^
THE PERSIAN MAXUAL.
CLARKE.
s
*& /. -. X4 \ '
.. - X >
THE
PERSIAN MANUAL,
A POCKET COMPANION
INTENDED TO
FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINMENTS OP CONVERSING WITH
FLUENCY AND COMPOSING WITH ACCURACY, IN THE MOST
GBACEJUL OF AIL THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN
THE EAST.
FART I. A CONCISE GRAMMAR OF THE
LANGUAGE,
With Exercises on its more prominent peculiarities, together with
a Selection of Useful Phrases, Dialogues, and Subjects for
Translation into Persian.
PART II. A VOCABULARY OF USEFUL
WORDS,
ENGLISH AND PERSIAN,
SHOWING AT THE SAME TIME THE DIFFERENCE OF IDIOM
BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES.
BT
CAPTAIN H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE,
"Royal Engineers.
LONDON:
WM. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
1878.
LONDON :
GILBERT AND EIVINGTON, PBINTEBS,
52, ST. JOHN'S SQUABE, E.C.
Wirult, 1- SI. .,
WHO ENCOURAGED ME IX
BOYHOOD, YOUTH, AND MANHOOD,
THIS WOBK IS, WITH AFFECTION,
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR.
THIS work is divided into Two Parts :
Part I. Section 1. The Grammar.
2. Progressive Lessons and Exer-
cises.
3. Miscellaneous Dialogues and
Exercises.
Part II. Vocabulary.
2. Sections 2 and 3 of Part I. and the whole of
Part II. are entirely original.
The Grammar is, in part, compiled from the Per-
sian Grammars by
Dr. Lumsden, LL.D., 1810.
Mirza Muhammad Ibrahim ShirazI, 1841.
Mr. A. H. Bleeck, 1857.
Dr. D. Forbes, LL.D., 1862.
Its arrangement is entirely new ; much original mat-
ter has been introduced ; and the whole rendered as
concisely as possible.
The Exercises and Sentences (English to be turned
X PREFACE.
into Persian) have been taken from Dr. Forbes'
Manual of Hindustani. It was considered that these
exercises and sentences were possibly as good and as
well arranged as any others which could be devised,
while, by adopting them for this work, the student
would have the advantage of being able to compare
the Hindustani with the Persian idiom. The great
success which Dr. Forbes' Manual of Hindustani
has obtained was a further inducement to adopt the
same plan.
3. The aim throughout this work has been to
gather under each sentence as many useful idioms,
expressions and synonyms as possible. That portion
of a sentence which may be represented by other
equivalent expressions is enclosed in brackets ;
and the equivalent expressions also placed within
brackets and separated by semi-colons are put at
the end of the sentence. Thus, on page 126 of the
Vocabulary, against the word "robbed," it is to
be understood that the expressions " duzd burda ;"
" dast-burd-i-duzd gardida;" "ba sirkat rafta;"
"duzdida shuda," may each be substituted for the
expression " ba duzdi rafta," in the sentence.
This plan of rendering the sentences will, it is be-
lieved, give great aid to the student in mastering
the language. He will see at a glance the several
PREFACE. XI
ways in which a sentence may be rendered, will
observe the force of words, and will be able to com-
pare idiom with idiom.*
4. It has been customary to regard Persian as a
language easy of attainment ; this is far from being
the case. A certain degree of proficiency may easily
be reached ; but to obtain a thorough knowledge of
the language is exceedingly difficult, owing to
(a) The vast number of words (said to be 80,000)
in the language ;
(<5) The ambiguous expressions in which a Persian
delights ;
(c) The want of translations ;t
(d) Want of properly qualified teachers.*
That there are defects in this work is most readily
allowed ; yet all that care and labour could do to
prevent error has been given to the task. The critic
will remember that this is the first attempt ever
* In his Hindustani Manual Dr. Forbes rendered the English
sentence in one way only. For Hindustani this may be suffi-
cient ; but a rich language, such as the Persian, requires more
generous handling.
f The only Persian books translated into English are the
Gulistan, the Amvar-i-Suhaili, and the Shah-Namah.
J This is a most serious difficulty as regards Persian and
Arabic.
Xli PREFACE.
made by anyone to bring out a work, systematically
arranged, treating of the rendering of English into
Persian.
5. At the present time, the only books which at-
tempt to treat of the rendering of English sentences
into Persian are the following :
(a) "The Persian Munshi," by Dosa-Biya,i Su-
rabji, a Parsi.
This book contains 1117 sentences, rendered in Hindustani,
SindhI and Persian. The sentences are not arranged alphabetically,
nor so as to express the rendering of a certain dominant word ;
they are simply grouped together under six heads, Introductory,
Mercantile, Medical, Judicial, Military and Miscellaneous.
The work is roughly lithographed on bad Indian paper. The
renderings in lithographed oriental character are not easy for a
beginner to decipher. But for the arrangement and the way
in which it is got up it would be an excellent work. It can
be obtained from Messrs. Thacker and Co., of Bombay, for
6J rupees.
(6) " Modern Persian," by an Officer of the Hai-
derabad Contingent, revised by MIrza Zainul 'Abadm
Shirazi.
This is a small book, printed in Bombay in 1871 ; it contains
1769 sentences, without any arrangement whatever ; the vowel
points in the oriental character (which is not transliterated)
have all been omitted, making it very difficult for a beginner to
pronounce the words. It may be obtained from Messrs. Thacker
and Co., of Bombay, for 10 rs.
(c) "The Conversation Manual," by Captain G.
Plunkett, E.E.
This is a book, printed in London, containing 670 sentences
and a bare list of 1500 words, which are rendered in Hindustani,
Pushtu and Persian. Eoman character only is used. It. is a
small book and necessarily covers but a small extent of each of
the three languages. It may be obtained from Messrs. Kichard-
son and Co., Cornhill, London, for 6 rs.
The three books, briefly described, labour under
one defect, which is, that each sentence is rendered in
one way only. The student is not afforded the op-
portunity of contrasting idiom with idiom, word with
word ; nor of exercising his powers of observation.
The Persian Manual now offered to the public
contains:
In Section 2, Part I., 555 sentences.
3, Part I., 333
In Vocabulary, Part II., 1969
Total number of sentences, 2857
This number 28.57 represents the actual number
of English sentences rendered into Persian ; but
almost every sentence is expressed in several ways.
The actual number of Persian sentences probably
amounts, at least, to 2857 x 3 = 8671, all methodi-
cally arranged.
A bald list of words is of little use ; the student
requires to know how to use them.* It is hoped that
a study of this Manual may save the student much
unnecessary drudgery with a native teacher ; and
that the tables of Persian weights and measures, the
digest of regulations regarding examinations in Per-
sian and Arabic, and the lists of Persian and Arabic
books may prove useful.
6. I here beg to record the service which I have re-
ceived, in correcting the proof-sheets of this work,
and generally in bringing it out, from
(a) Maulawi Allah BaKhsh, who passed twenty-
five years of his life in Persia, acted as Arabic in-
terpreter during the Abyssinian campaign, and is
now Instructor in Persian in the High School of
Karachi in East India.
() Shaikh Muhammad Sadik, Hajiu-1-haramam,
a native of Tahran, who served me in the Abyssinian
campaign, and followed my fortunes at divers seasons
in India.f
I mention the names of these men not only be-
cause they deserve to be named, but also as a gua-
* This is especially the case with regard to Arabic words used
in Persian.
f " Hajm-1-haramain " is the title of a Musulman who haa
made a pilgrimage to Makkah and Madlna.
PREFACE. XV
rantee that the Persian renderings of the sentences
are idiomatic as well as grammatical.
7. The student's attention is drawn to the excel-
lent manner in which the "Work has been got up by
the Publishers. I freely acknowledge the great
obligation under which I rest for the care and trouble
which they have exercised.
H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE,
CAPTAIN, R.E.
Karachi, May 1877.
The following Table gives a list of Exercises in
this Manual, which- will be found rendered in Persian
in Forbes' " Persian Grammar." The other exercises
have been taken from the " Gulistan" and "Arabian
Nights' Entertainment."
No. of Exercise
Forbes' Persian Grammar.
in this Manual.
Page.
No. of Story.
24
1
5
27
3
14
28
8
30
29
6
22
37
12
50
38
6
23
39
11
39
43
12
41
44
13
43
45
10
35
46
11
37
47
14
46
48
10
36
49
17
51
50
25
66
51
26
67
52
19
55
1
PERSIAN MANUAL
PART I.
SECTION I.
ON THE LETTERS AND PARTS OF SPEECH.
1. The Persian Alphabet consists of thirty- two
letters. Of these twenty are common to the Persians
and Arabs, eight are peculiar to the Arabs, and four
to the Persians.
These thirty-two letters are to be considered as
consonants, and are written from right to left ; con-
sequently their books and manuscripts begin at what
we call the end.
The letters often assume a different form according
to their position in the formation of a word. Thus
there will be in many cases three distinct forms ;
namely, the initial, the medial, the final.
In the following Table we have in column 1, the
names of the letters in the Persian character; in
column 2, the names of the letters in the Roman
character; in column 3, the detached forms of the
letters ; and, in column 4, the corresponding English
letters.
1
( 2 )
THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET.
1. 2.
A
4.
6.
COMBINED
FOKM.
6.
BXEMPLIFICATION8.
NAME.
| | POWEB.
"3
!i "3
w
_c
"3 -
Final.
Medial
Initial.
S
;^
i all alif
1
o, etc.
I
v ^
1
i
L
*
vl
gr? le
^r
C.A
^
L_A*
^r
J
(^ P e
v
J
v
c ^
"* J
!-'
V^"
^5-
^i
"
J
c ^
t fe
o
<
lOi
i -*
^ J
CJjJ
e^-o
La
( *J
-^
J
C J
" J
*
C
/
s.
E r
jf
f
us che
cli
P
f
*
e^
^
4?
^4
^ &*
C
\
f-
*
-
c^
^
>'
Ml x-
^ Mi*
C
kh
^
s.
i.
^Ai
d
Js
>
-
*
J
Jb dal
>
d
A
J-
d
oU
t"
U
Jli =f
i
*
A
j.
J
SI)
XX
>
r*
l> re
r
i/->
SJ
^
-A*
S*
*/
*_J
'{
&^
,
*
J
z
/->
S->
j
J^
(V?
>5
3
C'
G-"
J
zh
LTj
i/J
J
J^
>*;
v jc
vJJ
^ .m
LH
s
u-
-.
-
c^
hH
^
<
..^.i shin jji
sh
^
Mk
***
^
tri
J "
^
THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET. 3
1. 2.
a
4.
5.
COMBINED
6.
EXEMPLIFICATIOKS.
gw
FOBM.
NAME.
g
|8
POWEB.
1
I !
FinaL
Medial
Initial
jLo sci(L
u-
,
u*
-
-
**
^
O x
^
^ zdd
yi
?
u*
-
-
&y
o4
>r
L
Jj t.o,e
s.
t
k
k
k
^U
Cl
u^e
J.
Jj& zo,e
k
2
k
k
b
kU*.
kL
>
jfr
^j-jC 'ain
e
'fl,etc.
e
X
c
^
e?
^
&
^-jjc ghain
gh
6
c
/
f
^
J~c
<jf e
M
f
UJ
i
i
ujlT
^
>1
J
uJ\5 kaf
J
k
J
ft
i
J 1 ^
<3?
>:
Jj
v_& A"/
J
k
el
{
r
e)l
sb
J^
c^" 1
1 yi/"
^
9
^
<
^
erf,
;
X
i
f V //
J
I
jr
1
j
JL.
j^
Jje
sj
^s* mm
r
m
r
r.
*
r u
r:
c^-
't
j
o -
O y nun
u
n
c;
A*
- i
cyi
cH^
x ^
P 5
J
*
1
j\j wdw
^
to
J
j
J
Jj
^
JA
**-J
^he
1
h
A
<*
A
iU
^
w
>*
yg
-
a. etc.
(^U-
J
J-*
Jj
4 PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS.
2. It will be observed that 1 , J , J, j , j , J , j , do
not alter in shape, whether initial, medial, or final;
neither do they unite with the letter following to
the left. The letters b, k, do not alter ; but they
always unite with the letter following to the left.
The eight letters peculiar to Arabic are <^>, ^,
fjc, \s , la, c , Jf. They appear only in words
purely, or originally, Arabic. The four letters pecu-
liar to Persian are (>, -. , j , ^J.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS.
3. cu t. The sound of this letter is softer and more
dental than that of the English t ; it is identical
with the Sanskrit if .
iJL> s is sounded by the Arabs like th in the
words thick, thin; by the Persians as s in the words
sick, sin.
-. ch has the sound of ch in the word church.
-. h is a strong aspirate like h in the word haul; f
it is .uttered by compressing the lower muscles of
the throat.
-^ kli has a sound like ch in the word loch, as
pronounced by a Scotchman.
J d is more dental than the English d.
j z is sounded by the Arabs bike th in the words
thy, thine ; by the Persians as z in zeal.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 5
. r is sounded as r in the French word pardon,
j zh is pronounced like j in the French word jour ;
or as z in the word azure.
i sh is sounded as in shun, shine.
fjc s has a stronger and more hissing sound than
our s.
^ 2 is pronounced by the Arabs as a hard d or
dt; by the Persians as z.
L, k t and z in Persian are sounded like eu t, and
) z :
c gA is like the letter r as pronounced by a
Scotchman.
Jf resembles the letter c in cp, ca/m.
CJ k is sounded like A; in king, Calendar.
d/ # is sounded like g in go, give ; never as g in
gem, gentle.
J Z is sounded like I in law. When alif is com-
bined with it, the two take the form of ^ or ^.
^ n at the Beginning of a word, or syllable, is
sounded like n ; at the end of a word or syllable, if
preceded by a long vowel, it has a soft nasal sound
bike that of n in the French word gar^on. When
followed by the labials t_j b, i_j p, t i /, it assumes
the sound of m, as in the word Juu^, gumbad, not
guiibad.
* /i is an aspirate like h in heart, hand ; but at
the end of a word, if preceded by the short vowel
6 PRONUNCIATION OP THE LETTERS.
a (faihoC), it lias no sensible sound, as in <)Jlj, dand,
'***
"a grain." In this case, it is called .J^* .J^
ha,e-muMtafi } or obscure h.
In a few words, where the fatha is a substitute
for the long vowel alif, the final 8 is fully sounded ;
as
<x shah [for sl shah] " a king."
JUa mali [for U mah] " a month."
^ ra/i [for s^ rah] " a roa.d."
It is sounded in 13 dah, " ten," and all its com-
pounds. It is imperceptible in the words & ki and
&s>- chi, with their compounds, whether conjunctions
or pronouns. A Persian word ending in the obscure
5 h will have the h omitted when written in
Roman characters ; as aUiU nama [not namah] " a
letter," or " written communication."
4. It is difficult to distinguish between the
sounds of the letters forming one of the following
groups :
a . 1 ]o eu t^ j ^ ^ CL;
The Persians never attempt to pronounce them
as the Arabs ; they content themselves by sounding
them according to the Persian letters, to which they
most nearly assimilate.
VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS, 7
Observation
5. When s and h, or z and h, represent two
'C
separate letters following each other, as in JvfJ
as,hal, " more or most easy/' and .Ifcfl az,h(ir,
" plants/' a comma will be inserted, as shown in
the examples.
At the end of Arabic words s li is often marked
with two dots, thus 'i, and sounded like t. In such
words the Persians generally convert the 'i into
t^_> t; sometimes they leave the 'i unaltered, and
frequently they omit the two dots, in which case
the letter becomes imperceptible in sound.
YOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS.
6. The primitive vowels in Arabic and Persian
are three in number.
*fr*
The first is called <fcsr^ fatha, and is written
thus _ , over the consonant to which it belongs. It
is represented by the letter a in calendar.
x-G^
The second is called tj^ kasra, and is written
thus ~ , under the consonant to which it belongs. It
is represented by the letter i in sip, or fin. In the
Roman character it is represented by i unaccented.
The third is &*o zamma, which is written thus
, over its consonant. Its sound is like that of
in the words pull, push ; or like oo in foot, hood ;
8 VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS.
its sound is never that of u in use, perfume. In the
Eoman character it is represented by u unaccented.
In Persian these three short vowels are called
respectively
jj : zdbar, " above."
->: zer, "beneath."
i <( j? i. ))
^ pesh, in front.
7. When a consonant is accompanied by one of
the three vowels, fath a, kasra, or zamma, it is said
'z f
to be t^J^rs^" mutaharrik, or moveable.
In Persian and Arabic, the first letter of a word
is always accompanied, or moveable, by a vowel.
When, in the middle or at the end of a word, a
consonant is not accompanied by a vowel, it is said
to be ,j-U sakin, quiescent, or inert. Thus in the
0/0^
word +-> mardum, the * is moveable by fath a ;
the . is inert, having no vowel ; J is moveable by
zamma, and, finally, the * is inert. The symbol ,
called +:- jazm, is placed over a consonant to
' o/o^
show that it is inert, as in the example ^^> mar-
dum, a man*''
In Persian the last letter of a word is generally
inert ; hence jazm is omitted.
LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION. 9
THE CONSONANTS I y c , ^ , AND ^ .
8. At the beginning of a word or syllable I (alif)
depends for its sound on the accompanying vowel.
c ('airi) depends for its sound on the accom-
panying vowel; its place of utterance is in the
lower muscles of the throat, thus :
'ab , C^ 'ib , (^.^c. 'ub,
are different in sound from
^ f
c_>l ab, L__>! ib, c >! ub.
j (waw) has the sound of w in the words we,
went.
The modern Persians pronounce the waw like v
in words such as *y& shavam, ^jj^ shavL
^ (ya) is, in sound, like y in the words you,
yet.
LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION.
9. When I , inert, is preceded by a letter move-
able by fatha, the fatha and alif coalesce and give
a lengthened sound, as J6 Mr, "work;" the sound
is like that of a in war.
Alif, inert, is always preceded by fatha ; hence
10 LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION.
dlif, not beginning a word or syllable, has always a
lengthened sound.
10. When ^, inert, is preceded by a consonant
moveable by zamma, the zamma and ^ coalesce and
form a sound like u in rule.
When ^ ,* inert, is preceded by a consonant,
moveable by fatha, the fatha and . coalesce, and
form a sound like ou in sound-
When j , inert, is preceded by a consonant move-
* * When j is preceded by ^ , moveable by fatha and fol-
lowed by alif, the sound of j is almost imperceptible, as
in the words
khwab, "sleep," pronounced Jch.db.
khwdham, " I desire," pronounced kh,dham.
In such cases the j will not be sounded, and in the
Eoman character it will be represented by w.
When j , preceded by ^, moveable by fatha, and some-
times by zamma, or Jcasra, is followed by any of the nine
letters : <j SUU-'L/'J>> I> V ) t ^ ie J
occasionally loses its sound, as in the words :
.jji. pronounced Tfhad, not khaud or Jchawad.
.jji. pronounced kfiyd, not Jchiid.
^ji. pronounced khesh, not Jchiwesh.
This rule applies only to words purely Persian. In the
Eoman character, the w will in such words be omitted, and
the vowel marked with a dot, as M<
SUMMARY. 11
able by kasra, no union takes place, and the ^ retains
the sound of w, as ly (siwa).
11. When ^j (2/0), inert, is preceded by a con-
sonant moveable by kasra, the kasra and ya unite
and form a long vowel, like i in the word machine.
This sound of ya, is called ya,e m'ariif, " familiar
ya." In Persia yd has sometimes the sound of ea
in the word bear ; this sound is called ya,e majhul,
" unknown ya," or ya,e 'ajami, i. e. " Persian ya."
When (_$ (?/), inert, is preceded by a consonant
moveable by fatha, the fath'a and ya unite and form
a diphthong like ai in the German word kaiser, or
as i in wise.
When ^ (ya), inert, is preceded by a consonant,
moveable l)y*zamma, no union takes place ; and the
13 --/
ya retains its sound of y, as in the word j*u^
muyassar, " obtainable."
SUMMARY.
12. From what has been said we have :
x' t
Three short vowels, Jo bad, Jo bid, Jj bud ;
> > '(,
Three long vowels, j'j fcaci, Jjj &zci, J^j &cZ ;
o* C-^
Two diphthongs, Jju laid, Jy laud;
Two long vowels peculiarly majhul, "unknown," or
O
'ajami, " Persian," Jjj be1,j*. roz.
12 RULES FOB, READING.
RULES FOR READING.
13. There are very few Persian works, manuscript
or printed, in which all the vowels are marked.
The primitive short, vowels -, ~, _, as well as
_ and _ are almost always omitted. The following
remarks may be of service :
(a) The last letter of every word is inert, hence
the mark _ (jazm) is omitted.
(&) The short vowel 1 (fatha} is of more frequent
occurrence than kasra or zamma; hence, in print-
ing, it is omitted.
(c) The short vowel _ (fatha) should be supplied
for every consonant in a word, except the last and
those marked with _, or one of the vowels.
(d) The letters 1, ^, ^, are generally inert, when
not initial ; hence they are not marked with jazm.
, (e) When ^, ^, not initial, are moveable conso-
nants they are marked with their proper vowels.
(/) When ^ (10010) or ^ (ya) follow a consonant
unmarked by a short vowel, or by jazm, they have
the majhul or 'ajamt sound ; as
jye mor, an ant." -x sher, " a lion."
(g) When ^ is preceded by a consonant moveable
by zamma, and ya by a consonant moveable by kasra,
the sound is m'aruf, or known ; as
4)***, sud, " gain." | ^Ji shir, " milk."
RULES FOR READING. 1 3
(7i) When waw and ya follow a consonant marked
with jazm, they are consonants, and are sounded
as j (iv) and ^ (y) .
(i) When waw and ya follow a consonant, move-
able by fatha, they form diphthongs ; as
*$ kaum, "a tribe." | ^ sair, "a walk."
14. Some symbols have still to be noticed. They
are : madda, hamza, tanwtn, tashdid, the definite
article of Arabic nouns, and wasla.
(a) SJK (madda) [^] signifies extension, and
when placed over an alif gives it a broad and open
sound, almost equivalent to that of a in water. The
madda is used to avoid the meeting of two alifs at
the beginning of a word.
Thus, instead of L-J! 1 , the Persians write L_J! ab,
" water."
(ft) 8^ (hamza) [j or -] is used, instead of alif,
when one syllable of a word ends with a vowel,
and [according to our ideas of orthography] the
following syllable begins with a vowel ; that is, vir-
tually with an alif. Thus we have :
f- -*
^Ij pa,e, instead of ^lU ;
jjl fa } ida, instead of sjlli .
In Persian the sound of hamza is that of alif; in
Arabic the sound of hamza is that of 'ain. Strictly,
14 RULES FOR READING.
hamza ought to be used whenever a syllable, begin-
ning with a vowel, is added to a root in the way of
inflexion, as :
*j JoJ didem, " we saw," from root, did ;
^jj badl, " badness," from root, bad.
This rule is seldom observed.
Practically, hamza in the middle of a word is
equivalent to our hyphen in such words as re-open. ;
At the end of words, terminating in the imper-
ceptible 3 , hamza has the sound of e.
In the Roman character, hamza will be repre- J
sented by a comma between the vowels, as in SJJU j
fa,ida.
(c) ^fi (tanwln) [-, ~, -] signifies the using
of the letter ^. It is formed by doubling the
vowel point of the last letter of a word. The vowel
is then pronounced as though it terminated in ^ n.
In the Roman character it will be represented by
n. In Arabic, tanwln serves to mark the inflexion
of nouns ; thus the symbol :
- (double zamma) marks the nominative^) .
/ sing. &
~ (double ~kasra) marks the genitive > , ,
^ (double fath a) marks the accusative }
In Persian only the _ (double fath a) (accusative
form) is used, and that adverbially ; as
RULES FOR READING. 15
9
lJU*5sr takhminan, " by valuation."
Is'Jul ittifdkan, le by chance."
The symbol * (double fatha} requires alif, which,
however, does not prolong the sound of the last
syllable.
The 1 is not required when the word ends with
- (hamza) or , as :
* .* shai~an, " willingly,"
*. hikmatan " skilfully ;"
nor when the word ends with ya, surmounted by
alif [in which case alif only is pronounced] ; as,
J.yb haivq-an, " lovingly."
Without tanwtn the alif is sounded like the alif
of prolongation, as :
jJUJ ta'ala " God."
'ukbu, "end," "futurity."
In the Roman character this symbol will be repre-
sented b a or o.
(taslidld) [-], or " corroboration,"
doubles the letter over which it is placed; as
Oil w /
IV*" M urram ) 'joyful/* vXor< Muhammad.
(e) J I ; this Article is used only before Arabic
1 SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRONOUNS.
Nouns. If the Noun begins with any of the fourteen
letters eu d> ^ j j j ^j~ ^ (jo (jo ^ & J yj
the J of the Article assumes the sound of the initial
letter of the Noun, which is then marked by tashdid;
thus
f So^
jiJJ 1 , " the light," is pronounced an-nuru.
^H*A^J I " the sun," is pronounced ash-shams.
^ jj ! " the faith," is pronounced ad-din.
The J must always be written, though it has lost
its own sound.
When the Noun begins with J the J of the
Article is omitted, and the initial J of the Noun is
marked by taslidtd, as :
> -6 f ^c
bJ) al-lailatu, "the night/' instead of 2Ljlil.
(/) <*Loj (wasla) \_-~\, implies conjunction, and is
only inscribed over an initial alif, in Arabic Nouns,
to mark union with the preceding vowel ; as
>.^
^^juU.^JL.^c) amzru-l-muminin, "Commander of
the Faithful."
Ml J> > '
^.^Jl -.lo Salahu-d-dln, " Saladin, or Peace
of Religion."
SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRO-
NOUNS.
15. Th.e Grammarians of Arabia and Persia
GENDER. 17
reckon three parts of speech : the Noun, ism ; the
' Verb,/Z; and the Particle, harf.
The Noun includes substantives, adjectives, pro-
nouns, and participles.
The Verb agrees in its nature with ours.
The Particle includes adverbs, prepositions, con-
junctions, and interjections.
GENDER.
16. Males* are masculine, feinales are feminine,
and all other words are of no gender.
* Animals have different names to express the male or
female; thus
+ mard, " a man."
j pisar, " a son."
*- khurus, " a cock."
zan, " a woman.
dukhtar, " a daughter.'
makiyan, "a hen."
~ mesh, " an ewe."
\i, t
Animals have sometimes^ (war), "male," and iL
(mdda~), " female," affixed or prefixed to them, as :
sher-i-nar, "a oU^-i sher-i-mdda, "a
lioness."
ma<fo <7w, "a cow."
jiar-ffdtv
Arabic Nouns frequently form the feminine by adding
the imperceptible s (h), as:
elL ma/ik, " a king." | i5d. maliJca, " a queen."
lion."
( 18 )
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL.
17. Nouns denoting rational beings form the
plural by adding ^1 (aw) to the singular, thus :
X .Jo padar, " a father," plur. ^K^j padaran.
.til* madar, " a mother," plur. ^T;*>U madaran.
Nouns denoting animals usually form the plural
by adding an, sometimes ha, as :
tt . ( plur. ^UJ aspan.
asp, a horse,"-'
[ lyju *} aspha.
.* murgh., "a, bird," ^r mur S^ n>
") ( '
i shutur (( \ . .iJLi sliuturan.
^
.!Li! ushtur \ / UJLi shuturhd.
Nouns denoting inanimate objects form the plural
by adding ha to the singular, and rarely an ; as
JJ> kalam, " a pen," plur. l^Jji kalamha.
JJ ^Z, "a flower," L^ gulha.
(pi. 'sA^.J dirak/itlia.
"
diraMtan.
(pi. 'sA^.
,"
1 U
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX aw.
18. If the noun ends in \"L (a), or ^ (), or^ (o),
the letter is inserted before ^1 (an) to prevent
FORMATION OP THE PLURAL. 19
I the hiatus. Sometimes, though rarely, the letter ^
is omitted after _j ; as
x*
U! J daria, " a page," plur. ^V-H J dunayan.
jijl pari-ru, "fairy-faced," pZwr.
_jj'j &OZM, " the arm," plur. ^jjj^ bazmvan.
In nouns ending in obscure s (A), the is changed
into i _ f, as :
X-
auLi,^ jirishta, * r an angel/' pZ-ur. ^'JoLi^j -firish-
tagan.
**x*
4fc^ bachcha, "& child," ^>Zw. ^iXsr bachchagan.
Sometimes the 8 is retained ; as
t f
jyc murda, " dead," plur. ^tdj* murdahgan.
When s is preceded by a long vowel the plural is
formed in the usual way ;
a'^j'j padshah, "a king," plur. ^lalij'j pad-
sJiahan.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX Jid.
19. In nouns ending in the obscure s (h) the
disappears ; as
<u'J nama, <f a letter," plur. l^c'J namaha.
iili- khana, a house/' LyJli- ffhunaha.
20 FORMATION OF THE PLURAL.
If the s is preceded by a long vowel, the * is
retained ; as
sL ruh, "a road," plur. \Jt>x\, rahha. /
FINAL OBSERVATIONS.
20. Arabic words may have the Persian or the
Arabic form of plural ; thus
Sing. Persian PL Arabic PL
3 awa,ib
_
defect . . < ^o> *<rib \*z 'aibha / ' > *
( ^y-t-z 'uyub
viceroy . L-^Jli na,ib ^^'J nafoan t-^'y nuwab
a book . L_>'Jtf kitab l^j'Jo kitabhu ^oo A-wfatft
alabourer^J^U 'ami/ ^^UU 'amilan L*c 'amalat
In imitation of the feminine plural of Arabic
nouns, names applicable to females, or to things
without life, sometimes form the plural by the affix
tjul (ut) or ci^'o (iyat) ; as
Sing. Plur.
a favour . . nawuzish naivazisliat
an anecdote . nakl nakliyat
When the word ends in imperceptible 8 (7i) the
affix becomes cy'*- (jai), the letter a being omitted;
FORMATION Or THE CASES. 21
Sing. Plur.
a letter, or ")
r nama namajat
written communication.)
nawishta nawit
a fort k'ila k'ilajat
These terminations, at, iyai, and jat, are con-
sidered vulgar, and are rarely used.
FORMATION OF THE CASES.
21. There is only one declension of Persian
Nouns; it is extremely simple. The cases are
formed as follows :
(a) The Accusative, by adding \. (ra) to the nomi-
native (singular or plural); often the ra is omitted,
and the accusative has then the same form as the
nominative.
(6) The Dative, by adding ra to the nominative ;
and sometimes [omitting ra] by prefixing ba, " to"
or " for." The prefix <o (ba) is chiefly used when
an accusative, requiring ra, occurs in the sentence.
(c) The Vocative, by prefiasing the interjection ^1
(at) to the nominative; and sometimes, in poetry,
[omitting ai] by adding alif, as :
^r <_^ a * ma > r d, " man!"
Uu,.J dosta, " friend !"
f*9
j bulbuhl, " O nightingale I"
22 FORMATION OF THE CASES
(d) The Ablative, by prefixing to the nominative
(singular or plural) the prepositionjl (az).
(e) The Genitive, by the juxtaposition of two
substantives ; the thing possessed comes first, with
c/
its final letter sounded with kasra, called ^j^S
e^J 1 -^' Jcasra,e izafat ; thus
x-
(JiJlo jt^ pisar-i-malik, " the son of the king."
viXLo j^o c__>H Ttitub-i-pisar-i-malik, " the book
of the king's son."
If the governing word ends in ! or j the Persians
use (1) <_ majJiul with _ hamza ; (2) or _ hamza
alone with " kasra, expressed or understood ; as
^^
..io jU- or j&) ^U- ja,e padar, " the place of
the father."
f
J.-C ^U or J^c t_$U pa,e mard, " the foot of the
."
*
or .wjj ^JM rw,e pisar, the face of the
."
f s-
or J^ j_^ &w,e ^fw/, " the scent of the
rose."
In practice, when ^ majhul is used, - hamza is
suppressed; as ^ ^U ^?o,e mard; .^ ^j ru,e pisar.
If the governing word ends with the obscure
* (li), or the long vowel ^ (z or e), the Persians
man.
son.
t
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
23
use the mark _ hamza with - kasra expressed or
understood; as
L>_ &li- khana,,e mard, " the house of the man."
b , J *\^*> muht,e darya, " the fish of the sea."
u banda,e khuda, "the servant of God."
Observe that both _ and
ya,e majhul.
are pronounced as
22.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
Kurd, " a knife."
Nom. Jcard.
f-i-Mrd.
Gen.< ^ e-kard.
( * e-Mrd.
Dat. kard-ra.
ba kard.
Ace. kard-ra.
kard.
Voc. ai kard.
Abl. az kard.
Plur.
kardha.
i-kardha.
e-kardha.
e-kardha.
kardha-ra .
ba kardha.
kardJia-ra.
kardha.
ai kardha.
az kardha.
Similarly, every substantive may be declined.
The only questions to be satisfied are, whether ^1
(an) or lib (ha) is to be added for the plural, and
24 THE AKTICLE.
whether ~ , ,_$ , or - is to be used for the geni-
tive. (Vide pars. 20 and 21.)
THE ARTICLE.
23. In Persian there is no Article.
Jyc mard, may signify "man/' or the man,"
according to the context.
A substantive may be made definite by adding ya,e
majhul, or ya,e wahdat, i.e. the ya of unity, thus :
^i^c marde, " a certain man."
^jj zane, " a certain woman/'
^'J^ kitabe, " a certain book."
If the noun ends in $ quiescent, the symbol _
(liamza) may be added; as
^ bachcha, " a child."
&s? bachcha, e, " a certain child."
If a be preceded by long alif, ^ (ya,e majhuf) is
retained, as :
s'-i^U padshali, "a king."
^y&lijU padshahe, "a certain king."
Observation. Since an abstract noun is formed
ADJECTIVES. 25
by adding ya "with kasra, i. e. yu,e ma'ruf, to any
adjective, or appellative noun, ambiguity may oc-
casionally arise. Thus the difference between
^lij'j badshahe, " a certain king/'
^lij'j badshaht, " sovereignty," or " royal,"
can be distinguished; but it often happens that
the mark kasra is, through negligence or custom,
omitted. In such a case the context alone can
indicate the proper meaning.
ADJECTIVES.
24. Persian adjectives are indeclinable ; in con-
struction they follow * their substantives, to which
they are connected by - (kasra), ^ (y<*,e majhul) ,
or _ (hamza), as :
mard-i-nek, " a good man."
. ru,e kltub, " a fair face."
banda,e khuda, " a servant of God."
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
25. The comparative degree is formed by adding
Jp (tar) to the positive, and the superlative by
adding ^Ji (tarin) , as :
* See p. 90.
26 ADJECTIVES.
t-jj*. /chub, "fair." | yj^i- khubiar, "fairer."
.^j Ju~>- khubtarin, fairest/'*
Arabic adjectives (if triliteral) form the com-
parative and superlative degrees by prefixing I to
the triliteral root, as :
ha-san, "beautiful."
,**
1 ahsan, " more, or most, beautiful."
*.xlac azim, " great."
** *r
*lac! a'zam, "more, or most, great."
Generally the Arabic adjectives in Persian form
the degrees of comparison in the Persian manner ;
as
fazl, " excellent."
afzal-tar, or fazl-tar (Pers.) | "more excel-
afzal (Arabic) j lent."
fazl-tarin (Pers.))
* 7 ( A u- \ \ most excellent."
a/zed (Arabic) )
* Tar and tarln may be written with the word or sepa-
i rately ; tarln is sometimes contracted to In ; as
( j s y bihin, " best," for tf.jty UJitarin.
Tar and tarln are also added to prepositions and adverbs ;
bar, " upon," bartar, " higher," bartarin, " highest;"
zer, "below," zertar, " lower," zertarin, " lowest."
( 27 )
PRONOUNS.
26. First Person ^ man, " I."
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. man.
ma.
(- i-man.
" i-ma.
\ '
^
Gen. < ,_ e-man.
i_f e-ma.
(i e-man.
t e-ma.
Dat. mara .
ma-rd.
. 6 a man.
ba ma.
Ace. mara.
md-rd.
Voc. (nil.)
(nil.)
Abl. a2 maw.
az ma.
</ ba man.
bd md.
bar man.
bar md.
Second Person f tu, "thou."
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. tu.
sliumd.
(- i-tu.
~ i-shumd.
Gen.S ^ e-^iZ.
^ e-shumd.
/ *" -
* e-shumd.
Dat. tura.
shumd-rd.
)} ba tu.
ba shuma.
Ace. tura.
shumd-rd.
Voc. ai tu.
ai shuma.
Abl. az <S.
az shuma.
1
ba tu.
bd shumd.
,, bar tu.
bar shumd.
28
PRONOUNS.
Third Person 3 ) o, "he."
Singular.
Nom o.
t-o.
Gen.
e-o.
Dat. o-ra.
la o.
Ace. o-ra.
Voc. (nil.)
Abl. az o.
la o.
bar o.
Plural,
eshan.
~ i- eshan.
^ e-eshan.
L e-eshan.
eshan-ra.
la eshan.
eshan-ra.
(nil.)
az eshan.
la eshan.
lar eshan.
The third person has, in the singular, the form
^ wai, and sometimes ^1 o,e ; and, in the plural,
oLii.l oshan and ^Li shan.
When the third person represents a lifeless
thing, the demonstratives ^T an, and ^1 In, with
their plurals, l$iT anha and l^JoJ znha, are used, as
will presently be seen.
27. The possessive pronoun may be rendered by
the suffixes
J am, my; e^>! at, thy; ^jZ] ash, his.
^U inan, our ; ^U tan, your ; ^li s/iaw, their.
PRONOUNS. 29
f
When the noun ends in 1 or . long, the 1 of the
termination is rejected and ^ inserted in its place ;
as
*j'j pay am, my foot.
c^o^c may at, thy hair.
.Jij. . ruyasli, his face.
When the noun ends in quiescent s, alifis re-
tained ; as
kjtana-am, my house.
khana-at, thy house.
.JSl&ili- khana-ash, his house.
In other cases alif is rejected ; as
+j Jo padaram, or ^ j<j padar-i-man, my father.
LTJ.cXj padarat, or y t^ padar-i-tu, thy father.
, ~,Jo padarasli, or ^ ,Jo padar-i-o, his father.
.Jv.Jo padar-i-man, or 'uo jJo padar-i-mu , our
"father.
Jj.Jo padar-i-tan, or IA ,<^padar-i-sliuma, your
father.
^,'^4^ padar-i-shan, or ^'-iol ^Jo padar-i-eshan,
their father.
30 PRONOUNS.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN, jj~ Mud, " self."
28. man Mudam or man Mud, I myself.
tu Mudat or tu Mud, thou thyself.
o Mudash or o Mud, he himself.
ma Mud-i-man or ma Mud,* we ourselves.
shuma Mud-i-tan or shuma Mud,* you yourselves.
eshan Mud-i-shan or eshan Mud, they themselves.
The reciprocal pronouns are thus used :
Jcitdb-i-Mudam, my own book.
kalam-i- Mudat, thy own pen.
asp-i- Mudash, his own horse.
jamhii,e Mud-i-man, our own cups.
Mardn-i- Mud-i-tan, your own asses.
sandukha,e Mud-i-shan, their own boxes.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
29.f ^1 tn, this (for persons or things).
l^Jul tnha, these (for persons or things).
* These forms are rarely used.
f When la is placed in close connection with an or In,
the tnadda of ^\ and the initial alif of ^1 are replaced by
A ; as
j-jljj baddn, to that. | ^jj badin, to this.
After the words bar, "on ;" dar, "in;" az, "from;"
ohun, " like," the initial 1 of j\ , ^jlijl , ,.^1 and the tnadda
PRONOUNS. 81
^iJol inan, these (for persons only).
yjl an, that (for persons or things).
(#] ariha, those (for persons or things).
^Ul anan, those (for persons only).
Examples
j*> ^ in mard, this man.
^Jj-o ^ *n mardtin, these men.
T an ~kitab, that book.
o?i kitabha, those books.
When ^1 m is prefixed to a noun, so as to form
one word, it is sometimes changed into J im ; as
imruz, "this day;" imshab, "this night;" imsul,
" this year."
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
30. There are three in number :
of o \ are rejected, when they are closely connected with
the preceding word ; as
jji dar 0, in him.
i-ilij bar eshdn, on them.
jj\ az o, from him.
jja. cliun o, like him.
^^ dar an, in that.
^j* dar In, in this.
32
PROXOUNS.
ki, who? Ttira, whom? to whom? (appli-'
cable to persons.) Sing, or
C/H, what? chira, what? to what? why? Plural.
(applicable to things.)
kudam, which ? out of any number ; as
kudam sliakhs, which person ?
kudam rail, which road ?
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
31. These are all indeclinable.
chand, some.
yake, one, some one.
shakes, a person.
has, some one.
hech, any.
hama, all.
tane chand, sundry
individuals.
har, every, all.
liar anki or harki, who-
soever.
liar kudam, whosoever,
which so ver.
harchi, whatsoever.
har kuja or harja,
wheresoever.
harkas, everybody.
haryak, everyone.
hard-it, both.
har cMz, whatsoever
thing.
har shab, every night.
har ruz, every day.
har wakt, whensoever.
bahar hot, however.
EELATIVE PRONOUNS.
32. There are no Eelative Pronouns ; the parti-
cles &$ ki, for persons, and a^ clii, for things, are
THE VERB. 33
sometimes regarded as relatives. This matter will
be considered in the Syntax.
THE VERB.
33. There is only one conjugation.
All the tenses are formed from the root, or from
the infinitive, as will be seen from the following
example of the Verb ^Jo*-, rasidan, "to arrive;"
root ^j~j ras.
TENSES OF THE ROOT.
Aorist.
" I may, or can, arrive. "
Singular. Plural.
1. rasam rasem.
2. rasz rased.
3. rasad rasand.
Present Tense.
I arrive, or am arriving."
1. mt-rasam mz-rasem.
2. vu-rasi mz-rased.
3. tnt-rasad ml -rasand.
3
34 THE VERB.
Simple Future.
" I shall, will, or may arrive."
Singular. Plural.
1. bi-rasam bi-rasem.
2. bi-rasi bi-rased.
3. bi-rasad bi-rasand.
Imperative.
" Let me arrive/'
1. ras am rasem.
2. ras rased.
3. rasad rasand.
The Noun of Agency is formed by adding *jj_
(anda) to the root; as
rasanda, "the arriver."
The Present Participle is formed by adding ^ 1 ;
as ..it* 1 ; rasan, ' arriving."
The Causal Verb is formed by adding amdan, or
landau, as :
^jaiUwj rasamdan, " to cause to arrive."
^lioUw^ rasandan, "to cause to arrive."
OBSERVATIONS.
34. The Simple Future differs but little from the
Aorist.
THE VERB. 35
Native grammarians call that tense the Aorist
which is here styled the Simple Future, and they say
that when the Aorist (our Simple Future) is used in
the subjunctive mood, the particle bi is omitted, as :
bi-bdsham, I be. | bdsham, I may be.
The Simple Future is most often used as follows :
I promise that I will come,
vfada mi-kunam ki biydyam.
The second person (singular and plural) of the
Imperative has frequently the particle bi prefixed;
thus
arrive thou, bi-ras \ arrive ye, bi-rased.
When the first letter of the Imperative has zamma
for its vowel, bi may become bu ; as
do thou, bu-kun.
The third person singular of the Imperative may be
rendered benedictive by lengthening the vowel /a^dt
of its final syllable ; as
let him arrive, rasad.
O that he may arrive ! rasdd.
Similarly
kunad, from kardan, "to do," makes kundd.
shavad, shudan, " to become," makes shavdd.
dihad, dddan, " to give," makes dihdd.
buvad, _budan, "to be," makes buvdd or bad.
garddnad garddnidan, " to cause to become,"
makes garddnad.
36 TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE.
Except in poetry, and on occasions of particular
formality, it is rather pedantic to use this benedictive
form. The Aorist is more frequently used.
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE.
35. Preterite or Indefinite Past.
" I arrived."
Singtilar* Plural.
1. rasldam rasldem.
2. rasldl raslded.
3. rasld rasldand.
Imperfect.
" I was arriving/'
1. ml-rasldam ml-rasldem.
2. ml-rasldl ml-raslded.
3. ml-rasid mi-rasldand.
Past Potential or Habitual.
" I might arrive," " I used to ai-rive."
1. rasidame rasldeme.
2. rasldl rasldede.
3. raslde rasidande.
Compound Future.
" I will arrive."
1. k/iwaham rasld khwahem rasid
2. khwahl rasld khwahed rasld.
3. khwahad rusld khwahand rasld.
PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. 37
OBSERVATIONS.
36. In the Imperfect ^-A* (liami) is often pre-
fixed instead of ml .
The Past Potential is formed by adding ya,e majhul
to all the persons of the Preterite, except the 2nd
person singular.
In the Compound Future, the auxiliary is the
Aorist of the verb khwastan, "to wish/' root khwdh.
The letter j is not to be sounded (see p. 10).
PRETERITE PARTICIPLE.
37. StXx-. rasida, " arrived," or " having arrived."
The following three tenses are derived from the
Preterite Participle.
Perfect Tense.
" I have arrived."
Singular. Plural.
1. rasida am rand a em.
2. rasida I rasida ed.
3. rasida ast rasida and.
Pluperfect Tense.
" I had arrived."
1. rasida budam rasida budem.
2. rasida bfidl rasida bitded.
3. rasida lud rasida budand.
38 PERSONAL TERMINATIONS.
Future Perfect.
" I shall have arrived."
Singular. Plural.
1. raslda bdsham raslda bdshem.
2. raslda bdshl raslda bashed.
3. raslda bdshad raslda bdshand.
Similarly^ every verb in Persian may be conju-
gated. In all the tenses the termination of the
2nd person singular is ya,e m'aruf.
In the terminations *.> (em) &> (ed) (1st and 2nd
persons plural), ya,e majhul is sounded.*
PERSONAL TERMINATIONS.
38. These are
Singular. Plural,
am, am. *?.) em, are.
r
& or ^1 I, art.
y
ed, are.
and, are.
The personal terminations may be joined to a
* An educated native of Shiraz informs the writer
that the terminations em, ed
(1) should properly be pronounced im, Id,
(2) may em, ed,
(3) may never aim, aid.
The sound of e in the 2nd case is that of ea in " bear."
PERSONAL TERMINATIONS. 39
pronoun, adjective, or substantive. In compo-
sition
(a) The initial alif is omitted ;
Ai^-i ( ^> man shagird am, I am a scholar.
iXiGj yj'-io! eshan nek and, they are good.
o sultan ast, he is Sultan. ^
(ft) If the word ends in obscure s (Ji), alif is
retained, as :
e^*J SiiJu j! o banda ast, he is a slave.
(c) If the substantive be an abstract noun, as,
hastt, " existence," dUiri, " boldness," sliadl, "glad-
ness," the final ya of the noun is omitted ; as
>
^Jli, tu sliud-l, thou art glad.
O^^Jj jl o diltr ast, he is bold.
^JJUJD hastem, we are, or exist.
(d) In the case of the pronouns *> "who?" <L-
" what ?" the final s is omitted, and the initial alif
of the termination is changed into y~t ; as
t, who is it ?
, what is it ?
(e) If the word ends in . (10010) or 1 (alif), the
40 THE VEB.R " BUDAN."
initial dllf of the termination is changed into ya ;
as
JUli) danayam, I am learned.
,jJ'Jb danayem, we are learned. *
| *- r j ^= > - khub -ruyast, he is fair-faced.
Jlj danayH, thou art wise.
In the 3rd person singular and plural, yd need not
be inserted ; as
A'/tfib ruyast or k]nib rust, he is fair-faced.
ddndyast or dand&t, he is learned.
ddndyand or ddndnd, they are wise.
39. From 38 we have :
Singular,
hastam, I am.
Jiastl, thou art.
hast, he is.
Plural.
hastem, we are.
hasted, yon are.
hastand, they are.
40. The verb Ivdan, "to be;" root, lu or bash.
TENSES FKOM THE ROOT.
Aorist.
" I may be."
Singular. Plural.
1. bdsham* bds/iem.
* The form buwam, from the root &w, ia also used.
Vide paragraph 34, p. 35.
THE VERB " BUDAN." 41
Singular. Plural.
2. bdshl basked.
3. bdshad bdskand.
Present,
mi-bashaw, " I am," &c.
Simple Future.
bi-bdskam, "I shall, will, or may be," &c.
Imperative.
1. (no first person) Idskem, let us be.
2. bask, be thou. basked, be ye.
3. bdskad or bad, let him be bdskand, let them be.
Present Participle (not in use), bdskdn, being.
Noun of Agency (not in use), bdshanda, be-er.
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE.
Preterite, or Indefinite Past.
" I was."
Singular. Plural.
1. budam budem.
2. budl folded.
3. bud budand.
Imperfect,
mi-budam, " I was," &c.
42 THE VERB "SHUDAN."
Past Potential or Habitual,
budame, " I might be, or used to be/' &c.
Compound Future.
khwaham bud, <f I shall or will be/' &c.
Preterite Participle, duda, "having been/' "been."
TENSES FROM THE PRETERITE PARTICIPLE.
Perfect Tense.
buda am, " I have been/' &c.
Pluperfect,
buda budam (not in use).
Future Perfect,
buda bdsham, " I shall have been," &c.
41. The verb shudan (for shudan) "to be" (passive),
root shaw.
TENSES FROM THE ROOT.
Aorist.
" I may be."
Singular. Plural.
1. shavam shavem.
2. skavi shaved.
3. shavad shavand.
Present Tense,
ml-shavam, " I am," &c.
THE VERB " SHUDAN." 43
Simple Future.
bi-shavam, " I shall or will be/' &e.
Imperative.
1. (no first person) shavem, let us be.
2. shaw, be thou. shaved, be ye.
3. sharad, let him be. shavand, let them be.
Present Participle (not in use) skavdn, " being/'
Noun of Agency, shamnda, "be-er," or "become-er."
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE.
Preterite or Indefinite Past.
"I was."
1. shudam shudem.
2. shudl shuded.
3. s/tud shiuland.
Imperfect.
mi-sliudam, " I was/' &c.
Past Potential or Habitual.
mi-shudame, "I might be," &c.
. Compound Future,
khwdham shud, " I will be," &c.
Preterite Participle, shuda, " having been."
TENSES FROM THE PRETERITE PARTICIPLE.
Perfect Tense,
shuda am, " I have been," &c.
44 CAUSAL VERBS.
Pluperfect Tense,
skuda budam, I had been, &c.
Future Perfect,
shuda bdskam, I shall have been, &c.
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
42. The Passive Voice is formed by prefixing the
Preterite Participle to the tenses of the verb sfiudan,
" to be, become ;" thus
Present.
" I may be struck."
Singular. Plural.
1. zada shavam zada shavem.
2. zada skavi zada shaved.
3. zada shavad zada shavand.
and similarly for the other tenses.
CAUSAL VERBS.
43. These are formed by adding ^ikjjl^ unldan
> or ^\ - andan, to the root of the primitive verb ;
j thus
Just an, " to leap," root, jah ; jahanidan or jahan-
(/ti/i,"to cause to leap," rooi,ja/idn: gashtan, "to
' become," root, gard ; gardanidan, * f to cause to be-
: come," &c., root, gafddn.
( 45 )
NEGATIVE VERBS.
44. A verb is rendered negative by prefixing the
particle &i na, " not ;"
or <*H, <xi na rasld, he did not arrive.
With the imperative the particle <u (ma) is em-
ployed in like manner ; as
,~..> <U or ^j~* mo> purs, ask not.
! jlx or oU* ma feat?, let it not be ! God forbid !
OBSERVATIONS.
When the particles <o (bi), aj (na), <U (ma) are
prefixed to a verb beginning with alif, not marked
by madda, the initial alif is omitted, and yu is
inserted in its place.
The ya takes the vowel of the rejected alif;
thus
andak/d, he threw.
.x-x"
C^^-'jJuJ nayandakht, he threw not.
-Iisl uftam, I may fall.
JLajo Hyuftam, I shall fall.
^l^jl angur, consider.
jlXij.<, mayangtir, do not consider.
46 NEGATIVE VERBS.
If the verb begins with I the I remains, but
the madda is rejected ; thus
J '. \ arad, he may bring 1 .
i^Uj biyarad, he will bring.
,T ar, bring thou.
.Ijj biyar, bring thou.
j\j^ mayar, do not bring.
i^'jj nayarad, he may not bring.
In the older poets the <O (no) often unites with
the following I without the intervention of ya ;
JwJj namad, he came not," for iXjjJ nayamad,
"he came not."
45. The personal terminations ( 38) are conjugated
negatively, as follows:
Plural.
4_*Ju nayem, we are not.
JuJli nayed, you are not.
jJuJ nayand, they are
not.
Singular.
^_*j nayam, I am not.
_j or <xj nayt, thou
art not.
Ci^v*-w ntst, he is not.
The substantive verb ha dam is conjugated nega-
tively, as follows :
ROOTS OF VERBS. 47
Singular.
Jo nistam, I am
not.
jo nlsti, thou art
not.
:^*-jJ mst, he is not.
Plural.
_jj mstem,we are not.
jUkjJ lusted, you are
not.
-xj mstand, they are
not.
46. Interrogation is usually expressed by the tone
of the voice. In writing, the word dyd, " whether."
i is prefixed to a question, or the word yd na, " or not/ J
affixed.*
ROOTS OF VERBS.
47. Infinitives in ^ (dan) are preceded by the
-
long vowels I (a), - (a), ^ (z), J (#), or by the
consonants j (r), ^ (?i).
Infinitives in ^ (tan) are preceded by ^ (M),
O* ( s )j ^_r ( 5 % * (/)
Hence the following rules :
(a) Infinitives in ^1 (adan), ^ (tdaii), and
* Did your father go there ? pidar-i-shumd anjd raft,
yd na ? Do you know Persian ? ayd shumd fdrsl ml-
ddned?
48 ROOTS OF VERBS.
those which have fatha before the dan, reject these
terminations for the root; as
VERB.
ROOT.
firistddan,
to send,
firisi.
pursidan,
to ask,
purs.
dzhadan,
to sew,
azli.
Exceptions *
to bring- forth
[ zddan-f
( zdjidan
Szd, or
zd,e.
to create,
dfridan,
dfrln.
to come,
dmadan,
d,e.
to choose,
guzidan,
guzln.
to embrace,
gddan,
gd or gd,e.
to give,
dddan,
di/i.
s
to hear
( S ^ n/Wft/lClCLfl
< sliunudan
> shinau.
(^ shnnuftan
}
to lose
( kushddan
{ kuskudan
I kushd,e.
to see,
didan,
bin.
to strike,
zadan,
zan.
to stitch,
akhidan.
akhin.
to take
( sitddan
\ sitdndan^
1 titan.
* Yerba marked thus (f) are regular.
ROOTS OF VERBS. 49
t
(I) Infinitives in ^J. (udan) reject that termina-
tion, and substitute I (a) or ^1 (a,e) for the root,
as :
VERB.
ROOT.
to praise,
sittidan,
sifd,e.
Exceptions.
to be,
budan,
bu or bdsh.
to become ]
shudan for
shudan
shaii.
to draw,
tanudan,
tanau.
f
shunudan
)
to hear ]
shunidan
shunau
(
shunuftan ,
\
to neigh,
zinudan,
zinau.
to reap,
durudan,
duru.
to slumber,
ghunudan,
ghunu.
(c) Infinitives in
^ (dan),
preceded by re or
nun, reject the termination dan
for the root, as:
VERB.
ROOT.
to cherish,
parwardan,
parwar.
to dig,
kandan,
lean.
Exceptions.
to bring,
dwardanrf
dwar or dr.
to count,
shimurdan,
shimdr.
4
50 ROOTS OP VERBS.
VERB. ROOT.
to carry, burdan, bar.
to do, fcardan, kun.
to die, murdan, mlr.
to entrust, sipurdan, sipdr.
to offend, dzwrdan, dzdr.
to squeeze, afshurdan, afshdr.
(d) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by . (kji),
reject the termination, and change j. into j for the
root, as :
VERB. ROOT.
to throw, anddkhtan, anddz.
Exceptions.
to cook, j3itkhtan t paz.
to draw a sword, akhtan, dkh.
to recognise, shindMtan, shinds.
( gusekhtan ~) .,
to snap gusil.
(_ gusastan )
. . ( sukhtan ')
to weigh . > sanj.
(e) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by
reject both tan and sin for the root, as :
VERB. ROOT.
to live, zistan, zl.
ROOTS OF VERBS. 51
Exceptions.
VERB.
ROOT.
to bind,
bastan,
land.
to break,
shikastan,
shikan.
to desire,
khwdstan,
kjiwdh.
to diminish,
kdstan,
kd/i.
to escape,
rastan,
rih.
f
r us tan
i
to grow j
ruffian
5
to join,
paiwastan,
paiwand.
to know,
ddnistan,
dan.
to leap,
jastan,
...
jih.
to place
nishastan
nishdndan
[ nishdn.
to rise,
khdstan,
tchez.
(
ristan
)
to spin s
rishtan
> rls.
to sit down,
nishastan,
nishln.
to split,
gusastan
gusekhtan
[ gusil.
to wash,
shustan,
shu,e.
(f) Infinitives in
V> (tan),
preceded by ^,
reject tan, and change the shin
into j , as :
VERB.
ROOT.
to have,
ddshtan,
dor.
HOOTS OF VERBS.
VERB.
to become,
to embrace
to elevate,
to kill,
to let down
or quit
to mix,
to plant,
to sow,
to spin
to write,
Exceptions.
gas Jit an,
dghoshtan,
gddan,
afrdshtan,
kushtan,
hislitan
hilldan
hishldan
sirishtan,
kdshtan,^
kishtan,
irishtan
ristan
nawishtan,
HOOT.
gard.
dghosh.
gd,e.
afrdz.
kush.
or huh.
saris Ji.
Mr.
kdr.
(g) Infinitives in ^ (tan), preceded by u_j,
generally reject tan, and change < j into e__> , as ,
" to shine,"* toftan, root, tab. In some verbs the
c_s remains unchanged, as :
We may add :
VERB.
to deceive,
to obtain,
to beat,
L
fareftan
ydflan
kuftan
fareb.
yab.
kub.
I
VERB.
tOOTS OF VERB
to weave,
I af tan,
Exceptions.
to accept,
paziraftan,
to bore,
nuftan,
to conceal,
ni /i iff fan,
to disturb,
aftliuffan,
to dig,
kandanfi
to dig a canal,
farkandanfi
to expand (as "j
a flower) J
shnknftan,
to go,
rciftan,
1
r shimiffan
to hear <
j shun ft dan
(
skunldan
to sweep,
ruftan,
to seize,
(jinftan,
to speak,
gnftan,
to sleep,*
khuftan,
53
ROOT.
baf.
pazlr.
suft and sumfj.
'HI /I)' ft.
dskftb.
kd,o
kan. \kaiid.
farkan and far-
shukuf.
shinau.
rub.
glr.
go and go,e.
kfcusp.
If the preceding rules, with their exceptions, be
learned, no difficulty will be found in conjugating any
Persian verb.
We have also
VEEB.
to sleep,
to sleep,
khicnlidan
khmbidan
khusb.
( 54 )
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
48. . ADVERBS.
(1) Number:
bare )
si bar, thrice.
77 _ > once.
yalibar )
Icam bar, seldom.
dubar, twice.
(2) Order:
nakhustin ^
siwum
awwala f firgt
siyum
awwal martaba i
siyumin
thirdly.
auwaUn /
siywn martaba
salisa
duwum ")
chaharum
\ .
duwumln > secondly.
cliaharumin
( a
saniya )
chaJiurum martaba i ^
\
rabi'aA
) ***
(3) Place:
zn/o, here.
damn ") .,, .
( within.
2 Mjji/, hence.
andarun j
, 7 /this way, this
in jamb }
. \ direction.
??i taraj )
berun ^ .,-,
[- without.
birun )
faro ~) under, be-
anja, there.
farod ) neath.
a^; anja, thence.
bala, over, upon, above.
an su ^]
., / that way, that
an iamb }
, \ direction.
o?i tar of )
liar Jffiija ki, wheresoever.
hechja, somewhere.
hech ja na, nowhere.
INDECLINABLE PARTS OP SPEECH.
55
Interrogation :
Jcu ? where ?
kuja ? *\ what place ?
Tfudum ja ? I what way ?
kicdam ta- (what direc-
raf?. ) tion?
chand ? how many ?
chiguna ? in what way ?
cliun ? how ?
Time present :
aknun
kunun
hulan
hamindam
tn zaman
hamzn zaman
ham aknun
Time past :
just now,
this in-
stantjthis
very mo-
ment.
pesh az ^n )
r before this.
kabl az tn )
az pesh
pesh \ previously.
pesetar
chira, why ?
fwhy ? on
6an/,e cfei ? 1 ;
, . 7 7 1 what ac-
ba c/a saoao ? / 9
V count '.
eld kadar, how much ?
what quantity ?
feat, how ? when ?
imruz, to-day.
imsJiab, to-night.
imsal, this year.
hanoz, yet.
shamgah, in the evening.
bamdad | in the morn-
sahrgah ) ing.
peshin )
r c anciently.
dtruz, yesterday.
dishab, yesternight.
par sal parln, last year.
56
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Time to come :
farda, to-morrow.
sal-i-ayanda, the coming
ruz-i-dtgar)
, \ the next day.
atgar ruz )
year.
mah - i - ayanda, the
farda shab, to-morrow
coming month.
night.
hofta,e ayanda, the
shab-i-dtgar, the next
coming week.
night.
ba'd az In
pas farda sJiab, the night
sipas henceforth,
after to-morrow.
ayanda in future.
pas farda, the day after
pas az m ,
to-morrow.
'ankarib ")
sal-i-dzgar, the next year.
, " . - 7- r presently.
dar in zud^ ) r
mali-i-dvgar, the next
fi-l-faur } immediately,
month.
fi-l-kal > instantly, di-
hafta,e dlgar, the next
bi zudl ) rectly.
week.
Time indefinite :
barha "j
nadir, rarely.
bisiyur bar [often, many
hamesha, always.
bisiyar I a time.
paiwasta, constantly.
mukarraray, )
gUli-gah, occasionally.
liar ruz )
f daily.
ruzana )
guli wakte, sometimes.
liar hafta ^
zud, soon.
Jiaftugi )
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Time indefinite (continued) :
57
leamtor, very seldom.
liar maha }
7 . f monthly.
muhiyana )
liar sola
saliyuna
every year.
har dam ) every mo-
dam ba dam ) ment.
bar }
dlgar \ again
digar-bar )
Quantity :
andak, a little.
bisiyar, much.
If am, little.
firawan} 1-1,1
[ abundantly.
wajvr )
khaili, greatly, much.
kafi, sufficiently.
bas, enough, only.
hamm, even this, only,
even.
Doubt :
sliayad, perhaps.
bashad, it may be.
tawanad, possibly.
bukiJc, peradventure.
Affirmation :
certainly.
Itamana
It nr ajna
be shah ^
la shak [undoubtedly.
be shubha )
albatta, verily.
behama chiz, without any
doubt whatever.
be sakhta, without arti-
fice.
58
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Negation :
hargiz, ever.
na, no, not.
mutlakan, not at all.
hech, not any.
hech wakt, at no time.
bi hech wajh, in no wise.
more.
Comparison :
ziyadat
beshtar
afzun
fuzun
bisiyartar, much more.
aksar ^
aghlab > most.
beshtarin )
kamtar
akul
kuchak
less.
khurd
small.
hech cliiz, netting what-
ever.
hech Tcudam, none what-
ever.
hech Teas, no person.
hech bab, on no account.
smaller.
kamtarin, least.
kuchaktar
Murdtar
misal, alike.
musawi, equal.
muwazi, parallel.
ru ba ru }
mukabil \ opposite.
muhazl )
muwazin } of the same
ham wazn j weight.
Arabic nouns in the accusative case are used adver-
bially, as :
kasdan, purposely; mukarraran, repeatedly.
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
59
Example*.
49. I went to see him
once,
Once upon a lime he went
to see him,
I went to see him once
only,
He was only two hours
with me,
God only knows,
You asked of me alone,
I do not exactly recollect ;
it might have been mid-
day,
Think well ; perhaps it
may come into thy re-
collection,
Why, because just as I was
returning disappoint-
edly from the door of
your house, I saw a
number of them in the
street,
For I have often seen them
eating their food at
two o'clock,
man yak bar ba didan-ash
raftam.
bare ba didan-ash raft.
man yak bar ba didan-ash
raftam o bas.
o da sd'at ba man biid o
bas.
khudd mi-ddnad o bas.
ahumd hamin tanhd az man
pursided.
durust dar khatir-am nist ;
mi-tawdnist ki zuhr bd-
shad.
khub ta,ammul bi-kun shd-
yad ba khdtir-at biydyad.
chird ki, chftn man mahru-
mdna az dar-i-shumd bar
mi-gasfitam jamae az
dnhd-rd dar kucha di-
dam.
chi man bisiydr didaam \
ki eshdn dar sd'at-i-dii
ghizd mi-khurand.
62
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
(a) The following- require to be followed by the
zer-i-izafat, or sign of the genitive case.
nazdiki, vicinity.
lerun, out.
andarun, in.
kabl, before.
ba'd, after.
jihat, toward.
jdnib, side.
bahar, bard,e, for, on ac-
count of.
siwd,e, except.
bald, upon, aloft.
pdjin, down.
fardz or zabar, above.
zer, below, beneath.
furud, down.
pesh, before.
pas, after or behind.
su,e, towards, side of.
miydn, between.
pahlu, by the side.
nazd or nazdik, near.
(b) All the above in para, (a) may take az before
them, except ba'd, which takes az after it.
(<?) The following take az, before or after them, at
the option of the speaker, as :
az pas, from behind ; pas az, after, then, afterwards.
az pesk or pesh az, before.
az bertin or lerun az, from without.
az baghair or baghair az, except.
When az is used after the preposition, zer-i-izafat
is omitted.
(d) The preposition ba may be prefixed to all the
foregoing, but not to the five following :
sipas, bard,e, bahar, kabl, ba'd.
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 63
Examples.
(e) under the ground, zer-i-zamln.
above the tree, ldld,e darakht.
near the city, la nazcUk-i-shahr.
after that, paz az an.
before me, peshazman (time) ; pesh-i-man (place).
CONJUNCTIONS.
53. The simple Conjunctions are :
wa* or o, and.
niZy ham, also, likewise.
gar,.agar, if.
ya, either, or.
juz, except.
magar, unless, rather.
ctii, ki, for, as, whether.
amma, lekin, but.
balki, but, on the con-
trary.
chu, chiin, when.
* The rule for pronouncing the conjunction j , "and,"
is as follows :
When it connects sentences and clauses it is pro-
nounced wa, as
he came and went, amad wa raft.
"When it connects words in a phrase it is sounded as 0,
sometimes as u ; for example :
, J f ruz o sTidb.
day and nierht -I
( ruz u sliab.
In transcribing it into the Eoman character, j will be
rendered as o ; but the student must remember the rule
given above.
60 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
INTERJECTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS.
50. Regret or sorrow :
ah, a sigh !
: afsos )
, . [ alas!
daregh )
Grief, distress, want :
: amdn, O quarter !
: farydcl) cry !
tciif, pity !
beddd, injustice ! tyranny!
ydrabb, Lord !
Admiration, real and feigned :
afrin, create ! (i. e. O Lord, let us have more.)
marhabd, welcome !
tabdrak alldh ") ~ , . . , , ,
,. , jj.j ( God is blessed !
oarak alkili )
I
alldh akbar, God is omnipotent !
alldh kddir, God is powerful !
alldh karim, God is beneficent !
mdshd alldh, Godjias willed!
inshd alldh, please God !
Lamentation, mourning :
fighdn ~) lament ! oh !
afghdn ) alas !
wa,e
[ oh, misery I
I waild )
Hatred, contempt :
/, fie !
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 61
Call to attention :
ainak ~\
hdn ( lo! behold! hark!
ham )
ai, O !
Examples.
My brother, I regret, is afsos barddaram ki ba shid-
very seriously ill, dat blmdr ast.
How well, as God willed, asp-i-shumd diruz mdshd
yesterday did your horse alldh chi khub dawld !
run!
PREPOSITIONS.
51. Prepositions are placed before the simple, or
nominative forms, both of Nouns and Pronouns.
" My father went from home to the market,"
Pidar-am az khdna ba bazar raft.
They are :
az, from, by.
bd, with (in company
with).
bar, abar, on, upon.
ba, in, by, to.
be, without.
fa, up to, as far as.
juz, except, besides.
dar, in.
52. The rest of the Prepositions ai-e, properly, Sub-
stantives, or Adjectives.
62 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
(a) The following require to be followed by the
zer-i-izdfat, or sign of the genitive case.
bald, upon, aloft. I nazdiki, vicinity.
pd,ln, down. j lerun, out.
fardz or zabar, above.
zer, below, beneath.
furud, down.
pesh, before.
pas, after or behind.
su,e, towards, side of.
mii/an, between.
pahlft, by the side.
and a ran, in.
kabl, before.
ba'd, after.
jihat, toward.
ib, side.
bahar, bard,e, for, on ac-
count of.
siwd,e, except.
nazd or nazdik, near.
(b] All the above in para, (a] may take az before
them, except ba'd, which takes az after it.
(c) The following take az, before or after them, at
the option of the speaker, as :
az pas, from behind ; pas az, after, then, afterwards.
az pesh or pesh az, before.
az berfin or bernn az, from without.
az baghair or baghair az, except.
When az is used after the preposition, zer-i-izafat
is omitted.
(r7) The preposition ba may be prefixed to all the
foregoing, but not to the five following:
sipas, bard,e, bahar, kabl, ba'd.
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 63
Examples.
(e) under the ground, zer-i-zamln.
above the tree, bdld,e darakht.
near the city, ba nazdik-i-shahr.
after that, paz az an.
before me,pesb az man (time) \pesJi-i-man (place) .
CONJUNCTIONS.
53. The simple Conjunctions are :
wd* or o, and.
riiz, ham, also, likewise.
gar^agar, if.
yd, either, or.
juz, except.
magar, unless, rather.
chi, ki, for, as, whether.
amma, lekin, but.
balki, but, on the con-
trary.
chu, chun, when.
* The rule for pronouncing the conj unction j , "and,"
is as follows :
When it connects sentences and clauses it is pro-
nounced wa, as
he came and went, amad tea raft,
"When it connects words in a phrase it is sounded as o,
sometimes as u ; for example :
, . f ruz o sJiab.
day and night \
[ ruz u sliab.
In transcribing it into the Roman character, j will be
rendered as o ; but the student must remember the rule
given above.
66 DAYS OF THE WEEK.
CJb'j A^ I.I 101
iX^AaJb v . . 700
-- t
^00^
^J r . . 200
^^^^ ^^S? A 9 oOO
&*- r.. 300
j^j i . . 900
J^c^U*- F*. 400
^ i... 1000
iXojU o;. 500
j^bjjj i..*. 10,000
^ o
^
<XMM i 600
Ari T^Vio nnn'i'Koio rkr>rnT*
CJJ^Uji i 100,000
formed by adding the smaller number to the decade
conjunction o, as :
shast o shish, sixty and six.
To find the precise date (Christian) corresponding
to any given year of the Hijra.
Let M = Mussulman date in years.
Let E = required English date in years.
Then E = M x 0-970225 + 621-54.
This is exact to a day.
DAYS OP THE WEEK.
Sunday, yak sTiamba.
Monday, du shamba.
Tuesday, si shamba. [ba.
Wednesday, chahar skam-
Thursday, panj shamba.
Friday, ddlna.
Saturday, shamba.
56.
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
SUBSTANTIVES.
(a) The Persian names of Agents are formed by
prefixing nouns to contracted participles active, as :
a seller of roses,
a co.oker of broth |
(i.e. the cook), )
a shoemaker,
a hatter,
a saddler, zln-sdz.
The contracted participle is sometimes corrupted,
gul-farosh.
ash-paz.
kafsh-d&z.
kullak-dfiz.
Ban, a corruption of man, contracted from mdnanda,
" a remainder/'
Gar and gar a form of Tear.
Observe that gar signifies a maker, and that gar
indicates a performer.
Examples.
a gardener,
a porter (doorkeeper),
a jailor,
a goldsmith,
a blacksmith,
a potter,
an attendant,
bdgh-bdn.
dar-bdn.
zinddn-bdn.
dhangar.
kilzagar.
khidmalgdr.
68
DEEIVAT10N OF WORDS.
NOUNS OF PLACE.
(fj) Gdh is added to the noun, as :
a bed,
a resting-place,
a throne-chamber
capital of an empire
the evening,
halting-place,
untimely,
khwab-gali.
manzil-gah.
takhi-gah.
sham-gah.
farud-gah.
begah.
(c) The affixes istan, zar, Ttada, dan, sar, lakh,
may be used, as :
a rose-garden,
a salt place
an idol temple,
a firs temple,
a penholder,
a mountainous country,
a rough, stony place,
a demon-haunted place,
gidistan.
namak-zar.
shura-zar.
but Jcada.
atash had a.
kalam dan.
Jcoh sar.
sang lakh,
dew lakh.
DIMINUTIVES.
57. A diminutive is formed by-adding one of the
four affixes
and 2 to a noun.
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 69
(a) The affixes CJ , t and * only are used in
the case of rational beings, as :
a small man, mardak.
a small woman, zanak.
a small girl, duk/ttarak.
In an endearing sense, as:
My poor dear little child tiflak-i-man blmar ast.
is .sick,
(Z>) In a contemptible sense &S is used.
thou fellow ! ai mardi.ka.
Why, this woman ! ai zanaka.
(c) In the case of persons' not grown up it is
sufficient to add s (h) only, as :
a naughty boy, pisara,
a good-for-nothing girl, dufchtara.
(d) The only affix used in the case of an irra-
tional being is CJ , as :
a small horse, aspak.
a small ass, kharak.
At the same time the adjectives kucliak or khurd
may be used, as :
a small horse, aspak-i-kuchaJc.
70 DEUIVATION OF WORDS.
The affix may denote pity, or compassion, as :
the poor tired ox, gawak-i-Masta.
the poor wretched ass, kharak-i-miskin.
-x
It is usual, however, to add CJ (&) to the gene-
ric noun,* as :
poor little creature, haiivanak.
poor little bird, murgh_dk.
poor jaded beast, h aiwandk-i-k/iasta.
the weak miserable animal, janwarak-i-za'if.
* <j ^
(e) The affixes CJ and &=** are used with inani-
mate objects, as :
a little pond, hauzak.
a small garden, lagftcha.
(/) The affix CJ is used when a noun is to be
applied in an unusual way, as :
significant wink of the eye, cliaslimak.
clapping the hands, dastak, from dast, the hand,
listening by stealth, gosliak, gosh, the ear.
making a somersault, pushtalc, pusht, the back.
* The word murgh applies to all birds.
haiwdn domestic animals and fish.
jdnwar wild beasts, reptiles, and
vermin.
it gardshanda reptiles only.
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 71
ABSTRACT AND VERBAL NOUNS.
58. An abstract noun may be formed from an
adjective, simple or compound, or from a noun, by
the addition of yae ma'ruf, as, ^ .
(a) From an adjective :
goodness, neki, from nek, good,
the possessing of the world, royalty, jahan darz,
from jahan dar, world-possessing,
idleness, bekari, from behar, idle.
(6) From a noun :
friendship, dosti, from dost, a friend,
manliness, mardt, from mard, a man.
entertainment, mihmam, from mihman, a guest,
sovereignty, badshahi, from badshah, a king.
If the primitive word ends in obscure s, the s is
suppressed, and the letter ^J is inserted, as :
sadness, azurdagi, from azurda, sad.
infamy, bachchagi, bachcha, a child,
slavery, bandayt, banda, a slave.
59. Verbal Nouns are formed by changing , of
the infinitive into .1 , as :
speech, guftar ) from guftan.
motion, raftar, raftan.
seeing, dldar, ,. dldan
72 DERIVATION OF WORDS.
This termination occasionally gives the sense of
agent, as :
seller, k/iaridar, from kharidan.
purchaser, faroMtar, farokjdcm.
The third person singular of the preterite may
be placed (a) before the imperative of the same
verb, (&) or before the third person singular of the
preterite of the same or another verb, as :
(a) conversation, guft-gu } e, or guft-o-gu,e.
search, just-ju.
buying and selling, kharld o farosh.
(&) buying and selling, Marzd o faroMt.
( amad o raft.
coming and going ] _ "
( amad o shud.
(c) To express suitableness, ^ ya,e mn'ruf, or
ya,e liyakat, is added to the infinitive, as :
fit to be done, Tcardani.
fit to eat, khurdani.
(d) A noun may be formed from the root by
adding ^ () or ^ (ish) as :
speaking, conversation, go, I, from go, root ofguftan.
creation, afrinish, from afrin, root of afrldan.
burning, inflammation, sozish, from soz, root of
so kJ, tan.
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 73
motion, going, path, rawi, from ran, root of raftan.
knowledge, danl, from dan, root of danistan.
(e) The root itself may be used, as :
ardour, soz, from soKfrtan, to burn,
grief, ranj, ranjldan, to grieve,
know, dan, danistan, to know.
(/) A noun may be formed by adding CJI , ^1
(peculiar to verbs in udan) or 8 , as :
inflammation, sozak, from sokhtan, to burn,
an order, farman, farmudan, to order,
trembling, larza, larzidan, to tremble.
ADJECTIVES.
60. Adjedtives denoting possession, plenty, mix-
ture, are formed by adding to nouns the particles
,' , ,. and ,.oi ,
learned, ddnd, from dan, know,
ashamed, sharmsdr, sharm, shame,
sorrowful, ghamgln, gham, sorrow,
bashful, sharmdgin, sharm, shame,
wealthy, daulatmand, daulat, wealth.
74 DERIVATION OF WORDS.
frightful, khauf-nak, from khanf, fear.
, (ddnishwar, or)
learned j f i-^-^ n -Ji damsh, knowledge.
golden, zarin, zar, gold.
(b) The particles LiT ,
^jj and ^L added to nouns form adjectives de-
noting similitude, as :
like musk, mushkdsa.
like the sun, khurdls.
like magic, sihrsd.
like dust (i.e. humble), khak-sdr.
like the moon (i.e. beautiful,) mdkwash.
like the sun, khursliid-sdn.
(c) The particles fam (pdm, warn], gun and In
denote resemblance in respect to colour, as :
black-coloured, siyah-fdm.
rose-coloured, gul-gun.
emerald-coloured, zumurradin.
ruby-coloured, I'al-fdm.
tulip'Coloured, Idla-gftn.
azure-coloured, ab-gun.
(d) Some adjectives to express fulness and com-
pleteness are repeated, the letter 1 being inserted
between them, as :
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 75
brimful, labdlab, from lab, lip.
entirely, sardsar, from sar, head.
of various colours, gitnagun, from gun, colour.
(e) Adjectives may be formed from nouns by
adding ^ ya,e ma'ruf, as :
Persian, Irani ^ajami), from Iran ^ajam), Persian.
Indian, hindl, from hind, India.
of the city of Shiraz, shlrdzl, from shlrdz, city of
Shiraz.
of the city of Baghdad, baghdddl, from baghddd, city
of Baghdad.
a town, shahrl, from shahr, a city.
c( the sea, bahrl, from 6ahr, sea.
(/) The particles ,1^ and &>! are added to denote
fitness, as :
fit for a prince, shdhwdr or shdhdna.
fit for a maniac, dewdna.
fit for a man, marddna.
fit for women, zandna.
(g) The ordinal number is formed by adding urn to
the cardinal, as :
the seventh, haftum, from haft, seven,
the twenty-seventh, hist o huftnm.
The three first ordinals are exceptions to this rule,
76 DERIVATION OP WORDS.
first, nakhustln, awwal.
second, duwum or duyum.
third, siwum or siyum.
book the first, bdb-i-awwal.
(h) By adding * to d. noun, preceded by a numeral,
a compound adjective will be formed, as :
of one day's duration, yak rftza, from yak ruz, one day.
one year old, yak sdla, from yak sal, one year.
a man aged 30 years, mard si sdla, from mard si sal.
fickle, du dila, from du dil, two hearts.
VERBS.
61 . The principal derivative verbs are causal verbs,
and are derived from Arabic roots by adding Idan,
as:
to seek, to send for, talabldan, from talab, search,
to understand, fa&midan, fromfahm, understanding.
ADVERBS.
62. A list of Adverbs has been already given (see
p. 54).
Adjectives ending in dna and war may be con-
sidered as adverbs, as :
in the manner of a pedes-
trian, piydda-wdr.
wisely, 'aklana.
bravely, dillrdna.
77
COMPOUND WORDS.
63. SUBSTANTIVES.
(a) Two nouns may be used in juxtaposition in the
reverse order of the genitive, the sign of izdfat being
rejected, as :
the counsel-book, pand-ndma.
the day-book, ruz-ndma.
the cook-house, bdwarchi-khdna.
the battle-field, razm-gdh.
the asylum of the world, jahdn-pandh.
(b) Two contracted infinitives may be used, con-
nected by j , as :
speaking and hearing (i.e. conversation), guftoshunid.
coming and going, dmad o raft, dmad o shud.
(c) A contracted infinitive with the corresponding
root may be used, as :
conversation, guft o go or guft-go.
search,/^ ojn, orjust-ju.
(d) Two substantives of the same, or of different
significations, may be used, as :
boundary and region (i.e. empire), marz o bum.
water and air (i.e. climate), db o kawd.
growing and increasing (i.e. rearing), nashw* o numd*.
78 COMPOUND WORDS.
(e) An infinitive preceded by li is rendered nega
tire, as :
the non-hearing, na shunidan*
U corresponds with the English prefixes un, in or non. j
<O negation no, not.
j
(f) A numeral and a substantive may be used, as :
the afternoon, di-pahar.
a quadruped, chahdr-pd,e.
'Sunday, yak-shamba.
ADJECTIVES.
64. Compound Adjectives may be formed as fol-
lows :
(a) Of two nouns, both Arabic, both Persian, of
one of each, as :
fairy-faced, parl rukhsar or pan ru } e.
angelic disposition, malak akhldk.
lion-hearted, sher-dil.
generous disposition, karlm tab'.
rose-bud mouthed, ghuncha dahdn.
ruby-lipped, yakut lab.
army numerous as the stars, anjum si
kingly pomp, sultanat dastgdh,
justly disposed, addlat d^n.
melancholy-minded, mahzun khdtir.
COMPOUND WOEDS. 79
jessamine-scented, saman bu,e.
perspicuous in speech, faslh Jcaldm.
resembling 1 the sea, daryd misdl.
eloquent in discourse, ballgh khitdb.
(b) Of an adjective prefixed to a noun, as :
handsome-faced, khftb ru,e.
pure-hearted, sdf dil.
simple-minded, saUm kalb.
well-disposed, pdltiza khu,e.
right-minded (benevolent), nek mahzar.
pleasant chanting, khush ilhdn.
ugly-faced, zisht ru,e.
hard-hearted, sangin dil.
sour-browed, turush abru.
pure-minded, sdf zamlr.
pure-natured, pdk tlnat.
black-eyed, siydh chashm.
sweet-tongued, shirln zabdn.
red-faced, surkh rft,e.
g^rey-haired, so/aid mu,e.
ill-tempered, kaj khulk.
bitter in speech, talkh guftdr.
' sharp-witted, tezfahm.
swift-footed, sabuk sair.
ill-mannered, bad ravish.
pure-natured, pdk tabi'at.
80 COMPOUND WOTIDS.
of good morals, nek akhldk.
clear in judgment, rushan 'akl.
broken-hearted, shikasta dil.
distressed in heart, tang dil.
(c) Of a verbal root added to a substantive or
adjective, as : :
world-conquering, jahdn-glr.
enemy-enslaving, 'aduw-tand.
pearl-scattering, durr-afshdn.
' |
amber-scented, 'ambar-dgln.
hero-overthrowing, mard-afgan.
heart-afflicting, dil-azdr.
rose-scattering, gul-afshdn.
assembly-adorning, majlis-drd.
soul -refreshing, ruh-dsd.
fault-forgiving, khatti-bakhsh.
delight-increasing, bahjat-afzd.
town-disturbing, shahr-dshub.
being covered with dust, ghubdr-dltid.
blood-shedding, khvn-rez.
being mixed with honey, shahd-dmez.
world-illuminating, gltl-afruz.
fear-increasing, wahshat-afza.
dread-inspiring, dihsha t- angez.
battle-seeking, jang-ju.
early rising, sahar-khez.
COMPOUND WORDS. 81
self-indulging, tan parwar.
light-spreading, ziyd gustar.
stranger-cherishing, gharib niwar.
heart-expanding, dil-kuskd.
perfume-diffusing, 'itr-bez.
soul-creating, jaii-afrln.
sweet-singer, khush khwdn.
rank (of battle) breaking, saff shikan.
(d] Of a past-participle added to a substantive,
shame-stricken, khajlat zada.
stricken with darkness, zulmat zada.
experienced, jahdn d'ida.
wdk'ia dlda.
one who has been tried in battle", jang azmftda.
one who has laid a snare, dam nihada.
one who has endured affliction, mihnat kashlda.
(e) Of a substantive with the prefix b , as :
possessed of wealth, bd-mdl.
cheerful, bd-rdmish.
(/) Of a substantive with the prefix & as :
senseless, be khirad.
without discrimination, be tamlr.
heartless, be dil.
6
82
COMPOUND WORDS.
unjust, be insdf.
careless, be bdk.
irreligious, be din.
((/) Of a substantive with the prefix ^ , " to-
gether/' " with," as :
being in the same house, ham-khdna.
associates, suhbat.
blstar.
rdz.
maktab.
dam.
dard.
bed-fellows,
,, confidants,
in the same school
(i.e. school- fellows)
intimate,
sympathising,
a playfellow, bdz.
(h] Of a substantive \vith the prefix ^ , as :
of little value, kam-bahd.
thin-bearded, rlsh.
of little resource, mdt/a.
with little experience, tajrlba.
(%) By prefixing U to (1) an adjective ; (2) a ver-
bal root ; (o) a past participle ; (4) a substantive.
COMPOUND WORDS. 83
(1) To an adjective, as :
impure, nd pale.
of impure intention, nd pdk-rde.
(2) To a verbal root :
ignorant, nd dan.
(3) To a past participle :
not commended, nd sittida.
(4) To a substantive :
worthless, nd Jcdr.
not according to one's desire, nd kdm.
unmanly, nd mard.
VERBS.
65. Persian Verbs may be added to Substantives,
Adjectives, Participles, Prepositions and Adverbs.
