlia-ra (rishta bi-kun). (dar misal bi-guzar ; dakhil-i-daftar bi-kun.) FILL Fill this tub with water. in hauz-i-chubm-ra az ab pur bi-kun. FINAL The final dividend on his estate will be paid to- morrow. far da (kist-i-cikMrin) az imlak-ash ado, karda khwahad shud. (rnaksam-i-mu,akhkhir.) FIND I have lost my pen, see if you can find it. man kalam-i-kjiud-ra gum karda am, bi-bmed magar an-ra paida hi kuned. FOUND I found it underneath the table. an-ra zer-i-/n, c (yaftam). (paida karclam.) FINED If you do so again, you must be fined. agar wakt- i-digar in chunin kar bi-kuned (az shuma jurmana girifta) khwahad shud. (ba shuma, musadira nihada.) FINISH Help me to finish this letter. dar (tamam kar- dan)-i-7n khatt ba man mu'airanat bi-kun. (itniam.) FIRST What is now the first thing to be done? ilhal kudam clnz peshtar bay ad kard. FISHERMEN. I saw some fishermen laying their net. chand maJn-giran-ra didam ki (dam^-i-khud-ra mi-(nihud- and). 2 *(shabka ; nashbil.) z (gustardand ; guzaslitand ; andakhtand.) FIT He is not at all fit for this work. o la,ik-i-m kar mutlakftn nlst. FIXED What day have you fixed upon to go there? bara,e raftan badan ja kudam roz mukarrar karda ed? FLAG I have seen a flag at the fort. man 'alame-ra dar kiVa dlda am. FLAT What is the shape of the earth, round, flat, square, or oval? surat-i-kura,e zamin chi taur ast? (mudauwir), mustawi, murabba', ya baizawi. (mustadlr.) FLATTER Why do you flatter me so? chira in chunin flattery fold. 327 taur mara (khushamad) ml-kuned? (chaplusi; ta- malluk.} FLATTERY We ought not to listen to the words of flattery. na shayad ki (ma ba sukhanan-i-khush-amad gosh bi-dihem}. (tna sukhanan-i-chaplusi-ra gosh bi- kunem.) FLEE Why should we flee ? there is no danger. chiru ma bi-gurezem ? khauf riist. FLING What flowers are these? fling them away. in gulha chi kism and ? anha-ra biijandaz. FLINT Fire is produced by flint and steel. az (chakmak zadan] atash paidu mi-shavad. (kaddah wa fulad.J fTinder, harraka; sokhta.] FLOAT It is high water, the vessel will now float. viakt- i-madd-l-bahr ast, ilhul jahaz bala,e ab khwahad raft. FLOCK I saw there a flock of sheep. man an ja (ghall(i),e gusfand dldam. (rama.) FLOOR The floor of this room wants repairing. -farrash- i-ln hujra marammat (ml-kh\vahad). (talab ast.} FLOUR Bread is made of flour. nan az ard sakhta mi- shavad.. FLOWERS You must not pluck these flowers. shuma-ra, na shayad ki in gnlhci bi-chined. Or, In gulhd-ra chldan na bayad. FLUTE He can play upon the flute. o nai,e labak tau-anad (daniid). (nau-akht ; zad.) FIJES There are a number of flies. inja magasan pur ml- bashand. FI,Y He cut the parrot's wing, lest it should fly away. o par-i-tufl-ra (burld kiona parad). (kandid ta, opanciiz na kunad; bar kaslttd Id o ba parwaz dar nayayad; chid ki o dar parwaz nai/rnjad.) FOG In the morning there is a thick fog here. bamdad In ja bnkhjlr-i-gfializ mi-bashad. Or, matla'e subh inja nazh rn-i-kuslf inl-btisliad. FOLD Fold these things in paper. in chizha-ra dar 328 follow forfeit. kaghaz (malfuf bi-kuri). (lifufabi-kun; dar naward; fai bi-kun ; bi-pech.) FOLLOW You go before, I will follow. pesh bi-rau man pas-i-tu khwaham Umad. Or, sabik bash man dar (' akab)- i-tu khwaham amad. (pusht; pai.) FOND I am not at all fond of that fruit. an meica mutlak (pasand na daram). (mara khush na mi-ay ad ; mar a khush nist.) FOOD What sort of food is this? in (khurafy chi kism. ast? (khurish ; kilt; ta'tim: cfhizii-.) FOOL He is a great fool. o (ahmake] 'azlm ast. (abla,t ' ; na-dane ; sadah-lauhe ; bewitkufe ; kharife) FOOLISHNESS To be angry without a cause is foolishness. be sabab (dar khashm amadati) 1 (na-dariif ast. ^(ghussa shudan ; kahr giriftan ; ghazb namudan ; ru,e darhain kashidan.) *(kciliw rangl ; khu \jal-i-batil.} FOOT Look at the horse's foot. ba sum-i-asp bi-bin. Or, *dar sum-i-asp (nazar) bi-kuned. (nigah; mtdfihaza.) FORBID Why did you forbid him to come ? chira az ainadan-i-injil o-ra (man' karded) ? (mumana'at or nahl karded ; munitani or mcini' badied.) Font E The stream now runs with great force. -jimjan-i- nahr ilhal ba zor mi-ravad. FOUEHEAD He fell down and cut his forehead. o ba zaniin u/tad wa peshana,e khud-ra (majriih kard). (kata' or munkati' kard; bund.) FOREIGN He is gone to a foreign country. o ba mulk-i- ghair rafta ast. FORETELL Who can foretell what will happen on the morrow ? ki pesh ml-tawanad git/t Id farda az parda,e ghaib chi hadisa (sadir khwahad shud) ? (ru,e khwahad dad; waki' khwahad shud; ba zuhur khwahad paiwast. } FORFEIT For doing this you must forfeit a rupee. az chunm kardan (ba shuma yak rupaiya jarimana dadanl * rd, in its proper place, may be used instead of dar. forget fountains. 329 khwahad shud). (az shuma yak rupaiya jarlma yafta khwahad shud.) FORGET Don't forget to tell him what I said to you. anchi ba shuma guftam hainan sukh_an ba o bi-goyed, (farainosh na kittled,) (nasl ma shuved.) FORGIVEN If he had acknowledged his fault, I should have forgiven him. agar o ba gunah-i-kjmd (ikrar karde man o-ra wa'zur dtishtame). (i'tiraf karde man mazarat- i-o kabiil dashtanie.) Or, agar o bar takslr-i-khud kajl shude man o-ra niu'iif kardame. Or, agar o kusur-i- khud zahir karde wan ac gnnali-ash (dar guzashtatne). (mighfarut dadame.) FORM The form of the cypress-tree is quite straight. shakl-i-sarw bi-l-kull sahl ast. Or, kainat-i-sarw bi-l-kull (ikUmat) ast. (rant; kn.im.) FORMER Which part of his letter do you think the best, the former or the latter? knduni hissa,e khatt-ash shunia aula-lai; tnl-dancd, (aincalln >ja ukhinii) (makaddajita i/a iHii.itkltira.) FORMIDABLE The ohjections you make to my plan are indeed formidable. (i'tiraz)-i-sliuniti bar khilaf-i-ra,e man dar In sukhan fi-l-waki' sakht ast. (i'raz ; ta'arruz ; irad.) FORSAKE Let us not forsake our friends in their distress dar halat-i-(pareylianl) dostan-i-kjnid-ra na shayad gu- zasht. (parngandagl; furo manduffi ; dar mandugl ; w" mandugl; skikastugl; iztirabl; abtarl.) Or, dar halat-i- kjiastagl ma-nl az ashntiyantfarnghat na biiyad dasftt). (inunkata na bayad shud; kata na bciyad kard ; inkitrC na bayad kard.) FORTUNE He has made a large fortune. o mal-i-firairubur-i-mulk-i-lran kardem. Or, ma az ajam ubur kardem. K ISS _Give me a kiss, then fly your kite. (ba man) bosa bi-dih, sipas kaghazak-i-khud bi-paran. (bar sar wa chashm.) KITTENS This is a beautiful cat ; she has two kittens. In ahurba khaill kjiub shakll ast, du bachcha darad. KNEES He fell on his knees and asked pardon. o bar du zanu nishast wa 'uzr khwast. Or, o sar-i-'ajz faro (hard) wa 'uzr-i-taksir kard. (award.) Or, o sar-i-khud ba zamm-i-niydz nihdd wa 'afw khwast. Or, o zamin-i- khidmat bosld wa mu'afi khwast. KNIFE Try if you can open this knife. bi-bin ki in chaku- rd ml-tawdned bdz kardan, ya na. KNOT Here is a knot in this string ; loose it. in ja dar * Id or 6ur na ml-kunad. MISKUY. They live in great misery. cshiin dar h~dat-i- (kh.arnbl) Kind. (mightn't: 'usrat ; maska- nat : zillat : shikasta-hnft.) MISFORTUNE He has met with a great misfortune. lar o kam bakhtlj 'azlm uftada ust. Or, bar o uftit-i-lmztirg ru,e dada ast. Or, ba amra'-i-jitnahn mitbtalu ijardlda, ast. Or. zamana o-ra hadaf-i-tlr-i-balu sUkJita ast. Or, zawanii samj-i-muslbat az manjanlk-t-balri bar sar-ash zada ast. MISLED I was grievously misled by following your advice. az j'a-Jrafttin-i-naslhat-i-sJiumrt JcJiatat" sakht khurdam. Or. az kabul kardan-i-iiiashnarat-i-shunia khaill fart'b Mntrdam. MISMANAGEMENT This is owing to your mismanagement. az be tadbir7,f shuina in chiimn kitr wak? thud. Or. a.z be inti::aml,e shitma In ba :uhUr atiiada ast. Or. az mubiisharat-i-na -kh.air-i-shuma In ittifiik uj'tada ast. MTSSPI.ND \\e vnight not to misspend our time. u-akt-i- khud-ra (zaj kardan) munasib nlst. (be fa,ida az dost dada n.) MISKECKONED I suppose you have misreekoned these rupees; count them again. (mazituta daram ki sh until dar thinmrdan-i-ln rufiiyaha gh.alARS How can the boatmen row without oars ? lingjiair az (halisaha} 1 chiguna (hallsa-zanUn} z kashidan nri-ttnt-rtnand? 1 (k]iada; jafdak ; majzaf ; mikzaf.\ < >ATH In a court it is usual for witnesses to take an oath. mamul ast ki gawalian hasbu-l-kanun dar 'adalat kasani bi-khurnnd. Or, dar 'adalat hasbii-l-ma'mul shahidcin xfnii-kutnnn* (jf'a.) -\Vliat was the object of your going there? _ y/i-i-darya sail-rawan buda axt. OVERLOOK It is better that you overlook his offence. in bihtar a.si ki (az kb.atTi,e o chashm-posht bi-fannai/i *l\. (iiitiitl lii-kii/it'in. PATIENT They are patient and peaceable. eshiin (sabir ica Hiula.iin) and. (sallm ica hallni ; nthtaiil tea salah- andesh.) PATRONIZES He patronizes whatever tends to the welfare of the country. dar amre ki miintna,e ) li-dihed ki badan karbi-kunam. (innindaje.) I'AI >!: In n ailing, you ought to pause where there is a stop. ifiyad ki dar khwamlan (wakf)-ra niyah bi-dared. (ja.e wkut.} P AY I n*re had a month's pay beforehand. man mmcajib- i-t/ak unlit pcshgl girifta inn'. PAYS He is a very^ just man, he pays all his debts. o idam-i bi$iyar (diyanat-dSr) H.tt kurJizat-i-khiid-ra ada ml- knnad. (nnuttii-inizaj ; i,man-dSr.) PECUNIARY He will have only pecuniary loss. nuksan-ash J'ikat dar nakd k/Lifaliad xhnd. PEEP The windows are so small, one can but just peep through them. ghurfahTi In kadar tan,, ami ki kase fakat I'tmah un-tau-anad ztid). (jamush ml-taicanad hard.) ' peevisli permission . 