(a) To substantives, as :
to seek justice, ddd khwdstan.
to mix colours, rang amekhtan.
an opinion, rd t e zadan.
(d) To an adjective, as :
to do good, nek warzldan.
to become sick, llmdr skudan.
(c) To a participle or noun of agency, as :
to become a searcher, jr/yanda gardldan.
to sit smiling, khanddn nishistan.
84 COMPOUND WORDS.
(d) To particles, as :
to come in, dar dmadan.
rise up, bar khdstan.
sit down, faro nishistan.
}) soar upwards, bald paridan.
,, go up, bald raftan.
come down, pd,ln dmadan.
(e) The verbs kardan, sakhtan , farmudan and na-
mudan are often used with substantives and adjectives ;
in the sense of making, as :
to make an order, hiikm kardan.
,, make content, kkuslinud sdkhtan.
,, pay attention, iltifdt namudan.
peruse a letter, mutdla'afarmudan.
(f) The verbs ddshtan and zadan are sometimes
used in the sense of making, as :
to keep watch, pds ddshtan.
make search, talab ddshtan.
express an opinion, rd,e zadan.
speak, har of zadan.
(g) The verbs khurdan and dldan are used in the
sense of " to suffer/' or " experience," as :
to grieve, gham khurdan.
be grieved, ghussa khurdan.
feel regret, ta,assnf khurdan.
COMPOUND WORDS. 85
to suffer affliction, mihnat dldan.
smell, bft,e dldan.
experience kindness, ihzdn dldan.
(K) The following- verbs are chiefly used in com-
pounds :
to bring, dwardan.
become (passive), skudan.
(to turn), gashtan.
( },gardldan.
bear, burdan.
be, budan.
come, dmadan.
devour, suffer, khiirdan.
do, make, kardan.
draw, undergo, kashldan.
find, yd/tan. *
have, ddslitan.
make, sdkhtan.
order, farmudan.
see, dldan.
strike, zadan.
sit, nishistan.
search, justan.
show, ^amudan.
take, giriftan.
wish, ask, khwatfan.
86 COMPOUND WORDS.
Examples.
to apologise, 'uzr khwdstan.
assault, hujum dwardan.
appear, tali' dmadan.
' be astonished, muta'ajjab gardldan.
shudan.
ta'ajjub kardan.
namudan.
,, ddshtan.
'ajab dwardan.
to be beneficent, ihsdn farmudan.
be bereaved, hijrdn dldan.
believe, 'itikdd ddshtan.
namudan.
dwardan.
Ttardan.
complete, tamdm kardan.
farmudan.
sdkhtan.
namudan.
envy, hasad burdan.
expect, intizdr kashldan.
kardan.
burdan.
namudan.
. * ddshtan.
COMPOUND WORDS. 87
to expect, muntazir gardldan.
bit dan.
shudan.
niskistan.
find (others) disappointed, mahrfim ydftan.
find fault, J aib justan.
be grieved, ginissa khurdan.
take profit, nafa' giriftan.
return, rujtl' namtidan.
be sorrowful, maghintin bvdan
The student should observe the different ways in
which the verbs " To be astonished/' " To believe,"
'*' To complete," " To expect," are rendered.
Thus intizdr, "expecting," takes the active verbs
Cardan, kashidan, namudan, &c., while muntazir, " one
who expects," takes the neuter verbs budan, shudan. }
gardidan, nishistan, &c.
Similarly the other verbs may be rendered.
( 88 )
SYNTAX.
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS.
In prose compositions the nominative is put first,
then the object or complement, and, lastly, the verb,
as:
the mughal purchased the mughal tuti-rd kharld.
parrot,
Timur arrived in India, flmur ba kindastdn rasld.
Words and phrases denoting time, manner, &c.,
when they apply to a whole sentence, are placed first,
as:
one day, in a certain city, ruze, dar shahre, darweshe
a darwesh went to the bar dukdn - i- bakkdle
shop of a certain trader, raft.
When the complement to a verb is a complete sen-
tence it is put last, as :
that man said, " Do you an mard guft, mard ahmak
consider me a fool ?" mi-pi nddri ?
a certain king- saw in a pad$hahe dar khwdb did Jti
dream that the whole tamdm-i-danddnhd^-o
of his teeth had dropped uftdda and.
out.
When the object is qualified by a relative sentence
the object is placed before the verb, and the qualify-
ing phrase after it, as :
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS. 89
I have heard of a king pddshdhe-rd sh-unldam ki
who issued the order for ba kushtanl - e - aslre
the executing 1 of a cer- ishdrat hard.
tain captive.
they relate of one of the yake-rd az muluk-i- ajam
kings of Persia, that he hikdyat kunana ki dast-
extended the hand of i-tatdwul ba mal-i-ra'i-
usurpation over the pro- yat dardz kard.
perty of the people.
CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND
PREPOSITIONS.
Adjectives are indeclinable.
The adjective usually follows the noun which it
qualifies, as :
a good man fears God, mard-i-khub az khudd ml-
tarsad.
my black horse was in the asp-i-siydh-i-man dar .te-
stable, wlla bud.
When the noun is in apposition, the adjective may
either precede or follow the substantive.
The word immediately before the verb has usually
yd,e marf'f* as :
thy father is a good man, padar-i-tu mard-i-khub 1st ;
or, padar-i-tu khub mardlst.
* The full form is : padar-i-tu khub marde ast, in
which yd,e mahjul is used.
90 ARRANGEMENT OP WORDS.
London is a great city, landan sJiakr 1st bisiydi
buzurg; or, landan bisi-
ydr sJiahr -i- buzurgist ;
or, landan bisiydr buzurg
skahr 1st ; or, landan
shahr-i-bisiydr buzurg 1st.
If the adjective express more than a simple quality,
such as good or bad, or if it be of Arabic origin, it
should be placed after the noun, whether expressed
t before or after the verb, as :
thy servant is a bad man, naukar-i-tu mard-i-shanr*
ist; or,naukar-i-tu mar-
dist sharlr . (Itwouldbe
wrong to say, naulcar-i-
tu sharlr mardlst}.
Adverbs should be placed immediately before the
adjective ; sometimes the second noun may intervene,
as :
England is a very good ingland mamlakat-i-bisi-
kingdom, ydr khubist; or, ingland
bisiydr mamlakat-i-khfil)-
Ist ; or, ingland khalll
khub mamlakate ast; or,
ingland mamlakate ast
khaili khub.
* Sharlr is Arabic. One might say :
naukar-i-tu lad marde ast.
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS. 91
When the adjective precedes the substantive, it will
be noticed the mark of izafat is not used. In Persian
this construction is called the inverted epithet.
The names of places and rivers are placed after the
words city, town, &c. } with the izafat between them,
as:
the river Euphrates, darya,efardt.
The izafat sometimes supplies the place of the con-
junction^ as:
a mistress with rosy cheeks y dr -i-gul 'izdr -i- shirin
and honied speech, sukhan.
Two nouns, in common use, sometimes omit the
izafat ; they are :
a companion, master ")
' . , ... [ sahib.
a possessor of, endowed with ) '
head, top, extremity, sar,
as:
a possessor of wealth, sahib mat.
possessed of skill, sahib hnnar.
fountain-head, sar chashma.
head of the way, sar-rdh.
source of wealth, capital, sar-mdya.
The following noun is used with the Arabic al,
"the":
a lord, master, endowed with, zu.
92 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.
as:
possessed of dignity, zH-l-jaldl.
possessed of motion, zu-l-harakat.
possessed of life, zfy-l-liayat.
Alexander the Great, su-l-karnain.
(two-horned or powerful).
The following noun, similar to those just mentioned,
takes the izdfat, as :
people belonging to any >
profession, an inhabi- f
tan t, lord, master, wor- f
thy, fit, endowed with )
as :
veiled, ahl-i-hijdb.
an artificer, ahl-i-san'at.
a councillor of state, ahl-i-dewdn.
a traveller, aM-i-
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.
Any noun with a particle prefixed to it may become
an epithet, as :
a man possessed of wealth, mard-i-bdmdl.
Some epithets consist of several words, as:
a country taken in war, mulk-i-bajang girifta.
a slave with a ring in his ear, banda,e halka bagosh.
the All-wise, who endows halam-i-sukhan bar zabdn
the tongue with speech, dfrin.
( 93 )
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
Numeral adjectives precede the substantives to which
they belong. The noun must always be in the singular
number, as :
a thousand men, hazdr mard (not) hazdr marddn.
twenty brave men, blst mard-i-dildwar (not) blst
marddn-i-dildwar .
The greatest number should be expressed first ; the
rest following in the same order, as :
two hundred and fifty-four du sad o panjdh o oftahdr
thousand seven hun- hazdr o haft sad o hashtdd
dred and eighty-three du si gusfand.
sheep,
From eleven to nineteen, however, the smaller
number is expressed first. (See p. 65.)
A definite noun may be used in the plural number
to answer the cardinal number, as :
the men were two thou- mardan du kazdr ludand.
sand,
Sometimes a phrase from the Arabic is introduced
as an epithet to a Persian substantive, as :
a darwesh whose prayers darwesh-i -mustajdbu-d-
are answered, da'wdt.
a man sincere of speech, mard-i-sddiku-l-kaul karl-
generous of soul, mu-n-nafs.
9-1 COMPARISON.
The adjective pronouns an, in, precede their sub-
stantives.
Some adjectives of a pronominal nature, as Jtama,
" all/' digar, " other," ckand, " some," or " several,"
precede or follow their substantives ; for example :
all the people, hama marduman ; or, mar-
duman- i-hama.
the other woman, digar zan ; or, zan-i-dlgar.
some, or several days, chandrfiz; or^tiz-i-c/iand.
COMPARISON.
The word than after the comparative degree is ex-
pressed in Persian by az, as :
more splendid than the sun, roshantar az of tab.
women are more delicate zandn ndzuk-tar az mar-
tlian men, dan and.
Sometimes bih, "good," in the positive form, is
used, when denoting comparison, for " better," as :
silence is better than evil- khamoshl bih az sukhan-i-
speaking; but speaking bad ast ; wa mkhan-i-nek
well is better than bih az kjiamoshl.
silence,
The superlative degree governs the genitive as :
COMPARISON. 95
the best of men, ' nektarln-i-mardumdn.
they say that the mean- goyand kl kamtarin-i-jdn-
est of animals is the ass, wardn, Mar ast.
The same rule applies to superlative forms from the
Arabic, as :
the most illustrious of the ashraf-i-ambiyd.
Prophets,
The particles called prepositions are few in number.
The most common are :
Az, " from," Id, " with," bar, " on," da, " in, into,"
! be, " without," td, " till," " as far as," juz, " except,"
" besides," and dar, " in."
Prepositions take the simple or nominative form of
a noun or pronoun after them, as :
from Baghdad to Shiraz I az baghddd id slilrdz bd
will go with thee, tu khwaham raft.
Such other words as are used like prepositions
require zer-i-lzdfat, as:
near the minister, nazd-i-wazir ; or, da nnzd-
i-wazlr.
above his head, bdld,e sarash.
before me, pesh-i-man ; or, dar pesh-
i-man.
under the earth, zer-i-zamln.
( 96 )
PRONOUNS.
The affixes are :
Pers. Sing. Plur.
1. my J am, our ^U man.
2. thy MJ\ at, your ^o ftm.
3. his (^1 asfr, their ^jli shan.
Mention has already been made (see page 28 Gr.)
of the use of these affixes when attached to nouns.
It will be sufficient in this place to add that the
plural terminations are rarely used ; and that when
the noun to which the affix belongs is in construc-
tion with an adjective, the affix is usually added to
the adjective, as :
thy dear life, 'umr-i-azizat.
The affixes J , eul , \\ may be employed to ;
I ^^
denote the dative and accusative cases to me, to
thee, or me, thee, &c., as well as the possessives my, \
thy, his.
The affixes may bo joined to the verb which >
governs them, or to any word* in the sentence,
as :
* Except the simple prepositions and a few of the
conjunctions, as wa arid yd.
PIIOXO'UXS. 97
the porter did not admit darba-nam ralia na hard.
me,
the earth has so much khalt-asli cliunun bufdunl .
consumed it,
Sometimes there is ambiguity ; thus, in the first
sentence, darba-nam, by itself, might mean my por-
ter. In a case of this kind the context must be
considered.
9
The reciprocal pronoun <3ji- corresponds to our
pronoun self, as :
I myself, man khud.
thou thyself, tu khud.
It may be the nominative to any person of the
verb, the termination of the verb showing sufficiently
the sense, as :
I myself went, khud raft am.
they themselves went, khud raft and.
It is used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun,
as :
the goldsmith went to his zargar la khanate khi'd
house, raft.
I was coming from my man az Idgh-i-khud^dma-
garden, dam.
Zaid beat his (own) slave, Zaidghuldm-i-khnd-rdzad.
Zaid beat his (another's) Zaid ghuldm-i-o-rd zad.
slave,
7
98 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The affix khiidash is used in the third person singu-
lar, as :
I saw Zaid in his (own] Zaid-rd dar khan(Lj> khud-
house, ash didam.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, In and an.
When the name of an irrational being, or of an
inanimate object has been mentioned, and reference
is afterwards made to it by a pronoun (as it or they),
In and an, with their plurals are used, as :
the lion said the painter sher guft mmawwir-i-in
of it was a man, ins an ast.
the wise men were at a loss hukamd az tdwll-i-dn 'djiz
in the explanation of it, mandand.
The phrases dn-i-man, dn-i-tu, az dn-i-man, az an-
i-tft, &c., are equivalent to the English words, mine,
thine, &c., as :
the throne of Egypt is masnad-i-misr dn-i-tust.
thine,
whose house was this ori- In khdna awwal az dn-i-
giually? kibud?
he said, that of my grand- guft az dn-i-jaddam.
father's,
when he died, whose did chiin o U-guzasht az dn-i-
it become ? ki skud ?
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 99
he said, that of my fa- guft az dn-i-padar-am.
ther's,
<x and &- are simply connectives, not rela-
tives, as :
I saw a prince who pos- malik-zdda-rd dldam ki
sessed wisdom, 'akl ddshl.
After ki, o is understood, " that he."
the fool who sets up a abla,e ki o (usually writ-
camphor candle in a ten ko) rftz-i-nlshan
clear day. shama' -i-kdfurl nihad.
Example in the genitive :
many a renowned person- bas ndmwar ki zer-i-zamln
age have they deposited dafn karda and ki az
beneath the dust, of (usually written kaz)
whose existence (lit., hastiyask ba rv,e zamln
that of his exist- yak nishdn na mdnad.
ence) no trace remains
on the face of the
earth,
Again :
I am not he whose back an na man bdsham ki riiz-
you will see in the day i-jang blrii pusht-i-man.
of battle (lit., that you
should see m) r back),
100 DEMONSTRATIVE PKONOUNS
Example in the dative :
(thou) to whom my ai ki shot khs-i-manat haklr
person appeared con- namud.
temptible (lit., that
my person appeared to
thee), ,
Example in the accusative :
he whom I beheld all fat, an ki chfin pisfa dldam
like the pistachio nut ash liama maghz.
(lit., he that I saw him),
Example in the ablative :
that (proceeding-) in which an ki dar wai mazzina,e
there is suspicion of khatr ast.
danger,
The terms Jiarki, harchi correspond respectively to
" whosoever," " whatsoever." Harld refers to rational
being-s; harchi to inferior animals or inanimate objects.
For example :
whosoever shall wash his harkiflast azjanbislnlyad,
hands of life, the same harchi dar dil ddrad bi-
will utter whatever he goyacl.
has on his mind,
When a substantive is expressed after liar, the par-
ticle ki may follow, as :
everything which, har chlz ki.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 101
AVhen yd,e mnjhul is added to a noun, followed by
kl or chi, the substantive is rendered more definite,
as :
envy is such a torment hasad ranje a$t ki az mash-
that it is impossible to akkat-i-dn juz ba marg na
escape from its pangs tawdn rast.
except by death,
The particles ki and c7d, when used interrogatively,
are to be considered as substantives, as :
whose horse may that be ? an asp-i-ki bdshad ?
to whom are they speaking? kird ml-goyand ?
who are they ? esJian kiyand ?
on account of what are you az bahar-i-chi dmadal ?
come ?
for what did you go ? chird rafll ?
The particle td is frequently added to numerals;
it implies individuality, as :
I have two or three let- man ham du si td kdghaz
ters-to write (lit., two ddram binawlsam.
or three individual let-
ters),
When two nouns come together, so as to form one
compound word, the genitive is formed by adding az
to the first noun, which should be made definite by
atnxing yd,e walidat, or by prefixing a numeral, as :
102 CONCORD OF VERBS.
a sword of steel, sliamslilre az fuldd, or
shamshlr-i-fulddl.
two swords of steel, du skamsJiir azfiddd.
CONCORD OF VERBS.
If the nominative to a verb be expressive of rational
beings, the verb will agree with its nominative, as :
the brothers were vexed, barddardn ranjidand.
Two or more nouns, in the singular, require a
plural verb, as :
the goldsmith and carpen- zargar wa najjdr lutdn-rd
ter seized the images, giriftand.
If the nominative to a verb be expressive of irra-
tional beings, the verb is usually in concord with its
nominative ; but sometimes it is in the singular,
as :
four horses were killed, chahdraspkushtashudand;
or, cJiahdr asp kushta
shud.
the animals of the forest jdnwardn-i-besha dwdzna-
made a noise, mtidand.
When two or more nouns (expressive of distinct
genera) have a common verb, the verb will be in the
plural, as :
COXCORD OF VERBS. 103
the horse and the ass are asp wa khar az yak jins
not of the same genus, mstand.
a horse, an ass, and an ox aspe, wa khare, wa gdice
were killed, kushta shudand.
In respect to nouns representing inanimate objects,
the verb is sometimes made to agree with its nomi-
native, sometimes put in the singular.
It is not absolutely necessary to use a verb in the
singular when the nominative is in the plural; at
the same time the verb is often so used, especially in
the passive voice, by eminent writers and correct
speakers. In the Active Voice the verb should usually
agree with its nominative. For example :
the houses of the people khanalw,e mardum kfiardb
were destroyed, shudaud ; or, khdnahd,e
mardum khardl shud.
the houses of this city are khdnaha,e In shahr bisiydr
very small, kuchak and ; rarely,
khdnahdf In shahr bisi-
ydr kuchak ast.
If several nouns representing distinct classes of
objects have a common verb, the verb will be in the
plural, as : ,
water, fire and earth are db, dtasfi wa fchdk az az-
of opposite nature, ddd-i-i/nlc diyar ami.
104 CONCORD OF VEB.BS.
If, however, tney be of the same quality or class,
the verb may be in the plural, but is usually in the
singular, as :
in our garden grapes, figs, dar bdgh_-i-md angiir wa
and apples are not to be anjlr wa seb ydft, na ml-
found, s/iavacl; or, rarely, na
mi-^havand.
at this season snow, rain, dar in mausim baraf wa
hail, thunder, and light- bar an wa tagarg wa ra'd
ning frequently come wa bark mukarrar bdham
together, inl-ayad; or, rarely, m~i-
If the nouns be expressive of things which have no
material existence; e.g., time, day, night, joy, grief,
&c., the verb is usually put in the singular, as :
grief, joy, death, life, all gham zva shddl wa inarg
come from God, wa z'mdagi hama az
khiuld ml- ay ad.
manliness and generosity jawdn-mardl wa muruwat
make this demand, chunin iktizd mi-kunad.
When a numeral precedes a noun the latter does
not require the plural termination ; yet if the noun
express a rational being, the verb will be in the
plural, as :
ten darweshes will sleep daJi darwesh dar giUme
on one carpet, bi-khiispand.
CONCORD OF VERBS. 105
Irrational beings and inanimate objects take the
verb in the singular, as :
a hundred thousand horses sad hazdr asp hdzir shud.
were ready,
there were two thousand du hazdr ghurfa wa hazdr
rooms and a thousand aiwdn bud.
vestibules,
Nouns of multitude, denoting rational beings, are
followed by verbs in the singular or plural, according
to the unity or plurality of the idea conceived in the
mind of the speaker, thus :
to the just monarch the shdhinshdh-i- ddil-rd ra-
people is an army, 'iyat lashkar ast,
a gang of Arab thieves td,ifa,e duzddn-l- arab bar
had settled on the sum- sar-i-kohe nishista bu-
mit of a certain moun- dancl.
tain,
the whole nation through kJ,alke ba taassab bar o
partiality flocked to gird dmadand.
him,
The rule for addressing persons is as follows :
Among persons in the same sphere of life you is
used.
Between intimate friends, either you or thou. From
a superior to an inferior, thou ; b*ut if the inferior be
an independent person, it is better to use you.
106 . GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
Kings are addressed in the third person singular,
sometimes third person plural. The phrase " His
Majesty" is used, not " Your Majesty ." Sovereigns,
when speaking of themselves, say, " His Majesty/'
never " I " or " We." In writing they use " We."
Great personages address each other in the third
person singular. Inferiors speak of their superiors in
the third person singular.
It will have been noticed that where several nouns
have a common verb, the conjunction wa, "and,". is
required.
Har and hama take the noun in the singular ; har
takes the verb also in the singular ; hama in the plu-
ral, as :
all the people came, hama has dmadand.
In speaking of exalted personages the plural verb
is used, as :
if the king wishes, agar pads/id?) kabfdfarmdyand.
The verb is used in the singular, when speaking
of God.
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
An active verb does not, as a rule, require that its
complement should have the sign of the accusative
case. For example :
O, cup-bearer, bring a sdkiyd saghir-i-s/iardb bi-
goblet of wine ! ydr.
GOVERNMENT OF VEKBS. 107
,the darwesh preserved the darwesh sang -r a ba Mud
stone in his possession, " nigdh ddsht.
a certain villager had aass, dihkdne khare ddsht.
the people of the garden iuardumdn-i-bdgh khar-rd
used to beat the ass, tnl-zadnnd.
When the accusative case is used indefinitely, rd is
omitted. When any ambiguity would arise from its
omission, rd should be inserted, as :
the goldsmith struck the zargar najjar-rd zad.
carpenter,
the man slew the lion, mard sher-rd kusht.
In these cases rd is obviously necessary. In the
case of compound verbs, rd is never added to the
substantive (see page 86).
When rd is used to denote the dative case, its
insertion is absolutely necessary, as :
I gave a book to that man, an mard-rd kitdbe dddam.
In this case kitdbe, the accusative, is indefinite, and
the dative case is expressed by rd.
When a verb governs an accusative and a dative
case, rd cannot be used for both cases. If the accusa-
tive requires rd the dative will be expressed by ba.
For example :
let them give the ruby to la'l-rd la an zan dihand.
that woman,
give me the book, kitdb-rd ba man li-dllt.
108 GOVEENMENT OF VERBS.
When the object is in a state of construction with
another noun or with an adjective, and from its nature
requires rd, that termination is added to the latter
noun or adjective. Moreover, however complex the
sentence may be, rd should be placed at the end, as :
I saw Zaid the son of the Zaid pisar-i-wazlr-rd dl-
minister, dam.
one of the kings of Khu- yake az multik-i-khurdsdn
rasan saw in a dream Sultan Mahmud - i -Sa-
Sultan Mahmud, the baktagin - rd bakhwdb
son of Sabaktagm, did.
they sent forward several tane cliancl az marddn-i-
individuals from among wdki'a did a wa jang
men who had seen ser- azmuda-rd bi-firistdd-
vice and had expe- and.
rienced war,
The termination rd is often used in the sense, "in
respect of," as :
they relate a story with re- zdlime-rd hikdyat kunand,
gard to a certain tyrant,
I have heard of a darwesh, darweshe-rd shunlda am.
After a generic noun, used generically, rd is omit-
ted,* as :
* Generic nouns may be used in three ways : definitely,
indefinitely, and generically. Thus we may -say either
the man, the bird ; a man, a bird ; or man, lird, with
refc-rence to the entire species.
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 109
Greediness brings both dar drad tama' murgh wa
bird and fish into the mdhl ba land.
net,
The rd is equivalent to the definite article "the"
used definitely, and is, therefore, omitted after generic
nouns.
If, however, the noun is in construction with ki, the
noun is considered definite, and rd must be added,
as :
bring, O Sufi, the cup Sftfl Uydr ~ki d,ina sdf ast
which is pure as a jdm-rd.
mirror,
In the old Persian writers the accusative is formed
by prefixing the particle mar to the noun, as :
I saw the man, mar mard-rd dlda,d.
The particle rd is sometimes used in the sense of
of the genitive, as :
Zaid's head, Zaid-rd sar.
a certain person had lost yake-rd dil az dast rafta
his heart, bud.
When an indefinite noun occurs at the commence-
ment of a sentence rd is required, as :
I saw a holy man, pdrsd,e-rd didam.
Sometimes rd is omitted, as :
I had a companion, r of Ike ddshtam.
110 GOVERNMENT OP VERBS.
The pronouns and the Arabic word fuldn, " such a
one/' always take rd, as :
I saw thee, tfi-rd dldam.
I saw such an one, fuldn-rd dldum.
such a person has con- fuldn skakhs khud-rd pin-
cealed himself, hdn Jcarda ast.
The rd is always used in the case of specific nouns,
as :
Zaid struck Omar, Zaid ' Umr-rd zad.
The pronominal suffixes reject rd, as :
I said to him, guf tarn-ash.
Sometimes rd is used, as " Gulistan," book iii.
tale 8 :
(one of the sages) prohibi- pisar-ash-rd nahi Tear A az
ted his son from eating- bisiydr khurdan.
too much,
Again, Firdusfs " Shah-nama" :
he gave arms and money sildh wa dirJiam ddd lash-
to his army, Jcar-asJi-rd.
When an entire phrase is used in apposition to a
noun, rd is placed at the end of the phrase, as :
I saw 'All (may Allah be 'All (raziyu-l-ldh 'an/tf>)
pleased with him !) in a rd la khwdb dldam.
dream,
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. Ill
When an adjective is placed in apposition to a noun,
rd is added to the noun, as :
I saw a tyrant asleep, zdlime-rd khufta didam.
The verbs bdyistan, to be necessary ; shdyistan, to be
fit ; tawdnistan, to be able ; are used impersonally,
as :
it is necessary to do, bdyad kard.
it is proper to say, shdyad guft.
one may do, tawdnad kard
The root of tawdnistan is more frequently used,
as:
one may do, tawdn kard.
Some impersonal verbs take a nominative of cog-
nate meaning-, as :
it rains, bdrdn ml-bdfad.
(r'ad sadd mi-zanad; or,
it thunders, J r 'ad m/j-shurad.
(tundar in~i-tundad.
it lightens, bark ml-darakhshad.
Two tenses of the Potential Mood, present and past,
can be formed by adding the contracted infinitive to
the aorist and preterite of the verb tawdnistan, " to
be able" :
I am able to go, tawdnam raft,
I was able to go, tawdnistam raft.
112 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
The verb kJncdstan, " to desire," is similarly used,
as :
I will go, kkicdham raft.
If the infinitive precede the .governing verb, it takes
the full form, as :
I cannot do this deed, 'in kar Itardan na ml-ta-
wdnam.
When the infinitive and its governing verb are
separated by an intervening clause, the full form is
used, as :
it does not become persons abnd,e jins-i-mdrd na shd-
of our sort, in the pre- yad (Jar huzrat-i-pdd-
sence of kings, to speak slidhdn ju~ ba rdsll
other than the truth, . sukhan g lift an.
Often after k/iwdstan, sJunjlstan, bdyiifan, and ta-
i'.-a HIS tan, the present subjunctive with the particle Jci
is used, instead of the infinitive, as :
I wish to go, nii-khwdkan ki bi-ravam.
it is proper that I should shdyail ki bi-kbp&nttm.
read,
This construction is sometimes necessary, for the
sentence turd Idyad zad might stand for "I must
strike you/ 5 or " you must strike."
The infinitive is often used as a verbal noun, in
THE TENSES. 113
which case the noun which follows is put in the geni-
tive, as :
from the arrival of spring az dmadan-i-lahdr , az raf-
and the departure of tan-i-dai, aurdk-i-ha-
winter the leaves of our ydt -i-md mi - gardad
lives are folded.
THE TENSES.
After verbs signifying " to command," " to order/'
the perfect tense is used to imply that the order given
was immediately carried out, as :
the king gave orders to pddskdh farmud id o-rd
put him into prison, dar zinddn nihddand.
the sage commanded that haJdm farmud to, ghu-
they should throw the Idm-rd ba dar yd anddkh-
boy into the sea. tand.
If the fulfilment of the order was not immediate,
the present subjunctive is used, as :
(the king) commanded bi-farmvd ki musdra'at ku-
them to wrestle, nand.
he gave orders so that they farmiid id ustdd-rd khiCat
bestowed a robe of ho- o ni'mat dddand.
nour and a reward on
the master,
* To become rolled up ; to close, tai gardidan.
8
] 14 THE TENSES.
In narration, when a second verb occurs after. a
verb in the preterite, the present, or aorist, is used,
as :
the young- tiger saw that palang lachcka did ki td-
he has not the power kat-i - mukdwamat na
of resisting. ddrad.
In recounting a conversation the very words of the
speaker are used, as :
Hatim told her that he Hdtim o-rd guft ki na
would not eat, khwdham khurd.
SECTION II.
COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.
LESSON 1.
Substantives.
man, mard ; ddam ; mardum ; insan.
father, padar ; u-dlid ; ab ; abu ; (parents)
walidain.
husband, shaukar ; zauj ; khasm.
brother, barddar ; akh.
son, or child, pisar ; walad ; (child) tifi; ibn.
by> kodak; tifi, (plur.) atjdl ; bachcha.
animal, jdnwdr ; jdnwar ; haiwan-i-ghair natik ;
(beast of prey) naJchdilr; (wild beast)
tvahsh, (plur.) wultush.
horse, asp ; markab faras.
house, khdna ; kad ; buk'a ; makdm ; makdn ;
bait ; maskin ; ma,wd ; (hut) kulba ;
(building) 'imdrat; (palace) mahall.
pen, kalam.
dog, sag; kalb.
elephant, fil; pll,
woman, zan ; (married lady) khdtun ; (lady of
rank) beg am.
mother, mddar ; wdlida.
wife, zan; zauja.
sister, (Mtwjor (elder).
( tiamshira (younger),
daughter, dukhtar : sabiya.
gii'l> dukhtarak ; zan-i-shabdb.
thing, chlz ; shai (plur.) ashiyd.
mare, mddiydn.
table, mez.
116
OF ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES.
book, kitab ; daftar ; jarldat.
fox, rubdh.
cow, mddah gdiv; (cattle) bakar or mawdshi.
Adjectives.
good, khub ; nek ; bih ; taiyab ; nafls.
bad, wicked, bad; khardb ; khabls; fdhish; fdsid.
great, large, kaldn ; buzurg ; 'azim ; azam; kabir.
little, small, khin-d ; khwdr ; kotah kad, or kdsir kad
(stature).
lazy, sust ; tamlial.
wise, ddnd ; 'aklmand ; ddnishmand, ; zaki ;
khiradmand.
ignorant, ndddn ; nd fahm ; jahil ; nd khwdnda.
swift, tez ; chust ; chdldk ; tezrau ; chdbuk.
high, lofty, Inland; 'dli.
handsome, khub-surat; hasin; zebd; marghub ; khush
shakl ; khush haikal ; kabul-surat ;
jamll ; waj'ih .
ugly, bad-surat ; bad haikal ; zislit ; kar 1 lni-l-
manzar ; tal ' at-i-na-mauzun ; shaldu-
l-maUiln; kabih-surat; nd khush tar at.
EXAMPLES.
in barddnr-i-man ast.
an pisarat ast.
in khdnahd,e eshdn and.
in khdna,e padaram ast.
an asp-i-barddar-i-[tu ast^
or [tust].
m rnddar-i-dn mard ast.
an khwdharat ast.
asp-i-khicdharat tezrau ast.
in kalam bisiydr khub ast.
an kitab bisiydr khub ast.
( o zan-i-kotah-kad ast.
\ o zanak ast.
padar-i-o buzurg bud.
this is my brother,
that is your son,
these are their houses,
this is my father's house,
that is your brother's horse,
this is that man's mother,
that is your sister,
thy sister's horse is swift,
this pen is very good,
that is a very good book,
she is a little woman,
his father was a great man,
OF COMPAUISOX.
11'
your sister was very hand-
khwdhar - i - til mah-icash
bud.
khicdhar - i-tii mall-fatal
some, bud.
Tthwdharat bisiydr marghub
bud.
my brother's horses were aspdn-i-barddaram nihdyat
extremely swift, tez-raftdr budand.
their children's books were kitabhd,ebachchagdn-i-e$hdn
very good, bisiyar If hub budand.
Exercise. I am that man's brother. This woman is
my brother's daughter. That boy is my brother's son.
This is my sister's book. That man is this boy's father.
These houses are very lofty. That girl's mother was
veiy wise. Your father's horse was very swift. My
brother's children are handsome. My sister's daughters
are very good girls. That man's brother's wife was a
very ignorant woman. That was a very handsome
woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very
lazy. These women were excessively ugly. The man's
horses were very small. They are very had husbands.
She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives.
LESSON 2.
EXAMPLES.
the elephant is larger than fil az asp kaJdn-tar ast.
the horse,
the fox is smaller than the rubah az sag khurd-tar ast.
dog,
the horses are swifter than aspdn az flldn tezrau-tar
the elephants, and.
( fil az hamajdnii'drdn buzurg
the elephant is the largest \ ast.
animal of all, 1 fil bitzurgtarln-i-hama hai-
\, wdndt ast.
118
OF INTEIIROGATIVES.
the elephant, the horse, and
the dog, are wiser than
all other animals,
fil, asp, o sag az ama fa n-
wardn-i-dltjar ddnd-tar
and.
fil, asp, o kalb az liama
haiwdndt-i-dlgar zakd-
wat-tar ddrand.
Exercise. The cow is more lazy than the horse.
These men are more wicked than dogs. The boys are
more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs
are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better
than your pen. This boy is wiser than that boy. My
father's horse is swifter than your brother's mare. Our
dogs are swifter than your horses. The men are worse
than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This
pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is
the handsomest of all (more handsome than all). That
girl was much wiser than her mother. She was the
wisest of all the girls (wiser than all the girls).
LESSON 3.
EXAMPLES.
who is that man ?
who is this woman ?
who are these boys ?
who are those girls ?
whose house is this ?
whose children are these ?
whose books are these ?
whose daughter is she ?
where is my father ?
where is his brother ?
where are your father's
horses ?
[\
an ddam Iclst ?
in khdtun klst ?
in kodakdn klstand ?
In atjdl klstand?
an dukhtardn klstand?
in khana,e klst ?
In bachchag dn-i-kistand ?
In kitdbhd,e klstand ?
o dukhtar-i-klst ?
padaram kujd ast ?
barddarash kujd ast?
aspdn-i-padar-i-shumd kujd
and ?
OF INTERROGATIVES. 119
where are my brother's kitabhd,e bachcliagdn-i-bar-
ehildren's books ? ddar-i-man kujd and ?
where may be that man's mddiydn-i-madar-i-dn ddam
mother's mare ? kujd bdshad ?
is this your house ? dyd, In khdna,e shumd ast ?
was that my father's horse ? dyd, an asp-i-padar-i-man
bud?
may this be my sister's dyd, mez-i-Tchwdhar-i-man
table ? bdshad ?
how many pens will there chand kalamhd Jchwdhand
be? bud?'
what-like books will they Jcitdbhd,e chi kism khwdhand
be ? bud ?
Exercise. Where is your brother ? Where is this
man's mother ? Whose son are you ? Whose horses
are these ? How many houses are there ? What sort
of book is this ? Is that your sister's table ? Is this
pen yours ? Where had you been yesterday ? Where
will these children be to-morrow ? When will you be
at home (in the house) ? Was your father at home
yesterday ? Will your brother be at home to-morrow ?
Were my two books on the table yesterday ? Where
are his four sons ? Have his three daughters been at
home ? Were there seven horses there yesterday ? Will
there be eight men in the house three days hence ? Were
there five or six dogs there two days ago ? What is
this thing? What animals are these? Is that an-imsil
a horse or a cow ?
LESSON 4.
day, roz ; yaum.
city, shahr ; balad (plur. bildd).
rver
r > I (canal) nahr.
forest, besha ; bddiya ; (desert) dasht ; sahrd ; bi-
ydbdn kff-i-baslt^
a plain, maiddn.
120
OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
water, db; (drinking) db-i-zuldl; (dirty) ab-i-mukad-
dar, or manjal db ; (iced) ab-i-yalth ; (pure)
salsabil; (impurity of) kadurat; (purity of)
'uzubat ; (boiling) db-i-ddgh ; (warm) db-
i-malul ; (still) db-i-khufta ; (running) db-
i-rawdn.
fish, mahl ; samaTc.
street, Mcha.
night, shab ; lail.
a boat, mdshuya ; zaurak ; safina ; kishti,e Tchiird.
a tree, darakht ; shajar ; (young) nihdl ; (branch)
shakh.
a road, rah ; rah; (high) shdh-rdh ; shdrC ; jdda.
fruit, mewa ; bar ; samar (plur.) asmdr.
bird, paranda ; murgh ; tair (plur.) tuyur.
name, nam ; ism.
people, ahl ; ins; insan ; haiwan-i-natik.
Intransitive Verbs.
, ,, ( mandan.
to stay, dwell, | mmga d - ghtan . ^^ ^.^
to come, amadan.
to go, raftan.
to run, dawldan ; puyidan,
( khwabidan.
to sleep, < khuftan.
(_ khushldan.
to arrive, rasldan ; ivdrid or wurud shudan.
Cjari shudan.
to flow, < rawan shudan.
(. sail-i-ab shudan.
to proceed, advance, pesh raftan ; mukaddam shudan.
C pas, pa shudan.
to retreat, fall back, < 'akab amadan.
( mutaakib shudan.
to sit, nishastan.
to return, bdz or pas gashtan.
OF INTRANSITIVE TERBS.
121
to die,
/ mvrdan.
wafdt yaftan.
la jalian-i-bakl raftan.
intikal kardan.
(ready) bajdn amadan.
EXAMPLES.
man dar sliaJir mi-munam.
I am staying in the city,
my father dwells in that
house,
we came from the forest
yesterday,
we will go to the city to-
morrow,
the bird was sitting on the
tree,
where are you going ?
whence does this river flow?
niiin <!"r shahr manzil ml-
daram.
man dar shahr svJciinat
\jiazlram~\. \_ml-dar a in. ~^
padaram dar an \_khav a\
tashrlf ml - darand.
\_manzil.~\
dl ruz az besha ma amadem.
ina far da ba shahr khwahem
raft.
murgJi bala,e shakh-i-da-
rakht ml-nisliast.
kuja mi-raved?
az litja In [darya raivan
asi] ? [rud - khdna ml -
ravad.~\
In marduman dar shahr ml-
khwaband ?
do these men sleep in the
city?
where does this road lead } tn
t0 (g t0 > ? ( in aTb ( a-ku)a ml-rasad ?
dar an darya. mahiyan bi-
siyar buzurg and?
dnun klstand ki zer-i-da-
rakht nishasta budand?
is the fish in that river
very large ?
who were those that were
sitting underneath the
tree?
Exercise. The forest near the city is very large.
How many men are sleeping beneath the tree ? The
road towards the forest is not very good. The horses
122 OF SUBSTANTIVES.
were running from the plain. The water flows from
the river into the city. In that forest there were many
large trees. The boats on the river are coming towards
the city. How many boats are there ? There will be
250 horses on the plain to-morrow. There were 2500
men on the large plain near the city yesterday. A
hundred and fifty men have retreated from the river
towards the forest. The horses are dying on the plain,
and a hundred men died yesterday within the city. That
man stayed nine days in my house. I slept one night in
the forest, but I will not sleep there a second night.
The water is flowing from the river into the streets of
the city. The men are advancing towards the city. The
fruit on these trees is very good. Where do all these
people come from ? What is the name of that city ?
What is the name of that river which flows from the
forest ? What is the name of the street in which you
dwelt ? The people were sitting beneath the trees.
When did you arrive in this city ? When will you
return home ?
LESSON 5.
Substantives,
oread, nun.
butter, mask a ; kara ; zubdat.
wine, shardb; mat; bdda; sahbd ; (fermented
liquor) Ichamr.
tea, ckd or chd,e ; (urn) samawar.
breakfast, (very early) ndshta; (between 11 and
12) nahdr ; (about noon) chasht.
dinner, sham; tadm-i-shdm ; (food) Jehu-risk;
khprdk ; gjiizd ; asham ; ma'ishat.
knife, kdrd ; (penknife) chdkii.
fork, changal.
meat, gosht ; (cold meat) goshti-skabma or
gosht-i-sard ; gosht-i-sliabmunda.
milk, shir ; (cream) sar-i-shlr ; zabd.
rice (boiled), (raw) birinj ; (cooked) chaldw.
OP TRANSITIVE VERBS.
123
plate, bushkdb ; rikdb ; tabak ; (large) kd b ;
(cover) sar posh-i-kdb.
spoon, kdshugh.
sugar, shakar, kand, nab at ; (sugar-cane) nai-
shakar ; (loaf) kulla,e kand ; (refined)
kand-i-muka mar.
a letter, khatt ; ruka'a ; risdlat ; (royal) ndma ;
(official) khatt-i-sarkdr ; (private)
jchatt-i-khanagi.
news, khabar ; akhbdr ; flam.
Adjectives.
coldjSarof; (intense) zamhari I clean,sa/; pale; palclza;nazij
hot, garni; hdrr \ pure, khalis ; mahz ; khulus
sweet, shirin \ ready, taiyar ; muhaiyd
Verbs.
to swim,
to bring,
to make (prepare),
to eat,
to drink,
to eat and drink,
to make, do,
to place, put,
to call,
to learn,
to give,
C shindwldan.
\ shindiv kardan.
dwardan.
( sakhtan.
( tceiydr or muhaiyd kardan.
khurdan.
C khurdan.
( naushldan.
akl wa sharb farmudan.
kardan.
nihddan.
( burdan.
< bar ddshtan.
(. bar girt/tan.
talabldan.
dmokhtan.
f dudan.
j bakhshldan.
1 'miiyat kardan.
V, 'at a kardan; arzdrii ddshtan.
124
OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.
to say, tell,
to see, look,
to hear,
to strike,
to read,
to write,
to take,
he is bringing bread,
we drink water,
they drink wine,
my brother will drink cold
pure water,
make tea,
bring a spoon,
give me some meat,
bring a knife and fork,
make breakfast ready,
bring a clean plate,
when will you get dinner
ready ?
will you drink wine ?
what will you eat ?
Cguftan.
< harf zadan.
(_ sukhan guftan.
/ dldan.
\ mushdhida kardan.
"} muaiyana kardan.
\muldhaza kardan.
f shun id 'an ; isghd kardan.
\shuniidan; gosh kardan.
y shinuftan.
\istima namudan.
( zadan.
( zarb zadan.
khwdndan.
nawishtan ; rakam or tah-
rlr kardan.
giriftan ; (seize) dast dar
girebdn zadan.
EXAMPLES.
o nan ml-drad.
md db-i-zuldl mi-khurem.
ma db-i-zuldl ml-navshem.
eshdn shardb mi-naualiand.
barddaram db-i-sard o sdf
khwuhad khitrd.
( did taiydr bi-ktin.
( chd bi-sdz.
kdshug]i.e biydr.
kadre gosht mard bi-dih.
kdrde o changdh biydr.
nahdr taiydr bi-kun.
bushkdb-i-sdf biydr.
kai shdm-rd khwdhcd award?
shardb khwdhed kJiurd ?
chi khwdhed khurd?
OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. 1 2o
Exercise. Do you eat any fruit ? Bring me some
tea, sugar, and milk. Put a knife and fork on the table
for my father. Cool (make cold) some wine for us.
Prepare dinner for six people. You will bring us some
rice and milk. Will yon give me some wine and some
cold water, that I may drink ? Do you drink tea ? Will
your brother drink wine ? Bring us three knives, three
forks, three spoons, and three clean plates. He reads
very good books. He writes a letter to me every day.
She was writing letters when I came to her house. He
hears good news of him. We were reading their letters
when they arrived. Tell us all the news of the city.
I will tell you the news of the city when I return. Give
us some bread and butter.
LESSON 6.
E x A M P L E s.
put the water on the table, ab-rd bar mez \bi-nili\.
\J)i-guzar,~^
( shakar-rd [bar dar~\. [bar
take away the sugar, < gir.']
(. kand-ra bi-bar.
give me the wine, tharub-rii ba-man bi-dih.
clean (make clean) the plate, bushkiib-ru saf bi-kun.
cool the water, ab-rd sard bi-kun.
Exercise. The dog is drinking the milk. They were
putting the water on the table. Who has taken away
the sugar ? He is cleaning the plate. They are cooling
the water. Take away the meat and put the wine on
the table. Put the water near me on this table. The
dogs will drink the water. Beat (or strike) that idle
boy. He was eating the sugar and drinking the wine.
I shall see him to-morrow. We shall see them to-day in
the city. If they see us here, they will beat us very
much. We shall not see that man, if we remain in this
house.
126 OP TRANSITIVE VERBS.
LESSON 7.
EXAMPLES.
f o bar mez ta am-i-Tchub ni-
he has placed good food j hdda ast.
upon the table, 1 o bar mez Tchiirish-i-nafls
(. yuzdslita ast.
she has made tea, an zan chd taiydr karda ast.
my father has drunk all padaram tamam shardb-rd
the wine, khnrda ast.
we drank cold water, ma db-i-sard Tthurdem.
who has eaten the rice ? birinj-rd ki khurda ast ?
he called all the servants o hama naukardn-rd anda-
into the house, run--i-khdna talabid.
we had given very good ma mardumdn-rd bisiydr
bread to the men, khub nan ddda budem.
the women ate bread and zandn nan o shir khurdand.
drank milk,
Exercise. Have you learned the Persian language ?
I have read a few pages. Have you seen the city of
Teheran ? You have made the voyage of the sea, what
wonders did you see there ? I may say what one of the
sages said, " The wonder that I saw on the sea was this,
that I came safe to land." How much money have
your friends given you ? My father gave me an order
for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to
the man ? How many rupees did he demand of you ?
He demanded ten rupees, and I gave him three rupees
and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you
prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put
the bread on the table ?
LESSON 8.
to be able, tawdnistan ; root tawdn.
EXAMPLES.
( o zabdn-i-md ml-tawdnad
he can (or is able to) speak \ guft.
our language, y o zabdn-i-md guftdn ml-ta-
V wdnad.
OF VERBS.
shuma nawishta,e mard
khwdndan ml-tawdned?
dast-i-khatt-i-man khwdn-
dan mi-taivdned ?
siwd,e shuma kase in-rd
khwdndan na kjucuhnd
tawdnist.
kadre dar zabdn-i-inglislml-
tawdnad harf zad.
eshdn az khnrdan fdrigh
shuda and.
eshiin az tandivul-i-ta dm
parddkhta and.
eshdn-rd az tandwul-i-ta dm
Jardghat hasil shud.
shuma az nawishtan fdriah
shuda ed ?
1 dar hm-i-rasldan-i-man,
eshdn az khwdndan farigh
shuda budand.
wakte ki man rasldam e-
shdn, &c.
ba-mujarrad-i- rasidan -i-
man, eshdn, &c.
Exercise. When he had done writing the letter, then
I came away from the house. When you come (i. e. shall
come) here to-morrow, I shall have done reading the
book. Can you swim across this river ? I cannot swim
at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great
was the darkness that I could not see anything. The
ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can
speak Persian well. I hope I shall be able to learn
the language of this country in the space, of six months.
are you able to read my
writing ?
no one will be able to read
this but yourself,
he can speak a little
English,
they have done eating,
have you done writing ?
they had done reading when
I arrived there,
1 " Come punctually," wakt-i- [jnauuda'] biyd. [ma hud ;
mu'otyan.1
128 OF VERBS.
LESSON 9.
to rise, khastan. root khez.
to begin, giriftan. glr.
to allow, \dadan
( guzashtan. ,, gnzar.
EXAMPLES.
he arose and began to say, o bar khdst wa guftan girifi.
they began to read, eshdn khwandan giriftand.
you began to eat, shumd khyrdan girifted.
he allows them to come dar khdna eshdn-rd ijdzat-i-
into the house, dmadan dihad.
, , i ( o-rd rattan bi-dih.
let him go, J. - T - , 7 .
( o-ra bi-guzar ki bi-ravad.
he is allowed to come, j <"**??* dmad.
( o rukhsat-i-amadanyana ast.
he will allow us to do what harchi ma ml-khwahem, o
we like, rdwdddradkimabi-kunem.
Exercise. He sat down, and began to tell this story.
One man began to say, I shall not be able to eat this
bread. Another began to say, I will not allow the
children to read these books. He will give you leave to
walk in this beautiful garden every day. My father
is allowed to go to Shiraz on account of transacting
(making) business. Go to my brother's house, present
to him my compliments, and bring home my saddle.
Strip off your clothes, swim across this river, and bring
the boat to this side.
LESSON 10.
EXAMPLES.
he is in the habit of read- ( J \ ar ?W \Mat-i-Khwan-
ing every morning,
(^o liar sabali i/ii-ki/iwanaa.
OF VERBS. 129
f o liar ruz cJnze mashk-i-
he is in the habit of writing \ nawishtan diirnd.
something every day, y o har ruz chize * udat-i-na-
\ wishtan ddrad.
he used always to give o kamesha shagird-rd 'ddat-
(make) this injunction to i-tdkid ml-kard.
the scholar,
f man zabdn-i-fdrsl dmokhtan
I wish to learn the Persian \ ml-lthwaham.
language, 1 mard arzu,e dmokhtan-i-
\ zabdn-i-fdrst ast.
what do you wish to say ? kuddm sukhan guftan ml-
khwdhed ?
I wish to write a letter, Jchatt nawishtan ml-Jthwah-
am.
Exercise. I am accustomed every day to rise at the
dawn. He is in the habit of dining every day at two
o'clock. We make it a practice to read three hours in
the morning. I wish very much to learn the language
of this country. Do you wish to read this book? It is
necessary to learn the Arabic language in order to speak
and understand well the Persian. It is desirable to
know the language of the country in which you are
dwelling.
LESSON 11.
EXAMPLES.
( an ddam-rd ki kusfit ?
who killed that man ? \ kuddm kas katl-i-dn ddam
(_ karda ast.
he has placed all the things o liama chizhd bar mez
on the table, [nihdda~\ ast. [guzdshta.']
lay my watch on the'shelf, saat-i-man bar tdk [bi-
guzdr~\. [6i'-wz'A.]
9
130 OF VERBS.
f eshan tamam shdm-rd bi-l-
they have eaten up all the \ kull khurda and.
dinner, 1 eshdn sham tamam tandwnl
\ karda and.
write a letter for me, az bardie man khatte bi-
naiuls.
f tamam darakht ki dar bagfe.
he has cut down all the \ ast, burida ast.
trees in the garden, y o hama darakhthd,e bugh-ra
(^ munkati' karda ast.
Exercise. Put all the things ou the table. That man
has killed my companion. Has he written out the two
letters, as I told him ? The king said to the soldier,
Cut off this man's head in my presence. Throw out the
water from this basin. They all spoke out, saying, We
will not sit down in your house unless you make an
apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers,
and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the
looking-glass with his horns. He has lost a great sum
of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will
sit down in this room until I return from the king's
audience (darbcir). The dog has eaten up the whole of
the butter. Who has cut down that fine tree ?
LESSON 12.
EXAMPLES.
I read my book, man kitab-i-khud-ra nii-
khwdnai/i.
f tii kitab - i - khudat mi-
thou readest thy book, \ Xhyani.
} tu kitab - t - khud mi-
\ Jchwani.
he reads his (own) book, o kitab - i - khudash ml-
khwdnad.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.
131
she reads her (own) book, an zan kitab-i-khud-ra mi-
khwanad.
we have seen our father, ma pidar-i-[khud~\ dlda em.
your
have you written
letter ?
the goldsmith and carpenter
went to their (own) city,
the women feed their (own)
children,
shuma khatt-i-khud-ra na-
wishta ed?
zargar o [najjur] ba shahr-
i- khud - i- shun rajtand.
\_dar rudgar.~\
zandn bachcha(jun-i-kh{(d-i-
shun ml-paitvarand.
Exercise. Did you see your father yesterday ? Bring
your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting.
Wait in this room till I shall have done writing my
letter to your master. Give my compliments to your
master and say that Mr. F. is not at home. Why do you
beat your servants in that manner ? In my country
every man considers his own house as his castle. My
friend is gone to his native country for the benefit of his
health. The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take
your money from the woman. The plaintiff came back
and said, Sir, I cannot get my money from this woman.
LESSON 13.
EXAMPLES.
where did you find this dog-
like, unclean animal ?
a wise man like you,
what-like animals are these?
he took up a very large
stone,
a fine-looking stag came in
sight,
in jdnioar ki najis misal-i-
sag ast kujd ydfted ?
misal-i-shumd ddnd.
hamchu shumd ddnii.
in haiwdndt chi sdn and?
In jdnwardn misal-i-ki and ?
o sange bisiydr kaldn bar
ddsht.
dhu,e kjtush manzar ba
nazar umad.
132 EXPRESSIONS OP SIMILITUDE.
f zan-i-siydh misal-i-dew.
a black woman like an \ zan-i-siyah misal-i-ghid.
ogress, 1 zan-i-siydh misal-i-ifrlt.
\ zan-i-siydh misal-i-jinn.
Exercise. Her face was fair as the moon, her eyebrows
were like a bow, and her hair (lit. hairs) black as night.
Her form was straight as the cypress, her lips red as the
Tcandurl (a beautiful red flower), and her feet delicate as
the flower of the lotus. She was beautiful as Zulaikha,
and faithful as Laili. The young prince was handsome
as Yusuf. The king was wise as Sulaiman, just as
Naushirwdn, liberal as Hdtim, and brave as RUstam.
LESSON 14.
to drink, naush-i-jdn farmudan.
to come, tashrif dwardan.
to have an inclination for, Tfhwdstan mail kardan, or
mail ddshtan ; itta,il
shudan.
man mail-i-ab ml-Jcunam.
man db-rd mail mj-kunam.
man db ml-~khwdham.
man ba ub \_mai
\rna,il
I have an inclination for
water,
EXAMPLES.
( man Jchud o-rd Tchwdham did.
I shall see him myself, -J man khndam o-rd Tchwdham
( did. 1
an zanlfhud khwdhad dmad ?
will she herself come ? ^ an zan Tchudash khwdhad
dmad ? 1
1 These forms are rarely used.
RESPECTFUL FORMS OF ADDRESS. 133
f shumd khudfarda Jchicahed
will you come yourself to- \ dmad ?
morrow ? ) shumd Jchud-i-tdn farda
V. Jchwdhed dmad ? l
will you, sir, come to- shumd Jchiid tashrif khwdhed
morrow ? award ?
. , ,,, f ( mizaj-i-sharif chiquna ast ?
how is the health of your < * . - a j M [ san] ast?
honour? ( \_iaur.-]
shumd Jchud kadre shardb
will you, sir, drink any
naush-i-jdn Tchwdhed far-
mud.
jandb Tfhud mail-i-shardb
khwdhand farnnud.
fjandb-i-dll ba kursi tashrif
may it please monsieur to \ bi-ddred ?
sit down, y bismi-l-ldh bi-farmdyed (at
C. the time of eating).
f mizctj - i -jandb -i- 'all ba
how is the health of your \ Jchairiyat ast ?
highness ? j miztij - i -jandb - i-'ald ba
V. 'tfiyat ast ?
Exercise. I am going there myself this very day.
Will you come yourself to-morrow ? If he himself
cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able
to advance it for him. We do not wish to appear our-
selves in this business. I am your worship's faithful
slave. I have sought for the child in your honour's
garden. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready.
Master's palki (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door.
You, sir, are my father and mother ; there is no one in
the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor
miserable slave. Where is the native country of your
highness ? Will your majesty ride on the white elephant
to-day ?
1 This form is rarely used.
134
USE OP THE INFINITIVE.
LESSON 15.
EXAMPLES.
( tu-rd
you must go home,
I must buy a good horse,
do not commit such folly,
do not go to that country,
I do not now intend to go
to Persia,
ba Jch>rna,e
\ raftan bdyad.
1 bayad ki tu ba Jchdna,e Wind
\_ bi-ram.
az bard,e Tthud asp-i-khub
mar a bay ad kharld.
f chunin himdkat ma kun.
< dar chunin bddiya,e zaldlat
(. ma ran,
baddn mulk ma ran.
ilhdl ba Iran irdda,e raftan
na ml-ddram.
hdlan mard irdda ba raftan-
i-lrdn nlst.
aknun man irdda,e raftan-
i-ajam na ddram.
ilhdl az bard,e raftan-i-fdrs
irdda na ddram.
Exercise. We must not do evil to the end that good
may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much
fruit. You must read three j>ages of this hook every
day. Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your
horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that
manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that
river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is
about to travel in Persia (Fdrs), Arabia ('Arab), and
Turkey (JRum). She does not mean to remain in this
country after the cold season. The officers do not intend
to go to the tiger-hunt.
LESSON 16.
Use of the Relative.
EXAMPLES.
that which you say is all dnclii shumd ml-goyed, hama
true, rdst ast.
USE OP THE RELATIVE.
135
dnchi dar dil-i-tu bi-dyad,
sdf bi-go.
an mard ki shumd o-rd dar
shahr dl ruz dided imruz
subh murd.
marde ki o-rd dl ruz dar
shahr dided, imruz dam-i-
subh [wafdt ydft~\. \ba
jahdn-i-bdkl raft.~\
Ifhatte ki ba-man nawishted,
na raslda ast.
ba-jde ki gul ast, khdr ast.
dnchi ml-kdrl, bi-dnravl.
dnchi ml-kunl, biydbl.
harki shdkh -i - mazarrate
kdrad, mewd,e manfa'at
kujd chinad.
har jd,e ki tu ram hamrdh-
i-tii khwdham bud.
har jd,e ki tu ravl ['akab-i-
tu] khwdham dmad. \jnu-
tadkib-i-tu ; darpai,e tu^\
dnchi ustdd bdsliad, shdgird-
dnash bdshand.
dnchi miCallim^ bdshad,
taldmlzash bdshand.
hamchu zagji, hamchu bach-
cha.
hamchu rlsh, hamchu shdna.
Exercise. That very foolish young man has lost in
play all the money that his father had given him when
he left home. They broke to pieces all the furniture
plainly whatever
comes into your mind,
the man whom you saw in
the city yesterday died
this morning,
the letter which you wrote
to me has not arrived,
where there is a rose there
is also a thorn,
as you act, so will you
experience,
wherever you go, thither
will I also go,
as the master, so will be
the scholars,
1 master, mudarris ; mu,addib : pupil, talnnz, (plur.)
talamiz ; muta'allim.
136 ON ORIENTAL PHRASEOLOGY.
which they found in the people's houses. The king
highly approved of the horses which you sent to him
last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what
I told you ? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved
his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which
the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the i*oot of
the very tree under which you are now standing there is
buried a potful of ashrafis. The servant whom you
recommended to me is a great rascal.
LESSON 17.
On Oriental
Phraseology.
chess, shatranj
game of hazard, kimdr
checkmate, mat ; shdh
gambler, kimdr bdz
check, kisht
knight (at chess),/aros; asp
card, ganjl/a
opponent (in a game), harlf
card-maker, gan'ftfa sdz
pawn (at chess), piydda
cheating, dagjia bdzl
king shdh
a cheat, dagjia bdz ; ahadddr
queen farzln ; wazlr
A . f k'abat: kimdr
dice, < ,, , .
(^ kaoatain
bishop pil ; fil
castle . rukh
to bet,
shart kardan.
to checkmate,
mat kardan.
to be checkmated,
mat shudan.
to gamble,
' kimdr bdkhtan.
bdzl bdkhtan.
to lose a game, hdzi bdkhtan.
(_ bazi na yajtcm.
to win a game,
bdzl ydftan.
to play at cards,
ganjlfa bdkhtan.
to play at dice,
kimdr bdkhtan.
EXAMPLES.
my brother said to me that
baradaram ba-man guft, ki
he was going to the desert
pas farda ba dasht-i-be-
of Persia next day,
daulat kjiwdham raft.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 137
he told me to go home, o mard guft ki ba khana,e
khud bi-rau.
did he not tell you that he dyd, o ba slmmd na fjtift ki
had lost all his money at man hama pul-i-khud-ra
play ? dar bdzl bdkhtam ?
he says that his parents o ml-goyad ki wdlidain-i~
have died, man wafdt ydfta ast.
ask him whether that horse ' az o bi-purs ki an asp az
be his own or not, dn-i-o ast yd na ?
he says it is assuredly his o ml-goyad ki albatta az en-
own, i-man ast.
Exercise. My master sends you his compliments, and
desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day,
as he is busy writing. I told him, that if he would
prove to me that he did not charge me more than the
market price (or price current) for the grain, then I
would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend
this morning, and told him that I would send him the
book in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner.
He told me that he had suffered great hardships on the
journey ; that he had been robbed of part of his property,
and obliged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses
during his way home. He wished to come here this
morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was
dead, and therefore he could not come.
LESSON 18.
bring breakfast, nahdr biydr.
bring dinner, sham biydr.
bring bread, nan biydr.
bring milk, shir biydr.
give sugar, [s^aar] bi-dih. \kand or
nabdt.~\
1 " Whose will it be ? " kird bdshad ?
138 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
eat your dinner,
shdm-i-lchnd bi-Tthur.
drink milk,
shir bi-[naush~\. [khur.~\
light the lamp,
chirdgh-rd roshan [bi-kun~\.
[biydfroz.~\
light the can die,
shama'-rd roshan bi-kun.
bring the shade,
fdnus biydr.
put out the candle,
shama'-rd khdmosh bi-kun. '
raise the shade,
fdnus [bar dar~\. [bar glr.~] \
C dn-rd fardmosh ma kun.
don't forget,
< az yad-i-an zamane ghcifil
(_ ma shau.
come here,
In jd biyd.
come neai",
nazdlk biyd.
where do you come from ?
shumd az kujd [ml-dyed~\ ?
[tashrif ml-dred ?]
where are you going ?
shumd ba kujd [mi-raved"] ?
[tashrif mi-bared; ka-
dam ranga ml-farmdyed.^
make ready the tea,
chd,e [taiyar bi-kun~\. [bi-
sdz.]
turn to the right,
ba rdst [bar gard~\. [ru,e
bi-kun.] '
turn to the left,
ba chap [bar gard~\. [ru,e
biydr ; ru,e bi-nih.]
go home quickly,
ba khdna,e khud zud bi-rau.
Exercise. Who is bringing the breakfast? Sir, I
have brought the breakfast. What is -there to-day for
dinner ? They eat good bread and drink fresh milk.
Have you lighted the caudles ? Bring us some tea,
sugar, bread, and milk very quickly. Where have all
the servants gone to ? Sir, they have all gone home.
When will they come back ? When you go there, you
will first turn to the left and then to the right. Ask
these soldiers of what regiment they are. What is the
name of the officer ? At what hour to-morrow morning
will they march for Ispahan ?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
139
LESSON 19.
move straight on,
call the porters,
take away the table,
take away the things,
raise the table,
be careful,
what is your command ?
get ready the carriage,
it is of no consequence,
are you at leisure ?
be pleased to forgive me,
bring a little bread,
have you made the bed ?
fasten the door,
they are old,
( rdst bi-rau.
\ rdst bar blnl bi-rau.
mazdiirdn-rd bi-talab.
mez-rd [bar ddr~\. [fo'-iar.]
asbdb-rd bi-bar.
mez-rd [bar ddr\. [bi-yir.~\
C khabar-ddr bash.
< hoshiydr bash,
(^nigdh ddr.
hukmat chist ?
kdliska \_taiydr~\ bi-kun.
\_dmdda.~\
muzdyaka nut.
dyd, ba shumd faragJ^at ast ?
mard mu'dfbi-farmdyed.
lutf Tcarda mard [mu'af
bi-farmdyed]. [rna'zur bi-
ddred.']
az ru,e 'indyat mard ma'zur
bi-ddred.
marhamat karda mard mu'aj
bi-farmdyed.
az ru,e talattuf 'uzr-i-mard
kabul kuned.
kadre nan biydr.
shumd \_bistar~\-rd gustarda
ed? l [rakht-i-Jchwdb~]
( dar bi-band.
\ dar mukaffal bi-htn.
f eshdn [kadlm~\ and. [derina;
< fcuhna.^
{ shakhsdn-i-kadlm and.
court dress, rakht-i-saldmi.
to set oif on a journey, rajeht bar bastan.
140 PEOGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
this is a misfortune, l ln [bad~\ lakhti ast. [kam.~\
they are ignorant, eshdn jdhildn and.
bring my book, kitdb-i-man biydr.
bring niy shoes, \Jcafsh~\-i-man biydr. [pa,
posh, pa afzdr, or pd,e
zdr, orpd,e dan, or muza.~\
go to the market, la bazar bi-rau.
bring a little meat, kadre yosht biydr.
Exercise. Sir, all the porters have come. Tell them
to put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened
the door of the house ? When I shall be at leisure
I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat
from the market ? Have you put my books on the
table ? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten. Well,
do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is !
Sir, I have brought your shoes. I am not at leisure to
see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who
is that old man who is standing near the door ?
LESSON 20.
who are you? shumd Jclsted?
why are you come? chird dmaded?
~
you will say something to C sl ] um ~ a . cMz f
* < sliuma im-kmuatied
(_ clilze bi-goyed.
don't be troublesome,
call my house steward,
mara ma ran] an.
dast az man ddr.
takhllfam ma dih.
mara mutakhallif ma shau.
mara dar mashakkat may-
anddz.
[darogjia,e] pesh khidmat-
gdrdn - i-mard bi-talab.
[ndzir-i.~\
1 misfortune, afat ; bald; sakhtl ; musibat ; shiddat ;
tlrd-bakhtl ; dsliilb ; nakbat ; dsib ; sammd.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
141
order dinner,
I will go out,
bring my clothes,
please come quickly,
repair the warehouse,
bring the newspaper,
is this the very thing?
they are all there,
who is he ?
is any one there?
say that again,
how are you ?
we shall go to-morrow,
move this way,
move that way,
has the gun fired?
sham biydr.
sham ba mez nigah ddr.
sham ba mez nig h ddr.
sham la mez bi-guzdr.
hukm-i-dwardan-i-shdm bi
dih.
man,ba kdre,berunkhwdham
raft.
1 rakhut-i-poshidan-i-mard
biydr.
zud tashrlf biydred.
marammat-i-khdna,e tijdrat
bi-kuned.
akhbdr biydr.
ak_hb art biydr.
in chiz bi-'ainihihamdnast.
eshdn hama dnjd and.
o kist?
dyd, dnjd Tease ast?
bdz bi-go.
chiguna I? or chi taur I?
ahwdlat chi taur ast ?
farda man khtvdham raft.
In [rdh] bi-rau. [taraf.~]
an [rdh~\ bi-rau. [jdnib.~\
C 2 top sar shuda ast ?
( top zada ast ?
Exercise. Who is that man, and why has he come
here? Is the newspaper come to-day? Where have
you put my clothes? Has the Jchdnsdmdn yet returned
from the market ? Tell me when he comes back. Sir,
the khdnsdmdn says there is no good meat in the market
1 rakhut is the plur. of rakht, apparatus, apparel.
( top-rd sar dddan; tufang-rd sar dddan.
8 to fire, < top-rd sar kardan.
\top-rd zadan.
142
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
to-day. Carry the books and newspapers to the ware-
house. What will he say to you to-morrow ? How is
he to-day ? He says that he is now much better. The
gun in the fort is fired every morning at dawn, and also
at the end of evening twilight. Such is the custom of
this country.
LESSON 21.
send for the palanquin
quickly,
has the master risen ?
this is a very fine fruit,
this is wonderful news,
we are hungry and thirsty,
he is a careful man,
they are great rogues,
the whole land is level,
. his heart is grieved,
is your business now com-
pleted ?
1 az lard,e 'amdrl,e raivdn
zud bi-firist.
dyd, sdhibat az khwdb [bar
khdsta ast]. \_beddrshuda
ast.]
In mewa [laziz] ast. [nafis ;
latif.~]
m akhbdr-i-'ajlb ast.
ma gursina o tushna em.
o sliakhse [dur andesh] ast.
[hoshiydr; bu khabar ;
sahib-i-intibdh.~\
z eshdn kalun [bad ma' ash]
and. [_aubdsh ; diinan o
kjiasis hiinmatdn ; fdsikan;
ishrdr ; na-kasdn.~\
hama zamln [_bardbar~\ ast.
[hamwur ; musattafi.']
dil-i-o [_maahjimm~\ ast. [ran-
jlda ; mukaddar ; malul ;
majruh.^
ilhul kdr-i-shwnd [tamum
shuda ast] ? [ba itmdm
raslda ast.]
1 Litter for an elephant, 'amdri.
Litter for a camel, haudaj, or kajdwa (for women).
A palanquin, 'amdri,e rawdn.
3 Victuals, kijdf-i-ma'dsh.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
143
is the proof of it strong ?
she is very impudent,
the sky is quite clear,
these are mischievous chil-
dren,
he received great punish-
ment,
they all remained hidden,
sabut-i-dn amr mazbut ast?
dalU-i-dn kdr kdmil ast?
( o bisiyur yustdlch ast.
( o bisiydr be adab ast.
dsmdn khub musaffa ast.
In bachchagdn \jshokji\ and.
\_nnt zirr.~\
o \_saza] bisiyur ydft.
[siydsat ; ta'zlb ; 'akubat ;
-
esluin hama [nihufta~\ mdn-
dand. \_poshlda ; dar
pinhdn.~j
/" khdtir -i- o [rniiztarib asf\.
\ [jam' nist.]
i dil-i-o bekardr ast.
\dil-i-o dar iztirdb nil-dyad,
o \_ahmak~] ast. \_abla ;
nd-ddn ; nu-fahmJ\
in kdgjiaz [tarj ast. \_nam-
ndk.]
C ki [shor] mi-kunad? [saut ;
( sadd ; ghnughd.~\
( shumd chi ml-</oyed?
( shiinid chi harf inl-zaned?
ki is ready. Bring me some
Ask that man if his master has
yet risen. What is the name of this fruit ? Is there
much fruit on that tree ? I shall come home when I have
completed my business. Do not make so much noise
there. You said that these men were great liars. You
say that you are very careful. The fool says everything
that comes into his heart ; but whatever come? into the
heart of the wise, the same remains hidden. The news
from the army this week is by no means favourable. The
man who brings the news is a very great rogue, and those
who believe him are fools.
his heart is restless,
ne is a fool,
this paper is moist,
who is making a noise ?
what are you saying ?
Exercise. Sir, the p;
paper, that I may write.
144
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
speak easy Persian,
whence are you come ?
go away, you have leave,
go not there again,
put us on shore,
who lives there?
go on straightforward,
bring some wine and water,
cool the water well,
the dinner is on the table,
what is your name ?
he is very clever,
wake me very early,
it is fair to-day,
he has made confession,
make a signal to the porter
for coming here,
have patience a little,
send them to my house,
sprinkle a little water,
turn back that leaf,
tie their hands and feet,
LESSON 22.
fdrsl,e [sails] It-go. [dsdn.]
az Tcujd dmada ed?
ran [murakhkkas ed].
[shumd-rd rukhsat ast ;
shumd rukhsat ed.]
dnjd bdz ma ran.
Cmd-rd ba sdhil pd,ln bi-kun.
< md-rd ba kindra,e daryd
(^ bi-guzdr.
r an jd ki manzil ddrad?
* an jd ki ml-mdnad?
1 dnjd kuddm kas manzil
\ ddrad?
rdst bi-rau.
kadre shardb o db biydr.
db-rd bisiydr sard bi-kun.
sham [bar mez] ast. [mu-
haiyd.']
ndm-i-shumd chlst ?
C o bisiydr hoshiydr ast.
< o bisiydr 'aklmand ast.
\^o zl shu'ur ast.
mard [wakt-i-subh] beddr bi-
kun. ['ald-s-sabdh; bdm-
ddd.]
imruz ruz-i - [bahdri] ast.
[musa/a.]
o ikrdr karda ast.
bahammalishdrat-i-dmadan-
i-[m-jd] bi-kun. [mtaraf.]
sarra sabr bi-kun.
eshdn-rd ba khdna,eman bi-
firist.
kadre db biyafshdn.
an tvarak-rd bdz bi-garddn.
dast opd,e oshdn bi-band.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 145
Exercise. You say that the Persian language is very
easy. He put them all ashore there yesterday. Have
you well cooled the wine and the water ? Tell me when
the dinner is on the table. Why did you not wake me
very early, as I told you ? If you forget another time,
then you will get great punishment. Have they seen
our signal for their corning here? Send the wine and
water to my house. We do not live there. These boys
are very clever. He has made no confession as yet.
Who has torn the leaf from my book ? The magistrate
caused the prisoners to be bound hand and foot.
LESSON 23.
put those rupees in the bag, * dar \_kisa~\ an rupiyahd
bi-guzdr. [jib.~\
there is a fakir at the door, bar dar darweshe istdda ast.
he is very intelligent, o bisiyar zaki ast.
this is very good bread, in nan bisiyar khub ast.
come back this way, ba In rah bdz a.
move a little slower, andake dhista bi-rau.
come, take off my boots, biydkafsh-i-manpdylnbi-kun.
come out of the house, az khdna berun biyd.
wash your hands and face, dast o ru,e khitd bi-ishue].
[UL]
he has many friends, o bisiyar dostdn ddrad.
what benefit will there be dar an amrchifd,ida khwdh-
in that ? ad bud?
f eshdn bisiyar gh_am khurda
they have suffered much j) and.
sorrow, ) ba eshdn bisiyar gjiam raslda
(. ast.
1 a bag for money or letters, klsa.
a cut-purse, kisa bur ; (thief) duzd ; (highway-
man) rdh-zan ; tarrdr.
a purse-bearer or letter-carrier, k'tsaddr ; kdsid.
a purse, surra.
a letter-bag, a letter, kharita.
10
146
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXU EXERCISES.
lie has got a long beard,
what bird is this ?
he is a great drunkard,
they are decidedly guilty,
whose field is this ?
there are many flies here,
they have great prudence,
how many people were
present ?
o rlsli-i-dardz ddrad.
( In kuddm murgh ast?
\ In murgji chist?
f o bisiyar shardbi ast.
\ o bisiyar [shardb khwdr]
1 ast. [sharab khyr; khrtm-
V mdr.] 1
yaklnan eshdn [imijrim] and.
[mukassctr.]
in kisht az klst?
Injd bisiyar magasdn and.
esltdn bisiyar ['dkibat an-
deshl] ddrand. \hazar ;
hazm ; ihtirdz.]
eshdn bisiyar ihtiydt bajd ml-
drand.
chand mardumdn hdzir bud-
and?
Exercise. How many rupees are there in the bag ?
Bring water, that I may wash my hands and face. I
have suffered much sorrow on your account. What is
the name of this fine bird ? These flies give me much
trouble. That fakir has a very long beard. Give him
a rupee and tell him to go away. Tell him that if he
makes such a noise another day, I will punish him
severely. Where do your friends live ? Are all the
people present to-day ? His friends afford him one
hundred rupees a month. That man is quite innocent.
There are many very fine trees in that field. These men
never speak the truth ; I cannot place any reliance upon
what they tell me.
1 eating, or consuming, k_h"r.
devouring men, mnrdwn klmr.
inheriting, varus khnr.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXD EXERCISES. 147
LESSON 24.
there is no oil in the lamp, liech rughan dar chiracrh
nist.
f mara namitna.e ['inayatl bi-
pray give me a sample, | farm ayed. [lutf.f
this is a mere stratagem, Infakat [hila~\ ast. [dam;
fareb ; makr ; zark.~\
where is his shop? dukan-i-o kuja ast?
have you got a rope, l ay a, shumii rassane dared?
r-badshah bar takht julus
the king sat upon the throne, -) ,
(^ budshahjulis-i-takht gardid.
, . . . -. ( awaz-i-o khush ast.
his voice is good, | . n s]iaWL ~ msh a u- n asf
what sort of animal is this ? In haiwaii kudum kism ast?
what is your advice ? saldh-i-shumd chlst?
what is your age ? 'umr-i-shuma chlst?
send the palki near me, nazd-i-man 'amdri,e rawan
bi-firist.
give me the whip and hat, [taziyana'\ o kulii,e mara
bi-dih. \_chabuk.]
f ab-i-dast shu,e biyar.
bring water for washing the \ 3 ab-i-dast short biyar.
hands, y ab az bara,e sliustan-i-dast-i-
V. man biyar.
string, rishta; a dependent, rishta dar.
rope, rassan; thick rope, rassan-i-kuhtjt ; thin rope,
rassan-i'barik or rishtak.
to sit, to sit down, to ascend the throne, julus kardan.
, , ( shustan, root shu,e or shu.
' ( shoridan, root shor.
148 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
how is your health ?
mizaj-i-sharif chiguna ast ?
ahwdl-i-jandb clii taur-ast ?
mizaj'i-mukaddas chiguna
ast?
tabTat-i-a'la chiguna ast ?
mizdj-i-shumd chiguna ast?
f miswdk o suda,e danddn
give me the tooth-brush and } short bi-dih.
powder, ) miswdk o safuf-i-danddn
(^ shii,e bi-dih.
bring a suit of clothes, l yak dast-rakht-i-poshtdan
biydr.
bring ink, pen, and paper, *murakkab, kalam, kdghaz
bitjur.
f an asp az dn-i-kist?
whose horse is that? < an asp az klst?
(. an asp mdl-i-klst ?
who is that European? dnfarangi kist ?
Exercise. One day, in the summer season, a king and
his son went a-hunting. When the air became very hot,
then they placed each his cloak on the back of a certain
jester. The king, having laughed, said, "Now, O jester,
there is an ass's burden on thy back." The jester gave
answer, " Verily, your majesty, I bear the burdens of
two asses."
LESSON 25.
wh6se house is this ? ( l n ^ na **-i-lj*t?
^ in khana az an-i-kist ?
1 best suit of clothes, yak dast-rakht-i-[a'la]. \bihtar
or kashancj.~\
blotting paper, ! *u&*-i : <raUab kath.
{, kayJiaz-i-murakkab khushtc Icun.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 149
this Boil is bai'ren, .
they are very avaricious
in zamln [tposrate] ast.
\jshora-bum.~\
eslum bisiyur [tam't] and.
this rupee is adulterated,
its shape is bad,
in rupiya kdsid ast.
surat-i-dn bad [haikaV] ast.
[shakl ; haiyai:~\
the English language is zabdn-i-ingllsl [muishkii] ast.
difficult, [nmghlak.]
!khdna,e 'ankabutpdk bi-kun.
tdr-i-ankabut pdk bi-knn.
liCdb-i^ankabut pdk bi-kun.
o chi \_taksir] karda ast ?
what crime has he com-
mitted ?
az o chi taksir sadir shuda
ast?
bar sabz-zar bisiyar shabnam
ast.
bar kith bisiyur shabnam
uftada ast.
bar giyuh bisiyur shabnam
barida ast.
now they are very helpless, ilhdl bisiyar \be f iliij~\ and.
there is much dew on the
grass,
what business
doing ?
[Id 'tldj ; Id char.
you injd chi kdr mi-kuned?
liij~\
dr.J
there is no end of his
chattering,
behuda goi,e o uklnr na
ddrad.
[ukhirat\-i - yuwa gol,e o
nlst. [ikhtitum.']
makdldt-i-muhdl amez wa
makaula,e mustahildt-i-o
iJchtituni na ddrad.
1 right and wrong, sawdb o kjiatd.
150 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
( eshdn bisiydr \izr kardand.
they made much apology, < eshdn dar makdm-i-itizdr
(. amadand.
my parents have gone to wdlidain-i-man ba Jchdna,e
theirhouse(otherpeople's oshdn rafta and.
house),
there are many fruits in dar an bdgh bisiydr mewahd
that garden, and.
I have a headache, J sar-i-mandard mi-kunad.
( man sudu daram.
where did you hear this shumd kujd in khabar-rd
news ? slnmtded ?
it is late, let us depart, der shuda ast, biyd ki md
bi-ravem.
Exercise. They thus say, that in a certain house a
tiger and a man saw a picture, in which the man was
drawn as victorious, and the beast subdued. The man
said to the tiger, " Dost thou see the braveYy of the man,
how he has overcome the tiger ? " The tiger gave
answer, " The painter was a man : if a tiger had been
the painter, then the drawing would not have been in
this manner."
LESSON 26.
he has a liver complaint, o blmuri,e jigar ddrad.
this is a fine season, ~in mausim khub ast.
sow that seed in the garden, 1 dar bdgh an tukhm-rd bi-
kdr.
( o [dard~\-i-danddn ddrad.
he. has a toothache, < [waja'.~\
(. danddn-i-o dard mt-hinad.
there are many playthings dar bazar bisiydr chizhd } e
in the bazar, bdzicha and.
1 a field, mazra? ; zarcC ; ziruat ; to sow a field, kishtan,
root kdr.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. lol
what is your occupation ? [_kdr]-i-9hwnd cJtist? \jjesha;
kasb ; ishtighulJ]
this translation is very good, in tarjuma bisiyar khub ast.
f nmkaddama,e o imruz
, \ khwdhad slind.
his case will come on to-day, -j ^azi'ya^e o imruz rvjff
(, khwdhadshud. [murdfa'a.]
your watch goes well, sd'at- i-sh iitnd kh ub mi-ravad.
this is a wax candle, in shama\e momi ast.
how much is the fare of the \kiruya,e\ musliuya chi ka-
boat ? dar ast ? [ujrat-i-.~\
,.,,,.., C cli and suat ast ?
what o clock is it? [chizoaktast?
brush my hat and coat, Lulu o kabd,e marii stif kun.
what is the fara for a day ? az bard,e yak ruz kiraya
chi kadar ast ?
lift up the blinds, take away pardalid bar dar, buslikdbha
the dishes, bi-bar.
place rny watch on the table, saat-i-mard bar mez bi-
guzur.
this fmit is very acid, in mew a bisiyar talkh ast.
chird [khafa ed~] ?
[baham bar dyed ; ru,e
why are you angry ? darham mi-kashed ; dar
khashm mi-dyed ; chin
ba jabln shuda ed.~\
Exercise. One day, a stag, from fear of the hunters,
having fled, entered within a certain cave. There a
large tiger having gone, seized and began to eat the stag.
At the time of dying, that helpless animal said, in his
own heart, "Alas, what a great misfortune is mine ! I
fled hither from fear of man, and now I have fallen into
the claws of an animal whose cruelty is even greater
than man's."
152
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
LESSON 27.
this is a very difficult busi- in kur bisiyar [musJikil] ast.
ness, [dushwdr ; muta'azzir ;
mutcf assir.~\
f eshdn bisiyar far ebi and.
, c , \ esJidn kadam dar bddiya.e
they are very artful. < 7 ,, . ., . ,
3 J 1 ghadar wa kufran nihuda
(. and.
that is a very beautiful ( an bdgh bisiyur \_zibu] ast.
garden, ( [khiib drasta.~\
this cloth is very coarse, In parcha bisiyar [dunislit]
ast. [kuluftJ]
C ayu, shumd kdbil-i-kdr ed?
are you fit for the business? ] uyd, shumd sazdivdr-i-kdr
( ed?
it is colder to-day than az dl ruz, imruz sard-tar
ast.
in satar bilitar ast.
dil-i-o ghamgin ast.
gham bar o [ghdlib ast].
[rnustaull ast.^
o pareshan Tthdtir o pard-
ganda dil ast.
an zan gung o Tear ast.
in kissa hama darogji ast.
in keshmish bisiyar \_lkhub~\
and. [no/ is.]
o Ithdna^ kaldn ddrad.
in hujra Jehiib roshan karda
shuda ast.
in utdk Ithub roshan ast.
in hiijra bisiyar bidand ast.
( in pdrcha chi kadar [dardz~\
3 _ ast? ['ariz.-]
} in pctrcha chi kadar tul
V ddrad ?
yesterday,
this line is better,
his heart is very sorrowful,
she is dumb and deaf,
this story is all a lie,
these are fine raisins,
he has a large house,
this room is -well lighted,
this room is very lofty,
how long is this cloth ?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 153
these are very wicked in bachchagdn bisiyar sharir
children, and.
, . ,. ... , ( Jchulk-i-o be rahm ast.
his disposition is cruel, < , .,- .
( tabiat-i-o be rahm ast.
they are lazy and negligent, eshdn sust o ghafil and.
they are of a very stern eshdn bisiyar [sakht tabVaf]
disposition, and. [durusht khulk ;
tund Jchii; bad Jehu.]
Exercise. In a dark night a blind man, having taken
a lamp in his hand, and a jar on his shoulder, was going
along in the market. Somebody said to him, " O fool !
in thy eyes day and night are alike ; of what use is a
lamp to thee ? " The blind man, having laughed, said,
" O you great blockhead ! do you imagine that the lamp
is for my benefit ? No, it is entirely on thy account,
that thou mayest not break my jar amidst the darkness."
LESSON 28.
this pen is too soft, in kalam bisiyar narm ast,
this paper is very coarse, * in kaghaz bisiyar [kuluft\
ast. [zibbir.]
this letter is ill- shaped, in haraf [bad surat] ast.
\badkhatt.~]
f shuma bisiyar dhista mi-
^ * * ' y shuma ba bisiyar dhistagi
\ mi-goyed.
can you speak English ? zaban-i-in<]llsi haraf zadan
mi-tawdned ?
descend, otherwise you will [payin] biyd, warna shuma
fall, khwahed uftad. [farodJ]
1 thin, fine, bank ; ndzuk.
154
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
you must go with me,
take away this bundle,
it is cloudy, yea, it rains a
little,
see, has it cleared up a
little ?
we know it all,
they know a great deal,
he gave me much trouble,
why do you laugh without
they have annoyed us very
much,
this is not my house,
allow me to smell that
flower,
apply oil to that chair,
open the lock of that door,
bayad ki bd man bi-raved.
in basta bi-bar.
Cimruz sahdbi ast, balki
\ kadre rn'i-bdrad.
1 imruz sahabi ast, balki
(. tarashshuh ddrad.
bi-bln ki kadre sdf shuda
ast, yd na ?
ma hama mi-ddnem.
eshdn bisiydr mi-ddnand.
o mar a bisiydr [taTMif~\
dad. [zuhmat.~\
shumd be sabab chird mi-
Manded?
( eshdn mdrd bisiydr lashwish
\ ddda and.
I az kirddr-i-eshdn munagh-
V. a his shuda em.
in Jchdna az- dn-i-man nist.
in khiina az mdl-i-man nist.
in khdna az milk-i-mannist.
lutf bi-farmdyed ki \_bu,e
dngul-rd bi-bmam\. \_gid-
rd bu bi-binam ; gul-rd
bu bi-shinavam.~\
az ru,e luff bu,e an gul bar
giriftan mard bi-dihed.
an kursi-rd rughan bi-mdl.
kufl-i-dn dar-rd wd kun.
Exercise. A very poor man went to a very rich man
and said, " We two are sons of Adam and Eve (Adam o
Hawd\ therefore we are brothers ; you are very rich
and I am very poor ; give me a brother's share." The
rich man, on hearing this, gave to the poor man one
kauri. The poor man said, " Oh, sir ! why do you not
bestow upon me a brother's share?" He replied, "Be
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS ANL> EXERCISES. 155
content, my good friend ; if I give all my poor brothers
one kauri each, I shall not have any remaining."
LESSON 29.
some of onr soldiers have Vaze sar-bdzdn-i-md majruh
been wounded, shuda and.
beat that lazy boy, an kodak-i-sust-rd bi-zan.
dig up that underwood, an darakhthu,e khurd-rd
bar kan.
having said this, he de- in yuft o [rukhsat girift].
parted, [rawdna shud.]
lar ~' r -
.
clothes, ; L ._ ', - r -,4. ,.,-
V. azjamana \_nam] otyajsnur.
they sleep carelessly (sound- ( eshdnghdfildnaml-khuspand.
ly), (^ eshdnf/hdfildnami-Jehwdband.
what is the amount of your jam',ehisdb-i-shumd chlst?
bill?
a wasp has stung me, 1 zambur mard \_gazl da~] ast.
\nesh-zada.~\
what is the tonnage of this in jahdz chi kadr bur bar
ship ? mi-ddrad?
ihtiydj-i-in kadr-i-khabar-
what need is there of so
much care ?
ddrt chist ?
ihtiydj-i-ln kadr-i-hifdzat
' chist?
in kadar ihtiyut chi maslahat
ddrad?
what is the price of these kimat-i-in chizhd chist ?
things ?
( magas-i-'asal.
1 a bee < inagas-i-shalnl.
(. magas-t-ambagm.
purified honey, 'asal i-musa/d.
156
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
what is the depth of this
tank?
what is the difference be-
tween these two ?
Exercise. A person went to a scribe, and said unto
him, " Write a letter for me." He said, " There is a
pain in my foot." The man said, " I do not wish to send
you anywhere, why are you making this unreasonable
excuse?" The scribe replied, "You are speaking the
truth ; but when I write a letter for any person, then I
am always sent for to read it ; for nobody else is able to
read my handwriting."
LESSON 30.
this army does not know its
exercise,
between you two what
fighting is there ?
in lashikar kawd'id-i-7ckud
na mi-ddnad.
md bain-i-shumd har du
[kaziya~\ chist? [d'awa ;
takru,e ; ma'raJca ; miijd-
dilat o mundza'at ; Jang
ojadal o harb; mundkisha
o mukdUla ; mukhdtiba o
mu'dtibd.~\
in this book how many dar in kitdb chand [bdbhd~\
chapters are there ? and? [faslhd.]
( bar in asbdb hech [Aasr] ast ?
on these goods is there any j [Jcasr ; kasr.~]
discount ? 1m asbdb-rd chand pul tanzil
I ml-kunand ?
'umuk-i-in hauz chi kadr ast?
in yambugh chi kadr 'amlk
ast ?
md bain-i-in har du farak \
chist ?
dar miydn-i-in har du td
tafrik chist ?
miydn-i-in har du tufdwat
chist ?
chi farak az in baddn ast?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
157
the drum beats every day
in the fort,
this boy is much loved by
us,
in this tank are there any
fish?
make a hole here in the
earth,
I caught a fish with a rod,
I
this cow has no horns,
I
of what kind is this cloth ?
do you intend going to
Europe ?
hang up this lamp in the
hall,
do you go by land or by
water ?
dar hisdr har ruz [kos kofta
ml-shavad]. [tibl mi-
zanand.~\
dar kilo? har yawn duhul mi-
naivdzand.
in kodak bisiydr 'aziz-i-md
ast.
dar in [hauz] hech mdhi ast?
\_db-gir; birka.~\
in jd dar zamin \jnacfhdke']
bi-kan. \_gaude.~}
bd dam mdhi t e girijtam.
in mddah-gdw-rd shdJchhd
nayand.
in mddah-gdw shdTchhd na
ddrad,
in [pdrcha~\ chi kism ast ?
[tdka.']
ayd,irada,e raftan-i-farang-
istdn mi-kuned?
1 dar ddldn in fdnus-rd [mu-
'allak bi-kun.~] [biydwez.~\
ba khushkl yd ba tari
khwdhed raft ?
Exercise. A certain hare having gone to the presence
of the tigress, said to her, " O tigress, of me eveiy year
there are many young ones, but of you, during the whole
of your life, there are no more than two or three." The
tigress, having smiled, replied, " What you say is very
true : of me, indeed, there may be only one young one in
all my life, but that one is a tiger."
1 hall, ddldn ; aiwdn.
158 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
LESSON 31.
, , ( sanduk-i-slmmd-rd kufl nist.
thesis no lock to your I ?a ^_ ^^ . ^ ^ d - r _
(. ad.
there is much mud on the bar lab-i-daryd bisiydr
riverside, [khildb'] ast. \_gil; shor;
how many passengers were dar an jahdz chand 'dbirdn
in that vessel ? budand?
f tamdm-i-hujra khiish bii kar-
, \ da shuda ast.
the whole room was scented, j tamSmri _^ jra mu ^t ar kar -
\_ da shuda ast.
are you the owner of this dyd, mdllk-i-in khdna ed ?
house ?
C az [susti] nuksdn ast. [ih-
from idleness is loss, < mdl ; taghdful.~]
(. natija,e kahili nuksdn ast.
such as you will do, so will harclii shumd khwdhed kard,
you find, khwdhed ydft.
khubtarin-i-musdhib
ast.
resignation is the best com-
panion,
ast.
tasHm a'latarin-i-m isdhib
the world is the house of
deceit,
the fruit of rashness is re-
pentance,
patience is an excellent
quality,
ast.
tasllm yake az khubtarm-i-
musdhibdn ast.
[dunyd~\ khdna,e fareb ast.
\kurra,e arz.~\
natlja,e [ta'jil] tauba ast.
[be tadbirl ; taltawwar].
sabr kamdl khulk ast.
sabr 'all khaslat ast.
temperance is excellent parhez khub dawd ast.
physic,
hearing is better than shunidan az guftan bihlar
speaking, ast.
from labour results great- natija,e mihnat buzurgi ast.
ness,
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXD EXERCISES. 159
Exercise. A certain old woman had a goose which
every day used to lay an egg of gold. One day the oM
woman thought in her own mind, thus : " If I increase
the food of this goose, then she will every day give two
golden eggs." Having thus determined, the old woman
began to give the goose every day as much food as she
could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having be-
come very fat, gave no more eggs.
LESSON 32.
such as you speak so will dnchi tu goyi, bi-shinavi.
you hear,
in dunyd kisht - i - J dlam-i
this world is the harvest
for the next,
\^akabat] ast. ['alam-i-
dkihir ; sard,e jdwaddrii ;
ddru-l-bakd; 'iikbu.^
jahdn - i-fdni Tchirmdn-i-
jahdn-i-bdki ast.
contentment is the key of kinu'at \Jcalid-i-drdm~\ ast.
repose, \musabbib-i-rdhat ; wajh-
z-'at'sA.]
to be ignorant is death to jdhil shudan maut-i-zindagi
the living, ast.
moderation in everything is [aiisat-i-ahwdl] bihtar ast.
best, [i' tidal]
to the wise a hint is enough, 'dkil-rd ishdra,e bas ast.
death laughs at expecta- bar ummed [mauf\ mi-khan-
tions, dad. \_ajl.~]
assist your brother in barddar - i khyd - rd [dar
distress, hdlat-i-sakhti'] madad bi-
dih. \_dar hdlat-i-ihtiydj ;
dar muhtdji.~\
very frequently medicine is aksar aukdt dawd bimdri
sickness, ast.
God is upright and holy, alldh ta'dla [hakkopdk~\ ast.
\_rdst-bdz o mukaddar.~\
160
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
man becomes known from
his conduct,
from prohibition desire in-
creases,
fortune does not increase
with wisdom,
adam az mu'dmala,e Jchitd
mashhur mi-shavad.
adam az 'amalhii,e Tfhud
\_mashhur mi - shavad~],
[shuhrat mi-ydbad.~\
az mana' kardan Jchwdhish
ziyada mi-shauad.
az muzahamat khwahish ta-
rakki mi-pazirad.
az 'akl \_nafaka~\ ziyada na
mi-shavad. [rotlna ;
wo
Exercise. One day a large bull was grazing in afield,
when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns.
The fly began to say in her own mind, " I am very heavy,
and if I remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able
to lift his head from the ground." Then the fly said
aloud, " O bull, I am afraid I am giving you great in-
convenience ; if so it be, then speak out, and I will
immediately depart." The bull answered, " O fly, be not
uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware
of your being there till you spoke to me."
LESSON 33.
during this month much dar in mdh bisiydr bdrdn
rain fell, uftdd.
send a servant there, an jd [naukare] bi-firist.
[muldzim; khddime; chd-
sit under this tree, zer-i-in daraTcht bi-nishin.
/ kimat-i-in ddndhd,e durr
what is the price of these \ chist ?
pearls ? y kimat-i-in ddndhd,e mar-
\ ii} arid chist ?
how heavy will this stone wazn-i-in sang chi kadr mi-
be? shavad?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 161
what is the name of this l nam-i-in [rft'A] chist?
village ? \mauza 1 ; karya^\
bring the riding-horse, asp-i-sawdri-rd biydr.
brush the curtains well, so parda-rd khub biyafshdn td
that no mosquito may ki pasha,e na mdnad.
remain,
fkafshhd-rd khub [saf] bi-
clean the shoes well, j fcJSLS^L ratg bi-
C dih.
( bay ad ki [fcarim] bdshem.
we ought to be benevolent, SS ^;U ^ fa .
V. karlm bdshem.
we have fallen into great dar mushkilut-i-kaldn uftd-
difficulties, da em.
faz tufdn bisiydr jahdzhd
many ships have been \ nuksdn khurda and.
damaged by the storm, 1 az tufdn ba bisiydr jahdzhd
V. nuksdn rasida ast.
he every day drinks new o har ruz shir-i-tdza mi-
milk, naushad.
to sit still is better than ba kh'imoshi nishastan az
quarrelling, bar khdstan ba kaziya
bihtar ast.
grind this wheat in the mill, ( 'dardsiydln g^allabiyds.
( dar asiya in ghalla oi-sao.
do you know who is his shwnd mi-ddned ki \wakil~\-
agent ? i-o kist ? [gumdshta ;
nd,ibJ\
Exercise. A man went, for the purpose of seeing a
certain person, to his house, at the time of midday.
That person, from his own house, saw the man coming,
1 village, dih, or dih ; plur. dihut.
1 to grind, sdbidan or dsidan.
11
162
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
and said to his servants, " When he asks where the
master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone
to dine with some one." In the meanwhile, the man
liaving arrived, asked, " Where is the master of the
house ? " They said, " Our master is gone out." The
man said, " A great fool he is to have gone out of his
house in the midst of such heat." The master of the
house, having put his head out of the window, said,
"You are a very great fool to wander about at this time:
for I have been all day in my own house."
LESSON 34.
buy two candlesticks for
me,
this cat has large claAvs, j
take away this counterpane
into the other room,
is this place in the district
of Shlraz?
I will show you a beautiful
picture,
your signature is necessary
to this bond,
1 az bard,e man du 'adad-i-
shama'ddn bi-khar.
(with glass shades) bajihat-
i-man yak juft-i-pdya,e
Idla bi-khar td.
in gurba kaldn [panja'] ddr-
ad. [nakkun; TtJianj.~\
dar hujra,e digar in lihdf
bi-bar.
dyd, dar 'aldka,e Shirdz in
mauza ast.
manshumd-rdtaswire [Aasm]
khwaham namud. [ma-
khul ; margJiiib ; nadir ;
ma'kuL~\
ba in tamassuk dastkhatt-i-
shumd [zarur~] ast. [Za-
zim ; malzumj]
1 one pair of candlesticks, yak jvft-i-shamd'ddn ; i.e.,
two articles,
one paii- of scissors, 'adad-i-mikraz ; i.e., one article.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 163
to-day there is a guest in imriiz dar khdna,e eshan
their house, mihmdne ast.
who is this bo 7 's governor ? t* ""'"* ** ?
I [amraUi.]
bisiydr der shuda ast md-rd
ba khdna,e khud raftan
it is very late, permit us to bi-dih.
go home, bisiydr der shuda ast [bii/<i~\
ki ba khdna bi-ravem.
\_ijdzat bi-dih.~\
in this affair there is much ( dar In mu> dmala [>/] ast,
, < [bisiyar berahmi ; btsiyar
ielty ' ( be muruwatL]
they commit oppression of eshdn [zulm]-i-har kism ml-
every sort, kunand. [jour ; sitam ;
be dad.']
we have at present a long In wakt md safr-i-dardz
journey, dar pesh ddrem.
Exercise. A certain feeble old man having gathered a
load of wood (literally sticks) in a forest, was carrying it
to his own house. After having gone some distance, the
old man became very tired, and having thrown down the
burden from his shoulder on the ground, he began to cry
out, " O Angel of Death, deliver me from this misery \ "
At that very instant the Angel of Death stood before
him, and said, " Why have you called, me, and what do
you want with me ? " On seeing this frightful figure,
the old man, trembling, replied, " O friend, be pleased to
assist me, that I may lift once more this burden upon my
shoulder : for this purpose only have I called you."
LESSON 35.
have you a glass for holding - 1 dyd shumd bard,e giriftan-
the medicine ? i-dawd finjdn-i-shisha
dared ?
1 a glass-blower, shlsha-gar.
164
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
man has reason, a brute
none,
please give me a letter of
introduction,
why do you write with a
bad pen ?
of these two which is the
best?
I will take the business from
you and give it to him,
your going there is not
necessary,
he is well versed in science,
he is very learned and
intelligent,
this will be best of all,
tell me what he is saying,
tell the groom to get the
horse ready,
insdn 'akl ddrad, haiwdn na.
az ru,e lutf mard sifdrish
ndma bi-dihed.
az sar-i-lutf mard sifdrish
ndma marhamat bi-kuned.
ba kalam-i-bad chird shumd
mi-nawised ?
az in har du td kuddm bihtar
ast?
man az tu Carnal Jchwdham
girift o bado khwdhatu
dad.
an jd raftan-i-shumd zarur
nlst.
1 o dar 'ilm Jchub ivdkif ast.
o az 'ilm khub mahdratyufta
ast.
o dar 'ilm khub mahdrat
ddrad.
o bisii/dr 'dlim ast o tez-fahm.
in [bihtarin-i-hama~\ khwdh-
ad bud. [_az hama bihtar.~\
bi-go ki o chi mi-goyad.
mihtar-rd bi-go ki asp taiydr
bi-kunad.
Exercise. In a country of Kashmir a certain merchant
had an Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as
charcoal. One day in the winter season the slave took
off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began,
with great labour, to rub it on his body. During this,
his master came that way, and having seen this curious
circumstance, said, " What are you doing here ? " The
experience, wdkij kdri ; tajriba kdri.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
165
slave answered, " I am rubbing my body with snow, so
that I may become white like the people of this country."
His master, laughing, said, " fool, do not labour in
vain ; your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but
your skin will not thereby become white."
LESSON 36.
I also wish to go out,
why do you climb the tree ?
when will you be able to
depart ?*
is the saddle on the horse
or not ?
we will return in a few
minutes,
if dinner be ready, bring it,
give my compliments to
your master,
do you know this man ?
he has acquired much
science,
he has amassed much wealth,
'man mi-khwdham Tci berun
bi-ravam.
I man niz berun raftan mi-
khwdham.
I mar a niz irdda,e berun
raftan ast.
man khwdhish-i-berun raftan
\ ddram.
chird ba dirakht bar mi-
dyed,
kai judd sliudan khwdhed
tatcdnist.
bar asj> zin [basta~] ast yd
na ? [karda shuda.~\
md dar chand \_dakika~] bdz
khwuhem dmad. \_lahza.]
agar \_shdm~\ taiydr ast
biyar. [khurish, khnruk.~\
\_saldm~\-i-man ba sdhib-i-
khud bi-dih. \_taslim.~\
shinud 'inmard-rdmi-ddned?
o bisiydr 'ilm hdsil karda
ast.
o bisiydr daulat jama' karda
ast.
To leave a person, az kase [judd~\ shudan.
To leave a town, az shahre rukhsat shudan.
166 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
come, let us two have some biyd, kt ma har du bdkam
talk, guft-gu bi-kunem.
will one horse be able to uyd in kadr bdr-i-girdn yak
draw so great a weight ? asp mi-tawdnad kashld?
you go on, we are coming, shifmd pesh bi-raved, kt ma
[^am] miyayem. [dar-paiJ]
these things are come from az waldyat-i-farang m chiz-
Europe, hd rasida and ?
, n ,1 ( wa kujd shab ba sar bi-
shall we pass the
u (. guzrdnemJ]
,( ilhdlmd-rd farsat-i-bdzimst.
we have no time to play at \ ^ "ftaf+W* na
( 'ddrem. /
Exercise. One day an ox was grazing in a field in
which several young frogs were playing. By chance one
of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox,
and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home,
and having told their mother what had occurred, they
then said, " O mother, we never before saw so large an
animal." On hearing this, the old frog, having distended
her belly very much, said, "Is he as large as this?"
The young ones replied, " Assuredly, he is much larger
than that." She then, having distended herself twice as
much, said, " Is he so large ? " They answered, " O
mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog,
however, through pride, continued to distend her body
more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died.
LESSON 37.
he has scalded his foot, o pd,e Tchud-rd ba ab-i-
\cjarm] sozdnida ast.
\ddgh ; josh.]
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS A^D EXERCISES.
,1 be knives a,,
these children are scream-
ing all day,
we were seeking for this all
day,
have you sealed your letter?
our house is shaded with
trees,
it is raining, give us shelter,
go forward there, and stand
still,
bring out these things from
the palkl,
speak loud, then I shall hear
you,
what do you call that in
Persian ?
in bachchagun hama ru;
\_shor o ghur\ mi-kunand.
[ghciughu.^
ma tamum ruz baru,e In
just o ju dashtem.
aya khatt-i-khnd-ra muJtr
\_karda ed \ ? \_zada ed.~\
kh_ana,e inn dar zer-t-suya,e
dirakht-ha ast.
aknun burun mi-burad, mar a
panulte bi-dih.
an ja pesh bi-rau o ba \
khamosht biyist.
az 'amar1,e rawunln chiz-ha i
biyur.
ba uwuz-i-buland bi-go ki
bi-shinavam.
an chi ;-><! dar zaban-i-farsi
chi mi-goyed?
Exercise. From the" house of a certain person, a bag of
rupees was stolen. The owner of the money gave in-
formation to the judge of that city. The judge im-
mediately called before him all the people of the house ;
but after much investigation he was unable to detect the
thief. At last he said to them, " This night I will give
each of you a stick one cubit in length, and it will so
happen that the stick of him who is the thief will become
one inch longer than those of the rest." Having thus
spoken, the judge gave each a stick, and dismissed them.
During the night, the thief being afraid, said to himself,
"If I cut off one inch from my stick, in the morning it
will be of the same length with the rest." Thus, having
considered, he cut off au inch from his stick, and next
168
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
day attended, along with the others. The judge, having
looked at the sticks, thus discovered the thief.
LESSON 38.
set up something as a shelter
from the sunshine,
he agreed with me this
time,
you exercise yourself in
writing and reading.
on hearing this news they
were much frightened,
how much indigo will this
chest contain ?
they are all offended with
one another,
bard,e tdbish-i-dftab pandhe
bar dr.
o in wakt ba-man muwdfik
dmad.
o in wakt ba rd,e man
muwafik~\ shud. [mutta-
dar nawishtan o khwdndan
khud-rd mashdk bi-sdz.
, az shunidan - i- in-khabar
eshdn tarsidand.
1 az shun idan-i- in-khab ar
\darhdlat-i-pareshdni dm-
adand]. \darhdlat~i-izti-
rdb dmadahd ; dahshat
wa pareshdni bar oshdn
mustauli shud, or istild
dar in sanduk chi kadr nil
khwdhad ganjid ?
dar in sanduk chi kadr nil
khwdhad dmad ?
in sanduk chi kadr nil
khwdhad girift.
hama az yak digar \_khaf a~\
shuda and. \_shakar
ranj.~\
1 to vex, pareshdn kardan.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
169
tell the coachman not to
drive so quick,
we have escaped from the
hands of the enemy,
the whole city has been
flooded,
put these two trays to-
gether,
with this our joy will be
increased,
kdliskabdn-rd bi-go ki chan-
ddn [ZMC?] na rdnad. \_tez
or tund.~\
md bamakr ofareb az dast-i-
dushman \_rihd shudaem\.
\_rihd,i ydfta em ; jdn la
saldmat burda em.]
md az dast-i-dushman ba
hlla khalds shuda em.
tamdm shahr (jfcar&] shuda
ast. \_gharik ; daryd
burdJ]
in har du kdb-rd ba ham
bi-guzdr.
1 badin khushi,e md ziydda
khwdhad shud.
Exercise. A certain person having a pain in the
stomach went to a physician, and said, " For God's sake,
doctor, give me some physic, otherwise I die from a pain
in the stomach." The doctor asked him what he had
eaten that day. The man said, "Merely a piece of
burnt bread." On hearing this, the doctor said, " Let
me look at your eyes." Then, having called one of his
servants, he said, " Bring me the medicine for the eyes."
The sick man, on hearing this, screamed out, " O doctor,
is this a time for your joking ? I am dying from a pain
in the stomach, and you talk of medicine for the eyes.
What connexion is there between medicine for the eyes
and a pain in the stomach ?" The doctor replied, " I
wish, in the first place, to make your eyes sound, for it
is evident that you are unable to distinguish between
black and white, otherwise you would never have eaten
burnt bread."
\io;
imbisd
joy, shddmdni ; farah ; khurrami ; tarab ; mubdsatat ;
isdt ; nishdt.
170
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
LESSON 39.
we have much reduced our
expenditure,
this money must be sent
back to him,
the commander-in-chief has
pardoned a soldier,
rule your paper, then write,
all the people have died
with hunger,
they have fallen one upon
another,
splice these two ropes to-
gether,
they live in great affliction,
or through much toil,
he has built a house on the
bank of the Euphrates,
he drove the chariot two
parsang, when one of the
wheels broke,
ma kharch-i-khud-rd bisiydr
takhf if karda em.
in pul ba o zarur wupas
bdyad kard.
f sipah-sdldr az taksir-i-sipd-
\ hi,e dar guzashta ast.
} sipah-sdldr sipdhi t e-ra mii'df
v. karda ast.
kcigjiaz - i -khud-ra awwal
[mi&%ar bi-kun~\ pas bi-
nawis. {Jthatt bi-kasli.~\
hama mardumdnaz \_gursin-
ayi murda] and. [ju'
bajdn dmada.~\
esliun \_dar-liam~\uftdda and.
[bar yak digar.~\
in har du rassan-rd bd-ham
digar bi-paiwand.
ba mihnat-o-mashakkat-i-
bisiydr eshdn guzrdn mi-
kunand.
ba lab - i - dar yd, e fardt,
'imdrate ta'mir karda ast.
b'ad az rdndan-i-duparsang,
yoke az pdyahd^e kdlivka
\_shikast].
Exercise. Two women were quarrelling with one
another about a child, and neither of them had any
witness. Having gone before the judge, the one con-
tinued saying, " The child is mine ; " and the other also
was saying, " The child is mine, O your worship, give
me justice." The judge, being helpless, sent for the
executioner, and said to him, " Of this child make two
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
171
pieces, and give, one to each of these women." On
hearing the order of the judge, the executioner drew the
sword, and was about to cut the child in two. During
this, one of the women stood still, and said nothing, but
the other woman, weeping aloud, said, " O sir, do not
kill my child ; if such is justice, I give up my claim.
For God's sake give her the child." On hearing this,
the judge became convinced that this indeed is the real
mother. To her he gave up the child ; and to the other
woman having given punishment, he ordered his people
to expel her from the couutry.
LESSON 40.
why should we run away,
there is no danger there ?
lds
they went. to Europe six
months ago,
on hearing a statement of
this sort, they began to
laugh,
gardener, sow the seed of
this flower in the garden,
an jd khatra hech nist, pas
chird ma bi-gurezem ?
o dostdn-i-kadlm-i-khud-rd
guzdshta ast.
musdhibat-i-dostdn-i- sdbika-
rd ba dil-i-khud inkdr
karda ast.
az ydrdn-i-sdbika suhbat kata'
karda ast.
pesh az in shish mdh eshdn
ba mulk-i-farang raftand.
az shunidan-i-ln sukhanhd,
[bunydd^-i-khanda nihd-
dand. [bind.~\
V ad az shunidan-i-in chunin
sukhanhd eshdn khandi-
dan \_giriftand~\. \_aahdz
kardand ; aghdz nihdd-
and ; shuru 1 kardand.]
ai bughbdn dar bdgh
[tukhni] -i-in gulb i-kr.
\bazr; bazr.~]
172 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
he has taught us with great o md-rd ba mihnat-i-bisiydr
labour, \_dmokhta~\ ast. [dars
ddda.~\
by the grace of God we md az fazl-i-'khu.dd dram
have found repose, yafta em.
' imruz bisiyar [sahdbl~\ ast,
... , I shdyad bisiyar bdrdn
it is very cloudy perhaps m ^ had b / rld . ^abr
it will ram much, ^ or ^ ^ L
he has amassed much wealth o bisiyar daulat o mdljama'
and property, Icarda ast.
in this house there is a hall dar in Ithuna yak ddldn o si
and three rooms, hujra and.
chand wakt ast ki in akhbdr
how long is it since you re-
ceived this news ?
ba shuma raslda ast ?
b'ad az an ki in alehbcir
girifted, chand wakt guz-
ashta ast?
Exercise. A fox having seen a crow sitting on the
branch of a tree, with a fine piece of cheese in his mouth,
began to think in her own heart, " How shall I get this
delicious morsel into my own possession ?" She then
said aloud, " O Master Crow, I am quite delighted to see
you this morning : your elegant figure and black feathers
have entirely fascinated my heart. Will you sing to me
one of your charming songs, so that the pleasure of my
ears may be like that of my eyes ?" On hearing this
flattery, that foolish crow opened his mouth that he
might show his skill in music. As soon as he opened his
mouth to sing, the piece of cheese fell upon the ground.
The fox immediately seized it, and walked away, saying,
" My dear friend, your voice is a little out of tune to-
day : pray remain silent till I have gone some distance.
In the mean time, receive this advice of mine Never
pay any attention to the words of those who flatter you."
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
173
LESSON 41.
they live with their parents,
we have taken a walk on \
the bank of the river, y
for how much will you sell
(this) to my master ?
is there anything to be had
there for eating and
drinking ?
are you at all aware where
they are gone ?
remain here until we return,
the knife fell from my hand
into the river,
eshdn bd wdlidain-i-Tchud
ml-mdnand.
ba lab-i-daryd md \_gashta~\
em. [gardida.~\
1 ba sdhil-i-daryd md [smr]
karda em. [tamdsha. ~\
ba \_sdhib~\-i-man ba chand
kimat in rd khwdhed fa-
rokht ? 2 \_wali n'imat ;
mvrabbi ; khuddwand-i-
n'imatJ}
yd hech chiz bard,e khitr-
dan o naushldan hdsil mi-
dyad ?
dydhech chtzbard,ekhurdan
o naushldan [muyassar
mi-sliavad] ? [ba-ham ml-
rasld ; dast ydb mi-sha-
vad.~\
hech m'alumat ast ki hama
kujd rafta and ?
hanun jd [bi-mdn] td ki md
buz bi-gardem. \_bdsh.~\
kdrd az dast-i-man \_dar~]
daryd uftdd.
\_
.^
1 to walk to see anything, bard,e sair raftan.
to walk, or travel, for amusement, sair kardan.
* heir apparent, wali t e 'ahd.
174 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
in speaking Persian, our dar sukhan guftan-i-zabdn-
general fault is in not i-fdrsi kusiir-i-md in ast
pronouncing each in- ki ma hasbu-l-ma'mul har
' dividual letter fully, lafz ba tafrik tala/uz na
mi-kunem.
a man who cannot speak the * shakhse ki dar diydre snku-
language of the people nat pazir shuda bdshad
among whom he sojourns wa zabdn-i-ahliydn-i-dn
may sometimes be in mulk na ddnad, pas
danger of starving, tarsast ki sJidyad az [gur-
sinagi~\ khwdhad murd.
\be dzuka.~\
he tells you to speak to him o mi-goyad ki dar zabdn-i-
iu his own language, man bi-go.
Exercise. A certain washerman had an ass, which he
used to let go in a garden for the purpose of grazing.
The people of the garden used to beat the ass, and drive
him away from thence. One day, the washerman
fastened around him a tiger's skin, and said, " At the
time of night go you into the garden to graze, and do not
make any noise." Even so, every night the ass in the
tiger's skin used to go into the garden. Whenever the
people saw him by night,' they used to think for certain
that this was a tiger. One night the gardener himself
saw him, and from fear he went up into a tree. ' In the
mean time, another ass which was in that neighbourhood
1 do you live there? shumd an jd sukunat pazir hasted?
' an jd o sukunat pazlr ast.
( an ja o
3, j an jd o
(, an jd m
he lives there, << an jd o maskan ddrad.
an jd maskan-i-o ast.
f in kitdb mard pazir ast.
T i-i ii ' i. i ) * n kitdb mard matlub ast.
1 hke this book, j . m kitab mar . mar&A - b asL
(^ in kitdb-rd pasand ddram.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 17o
made a noise, and the ass of the washerman, on hearing
that, also raised his voice, and began to bray in the
manner of all asses. The gardener, on hearing his noise,
discovered what he was. He came down from the tree,
and having thoroughly beaten the ass, he drove him out
of the garden. Hence, on this subject the wise men have
said, " For asses silence is be*t."
176
A LIST OF USEFUL WORDS.
an axe, tabar.
baker, Jchabbdz ; ndnpaz; nan bd.
button, tukma ; dukma ; gira.
bald, leal ; ddgh, sar ddah-sar.
bath, hammdm.
basin, (metallic) tasht ; lagan ajtaba ;
(baked clay) Tcdsa.
(holder) tasht ddr.
bed furniture, rakht-i-khwdb.
bedstead, Jchwdb-gdh ; chahdr pd,e.
bed, bistar.
blanket, chddar-i-pashmma.
basket, (wicker) sapad ; (grass) gira.
bracelet, dastina ; dastwdna ; 'alanku dast ;
mi'zad.
bottle, (glass) shtsha; (jug) kuza; (earthen-
ware) surdhl.
broom, miknasat ; jdrub; jd-ru; ruftan-rul.
bellows, minfdkh; tannur-tab.
butcher, Jcassdb.
bundle, basta ; dasta.
bag (leathern), ambdnorambdna; (carpet) khurjin.
canvas, palds.
coat, kabd ; durra'at.
coat (great), farghul ; labdda.
china-ware, kdsa-chini.
cup, finjdn ; piydla ; tas ; jam ; (goblet)
kadah.
chair, kursi.
chair bench, sand a It ; (bench) sandal.
counterpane, lihdf.
cork, disdm ; saddd-i-a[hdr.
cork (screw), pech.
carpet, farsh ; gilim ; bisdt ; (prayer) sij-
jdda ; (decapitation) not'.
A LIST OF USEFUL WORDS.
clothes,
cord,
candle,
chandler,
candlestick,
cloth,
cooking-pot,
cook,
crumb,
chapter (of a book),
corn,
cotton,
compliments,
cupboard,
door,
ewer,
engraver,
envelope,
furniture,
fan,
fire- works,
fire-wood,
fire,
gutter,
glass-ware,
pdrclia; libds; poshdk;jdma; kiswat;
(patched) khirka ; dalk;jdma,e
zhanda; dalk-i-murakka ; (honour)
khiVat ; (religious) ihrdm.
rt-smdn.
shama' ; kandil.
(wax) shama', e muml.
shama' sdz.
shama' dan.
pdrcha ; tdka ; (broad) mdhut ;
(striped) burd; (brocade) dibak ;
(damask) dlbd; (dimity) damiydt;
(thick) jama,e hanguft..
' deg zarf-i-pukhtan (sing.)
zuruf-i-pukhtan (plur.)
ashpaz ; tabbukh.
reza,e nan.
bdb ; fasl.
ghalla.
pumba.
saldm ; du'a o saldm.
paimdna-gdh ; ganjina ; tdk-i-pai-
mdna.
dar ; darwdza ; bdb.
ibrik.
kalam-kdr ; hakkdk.
lifdfa.
sdrndn-i-khdnacji ; khdnumdn; khdn-
mdn ; rakht-i-khdna.
bad-zan ; bdd-kash ; mirwaha.
naft-anddzi ; dtash bdzi.
hezum ; hlma.
dtash ; nd,irat ; (flame) zabdna ;
(spark) akhgar; shardr ; dtash-
pdra ; cfhuncha^e arghawan.
badar-rau ; ndv-ddn.
db-gun.
12
178
A LIST OF USEFUL WORDS.
grocer,
gum,
glove,
house,
host,
hospitality,
hat,
hammer,
hand-saw,
hand-mill,
hotel, inn,
kitchen,
knife,
key,
light,
leaf,
letter (of condol-
ence),
lock,
match,
mat,
mirror,
nail,
needle,
naphtha,
napkin,
oven,
bakkdl.
samagh ; samagh-i-arabi.
dast tuba ; dast afrdz ; dastdna ;
dastposh.
\ (master of) kat-khudd; kad-khudd ;
I sdhib-i-buka'.
(hold) khandan ; (establishment)
lawdhik-i-khdna.
mezbdn ; sdhib-i-dcCwat.
mihmdni.
kuldh.
chdkuj ; chakush; mitrakat.
dast-ar,
dast as.
sara,e ; khan ; wurud-gah ; farod-
gdh ; rib at.
matbakh.
(clasp) cliaku ; (table) hard.
(pen) kalam tardsh.
Icalid ; miftah.
roshani ; nur.
(of a book) warak.
(of a tree) barg.
tcCziyat ndma.
kufl.
(pad) kvfl-i-rumi.
(intricate) kufl-i-waswas.
librtt.
boriya. ; hasir.
d,tna ; db-gina ; sajanjal.
mekh; mismdr.
suzan.
naft.
dastmdlcha ; dast-Tchwdn.
tanniir ; (stove) tun ; mankal ;
dtash-tdb.
A LIST OF USEFUL WORDS.
179
pocket,
potsherd,
pot (flower),
earthen vessel,
potter,
pincers,
pitcher,
portico,
pipe,
pantry,
pin,
a porter,
paste,
pencil,
pope,
razor,
stick (walking),
staff,
scissors,
saucer,
shirt,
scale,
sheet,
screen,
shade,
sash,
shawl,
skirt (of dress),
satin,
silk,
sock,
jib; within the pocket, tu,ejib.
khazaf-reza.
khazaf ; sifdlln.
khazafi ; sifdl-gar ; gil-gar.
nrinkOsJi,
sabu ; khinn.
( dilillz-i-khdna.
( pesh-gdh.
(water) db-rah ; mizdb ; mirzdb ;
(tube) lula.
rikab-Jehana ; tasht-dur khuna.
scinjak.
hci mil ; hammal.
sirlsh.
kalam-i-surb ; siyaln-dur kalam ;
kalam-i-siyahi-dar.
pupa,
rim pupa,
ustura.
chub-i-dasti.
'asa.
mikraz.
nalbaki ; tabakclia ; tishtarl.
pairuhan ; kamis.
mlzun; larazu ; (beam) shalnn ;
(pan) leaf a.
chudar.
parda.
fcinus.
kamar-band ; mtydn-band.
shal.
daman,
atlas,
ab-resham ; ab-reshim ; harir; Jthazz ;
(painted)parm^dn; (stuff) nas'ikh.
jurub ; pd-tdba.
180 A LIST OF USEFUL WpRDS.
signature,
dast-khatt ; sahih.
sack,
juwdl ; juwdlif.
a scribe,
kdtib ; nawlsanda ; muharrir.
seal,
inuhr.
slate,
lauh.
spring (of water),
db-khez ; chashma.
screw (turn),
pech-kash.
towel,
dast-mdl ; badan-i-khushk kun.
turban,
dastar ; 'amdma.
trousers,
shalwdr pd,ejdma; zer-jdma.
title (of a book),
ism-i-kitub.
tape,
nakh; fit.
tavern,
mai-kada ; khiim-khana; kharabat.
table (cloth),
sufra.
tray,
khwdn ; khwuncha.
(cover) khwun-posh.
threshold,
astana.
thread,
rishta.
tumbler,
istikan.
tools,
auzdr ; dast afrdz.
tongs,
dast-panah f ambur.
tailor,
Tchayat.
velvet,
makhmal.
vessel,
surf, (plur.) zurttf.
window,
ghurfa ; daricha.
wool,
pashm.
ward-robe,
pesh-pd.
wheat,
gandum ; (stalks), darakht-i-gan-
dum.
washerman,
gdzur.
to arrange,
bar chidan.
to bathe,
ghusl kardan.
n
(another) gfaisl dddan.
to knock at the door,
dar zadan ; halka,e dar zadan.
to light a candle,
shama'-rd dfrokhtan ; shamcf-rd
roshan dddan.
to make the bed,
bistdr yustardan.
A LIST OF USEFUL WORDS. 181
to put on one's poshdk poshldan ; libds dar bar kar-
clothes, dan ; libds zadan ; jama dar sarw
bar kardan.
to sew, dokhtan, (root) doz ; (to hem)
sajuf kardan.
to stitch, dkhidan, (root) akhin ; (to pipe)
sahij kardan.
to spread the table- sufra guzdshtan; or, sufra gustar-
cloth, dan.
to spin, rishtan, (root) rls.
to thread a needle, rishta ba suzan anddkhtan ; suzan-rd
nakh kardan.
to thread pearls, j* k kardan>
to thread rubies, lul munsalik kardan.
to extinguish a fire, dtash nislidndan.
to take fire, dtash girijtan.
to set fire (to a khuna-rd dtash zadan.
house),
182
CONVERSATIONAL TERMS.
Good night !
Peace be on you !
Good morning !
Praised be God !
And on you be peace and <
the blessing of God ! i
God bless you !
God be with you !
On whom be the peace of
God!
Blessing on him !
May it be well !
No, by God !
<
With heart and soul,
<
The great and glorious God,
1 In the name of God the
merciful and compassion-
ate !
1 To God be praise and glory !
1 There is no power, nor
virtue, but in God,
masd,u-l-khair !
saldm 'alaikum !
sabdhu-l-khair !
al hamdu-li-lldh !
o ' alaikumu-s-saldm o
rahmatu-l-ldh !
khudd hdfiz-i-shumd !
khudd hamrdh-i-shumd t
rahmatu-l-ldhi 'alaihi!
'alaihi-s-saldm !
khair bdshad !
Id wa-l-ldh !
ba jdn o dil.
ba sar o chashm.
ba chashm.
bajdn o minnat.
Mudd,e 'azza wajalla.
bismi -l-ldhi-r- rahmani- r-
rahim !
li-l-ldhi-l-hamdu wa-l-min-
natu!
Id haula wa Id kuwata illd
li-l-ldhi.
1 These expressions are in common use. As they are
at once common and peculiar they are given in character.
CONVERSATIONAL TERMS. 183
The student should note :
(a) The use of wasla.
(b) The use offaiha, as a final termination, in the
words azza, jalla, haula, kuwata.
(c) The use of zamma, as a final termination, in the
words, hamdu, minnatu.
(d) That 4)1 is pronounced as alldh ; that <JJ li-l-ldhi
is contracted from 4)V, in respect to which the
following remark is important :
" When the particle J is prefixed to a noun
beginning with J, which, when definite, ought
to have the article : the initial alij of the noun
disappears, and '(iu order to avoid the meeting
of three J's) the laud of the article is dispensed
with, or represented by tashdid."
184
SECTION HI.
LESSON 43. ON BREAKFAST.
sabak chihil o siwum dar ndshtd.
f lawdzima,e chdsht taiydr
get the breakfast equipage \ bi-kun.
ready, ) sdmdn wa asbdb-i-chdsht
(^ bi-sdz.
toast some bread, and butter kadre nun ba dtash garm
it properly, bi-kun o ba khub tarah
maska-ash bi-mdl.
( dyd db bajosh mi-dyad ?
(_ ay a db mt-joshad ?
does the water boil ?
give me a clean cup and
saucer,
give that gentleman another
cup of tea,
make it strong enough ; and
by putting in it plenty of
milk and sugar you will
always make it good,
provided the water be
actually boiling,
bring the cold meat, fowl,
ham, tongue, salt fish,
rice, and split pease in
the twinkling of an eye,
give me a cup of coffee and
a little more sugar,
finj an o nalbake saf mard
bi-dih.
an sdhib-rd finjdn-i-digar
azchd bi-dih. bard.ednsd-
hib yak finj dn-i-chd biydr.
chd-rd bar dbardit rust bi-kun,
o az anddkhtan-i-shtr-i-
bisiydr o shakar hamesha
khub laziz ml-shavad,
ba sharte ki db joshlda
bdshad.
gosht-i-sh'abma, murgh, rdn-
i-khuk-i-namak-zada, za-
bdn, mdhi t e namkm,
khushka o ddl-i-mun-
sharik ba chashm zadan
biydr.
finj dn-i-kahwa o kadre
(andake] shakar-i-zi^dda
mard bi-dih.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 185
boil some egg", but do not
let them get hard,
set the egg-ciips and salt-
cellar on that side, and
the tea-pot and coffee-pot
here,
what a blockhead you are
to require repeated orders
for such things !
bring bread, biscuit, sweet-
meats, cake, &c.,
you know I cannot drink
tea without cream,
the bread is very bad, and
full of sand,
discharge the baker if he
ever dare to send such
bread here,
chand ddnd,e tukhm-i-
murgh-rd josh bi-dih,
magar dn-rd sakht shudun
ma dih.
chand ddnd,e baiza bi-
joshdn [amma nimpukhta
bdshand] or \_amma ma
guzdr ki sakht shavand].
tukhm-i-murgh-ddnhd o na-
mak-ddn ba an taraf bi-
guzdr o chd-ddn o kahwa-
ddn ba in taraf.
' chi kadar ahmak ed ! ki
bard,e in chunin chizhd
bar bar hukm mi-Jchwahed.
chi sdn abla ed! ki bard,e
in chunin chizhd shurnd-
rd \bdr bar hukm dddan
bdyad~\. \_zariirat-i- hukm-
i-mukarrar bdshad.^
nan, kulicha, lauziydt, ndn-
i-khush, waajiaira, biydr.
shumd ml-ddned ki chd be
imdgh na mi-tawdnam
naushid.
nan bisiydr bad ast, o pur
az reg.
agar ndn-paz bdr-i-digar
jur,at - i -firistddan - i -
chunin nan bi-kunad, o-rd
ma'zul kun. 1
Or, murakhjthas bi-kun ; maukilf bi-kun.
186 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
dbe Tci az an in chd sdJchta
the water with which this shuda ast bardbar na
tea is made has not been
boiling ; it has no taste
at all,
ddrad.~\
these eggs are not fresh ; in ddndhd,e tulthm-i-murgh
from whom have you tdza nistand, az lei [or
brought them ? Never kujd'] dwarda ed, siwd,e
bring any to the table baiza,e -Tchdnagi hargiz
but those that are laid at bar sufra maydr.
home,
Exercise. One night a kuzi found in a book that who-
ever has a small head and a long beard is a fool. The
kdzl, having a small head and a long beard, said to him-
self, " I cannot increase the size of the head, but I will
shorten the beard." He sought for scissars, but could
not find tbem. Having no other course, he took half his
beard in his hand, and carried the other half towards the
lamp : when the hair took fire, the flames reached his
hand ; upon which, letting go his hold, the beard was
entirely consumed, and the kdzi overwhelmed with shame,
as it verified what was written in the book.
almond, bddam.
apple, seb.
apricot, zarddlu.
beet-root, chu ghundur ; pdzhu.
burrage, pudina.
capers, turushl,e kabar.
cherry, dlu-bdlu.
citron, turunj.
( ndriil.
cocoa-nut, [jaui-i-hindt.
cress (water), tara,e tezak.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 187
curry,
date,
fig,
fruit,
garlic,
grape,
herb (odoriferous)
kernel,
leek,
lemon,
mango,
melon,
mushroom,
nectarine,
onion,
orange,
pea,
peach,
pear,
pepper,
pickles,
i plum,
j pomegranate,
j quince,
shell,
thyme,
walnuts,
an omelette,
flour,
to lay an egg,
to roast,
to fry,
kaurma.
khunna ; (green, ripe) mtab, pi. art a b.
anjlr.
mewa ; samr.
sir.
amjur ; (bunch of) khusha,e angur;
(small bunch) tilinga t e angur.
nhart, (plur.) riydhln.
mac/hz.
ganddna.
limu ; (lime) ltmu,e kdcfhazi.
amba.
(musk) Ikharbuza; (water) hindu-
wana.
karch.
hulu.
piyaz.^
turunj.
lakild,e mush,
shaft dlu.
nushpati.
(white) filfil-i-abiaz ; (red) filfil-i-
sit rkh ; (black ) Jilftl-i-as wad.
turush.
alu (mogul) bdlu-zard.
anar ; rumdn.
bih.
post-i-jauz.
ipdr ; tar khun.
girdu ; (peeled) maghz - i - jauz
girdu.
khdglna.
drd.
tukhm dddan ; tukhm nihddan.
( ba sikh kardan ; kabdb kardan.
| gusht kofta ba sikh nihddan.
biriydn sdkhtan.
188 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
to poach an egg,
to fry an egg,
raw,
cooked,
baiza gawdza kardan.
baiza nimru kardan.
Mam.
pukhta.
LESSON 44. ON DINNER.
sabak chihil o chahdrum dar to! am.
tell the cook to have the
dinner ready at three
o'clock,
sir, dinner is ready,
where is the soup and the
soup-spoon ?
bringahot-waterplate, some
bread, potatoes, greens,
asparagus, cabbage, cauli-
flowers, turnips, carrots,
cucumbers,
let me have a clean plate,
knife, fork, spoon, salt,
mustard, vinegar, pepper,
horse-radish, olive-oil,
sauce, and everything of
this sort,
let me have of every sort
of vegetable on the table
daily, and tell me the name
of each,
what do you call that vege-
table ?
\jasli paz~]-rd hukm bi-dih ki
khurdk-i-shdm ba ivakt-i-
sa'at-i-si taiydr bi-kunad.
\_tabbdTch ; mutabbtkh.']
sdhibd, sham taiydr ast.
shorba o kdshugJi-i-shorba
kiijd ast ?
bushkdb-i-ab-i-garm, kadre
nun, dlu, sabza, asfardj,
karam-kalla, karam-kal-
la,e shugufta, shalcfham,
gazar, khiydr, biydr.
az bard,e man bushkdb-i-sdf,
kdrd, changal, kdshuah,
namak, khardil, sirka,
Jifjil, turb-i-tez, raughan-
i-zait, turshi o waajiaira
az In kism biydr.
har ruz az bard,e man bar
svfra sabza,e har kism
bi-guzdr, o az ndm-i-liar
chlz nishdn bi-dih.
an balclat-rd chi mi-goyed?
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 189
get one dressed for me
every day, and tell me
the name of each as I
eat it, till you see I can
call for everything of this
sort by its proper name,
do so with everything else,
as this will be a capital
plan for learning and
digesting this useful
tongue, being at once a
meal and a lesson,
bring some beef, mutton,
veal, fish, fowl, and veni-
son,
can you dress Persian
dishes well ?
what fruits are in season
now ? bring me some of
each sort,
to-morrow we shall dine in
the country, send every-
thing in time,
will this meat keep so long
in this weather ?
now you may all depart,
you have leave,
har ruz bard,e man yoke bi-
paz, o ba wakt-i-khurdan-
i-oazndmashnishdn bi-dih
td ki ba shumd in! alum
shavad ki man ' ndm-i-in
guna chiz bardbar giriftan
mt-tawdnam.
ba har chiz ham badln taur
bi-kun, zird ki bara,e d-
mokhtan o ydd ddshtan-i-
zabdn-i-mufldbisiydr khub
tajwize khwdhad bud, ki
ham sabak o ham tabak ast,
kadre gusht-i-gdw, gusht-i-
gusfand, gusht-i-gusdla,
gusht-t -mdhi, gusht-i-
murgh, wa gusht-i-dhu
biydr.
shumd ta'dm chu ahl-i-fdrs
ba tarah'i-khub ml-ta-
wdned pukht?
\_mausim -i - kuddm mewd
ast . ? ] kadre az har kism
biydr. \_m wakt mewd,e
kuddm kism rasida bdsh-
ad?~\
fardd berun-i-shahr sham
khwdhem khi(rd, har chiz
\Jbar wakt^ bi-firist. [ba
wakt^]
dyd dar in mausim in gosht
td ba In kadar der tdza
khwdhad mdnd ?
ilhdl shumd bi-raved, rukh-
sat ast.
in wakt shumd tashrif bi-
bared, murakhkhased.
190 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
Exercise. A person said to his servant, " If you see
two crows together early in the morning, apprize me of
it, that I may also behold them, as it will be a good omen,
whereby I shall pass the whole day pleasantly." In
short, the servant saw two crows in one place : he in-
formed his master ; but when the latter came, he saw
only one, the other having flown away. He was very
angry, and began to beat the servant ; at which time a
friend sent him some victuals. The servant said, " my
lord ! you saw only one crow, and have obtained victuals ;
had you seen two, you would have got a beating."
LESSON 45. ON NAMING, TELLING, SPEAKING, &c.
sabak chihil o panj dar ndmldan o guftdn.
what is the name of this ?
what do you call this thing ?
what do they call that in
Persian ?
can you tell me where Mr.
lives ?
tell me the name of this in
your own language,
do not tell any one what I
said to you about that
book,
he would not tell me which
of the two was yester-
day's or to-morrow's
lesson,
ndm-i-in chiz chist ?
shumd in chiz-rd clii [ml-
goyed ?] [mi-named. .]
dn-rd dar zabdn-i-fdrsi chi
mi-goyand ?
mard mi-tawdned guft ki
snhib-i-fuldn kujd manzil
ddrad ?
dar zabdn-i-khud mard az
ndm-i-m chlz nishdn bi-dih.'
az bdbat-i-dn kitdb dnchiba
tu guftam ba kase ma go.
/marzi,e o na bud ki bi-gnyad
az In har du sabak kuddm
sabak-i-diruza bud, yd
kuddm sabak - i -fardd
khwdhad bud.
ba man guftan na mi-
Jchwdhad, ki az in har du
kuddm sabak-i-dlruza, o
kuddm az farda khwdhad
bud.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISKS.
191
your servant does not mind
what you say to him,
tell him he is a great rogue,
and that he is always
telling his master no end
of lies.
well, I will not speak to
him, as I may get angry
and beat him ; but give
him his wages aud dis-
miss him,
what did he say when you
told him to remain till I
returned ?
he said he had business, and
could notpossiblyreruain,
did you ask him of what
nature the business
was ?
yes, I did ask ; but he said
it was an affair of secrecy
which he could not
divulge,
ba dnchi shumd mi-goyed
naukar -i - shumd muta-
wajjih nist.
naukar-i-shumd bar hukm-i-
shumd \jnutawajjih na
inl-sliavad~\. \_khaydl na
mi-dihad ; gosh na mi-
dihad.~\
o-rd bu-go ki tu bisiyr
aubashi wa hamesha a
sdhib-i-khud [darogh, az
hadd ziydda mi-goyi~\.
\daftar -i- darogh. mi-
kushd,i.~\
bisiydr khub, man ba o
sukhan na khwdham hard
az in sabab ki shdyad
khashmndk shavam, o o-rd
bi-zanam ; ammd shumd
o-rd muwdjib-ashbi-dihed,
o rukhsat kuned.
o chi guft, wakte ki shumd
hukm ddded ki td bdz
gashtan-i-man [injd bdsh~\
or \_bi-mdn~],
o guft ki mard \Jcdr~\ ast, o
mannami-tawdnam mdnd.
\_shiujhle.~]
az o pur sided ki kdr-at chi
bud?
bale, man az o pursidam,
lekin guft ki [kdr-i-makh-
fi~] ast, o dn-rd zdhir na
mi-tawdnam kard. [_su-
khan-i-parda.^
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
they speak English among
themselves and Persian
with us,
they will know him to be
a foreigner, though he
speaks the Persian very
grammatically,
could I speak the Persian
I would with pleasure ;
but, alas, I cannot join
two sentences together
in that tongue,
you will be able to speak it
in a few months, and you
ought to practise speaking
it with every one who is
able to tell you how to
speak it well,
how much I regret not to be
able to understand what
they say,
I take the liberty to inform
you that nothing but
practice will enable you
to speak with fluency,
[darmiydn -i- khnd-i-shdn]
zabdn-i-inglisi mi-goy-
and, o bd md fdrsi. [bd-
hain.^
eshan khwdhand ddnist ki o
[ghair mulli,e'] ast agarchi
zabdn-i-fdrsi ba kd,ida
nii-goyad. \_ghariltu-l-
watne. ]
agar zabdn - i -fdrsi mi-
tawdnistam guft ba khu-
shi mi-guftam, amind
afsos ! ki dar-dn zabdn
du jirmla bdham na mi-
tawdnam sdkht.
dar 'arsa,e chand mdh shumd
bardbar khwdhed tawdnist
guft, ammd bdyad ki bd
har . shakhs,e ki az sihhat-
i - kaldm agdh tawdnid
namud mukdlima bi-kuned
o ist'imdl-i-mashk-i-haraf
zadan karda bashed.
bisiydr maghmum am ! ki
dnchi eshdnmi-farmdyand,
bafahm-i-manna mi-dyad.
agdrchi gustdkhl ast, ba
shumd izhdr mi-kunam ki
ba juz mashk digar chiz
tawdndi,e guft-c/u ba
tarrdrl na mi-bakhshad.
Exercise. A poet went to a rich man, and bestowed
great praises on him ; at which the latter, being pleased,
said, " I have not any money at command, but a large
quantity of grain : if you come again to-morrow I will
give you some." The poet went home, and early the
next morning went again to the rich man, who asked him
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 193
why he .was come. He answered, "Yesterday you
promised to give me some grain, and I am now come for
it." The other replied, " You are an egregious fool ;
you delighted me with words, and I have also pleased
you ; why, therefore, should I give you any corn ?" The
poet went away ashamed.
LESSON 46. ON VISITING, SHOPPING, &c.
sabak chihil o shishum dar muldkdt kardan o khariddri.
bring the palk! near me,
take me to Mr. 's,
send the footman on before
to see if the gentleman
be at home or not,
bring the palki close to the
door,
go as fast as you can,
ask if the gentleman has
gone out, and when he
will return,
give my compliments to
yonr master, and give
this note to him when he
returns,
you have lost the road to
Mr. 's house ; this is
not it.
ask the people in that house
to show yon the way,
go to the China bazar,
nazd-i-man [pdlki] biydr.
\_takht-i-raw an. \
mard ba khdna,e sdhib-i-
fuldn bi-bar.
piydda,e-rd pesh bi-firist, ki
dydjandb-i-mirzd ba khd-
na tashrlf ddrand yd na.
nazd-i-darwdza pdlki biydr.
ba harchi tamdmtar ba \_ta?-
jit] bi-rau. ['ujlat.']
bi-purs, dyd sdhib berun
rafta, o agar rafta andkai
bdz [khwdhand araarfj.
[tashrlf khwdhand d-
ward.~\
saldm-i-man ba sdhib-i-khu-
dat bi-rasdn, wa wakte
ki o bdz bi-dyand, in
khan ba oshdn bi-dih.
j gum karda ed ;
(' ki mi-rave
khatd ast.~\
az mardumdn-i-dn
rdh bi-purs.
ba bdzdr-i-chini bi-rau.
13
rdh-i-khdna,e sahib-i-fuldn
d; [In
ki mi-raved], [in
mst
rdh
khdna
194 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
keep on this side or on that
side,
take care you do not go
near that bull,
keep clear of that dust on
the road,
let that chair go on before,
keep behind my brother's
chair,
why do you pass any gentle-
man's chair in that way ?
bring the umbrella to this
side,
do not go near the carriage,
put down the palki,
stop, I am going to this
shop,
what is the price of this
book?
I will not give so much,
I won't give half the price
you ask,
I do not want the book,
but if you sell it very
cheap I may purchase it,
I have no cash about me,
but if you will follow me
you will receive your
money at my house,
in taraf yd an taraf bi-gtr.
khabar-ddr ki nazd-i-dn ndr
gaw na ram.
az \_khdk~\-i-rdh ba kindr
bash, \_gar d.~\
bi-guzdr ki an kursi-rd pesh
bi-barand.
dar pai [or 'akab~\-i-kursi^e
barddar-am bash,
chirdbadn tarah az pahlu,e
kursi,e kuddm sahib mi-
guzari.
ba in taraf chatr biydr.
nazd-i-kdliska ma rau.
pdlki pd,in bi-guzdr.
istdda bash, ba in dukdn ml-
ravam.
klmat-i-in kitdb chist ?
an kadar [chandin] kimat
na khwdham dad.
dnchi klmat ki sliumd
mi-khivdhed nisf-i-dn niz
man na khwdham dad.
mard zarurat-i-kitdb mst,
ammd agar arzdn kh wh-
edfarokht, shdyad ki bi-
kharam.
[nazd-i-khud-am pul nist,]
agar shumd 'akab-i-man
khwdhed dmad, ba khdna.e
man khwdhed ydft. [ba
khud pul na ddram.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 195
bring the book with you, kitdb ham rah-i-khyd biyar,
and then receive its price, o pas klmat-ash bi-glr.
Exercise. One day a tyrannic king having gone out
of the city unattended, saw a person sitting under a tree,
of whom he inquired, " What is the character of the
king of this country ? Is he oppressive or just? " He
answered, " He is a great tyrant." The king said, " Do
you know me ?" He answered, " No." The king re-
joined, " I am the monarch of this place." The man was
terrified, and asked, " Do you know who I am ?" The
king said he did not. He rejoined, " I am the son of
such a merchant ; three days in every month I lose my
senses, and this is one of those three days." The king
laughed, and ended the conversation.
COLOURS ranglia.
ashy, Tchiiki start.
azure, db-gun ; lujaward.
colour, rang.
black, siydh ; aswad ; slum.
blue, kabud.
blue, indigo, nil.
brown, gandum-gun.
green, sabz ; akhzar.
red, surkh.
rusty, zangdrl.
violet, binafsh.
white, safaid ; .abyaz.
yellow, zarcl.
LESSON 47. ON WALKING, RIDING, &c.
1 sabak chihil o haftum dar sair o sawdri.
he is gone out somewhere az barii,e [gashtan] ba ja,e
to walk, rafta ast. [saz'r; tamuslia.~]
1 sabak chihil o haftum dar gashtan bar rah o sawdr
shudan.
196 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISKS.
I shall go out also, and
man niz berun khwaham raft
walk round the fort,
o gird-i-kila' khwaham
gasht.
in my country people walk
dar mulk-i-man mardumdn
a great deal,
bisiyar ml-gardand.
can you walk much ?
shumd pdrpiyada bisiyar nii-
tawdned gasht ?
I like walking on foot very
pd-piydda raftan bisiyar
much, and, were I not
pasand ddram [rni-Tthiud-
lame, I would walk out
ham~\, o agar lang na
with you,
budam man ba ham rdh-
i-shumd mt-gashtam.
walking in the open field
1 wakte ki mausim sard ast
when it is cool is highly
dar maiddngashtan bara,e
beneficial to health,
tabi'at bisitjur mufid ast.
;darmiydn an 'alaf-zdr ma
gard [ki pdyat bar mdre
nayuftad].
. ., ... ^ ._ __
\_ki pdyat bar mdre na
a snake,
1 khurad.-] _
\lci pa,e turd mdre na
V zanad.~\
is the horse ready ?
asp taiyar ast ?
put the saddle we! on,
bar asp zm ba khubi bi-band ;
asp-rd zin ba Tthubi kun.
td man bar zm bardbar bar
hold the bridle till I be
fairly mounted,
dyam, lag dm girifta bash,
ligdm-rd bardbar bi-gir td
man muhkam sawdr sha-
vam.
take up the stirrup one
ba kadar-i-yak surdkh-i-
hole,
digar [rikdb bald bi-
gir]. \_sdkat-rd kotdh bi-
kun.~\
1 winter,
zamistdn.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 197
see that the reins are strong
and kept in constant re-
pair,
here, you groom, hold the
horse, I must dismount
for a little,
take care, he will get out of
your hands,
see, is that ground proper
for the horse to go over,
coax him that he may not
be restive,
put a cloth over the horse's
eyes,
where is the saddle-cloth,
crupper, the bit, belly-
band, housings, &c. ?
examine the place carefully,
and see how far the water
comes up,
you must not give the horse
water now whilst he is
so very warm,
is this a quiet horse for the
road?
does he stand fire ?
walk him about, rub him
well down, and take care,
at your peril, that he
does not catch cold,
bi-bin ki zamdmhd kawi and
yd na, o hamesha dnhd-rd
marammat karda bash.
ai sd,is ! asp-rd bi-gir ki
mard, bard,e andak fur-
sate pa, in shudan buy ad.
khabar ddr lei asp az dast-i-
shumd na gurezad.
bi-bin ki an zamin mundsib-i-
raftan-i-asp ast yd na.
o-rd nawdzish bi-kun, kl
khira na sliavad.
bar chashmhd,e asp parda
bi-guzdr [or bi-band}.
zin-posh, dumchi, dahana,e
lagdm, tang, ajldl, wa-
ghaira kujd and ?
an jd,e-rd ba khabarddri
nnddhaza bi-kun o [?'-
liirn bi-namd~\ ki db td
kujd mi-rasad. \muttalf
shau.~]
asp-rd db na bdyad dad td
ki In chunin garm bdshad.
bard,e rdh raftan in asp
salim ast, yd na ?
az dwdz-i-top o tufang [ram
na mi-kunad] ? [iia mi-
ramadJ]
o-rd bi-garddn, ba Jehftbi
mdlish-i-o, bi-kun o [Ma-
barddr bash ki in kdr, ba
zimma,e tust] ki sard na
girad. {Jthabar ddr.']
Exercise. A learned man used to attend a mosque,
198 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
and preach to the people. One of the congregation wept
constantly. One day the preacher said, " My words
make a great impression on this man's heart, which is
the reason of his crying so much." Others observed thus
to the man who wept : " The learned man does not make
any impression on our minds ; what kind of a heart
must you have to be always in tears ?" He answered,
" I do not weep at his discourse, but I had a favourite
goat, of which I was exceedingly fond. When the goat
grew old he died : now, whenever the learned man
speaks and wags his chin, the goat comes to my remem-
brance, for he had just such a long beard."
STABLE TERMS dar bdb-i-\istabal']. \tawlla.']
bay,
kahar ; surkh.
grey,
khing.
black,
adham ; shabdez.
piebald,
ablak.
chesnut,
kumait.
white,
nufcra.
dun,
kuran ; samand.
FORAGE 'alaf.
barley,
jau.
sabza ;
giydh; giydh -i-
bran,
kazim.
akhzar.
corn,
ghalla.
grass,
kah ; qiyah.
gram,
nakhvd.
hay, straw, kdh.
grain, duna.
green grass (barley) khaw'id;
purslain,
giyah-i-namndJe.
PARTS OF THE HORSE
back,
pusht.
hoof,
sum.
chest,
slna.
leg,
sdk.
ear,
gosh.
mane,
aydl.
eye,
chashm.
neck,
gardan.
forehead,
peshdnl.
shoulder,
shdna.
foot,
pd,e.
thigh,
shalwdr.
head,
tar.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 199
a broker,
farrier,
. rider (good)
bucket,
cart,
a colt,
dung,
halter,
horse,
leather,
peg (to which to
fasten the heel
ropes),
stirrup,
shoe,
saddle cloth,
tether,
whip,
broad,
beautiful,
clean and straight,
cheap,
dear,
expansive,
elegant form,
graceful action,
hand,
open,
quiet,
quick,
slender,
tall,
taper,
(horse) dalldl-i-asp ; sauddgar-i-asp.
rial-band.
shah sawdr ; chdbuk sawdr.
taajidr ; dalw.
'ardba ; (carriage) kdliska.
Jchung ; kurra.
(horse) sargin-i-asp ; (cow) sargin-
i-gdw.
nukhta ; pdldhang ; pdlhang.
(trappings) sdz-o-yardk-i-asp ; (har-
ness) rakht -i- kdliska ; (cloth)
gardarii.
postln; charm,
gur mekh.
rikdb ; (leather) rikdb-duwdl; sdkat.
rial; (shoeing) rial-bandi.
namad zm ; namda.
tawlla; tula; tasma.
tdziydna ; to whip, tdziydna zadan.
'ariz.
makbul.
pdk o rdst.
arzun.
girdn.
pahan.
khush-shakl ; Jchush anddm.
khush harakat.
wajab ; (half) nim-wajab.
wasV.
salim ; gharib ; Tialim.
chdfdk.
bdrlk.
Inland.
kaldmi.
200 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
vicious,
wide,
horse,
to curry (a horse),
to dismount,
to drive,
to graze,
to gallop,
to goad a horse,
to leap,
to be lame,
to mount,
to neigh,
to ride,
to stumble,
to understand
horses,
a thorough bred
Arab horse,
blood,
good marks,
shartr.
kushdda.
(pleasant-paced) asp^i-shdh gum ;
(slow-paced) asp-i-kam raw; kam-
rdh; (fleet-paced) asp-i-bdd pd,e
rawdn.
asp timdr kardan.
( az asp pd,m amadan.
\ az asp pa farud amadan.
dar kdliska nishasta asp randan.
charidan.
tdkhtan.
bar asp mahmez zadan.
jastan.
langldan.
(bar asp sawar shudan.
< bar asp ba zin bar amadan.
(, bar asp ba zin bar nishastan.
zinudan.
sawar-i-asp budan ; sawar shudan ;
sawdr raftan.
laghzidan; (a slip) laghzish.
asp shindkhtan.
asp-i- 'arable khdlis [or Mass],; asp-
i-tdzl.
(good) Mush rag ; asil ; (bad) bad
rag ; (mixed) du rag.
khush nishdn.
LESSON 48. ON SPORTING.
sabak chihil o hashtum dar bdb-i-shikdr [or nakhchir~].
is there much game in this dar in [nawdhl'] bisiydr
neighbourhood ?
in
shikar ast ? [atraf ;
akndf.]
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 201
there are wild buffaloes in
abundance, a few tigers,
and all kinds of smaller
game.
in every field there are par-
tridges, and that swamp
is full of water-fowl,
clean all the fowling-pieces
well, and put up a few
bullets also for the large
guns,
call some of the villagers to
show the usual haunts of
the game,
behind that copse there are
two wild buffaloes ; do
you fire at the one to-
wards the left, I shall
take the other,
you have hit the mark, but
I have missed,
how many birds have you
killed ?
do you think there is any
game here, or any beast
of prey ?
when it gets cool, towards
the evening, we shall go
to that wood ; perhaps
we may see something
or other,
if you can swim, bring out
that duck and those two
geese : the duck has
dived, but will soon
appear again,
bisiydr gdmesh - i - dasht'i,
chand sher o said az liar
kism and.
dar har kisht kabakdn and
o an tdldb az murgjidb'i-
ydn pur ast.
hama tufanghd la khubi
sdf bi-kun o niz bard,e
tufang hd,e-kaldn chand
gululahd bi-guzdr.
chand \_dihkdndn~\-rd bi-
talab nishdn dihand ki
kujd shikar mi-mdnand.
\jahl-i-dih ; nafrdn.~\
pas-i-dn besha du gdmesh-i-
dashti and, shumd ba an
ydrnesh ki ba chap ast
tufang bi-zaned, man bd
rdst.
shumd nishdn zada ed, o man
khatd karda am.
chi kadar murgltdn \_kusht a~\
ed? [zada.']
ayd, shumd mi-ddned ki injd
saide ast, yd nakhchire.
chiin karib-i-wakt-i-shum
sard khwdhad shud, ba an
besha md khwdhem raft ;
bdshad ki chize digar bi-
binem.
agar shumd shindmi-tawdned
kard, an bat tea an har
du kdz bar dred ; bat
ghota khurda ast zud ba
nazar khwdhad dmdd.
202 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
give me some small shot and
a turnscrew ; this powder
is damp, dry it a little
in the sun,
take the people with you,
and beat all the bushes
well,
keep close there, I see a
tiger near that bush,
why do you fire in that
careless manner ? you
will wound the country
people,
take a good aim, do not be
confused, but lodge the
ball in the tiger's head,
otherwise we are all dead
men,
have you brought the fish-
ing apparatus with you ?
there are some good
fishing stations here,
mar a kadre sdchima bi-dih o
pech-gard; in bdrut[nam-
ndlcast\; o-rddardftdbbi-
guzdrki khushk bi-shavad.
[nam girifta ast^\ or \_nam
kasluda ast~\ or [far shuda
ast].
mardumdn-rd ham rdh-i-
khud bi-gir o besha-rd ba
khubi bi-zan.
dnjd \_poshida bdsh~\ kinazd-
i-dn dirakht shere mi-
binam. \jpinhdn shau ;
sdkit bdsh.~\
chird ba an chundn be kha-
bari tufang mi-zaned ?
dihkdndn - rd zakhmt
Ithwahed kard.
shist-rdkhub bi-gtr,pareshdn
ma bash, ammd dar sar-i-
sher gulula bi-zan ; warna
bi-ddn ki hama \_murdagdn
Tthwdhembud~\. \Jthwdhem
murd, or mi-mirem.~\
lawdzima,e mdhl-gtr ba
ham rah -i- Tthud - i - tan
dwarda ed ; in jd bardie
giriftan - i- mdhi bisiydr
jdhd,e khub and.
Exercise. A woman was walking, and a man looked
at her, and followed her. The woman said, " Why do
you follow me ?" He answered, " Because I have fallen
in love with you." The woman said, " Why are you in
love with me ? my sister is much handsomer than I am ;
she is coming after me ; go and make love to her." The
man turned back, and saw a woman with an ugly face.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 203
Being greatly displeased, he went again to the other
woman, and said, " Why did you tell a falsehood ?" The
woman answered, " Neither did you speak truth ; for if
you are in love with me, why did you go after another
woman ?" The man was confounded, and went away in
silence.
NAMES OF ANIMALS.
animal,
flesh-eating,
grazing,
flying,
stinging,
four-footed,
antelope,
beast,
buffalo,
camel,
calf,
cattle,
cat,
dog,
dragon,
elephant,
fox,
jdnwar ; jdnwdr ; haiwdn.
daranda ; sabd' (sing. sabu').
charanda ; (creeping) girdshanda.
paranda ; murghan ; fair (plur.
tui/ur).
gazanda.
char pd ; (stall-fed) 'alaf-kh\ir.
QUADRUPEDS.
dardz-gosh ; himdr ; khar ; uldgh ;
(wild) gor ; gor khar.
dhu ; (deer) hiran ; (stag) gawazn.
(wild or tame) bahlmat (sing.) ;
(wild) bahd,im (plur.) ; vxthsh,
(plur. wahusk) ; (of prey) nakh-
chtr.
gdmus ; gdo mesh,
shutur; ushtur ; (riding) bukjiti ;
(hump of) kahun,
gus dla.
haiwdndt; mawdshl (plur. of md-
shiya).
gurba.
sag ; kalb ; (pup) tula,
azhdahd.
fU; pil; (trunk of) khurtum ;
(elephant body) pil tan.
rubdh.
204 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
goat,
jackal,
hare,
hog,
leopard,
lion,
mule,
mouse,
mongoose, weazel,
mole,
monkey,
panther,
rhinoceros,
sheep,
wolf,
bird,
bat,
bustard,
crow,
cock (dunghill),
fowl,
hawk,
buz; khasi ; kurk ; (kid) ghala.
shaghjil ; shagjidd.
khar-gosh.
khinzir ; khuk ; gurdz ; (hedge)
khdr-pusht.
palang.
slier ; zaigkam asad ; zarghdm ;
hizbar ; sabu* ; (fierce) sher-i-
zhiydn ; sher-i-sharza.
kdtir ; astar.
mush,
rdsu.
mush -i- kilr ; mushak ; (squirrel)
mushak-i-parran.
buzina ; buzna ; maimun.
palang ; (small) yuz ; (tiger) sher.
karkaddan.
gusfand.
gurg.
BIEDS paranda.
(fabulous) simurgh ; 'anka ; rukhkh.
shab-para ; shabpara ; shab pur.
balwad.
zagb (raven) ghurdb.
Tchurus.
murgh ; (water) titu ; murgjiabi
(young) chuza.
bdz , (sparrow) mush-gtr ; bdsha.
1 wing, bdl ; (feather) par.
strong of wing, kawi bdl; tez-bdl ; jandh-i-istijdl.
beak of a bird, minkdr.
to peck at (a thing), bar chize minkdr zadan.
to expand the wings, bdl afshdndan.
to moult, par rekhtan.
to build a nest, bdludan ; dshiydna kardan.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 205
nest (bird's),
dshiydna ; dshiydn.
nightingale,
bulbul ; 'andalib ; shab-Tchwdn.
owl,
bum ; chvghd ; kokan ; kokah ; ko-
kanaTc.
parrot,
Wi.
pelican,
rakham ; (heron) mdhi - kjvwdr ;
(crane) kalang.
peacock,
tu,us.
partridge,
kabk ; (note of) kahkaha ; (moun-
tain) kabk-i-dari.
pheasant,
tazarv ; tadarv ; (quail) tlhu.
pigeon,
kabutar ; kuku ; (green) kabutar-i-
sabz rang ; (ring-dove) fdkhta ;
fdkhta,e mutawwak ; mutawwaka;
(tumbler) kabfitar-i-mu'allaki.
sparrow,
kunjashk ; \isfur.
swallow,
bdlwdh ; abdbm.
vulture,
kargas; nasr; (eagle) \ikdb; (falcon)
shdhm; shdh-bdz ; (kite) zaghan.
1 INSECTS.
ant,
mor.
bee,
zambur-i- asal.
beetle,
kushtak.
cricket,
shab-g~ir.
fly,
magas; (butter-) parwdna; fardsh ;
shah-para.
flea,
kaik ; shab gaz ; (tick) kiina ;
(louse) shubsh.
hornet,
zambur-surkh.
locust,
malakh ; (grasshopper) malakh-i-
piydda.
mosquito,
pasha,e kurak ; (gnat) rumd.
1 sting, nesli.
stinger, nesh-zan.
striking with a sting, nesh-zanl.
206 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
moth, parwuna.
spider, 'ankabut ; sher-i-magas.
spider's web, khdna,e 'ankabut ; tdr-i-ankabut .
wasp, zambur-i-zard ; zambur-i-kujir ; zam-
bura.
REPTILES AND FISHES.
alligator, crocodile, nahang ; sher-i-dbi.
chameleon, buk alamun ; abu-kurrat.
frog, gjiuk ; zafda\
lizard, karfash.
leech, zalu.
millipede, jdnwdr-i-hazdr pd,e.
snake, mar ; (large) of a ; (python) awl.
scorpion, kazh dwn ; 'akrab.
tortoise, kashtuk ; kashaf.
turtle, sang-pusht ; sipar-posh.
worm, (silk-) kirim - i - badufna ; (glow-)
kirim-i-shab tab; (earth) Tcharatm.
fish, muhl ; (torpedo) ra'ad; (oyster)
sadaf; (scales of) pulak ; (crab)
kalankhdr ; kharchang ; (whale)
hut ; (porpoise) khuk-i-daryd.
LESSON 49. ON TRAVELLING.
sabak chihil o nuhum dar siydhat [or saiyahi~\.
how many stages is Shiraz shiraz az in shahr cliand
fi'om this town ? manzil \_ast~\ ? \_darad.~\
is your boat ready ? dyd mdshuh,e shumd taiydr
ast?
are all your people ready to * dyd hama mardumdn - i-
go a voyage to Mecca ? shumd ba safr kardan-i-
k'aba taiydr and ?
what is the hire of this boat az bard,e du mdh kirdya,e
for two months ? in kishti chlst ?
1 the aim of one's life, k'aba,ejdn.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 207
at which hour does the tide
serve to go up the river
to-day ?
as soon as the tide serves,
let the boat be taken a-
bove the shipping to such
a ghat, whei-e we will
embark in the even-
ing,
we must not commence,
such a journey without
being provided with
every necessary and com-
fort, few of which are
procurable on the way,
both to avoid expense and
inconvenience, we must
reduce our baggage to as
small a quantity as pos-
sible,
I am not going by water, I
prefer going by land,
we must have everything
well packed, to guard
against all accidents,
which occur frequently
by the carelessness of
servants, independent of
those common to all
travellers,
come, chairman, in whose
service are you, and when
did you arrive in
Balki?
imruz ba chi sd'at db bald
mi-ravad ki ma ba daryd
raftan mi-tawdnem ?
ba mujarrad-i-mundsib shu-
dan-i-madd mdshuh bdld,e
jahdzhd ba fuldn 'ubur-
gdh bi-gir, ki irnshab sawdr
shavem.
bidun-i-mavjud shudan-i-
sdmdn-i-safr o wa.gha.ira,
zaruriydt in chunln safr
kardan na bayad, zird ki
dar rah bisiydr chizhd
kam \_dastyab~\ mi-shavad.
\_muyassar.~]
az bard,e kam Jcharch wa
parhez-i-takhlif mundsib
ast, ki dar sdmdn ba
har kadar ki tawdnem
takhfif namdyem.
az daryd na mi-ravam, balki
rah - i - khushki pasand
ddram.
bar hama wdki'dt nigdh
ddshta bdshem ki az
ghafilat-i-naukardn ivdk?
mi-shavad \_siwd,e har~\
wdriddte ki bar musdfirdn
mi-uftad md-rd bayad
kihama asbdb-rd ba tarah-
i-Jchub bi-bandem. ['t7a-
wa,e an hama.~\
ai hammdl ! shumd naukar-
i-kisted, o kai ba balkJi
rasided ?
208 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
hammaldn-i-digar hamrdh-
i-shumd chand nafarand ?
mardumdn-rd bi-go ki hame-
sha nazd-i-db, o agar mum-
kin ast zer-i-diraJchthd,
Jchaimahd istdda bi-kunand
[or bar pa bi-kunand~\.
eshdn hama ham-watandn-i-
shumd and, yd khweshdn-
i-shumd ?
kuddm td,ifa,e hammdldn
ast ki az digardn ziydda
pul hdsil mi-kunand ?
in dih dar kuddm ta'alluka
ast, o hdkim-i-dn kist?
mulke kimd az an imruz guz-
dshta em [chi dbad ast~\ ?
\_chibisiydr mazdri' ; maz-
ru 1 ast.~\
zaminddr-i-dn dih-rd bi-go,
ki chand mardumdn -i -
Jchud-ash-rd ba wakt-i-
shdm bi-firistad ki eshdn
bard,e masaid - rd gird
biydwarand. .
khabarddr kj, kimat-i-har
chiz ddda shavad, o ba
dihfcdndn \_zabar dasfi\
karda na shavad. \_zulm ;
tazallum.~\
Exercise. A miser said to a friend, " I have now a
thousand rupis, which I will bury out of the city, and I
will not tell this secret to any one besides yourself." In
short, they went out of the city together, and buried the
how many other chairmen
are with you ?
desire the people always to
pitch the tents near water,
and, if possible, under
trees,
are they all your country-
men only, or your rela-
tions ?
what tribe of chairmen is
there here who make
more money than the
rest?
what district is this village
in, and who is the magis-
trate of it ?
how very highly cultivated
the country is, through
which we passed to-day !
tell the proprietor of that
village to send some of
his people in the evening
to beat up the game for
us,
take care that everything is
paid for, and that no
violence be used against
the villagers,
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 209
money under a tree. Some days after, the miser went
alone to that tree, but found no signs of his money. He
said to himself, " Excepting that friend, no other has
taken it away ; hut if I question him, he will never
confess." He therefore went to his house, and said, " A
great deal of money is come to my hands, which I want
to put in the same place ; if you will come to-morrow, we
will go together." The friend, by coveting this large
sum, replaced the former money, and the miser the next
day went there alone, and found his money. He was de-
lighted with his own contrivance, and never again placed
any confidence in friends.
COUNTRIES AND TOWNS,
Aleppo,
Bassora,
Bushir,
Bokhara,
Bagdad,
Balkh,
Baalbec,
Canaan,
Constantinople,
Damascus,
Greece,
Ispahan,
Jerusalem,
Khiva,
Kashgar,
Khorassau,
halb.
basra.
lushahr ; dbushahr.
lukhdrd.
baghddd.
balkh.
ba'albak.
kan'dn.
istambul ; kiistuntuniya t
dimishk.
yundn, rum,
( isfahun ; Ispahan.
( sipalidn.
f yarusalam.
\ kuds ; arshalim.
1 makdis.
(^ bailu-l-mukaddaSi
Jchaiva.
kashcfhar.
khurdsdn.
14
210 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
Mecca,
Shiraz,
Turkey,
Yemen,
( maka, kibla.
( k'aba. '
shirdz.
rumiya ; mulk-i-rum.
yaman.
SEAS AND RIVERS,
Aral,
Azov,
Black Sea,
Caspian,
Euphrates,
Indus,
Nile,
Persian Gulf,
Red Sea,
Tigris,
anchor,
admiral,
abyss,
a boat,
a blow,
compass,
chart,
cable,
captain,
cabin (of a ship),
capstan,
dock,
bahru-l-dral.
bahru-l-abyaz.
bahru-l-aswad.
gaug ; bahru-l-Jchazar.
far at.
daryd,e sind.
( abdsln ; db-i-hind.
riid-i-nil.
( bahm-l-fdris.
C Ithalij-i-fara.
bahru-l-ahrnar.
dajla.
nahru-s-salam.
langar.
amlru-l-bahr.
lajjat; 'dkul.
mdshuh ; safina ; zaurak ;
(skiff) busi.
lutma; (of waves) taldtum.
kutb numd.
naksha,e bahr.
zanj'ir-i-langar ; kataj.
nd khudd ; kishtl-bdn.
f dabus.
( dabusa.
dhanjad.
gtidi ; sindr.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 211
drowned,
a drowning person,
depth,
ferry,
ferry-boat,
horizon,
light-house,
leadsman,
loadstone,
mast of a ship,
maritime,
navigation,
oar,
port (sea),
pilot,
rudder,
rock (in the sea),
rigging,
rower,
sail,
salt,
sailor,
storm,
steamer,
ship,
maghnikt
gharlk.
'umuk.
( nia'abar.
( db-guzdr.
kishtl,e guzdra.
ufk (plur. ~dfak).
mandr ; fdniis ; fanur ; ma-
ndra.
raimdnachi,e db.
sang-i-m aknd t is ; d h an-r v 1> a .
tir-i-jahdz ; situn-i-jahdz.
bahri.
malldhat.
halisa ; (blade of) pala.
kishti gdh ; bandar.
rdh numd,e jahdz.
snkkan ; dumbdl -i- kishti
khalla.
koh.
auzdr-i-jahaz.
hallsa-zan.
bad bun.
bahr; kalzan; (s-nore) sahif;
Cgulf) khallj ; (stormy)
bahr-i-mashauwash , ma-
khshUsh ; tamawwuj.
milh; namak; (being) maid-
hat.
malldh.
tujdn.
(jahdz-i-dukJidni.
\ markdb-i-dtashi.
C kishti,e dudt.
jahdz ; kishti ; (deck) path-
i-jahdz ; (sides) a;Id'-i-
jahdz.
212 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
a swimmer,
swimming,
wharf,
water,
,, shallow,
deep,
running,
still,
wave,
wind,
stormy,
fair,
adverse,
hot,
-vane,
whirlpool,
north,
south,
east,
west,
north-east,
south-east,
to blow (like the
wind),
to coil a rope,
to embark,
to founder,
to let go the sail,
tb let go the anchor,
to row,
to swim,
to steer the ship,
to set sail,
to strike (ground),
( shindwar ; shindr.
(^ shindb.
shind.
furza ; farud-gdh-i-jahdz.
db.
db-i-tunak.
db-i-'amik.
db-i-rawdn.
db-i-ghair mutaharrik.
mauj (pi. amwdj).
bad; (cold, boisterous) bdd-
i-sarsar.
bdd-i-titnd.
Idd-i-shurta.
b d d-i-nm khd lif.
bdd-i-samum.
bdd-numd.
gird-db;warta; dl-i-gardish.
shamdl.
janub.
mashrik.
maghrib.
md bain-i-sliamdl o mashrik.
md bain-i-janub o mashrik.
wazidan.
rassan pechidan.
bar kishti sawdr shudan.
gliark shudan.
bad-ban pd,tn kardan.
lanaar kardan.
halisa zadan.
shind kardan.
jahdz-rd garddnidan.
bdd-bdn bar ddshtan.
f ba zaniin chaspidan.
< ba zamin nishastan.
{ ba koh khiirdan.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 213
to fall to pieces,
admission ticket,
1 railway ticket,
theatre ticket,
free pass by rail,
bank note,
para para shudan.
madkhal ndma ; sanad-i-
madkhal.
f kdghaz-i-rasid-i-lcirdya, efi.
\ nafar [az rdh-i-dlianl~\.
] sanad - i - kiraya,e 'ardba,e
V. diikharii.
madkhal ndma,e [tamdsha
gdh\. [inazhar.]
( sanad -i- mu'dfi,e kiraya,e
( 'ardba,e dukhdni.
bardt.
LESSON 50. WITH A MUNSHI.
sa bak panjdhum dar guft-o-gu,e md lain shakhse az farang
o mu'allim-i-fdrsi.
munshi sahib, I am very munshi sdhib man az didan-
j;lad to see you ; why
have you been absent so
long ?
Lave you brought me the
works of Sa'di ?
i-shumu bisiyur khusham;
chird In kadar muddat
gjiair huzir mdnda ed ?
az bard,e man Tcidliydt for
ash'dr~\-i-sa'di dwarda
ed? '
1 For the part within brackets we may use
az 'ardba,e [dtashl~\. [dulihdni ; ditdl.']