371 PEEYFSH These children are peevish and perverse. m afjal (-njTir ic a kajrti) and. (tez-mizaj tea 'anld.) PENALTY For doing this you must pay a penalty. az kardau-i-lii kar slnuna-ra (jarimana~),e dadani kkwahad shud. (gh.arm ; ghartiinat : nnisadira.) PENKNIFE Lend me your penknife to cut my pen. bara,e taraShidan-i-kalam-cm chiiku,e kbjid 'ariyata* M-dihed. PENSIVE His turn of mind is pensive. dil-ash bi-z-ziit (iinitafakkir) ast. (muta.ammil : jikrmand.) PERCEIVE I perceive no error in your composition. dar tahrlr-i-shiimd hech ghalut (paidii na ml-taicanain kard). na ml I'm am ; na uri-yabum.) PERCEPTIBLE This blemish is not perceptible. in dagh fobair-mafaiu fist). (Ha-fi<.i/n-i-k!i_ana ba JcJiannr-i-ahak (astarkarl shuda ast). (kah-gil shuda ast ; anda.ida and.) PLAY We have now no time to play. mara ilhal fursat- i-bazl inst. Or, ma akiiun fursat-i-biizi ita damn. PLEASED If he had informed me of this before, I should have been better pleased. agaro peshazln mara khabar mi-dad man z'njadatar (khjishnnd) bUdame. (masrur ; kh_urra>n ; kjiursand ; Jchush-icakt.) PLEDGE I pledge my word to act in this manner. ('ahd o pa4man)mi~kunam ki 'uicJninln kjnvrdiain kard. (iki-ur.) Or, ba ad(i,e I/i kiir kaul nn-knnain. PLENTIFUL This kind of fruit is plentiful. In kism-i-meica ba kasrat ast. PLOUGH I have an excellent plough and one pair of oxen. (kidba) } ,e bisiycir kh_ub (nazd-i-inaii}" ast wa yak jHtt-i-i/aic. ^(sJiii/ar ; fadan.) ^(daram.) PLOUGH When the rains arrive, I shall plough this field. ii'akte ki bartsh khicahad shud (bar In zainln knlba- ranf} khu'aimin kard. (zatnln-ra tlniar or falahat or hars or shiyfir.) Or, ba niansitn-i-barisJi ~in zamui khwa- luun ahnjand. POET He is a poet; have you seen his last poem? o sha'ire fiat shi'r-i-iikJiinn-ash (muttila'a karda ed) ? (ba mutrda'a aicarda ed ) POINT This needle has no point. In suzan nok na darad. [eye, sitfar.] POINT She has been at the point of death. an sahibn fcanbu-l-j/inrii bJlda ast. Or, an ba'nu dar halat-i-niza* bUda atft. Oi',jn>ii-an kjaiunn ba lab rasida bud. Or, az naffi-i-an khatun rainake manda bud. POISTKD Had you asked, I could have pointed out to you politeness postures. 375 in what manner to act. agar az man istifsar mi-karded man tarklb-i-ln amr ba sliunia natiindame. POLITENESS He received us with great politeness. o ba man la (lutf-i-'/izl/ti pesh-amad), (taicazu-i-kaslr suluk hard; akhlak-ihuma inulaki thud,) PONY He rides out every morning on his pony. o har subh bar (yaba.e kh_ml saictir) ml-shavad. (markab-i- kh_nrd-i-kh,ud rakib. ) POOR He is now become poor. o ilhal bisiyar (mufli&) sltttd. (pariiga)ida,e rozl ; maskln ; mustammand ; mu- tazaif ; muhtaj ; mafluk ; muta'attal ; tahi-dast ; fakir ; be-naira.) Or, o aknuti Jar hillnt-i-be-charagi uftada ast. Or, o akniin az puya,e daulat ba if las uftada ast. POPULOUS Shlraz is a very populous city. shlraz shahre ast bisiyur (ina'mur). (abud ; abadan.) PORTRAIT t have his portrait in my possession. man (tasinr-i-ruyash) daram. (shab~th-ash ; tasinr-i-tala'at- ash.) POSSESSED Had I studied earlier, by this time I might have possessed much learning. agar man kabl az m ta'llm m~i-giriftam pas (tarakkl dar "dm bisiyar namii- dame). (t/iaharat dar 'ihn bisiyar yaftame ; dar 'ilm bisiyar maltir shudame ; 'alim shitdame.) POSSIBILITY There is no possibility of your getting there to-day. {iinankin nist) ki imroz badan ja bi-rased. (im- kan na darad ; surat na bandad ; muhtamal nist; ihtimal na mi-rai'ad.) POST If the letter goes by to-day's post, you must send it to the post-office now. agar m!-kh_walied ki khatt-i- shuma ba band-i-imroza bi-ravad bciyad ki ilhal ba band- kJiana bi-jiritted. POSTAGE What will be the postage? mahsTil-i-khatt-i- barld chi kadar ml-bashad / POST-MASTER I have sent word to the post-master. ba mukhtar-i-lmnd-khnna paighame Jiristada mn. POSTURES The glare of anger was evident in his postures. 376 pot prediction. (asar)-i-kh_ashm dar harakat \ra sukaniit-ash paida amad. (at ash ; tab.) POT What is there in this earthen pot ? dar In zarf-i- sijTiHn cliist? [metallic, filizzi,] POVERTY Though in great poverty she is happy. agarchi an zan dar (falakat)-i-shadld nj'tada ast Minsk nu-bashad. (nuiflisl ; ijias ; fakr ; na-darl : tany-dast'i ; tahl-dasfi.) POWER It is beyond my power to understand this. (iktidar)-i-fahmldan-i-ln no. daram. \kuicat; takat ; takwiyat ; kud rat ; makdur ; majal ; isti'dad.) Or, az hlta,e fahm-aiti berun ast ki In amr-ra bi-fahmam. PRACTICABLE What you purpose, I think, is not prac- ticable. anchi irada dared bara,ey am gh.air-mumkin ast. PRACTICE W'hence arose this practice ? az kuja In ('adat paida shud). (rasm bar khast ; dastur sar bar award.) PRACTITIONER He is an effective practitioner, and a com- petent physician. o jarrah -i-kamilast ira tablb-i-(hazik}. (zarlj.) Or, o ba zcicar-i-jarrah'i arasta astwa ba hiiliyu,<- talnbi pairasta. PRAISE We ought not to praise the undeserving. na bayad ki ma (badan-ra madh) bi-kunem. (sharlran-ra tahsln ira afrin ica sita,is]i wa istihsan ) Or, mar a na bayad ki bar (siuuri 'an) tal/an-i-sana bi-kushayem. (fa- hishan ; itmfsidan ; fasidan ; fajiran ; bad-ina'aslian : mudbiran ; fast/can.) PRECARIOUS Her health is very precarious. mizaj-i-an khjanam bixiyar :na-ka,im) ast. (na-)niikarrar : na-miis- tamir ; ita-mustakUl ; 'alii; be-kiyam ; be-sabat ; ghair- i-mutasabit.) PRECEPTS In the book which you gave me are many excellent precepts. kitabe ki ba man daded dar a>i bisiyur (ahkam)-i-afzaland. (naslhat, pi. naxfijh; pand ; andarz.) I'REDICT We cannot predict what will happen on the morrow. ma pesh na nri-tau-anem tjuft ki fardu chi (ru,e khiruhad dad), (khwahad uj'tad ; ba zuhiir khtvahad ainad.) PREDICTION Your prediction has been fulfilled pesh-go,l,e prefer president. 377 shuma la artjam raslda ast. Or, kh_abar-i-gh_ailj-i-shuma, sar an jam yafta ast. Or, ghaib-go,l,e shuma tamam shuda ast. PKKFEII 1 prefer your house to my own. man Tchana,e shuma az k_h_ana,e khml bihtar ml-danam. Or, man khana,e shuma-ra bar k_hana,e khud (tarjlh m~t-diham). (ikhtiyar wl-kioiaw ; )nl-//u~~tnam.) Or, man khana,e shuma-raba W\.ana,e khud dar Tchuli mukaddam nn-daram. PKEFEHABLE Which of these two is preferable ? az in har dn ta kudam pasandida-tar ast ? PREJUDICE We ought to get rid of prejudice. mara bayad hi (ta'assub-rcl bi-guzarern). (az ra,e be danish ica ta- fahhus bi-rahem ; az fikr-i-be-khabar na taftlsh ihtiraz bi- kunem.) PREMIUM He received a premium of 100 tuman. o yak sad tuman ba tarlk-i-in'ai ijaft. PREPAIUNG They are preparing to go to England. eshan bara,e raftan-i-wilayat (taiyan) mi-kiuiand. (tahaiyat; ta'biijat.) PREPARED He prepared his speech. o pas'ich-i-siikjian- i-k_h_ii(l (kard}. (pardakht.) PRESCRIPTION The doctor wrote this prescription. tabib In nuykh_(i-ra nairisht. PRESENCE He said so in my presence. bad'in taur(ru-ba- rii.e >nan)guft. (ba icuj ud-i-ihzar-i-man ; dar mmcajihat- i-man.) PRESENT The Amir of Samarcand sent this elephant to the Governor-General as a present. amlr-i-sainarkand ba ta>tr-i-(tiihfa)Tn pll bara,efarman-farma mursil sakht . ( hadlya ; savghat ; pesh-kash.) PRESERVED 13y your kindness my life was preserved. ba, 'inaijat-i-sJmmajan-ain (mahfiiz) mand. (ba salamat ; mahrux ; masun.) PRESERVES Are you fond of preserves ? (jnural>ba)ha-ra pasand dared ? (ma'jun ; anyubina.) PRESIDENT Who is the president of that society ? kudam- 378 presume probable. kas dar an (majlis mlr-i-majlis) ast ? (anjiiman sanrar , jama at ra.lsu -l-majlis.) PRESUME I presume, sir, you have lately arrived in this country. at agha mazinna daram ki shuma taza dar In' diyar icarid shuda ed. PREVAIL I could not prevail upon him to remain here longer. (o-ra bar in na tawamstam dasht) Id dar m ja ziyada tawakkuf kunad. (o-ra tahrlk or targjiib or tahrts na ttttoSniltam hard.) PREVALENT This disorder is at present very prevalent. tn mar? ilhal bisiyiir (ghjllib ast}. (mastiili ast ; ghalibu darad.) PREVENTED I thought you might have prevented their going away. gum an dasJitam ki shuma cshan-rfi az bar gardldan man' ml-tan-anisted hard. PREVIOUS You went previous to my arrival. shuma kabl as amadan-i-man {raneana shaded), (rah giro, shaded; ru ba rah nihaded.) PRICE What is the price of this ? Is that really the market-price (or price-current)? klmat-i-m shai chlst ? aya fi-l-u-aki nirkh-i-bazar liamin ast? p RIDE "\Ve ought to shun pride. bayad ki ma az gharur (bi-parhezem). (ijtinab or tnjannub bi-namayem; ihtiraz bi-kunem.) Or, bayad ki ma (kkftyal-i-far'ani) az sarbi- kashem. (kibr ; takabbur ; naklnvat ; 'ujub ; pindar ; ixtigAtia,i.) PRINCIPAL Who is the principal in the business? dar in mit'Hi/Kilii kudain kas (inukjitar) ast? (madrini-l-mnham.) PRINTED The book will shortly be printed. kitab 'an- kanb matbu IthwUhad shud. PRIVATE They held a private conversation. cslian sukhan- i-(makhfi) kardand. (ba tanha'i ; ikhj'a ; khufuja ; khafi : ptnhan.) PROBABILITY Is there a probability of my seeing him ? ai/H (ihtimaj darad) ki man o-ra bi-bmam. (aghlab ast.) PROBABLE That is not at all probable. an bi-l-kull (ihtimal na darad). (mutahammil nist.) procure propagated. 379 PROCURE Where can I procure a boat? aya kishtl az kuja ba glr-i-man ml-ayad ? PRODUCE Those articles are the produce of this country. an ashiya dar in mulk paida ml-shavand. Or, an ajnax paida, ish-i-ln diyar ast. PRODUCES This garden produces nothing but weeds. dar In baah hech paida na ml-shavad magar (kali o khas). ( kaJi-i-nakhara. ) PROFANE They use only profane language. eshan fakat kali tit at-i-behUda ml-goyand. Or, ba juz az sukhanan-i- (na-pak) hech na ml-goyand. (mutanajjis ; na-sha,ista ; palld.) PROFLIGATE He became a profligate. o (fajir) gardld- (fasik; shakl; zuba ; aubash.) Or, o dar lahw o Id'b mashahjil shud. Or, o fisk o faj ur agkaz (kard). ( n ihad . | PROMISED I promised to call upon him to-day. inan (wa'da^ kardam ki imroz nazd-i-o khwaham raft. (\ihd ; taahhud; kaul.) PROMOTED By this our happiness will be promoted az in khiishl,e ma (ziyada kh_wahad shud). (bartar khwahad gardld ; khwahad afzud ; rii ba tarakkl khwahad nihad 'urtij khwahad girift; afzun or buland khwahad shud) PRONE Man is prone to err. adam ma,il ba khata ast. Or, adam ma,il ba yunah darad. Or, insan muratikab az khata o nisyan ast. PRONOUNCE Let me hear you pronounce this word. tala/uz-i-ln lafz (ba man bi-go) ki bi-shinavam. (pesh-i- man zahir kun.) PRONUNCIATION Is my pronunciation correct? aya talaf- fuz-i-man sahlh ast PROOF What proof can you give of this? chi dalll dar bab-i-subnt-i-'tn dared? Or, In-ra ba chi tank ba isbat ml-rasaned ? Or, misdak-i-'in dalll chi dared ? PROP If you take away this prop, the roof may fall. agar in (situn)-ra bar khwahcd dasJit sfikf khwahad uftad. (nikn ; 'uniud.) PROPAGATED This doctrine is propagated everywhere. In 25 380 proper prove. masla dar liar ja (muramcaj asf). (raicaj darad; ifaza karda sfiuda ast ; s1ia,T sliuda ast.) PEOPER Do you conceive this to be proper? aya shuma mi-fahmed ki 'in (munasib) ast ? (ba ja ; lialal ; ditrust.) PROPORTION You will, have your proportion of profits. shuma fls manafi' (hissu),e tumarn kjnpahed yaft. (bahra; kismat.) PROPOSE I propose that we share the loss between us. man tiu-yoyain ki anchi nuksan ml-shavad dar an ma liar dii (mnshtarik eni). (shank ml-bashem ; sharakat darem.) PROSECUTE Will you prosecute him before the judge for his offence'? bara,e khata,e o shuma bar o ba kazl nalish Tchwahed kard ? PROSPERITY He is now in great prosperity. o dar in rozha (bakhtl-yawar) darad. (nasib-i-kamil ; taW-i-maimun ; bakht-i-himayun ; chashm-i-danlat bedar.) PROSPEROUS His affairs are now very prosperous. ilhal umur-ash ru, ba tarakkl ml-nihad. Or, ilhal ba murad-i- khud ham-ran ast. Or, aknun mahbub-i-matlub ba o rukh ml-nata>/ad. Or, o ilhal (bakhjiyar] ast. (nairumand ; bahramand ; bar-khjirdar ; sa'adatmund ; farkhanda-fal.