Similarly we may say for the steamer ticket
az jahdz-i-dtashi.
az markdb-i-dulthdrii.
az kishti,e dudl.
214 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
(
niard har du zabdn fdrsi o
can you teach me both the \
'arabum-tawdneddmokht?
Persian and Arabic Ian- <
mar a [ta'lim-i-har du za-
guages ? I
bdn] mi-tawdned dad.
(
\_dar hardu zabdn ta'lim.^
(
' dyd bihtarin-i-kitdbhd ku-
\
dcrm and i
what are the best books ? -
kit dam az kitdbhd bihtar
(
ast ?
(
' mard bad talaffuz kardan
do not allow me to pro-
ma dih.
nounce badly,
maguzdr ki man bad talaffuz
(
bi-kunam.
do not use so many hard
chandln la/zhd,e mushkil ba
words,
kdr naydr (or maydr}.
tell me a short history, or
mard kissa,e khyrd yd
the news of the day ; for,
akhbdr-i-mruzhd bi-go: zi-
unless we converse much
rdki agar bisiydr guft-o-gil
together, how can I learn
baham na khwahem kard,
to speak ?
[chiguna~\ guftan khwd-
ham tawdnist. \_chi taw. ~\
your business is to teach
kdr-i-shumd In ast, ki mard
me the real pronuncia-
bardbar talaffuz o ist'imdl-
tion and practice of the
i-zabdn biydmozed.
language,
is this correct or not ?
in bardbar ast, yd na?
pray, sir, in your opinion,
sdhibd dar rd,e shumd ku-
is the Arabic or Per-
ddm mushkil-tar ast 'arabi
sian language the more
yd fdrsi ? jawdb - i-in
difficult ?
si~t,dl bi-farmdyed.
as to the difficulty of the
ba nisbat - i-mushkildt -i-
Arabic there can be no
zabdn-i-arab shakk ntst,
doubt, but it is more
magar az zabdn-i-fdrs
necessary than the Per-
zarur-tar ast ; az in sabab
sian ; we therefore are
m-rd koshish-i-dmokhtan
striving to learn it. Can
mi-kunem. dyd mard dars
you teach us ?
dddan mi-tawdned ?
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 215
do say, in your idea, for the
person who has trans-
actions of all sorts with
both the low and the high
throughout Persia, of
these two languages, viz.
Arabic and Persian,which
is the most requisite ?
in regard to the mere
Arabic words which occur
in the language, they are
notsoverydifficult,butthe
masculine and feminine,
with the discrimination
of pronunciation in the
pure Arabic, to learn
them is so arduous a task,
that no one as yet hath
properly acquired it, nay,
never will ; for perfection
in science is like an en-
chanted bird, which, the
more one tries to catch,
the farther that imp flies
from him,
in acquiring the Persian
tongue, what is your
advice ? Speak candidly,
that I may learn the lau-
guage accordingly, and
remain eternally obliged
to you on that account,
shumd ba khaydl-i-khiid chi
mi-goyed, bard,e shakhse
ki mu'dmala,e har /.</,
ba adnd o a'la har du dar
tamdm-i-fdrs, ddrad ku-
ddm zabdn [zarwr] ast,
dyd 'arabl yd fdrsl ?
\_ldzim.~]
ba nisbat-i -alfdz - i- 'arabl
ki darmiydn - i - zabdn
wdki' mi-shavand, chand-
dn mushkil nlst ; am-
md, az tashkhls -i- muz-
akkar o mu,annas,bd ma'-i
tain iz-i- ta laffuz -i- Jchd Us
'arabl chanddn sakht kdr
ast, ki hech kas td in wakt
ba khubl hdsil na karda
ast ; balki, kase na
khwdhad kard, az in
sabab ki kamdl-i-'ilm
misal -i- paranda,e \_af~
sun sdz~\ ast, ki har
chand kase koshish-i-
akhz-i-o mi-kunad dn
kadar dn kdjir az dast
durtar mi-shavad. [mu-
sahhar.~\
ba nisbat-i-dmokhtan-i-za-
bdn-i-fdrsi chi Jarmdish
mi-dihed? ba saddkat bi-
goyed tdki man ba muivd-
Jik-i-dn zabdn bi-dmozam;
o az dn sabab, az shiuitd
[_mamnzin~\ td ruz-i-kiyd-
juat bdsham. [ihsdn-
iinuid ; mashkur.^
216 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
if you obtain an acquaint-
ance with the inflections
of words, which is to be
attained from the gram-
mar only, your progress
will then soon be com-
plete,
it is true ; for we can
neither apply the words
properly, nor do we know
the reason of their appli-
cation, without the gram-
mar,
sir, your remark is just ;
and I am surprised that
other English gentlemen
do not think the same
way,
in European languages we
reckon eight or nine
parts of speech ; in Per-
sian you reckon only
three, viz. the noun, the
verb, and the particle,
agar az garddn-i-alfdz o
muhdwara shumd muttali*
[or lodkif] Tfhwdhed shud
kifakat az sarf o nahw
hdsil mi-shavad ['ilrniyat-
i-shwnd zud/camdl Jchwd-
had girift.~] ['ilmiyat -
i-slmmd kdmil khwdhad
slmd.~\
rust ast, ztrd Jci md alfdz-
rd ba khubi isti'mdl Tear-
dan na mi-tawdnem, o
be sarf o nahiv \J.arik~\-
i-isti'mdl-i - dnhd na mi-
ddnem. \_wajh.~\
sdhibd, kaul-i-shumd rdst ast,
o man ta'ajjub mi-kunam
Jci suhiban-i-digar chunm
[na mi-andeshand"\. [kha-
ydl na mi-kunand ; ba
ghaur na mi-parddzand.^
dar zabdnhd,e farang md
haft yd nuh kism-i-kalimdt
mi-shumdrem, ammd dar
zabdn-i-fdrsi sirf si kism,
y'ani ism, o ft I, o harf.
Exercise. A horseman went to a city, and hearing
there were many thieves in the place, said to his groom
a,t night, " Do you sleep, and I will keep watch, for I
cannot rely on you." The groom answered, " Alas !
my lord, what words are these ? I cannot consent to be
asleep and my master awake." In short, the master
went to sleep, and thfee hours afterwards awoke, when
he called oat to the groom, " What are you doing ?"
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 217
He answered, " 1 am meditating how God has spread the
earth upon the water." The master said, " I am afraid
lest the thieves come and you know nothing of it." He
replied, " 0, my lord ! rest satisfied, I am on the watch."
The horseman went to sleep again, and awaking at mid-
night, he called out, " Holloa, groom ! what are you
doing ?" He answered, " I am considering how God has
supported the sky without pillars." He replied, " I am
afraid that amidst your meditations the thieves will
carry away the horse." He replied, " O, my lord ! I am
awake ; how can the thieves come ?" The cavalier
again went to sleep, and an hour of night remaining, he
awoke, and asked the groom what he was doing. He
replied, " I am considering, since the thieves have stolen
the horse, whether I shall carry the saddle upon my head
to-morrow, or you, sir."
LESSON 51. WITH A PERSIAN OFFICER.
sabak panjdh o yakum dar guft-o-gii,e ba sarhange fdrst.
the recruits will go to ball sipahiydn-i-nau-rd\_har sham
practice every evening, bard,e mashk -i - nishdn
zadan buyad raft], [ba-
yad U ba kawd'id-t-
gulula anddzi bi-ravand.~\
there will be an inspection 1 farda 'ala-s-sabdh [wm'a-
of arms to-morrow morn- yana,e asliha] khwdhad
ing ; see that they are all bud ; bi-bln kidnhd hama
very clean, durust sdf bdshand.
\_numd,esh -i- asliha ; or
muldhaza,e aslihd.]
asliha, plur. of sildh, military arms.
218 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
take care that the super-
Jfhabarddr ki \_asliha,e
numerary arms are clean-
afzud~\ har ruz sdf karda
ed every day,
shavand. \_asliha,e ziydd ;
asliha,e zd,id.~\
bring me a written report
\_ruz marra ittila' ndma,~\e
of the company daily,
dasta,e sipdhiydn biydr.
[har ruz ittila! -i - na-
wishta.~\
kuddm wakt In sipdhi mu-
Idzim shuda bud ?
when was this man en-
ndm-i-in 'askari kai ddkhil-
listed ?
i-daftar-i-lashkar shud ?
chand muddat in sipdhi
mukarrar shuda bud?
press the butt well to the
ba shdna mazbut kunddk-i-
shoulder,
tufang bi-guzdr.
pull the trigger strong with
1 ba angusht -i - miydna ka-
the middle finger,
mdn-rd mazbut bi-kash.
|
' dasta,e sipdhiydn - rd dar
tell off the company into
si farlk bi-kun.
three sections,
munkasim-i-dasta,e sipdhl-
(
^ ydn-rd ba si kism bi-kun.
the company will wheel in
dasta kajl [ba surat-i-nard
echelon of sections,
Idii] khwdhad shud. [ba
mdnind -i- zlna ; or ba
misal-i-zlna.~\
at what time does the bat-
kuddm u'akt fauj-i-piydda-
talion march to-morrow
gdn farda subh kuch
morning ?
khwdhad kard ?
how many men are for
chand sipdhiydn imshab ba
piquet to-night ?
tildya and ?
sdhibd, shumd ba kuddm '
pray, sir, to what regiment
fauj [ta'alluk~] dared ?
[ildka; nisbat.']
do you belong ?
sdhibd, shumd darkuddmfauj
[mansab dared'] ? ^mu-
karrar ed.~\
1 angusht-i-shahddat, fore-finger.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 219
is your whole regiment at
present on duty here, or
elsewhere ?
do you know where it was
first raised ?
what rank do you hold, and
how long have you been
an officer ?
what is your pay, and do
you receive the whole
monthly or not ?
under such officers as you
in our army, how many
men are generally placed?
when you are stationed any-
where in the country,
does the magistrate of
the place where you are
on duty ever make you a
present of anything, or
not?
pray tell me, when any of
your soldiers are guilty
of oppression on the
country people, wha
steps do you take to
prevent such an offence
again ?
dar In ruzhd in jd tamdm
fauj muta'aiyin ast, yd
dar jd,e digar ?
shumd ml-ddned, kujd dar
awwal in fauj [mukarrar]
shuda bud ? [bar pd ;
jama'.']
Icuddm 'uhda dared, o \_az
chandruz\ 'uhdaddrbuda
ed? \_azkai.~\
muwdjib - i - shumd chlst, o
mdhdna tamdm mi-gired,
yd na?
zer dast-i-'uhdaddrdn mi-
sal-i-jandb, dar fauj-i-
md chand sipdhiydn hasb-
u-l-m'amul guzdshta mi-
shavand ?
wakte ki dar mulk baja,e
\_mukarrar~\ nil - shaved
Tidkim -i - mauza' chize
in'dm gdhe mi-dihad, yd
na ? \_rnu ta'aiyin ; ta'aiyin
karda.~\
{ mihrbdni karda bi-farmdyed
ki chun kase az sipdhiydn-
i-shumd bardihkdndnzulm
bi-kunad o mujrim sha-
vad, dar rafa' kardan-i-
dn jurm chi \_fikr~\ mi-
kuned ? [tadbirj]
wakte ki kase az sipdhtyan-
i-shumd bazulmkardanbar
dihkdndn mujrim ml-sha-
vad, dardafakardan-i-dn
\ jurm chi ml-andeshed?
220 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
does a soldier's continuance az tulu\e dftdb td sa'at-
on guard last from sun- i-nuh-i-subh sipdhi [pus-
rise till nine o'clock, or bdni'] mi-kunad, yd ta
till twelve o'clock ? zuhr ? [bar makdm-i-
pdsbdrii tawakkuf.~\
have you clearly understood hama suJchandn ki man guftct
all that I have said, or am, shumd ba Jchubt fah-
not ? mida ed, yd na ?
be not in the least apprehen- dar jawdb dddan ba man
sive in answering me ; hech andesha ma kuned,
speak whatever you please harchi mi-Jchwdhed be lait
without reserve, I will o Id! all bi-goyed ; hargiz
not take it in the least bad na Mwdham burd.
Exercise. A certain man went to a darwesh, and pro-
posed three questions-; First : Why do they say that
God is omnipresent ? I do not see Him in any place ;
show me where He is." Second : " Why is man punished
for crimes, since whatever he does proceeds from God ?
Man has no free will, for he cannot do anything contrary
to the will of God : and if he had power, he would do
everything for his own good." Third : " How can God
punish Satan in hell-fire, since he is formed of that
element ; and what impression can fire make on itself ?"
The darwesh took up a large clod of earth, and struck
him on the head with it. The man went to the kdzl and
said, " I proposed three questions to such a darwesh,
who flung a clod of earth at me." The kdzi having sent
for the darwesh, asked, " Why did you throw a clod of
earth at his head, instead of answering his questions ?"
The darwesh replied, " The clod of earth was an answer
to his speech : he says he has a pain in his head ; let
him show the pain, then I will make God visible to him:
and why does he make a complaint to you against me ;
whatever I did was the act of God, I did not strike him
without the will of God, what power do I possess ?
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 221
and as he is formed of earth, how can he suffer pain from
that element ?" The man was confounded, and the kazi
highly pleased with the darwesh's answer.
LESSON 52. MILITARY AFFAIRS Ahwal-i-jang.
accoutrements, sdz o yardk-i-sarbaz ; (halberd) harba.
ally, madad gar.
ambassador, rasul ; elcht ; safir ; mursal.
ambush, kamin ; (ambuscade) kamingdh.
arms, sildh; sildh-i-jang.
,, (to take off) az badan sildh kushadan.
(to put on) bar badan sildh [_poshidan~\.
[drdstan ; bastan.~\
armed, musallah ; (to be) asliha bar badan
ddslitan.
armourer, dhangar ; sildh-sdz ; (armoury) sildh-
Jchdna.
army, lashkar; 'askar ; jaish.
arrow, tir ; paikdn.
artillery, top-khdna; (battery) ta'bi,at; morcha.
attack, hamla; yurish.
battalion, faty.
battle, Jong; kdr-zdr.
(axe) tabar zm.
bayonet, sar mza,e tufang.
a blow, slla ; latma ; slli.
a bow, kamdn ; kaus.
brave, bahadur ; dildwar ; shujd 1 ; zu-sli-
shujd'at.
bravery, shuja'at; diliri.
camp, khlma-gdh-i-lmhkar ; mtfaskar.
222 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
cannon, top.
captain, sarddr-i-jamd'at ; sad-bdsht.
captive, asir ; giriftdr-i-jang.
cartouche, toshddn; kij ; (cartridge) Jlshang.
clean, sdf; be zang ; mujalli.
coat of mail, jaushan.
commandant, kila' ddr ; mu'askir.
company, jama at-i-sad laskari.
comrade, mushdrik ; shartk ; rafik.
conquered, maghiub ; makhur ; maftuh ; musakh-
khar; (conquering) taskhir ; (con-
queror) kishwar-kmhd ; mansur.
council of war, mashwarat-i-jang.
court martial, 'addlat.
coward, nd mard ; buzdil ; kam jurat ; jabdn.
cowardice, nd mardi ; buzdili.
crime, khatd taksar.
defeat, shikast.
deserter, gurezanda; mafrur ; manjuz.
detachment, dasta,e lashkar.
dirty, zang dluda ; ghair mujalli; palid ;
gjiallz.
discipline, nizdm ; zabt o rabt-i-lashkar ; inti-
zdm.
ditch, tarak ; khandak ; maghdra.
drum, kos ; tab I.
enemy, dushman.
executioner, jalldd.
fine, jurmdna ; jarima ; musddira.
flag, nishdn; bairak ; (standard) rdyat.
flank, (right) maimana ; (left), maisara ;
(centre) kalb ; (vflng)jandh.
ford, ubur-gdh ; pd-ydb ; db-guzdr.
fort, kila'; him-i-hasm; him -i -matin;
(citadel) hisdr; (impregnable) hisn-
i-ghair madkhal ; hisn-i-mumtani'u-
l-wusul ; hisn-i-mt. tntani'u - d- du-
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 223
Jchul ; (a small turret) bur},
(plur. buruj) ; (trenches) morchdl;
muhasir ; (a refuge) malaz ; maljd ;
ma' kit.
general, pesh-dhang ; pesh-rau.
gladiator, sildh-shor ; shamshir-baz ; shamshir
zan.
gun, tufang ; madfa' ; (rifle) tufang-i-ndb-
ddr ; (barrel) lula ; (hammer)
kashluk ; (equipment) sdz o yardk-
i-top ; (carriage) 'araba,e top ;
(foresight) pesh bin ; (back sight)
pas bin; (sight) bj.n-i-tufa.ng; (shot
large) gula,e top ; (cock) chakmak ;
(bullet) gkulula ; (powder) burut.
helmet (iron), tark ; Tchud ; maghfar.
horse and foot, sawar o piyuda.
hostage, yarghamdl ; girau; Tcafll.
hurler (quoit^, charkh anddz.
inspection, muldhaza ; mu'aiyana ; (inspector)
nuzir.
interpreter, mutarajjim ; tarjuman.
irregular, be zabt ; be nask ; be nazm.
kit, chu yardk ; asbdb-i-sipdhiydna.
magazine, makhzan ; (powder) bdrut-khdna.
march, kuch.
a mediator, miydnji ; mydnddr ; wdsit; waslt.
mediation, mydnagi ; tawassut; wasdtat.
military profes- sipdh gari.
sion,
military tactics, nazm o nask-i-'askar.
mud, khilub ; ld,e ; gil.
a muster, ihzdr ; (to) ihzdr-i-fauj giriftan.
mustered, saff-zada.
mutineer, baghi ; munharif ; tughiydn-afroz.
mutinous, bughi ; fasddt.
mutiny, baghdwat ; fasdd ; inhirdf.
224 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
news, khabar ; (doubtful) afwdh.
neutral, ghair-i-mutd 'allak ; musdwi ; bejdnib-
duri.
neutrality, tasdwi ; 'adm-i-jdnib-ddrl.
officer (military), (commanding) 'uhdaddr-i-mukhtdr ;
(commander - in - chief ) amiru-n-
nizdm ; (general) sipdh - sdldr ;
(lieut.-gen.) amir-i-tomdn ; (major-
gen.) amir-i-panj ; (colonel) sartip;
(lieut.-col.) sarhang ; (major) yah-
var ; (captain) sad-bdshl ; (lieut.)
nd,ib ; (serjeant) 'uhdaddr-i-
Tthurd.
omen, shugun ; fdl.
parade, sun; kawaid.
pass (mountain), darra ; guzar-gdh-i-koh ; slii'b - z-
jabal ; ma'bar-i-koh.
passport, safe Jcdg/iaz-i-amdn; Tchat t-i-rdhddri ; ba+
conduct, rdt-i-salami.
pay, tankhwah- muwdjib; mushdhira ; ma-
hiydna; (arrears) bakiya,e muwdjib ;
(advance of) peshgi,e tankhwah ;
(pension) idrdr.
peace, sulh.
piquet, jfz'/aya;(vanguard)fa/z'af; mukaddama.
pistol, tamancha; (revolver) mudahrij ; tarn-
ancha,e shish khdnaddr.
plunder, ghanimat ; ghdrat ; yaghmd; tdrdj.
punishment, siydsat; sazd.
pursuit, ta'dkub.
quarter, al amdn ; amn ; amdn.
recruit, tdza-askari.
regulations, a,m.
retreat, (to) hazimat namudan; paspd shudan;
pusht dddan ; pas nishastan; firdr
kardan ; ru,e ba gurez nihddan.
review, muldhaza,e kawd'id.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 225
a rocket, gulula,e kiz ; tlr-charkh.
a runaway, haztmafi.
safety, security, amn ; aindn.
respite,
sentence of court- fatwa.
martial,
sentinel, pas-ban ; (the guard) kashtk.
shield, sipar.
siege, muhasara.
soldier, sarbdz ; sipdhi ; 'askarl ; (horse)
sawdr ; (experienced) kdr-dula ;
kdrdzmuda; wdki'a-dida; (service)
jang-dzmuda.
spear, naiza ; ntza.
spur, mahmez.
spy, jdsus ; (scout) taldba ; (spying) ta-
jassus.
store, ambdr.
surrender, tasllm ; (to) chize-rd taslim kardan.
surrendering, sipar anddzl.
a sword, shamshir ; (scabbard) miydn ; ghildf.
(belt) kamarband-i-shamshir.
a tactician, nasakchi ; (tactics) 'ilm-i-drd t ish-i-
lashkar mansub.
tax, khirdj ; mahsiil; wazi'at ; kafi'at.
terms of peace, shard,it-i-sulh.
treaty, 'ahd-ndma ; 'ahd o paimdn ndma.
(of peace) 'uhd o paimdn ndma,e sulh.
treasure, ganj ; khizdna.
tribute, Tthirdj.
truce, muhlat ; tawakkuf-i-jang.
trumpet, buk ; karnd.
victory, fath ; nasr ; zafr; (victorious) mu-
za/ar.
war, Jang harb ; muhdrabat ; razm.
(articles "of) [kawd'id^-i-jang. \_d,in.~\
warrior, Jang ju ; zor dwar ; Jang dwar ;
15
226 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEIICISES.
dzmuda; (for religion)
id.
zakhm ; resh ; jardhat.
zakhniiydn ; majruhdn.
kushti-bdz.
wound,
the wounded,
wrestler,
to raise the stan- [nasb-i-rayat] kardan. [rdyat bar
dard,
pd.~\
to hit the mark, [nishdna-rd] zadan. [ba hadaf; ba
dmdj.~]
to collect an lashkare jama' kardan.
army.
to punish (a per- [kase-ra] siydsat kardan ; siydsat na-
sou), mti dan ; 'ukubat kardan.
f td ' dkub-i-dushman kardan.
to pursue thej darpai,e dushman[budan]. [uftddan.]
enemy, y ' akab-i-dushman giriftan.
C. dar ' ' akab-i-dushman raftan.
( khima istdda kardan.
to pitch a tent, \ mma zadan.
,., ( khima bar anddkhtan.
to strike a tent, | ^ ma ^ ^ -
to stick in the ( ba wahal giriftdr shudan.
mud,
dar kasa'at mdndan.
to proclaim (by manddi [kardan]. [zadan; dddan,~\
beat of drum),
to proclaim,
to consult,
\mashhur~\ kardan. \tashliir. ,]
b
a kase \inashwarat\ kardan. [mas-
lahat ; tadbir.~\
to draw a sword, dkhtan (root dkh).
to plunder, mdl-rd ghdrat kardan; mdl-rd ba
yaghma [burdan~\. [dwardan.~\
to ravage, mulk-rd [pa mdl kardan]. [ivairdn
sukhtan.]
to besiege, jd,e-rd muhdsara kardan.
to march, kuch kardan ; (advance) pesh raftan ;
kadam peshtar gvzdshtan.
to attack, bar kase hamla kardan.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 227
to fortify,
to fire a gun,
to wound (a
person),
to cross over ;
river,
to advance,
to arrange,
to blow up,
to cock a gun,
to flash in the
pan.
to hold out to
the last,
to impress,
to stockade,
to storm,
jd,e-rd [hisar] kardan, [muhdsir] ;
(form square) burj bastan.
bar kase tvfang-rd khdll kardan.
(kase-rd) majriih kardan; zakhmi
kardan.
( az daryd gvzashtan.
| az daryd 'ubur kardan.
(obliquely) mahrif o ghair-i-nizdm
pesh raftan.
(a battery) murclia,e top-khdna d-
rdstan; (intrenchments) [morchdl']
sdkhtan. [kandak or kh.andak.~\
ba burnt kase-rd ba hawd [burdan}.
[afgandan ; dddan.~]
chakmdk-rd sar pdya dwardan ; (half
cock) chakmdk-rd bar nim pdya
kashldan.
nird-bdn bar dlwdr gitzdslitan.
[tufang o chakmdk~\ gul kardan.
td nihdyat hdlat-i-ldchdri dar muha-
fizat koshish namildan.
kase-rd ba sukhra giriftan.
jd,e dar sangur kardan.
bar kilo? yurish dwarda \_musakhkjiar~\
namudan \_taskhir~\ ; kilo* az hamla
fath kardan ; (storming party)
kasdne ki yurish burda az rakhna
kasd-i-ddkhil-i-jd,e kuncmd.
to stand a charge, tdb-i-hamla,e dushman dashtan.
Exercise. Certain Arab merchants went to a king of
Persia, and exhibited some fine horses for sale. The
king liked them very much, and bought them. He gave
the merchants two lakhs of rupis over and above the
purchase, and told them to bring more horses from their
own country as soon as possible. The merchants upon
228 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
this agreement, took their leave. One day afterwards,
the king being exhilarated with wine, said to the wazir,
" Make out ft list of all the fools in my dominions." The
Avazir represented that he had already done so, and had
put his majesty's name at the very head of the list. The
king asked why so. He replied, " Because you gave two
]akhs of rupis for horses to be brought by merchants, for
whom no person is security, neither does any one know
what part of Arabia they belong to ; and this is a sign
of the greatest folly." The king said, " But if the
merchants should bring the horses, what is then to be
done ?" The wazir answered, " Sire, if they should be
such fools as to bring the horses, I will insert the names
of the merchants at the head of the list, and your
majesty's name will in that case occupy only the second
place."
LESSON 53. WITH A HEAD SERVANT.
sabak panjdh o siwum dar guft-o-gu,e ma bain shakhse
farang o daroajta,e Ifhudddm.
do you speak our language ? dyd ba zabdn-i-md sukhan
mi-goyed ?
yes, sir, I can speak a little bale, sahib, man kadre
English, zabdn - i - inglisi mi-ta-
wdnam guft.
I have not yet learned to td [hdl~^ zabdn-i-fdrsi guf-
speak Persian, tan naydmokhta am.
[hanoz.~\
CaJcnun Tcujd manzil dared?
where do you now live ? ^ ilhdl bud o bash kujd [mi-
( 'knnedl? [ddred.]
pray what is your name ? ndm-i-shvmd chist, o ndm-i-
let me know also your [indlik~]-i-lthnd ba man
master's name, bi-go. \_arbdb.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 229
how long have you been in
that gentleman's service ?
where is your native coun-
try, and how far may it
be hence ?
do people in general go
there by land or water ?
what is the most important
article of trade in that
country, and what things
are produced in greatest
abundance there ?
are your parents alive or
not, and do you ever go
to see your relations and
friends ?
do you know at what rate
copper sells in the market
here?
azchandwakt \_dar naukari,e
an sahib muldzim biida
ed~] ? [dar (or ba) nau-
kari,e an sahib mashghul
ed.}
[watan~\-i-shumd kujd ast, o
az in jd chi kadar dur
bdshad ? \_zdd - bum ;
maulid.~\
az rdh-i-khushkt yd tari,
hama mardumdn aksar
dnjd mi-ravand?
dar an mulk kuddm jins
ld,iktar-i-tijdrat ast, o
kuddm chiz ba [q/zwnf]
dar an jd paida mi-sha-
vad? \_kasrat ; firdwdnl ;
afzdjsh.']
1 wu lidain -i- shumd zinda
and, yd na, o ba muldkdt
kardan - i - khweshdn o
karibdn o dostdn gdhe mt-
raved, yd na ?
dyd mt-ddned in jd ba ku-
ddm nirkh dar bdzdr mis
farokhta ml-shavad ?
visiting the sick, 'ayddat kardan.
visiting one's spiritual guide, ziydrat kardan-i-murshid.
kadam bos shudan-i-ivd li-
dain.
kadam bosa dddan-i-wd li-
dain.
visiting one's parents,
ziydrat kardan-i-wdlidain.
230 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
what, cannot you even say mufajjibam, ki shumd net
that one penny's worth mi-tawaned gujt, ki dyd
of copper will be the mis, ba kadar-i-yak fils,
weight or size of a penny bardbar-i-wazn o anddz-
or not ? i-yak fils khwdhad bud,
yd na ?
do you know nowadays at dar in ruzhd ba chi nirkh
what rate a quart of milk yak asdr-i-shir dar shahr
sells in the city, and in farokhta ml-shavad, o dar
the country for how dihdt ba chand ?
much ?
shumd muraTtMchas ed.
you may now depart,
f shumd-rd rulthsat ast ?
\
V. [shaved.^
Exercise. A certain king had a wise wazir, who re-
signed his office, and employed himself in worshipping
God. The king asked the nobles what was become of
the wazir ; they answered, that having quitted his exalted
station, he employed himself in serving the Deity. The
king went to the wazir, and asked, " O wazir, what offence
have I committed that you quitted my service ?" He
answered, " Sire, for five reasons have I done this :
firstly, because you used to sit and I remained standing
in your presence; now, I serve God, who has commanded
me to sit at the time of prayer : secondly, you ate
whilst I was looking on ; now, I have found a Providence
who eateth not himself, but sustains me : thirdly, you
slept, whilst I watched ; now, I have a master who
knows not slumber, but protects me whilst I rest :
fourthly, I was always afraid, that if you should die I
might experience some misfortune from enemies ; now I
serve a God who is immortal, neither can enemies do me
any injury : fifthly, with you I was afraid, that if I
should have committed a fault, you would not have for-
given me ; but He whom I now serve is so merciful, that
if I commit a hundred sins every day he pardons me."
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 231
LESSON 54. BETWEEN A EUROPEAN DOCTOR AND A
PERSIAN PATIENT.
sabak panjdh o chihdrum dar <fuft-o-gu,e md bain tabib,e
az far ang wa bimdr-i-fursi.
shitmd-rd [chi] shud ? [chi
tell me what is the matter
with you,
how long have you been ill ?
how did the fever attack
you at first ?
with great coldness, shiver-
ing, pains in all my limbs,
headache, and a sensation
in my back as if one were
pouring cold water dowu
my backbone,
after some time a perspira-
tion broke out, which re-
lieved me much, and I
fell asleep,
what medicine have you
taken ?
none with any regularity,
you must take some active
medicine,
mard bi-go, [hdlat-i-shumd
. chist]? [chi dard dared.]
az chand bimdr buda ed ?
' ba awwal, ba chi surat tab
girifted ?
1 ba awival, ba chi surat tab
shumd'-rd girijt ?
ba awwal, chiguna tab 'driz
, shud ?
ba bisiydr sardi, wa [larza],
wa dard -i - anddm, wa
dard-i-sar tea ihsds-i-
pnsht chundn lei Tease ob-
i-sard bar sulb-i-manfaro
mt-rezad. [ra'sha; irtf-
dsh; kusha'rirat.]
Vad az chande 'arak az
a'zd bar dmad, bar d,ina
mard bisiydr ifaka [or
shifd] bakhshid, o dar
"khwdb raftam.
[dated] chi kism khurda
ed? [tabbJ]
hech [pai dar pai] na
khurda am. [mutawdtir ;
ba ihtii/at.]
bdyad ki shumd dawd,e [ka-
wi] bi-Tth_ured. [mukavnvt;
pur zor ; mus,hil ; is,hdl.]
232 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
I suppose you have no
appetite,
let me feel your pulse,
put out your tongue,
I suspect there is something
wrong with your liver,
let me well examine it ;
does that pain you ?
yes, that is the very spot
where the pain is most
acute,
gumdn ddram ki shumd-[rd
ishtihd nisi], [ishtihd
na ddred.~\
tasauwar ddram lei shumd~
rd khwdhish-i-ta'dm nist.
nabz-i-khud-i-tdn-rd ihsds
kardan mard bi-dihed.
dast-i-khud-i-tdn biydr ki
nabz-i-shumd bi-bmam.
zabdn-i-khud berun bi-kash.
zabdn-i-khud-rd badar bi-
[namd~\. \_dwar.~\
zabdn-i-khud nishdn bi-dih.
rd,e man ast ki dar jigar-
i-shumd chize bimdrl ast.
gumdn kunam ki [darjigar-
i-shumd chize 'aib ast].
\_shumd - rd marz-i-jigar
(Jdriz shuda ast} (ast).~\
ba khubi dn-rd didanam
bi-dih ; az In \_darde ihsds
mt-kuned'] ? [fishwdan
dar badan - i - shumd
darde ast, or mi -
girad.~\
bi-guzdr ki tash khis- i-jigar
ba Ichubi bi - kunam ;
fishurdan badan-i-shumd
dard mi-kunad ?
jigar-i-shumd-rd ba khubi
mushaTMfhas kardan bi-
dihed; az mdlidan-i-dast-
i-man darde mahsus, or
ma'lum mi-shavad ?
bale dar ham in jd [dard
ziydd\ ast. ['atn-i-dard ;
ranj ba shiddat.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 233
have you any heartburn ?
you must use mercury both
inwardly and by friction,
until a salivation is pro-
duced,
do whatsoever you please
with me, for I have great
confidence in your pre-
scriptions,
I shall send you some medi-
cines ; and you are to
take them in the evening
according to my instruc-
tions,
do not be persuaded by
native doctors to take
their medicines,
I am well convinced they
will do you no good, and
they may do you much
injury,
shumd-rd sozish-i-dil ast ?
sozish-i-dil [dared] ? [kar-
daed.']
shumd - rd bimdri,e sozish-i-
dil 'driz shuda ast ?
dil-i-shumd sozish ddrad?
1 bdyad ki shumd [zlbak ba
kdr biydivared] [or
dawd,e jiwa bi-khured]
ba har du surat darun
o ba mdlish berun td
[ki lu'db naydyad],
[dahan -i- shumd na
joshad.~\
harchi ml - khwdhed bi-
kuned, zlrd ki man bar
hikmat -i - shumd bisiydr
ftimdd mi-ddram for ml-
kunam].
bard,e shumd chize dawdhd
khwdham firistdd ; bdyad
ki ba wakt-i-shdm muwd-
fik-i-farmd,ish-i-man [ba
kdr dwared~\. [ba 'amal
dwared ; istfmdl kuned.~\
az targhib-i-tabibdn-i-mulk-
i-fdrs dawdhd,e eshdn na
khured.
mard bi-l- kull yakm ast
ki eshdn shumd-rd hech
fd,ida na khwdhand dad,
o shdyad shumd-rd bisi-
ydr ranj bi-dihand.
1 inwardly and outwardly, bdtinan o zdhiran.
234 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
Persian doctors frequently tablban-i-fursl 'iimuman
administer our medicines, nnCalijahd^e ma ist final
but they are utterly un- ml - kunand, magar az
acquainted with them, unlid bi-l-kull na wdkif
and.
Exercise. One of the kings of Persia sent a skilful
physician to the prophet Muhammad (upon whom be
peace !). He had been some years in Arabia without
any one having come to make trial of his skill, neither
had they applied to him for any medicine. One day he
came to the prince of prophets, and complained, saying,
" They sent me to dispense medicines to your companions,
but to this day no one hath taken notice of me, that I
might have an opportunity of performing the service to
which I had been appointed." Muhammad replied, "It
is a rule with these people never to eat until they are
hard pressed by hunger, and to leave off eating whilst
they have a good appetite." The physician said, " This
is the way to enjoy health." He then made his obeisance
and departed. The physician begins to speak when evil
would result from his silence ; either when there is
eating to excess, or when death might ensue from too
much abstinence. Then, doubtless, his speech is wisdom,
and suoh a meal will be productive of health. (Gultstdn,
chap, iii., tale 4.)
NAMES OF PARTS OF THE BODY.
arm, Idzu; (-pit) laglil.
back, pitsht ; (bone) sttlb.
beard, risk ; kjiatt ; (whisker) zamma.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 235
1 belly, batn (plur. batnan) ; shikam.
bladder, zinur ; shdsha dan ; masdna.
blood, Mun.
body, paikar ; badan ; jism ; tan; ivujud.
bone, ustukhwan ; azam; (collar) tarku-
H-ftt.
bowels, ruil'.ih ; butndn ; (navel) ndj.
brain, dimugji ; maghz.
cheek, 'tzar ; 'driz ; rukhsdr.
s chili, zanakh dan ; zanakh ; (dimple of)
chah-i-zanakh.
countenance, in Id 1 at.
down, Tthat t-i-sa bz ; nabnt-i- ariz.
ear, gosh ; (lobe) band gosh.
elbow, urzan; niirfak ; (joint) mafsil-i~
bazii.
eye, cJiashm ; (blue) azrak chashm ;
(-brow) abru ; (-lash) mizhgan ;
(-lid) parda,e chashm.
face, rii,e ; paikar ; bashra ; sima.
finger, angusht-i-dasht ; (thumb) ibham*;
shust.
fist, musht.
foot, pd,e ; pd ; (heel) 'akib.
gall-bladder,' zahra.
gums, lisa (plur. lisa).
hair, mu,e ; (moustache) fatha ; sabll ;
(ringlet) zulj.
hand, past ;
1 to creep as an insect, ba shikam raftan.
wind iu the bowels, bdd-i-shikam.
sensualist, shikam parwar ; shikam banda;
bat in.
a to wag the chin, to talk, zanakh zadan.
236 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
head,
heart,
heart, lungs, liver,
spleen, intestines,
joint,
knee,
leg,
limbs,
lip,
liver,
lungs,
mouth,
neck,
nerve,
palate,
palm of the hand,
shoulder,
side,
1 skin,
stomach,
thigh,
throat,
tongue,
tooth,
vein,
wrist,
sar ; ( fore-) jabin ; jabhd ; ndsiya ;
peshdni ; stma.
dil ; kalb ; zamir ; khatir.
ahshd, plur. ; hasha, sing.
mafsil; 'izw.
zdnu.
sdk pd,e ; (ankle) shitdlang.
anddm; dzd (sing. 'izw).
nabdt ; lab; (upper) lab-i-zdbarin;
(lower) lab-i-zerin.
jigar.
shush,
dahan.
gardan.
'asab (plur. a'saJ),
kdm.
kaf.
shdna; dosh; (joint) a?sdb-i-shdna ;
mafsil - i - dosh ; (hlade) katif,
or kitf.
pahlu; (rib) danda.
J)OSt.
hausila ; mi'da.
run.
halk ; gulu ; (windpipe) hanjar.
zabdn ; lisun.
dand.
'irk (plur. 'uruk}.
sd'td; ma'sim.
skin, raw hide, post, or
pust.
the shell of a nut, post-i-
jauz.
to flay, post kandan.
a snake's slough, post-i-
mdr.
leather, postm.
a furrier, postm doz.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 237
aloes, sibr.
cancer, Tthwara; saratdn.
cholera, haiza ; wabd ; sadma,e wabd.
a cold, zukdm ; chdhish ; (to have) zukdm
ddshtan; (to catch) chdhidan.
colocinth, hanzal.
convalescence, shifd.
a cough, . surf a ; (whooping) sty ah -surf a;
(to cough) surf a' kardan ; surfi-
dan,
cramp, tamaddud.
delirium, hazi; hazldn-i-mahrur ; (delirious)
haziydn ; mad-hosh.
diarrhoea, shikam -jdri ; jiriydn -i - shikam ;
itldk.
a doctor, tabib (plur. atibba) ; hakim; (horse)
baitdr.
dropsy, istiskd ; (cupping glass) shdkh-i-
hajdmat.
fever, tap ; tab ; (heat of) hardrat.
giddiness, danrdn ; daurdn dar sar.
gout, nikris.
gripe, peckish.
lancet, neshtar.
leper, pis; juzdm; mabrus ; ahl-i-baras ;
(leprosy) bar as ; plsl.
medical art, tibdbat.
medicine, dawd ; ddru ; (pill) habb, plur. hu-
bub; (powder) safuf; (a,lum)a5-z-
zdj-i-safaid ; (castor oil) kinatu ;
raughan - i- bedanjir ; (opium)
afyun ; tirydk ; (quinine) gina ;
(antidote) tirydk.
ophthalmia, ramad.
a patient, bimdr ; mariz ; (disease) marz;
bimdri ; ranjun.
plague, taun; wabd.
238 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
plaster,
a purge,
rheumatism,
slime,
to feel weak,
to feel stronger,
to feel better,
to feel quite well,
to have jaundice,
to have small-pox,
to have chicken-pox,
to have fever spots,
to be teething,
to be prevalent,
to purge,
to swell,
to try a remedy,
to vomit ; or to wish
to vomit,
he is getting worse,
he is getting better,
marham; zamad.
jallab ; mushil ; shikam-rdn.
waja'-i-mu/asil.
balgham ; (clamminess) luzujat.
C dar badan nakdhat md'lum shu-
< dan.
( za'f -mahsus kardan.
dar badan kuwat ziydda shudan.
az awwal kadre [bihtar budan],
\ijaka md'lum shudanJ\
salim shudan.
yarkdn berun dwardan.
abla,e chtchak berun dwardan.
zabrak berun dwardan.
tabkhdl berun dwardan.
dandun berun dwardan.
ghdlib budan ; jdri shudan ; kuwat
ddshtan ; istlld ydjtan.
jallab dddan ; (to take a purge)
jallab giriftan.
waram kardan.
'ilaj-i-marze kardan.
f kai kardan.
\ kase-rd \_kai~] shudan. [tahauwu'J]
j dil-i-kase \barham khurdan], [ta-
V. fiauwu' shudan.~\
bimdrl,e o ['wuj] ddrad. [siyddatl ;
ril ba tarakki^}
( bimdrl,e o ru ba [tanazzut] ddrad.
\ \iiuzul.-]
{ bimdri,e o kam mi-shavad.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 239
LESSON 55. BETWEEN A CIVILIAN AND A SARISHTA-
DAR,,OR NATIVE OFFICIAL.
sabak paiyah o panjum dar guft-o-gu,e ma bain 'dmile az
farang o sdhib-i-diwdn.
pray, my friend, are you
somewhat versed in the
revenue department ?
what do they call a lease,
and what its counter-
part ?
have you any other namesj
for the rate or rent ad-
justment of lands ?
should you not recollect
another word for the
rate, then explain the
nature of it in detail,
do the farmers pay the
revenue to government
by instalments, or in the
gross ?
does this species of revenue
come in before, or during,
or after the crop ?
dostd ! mard bi-farmdyed lei
az kdr-i-[tahsilddri}khub
wdkifedydna? [niahsuL]
\kabdla,~]e zamin chi chlz-rd
mi-goyand, o kabuliydt
chist? [ijdra ndma.~\
bard,e band o bast wa
[Jehiraj] ndm -i - digar
dared ? [nidi - guzuri ;
madkhul ; madakhil ;
mahsulJ]
agar lafz -i- digar bard,e
khirdj ba ydd-i-shumd na
mi-dyad, haklkat -i- an
\_tafsilwdr baydn bi-
kuned]. [mufassal takr'ir
bi-kuned.]
dyd kisht-i-kdrdn ba sarkdr
khirdj-rd [baaksdtj/<tbu,
yak jumla~\ mi-dihand.
\az kardr-i-kisthCi yd
~
in kism-i-pul-i-kjiirdj pesh
yd dai~miydn, yd ba'd
az fasl ba khizdna [rni-
rasad~\ ? \mi-razdnand.~\
240 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
does free land, or that not
assessed, pay anything at
all to government, or not,
by way of acknowledge-
ment ?
who used to settle formerly
the assessment of the
several districts ?
in what respects does the
county registrar differ from
the town or village
clerk ?
pray tell me the true state
of what are called shikami
portions of a village or
farm, ' \
is any paper called a deed
of abdication or rejection,
and what does it
imply ?
in these days, when con-
stables are put over any
landholder, is dunage ex-
acted, or not, and to what
amount ?
azzamm-i-ld-khirdjjydmu 1 -
dfi, chize khirdj ba sar-
kdr ba taur-i-tuhfa m'i"
dihand, yd na ?
az zamin-i Id-khirdj kuddm
.mdl-guzdrl taur-i-pesh-
kash ba sarkdr add mi-
namdyand, yd na ?
az zamtn-i-ld-khirdj kuddm
rusukhiyat, ba taur-i-hi-
ddya, sarkdr hdsil mi-na-
mdyad, yd na ?
kabl az in band o bast-i-
Jchiraj - t - zamm kuddm
shaJchs mukarrar karde ?
darmiydn - i - kdnungo o
paimd^sh kunanda chi
farak ast ?
asl hakikat-i-dn kafa,e
mauz'a, yd mazr'a ki dn-
rd shikami mi-goyand bi-
farmdyed.
hech kabdla,e tark kardan
yd Id-d'awa ast yd na, o
lst?
dar In zamdn, wakte ki
bar kuddmin zaminddrun
muhassildn (or ahl-i-ihti-
sdb) mu'aiyan (or mu-
karrar} karda mi-sha-
vand talabdna talab mi-
shavad yd na, o ba chi
fcadr.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 241
at/a, dar tcfalluka naf-
aka ba [ntwtajir] ml-
shavad, yd ba zamindur ?
[multazim.^
ndrn-i-dn kdgJiaz ki dar an
tafsil-i-tdldbhd 'alafzdr,
haddhd,e mauz'a and,
chi bdshad ?
muwazina ya'nt naksha,e
zai)riniidkdghaz-i-[hadd~\
bandi ml-goyand.[rakba.~\
cnird naukare khud - rd
khitdbhd,e 'izzat, ya'ni
sarkar, khalifa, mihtar o
wa-ghaira, mi-dihand ?
zird ki dar nazar-i-mdlik-i-
khud, U'a nazd-i-sd,ir-i-
naukardn [rnu'azzam bi-
bashad~\. [buzurg m'alum
bi-shavad ; buzurg bi-
namdyad ; mu'azzaz bi-
bdshad.~\
Exercise. A certain lawyer had a very ugly daughter
who was arrived at a marriageable age ; but although he
1 in the country does the con-
tracting farmer or the
landholder receive the
sustenance money ?
what is the name of the
paper which contains an
account of the tanks,
orchards, boundaries, &c.
of any village ?
they call it muwazina, or
boundary sketch,
why does a servant call
himself sarkar, khalifa,
milt tar, &c.
that he may appear a great
man in the eyes of his
master and of the other
servants,
1 a farmer, hatrds; kishtkdr; kdshtkdr; dihkdn, muzdr'i ;
falldh ; (of taxes) ijdradur.
harvest, hasdd ; (time of) hasddat ; (a reaper) hassdd
Or hiisid (pi. hussdd) ; (autumnal of rice) fasl-i-
kharif; (spring peas, barley, wheat) fasl-i-rab'i ;
(wheat) fasl-i-gandttm.
to sow, kishtan or kdshtan ; zird'at kardan.
a green field, kisht zdr ; (sown) mazra' ; mazra'a.
a meadow, 'alafzdr ; murgh_zar.
a plough, kulba ; a ploughman, kulba run.
16
242 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEUCISES.
offered a considerable dower and other valuables, no one
was inclined to wed her. Brocade and damask, and
pearls and jewels, will appear disgusting on a bride who
is ugly. At last, through necessity, he married her to a
blind man. It is said that, in the same year, there
arrived from the island of Sarandip (Ceylon) a famous
physician who could restore sight to the blind. They
asked the father, " Why do you not have your son-in-law
cured ?" He said, " Because' I am afraid that, if he
should recover his sight, he will divorce my daughter,
who is now his wedded wife. It is best that the husband
of an ugly woman should be blind." (Gulistdn, chap. ii.
tale 47.)
LESSON 56. ON GENERAL BUSINESS.
sabak panjdh o shishum dar gu/t-o-gu,e mu'dmala,e 'dm.
Here (speaking toa servant),
take the draft, and bring
the money: be quick,
what must be done ? it is
now eleven o'clock,
be quick, that I may have
the money in time,
let me have it by one o'clock,
go to the counting-house,
and speak to the head
accountant,
tell the accountant to take
bank notes, and pay the
amount of the draft,
the money must now be sent
to Mr.
at muldzim bar at bi-gtr o
pul biydr : zud shav.
chi bdyad Icard ? aknun
sd 'at-i-ydzdah ast.
zud kun ki bar wakt pul ba
dast-i-man bi-rasad (or
biydyad) .
ba sd'at-i-yak dn-rd ba man
bi-rasdn.
ba muhdsib khdna bi-rau, o
ba muhdsib-i-a'zam bi-go.
ba muhdsib bi-go ki dast
dwez-i-sarrdja (or sar-
rdf-khdna) bi-glr o pul-
i-dn add kun (or bi-dih).
hdlan bdyad ki shumdpul ba
sdhib-i - fuldn bdyad fir-
istdd.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 243
request Mr. to order
what remains to be paid
in before three o'clock,
have you ever been to
Mr. 's garden ?
sir, I go that way every
day,
you must go there imme-
diately, else nothing will
be done,
send some one to hire a boat,
I will go to Karachi to-day,
go to the bazar, and buy a
pair of globe lanterns,
who will collect the bills ?
la ful'm sahib 'arz li-kun ki
liiil-m bi-kunad ki dnchi
bdkl ast pesh az si sd'at
\ddda shavad~\. \Jatd
karda shavad ; marhamat
karda shavad J]
gdhe az bard,e tafarn/j-i-
bdgji-i-fuldn sahib rafta
i?
gdhe [multafit~] -i- Idgh - i -
fuldn sahib shuda i?
\jnutawajjih.~\
sdhibd ! har ruz az an
rdh [guzar'] ml-kunam.
[Jubur ; murur.~\
fi-l-faur dn jd shumd - rd
bdyad raft warna hech
chlz shudan na mi-ta-
wdnad.
az bard,e kirdya kardan-i-
mdshuh nafare bi-firist.
man imruz ba kardchi
khwdham [raft]. [shud.~]
la bazar li-rau, o du td
fdnus - i - mudawwir li-
khar.
kuddm kas pill - i - hisdl
jama' khivdhad \_kard~\?
Exercise. There was a king, who had no son ; he
tried many remedies and expedients, but derived no ad-
vantage whatever from them ; he was, therefore, greatly
dejected, but would not discover the cause of this to any
one. By chance a strolling mendicant arrived ; he then
disclosed this his affliction to him, on which the holy
244 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEHCISES.
man wrote out a charm, and thus prescribed : " After
dissolving this in rose-water, you must drink it along
with your queen ; and on your having a son, you must
call him Mihr Munir, bestowing on him every science,
and all sorts of accomplishments ; but beware of marrying
him against his consent." Having thus directed, he
wandered away. This divine prescription being dissolved
in rose-water, the king and queen drank it off, and by its
blessed influence they had at last a fine healthy boy.
Whatever the pilgrim had enjoined respecting him was
all put in practice.
LESSON 57. In continuation.
1 sdbak panjdh o haftum dar muttasil-i-mazbur.
Harunu-r-rashid is clever in hdrunu-r-rasJitddar\_tahsil-
collecting bills, i - karz hoshiydr ast].
\_husul -i- karz fitnat
dar ad; or wusul-i-wdm
Tchub mahdrat ddradJ]
dar matlab-i-md sabak.
dar matlab-i-bdld,e.
dar matlab-i-pesli in.
in continuation, dar matlab-i-mazkur.
dar matlab-i-mazbur.
dar matlab-i-mdkabl.
dar matlab-i-mausuf.
In place of matlab, the following words may be used
makdla, from kaul. tafsir.
mabdhs or bahs. . tafsil.
baiydn. zikr.
takrir. gvft o gu.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 245
it is very difficult to get
money of such a one,
I have been to the bazar :
sugar is now 3| ounces a
rupee,
it will be better to wait a
few days, and then buy
the cloth,
of what use are such people?
they know nothing of
business,
I understand business I
am not easily imposed
upon,
raisins are BIX Ibs. for a
rupee, buy about one
thousand rupees' worth,
there is no understanding
the bazar prices,
in Shiraz the bazar rate is
scarcely for two hours
alike,
I made a deposit ; to-
morrow I shall see them
weighed,
az chunin shakhs pul yuftan
iniis/tkil ast.
man dar bazar buda am ;
nirkh-i-shakar fi rupiya
si o nim ukiya ast.
td chand ruz sabr kardan, o
Vad az an pdrcha-rd
Tcharidan bthtar ast.
[in mardumdn ba chi kdr
mi-ayand ?J liech kdr na
mi-da nand. [in mardu-
mdn be kdr and^\
man kdr ml-ddnam ba dsdn
fareb na mi-khuram.
kishmish shish ratl ft
yak rupiya farokhta ml-
shavad, ba kadar-i-yak
hazdr rupiya \Jtharld bi-
Tcun]. [bi - khar ; kharid
bi-namd.^
nirkh-i-bdedr yaksdn nist.
nirkh - i - bdzdr mukarrar
riist.
tabdtl - i - nirkh - i - bdzdr
ma'lum na ml-sJiavad.
dar shiruz nirlch-i-bazdr td
du sa'at ba mushkil yak-
sdn mi-mdnad.
in chizhd ba amdnat guz-
dshtam, [farda wazn
kkwaham kard~\. \jjesh
ru,e kh'.'d farda wazn-
ash Jfhwdham kard ; ru
ba ru,e khud farda wazn-
ash kjiwdham dld.~\
246 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
see that you are not imposed Jchabarddr ki shumd fareb
upon, na Jchured.
have you compared them ba namuna dnhd-rd mukdbil
with the sample? do they karda ed? \_muwdfik
agree ? and ?~\ [in misal-i-dn
mi-mdnad.^
two or three packages are du si basta az kism-i-a?la
superior, ast.
go and procure a pass for bi-rau o az bard,e chtzhd
the things that are ready, ki taiydr and Tthatt-i-
rdhddrl hdsil kun.
Exercise. When the prince became a man, he one
day took leave of his father and went away to enjoy the
chase, where a beautiful deer came in sight, grazing on a
plain, with a golden collar round its neck. He then
gave these orders to the people who were with him :
" You must manage to catch this fawn alive, surround
it on all sides ; if we thus get it, so much the better ;
otherwise, the person over whose head she bounding
escapes, must put his horse to full speed after it." Just
as they had completely encircled it, the deer all at once
made a spring over the prince's own head ; the rest
checked their horses' reins, while he spurred his horse
hard at its heels. She bounded away at such a rate as
to leave the attendants many miles behind, and at last
outrunning him, vanished from his sight. He then
stopped in amazement, himself he knew not where, and
his followers far away ; neither had he a place to lodge
in, nor enough of the day left to return.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 247
LESSON 58. In continuation,
sabak panjdh o hashtum dar zikr-i-mazkur.
get a boat, and send them
on board the ship,
sir, the captain's agent
said the goods cannot
be shipped to-day,
don't mind what the agent
says, but mind what I
say,
sir, as you bade me, I am
going,
go and ask the head ac-
countant when the ship
sails, and bring me word,
servant, call the cashier,
how much was
yesterday ?
collected
keep the money by you,
don't pay away any,
mdshiih bi-gir o chizhd-rd
bar jahdz bar kun.
sdhibd, kdr-guzdr-i-nd khu-
dd guft ki imruz asbdb bar
jahaz bar shudan na mt-
tawdnad.
dnchi kdr-kun mi-goyed bar
an [ma shinau~\ \_khaydl
ma kun, or gosh ma
kun~\ ; magar dnchi man
mt-goyam ba \_gosh-i-jdn
bi-shinau~\. [gosh o dil bi-
shinau.~\
sdhibd, [chundnchi farmuda
ed ba mutdbik-i-dn^ ml-
ravam. [ba mujib -i-
~
bi-rau o az muhdsib-i-
a'zam bi-purs ki jahaz kai
\_langar khwdhad bar
ddsht~\, o jawdb biydr.
[rawdna khwdhad shud.~\
ai nafar, khizdnchl-rd bi-
talab.
di ruz chi kadar pul jama'
shuda bud?
1 pul-rd nazd-i-khiid nigdh
bi-ddr, ba kase hech ma
dih.
1 make this money your charge, m pul-rd hawdla,e
kjhud bi-ddr ; pul-rd nazd-i-khud amdnat ddr.
248 5IISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEHCISES.
what is the discount on the
Company's paper ?
if you purchase the Com-
pany's paper of six per
cent, interest, the dis-
count is two tumans six
kirab ; if you sell, it is
two and a half tumans.
take these four thousand
tumans, with what money
has been received for
bills, and buy Company's
paper,
send these letters as direct-
ed,
1 sad rupiya,e kdghaz - i -
dnvdn-rd chi kasr mi-
girand ?
fl sad rupiya,e bar at -i -
Kampani bahddur chi
kadar tanzll ml-kunand?
darkdghaz-i-dnvdn fl sad
shish tumdn sud mi-gar-
dad, agar bi-khared du
tumdn o shish kirdn kasr
ast ; yd . bi-faroshed du
tumdn o mm.
agar kdghaz -i- bar at - i -
diwdn, ki fi sade shish
tumdn sud mi-dihand, bi-
khared du tumdn o shish
kirdn kasr mi-girand ;
agarbi-faroshedifi saddu
o mm tumdn waziat ast.
3 In chahdr hazdr tumdn bd
m'a an pul ki az karzhd
wusul karda shuda ast
bi-glr o bardt-i-dlwdn bi-
Mar.
ba muwdfik-i-sar ndmahd,e
in khutut \_rawdna~\ bi-
Tcun. \_rawdnj]
Exercise. While in this perplexity, the eyes of the
prince lighted on a dwelling, and thinks he, " Well, let
me at least learn to whom this house belongs." He then
beheld a venerable aged darwesh seated there, to whom,
after salutation, he observed, " With your leave may I
1 Siudh and Punjab Railway Company.
jamd'at-i-rdh-i-dhani,e Sindh o Panjdb.
3 a debt, karz (plur. kuruzdt} ; debtor, karzddr.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 249
remain all night here ?" " By all means, my child,"
replied the venerable man, " the house is at your
service." Having quickly given the necessary directions
for his guest's repast, as well as the horse's grain and
fodder, when done also with entertaining him, he asked,
" Pray who are you, young gentleman, and why have you
come here ? " He then related the whole of his late
adventure. In tne mean time, what does he see ? Lo !
on a splendid throne, four fairy queens, exquisitely
beautiful, clad in rich brocade, and covered from head to
foot with jewels and precious stones, suddenly descended,
who, having alighted, made their obeisance to the
reverend sage, and seated themselves respectfully in his
presence.
LESSON 59. In continuation,
sabak panjdh o nuhum dar mubdhasa,e mazbur.
bring those goods in bullock az gumruk khdna an asbdb-
carts from the custom- rd dar 'ardba,e gdw
house, [guzdshta~\ biydr. \kar-
da; nihdda; bar dashta^]
shumd-rd ba har chiz
mutawajjihshudan bdyad.
bdyad ki shumd ba har
cliiz [multafit bi-shaved~\.
\tawajjuh bi-kuned.~\
put the store No. 2 into ' 1 asbdb khdna,e duwum
order, and see that there durust U-kun, wa khalar-
is no damage, dar ki nuksan na shavad.
1 an armouiy, saldh-khdna.
a counting-house, \jnuhdsib~\-khdna. [hisdb.]
a bank, sarrdj-khdna ; sarrdfa.
a factory, kdr-\Jthdna]. [<jdh.~\
an office, daftar-khdna.
a post-house, manzil-khdna.
you must attend to every-
thing,
250 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
if you don't look to every-
thing, who else will ?
I am going out, let me see
everything ready when I
come back,
door-keeper, are the count-
ing-house accountants
come ?
who is at work in the iron-
factory ?
sir, nobody is yet come,
how is this, not yet come ?
what time of day do
they mean to come ?
this is the case every day,
and therefore Mr. 's
work is not yet done,
when they come to-day, we
will settle this business,
Saladin is speaking to me
daily about this work,
when they come send them
to me,
agar shumd [&] har cJiiz
nazar na khwdhed kard
ki khwdhad kard ? \_darJ]
man berun mi-ravam Vad az
dmadan-i-khudam harna
chrzhd bardbar [mu'ai-
yana~\ bi-kunam. \_mu-
shdhida ; muldhazaJ\
man ha Ian berun mi-ravam,
khabarddr ki pesh az
dmadan -i- man hama
clrizhd taiydr bdshand.
ai darbdn ! muhdsibdn-i-
muhdsib - Jchdna dmada
and?
dar kdr -Mdna,e dhan
kudam has kar mi-kunad?
sdhibd, kase ila hdl nayd-
mada ast.
chiguna \asf\ ki kase nayd-
mada ast, ba kudam sd'at-
i-ruz eshdn irdda,e dma-
dan mi-ddrand. [ittifdk
mi-uftad.']
har ruz chunln [as], o az
in sabab kdr-i-fuldn sd-
hib td hanoz tamdm na
shuda ast. [itlifdk mi-
wakte ki imruz dyand md in
kdr-rd \_faisal~\ khwdhem
kard. [faisala ; tasfiya.'}
saldhu-d-din har ruz az
bard,e in kdr ba man guft
o gu mi-kunad.
dar wakt-i-dmadan eshdn-rd
ba man bi-firist.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 251
Exercise. The sage remarked, " Well, this was not
your visiting-day here, pray tell me on what account you
have come." They replied, " Worshipful saint, there is
a princess named Badar Munir ; we intended to pay her
a visit, this is the road, and we could not find it in our
hearts to pass by without first paying our respects to you."
He then said, " Good, do take this prince also along with
you ; he will at all events see whether Badar Munir
is more lovely than the ladies of his palace, or they fairer
than she." To this the fairies agreed, and having handed
him to their throne, flew away, and in the twinkling of
an eye reached the palace of Badar Muntr. The instant
that Mihr Munir discovered that angel's face, bright as
the moon, he became enamoured with her, while she also
admiring his radiant countenance, and flushed by love's
magic bloom, shone resplendent with the charms of a
damask rose.
LESSON 60. In continuation,
sabak shastum dar makdla,e ma kabl.
how long are those Europe
goods to lie at the custom-
house ?
sir, without an invoice to
know what they are, how <
can I bring them ?
different sorts of goods pay
different rates of duty,
td chand dar [gumrulc] an as-
bdbhd,e farang khwdhad
mdnd. \Jaziy at-khdna.~\
sdhibd, bagjiair- i-jihrist-i-
chtzhd, chiguna sdmdn
diuardan mi- taivdnam,
ki m'alum am nist ?
sdhibd,bacfhair-i-fard-i-irsdl
az bard,e shindkhtan chi-
guna asbdb mustakhlis mi-
tawdnam kard ?
ba asbdb-i-kism-i-mukhtalif
mahsulfark ddrad.
ba har kism-i-asbdb mahsul-
i-digar ast.
mahsul -i - har matd? judd
judd ast.
252 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
by opening the boxes and
seeing their value, you
will be able to under-
stand,
sir, I cannot myself open
the packages,
in opening the packages, the
goods may be injured,
Here, take the invoice and .
go directly, ,
sir, I am going ; please to
give me the invoice,
at two o'clock the custom-
house officer came and
opened the boxes,
when I have signed each in-
voice, I will give them to
the accountant to . be
copied, and then send
them to you,
clerk, copy these, and give
them to the sergeant,
az kushddan-i-sandukhd wa
az muldhaza,e kimat-i-
asbdb ba shumd [inkishdf]
khwdhad shud. \_mun-
kashif.~]
az kushddan-i-sandukhd wa
takhmina kardan-i-kimat-
i-asbdb shumd-rd m'alum
Tchwdhad shud.
sdhibd, tanhd sandukhd na
mi-tawdnam kushdd.
az kushddan-i-bastahd shd-
yad \nuksdn-i-asbdb sha-
vad~\. \_ba asbdb nuksdn
rasad.~\
ai nafar ! fihrist-i-asbdb bi-
gir o.fi-l-faur bi-rau.
ai nafar ! fard-i-asbdb bi-
gir o ba zudi bi-rau.
sdhibd, ilhdl mi - ravam,
mihrbani karda fard-i-
irsdl [^indyat] bi-farmd-
yed. \_marhamat; 'atd.~^
ba sd'at-i-du ['uhdadarf-
i-makdf dmad o sanduk-
hd kushdd. ['amz7.]
wakte ki ba har fard dast
khatt khwdham kard dn-rd
ba niuhdsib, az bard,e nakl
kardan khwdham dad, wa
pas az an ba tu khwdham
firistdd.
[kdtibd /] tn-rd nakl bi-kun
o ba hawdladdr bi-dih. [ai
muharrir.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 253
call a blacksmith, and open dhangar-rd bi-talab o san-
the boxes ; compare the dukhd-rd bi-kushd ; kun-
value and quantity of the at o wazn-i-asbdb bd
goods with the invoice, bijak mukdbil bi-kun, bcCd
then make them tight az an bdz \bi-band~\.
again, [band kun.]
Exercise. Three watches of the night glided away in
such pleasure, harmony, and delight, as human tongue can-
not express. When these four fairy damsels were about
taking leave, they addressed the prince thus : " Come
along." He being pierced to the heart with the arrow of
love, replied, " I will not go ; if you must set off, by all
means depart." On representing this to Badar Munlr,
that she might persuade him to take'leave, they perceived
that she also had no desire to let him away. In this
perplexity they observed, " Now what is to be done ? if
we leave him, how shall we show our* faces to the holy
man ? and if we convey him hence in the present posture
of affairs, she will be offended ; the best advice is to wait
a little longer, till both begin to slumber.". After this,
with the fatigue of sitting up, both got a-nodding ; they
then gently and artfully raised him on the throne, and
with some philter lulling him asleep, flew off with him.
Ls|wf 61. In continuation,
sabak sfiast o yakum dar matlab-i-peshln.
sergeant, when you have ai hawdladdr wakte ki dast
signed your name, give khatt karda bashed dnhd-
them to the cashier, rd ba tahwil-ddr bi-dihed.
the officer having entered sdhib-kdr-i-a'ld dar kitdb-i-
the particulars of every jchud nmtafarrikdt wa
case in his book, and the mahsul-i-har jins sabt
duty on each article, karda mablaghdt - rd
wrote the amount, [darj^ namud. [tahrir ;
mastur ; t astir ; irkdm ;
indirdj ; mundaraj.~\
254 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
taking the invoice, I had to
go again, and show it to
the head officer,
having done all this, it had
struck four o'clock, and
the custom-house was
shut,
the next day I delivered
the invoice to the officer,
having examined the value
of the articles, and their
duty, he signed it,
afterwards, paying the duty
to the cashier, having got
an order for a pass and
cleared the cases, I hired
coolies, and brought them
away,
accountant, I will not give
a farthing to the custom-
house people or the
policeman at the wharf,
accountant, why did you
not go to the police-office
and get a pass ?
fldm-ndma girifta mard ba
huzur-i-dmil-i - \buzw(j~\
bdz raftan wanamudan za-
ruruftdd. [a'zam; a'td.~\
ba'd az tamdm kardan-i-
inhd sd'at-i-chahdr shud
o gumruk-khdna band gar-
did.
ruz-i-digar fihrist-rd [la
dmil-i-mukdta' at hawdla
kardam]. [la hawdla,e
'dmil -i - gumruk - khdna
kardam.~\
ba'd az muldhaza kardan-i-
kimat-i-asbdb o mahsiil-i-
dnhd dast khatt bar \_fih-
rist~\ kard. [tdlika ;
-
ba'd az add namudan-i -
mahsul ba sarrdf hukm-i-
ijdzat-ndma ydftam ; san-
dukhd mustakhlis kardam
wa hdmildn-rd (or ham-
mdldn-rd} ba muzd girif-
ta ba khdna an asbdb-rd
burdam.
ai muhdsib, ba ahl-i-gumruk-
khdna yd ba yoke az ahl-
i- ihtisdb-i-furza [dirame~\
na khwdham dad. \_pa~
shize.~i
ai muhdsib, chird ba daftar
khanate zabt o rabt-i-
shahr bard,e ydftan-i-
fijdzat]-ndma na rajtl ?
khaldsi.~\
^ MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 255
J* (3^
Exercise. On their arrival, they delivered him to the
good father, and with his permission returned to their
own mansions. By dawn of djiy, when he (the prince).,
awoke, neither the sparkling dome nor its refulgent orb
was there ; he heaved a deep sigh, and calling, " Alas,
Badar Munir .'" again fell into a do'ze, from the effects of
the potion upon him. Soon after, when a watch and a
half of the day had elapsed, on the appearance of a crowd, ^
the darwesh from circumstances guessed that these must
be his attendants, and having called them, he consigned
him to their charge. His companions were of course
^ gratified by finding him ; but noticing his condition, they
got alarmed about what reply they should give the king,
and thus interrogated the good anchorite : " Please your
reverence, why is our prince thus distracted ?" "Ask
himself," said he. On hearing this, they accosted the
prince in the following words : " Son of our sovereign,
why are you thus beside yourself ? "
LESSON 62. In continuation,
sabak shast o duwum dar bahs-i-mazbur.
sir, what can I do ? for two sdhibd ! chi kunam, az du
or three days I have not si ruz mardfursat-i-chash-
had a moment's leisure, mak zadan na buda ast o
one can't get a thing done fauran ba 'addlat \_chize
at once at the court, na tawdn kard~\. [kase
hech na ml - tawdnad
kard.']
if-I don't go myself, nothing baghair raftan - i - khudam
is done, [hech karda na mi-sha-
vad~\. [hech na ml-sha-
vad ; hech kdr bar na mi-
ayad.]
256 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
sir, I know, five days ago,
you wrote to Shiraz that
the things would be for-
warded to-morrow or
next day, and no pass is
obtained,
how can they go ? they can't
be sent without a pass,
is the order for screws gone
to Shiraz factory ?
they promised to send them
to-day,
if they don't come this
evening, you go there be-
fore gun-fire,
for want of these screws the
bales of cotton are lying
loose,
no one knows when the
vessel will sail,
have you collected the bills
I gave you yesterday ?
sdhibd ! man mi-ddnam lei
panj ruz pesh az In ba
shlrdz namshta edki far-
da yd pas far da chlzhd
firistdda khwdhad shud,
wa hdl dnki hech ijdzat-
ndma hdsil na shuda
ast.
pas chiguna baghair-i-ijdzat
ndma tawdnand raft ?
dyd hukm bard,e sdkhtan-i-
pechhd ba kdr - khdna,e
dhani,e shirdz rafta ast,
yd na ?
eshdn wa'da kardand ki
imriiz \_bi-fir istem~\. [an
chizhd-rd khwdhem firis-
tad.-]
agar dnhd imruz sham na
rasand pesh az wakt-
i-top zadan an jd bi-
rau.
ba sabab-i-[na bildan-i-~\ l
pechhd bastahd,e pumba
~\ uftdda and.
band.']
kase na mi-ddnad ki jahdz
kai [langar bar khwdhad
ddsht], [rawdn khwdhad
shud.]
fihrist -i- mutdlabdt ki di-
ruz shumd-rd dddam dn-
hd-rd [mujtami'] karda
ed ? [jam' ; Jirdham ;
baham.]
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 257
sir, I have given in the aikhuddwand, an kadr-i-mu-
money for all you gave tulibdt ki badin banda az
me, huzur \_dada] shuda bud
majmu'a,e pul - i - dn
ddkhil-i-khizdna,e 'dmira
karda am. [sapurda ;
huwdla karda ; tahwll
karda.] ' >
Exercise. The prince neither distinctly articulated
with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, all that he raved
being, "Alas, Badar Munir !" In short, they placed
i him in the palki, and conveyed him with fear and
; trembling to the king, to whom they stated the matter
so : " May it please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a
I* lovely fawn came in sight, and the prince, after forbidding
! us, set his horse after it himself at full gallop ; we
j nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took
shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our
sight entirely, though we were all following him with
our eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook us, and we
J being helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but
rising by daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last
' we found him in this distracted condition, at the lodge of
A a hermit there. When we inquired of him, he also gave
J\ us no information whatever, though we naturally con-
jecture that the person's name which is mentioned must
be one with whom the prince is in love."
LESSON 63. In continuation.
sabak sJiast o siwum dar guft-o-gu,e mausuf.
do you know where Na- najmu-d-din kujd ast, sJiumd
jamudin is ? mi-daned ?
sir, I heard he is not coming sdhibd! man shunlda am kio
to-day ; his brother says imruz na mi-dyad ; bard-
he has a fever, dar-ash guft ki o tap
karda ast.
17
'
258 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
how does he mean to do his
work ? he has a fever
daily,
was the cloth examined
yesterday, and placed to
Muhammad Ali's ac-
count ?
sir, it is entered in the
waste-book, not in the
ledger,
why so, if he objects to the
brokerage, how is it to be
settled ?
sir, I will thank you to
settle it with him ; he
does not mind us in the
least,
make out the account of
what cloth he has pur-
chased up to this time,
balance the account, leaving
out the cloth bought
yesterday,
chiguna kur-i-khiid-rd mt-
kunad, ki o har riiz tap
darad.
nii'kh-i-pdrcha-rd dirilz dar-
ydft karda, shumd ddkh-
il- i - hisdb-i - muhammad
'alt karda ed, yd na ?
sdhibu! ddkhil-i-khasra shu-
da ast, magar dukhil-i-
tafrik-ndma na shuda.
chird agar i'tirdz-i-daldlat
kunad, chiguna [band
o bast] khwdhad shud?
\_mukarrar ; munfasil.~\
ai sdhib ! man \_az shumd
/ ihsdnmand~] 1 kkwdham
shud agar bd o faisala,e
I dn rmCdmala khwdhed
kard ; [o ba sukhan-i-man
] hech wazn na ml-nihad]. 2
i l [_mamniin-i-ihsdn-i-shumd. ~\
2 [_ki kaldm-i-man nazd-i-o
wazn na mi-girad.~\
*[o sukhan-i-mard hech ba
khaydl - i - khud na mi-
drad.']
2 [o ba sukhan-i-man hech
i'tind na ml,-kunad.~\
hisdb-i-dn pdrcha ki o td in
zamdn kjiarida ast bi-kun.
pdrcha,e diruza \_dar
hisdb nayaxvarda] tam$j1
hisdb purchase peshlna
bi-kun. \_wd guzdshta ;
dar ffUfdshta.^
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 2o9
the account ought not to
remain unbalanced,
1 hisub-i-o baghair-i-tamsil
dddan na buyad guzasht.
dar hisab-i-o jam' iva kharch
waza' nainuda baghair-i-
nawishtan-i-bakaya an-rd
na buyad guzasht.
Exercise. The king then tenderly began : " My child,
if you will discover your affliction, we shall then consider
of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned,
"O my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar^,
jMuriir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next '
j interrogated about her address and residence. The prince
" sorrowfully said, " I know not, indeed." He rejected all
food, continued day and night heaving deep sighs, and
weeping bitterly. Witnessing this distress, his parents
also were sorely afflicted, and kept beating their breasts
in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state
were running fast into disorder and confusion. The
minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to
his majesty : " Let not your highness be so woe-begoue,
but attend as usual to the interests of your kingdom ;
your slave is despatching messengers in every direction ;
should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we
may then get the prince married to her ; if the parents
agree with a good grace, all is well ; if not, why, let us
force them."
outstanding balances, bakayfi,e hisdb.
a remainder, residue, baklyat (plur. bakaija).
260 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
LESSON 64. In continuation,
sabak shast o chahdmm dar zikr-i-mazkiir.
the account of shawls, hand-
kerchiefs, baftas, &c.,
which have been agreed
for, ie all settled,
there is nothing else due to
him ; if you please to
compare Dr. and Cr. you
will see,
Kasim accountant, what are
you doing ? see that the
accounts are correct,
I am afraid there are errors
in Saladdin's last year's
account,
hisdb-i-shdlhd, dast mdlhd,
bdfta o ivagjiaira \ki ki-
mat-i-dnhd faisal shuda
biid ba sar-anjum rasida
ast]. [ki dar kimat
faisal shuda bud ba
anjdm rasida ast.]
1 az md o-rdhech dddani riist;
agar az rdh-i-mihrbdni
jam' a o wdsil-rd [mukabit]
khwdhed kard, khwahed
fahmid. [tanzir; tamsil ;
tatbik.-]
1 ai kdsim muhdsib ! chi mt-
kuned? bi-bin ki hisdbhd
\_durust~\ and, yd na.
[sahih.~\
man mi-tarsam ki dar hisdb-
i-par sdla,e salahu-d-dln
[g_halathd~] wdkf shuda
and. [aghlat.~]
1 compare this with that.
in chiz-ra ba an chiz mukabil bi-hin.
mukdbila y e in chizhu bi-ktm.
in chiz wa an chiz-ra mukabil bi-kun.
2 to correct, amend, sahih kardan.
Hiilhcntic news, sahih khabar.
excellent proof, sahihu-l-'aiyar.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 261
I can't make out what
sugar,coffee, sugar-candy,
and raisins have been
purchased,
sir, here is nothing without
a written order ; the
accounts agree with what
is written,
that's not what I mean. I
say it's not clear what
belongs to each account,
sir, there is no fear about
that I have by me the
accounts of sales and pur-
chases,
tell me what is the amount
of Saladdin's account
what quantity and kind
of articles,
khabar na ddram, ki chi
kadar shakar, kahwa, na-
bdt o kishmish Jchartda
shuda ast.
sdhibd ! baghair-i-hukm-nd-
ma,e huzur hech ddkhil-i-
hisdb na shuda ast ;
hisdbhd ba dnchi nawishta
shuda ast [muwdfik~\ and.
[mutdbik ; barubar.^
an matlab-i-man nist, balki
mi-goyam ki dnchi ba har
hisdb ta'alluk ddrad, an
saj m'alum nist.
man in na mi-goyam, balki
matlab-i-man an ast ki
ta'alluka,e har chtz ba
har hisdb-i-[_'ala haddah~\
saf m'alum nist.' [muta-
farnka.~\
suhiba ! ba nisbat-i-an hech
Tthaufnist, man hisabhd,e
kharid o farokht ddram.
mar a jam* -i- hisdb- i-sald-
hu-d-din bi-go, wo, kadar
o kism-i-asbdb-ash nishdn
U-dih.
Exercise. This plan was applauded by the sovereign,
and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarter?, nnth a
requisition in due form. One of these emissaries found
his way to Badar Munir's country, and on making the
requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation wa.s
still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her
lover. On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered
the presence of her illustrious father, and presented the
'
262 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
formal request to him ; who, though drooping with
sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the
f paper, became much exhilarated. He instantly, without
loss of time, preparing an answer, delivered it to the
. messenger, with this injunction, " Do you quickly proceed
' by night and by day till you deliver this from me." The
purport of it was thus : " The friendly epistle hath
reached us, in which you solicit my daughter Badar
Munir's hand for your son Mihr Munir, to which I have
consented : it is now incumbent on you to reflect, that
the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the
better : you will therefore be pleased to make no delay,
nor take any trouble about the bridal preparations."
LESSON 65. In continuation.
sabak shast o panjum dar makdla,e ma kail.
1 sdhibd ! kadre sabr bi-far-
sir, wait a moment, the
articles had on the 4th
instant are not entered,
Mr. will sail to-
morrow ; is his account
ready ?
inayed ; asbdb-i-tdrikh-i-
chahdrum -i - mdh - i- hdl
[dar kitdb nawishta~] na
shuda ast. \_ddkhil-i-
hisdb ; madkhiil -i- daf-
tar ; ddkhil-i-daftar ; dar
daftar kaid ; dar hisub
mundarij ; dar daftar
indirdj ; darj-i-hisdb^]
/uldn sdhib farda \_sawdr-i-
jalidz~\ khwdhad shud ;
ay a hisdb-i-o taiydr ast ?
[dar jahdz rawdna.~\
1 current month, mdh-i-hal.
current year, sdl-i-rawdn.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEttCISES. 263
it is here, sir ; the amount
due from him is 56,411
rupees,
give me the account ; I will
go on board the ship,
settle it, and get the
money,
you come with me, then I
shall have no trouble in
explaining,
Kudrat-Ulla, bring the
waste-book, journal, and
ledger with the book of
sales with you,
sdhibd! hi sub hamin ast mab-
layk ki az o \_rasulani~\
ast panjdh o shish hazdr
chahdr sad o ydzdah
rupiya mi-bdshad. [mu-
tdliba.~]
ba mar, hisdb-i-o bi-dih,
man barjahdz rafta,faisal
khwdham kard, wa mab-
laghrru khwaham girift.
}ia>it/-<~iJi-i-man biyd ki maru
\Jiech zuhtnat-i-fahinuish-
i-dn na khwahad shud.~\
[hech zuhmat dar tafsil-
i - an na bdshad ; ki
man dar talcrir-i-tafsil-i-
dn hisdb hech zuhmat na
baram.^
1 kudrat alldh !
kitdb-i-yad ddsht, waste-
book.
kitdb - i-mutafar- ^
i---, <
kitab-i-tafnk,
kitdb-i-riiz - ndma, )
kitdb -i-madkhal o "\
journal.
J
l edger .
kitab-i-amaaani o I
March, )
kitdb-i-farosh, sales-book.
hamrdh-i-khud biydr.
1 To be written thus :kudratu-l-lah.
264 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
show me the amount of
what is due to and from
each of the shopkeepers,
it appears to me all the
accounts are in confusion,
hark you ! are all my ai
things ready ?
sir, some one has taken
money for them ; no
doubt they will be here
by two o'clock,
when they come, send them
immediately to the new
landing-stage,
it is now high water, I can't
wait longer,
pul-i-madkhal o karz-i-har
dukdnddr ba man nishdn
bi-dih.
ba man bi-namd mablaghdt-
i-ddd o sitad-i-har dukdn-
ddr.
mard [rni-namdyad~\ Tci hama
hisdb darham barham
ast. [ma'lummi-shavad.~]
nafar ! hama chizhd,e
men taiydr and, yd na ?
ai sdhib ! faldn nafare bard,e
an kdr mablagh girifta ast.
yakin ddram ki karib-i-
sd'at-idu injd khwdhand
\bud~]. [rasid.~] '
1 wakte ki bi-rasandfi-l-faur
ba mat dbar-i-nau bi-firist.
aknun madd bald ast, ziydda
az in \_tdkhir~\ na mi-
taw dnam kard. [der ;
tawakkuf.~\
Exercise. When the bearer of such cheering intelli-
gence delivered the letter into the minister's hands, he
forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court ; and when
his majesty cast his eyes over the lines, he felt his heart
glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely
happy, and accordingly ordered a reward for the bringer
. of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the
whole city, there were great rejoicings, and the king
thus instructed the minister : " I will set out on such a
1 it is high-tide, madd bald ast.
it is low tide, jazr pd, in ast.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 265
day to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mthr Muriir ;
in the mean time, get all the equipage immediately ready
for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our
journey." In that period every requisite was prepared,
and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along
with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous
and resplendent, that a detail here would prove too
tedious. . In a few weeks he entered the other's territories
with becoming grandeur and dignity, with flying colours
aarfbands of music, and thence, having accomplished the
^ otyect of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a
very splendid manner, bringing with him his son and
daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and delight.
17*
PERSIAN MANUAL,
PART II.
VOCABULARY.
ENGLISH AND PERSIAN.
THE following selection of phrases will be found to answer
two distinct purposes: 1st, To exercise the student in
readily turning into Persian every possible variety of
English expressions ; 2nd, To serve as a vocabulary of
useful words, each sentence containing a leading word,
arranged according to the order of the alphabet.
A.
abandoned able.
ABANDONED The crew having abandoned the ship, had
run away. mallahan jaliaz-ra guzashta (mafrur gashta)
budand. (fircir karda; ru, ba firar nihada.) Or,
mallahan tark-i-jahaz nirifta gurekhta budand.
ABATE He does not abate me one diram. o (yak diram
kam} ba man na ml-kunad. (takhfl/-i-yak diram.} Or,
o az an kimat yak diram az man kam na mi^girad.
ABIDE Abide with me a few days. ba man chand roz (bi-
maned.) (tashrlf bi-dared.) Or, chand roz in (banda)-ra
az suhbat-i-khud mamnun bi- far may eel. (khaksar ; fidict.)
ABILITY He possesses great ability. obisiijar (kabiiiyat
darad). (kabil ast.) Or, o dar 'iliii kamil ast. Or, o ba
kamal-i-ilm~tyat raalda ast. Or, o sahib-i-(balacfli) ast.
(isti'adad.)
ABLE He is an able man. o (s,ahib-i-aswad) ast. (mus-
ta'idd; mahir ; ahl-i-isti'adad.)
18
268 able accomplish.
ABLE Are you able to do this ? in kar mi-tawaned
kard ? Or, shuma mi-tawaned ki in kar bi-kuned ? Or.
shuma kabiliyat-i-ln kar kardan dared ?
ABSENT I have been absent ten days. dah roz (ghair-
hazir) buda am. (hazir na.) Or, ghaibat-i-tnan ta dah
roz tul kashida ast.
ABSTAIN We ought to abstain from committing evil.
ma-ra bayad ki az bad-karl (parhez bi-kunem). (buz
biyayem ; dost bi-darem ) Or, ma-ra az kar-i-shanl' (dant
kotah) bayad kard. (tajannub.)
ABSURD It is absurd to speak thus. churiin gu/tan
(behudd) ast. (la-ya'ni; 'abas.)
ABUNDANCE Take as much as you please ; I have abun-
dance. har kadar ki khwahed, bi-glred ; man (ba kasrat]
daram. (ba i/rat ; ba wafur ; ba wafrat ; ba firawam ;
la fart.}
ABYSSINIAN That is an Abyssinian slave. o (gliulam}-i-
habshl ast. (banda ; zar-i-kharld ; mamluk; 'abd.)
ACADEMY He goes to an academy daily. o rozmarra ba
madrassa mi-ravad.
ACCEDE Do you accede to what I propose, or not ?
anohi ml-goyam kabul mi-kuned, ya na ?
ACCENT I still retain my Persian accent. ta hal lahja,e
zaban-i-farsl daram.
ACCEPTABLE The book you sent me was acceptable.
kitdbe ki shuma ba man Jiristaded (pasandida) bud.
(pasand ; matbu ; makbul.}
ACCEPTED He immediately accepted my offer. ofi-l-faur
&ukhan-i-mara (kabul kard]. (paziraft ; ijabat kard.)
Or, haman scCat bar sukhan-i-man razl shud.
ACCOMPANY Except you accompany me, I will not go.
man baghair (ham-rahl,e) shuma na khwaham raft.
(rafakat-i- ; suhbat-i-.) Or, man na ml-ravam ta anki
shuma hamrah-i-man nayayed.
ACCOMPLISH I was not able to accomplish my wishes.
man (ba murad-i-kjiud rasidaii) na tawanistam. (arzu,e
account action. 28ff
Jchud bar sar awardan ; ummed-i-khyd ba anjam rasani-
dan; gul-i-murad-i-kjnid-ra chidan.) Or, mudda'uyam
az dastam bar nayumad. Or, nuiksudam hasil (naya-
mad). (na shud.}
ACCOUNT Have you an account with him ? shuma ba a
hisabe dared ?
ACCUSED He is accused of robbing his master. bar o
tuhntat-i-dumdl karda n-i-aghfi,e khud-ash amada ast. Or,
tuhmat bar an shakh_s nihada and ki o mal- i-malik- i-khtfd-
ra duzdida ast. Or, an has ba. tuhmat-i-duzdi kardan-i-
agjtfi^ khtid (giriftar amada) ast. (mat'un gardlda ;
muttahim gardlda ; mansiib ffashta.)
ACCUSED lam accnsed of breach of my word, personal
levity, and weakness of judgment. man ba tanakis-i-
kaul \ca kkiffat-i-zat ica rakakat-i-ra^ mansub gardlda
am.
ACCUSTOM Accustom yourself to read and write. dar
kjnvfindan wa natrishtan khvd-ra masliak bi-kun. Or,
(istimal}-i-khwandanu-anau-ishtan bi-kun. (rabt ; saicad.)
ACID This fruit is very acid. In meica khaill (turush ast).
(talkhl darad.)
ACQU.\INTANCES He has many acquaintances. o bisiyar
(ashnayan) darad. (musahiban ; rufaka ; munisan.) Or,
o ba mardumcin-i-bisiyar marifat darad.
ACQUAINTED I am acquainted with all man hama-ra
im-shinasam. Or, man ba hama (icaklf am), (ma'rifatl
daram; ru shinas hastam.)
ACQUIRED He has acquired great knowledge. o 'ilm-i~
u-afir (hiisil) karda ast. (paida ; andokhta.) Or, o
tahs~d-i- Urn ba darja,e kamal karda ast.
ACQUITTED He has been tried and acquitted. mnrafa'a,e
o tamam sJiud chtze bar o sabit nayamad. Or, tah-
kikat-i-o kardand wa lekin az ^adm-i-sabutl riha,i yaft).
^ufida,e anjunn berun amad.)
ACTION A good action deserves our praise. -fil-i-nek
(lu,ik-i-afrin wa tahslri) ast. (wajibu-l-ta'rjf.)
270 active admitted.
ACTIVE He is exceedingly active in that business. o dar
an kar bisiyar (chalak) ast. (shatir; Mr-ran; tez-kar;
chust; tez-dast.)
ADJACENT This is adjacent to that. in badan muttasil ast.
ADAM The angel of God expelled Adam and Eve from
paradise. -Jirishta,e khuda az bihisht adam wa hawwa-ra
ikhraj kard. Or, malaku-l-hakk az jannat adam wa
hawwd-rd (badar kard). (jildkard; berun kashid.)
ANGEL The angel of death seizes upon all men. malaku-
l-maut (jdn-i-har insdn mi-g~irad.) (kabizu-l-arwah ast.)
Or, azra.il dkhirjdn-i-hama-rd mi-glrad. Or, ajal akhir
ba hama kas mi-rasad. Or, liama kas-ra ajal jirdr mi-
rasad. Or, ma hama 'alufa,e marg hastem.
ADDITION He has received an addition to his salary. o
izafa,e musliahira,e khud yafta asU Or, bado izafa,e
mmvajib raslda ast. Or, dar tankhicah-i-o (tarakkl) gar-
dida ast. (afznni ; ziyadafl.}
ADDRESS Pray can you tell me his address? sdhiba, ni-
shan-i-khitab wa nam wa makam-ash fannudan mi-
tawaned ?
ADJOUKNED To-day's meeting is adjourned till Monday
nent. majlis-i-imroz ta da shamba,e ayanda maukitf ast.
Or, mahfil-i-imroz ta dli shamba,e ayanda mu'attat karda
and.
ADJUST Let us first adjust this matter. (biya ta au-u-al
mukarrar)-i-m kar-ra bi-kunem. (bi-guzar ki awical rafa'
wa ruju'.)
ADMIBABLF. This is admirable writing. In Tfhatt bisiyar
(nafis] ast. (khush-khrttt.}
ADMIRE I greatly admire him for his great learning.
man az kamal-i-' Urn-ash bisiyar ta'ajjub ddram.
ADMIT! do not admit what you say. man ancld shuma
ml-goyed, (kabul na daram). (manzur-na ml-kunam.)
Or, man ka,il-i-kaul-i-shi(i>ia mstam. Or, bar anchi
shuma m7-goyed man ka,il instam.
ADMITTED May a stranger be admitted ? begana-ra dar
adult affecting. 271
In ja ijazat-i-(d(<Jckil shudan) ast? (madkhal kardan;
dakhl kardan ; ilukhul kardan ; tadakJikhul sakhtan.)
Or, gharlbe-ra rnkjisnt ast Id dar in ja bar yabad?
ADULT A school has been opened for adult persons. mak-
tabe az bara,e shakhsan-i-baligh, bar pa shuda ast. Or,
ta'lim-kh_ana,e-ra ba jihat-i-nau jaicanan bina nihada and.
ADVANCE Can you advance me this sum ? in pul ba
taur-i-peshgl mara ml-tauaned dad.
ADVANCED The enemy had advanced as far as Shiraz.
dushman ta ba shahr-i-shlraz pesh rafta bud.
ADVANTAGE Of what advantage will that be to- me ? an
an chifa,ida ba man khwiihad rasld? Or, an clilz clii
manfaat-am khwahad bakhshid ? Or, az an kar chi
zarafl kJiwaham bast ? Or, 'in kar ba jihat-i-man chi ma-
nafi dar ad? Or, an ba dard-i-man chi daira dar ad?
Or, an an chlz chi tamattu' ba man khwaltad rasld /
Or, an clilz chi man/a at ba man ru khwilltad namud ?
ADVERSITY She has long been in adversity. an zan ta
muddat-i-madld dar muslbat uftada ast. Or, an za'ifa
ta icakt-i-daraz ba bala giriftar buda ast.
ADVEKTISE You had better advertise the sale. bihtar ast
ki ishtihar-i-(farokht) ba bazar-i-'amm bi-kuned. (harraj ;
mazad. )
ADVICE What is your advice in this affair ? dar In mu-
'arnala salah-i-shuma chlst ? Or, dar in amr chi maslahat
ml-(daned)? (diked; kuned.) Or, dar In kar chi
(mauizai) ml-blned? (saifab.")
ADVISABLE Do you think it advisable to do so? aija,
shuma In chunln kar kardan (munasib ml-blned} ? (mas-
lahat ml-daned.) Or, in chunln kar kardan nazd-i-shunta
maslahat darad ?
AFFECTED He affected a great show of kindness. an
shakhs zahiran khatir-darl,e firau-an if a namud.
AFFECTING This history is affecting. In hikayat (dard-
amez) ast. (gham-angez.} Or, in misal dar kase (asar
ml-kunad). (dar ml-glrad.)
272 affection agent.
AFFECTION He shows great affection for the people. o
bar marduman-i-khud bisiyar muhabbat ml-kunad. Or,
o ba 'awamu-n-nas uns-i-tamam darad. Or, o-ra (ulfat)-
i-baligh ba ahl-i-mulk ast. (Jiawadarl.}
AFFIRMED He affirmed this to be a certain fact. o ba
yakln guft Id in sukhan (sahih} ast. (haklkl ; rast.) Or,
o bar sadakat-i-in (sabit mand). (ka,im nishast ; istiklal
girift.)
AFFLICTED He on hearing the news became greatly
afflicted. o az shunldan-i-m khabar bisiyar (pareshan)
shud. (mutaraddid ; paraganda-dil ; muztaribb ; mu-
shawwash ; sar gardan.) Or, ba istima'-i-ln wtiki'a khaill
hairan gasht. Or, bad az isgjta kardan-i-ln kaifiyat (dil-
ash sokht). (bikh-i-gidbun4-shadl,e o burida gasht.)
AFFLICTION They have suffered great affliction. eshan
(ranfri-firawan kashlda and. (mihtiat ; 'azab ; gham.)
AFRAID I am afraid to go there. az raftan-i-an ja (mara
khauf ast). (khaufml-glram; khauf daram; mukhatvwaf'
am ; ml-tarsam.) Or, man mt-tarsam ki anja bi-ravam.
AFFORD I cannot afford to give so much monthly wages.
chandan mushahira ba shuma na mi-tawanam dad. Or,
man na ml-tawanam ki In kadr-i-muwajib mahahana ba
shuma bi-diham.
AFFORD Pray afford me your assistance. mara madad
bi-farmayed. Or, mihrbanl karda, mara dastglrl bi-kuned.
Or, lutf farmuda, mara pushtl bi-farmayed. Or, az ru,e
iltifdt ba man himayat bi-kuned.
AFFRONT I do not wish to affront him. o-ra (khafgl
dadan) na rnl-khwaham. (ba khashm aivardan.) Or, man
na ml-khwiiham ki o az man ranja-khatir gardad.
AGE Her age is not more than ten years. 1 umr-i-an
dukhtar az dah sal (ziyada) nut. (beshtar; mutajciwiz.)
AGENT Do you know who is his agent ? aya shuma mi-
daned ki (gumashta) t e o klst ? (wakll ; kar-guzar ; fa'il* ;
'amtt.)
* ffil is only used in grammar.
agitated almanac. 273
AGITATED Standing before the court, he began to be much
agitated. wakte ki o dar 'adalat istad (o-ra bisiyar larzish
girift). (bisiydr larza bar andcimash uftad ; dil-ash
tapldan girift ; khauf wa hiras bar o mastaull shud.)
AGREE J agree to what you say. anchi shuma ml-yoyed
(kabiil mi-kiinam). (manznr mi-diiram ; bar an riza mt-
diham.) Or, ba mmcajikat-i-kaul-i-shuma dar amada
am. Or, ba shuma dam-i-muwaj\kat mi-zanam.
AGUEEAELE His company is very agreeable. rafakat-
ash pasandlda ast. Or, mu,anasat-i-o pasand-khatir ast.
Or, imsiyat-i-omarghjib ast. Or, az miikh_alitat-i-o haz-i-
bisiyar paida mi-shavad.
AGREEMENT What agreement had you with him? bado
chi 'uhda wa paiman basta ed ? Or, bado eld (wa'da)
karded? (ta'ahhud; i'tir(if-nama.) Or, bado chi karar-
dild ba 'arnal awarded ?
AGREED They agreed to a rendezvous at that place.
eshcin ba yak digar mi'ade nihudand.
Aia The air of this country is very unfavourable. ab o
hawa,e in mulk bisiyar na (saz-kur') a$t. (muwafik.}
ALAS Alas ! it is all true. a/sos ! in hama rust ast.
ALIKE The two are perfectly alike. in har du ta ba yak
dlgar bi-l-kull mushabbah and. Or, dar mushabahat-iin
har dU ta sar-i-mu,e farak nlst. Or, in har du 'aid kull-i-
hal misal-i-yak-dtgar and.
ALLIGATOR I saw an alligator in the Euphrates. dar
rud-khana,e farat yak (7tihange)-ra dldam. (timsahe.)
ALLOW Allow me to go with you. bi-guzdred ki ham-rah-i-
shuinii, bi-ravam. Or, intffarmuda, inarci ham-rah-i-khud
bi-bared.
ALLOW Do not allow delay. ta,akhlr(ran:rt)ma dar. (jii,iz.)
ALLOWANCE He made me an allowance of ten rupees.
o dah rupiya ba man dasturl diid. Or, (u-(ijh-i-kifaf)-i-
manbakadar-i-dahrnpiyadrid. (ma'ithat; idrar; ivazlfa.)
ALMAIS^C Have you got this year's almanac? (takwim-i-
imsal) dared ? (tanjlm-i-itnsula.)
274 alphabet answer.
ALPHABET I have not yet learned the alphabet. ta hanoz
(huruf-i-tahajjl nayamoklita am), (dar abjad ta'tim na
yafta am; alif,ba,pa na danam.}
ALOUD Speak aloud, that I may hear you. ba awaz-i-
buland bi-go ta tura bi-shinaram.
ALTERATION What alteration shall I make? ba chi four
in-ra (tabdll) bi-kunam. (tabaddul ; tagtiaiyur ; tahicll ;
haraf; inhiraf)
ALTEKED It is now done, and can't be altered. ilhal
tamam shud, hech tabaddul sliudan na mi-taicanad.
Or, aknun ba itmam rasida ast, ba hech u~ajh (tac/haiyur
shudan) na mi-tawanad. (mitbaddal gashtan ; muta-
ghahjir shudan; munharaf gardldan.)
AMASSED He has amassed great wealth. an has bisiyar
daulat jam' karda ast.
AMOUKT The bill will amount to 500 rupees. -jairi-i-hisab
jianj sad rupiya buda bashad.
AMOUNT What is the amount of your bill ? jam'-i-hisab-at
cliist ?
AMAZED I was amazed at the amount. az jam'-i-hisab
bisiyar (ta'ajjub kardam). (mnta'ajjib shudam ; muta-
haiyir shudam ; hairan shudam.]
AMUSE Amuse yourself awhile in the garden. kadre der
ba bagh, mashghul bi-shau. Or, chande (tafarruj-i-rauza
bi-nama). (khjid-ra ba bostcin dar ishtic/hal bi-dar.)
ANCIENT Shlraz is an ancient city. sluraz shahr-i-kadlm
ast. Or, shiruz shahrlst kadlm.
ANGRY Does this make you angry ? In sukhan shuma-ra
(khashm-nak mi-kunad)? (ghaiz ml-dihad.) Or, az in
sukhan shuma-ra khashm rn'i-mjad? Or, az in sukhan
shuma (ghaiz mi-ared) ? (khashm ml-kuned ; dar ghussa
mi-shaved ', mutaghaiyur mi-shaved; mutacfhaiyiz mi-
shaved ; kahr mi-fjtred : baham bar ml-ayed.) Or, az in
sukhan 'aish-i-shumatalkh, mishavad ? Or, bar In sukhan
khashm mi-glred ?
ANSWER Can you give an answer to this question ? jaicab-
answer apprehended. 275
i-in su,al mi-tau-cined dad ? Or, az jaicab-i-in su,al lease-
ra mustafiz farrnudan mt-tatcaned?
ANSWER This will answer my purpose. in la kar-i-man
kjhwdhad khnrd. Or, in ba hasb-l-mudda' 1 -i-man khwahad
bud. Or, az in ijra,e kar-i-man khwHliad shud.
ANXIOUS I am very anxious to get there. man bisiyar
(mushtUk-am ki an ja bi-rarani). (ishtiyak daram ki an
ja bi-rasam.')
ANYWHERE J have not seen him anywhere. man o-ra
hech ja na dlda am. Or, ba o hech ja (mulakat na
karda) am. (mulakl na shuda.}
APOLOGY He made no apology for his misconduct. o az
bara,e bad rafttin,e kjnid hech frizr na kard). ('war
nayaward; mu'iifi na kkwast ; mazrat na kard; i'tizar
na kard.) Or, o bar bad raftar~i,e kjntd istighfar na guft.
APPEAL He made an appeal to Government. o ba sarkar
ntjn,'-i-murafa'a,e kJiud kard.
APPEAR He will not appear personally in this business.
o dar In amr khud-ra (poshlda) khwahad dasJit. (makhfl.)
Or, o dar m 'amal ru-posh khwahad shud. Or, o dar In,
Jtar ba zat-i-khud zcihir na khwahad shud.
APPEARS It appears to me very strange. In kar ba nazar-
i-man bisiyar ('ajlb mi-aijfid). (gharib ast ; nadir ast.)
Or, man az in kar muta'uj jib-am. Or, az in kar mara
tdajjub mi-ayad.
APPLICATION He made an application to the judge. o ba
hakim-i-shara? 'arz kard. (In writing, 'ariza.)
APPRAISED His goods will be appraised and sold. ba'daz
takhjinn asbab-i-o ba (liarraj) farokhta khwahad shud.
(mazad.) Or, ba?d az ta'aiyun-i-k'iinat saman-ash ba
farosh' khwahad rasid.
APPREHEND I apprehend you have made a mistake. man
mi-fahmam ki shuma ghalat karda ed. Or, (dar fahm-i-
man mi-ayad) ki khata khurda ed. (mafhum-am ml-
shavad.)
APPREHENDED He was apprehended and put into prison.
276 appropriated arrested.
o giriftar shud, ica mahbus gardid. Or, eshan o-ra
giriftar karda dar kaid-khana andakhtand.
APPROPRIATED He has appropriated all his property to
this purpose. o az bara,e in kar hama milkiyat-i-khud-
ash (guzashta) ast. (makhsus karda.)
APPROVE Do you approve of what I say ? anchi ml-goyam
(shuma pasand ml-kuned), ya na ? (shuma-ra jjasand mi-
ayad ; dar nazar-i-sliuma pasandida m/i-ayad ; dar sama-
i-kdbul-i-shwna mi-ii/tad ; ba ra,e shuma muwafikat mi-
kunad; ba mahall-i-kabul-i-shuma makrun ast.}
ABABIC He teaches the Persian and Arabic languages.
o zabanha,e farsl wa 'arabl mi-amozanad. Or, o dar
'ajjami wa 'arabl (ta'llm ml-kunad). (tadns ml-kunad ;
dars mi-dihad.)
ARCHES There are five arches in the veranda. dar pesh-
khcina panj tak ast. Or, dar aiwan panj mihrab ast.
Or, tin pesh-gah panj kaman dcirad.
ARDUOUS This is an arduous undertaking. murtakib
shudan-i-ln kar mushUdl ast. Or, irtikab-i-m amr (dushwar
ast). (ishkal darad.)
ARGUE Let us argue the point together. biya ki ma
baham bar In nukta (mubahasa bi-kunem). (bahs bi-
kunem ; burhan bi-namayem ; dalll bi-dihem ; hujjat biy-
awarem.)
ARGUMENTS He uses very strong arguments. o bisiyar
kawi dalllha ba k<ir nu-tlwarad. Or, o dala,il-i-bisiyiir
kaici trad mi-kunad. Or, sabat-i-(mmtaklm) isti'mrd ml-
kunad. (ka,lm ; muhkain; mukaicl; ustuwar.) Or, an
kas bnrhrinhu,e kliti' darad.
ARITHMETIC I am now learning arithmetic. ilhal man
'ilm-i-(siy~ik) mi-khwanam, (hisab.} Or, ilhal man 'Urn-
i-riyuzi ini-umozam. Or, Ji-l-hal dar ''ilm-i-ghayat ta'lim
ml-yubam.
ARMY The king was at the head of his army. badshah
ba sar-i-lashkar)-i-khud bud. (malik-pesh-rau,e 'askar.)
ARRESTED He was arrested for debt by Kasim. ba sabab-
arrival assembly. 277
.i-karz (o az dast-i-kasi>n giriftar shud). (kasim o-ra
giriftar hard.)
ARRIVAL Have you heard the news of his arrival? ayii
shumakhabar-i-(rasulan)-ash shimlda ed ? (icurud ; rasl-
dagl ; makdam; u-arid shudan.)
ART I am not acquainted with that art. az (or bar) an
hunar (wakif nayam). (wukiif na daram.) Or, dar an
(san'at) maharate na detrain, (faun, p\. funiin.)
ARTFUL They are very artful. eshan bisiyar (klla-baz)
and. ( rtibah-baz ; hukka-biiz ; dli ru ; ntrang-parduz ;
gurpaz.) Or, eshcin dil)n-i-f(trcb ica dagha mi-gustarand.
Or, eshan inajmi'-i-fasad wa makr wa majmiCa,e zirk wa
gjiadr and.
ARTICLES They deal in various articles. eshan dar matW-
i-har nau tijHrat ml-kunand. Or, eshan pllaicar hastand
(inal-i-jiizl) nu-faroshand. (apia.s-i-kjhj.ir da ^ Or, eshan
tujjclr and mal-i-knlll mi-faroshand.
As Has he repaired the carriage as I told him ? ba
mujib-i-guftan-i-man (marammai)-i-kaliska karda ast, ya,
na ? (tajdld.)
ASCEND Let us now ascend the mountain. biya ta il-hrd
bdla,e koh bi-ravem.
ASK Ask him what is his name. (az o bi-pitrs) ism-i-shuma
chlst ? (o-ra bi-purs.)
Ass To whom does that ass belong? an khar azan-i-
kist ? Or, mcilik-i-an khar klst ?
ASSEMBLED The people of the villages assembled.
ahl-i-dihat (jam) shudand. (majmii' ; tiitijtami' ; mujam-
ma\) Or, marduman-l-bulukat (firaham ) itmadand. (gird.)
Or, jam!' muklman-i-karya (ijtima') namUdand. (jam'lyat.)
ASSEMBLY I saw a great assembly of people. man guroh-
i-buzurge dldam. Or, izhdihame bisiyar midahaza kar-
dam. Or, jam'iyate kaslr mushahida kardam. Or, (.(,-
ifa)e 'azlm ba nazar-i-man dmad. (jam' ; jama'at ;
zumra; kasrat-i-khala,ik ; mahfd, pi. mahafil; majma'-
i-marduman.)
278 assent astonishment.
ASSENT I assent to your proposal. man ra,e shuma-ra
kabul ml-kunam. Or, ba irada,e shuma muttafik-am.
Or, man ba kh_wahish-i-shuma karar mi-(kunani). (glram.)
Or, man mukirr-i-arzu,e shuma hastam.
ASSERTED He asserted that it is so. o (ba yakln guft) Id
ham chunin ast. (ikrarkard; tahklk hard.)
ASSIST We ought to assist each other. bayad Id yak digar-
ra madad bi-dihem. Or, mara bayad Id yak djyar-ra (mu-
'awin bashem.) (mu'awanat ; imdad ; yaicarl ; piishtl;
madad bi-kunem.} Or, bayad ki murad-i-yak dlgar-ru, bar
arem.
ASSOCIATE Why do you associate with evil company? ba
suhbat-i-bad chira (mukhaHtat} ml-kuned ? (ikhtilat ;
mujalisat ; muwasilat ; ulfat; mubasliarat ; mu'asliarat;
mura/ikat ; uns.) Or, ba bad-raftaran chira (yar nil-
shaved)? (rni-nishlned ; nn-paiwanded ; dam saz mi-bashed ;
suhbat dZred.) Or, chira dar taicila,e rindcin mi-bashed?
Or, chira bamardum-i-sharirwa/attan ikh tilat mi-war zed ?
*0r, chira dar silk-i-suhbat-i-safikan (ablahan, faroma-
yagan, kam-zarafan, subiiksaran, kfnmnaf/ftn, bad-tlnatan,
nakisan, na-kasan, bdd-sifjalan, na/as parwaran, khlra-
ruyun, ttra-rayan, turush-ruyan, bahana juyan, bad'
khuyan, miCjiban, mtkis-aklan, talkh-guftaran, mardum-
azaran, gada-taba'an ; na parhezgan) munsalik nil-shaved ?
ASSURE I assure you there is no danger in that matter.
man ba shuma, rust nii-goyam ki dar an mu'amala hech
khauf ica kh_atar nist.
ASSUREDLY Assuredly this is true. (yakln ast ki m rast)
ast. (be shakk m sadik ; al hakk In hakk ; ba khuda m
sahlh ; ba sar-i-khudat In muhakkak.J
ASTONISHMENT He manifested great astonishment on his
part. o az taraf-i-khitd (ta^ajjub^-i-bisiyar (zahirf hard.
*(tahaiyur ; hairat.) 2 (ashkar.) Or, ma'lum ast ki to,-
* The meanings of these useful words, here grouped together,
should be found from a Dictionary.
astronomy auction. 279
kaiyur bar o (mustauli) shud. (girifta.) Or, az taraf-
i-khwesh mutahaiyir mand. Or, o angusht-i-tahaiyur ba
dandan girift.
ASTEONOMY Are you acquainted with the science of astro-
nomy? aya az 'ilm-i-najum (wakif ed)? (wukuf dared.)
Or, aya, dar 'ilm-i-astar chlze (maharat) dared? (dakhl.)
ATONE How shall I atone for this conduct? ba jihat-i-
kaffara,e In bad raftari chi bi-kunam ? Or, ba chi taur
takfir-i-ln khabasat-i-nafas-i-man bi-kunam?
ATTACKED The enemy's cavalry attacked us. sawaran-i-
dusliman bar ma (hamla) 1 (kardandf. l (yurish ; tukht;
hujum.) z (burdand ; aicardand.) Or, sawaran-i-dushman
bar ma zadand.
ATTEMPTED He never attempted to learn. o liargiz tan-i-
khnd ba (tallm} na dad. (ta'allum ; tadris.) Or, o bi-l-
kull kosliisli-i-khwandan na hard.
ATTEND Let us attend to our studies. biya Id ma ba
sabak-i-khjid (tan bi-dihem). (khayal bi-dihem ; shughl
girem; mashghTd basliem; mutawajjih bashem; tawajjuh
bi-kunem ; mnltafit bi-sliavem.)
ATTEND I have received notice to attend the court at ten
o'clock. ihzar-nama ba jiliat-i-man amada ast ki (pesh-i-
hahim-i-shara?) ba sa'at-i-dali hazir basham. (criminal,
dar mahkama,e mujrima; civil, dar mahkama,e mahsul;
judicial, dar nuthlcama.e 'adalat.)
ATTENDANCE Your attendance there is required. hazir
sliudan-i-shuma dar an ja zarnr ast. Or, hazir biidan-i-
sliuma dar an ja az jumla,e zaruriyat ast.
ATTENTION She pays attention to learning. an za,ifa ba
'Urn kjiwandan bisiijar (nia,il darad}. (ma,il mi-bashad ;
tawajjuh ml-kintad ; iltifat ml-kunad ; mutawajjih m~i-
shavad.) Or, an, zan dar tahsll-i-'ilm (tan) ml-dihad.
(dil; khayal.)
AUCTION Do you mean to attend the auction? aya ba
harraj khwahed raft ? Or, uya irada dared ki ba mazad
bi-raved ?
280 authentic awkward.
AUTHENTIC I believe the information is authentic. man
chumn ml-falimam ki m khabar sahlh ast. Or, man bar
In khabar (itimad) mi-kunam ki rast ast. (itikad ; itibar.)
ADTHOK Who is the author of this book ? musannif-i-in
kitabkist? (mu,allif; nainsanda; naklband.)
AUTHORITY By whose authority do you do this ? shuma
ba hukm-i-kiidam shakhs In 'atnal ml-kuned ?
AVARICE There is no end to his avarice. (tama^-i-o (az
hadd zlyada f ast. *(hirs ; imsak; bukhul; baj^hlll.) z (la
intiha ; be ghjayat ; la hadd ; be hisab.)
AVARICIOUS He is extremely avaricious, o nihayat(bakhil}
ast. (harfs ; bakfail ; tami'.) Or, o abu-l-hivs ast.
AVERAGE What is the average of attendance at your
school? ba maktab khana,e shuma (sarasarl) ta'adad-
i-atjal clli kadar ast. (takhmman.)
AVOID I cannot avoid going, man az raftan (ihtiraz) na
mi-tawanam kard. (ijtinab ; imtina' ; na/rat,) Or, man
az raftan (baz na ml-tauTmam mcind}. (sar baz na ml-
tawanam zad.} Or, man tark-i-raftaii-i-aii ja na mi-ta-
iranam girift.
AWAKE Awake me early in the morning. ba tcakt-i-pagah
mara bedar bi-kuned. Or, Cala-s-aabah] mara ikaz bi-
kuned. (sabuh ; barn-dad ; fajr ; tabashir-i-sabah ; subh-
i-sadik ; subh-i-kazib.)
AWARE I was not aware of this. man az m wakif na
budam. (khabar na dashtam ; ittila na dashtam ; muttaW
na budam ; wukuf na yii/tam.)
AWFUL How inexpressibly awful is the state of those wha
despise God! halat-i-aw (i$]ikhjt ki khuda-ra haklr ml-
danand chiguna (1iavilu.uk) ast I (aahmgln ; maJchiif:
haibatwar.)
AWKWARD He is awkward at his work. dar kar-i-khud
(khani) ast. (na-kabil ; muhmil; na-shinas.)
AWKWARD This is an awkward circumstance. wuku-i-in
wakiat be wakt ast. Or, m kaziya (gjfoiir makbuV) ast.
(ia munasib.)
axe banwupt. 281
AXE Bring an axe, and chop this wood. tabare biy tired
wa in (chub-ra para para bi-kunrd). (heztun-ra kafa' bi-
kuned ; hema-ra bi-shikaned; hatab-ra bi-bured; wakaid-
ra munkati bi-kuned.)
B.
BACHELOR Is he still a bachelor? aya tfi in roz an
shak&s (mujarrad) ast. ( 'a nisi na kardn ; \izab; nakad-
khudJ.)
BACK What has he got on his back? an kas bar pusht-
i-khiid chi darad ?
BAG Put this money in the bag. in pul-ra dar (kisa
bi-giizar). (kharita bi-nih ; jamcCdan bi-kun; jibbiyan-
ddz.)
BAGGAGE The soldiers departed this moniing with their
baggage. imroz subh 'eukarty&n ham rah-i-asbab- i-kJi ud
rawan shudand.
BAIL Are you willing to become bail for him ? tiija shuma
mi-khwahed ki zaman-ash bi-shaved ? Or, az taraf-i-o
(zaman) khwahed shud ? (kaftl.) Or, zamanat-i-khud az
taraf-i-o kabul dared ?
BALANCE What is the balance of my account ? (mtzan)-
i-hisab-i-man chlst ? (tonsil ; bafctiya,e.')
BALE Open the bale of cotton. basta,e pwnba-ra, (wa
kun). (baz kun ; bi-kusha.)
BALLAST That vessel has come in ballast. an jahaz (dar
sabra) amada ast. (kh~di.)
BANISH We may now banish our fears. ilhal ma dah-
shatha,e kh_ud-ra (yak taraf kunan). (bar taraf kunem ;
yak su nihem ; az dast riha kunem.)
BANKERS They are bankers in Shiraz. eshan sarrafan
az shircizand. Or, eshan dar shiraz sarrafl mi-kunand.
BANKRUPT He has lately become a bankrupt. o dar in
rozha (dar) shikasta ast. (war.) Or, o dar in aiyam
khisarat-i-hama mal-i-khud girifta ast. Or, o-ra khisurat-
i-hama milk-i-khud rasida ast.
282 bare beaten.
BARE We sat on the bare ground. ma bar (zamin-i-ba-
rahna) nishastem. (khiik.)
BARGAIN You have made a bad bargain. shuma mu'aha-
dat-i-kab~ih karda ed.
BARKS This dog barks at everybody. in sag ba har shakhs
Caf-'af)mi-kunad. (Jaw-'aw ; nabbah; u<ak-wak.)
BARRELS I have sold my 20 barrels of flour. man blst
barmll-i-iird-i-khifd-rafarokhja am.
BARREN This land is entirely barren. m zamin bi-l-kull
(tihorabum) ast. (malT; subrtit; wairan; kabil-i-zira'at na.)
BASE Alas! what base conduct am I guilty of! afsos!
eld 'amal-i-bad az man sudlr shuda ast ! Or, dareghji !
murtakib-i-chi 'amal-i-na sliii.iata shuda am ! Or,wae! chi
'amal-i-(kabih) az wnjnd-iman sar bar aivarda ast! (fcisid;
shanV ; karih ; muhkir.)
BASIN Bring some water in a basin. kadre ab dar tasht
biyared.
BASKET Put these things in a basket. andarun-i-sabad
In chlzlia bi-(guzar). (lean; nih.)
BATHING I saw numbers of people bathing in the Eu-
phrates. jamanjat-i-khalke-ra dldain ki dar darya,e
farat (ghi(sV) ml-kunand. (taharat.)
BEARS He bears this load on his head. o bar sar-i-khiid
m bar (mi-barad). (haml mJ-kunad.} Or, o bar sar-i-
khud m haml guzfishta, hamil-i-an ml-bashad.
BORE You bore it very patiently. shuma an-ra ba (sabr
tahammul karded). (istiklal bar diisht namuded.)
BEATEN I have beaten him twice in learning. dar
(imokhtan du bar bar o(sabkat}karda am. (burda; girifta.)
Or, dar dars giriftan (du martaba az o bar amada am).
(du da/a az o go,e burda am.)
BEATEN The master has thoroughly beaten the slave.
malik ghulam-i-khud-m (khub Itoft.a) ast. (be muhaba zada ;
zarb be muhaba zada; be muhaba faro kofta.) Or, khwaja
'abd-i-khud-ra (kutak-kari} karda ast. (ba zarb-i-shalak
jchurd kham.)
leant ij ill belong. !i83
BEAUTIFUL This is a beautiful garden. m(bag]i?-i-(~khRb
sfirate)" fist, '([of Eden] jannat; jirdaus; rauza; \tdtin:
[flower] bostan; gulistan; gulziir ; gulshan : [fruit]
daukat; briyhcha; [kitchen] paliz.} 2 (dil-ki(sJtn ; dil-uii'ez;
dil-chasp ; khush-nama ; jarhat-bakhsh ; rahat-anyez
tafrlh rasan.}
BECALMED The ship was becalmed four days. jahaz to,
cliahar roz (sakit) mand. (sakin.)
BECKON Beckon to him to come here. ishara bi-kun ki In
ja biyayad.
BECOME He has lately become very proud. o dar in rozha
bisiyar (maghrnr) shuda ast. (pur-gharur ; mutakabbir ;
mudammigji ; jibbir ; nakhwat-kash ; khud-pastind.)
BED He is ill and confined to his bed. o blntar ast ita
bar bistar-i-khud uftada ast.
BEE I have been stung by a bee. zambur-i-'asl mam
(nesh zada) ast. (gazlda.)
BEG I beg your pardon for what I have done az anchi
karda am ('afw talab mi-kunam). (istighfur m~i- sazain ;
mustaghfir ml-shavam ; 'uzr ml-sazam.} Or, kalam-i-'afw
bar gunah-am bi-kashed. Or, 'iizr-i-taksir-i-ma-salaf-i-khud
nn-kunajii.
BEGGAE There is a beggar at the door. ba dar (fakire)
istuda ast. (gada,e ; sa,ile ; darueshe ; rawan-khwahe.)
BEGAN I have began to speak English. dar zaban-i-
inglisl sukhan guftan shuriC karda am. Or, dar lisan-i-
imjlisi haraf zadan girifta am.
BEGINNING It has neither beginning nor end. an (awwal
wa akhir) na darad. (ibtlda wa intiha ; aghaz wa anjam ;
shuru' wa khatima ; mukaddama wa akhirat.)
BELIEVES He believes whatever people tell him. bar
anchi marduman mi-goyand (i'tikad) ml-kunad. (i'tibar ;
itimad; bawar.) Or, ba ajwah-i-am mu'takide ast.
(mu'tamide.)
BELONG Does this knife belong to you ? In kard az an-i-
shuma ast ?
19
284 bend lei/rout,
BEND The ears of corn, being ripe, bend to the ground.
khoshaha,e glialla az pukhtanl ba su,e zamln (faro] ml-
shavand. (ma,il; kaj ; mutawajjih ; militant.)
BENEFIT Has the medicine afforded you benefit ? In 'ilaj
shuma-ra (fa,ida) harda ast? (ttistr ; man/aat.} Or,
az in mu^alaja (fa,ida dldaed}. (istifada girifta ed.) Or,
az khurdan-i-m dawa shuma-ra kadre takhflf-i-marz
shuda ast ?
BESEECH I beseech you to p.iy attention. (iUimas) mi-
kunam ki shuma badin kcir dil bi-dihed. (istid'a.) Or, iltifut
farmuda multqfit bi-shaved. Or, multctjl ml-shavam ki
dar in amr tan bi-dilicd.
BESET He is beset on all sides with business. az liar
taraf ba kar-i-bisiyar maslighul ast. Or, ba liama atrcif
dar kar (mahsur) ast. (masruf.}
BESPEAK I am going to the shoemaker's to bespeak a
pair of shoes. ba dukan-i-kafsh-doz ml-ravam tafarma,ish-
i-sakhtan-i-yak jii/t-i-urusl bi-diham.
BEST I think it will be best to do so. man churiln mi-
fahmam ki in chuntn kardan (ansab) ast. (afzal ;
aulatar.} Or, maslahat-i-an mi-blnam ki In kar 'ain-i-
sawab ast.
BESTOW lam apoor man, be pleased to bestow one diram.
man muhtaj-am dimme 'afa bi-farmayed. Or, man hajl-
am pashize ba khairat bi-dihed. Or, hujatmand-am az ru,e
lutj mara dimme 'inayat bi-kuned.
BETTER Mine is better than yours. mal-i-man az mal-
i-shuma bihtar ast.
BEWARE Beware of idleness and ignorance. az ilimal
wa jahili ihtizcir bi-saz. Or, az takasul iva jahilli/at pur-
haza bash. Or, az takahul wa jahalat (ijtinab) bi-kun.
(ihtiraz,} Or, (susti) wa awuragl-ra bi-guzar. (batalat;
kahili.}
BEYROUT I have been three years in Beyrout. dar bayrut
ta si sal buda am. Or, hulan si sal gnzashta ast ki man
dar bayrut (mu-tawakkif buda am}, (inuklni buda am ;
lidblessing. 285
sakin slmda am; mutamakkin shuda am; ikamat karda
am ; sukunat dashta am.)
BID Why do you bid me do this? chira mara farma,ish-
i karda n-i-ln kar ml-kuned ?
BIG How big is the book you speak of? kitabe ki zikr
ml-kuned, chi kadar hujum darad?
BILL Give me your bill, I will pay it. hisab-i-khud-ra
ba-man bi-dihed an-ra ada kJiwaham kard.
BIND Bind him hand and foot. dost wa payash bi-band.
Or, band bar dost ica payash bi-nih.
BIND Bind him neck and foot. silsila dar gardan vca
zanjlr bar payash bi-(nih). (kun ; band.)
Pinion him. dast bar katif-ash bi-band.
BOUND He has bound up the parcel. an kas (bukcha)-ra
basta ast. (basta.)
BITTEN He was bitten by a jackal. yak shaghale o-ra
(f/aztda) ast. (zakhml karda.") Or, o az sliaghjile gazlda
shuda ast.
BLAMEABLE Am I blameable in this? aya man dar m kar
(mukassar)-am ? (takslni'ur.)
BLAME The blame rests only upon me. shca,e man kase
digar mukassar nist. Or, ilzam-i-ln takslr khciss ba
zimma,e man ast. Or, Injurm mahz az dast-i-man (bur
amada) ast. (sadir shuda.) Or, siica,e man kase dlr/ar
(llzam-i-ln kar na darad). (malzum-i-m kar nist.) Or,
ba juz-i-man kase digar mujrim na shuda ast.
BLAMELESS No, without doubt you are blameless. na, be
shakk shimia (be kiisur ed). (ma'sum ed.)
BLED After being bled he recovered. ba'd azfasd kardan
sliifa yaft. Or, ba'd az rag zadan ifaka yaft. Or, ba'd
az. hajamat kardan andake riihat yaft.
BLEEDS I have cut my finger, see how it bleeds. angusht-
i-khud-ra burlda am, bi-bined (chiguna k]t_un az o ml-
chakad). (chi taur kh_un mi-ayad.)
BLESSING By the blessing of God I am better. la jazl-
i-allah ta'ala kudre uram yafta am.
286 blind bottle.
BLIND H.e is now quite blind. dnshakhs bi-l-kull (nd-bind)
ast. (kur ; zarir ; a ma.)
BLINDFOLD He led him blindfold through the city. o
chashm-ash bast wa o-rd gird-i-shahr garddnid.
BLOSSOM Where there is blossom we expect fruit. ja,e
ki shugufa ast, ummed-i-meu-a ast.
BLOSSOM This plant will soon blossom. in nihal zud (gul
khwdhad hard), (shugufa khwdhad dad.) Or, In nihal
zud bar khwahad award.
BLOTTED He blotted the whole of his papers. o bar
hama kdghaz-i-khud dacfh-i-siyahi anddkht. Or, o hama
kdg>h_az-i-khud-rd tasum hard.
BLOW Blow the dust off your book. az kitdb-i-khud-at
gard (fut bi-kun}. (pa/ bi-dih ; u-d pak.) Or, kitab-i-
khud-rd bi-taluined.
BLUNDER You blunder continually. sJiumd hamesha
(sahw) mi-kuned. (khata; ghalat ; kusur.)
BOLDER He is bolder than 1. o az man (shuja'tar) ast.
(be baktar ; shaji'tar ; dilawartar.) Or, o az man
ziyada shuja'at darad.
BOLT Fix a bolt on the window. dar danclia chifte bi-zan.
Or, dar gkurfa darbande murattib bi-kun. Or, dar rauzan
band-kasha,e ka,im bi-kun.
BOND He wishes to have a bond for this amount. bara,e
In mablac^-i-pul tamassuk ml-khwahad.
BONE The dog has a bone in his mouth. sag dar dahan-
i-khud 'azme darad.
BOOKSELLER I have been to the bookseller's shop. ba
dukdn-i-kitdb-farosh buda am.
BORN He was born before you. o pesh az shuma (paidd)
shuda bud. (maulud ; zdda ; mutawallad.)
BORROW I want some money, from whom can I borrow ?
man kadre pul mi-kh_waham az kuddm kas (karz) mi-
t awdnam girift, ? (warn; 'driyat.)
BOTTLE Put this oil into a bottle. in raug]ian-i-talkh-rd
dar (surcihl bi-guzdr) (kuza bi-kun.)
bottom broken. 287
BOTTOM Kead to the bottom of the page. ta ba (intiha),e
safha bi-lthwaned. (akhir ; anjam ; Jchatm; ikhtitam ;
muntaha ; ta Id tah.~) Or, sahlfa-ra tamam bi-kJi waned,
Bow Having made a bow, he sat. o (salam hard) wa
nishast. (sar-i-khidmat bar astun dasht ; zamin-i-
kh_idmat bostd ; kjiidmat hard; shart-i-kjndmat ba ja
award ; rasm-i-adab wa tahiyat ba ja award ; sar-i-khidmat
ba zamin nihad; alif kamat-i-khud-ra chun nun kliam
sakht.}
Bows Bows and arrows were formerly used in war. (dar
aiyam-i-giizashta) lir wa kaman aslilia,e Jang budand.
(sabikan; dar aiyam-i-salaf ; dar wakt-i-peshin ; mukad-
daman ; pesh az m ; kabl az ?n.)
Box What shall I put in this box? dar in sanduk eld
bi-(guzaram}. (kunam ; niham.)
BBACELETS That lady wears bracelets. an banii yara ba
dost ml-kunad. Or, an sahiba mi'zad ba dast ml-poshad.
Or, an khatun dast-biranjan dar dast ml-kunad.
BBAKCHES That tree has many branches. an shajar
bisiyar (afanlri) darad. (funi, sing, far' ; aghsa,e, sing.
ghusu ; fajha ; shakhha.)
BRASS Don't you know brass from copper? ayH birinj-ra
az mis na ml-daned ? Or, fark ma-bain birinj u-a mis
na mi-kuned ? Or,fark-i-birinj wa mis na ml-daned ?
BBAVE His soldiers are very brave. 'askariyan-ash kkaill
(shiija') and. (dilir ; jang-ju ; dushman-kush.)
BRAVERY What bravery have they displayed ? eshan clii
(sliuja'at namuda] and ? (dilawarl zahir karda ; himmat
izhar sakhta.)
BBAYING The ass is braying. himar (nahik mi-zanad).
('ar-'ar ml-kunad; ml-shorad.)
BREADTH What is the breadth of that cloth ? (arz)-i-an
parcha chi kadar ast ? (pahan ; kushudagl.)
BROKEN He has broken it in pieces. o iln-ra (kJnird-
kjiiird karda) ast. (para-para shikasta ; reza-reza
gusekhta.)
288 broken butt.
BROKEN He has broken the agreement. (khilaf)-i- 'ahd
karda ast. (nuks ; faskh.}
BREATH I have run to such a degree that I am out of
breath. man chunin dawlda am ki (nafs) na mi-tawan-
- am zad. (tanaffus ; dam.] Or, man chunan dawlda
am ki majdl-i-nafs kashidan na (ddram). (awuram.)
BREED These insects breed in the rice. in kirmha dar
birinj paida mi-shavand.
BRED He bred up his children in the best manner. o
atfal-i-khitd-ra ba (tarik-i-ahsan panvarish dad), (afzalu-
l-icajh tarbiyat kard ; bihtartn-i-surat nashw o nama dad.)
BRIBED He was bribed to commit that wicked deed. o
rishwat fjirifta an kar-i-sham kard. Or, ba jihat-i-kar-i-
shanl' o-rd rishwat dada shuda ast.
BRICKS Bricks are made of this kind of earth. az In
kism-l-(j)il) khishtha sakhja mi-shavand. (khilab.)
BRIDEGROOM I saw both the bridegroom and the bride.
har du damad ica 'arus dldam.
BRIGHT Do you observe that bright star ? aya an (najm-
i-mujalli)-rd ml-bined? (sitara,e darafohan; akhtar-i-
darakjishan.}
BROAD. How broad shall I make this mat ? m (boriya) 1
clii kadar ^ariz) 9 bi-sazam ? ^zlgh. ; hcisir.) s (pahan ;
' wasi'.)
BROKER He is by trade a broker. o ba harfat dallale ast.
Or, o ba kasb baiyae ast. Or, pesha,e o dalldll ast.
BRUSH Here is a brush, where is the paint? wjdkalam-
i-mu ast, ammo, rang kitja ?
BUD. These trees are beginning to bud. m darakhtha
shuguftan mi-glrand. Or, m ashjcir (dar shuguftan) and.
{ba shuguftan dar amada.)
BUILD I am going to build a house. man makcime ta?m/ir
kjiwaham kard.
BULL Are you not afraid of the bull? az an nar-gaw (na
ml-tarsed)? (shuma-ra khau/ nist; mukhauicaf na mi-
bashed.)
bundle cake. 289
BUNDLE Where shall I put this bundle ? in bukcha-ra
kuja bi-((fuzaram). (niliam ; kunam ; daram.)
BUKDEN The whole burden rests upon me. tamam bar
bar man ast. Or, man humil-i-tqmam haml-am.
BURN Burn this waste paper. in kaajiaz-i-raddi-ra ba
atash bi-dih. Or, In kirtas-i-bekar-ra ba atash bi-soz.
Or, vi kaghaz-i-muhra-dar-i-mardud-ra ba atash biijandaz.
BURST They drank so much that they almost burst. an
kadar tiaiishldandki (tiazdlk bud ki shikam-i-eshan bi-tarkad).
(dar tarkjdan-i-shikam-i-t'shan clnze na manda bud.) Or,
eshan ba an kadar ashaniTdand ki mi\la,e eshan karlb ba
tarkidan bud.
BURST He burst open the door. o darwaza-ra shikasta
waz kard.
BURY He is gone to bury his father. o padar-i-khnd-m
da/n kard an rafta ast. Or, (o barfi,e tajlriz tea takfln)
kardan-i-mdid-i-khud rafta ast. (o bara,e tadfin.)
BUSINESS He is come on business. o bam,e (shuyhhe
amada ast. (kare ; 'amale ; hajate.}
BUSY He is now very busy, and cannot speak to you.
ilhal (ba kar maslighnl ast) ira ba shitma sukhan guftan
na m~i-tau-anad. (madi(fh_ul-i-kh_id)nat ast; ba kar o bar
ishtighal darad ; ba mu'ainila muslitaghal ast ; dar band-
i-khwesli ast.)
BUY I am going to the bazar to buy paper. man ba
bazar az bara,e khandan-i-kaghaz ml-ravam.
CABLE That ship has lost her anchor and cable. lanaar
ira (kals)-i-an jahaz har du gum shuda ast. (kataj.)
CAGE This cage is to keep birds in. in kafs bara,e niyah
dashtan-i-paranda ast.
CAKE Where did you get that cake ? an (kullcha) az kuja
ba dast-i-shuma rasid. (ka'k ; bishmat; kurs ; rag&if,
pi.
290 calamity cash. ,
CALAMITY This will be to them a great calamity. 7n
(afat-i-'azimy bar eshan icaki (Jchwahad shnd).* l (sadma,e
kabtr ; bala,e buzurg ; hadisa,e kalan.) ^(khwahad it/tad.)
CALUMNTATES He calumniates a person. o dar posfln-i-
mardumemi-(uftad). (ravad.) Or, o harf-i-kase mi-chmad.
Or, o ghjbat-i-kasc ml-kunad. Or, o dar 'aib giriftan-i-
kase mi-koshad. Or, o kase-ra ghaibat nu-kiinad. Or,
o kase-ra ba badl yad ml-kunad. Or, o nam-i-kase ba zishtl
mi-bavad.
CALCULATION Have you made a calculation of the cost?
(hisab]-i-lfh.arj jam karda ed? (takjimlna ; muwazina.}
CALF The cow and calf were together. mada-gaw ica
gfisala baham yak ja budand.
CALM The sea was quite calm. bahr bi-l-kull (be manje)
bud. (bi la amuTij ; mmhauii'islina.)
CANVAS Where did you buy this canvas ? In (palas)-ra az
kujci Jchanda ed ? (parclia,e kanv.}
CAPACITY He is a person of great capacity. an shaJchs
biftiyar (kabilvjat) darad. (isti'dad ; firasat ; idruk ;
kuu-at-i-madrika ; dirayat ; ahliyat ; diiuish.) Or, an
sheikhs (darfirasat kamif) ast. (sahib-i-fazllat ; sahib-i-fazl-
i-kamal.) Or, J aklmaitdJ,e an kas ba kamal raslda ast.
CARD He has sent me a card of invitation. an kas rulta,e
da'u'at-ra ba jihat-i-man jiristada ast.
CARE I have no care on that account. dar an sukh_an
(parwa) na daram. (fikr ; andoJt : muzayaka; dil-tanqi.}
Or, az an amr ghamna (daram). (kh_uram.) Or, dar dil-
i-khiid tafakkure-ra rah na diham.
CARRYING I saw him carrying a load on his head. man
o-ra dldam ki bar bar sar guzashta ml-rarad.
CASE Have you no case for your razor? aya (g]iilaf-i-teq-
i-dallaki)-ra na dared? (jild-i-ustura ; miyan-i-mardiida.)
CASE This is a very difficult case. In murafa'a (mushkil
ast). (ishkal darad.)
CASH In cash and notes I have 100 dinars. dar wajh-i-
nakd wa barat sad dinar daram.
cast clia/. agi
CAST Cast away this clothing. In libils-ra bar andaz.
CASTLE He lives near the castle. nazd-i-hisar sukunat
diirad. Or, karib-i-(kasr) manzil darad. (hisn.)
CATALOGUK Have you seen to-day's catalogue of the
sale? (fihrist)-i-hurraj-i-iinroz-rii dlda ed ? (fard ; fard-
i-tafsil.)
CATCH Catch that bird. an murak-ra (akhz bi-kun).
(bi-ylr.)
CAUSE Do you know the cause of this ?-{sabab)-i-in amr
mi-da ned ? (illat; u'usita ; miijib.)
CAUTION What need of all this caution '? hajat-i-m chunin
(Jchabardar'i) cliist? (dn r-andeshl ; 'akibat-andeshi; dtir-
bnn ; ihtiyat; huzar ; ihtiraz ; tahzlr ; hazam ; ta,ammul;
tadblr.j
CAUTIOUS We ought to be cautious, and not to give offence
to any. mara bayad ki az zuhmat diidan-i-kase hazar bi-
kunem. Or, mara baijad ki ta tairanem (tz azlyat dtidan-
i-kase (khabardar sharem). (hoshiyar bashem ; hazur
shavem ; sahib -i-ihtiyiit bashem; mu&tagir bashem.)
CEASE When will you cease talking ? az sukjian guftan
kai (faraghat) kjncahed kard? (mauktif ; farug]t ; taicaJc-
kuf.) Qr,kaitark-i-harafzadankh_wa]ied(yirift)? (kard.)
CELEBRATED He is a very celebrated poet. o shd'ire
bisiyar (masJihur) ast. (ma'riif ; mausiif ; riamicar ; mu-
a~~'ii ; mamduh.} Or, o \dlama,e shiiara ast.
CENIKE Place this in the centre. in chlz-ra dar (miyan
bi-ynzjir). (markaz-i-da,ira bi-nih.}
CBKTUKY This house has been built a century. sadd sal
guzaslita ast ki in khiina (ma'mur sltuda ast). (-ra ta'mlr
karda and.)
CERTAIN I am certain of it. man in-ra yakln mi-danam.
CERTIFICATE I have received from him a certificate of my
capacity and good conduct. man azo ba nisbat-i-kabin>/t
tea nek-raftari,e Ithud (sifiirish nama),e yafta am. (dust
an-eza ; liyakat namu.)
CHAFF Here is plenty of chaff, but no wheat. in ja post-
292 chain cheap.
i-gandum Jirawan ast magar gandum na. Or, m liama
sabos ast (nishan)-i-gandum dar m nist. (s#r.)
CHAIN Is this chain made of iron? aya m zanj lr-(i-ahani)
ast ? (az alian sakhta shuda.)
CHALK He writes only with chalk. an has fakat ba gil-
i-safaid mi-nawisad.
CHANGE He is gone there for change of climate. az bara,e
(tabdify-i-ab o haiva an ja ra/ta ast. (tahicil.}
CHANGE I must change my clothes. mara bat/ad ki libas-
i-khud-ra ^iwaz] bi-kunam. (badal ; tabdil ; ibdal.}
CHANGEABLE His mind is changeable. o mutalamnnu-t-
taV ast. Or, o saliilu-l-kabul wa sahilu-l-tark ast. Or, o
sabitu-l-kaul wa ka,imn-l-mizaj nlst. Or, dil-ash (be
karar) ast. (na payadar.) Or, o talauivun dar tab 1
darad.
CHAPTER What chapter shall we read? kudam bub bi-
kh_wanam ?
CHARACTER He bears an excellent character. o n~im-i-
neko darad. Or, o (sahib-i-'izzat) ast. (zU-l-izzat;
mu'azzaz ; mukarram.)
CHARCOAL She draws pictures with charcoal. tin zan
tasivtrha ba zaghal ml-kasliad.
CHARGES He charges very high. o giran klmat ml-
kunad. (khwahad.)
CHARITABLE They are very charitable to the poor. eshan
ba (ghanban karim) and. (muflisan rahlm; maflukan
sakhl ; mustam audit n sadkat-baklish'}
CHARITY He bestows a great deal in charity. o bisiyar
(khairat) ml-dihad. (sadka ; tasadduk ; zakat ; zakwat.}
CHARMING That is a charming song. an naghina,e dil-
fareb ast. Or, an sarod-i-tarab-anfjez ast. Or, an sama-
i-dil-awez ast. Or, an tarannum-i-dil-faroz ast. Or, az
an nagjtma kase-ra shor u'a tarab dar sar ml-ayad. Or,
az an nag&ma kase dar halat wa tarab nn-bashad.
CHEAP These articles, I think, are cheap. man mi-
pindaram ki in chlzha (arzan) and. (kam-klmat ; subuk-
baha.)
cheat circuit. 293
CHEAT They cheat whom they can. eshan ba har kase ki
mi-tawanand fareb ml-dihand. Or, esluin ba har kase ba
kadar-i-makdur-i-kjnid (cfhadr ml-kunand). (gjtabn mi-
snzand ; hlla-bazi rn'i-kunund ; ghabin mi-bashand.)
CHEESE This cheese is not good. In panlr (khub nist).
(lih shuda ast?)
CHICKENS I saw a hen with ten chickens. manmakiyane-
ra ba ma' dah chuza dldam.
CHIEK My chief reason for coming here was to see
you. man rnahz az bara,e d~idan-i-shuma mja amadaam.
CHILDHOOD I have known him since his childhood. man
az (hln-i-tufiiliyat-ash) o-ra danista am. (aiyam-i-koda-
klijash ; 'altd-i-khurd^yash.) Or, az wakte ki o tifl bud
man o-ra shinakhta am.
CHILDISH These are but childish employments. infakat
(bazi,e kodakan) ast. (kar-i-kodakl.)
CfliNA^-He has lately come from China. dar m rozlia az
chin icarid shuda ast.
CHIPS Why are all these chips here? take them away.
in khtishak chira In ja ast? an-ra bar dar. Or, in (ta-
rashha) chira In ja itftada ast ? an-ra bi-bar. (rezaha,e
chub.) '
CHISEL Cut this stick with a chisel. in chub-ra ba
nnilziC bi-tarash.
CHOICK It was his own choice to do so. o m kar ba
kh_wahish-i-Jchud kard. Or, ? chunln kar kardan o-ra
ikhtiyar tiftad.
CHOOSE Choose which of these two you please. az In
har du ta yake-ra (bi-guzin). (bi-chm ; ikhtiyar bi-kun ;
kabul bi-kun.)
CINNAMON Mix some cinnamon with the other spices.
ham-rah-i-dlnar masalih dar-chlnl (biyamez). (makhlut
bi-kun ; takh_llt bi-kun ; ikhtUat bi-kun ; bi-khisanid.)
CIRCLE They all sat in a circle. eshan (dar surat-i-da,ira)
nishastand. (halka zada.)
CIRCUIT He is now judge of circuit. an ilhal hakim-i-
da,ir ast.
294 circulated clock.
CIRCULATED They have circulated notices in all directions.
eshan ba har taraf ishtihiir-ra jari karda and. Or,
ba har taraf ittila' namajut-i-eshun ijrci yafta and.
CIRCULATION Has this coin been long in circulation?
In zarb az bisiyar wakt murauwaj buda ast. Or, aya
bisiyar sal ast ki in sikka (ra,ij- buda) ast. (rawuj yafta.)
CIRCUMSTANCE This is a curious circumstance in sa-
niha,e 'ajlb ast. Or, in kaifiyat-i-bisiyar nadir ast. Or,
In ahiitil-i-khaill ta'ajjub amez ast.
CIVIL He is one of the civil servants of the Government.
o yoke az sahiban-i-(amur-i-daulat) ast. ('arnal-i-mam-
lakat.)
CIVIL He is civil to every one. o ba har has (mida,im]
ast. (salim ; halim ; adib ; mu,addab ; sahib-i-siduk ;
Malik ; scihib-i-adab ; mulatlf ; latlf.} Or, o ba har kas
ta'zim ml-kunad.
CIVILITY He received us with great civility. o ba bisiyar
(tawazu') ba ma mulcikat kard. (khulk ; ikhlak; adab ;
suliik; mula,imat ; mudara; mudarat.)
CLAIM Have you any further claim on that gentleman's
estate ? bar imlak-i-an sahib iddi'a,e digar dared ?
CLEVER She is more clever than he. an zan az an mard
(dana)-tar ast. (zakl ; hoshiyar ; kar-guzar ; maslahat-
guzar j pukhta.^
CLIENT The attorney has written to his client. an wakil
ba muwakkil-i-khud nawishta ast.
CLIMATE The climate of Europe is very fine. ab o hawa
az midk-i-maghrib bisiyar khub ast.
CLIMBING He was climbing a tree. o (bala,e darakht bar)
mi-raft, (bar darakht bala.)
CLINGS That child clings to its mother. an farzand ba
(madar-i-kjiud mi-chaspad). (gardan-i-madar-i-khud mi-
awezad.)
CLOAK Leave your cloak in the hall. (bala-posh,}-i-khud-
ra dar dalan bi-guzar. (farghul; labada; jawalik.)
CLOCK What is the time by the church clock? ba sa'at-i-
clothe comfort. 295
(7sa-kadaj chi s~iat ast? ('ibadat-gah ; Kkana,e khuda ;
ma'bid ; sijda-gah ; masjid ; jdmi.)
It is near two o'clock. karlb ba sa'at-i-du ast.
CLOTHE They clothe the naked and feed the hungry.
(barahnaga n,} l -ra ml-poshanand wa (gundnag~in)"-ra
Tchurish mi-dihand. *('ariyiinan ; 'ariijan.) *(jau'iinan ;
ja,i'an ; mitjl'an.)
CLOUDS There are many clouds, it will rain heavily.
(abr) bisiyar ast baran khiib khwahad bund, (megh;
sahab ; cfhaim.}
COACHES Some people ride in coaches, others go on foot.
ba'ze marduman ba kaliska sawcir mi-shavaud wa ba'ze
piyfida ml-ravand.
COAKSE This cloth is very coarse. In parcha bisiyar
(kiduft) ast. (salb ; hanguft ; jar'ab ; riafij ; satt/th ; sitabr.)
COBWEB Sweep away that cobweb. an parda,e 'ankabnt-
rajarUb bi-kiin. Or, an (nasju-l-'ankabutj-ra az Inja bi-rub.
(malkm.}
COLD I feel very cold. man burudat-i-azim ihsas mi-hm-
am. Or, mara (sardt),e bisiyar mahsus ml-shavad. (bard.)
COLLECTED A great crowd was collected. majma-i-buzurg
majmu' shud. Or, jama'at-i-kaslr (Jam') shud, (mujtami ;
mujamma.}
COLLECTOR He is now collector (revenue-officer) of Shi-
raz. o ilhal (tahslldar)-l-sliiraz muaiyan ast. (muhassil ;
bazhglr ; khiraj-i-jairialll ; jami'-i-mahasil.)
COLLEGE Have you seen the new college? (madrassa,e
nail) dlda ed? (daru-l-'ilm-i-jadld.)
COLOUR What colour shall I make it? rang-i-an chi bi-
sazam ?
COMB Take a comb, and comb your head. (shana} 1 bi-gir
ic a m nyat-ra (shatia bi-kuii) 9 . *(mas]ti; sarkhara.) s ()nasht
bi-kun ; shana bi-zan.)
COMFORT This affords me comfort in my trouble. In dar
(zahmat)-am tasalll ml-bakhshad. (tasdl; ranj ; 7?.) Or,
iti chiz (marham-i-dil-i-majruh-am) mi-bashad. (tasalll
296 commanded compare.
bakhsh-i-dil-hazln-am.) Or, in clnz mam az takhTif
takhflf ml-dihad.
COMMANDED He commanded me to go instantly. an
sliakhs ba man hukm farmud ki haman sa'at an ja bi-
rau.
COMMENCE Let us now commence our work. biya ta
(shuru ' -i-kar-i-Tchiid) bi-kunem. (kar-i-kjmd-ra shuru'.)
COMMEND I commend your prudence. man (ta'rtf)-i-
tamlz-i-shuma mi-kimam. (tahsln; afrin; tausif ; sita,-
ish.) Or, imtiyciz-i-shuma muwafiku-r-ra,e khttd-am mi-
ayad. Or, hazar-i-sliumti mara pasatid mi-ayad. Or,
dUr-andes]i~i,e shuma-ra tasmb tnt-namayam*
COMMERCE Baghdad is a first-rate seat of commerce.
Baghdad 'umda,e ja,e tijarat ast.
COMMITTED He was committed to prison. o dar mahbas
firistada shud. Or, o dar kaid-khana tnursil sliud.
COMMON The common people speak thus. marduman-i-
'awamm m churiin mi-goyand. Or, in kalcim muhav:ara,e
'amm ast.
COMMUNICATE Communicate this to him. mmkhan bado
(baiycin') bi-kun. (zahir; izhar ; aslikam* fash ; huwaida.)
COMMUNICATIVE He appears to be very communicative.
ma'lum ml-shavad ki o (zaban-i-daraz durad). (bisiyar go,e
ast.)
COMPANION I have no companion. man (musahibe) na
daram. (munise ; ma,nuse ; ham-suhbate.)
COMPANY I am glad to be in his company. khatir-i-man
. ba mukhalitat-i-o mail darad. Or, suhbat-ash ghanimat
shumaram wa khidmat-ash yaghma. Or, ba muna-
dimat-ash raghbat ml-(daram). (kunam,^ Or, ba ikhtilat-
i-o bisiyar mail ml-daram. Or, az musaMbat-asli khaill
khushnud am. Or, miimfikat-ash mara khusJi mi-ayad.
Or, sud-i-sarmaye 'umr-am wisal-i-o-ra ml-shwnaram..
COMPARE Let us compare my writing with yours. biya to,
khatt-i-mara ba khatt-i-shamel (dar taslibih bi-darem).
(tashbih bi-kunem; mukabil bi-kunem.) Or, biya ki met
har du kliatt-i-khud-ra dar mlzan-i-taswiyat bi-nihem.
canvass conceit. 297
COMPASS A ship sails by the compass. ba (icasita),e kutb-
numa jahtiz rah mi-ravad. (waslla.}
COMPASSION Why act thus ? have you no compassion ?
chira chumn kar ml-kuned ' shuina-ra (nih/iiat) na mi-
ayad? (rahm ; shafkat ; talattuf ; tarrahum.) Or, chira
ba kase chumn kar ml-kuned ? dil-i-shiona na ml-sozad.
COMPETENT Are you competent to the work ? shuma
liyakat-i-~ui kar dared? Or, shuma kabil-i-ln 'amal
hasted? Or, In kar ay dast-i-shuina bar ml-taivtinad
amad ?
COMPLAINED I have long complained of his conduct.
bisiyar aiyam (fjuzashta ast ki az afal-ash(shikayat) karda
am. (nalish ; gila; faryad; shakica.}
COMPLAINTS He is always coming with complaints. o
hamesha (daftar-i-shikayat baz) ml-kunad. (faryad ;
nalish.}
COMPLETE He is complete master of this language. o dar
In zaban kamil ast. Or, o dar lit Usan kainiliijat darad.
COMPLIMENTS Sir, Mr. sends his compliments to you.
sahibci sahib-i-fuldn ba shuma (salam ml-rasanad).
(tasllm im-dihad.)
COMPLY Unless you comply, what can I do ? agar shuma
razl nlsted chi bi-kunam ?
COMPOSING He is now composing a grammar. o ilhal sarf
wa nahw (tasnlf) ml-kunad. (ta,lif.)
COMPREHEND I don't exactly comprehend this. In sukhan
(-ra khub na m'i-fahmam'}. (dar 'akl-i-man durust na nil-
ayad.)
CONCEAL I cannot conceal this matter. man na ml-
taicanam ki tn sukhan-ra (pinhan dnram). (nihufta
kunam; mastur kunani ; ikhja kunam ; makhft daram ;
kitiium or maknun daram; bi-posham.)
CONCEIT Let us not indulge conceit. mara bayad ki
(khnd-pasand na bashem). (az klt_>td na balem ; 'ujb dar
sar na darem; dimayh-i-behlida na pazem ; khud-bln na
bashem.)
298 conceited confined.
CONCEITED That man is very conceited. an shakhs kh_aill
(inn' jib) ast. (maghrur ; khud-pasand ; Miud-ra,e ; kjuid-
bin ; khi.ul nama ; mudammagh.)
CONCEIVE I conceive you are iu the right man ml-danam
ki shuma ba rah-i-rastl mi-bashed.
CONCERN This business does not concern you. m bar ba
shuma (ta'alluk na darad). ('alaka na darad ; muta'allik
nlst). Or, dar In kar dakhl-i-tasan'uf-i-shuma riist. Or,
shuma t dar In kar dakhl-i-tasarmf na ml-tawaned kard.
CONCERN This has caused her much concern. az In kai-
fiyat an zan bisiyiir mutafakkir gardid. Or, in amr
sabab-i-iztirab-i- azlm-i-an nisa shud.
CONCLUDE It is time to conclude. ilhal wakt-i-(tamam
kar dan) ast. (kh_atm ; kJiatima.)
CONCLUSION This is the conclusion of the chapter. m
(akhir)-i-bab ast. (khatm ; iklititam.)
CONDITION .My condition is better than his. hal-i-man az
ahu-al-i-o (bihtar) ast. (afisan.)
CONDUCT His conduct is to be commended. raftar-ash
ld,ik-i-ta'nf ica tahsin ira afrln ast.
CONDUCT Who will conduct us thither? an ja ki mara
(rahban khwahad kard)? (khwahad burd ; dallalat
khwahad kard.)
CONFESS I confess my conduct lias been amiss. man
(i'tiraf)m'i-kunai ki kirdar-i-inanmayiib ast. (ikrar.) Or,
man kliud ka,il-am bar anki dar in amr clnze takslr az
man sadir shuda ast. Or, man mukirr-i-bad rajtari,e
khud hastam.
CONFIDENCE I place no confidence in what they say. bar
sukhanha,e eslian (misuk-i-man nlst). (itibar or i'timad
na ml-kunam.) Or, i'tikad-i-kaul-i-eslian nazd-i-man bi-l-
kutt sakit shud.
CONFINED He is now confined in jail. o ilhal dar kaid-
khana kaidkarda shuda ast. Or, o ilhal dar mahbas
mahbiis ast. Or, o aknan dar (sijn nihada) shuda ast.
(zindan basta; kaid-khana mukaiyid.)
confirmed consigned. 299
CONFIRMED Is the news confirmed or not? In Khobar
(sabit) shuda ast ya na ? (tahklk ; mukarrar.)
CONFUSED You have confused my work. kar-i-mara
(darham barham) karda ed. (pareshan.)
CONFUSED He is confused. an has (saraslma) ast.
(pareshan; mutaraddid ; sar-gardan ; hairan ; muztarib ;
niuztarir.)
CONNECTION There is no connection in these sentences.
In jumlaha ba yak d~iyar (nisbat na dar and).' (bo, ham
munsalik nayand ; muntazlm nayand ; 'alakana darand.)
CONQUERED He conquered the whole country. o bar
tamam mulk (tasallut yaft). (musallit shiid.) Or, zer-l-
hukm-i-khud tamam diyar-ra dar award. Or, o sultanat-
ra dar tasarruf-i-khnd dar award. Or, mainalik-i-atraf
(o-ra musallam shud). (dar kabz-i-o dar amad.) Or, o
tamam mulk-ra (ma/tuK) kard. (jath.} Or, o mutajarrif-
i-nahiyat shud.
CONSCIOUS I am not conscious of having said 'so. man
yad na (daram) ki m chunin sukhan gufta am. (m~i-
kunam; ml-glram.} Or, (dar yad-i-man na mi-ayad) ki m
chumn gufta am. (ba yad-am na ml-ayad ; man ba yad
na da rain.)
CONSENT Do you consent to my proposal ? ba ra,e-i-man
(razl hasted)? (raza mi-dihed.) Or, tajwlz-i-mara kabul
nu-kuned ? Or, tadbir-i-man makbuLi-khatlr-i-shuma ast ?
CONSENT She went without my consent. baajtair-i-(ijazat)-
i-man an za'lfa raft, (izn; rukh_sat ; raza,e.)
CONSEQUENCE That is of no consequence. an zarar na
darad. Or, muzayaka,e m m'anl nlst. Or, dar an
mazayaka nlst.
CONSIDER I will consider it. bar an amr tajwiz khwaham
kard. Or, dar band-i-an kar klvwaham bud. Or, dar in
sukhan tasauwir khwaham namud. Or, m sukhan-ra ba
mizan-i-kiyas khwaham sanjld. Or, an-ra ba kadam-i-
tafakkur khwaliam paimud.
CONSIGNED The cargo of the vessel was consigned to him.
20
300 constitution contrary.
tamam bar-i-jaJiaz ba (hawala),e an kas bud. (tahinl ;
sapurd ; tafu'iz.) Or, tafmz-i-tamam mahmula,e jahaz-
ra bado kardand.
CONSTITUTION His constitution is very strong. tabiat-ash
bisiyar (kaiii) ast. (mustakim ; mazbvt ; mustakill.}
CONSULT Let us consult upon this subject. biya ta dar
in (maslahate maslahat) bi-kunem. (amr mashwarat ;
CONTAIN How much indigo will this box contain? dar
in sanduk chi kadar nil khwahad gunjid. Or, in sanduk
chi kadar nil khwahad girift.
CONTEMPT Treat no one with contempt. dar kase (nazar-
i-hikarat) ma kun. (ba chashm-i-istihkar nazar ; tahkir ;
karahat). Or, kase-ra ba ch ashm-i-istikhfaf ma nigar.
Or, dar kase ba dida,e istikrah ma bin. Or, kase-ra
(khitrd) ma dan. (khwar ; hakir ; tasgfeir ; makruJi ;
karili.)
CONTENT I am content with what I have. har chi daram
(bar an kani' ml-basham). (ba an dar mi-sazam ; bar an
kina'at ml-kunam ; az an pa,e kinaat dar daman-i-sala-
mat mi-kasham.)
CONTENTIOUS They are very contentious. eshan bisiyar
(fitna-angez) and. (jang-ju ; siteza-ru ; fasad -award ;
mufsid; sharir; 'arbada-kh_u ; khar-khasha saz.} Or,
niza' bar pa mi-namayand. Or, ba jang-i-har kas
mi-(khezand). (uftand.} Or, ba khiiaf wa inkar-i-har
Jfus ba dar mi-ayand. Or, da'wa,e mukawamat bar pa
mi-kunand.
CONTINUAL There is a continual noise in this place. dar
m ja (shor) hamesha mi-manad. (ghaugha ; ghol ; ghal-
ghala ; haw-hu ; ashob.)
CONTBACTED The Honourable Company contracted for the
paper. jama'at-i-bahadur az bara,e in kaghaz ijara kard.
CONTRARY Contrary winds detained the vessel. az bad-i-
mukhjilif jahaz baz mand. Or, bad-i-yhair-shurta jahaZ'
ra (tauklf) kard. (mutawakkif.)
contrivance couch. 301
CONTRIVANCE By what contrivance shall we go there ?
ba kudam hila ma an ja khwiihem raft?
CONVENIENT Will your coming to-morrow be convenient ?
-farda dmadan-i-shuma (munasib) khwahad bud? (mu-
wafik; sha,ista.)
CONVEBSATION Are you fond of conversation? sliauk-i-
guft-gu dared ? Or, sha,ik-i-mukalima hasted ?
CONVEY Will you please to convey this article to him ?
azru,e(lutf) In chiz-ra bado bi-rasaned? (altaf ; talat-
tuf; mifirbam.)
CONVINCED I am convinced what you say is true. man
yakin daram ki an clii shuma mi-goyed rast ast.
COOKS. Having no cook, he cooks for himself. an shakhs
ghiza,e khud-ra khud (mi-pazad) Id tabbakh na darad.
(bar sikh ml-kunad ; bar taba birlyan ml-kunad.)
COOI-ER It is cooler to-day than it was yesterday. imroz
az diroz sard-tar ast,
COPY Please copy this for me. hitffarmuda bara,e man
(nakl}-i-m bi-kuned. (saicud.)
CORD Buy some cord, and tie these things together.
kadre (risman-i-bar~ik) bi-khared wa In chizha-rti ba-hatn
bi-banded. (habal.)
CORK Is there no cork to this bottle? aija in kuza,e
shisha (sidad) na darad ? (simam.)
CORN. There was great plenty of corn last year. dar stil-
i-gvzashtm (ghalla,e jirawfin paida shud, (madakhil-i-
ghalla bisiyar bud ; ba ifrat ghalla pai da shud.)
CORRESPONDENCE Have you any correspondence with him '?
shuma ba o (murasalai) dared? (nawisht tea khwand.)
Or, shuma tarika,e ritsul wa rasa,il ba o jarl dared ?
CORRUPT Society here is extremely corrupt. suhbat-i-
majlis-i-mardutn-i-m ja bisiyar (mazmiim) ast. (mashnii' ;
makhzul ; maklmh ; fasid ; mukhlaf.)
COUCH Move this couch into the other room. in (rakht-
i-istirahat)-ra ba ittak-i-dlgar bi-bared. (shaft; shafta ;
ufa ; mihad ; mahd, pi. muhud.)
302 council credit.
COUNCIL He is a member of the Supreme Council.
o yoke az ahl-i-majlis-i-('uzma) ast. (a'la ; ula.) Or,
o mushlr-i-mashwarat-i-a'zam ast. Or, an agha yoke az
(mushawiranyi-khass ast. (mudabiran.)
COUNSEL Let us regard good counsel. mar a lay ad Id
(maslahat-i-nek kabul durem). {az naslhat-i-akilan ru-
kash na shavem.)
COUNT Count over the money I gave you. pule ki man ba
shuma dadam bi-shumarcd.
COUNTERFEIT This is a counterfeit coin. in ashrafi kalb
ast (gold). Or, in zarb-i-sim daghal ast (silver).
COTTON This country produces much cotton. dar m
mulk pumba,e bisiyar pai'da ml-shavad. Or, zira'at-i-
pumba dar In ja ba ifrat ast.
COUNTEY This is my native country. in (watan)-i-man
ast. (maulid ; watan-i-asli ; mautin.)
COUPLE Buy for me a couple of razors. bara,e man juft-
i-teoh-i-dallciki bi-khared.
COURAGE You possess greater courage than I. shuma
az man ziyada (shuja'at) darad. (himmat ; mardanagi ;
diliri ; dilawarl ; jurat ; tajiisur.}
CRACK There is a crack in this basin. in aftaba mu
darad. Or, In lagan shiyuf darad. Or, in tasht mu-
dar shuda ast.
CREATED God created the world. allah-ta'ala geti-ra
afrid. Or, (hakk-ta'ala) jahan-ra az 'adm ba icvjtid
award, (hakk-i-jalla wa a'lla ; bara ; khuda,e 'azza wa
jalla; izd; musabbabu-l-asbab ; musta'an.)
CREATOR God is the Creator of all creatures. khuda
k_halik-i-hama (khal(i,ik} ast. (ka,inat; maujudat ; makh-
lukat.) Or, sani'-i-kull masnuat khuda ast.
CREDIT I agree to give you three months' credit shuma-
ra ta si mail (dain) mi-diham. (mukarizat.)
CREDIT This action does him great credit. azinkar o-ril
bisiyar (i'tibar) hasil mi-gardad. ('izzat ; sharraf; cib-ru;
J azz wa wakar ; karam ; ikram ; ihtiram.)
creditors cry. 303
CREDITORS His affairs are in a bad state, therefore he
has called together his creditors. bar o bar-ash mun-
tashlr shuda ast lihaza karz-kjiwahan-i-khud-ra talabtda
ast.
CREEP Look how these lizards creep along the wall.
bi-bln chiguna in (karfasliati) bar diwar chaspan mi-ravand.
(kalpakan.)
CREEPER This is called a creeper. In nihal-ra (arghaj]
mi-n (Imand. (buklatu-l-bdrida.)
CRIME What crime has he committed? o chi takvir
karda ast ? Or, chi kusur az o sar zada ast ? Or, chi
(khata) az o sadir shuda ast ? (zamb, pi. zunub.)
CRITICISE He will criticise our composition. o (islah-i-
tasnlf)-i-mara khwahad kard. (tashlh-i-musauwada.)
CROOKED That line is crooked. an satar kaj ast.
CROSSED He crossed the river. az ab-ju,e guzasht. Or,
(bar) rud 'iibur kard. (az.)
CROWS He rises when the cock crows in the morning,
o ba (bang)-i-khurus bar ml-khezad. (mujarrad-i-awaz ;
shart-i-awaz.)
CROWD There was a great crowd of people. an ja kalan
(izdiham)-i-khalfc bud. (jam'tyat ; ijtima' ; jama at ;
majma'.)
CRUELTY They delight only in cruelty. eshan az (be
rahnu) khushi hasil ml-namayand. (sang -dill ; dil-
azcirl; sab'iyat ; zidm ; sitam.) Or, khaill khurrann
zahir mi-kunand ki ba digaran durushtl ba (kar barand).
('amal fiwarand.)
CRUMBS The birds will pick up all these crumbs. par-
andagan in rezhci,enan khwahand chid.
CRUSHED He was crushed under the carriage- wheel.
zer-i-charkh-i-'arciba (mas,huk sdkhta) shud. (takwib
sakhta ; rasis karda.)
CRY What is the matter? why do you cry out so ? chi
halat ast ? chira chumn ghul wa shor ml-kuned ?
304 cubits damp.
*CUBITS The length of this stick is about four cubits.
(darazi) l ,e In chub karib ba chahar (gazf ast. l (tul ;
tawalat.) z (said; dost; mirfak.]
CULTIVATED This land is cultivated. In zamm (mazru)
ast. (ma'mur ; abad ; zira'at karda shuda ; kishtashuda.)
CUNNING They are by nature cruel and cunning. bi-t-tab'
be rahm wa harif and. Or, bi-l-asl sang-dil wa ghaddar and.
Or, bi-l-nafs zalim wa na"ar and. Or, bi-z-zat be shafakat
wa makkar and. Or, ba khu dil azar wa 'aiyar and.
CUPS They drink tea out of cups and saucers. eshan
cha bafinjan wa nalbaki ml-khurand.
CURED I have been cured by that physician. man az
an (tablb) shifa yafta am. (pizishk.)
CUBIOUS This is a curious shell. in sadaf ('ajib) ast.
(badi.) Or, In gosh-i-mahi nadir ast. (gharib.}
CURTAINS Are there no curtains to this bed? aya in
bistar pasha-paran na darad ? (parda ; sidafat ; sajf.)
CUSTOM Do you know how this custom arose ? shuma mi-
daned chiguna in rah o rasm (uftdd)? (paida shud; sar
bar award; sar bar zad; ru,e namud.) Or, khabar dared
ki m rasm-ra ki (ijad) kard ? (ikhtira 1 ; waza'.)
CUT ^You have cut this pen so that it won't write. In
kalam-ra chunan kat' karda ed ki az an nawishtan na ml-
CYPHER One and a cypher make ten. agar ba hindasa,e
yak ifr ddda shavad hindasa,e dah gardad.
D.
DAMAGE Has the cargo received any damage? aya
nuksan ba (mahmula},e jahaz rasida ast ? (bar.)
DAMP This house is very damp. m khana bisiyar (nam-
nak) ast. (namgm ; martub ; martab.)
* The breadth of one finger = 2 barley corns, end to end.
,, = 7 ,, side by side.
one hand = 8 end to end.
six hands = 48
= one cubit = 18 inches.
dancing deceit. 305
DANCING They spend their time in singing and danc-
ing. eshan wakt-i-khud-ra dar (sarajdan wa raksidan)
mi-guzranand. (nag/iina pardakh_tan wa rates kardan;
tarannum zadan wa rakis shudan.)
DANGER Why are you afraid ? there is no danger. chird
mi-tarsed ? hech kjiauf-i-khatar nlst.
DARE I dare not do as you say. an chi shuma ml-goyed
jur,at-i-kardan na diiram.
DABK The night was very dark. shab bisiyar (tarlk) bud.
(tar.) Or, lail kh_aill daijur bud.
DAEKNESS They are in gross darkness. eshan dar
(zidmat) and. (zidmat; zalamat.)
DATE What is the date of his letter? tarlkh-i-tahrir-i-
khatt-ash chist?
DAWN They rise at dawn. eslian (ba u-akt-i-sahar) bar mi-
khezand. (dam-i-subh ; 'aJa-s-sabuh.)
DAY What time of the day is it? chi saat ast?
DEAD I saw a dead snake on the roadside. ba kinar-i-
rah (mar-i-murda-ra) did am. (afa,e-ra la haiy.)
DEADLY Its wound is fatal ; its poison deadly. zakhm-
ash muhlik ast ; zahr-ash(katil). (halahal.)
DEAF He is deaf, and can hear nothing. o (kar) ast. liech
na ml-tawanad shunld. (summ ; asamrn ; giran-gosh.)
DEALS He deals honestly with everybody. ba har kase
ba (rast-bazi) suluk ml-kunad. (diyanat; wiandari;
sadakat-kari ; ikhjas.)
DEAR The goods you have purchased, I think, are very
dear. an asbab ki shuma k_h_anda ed, ba ra,e man
bisiyar (giran) ast. (giran-baha; besh-fclmat.)
DEAR He is very dear to me. ba dil-i-man bisiyar (azlz)
ast. Or, man ba o muhabbat-i-kamil daram. Or, o
(munis)~i-dil-am ast. (muhnim-i-raz.)
DEBTOR A debtor is one who owes money. karzdar hose
ast ki (karz) dcirad. (warn; dainj bidih.)
DECEIT They only live by deceit. eshan fakt ba fareb
(guzran mi-kunand). (aukat ba sar mi-burand; rozgar
806 deceitful deficient.
mi-guzranand.) Or, eshan ba (makr) zindagi mi-kunand.
(dagha ; talbls ; ghahn ; gjiadr ; kaid ; makadat; khad'at ;
flw ; zark ; shaid ; 'aiyarl.)
DECEITFUL What is there more deceitful than the human
heart? az dil-i-insan kudam chiz (dagha-baz)-tar ast.
(gjhadir ; ghadar.)
DECEIVED You have been deceived by them. slmma
badeshan (maghbun shuda ed). (ghabn khurda ed ;
mughalata sakhta shuda ed ; taghlit karda shuda ed.)
Or, shurna az eshan daghja yafta ed.
DECIDE Let him decide this question. bi-guzar Id o (in
mu'amala-rafaisal) bi-kunad. (infisal-i-m amr.)
DECLINED I asked him, but he declined. man az o
pursldam, mayar o (inkar kard). (razi na shud ; sar baz
zad.)
DECREASES That article decreases in value daily. roz ba
roz kimat4-an chiz (kam) mi-shavad. (habut ; sakit ;
fuisid.)
DECREE A decree was passed for this purpose. az bara,e
In hukme mukarrar shud. Or, ba jihat-i-w (hukm-i-kaza
mu'aiyan gardid). (tauki'-i-farma ijra yaft.)
DEDUCT I shall deduct so much from his account. az
hisab-ash In kadarpul (kat) khivaJiam kard. (icazl'at; icaz'.)
DEFECT Do you see any defect in this ? aya dar In hech
('aib) ml-bined? (pi. 'ayub ; tawaffun.}
DEFENCE He made his defence in court. dar 'adalat 'uzr-
i-khud-ash kard. Or, dar mahkawa tti a'zarat-i-kJi i<d-ra
zahir kard. Or, dar 'adalat (i'tizar^-i-khifd-ra ba 'arsa,e
zuhur award, (tazkiyat.)
DEFENDANT The statements of both defendant and plain-
tiff were heard. kalam-MmttJda'l-'alaihl wa mvdda'i
shunida shud. Or, izhnr-i-(asa)iii wa faryadt) istima,'
karda shud. (raft' wa da*l.)
DEFICIENT They are not deficient in sense. eshan (kam-
'akl) nayand. (kam-hausila.) Or, dar tamiz kami na
darand.
deformed demanded. 307
DEFORMED She is deformed in person. badan-i-an zan
(bad-shakl) ast. (bad-haikal; karihit-l-mauzar.)
DEFRAYS Who defrays the costs of his learning? kharch-
i-amokhtan-ash ki mi-dihad? Or, ikh.rajat-i-ta'l1m-axh
Id ada nn-kunad ?
DEJECTED His mind is much dejected. dil-i-o bisiyiir
(ranjida) ast. (azurda ; pur-gjiam ; pur-alam,)
DELAY There is much delay in this dar bab-i-m amr
(der) bisiyar ast. (taicakkuf ; ta,akhlr ; dirangi ; mihlat ;
mitkus ; tahawun ; tasah-ul.)
DELIBERATE This is my deliberate opinion. m tajwtz-i-
man (mustaklm) ast. (muatakill.)