} PROSPERS In whatever he undertakes he prospers anchi ki ))ri-kunad, dar an (kam-ijab) ml-shavad. (fiiTizmand ; fathmand.) PROTECT It is a prince's glory to protect his people. fukhr-i-shah-zada In ast ki ra'iyat-i-klnid-ra (ba hifazat darad). (hifazat or hirasat or iiiijahdasht kunad.) Or, jail o jalal-i-padshah-zada In ast ki (dar bab-i-ruiyat-i- khiid tank-i-muhafizat mar'l dcirad). (ba niyahbanl,e r'aya,e khud mitjan-i-murafcibat bi-bandad.) PROTECTION They fled to the king for protection. ba nuzd- i-shah bara,e panah (ru ba Jirar nihadand). (dar yurekh- tand.) PROUD They who are proud have little sense. kasane ki (maghrur and kam 'akl and), (gfictrur dar sar darand "akl kam darand.) PROVE I can prove this to be true. man sabit ml-tawanam proverb purchased. 381 kard Jd in sahih ast. Or, man ba isbat mi-tawanam rasa- nid hi in durust ast. * PROVERB This is a commoii proverb. in masale mashliur ast. PROVIDED Being in service all the time, have you not provided for your family? ay a in kadar-i-\(inr dar naukarl guzranldcd wa lekin ba jihat-i- aiyal wa atjal-i- kh_ud chize jam na karded ? PROVIDENCE Providence directs all things. hukm-i-rizzak bar hama chiz (j(in) ast. (muhlt ; da,ir.) Or, parwavdiffSr bar hama makhlukat hukm ml-kunad. PROVINCE This disease affects the whole province. In marz dar tamam diyar (ishtidad darad]. (shiddat darad ; muntashir ast ; ghalba darad) PROVISION Make provision for your journey. bara,esafar- i-Tchud (tosha,e rah taiyUr) bi-kun. (^Ud-i-rah awUda.) PROVOKE He does everything he can to provoke me. o har kadar ki mi-taicanad marti (ba ghussa mi-arad). (ba khashm o ba ghaiz mi-arad; atash-i-kh_ashm mi-afrozad.) PRUDENT She is a wise and prudent woman. an zan dana wa dur-andesh ast. Or, an zan (ra,e mumr) wa fikr-i-diir-andesh darad. (ra,e sa,ib ; 'akl-roshan; ra,e baiza wa ' akl-i-niirani.) PULL We must pull the boat along with a rope. bayad ki ma ba rassane kishtl-ra bi-kashem. PULSE Let me feel your pulse. nabz-i-khud mara ihsas kardan bi-dihed. Or, bi-guzared ki nabz-i-shuma-ra ihsas bi-namayam. PUNISHED You may expect to be punished for this. muntazir bashed ki dar In amr (ba anii'a,e 'aztib u-a nikal mu'azzab khwahed gardid}. (sharbat-i-siyasat khwahed chashid.) PUPIL I am reading a dialogue between a pupil and his preceptor. su,al o jawab ki ma bain-i-mtad wa shagird ba wuku rasid mi-khwanam. PURCHASED If I had had sufficient money, I should have purchased the house. agar ptil (ba kifayat ml-dashtam 382 purchasers quality. kh_ana kharldame. (iktifa mi-hard ; kifayat mi-hard ; kafi mi-shud.) PURCHASERS There were few purchasers. mushtariyan bisiyar kam budand. P-IRIFIED Can you inform me how the heart may be purified? sJnima mi-tawaned guft ki chiguna dUpak ml- tawanad shud ? PURPOSE I purpose to consider this subject. dar dil-i- khudam (kasd) 1 karda am ki (tajwizf-i-ln mukaddama bi-kunam. ^azm ; khiyal ; riiyat ; 'azlmat.) z (tahklk ; tajassus ; taftish ; tafahhm.) PURPOSE For what purpose do you do this ? az bara,e chi kar in-ra, mi-sazed ? PURSE He found a purse with five ashrafis in it. k^sa,ti (panj) ashrafi yaft. (bci panj.) PURSUED Our soldiers pursued the enemy sixty miles. 'askariyan-i-ma ta ba shast mil dar (pai,ef dushman (raftand)*. *(akab ; kqfa,e.; ta'akkub.} *(uj'tadand.) Or, la$likariyan-i-ma to, ba shast mil (ta'aJckub)-i-dushman kardand. (ta'akkub.) PURSUIT Your pursuit of pleasure is fruitless. ('ais/i ju,i)e shuma befa,ida ast. (rahat-talabl.) PUT He put all his savings into the bank. hama bakaya,e klnid-ra dar sarrfif-khiina (amanat guzaslit}. (amanat hard ; icadl^at nihad ; taudi scikht ; Ida' kard.) Q. QUALIFICATIONS He has many good qualifications. o ( liyilkat-i-pasandlda) bisiyar darad. (fazal-i-kamUl ; ittisaf- i-ahsan ; attwf-i-fiamlda ; tauslfat-i-taiyab ; shamu.il-i- neko ; kJiisalrit-i-kJiub ; slratha,e khjish.) QUALIFIED Are you qualified to do this work ? shmna (kribil)-i-ada,e In kar hasted? (saziiivar.) QUALITY Of what quality is this cloth ? T;i parcha az kudam klstn ast? Or, m kirbas ku.da.ni nau' darad? quantity rails. QUANTITY What quantity do you wish for? chi (kadar) nn-khwahed ? (mikdnr ; andttza.) QUARRELS They appear to be fond of quarrels. (malum nn-shavad) ki mail ba kh_arkhasha darand. (ba tasauwir mi-ay ad.) QUARREL Why do you quarrel one with another? (nizd' ma bain-i-yak-dlgar chira bar pa) ml-kuned? (munakisha baham digar chira.) QUARTO Is the work printed in folio, quarto, octavo, or duodecimo ? kitabe ba barabar anddza,e safha matltu shuda ast, ya du, warka, ya chahar warka, ya si warka / QUEEN The king and queen were both present. malik tea malika har du dar an ja hazir budand. QUENCH Take some water to quench your thirst. ba jihat-i-(i)itifa,e atash-i-tushnagi) kadre ab bi-khur. (dafa 1 - i-atsh ; minhal-i-'atsh.) QUICK That vessel came quick. an jahaz ba ('ujlat)-i- tamam amad. (sur'at.) QUICKEN We must quicken our pace, if we wish to arrive there this evening. ayar dar an ja imshab rasidan mi- kjnoahem lazim ast ki (gam ba shitab bi-)nihem. (kadam ba 'ujlat bi- ; kadam ba sur'at bi- ; kadam sust na ; pa,e bati na ; pa,e kund na.) QUILL Give me a quill and a quire of paper. yak kalam- i-par wa dasta,e kaghaz ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed. QUIT W T hen do you mean to quit this house ? irada,e (khall kardan-i)-in khana kai dared? (guzashtan-i- nakl az.) QUOTATION This is a quotation from some other book. in muntakhkhibe ast az kitabe digar. Or, In intikhab-i- kitube digar ast. R. RAGS Paper is made of rags. kaghaz az (latta)ha sakhta mT-sharad. (parcha ; plna ; khirka ; khazfarat ; pargala.) RAILS Some of the garden rails are broken. kadre hissa,e 384 rains reason. barali)-i-bagh shikasta slnida ast. (dar basin ; dar a bazun ; hulkus ; jaflak ; hadud-i-chubin ; hadd-i-chubin.} RAINS It rains very fast. baran ba i/rat im-barad. RAISINS Are you fond of raisins ? ba kishmish (mail dared)? (ma, il mi-bashed.) Or, kishmish dost dared? RANK What is his rank in the army ? dar 'askar kudam 'uhda darad ? RAPID The stream is very rapid in the rainy season. dar aiyam-i-barish (saify-i-wahr tamam sarf ast. (ijra ; rawanagl,e ab.) RARE This is a very rare plant. in niliale ast bisiyar (shigarf). ('ajuba.) RASH He is very rash in his conduct. o dar kirdar-i- khud bisiyar { ta'j'd mi-kunad). (mutahauwir or shitabanda ml-lashad.) RASCAL He is a great rascal. o yake az ahl-i-fasad-i- 'azim ast. Or, o (f aside buzurg) ast. (tabah-kare buzurg : khabise rajim: lawande kablr ; rinde kharab ; khafrake kalan.) RATE At what rate do you buy this cloth ? ba kudam, nirkji In pilrcha-ra ml-khared ? RAW It is not good to eat rice raw. birinj-i-kham khur- dan kh ub nist. REACH I cannot reach so high. ba in kadar-i-bulandi na iin-tau-anam rasid. READS He reads eight or ten hours every day. har roz hasht ya dah saat rn'i-khwanad. READY Sir, the carriage is ready. sahibci kaliska taiyar ast. REAL This is all real, not show merely. m hama hakikl na inujazl ast. Or, m hama ma'nain na srl ast. Or, m hama batinl na zahirl ast. Or, In hama az ma'na na az surat ast, REASON What is the reason you cannot be silent ? chi sabab ast ki (sakit na ml-tawaned shud) ? (sukut or kJiamoslii na ml-tawaned icarzid.) reasonable rectify. 385 REASONABLE What you say is reasonable. anchi ki ml- goyed (m'akul) ast. (pasandida,e 'akl ; mustahsan ; sha,ista ; na-mutajtiiciz.) REBUILT That house has been rebuilt. an Tchana baz-pas ta'mlr karda shuda ast. RECEIVED I received your letter, dated 1st March. kJiatt- i-shnma mu,arrikha ghiirra,e mah-i-March ba dast-atn rastd. RECEIPT Give me a receipt for the money. in pul-rii (raside) ba man marhammat bi-farmayed. (kabzu-l- wusul.} RECENT Is this intelligence recent? in khabar (jadid) ast' (nau-khez ; nau-paida ; nau-ciwarda ; nau-rasida.) RECIPE Tell me the recipe for this medicine. nuskha,e in daica ba man bi-nani(i. RECKONED Have you reckoned what these things vnll come to ? hisab karda ed ki (jam'yi-k~imat-i-m ajnas chi kadar khwahad shud ? (majmu'a.) RECOLLECT I now recollect what you told me. anchi ki shuma ba man gufted ba yad-am nil-ayad. Or, az anchi gufted (mara yad mi-ayad). (yad mi-daram ; yad mi- aram ; yad-am ast.) RECOLLECTION I have no recollection of his telling me it. man yad na daram ki o m sukhan ba man giift. RECOMMENDATION Sir, be pleased to give me a letter of recommendation to that gentleman. sahiba sifarish- nama,e ba nam-i-fulan aghji ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed. RECOMPENSE I desire no recompense for serving you. az bara,e khidmat-gu2an,e khud (ajar) na mi-khwaham. (padash ; silla ; 'iicaz ; jaza ; ta'wtz ; muzd ; vjrat.) RECONCILED They two are now reconciled. in har dti muttafik shuda and. Or, In har dti ba musalihat baham gira,ida and. Or, In har du ma bain-i-khud sulh o salah sakjita and. RECOVERING Have you any expectation of recovering your property ? iimmed dared ki mal-i-khud buz khwahed yaft. RECTIFY If there be any mistakes, rectify them. agar 386 reduced regarded. dor MI saJuce buda bashad, iislnh bi-farmayed). (bar an kalam-i-islak bi-kashfd. I REDUCED I have very much reduced my expenses. dar itkrajat-i-khxd Muitii (takhj\f\ karda am. (tankis.) Or, khaiti (maks&r) karda am. (kam: To what do these words refer ? in (kalimat) dar bab-i-kudam ml-bashand ? ciktral ; makalat. ) REFERENCE Can you give me a reference to any one? shakhtf wn-tawaned namud ki ba shuma (marifat dashta) bashadf (uakjf buda.) REFLECT '-The more I reflect upon this circumstance, the more I regret it. chanddn ki dar in mukaddama ghaut mt-kunam an kadar ba man ranj ziyadatar mi-rasad. Or, har kadar ki dar in mu'amala ta.ammitl ml-kunam an kadar (ta.assuf-i-be$htar mara dast r/ri-dihad}. (ziyadatar nadamat ml-buram; ziyadatar angusht-i-tahassur ba dan- dan mi-gazam.