DELICATE Her hands and feet are very delicate. dost tea
pa,e an ma'sliuka bisiyar (iiazuk) ast. (nafls; latif;
nigann ; ncizanm.)
DEFJCIOUS This is a most delicious morsel. In lukma
bisiyar laziz ast. Or, maza,e m lukma klaUl nafls ast.
Or, lazzat-i-in lukma marghub ast.
DELIGHTED I was greatly delighted to see him. az
didan-i-o bisiyar khushnud shudam.
DELIRIOUS The fever is so violent that he is sometimes
delirious. tab chandan sakht ast ki gahe (be hash) mi-
shavad. (madhush ; haziyan ; hazzar.} Or, bukhar
chandan mahrur ast ki yahe (o-ra ghash ml-dihad).
(hawass-i-o ml-bazad.)
DELIVER Did you deliver to him my message ? paigham-
i-nuii-ii bado (diided) ? (rasairided.)
DELIVERED He delivered his brother from much distress.
o baradar-i-kjiml-ra az (halat-i-kh_arubl najat dad), (bisi-
yar itarani kh_alas kard; na musaadat-i-rozgar rihamd.)
DEMAND Have you any demand upon me? aya az man
hech (daiya) dared 1 (da\ca ; iddi'a ; buz khwast.} Or,
aya az man chize iktiza dared?
DEMANDED He demanded more than his due. o azkarz-
i-khud ziyada (talabld). (talab kard ; da'wa kard ; dar
khwcist kard ; iddi'a kard.)
308 denies despairs.
DENIES He denies having said this. o az guftan-i-in
sukhan (inkar ml-kunad). (munkir ml-shavad ; iba ml-
kunad; tanakur ml-kunad.)
DEPART When do you intend to depart? irada,e
raftan kai dared ? Or, kai ahcida' khwahed shud ?, Or,
In ja-ra kai alwida' khwahed guft? Or, az mjii kai (tash-
rlf khwahed burd) ? (murakhkhas khwahed shud: kadam
ranja khwahed farmud ; 'inan-i-'azlmat mun'atif khwahed
sakjit; nuhzat khwahed farmud.)
DEPEND I cannot depend upon what he says. an eld o
ml-goyad bar an i'timad na ml-tawanam kard.
DEPENDS That depends upon the state of my health.
an kar ba tan-durustl,e man (maukiif) ast. (muta'allik ;
munhasir.) Or, In sukhan ba (sihhaf)-i-man muta'allik
ast. (sahihu-l-badan.}
DEPOSITORY This is a depository for books. in kutub-
khana ast.
DEPTH What is the depth of this tank ? 'umuk-i-in hanz
chist? Or, 'anuk-i-m (ghadir) chist? (ab-glr ; db-dan;
burka; talab.)
DESCRIPTION What description gave he of the place ?
o wasf-i-anja chisan kard ? Or, o an ja-ra chigunabaiyan
kard ? Or, o (sharh}-i-an jci chiguna dad ? (tafs_il ;
to/sir.)
DESERVE They deserve to be punished. eshan (la,ik-i-saza\
and. (tnustahikk-i-azab; kabil-i-taubikh; sazawar-i-'itab.)
DESIRE 1 will desire him to do so. man hukm khwaham
kard ki o ham chitnln bi-kunad.
DESIRE I have a great desire to see him. man ba dldan-
i-o (ishtiyak-i-kamil darant). (mushtak hastam ; sha,ik
hastam.) Or, sihila,e shank-i-dldan-i-o dar gardan-i-dil-i-
kjiud daram. Or, dar sar-i-dldiir-i-o ml-bUsliam.
DESIROUS He is very desirous of seeing you. o bara,e
didan-i-shuma bisiyar (arzumand) ast. (mitshtiik.)
DESPAIRS He despairs of accomplishing his object. o
(tawakku,' na darad) ki kdr-i-khud-ra ba sar rasanad.
despaired difficult, 309
(ma,yus ast ; na ummed ast.) Or, o-ra (nmmed-i-ba sar
ciwardan)-i-kar-i-khud nist. (rija-i-sar anjam dadan ; in-
tizar-i-tamam kardan.)
DESPAIRED He despaired of life. o dil-i-klnid-ra az jan
(bund), (bar dasht.) Of, o dil-i-khitd-ra az jan bar girift
wa ba marg nihad. Or, o dast-i-khud az jan shust. Or,
tushna wa be naiva ru,e bar khak wa dil bar halak nihad.
Or, az zindaganl ma,yus gasht. Or, az 'umr ummed bar
kand.
DESPISE We ought not to despise any one. bayad ki ma
kase-ra (khwar) na dar em. (haklr.) Or, bayad ki ma az
kase (miitanaffur na bashem). (nafrat or karahiyat
or tanaffur na kunem.)
DESTROYED Your papers have been all destroyed. kaghaz-
ha,e shuma hama (tabah) shuda ast. (kharab ; makhrub.)
DETAIN Do not detain the servant any longer. Jchadim-
ra ziyada az in (muntazir ma guzar). (dar intizar ma dar
or guzar ; mu'attal ma dar.)
DETERMINED I am determined to do as you recommend.
(kasd) karda am ki ba hasb-i-naslhat-i-shuma 'amal bi-
kunam. (tasmim ; nlyat ; 'azm ; mukarrar ; irada.) Or,
fcamar basta am ki &c.
DICE He was ruined by playing at dice. o ba sabab-i-
ka'batain-bazl tabah shud. Or, o tamam maliyat-i-Tchud-
radar kimUr-bazl (talaf kard). (bahawadad; ba bad-i-
fana dad ; ba halat-i-tabah rasaind.)
DICTIONARY See if this word is in the dictionary. dar
kitab-i-lughat bi-bln ki in lafz ast ya na.
DIFFERENT People are of different opinions on the
subject. az babat-i-ln amr marduman (muJchtalifu-r-ra^
and). (ra,e rnukhtalif ddrand ; mutafiku-r-ra,e nlstand ;
mukhalifu-r-ra,e and.)
DIFFICULT Do you think that the English language is
difficult? aya tasauwir mi-kuned ki zaban-i-inylisl
(mushkil) ast ? (tnughjlak ; gjialik ; diishwar ; muta'azzir ;
muta'assir.)
310 dig disagreement.
DIG Dig up this jungle. In kharbunha az bekh bar kan.
DILIGENCE It requires only diligence. -fakat (jidd o
jihad) zariir ast. (koshish ; sen ; 'arak-resi.) Or, bayad
ki shuma dar in kar ba sabll-i-(istimrar) mashghul bashed,
imiidaicamat ; mmrazabat ; istidamat.)
DILIGENT They are diligent scholars. eshan taliban-i-mu-
jahid and. Or, eshan talmlzan-i-mihnat-kash and.
DIM Her eyes are become dim through age. az sabab-i-
jnri zay-i-basarat an zan-ra girifta ast. Or, az ba'if-i-
kuhn-sali chashnt-i-anfartiita kam-nazar shuda ast.
DINNER I must go now, it is dinner time. irakt-i-sham
ast, mara bayad raft.
DIRECT This is the direct road to Shiraz. in (rah) ba
Shiraz rast nn-ravad. (minhaj : tank; sabll.)
DIRECT Please direct me where to find him. az rah-i-mihr-
biini ba man nishan bi-dihed ki bado mulUkcit kuja bi-
knnam.
DIRECTIONS I will attend to your directions. man ba
nasfhat-i-shuma mutairajjih kjhtcaham shud. Or, man
mutabik-i-dastunt-l-'anial-i-shumfi taicajjith khwuham kard.
DIRTT This road is very dirty. In rah bisn/nri^hiiUzj ast.
(pur az kjiilab ; pur az icalial ; najis ; palld.) Or, dar 'in
sirat khas ica khashak ast.
DISADVANTAGE If you act thus, it will be to your dis-
advantage. In kism raftar namudan dar bab-i-shuma
nuksan darad. Or, agar In chunln khtcahed kard,
nuksHn kjnpahed yaft.
DISAGREE They disagree with one another. eshan ba
yak dlgar (mukhalif and). (miikhtalif and; ikhtilaj
darand.)
DISAGREEABLE On that account it is very disagree-
able. ba ba'is-i-an bisiyar (na nnin-iifiku-t-tab') ast. \>ta
matbu' ; na marghiib ; na makbul ; maskh.nt ; tnakriih.)
DISAGREEMENT They have disagreement. darmiyan-i-
ehan (na muicafikat] ast. {ikhtilaf; nifak ; be-ittijaki;
naklz.)
disappointed dislike. 3 1 1
DISAPPOINTED I was much disappointed. man bi-l-kull
(mahrum) shudam. (be bahra ; na ummed ; ma,yus.)
DISCHARGE He is now able to discharge his debts. halan
karzha,ekhud-ra ada mi-tairanad hard.
DISCIPLINE This army is without discipline. In 'askar
kaicrCid nn ml-danad. Or, in Ioshkar (be kanun) ast.
(la nizam ; be ,m.)
DISCONTINUED The custom is now discontinued. ilhal an
rasm (mansukh) ast. (mardud ; maukiif; na murauicaj.)
DISCOURAGES What you say discourages me. kaul-i-
shuma mara (no, ummed) ml-kunad. (be dil; ma,yus ;
takhinf.}
DISCOURSE Come, let us hold a discourse. biya ta ma
l niakalima) bi-kunem. (kll-kUl ; r/tift o shunid ; guft o gu,e.)
DISCOVERED I have not as yet discovered the thief. ta m
wakt duzd-ra (na y lift a inn), (jiaida nakardaam; badast
ninjawarda am.]
DISCOVERV That is an important discovery. an (ijad)
bisiyar khub ast. (ikhtira'.)
DISCRETION He has ability, but wants discretion. o
(kabillyat) 1 darad ica lekin (imttyazp na darad. ^(liyiikat ;
'akl.) *(tamlz ; intibah ; ihtiyfit.)
DISGUISE Let us not use disguise. ma-rafareb kardan no,
bayad.
DISGRACE To do so would be a disgrace to us. az chumn
kardan ab ril,e ma rekhta kjnvahad shud. Or, az chuiun
munkire ma dar chah-i-itifi'al khwahem uftad. Or, Infil
ba ma (mazillai) khwahad award, (zillat; karahiyat ; be
'izzatl; be hurmatl ; fazlhat ; ta'nat.) Or, in fi'l mam
(m-akrith) khwahad sakht. (mitluini'as.)
DISHONEST They are very dishonest. eshiiu kh_atil
(kh_a,in~) and. (be-diyanat; khiyiinat-kar.} Or, khhjanat-
i-t>xhun ma'ruf ast ica fasad-i-afsad sahir.
DISLIKE 1 dislike their company very much. murafikat-
i-eshan bi-l-kull jiasftnd na daram. Or, <iz mukhaUtat-i-
t>shan (dar dil-i-man nafrat padtd nri-ayad). (karahiyat
312 dismissed dissuade.
or tanaffur or hakarat daram.) Or, dar silk-i-muica-
nasat-i-eshan munsalik shudan na mi-khwaham. Or,
az mandan dar halka,e suhbat^i-eshan dil-am mutanaffiv
mi-shavad.
DISMISSED The king dismissed the courtiers. padshah
ahl-i-darbar-ra (murakhkhas) kavdand. (rukhsat; bar-
khast.)
DISOBEY I cannot disobey his orders. man radd-i-far-
man-i-o-ra na mi-taivanam kard. Or, man hukm-ash na mi-
tawanam shilcast. Or, man na mi-tawanam ki (sar-i-kjiud
az halka,e inkiyad-ash bar awarani). ^adul-i-hukm-ash
bi-kunam ; (fhashiya,e mutabaat-l-o az. dosh-i-khud biyan-
dazam.)
DISPLAYS Herein he displays great talent. dar in masla-
hat (istfdud-i-o zahir mi-shavad). (firasat-ash ba zuhur
mi-ayad ; idrak-ash huwaida mi-ay ad or gardad; zakawat-
ash padid mi-ayad ; majal-ash rukTi mi-namayad.)
DISPLEASED They became much displeased. cshan bisii/rir
(na khiish) shudand. (mukaddar ; ranjula; azurda;
lira.}
DISPOSE Can you dispose of these goods for me? in
ashiya bara,e man ba (tijarat) farokhtan mi-tawaned ?
(serarfa.)
DISPUTE What is the dispute between you two? ma, bam-
i-shuma har du chi talcrar ast? Or, darmiyan-i-sJiumil
iva o chi (bahs) ast? (mubahasa ; ibtihas ; kaziya; shor
wa fasad ; niza ; munaza'at; tancizu'; khar-khasha :
mujadila.)
DISSATISFIED Why are you dissatisfied ? chira (ahair-
razi) hasted ? (az in amr be raz'i ; na raz.}
DISSOLVES The sun dissolves the snow. a/tab yakh-ra
gudazad. Or, partfib-i-sJiams baraf-i-nishasta-ra ab mt-
kunad. Or, tab-i-kjnirshed yalth basta-ra hall mi-kunad.
DISSUADE Cannot you dissuade him from doing so again.
shuma o-rci (man na ml-tawfined kard) ki o in chunin kar
baz nakunad? (man? nit ml-taivaned shud.)
distance doses. 313
DISTANCE What distance is the city of Baghdad from
this place? az inja shahr-i-bng]idJid eld imifasala ddradf
Or, ma bain in ja ica shahr-i-bagfadad chi kadar (tiifawat)
ast? (ba'd; ba'id ; masafat ; masahat.)
DISTENDED Having distended his belly with food, he at
last perished. shikam-i-khttd-ra pur <(Z ta'am karda (lialak
shud). (fautshud; jan-i-zindagiyash lab rez gusht ; safr-i-
akhirat kard; intikal hard; rihlat namud; ba halakrasld;
jan ba hakk tasllm kard ; jan-ash baramad; az daru-l-
fana ba daru-l-baka shitaft ; az jalian-i-faril rakht bar
bast ; da?l ajal-ra labbaik gitft ; az jan wida kard ; nearly,
jan-ash ba lab amad; bajan amad.)
DISTINCT His articulation is clear and distinct. talaffuz-
i-o saf wa (sahih) ast. (makhraj-dar.)
DISTINGUISH I cannot distinguish these two letters.
ma-bain-i-m haraf har dii (tafrik) na mi-tawanam kard.
(fark; imtiyaz ; tamiz ; mumaiyiz.)
DISTRESS She is now in great distress. aknTm an banii
dar (muslbat-i-shadid) uftada ast. (sakhtl; iztirab-i-
tamam; tang-dasti.) Or, ilhalan sadat (dil-asJnifta) ast.
(paraganda wa pareshan khatir ; khasta-khatir.) Or,
bekh-i-jam'jyat-i-khatir-ash burlda ast wa gul-i-aram
pazhmuda.
DIVERSION This is their diversion. in kar (bazi,}e eshan
ast. (tafarruh-i-dil ; nuzhat-i-khatir ; nishat-i-tcalb ; tarab-
i-diJ.) Or, az In kar imbisat-i-tab' hasil ml-namayand.
DIVIDEND A dividend on his estate will be paid the first
of next month. ba tarlkh-i-gjiurra,e mah-i-ayanda (kist)
az mal-ash dada khwahad shud. (Tinaksam ; hissa ; para ;
bakhsh.)
DOCK The vessel is now in dock repairing. -jahaz ilhal
bara,e (marammat dar sunar) ast. (ta'mir shudan dar
ta'mlr-khana,e jahaz.)
DOCTRINE This is very strange doctrine. in usiil-i-bisiyar
'ajlb ast.
DOSES He has taken two doses of this medicine. o dti
314 double drove.
khurtik az In dawa khurda ast. Or, o du habba,e daru
girifta out (pills).
DOUBLE Double this string, and then it will do. in
rassan-i-barik du ta bi-kun ki kifayat khwahad kard. Or,
In rassan (muza'af bi-kun) ta ba kar bi-khurad. (du
chand bi-kun ; taz'if bi-saz ; az'fif bi-kun.)
DOUBLE Is this paper double ? aya in kaghaz du ta ast ?
DOUBTFUL It is doubtful if he will come. dar bab-i-
amadan-ash (shakk) ast. (shabha.) Or, amadan-ash
tashklk dar ad.
DBAG How can one horse drag such a load? yak asp
chiguna In chunin bar ml-tawanad kashld? Or, ba chi
taur yak asp kifayat-i-kashldan-i-in bar tm-kunad ?
DRAIN There is a drain under the house. zer-i-khana
(badar-raii) ast. (ab-yuzar ; ab-lula ; jub ; ab-rah ;
baluat.)
DRAUGHT Give me one draught of water. yak (katra},e
ab ba man bi-dih. (jur'a.)
*DRAW Make the figures, and draw a line. hindasa bi-
nawis wa (khatf) bi-kash. (satar.~)
DRAWBACK Is there any drawback on these goods? bar
in asbab hech (dasturi) ast? (wazi'at, pi. waz(i,i'.)
DREAM I thought thus in a dream. dar khwabe In
chunin (didam). (khayal dashtam ; muhlim sakhtam.)
DRESS He cares nothing about dress. o az babat-i-libas-
i-khudjikre na darad. Or, o ba (poshak) dil-i-khud-ash na
ml-dihad. (talizlb kardan; libas kardan.)
DRESSING Wait a little, he is now dressing. andake sabr
bi-kunki o (libas ml-poshad). (mulabbis mi-gardad; libas-
i-khud-ra dar bar mi-kunad.)
DRIVES He always drives very fast. o hamesha kciliska
zud ml-ranad.
DROVE I drove a nail into the wall. man mekhe-ra dar
dlwar (zadam). (koftam.)
* Parallel line Maft-i-mutawazt. Right line Tthatt-i-mustaJclm.
Circular mustadir. Curved munhant.
drum eagerness.. 315
DROM The drum is beat in the fort daily. roz-marra
fall dar hissar nawakhta mi-sharad. Or, har roz naubat
d(ir kil'a mi-zanand.
DRY This house is exceedingly dry. In khana la ghaynt
(khushk) ast. (sannl ; samil.)
DUE That note falls due to-morrow. miad-i-an bariit
farda tamam kjiwaliud sliud. Or, wada,e an dast-awez
fanln ba {twain nil-rasad.
DUMB She is both dumb and deaf. an zan ham (gung)
wa ham kar ast. (Ifil ; bukum.)
DUNCE He has learned so long, yet he is a dunce.
muddat-l-madid khwanda, ast ica lekin lianoz abla,e
ast.
DURABLE Eeal and durable happiness is not attainable on
earth. dar in dunya (rahat-i-asli wa imtstaJclni) ?-
yassar riist. ('aish-i-'ain wa pa,edar; tarab wa nashat.-i-
baki; 'ishrat-i-asll wa ka,im ; masarrat-i-hak~ikl wa sabit ;
imbisat-i-mukjilis wa mustamarr.)
DUTY Do these articles pay duty ? aya In ajnas mahstil-
i-gumruk darand ? Or, aya In asbab gumrukl ast?
DWARF A dwarf is one who is little in stature. shakhse-ra
(kotah-kadd) wl-goyand Id kadd-i-kotuh darad. (kas'iru-
l-kadd.)
DWELL Dwell where he may, he is unhappy. jii,e ki o
manzil darad na khush mi-manad.
E.
EAGER He is eager to undertake the business. o
(mushtak) la kar kardan ast. {sha,ik.) Or, o ishtiyiik la
kar kardan darad. Or, kJiwaJtish darad ki kar ba zimma,e
khud ffirud.
EAGERNESS He shows great eagerness to learn. ba dars
khwandan kh_wahish-i-lmyar (zahir ml-kunad). (ml-
iMmayad.) Or, ba tadrls dil-i-khyd-ra ml-dihad
21
316 ears eclipse.
EARS You deafen one's ears by your noise. ba shor-i-
shuma goshha,e mardum (para) ml-shavad. (darlda.)
EARN In this way I can earn ten rupees a month. badin
taur man dak rupaiyafl mail hasil ml-taicanam kard.
EARNEST You are not in earnest in what you say, you
only jest. slmma rast na nn-goyed, shaitkhl nri-ku>ied.
Or, dar guftar-i-shuma sadakat tnst balki (tan)a.ikJnir)
ma'lum ml-shavad. (zarafat ; maziihat; hazal-bazl ; tlb-
amezl ; mutay aba-go, i ; bazla-yo,i ; latlfa-go,i; wibisat.)
EARNEST I gave ten rupees earnest money. man dah
rupaiya ba tarik-i-(bai'ana] dadani. (ta'nb ; tamslk.)
EARTHENWARE They manufacture earthenware. eshun
(zuruf-i-sifall) ml-sazand.
EARTHQUAKE An earthquake was felt lately in this neigh-
bourhood. chand roz yuzashta dar In nawaln larza,e
zanrin bud. Or, kabl az m dar In mahalla (jiimbish) l -i-
zamln (amadf. l (tnzalzal ; zuhala.) \ufttid.)
EAST Do you travel east, west, north, or south ? aya ba
sii,e ntashrik, ya maghrib, ya shutnal ya janii-b safr ml-
kuned ?
EASE He lives at ease. o rozgar-i-khud-ra dar (kliHsht)
ml-guzranad. (rafahiyat; aram ; ' aish ; faraghat ; rahat;
tana'um ; asa,ish; fatighu-l-baligh; farkhanda-huli :
kjiurrami; awn ; inibisat.)
EASY I will set you an easy lesson. slunna-ra sabak-i-
(asan} khwaliam dad. (said ; sails; asjial.)
EAT [In Persia people eat according to their class, thus :
haklman se r kji_itrand ; 'Ubidan nlmser kji_urand ; zaliidati
to, sadd ramk khurand; jriran khurand ta 'arak bar ai/ad;
jait-anan khyrand ta tabak bar glrand.]
EBB The tide has begun to ebb. jazr-i-ab-i-bahr sliurn
shuda ast. Or, ab-i-bahr (jazr shudan giri/ta) ast. (dar
ibtida.e jazr.)
ECLIPSE There will soon be a solar eclipse. ba'd az
chand roz (kusuf-i-aftab icakij khwahad shud. (a/tab
mahjiib; a/tab girifta.)
edge encourages. 317
EDGE I saw him sitting on the edge of the river. ba
kinar-i-nahr o~ra nishasta didam. Or, man o-ra didam
ki ba lab-i-rud nishasta bud.
EDITOR Who is the editor of this newspaper? (muhta-
mim)4-ln akhbiir-nama last ? (ratcim-wcaka,i' ; muharrir->
i-akhbar-nama ; ii-aka,i-nigar ; muwallif.)
EDUCATION She has written a book on education. 7/i
'akila kitabe dar bub-i-tarJab-i-td'llm (tasrilf) karda ast.
EFFECT I gave him medicine, but it had no effect. man
o-ra dam dadam, am ma (asar na hard). (mu,assir or
fa,idamand or az ofci,tda na sJuid.)
EGGS I saw a bird's nest with four eggs. ashiyana,e
murgJi didam ki dar tin chahcir baiza bud.
ELEGANT Hers is an elegant house. khana,e an zan
pur takalhtf wa khush-nama ast.
ELOQUENT He is very eloquent. o bisiyar (faslK) ast.
(baligh. ; zaban-aicar ; sukhan-ran ; sukhan-guzar ; fusa-
hat-pardaz ; sarlhu-l-kalam ; surl'u -l-kalam ; sahib-i-bala-
ghat.} Or, o bisiyar fasahat darad.
EMPIBE China is a large empire. mulk-i-chm mamlakat-
i-(ivasi'} ast. (mabsut; basit; 'madid; mamdiid ; kushuda.)
EMPLOY Who will employ such people? bachumn ashlthiis
ki (shughf) khwahad dud? (khidmat ; kar o bar.) Or,
chunin marduman-ra ki (inashghjll) khwahad kard /
(mushtagftal.)
EMPLOYER Who is your employer? (munlb]-i-shuma
hist ? (agha ; aka ; kar-farma. )
EMPLOYMENT What is your employment? (kar}-i-shnm~i
chitt? (shughl; ishtighjil ; kasb ; pesha ; hirfa; sina'ftt.)
EMPTY This house is empty, it has no tenant. In khaiia
khali ast Jcirayadar na darad.
ENCLOSE Enclose my letter in yours. andar-i-khatt-i-
khnd ruk'a,e mara bi-kun. Or, khatt-i-mara dar kh_att-
i-khud (malfuf] bi-kun. (tai; lifufa.]
ENCOURAGES Your former kindness encourages me.-
318 encouragement engraver.
mihrbam,e sabika,e shurna mara ummed mi-dihad. Or,
talattuf-i-peshm-i-shuma mara (jur,at) ml-dtfiad. (tasaUl.}
Or, altaf-i-salf-i-shuma dil-i-mara (istimalat) mi-kunad.
(tahris ba hare.}
ENCOURAGEMENT This affords me encouragement. in
ba man (tasalK) ml-dihad. (istimalat ; tahrls ; tahrik.)
END There is no end to his talking. kll-kal-i-o intiha
na darad. Or, sukhan guftan-i-o-ra andaza riist.
ENDEAVOUR I must endeavour to see him to-day. mara
bayad ki imroz (ba mulakat-i-o] sai bi-namayam. (mu-
lakat ba o ; mulakat-i-o-rd.) Or, bayad ki imroz ba (dldr/r-
ash kasd bi-kunani). (sharf-i-mulazitn-ash 'azm bi-sazam.}
ENDORSEMENT This note wants your endorsement. w
tamassuk dast-kh_att-i-sliuma mi-kh_ivahad. Or, bar In
barat sahih-i-shuma (zarur) ast. (lazim ; dar-kar.]
ENEMY The cat is the enemy of the mouse. gurba ba
mush 'adawat-i-(zati) darad. (jibilfi ; tab'L) Or, gurba
wa mush baham az aliyat mukhtalif and. Or, ma bain-
i-gurba u-a mush az sirisltt (ikhtilaf) ast. (khilaf.)
ENERGY He goes to work with great energy. o ba sar
garml,e tamam (ba) kar nuuhgfaul ml-shavad. (dar.) Or,
o ba kuwat-i-dil kar ml-kuitad. Or, az jan wa dil sa'i,e
kar ml-namaijad.
ENOAGED I have engaged him as my servant. man
o-ra ba taur-i-naukar (gu-zashta) am. (mukarrar karda ;
dar kar mu'aiyan karda.) Or, man o-ra naukar dashta
am.
ENGAGEMENT I have an engagement this evening, and
therefore cannot accept your invitation. im*hab (shwjk-
le) daram lihaza dawat-i-shuma ijabat na tni-tan-unam
hard. (To dinner, da'wat-i-ziya/at ; to a dance, da'icat-i-
raks ; to a party, fete,da'wat-i-inihm(lni, dit'tcat-i-yuhbat.)
ENGLAND Have you ever been in England ? aya dar
muUt-i-ingllstan nahe buda ed ?
ENGRAVER Send for an engraver. (muhrkane)-ra bi-
talabed. (hakkake.)
enjoy estate. 319
ENJOY I enjoy this season of the year. az m mausim-i-
sal rahat mi-glram. Or, az ni'mat-i-kazz-i-mausim (muta-
matti') ml-shavam. (mutalazziz.)
ENTER Who will enter this cave ? dar in ghar Id dakhil
khwahad shud ? Or, dar in maaJinra ki (dakhJ) khwahad
ka'rd? (madkhal; dnkhul ; tadakJikhid.) Or, dar in
kalif ki dar khwahad amad ?
ENTIRELY That news is entirely false. an khabar bi-l-kiiU
darogh ast. Or, an afwci sar a sar kazib ast.
EQUAL Is your writing equal to mine ? nawi$hta,e tu
barabar-i-dast-khatt-i-man mi-bashad ? Or, dast-khatt-
i-tu laf-i-barabarl,e dast-khatt-i-man mi-zanad ? Or,
tahrlr-at ba tahrir-am (masawl) ast ? (mutasawl.) Or,
rakam-at ba rakam-am sawiyat dar ad ?
ENVY Envy is hateful. hasad makruh ast. Or, rishk
karih ast. Or, hasrat (kablh) ast. (makbuh; mazmun.}
ERRAND He went there, but forgot his errand. o an ja
raft, magar paigftam^-i-khud-ra faramosh kard). (az y ad-
ash raft ; -i-khud-ra mansi kard.)
ERRONEOUS It is incumbent on us to forsake erroneous
opinions. ma-ra lazim ast ki khayalat-i-mahal bi-gu-
zarem. Or, zarur ast ki ma (tasauu'ircit-i-na marbut az
dast bi-dihem). (ra,eha,e batil az sar badar bi-kunem.}
ERROR Do you see any error in this writing ? aya dar
in nawishta liecli ghalat ml-bined ?
ESCAPED They escaped from prison. az zindan ru ba-
firar nihadand. Or, az habs gurekhtand. Or, az mahbas
mafrur gashtand. Or, az sijn zahuf kardand.
ESPECIAL This is a matter of especial moment ; the rest
is by no means essential. m mukaddama bisiijar zarur
ast, baki hech (muzayaka nlst). (ihtiycij na darad ; zarur-
at na darad.J
ESTABLISHED This law has lately been established. m
kanun dar in rozha (mu'aiyan) sJnida ast. (miikarrar ;
bar karar ; mujciwiz ; murauu-aj.)
ESTATE He left all his estate to his eldest son. o hama
320 eternal example.
mal-i-khud-ra bapisar-i-a'zam bawaslyat dad. Or, o murd
u~a wasiyat hard ki imlak-i-man bapisar-i-buzurg-am dad a
shavad.
ETEENAL They who fear God will obtain eternal happi-
ness. anan ki az allah-i-ta'ala tarsand rahat-i-'ukba
khwahand yaft. Or, anan ki az kh/iida khauf mi-darand
'aish-i-(mudam) hasil mi-namayand. (jawid ; abadl; la
fana ; ba baka.}
EUROPEAN European articles are now plentiful. chizha,e
farangistan halan (Jarawan] and. (wqfir ; ba ifrat ; ba
kasrat ; kasir ; ba ivafur.}
EVEN Draw two even lines. du khatt-i-mutawazi bi-kash.
EVIDENT It is evident you are mistaken. (zahir) ast ki
shuma ghalati khurda ed. (wazih ; huwaida ; paida ;
roshan ; ashkar ; mubaiyin ; ba wuzuh.')
EVENING I expect to see him this evening. man imshab
mulakat-i-o-ra (intizar mi-kasham). (muntazir mi-basham.)
Or, man imshab muntazir-i-tashrif-i-o mi-basham.
EVENT This is a melancholy event. in waki'a ghamnak
ast. Or, in saniha maghmum ast. Or, in hadisa andoh-
aym ast. Or, in ittifak ranj-awar ast.
EVIDENCE. By the evidence produced in court, his guilt
was proved. ba gawahi ki dar 'adalat (iwardand jur-
mash ( abit) shud. (masbut ; sabut ; isbat ; sabat. )
EVIL His coming caused much evil to many. az amadan-
ash bajam'-i-kasir kabahat rasid. Or, amadan-ash mtijib-
i-(ranj)-i-unas gardid. (maltil ; ashob ; dahiyat.)
EVIL In this world evil and good are found. dar In
jahan badi wa neko,t baham maiijud ast. Or, dar in
dunya kabahat wa alahiyat ya/ta ml-fshavand.
EXALTS He neither exalts nor abases himself. o na
khweshtan-ra fuziim nihad na tan dar zabuni dihad.
Or, na khjtd-ra tarjih dihad wa na zabun sazad.
EXAMPLE That lady is an example to all around her.
an banu bara,e dlgar banmcan (misale) ast. (zarbu-l-
misal; namudar ; unmudaj ; unmnz, j.)
exceeds executed. 391
EXCEEDS He exceeds every one in intelligence. o dar
dana,i (bar harna sabkat ml-barad). (az hama go,e sab-
kat ml-rabayad; az or bar hama musabikut ml-kunad or
barud.)
EXCEPTIONABLE What you propose, I think, is exception-
able in one particular. anchi shuma tajwlz ml-kuned,
dar an yak daklka (kfibil-i-i'tiraz) ast. (la,ik-i-saniyat ;
mustasnl.) Or, maslahate ki shuma mi-farmayed dar
yak nukta ja,e (istisna) ml-bashad. (i'tiraz.)
EXCHANGE I will give you this in exchange for that.
man ba 'iwaz-i-an in chlz ba shuma khwaham dad. Or,
man in chiz-ra ba an chlz ba shuma (tabaddul) khwaham
hard, (badal ; 'iwaz ; tabdll; istibadal.)
EXCHANGE The exchange is a place where merchants
meet to transact business. bazar-yah ja,e ast ki t<ljir~ui
bara,e ijra,e kar-i-tijarat jam' mi-shavand. Or, (mabdal)
ja,e ast ki dar an saudagaran ba jiliat-i-dad o sitad
baham gird mi-ayand. (masrif.)
EXCHANGE I have no desire to exchange situations with
you. man khwahish na darani ki ju,,e khud-rci ba ja,e
shuma badal bi-kunam.
EXCITE Let us excite each other to study. biya ki ma
yak digar-ra (tahri$ ba talim] bi-kunem. (tahns-i-ta'lim ;
targhlb-i-tadris.}
EXCUSE Pray excuse my not having formerly written to
you. az 'adam-i-naicishtan-i-man az ru,e lutf ma'zur bi-
dared.
EXCUSES They made many excuses. eshan bisiyar 'uzr
(kardand). (aicardand ; nihddaud.) Or, eshan bisiyar
ma'zarat khwastand.
EXECUTOR Who is the executor to his estate? vcasl\e
(warsa),e o klst ? (irs ; mlras ; maurusa.)
EXECUTED Three men were executed for murder last
Monday. du shamba guzashta ba sahab-i-khun-afshanl
si marduman (tanab andakhta) shudand. (ba dar kashlda ;
alaba zada.)
322 expect extract.
EXPECT Do you expect to see him shortly? muntazir mi-
bashed ki o-ra zud bi-blned. Or, mutakki' mi-bashed hi
mulakdt-i-o zud bi-kuned. Or, (mutarakkib mi-bashed)
ki mulakat bado zud bi-kuned. (tawakku' dared ; ummed
dared ; mutawakki' or mutarussid mi-bashed.)
EXPELLED The king expelled him from the land. bad-
shah farmud to, o-ra az diyar (ikhraj) kardand. (kharij ;
jila,e watn ; badar ; bcrtin.)
EXPENSE What will be the expense of doing this? az
kardan-i-ln kharch chi kadar khwahad bud ?
EXPERIENCE He has experience in business. o dar liar
tajriba darad. Or, o dar kar (mushakk) ast. (ahl-i-
imtihan.)
EXPLAIN If you ask, he will explain any part which you
do not understand. anchi shumti na ml-fahmed agar az
o khwiihed pursld o (baiyan}-i-an khwahad hard, (shark ;
takrlr ; inkishaf ; to/sir; izhar ; ta,wll ; tabyln; kashf.)
Or, agar az o istifsar bi-farmayed, mushkil-i-skuma hall
khwahad kard.
EXPORTED Much indigo was exported last month. dar
mah-i-guzashta nil-i-firaimn az dii/ar (rawana) shud.
(ikhraj karda ; nakl-i-iskal karda ; irsal dashta.)
EXPORTATION These articles are for exportation. In ajnas
muntakla ast. Or, In asbcib bara,e (nakl-i-iskal) ml-
bashad. (ikhraj shudan az mulk.)
EXPRESSED I don't know how this phrase is expressed in
English. man na ml-datiam Id In (kalam)-ra. dar lisan-i-
inglisl chi sail tarjuma ml-kunand. (istilah; 'ibarat;
guftar.)
EXTENT This is the extent of their learning. hadd-i-ta'-
llm-i-eshan badlnja ast. Or, In muntaha,e saicad-i-eshan
ast. Or, badln (martaba,e) 'ulum-i-eshan raslda ast.
(maya,e.)
EXTRACT I showed you an extract from this letter. man
az In khatt (intikhabe) shuma-ra namUdam. (ijmale ;
kat'-i-chlda.)
extravagant false. 323
EXTRAVAGANT His children are extravagant farzandan-
i-o (miisrif) and. (fazul-kharch ; mubazzir ; bazl-i-mal
ml-kun.)
EYEBROWS Her eyebrows are arched. abruyiin-i-an zan
la misal-i-mihrab and.
EVES How can you write if you shut your eyes ? cigar
shuma cliashm-i-khud-rei bi-banded chiyuna ml-taicaned
nawisht.
F.
FABLES This is a book of fables. in kitab-i-kism ast.
Or, In kitab (mushtamil) bar afsanalia ml-bashad. (mu-
tazammin.}
FACE Her face is fair. rang-i-ru,e an banu (so/aid) ast.
(sapid.}
FACTORY Formerly there was an indigo factory here.
pesh az m (kcir-khana,e nil) Inja bud. (ja,e kar o l>ar-i-nll.}
FAILED Had it not been for his assistance, I should have
failed in my purpose. ayar o maru (imdadpna ml-namud
(dar husul-i-muddal.,e khud mahrurn shiidame). l (i'anat ;
mu'aicanat ; dast-glri ; pa,e mardi ; icasatat ; himayat;
madad.} z (kam-i-dil-i-man bar nayamade ; yad-i-man bar
murcid-i-dil na raslde ; jam-i-arzuyam hamchunan pur
mande.}
FAINTED From fatigue and hunger they fainted away.
az mandagl wa gursinagi dar ghash cimadand. Or,
az koft-i-safr v:a faldh ghash giriftand. Or, az (be-
takati) u'a ju' be-hosh shudand. (faro mandagl; dar
mandagl.}
FAIR It is now fair, you can go. ilhal asman be sahab
ast, sliuma mi-tawaned raft.
FAITHFUL He is an old and faithful servant. o naukar-i-
kadlm wa Imandilr ast.
FALL He was killed by a fall from his horse. o az asp-i-
khud ba zamln uftad wa mnrd.
FALSE Be assured that the report is false. yakln kun ki
324 family, -faultless.
In, khabar (darogh ast). (p~iya na darad ; az zewar-i-sidk
mu'arra ast ; batil ast.)
FAMILY He has a large family. o 'lyal-i-bisiyar darad.
FAMINE* So scarce was corn in that city, that it was feared
there would be a famine. dar an shahr ghalla chandan
(ba killat] bud Id khauf-i-kaht wa khunhk-sall bud. (kami.)
FAN It is now cold, what need have you of a fan ? ilhal
sard ast, zarurafl,e bad-zan chlst ? Or, halan mausim-i-
sarma ast, ihtiyaj-i-(bad-kash) chist ? (bad-bezan ; mir-
waha.}
FASCINATED She has entirely fascinated my heart. an
pari-ru dil-i-mara burda ast. Or, an ma'shnka mar a
farefta karda ast. Or, ba muhnbbat-i-an mah-ru yiriftar
amadam. Or, an sarw-saln dil-am az dast rabiida ast.
Or, man dil az dast dada,e an mahwash hastam. Or,
tit ,ir-i-dil-am asir-i-dam-i-an mushkin-bu,e gardida ast.
Or, an dil-fareb marci az sar o pa dar dam-i- 'ishk-i-kh ltd
andakhta ast. Or, an (naznln) dil-i-mara bi-l-kull ba khtid
kashida ast. (sayad-i-said-i-dil-i-'asMkan.)
FASTENED Have you fastened the saddle on the horse ?
aya bar asp zln nihada ed ? Or, ba asp zln-ra basta ed ?
Or, asp-ra zln karda ed?
FAT Are these sheep fat or lean? in gusfandha (farbih) 1
ya laghir)* and ? ^(samln.') 9 (nahlf; zaft.)
FATHERLESS He died there, leaving a widow a,nd five
fatherless children. o an ja murd iva biwa-zan ba ma?
panj farzand yatwi guzjisht.
FATIGUED I am very much fatigued with walking. az
aasht o gard man kofta am. Or, az bisiyar raftan mar a
(koftagl) girifta ast. (mandagl.} Or, dar rah daraz
random wa (sust) mandam. (furo ; dur.)
FAULT Those things are not yet ready, whose fault is
it ? in chizha hanoz taiyar nay and, khata az kist?
FAULTLESS Who is there that is faultless? kitdamkas (be
ku$u,r) ast. (ma'sum; be takslr ; be khata ; be gunah.)
* Plenteous year, sal-i-farakh.
favourable -figurative. 325
FAVOURABLE The wind on the river is favourable for g<>in^
up the river. bara,e raftan ba bala,e nuhr bad (inuicajik)
ast. (shurta.)
FAVOUR Pray favour me with your address. az ru,c luff
nam o imhan-i-khana,e kkiid la UKIII bi-diltcd.
FAVOURITE This little boy is my favourite. In tiflak 'az7z-
i-man ast. Or, In kodak (niahbub)-i-man ast. (matlub.)
FEAR We ought to fear God more than man. ina-ra
liaijad ki ma har kadar ki az marduman ml-tarsem ziyada
az an khauf-irkhudu dashta biisheni.
FEAR I would have gone there, but I went not. from
fear of its being too late ere I arrived. man an ja ml-
raftame ica lekiti az khauf-i-der amadan na ret/tarn.
FEATHER This feather is very beautiful. in par bisiyar
(khjlb-surat) ast. (hqsln ; jamll.)
FEATURES The features of these two are alike. shakl-i-~in
du til ba yak dlgar (mushtabl ant), (nntslwbahat or
ishtibaJi darad ; bdham mi-lthurad ; iniitiiasil or mushablh
ast.)
FEEBLE He is now very feeble ; he is unable to stir from
home. halan o bisiyar za'lf ast u-a az makam-i-khud
(harakat) na ml-taicanad kard. (taliarruk; jumbish.)
FEEDS The squirrel feeds chiefly upon fruit. mush-i-par-
anda bi-l-kjinssa bar men- a zindaal ml-kunad.
FERRV-BOAT There is a ferry-boat at this place. badln
ja (Idxbtl.e 'itbur) ast. (ma 1 bar ; kishti,e guzara.)
FERULE The whole soil of that country is fertile. tamam
zanrin-i-iin diyar (ser-hasil) ast. (zar-khez ; barumand ;
kabil-i-zirifat.}
FETCH Go, fetch some fruit out of the garden. bi-rau
kadre meica az bagh biyar.
FEW I know not if many or few were there. man na mi-
dunam ki dar an ja kasir budatid ya kalil.
FIGHT It is better to sit still than to fight. khcimosh
nishastan az bar khastan ba Jang bihtar ast.
FIGURATIVE This is a figurative mode of speaking. in
326 file flatter.
taur-i-guft-gu tamsll-amez ast. Or, in tarz-i-kalam (mu-
sajja')ast. (murassd" ; mukallal; rangln.)
FILE File the screw. inpech-ra (sohan bi-kuri). (bi-su,e.)
FILE File these papers. in kagjiazlia-ra (rishta bi-kun).
(dar misal bi-guzar ; dakhil-i-daftar bi-kun.)
FILL Fill this tub with water. in hauz-i-chubm-ra az ab
pur bi-kun.
FINAL The final dividend on his estate will be paid to-
morrow. far da (kist-i-cikMrin) az imlak-ash ado, karda
khwahad shud. (rnaksam-i-mu,akhkhir.)
FIND I have lost my pen, see if you can find it. man
kalam-i-kjiud-ra gum karda am, bi-bmed magar an-ra
paida hi kuned.
FOUND I found it underneath the table. an-ra zer-i-/n, c
(yaftam). (paida karclam.)
FINED If you do so again, you must be fined. agar wakt-
i-digar in chunin kar bi-kuned (az shuma jurmana girifta)
khwahad shud. (ba shuma, musadira nihada.)
FINISH Help me to finish this letter. dar (tamam kar-
dan)-i-7n khatt ba man mu'airanat bi-kun. (itniam.)
FIRST What is now the first thing to be done? ilhal
kudam clnz peshtar bay ad kard.
FISHERMEN. I saw some fishermen laying their net.
chand maJn-giran-ra didam ki (dam^-i-khud-ra mi-(nihud-
and). 2 *(shabka ; nashbil.) z (gustardand ; guzaslitand ;
andakhtand.)
FIT He is not at all fit for this work. o la,ik-i-m kar
mutlakftn nlst.
FIXED What day have you fixed upon to go there?
bara,e raftan badan ja kudam roz mukarrar karda ed?
FLAG I have seen a flag at the fort. man 'alame-ra dar
kiVa dlda am.
FLAT What is the shape of the earth, round, flat, square,
or oval? surat-i-kura,e zamin chi taur ast? (mudauwir),
mustawi, murabba', ya baizawi. (mustadlr.)
FLATTER Why do you flatter me so? chira in chunin
flattery fold. 327
taur mara (khushamad) ml-kuned? (chaplusi; ta-
malluk.}
FLATTERY We ought not to listen to the words of
flattery. na shayad ki (ma ba sukhanan-i-khush-amad
gosh bi-dihem}. (tna sukhanan-i-chaplusi-ra gosh bi-
kunem.)
FLEE Why should we flee ? there is no danger. chiru
ma bi-gurezem ? khauf riist.
FLING What flowers are these? fling them away. in
gulha chi kism and ? anha-ra biijandaz.
FLINT Fire is produced by flint and steel. az (chakmak
zadan] atash paidu mi-shavad. (kaddah wa fulad.J
fTinder, harraka; sokhta.]
FLOAT It is high water, the vessel will now float. viakt-
i-madd-l-bahr ast, ilhul jahaz bala,e ab khwahad raft.
FLOCK I saw there a flock of sheep. man an ja (ghall(i),e
gusfand dldam. (rama.)
FLOOR The floor of this room wants repairing. -farrash-
i-ln hujra marammat (ml-kh\vahad). (talab ast.}
FLOUR Bread is made of flour. nan az ard sakhta mi-
shavad..
FLOWERS You must not pluck these flowers. shuma-ra,
na shayad ki in gnlhci bi-chined. Or, In gulhd-ra chldan
na bayad.
FLUTE He can play upon the flute. o nai,e labak tau-anad
(daniid). (nau-akht ; zad.)
FIJES There are a number of flies. inja magasan pur ml-
bashand.
FI,Y He cut the parrot's wing, lest it should fly away.
o par-i-tufl-ra (burld kiona parad). (kandid ta, opanciiz
na kunad; bar kaslttd Id o ba parwaz dar nayayad; chid
ki o dar parwaz nai/rnjad.)
FOG In the morning there is a thick fog here. bamdad
In ja bnkhjlr-i-gfializ mi-bashad. Or, matla'e subh inja
nazh rn-i-kuslf inl-btisliad.
FOLD Fold these things in paper. in chizha-ra dar
328 follow forfeit.
kaghaz (malfuf bi-kuri). (lifufabi-kun; dar naward; fai
bi-kun ; bi-pech.)
FOLLOW You go before, I will follow. pesh bi-rau man
pas-i-tu khwaham Umad. Or, sabik bash man dar (' akab)-
i-tu khwaham amad. (pusht; pai.)
FOND I am not at all fond of that fruit. an meica mutlak
(pasand na daram). (mara khush na mi-ay ad ; mar a
khush nist.)
FOOD What sort of food is this? in (khurafy chi kism.
ast? (khurish ; kilt; ta'tim: cfhizii-.)
FOOL He is a great fool. o (ahmake] 'azlm ast. (abla,t ' ;
na-dane ; sadah-lauhe ; bewitkufe ; kharife)
FOOLISHNESS To be angry without a cause is foolishness.
be sabab (dar khashm amadati) 1 (na-dariif ast. ^(ghussa
shudan ; kahr giriftan ; ghazb namudan ; ru,e darhain
kashidan.) *(kciliw rangl ; khu \jal-i-batil.}
FOOT Look at the horse's foot. ba sum-i-asp bi-bin. Or,
*dar sum-i-asp (nazar) bi-kuned. (nigah; mtdfihaza.)
FORBID Why did you forbid him to come ? chira az
ainadan-i-injil o-ra (man' karded) ? (mumana'at or nahl
karded ; munitani or mcini' badied.)
Font E The stream now runs with great force. -jimjan-i-
nahr ilhal ba zor mi-ravad.
FOUEHEAD He fell down and cut his forehead. o ba
zaniin u/tad wa peshana,e khud-ra (majriih kard). (kata'
or munkati' kard; bund.)
FOREIGN He is gone to a foreign country. o ba mulk-i-
ghair rafta ast.
FORETELL Who can foretell what will happen on the
morrow ? ki pesh ml-tawanad git/t Id farda az parda,e
ghaib chi hadisa (sadir khwahad shud) ? (ru,e khwahad
dad; waki' khwahad shud; ba zuhur khwahad paiwast. }
FORFEIT For doing this you must forfeit a rupee. az
chunm kardan (ba shuma yak rupaiya jarimana dadanl
* rd, in its proper place, may be used instead of dar.
forget fountains. 329
khwahad shud). (az shuma yak rupaiya jarlma yafta
khwahad shud.)
FORGET Don't forget to tell him what I said to you.
anchi ba shuma guftam hainan sukh_an ba o bi-goyed,
(farainosh na kittled,) (nasl ma shuved.)
FORGIVEN If he had acknowledged his fault, I should
have forgiven him. agar o ba gunah-i-kjmd (ikrar karde
man o-ra wa'zur dtishtame). (i'tiraf karde man mazarat-
i-o kabiil dashtanie.) Or, agar o bar takslr-i-khud kajl
shude man o-ra niu'iif kardame. Or, agar o kusur-i-
khud zahir karde wan ac gnnali-ash (dar guzashtatne).
(mighfarut dadame.)
FORM The form of the cypress-tree is quite straight.
shakl-i-sarw bi-l-kull sahl ast. Or, kainat-i-sarw bi-l-kull
(ikUmat) ast. (rant; kn.im.)
FORMER Which part of his letter do you think the best,
the former or the latter? knduni hissa,e khatt-ash shunia
aula-lai; tnl-dancd, (aincalln >ja ukhinii) (makaddajita
i/a iHii.itkltira.)
FORMIDABLE The ohjections you make to my plan are
indeed formidable. (i'tiraz)-i-sliuniti bar khilaf-i-ra,e man
dar In sukhan fi-l-waki' sakht ast. (i'raz ; ta'arruz ;
irad.)
FORSAKE Let us not forsake our friends in their distress
dar halat-i-(pareylianl) dostan-i-kjnid-ra na shayad gu-
zasht. (parngandagl; furo manduffi ; dar mandugl ; w"
mandugl; skikastugl; iztirabl; abtarl.) Or, dar halat-i-
kjiastagl ma-nl az ashntiyantfarnghat na biiyad dasftt).
(inunkata na bayad shud; kata na bciyad kard ; inkitrC
na bayad kard.)
FORTUNE He has made a large fortune. o mal-i-firair<ln
jam karda ast.
FOUNDATION. The foundation of the house was laid. (btot-
yad)4-%kana nihada shud. (bina; puya; asas; muk'adut ;
kaidat.)
FOUNTAINS There are fountains of water everywhere.
330 freefiirmsh.
har-ja chashmaha,e ab (jari and"). (mujra and; mnjra
or ijra darand.) Or, har ja (zah-ab) hast. (chushma,e
zaya.)
FREE You are free to do as you please. base mani-i-
shuma na mi-shavad har chi mi-khwahed bi-kuned. Or,
anchi dar mizaj-i-janab bilshad bi-farmayed. Or, anclii
khwahed be takalluf bi-kuned.
FBEEZE It is so cold to-day, I think at night it will
freeze. imroz In kadar sardl ast ki (guman dciram) ki ba
shab zamln yakh basta khwahad shud. (ihtimal dar ad.)
FREIGHT I have engaged the whole of this vessel's freight.
an kadar ki mahmula dar ad in jahaz-ra ba njrat
girifta am. Or, man (shart)-i-mahmula,e tamam jahaz
karda am. (ikrcir.)
FRESH These greens are fresh from the garden. In tar a
az bagh taza and.
FREQUENT I have frequent opportunities of seeing it.
ba dldan-ash mara (inaukf) bisiijar ast. (Jursat ;
kabu)
FRIEND What shall I do ? I have no friend. chikunam?
man (doste) na daram. (mukhlis; khatil; munis; muhibb;
habib ; yar; mushfik ; shafik ; mahnnn-raz ; ham-nafs.')
FRIENDLESS I am now entirely friendless. ilhal man be
dost hastam.
FRIGHTFUL I have seen a most frightful figure. (shakle
haulncik) dldam. (haikale wahshatnak ; dew-sima.)
FRUGAL How does he manage his household affairs ? is
he frugal or extravagant? o iimurat-i-khanayl,e khud-ra
chigiina ba saranjum ml-rasanad? (ba kifayat ya ba
fazuli) ? (ba kina'at ya ba israf.)
FULL Is this cask empty or full ? In (barrnll) tihl ast ya
pur ? (khambak.)
FULFILLED The purpose for which you sent me has been
fulfilled. kare ki bara,e an shuma marajiristaded (tamam
shuda) ast. (ba itmam or ba sar rasida.)
FURNISH How soon can you furnish these things? In
furniture gild. 331
chizha la chi 'ujlat (muhaiya) mi-tau-aned hard.
(maiijiid ; muyassar; taiyar.)
FURNITURE He makes all kinds of furniture. (rakht-i-
khana) az liar kism mi-sazad. (asasu-l-bait.}
FUTDRITY We cannot see into" futurity. ma (khabar-i-
mustakbil) na danem. (ahwal-i-ayanda.}
G.
GATHER Gather up the crumbs. rezalia,e nan bar chin.
GAIN Do you expect much gain from this trade ? az in
pesha tairakku'-i-sud-i-bisiyar dared ? Or, az in hir/a
(mutarakkib)-i-naf-i-Jlrawan mi-shaved ? (mutarassid.)
Or, rija dared ki az In kasb mal-i-kaslr ba dast-i-(shuma
khwahad amad). (khud khwahed award.)
GARDEN Why have you left the garden gate open ? chira
darwaza,e banh wa guzaskta ed ?
GENEROSITY There are no limits to his generosity. hadd-
i-sakhan-at-ash nut. Or, karm-ash (na mahdud ast). (hadd
or intilia na darad.)
GENEROUS He is very generous and gentle. o sakhi wa
narm-dil ast. Or, o karim wa rah'un ast. Or, o faiyaz
wa hallm ast.
GENTLEMAN Are you acquainted with that gentleman ?
badan khan-sahib (md'rifat dared) ? (ashna,i dared ; ru-
shinas mi-bashed.}
GEOGRAPHY He has composed a book on geography. o
dar 'ilm-i-(jughrafiija) kitabe tasnif karda ast. ('arz.)
GET Can you get me another book like that? misal-i-an
kitab dlgare bara,e man (tawaued yft)? (ba dast tawaned
award ; fiJi'-i-shinna khwahad amad.)
GOT You have got many books give me one. shuma
kutub-i-bisiyar dared, yoke az anlia ba man bi-dihed.
GILD Do you know how to gild paper ? shuma mi-daned
chiguna kagJiaz-ra zar-afshan inl-kunand ? Or, aya
22
332 gilt grateful.
tarklbe ki sahaffan kitabha-ra ba zar mulamma' mi-
kunand, shuma mi-daned ?
GILT He showed me a gilt picture-frame. an shakhs ba
man khjtna,e taswir-i-^mulamma' namud). (mutalla
nishan dud.}
GIRLS He has five children, three boys and two girls.
o panj ta farzand darad si pisar wa du dnkhtar.
GLAD Are you glad or sorry on this occasion ? dar bab-i-
in sukhan khush ed ya ghamnak ?
GLASS Take care, this will easily break, it is made of
glass. khabar-dar, m chiz ba asanl shikasta mt-shavad
az balur ast.
GLOVES I have bought a pair of gloves. yak juft-i-(dast
posh) kharlda am. (dastuna ; dast-taba.}
GLUE Tell the carpenter to glue these two boards together.
ba darrudgar bi-go ki in du takhta ba sarisli baham bi-
(paiwand). (chaspan ; yak-ja bi-kun ; wasal bi-kun.)
GOLD Is this chain made of gold, silver, iron, brass, or
copper ? In zanjlr az zar, slm, ahan, birinj ya mis sakhta
shiida ast ?
GOODNESS Have the goodness to inform me. az ru,e lutj
ba man khabar bi-dihed. Or, talattuf farmuda mar a
(i'lam) bi-kuned. (ittila ; muttaW.)
GOVERN Everyone does not know how to govern. harkas
hukm-ranl kardan na mi-tawanad. Or, takat-i-hukumat
kardan liar kas na darad.
GOVERNOR He is now Governor of Baghdad. o ilhal
(hakim}-i-bacfhdad ast. (siiba; wall, e far man.}
GRAIN In this province much grain is produced. dar in
(kishwar) ghalla,e bisiyar paida ml-shavad. (siiba ; zill'a.)
GRAND Whose grand house is that ? In khana,e ('all-
shan) az an-i-lust? (rafi ; wasi ; 'azvn.)
GRANT Sir, be pleased to grant me this request. sahiba,
az ru,e lutf 'arz-i-man kabul bi-kuned. Or, istid'a,e man
ijabat bi-farmayed.
GRATEFUL I am grateful for your kindness. man az
gratified guide. 333
mihrbani,e shuma mamniin am. Or, man shakir-i-ihsan-
i-shuma hastam. Or, man az altaf-i-shuma (shukr-guzar)
Jiastam. (ihsanmand ; mashkur.) Or, az madara,e
shuma minnat pazlr am.
GEATIFIED Seeing such a school, I am much gratified.
man az dldan-i-chwnn maktab khaili (khush) am.
(masrur.)
GBAZING The horses are grazing on the plain. aspan dar
maidan ml-charand.
GBEAT You have done me a very great favour. shuma bar
man minnat-i-kasir (dashta) ed. (nihada.) Or, shuma
ba man ihsan-i-a'zamfarmuda ed.
GRIEF He has caused much grief to his father. o ba
pidar-i-khud (bisiyar ranj) rasanida ast. (shu'la,e ah.) Or,
o mujib-i-sar-maya,e gham ba pidar-i-khud biida ast.
Or, o bais-i-mal(il-i-kaslr ba icalid-ash biida ast.
GRIEVOUS This is a grievous calamity. in (a/at-i-'azlm )
ast. (muslbat-i-sanffln ; bala,e saklit.)
GRIND Grind this wheat in the mill. dar asiya in (cfhalla-
ra biyas). (yandum-ra ard kun.}
GROUND-RENT What is the ground-rent of this house ?
kiraya,e zamm-i-ln khana chist ?
GROW Many flowers grow in the Khan's garden. gulha,e
bisiyar dar bagh.-i-kluln-i-(ii-ala-shari) mi-ruyand. ('ali-
shan ; buland-makan ; rafi'n-d-darjat ; rafiu-l-ja,e-gah :
sulala,e khandan ; 'azimu-sh-shan.)
GROWN You have grown very tall since I saw you last.
az an wakt ki man shuma-ra dldam (tawilu-l-kamat
shwla ed). (kadd-i-tawll karda ed.)
GUARDIAN Who is the guardian of this child? murabbi.e
m tiflalc kist ? Or, (atalik)-i-ln saghir klst ? (kaiyim.}
GUESS Can you guess the meaning of what I say ?
anchi nn-goyam shuma ba matlab-i-an mi-rased ?
GUIDE I went without a guide, though I had never been
that road before. agarchi badmi rah gahe kail az in na
rafta budam be (rah-bar ) rairdna shudam. (rah-nama :
dalil-i-rah; hadi ; badrika.\
334 habit hard.
H.
HABIT He is in the habit of walking out early. o 'ala-s-
sabah 'adat-i-(gardidan) darad. (gasht o yard.) Or, o
barn-dad mu tad ba gardidan ast.
HALL The house has a hall and three rooms. In khana
yak dalan darad wa si hujra. Or, in makam-ra yak
aiwan ast wa si kamra.
HAND Take hold of his hand. dast-ash bi-glr.
HANDKERCHIEF Give me a handkerchief. (ru-male) ba
man bi-dih. (dast-male.)
HANDLE The handle of this drawer is broken. dasta,e
khana,e In mez shikasta shud.
HANDSOME In his appearance he is handsome. o dar
stirat (khub-sRrat) ast. (lat if u-l- tidal ; wajih ; hasin ;
jamil ; zlba-tala't ; ziba-haiyat ; badl'u-l-jamal.') Or, o
ba shakl nadiru-l-husn ast. Or, o ba shamaM kamal
bahjat darad. Or, o ba liaikal gkayat-i' tidal wa
nihayat jamal darad.
HAND-WEITING Do you know whose hand-writing this
is ? shuma ml-daned ki in dast-khatt az klst ?
HANG Hang the keys upon the nail. kalidha ba mekh
biyawezan.
HAPPEN When did that happen ? in hadisa kai hadis
shud ? Or, in waki'a kai waki' sliud ? Or, kudam
wakt in ittifak (shud) ? (uftad.)
HAPPINESS In this world no one enjoys perfect happiness.
dar in dunya hech kas (rahat-i-tamani) na darad.
asa,ish-i-hakikl ; tana'um-i-kamil.)
HAPPY They who fear God here will be happy hereafter.
anan ki dar in ja az khudcl mi-tarsand dar 'akibat khush
khwahand shud. Or, an kasan-ra (farhaf)-i-ukbg dost
khwahad dad ki dar in dunya dar khau/-i-khudd ml-
manand. (sa'adat.)
HARD Is the lesson you have given me hard or easy ?
hardship health. 335
sabake ki mara dada ed aya (asan ast ya mushkH). (yusr
ast ya mughlak ; sahl ast ya mudakkik.}
HARDSHIP This is a great hardship. m sakhti,e 'azim ast.
HARE The hare is a very timid animal. kharcjosh bisiyar
(buz-dil) ast. (shutur-dil ; kha,if; tarsan ; jabl.}
HARM Is there any harm in doing this ? aya dar m
churiin kar kardan ( J aibe) ml-bashad ? (nukane ;
muzayaka,e.}
HASTE I write in great haste to save the post. man mi-
khwaham ki khatte ba sabll-i-cliaparl (bi-Jiristam) 1 lihaza
ba (sur'at)*-i-tamam mi-nawisam. \raw~ma bi-kunam ;
mursal dciram ; irs&l ddram.} 9 (ta'jll; shitab.}
HASTENED They hastened away as fast as possible. eshan
ta ba makdur-i-khud shitaftand. Or, ba sur'at harchi
tamamtar shudand. Or, ba ta'jll-i-tamam rah (giro, gar-
dldand). (giriftand.)
HASTEN You must try to hasten his coming. dar bab-i-
tez rasidan-ash badln ja shuma-ra sa'i bayad kard.
HASTY To act in a hasty manner is not wise. dar kar
ta'jil kardan himakat ast. Or, dar kar musta'jil shudan
az tarik-i-'akl ba'ld ast. Or, dar umur ta'jil ba kar
burdan azjada,e danayat dtir ast.
HAT On entering the room he took off his hat. ba
(mvjarrad)-e-dakhil shudan-i-utak kula,e khud-ra az sar
bar dasht. (shart.)
HATE Let us hate nothing but sin. tna'ra az neck chlz
nafrat na bayad kard mayor az gunah. Or, ma-ra ba
juz-i-ma'siyat az chize kirahiyat na bayad kard.
HAVE Have you any acquaintan ce with that gentleman?
badan agha (ma'rifate) dared? (shinasa,l.)
HEALED His wound is now healed. zakhm-ash pur shuda
ast. Or, jarrahat-i-o (mundamil shuda) ast. (indamal
ya/ta.}
HEALTH His health is sound. sihhat-i-o ba hal ast. Or.
o tan-dunist ast. Or, mizaj-i-o (mustaklm) ast. (ikhdlal
nu ya/ta.)
336 heap hills.
HEAP Here is a heap of papers, put them away. yak
ambar-i-lcaghaz dar in ja jam' shiida ast, (beriin bi-bar).
(ba yak taraf bi-guzar ; bar kinar bi-kun.)
HEAR Hear what I say, then give an answer. anchi ml-
goyam (bi-shinau), ba'd az an jawab bi-dih. (gosh kun
or dar ; masmu bi-kun.)
HEAET The heart of man is inclined to evil. dil-i-insan
ba gunah-gam (ma,il mi-bashad). (mail darad.)
HEAT To-day the heat is very great. imroz (hararat) ba
shiddat ast. (harur ; garml.)
HEAVEN In heaven is unspeakable happiness, in hell
unutterable woe ! dar bihisht asa,ishe ast ki dar guftan
nayayad wa dar jahannum 'azabe ast az bayan ba'ld.
Or, dar jannat rahat in kadar ast ki dar tafsll nayayad
wa dar sakkar alame ast ki sharh-i-an dar hita,e takrir
na mi-gunjad.
HEAVY This box is very heavy, how can I carry it?
In sanduk khaill sangm ast chiguna ml-tawanam ba:
dasht ?
HEEL When walking I trod upon his heel with my foot
ba wakt-i-raftan payam ba kab-ash khurd.
HEIGHT What is the height of this wall ? (bulandl,}e It
dlwar chi kadar ast ? (irtifa' ; bala,l ; rafa't.)
HEIR This large estate is without an heir. in milkiyat-
i-azim la waris ast. Or, In miras-i-a'zam waris na darad.
HELP Can you afford me any help in this affair oi
mine ? shuma dar in amr ba man hech (madad) nil-
tawaned dad. (mu'awanat ; i'anat ; imdad.)
HERBS They live only upon herbs. eshan fakat (tara mt-
khurand). (bar sabzaha zindagl ml-kunand.)
HIDE The crows steal, and afterwards hide what they
can. zaghan duzdl mi-kunand wa ba'd az an anchi
mi-tawanand (pinhan) ml-kunand. (ikhfa ; makhfl ;
poshlda.)
HILIS There are few hills in Kharazam. dar mulk-
i-khwarazam kohha kam and. (jabal.)
hint holy. 337
HINT You can just give him a hint of this affair shuma
dar bab-i-ln amr o-ra ishara ml-taivancd hard.
HIRE To go there I must hire a palankeen and boat. az
bara,e raftan badcin ja mara takhj.-i-raican wa kishtl
kiraya bayad hard.
HISTORY Have you read the history of Persia. tankh_-i-
'ajm mutala'a karda ed ?
HIT He hit me a very hard blow on the head. o bar
sar-am zarb-i-shadul (zad). (rasatiid; koft; dad.)
HOLDS He holds his pen in the left hand. o dar dast-i-
chap kalam-i-kh_ud-ra ml-glrad.
HOLE Make a hole in the ground here. In ja dar zamin
maghake bi-(kun). (kan ; ka,o ; zan.)
HOME It is late, let me now return home. (der) shud bi-
guzclr ki man ba makam-i-kjiud-am bi-ravam. (ta,khjr ;
dirang ; tahmvun.}
HONEY I ate some honey out of the honey-comb. kadre
shahd az (khiina,e shahd) kh_urdam. Or, kadre 'asal az
(ma'sal) kjnirdam. (mahran.)
HONOUR He has obtained much honour. o 'izzat-i-'azim
hasil karda ast. Or, o husul-i-takrlm-i-bisiyar karda ast.
Or, i^izz wa ikram)-i-madld ba dost awarda ast. (rafa'at;
cibru ; sharaf ; sharafat ; icakar ; ihtiram.}
HOPE I hope to have an interview with you very soon.
rija daram ki zud (sliuma^ra) mulakat khwaham kard.
(ba shuma.) Or, mara ummed ast ki dar andak roz mu-
lakat-i-man ba shuma kjiwahad shud. Or, tarassud-i-an
daraiH ki man 'ankanbba shuma mulakl klvwaliam shud.
HOSPITAL An hospital is about to be built there. yak
daru-sh-shifa ta'mir shudanl ast. Or, yak (baitu-l-mariz
taiyar) shudani ast. (shifa-khana bar 77.)
HOSPITALITY They show great hospitality. eshan (mih-
mandari},e firau-an ml-kunand. (niiliman-nawazi ; ziya-
fat-darl.)
HOLY God is holy, just, and pure. khuda mukaddas,
'adil, wa pak ast. Or, (allah taala) kudus, rast-baz, wa
338 humane imagine.
hakk ast. (alimu-s-sirr ; rubbu-l-'alamain ; yazdan-i-
dadar ; dawar-i-dadar .)
HUMANE He is a man of a very humane disposition, and
humble in his own esteem. o marde ast sallmu-t-taba'
wa (khud-ra hakir mi-danad). (na-khud pasand.}
HUMANITY He possesses great humanity as well as hu-
mility. o (insaniyat^-i-bisiyar darad wa (hilmiyat)"
l (admiyat ; mardwmi ; muruwat ; hiss-i-bashriyat.) a (faro-
tani; tawazu' ; maskmi; khushu' ; khuzii ; istikanat.)
HUNTER The hunter is gone a-hunting. (saiyad ba said)
rafta ast. (shikari ba shikar.]
HURTS It hurts his mind to see such wickedness. az
mushahida,e in chunln (kabcihat) dil-ash mi-sozad. (badl ;
shana'at.)
I.
IDEA I had no idea that you would come to-day. dar
khayal-i-man na bud ki shuma imroz khwahed amad.
IDLENESS They spend their time in idleness. eshan aukat-
i-khud-ra dar (kahili zal mi-kunand). (tasahili mi-guz-
arand ; susti ba sar ml-burand ; lahw o la'b ba bad ml-
dihand.)
IGNORANT They are ignorant and idle. eshan (na-dan wa
siist) and. (jahil wa kahil ; na-shinas wa battal.)
ILLIBERAL Such a sentiment is illiberal. In clmnin
khayal (batil) ast. (bud a si ; na karim.)
ILLITERATE It is not good always to associate with illite-
rate persons. ba jahilan hamesha suhbat dashtan mu-
nasib nist.
IMAGE There is an image in that temple. dar an but-
khana but ast. Or, dar an sanam-kada sanam ast.
IMAGINATION Whence arose this imagination ? az knja
in khayal (paida shud) ? (sar bar zad ; sar bar awa?'d.)
IMAGINE How do you imagine that I should agree to this?
imitation important. 339
(kh_ayal ml-kuned) ki man In snkh_an-ra kabul
kuncn/i. (kiiin* ml-glred ; dar sar-i-khiid dared.) Or,
chiguna khayal mi-banded ki man badln sukhan (mut-
taftk fihavam). (ittifak kitnam.)
IMITATION This is of wood, iu imitation of stone. in chlz
ba misal-i-sany az chub sakhta shuda ast. Or, in chlz
ki (ishtibah)-i-sang darad az chob sakhta shuda ast.
(tashblh; shablh ; mushabahat; mumasilat.)
IMMENSE The undertaking is likely to be attended with
immense expense. agjhlab ast ki dar In kar kharch-i-
bisiyfir khwahad shud.
IMMORTAL The body is mortal, the soul immortal. badan
ffiin ast wa ruh (baki). (la-yamut.)
IMMOVABLE They are immovable in their opinions. eshan
ba or dar tajinz-i-kjiud (mmtakill) and. (ghair-mu-
taharrik.) Or, eshan bar ra,e khud mustaklm and.
IMPART It is our duty to impart knowledge. bar ma
uTijib ast kifaiz-i-ta'llm bi-gustarem.
IMPARTIAL An upright judge will be impartial. hakim-i-
(rast-baz 'adil) ml-bashad. (be-riya be-janib-dar ; hakk-
parast be-tarafdar.} Or, hakim-i-mun$if-mizaj ba nazar-
i-taswiyat tarafain-ra ml-blnad.
IMPASSABLE These mountains are impassable, having on
all sides impenetrable forests. su'ud-i-ln jabal ghair
nnnnkin ast zlra ki bar har taraf besha,e (mumtani'u-d-
dukhjd) ml-bashad. (dushwar-guzar.} Or, In kohha be-
guztir and az In sabab ki bar har atraf besha,e mani'u-d-
dukhul ml-b~tshad.
IMPERFECT Everything in this world is imperfect. har
chiz dar In dunya (iiakis) ast. ('aib-dar; kasir.)
IMPERTINENT His behaviour is impertinent. o dar icaz'-
(gustakji) ast. (shaukh ; wakih.) Or, akhluk-i-o az adab
(ba'ld) ast. (mu'arra.)
IMPORTANT It is very important to attend to this. bisiyar
zarur ast ki ma ba In 'amal (dil bi-dihem). (mutairajjih
bi-shavem.)
340 imports inattention.
IMPORTS Have you seen the exports and imports ? aya
asbab-i-amadanl wa raftani dlda ed ?
IMPOSE They impose on whomsoever they can. ba har
kase ki tawanand (ghadr) ml-kunand. (fareb ; ghabn ;
makr.}
IMPOSITION They practise every kind of imposition. eshan
(dagha},e har taur ml-kunand. (makr; shayadi ; kaid ;
ghadr ; ghabn.}
IMPOSSIBILITY How can I believe an impossibility ?
chiguna bar (muhal) baivar ml-taicanam hard ? (ghair-i-
imkani.} Or, chize ki imkan na darad chiguna bar an
i'timad ml-tawanam kard ?
IMPOSSIBLE It is impossible for me to comply with what you
say. (mumkin nist) ki anchi shuma mi-goyed kabul bi-
kunam. (ghair mumkin ast.) Or, imkau ua darad ki ba
hasb-i-istida'a,e shuma 'amal namaijam,
IMPOSTOR He is a notorious impostor. o(makkar}-i-inash-
hur ast. (ghaddar ; ghabin ; 'aiyar ; tarur.) Or, o
(khaddri)-i-maruf ast. (munafik ; ahl-i-nifak ; salus ;
mura,i ; mulahid.)
IMPRESSION What he said made an impression on me.
sukh_ftn-ash dar dil-i-man (asar kard). (tasir or sirayat
kard ; mu'assar shud ; ja,e girift ; khurd.)
IMPROBABLE What he tells me appears very improbable.
anchi mara ml-goyad (kkila/-i-kiyas) ma'lum ml-shavad.
(be-ihtimal ; na-muhtamil ; dur az 'afcl.)
IMPROPER To act thus would be higbly improper, and
therefore imprudent. 7 cJtuiun kar kardan bi-l-kull
ghair muniisib nn-bashad wa az in sabab be tatnlzl.
IMPROVE Can you improve what he has written '? anchi
nauishta ast shuma an-ra (islah) ml-taicaiied kard /
(bihtar.)
IMPURE No impure person will enter heaven. shakhse
(na-pak) dar jannat dakhil na khwahad shud. (kjialnn ;
sham'.)
INATTENTION This has arisen solely from your inattention.
incessant indecent. 341
infakat az (taghi(ful)*-i-shuma (uftada) 'ast. ^(ghaflat;
ghjljili ; ihmal.) z (ittifak or wakV or hadis slmda.)
INCESSANT We have lately had incessant rain. dar in
rozha dar tn ja baran (mutau'titir) barlda ast. ('ala-l-
ittisal; muttaxil.)
INCH Had this piece of wood been an inch longer, it would
have done very well. agar In chub dar ful yak jau
daraz-tar mi-bud (kifayat ml-kard). (ba kar nu-khurd
or mi-amad.)
INCLINATION He feels no inclination to study. o mail ba
tadrls dar dil-i-khud na darad.
INCOME Do you know what is his income ? ma'lnm-i-
shuma ast ki (niadkhal)-i-o chand ast ? (dukhul ; ama-
danl; dakhl; madakhil.)
INCOMPARABLE This is incomparable writing. wkhattlbe
nazlr) ast. (la-sit in.)
INCOMPLETE Your book is incomplete. kitab-i-shuma
(nu-tamam] ast. (nakis.)
INCONVENIENCE Will my staying here till the first of next
month be any inconvenience to you? aya az mrindan-
i-man dar In ja ta ba tUnkh_-i-gh.urra,e mcJh-i-ayanda
(ba shuma takllf kjnvuhad rasid) ! (dar Itar-i-shuma mu-
zahimat khwahad shud.)
INCONVENIENT It will be inconvenient for me to wait on
you to-morrow. -farda bajihat-i-mulakat kardan-i-shuma
ba man nn-munasibat (dast kjnviihad dad), (hiisil khwiihad
shud.)
INCORRECT Is what I say correct or incorrect ? anchi iril-
goyam sahih astya ghalatj
INCREASED My family has lately been increased. az chand
roz 'iyal-i-man (mazid) shuda ast. (ziyilda ; afzuda ; kaslr.)
INCREASING There is a rumour of increasing the army.
afwa,e ziyada kardan-i-fauj mi-bashad. Or, afwa ast ki
dar ta'adad-i-fauj afzuni khwahad shud.
INDECENT They speak indecent language. eshan kalam-i-
(fahish) ml-goyand. (sharii' ; tashnl'.)
342 independent information.
INDEPENDENT He is now independent of any one. o bi-l-
kull ba hech kas (muta'allik riist}. ^ilaka or istighna
na dcirad.) Or, o az liama kas (mustaghril) ast. (be
ta'alluk; ghair-muta'allik). Or, o (be zabt wa rabt) ast.
(khud mukhtar.')
INDEX Is there an index to this book? in kitab-ra fihriste
ast. Or, in kitab (tafsil-i-makala,e) darad? (tashrih-i-
abwab.)
INDIFFERENCE This is not. to be treated with indifference.
in kar in churiin riist ki (ghaflat} bi-kuned. (musahilat.]
INDIGENOUS Is this an indigenous plant? In nihill az in
mulk ast ? Or, paidayish-i-in nihal dar in ja ast ?
INDIGO I was formerly employed in Mr. 's indigo
factory. scibikan dar kar-khana,e riil-i-sahib-i-fuldn rnash-
ghul buda am.
INDISPOSITION I heard of your indisposition last week.
dar hafta,e-guzashta ahwal-i-marz-i-shuma isgha kardam.
INFANCY I knew him from his infancy. man o-ra az
(zaman-i-tufuliyaf)-ash mi-shinasam. ('ahd-i-khurdi.)
INFER What do you infer from what he said ? anchi gu/t
shuma az an chi (natya bar ciwarda ed) ? (kiyas kashida
ed ; istidal karda ed.)
INFERIORS We must show kindness and respect to our
inferiors, as well as superiors. chunanchi ma ba (mardu-
man-i-khass) 1 ba adab wa ta'zim suluk mi-namayem ba
'amm niz bay ad hard, ^(khwciss; buzurgan; zabar-dastan ;
kibar ; kablran.) ^('awwam ; khiirdan ; sagkiran ; zer-
dastan; sighar.}
INFINITE God is infinite in power and wisdom. kudrat
ica hikmat-i-khuda (be intihfi) ast. (iia-mahsur ; na-mu-
tanahi.)
INFLUENCE We have no influence over them. ma bar
eshan kudrat na dar em.
INFORMATION Is there no one here that can give me infor-
mation concerning this ? kase dar in ja nist ki mara
az in amr (i'lam tawanad dad) ? (ittila tawanad kard.)
ingana insensible. 343
Or, kasc mst ki dar In amr bar man roshan tawanad
sakht?
INGANA How long have you been in Ingana? (chand
wakt) ast ki dar ingana buda ed ? (az chand roz.)
INGENIOUS She is very ingenious. fin biinu bisiyar (zarif)
ast. (sahib-i-firasat ; zaki ; hunar-mand.)
INGENUITY He possesses much ingenuity. o (kiyasat)-i-
'azttn dfirad. (firasat ; zarafat ; idrak ; zihn.J
INHABITANT The petition was signed by every inhabitant
of the village. In 'ariza az har shakjis-l-ahl-i-dih dast-
khatt karda shuda ast. Or, bar in 'ariza har mukim-i-
kasba dast-khatt kard.
INHUMAN Their disposition is inhuman. mizaj-i-eshan be
(rahm) ast. (insaniyat ; marhamat ; muruwat.)
INIQUITY They delight in all kinds of iniquity. eshan
dar kardan-i-har nau-i-fasad (khush and), (sarur mi-
kunand.}
INJURY 1 never did him the least injury. man liargiz o-ra
ziyan na (dfi,shtam). (dadam.) Or, man gahe o-ra (iza)
na rasunldam. {khal"l ; badi.) Or, man liargiz half
bar o na kardam. Or, man galie bar dil-asli (gazand)
na nihiidam. (mazarrat ; zarar.)
INJURED His health has been injured by too great exer-
tion. az ziijtidafi.e mihnut sihhat-i-o (khalal) girifta
ast. (nuksan; mazarrat.)
INJUSTICE He practises injustice towards all. o bar har
kas zahn mi-kunad. (be-insufi; tajabbur.)
INNOCENT They are all innocent. eshan az gunah pak
iva (mu'arra) and. (rnubarra^
INOFFENSIVE These animals are inoffensive. injanwaran
muzl nay and.
INQUEST An inquest was held yesterday on the body of a
person who shot himself. shakh_se ki kh-ud-ra ba tufung
hulnk kard. tahk'ikat--i-an ahical dlroz shud.
INSENSIBLE He is so ill that he is insensible. o in
fcadar blmar ast ki be-Jwsh ast.
3-44 insert intellect.
INSERT You had better insert this in your letter. bihtat
ast ki dar %jj0f[-i-kjytd \ln-ra bi-nainsed). (In-ra darj bi-
kuned ; In ruk' a d~ikh_il bi-kuned.)
INSIGNIFICANT How very insignificant is man, compared
to the Almighty! insan ba nisbat-i-khnda.e 'azlm wa
jaUll chi kadar (na-chlz) ast ! (be mani; be mikdar.)
INSINCERE His words are insincere. sukjianan-ash (pnr-
riya) and. (na-mukhlis ; na-sadik ; be-icaffi ; rang-amez.)
INSOLENT They behaved in an insolent manner. eshan
be adabana (siduk kardand). (pesh amadand; harakat
or 'amal kardand.)
INSOLVENT He has lately become insolvent. kdbl az in
(in shakh_s (war) shikasta ast. (dar ; bar; ica.)
INSPECT Call a person to inspect this cloth. sahibe
tainlz-ra bi-talab ki ba nazar-i-tafarrus dar In parcha
l'i-ni<iarad.
INSPECTION The goods are all ready for yoor inspection.
ajnns az bara.e (iKn'aiyana,e shiuna maujud) and.
(tnulahaza,e xhuma taii/Hr.)
INSTANT I will be with you in an instant. man dar
(chashmak zadan) nazd-i-shuma nu-ayam. (turfatu-l-ain.}
INSTINCT Man acts from reason, animals from instinct.
inxtin az 'akl fil mi-kunad wa haiwan az (jibillat).
('akl-i-haiwum.)
INSTITUTIONS In Europe are noble institutions for com-
municating knowledge. dar farang az bara,e tadrls-i-'Um
khub tarklbiit karar yfifta and.
INSTRUCT Can you instruct me in this science ? dar in
'Urn ba man ta'litn nn-tawilned dad. (tarbiyat mi-tawaned
kard.)
INSURED I have insured the vessel for 50,000 tomans, and
I have the insurance-policy in my possession. an jahaz-
ra ba panjah liazar tiiman lima karda am wa kaghaz-i-
llma nazd-i-man ast.
INTELLECT She has a wonderful intellect. an banu idrak-
i-ajib darad.
in telligencein t rusted. 345
INTELLIGENCE How did you receive this intelligence ?
chiguna In khabar ba shuma ra^'id /
INTELLIGENT He is an intelligent man. o mard-i-(tez-
fahni) ast. (zlrak.)
INTEMPERANCE Intemperance hurts body and mind.
'adm-i-ftidal badan wa mizfij-rii (zarar] mi-dihad. (mu-
zarat ; nuksan.) Or, bad-parhezi jism icu tab'-ra muzirr
ast.
INTENTION Have you any intention to go to Europe ?
licch irada,e raftan ba faran// diired
INTERCOURSE There is no intercourse between us. ma
buin-i-man ira tu hech I'ilUka) mst. (Ui'alluk ; nisbat.)
Or, man ba tu mutaallik nayam.
INTEREST. I have no interest in this matter. dur In amr
marti hech (ghuruz) mst. (nuttlab ; 'ilaka.)
INTERFERE Why should we interfere in that affair?
chirti dar an amr (f?<;M/ kunem) < (dakjiil sliarem ;
mukhill sharem ; dast-andiiz~i kunem. )
INTERPRET You must interpret what he says to me.
anchi ba man rn'i-ijoyad bayud ki tarjiuna,e an bi-kuncd.
INTERPRETER If you know not the language of the country,
you must use an interpreter. agar zaban-i-mulk no, ml-
daned (mutarjim) nazd-i-kjiud niyah bayad dasht. (ttir-'
jaman.}
INTERRUPT I hope, sir, I don't interrupt you. sahiba
ummedicar-iim ki (mukhill-i-shuma na rn'i-shavam). (dar-
miy(in-i-sitk_h(in-i-shuma na ml-uftam.}
INTERRUPJION Your coming here is an interruption to my
business. aiiKiJan-i-shuina mujib-i-kJiahd-i-man ast. Or,
az amadan-i-shuma dar kar-i-man kh,alal mi-uftad. Or,
amad((n-i-shumil dar kar-i-man k_h_alal nri-andazad.
INTRODUCE Shall I introduce you to that gentleman?
ai/a shitma-ra iiuil<lkat-i-an janab li-knnnnam
INTRUSTED He was intrusted with the whole business.
tamiim knr bado (mufuiiu-dz') shllda bud. (sapurda ;
tafmz karda : hnictila-karda.}
346 invalids join.
INVALIDS It is said a house will be built at Isfahan for
the benefit of invalids. mi-goyand ki dar Isfahan 'imarate
az bara,e (marlzan) tamir karcUi khwahad shud). (bl-
maran; \dllan.}
INVENTED Who invented this instrument? in alat ki
(yad) kard ? (ikhtira . )
INVINCIBLE The Amir imagined his soldiers were invin-
cible. dar khayal-i-amir amad ki 'askar-i-ma (ghair-
maghjub} ast. da,imu-l-muzaffar ; ghair-manfur ; a/iair-
makhur.}
INVITATION He has given me an invitation to dinner,
and I have accepted it. o mara dawut-i-taam kiirda
ast, wa ijabat-i-an kardu am.
INVOLVED His affairs are much involved. kar-ash darham
barharti ast.
IRREGULAR These lines are irregular. In satur (rast)
nayand. (ba tufawat rast.)
ISLAND The company have given permission to clear the
island of Ceylon. jam?iyat-i-saiulij<(ran bara,e wf kai-
dan-i-jazira,e sarundlp ijazat dada ast.
J.
JATL He is to remain in jail one year. ta ba yak sal dar
(kaid-kJianti}khwalHtd mand. (makbeu; zuulan; inahbus.)
JESTER Is that the king's jester? an kaa u/u(nkhara),e
padshahast? bazla-baz; lubat-baz ; lutlfa-go.)
JEWELS pearls, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, turquoise,
cornelians, &c. jaicahir (durrlia?. (ilmasha, zamarrud-
ha, (la'lhfif, jnruza, 'aklkan, u-aghuira. ^(maricarid.)
2 (yakutlin.)
JOIN Join these two boards together. in du takhta baham
bi-paiu-and. Or, in du takhta ba-yak-dlrjur (bi-chaspan).
(ittisal, or muntuzam, or munsalik, or munukid, or
mutaruttib bi-kun.)
joke keep. 347
JOKE What I said was only in joke. anchi guftam fakat
(bazl<i,c) bud. (mutayaba ; imbisiit ; zarafat ; muzahat
maziih ; hazal-bUzl.. }
JOURNEY I am now going to make a long journey. ilhal
mara sdfar-i-tawll kardanl ast. Or, mara ittifak-i-sufar-
i-durfiz kardan uftada ast.
JOY This news affords me great joy. In khabar mara
khushi,e 'azim mi-dihad. Or, In khabur ba,is-i-(tarab)-
i-kaslr-i-man ast. (nishat ; tafnh; khurrami , farh;
fariih ; masarrat ; sarur ; buhjat.}
JUDGE How can I judge of bis character? I don't know
him. chiguna dar bab-i-ra/tari,e o sukhan bi-goyam ?
mano-ra na nil-danam.
JURY The (English) judge summed up the evidence, and
the jury gave their verdict. kazl,e inglisi az gawahan
tafahhus karda khalasa,e izhurha,e shawahid ba ru,e
majlis (zahir kard), wa majlis-i- 'adalat fatwa dad. (bar
khwand.)
JUDGE The (native) judge punished the delinquent.
fcazl,e bashanda,e an mulk (takslrwar)-ra saza dad.
(mujrim.)
JUICE Squeeze some juice out of this lemon. az In llmun
kadre 'arak hiyafsliiir.
JUMP How far can you jump ? ba chi kadar mi-tawaned
(jast)? (khez-zad.)
JUNIOU He is the senior, I the junior. an kas bala-dast
ast, wa man zer-dast. Or, an kas az man kalan ust, wa
man khurd.
JUSTIFICATION He says nothing in justification of it.
o az kirdar-i-khud ('uzr) na ml-kunad. (mazarat.)
K.
KEEP Keep this money for me till I want it. In mablaah-
i-man nazd-i-khud amanut bi-yuzared ta wuktt ki dar kar-
i-man ayad. Or, in pul-i-man ba (zimma,e) kjiud bi-kuned
23
348 kernel /mot.
td wakte ki ba kdr-i-man bi-khurad. (hawala,e.) Or,
In pul-i-man pesh-i-kjiud (bi-nihed) ta wakte ki, &C.
(bi-dared ; nigdh bi-ddred.)
KERNEL Break this .cocoa-nut and eat the kernel. \
ndrnl-rd bi-shikan, wa maghz-ash bi-khur.
KILL It is sinful to kill animals without cause. 60 snbab
haiwdnat (ba katl rasdnldan khata) ast. (-ra kushtar,
hardm.)
KINDLED They kindled a fire with straw. ba kali Sfash
dar dadand. Or, ba khdshdk dtash (zadand). (roshan,
or ishti'al, or mushta'al kardand.)
KINDNESS They showed us very great kindness. bar*
ma (lutf)-i-azim kardand. (makramat ; marhamat ;
rifk ; ''inayai; ihsan ; talattuf ; mulatifat ; ayadij
tawajiuh ; shafkat.) Or, ma-rd ba mahramiyat ikhtisas
dadand. Or, bar ma (rahm dwardand). (ghamza,e
madam kardand.)
KINGDOM We traversed the kingdom of Persia. ma
>ubur-i-mulk-i-lran kardem. Or, ma az ajam ubur
kardem.
K ISS _Give me a kiss, then fly your kite. (ba man) bosa
bi-dih, sipas kaghazak-i-khud bi-paran. (bar sar wa
chashm.)
KITTENS This is a beautiful cat ; she has two kittens.
In ahurba khaill kjiub shakll ast, du bachcha darad.
KNEES He fell on his knees and asked pardon. o bar
du zanu nishast wa 'uzr khwast. Or, o sar-i-'ajz faro
(hard) wa 'uzr-i-taksir kard. (award.) Or, o sar-i-khud
ba zamm-i-niydz nihdd wa 'afw khwast. Or, o zamin-i-
khidmat bosld wa mu'afi khwast.
KNIFE Try if you can open this knife. bi-bin ki in chaku-
rd ml-tawdned bdz kardan, ya na.
KNOT Here is a knot in this string ; loose it. in ja dar
* Id or 6<f may be used.
knowledge last. 349
m risman gira ast, an-ra bi-kusha. Or, in rowan 'akd
darad, an-ra hall bi-kun.
KNOWLEDGE What is wealth without knowledge! be
danish daulat chist !
KNOW Do you know what people think of him? aya
mi-daned ahl-i-duniya (o-ra chi taur mi-pindarand ? (dar
bab-i-o chi gumdn mi-barand.)
L.
LABOUR They labour hard for their living. az bara,e
guzran-i-khud (mihnat mi-kashand). (mihnat mi-barand ;
talkhi,e mihnat nil-chashand; sakhfl,e mihnat mi-khur-
and.) Or, eshan ba mushakkat-i-tamdn ma ash ml-
kunand.
LABOURERS Here are fifty labourers employed. in ja
badin kar panjah mazdur (mashghul and), (ishtiyhal
darand.)
LAKH It will cost a lakh of rupees. kharch-i-an yak sad
hazar rupaiya khwahad shud.
LAME Being lame he walks with a stick. ba sabab-i-langi
ba madad-i-asa ml-gardad.
LAND Will you go by land or by sea? az rah^-khushki
khwahed raft ya (ba tari) ? (az rah-i-bahr.)
LAND Where do you mean to land ? kuja irdda,e (pa,ln
shudan) dared ? (farud amadan.)
LANDLORD Muhammad Husain'is the landlord of this
house ; I am his tenant. Muhammad hussain malik-i-ln
khana ast ; man kirayadar-ash-am.
LANGUOR I am overcome with languor. bar man man-
dagi ghalib ast. Or, man maghluh-i-za^fl gashta am.
LARGE I caught a large, fish yesterday. diroz (ba) dam
mahi,e kalan giriftam. (dar.)
LAST I saw him last Tuesday. man ba si-shamba,e
guzashta o-ra didam. Or, man az si-thamba,e guzashta
o-ra na didam.
350 laugh leave.
LAUGH Why do you laugh without reason? be sabab
chira (ml-khanded) ? (khanda shuma-ra mi-glrad ; tabas-
sum mi-kuned ; Jchanda shuma-ra nil-ay ad.)
LAWFUL Is it lawful to do this ? aya in cliunln kardan
(rawa) ast ? (j~t,iz ; mubah ; mashru.)
LAID Having laid by his profits, he became rich. o az
jam' awardan-i-mancifa'-i-Jchud (tawcingar] sliucl. (daulat-
mand ; khudawand-i-rozi ; sahib-i-dunya ; sahib-i-daulat ;
mustaghnl ; gham ; khudawand-i-ni'mat.)
LAY Let us lay aside everything that is evil. ma-ra
bayad hi liar shararat-ra yak taraf bi-nihem. Or, ma-ra
bayad ki har khabasat-ra bi-guzarem. Or, ma-ra bayad ki
har fahhashi riha bi-kunem. Or, ma-ra bayad ki az har
manahiyat (bi-pardazem). (dast bi-kashem ; dast bar
darem ; tajannub, or, ijtincib, or, ihtiraz bi-kunem.^
LEADS. That poor man is blind, another leads him. an
miskin na-blna ast, digare rah-bar-ash mi-bashad. Or,
an na-kas ama ast, digare 'asa-kash-i-o mi-bashad.
LEAD Where does this road lead to ? in rah kuja (ml-
ravad) ? (sar ml-barad.}
LEAN Don't lean upon the table. bar mez takiya ma
(kuri). (zan ; saz.)
LEAP I saw a monkey leap over the fence. dldam Id
buzina,e bar (sadd) jast zad. (barrier, bandriigh ; thorn-
fence, kheir-landl; stone-fence, diwar-i-sangl ; pale-fence,
dar-bazin.J
LEARN You can learn faster than I. shuma az man
jaldtar amokhtan mi-tawaned.
LEASE I took a lease of this house for five years. In
khuna-ra ta ba muddat-i-panj sal (kiraya kardam). (ba
kiraya giriftam ; ba ijara giriftam.}
LEAVE It is late, let us now take leave. der shuda ast,
bi-guzar ki murakhkha^ bi-shavem. Or, tahawun shuda
ast, ijazat bi-dih ki rukhsat bi-(girem). (shavcm.)
T WAVE It is said he intends soon to leave this country.
ml-goyand ki iruda,e raftan az in mulk jaldl darad.
led liberty. 351
LED He led so bad a life no one respected him. raftar-
ash in chwfln bad bud ki kase o-ra ('izzat) na kard.
(ikram; ihtiram; taknm ; makrimat ; ta'ziin; hurmat.)
LEFT He left all his business to his clerk. hama kar o
bar-i-khud-ra (haicala,e muharrir kard). (dar or ba
hawala,e katib dad.)
LEFT Being lame of his right hand, he writes with the
left. chun ba dast-i-rast lunj ast ba dast-i'chap mi-
nawlsad.
LEGIBLE This writing is not legible. In. dast-khatt
khwanda shudanl nist. Or, in dast-khatt mumkin riist
ki khwanda shavad.
LEG He fell off his horse, and broke his leg. az asp-i-
khud uftcid, wa safe-ash shikast.
LEISURE Sir, are you now at leisure, can I speak with
you? sahiba shumci (farighed) ; mara ijazat ast ki
sukhane bi-goyam ? (-rafursat ast ; -rafaraghat ast.)
LEND I am very poor, can you lend me a few rupees ?
man khaili (mujiis]-am, shuma mi-tau-aned ki kadre pul
ba man karz bi-dihed ? (mafluk; maskm; mustammand;
(fkarlb.)
LESS My wages are less than his. muwajib-i-man az
.mushaliira,e o kam ast.
LET Why did you let loose the horse ? chira asp-ra wa
guzashted ?
LET Let us see if we can read this book. (dlda shavad) ki
in kitcib-ra khwandan mi-tawanem ya na. (bi-blncm.)
LKVEL The ground is quite level. zamln bi-l-kull (mu-
sattah] ast. (hanncar ; barabar'.)
LIABLE By doing this you are liable to a penalty. az
chunln fil ba shuma (siyasat lazim) mi-ayad. (Jurmunit
J5,w.)
LIBERAL He is exceedingly liberal. o bisiyarkanm ast.
Or, o nihayat (sakhj) ast. (jautcad.) Or, o khaili
(samahat) darad. (karam ; futuicat ; jud o sakha.)
LIBEBTT They were in prison, but are set at liberty.
353 licks like.
eshan dar zindan budand, magar halan (riha,i) yafta
and. (makhlasl ; khalasl ; najat.)
LICKS By the deliciousness of the food the dog licks his
lips. sag ba lazzat-i-gosht dahan-i-khud khush mi-kunad.
LICKS The dog licks water with his tongue. kalb ab ba
zaban mi-khurad.
LID Lift up the lid of this box. sar-posh-i-in sanduk bala
bi-gir.
LIE He thinks nothing of telling a lie. bar kase darogh
bastan pesh-i-o hech muzayaka mst. Or, darogh guftan-
ra hech gunah na mi-fahmad.
LIES He lies down under the shade of a cypress tree.
o zer-i-saya,e darakht-i-sarw (khud-ra daraz mi-kashad).
(istirahat ml-kunad.)
LIFE Life is short, we ought now to prepare for eternity.
zindagl kam ast, ma-ra bayad ki fikr-i-akibat bi-
kunem. Or, 'umr kotah ast, ma-ra bayad ki (asbab-i-
dkhirat) taiyar bi-kunem. (az bara,e akhirat zad-i-rah.}
LIFELESS He fell to the ground lifeless. o ba zamin be
jan uftad. Or, o ba zamin be hash uftad, wa ba khak
yak-san gasht.
LIGHT Is this package light or heavy ? in basta (subuk)\
ast ya (giran).* l(khafl/.) *(sakll.)
LIGHT Tell him to light a fire. o-ra bi-go ki atash biyaf-
rozad.
LIGHTEN We must lighten the boat, otherwise it will
sink. bayad ki mahmula,e kishtl-ra zud subuk bi-kunem,
wa ilia darab (faro khwahad raft), (ghark, or mustagh-
rik, or mugharrak, or magh/ruk khwahad shud.)
LIGHTENS It lightens very much. bark ba if rut ml-zanad.
Or, sa,ika khaili mi-darakhshad.
LIGHTNING I was out yesterday in a storm of thunder
and lightning. man dlroz ba vcakt-i-ghaflAan-i-rad wa
darakhshidan-i-sa,'ika berun budam. Or, man dlroz dar
zer-i-tufan wa darakhshidan-i-bark budam.
LIKE My house is very much like yours. khana,e man ba
like load. 353
tana,e shump (pvumasiJai) darad. (mushabihat.} Or,
cina,e man (bar misal)-i-khana,e shuma ast. (ba or
ba mi sal.)
LI*E I should like much to visit Europe. (mara shank-
i-firaU'an) as.t ki 'sair-i-mulk-i-inii^rib bi-kunam. (man
binyUr shauk, or ishtiyuk duram.*)* ' *
LIMITED I am limited not to give more than one hundred
rupees. ziycida az yak sad rupiya ba man (parwanagl)
ni&t Icl bi-diham^ (ijazat.)
LINING This cloth- must have a lining. in parcha-ra
astar (zarur) ast. {lazim ; wajib.) Or, In abra astar
mi-khwHluid.
LINKS How many links are there in that chain? an
zanjlr chand halka darad ? Or, dar an silsila chand ta
halka ast ?
LION A lion is stronger than a tiger. asad az sher (zor-
O]pa&I)tar ast. (kawi.)
Lips^Her lips are red. labhu,e an zan (surkji) and. (la'l ;
misal-i-marjanl. )
LIQUID Is the medicine you speak of a liquid ? dawa,e
ki shuma zikr-ash mi-kuned raklk ast.
LIST Write a list of the things sent to Tihran. ashya
ki ba tehran mursil shuda ast fihrist-ash bi-nawls.
LISTEN Listen to what I tell you. anchi mi-goyam gosh
kun. Or, guftar-i-man ba gosh-i-jan bi-shinau. Or,
kaul-i-man andar-i-gosh (bi-glr). (biydwar.)
LITERAL The translation is too literal. In tarjuma ziya-
datar (harf ba harf) ast. (lafzi.)
LITTLE Give me a little, I don't ask for much. ba man
kadre bi-dih, bisiyar na nu-khwaham.
LIVELY He is of a lively disposition. o khush tab 1 ast.
LIVE I shall respect him as long as I live. ta an ki zinda
am (o-ra 'izzai) khwaham kard. (ikram-i-o ; ta'zim-i-o.)
LOAD He told me to load the boat with indigo. o ba man
guft Id man kishti-ra (az nil pur) bi-kunam. (ba nil pur
bar.)
354 loaded lost.
LOADED Ts this gun loaded ? aya in tufang pur ast ?
LOADSTONE Do you know the virtue of the loadstone ?
khjlssiyat-i-(sang-i-maknatis) mi-daned ? (ahan-mtba.)
LOAN May I beg the loan of this book ? az rah-i-mihr-
bani In kitab-ra ba man (ariyat) khwahed dad. (ta'ar-
rufan; 'firiyatan ; amanatan.)
LOAVES Tell the baker to give three loaves. ba nan-paz
hukm bi-dih ki o si nan bi-dihad.
LOCK There is no lock to your box. sandufc-i-shwna(-ra
kufl nut), (kufl na darad ; be kufl ast.)
LODGE Where shall \ve lodge to-night? imshab kuja
(manzil bi-darem) ? (pa,in bi-shavem ; shab ba sar
biyawarem ; bi-guzranem; mutawakkif bi-shavem ; sukunat
bi-pazirem ; mutamakkin bi-shavem.)
LOFTY These rooms are very lofty. in hujraha bisiyar
(buland) and. (rafi.)
LOITER Why do you thus loiter away your time ? shuma
chira m chiinln taur aukat-i-khiid-ra dar gh.aflat za,i'
mi-kuned ? Or, shuma chira in chunin taur aiyam-i-
khud-ra (ba bad) mi-dihed ? (muft az dast.)
LONG How long is this piece of cloth ? in parcha,e jama
chi kadar (tawil ast). (daraz ast; tiil or tawalat
darad.)
LONG How long shall you remain there ? ta ba chand
roz an ja khwahed mand ?
LOOK Let me look through your spying-glass. bi-guzar
ki man ba durbin-i-shuma bi-binam.
LOOKING-GLASS When you go to Shiraz buy me a looking-
glass. wakte ki ba shiraz bi-raved yak (a,ina) az bara,e
man bi-khared. (sajanjal.)
LOOSE Try if you can loose (untie) this knot. koshish bi-
kuned ki shuma in gira-ra (wa) kardan bi-tawaned.
(hall; baz.)
LOOSE The joints of this chair are very loose. bandha,e
in kursi bisiyar (sust) shuda and. (hazz ; shull.)
LOSE Take care you don't lose the knife I gave you.
loss mad. 355
karde ki man ba shuma dadam khabar-dar an-ra gum na
kitned.
Loss He has met with great loss. o-ra bisiyar khisarat
raslda ast. Or, nuksan-i-Jirawan bar o (uftada) ast.
('ariz yashta ; 'a,id gardida ; waki j shuda ; warid shuda ;
raslda.)
LOST He lost his way in coming from the city. wafcte ki
az shahr biiz wl-amad rah gum kard.
LOTS I purchased five lots at to-day's sale. ba harriij-i-
imroz )><u\j 'adad-i-ashiya kharldam.
LOTS They cast lots ; the lot fell on him. kura afgand-
and ba nam-ash kur'a (uftad). (bar cimad.)
LOTUS This is the flower of the lotus. Inyul-i-nllnfarast.
LOVE They have no love for each other. eshiln baham
(muhabbat) na darand. (muwaddat ; ulfat; unsiyat ;
mu,anasat; khullat.}
Low This is a very low room. in hujra khaili (past) ast.
(farud; na-buland.)
Low The price he asks is very low. klmat-i-bisiyar kam
m~i-khw~ihad.
LOWER Lower this bucket into the well. dar chah in
dahc-ra pa,m bi-kun.
LUCRATIVE Theirs is a lucrative employment. kar-i-eshan
bisiyar (naf) darad. (inan/aat ; intifa' ; fa,ida.)
LCOGAGE Put this luggage in the boat. -dar zaurak In
asbab-ra bi-ynzar.
LUSTY He is now grown very lusty, o bisiyar (farbih)
gashta ast. (chak.)
M.
MACHINE What is the name of this machine ?ism-i-ln
(san' at) chist ? (tilat.}
MAD He was bit by a mad dog. o az say-i-diu-ana gazlda
shud. Or, sag-i-dlu'ana o-ra gazid
356 made marriage.
MADE He made me write the letter directly. o az man
fi-l-faur khatt nawisanid.
MADE Having made a pen, he began to write. kalam
tarashida nawishtan (girift). (shuru' kard.}
MAGNIFICENT These are magnificent apartments. in
hujraha khaili ('alishan) and. (zu-l-rafd'at.}
MAID-SERVANTS He has two maid-servants. o du(mashata)
darad. (band-andaz ; zan-naukar.)
MAKE Make haste and write the letter. zud bash wa in
khatt-ra bi-nawis. Or, in khatt fi-I-faur bi-nawls.
MANAGES Who manages his affairs? kar-i-o ki(mi-kunad) ?
(ba sar-anjam mi-rasanad.) Or, Id tartib-i-muhimat-i-o
mi-kunad ? Or, ada,e kar-ash ba zimma,e hist ?
MANKIND We ought to love all mankind. ma-ra bayad
hi ba hama insan (dosti) bi-darem. (ulfat ; ikhlas ;
muhabbat; uns; istinas; muwaddat; yaganagiyat.]
MANNEB 'He spoke to us in this manner. badln(taur) ba
ma sukhan guft. (namat; minwal; tarik; sabil; wajh ;
dastur ; nahaj ; tar ah.)
MANURE This garden needs some manure. in bostan kud
mi-khwahad. Or, in bagh zarurat-i-sargtn darad. Or,
in rauza-ra ihtiyaj-i-sargm ast.
MAP Show me a map of Persia. ba man naksha,e Iran
(bi-nama). (nishan bi-dih.)
MARBLE This floor is paved with marble, and inlaid with
turquoise. -farsh-i-in khana (rukham andakhta shuda ast
wa khishtha,e firuza dor an scikhta). (az marmar wa
khislitha,e firuza mi-shavad.}
MARCH The regiment will march to-morrow. faujfarda
kuch khwahad kard.
MARK Put a mark on the paper that is yours. kaghaze ki
az an-i-shuma ast bar an nishan bi-kun.
MARKET I have been to the market. man ba bazar (buda
am), (rafta budam.)
MARRIAGE When will his marriage take place? sliadi,e
o kai khwahad shud ? Or, munakahat kai khwahad kard?
master merciful. 357
Or, 'akd-i-nikah kai khwahad bast? Or, o zane-ra kai
dar 'akd-i-nikah khwahad award? Or, o kai juftekhwahad
girift ? Or, o kai zane khwahad khwcist ?
MASTER He is a very kind master (meaning, teacher or
preceptor). o bisiyar mihrban ustade ast.
MASTER Is your master (meaning a European gentleman)
at home ? agha,e shuma ba khana ml-bashad ?
MATE Call the carpenter and his mate now. najjar wa
(rafik-ash) bi-goyed ki fi-l-faur bi-ayand. (shagird-ash ;
wa an adm ki ba o sar o kar bashad.)
MATERIALS How can they work without materials? be
saman kar chiguna mi-tawanand kard ?
MEANS By what means can you do this? ba chi tadbir
in-ra ml-tawaned kard ? Or, shuma dar ada,e In kar chi
dost ras paida kardan mi-tawaned ?
MEAN I mean to go to Baghdad to-morrow. -farda irada,e
raftan (ba) baghdad daram. (-i--)
MEASURE Measure this cloth. In parcha-ra (bi-paima).
(gaz bi-Jcun.)
MEASURE This is a kind of measure. in yak kisme ast az
(makdar). (paima,ish ; andaza.}
MEET Meet me at Maulavl Said's house to-morrow.
farda ba khana, e maidawl said (ba man) muliikat bi-kuned.
(mara ; ba man.) Or, az bara,e mulakat (kardan-i-man)
farda ba makam-i-mulla sa'id hazir bashed, (-am.)
MEMOIRS I am reading a book of memoirs. kitab-i-tazkirat
ml-khwanam.
MEMORANDUM Make a memorandum of this. yad-dasht-i-
In bi-nawis.
MEMORY I have a bad memory. hafiza,e man mukaddar
ast. Or, man tab'-i-ghabi daram.
MEND Tell the carpenter to mend this box. ba darrudgar
bi-go ki in S(induk-ra (marammat} bi-kun. (ta'mir.)
MERCIFUL We ought ever to be merciful. ma-ra bayad
ki hamesha (rahim bashem). (inmhjik ; shafik ; muta-
rahham.) Or, ma-ra bayad ki ba har kas ba (rahm wa
358 merchandise mischief.
shafkat wa marhamat suluk bi-namayem). (muruwat u-a
futuwat pesh ayem.)
MERCHANDISE This is an article of merchandise. m jins-
i-(tijarat) ast. (dad o sitad; taudagarl; bai' '-i-farokhtan
wa kharldan.}
MERCHANT He is now a merchant in Teheran. o dar
tahran (saudagare) ast. (tajire ; bazar gane. )
MET I walked four miles and met no one. chahar mil
raftam'ba hech has mulakat na kardam. Or, chahar mil
masafat kardam ba hech kas mulakl na shudam.
METHOD What is the best method (mode) of learning a
language? dar amokhtan-i-zaban kiidam tariff bihtar ast?
MID-DAY I did not arrive there till mid-day. tci ba wakt-
i-riim-roz an ja na rasidam .
MIDDLE Shall I put it at the top, or in the middle? in-
ra bala bi-gnzaram ya darmiyan ?
MIDDLING This paper is middling. in kaghaz mutawassit
ast.
MILD She is mild in temper. an svhiba mizcij-i-(mida,im)
darad. (hallm.}
MIND I have considered this in my own mind. man dar
bab-i-in dar khatir-i-khud (andesha) karda am. (fikr ;
tajwtz ; ta,ammal ; tafakkur.)
MINDED Had you minded what he said, then it would be
well. dyar ba ancln o r/uft muttaftk mi-shuded pas bihtar
bude. Or, agar sukhan-ash kabul mi-dashted chi khush
bude !
MINES Lead and copper are dug out of mines. surb wa
mis az (m'adan) kanda ml-sharnd. (k~ui.)
MINUTE I shall return in one minute. d<iry<ik daklka buz
khwrtham amad. Or, dar turfatu-l-ain murajaat
khwaham kard.
MIRTH They are full of mirth. eshan az khushl dar jama
na mi-gunjand.
MISCHIEF They are always in mischief. eshan liamesha
muzl and.
miserable missed. 359
Misr.i;.\r,i.F. The wicked man is always miserable. atlam-
i-lxii{ hnnit'xJia (dardniand) nri-nianad. (inunnaghis :
inanhns ; zalll ; shikasta-hal muztarib ; wuntashirr.)
MISERS Misers never think they have enough. dlda,e
ahl-i-tama ba ni'mat-i-dinnja pur na mi-thavad. Or,
hiirlaHn ba jahanf aurtsina and. Or, dlda.e tany-i-harlsan
ni'mat-i-dunya j>ur na ml-kunad.
MISKUY. They live in great misery. cshiin dar h~dat-i-
(kh.arnbl) <ju:riin n-l;u>Kind. (mightn't: 'usrat ; maska-
nat : zillat : shikasta-hnft.)
MISFORTUNE He has met with a great misfortune. lar o
kam bakhtlj 'azlm uftada ust. Or, bar o uftit-i-lmztirg
ru,e dada ast. Or, ba amra'-i-jitnahn mitbtalu ijardlda,
ast. Or. zamana o-ra hadaf-i-tlr-i-balu sUkJita ast. Or,
zawanii samj-i-muslbat az manjanlk-t-balri bar sar-ash
zada ast.
MISLED I was grievously misled by following your
advice. az j'a-Jrafttin-i-naslhat-i-sJiumrt JcJiatat" sakht
khurdam. Or. az kabul kardan-i-iiiashnarat-i-shunia
khaill fart'b Mntrdam.
MISMANAGEMENT This is owing to your mismanagement.
az be tadbir7,f shuina in chiimn kitr wak? thud.
Or. a.z be inti::aml,e shitma In ba :uhUr atiiada ast.
Or. az mubiisharat-i-na -kh.air-i-shuma In ittifiik uj'tada ast.
MTSSPI.ND \\e vnight not to misspend our time. u-akt-i-
khud-ra (zaj kardan) munasib nlst. (be fa,ida az dost
dada n.)
MISKECKONED I suppose you have misreekoned these
rupees; count them again. (mazituta daram ki sh until
dar thinmrdan-i-ln rufiiyaha gh.al<tt\ karda cd : baz
bi-sltiinared. \yuniiln dnrarn ki dar ta\lad-i-]n inublaghiin
salnc.)
MISREPHESENTKD lie h;is miu'h misrepresented the
matter. o in vntkiHldanta-rri bar (khilfif tea) naniuda ast.
(ghair hakk nakl munkalib; nri-rast ; ma/iakat ; J aks zahir. )
MISSED They fired several times at a leopard, but missed
360 missed motion.
it. ba palang chand bar tufang (khali kardand), am ma
Tthata kardand. (sar kardand ; zadand.}
MISSED I missed him on the road. man dar rah zahil
shudam, o-ra na didam. Or, sahican nazar-i-man bar o
nayuftad.
MISTAKE You mistake my meaning. shuma matlab-i-
mara gJialat ml-daned. Or, ba khatir-i-shuma ma'ni,e
maksad-i-man na mi-ay ad. Or, shuma ba maghz-i-
mudd'a,e man na mi-rased. Or, ba matlab-am ghalat mi-
kuned.
MISTRUST We should not mistrust without cause. be
sabab az hech kas (be 'itibar) shudan munasib mst. (bad-
{'tikad ; bad-guman ; dar shubha ; dar shakk.)
Mix Mix these together. in har du-ra btiham (biyamez).
(makhlut, or takhtit,or dtikhil, or jam' bi-kun ; khlsan.)
MOCK It is improper to mock any one. bar hech kas
(naki) kardan munasib nist. (tamasTchur ; ta'na ; istihza ;
mazak ; maskhara ; istifchra ; maza ; khanda-rish ; maz-
hak ; taghwlt.}
MODEST He is of a modest disposition. o mizaj-i-sharm-
aaln dar ad. Or, tab'-i-an shakhs mahjub ast. Or, o
(sharm-ru} ast. (sahib-i-haiya ; khjashi.)
MOLEST They molest us very much. eshan mara (tash-
wtsh-i-'azlm ml-dihand.) (dikk or mushauwash or azar
rrii-kunand ; takllf or tasdl' mt-dihand.) Or, eshan bar
hal-i-ma taarruz mi-kunand. Or, eshan mutaarriz-i-
hal-i-ma mi-shavand.
MONEY I shall receive the money after one month.
(bad az inkiza,e yak mah) pul ba dast-i-man khwahad
rasld. (wakte ki yak mah munkazl kjiwuhad shud.)
MOON The moon has not yet risen. ta hanoz muhtab bar
na khasta ast. [full moon, badr ; mali-i-chuhar dah ;
nevfmoon,mah-i-nau; hilul; kurra,e mah; awival-i-mah.]
MOTION The motion of this wheel is very quick. (hara-
kat) l -i-ln (charkh)* bisiyar ziid ast. \gardish; jumbish ;
tahwit ; inkiraz ; taharruk ; daur.) *('vjlat.}
motive mute. 361
MOTIVE What is your motive for doing this ? chi (ba'is
ast) ki in kdr mi-kuned ? (matlab or wajh or mudd'a or
daiyat dared.)
MOUNTAIN Have you seen the Himalaya mountain?
aya koh-i-himalaya mushdhida karda ed ?
MOUNTED Having mounted his horse, he rode off. bar
asp-i-khud sawdr shud, wa bar taTfht.
MOURNS The whole country mourns his loss. ba mcitam-
i-marg-ash ahl-i-tamam mulk siydh mi-poshand. Or, az
murdan-ash ahl-i-tamam mulk (maghmum) shuda and.
(mdtam zada.)
MUDDY Why do you bathe -in muddy water? chira dar
db-i-(mukaddar) ghusl mi-kuned? (tira; mutakaddar ;
mulairwas.)
MOLE I have bought a mule for 200 rupees. katire (du
sad rupiya-ra) kharida am. (ba du sad riiphja.)
MURDERED He was murdered by robbers. o az dast-i-
duzdan (kiishta shud). (ba katl rasld ; munkatl, or katil,
or maktul shud.)
MURMURING They are always murmuring. eshan hamesha
(shikctyat) mi-kunand. (gila; wa'wa't.) Or, eshan
da,imu-l-aukat marmar ml-zanand.
Music Are you fond of music? aya mushtak ba (sarod)
mi-bashed ? (tashaiyud ; sama' ; tarranum ; malahi.)
Or, aya (naghma-ra pasand) mi-dared ? (ilm-i-musiki-
ra dost.)*
MUTE I spoke several times, but still they continued
mute. man chand bar guftam, ammd (khdmosh) mand-
and. (sakit ; sakin.)
* Kettledrum, nakkdra. Harp, chang ; lariat.
Ben,jaras. Guitar, si tar.
Four-stringed instrument, Flute, nai.
rabab.
Trumpet, karnd,e ; karna ;
tarna-, luk ; tur.
362 mutual neglect.
MUTUAL Tins will be for our mutual benefit. in (fa,ida,e
tarafain} khwahad bud. (mufld-i-janibain.)
N.
NAKED In parts of Persia little children are accustomed
to go naked. dar ba'ze nawahi,efars tiflagan (la aashtan
dar hUlat-i-barhanagi mu'tad and). (Ttdat-i-gashtan dar
hulat-i-\iryat darand ; 'uryan nil-bashand.)
NAME This vessel's name is the Zuleika. ism-i-in jahaz
zulaikha ast. Or, in jahaz zulaikha nam darad. Or,
badjn jahaz zulaikha nam dada and. Or, in jahaz
musamma ba ism-i- zulaikha ast. Or, In jahaz ba zulaikha
mausum gashta ast.
NATION All the people of this nation speak his praise.
har kaum-i-in mulk ta'ri/-i-o mi-kunand. Or, sair-i-
'airainmu-n-nas-i-in balad khutba,e tahsln ba nam-ash mi-
khwan/tud.
NATURE The tiger is fierce by nature. sher az (sarisht} 1
(muhlbb)* ast. ^(zat ; jibillat.) s (tund-mizaj ; shadld.}
NAUGHTY She is a naughty girl. an dukhtarak (sharlr)
ast. (shokh-chashm.)
NAVIGATION Have you learnt navigation? shuma mallahl
(amokhta ed) ? (yad girifta ed.)
NECESSAKY It is not anyways necessary that you should
go there. ba hcch wajh (zarur nisi) Id shuma an ja bi-
ravcd. (litzim or wlijib nayayad.)
NEED I have need of your assistance. ba madad-i-shuma
(muhtiij) hustam. (hajat or ihtiyaj daram.) Or, mara
imiliul-i-shuma zarur ast.
NEEDFUL It is absolutely needful that I should go.
ihtit/rij vifthz ast Id man an ja bi-ravam. Or, ra/tan-i-
man az jumla,e zaruriyat ast.
NEGLECT This is owing to your neglect. az ihmal-i-
shumii In ba zuhur dmada ast. Or, az taghaful-i-shuma
in wnkf shuda ast. Or, az be-khabarl,e shuma In ba
wuku raslda ast. Or, az (tahawun)-i-thuma In ba man-
negligent number. 363
?aba'e shuhud amada ast. (ghaflat; musahilat ; musa-
mahat ; tamhil.}
NEGLIGENT They are idle and negligent. eshan (siist wa
ghafil)and. (battalwa kahil ; but'du-amuhinal; mu'attal
ica musahil.) Or, eshun sitstl ica ghaftut ml(warzand).
(kunand.)
NEIGHBOUR He is a neighbour of mine. o (ham-saya),e
man ast- (jar; ja,ir ; haiii-dlii'Ur ; ham-jaicur. Or, o
(muttasil)-i-]chaiia,e man mutau-ukkij' ast. (karib.)
NEIGHBOURHOOD He lives in this neighbourhood. o dar
m humsayagl (sukiinat) darad. (maskan.) Or, o dar
m kurb (muklm) ast. (suk'ui ; inutaicakkif ; sukUnat-
pazlr.}
NEXT We will go there next month. ma mah-i-ayanda
an ja khwiiham raft.
NIB I have broken the nib of my pen. (zaban}-i-kalam-
i-khiid shikasta am. (nok; stir ; fcik ; nesh ; dam.)
NIPPED I nipped my fingers with the pincers. an-
gushthcl,e khud-ra ba mlnkash a/shnrdam.
NOISE I cannot bear so much noise. man takat-i-ln
chunin ghaugha na ml-tawanam ilward. Or, man
tahammuL-i-chunin (inashghala) na tnl-taicanam kard.
(sliaghf ; gha.lgh.ala; shor ica ghul; ghulghul.) Or, In
chunm ghul-gjiadar-ramutahattonil na ml-tanTinam shud.
NONSENSE What they say is all nonsense. anchi ml-
aoyand hama (icahiyat) ast. (yawa-go,l ; behuda-go't.]
Or, eshan stik_han-i-ikhtilat ml-goyand.
NONSUITED The plaintiff was nonsuited. mukaddama,e
muddal (kharij) shud. (na manziir.)
NOTHING He asked, but I gave him nothing. o kh wast
wa lekin pashize na didam.
NUMB My fingers are numb with cold. az sarma ait-
gushtha,e man (hhushk) shuda and. (ghair-i-hiss u~a
jumbish.)
NUMBER What number of persons were present ? chand
nafar huzir budand ?
24
:5Gi -numerous object.
NUMEROUS There are numerous errors in your writing.
dur tuncislitu ,e shuma bisiyiir ghalatlia and.
NURSE They took with them their little child and its
nurse. eshan tifl-i-kuchak-i-khud ba ma' daya ham-rah-i-
khwd-i-shan burdand.
NURTURED He was delicately nurtured. o mutana"im
bud u-a saya parwarda. Or, dar ni'mat wa rahat wa
asa,ish aukat guzranid.
0.
( >ARS How can the boatmen row without oars ?
lingjiair az (halisaha} 1 chiguna (hallsa-zanUn} z kashidan
nri-ttnt-rtnand? 1 (k]iada; jafdak ; majzaf ; mikzaf.\
< >ATH In a court it is usual for witnesses to take an oath.
mamul ast ki gawalian hasbu-l-kanun dar 'adalat kasani
bi-khurnnd. Or, dar 'adalat hasbii-l-ma'mul shahidcin
xfni<linnl n-khurand.
NCE You should pay obedience to his orders.
ntintrisib ast ki (mutriba'at)-i-htikm-i-o bi-kuned. (ita'at ;
tn'nt : wiiljm-aat; inkiyad.) Or, munasib ast ki shuma
\ninrn-i-hukm-i-o bi-bashed. (farman-bardar ; mutabi' :
tnbi\) Or, u-iijib ast ki shuma bar khatt-i-farman-ash
wr-i-khyd bi-iiiliftl.
( )r.i-.i.iKNT Good children are obedient to their parents and
obliging to every one.farzandan-i-arjintand tabf-i-uali-
,l,i i,i i-klnttl va ba hama kas (mutau-azi) mi-bashand.
(naw3xuk*tutnd ; kjidllk; adabwa aznnn-numa.}
OitKY I must obey his orders. mara bmjad ki hukm-ash
lui jab'njnram. Or, mara buyad ki Cubudiuat)-i'-hukm-i-o
l>i-kutnnn* (jf'a.)
-\Vliat was the object of your going there? _
y/i<ir<i:-ir(ij'tan-i-xhuma dar an ja chi bud?
* 'uuiidiyut is used to express obedience to God.
oblige offence. 365
OBLIGE You should try to oblige your master. bayad ki
dar (razamandty,e akci,e khud koshish bi-kuncd. (kh_uHli-
nudl.) Or, bayad ki sahib-i-khud-ra khush bi-kuned.
(masritr : kliusJmnd.)
OBSCURE These words are obscure. In alfaz (mughlak)
and. (mifamma ; ghalk.}
OBSOLETE This term has become obsolete. In istUah
Uhal (matruk) ast. (mansukJi; innliinal ; muattal;
bila isti'mal.}
OBSTACLE This is an obstacle to my learning. In (mani'}-
i-ta'llm-i-man ast. (mittaarriz ; mawani' ; sadd ; mu-
zuhim ; mumani.)
OBSTINATE They are obstinate in their opinions. eshun
dar ra,e khud bisiycir (khud-sar) and. (sar-kash ; nnita'-
assab ; Jchud-pasand ; mu'anid; mutamarrid, yardan-kash.)
OCCASION There was no occasion for your coming.
amad(in-i-sliuma dar In ja darkar na bud.
OCCASIONED He has occasioned his parents trouble. a
sabab-i-ranj-i-icalidain-i-khiul gardid. Or, o ba pidar o
madar-i-khud (tusdf) dada ast. (zuhmat; iztiiab; takjjf.)
OCCUPIED After another month, I shall have occupied
this house twenty years. ba'd az itmtiin-i-mali-i-dlijar
blst sal kamil khwahad shud Id dar in khana tawakkuf
icarzlda am.
OCCDKRED I don't remember this ever to have occurred
before. (dar i/Hd-i-tuati na m~i-ayud) ki Jn chumn amr
pesh az m ittijak uftUd. (yad na daram.}
OCCURRENCE This is a very remarkable occurrence. 7?t
amre bisiyar ('ajlb) ast. (gharib ; nadir ; ta'ajjubnak ;
mutaajjib.}
ODD This is a very odd kind of expression. 7 kalame-
'ajib ast.
OFFEUCK What offence have I committed? cldjunn <i-.
man ba mtjud amada ast? Or, chi takslr az u-ujnd-i-
man sar bar zada ast? Or, ba cJii ma'sl mubtala gardlda
am? Or, chi khata az man sadir shuda ast ?
366 offending opposition.
OFFENDING I cannot think of thus offending him. man
na mi-khwuham ki o-ra 'in chiinln (na-khush) sazam.
(ranja-khiitir ; dil-azurda ; tagh,y~iz.) Or, mam pasand
nist ki miijib-i-azar-i-kh_atir-ash shavam.
OFFERED Had I known this before, I should have offered
you my services. agar kabl az In in amr-ra ml-danistam
bara,c imdad-i-shuina hazir budame.
OFFICE I am going to Mr. 's office. la daftar-
kh_ana,efulan sahib mi-ravam.
OFFICER He is a European officer. o sarhange az ahl-i-
farang ast. [Civil officer, 'uhda-dar ; mansab-dar ; 'anial-
dar ; military officer, sipah-salar ; sardar.]
OLD Once upon a time an old man and an old woman
went to the forest to gather sticks. bare az bara,e jam'
kardan-i-hezum plr-marde u-a prr-zaiw dar besha raft and.
[Old msLn,fartilt; mard-i-kithn-sal ; mard-i-sal-lthurda ; old
woman, fartUta ; 'ajur; zan-i-kulin-sal ; zan-i-sal-kli urda.]
OMISSION There is some omission in copying. dar nakl
kardan-i-'in chlze manda ast. Or, dar saic'id hirdan-i-m
cliize (faro guzasht) shuda ast. (tark ; imhal karda.)
OMITTED I omitted to mention that. man faramosh
hardam ki an sukjian bi-goyam.
OMNIPOTENT God is omnipotent and omnipresent. kJntda
(kadir wa har ja hazir) ast. (kirdagarwa dar hama yah.}
OPERATE How does this medicine operate? 'in daru
cJii'iUna (asar ml-kunad)? (taslr tm-kunad ; asar or
tasjir da/rod.)
OPINION What opinion do you form on this subject?
ba nazdlk-i-dunna dar bab-i-ln chi niaslahat ml-bashad ?
Or, dar bab-i 'in chi (kiyas m'i-kuned) ! (ra,e mi-dared.)
Or, dar trazu,e 'akl-i-slntiii/i In amr chi icazn darad ?
OPPOSITE His house is opposite to mine. makam-ash
()nnknbHyi-khana,e man ast. (uiuhazl ; ru-ba-rfi ; mu-
u-az'i ; vnitakabil.)
OPPOSITION He has met with much opposition. bado
mukhftiifat-irbiriyar (rii,e dada) ast. irukh nanuida ;
oranges overlook. 367
',rd shuda ; ba zuliur amada.} Or, bislyar mardumiin
bado (ta'arruz) karda and. (ikJitUTif; ta'arniz ; khiliif.)
ORANGES I have brought some oranges. man kadre
naranyl (aicarda am). (khjirlda 3/tearda a/n.)
ORATOR He is celebrated as an orator. ofaslhe -mashhtir
ast. Or, o sukhan-pardaze-ma'ruf ast.
ORDKR This is an order for a hundred rupis. in barate
ast az sad rupiya. Or, in sad rupiya-ra kagfaaze-zar ast,
ORDER This school is without order. In maktab be-(tart~ib)
ast. (intizam ; rabt o zabt.)
ORDERED 1 have ordered the goods to be got ready. man
dar bab-i-(amada) kardan-i-ajnas hukm karda am. (mu-
haiyfi ; taiyiir ; mustciid.)
ORIENTAL He was well versed in oriental literature. az
'ihn-i-maslirik~i khnb wtiki/ bud.
ORIGIN Do you know the origin of this saying? (asT}-i-
In kul i ui tnl-daned? (mansha ; bunyad ; mabdci.}
ORIGINAL This is not the original writing. 7n tahnr
(asll) riist. (asil ; 'aiin.) Or, in asl nlst, sawad ast.
ORNAMENTS They wear different kinds of ornaments.
cshcin (zewarha),e kism ba kism mi-poshand. (hidlhn :
tarazha.) Or, cshan piraya,e tarah ba tar ah (dar bar) ml-
knninid. (bar badan.)
ORPHANS These children are orphans in atfal yattm and
(fatherless and motherless). Or, Infarzandan yaslr and
(motherless only).
OVERCOME We cannot overcome the enemy. ma bar
dusliniiin (yhjllib shuda n) na Ml-taicanem. (ghjillb
amadan ; dastyaftan) Or, ma (bar dmhman ghaliba) na
ml-tawanem hard, (ditshman-ra inaghjiib orfath.)
OVERFLOWED The river has overflowed its banks. db-i-
nahr (az kiniira bala) amada ast. (ba tnghyan ; ba
sailab.) Or, al>-i-darya sail-rawan buda axt.
OVERLOOK It is better that you overlook his offence. in
bihtar a.si ki (az kb.atTi,e o chashm-posht bi-fannai/i *l\. (</-:
takslr-ash ilar yiizared; zambash b i-bakhjih cd ; kusur-i-o-ra
miiaj bi-kuned.)
368 overset -pardon.
OVERSET A sudden gust of wind overset the boat. yak
bargi tapancha,e bad safina-ra bar gardamd. Or, yak-
firyak iiafhat-i-bad kishtl-ra (wazh-gnn) hard. (nigun ;
niunkalil) ; wazh-guna.)
OXEN Whose oxen are these? inmuwa&hvy&n az an-i-kist.-
P.
PACKET I have received a packet from Isfahan. az
isfahan ba chapart kharita,e khutiit (ba dast-i-man,
raslda ast). (yitfta am.)
PAGE In what page of the book does the word occur?
dar kiidam safha,e kitab an lafz (ml-ayad) ? (icuki' ml-.
shavad.}
PAINT Where did you get this paint? aya az kujii vi
rang (glr\i-shuma amad ? (ba dast.)
PAINTER In former times, there lived in China a celebrated
painter, by name Mam. dar zamiln-i-salf nakfcashe-masJi-
hur dar mulk-i-chln bud ba nain ))iaii~i. Or, dar zatan-i-
sabik (musauwlre) ma'rtif dar diyar-i-chin sukunat dasht
ki i)(ii-ash manl bud. (surat-yare ; nakkash-pardaze :
timsal-gare.}
PALE He became pale through fear (literally yellow).
o az Jch.au/zard sliud.
PAMPHLET Have you read that pamphlet? an risala
(kjiwanda ed)? (muta'ala karda ed ; nntlahiza kardaed)
PANES There are ten panes of glass in this window. dar
m ghitrfa dah (fard)-i-slnsha ast. (kJiaiia.)
PARCEL I have forwarded to him the parcel bado (bukcha i
irsal karda am. (basta ; dasta.)
PARDON Sir, I beg your pardon. sahiba mara (mu'af
bi-farrnayed}. (ina'zur bi-dared ; 'afw bi-kuned ; bi-
yamurzed.*) Or, sahiba taUb-i-mag&firat-i-shuma ])astam.
Or, sahiba ja,e ma'zarat mara bi-dihed. Or, sahiba az
* amurzldan applies to seeking for forgiveness from God only.
parents passengers. 369
taksir-i-ma maza dar guzared. Or, ai sahib bar man bi-
baJchslied. Or, saliiba ('uzram bi-nihed). (rnara bahil In-
kuned ; mara bihil bi-kuned.)
PARENTS He said that his parents had given him leave to
do so. o giift ki wcilidain-i-man ijazat-i-kardun-i-chunli/
kar dada budand.
PARTAKE I invited him to partake of some fruit, but he
would not. man o-ra ba tanawul kardan-i-kadre meu-a
daicat naunidam, wa lekin o (inkar hard), (ciba or istikrwf
or kabul na kard; sar baz sad.) Or, man o-ra ba shank
shudan-i-ta'am da'wat dfidam, wa lekin o fraz kard.
PARTIALITY We ought not to show partiality in our judg-
ment. rnara baynd ki dar insaf (tarti/darl,e kase na
knnem}. (taraf-i-kctse na ylrem.)
PARTICULAR I find I am mistaken in this particular. b<i
{niafhr<,m)-am ml-rasad ki dar 7n tutkta ghalat khnrda am.
(fahm.) Or, ma'lum-am ml-shavad ki dar in dak'ika
sahw karda am.
PARTNER He is a partner in the house of Haji Hassan
and Brothers o dar jama' at-i-haji-hassan ica baradaran
(sharike) ast. (mushcirik.)
PARTY Each of them favours his own party. har yak az
eslian tarqfdarl,e fank-i-khud ml-kunad. Or, har yak az
eshan haicadrir-i-(fank)-i-khud ml-bashad. (ahl-i-tashawar.)
PASS Have you got a pass for these goods ? az bara,e 'in
asbab (khatt-i-rah-dan,)e dared ? (rawana.)
PASS This coin does not pass in Persia. In zarb dar ~nTni
(mnraiuraj) nist. (rawan, ra,ij.) Or, in sikka-ra darfars
rawaj nist.
PASSED He passed by him. bar o guzar kard. Or, az o
guzasht.
PASSED He passed that way. o-ra guzar bar an rah uftad.
PASSAGE A river intercepted their passage. nahre a'zlm
bar guzar-i-eshan uftad. Or, ju,e ab-i-buzurg bar mamurr-
i-eshan padld amad,
PASSENGERS That ship brought many passengers. an
:iTO passion peep.
jnltaz bisii/ar ma bar an award. Or, dar an jahaz musa-
tiran-i-kaslr Smadand.
PASSION One ought never to be in a passion. bayad ki
kasedar(ff]iaiz)nayayad. (ghussa; khashm ; tashaddud ;
taghaiijnr.}
PASSPORT He has obtained a passport to go to Tabriz.
as bara,c raftan ba tabriz (parwana,e rahdarl) hasil karda
ast. (sunnad-i-rah-darl ; auzar-nama ; larat-i-zhnmat.}
PATH This path leads to the village. ba dih In rah (sar
nil-kashad). (sar ml-dihad ; im-ravad.)
PATIENCE It becomes us to exercise patience in adversity.
niara bayad ki d<tr musibat (sabr) ikhtiyar bi-nantayem.
(bwdbarl ; sabnn ; shikeb.) Or, bayad ki ma dar a/at
t<ih/t>iiitiitl lii-kii/it'in.
PATIENT They are patient and peaceable. eshiin (sabir
ica Hiula.iin) and. (sallm ica hallni ; nthtaiil tea salah-
andesh.)
PATRONIZES He patronizes whatever tends to the welfare
of the country. dar amre ki mi<jib-i-bihbudi,e mulk buda
bnxliad hrir clii taiitiliittar sU'l nn-kunad.
PATTERN You must give me a pattern to work by. bayad
ki \Htjntin yak (na>intna,e ) li-dihed ki badan karbi-kunam.
(innindaje.)
I'AI >!: In n ailing, you ought to pause where there is a stop.
ifiyad ki dar khwamlan (wakf)-ra niyah bi-dared. (ja.e
wkut.}
P AY I n*re had a month's pay beforehand. man mmcajib-
i-t/ak unlit pcshgl girifta inn'.
PAYS He is a very^ just man, he pays all his debts. o
idam-i bi$iyar (diyanat-dSr) H.tt kurJizat-i-khiid-ra ada ml-
knnad. (nnuttii-inizaj ; i,man-dSr.)
PECUNIARY He will have only pecuniary loss. nuksan-ash
J'ikat dar nakd k/Lifaliad xhnd.
PEEP The windows are so small, one can but just peep
through them. ghurfahTi In kadar tan,, ami ki kase fakat
I'tmah un-tau-anad ztid). (jamush ml-taicanad hard.) '
peevisli permission . 371
PEEYFSH These children are peevish and perverse. m
afjal (-njTir ic a kajrti) and. (tez-mizaj tea 'anld.)
PENALTY For doing this you must pay a penalty. az
kardau-i-lii kar slnuna-ra (jarimana~),e dadani kkwahad
shud. (gh.arm ; ghartiinat : nnisadira.)
PENKNIFE Lend me your penknife to cut my pen. bara,e
taraShidan-i-kalam-cm chiiku,e kbjid 'ariyata* M-dihed.
PENSIVE His turn of mind is pensive. dil-ash bi-z-ziit
(iinitafakkir) ast. (muta.ammil : jikrmand.)
PERCEIVE I perceive no error in your composition. dar
tahrlr-i-shiimd hech ghalut (paidii na ml-taicanain kard).
na ml I'm am ; na uri-yabum.)
PERCEPTIBLE This blemish is not perceptible. in dagh
fobair-mafaiu fist). (Ha-fi<.i<kar ast ; kabil-i-idrah nut.)
PiaiFKCT Your work is now perfect. ilhul lar-i-slunna
(hainih axt. (ba kcunal rnnlda ; ba itnitiin rasida.}
PERFECTION "We ought to aim at perfection, though we
cannot attain it. bayad ki ba tahxil-i-kanial koshish bi-
kunein anarchi badan na nn-tuicanem ras'td.
PERFORM He generally promises, but he does not per-
form. -o aksar wa'da nn-kunad, ivct lekin (ba ja na mi-
arad). (taina/n nu uri-kunad; ba itmain nn mi-rasa nad.)
PERFUME The whole apartment was filled with perfume.
tarnam litijra az (khjlsh-bo)purshitd. (shamlm ; ra,ihat;
nafh ; 'itr ; 'abir.)
PERFUMED The house is perfumed by the fragrance of
these flowers. az shamnia.e In r/uUtfi tamani khana
(inu'avibar) xhud. (mu'attar ; mashiniim ; tashmim ;
tmitlb : nmtaiyab i
PERHAPS Perhaps this news may be true. shayad ki m
khabar raxt bashad.
PERMANENT Is this regulation to be permanent? aya m
(ka.ida pa,edar) khwahad mand ? (kanun ka,im ; a,in
niuhkatii ; zabta-mustaklni.)
PP;RMISSION I have permission to go for three months.
ijazut-i-ruftan ta ba si mah yafta am.
372 permit piety.
PERMIT Bring a permit for these goods. ba jihat-i-
btirdashtan-i-in asbab (raicana), e biyar? (panrana ; ijazat-
nama.)
PERMIT Will you permit me to walk a little in your
garden. mara izn kliicalicd dad hi so" ate dur btigh-i-
slntina (xair\ kuuiiin. (tattuuha : tafurruh ; sn/uhut.)
PERPETUAL There is a perpetual flux and reflux. 'a/a-
d-danai mudd o jazr-i-ab-i-bahr fist.
PERPLEXED I am much perplexed in this business. dur
in miCamala bisiyar (mutaraddicfy am. (mnztarib ;
paraganda; mushauwish ; liairan.) Or, dur In \nnal
man dar maeik-i-'ukda hastam.
PERSUASION I have done this deed through his persua-
sion. (az targhify-ash In kar karda am. (ba tahrls ; ba
tahrlk.)
PERTINENT His answers are pertinent. jau-abha,e o
(sh3yista}and. (sa^au-ar; muwafik; mustuitjib: mioiusib.)
PETITION You must make a petition to the men-hunts.
baycidki saildayaran-ra ^arz-i-lial) bi-kitned. {farfdStiU ;
\inza ; 'arzl.)
PHIAL Have you a phial for the medicine ? barti.e dam
nif/cih dashtttn sh'isha'e dared ?
PHRASE This phrase is very common. in ikalimai bisiyar
'amm ast. ('ibarat ; mwtjtlah ; juuila.)
PHYSIC I am not fond of taking physic. ian daica
giriftan (pasand) na danon. (dost.) Or, man sltu,ik-i-
dairii kfinrdan nai/am.
PHYSICIAN Do you know what physician visits him ?
x/ti<iiia mi-da ned ktidam tabib tnulUkut as bara,c mu'alaja,e
o mi-kunad ?
PIECE Give me a small piece of paper. tnara (tikku),t
kaghaz In-dih. (}iura; reza ; kata' ; ruk'at.)
PIETY He is a person of great piety. o sahib-i-(parsiij}
ast. (karamat : ittikn ; salahiyat ; takwa.} Or, o yakc
az (sulha) ast. (ahrar.) Or, tunk-i-iin leas zikr ica shukr
ira khidi/t'it ica tii'at ica isar, ica kina'at ica taithid ica
p ili/rim plan. 373
tawakkul ica taslrin ira tahammul ast. Or, o bisiyar (dni-
dar) ast. (salih ; muttakl ; zahid ; parhezgar ; mnta-
abbid ; parsa ; ahl-i-ittika ; miiiiahhid.) Or, o yak'in dar
dil darad wa ward' dar din wa zuhd dar dunya tea sharm
dar chashm ica blm dar tan.
PfLGRiM The pilgrim is gone on pilgrimage. an hajl ba
hajj rafta ast.
PILLARS His house is ornamented with pillars. Tfhnna-
ash ba (situn)hii arasta ast. (rakn, pi. arkau ; 'amud, pi.
'a ut a, id.)
PINCERS I want a pair of pincers from them. az eshan
yak 'adad-i-ntinkasJi ml-khwaliam.
PINNACE Whose is that pinnace now passing? andunyl,e
hi ilhal rah nu-ravad az an-i-klst?
PIT I was near falling into a pit. nazdlk bud ki man dar
maghilk biyiiftam. Or, dar (yhar} u/tadan-am chlze na
manda biid. (hitfrat.)
PITY The afflicted should excite our pity. mara bui/ad
ki bar (muslbat-zadayaii} rahm b'ujarem. (an kasan ki
ba dron-i-bala mubtala and.)
PITT What a pity you did not tell me this ! (half ki ba
man kJiabar) na karded. (afsos ki ba man iftila, or
miikhbir.)
PLACE What is the place called where he lives? makame
ki dar an ja stikUnat darad twm-ash clnxt ?
PLAGUE The plague of this business is endless. (mihnat
va musliakkat^-i-ln kar (intilta na darad) 9 . ^(zuhmat ;
tasdT ; dikkat.) "(la-intiha ant.)
PLAIN This writing is plain and easy to be read. In
rakam saf ast ica (ba asarn khwanda mi-shavad). (baghair
ma'sur dar khtvandan ml-ayad ; tashlh<~l-tutala'a mi-
bashad.)
PLAINTIFF Who is the plaintiff in this affair? dar in
inu'am/'iJa muddal klst ?
PLAN Have you seen the plan of the building? naksha,e
'imarat d'ida ed ? (midahaza karda ed.)
374 plane pointed.
PLANE Smooth this board with a plane. in talchta,e-ra
ba randa (saf) bi-kun. (musattah ; tastih.}
PLANKS Are these planks for sale ? aya ~m takhtaha
(faroTthtam) and. (inal-i-farokht : jins-i-bai'.)
PLASTEKKD The inside walls are plastered with lime.
dlictiriin andar>/n-i-k!i_ana ba JcJiannr-i-ahak (astarkarl
shuda ast). (kah-gil shuda ast ; anda.ida and.)
PLAY We have now no time to play. mara ilhal fursat-
i-bazl inst. Or, ma akiiun fursat-i-biizi ita damn.
PLEASED If he had informed me of this before, I should
have been better pleased. agaro peshazln mara khabar
mi-dad man z'njadatar (khjishnnd) bUdame. (masrur ;
kh_urra>n ; kjiursand ; Jchush-icakt.)
PLEDGE I pledge my word to act in this manner. ('ahd
o pa4man)mi~kunam ki 'uicJninln kjnvrdiain kard. (iki-ur.)
Or, ba ad(i,e I/i kiir kaul nn-knnain.
PLENTIFUL This kind of fruit is plentiful. In kism-i-meica
ba kasrat ast.
PLOUGH I have an excellent plough and one pair of
oxen. (kidba) } ,e bisiycir kh_ub (nazd-i-inaii}" ast wa yak
jHtt-i-i/aic. ^(sJiii/ar ; fadan.) ^(daram.)
PLOUGH When the rains arrive, I shall plough this field.
ii'akte ki bartsh khicahad shud (bar In zainln knlba-
ranf} khu'aimin kard. (zatnln-ra tlniar or falahat or
hars or shiyfir.) Or, ba niansitn-i-barisJi ~in zamui khwa-
luun ahnjand.
POET He is a poet; have you seen his last poem? o
sha'ire fiat shi'r-i-iikJiinn-ash (muttila'a karda ed) ? (ba
mutrda'a aicarda ed )
POINT This needle has no point. In suzan nok na darad.
[eye, sitfar.]
POINT She has been at the point of death. an sahibn
fcanbu-l-j/inrii bJlda ast. Or, an ba'nu dar halat-i-niza*
bUda atft. Oi',jn>ii-an kjaiunn ba lab rasida bud. Or,
az naffi-i-an khatun rainake manda bud.
POISTKD Had you asked, I could have pointed out to you
politeness postures. 375
in what manner to act. agar az man istifsar mi-karded
man tarklb-i-ln amr ba sliunia natiindame.
POLITENESS He received us with great politeness. o ba
man la (lutf-i-'/izl/ti pesh-amad), (taicazu-i-kaslr suluk
hard; akhlak-ihuma inulaki thud,)
PONY He rides out every morning on his pony. o har
subh bar (yaba.e kh_ml saictir) ml-shavad. (markab-i-
kh_nrd-i-kh,ud rakib. )
POOR He is now become poor. o ilhal bisiyar (mufli&)
sltttd. (pariiga)ida,e rozl ; maskln ; mustammand ; mu-
tazaif ; muhtaj ; mafluk ; muta'attal ; tahi-dast ; fakir ;
be-naira.) Or, o aknuti Jar hillnt-i-be-charagi uftada ast.
Or, o akniin az puya,e daulat ba if las uftada ast.
POPULOUS Shlraz is a very populous city. shlraz shahre
ast bisiyur (ina'mur). (abud ; abadan.)
PORTRAIT t have his portrait in my possession. man
(tasinr-i-ruyash) daram. (shab~th-ash ; tasinr-i-tala'at-
ash.)
POSSESSED Had I studied earlier, by this time I might
have possessed much learning. agar man kabl az m
ta'llm m~i-giriftam pas (tarakkl dar "dm bisiyar namii-
dame). (t/iaharat dar 'ihn bisiyar yaftame ; dar 'ilm
bisiyar maltir shudame ; 'alim shitdame.)
POSSIBILITY There is no possibility of your getting there
to-day. {iinankin nist) ki imroz badan ja bi-rased. (im-
kan na darad ; surat na bandad ; muhtamal nist; ihtimal
na mi-rai'ad.)
POST If the letter goes by to-day's post, you must send it
to the post-office now. agar m!-kh_walied ki khatt-i-
shuma ba band-i-imroza bi-ravad bciyad ki ilhal ba band-
kJiana bi-jiritted.
POSTAGE What will be the postage? mahsTil-i-khatt-i-
barld chi kadar ml-bashad /
POST-MASTER I have sent word to the post-master. ba
mukhtar-i-lmnd-khnna paighame Jiristada mn.
POSTURES The glare of anger was evident in his postures.
376 pot prediction.
(asar)-i-kh_ashm dar harakat \ra sukaniit-ash paida amad.
(at ash ; tab.)
POT What is there in this earthen pot ? dar In zarf-i-
sijTiHn cliist? [metallic, filizzi,]
POVERTY Though in great poverty she is happy. agarchi
an zan dar (falakat)-i-shadld nj'tada ast Minsk nu-bashad.
(nuiflisl ; ijias ; fakr ; na-darl : tany-dast'i ; tahl-dasfi.)
POWER It is beyond my power to understand this.
(iktidar)-i-fahmldan-i-ln no. daram. \kuicat; takat ;
takwiyat ; kud rat ; makdur ; majal ; isti'dad.) Or, az
hlta,e fahm-aiti berun ast ki In amr-ra bi-fahmam.
PRACTICABLE What you purpose, I think, is not prac-
ticable. anchi irada dared bara,ey am gh.air-mumkin ast.
PRACTICE W'hence arose this practice ? az kuja In ('adat
paida shud). (rasm bar khast ; dastur sar bar award.)
PRACTITIONER He is an effective practitioner, and a com-
petent physician. o jarrah -i-kamilast ira tablb-i-(hazik}.
(zarlj.) Or, o ba zcicar-i-jarrah'i arasta astwa ba hiiliyu,<-
talnbi pairasta.
PRAISE We ought not to praise the undeserving. na
bayad ki ma (badan-ra madh) bi-kunem. (sharlran-ra
tahsln ira afrin ica sita,is]i wa istihsan ) Or, mar a na
bayad ki bar (siuuri 'an) tal/an-i-sana bi-kushayem. (fa-
hishan ; itmfsidan ; fasidan ; fajiran ; bad-ina'aslian :
mudbiran ; fast/can.)
PRECARIOUS Her health is very precarious. mizaj-i-an
khjanam bixiyar :na-ka,im) ast. (na-)niikarrar : na-miis-
tamir ; ita-mustakUl ; 'alii; be-kiyam ; be-sabat ; ghair-
i-mutasabit.)
PRECEPTS In the book which you gave me are many
excellent precepts. kitabe ki ba man daded dar a>i bisiyur
(ahkam)-i-afzaland. (naslhat, pi. naxfijh; pand ; andarz.)
I'REDICT We cannot predict what will happen on the
morrow. ma pesh na nri-tau-anem tjuft ki fardu chi (ru,e
khiruhad dad), (khwahad uj'tad ; ba zuhiir khtvahad ainad.)
PREDICTION Your prediction has been fulfilled pesh-go,l,e
prefer president. 377
shuma la artjam raslda ast. Or, kh_abar-i-gh_ailj-i-shuma,
sar an jam yafta ast. Or, ghaib-go,l,e shuma tamam
shuda ast.
PKKFEII 1 prefer your house to my own. man Tchana,e
shuma az k_h_ana,e khml bihtar ml-danam. Or, man
khana,e shuma-ra bar k_hana,e khud (tarjlh m~t-diham).
(ikhtiyar wl-kioiaw ; )nl-//u~~tnam.) Or, man khana,e
shuma-raba W\.ana,e khud dar Tchuli mukaddam nn-daram.
PKEFEHABLE Which of these two is preferable ? az in
har dn ta kudam pasandida-tar ast ?
PREJUDICE We ought to get rid of prejudice. mara bayad
hi (ta'assub-rcl bi-guzarern). (az ra,e be danish ica ta-
fahhus bi-rahem ; az fikr-i-be-khabar na taftlsh ihtiraz bi-
kunem.)
PREMIUM He received a premium of 100 tuman. o yak
sad tuman ba tarlk-i-in'ai ijaft.
PREPAIUNG They are preparing to go to England. eshan
bara,e raftan-i-wilayat (taiyan) mi-kiuiand. (tahaiyat;
ta'biijat.)
PREPARED He prepared his speech. o pas'ich-i-siikjian-
i-k_h_ii(l (kard}. (pardakht.)
PRESCRIPTION The doctor wrote this prescription. tabib
In nuykh_(i-ra nairisht.
PRESENCE He said so in my presence. bad'in taur(ru-ba-
rii.e >nan)guft. (ba icuj ud-i-ihzar-i-man ; dar mmcajihat-
i-man.)
PRESENT The Amir of Samarcand sent this elephant to
the Governor-General as a present. amlr-i-sainarkand
ba ta>tr-i-(tiihfa)Tn pll bara,efarman-farma mursil sakht .
( hadlya ; savghat ; pesh-kash.)
PRESERVED 13y your kindness my life was preserved.
ba, 'inaijat-i-sJmmajan-ain (mahfiiz) mand. (ba salamat ;
mahrux ; masun.)
PRESERVES Are you fond of preserves ? (jnural>ba)ha-ra
pasand dared ? (ma'jun ; anyubina.)
PRESIDENT Who is the president of that society ? kudam-
378 presume probable.
kas dar an (majlis mlr-i-majlis) ast ? (anjiiman sanrar ,
jama at ra.lsu -l-majlis.)
PRESUME I presume, sir, you have lately arrived in this
country. at agha mazinna daram ki shuma taza dar In'
diyar icarid shuda ed.
PREVAIL I could not prevail upon him to remain here
longer. (o-ra bar in na tawamstam dasht) Id dar m ja
ziyada tawakkuf kunad. (o-ra tahrlk or targjiib or tahrts
na ttttoSniltam hard.)
PREVALENT This disorder is at present very prevalent.
tn mar? ilhal bisiyiir (ghjllib ast}. (mastiili ast ; ghalibu
darad.)
PREVENTED I thought you might have prevented their
going away. gum an dasJitam ki shuma cshan-rfi az bar
gardldan man' ml-tan-anisted hard.
PREVIOUS You went previous to my arrival. shuma kabl
as amadan-i-man {raneana shaded), (rah giro, shaded;
ru ba rah nihaded.)
PRICE What is the price of this ? Is that really the
market-price (or price-current)? klmat-i-m shai chlst ?
aya fi-l-u-aki nirkh-i-bazar liamin ast?
p RIDE "\Ve ought to shun pride. bayad ki ma az gharur
(bi-parhezem). (ijtinab or tnjannub bi-namayem; ihtiraz
bi-kunem.) Or, bayad ki ma (kkftyal-i-far'ani) az sarbi-
kashem. (kibr ; takabbur ; naklnvat ; 'ujub ; pindar ;
ixtigAtia,i.)
PRINCIPAL Who is the principal in the business? dar in
mit'Hi/Kilii kudain kas (inukjitar) ast? (madrini-l-mnham.)
PRINTED The book will shortly be printed. kitab 'an-
kanb matbu IthwUhad shud.
PRIVATE They held a private conversation. cslian sukhan-
i-(makhfi) kardand. (ba tanha'i ; ikhj'a ; khufuja ; khafi :
ptnhan.)
PROBABILITY Is there a probability of my seeing him ?
ai/H (ihtimaj darad) ki man o-ra bi-bmam. (aghlab ast.)
PROBABLE That is not at all probable. an bi-l-kull (ihtimal
na darad). (mutahammil nist.)
procure propagated. 379
PROCURE Where can I procure a boat? aya kishtl az
kuja ba glr-i-man ml-ayad ?
PRODUCE Those articles are the produce of this country.
an ashiya dar in mulk paida ml-shavand. Or, an ajnax
paida, ish-i-ln diyar ast.
PRODUCES This garden produces nothing but weeds. dar
In baah hech paida na ml-shavad magar (kali o khas).
( kaJi-i-nakhara. )
PROFANE They use only profane language. eshan fakat
kali tit at-i-behUda ml-goyand. Or, ba juz az sukhanan-i-
(na-pak) hech na ml-goyand. (mutanajjis ; na-sha,ista ;
palld.)
PROFLIGATE He became a profligate. o (fajir) gardld-
(fasik; shakl; zuba ; aubash.) Or, o dar lahw o Id'b
mashahjil shud. Or, o fisk o faj ur agkaz (kard). ( n ihad . |
PROMISED I promised to call upon him to-day. inan
(wa'da^ kardam ki imroz nazd-i-o khwaham raft. (\ihd ;
taahhud; kaul.)
PROMOTED By this our happiness will be promoted az
in khiishl,e ma (ziyada kh_wahad shud). (bartar khwahad
gardld ; khwahad afzud ; rii ba tarakkl khwahad nihad
'urtij khwahad girift; afzun or buland khwahad shud)
PRONE Man is prone to err. adam ma,il ba khata ast.
Or, adam ma,il ba yunah darad. Or, insan muratikab az
khata o nisyan ast.
PRONOUNCE Let me hear you pronounce this word.
tala/uz-i-ln lafz (ba man bi-go) ki bi-shinavam. (pesh-i-
man zahir kun.)
PRONUNCIATION Is my pronunciation correct? aya talaf-
fuz-i-man sahlh ast
PROOF What proof can you give of this? chi dalll dar
bab-i-subnt-i-'tn dared? Or, In-ra ba chi tank ba isbat
ml-rasaned ? Or, misdak-i-'in dalll chi dared ?
PROP If you take away this prop, the roof may fall. agar
in (situn)-ra bar khwahcd dasJit sfikf khwahad uftad.
(nikn ; 'uniud.)
PROPAGATED This doctrine is propagated everywhere. In
25
380 proper prove.
masla dar liar ja (muramcaj asf). (raicaj darad; ifaza
karda sfiuda ast ; s1ia,T sliuda ast.)
PEOPER Do you conceive this to be proper? aya shuma
mi-fahmed ki 'in (munasib) ast ? (ba ja ; lialal ; ditrust.)
PROPORTION You will, have your proportion of profits.
shuma fls manafi' (hissu),e tumarn kjnpahed yaft. (bahra;
kismat.)
PROPOSE I propose that we share the loss between us.
man tiu-yoyain ki anchi nuksan ml-shavad dar an ma liar
dii (mnshtarik eni). (shank ml-bashem ; sharakat darem.)
PROSECUTE Will you prosecute him before the judge for
his offence'? bara,e khata,e o shuma bar o ba kazl nalish
Tchwahed kard ?
PROSPERITY He is now in great prosperity. o dar in
rozha (bakhtl-yawar) darad. (nasib-i-kamil ; taW-i-maimun ;
bakht-i-himayun ; chashm-i-danlat bedar.)
PROSPEROUS His affairs are now very prosperous. ilhal
umur-ash ru, ba tarakkl ml-nihad. Or, ilhal ba murad-i-
khud ham-ran ast. Or, aknun mahbub-i-matlub ba o rukh
ml-nata>/ad. Or, o ilhal (bakhjiyar] ast. (nairumand ;
bahramand ; bar-khjirdar ; sa'adatmund ; farkhanda-fal.}
PROSPERS In whatever he undertakes he prospers anchi
ki ))ri-kunad, dar an (kam-ijab) ml-shavad. (fiiTizmand ;
fathmand.)
PROTECT It is a prince's glory to protect his people.
fukhr-i-shah-zada In ast ki ra'iyat-i-klnid-ra (ba hifazat
darad). (hifazat or hirasat or iiiijahdasht kunad.) Or,
jail o jalal-i-padshah-zada In ast ki (dar bab-i-ruiyat-i-
khiid tank-i-muhafizat mar'l dcirad). (ba niyahbanl,e
r'aya,e khud mitjan-i-murafcibat bi-bandad.)
PROTECTION They fled to the king for protection. ba nuzd-
i-shah bara,e panah (ru ba Jirar nihadand). (dar yurekh-
tand.)
PROUD They who are proud have little sense. kasane ki
(maghrur and kam 'akl and), (gfictrur dar sar darand
"akl kam darand.)
PROVE I can prove this to be true. man sabit ml-tawanam
proverb purchased. 381
kard Jd in sahih ast. Or, man ba isbat mi-tawanam rasa-
nid hi in durust ast. *
PROVERB This is a commoii proverb. in masale mashliur
ast.
PROVIDED Being in service all the time, have you not
provided for your family? ay a in kadar-i-\(inr dar
naukarl guzranldcd wa lekin ba jihat-i- aiyal wa atjal-i-
kh_ud chize jam na karded ?
PROVIDENCE Providence directs all things. hukm-i-rizzak
bar hama chiz (j(in) ast. (muhlt ; da,ir.) Or, parwavdiffSr
bar hama makhlukat hukm ml-kunad.
PROVINCE This disease affects the whole province. In
marz dar tamam diyar (ishtidad darad]. (shiddat darad ;
muntashir ast ; ghalba darad)
PROVISION Make provision for your journey. bara,esafar-
i-Tchud (tosha,e rah taiyUr) bi-kun. (^Ud-i-rah awUda.)
PROVOKE He does everything he can to provoke me. o
har kadar ki mi-taicanad marti (ba ghussa mi-arad). (ba
khashm o ba ghaiz mi-arad; atash-i-kh_ashm mi-afrozad.)
PRUDENT She is a wise and prudent woman. an zan
dana wa dur-andesh ast. Or, an zan (ra,e mumr) wa
fikr-i-diir-andesh darad. (ra,e sa,ib ; 'akl-roshan; ra,e
baiza wa ' akl-i-niirani.)
PULL We must pull the boat along with a rope. bayad ki
ma ba rassane kishtl-ra bi-kashem.
PULSE Let me feel your pulse. nabz-i-khud mara ihsas
kardan bi-dihed. Or, bi-guzared ki nabz-i-shuma-ra ihsas
bi-namayam.
PUNISHED You may expect to be punished for this.
muntazir bashed ki dar In amr (ba anii'a,e 'aztib u-a nikal
mu'azzab khwahed gardid}. (sharbat-i-siyasat khwahed
chashid.)
PUPIL I am reading a dialogue between a pupil and his
preceptor. su,al o jawab ki ma bain-i-mtad wa shagird
ba wuku rasid mi-khwanam.
PURCHASED If I had had sufficient money, I should have
purchased the house. agar ptil (ba kifayat ml-dashtam
382 purchasers quality.
kh_ana kharldame. (iktifa mi-hard ; kifayat mi-hard ;
kafi mi-shud.)
PURCHASERS There were few purchasers. mushtariyan
bisiyar kam budand.
P-IRIFIED Can you inform me how the heart may be
purified? sJnima mi-tawaned guft ki chiguna dUpak ml-
tawanad shud ?
PURPOSE I purpose to consider this subject. dar dil-i-
khudam (kasd) 1 karda am ki (tajwizf-i-ln mukaddama
bi-kunam. ^azm ; khiyal ; riiyat ; 'azlmat.) z (tahklk ;
tajassus ; taftish ; tafahhm.)
PURPOSE For what purpose do you do this ? az bara,e
chi kar in-ra, mi-sazed ?
PURSE He found a purse with five ashrafis in it. k^sa,ti
(panj) ashrafi yaft. (bci panj.)
PURSUED Our soldiers pursued the enemy sixty miles.
'askariyan-i-ma ta ba shast mil dar (pai,ef dushman
(raftand)*. *(akab ; kqfa,e.; ta'akkub.} *(uj'tadand.)
Or, la$likariyan-i-ma to, ba shast mil (ta'aJckub)-i-dushman
kardand. (ta'akkub.)
PURSUIT Your pursuit of pleasure is fruitless. ('ais/i ju,i)e
shuma befa,ida ast. (rahat-talabl.)
PUT He put all his savings into the bank. hama bakaya,e
klnid-ra dar sarrfif-khiina (amanat guzaslit}. (amanat
hard ; icadl^at nihad ; taudi scikht ; Ida' kard.)
Q.
QUALIFICATIONS He has many good qualifications. o
( liyilkat-i-pasandlda) bisiyar darad. (fazal-i-kamUl ; ittisaf-
i-ahsan ; attwf-i-fiamlda ; tauslfat-i-taiyab ; shamu.il-i-
neko ; kJiisalrit-i-kJiub ; slratha,e khjish.)
QUALIFIED Are you qualified to do this work ? shmna
(kribil)-i-ada,e In kar hasted? (saziiivar.)
QUALITY Of what quality is this cloth ? T;i parcha az
kudam klstn ast? Or, m kirbas ku.da.ni nau' darad?
quantity rails.
QUANTITY What quantity do you wish for? chi (kadar)
nn-khwahed ? (mikdnr ; andttza.)
QUARRELS They appear to be fond of quarrels. (malum
nn-shavad) ki mail ba kh_arkhasha darand. (ba tasauwir
mi-ay ad.)
QUARREL Why do you quarrel one with another? (nizd'
ma bain-i-yak-dlgar chira bar pa) ml-kuned? (munakisha
baham digar chira.)
QUARTO Is the work printed in folio, quarto, octavo, or
duodecimo ? kitabe ba barabar anddza,e safha matltu
shuda ast, ya du, warka, ya chahar warka, ya si warka /
QUEEN The king and queen were both present. malik tea
malika har du dar an ja hazir budand.
QUENCH Take some water to quench your thirst. ba
jihat-i-(i)itifa,e atash-i-tushnagi) kadre ab bi-khur. (dafa 1 -
i-atsh ; minhal-i-'atsh.)
QUICK That vessel came quick. an jahaz ba ('ujlat)-i-
tamam amad. (sur'at.)
QUICKEN We must quicken our pace, if we wish to arrive
there this evening. ayar dar an ja imshab rasidan mi-
kjnoahem lazim ast ki (gam ba shitab bi-)nihem. (kadam
ba 'ujlat bi- ; kadam ba sur'at bi- ; kadam sust na ; pa,e
bati na ; pa,e kund na.)
QUILL Give me a quill and a quire of paper. yak kalam-
i-par wa dasta,e kaghaz ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed.
QUIT W T hen do you mean to quit this house ? irada,e
(khall kardan-i)-in khana kai dared? (guzashtan-i-
nakl az.)
QUOTATION This is a quotation from some other book.
in muntakhkhibe ast az kitabe digar. Or, In intikhab-i-
kitube digar ast.
R.
RAGS Paper is made of rags. kaghaz az (latta)ha sakhta
mT-sharad. (parcha ; plna ; khirka ; khazfarat ; pargala.)
RAILS Some of the garden rails are broken. kadre hissa,e
384 rains reason.
barali)-i-bagh shikasta slnida ast. (dar basin ; dar a
bazun ; hulkus ; jaflak ; hadud-i-chubin ; hadd-i-chubin.}
RAINS It rains very fast. baran ba i/rat im-barad.
RAISINS Are you fond of raisins ? ba kishmish (mail
dared)? (ma, il mi-bashed.) Or, kishmish dost dared?
RANK What is his rank in the army ? dar 'askar kudam
'uhda darad ?
RAPID The stream is very rapid in the rainy season.
dar aiyam-i-barish (saify-i-wahr tamam sarf ast. (ijra ;
rawanagl,e ab.)
RARE This is a very rare plant. in niliale ast bisiyar
(shigarf). ('ajuba.)
RASH He is very rash in his conduct. o dar kirdar-i-
khud bisiyar { ta'j'd mi-kunad). (mutahauwir or shitabanda
ml-lashad.)
RASCAL He is a great rascal. o yake az ahl-i-fasad-i- 'azim
ast. Or, o (f aside buzurg) ast. (tabah-kare buzurg :
khabise rajim: lawande kablr ; rinde kharab ; khafrake
kalan.)
RATE At what rate do you buy this cloth ? ba kudam,
nirkji In pilrcha-ra ml-khared ?
RAW It is not good to eat rice raw. birinj-i-kham khur-
dan kh ub nist.
REACH I cannot reach so high. ba in kadar-i-bulandi na
iin-tau-anam rasid.
READS He reads eight or ten hours every day. har roz
hasht ya dah saat rn'i-khwanad.
READY Sir, the carriage is ready. sahibci kaliska taiyar
ast.
REAL This is all real, not show merely. m hama hakikl
na inujazl ast. Or, m hama ma'nain na srl ast. Or,
m hama batinl na zahirl ast. Or, In hama az ma'na
na az surat ast,
REASON What is the reason you cannot be silent ? chi
sabab ast ki (sakit na ml-tawaned shud) ? (sukut or
kJiamoslii na ml-tawaned icarzid.)
reasonable rectify. 385
REASONABLE What you say is reasonable. anchi ki ml-
goyed (m'akul) ast. (pasandida,e 'akl ; mustahsan ;
sha,ista ; na-mutajtiiciz.)
REBUILT That house has been rebuilt. an Tchana baz-pas
ta'mlr karda shuda ast.
RECEIVED I received your letter, dated 1st March. kJiatt-
i-shnma mu,arrikha ghiirra,e mah-i-March ba dast-atn
rastd.
RECEIPT Give me a receipt for the money. in pul-rii
(raside) ba man marhammat bi-farmayed. (kabzu-l-
wusul.}
RECENT Is this intelligence recent? in khabar (jadid)
ast' (nau-khez ; nau-paida ; nau-ciwarda ; nau-rasida.)
RECIPE Tell me the recipe for this medicine. nuskha,e
in daica ba man bi-nani(i.
RECKONED Have you reckoned what these things vnll
come to ? hisab karda ed ki (jam'yi-k~imat-i-m ajnas chi
kadar khwahad shud ? (majmu'a.)
RECOLLECT I now recollect what you told me. anchi ki
shuma ba man gufted ba yad-am nil-ayad. Or, az anchi
gufted (mara yad mi-ayad). (yad mi-daram ; yad mi-
aram ; yad-am ast.)
RECOLLECTION I have no recollection of his telling me it.
man yad na daram ki o m sukhan ba man giift.
RECOMMENDATION Sir, be pleased to give me a letter of
recommendation to that gentleman. sahiba sifarish-
nama,e ba nam-i-fulan aghji ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed.
RECOMPENSE I desire no recompense for serving you.
az bara,e khidmat-gu2an,e khud (ajar) na mi-khwaham.
(padash ; silla ; 'iicaz ; jaza ; ta'wtz ; muzd ; vjrat.)
RECONCILED They two are now reconciled. in har dti
muttafik shuda and. Or, In har dti ba musalihat baham
gira,ida and. Or, In har du ma bain-i-khud sulh o salah
sakjita and.
RECOVERING Have you any expectation of recovering your
property ? iimmed dared ki mal-i-khud buz khwahed yaft.
RECTIFY If there be any mistakes, rectify them. agar
386 reduced regarded.
dor MI saJuce buda bashad, iislnh bi-farmayed). (bar an
kalam-i-islak bi-kashfd. I
REDUCED I have very much reduced my expenses. dar
itkrajat-i-khxd Muitii (takhj\f\ karda am. (tankis.) Or,
khaiti (maks&r) karda am. (kam:
To what do these words refer ? in (kalimat) dar
bab-i-kudam ml-bashand ? ciktral ; makalat. )
REFERENCE Can you give me a reference to any one?
shakhtf wn-tawaned namud ki ba shuma (marifat dashta)
bashadf (uakjf buda.)
REFLECT '-The more I reflect upon this circumstance, the
more I regret it. chanddn ki dar in mukaddama ghaut
mt-kunam an kadar ba man ranj ziyadatar mi-rasad.
Or, har kadar ki dar in mu'amala ta.ammitl ml-kunam an
kadar (ta.assuf-i-be$htar mara dast r/ri-dihad}. (ziyadatar
nadamat ml-buram; ziyadatar angusht-i-tahassur ba dan-
dan mi-gazam.}
REFRESH EL- I feel much refreshed hy the air. az 1
hair<> ba man (khaili tazagi hasil aft), (taraucat-i-azlin
ba hsii]-i-man ml-anjamad; istirahat-i-icafur ba man
rukh mi-namayad.) Or, az in bad tazagi,e tamam ihsas
mt-kunatn.
REFTXD He will he obliged to refund this sum. laz
dadam.e In pul bar o vctijib khwHhad shud. Or, in kadar
pul o-ra baz dadani Tchvahad shud.
REFUSED He has refused what advice I offered. nasihate
hi bade dadani (kabuJ na kard). (na shinuft ; radd hard :
ba ijabat-ash nayamad. )
REGARD I bear him very great regard. man o-ra ifa'rTr/i}-
i-wafur mi-kunam. (takrim ; ihtiram ; Czaz ; ihtisham ;
ikram ; kurmat ; martabat.} Or, man o-ra imu"nzziiz) mi-
daram. (muhtarim; muhtashim ; mukarritn; inu'zim :
mu'azzam.)