} REFRESH EL- I feel much refreshed hy the air. az 1 hair<> ba man (khaili tazagi hasil aft), (taraucat-i-azlin ba hsii]-i-man ml-anjamad; istirahat-i-icafur ba man rukh mi-namayad.) Or, az in bad tazagi,e tamam ihsas mt-kunatn. REFTXD He will he obliged to refund this sum. laz dadam.e In pul bar o vctijib khwHhad shud. Or, in kadar pul o-ra baz dadani Tchvahad shud. REFUSED He has refused what advice I offered. nasihate hi bade dadani (kabuJ na kard). (na shinuft ; radd hard : ba ijabat-ash nayamad. ) REGARD I bear him very great regard. man o-ra ifa'rTr/i}- i-wafur mi-kunam. (takrim ; ihtiram ; Czaz ; ihtisham ; ikram ; kurmat ; martabat.} Or, man o-ra imu"nzziiz) mi- daram. (muhtarim; muhtashim ; mukarritn; inu'zim : mu'azzam.) REGARDED You ought to have regarded my advice. ba naslhat-iwan (iltijati kardan ba zirnma,e shuma zarur regiment repentance. 357 bud. (taicajjuh.) Or, mashvarat-i-man marl dashtan ba shuma lazim bud. REGIMENT His regiment is gone to Babylonia. -/auj-ath ba 'irak rafta ast. REGRET I regret J did not follow your advice. (pashe- mam mi-khyram) ki ba maslihat-i-shuma iltifat na kardam. (nadamat or hasrat mi-buram.) Or, ta,assuf mi-kunam ki ba hasb-i-mashirarat-i-shuma 'amal na kardam. REJOU E I shall rejoice to see him. az dtdan-i-o (khuskl mara hasil khyahad amad). ikhushnud khwaham thud ; khiirrami ba man ru khwahad dad.) REGULATED These matters need to be regulated. ba jihat-i-in muamalat (intizam) lazim ayad. (insiram ; nazm o nasak.} REGILARITY The business proceeds with regularity. in kar ba intizam-i-tamam (mi-shatad). (ba 'amal mir ayad.) REMAFNTSG There is no ready money remaining. hech nakd bakl mst. RENEW I wish to renew the lease of this house. kiraya- nama.e in kJiana jadid murtasim kardan mi-kJivaham Or, rakam-i-kiraya,e In khana tajdid kardan mii-JchwaJum* RENT The monthly rent of this house is fifty rupees. kirya,e m khana \mahiran, panjah rupiya mi-bashad. \az karar-i-mahe.) REPAY Can you lend me two hundred rupees for two days? I will repay you in two days. aya shuma mablagh-i-du sad rapiya ba (muddat}-i-du roz ba man karz mi-tawaned dad ? ba'd az J arsa,e du roz ada khvaham kard. (va'da ; mait'id ; mt'ad ; paiman ; ikrar ; ta'ahhud.) REPEAT I now repeat what I told you before. anchi kabl az f/i guftam. ilhal (mukarrar nri-kunam). (i'adat or takrar ml-kunam ; baz or ba takrar mi-goyam ; zikr-i-an sukhan baz or baz muzakira mi-kunam.) REPENTANCE Hereafter our repentance will be useless. dor *ukba tauba kardan j a ,ida na khwahad dad. Or, dar 388 repented request. akhirat (ta,ib shudan) sude na darad. (nadim sliudan ; nadamat kashidan.) REPENTED Had I acted as they advised me, I should have repented of it very much. agar man ba hasbu-l-naslhat- i-eshan 'amal mi-kardam nadim mi-shudam. Or, agur maslihat-i-eshan ba 'amal mi-tiwardam, pasheman nil- shudum. Or, agar ba mashwirat-i-eshan iktida kardame hasnit khurdame. REPETITION This is a repetition of what was said before. anchi kabl az In (tazkara yafta) ast i'adat-i-an in ast. (guftu sluida.} REPLY What reply do you make to my question? ba su'cil-i-man chi jauTib ml-dilied? REPORT I have made a report to Mr. - on this. man ba julane sahib bar in (i'lam namuda ain}. (ittlla 1 or khabar dada am.) Or, man julane s~(Jiib-ra dar bab-i-m amr (ba 'arz rasanida am), (niuttali kardu am.) REPORTED It is so reported. In chumn dar aficah u/tada ast. Or, chumn taruh 7 khabar ishtihar yafta ast. Or, cliunln nan 1 zabtin nad4-'amtn shudct ast. REPRESENT I will represent the subject to him. man bad'in kaiflyat o-ra muttal'C khjcaliam sakh_t. Or, man stirat-i-hal pesh-i-o khwaliam niliad. REPROACHED His conduct was reproached by many. base bar kird~tr-as1i (Audamat) kardund. (muTitibat ; ta'n; mazammat ; taublkh; sarzanish ; zrtjr ; 'itab : ta'atmut ; mulam ; tanz ; iftirti ; ta'ynb ; taslim ; nikohish ; td'ylb.) Or, base bar kirdar-asli ta'na zarland. REPROOF Their conduct deserves reproof. ufnl-i-eshan l(i,ik)-i-'itab ast. (mustaujib ;fariikh_nr; shayar; darkh_ur; REPROVED He reproved them very sharply. o bar eslian bang zad. Or, o badeshan (ba salabut) guft. (sakt ; ba durushtl.) Or, o eshan-rn lm k_h_iibl mu,iat krd. REQUEST What request did they make? eshan chi (istida'a)namudand? (darkjnvast; iddi'a; ikti-a ; tjdab.) request respected. 389 REQUEST I request of you only this one favour. az shumii fakat in ('inayat) mi-khwaham. (rafat ; talattuf.) RESEMBLE These two very much resemble each other. in liar da ba yak-dlgar bisiyar im-manand. Or, in har du (mushabih),e yak-dinar and. (mushtubih; imsal ; misal ; m/umagtt ; mushabih.') Or, in har du ba yak-digar tashbih darand. RESERVE You will reserve for me three copies of your book. si (nu$kha,)*e kitab-i-khud bara,e man (nigah dared) 2 , ^(muntasikh.) *(yak-taraf bi-nihed.) RESIDENCE Is that the place of your residence? aya in (maskin)-i-sJiuma ast ? (ja,e tuwakkuf ; ja,e sukunat; ja,e btid o bash ; ja,e tamakkun ; maknm ; makan.) RESIGNED He has resigned his former office. uz 'uhda,e- peshln-i-khud (istighfa girifta) ast. (dast banliir shitda ; tark girifta; tark giifta.) Or, mansab-i-sabika-i-khud-ra (tark) karda ast. ('itizal.) RESIST You cannot resist his claim. da'wa,e o-raradd no, ml-tawuned kard. Or, shuina-ra ba da'u-a,e o imkan-i- mukaivamat na tawanad mand. Or, daf-i-da'wa,e o na nu-taicaneil kard. Or, mutaUba,e o az shuma mundaf na tawanad shud. Or, bar mutaliba,e o i'tiraz na ml-tawa- nad award. RESISTANCE The enemy fled without resistance. dushman mukabila na-karda (gurekht]. (Jirar kard ; mafrur shud ; ril ba Jirar nihad.) RESOLUTE They are resolute in their purpose. eshan bar irada,e khud (ka,im) and. (mustaklni; mustahkam ; tnahknm ; sabit-kadam ; imisbit ; mntawassik ; rasikh; mustakil.) RESOLUTION To do this requires resolution. dar In kar (istiklal-i-)ni^nj iriijib) ast. ('azrn-i-musammam lazirn ; niyat-i-ustiiwrtr zariir ; irada,e mustakvm la-bud.} RESOLVED I am resolved to do so no more. kasd karda am ki In chunln bay na khwaham kard. RESPECTED He is everywhere respected. ba har ja ki ml-ravad ^izzat wa hurmat ml-blnad). (ba khidmat-ash 390 respect revive. ikdam mi-namayand ; ba ikram-ash pesh ml-ayand ; o-ra takrlm ica ta'zlm ica ikram mi-namayand ; o-ra ba 'izzat wa hurmat suluk ml-namayand.) RESPECT I pay great respect to what he says. anchi ml-goyad man o-ra (icakar) mi-diham. (wak\) Or, man sukhan-i-o-ra (taukir) ml-kunam. (taiikT.) REST I had no rest last night. d~i shah (khwiib-am na girift). (yak lahza na khwabldam ; yak daklka chashm- am barham na guzardam ; dar chashm-am khicab na gasht ; khwabam na burd.) See SLEEP. RESTORED I have restored more than I took away. har kadar ki girift am ziyada az an (baz) dadam. (wapas ; pas.) RESULT What was the result of your deliberation? natiju ,e mashwarat-i-shiona c)ti tuitrila iritku <\mad}: (ba ii'iiku' anjamid; ba zuhur amad ; ba zuhur paiicast ; sur ba 'arsa,e shuhud kashld.) RESULT From this measure many benefits will result. az In tadbirmanfa'at-i-wafur (dast kjiwahad dad), (tahsil or hasil khwahad shud ; ba hiixul kjiwahad anjamid ; ba dast khwahad uftad.) RETAIN Can you retain this in your memory? In-ra ba yad-i-khud ml-taicaned dasht? Or, in-ra ba madrika,e khiid sabt mi-tawaned kard. RETIRE At ten o'clock the company began to retire. ba sa'at-i-dah mahjil (barkhwast). muba'idat or tabaid kard ; baz gasht.) RETURN When do you propose to return. irada,e (mura- jaat) kai dared? (audat ; mu'awudat.) Or, 'inan-i- 'azimat kai muriatif khwahed kard / REVISED I have revised what I had written. anchi nawislita budam bar an nazar-i-sam kardu am. REVIVE Trade is now beginning to revive. tijarat ilhal baz raunak giriftan aghaz ml-kunad. Or, bazar-i-tijarat ilhal baz garni ml-shavad. Or, saudagarl aknun ia ba tarakkl ml-nihad. rewarded roars. 391 REWARDED The General rewarded the soldiers. sipah- salar \iskariyun-ra in'am bakhshld. RIBAND Tie this with a riband. in-ra ba (kur) bi-band. (sharbad.) RICH That merchant is very rich. an tajir khaiti (tairan- gar)ast. (g&ant; mmtaghnl; muii'im.} Or, an saudagar . (mmat-i-beairan) darad. (daulat-i-bekiyas ; mal-i-jira- wan.) Or, an bayyi' sahib-i-dunya or khudawand-i- nimat ast.) RICHES What are riches to him who has no heart to make a right use of them ? az daulat-ash chi fa,ida ki o vi chunin himmat na darad ki an-ra ba sarf-i-ja,iz kh,arch namayad. Or, shakhse-ra ki dil-ash ba kharch-i- ja,iz mU,il na buda bashad, az dunyii chifa.ida ? RIDDLE Can you tell the meaning of this riddle ? (ma'nl,e In chistan fail!) m~i-tmcaned kard / ('ukda,e mu'amma Jiall ; ma'm,e in inu'amma-ra tashnJi.) RIDES He rides on horseback every morning. har roz ba wakt-i-subh bar asp saicar ml-shavad. Or, roz-murra 'ala-s-sabah (i'iikib-i-asp) inl-shavad. (inarkub-i-markab .) RIDICULE They ridicule serious counsel. bar salcih-i-nek (tamasklntr) nri-kitnand. (taskhur ; istihza.) RING She has lost her diamond ring. an sahiba angush- tan la naa1n-i-ahnU-i-khud (fjum] karda ust. (Jikdan.) KJXGS The bell rings daily at twelve o'clock. har roz ba wakt-i-nof-roz (jaras nau-akhta) mi-shavad. (zang zada ; dara dftra.ida. ) RIPEN This fruit is beginning to ripen. in mewa ba puljbjan amada ast. RISE if you wish to be a good scholar, rise early every day. aijar khwahish-i-/azil shudan dared 'ala-s-sabah az (kjiwab bedar shaved), (bistar-i-klnpab bar khezed.) RISEN The price of indigo has risen lately. a~ \irsa,e kalib klmat-i-nll ru ba (afzuni) nihada ast. (tarakki, izdiyad kasrat ; ziyadafi.) The sea roars loudly. bahr mutamaicwij mi- 392 robbed rust. sharad. Or, bahru-l-muKit (mutalatim ri-shavad.) (mu'talij mi-shavad ; ba if rat nu-gkiirud.) ROBBED He has been robbed of all bis plate. hama tasht- i-mikra,e o (ba duzdl raft a) ast. (died l/urda ; dast-burd- i-dusd (jardula; ba sirkat rqfta ; duzdlda shuda.) ROCK The ship ran upon a rock, and was lost. jahaz ba koh khurd wa (gh_ark) sliud. (para-para; inughrak ; gharlk; mustaghrik ; dar lib faro; shikasta.) ROOF The roof of the house fell in. (sakf)-i-khana ba zamm uftad. (bain.) ROOTS Those trees were dug up by the roots. an darakhtha az bekli (bar awarda) shuda budand. (kanda.) ROPE Make the boat fast with a rope. saflna-rii ba (jnihaade) bi-band. (rassan ; habl^) RUB Rub your hands with this leaf. dastlia,e khiid-ra badm bary-i-darakht bi-iiiled. RUDDER The vessel ran upon a sand-bank, and lost her rudder. jahaz (bar tal-i-reg bar amad ica sukiin-ash shikast. Or, jahaz ba tauda,e reg nishast wa (dumbal)-ash shikast. (kjialla ; kh_alasha.) RUINED By ttiese deeds he will in the end be ruined. o akh_iru-l-a)nr az tn karha (tabah) khwahad shud. (talaf o taraj ; khasta-hal ; shikasta bcil; be sar o samcin : pareshan ; pii,e itial.} RULE What rule do you observe in study ? dar talim-i- 'ilni-i-kjiiid kudfim kii,ida nigah dared ? Or, dar tadns- i-ibn-i-khud ba kudam dastur (>n ithajit mi-shaved) ! ( iltifat or mail or taicajjuh ml-kuned; ma,il nn-shared} RULER God is the ruler of the universe. afnnanda,e jahciii htikim-i-jalian ast. Or, kjialik-i-makjdukat daicar- i-ka,inat ast. Or, sani'-i-niasnu'at farmiindih-i-alam ast. Or, rabbu-l-'alamain kjnisrau.e maujudat ast. RUN Run after him and call him back. dar ('akab)-ash bi-dawed tea o-ra baz bi-khwaned (pai ; kafd,e.) RUST This knife is covered with rust 7// kard ba sang aliida ast. Or, In chaku-ra morchana kh_urda ast. sad satisfaction. 393 S. SAD This is indeed a sad misfortune. in. fi-l-waki' (muslhat)-i- azim ast. (bafiyat ; zillat.) SADDLE He is used to ride without a saddle. ('adat-ash ast) ki baghair-i-zln smear inl-^iavad. (o 'adat darad.) SAFE I heard of his safe arrival in London. man shuni- dam hi dar shaJtr-i-landan (ba khiiir o'afiyai) uarid shud. (ba a in an o aman; ba sihhat ; ba salamat; salaman o Cfhariman.) SAFETY We may live here in safety. dar m ja ba (salamat) bi-manem. (amn ; aman ; arain ; 'ajiyat ; amniyat ; hifazat.) Or, dar in ja ba pa,e karar jada,e istikamat bi-paiinayem. SAIL This boat has neither mast nor sail. ni kishtl tir na darad na (bad-ban), (shura' ; kala'a.) SAILORS Sailors visit different parts of the globe. mal- lahan sair-i-mulkha,e (mukhtalif)-i-dunya ml-kunand. (mutafarrik.) SALARY His salary is 500 rupees a month. mnu-ajib-ash panj sad rupiya ast. Or, o mushahira,e panj sad rupiya darad. SALE There will be a sale of salt to-morrow. -farda harrtij-i-namak khwaliad shud. Or, farda namak ba harraj farokjita khwahad shud. SALEABLE. These articles are not saleable. In ajnas kubil- i-farokh_t nai/and. SAME Yours and mine are both the same. chize ki az an- i-man ast wa an chlz ki az an-i-aluana ast har dii (yak- san) and. (ala-s-sawiya ; mutasawi.) Or, chlz-i-shuma wa cliiz-i-man har du yak kism ast. Or, ashiya,e ma har du az yak naiC mi-bashad. SAMPLE Show me a sample of the rice. ba man namuna,e birinj bi-namayed. SAND This rice is full of sand. In birinj az reg pur ast. SATISFACTION Your book has afforded me much satisfao- 394 satiety sea. tion. az mutala'a,e kitub-i-sliuma bisiyar khushnudl hasil namuda am. SATIETY He saw you to satiety. o az didan-i-tU ser gar- dida ast. Or, az dldan-i-tu serl bado ru aicarda ast. SAVE Save this for to-morrow. m-ra bara,efarda nigah bi-dared. SAVED I have saved my friend from a very great danger. dost-i~khudam-ra az kh-a,e mulilik (ba salamat badar aicarda am), (najat dadam ; mahfuz dashta am.) SAW Tell the carpenter to saw this board in two. dar- rudgar-ra bi-go ki m takhta^ra ba arra do para bi-(kunad). (kun.) SATING This is an old saying. m (makaT)-i-kadlm ast. (kaul; guftar ; sukhan.) SCARCE These articles are now scarce. In asliiya (kam- yab) and. (cfhair-fa,iz ; ghair kasir ; na-yub ; nadir ; cfharlb.) SCATTER Scatter this seed on the ground. In tukhm-ra ba zamln (biyafshaned). (bi-pcished ; bi-kared.) SCOBE I have bought a score of sheep. (blsta.e) gusfand khanda am. (but 'adad-i.~) SCORN He treated my advice with scorn. naslhat-i-mara (hakarat kard). (hakir danist; ba istikrah shinuft ; istikhfaf kard ; kirah'njat kard.) SCRAPE Scrape the ink off your pen. az kalam-i-khud niurakkab (pak kun). (bi-kharash ; Jiakk kun.) SCRATCHED I have scratched my finger with a nail. angmht-i-khiid-ra ba mekhe kliaraslilda am. SCRAWL Why do you scrawl on my paper? chira bar kaghaz-i-man kjiatt-i-(kh_am) mi-hashed ? (na husn.) SCREAM These children scream all day. w atfal tamam roz ghireie mi-zanand. SCREWS This lock is fastened on with screws. In kufl az pech (band) karda sliud. (murattab ; mutarattab,} SCRIBE This is the village scribe. in katib-i-fcanja ast. SEA The ship will go to sea to-morrow. -farda jahaz (ba bahr raican khwcihad shud). (langar khwahad bar dasht.) seal seized. 395 SEAL What did you give for that seal? az bara,e an iiinlir clti diii lul ! SEALED Have you sealed your letter ? bar kkatt-i-Jchud (muhr karda ed) ? (khatm or muhr zada ed.} SEAMS There are no seams in this cloth. In libas darz na darad. Or, dar In jama dozislie nist. SEARCH I had a long search to no purpose. man ta ba muddat-i-madid just o jU,e be-fa,ida kardam. SEARCHING I have been searching for this all day. matt tamam roz (dar talcish-i-ln buda am). (tafahhus-i-m karda am ; tajassus-i-in dashta am.) SEASON This is a pleasant season of the year. in mausim- i-sal khush ast. SEA-SHORE We walked by the sea-shore. ma ba scihil-i- bahr pa-piyada (sair) kardem. (tafarnij.) SECRET They keep all things secret. hama chiz (nihan) darand. (pinhan ; poshida ; makhfl ; ikhfa ; mastur. } Or, sirre ki mi-darand ba kase darmiyan na mi-(m]uind). (a rand goyand.) SECTION You will find this in the fourth chapter, fifth section. dar fasl - i -panjum - i - bab - i - chaharum m-r~i kjnvahed yaft. SECURE You may remain here secure. shinna dur in ju (aiman) bashed, (ba aman ; ba salamat ; ba khairiyat ; mmalhim ; salim ; baajiyat.) SEE I see, the trouble I take to teach you is useless. man ml-danam ki mihnateki dar ta'tim-i-shuma nn-kunam be-sud ast. SEED Sow this seed in tne garaen. in (bazr) dar lgh_ bi-kar. (barz ; barza ; tukhm.) SEEK If we seek for knowledge, we shall find it. agar talab-i-'ilm bi-kunem ji-l-uTt ki' hasil khii-ahent namud. SEIZED The police office^ seized him. shuhnu yirif tar-ash namud. Or, 'asas akhz-ash namud. Or, yake az ald-i- ihtisab (makhuz-ash namud). (dar wai aii-ekh.t ; dastdar gireban zad ; o-ra girift.) 26 396 select serves. SELECT Select what things you choose. an chizha,e ki shuma nu-pasanded (bi-guzin-ed}. (ikhtisas bi-kuned ; bi-chined ; istinbat bi-kuned.) SELL I intend to sell my old books and buy new ones. kasd-i-an daram ki kutub-i-kufm U-fufosham iva kutub-i- nau bi-kh grant. SEND I send my servant to Tehran once a week. man \kh_adintf-i-kh_ud-ra ba tahran ba hafta yak bar (m~i- Jiristam}". ^kjiidmatyar ; miita'iillik ; hajib: mulazim : naukar ; chakar ; rahl.) ^(rau-ana nri-kunam ; irsal or rmirsil daram.') SEND The king said, Send for the executioner. badshah farmud ki jallad-ra bi-talab. Or, khusrau hukm dad ta ki jallad-ra bi-talaband. SENSE She possesses much sense and judgment. an zan ('akl-i-jiraicaii) 1 darad wa (ra,e durustf. ^(zam~ir-i- muiiir ; jirasat-i-rnustahkam.) ^tamlz-i-sa,ib ; dirayat- i-farakh.) SENSES It behoves us to keep our senses under control. niara bayad ki hau-ass-i-kjriid-ra dar zabt M-darcin. SENTIMENTS My sentiments agree with yours. dar In amr ra,e man ba ra,c shuma (muttajlk ast). (muica/ik ast ; muicajikat or ittifak darad.) SEPARATION How long is it since their separation? chand muddat ast ki (judaj) danniyait-i-t'shan uftad. (farak ; mufankat ; mahjurl ; hijran ; farkat ; tufrakat; hijr : -mubaidat ; katl'at /) SEPARATE They live in separate houses. eshan dar khana.e (mukhtalif) sukunat darand. (\da hida ; unttti- Jarrik ; juda.) SERENE The sky is serene and clear. a^man (kh_ub saf) ast u-a nuranl. (be sahab ; na tank.) SERIODS Are you serious in yhat you say '? anclii ml- goyed sanjida ast ya na. SER\ES Ivorj serves for various purposes. 'aj dar karha,e an u-a' rn'i-aijad. Or, (aj) ba karha.e anua im-kh_urad. (dandaii-i-jAl.) service share. 397 SERVICE I have been in his service ten years. man dar rmdazimat-ash ta ba dali sal (hazir buda am), (miydn-i- khidmat basta am ; muldzim buda am.) SET I set off to-day for Khaiva. man imroz ba samt-i- khaiva ml-ruvam. Or, man rdh-i-khaiva imroz (tai mi- kunam). (kata mi-kunam ; ml-puimayam.) SET I have set the trap in the place you told me. ja,e ki ba man nishan ddded dar an jd dam (gustarda am). (nihdda am ; nasb karda am.) SETTLE I will now settle my account. man ilhdl hisdb-i- khud-rd (be bdk) khtcdham kard. (faisal ; rafa'.) SEVERELY He was punished severely. o 'azab-i-alltn ydft. Or, 'akubat-i-shadld bado rasid. Or, ba (ta'zlbp-i-sakhj (giriftar)* amad. ^('ikab ; muatabat.) *(giriftar or mubtald or makhiis or usir or mukaiyad shud.) SEW Sew these two together. In liar dii-ra bfiham (bi- dozed}. (tulflk U-kuned ; rafu bi-sazed ; gharzut bi-kuned.) SHADE Sit in the shade of this tree. -dar zer-i-(saya),e in darakht bi-nishmed. (zill.) SHADED My house is shaded with trees. khana,e man ba darakhtiin (sayadar) ast. (muzallal shuda.) SHAKE Shake the boughs of the tree. (shakhha^e darakht (bi-jumbanedf. 1 (furu' ; afumn, sing, fanait ; agh$a,e, sing, gkusun.) \mutaharrik bi-sazed; -ra harakat bi-dihed.) SHAKE Shake off the dust on your clothes. -jamaha,e khud-ru az khjcik bi-takaned. SHAKE Shake hands. biyd ki ma baham musafiha bi- kunem. SHAME What, have you no shame? aya (sharm) na dared? (khujlat ; haiyd ; nang ; infi'al.) Or, aya khajalat na mi-(kashed) ' (bared.) SHAPE Do you know what shape the earth is ? ml-daned ki haikal-i-arz chi-san ast ? SHARE He has received his own share out of the property . o hissa,e kh_ud az imlak yafta ast. Or, o kismat-i- 398 sJiare sign. Tchnd az mcil husul karda ast. Or, o-ra bahra,e az mil- kiyat la husrd amada ast. SHAVE I am just going to shave. halan hajamat kcirdan nn-khwahum. SHED The sun shed his beams over the earth. (shu'la,e mihr) la ru,e arz it/tad. (shua'-i-shams ; latoamf-i- khurshed.) Or, a/tab tub-i-khud-rii ba ru,e zamlti (afgand). (gustard ; rekh_t ; pashld.) SHEET Give me a sheet of paper. yak (takhta,]e kaghaz ba man bi-dih. (warak ; fard.) SHELL I have found a beautiful shell. man (sadafe kh ush- numa) yafta am. (gosh-i-mahi,c hasin.} SHELTER It rains fast, let us shelter ourselves. bar~nt (sakht) mi-barad biya ki panah bi-ytrem. (ba zwli ; la ifrcit; fund.) SHINES The sun shines with great power to-day. imroz tab-i-aftab bisiyur (fuirr) ast. (mahrur ; shadld ; sakh_t ; tabandu.) SHOOT Do you know how to shoot with arrows ? shuma tlr (andakhtaii) ml-daned ? (riha kardan ; zadan ; andazi.) SHORTEN Can you shorten this? shuma (m-ra Jchurd) ml-tau-aned kard ? (In the case of a speech, in sukhan- ra takasur.) SHOULDER He has an epaulet on his shoulder. o bar (dosh)-i-khud nishane darad. (shcina ; kitf.) SHOW Please show me the book you spoke of. Jcitabe ki shuma zikr-ash karded azru,e 'inayat ba man (nishan bi-dihed). (bi-namUyed.) SICK He has been sick (or ill) a long time. az muddut-i- daraz bvnar shuda ast. SIGH Why do you sigh ? chira Hh vn-(kimed) ? (hashed.) Or, chira nafs-i-sard az dil bar ml-ared ? SIGN This is a sign of rainy weather. in 'ultimate (barish] ast. (matar.) S 1GN Please to sign this paper. az ru,e talattitf bar 'in haajiaz (dast-kJiatt) bi-kuned. (sah'ih.) signifies sky. 399 SIGNIFIES It signifies little what they say. Unclii mi~ got/and liecli (inuzayaka) na darad. (zarar.) SILK This is a silk manufactory. In kar-khana,e ab- resham ast. SILLINESS What can be greater silliness than to think thus? az In cliunm khayal bastan kudam (himakat) ziyadatar ast ? (sadagl; rakcikat ; fiyalat.) SIMILAR My case is similar to yours. hal-i-man (ba misal}-i-halat-i-shuma ast. (mitshtabih ; miishabih.) SINCERE His love towards us is sincere. muhabbat-ash ba ina ba ikhlcis ast. Or, muwaddat-ash ba ma ba sadakat ast. Or, muwalat-ash ba ma khalis ast. SINCERITY He is a man of sincerity. o (rast-baz) ast. (l>nk-baz; pak-rii ; mukhlis ; yak-jihat ; ikhlas-mand ; sallinu-l-kalb ; khalisu-l-mukhlis ; sadakat-gustar ; sadakat pesha ; mashkiifu-l-kalb.) Or, o sahib-i-(rast bazi) ast. (iklllas ; sadakat; sidk.^ SINGS She sings very sweetly. an zan khub (mt-sarayad). (sarod or taghannl or tar annum or zumzuma ml-kunad ; sarod or tdrannum mi-zanad.) SINGULAR Their religious opinions are singular. khai/a- lut-i-mazhab-i-eshan ('aj'ib) out. ('ajab, pi. 'aja,ib; gharib; nadir.) SINKING The boat is sinking. kishtl dar abfaro mi-ravad. Or, kishfl (mustagjirak) nil-sliavad. (ghark ; maghrtik ; ghank.] SINS No man is so just that he sins not. kase in cJntinit, (munsif-miziij) mst -ki gunah na kunad. (pak-baz ; khuda-tars ; neko-kar.) SIT Sit down, and see if you can understand this or not. (bi-nishlned) wa bi-blned ki 7n-ra fahmldan mi-tawaned t/il na. (tashrif bi-dared ; taka'id bi-kuned ; bi-fannayed.) SIZE What size is the book you speak of? kitabekizikr- ash ml-kuned chi kadar (hit jam darad) ? (kalan or killat ast.} SKY The sky is overcast. asmanba zulmat-i-sahab posliiesh : rnju'.} TRIFLE Why do you thus trifle away your time? slut mil chira ba In tatir nukat-l kh_nd-ra (ra,eyan)az dast ml-dihed. inntft : be fn, iila.) TRIVIAL This is but a trivial affair. In amr-i-(khaflj} ast. (subuk : be-inai/a ; be-irazn ; be-mifcdar.) TROUBLE He gives them much trouble. o badeslian, (zahmat)-i-ftraican ml-dihad. (dikkat : takbjlf ; ta*d~i : saklat ; mihnat ; takaUuf.) TRUST I am not anyways afraid to trust him. mari hech muzat/aka na daram ki (baro i'timad) bi-knnam. (rtibar-i-o.\ TRUTH lam convinced what he says is the whole truth. i/akln ml-danam harchi ki o ml-fjui/cid knU'i rast ast. TRYING It is of no use trying to do this. a:)ii(i,isJi-i-ln kar ba man be fa.ida fl.s?. TUMBLED They tumbled over one another. eslian bar yak dltfar (u/tadand). (initnJtadiin shudand ; yalatli dar an ja bi-raram ya na. UNBECOMING To act thus is unbecoming. m chiimn kar kardan (na munasib") ast. (nci sha,ista ; gh.air-i-muii-rtjik ; UNCHANGEABLE. God only is unchangeable. mahz kh uda ta'ala (bar karar) ast. (la yazal ; bila taghaiyur ; da.im iva ka,im.} UNDERGO Why do you needlessly undergo all this trouble. chira be-zariiratan m liama (taklif ml-kaslied). (mihnat ml-bardared ; zuhmat mi->bared ; tasdl' or dikkat m~i-kuned.) , UNDERSTAND-^-! do not understand your meaning. matlab- i-shuma (na ml-fahmani). (ba fahm-i-man na nil-ayad ; mafhum-i-man na ml-gardad.} Or, mudda'a-i-shuma dar fahm-am na mi-ayad. Or, fahm-i-fahwa,e shuma na mi- kunam. UNDERTAKE Will you undertake to manage this business ? intizam-i-ln kar ba zimma,e khud (khwahed girift)? (fcabrd khwahed kard.} unexpectedly unsearchable. 413 UNEXPECTEDLY This letter came unexpectedly. In mu- rasala (na gahana) wand shud. (be-khabar.} UNFIT He is wholly unfit for the task assigned him. kare ki bado hawala shuda ast dar ada,e an bi-l-kull (na la,ik ast). (adm-i-liyakat darad ; na kabil ast.} UNFURNISHED. The house is unfurnished. an khana (arasta nisi), (rakht or lawazimat or saman na darad.) UNHAPPY She is quite unhappy on this account. az in jihat an zan (bisiyar ranjida-khatir) shuda ast. ('aish-ash munaghghis ; 'ishrat-ash talkh ; an zan dil-tang o rnagh- mum o andoh-agm o ghamnak^) UNHURT Through God's mercy we escaped unhurt. ba fazl-i-khuda ma az (mazarat mahfuz) mandem. (zarrar masiin; azlyat mahrus.) UNITED Our sentiments are united. ra,e ma (muttajik) ast. (muttahid ; ba ittifak ; ba ittihad.) UNJUST Do you conceive this to he unjust? aya shuma khayal mi-banded ki in (be inxafi) ast ? (na hakk; be dddi; khilaf-i-ma'dUat ; khilaf-i-shar' .} UNKIND We should not be unkind to each other. bayad ki ma ba yak-dlgar (be rukm) na shavem. (be muruwat ; be marhamat ; be shafkat ; gjhair-tarahhum?) UNGRATEFUL He is ungrateful. o (kafir-i-ni'mat) ast. (na sipas ; na hakk-shinas ; na shukr-guzar.) Or, o 'adat- i-(kufran-i-ni'mat) darad. (kufr-i-ni'mat ; kufranu-n- na'm.) UNLAWFUL To do so is unlawful. in churiin kardan (khilaf-i-shar') ast. (na mashru' ; na hakk.) UNLOCK Unlock the door. kufi-i-darwciza (wa kun). (bi- kusha ; az or ba kalld bi-kiisha.) UNREASONABLE Their demands are unreasonable. da'u-a- ha,e eshan (be ja) ast. (be i tidal ; mutajawiz ; na ma'kul; na ja,iz.) UNSEARCHABLE The ways of God are unsearchable. 414 unspeakable uttered. hikmat-i-aUah-ta'ala az (idrak-i-ma berun) mi-bashad. (fahm-i-ma ba'id.) UNSPEAKABLE Our joy is unspeakable. kh_nshl,e ma az hadd-i-baiyan bernn ast. UNSTEADY His mind is very unsteady. dil-ash bisiyar (be karar] ast. (na ka,im ; be sabat ; na ustuwar ; be istiklal.) UNWILLING I am altogether unwilling to go there. ba rajtan-i-nn ja bisiyar (na raz) hastam. (na khushnud ; be dil ; na khwah.) Or, az rajtan-i-an ja daregh (daram). (uu-kwiani ; ba man nn-ayad.) UNWISE It were unwise not to agree to this. az In kar (inkar kardan) na danl ast. (sar baz zadan ; iba or daregh or istinkaf or nakaf or ikra' kardan ; baz istndcui.) Or, ~in kar-ra na kabUl kardan be wukufi ast. UNWORTHY He has proved himself unworthy of your protection. az kirdar-ash (sabit shuda,) ast ki o ln,ik-i- Itimayat-i-shuma )itst. (ba isbat rasula; masbut or mubaiyin or huicaida or irazih or zaliir shuda; ba irit.nh paiwasta.) UPPER Are there any upper rooms in this house ? aya In khana(-ra tabake faukani mi-bashud) ? (tabake bala darad.} UPRIGHT They are upright in their dealings. dar mu'- nnialnt-i-c'sJian (amanot-guzar) and. (sadik ; rcist-baz ; fadakaikar ; diyanat-dur.) URGED No one urged him to do so. hech kas ba chnn'm kar kardan o-ra (taka^a) na kard. (iztirar ; amada ; targhjb ; iktiza ; tahns.) URGENT This business is urgent. m kar o bar (zarurl) ast. (mutdkazl; mubram ; muhlmm ; bajjad.} USE Of what use is this ? 7n ba chi kar ml-(ayad} ? (kliurad : bandad ; paiwandad.) Or, In ba chi sud mi- bakhshad ? Or, In chi sud darad ? UTTERED I never uttered such a word. man In chumn vain vexation. 415 sukhan galie bar zaban nayawardam. Or, man sikr-i-ln chunln sukhan bar zaban na randam. Or, In chunln sukJian az dahan-i-man (bar) nayamad. (femw.) Or, man in chunln kalam gahe takallum na kardam. V. VAIN He exerts himself in vain. o be fa,ida koshish ml-kunad. Or, o ranj-i-behuda mi-barad wa sa'i,e be fa,ida ml-kunad. VALUE I value his friendship greatly. man kadar-i- dostiyash bisiyar mt-danam. Or, man ulfat-i-o-ra \izlz daram. Or, muwaddat-i-o-ra sarmaya,e zindayanl mt- shumaram. VALUE What is the value of these precious pearls? k~imat-i-(diirrlia,e yatlm) clilst? (marwarldha,e shahwar.) VALUABLE These things are valuable. in chizhii bisiyar (samlmj and. (girami; girun-maya ; klmatl.) VANITY He is full of vanity. o pur az ghuriir ast. Or, o dar-sar bisiyar kh_ayal-i-(khud faroshl) darad. (Ithud- lUrii ; khud-parastl ; khiid-pasandl ; takabbur-i-\(jutt; kibr ; istig]ina,l; za'm ; ^u'w.) VAEIOUS There are various opinions about it. dar bab-i- m amr (ra,eha,e mukhtalif) and. (ikhtilaf-i-aksam ; maslahatha,e mutafarrik.) VARNISHED This chair has not been varnished. bar In kursi lak malida na shuda ast. VENTURED Confiding in his luck, he ventured all his property on this risk. bar naslb-i-khud i'timad karda Kama mdl-i-khud-ra dar makam-i-khatra (tifgand). (andakjit.) VERILY Verily I cannot believe you. -fi-l-wakV bar shuma i'timad na mi-tawanam kard. VEXATION I meet with nothing but vexation in this business. dar In amr ba juz az tasdi hech chlz (hasil)-ir man na ml-ayad. (gir ; ba dast ba hasil ; ba hu$iil.) 416 vice voyage. VICE They make no distinction between vice and virtue. (ma bain-i-khubs iva fazl farfy na mi-kunand. (kubh az husn tafrik ; darmiyan-i-shantfat wa khubl tafawat ; imtiyaz-i-badi wa neko,l.) Or, ma bain-i-('aib wa hunar] tamiz na darand. (kabahat wa husnat ; sharr wa khair ; ma'siyat wa 'iffat ; khubasat wa 'ismat.] VIGILANT We should be vigilant in avoiding evil. bayad ki ma dar ihtiraz kardan az badi (bedar) bashem. (mun- tabih ; hoshyar ; agah ; mustaikiz.} VINDICATE He cannot vindicate his conduct. dar bab-i- raftar-i-khud hech'uzrna ml-tawanad award. Or, anchi ki dar raftar ast az an ba 'uzr khud-ra khalas na ml- tawanad kard. VIOLATE I must not violate the orders of the government. bayad ki man (na-fannam,e) hukm-i-daulat na kunam. ('adul-; 'adm-i-ita'at ; na-farma bardarl.} Or, bayad ki man az farman-i-riyasat (mukhalifat) na kunam. (sar- kashi ; gardan-kashi ; ta'aruz ; i'raz ; ta'arruz.) VIOLENT His temper is very violent. o mizaj-i-(khashm- nak) darad. (cfhazub ; ghazab-nak ; arghand ; arghada.] Or, o (atas1i)-mizaj ast. (tund ; tez ; sakht.) VIRTUOUS Let us always maintain virtuous conduct. bihtar ast ki ma (raftar-i-nek madam ikhtiyar bi-namayern}. (ba khasalat-i-'afif da,imu-l-ankat 'adat bi-glrem.) VISIT I am going to visit him. man (bara,e) mulakat-i-o ml-ravam. (ba sharaf-i-.) VOICE She has a fine voice. aivaz-i-an sahiba (khiisli) ast. (tibat-amez ; narm o hazm ; taiyibu-l-ada ; taiyib-lahjat). Or, an zan zaban-i-sliirm darad. VOLUMES Is the book in one or two volumes ? In kitab yak jild darad ya do ? VOYAGE He is now on a voyage to Bushir. o ilhal ba bush'ir az (rah-i-tari) mi-ravad. (tarlk-i-bahr.) wafer warranted. 417 WAFER Please give me a wafer. 'inayat/armuda la man (kulaje) li-dihed. (chize az barii,e cha spanl dan.) WAGES What wages do you receive ? shuma chand ('ujrat) nn-yabed ? (mazduri; mitzd ; talab ; daily yaumiya ; rozma; rozana ; monthly mushaharat ; mahi- yana.) WAIT Tell him to wait in this room. bao bi-goyed ki dar m kamra (muntazir bashed), (intizar bi-kuned ; chande taii-akkuf bi-kuned ; andake bi-maned; mutawakkif bashed.) WAITING I have been waiting for you t\vo hours. ta ba dii sa'at (intizar-i-shuma kashida ant). (barci,e shuma iiumtazir buda am; do cliashm ba rah-i-skuma dcishta - am ; chashm-i-Jchud-ra nargiswar ba shali-rah-i-shinna nigrun daslita am; bar a, e shuma nnitaivakkif buda am; ba jihat-i-shuma tawakkuf karda am.} WAKE You must endeavour to wake early. shuma-ra 'ala-s-sabah az bistar bar khastan bciyad. W T ALK Do you mean to walk or ride ? shuma pa piyada rah raftau mi-kh_walied ya (saictir) ? (ba saicarl.) WALL The garden wall has fallen. diirar-i-bagh (u/tada) ast. (manhadim shuda ; inhidam yitfta ; az pa dar amada.) WANDERED I have wandered in all directions over the country. ba hama taraf-i-mulk (sair karda am), (siya,' hat or tafarruj karda am ; gashta am ; gardlda am) Or, man jaicanib-i-diyar ba kadam paimuda am. WANT I want much to see him. man o-ra didan bisiyar mi-khwaham. WAREHOUSE This is his warehouse. in (khana,e ajnas}-i-o ast. (asbab-khjuna ; ambar-Jchana ; karbaj.) WARPED This table is warped. In mez (kaj) shuda ast. (khamida; mu'amcij ; kosh; munhani.) WARRANTED The horse is warranted without blemish. (wa'da karda) slntda ast ki m asp 'aibe na darad. (kamr duda ; ikrar karda ; $amanat-i-in tna'nl rjirifta) 418 waste whistling. WASTE Why do you waste your paper ? cliira kaghaz-i- khud-ra (tazijl'} ml-kuned ? (za,T ; kJiarab ; makJiiTib.) WATCH I watch an opportunity of going there. man ba jiliat-i-raftan-i-cin ja (mauka',e mi-binam). (kabu m~i- jUi/am ; inuntazir-i-fur*at ml-bashaui ; mutarassid-i-icakt- i-sha,ista ml-basham.) WATCH Your watch goes remarkably well. sa'at-i-shuma ba tarah-i-khub ml-raiad. WAX These candles are of wax. in shani'ha az mom sakhta shuda ast. WEAR I wear a suit of clean clothes every day. liar roz daste jcima'e saf (ml-posham). (dar bar mi-kunam.") WEAVES He weaves the kind of cloth we wear. kisme piircha hi ma inl-posJiem an sluikhs ml-bafad. WEEK He will return in a week. dar 'arsa,e yak hafta (mu)-nja'at) kjnvahad kard. (muaicadat ; 'ndat.) WEEPS He weeps because of the death of his son. ba sabab-i-rihlat-i-pisar-ash (mi-nalad). (iiala o ah or f/iriya o zcirl or-shor ojighan or ashkbun inl-kunad.) WEIGHED Has this sugar been weighed ? m shakar (sanjlda) shiula ast. (wazn or tartll. karda.} WEIGHT What is the weight of this stone? in sang chi (wazn) darad ? (sanglnl ; sanj ; bar ; saklat.) WELCOME You are welcome. shuma (kh_ush) amadaed! (ba-khair.) Or, marhaba! Or, marhaban o sahlan ! WELL Tell them to dig a well here. badeshan bi-goyed ki dar in ja chahe bi-kanand. WELL I understand well what you sp.y. anchi ki shuma, ml-goyed (dar fahm-i-mati khub ml-ciyad). (man ba khiibi nn-fahmam.) WET This paper is very wet. m kaghaz bisiyar (nam) ast. (tar; namgm ; martub ; nam-nak.} WHISPERED I whispered that to him. man an sukhan dar gosh-ash (ahista) guf tarns (ba ahistagl; ba khafiya; ba nihuftagt.) WHISTLING I heard somebody whistling. shakhse-rci sltunidam ki (safir mi-zanad). (safar mi-kunad.) wounded. 419 WHOLE You are welcome to the whole. agar khwahish-i- shuma basJiad hama bi-glred. WIDER I want some cloth wider than this. man kadre parcha az ~m 'anztar mT-kJnpaham. WINDOW The bird flew out at the window. paranda az dancha (parii-az kard}. (panc~iz kunan raft ; parld.} WINTER I like the winter season. mam (mausim-i-S(irma) pasand mi-ayad. (shita ; zaniistriii.) WISDOM She possesses much wisdom. an zan ('akl)-i- kaniil darad. (firasat : Jit rat ; dirayat ; kiyasat.) WISE They only are wise who fear God. mahz an kasan ('aklinaud) nu-basliand ki tars-i-kjiuda. darand. ('akii ; dana ; zU-l-'akUl; sUhib-i-idrilk: miihakkak.] WISH What is your wish ? khwahish-i-skuma cJiist ? WISH They wish to remain here. eshan (mi-khwahand) ki dar in ja bi-manand. (tamanna or arzn or irada or shank dtirand.} WITNESSES. Has he any witnesses ? o (yawahe) darad ? (shahide.) WORLD This world was created by the power of God. ba kudrat-i-ilahl In dunya (ba icujud amad). (paida or Ufrlda shud.) WONDER Nobody can evince wonder at this. liecli kas dar in ('ajab) na ml-tawanad kard. (sliiyu/t ; taajjub.) WORKS She works to 'support herself and family. an zan ba jihat-i-pancarish-i-khj(d-asli wa atfal-i-khiid mihnat ml- kunad. WORSHIP We worship one God only. ma (parastish}4- khuda,e icahid )in-kunem. ('ibadat ; taut; bandagl ; namaz.} Or, ma mii'takif-i-taufiid mi-bashem. WORTHY I am not worthy of so much kindness. man l(i,ik-i-i)i kadar-i-mihrbanl nlstam. WOUND Deadly venom was extracted from the wound. az zakhm (zahr-i-katil) bar awarda shud. (samm-i-halhal ; matamm-i-halahal.) WOUNDED Some of our sepoys were wounded. -ba'ze az lashkiriya>i-i-ma (tnajrTih rjashtand). (-ra jarrahat rasld.) 420 wrecked zealous. WRECKED That ship was wrecked. an jahaz (tabali) shud. (takhrib; inhidam ; zer-i-ab faro zada ; shikasta ; ghark ; ghank ; mustaghrik.} WEITE Let me see if I can write as well as you. bi- b in am ki man ba misal-i-shuma khush Wifltt naidshtan mi-taictinam ya na. WRONG You have bought the wrong kind of seed. shuma bazr az kism-i-digar kharida ed. Y. YARD This stick is a yard long. in chub' yak gaz daraz ast. YEARS He is ten years old. o ba 'timr dah sala ri- basliad. Or, 'umr-ash dah sal ast. Or, o dah sal 'umr darad. YELLOW That appears yellow. an zard (ma'liim mi- shavad). (ml-namayad.) YESTERDAY Yesterday it rained much. dl roz barun ba (shiddai) lurid, (if rat.) YOUNG She is quite young. an zan (ncu-jauTtn) ast. (barna.J Or, mewa,e 'un/awan-i-shabab-ash nau raslda ast. YOUTH In the season of youth. dar (aiyam}-i-jau-am. ('a/it?; daur ; mausim-i-bahar ; zamtin.) Z. irawan ZEAL He sliowed great zeal. o (sar-garmi\e fit. zahir hard. (ghabt ; ghabta ; gJiairat ; 'asabiyat ; hamiyat.) ZEALOUS They are very zealous. eshan bisiyar (sar-gami) and. (ghajr; ghayur ; sha,ih; inudaicin ; mudmin ; mutahuuu'ir.) zephyr. 421 ZEPHYR The breath of the zephjr feels pleasant to us. bad-i-sabii bn ma k_hush mi-ayad. Or, nh-i-janubi ba ma mtihsus flii-sliatad. The book is finished, by the aid of the Merciful King, in the year 1877. tammatu-l-kitab ba 'aunu-l-maliku-l-icahhab fl sannat EXAMINATIONS. IN INDIA there are the following examinations in Persian and Arabic, at which persons other than members of the Indian Civil Service (see note, page 160) may present themselves : 1. The Second or Higher Standard* in Persian, or Arabic, (a) The books which have to be read are PERSIAN. 'Ikd-i-gul. (Selection of the Gulistan.) Nqfhatu-l-yaman (1st part). ' ITcd-i-manzum. (Selection of the Bostan.) (b) Half of an ordinary octavo page of plain English has to be rendered into : Persian or Arabic. (c) Manuscripts in Persian or Arabic have to be read fairly and translated readily. The reward for passing is, in PERSIAN. Es. 500 ARABIC. Es. 800 (d) Conversation with fluency, and with such correctness of pro- nunciation, grammar and idiom as to be at once intelligible, has to be carried on with a native, f * So called because it corresponds with the examination styled the Second, or Higher, Standard in Hindustani ; there is no examination in Persian or Arabic by the First or Lower Staiulard. t Bxcept iu Bombay, this portion of the test is, in Arabic, omitted. 424 2. Standard of High Proficiency, (a) The books which have to be read are : PERSIAN. Gttlistdn. Bostan. Anwdr-i-Suhaili. ARABIC. IKhioanu-s-safa. Nafhatu-l-yaman. (6) A passage of moderate difficulty, half of an octavo page in length, not taken from a text-book, has to be rendered into English. (c) An English paper of moderate difficulty has to be translated accurately and idiomatically. (d) Similarly, a paper of English sentences has to be rendered. Eeward for passing in PERSIAN. I ARABIC. Es. 1500 Es. 2000 3. Examination for a Degree of Honour. (a) The books which have to be read are : ARABIC. Hammdsdh. Jaimur-ndmah. Makdmdt-i- Hariri. Inshd,e Abu-l-fazl. SiJcandar ndmah. Dlwdn-i-Hdfiz. (6) Two octavo pages, one in prose, the other in verse, selected from some difficult work, not a text-book, have to be translated with accuracy into English. (c) A difficult passage from English has to be rendered with accuracy, elegance and neatness of expression, and with perfect correctness of spelling and grammar. (d) Conversation has to be carried on with idiomatic accuracy and fluency.* Howard for passing in PEESIAN. I ABABIC. Es. (4000) Es. (5000) Except in Bombay, this portion of the test Is, in Arabic, omitted. 425 4. In the Province of Sind, there is a Special Examination in Persian. The books which have to be read are : (a) Gulistan. First Four Chapters of the Anwar-i-Suhaill. (1) A passage, in an easy narrative style, not taken from the text- books has to be translated into English. (c) An English paper of easy narrative style has to be rendered, intelligibly and with accuracy of grammar, into Persian. (d) A paper of English sentences has, similarly, to be rendered. (e) Conversation, with accuracy and fluency, has to be carried on with a native of Persia. Keward for passing -(1000) Ks. Remarks. Examinations 1, 2 and 3, are regulated by G. G. O. Military Department, No. 734 of 9th September, 1864 ; and No. 294 of 24th March, 1866. These orders of Government relate to the following languages : Hindustani, Sanskrit, Bengali, Burmese, Assamese, Panjabi, Pushtu, Uriya, GuzerathI, Mahrathi, Canarese, Tamil, Telugii, Malayalam, Sindi. As well as to Persian and Arabic. In respect to Pushtu the following Government order specially applies : G. G. O. Military Department, No. 733 of 15th July, 1873. The Special Examination (4) in Persian for the Province of Sind is based on: General Department, Bombay Castle, No. 2741 of 22nd Septem- ber, 1874 ; and No. 1122 of 14th April, 1875. A person, who intends to serve in India, would do well to apply to an Indian Agent, in London, for copies of these orders. 426 The Government of India and the Governments of Madras and Bombay may, in addition to the pecuniary rewards already noted, award a gold medal to any officer, who is reported to have passed an examination, in any language, with extra- ordinary merit. No officer will obtain rewards for passing the tests of the Second Standard, or High Proficiency, whose period of actual residence in India, exceeds 10 years ; nor will any officer receive any reward for passing the test for the Degree of Honour, whose period of actual residence in India exceeds 15 years. Examinations for Degrees of Honour, Certificates of High Pro- ficiency and for the Second or Higher Standard, will take place at Presidency Towns. The special examination in Persian for the Province of Sind, will take place at Bombay ; travelling allowance for the journey from Sind to Bombay and return will be given. Length of service is no bar to any one's appearing. Rules for the examination, at Fort William, of Candidates other than Her Majesty's Indian Civil Servants. 1. A general examination is held by the Board of Examiners monthly, usually the 1st Monday (not being the 1st or 2nd) of the month, to which military officers and all gentlemen,* authorized by Government to be examined by the Board, are admitted. 2. Applications for examination from Military Officers are to be made to the Adjutant-General of the Army, or the officer in charge of his office at the Presidency ; and, from all other gentlemen in the public service to the Head of the Department, in which they may be serving at the Presidency. Candidates, in their applications, are invariably to state their * Officers in the Public Works aTul Education Departments and officers of the Bengal Police Battalions. Other gentlemen by order of the Government of India, in the Home Department. 427 3. All applications are to be forwarded, in sufficient time to reach the Secretary to the Board, on or before the 25th, or [if for the High Proficiency Examination, or for a Degree of Honour] on, or before the 20th of the month preceding that in which the ex- amination is held. 4. Examinations commence at 11 a.m. ; and all papers are to be delivered to the Secretary by 4'0 p.m. Candidates arriving after 11*15 a.m. are excluded from the examination. 5. Candidates are to sign their names legibly on each of their exercises. 6. No Candidate can present himself for examination by the same standard at two consecutive monthly examinations ; or, by the High Proficiency test, or for a Degree of Honour, until three monthly examinations, or four months, have intervened from the date of the examination at which such Candidates may have been examined and failed to pass. 7. Special examinations are not granted except by the order of Government. 8. Candidates are not to call on the Secretary to the Board, or any of the Examiners, for the pui'pose of ascertaining the result of their examinations. A copy of the Board's report, embodying the remarks of the Examiners on his oral and written exercises is sent to each Candidate as soon after the examination as is practicable. Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India in the Foreign Department. No. 1470 P, dated Fort William, 13th August, 1874, Observations. In the dispatch above quoted, Her Majesty's Secretary of State dwelt on the necessity for encouraging officers employed in the Political Department to study Persian and Arabic languages. Probably such encouragement could most effectually be afforded by holding out some reasonable prospect of employment to officers 28 428 who devote themselves to the study of these languages. In the opinion of the Honourable the President in Council, however, it is impossible to give any definite promise of employment in the Poli- tical Department as a reward to officers who pass examinations or even high examinations in Arabic and Persian. Other qualifications must necessarily be regarded as of even greater importance than linguistic attainments. At the same time a thorough knowledge of these languages should be allowed much weight in the selection of Candidates Civil or Military for employ- ment in the Political Department. 2. The President in Council deems it necessary that officers who are hereafter appointed to the Political Service without having passed the High Proficiency or Honour tests in Persian or Arabic should, after their appointment pass a linguistic test of a higher standard than that now demanded. Under Foreign Department Resolution Ho. 541 P, dated 17th March, 1871, officers hi the Political Department are at present required to translate a passage of Persian into English and a passage of English into Persian. They are also required to hold witli moderate fluency a conversation in Persian, and to read with fair facility a Persian manuscript. lu order both to raise the present standard of qualification and to bring it into accordance with the standards recognised under the Civil and Military Examination Rules, the President in Council considers it necessary to prescribe that in future officers appointed to the Political Department in and below the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant shall be required to pass either in Arabic, or in Persian, by the High Proficiency test ; further that such officers if employed in Turkish Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Muscat shall be required to pass a colloquial examination in Arabic ; and if employed at Zanzibar, a colloquial examination in Arabic or Swaheli, even though they may have already passed in Persian; and if employed in the Continent of India, a colloquial examination either in Hindi, or the local vernacular of the place where they are serving. If such officers be appointed to Burma, they will be required to pass the High Proficiency test in Burmese, but will not be required to pass in Arabic or Persian. 3. When the exigencies of the public service require the employ- 429 ment of an officer in any of the higher posts of the Political De- partment, Government reserves to itself the right of appointing any officer who*m it considers to possess the best general qualifications even though he may not have passed in these languages. But for the retention of appointments in and below the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant, it will be essential that officers hereafter appointed shall have passed or shall within three years from date of appointment pass the tests above prescribed, besides qualifying in the other subjects laid down for examination in the Political De- partment. To officers above the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant neither these rules, nor the rules contained in the Resolution No. 5-11 P, dated 17th March, 1871, are applicable. In August, 1874, the number of officers belonging to the Indian Service who had passed the tests for the Degree of Honour and High Proficiency was as set forth in the following Table : Nature of Examination. Designation of Officer. Degree of Honor. High Proficiency. REMARKS. Persian Arabic Persian Arabic Indian Civil nil nil 14 2* *These two officers Service Men also passed the test for tKgh Proficiency in Persian. MilitaryOfficer 6 nil 19 3f fTwo of these officers passed the test for ligh Proficiency in i Persian. Total in India . 6 nil 33 5 430 Under Notification of the 24th March, 1870, by the Government of India, the rules for the examination of members of the Civil Service of India are as follows : A Civil Servant, attached to the Upper Provinces, may present himself for the High Proficiency Examination in Persian or Hin- dustani: if attached to the Lower Provinces, he must pass in Bangali or Uryah before he can compete in Persian or Arabic. Until he shall have obtained the certificate for High Proficiency in Persian or Hindustani (or Bangali or Uryah, as the case may be) he is not permitted to present himself for distinction in other languages. He may compete for a Degree of Honour without obtaining a certificate of High Proficiency. He is not allowed to present himself more than twice at any examination ; but, if specially recommended by the Examiners, he may appear a third time. He is not allowed to present himself for the High Proficiency Examination after the lapse of 7 years, nor for the Degree of Honour Examination after 10 years, from the date of his first arrival in India. No exception will be made on account of leave of absence, &c. Examinations will be held on the first Monday in January I July April October of each year, at the Presidency towns. Application to be examined must be made 3 months before the date of the examination. A Civil Servant desirous of attending examinations for prizes for the study of the Oriental languages, is allowed leave of absence on full pay for one month before the examination ; if he passes the examination, he is allowed another month. This leave of 2 months counts as service and residence. The amount of leave is not to exceed 2 months at one time, nor 12 months in the aggregate. The tests for High Proficiency and the Degree of Honour exami- nations are the same as those for Military Officers, or persons not belonging to the Indian Civil Service , but the rewards are different. 431 The reward for passing PERSIAN. ARABIC. (a) The High Proficiency Examination is Es. 2,000 2,000 (ft) The Degree o Honour 4,000 4,000 There is no examination by the Second or Higher Standard for a member of the Indian Civil Service. These rules affect particularly the members of the Civil Service of Bengal ; in the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay they are modified by local regulations. A member of the Indian Civil Service should obtain : Eesolution, Financial Department, No. 2,749 of 24th September, 1864, by the Government of India ; Letter, Home Depart- ment, No. 4,127, of 10th September, 1870, from the Govern- ment of India ; Notification of 24th March, 1870, by the G-overnment of India; Notification No. 49, of 4th September, 1874, by the Government of India. 432 6666j> i 1 fell lili 433 -2 I f 4 1 g i 1 i-l | II II II a I ii H 1 S I OO^ i cl S oo H-] s Us 1 i ONS H | 1 *ss 1 CO H | CO CO w II II II II B II II II |! 1 n 2 M 1 1 jrli s. s g i] y |l II II II ^ S 3 ii H H OEH hi -3 c = s^ P EH nil r-l CO !M O EH -*>oo o i? rH * Si 436 H 5* *5 tf -^ s S 8 437 I 8 3 SB II 1 f I I 1 11 S SJ< ^3 . II II II I 438 S S S S 20? 32 1 1 Si r-t