REGARDED You ought to have regarded my advice. ba
naslhat-iwan (iltijati kardan ba zirnma,e shuma zarur
regiment repentance. 357
bud. (taicajjuh.) Or, mashvarat-i-man marl dashtan
ba shuma lazim bud.
REGIMENT His regiment is gone to Babylonia. -/auj-ath
ba 'irak rafta ast.
REGRET I regret J did not follow your advice. (pashe-
mam mi-khyram) ki ba maslihat-i-shuma iltifat na kardam.
(nadamat or hasrat mi-buram.) Or, ta,assuf mi-kunam
ki ba hasb-i-mashirarat-i-shuma 'amal na kardam.
REJOU E I shall rejoice to see him. az dtdan-i-o (khuskl
mara hasil khyahad amad). ikhushnud khwaham thud ;
khiirrami ba man ru khwahad dad.)
REGULATED These matters need to be regulated. ba
jihat-i-in muamalat (intizam) lazim ayad. (insiram ;
nazm o nasak.}
REGILARITY The business proceeds with regularity.
in kar ba intizam-i-tamam (mi-shatad). (ba 'amal mir
ayad.)
REMAFNTSG There is no ready money remaining. hech
nakd bakl mst.
RENEW I wish to renew the lease of this house. kiraya-
nama.e in kJiana jadid murtasim kardan mi-kJivaham
Or, rakam-i-kiraya,e In khana tajdid kardan mii-JchwaJum*
RENT The monthly rent of this house is fifty rupees.
kirya,e m khana \mahiran, panjah rupiya mi-bashad.
\az karar-i-mahe.)
REPAY Can you lend me two hundred rupees for two days?
I will repay you in two days. aya shuma mablagh-i-du
sad rapiya ba (muddat}-i-du roz ba man karz mi-tawaned
dad ? ba'd az J arsa,e du roz ada khvaham kard. (va'da ;
mait'id ; mt'ad ; paiman ; ikrar ; ta'ahhud.)
REPEAT I now repeat what I told you before. anchi kabl
az f/i guftam. ilhal (mukarrar nri-kunam). (i'adat or
takrar ml-kunam ; baz or ba takrar mi-goyam ; zikr-i-an
sukhan baz or baz muzakira mi-kunam.)
REPENTANCE Hereafter our repentance will be useless.
dor *ukba tauba kardan j a ,ida na khwahad dad. Or, dar
388 repented request.
akhirat (ta,ib shudan) sude na darad. (nadim sliudan ;
nadamat kashidan.)
REPENTED Had I acted as they advised me, I should have
repented of it very much. agar man ba hasbu-l-naslhat-
i-eshan 'amal mi-kardam nadim mi-shudam. Or, agur
maslihat-i-eshan ba 'amal mi-tiwardam, pasheman nil-
shudum. Or, agar ba mashwirat-i-eshan iktida kardame
hasnit khurdame.
REPETITION This is a repetition of what was said before.
anchi kabl az In (tazkara yafta) ast i'adat-i-an in ast.
(guftu sluida.}
REPLY What reply do you make to my question? ba
su'cil-i-man chi jauTib ml-dilied?
REPORT I have made a report to Mr. - on this. man
ba julane sahib bar in (i'lam namuda ain}. (ittlla 1 or
khabar dada am.) Or, man julane s~(Jiib-ra dar bab-i-m
amr (ba 'arz rasanida am), (niuttali kardu am.)
REPORTED It is so reported. In chumn dar aficah u/tada
ast. Or, chumn taruh 7 khabar ishtihar yafta ast. Or,
cliunln nan 1 zabtin nad4-'amtn shudct ast.
REPRESENT I will represent the subject to him. man
bad'in kaiflyat o-ra muttal'C khjcaliam sakh_t. Or, man
stirat-i-hal pesh-i-o khwaliam niliad.
REPROACHED His conduct was reproached by many. base
bar kird~tr-as1i (Audamat) kardund. (muTitibat ; ta'n;
mazammat ; taublkh; sarzanish ; zrtjr ; 'itab : ta'atmut ;
mulam ; tanz ; iftirti ; ta'ynb ; taslim ; nikohish ; td'ylb.)
Or, base bar kirdar-asli ta'na zarland.
REPROOF Their conduct deserves reproof. ufnl-i-eshan
l(i,ik)-i-'itab ast. (mustaujib ;fariikh_nr; shayar; darkh_ur;
REPROVED He reproved them very sharply. o bar eslian
bang zad. Or, o badeshan (ba salabut) guft. (sakt ; ba
durushtl.) Or, o eshan-rn lm k_h_iibl mu,<iklii>iat krd.
REQUEST What request did they make? eshan chi
(istida'a)namudand? (darkjnvast; iddi'a; ikti-a ; tjdab.)
request respected. 389
REQUEST I request of you only this one favour. az shumii
fakat in ('inayat) mi-khwaham. (rafat ; talattuf.)
RESEMBLE These two very much resemble each other.
in liar da ba yak-dlgar bisiyar im-manand. Or, in
har du (mushabih),e yak-dinar and. (mushtubih; imsal ;
misal ; m/umagtt ; mushabih.') Or, in har du ba yak-digar
tashbih darand.
RESERVE You will reserve for me three copies of your
book. si (nu$kha,)*e kitab-i-khud bara,e man (nigah
dared) 2 , ^(muntasikh.) *(yak-taraf bi-nihed.)
RESIDENCE Is that the place of your residence? aya in
(maskin)-i-sJiuma ast ? (ja,e tuwakkuf ; ja,e sukunat; ja,e
btid o bash ; ja,e tamakkun ; maknm ; makan.)
RESIGNED He has resigned his former office. uz 'uhda,e-
peshln-i-khud (istighfa girifta) ast. (dast banliir shitda ;
tark girifta; tark giifta.) Or, mansab-i-sabika-i-khud-ra
(tark) karda ast. ('itizal.)
RESIST You cannot resist his claim. da'wa,e o-raradd no,
ml-tawuned kard. Or, shuina-ra ba da'u-a,e o imkan-i-
mukaivamat na tawanad mand. Or, daf-i-da'wa,e o na
nu-taicaneil kard. Or, mutaUba,e o az shuma mundaf na
tawanad shud. Or, bar mutaliba,e o i'tiraz na ml-tawa-
nad award.
RESISTANCE The enemy fled without resistance. dushman
mukabila na-karda (gurekht]. (Jirar kard ; mafrur shud ;
ril ba Jirar nihad.)
RESOLUTE They are resolute in their purpose. eshan
bar irada,e khud (ka,im) and. (mustaklni; mustahkam ;
tnahknm ; sabit-kadam ; imisbit ; mntawassik ; rasikh;
mustakil.)
RESOLUTION To do this requires resolution. dar In kar
(istiklal-i-)ni^nj iriijib) ast. ('azrn-i-musammam lazirn ;
niyat-i-ustiiwrtr zariir ; irada,e mustakvm la-bud.}
RESOLVED I am resolved to do so no more. kasd karda
am ki In chunln bay na khwaham kard.
RESPECTED He is everywhere respected. ba har ja ki
ml-ravad ^izzat wa hurmat ml-blnad). (ba khidmat-ash
390 respect revive.
ikdam mi-namayand ; ba ikram-ash pesh ml-ayand ; o-ra
takrlm ica ta'zlm ica ikram mi-namayand ; o-ra ba 'izzat
wa hurmat suluk ml-namayand.)
RESPECT I pay great respect to what he says. anchi
ml-goyad man o-ra (icakar) mi-diham. (wak\) Or, man
sukhan-i-o-ra (taukir) ml-kunam. (taiikT.)
REST I had no rest last night. d~i shah (khwiib-am na
girift). (yak lahza na khwabldam ; yak daklka chashm-
am barham na guzardam ; dar chashm-am khicab na
gasht ; khwabam na burd.) See SLEEP.
RESTORED I have restored more than I took away. har
kadar ki girift am ziyada az an (baz) dadam. (wapas ;
pas.)
RESULT What was the result of your deliberation?
natiju ,e mashwarat-i-shiona c)ti tuitrila iritku <\mad}: (ba
ii'iiku' anjamid; ba zuhur amad ; ba zuhur paiicast ; sur
ba 'arsa,e shuhud kashld.)
RESULT From this measure many benefits will result.
az In tadbirmanfa'at-i-wafur (dast kjiwahad dad), (tahsil
or hasil khwahad shud ; ba hiixul kjiwahad anjamid ; ba
dast khwahad uftad.)
RETAIN Can you retain this in your memory? In-ra ba
yad-i-khud ml-taicaned dasht? Or, in-ra ba madrika,e
khiid sabt mi-tawaned kard.
RETIRE At ten o'clock the company began to retire.
ba sa'at-i-dah mahjil (barkhwast). muba'idat or tabaid
kard ; baz gasht.)
RETURN When do you propose to return. irada,e (mura-
jaat) kai dared? (audat ; mu'awudat.) Or, 'inan-i-
'azimat kai muriatif khwahed kard /
REVISED I have revised what I had written. anchi
nawislita budam bar an nazar-i-sam kardu am.
REVIVE Trade is now beginning to revive. tijarat ilhal
baz raunak giriftan aghaz ml-kunad. Or, bazar-i-tijarat
ilhal baz garni ml-shavad. Or, saudagarl aknun ia ba
tarakkl ml-nihad.
rewarded roars. 391
REWARDED The General rewarded the soldiers. sipah-
salar \iskariyun-ra in'am bakhshld.
RIBAND Tie this with a riband. in-ra ba (kur) bi-band.
(sharbad.)
RICH That merchant is very rich. an tajir khaiti (tairan-
gar)ast. (g&ant; mmtaghnl; muii'im.} Or, an saudagar
. (mmat-i-beairan) darad. (daulat-i-bekiyas ; mal-i-jira-
wan.) Or, an bayyi' sahib-i-dunya or khudawand-i-
nimat ast.)
RICHES What are riches to him who has no heart to
make a right use of them ? az daulat-ash chi fa,ida ki
o vi chunin himmat na darad ki an-ra ba sarf-i-ja,iz
kh,arch namayad. Or, shakhse-ra ki dil-ash ba kharch-i-
ja,iz mU,il na buda bashad, az dunyii chifa.ida ?
RIDDLE Can you tell the meaning of this riddle ? (ma'nl,e
In chistan fail!) m~i-tmcaned kard / ('ukda,e mu'amma
Jiall ; ma'm,e in inu'amma-ra tashnJi.)
RIDES He rides on horseback every morning. har roz
ba wakt-i-subh bar asp saicar ml-shavad. Or, roz-murra
'ala-s-sabah (i'iikib-i-asp) inl-shavad. (inarkub-i-markab .)
RIDICULE They ridicule serious counsel. bar salcih-i-nek
(tamasklntr) nri-kitnand. (taskhur ; istihza.)
RING She has lost her diamond ring. an sahiba angush-
tan la naa1n-i-ahnU-i-khud (fjum] karda ust. (Jikdan.)
KJXGS The bell rings daily at twelve o'clock. har roz ba
wakt-i-nof-roz (jaras nau-akhta) mi-shavad. (zang zada ;
dara dftra.ida. )
RIPEN This fruit is beginning to ripen. in mewa ba
puljbjan amada ast.
RISE if you wish to be a good scholar, rise early every
day. aijar khwahish-i-/azil shudan dared 'ala-s-sabah az
(kjiwab bedar shaved), (bistar-i-klnpab bar khezed.)
RISEN The price of indigo has risen lately. a~ \irsa,e
kalib klmat-i-nll ru ba (afzuni) nihada ast. (tarakki,
izdiyad kasrat ; ziyadafi.)
The sea roars loudly. bahr mutamaicwij mi-
392 robbed rust.
sharad. Or, bahru-l-muKit (mutalatim ri-shavad.) (mu'talij
mi-shavad ; ba if rat nu-gkiirud.)
ROBBED He has been robbed of all bis plate. hama tasht-
i-mikra,e o (ba duzdl raft a) ast. (died l/urda ; dast-burd-
i-dusd (jardula; ba sirkat rqfta ; duzdlda shuda.)
ROCK The ship ran upon a rock, and was lost. jahaz ba
koh khurd wa (gh_ark) sliud. (para-para; inughrak ;
gharlk; mustaghrik ; dar lib faro; shikasta.)
ROOF The roof of the house fell in. (sakf)-i-khana ba
zamm uftad. (bain.)
ROOTS Those trees were dug up by the roots. an darakhtha
az bekli (bar awarda) shuda budand. (kanda.)
ROPE Make the boat fast with a rope. saflna-rii ba
(jnihaade) bi-band. (rassan ; habl^)
RUB Rub your hands with this leaf. dastlia,e khiid-ra
badm bary-i-darakht bi-iiiled.
RUDDER The vessel ran upon a sand-bank, and lost her
rudder. jahaz (bar tal-i-reg bar amad ica sukiin-ash
shikast. Or, jahaz ba tauda,e reg nishast wa (dumbal)-ash
shikast. (kjialla ; kh_alasha.)
RUINED By ttiese deeds he will in the end be ruined.
o akh_iru-l-a)nr az tn karha (tabah) khwahad shud.
(talaf o taraj ; khasta-hal ; shikasta bcil; be sar o samcin :
pareshan ; pii,e itial.}
RULE What rule do you observe in study ? dar talim-i-
'ilni-i-kjiiid kudfim kii,ida nigah dared ? Or, dar tadns-
i-ibn-i-khud ba kudam dastur (>n ithajit mi-shaved) ! ( iltifat
or mail or taicajjuh ml-kuned; ma,il nn-shared}
RULER God is the ruler of the universe. afnnanda,e
jahciii htikim-i-jalian ast. Or, kjialik-i-makjdukat daicar-
i-ka,inat ast. Or, sani'-i-niasnu'at farmiindih-i-alam ast.
Or, rabbu-l-'alamain kjnisrau.e maujudat ast.
RUN Run after him and call him back. dar ('akab)-ash
bi-dawed tea o-ra baz bi-khwaned (pai ; kafd,e.)
RUST This knife is covered with rust 7// kard ba sang
aliida ast. Or, In chaku-ra morchana kh_urda ast.
sad satisfaction. 393
S.
SAD This is indeed a sad misfortune. in. fi-l-waki'
(muslhat)-i- azim ast. (bafiyat ; zillat.)
SADDLE He is used to ride without a saddle. ('adat-ash
ast) ki baghair-i-zln smear inl-^iavad. (o 'adat darad.)
SAFE I heard of his safe arrival in London. man shuni-
dam hi dar shaJtr-i-landan (ba khiiir o'afiyai) uarid shud.
(ba a in an o aman; ba sihhat ; ba salamat; salaman o
Cfhariman.)
SAFETY We may live here in safety. dar m ja ba
(salamat) bi-manem. (amn ; aman ; arain ; 'ajiyat ;
amniyat ; hifazat.) Or, dar in ja ba pa,e karar jada,e
istikamat bi-paiinayem.
SAIL This boat has neither mast nor sail. ni kishtl tir
na darad na (bad-ban), (shura' ; kala'a.)
SAILORS Sailors visit different parts of the globe. mal-
lahan sair-i-mulkha,e (mukhtalif)-i-dunya ml-kunand.
(mutafarrik.)
SALARY His salary is 500 rupees a month. mnu-ajib-ash
panj sad rupiya ast. Or, o mushahira,e panj sad rupiya
darad.
SALE There will be a sale of salt to-morrow. -farda
harrtij-i-namak khwaliad shud. Or, farda namak ba
harraj farokjita khwahad shud.
SALEABLE. These articles are not saleable. In ajnas kubil-
i-farokh_t nai/and.
SAME Yours and mine are both the same. chize ki az an-
i-man ast wa an chlz ki az an-i-aluana ast har dii (yak-
san) and. (ala-s-sawiya ; mutasawi.) Or, chlz-i-shuma
wa cliiz-i-man har du yak kism ast. Or, ashiya,e ma har
du az yak naiC mi-bashad.
SAMPLE Show me a sample of the rice. ba man namuna,e
birinj bi-namayed.
SAND This rice is full of sand. In birinj az reg pur ast.
SATISFACTION Your book has afforded me much satisfao-
394 satiety sea.
tion. az mutala'a,e kitub-i-sliuma bisiyar khushnudl
hasil namuda am.
SATIETY He saw you to satiety. o az didan-i-tU ser gar-
dida ast. Or, az dldan-i-tu serl bado ru aicarda ast.
SAVE Save this for to-morrow. m-ra bara,efarda nigah
bi-dared.
SAVED I have saved my friend from a very great danger.
dost-i~khudam-ra az kh<tt>-a,e mulilik (ba salamat
badar aicarda am), (najat dadam ; mahfuz dashta am.)
SAW Tell the carpenter to saw this board in two. dar-
rudgar-ra bi-go ki m takhta^ra ba arra do para bi-(kunad).
(kun.)
SATING This is an old saying. m (makaT)-i-kadlm ast.
(kaul; guftar ; sukhan.)
SCARCE These articles are now scarce. In asliiya (kam-
yab) and. (cfhair-fa,iz ; ghair kasir ; na-yub ; nadir ;
cfharlb.)
SCATTER Scatter this seed on the ground. In tukhm-ra
ba zamln (biyafshaned). (bi-pcished ; bi-kared.)
SCOBE I have bought a score of sheep. (blsta.e) gusfand
khanda am. (but 'adad-i.~)
SCORN He treated my advice with scorn. naslhat-i-mara
(hakarat kard). (hakir danist; ba istikrah shinuft ;
istikhfaf kard ; kirah'njat kard.)
SCRAPE Scrape the ink off your pen. az kalam-i-khud
niurakkab (pak kun). (bi-kharash ; Jiakk kun.)
SCRATCHED I have scratched my finger with a nail.
angmht-i-khiid-ra ba mekhe kliaraslilda am.
SCRAWL Why do you scrawl on my paper? chira bar
kaghaz-i-man kjiatt-i-(kh_am) mi-hashed ? (na husn.)
SCREAM These children scream all day. w atfal tamam
roz ghireie mi-zanand.
SCREWS This lock is fastened on with screws. In kufl az
pech (band) karda sliud. (murattab ; mutarattab,}
SCRIBE This is the village scribe. in katib-i-fcanja ast.
SEA The ship will go to sea to-morrow. -farda jahaz (ba
bahr raican khwcihad shud). (langar khwahad bar dasht.)
seal seized. 395
SEAL What did you give for that seal? az bara,e an
iiinlir clti diii lul !
SEALED Have you sealed your letter ? bar kkatt-i-Jchud
(muhr karda ed) ? (khatm or muhr zada ed.}
SEAMS There are no seams in this cloth. In libas darz
na darad. Or, dar In jama dozislie nist.
SEARCH I had a long search to no purpose. man ta ba
muddat-i-madid just o jU,e be-fa,ida kardam.
SEARCHING I have been searching for this all day. matt
tamam roz (dar talcish-i-ln buda am). (tafahhus-i-m
karda am ; tajassus-i-in dashta am.)
SEASON This is a pleasant season of the year. in mausim-
i-sal khush ast.
SEA-SHORE We walked by the sea-shore. ma ba scihil-i-
bahr pa-piyada (sair) kardem. (tafarnij.)
SECRET They keep all things secret. hama chiz (nihan)
darand. (pinhan ; poshida ; makhfl ; ikhfa ; mastur. }
Or, sirre ki mi-darand ba kase darmiyan na mi-(m]uind).
(a rand goyand.)
SECTION You will find this in the fourth chapter, fifth
section. dar fasl - i -panjum - i - bab - i - chaharum m-r~i
kjnvahed yaft.
SECURE You may remain here secure. shinna dur in ju
(aiman) bashed, (ba aman ; ba salamat ; ba khairiyat ;
mmalhim ; salim ; baajiyat.)
SEE I see, the trouble I take to teach you is useless.
man ml-danam ki mihnateki dar ta'tim-i-shuma nn-kunam
be-sud ast.
SEED Sow this seed in tne garaen. in (bazr) dar lgh_
bi-kar. (barz ; barza ; tukhm.)
SEEK If we seek for knowledge, we shall find it. agar
talab-i-'ilm bi-kunem ji-l-uTt ki' hasil khii-ahent namud.
SEIZED The police office^ seized him. shuhnu yirif tar-ash
namud. Or, 'asas akhz-ash namud. Or, yake az ald-i-
ihtisab (makhuz-ash namud). (dar wai aii-ekh.t ; dastdar
gireban zad ; o-ra girift.)
26
396 select serves.
SELECT Select what things you choose. an chizha,e ki
shuma nu-pasanded (bi-guzin-ed}. (ikhtisas bi-kuned ;
bi-chined ; istinbat bi-kuned.)
SELL I intend to sell my old books and buy new ones.
kasd-i-an daram ki kutub-i-kufm U-fufosham iva kutub-i-
nau bi-kh grant.
SEND I send my servant to Tehran once a week. man
\kh_adintf-i-kh_ud-ra ba tahran ba hafta yak bar (m~i-
Jiristam}". ^kjiidmatyar ; miita'iillik ; hajib: mulazim :
naukar ; chakar ; rahl.) ^(rau-ana nri-kunam ; irsal or
rmirsil daram.')
SEND The king said, Send for the executioner. badshah
farmud ki jallad-ra bi-talab. Or, khusrau hukm dad ta
ki jallad-ra bi-talaband.
SENSE She possesses much sense and judgment. an zan
('akl-i-jiraicaii) 1 darad wa (ra,e durustf. ^(zam~ir-i-
muiiir ; jirasat-i-rnustahkam.) ^tamlz-i-sa,ib ; dirayat-
i-farakh.)
SENSES It behoves us to keep our senses under control.
niara bayad ki hau-ass-i-kjriid-ra dar zabt M-darcin.
SENTIMENTS My sentiments agree with yours. dar In
amr ra,e man ba ra,c shuma (muttajlk ast). (muica/ik
ast ; muicajikat or ittifak darad.)
SEPARATION How long is it since their separation?
chand muddat ast ki (judaj) danniyait-i-t'shan uftad.
(farak ; mufankat ; mahjurl ; hijran ; farkat ; tufrakat;
hijr : -mubaidat ; katl'at /)
SEPARATE They live in separate houses. eshan dar
khana.e (mukhtalif) sukunat darand. (\da hida ; unttti-
Jarrik ; juda.)
SERENE The sky is serene and clear. a^man (kh_ub saf)
ast u-a nuranl. (be sahab ; na tank.)
SERIODS Are you serious in yhat you say '? anclii ml-
goyed sanjida ast ya na.
SER\ES Ivorj serves for various purposes. 'aj dar karha,e
an u-a' rn'i-aijad. Or, (aj) ba karha.e anua im-kh_urad.
(dandaii-i-jAl.)
service share. 397
SERVICE I have been in his service ten years. man dar
rmdazimat-ash ta ba dali sal (hazir buda am), (miydn-i-
khidmat basta am ; muldzim buda am.)
SET I set off to-day for Khaiva. man imroz ba samt-i-
khaiva ml-ruvam. Or, man rdh-i-khaiva imroz (tai mi-
kunam). (kata mi-kunam ; ml-puimayam.)
SET I have set the trap in the place you told me. ja,e
ki ba man nishan ddded dar an jd dam (gustarda am).
(nihdda am ; nasb karda am.)
SETTLE I will now settle my account. man ilhdl hisdb-i-
khud-rd (be bdk) khtcdham kard. (faisal ; rafa'.)
SEVERELY He was punished severely. o 'azab-i-alltn ydft.
Or, 'akubat-i-shadld bado rasid. Or, ba (ta'zlbp-i-sakhj
(giriftar)* amad. ^('ikab ; muatabat.) *(giriftar or
mubtald or makhiis or usir or mukaiyad shud.)
SEW Sew these two together. In liar dii-ra bfiham (bi-
dozed}. (tulflk U-kuned ; rafu bi-sazed ; gharzut bi-kuned.)
SHADE Sit in the shade of this tree. -dar zer-i-(saya),e
in darakht bi-nishmed. (zill.)
SHADED My house is shaded with trees. khana,e man ba
darakhtiin (sayadar) ast. (muzallal shuda.)
SHAKE Shake the boughs of the tree. (shakhha^e
darakht (bi-jumbanedf. 1 (furu' ; afumn, sing, fanait ;
agh$a,e, sing, gkusun.) \mutaharrik bi-sazed; -ra
harakat bi-dihed.)
SHAKE Shake off the dust on your clothes. -jamaha,e
khud-ru az khjcik bi-takaned.
SHAKE Shake hands. biyd ki ma baham musafiha bi-
kunem.
SHAME What, have you no shame? aya (sharm) na
dared? (khujlat ; haiyd ; nang ; infi'al.) Or, aya
khajalat na mi-(kashed) ' (bared.)
SHAPE Do you know what shape the earth is ? ml-daned
ki haikal-i-arz chi-san ast ?
SHARE He has received his own share out of the property .
o hissa,e kh_ud az imlak yafta ast. Or, o kismat-i-
398 sJiare sign.
Tchnd az mcil husul karda ast. Or, o-ra bahra,e az mil-
kiyat la husrd amada ast.
SHAVE I am just going to shave. halan hajamat kcirdan
nn-khwahum.
SHED The sun shed his beams over the earth. (shu'la,e
mihr) la ru,e arz it/tad. (shua'-i-shams ; latoamf-i-
khurshed.) Or, a/tab tub-i-khud-rii ba ru,e zamlti
(afgand). (gustard ; rekh_t ; pashld.)
SHEET Give me a sheet of paper. yak (takhta,]e kaghaz
ba man bi-dih. (warak ; fard.)
SHELL I have found a beautiful shell. man (sadafe kh ush-
numa) yafta am. (gosh-i-mahi,c hasin.}
SHELTER It rains fast, let us shelter ourselves. bar~nt
(sakht) mi-barad biya ki panah bi-ytrem. (ba zwli ; la
ifrcit; fund.)
SHINES The sun shines with great power to-day. imroz
tab-i-aftab bisiyur (fuirr) ast. (mahrur ; shadld ; sakh_t ;
tabandu.)
SHOOT Do you know how to shoot with arrows ? shuma
tlr (andakhtaii) ml-daned ? (riha kardan ; zadan ;
andazi.)
SHORTEN Can you shorten this? shuma (m-ra Jchurd)
ml-tau-aned kard ? (In the case of a speech, in sukhan-
ra takasur.)
SHOULDER He has an epaulet on his shoulder. o bar
(dosh)-i-khud nishane darad. (shcina ; kitf.)
SHOW Please show me the book you spoke of. Jcitabe ki
shuma zikr-ash karded azru,e 'inayat ba man (nishan
bi-dihed). (bi-namUyed.)
SICK He has been sick (or ill) a long time. az muddut-i-
daraz bvnar shuda ast.
SIGH Why do you sigh ? chira Hh vn-(kimed) ? (hashed.)
Or, chira nafs-i-sard az dil bar ml-ared ?
SIGN This is a sign of rainy weather. in 'ultimate (barish]
ast. (matar.)
S 1GN Please to sign this paper. az ru,e talattitf bar 'in
haajiaz (dast-kJiatt) bi-kuned. (sah'ih.)
signifies sky. 399
SIGNIFIES It signifies little what they say. Unclii mi~
got/and liecli (inuzayaka) na darad. (zarar.)
SILK This is a silk manufactory. In kar-khana,e ab-
resham ast.
SILLINESS What can be greater silliness than to think
thus? az In cliunm khayal bastan kudam (himakat)
ziyadatar ast ? (sadagl; rakcikat ; fiyalat.)
SIMILAR My case is similar to yours. hal-i-man (ba
misal}-i-halat-i-shuma ast. (mitshtabih ; miishabih.)
SINCERE His love towards us is sincere. muhabbat-ash
ba ina ba ikhlcis ast. Or, muwaddat-ash ba ma ba
sadakat ast. Or, muwalat-ash ba ma khalis ast.
SINCERITY He is a man of sincerity. o (rast-baz) ast.
(l>nk-baz; pak-rii ; mukhlis ; yak-jihat ; ikhlas-mand ;
sallinu-l-kalb ; khalisu-l-mukhlis ; sadakat-gustar ; sadakat
pesha ; mashkiifu-l-kalb.) Or, o sahib-i-(rast bazi) ast.
(iklllas ; sadakat; sidk.^
SINGS She sings very sweetly. an zan khub (mt-sarayad).
(sarod or taghannl or tar annum or zumzuma ml-kunad ;
sarod or tdrannum mi-zanad.)
SINGULAR Their religious opinions are singular. khai/a-
lut-i-mazhab-i-eshan ('aj'ib) out. ('ajab, pi. 'aja,ib; gharib;
nadir.)
SINKING The boat is sinking. kishtl dar abfaro mi-ravad.
Or, kishfl (mustagjirak) nil-sliavad. (ghark ; maghrtik ;
ghank.]
SINS No man is so just that he sins not. kase in cJntinit,
(munsif-miziij) mst -ki gunah na kunad. (pak-baz ;
khuda-tars ; neko-kar.)
SIT Sit down, and see if you can understand this or not.
(bi-nishlned) wa bi-blned ki 7n-ra fahmldan mi-tawaned t/il
na. (tashrif bi-dared ; taka'id bi-kuned ; bi-fannayed.)
SIZE What size is the book you speak of? kitabekizikr-
ash ml-kuned chi kadar (hit jam darad) ? (kalan or killat
ast.}
SKY The sky is overcast. asmanba zulmat-i-sahab poslii<bt
400 sleep sorrow.
ast. Or, sipilir ba abr-i-siytih gashta ast. Or, gumbad-i-
charkh ba mugh tank shuda ast.
SLEEP I had no sleep all last night. dishab Jchwabam na
(girift). (burd.) Or, dishab yak dam khwab dar chashm-
am na (gasht). (ii)nad.) Or, dishab khwab mara na rabud.
See REST.
SMARTS The cut in my hand smarts very much. zakhm-
i-dast-am ba ifrat dard mi-kunad.
SMELL Let me smell that 'flower. bi-guzar ki an gul-rci
(bi-boyam). (istishmam or ishtimam bi-kunam; bU,e bi-
glram; bii,e bi-bmam.}
SMELL These flowers are without smell. in gulha (khush-
bo) na darand. (ra,iha; nashicat ; 'itr ; ttbat.)
SMOKE The house is full of smoke. khana az dud pur
ast.
SMOOTH This is smooth paper. In kaghuz-i-muhra-dar ast.
SNARL These dogs snarl at one another. In sagan bn
yak-dlgur (k]iiir-khur ml-zanand). (gharish or hanr ml-
kitnand.)
SNATCHED He snatched it out of my hand. az dast-am
'in chlz (rabud). (ghusbld.}
SNEEZE. You sneeze, because you have got a cold. b<i
sabub-i-ziikam ki dared (ml-atsed). ('atsa mi-zaned ;
'atsan ml-kuned ; ml-safled ; shinmha ml-kuned.)
SOLDIER He is an experienced soldier. 'askarl,e mastiff
azmuda, jalian-dlda, safr-karda, kar-dlda, bark-i-sham-
sher-i-jadal ba chaslim dida, rti"d-i-kos-i-dilaicaran ba
gosh-i-o raslda, ast.
SOLICIT May I solicit, sir, this one favour. ai sahib agar
mazur dared man ba khidmat ('arz kmtum). (iltimas
kunam ; multamis pardaz shavam.)
SOMETHING I wished to tell you something, but have
forgot what. man ml-khwastam ki ba shuma sukhane
bi-goyam ica lekin faramosh kanhim.
SORROW This occasions me much sorrow. In ba man
khaill alam ml-rasanad.
sorry spends. 401
SORRY I am sorry for my offence. man la sabab-i-taksir-
i-khud (khaill ranjida am). (ta,assit/ ml-khuram ;
mtthd-am; dil-azurda am; tang-dil-am; andoh-zuda am ;
maghmum-am; mahzun-am; ba dam-i-gham giriftar-u in :
dast-i-taghabun bar zanu,e khud mi-zanam.)
SORT Sort these papers. In kawaghazat-ra (ala-hidda
bi-namayed). l ('ala hidda bi-chlned ; kism war bi-dared ;
kismat bi-kuned.)
SORT Is this the sort you wanted ? kisme ki mikhwahed
in ast ?
SOUL The soul must be happy or miserable. zariir ast
ki ruh ba asa,ish manad ya ba rang.
SOUND I hear the sound of music. (awaz-i-soz o saz)
mi-shinavam. (shor or ghaugha,e musikl.)
SOUR That fruit is sour, don't eat it. an mewa turwh ast,
ma, khur.
SPACE Leave more space between the lines. dar miyan-
i-sutur (farke ziyada) bi-guzared. (tufawate mazld ;
fasila,e afzun.}
SPACE In the space of three months. dar (arsa),e si
mah. (muddat.)
SPARE He besought them to spare his life. o az eshan
istid'a,e jan bakhshl,e khud namud. Or, o iltmas kard ki
eshan az sar-i-jan-i-o dar guzarand.
SPARK A spark of fire may set in flames a whole village.
(chun atash-i-andak dar ishtial ayad) tamam dih bi-sozad.
yak zarra.e sharrar ; yak atash para ; yak izhak.)
SPEAKS He speaks the Persian language well. bazaban-i-
farsl khub haraf ml-zanad. Or, dar zaban-i-'ajami khush
sukhan ml-goyad.
SPECIMEN Show me a specimen of your writing.
namuna,e dast-khatt-i-khiid bi-nama.
SPECTACLES They wear spectacles. eshan 'ainak ba
istimal ml-arand.
SPENDS He spends his money as fast as he procures it.
har kadar piil-i-khyd zudmi-yabad an kadar zud(kharch
402 spices stammered.
nn-kunad). (mi-rezad ; ba bad mi-dihad; sarf or israf
or tulaf or tasarruf or itlaf ml-kunad.)
SPICES They trade in different kinds of spices. esliau
(asnaf-i)-masalihha mi-faroshand. (tarah-tarah ; ak-
siim-i- ; amca'-i- ; mujchtalif.)
SPILL Take care you don't spill the ink. Jchabardar
(murakkab) 1 (na rezed) 1 *. l (roslma,i ; midad ; siyahi.)
s (insibab na kuned ; na pashed.}
SPITE He has done this merely out of spite. o in kar ba
sabab-i-(khusumai) karda ast. ('adau-at; dmhmani; I;~in;
liakad ; bad-khwahl ; kmawari ; bughz ; bad-andeshi.)
SPLIT Having split the cocoa-nut, his friend and himself
drank the milk. jauz-i-hindl-ra (shakk karda] o Tchud u-a
dost-ash shlr-i-an jauz khurdand. (shigafta ; tarklda ;
chak-zada; munsharij sakhta : shdkllda; saftida ; darlda ;
to 1 tit karda ; mufarrij sakhta.)
SPOILED You have spoiled my paper. shnma kaghaz-i-
mara (kharab) karda ed. (makhrub ; tabah.)
SPOT There is a spot of ink on your clothes. j(imaha,e
shuma dagjie siyah darad. Or, bar Jdswat-i-shuma dag he
murakkab ast.
SPREAD Spread this mat upon the floor. in haslr bar
zamln (bi-austared). (farsh bi-kiined; bi-kh waled.)
SPREAD Having spread a net at night, he caught many
birds. o ba shab (shabaka),e gustarda parandaJia ba
kasrat ba dam award, (sha-nrat ; hibalat.)
SPRING The weeds spring up very fast here. dar in ja
kalie nakara ba zudi mi-roijad. Or, dar in ja sabza,e
bef/ana ba ta'jll (ivujud ml-glrad). (paida mi-shavad ;
ml-damad.)
STAG That is a stag of twelve tine. an gan-azne ast ki
dawazda shakh darad.
STAIRS He was sitting on the stairs. o bar (nirdban)
nishashta biid. (zma ; sallam; markat; mi'raj; masa'd.)
STAMMERED Perhaps he stammered. magar (luknatc)
andar zaban-ash bud. (lukUnate.)
stand stir. 403
STAND When you read stand in your proper place. -wakte
kimi-khwaned dar makani-i-khud (ka,iin bashed), (biyisted ;
kiyam bi-kuned ; istikainat warzed.}
STARED They all stared to see me. eshan hama mara
dlda (ba chashm-i-kushada nigristand). (wa nigristand ;
nigah zadand ; lamak kardand ; nazar-i-tez or nazar-
i-daklk kardand ; lata zadand?)
STARVING The people were nearly starving. nazdlk bud
Id inarduman az (gursinayl) bi-mlrand. (jii'-)
STATION He is a person of high station. o sahibe (rutbd)
ast. (darja; martaba ; mansab; sliaraf ; munzilat ; jah o
jallal ; tumkln ; 'izzat ; irisHb ; ma&am-i-'att.}
STAY She intends to make a long stay there. an zan
kasd dflmd Id dar an ja ta ba (der) bi-mfinad. (muddat-i-
mad'id.)
STEADY He still continues steady to his purpose. ila-hal
ba irada,e khjid (Ara,m) ast. (mukirr ; musaimnim ;
mustakil ; usta war ; pat/adur ; sabit-k(uht)ii.)
STEALS The jackal steals what he can lay hold of.
sliaijluil harchi ml-yubad ba duzdl bar dnshta nn-ravad.
STEEP The bank of this river is very steep. kinra,e in
nahr bisiyar (nasliib-dar ast). (saraslilb ast; yarlwa
durad.)
STEER Can you steer a vessel? aya jaliaze (randan)
trii4atvanedf (mkkardan; zabt kardan.)
STICK He walks with a stick. o yak chub-i-dasti dar dast
ijiriftti sair mt-kunad.
STIFF This paper is too stiff. In kaghaz nihayat (durusht)
ast. (sakht.)
STILL Cannot you be still for one moment? aya yak
lahza (sakit na mi-tawaned mand). (sukut na ml-tawaiied
tear zed.)
STIR I am now so weak I can scarcely stir. ilhal in
cliunln kanizor-am ki ba diishican harakat ml-kunaw.
Or, ilhrd in chunln za'Tfu-l-badan-ain ki ba sakhti ta/tarruk
iiii-kunam.
404 store stumbled.
STORE He has great store of learning. o (kh_azana),e
'azim-i-'ilm darad. (makhzan; ma' dan.]
STORY I did not hear that story. man an (kissa) na
shunidam. (sar-guzaslit ; dastan; kaziya; hadis ; nakl ;
of sana ; hikayat. )
STRAIGHT Is this ruler straight? aya in mistar rast ast?
STRAIN Strain this milk through a cloth. in shir az
parcha (bi-palu,ed). (biyafshared ; bi-fishured ; tarwik bi-
sazed ; bazl or saf bi-kuned.)
STRANGER I am a stranger here. man dar in ja (gharibe)
am. (ghaire ; ajnabl,e ; beg ana, e ; shatlre.)
STRAW Where can we get straw ? kah az kuja hasil-i-mci
mi-ayad ?
STRENGTH I have but little strength. zor dar badan-am
kam ast. Or, man dar jism takwiyat kam daram. Or,
takat dar ajza,e badan-i-man ru ba takasur niliada ast.
STRETCH Stretch out your hand. dast-i-khud-ra daraz bi-
kuned.
STRIKES I will go as soon as the clock strikes. ba
mnjarrad-i-nawakhtan-i-sa^ at man khwaham raft.
STRUCK He struck him with a stick on the head. o bar
sar-ash chube zad.
STRIPPED They stripped him and took away his clothes.
eshan jama az tan-i-o kashtda burdand. Or, eshan o-ra
(barhna) karda libas-aslt burdand. ('uriyan; be poshak.)
STRONG They are strong and healthy. eshan (kawl) wa
tan-durust mi-bashand. (kawl-jussa ; mazbutu-l-badan ;
tawana ; nairumand.)
STUCK Getting into the boat, he stuck in the mud. o ba
wakt-i-sawar-shudan-i-kishtl da r khilab dar mand. Or, chi r
hine Id o dar kishtl bar cimad dar wakh_al (faro) sliud.
(nasb ; mulsik ; 'alak.)
STUDY They study all the day long. eshan tamam roz
(tadru) ml-kunand. (taT}Sil-i-ulum ; mutaala.)
STUMBLED I stumbled in running across the road. wakte
ki man az rah 'ubur ml-kardam (sadma ba man rasid).
(sakut kardam ; saktat ya/tam ; sakit shudam.)
subdue siick. 405
SUBDUE We ought to subdue our passions. mdrd bdyad
hi khwdhishhd,e nafsdm,e khud-rd (dar kabza,e kh ud
ddrcm). (zabt bi-kunem-.} Or, bayad ki ma nafs-i-khiid-
rd (taskjnr bi-sdzem). (maghlub or zer or taghullub or
tamalluk or istirkuk or musakhkhar bi-kunem.)
SUBJECT What is your advice on this subject? dar m
amr (chi maslahat ml-bmed) ? (chi saldh dared; ra,e
shuma chlst.} Or, dar mashwarat-i-in masalih chi tadbir
mi-(kuned) ? (diked.)
SUBMITTED They submitted to the conquerors. eshan ba
ghjlliban muVf mandand. Or, eshan asir-i-hukm-i-
ghrdiban amadund. Or, dar taht-i-T},ukm-i-ghaliban ama-
dand. Or, (inkiyad]-i-1iukm-i-ghaliban kardand. (itaat.)
Or, khud-ra ba arbab-i-taghallub (taslim) kardand. (isti-
lam ; istislam.)
SUBSCRIBE Will you subscribe to this publication? m
tasnlfa-ra, dast-khatt khwahed kdrd ? (i.e. subscribing to
the principles of the publication.) Or, az bara,e Tthand-
i-in tasmfa klmat-i-hissa ki ba zimma,e shuma dyad ada.e
Tchwcihed kard ? (i.e., subscribing for the purchase of the
publication.)
SUBSISTENCE He has a subsistence only. o kut la-yamut
darad. -
SUBSTITUTE Some people write on leaves as a substitute
for paper. ba'ze marduman ba 'iwaz-i-kaghaz bar bargha
mi-nawlsand.
SUCCEEDED With your assistance I have succeeded. ba
mu'aivanat-i-shuma (man kam-yab shudam). (ba murdd-i-
khud rasida am ; bahra-mand shuda am ; flrozgashtaam.)
SUCCESS We have had little success in our work. dar m
kar ma kam (fath-ydb) shuda em. (bahra-mand ; bakhti-
ydr.)
SUCCESSOR ? Who is to be his successor ?(ka,im mafcam}-
ash ki khwdhad shud. (jd-nishm ; nd;ib-mandb.}
SUCK The squirrels suck this fruit. mush-i-paranda in
mewa-rd (makk mi-kashad). (tamassas, mi-sdzad ; tamaz-
zaz ml-kunad.}
406 suffer sure.
SUFFER He did not suffer me to sell the goods. ijazat-i-
farokhtan-i-asbab-am na dad. Or, o mara na guzasht ki
man asbab-ra bi-farosham.
SUIT Will this kind suit you? in kism (pasand-i-shuma
ml-ayad)? (ba shuma pasand ml-ayad.)
SUITABLE Your advice appears suitable. nasihat-i-shuma
(munasib ma'lum) mi-shavad. (shci,ista zcihir ; la,ik-i-
mafhum ; sazawar huwaida.)
SUITS I have but two suits of clothes. man fakat do
(dast)-i-jama daram. Or, ba juz az do rakht-i-poshcik
libas-i-digar na daram.
SUMMER. It is now the summer season. in mausim-i-
(tabistan) ast. (tamuz ; garma ; saif.J
SUMMONS He has received a summons to attend the court
to-morrow. hukm-ndma bado rasida ast ki farda, dar
'adalat hazir gardad. Or, bara,e ihzar-i-o ahl-i-'addlat
ilam-namafiristada ast.
SUPERINTENDS Who superintends this work? (muhta-
mim)-i-in Mr kist? (muntazim ; munsirim ; naziin ; kar-
kun ; niizir ; kar-farma; kar-guzar ; munazir.} Or, (ijra),e
Itar ki ml-kunad ? (ihtimdl ; intizam ; ins tram ; sur-
barahi.)
SUPPLICATE It will then be in vain to supplicate. an
wakt (tazarru') kardan mu/id na khwahad shud. (iltimus;
ibtihal ba rija ; niijaz ; laba ; iftikar tawajjuh.)
SUPPLY Can you supply me with these articles ? shuma
in chizhii maujud karda ba man ml-tamined dad?
SUPPORT He has no means of support. (agbab4*ma'ithai\
na darad. (zariiriycit-i-ma'ash ; rakht-i-rozl ; idrar-i-rizk.)
SUPPORT How does he support his family? o paru-atish-
i-(lau-r(hikan)-i-khud chi taur ml-kunad ? (muta 'allikan ;
'iyal wa at/al; kaba,il.)
SUPPOSE I should suppose you are mistaken. man (ml-
danam) ki nhcilat karda ed. (guman daram ; mSrfahmam.}
SURE I am not sure that it is so. (mara yakln nlst) ki m
chunm ast. (ijakln na daram; ba yaklnam na ml-ayad.}
surety siconL 407
SUKETT I am his surety. in/ni (z~niiui)-ash ml-basliam.
(/,({/'// ; zamln ; zemindar: z'wi; sablr.} Or, ztimanat-i-o
ba zimtna.e kh_ud nn-iftrcun.
SURFACE We saw a dead body floating on the surface of
the water. ma (lashe) ba ru,e ab didem. (na'slie;
murda,e ; jinaza,e ; maiyate.)
SURPRISE I felt great surprise on hearing this. ba
mujarrad-i-istima-i-tn sukhan (muta'ajjib shudam). ('ajab-
nak or ta'ajjub-nfik or hairat-tiifin or mutahaiyir or
hairan shudam ; taajjub or 'ajab kardam.)
SURPRISED He would have been greatly surprised had
you told him this. agar in suklian bado ini-yujted o ta-
'ajjub-i-azim ml-kard.
SURROUNDED I am surrounded with difficulties. man ba
mushkilat (ffiriftar) shuda tan. (iHahsnr; mubtala ; aslr ;
muhlt ; mmtahsir ; mahat ; haslr karda.)
SUSPICION I have no suspicion that he has done this.
man (guman na daram) ki in cJiumn karda ast. (shubha
or zinn or shakk or tawahhum na daram; dar guman
nayam ; ivahm na ml-buram.}
SWARM Look ! here is a swarm of bees. bi-btn dar in ja
yak amboli-i-magasan-i-asljam'shuda ast. Or, bi-blti dar
'in ja matjasan-i-asl pur shi(da ast.
SWEEP Sweep away this litter. In khas okhfishak bi-rubed.
SWEET The sugar-cane is very sweet. nai-shakar kJiub
shirin ast.
SWELLED My foot swelled greatly. payam bisiyar (amcis
hard}, (mutaicarrim shud ; icaram hard; amasid ;
inaufukh or shak or muzmaajiid gasht.}
SWIM Can you teach me to swim ? shuma mam (shina-
wari) ml-tawaned amokht. (shitui kardan ; shinaivish ;
shina'.}
SWINGS This parrot swings upon a wire. t/i tfitj bar tare
kafs nisliasta khud-ra ml-jumbanad.
SWORD I will draw my sword. man (shmHsheryi-khud-ra
az miyan berun kjiwciham kashld. (husam; sainsam.)
408 system temiinate.
Or, man tegJi-i-khud-ra az gkilaf benui khwaham bar
award.
SYSTEM: They teach without any system. eshan ta'lim-i-
be-kci,ida mi-dihand.
T.
TAKE Come in, and take off your cloak. andarun biyayed
labada az badan-i-khud bar hashed.
TAKES He takes medicine usually once a month. o dar
har mah yak bar dawa (ba 'adat) ml-khtirad. (hasbu-l-
hasbii-l-ma'mul ; J.iasbu-l-dastur ; ba hasbii-l-
TAKEN Having taken the fort, they entered the city.
eshan kila-ra (ba kabza,e kfiud iiwarda) dar shahr dafch il
shudand. (taskjnr or akhz orfathor mafttikor musakh-
kJl'ir karda; kitshiida.)
TALK They talk incessantly. eshan (\ila-l-ittisrd} sukhan
mi-goyand. (pai dar pai ; mutawUtir; mutawalj ; ii(ta-
radif.)
TEACHER The same teacher that taught you, taught me.
muallime ki ba shuinU tti'Uin dad man mz az o ta'llm
giri/tam. Or, mudarrise Id ba shuma dars dad o ba man
7c dars dad.
TEAR Mind you don't tear your new book. H.itiyat kun
ki kitnb-i-nau-i-khud-ra na dan.
TELL Tell me where 1 may meet with him. ba man iti-
go ki man ba o kuja (mulnk'i khwaham shud). (mulakat
khwaham kard ; ml-rasam.}
TEND This will tend to increase our knowledge. In ba
qfznn~i,e tahs'd-i-ilm mar a (ma.il) kJiicUhad sakht. (muta-
wajjih; raghib,) Or, az In ka,ida 'ihn-i-ina rn ba afsunl
khwahad nihad.'
TERM It is now term time, the court is open. 7/ icakt-i-
darbar ast'adalat (maftuh) ast. (makshiif; waz ; baz.)
TERMINATE When do you expect this affair will ter-
thanks timber. 409
minate ? dar khayal-i-shumii chiguna mi-ayad hi ~in
muJtaddama hai (anjam khwahad yaft)? (ba itmam
khicHhad rasld ; tamam orfaisal or munfasil ormunkatii'
or munkazl khwahad shud ; infisiil or infciza khwahad
iW
THANKS Sir, I return you many thanks. sahiba man
bisiyar (shukr-guzar)-i-shuma mi-basham. (ihsanmand ;
mihnat-pazlr ; imtinan-pazir ; marhun-i-minnat ; murta-
him-i-ihsan.} Or, sahiba man az 'uhd<i,e in 'inayat
berun na ml-tawanam anutd. Or, $ahiba tauk-i-minnat-
i-shuma dar gardan andakhta am. Or, bisiyar shukr-i-
ni'indt-i-shuma mi-goyam.
THATCHED This house must be thatched anew. in
khana-ra az sar-i-nau ba kahbin bay ad poshid. Or, sakf-
i-ln khana az sar-i-nau ba kashsh durust bayad hard.
THICK Do you wish for thick paper or thin ? kayhaz-i-
( ilurusht) 1 mi-khwahed ya (bank)* ? l (zaft ; sitabr.)
THOUGHT They exercise no thought on the subject. dtir
In amr (ra,e khud na nn-arand). (* akl-i-khjul-ra dakhl
na nu-dihand ; akl-i-khiid-ra dakhl-i-tasurruf na ml-
diliand ; kiyas or jikr or tafakkur or khayal na mi-
kunand.)
THREATENS He threatens to punish them. o badeshan
(tahdJd)-i-saza ml-dihad. (takhjcif ; I'ad ; tahadud ;
tauakkum; wa'ld.)
TIDE The tide has begun to flow. ilhal madd (dar ayhaz)
ast. (shuru shuda.)
TIGER There is a tiger in that forest; also a tigress,
together with two young ones. dar an besha shere nar
ast balki sher-i-mcida ba ma do bachcha.
TILLED This ground has never been tilled. in zamin
harf/iz (shiyar kardd) na sluula ast. (zira'at karda ;
krishta.)
TIMBER Where shall we procure timber ? az kuja (shaJi-
tir) kh_ivahem yaft, (khashab.)
410 time transported.
TIME Youth is the time of learning. (shabiib) n-akt-i-
rtniokjitan ast. (shablbat ; sJiabb ; 'wifowan-i-shabab.)
TIRED I am quite tired. man bisii/ar (dar-manda) sJiuda
am. (ma tub : ica wtinda.) Or, (takassHl)-i-bisiyar dar
wujud-i-man rcihe yafta ast. (miindayi ; takasur ; tasa-
hiliyat.)
TITLE This is a title only. In fakat (khitabe) ast. (sar-
nama.)
TOBACCO They smoke tobacco. eshfin tumbaku, m~t-
kashand.
TOLERABLE This is tolerable writing. in kh_att (ma-
yukra) mi-basliad. (mukarib.}
TORCHES We travelled by the light of torches. ba
rosham e mash'alhu 'safr kardem.
TOSSED The boat was tossed with the waves. ba sabab-
i-tdlatum-i-amicaj kishti, (tali o bala) ml-shiul. (zer o
bald.}
TOUCH Touch this with your finger. ba anmisht-i-klind
7?i-?v7 (lams] bi-kuned. (mass; mumasat ; imsas ; mujtass.)
TOYS There are plenty of toys in the bazar. asldya,e
bazlcha dar bazar bisiytir nn-bfi-shand.
TRANSACT They transact different affairs there. eshan
dar an jci kar o bar az har kism (ml-kuna)id). (ba 'anil
nri-iirand.)
TRANSFERRED That money has been transferred to me.
an pul ba man (sipurda) shuda ast. (haicHla harda ;
wad'iyat nihada.) Or, an piil dar tahinl-i-man amada
ast.
TRANSGRESSED We have transgressed God's commands.
ma az hadd-i-hukin-i-kb_i(dn (kadam berun nihnda o/t).
(berun rafta em ; guzashta em). Or, ma c hukm-i-lzd
(tajaii-uz) karda em. ('adul.)
TRANSLATE Translate this into Persian. in-rii dar zaban-
i-fars tarjuma bi-kun.
TRANSPORTED He has been transported for life. o kaid-
i-da ,imu-l-habs yrljta jila-watan karda shud. Or, o habs-
i-da,imu-l-uinr yafta nakl-i-watan karda shud.
travelled tumbled. . 411
TRAVELLED We travelled all the way on foot. ma tamam
rah pa jn'yada raftem .
TRAVELLING He is travelling in Persia. o (safr-i-fars
iin-kunad. (dar furs siyahat.}
TREADS He treads so softly, I don't hear the sound of
his step. o In chnmn ba ahistagl ml-rarad ki (an-az-i-
kadam-ash ba gosh-am) na ml-rasad. (sada.e pSy<uh ba
sama'-i-man.)
TREACHEROUS Their conduct is very treacherous. eshan
dar kirdar-i-kh_iid bis'njar ^dag]ia baz) and. (kha.in :
cfhaddar ; ghad'ir ; ba kh_ii/anat ; fareb-baz ; hainlat ;
miiyhaddur ; ghadur ; dacthal-zan.)
TREMBLE I tremble with fear: man az M/ mi-larzam.
Or, z lilianf bar man (Iar~a) mmtaull. nn-shai-ad. (ra'sha ;
irtiiish ; 'anva : sti'fat. )
TRIAL His trial will take place to-day. imroz mukad-
dama,e o (rf<7,ir) khu-nhad shad. (j>esh : rnju'.}
TRIFLE Why do you thus trifle away your time? slut mil
chira ba In tatir nukat-l kh_nd-ra (ra,eyan)az dast ml-dihed.
inntft : be fn, iila.)
TRIVIAL This is but a trivial affair. In amr-i-(khaflj} ast.
(subuk : be-inai/a ; be-irazn ; be-mifcdar.)
TROUBLE He gives them much trouble. o badeslian,
(zahmat)-i-ftraican ml-dihad. (dikkat : takbjlf ; ta*d~i :
saklat ; mihnat ; takaUuf.)
TRUST I am not anyways afraid to trust him. mari
hech muzat/aka na daram ki (baro i'timad) bi-knnam.
(rtibar-i-o.\
TRUTH lam convinced what he says is the whole truth.
i/akln ml-danam harchi ki o ml-fjui/cid knU'i rast ast.
TRYING It is of no use trying to do this. a:)ii(i,isJi-i-ln
kar ba man be fa.ida fl.s?.
TUMBLED They tumbled over one another. eslian bar
yak dltfar (u/tadand). (initnJtadiin shudand ; yalatl<i-
and ; inltidrii/i kardimd.}
27
412 tune undertake.
TUNE Her voice is a little out of tune. awaz-ash kadre
(na saz) ast. (be rang ; namauzitmj
TURN Turn over this leaf. In warak bi-gardaned.
TWIST Twist these cords together. m rassanha baliam
(bi-peched). (bi-tubed ; fatal bi-sazcd ; biyared ; charkh
bi-kuned.)
U.
UGLY This is fin ugly shaped letter. In harf (na zlbu)
ast. (zislit ; bad-sfirat ; bad-sliakl ; kablh ; makruh.}
UMBRELLA I have left behind my umbrella. (chatr)-i-
khud-ra dar pas guzaslita amada am. (sayaban ; aftab-
gir; aftab-gardan ; shdmsi.)
UNANIMOUS They wei'e unanimous in their opinion.
eshan dar ra,e khiid (mitttajik) biidand. (yak-jihat ; yak-
dU ; hamsaz ; yak-kaid ; yak shaiir.)
UNCERTAIN It is uncertain whether I shall go or not.
mukarrar mst ki )a>i dar an ja bi-raram ya na.
UNBECOMING To act thus is unbecoming. m chiimn kar
kardan (na munasib") ast. (nci sha,ista ; gh.air-i-muii-rtjik ;
UNCHANGEABLE. God only is unchangeable. mahz kh uda
ta'ala (bar karar) ast. (la yazal ; bila taghaiyur ; da.im
iva ka,im.}
UNDERGO Why do you needlessly undergo all this
trouble. chira be-zariiratan m liama (taklif ml-kaslied).
(mihnat ml-bardared ; zuhmat mi->bared ; tasdl' or dikkat
m~i-kuned.) ,
UNDERSTAND-^-! do not understand your meaning. matlab-
i-shuma (na ml-fahmani). (ba fahm-i-man na nil-ayad ;
mafhum-i-man na ml-gardad.} Or, mudda'a-i-shuma dar
fahm-am na mi-ayad. Or, fahm-i-fahwa,e shuma na mi-
kunam.
UNDERTAKE Will you undertake to manage this business ?
intizam-i-ln kar ba zimma,e khud (khwahed girift)?
(fcabrd khwahed kard.}
unexpectedly unsearchable. 413
UNEXPECTEDLY This letter came unexpectedly. In mu-
rasala (na gahana) wand shud. (be-khabar.}
UNFIT He is wholly unfit for the task assigned him.
kare ki bado hawala shuda ast dar ada,e an bi-l-kull (na
la,ik ast). (adm-i-liyakat darad ; na kabil ast.}
UNFURNISHED. The house is unfurnished. an khana
(arasta nisi), (rakht or lawazimat or saman na
darad.)
UNHAPPY She is quite unhappy on this account. az in
jihat an zan (bisiyar ranjida-khatir) shuda ast. ('aish-ash
munaghghis ; 'ishrat-ash talkh ; an zan dil-tang o rnagh-
mum o andoh-agm o ghamnak^)
UNHURT Through God's mercy we escaped unhurt. ba
fazl-i-khuda ma az (mazarat mahfuz) mandem. (zarrar
masiin; azlyat mahrus.)
UNITED Our sentiments are united. ra,e ma (muttajik)
ast. (muttahid ; ba ittifak ; ba ittihad.)
UNJUST Do you conceive this to he unjust? aya shuma
khayal mi-banded ki in (be inxafi) ast ? (na hakk; be dddi;
khilaf-i-ma'dUat ; khilaf-i-shar' .}
UNKIND We should not be unkind to each other. bayad
ki ma ba yak-dlgar (be rukm) na shavem. (be muruwat ;
be marhamat ; be shafkat ; gjhair-tarahhum?)
UNGRATEFUL He is ungrateful. o (kafir-i-ni'mat) ast.
(na sipas ; na hakk-shinas ; na shukr-guzar.) Or, o 'adat-
i-(kufran-i-ni'mat) darad. (kufr-i-ni'mat ; kufranu-n-
na'm.)
UNLAWFUL To do so is unlawful. in churiin kardan
(khilaf-i-shar') ast. (na mashru' ; na hakk.)
UNLOCK Unlock the door. kufi-i-darwciza (wa kun). (bi-
kusha ; az or ba kalld bi-kiisha.)
UNREASONABLE Their demands are unreasonable. da'u-a-
ha,e eshan (be ja) ast. (be i tidal ; mutajawiz ; na ma'kul;
na ja,iz.)
UNSEARCHABLE The ways of God are unsearchable.
414 unspeakable uttered.
hikmat-i-aUah-ta'ala az (idrak-i-ma berun) mi-bashad.
(fahm-i-ma ba'id.)
UNSPEAKABLE Our joy is unspeakable. kh_nshl,e ma az
hadd-i-baiyan bernn ast.
UNSTEADY His mind is very unsteady. dil-ash bisiyar
(be karar] ast. (na ka,im ; be sabat ; na ustuwar ; be
istiklal.)
UNWILLING I am altogether unwilling to go there. ba
rajtan-i-nn ja bisiyar (na raz) hastam. (na khushnud ;
be dil ; na khwah.) Or, az rajtan-i-an ja daregh (daram).
(uu-kwiani ; ba man nn-ayad.)
UNWISE It were unwise not to agree to this. az In kar
(inkar kardan) na danl ast. (sar baz zadan ; iba or
daregh or istinkaf or nakaf or ikra' kardan ; baz
istndcui.) Or, ~in kar-ra na kabUl kardan be wukufi
ast.
UNWORTHY He has proved himself unworthy of your
protection. az kirdar-ash (sabit shuda,) ast ki o ln,ik-i-
Itimayat-i-shuma )itst. (ba isbat rasula; masbut or
mubaiyin or huicaida or irazih or zaliir shuda; ba
irit.nh paiwasta.)
UPPER Are there any upper rooms in this house ? aya
In khana(-ra tabake faukani mi-bashud) ? (tabake bala
darad.}
UPRIGHT They are upright in their dealings. dar mu'-
nnialnt-i-c'sJian (amanot-guzar) and. (sadik ; rcist-baz ;
fadakaikar ; diyanat-dur.)
URGED No one urged him to do so. hech kas ba chnn'm
kar kardan o-ra (taka^a) na kard. (iztirar ; amada ;
targhjb ; iktiza ; tahns.)
URGENT This business is urgent. m kar o bar (zarurl)
ast. (mutdkazl; mubram ; muhlmm ; bajjad.}
USE Of what use is this ? 7n ba chi kar ml-(ayad} ?
(kliurad : bandad ; paiwandad.) Or, In ba chi sud mi-
bakhshad ? Or, In chi sud darad ?
UTTERED I never uttered such a word. man In chumn
vain vexation. 415
sukhan galie bar zaban nayawardam. Or, man sikr-i-ln
chunln sukhan bar zaban na randam. Or, In chunln
sukJian az dahan-i-man (bar) nayamad. (femw.) Or,
man in chunln kalam gahe takallum na kardam.
V.
VAIN He exerts himself in vain. o be fa,ida koshish
ml-kunad. Or, o ranj-i-behuda mi-barad wa sa'i,e be
fa,ida ml-kunad.
VALUE I value his friendship greatly. man kadar-i-
dostiyash bisiyar mt-danam. Or, man ulfat-i-o-ra \izlz
daram. Or, muwaddat-i-o-ra sarmaya,e zindayanl mt-
shumaram.
VALUE What is the value of these precious pearls?
k~imat-i-(diirrlia,e yatlm) clilst? (marwarldha,e shahwar.)
VALUABLE These things are valuable. in chizhii bisiyar
(samlmj and. (girami; girun-maya ; klmatl.)
VANITY He is full of vanity. o pur az ghuriir ast. Or,
o dar-sar bisiyar kh_ayal-i-(khud faroshl) darad. (Ithud-
lUrii ; khud-parastl ; khiid-pasandl ; takabbur-i-\(jutt; kibr ;
istig]ina,l; za'm ; ^u'w.)
VAEIOUS There are various opinions about it. dar bab-i-
m amr (ra,eha,e mukhtalif) and. (ikhtilaf-i-aksam ;
maslahatha,e mutafarrik.)
VARNISHED This chair has not been varnished. bar In
kursi lak malida na shuda ast.
VENTURED Confiding in his luck, he ventured all his
property on this risk. bar naslb-i-khud i'timad karda
Kama mdl-i-khud-ra dar makam-i-khatra (tifgand).
(andakjit.)
VERILY Verily I cannot believe you. -fi-l-wakV bar shuma
i'timad na mi-tawanam kard.
VEXATION I meet with nothing but vexation in this
business. dar In amr ba juz az tasdi hech chlz (hasil)-ir
man na ml-ayad. (gir ; ba dast ba hasil ; ba hu$iil.)
416 vice voyage.
VICE They make no distinction between vice and virtue.
(ma bain-i-khubs iva fazl farfy na mi-kunand. (kubh az
husn tafrik ; darmiyan-i-shantfat wa khubl tafawat ;
imtiyaz-i-badi wa neko,l.) Or, ma bain-i-('aib wa hunar]
tamiz na darand. (kabahat wa husnat ; sharr wa khair ;
ma'siyat wa 'iffat ; khubasat wa 'ismat.]
VIGILANT We should be vigilant in avoiding evil. bayad
ki ma dar ihtiraz kardan az badi (bedar) bashem. (mun-
tabih ; hoshyar ; agah ; mustaikiz.}
VINDICATE He cannot vindicate his conduct. dar bab-i-
raftar-i-khud hech'uzrna ml-tawanad award. Or, anchi
ki dar raftar ast az an ba 'uzr khud-ra khalas na ml-
tawanad kard.
VIOLATE I must not violate the orders of the government.
bayad ki man (na-fannam,e) hukm-i-daulat na kunam.
('adul-; 'adm-i-ita'at ; na-farma bardarl.} Or, bayad ki
man az farman-i-riyasat (mukhalifat) na kunam. (sar-
kashi ; gardan-kashi ; ta'aruz ; i'raz ; ta'arruz.)
VIOLENT His temper is very violent. o mizaj-i-(khashm-
nak) darad. (cfhazub ; ghazab-nak ; arghand ; arghada.]
Or, o (atas1i)-mizaj ast. (tund ; tez ; sakht.)
VIRTUOUS Let us always maintain virtuous conduct.
bihtar ast ki ma (raftar-i-nek madam ikhtiyar bi-namayern}.
(ba khasalat-i-'afif da,imu-l-ankat 'adat bi-glrem.)
VISIT I am going to visit him. man (bara,e) mulakat-i-o
ml-ravam. (ba sharaf-i-.)
VOICE She has a fine voice. aivaz-i-an sahiba (khiisli) ast.
(tibat-amez ; narm o hazm ; taiyibu-l-ada ; taiyib-lahjat).
Or, an zan zaban-i-sliirm darad.
VOLUMES Is the book in one or two volumes ? In kitab
yak jild darad ya do ?
VOYAGE He is now on a voyage to Bushir. o ilhal ba
bush'ir az (rah-i-tari) mi-ravad. (tarlk-i-bahr.)
wafer warranted. 417
WAFER Please give me a wafer. 'inayat/armuda la man
(kulaje) li-dihed. (chize az barii,e cha spanl dan.)
WAGES What wages do you receive ? shuma chand
('ujrat) nn-yabed ? (mazduri; mitzd ; talab ; daily
yaumiya ; rozma; rozana ; monthly mushaharat ; mahi-
yana.)
WAIT Tell him to wait in this room. bao bi-goyed ki dar
m kamra (muntazir bashed), (intizar bi-kuned ; chande
taii-akkuf bi-kuned ; andake bi-maned; mutawakkif bashed.)
WAITING I have been waiting for you t\vo hours. ta ba
dii sa'at (intizar-i-shuma kashida ant). (barci,e shuma
iiumtazir buda am; do cliashm ba rah-i-skuma dcishta
- am ; chashm-i-Jchud-ra nargiswar ba shali-rah-i-shinna
nigrun daslita am; bar a, e shuma nnitaivakkif buda am;
ba jihat-i-shuma tawakkuf karda am.}
WAKE You must endeavour to wake early. shuma-ra
'ala-s-sabah az bistar bar khastan bciyad.
W T ALK Do you mean to walk or ride ? shuma pa piyada
rah raftau mi-kh_walied ya (saictir) ? (ba saicarl.)
WALL The garden wall has fallen. diirar-i-bagh (u/tada)
ast. (manhadim shuda ; inhidam yitfta ; az pa dar
amada.)
WANDERED I have wandered in all directions over the
country. ba hama taraf-i-mulk (sair karda am), (siya,'
hat or tafarruj karda am ; gashta am ; gardlda am)
Or, man jaicanib-i-diyar ba kadam paimuda am.
WANT I want much to see him. man o-ra didan bisiyar
mi-khwaham.
WAREHOUSE This is his warehouse. in (khana,e ajnas}-i-o
ast. (asbab-khjuna ; ambar-Jchana ; karbaj.)
WARPED This table is warped. In mez (kaj) shuda ast.
(khamida; mu'amcij ; kosh; munhani.)
WARRANTED The horse is warranted without blemish.
(wa'da karda) slntda ast ki m asp 'aibe na darad. (kamr
duda ; ikrar karda ; $amanat-i-in tna'nl rjirifta)
418 waste whistling.
WASTE Why do you waste your paper ? cliira kaghaz-i-
khud-ra (tazijl'} ml-kuned ? (za,T ; kJiarab ; makJiiTib.)
WATCH I watch an opportunity of going there. man ba
jiliat-i-raftan-i-cin ja (mauka',e mi-binam). (kabu m~i-
jUi/am ; inuntazir-i-fur*at ml-bashaui ; mutarassid-i-icakt-
i-sha,ista ml-basham.)
WATCH Your watch goes remarkably well. sa'at-i-shuma
ba tarah-i-khub ml-raiad.
WAX These candles are of wax. in shani'ha az mom
sakhta shuda ast.
WEAR I wear a suit of clean clothes every day. liar roz
daste jcima'e saf (ml-posham). (dar bar mi-kunam.")
WEAVES He weaves the kind of cloth we wear. kisme
piircha hi ma inl-posJiem an sluikhs ml-bafad.
WEEK He will return in a week. dar 'arsa,e yak hafta
(mu)-nja'at) kjnvahad kard. (muaicadat ; 'ndat.)
WEEPS He weeps because of the death of his son. ba
sabab-i-rihlat-i-pisar-ash (mi-nalad). (iiala o ah or
f/iriya o zcirl or-shor ojighan or ashkbun inl-kunad.)
WEIGHED Has this sugar been weighed ? m shakar
(sanjlda) shiula ast. (wazn or tartll. karda.}
WEIGHT What is the weight of this stone? in sang chi
(wazn) darad ? (sanglnl ; sanj ; bar ; saklat.)
WELCOME You are welcome. shuma (kh_ush) amadaed!
(ba-khair.) Or, marhaba! Or, marhaban o sahlan !
WELL Tell them to dig a well here. badeshan bi-goyed
ki dar in ja chahe bi-kanand.
WELL I understand well what you sp.y. anchi ki shuma,
ml-goyed (dar fahm-i-mati khub ml-ciyad). (man ba
khiibi nn-fahmam.)
WET This paper is very wet. m kaghaz bisiyar (nam) ast.
(tar; namgm ; martub ; nam-nak.}
WHISPERED I whispered that to him. man an sukhan
dar gosh-ash (ahista) guf tarns (ba ahistagl; ba khafiya;
ba nihuftagt.)
WHISTLING I heard somebody whistling. shakhse-rci
sltunidam ki (safir mi-zanad). (safar mi-kunad.)
wounded. 419
WHOLE You are welcome to the whole. agar khwahish-i-
shuma basJiad hama bi-glred.
WIDER I want some cloth wider than this. man kadre
parcha az ~m 'anztar mT-kJnpaham.
WINDOW The bird flew out at the window. paranda az
dancha (parii-az kard}. (panc~iz kunan raft ; parld.}
WINTER I like the winter season. mam (mausim-i-S(irma)
pasand mi-ayad. (shita ; zaniistriii.)
WISDOM She possesses much wisdom. an zan ('akl)-i-
kaniil darad. (firasat : Jit rat ; dirayat ; kiyasat.)
WISE They only are wise who fear God. mahz an kasan
('aklinaud) nu-basliand ki tars-i-kjiuda. darand. ('akii ;
dana ; zU-l-'akUl; sUhib-i-idrilk: miihakkak.]
WISH What is your wish ? khwahish-i-skuma cJiist ?
WISH They wish to remain here. eshan (mi-khwahand)
ki dar in ja bi-manand. (tamanna or arzn or irada or
shank dtirand.}
WITNESSES. Has he any witnesses ? o (yawahe) darad ?
(shahide.)
WORLD This world was created by the power of God.
ba kudrat-i-ilahl In dunya (ba icujud amad). (paida or
Ufrlda shud.)
WONDER Nobody can evince wonder at this. liecli kas dar
in ('ajab) na ml-tawanad kard. (sliiyu/t ; taajjub.)
WORKS She works to 'support herself and family. an zan
ba jihat-i-pancarish-i-khj(d-asli wa atfal-i-khiid mihnat ml-
kunad.
WORSHIP We worship one God only. ma (parastish}4-
khuda,e icahid )in-kunem. ('ibadat ; taut; bandagl ;
namaz.} Or, ma mii'takif-i-taufiid mi-bashem.
WORTHY I am not worthy of so much kindness. man
l(i,ik-i-i)i kadar-i-mihrbanl nlstam.
WOUND Deadly venom was extracted from the wound.
az zakhm (zahr-i-katil) bar awarda shud. (samm-i-halhal ;
matamm-i-halahal.)
WOUNDED Some of our sepoys were wounded. -ba'ze az
lashkiriya>i-i-ma (tnajrTih rjashtand). (-ra jarrahat rasld.)
420 wrecked zealous.
WRECKED That ship was wrecked. an jahaz (tabali) shud.
(takhrib; inhidam ; zer-i-ab faro zada ; shikasta ; ghark ;
ghank ; mustaghrik.}
WEITE Let me see if I can write as well as you. bi-
b in am ki man ba misal-i-shuma khush Wifltt naidshtan
mi-taictinam ya na.
WRONG You have bought the wrong kind of seed. shuma
bazr az kism-i-digar kharida ed.
Y.
YARD This stick is a yard long. in chub' yak gaz daraz
ast.
YEARS He is ten years old. o ba 'timr dah sala ri-
basliad. Or, 'umr-ash dah sal ast. Or, o dah sal 'umr
darad.
YELLOW That appears yellow. an zard (ma'liim mi-
shavad). (ml-namayad.)
YESTERDAY Yesterday it rained much. dl roz barun ba
(shiddai) lurid, (if rat.)
YOUNG She is quite young. an zan (ncu-jauTtn) ast.
(barna.J Or, mewa,e 'un/awan-i-shabab-ash nau raslda
ast.
YOUTH In the season of youth. dar (aiyam}-i-jau-am.
('a/it?; daur ; mausim-i-bahar ; zamtin.)
Z.
irawan
ZEAL He sliowed great zeal. o (sar-garmi\e fit.
zahir hard. (ghabt ; ghabta ; gJiairat ; 'asabiyat ;
hamiyat.)
ZEALOUS They are very zealous. eshan bisiyar (sar-gami)
and. (ghajr; ghayur ; sha,ih; inudaicin ; mudmin ;
mutahuuu'ir.)
zephyr. 421
ZEPHYR The breath of the zephjr feels pleasant to us.
bad-i-sabii bn ma k_hush mi-ayad. Or, nh-i-janubi ba ma
mtihsus flii-sliatad.
The book is finished, by the aid of the Merciful King, in
the year 1877.
tammatu-l-kitab ba 'aunu-l-maliku-l-icahhab fl sannat
EXAMINATIONS.
IN INDIA there are the following examinations in Persian and
Arabic, at which persons other than members of the Indian Civil
Service (see note, page 160) may present themselves :
1. The Second or Higher Standard* in Persian,
or Arabic,
(a) The books which have to be read are
PERSIAN.
'Ikd-i-gul.
(Selection of the Gulistan.)
Nqfhatu-l-yaman (1st part).
' ITcd-i-manzum.
(Selection of the Bostan.)
(b) Half of an ordinary octavo page of plain English has to be
rendered into :
Persian or Arabic.
(c) Manuscripts in Persian or Arabic have to be read fairly and
translated readily.
The reward for passing is, in
PERSIAN.
Es. 500
ARABIC.
Es. 800
(d) Conversation with fluency, and with such correctness of pro-
nunciation, grammar and idiom as to be at once intelligible,
has to be carried on with a native, f
* So called because it corresponds with the examination styled the Second, or
Higher, Standard in Hindustani ; there is no examination in Persian or Arabic by
the First or Lower Staiulard.
t Bxcept iu Bombay, this portion of the test is, in Arabic, omitted.
424
2. Standard of High Proficiency,
(a) The books which have to be read are :
PERSIAN.
Gttlistdn.
Bostan.
Anwdr-i-Suhaili.
ARABIC.
IKhioanu-s-safa.
Nafhatu-l-yaman.
(6) A passage of moderate difficulty, half of an octavo page in
length, not taken from a text-book, has to be rendered into
English.
(c) An English paper of moderate difficulty has to be translated
accurately and idiomatically.
(d) Similarly, a paper of English sentences has to be rendered.
Eeward for passing in
PERSIAN. I ARABIC.
Es. 1500 Es. 2000
3. Examination for a Degree of Honour.
(a) The books which have to be read are :
ARABIC.
Hammdsdh.
Jaimur-ndmah.
Makdmdt-i- Hariri.
Inshd,e Abu-l-fazl.
SiJcandar ndmah.
Dlwdn-i-Hdfiz.
(6) Two octavo pages, one in prose, the other in verse, selected
from some difficult work, not a text-book, have to be
translated with accuracy into English.
(c) A difficult passage from English has to be rendered with
accuracy, elegance and neatness of expression, and with
perfect correctness of spelling and grammar.
(d) Conversation has to be carried on with idiomatic accuracy
and fluency.*
Howard for passing in
PEESIAN. I ABABIC.
Es. (4000) Es. (5000)
Except in Bombay, this portion of the test Is, in Arabic, omitted.
425
4. In the Province of Sind, there is a Special Examination
in Persian.
The books which have to be read are :
(a) Gulistan.
First Four Chapters of the Anwar-i-Suhaill.
(1) A passage, in an easy narrative style, not taken from the text-
books has to be translated into English.
(c) An English paper of easy narrative style has to be rendered,
intelligibly and with accuracy of grammar, into Persian.
(d) A paper of English sentences has, similarly, to be rendered.
(e) Conversation, with accuracy and fluency, has to be carried on
with a native of Persia.
Keward for passing -(1000) Ks.
Remarks.
Examinations 1, 2 and 3, are regulated by G. G. O. Military
Department, No. 734 of 9th September, 1864 ; and No. 294
of 24th March, 1866. These orders of Government relate
to the following languages :
Hindustani, Sanskrit, Bengali, Burmese, Assamese, Panjabi,
Pushtu, Uriya, GuzerathI, Mahrathi, Canarese, Tamil,
Telugii, Malayalam, Sindi.
As well as to Persian and Arabic.
In respect to Pushtu the following Government order specially
applies :
G. G. O. Military Department, No. 733 of 15th July, 1873.
The Special Examination (4) in Persian for the Province
of Sind is based on:
General Department, Bombay Castle, No. 2741 of 22nd Septem-
ber, 1874 ; and No. 1122 of 14th April, 1875.
A person, who intends to serve in India, would do well to apply
to an Indian Agent, in London, for copies of these orders.
426
The Government of India and the Governments of Madras and
Bombay may, in addition to the pecuniary rewards already
noted, award a gold medal to any officer, who is reported to
have passed an examination, in any language, with extra-
ordinary merit.
No officer will obtain rewards for passing the tests of the Second
Standard, or High Proficiency, whose period of actual residence in
India, exceeds 10 years ; nor will any officer receive any reward for
passing the test for the Degree of Honour, whose period of actual
residence in India exceeds 15 years.
Examinations for Degrees of Honour, Certificates of High Pro-
ficiency and for the Second or Higher Standard, will take place at
Presidency Towns.
The special examination in Persian for the Province of Sind, will
take place at Bombay ; travelling allowance for the journey from
Sind to Bombay and return will be given. Length of service is no
bar to any one's appearing.
Rules for the examination, at Fort William, of Candidates other
than Her Majesty's Indian Civil Servants.
1. A general examination is held by the Board of Examiners
monthly, usually the 1st Monday (not being the 1st or 2nd) of the
month, to which military officers and all gentlemen,* authorized by
Government to be examined by the Board, are admitted.
2. Applications for examination from Military Officers are to
be made to the Adjutant-General of the Army, or the officer in
charge of his office at the Presidency ; and, from all other gentlemen
in the public service to the Head of the Department, in which they
may be serving at the Presidency.
Candidates, in their applications, are invariably to state their
* Officers in the Public Works aTul Education Departments and officers of the
Bengal Police Battalions. Other gentlemen by order of the Government of India,
in the Home Department.
427
3. All applications are to be forwarded, in sufficient time to
reach the Secretary to the Board, on or before the 25th, or [if for
the High Proficiency Examination, or for a Degree of Honour] on,
or before the 20th of the month preceding that in which the ex-
amination is held.
4. Examinations commence at 11 a.m. ; and all papers are to be
delivered to the Secretary by 4'0 p.m. Candidates arriving after
11*15 a.m. are excluded from the examination.
5. Candidates are to sign their names legibly on each of their
exercises.
6. No Candidate can present himself for examination by the
same standard at two consecutive monthly examinations ; or, by the
High Proficiency test, or for a Degree of Honour, until three
monthly examinations, or four months, have intervened from the
date of the examination at which such Candidates may have been
examined and failed to pass.
7. Special examinations are not granted except by the order of
Government.
8. Candidates are not to call on the Secretary to the Board, or
any of the Examiners, for the pui'pose of ascertaining the result of
their examinations.
A copy of the Board's report, embodying the remarks of the
Examiners on his oral and written exercises is sent to each Candidate
as soon after the examination as is practicable.
Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India in the
Foreign Department.
No. 1470 P, dated Fort William, 13th August, 1874,
Observations. In the dispatch above quoted, Her Majesty's
Secretary of State dwelt on the necessity for encouraging officers
employed in the Political Department to study Persian and Arabic
languages.
Probably such encouragement could most effectually be afforded
by holding out some reasonable prospect of employment to officers
28
428
who devote themselves to the study of these languages. In the
opinion of the Honourable the President in Council, however, it is
impossible to give any definite promise of employment in the Poli-
tical Department as a reward to officers who pass examinations or
even high examinations in Arabic and Persian.
Other qualifications must necessarily be regarded as of even
greater importance than linguistic attainments. At the same time
a thorough knowledge of these languages should be allowed much
weight in the selection of Candidates Civil or Military for employ-
ment in the Political Department.
2. The President in Council deems it necessary that officers who are
hereafter appointed to the Political Service without having passed
the High Proficiency or Honour tests in Persian or Arabic should,
after their appointment pass a linguistic test of a higher standard
than that now demanded.
Under Foreign Department Resolution Ho. 541 P, dated 17th
March, 1871, officers hi the Political Department are at present
required to translate a passage of Persian into English and a passage
of English into Persian. They are also required to hold witli
moderate fluency a conversation in Persian, and to read with fair
facility a Persian manuscript.
lu order both to raise the present standard of qualification and
to bring it into accordance with the standards recognised under the
Civil and Military Examination Rules, the President in Council
considers it necessary to prescribe that in future officers appointed
to the Political Department in and below the grade of 1st
Class Political Assistant shall be required to pass either in
Arabic, or in Persian, by the High Proficiency test ; further that
such officers if employed in Turkish Arabia, the Persian Gulf and
Muscat shall be required to pass a colloquial examination in Arabic ;
and if employed at Zanzibar, a colloquial examination in Arabic or
Swaheli, even though they may have already passed in Persian; and
if employed in the Continent of India, a colloquial examination
either in Hindi, or the local vernacular of the place where they are
serving. If such officers be appointed to Burma, they will be
required to pass the High Proficiency test in Burmese, but will not
be required to pass in Arabic or Persian.
3. When the exigencies of the public service require the employ-
429
ment of an officer in any of the higher posts of the Political De-
partment, Government reserves to itself the right of appointing any
officer who*m it considers to possess the best general qualifications
even though he may not have passed in these languages.
But for the retention of appointments in and below the grade of
1st Class Political Assistant, it will be essential that officers hereafter
appointed shall have passed or shall within three years from date of
appointment pass the tests above prescribed, besides qualifying in
the other subjects laid down for examination in the Political De-
partment.
To officers above the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant neither
these rules, nor the rules contained in the Resolution No. 5-11 P,
dated 17th March, 1871, are applicable.
In August, 1874, the number of officers belonging to the Indian
Service who had passed the tests for the Degree of Honour and
High Proficiency was as set forth in the following Table :
Nature of Examination.
Designation of
Officer.
Degree of Honor.
High Proficiency.
REMARKS.
Persian
Arabic
Persian
Arabic
Indian Civil
nil
nil
14
2*
*These two officers
Service Men
also passed the test for
tKgh Proficiency in
Persian.
MilitaryOfficer 6
nil
19
3f
fTwo of these officers
passed the test for
ligh Proficiency in
i
Persian.
Total in India .
6
nil
33
5
430
Under Notification of the 24th March, 1870, by the Government of
India, the rules for the examination of members of the Civil
Service of India are as follows :
A Civil Servant, attached to the Upper Provinces, may present
himself for the High Proficiency Examination in Persian or Hin-
dustani: if attached to the Lower Provinces, he must pass in
Bangali or Uryah before he can compete in Persian or Arabic.
Until he shall have obtained the certificate for High Proficiency
in Persian or Hindustani (or Bangali or Uryah, as the case may be)
he is not permitted to present himself for distinction in other
languages. He may compete for a Degree of Honour without
obtaining a certificate of High Proficiency.
He is not allowed to present himself more than twice at any
examination ; but, if specially recommended by the Examiners, he
may appear a third time.
He is not allowed to present himself for the High Proficiency
Examination after the lapse of 7 years, nor for the Degree of
Honour Examination after 10 years, from the date of his first
arrival in India.
No exception will be made on account of leave of absence, &c.
Examinations will be held on the first Monday in
January I July
April October
of each year, at the Presidency towns.
Application to be examined must be made 3 months before the
date of the examination.
A Civil Servant desirous of attending examinations for prizes for
the study of the Oriental languages, is allowed leave of absence on
full pay for one month before the examination ; if he passes the
examination, he is allowed another month. This leave of 2 months
counts as service and residence. The amount of leave is not to
exceed 2 months at one time, nor 12 months in the aggregate.
The tests for High Proficiency and the Degree of Honour exami-
nations are the same as those for Military Officers, or persons not
belonging to the Indian Civil Service , but the rewards are different.
431
The reward for passing
PERSIAN. ARABIC.
(a) The High Proficiency Examination is Es. 2,000 2,000
(ft) The Degree o Honour 4,000 4,000
There is no examination by the Second or Higher Standard for a
member of the Indian Civil Service.
These rules affect particularly the members of the Civil Service
of Bengal ; in the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay they are
modified by local regulations.
A member of the Indian Civil Service should obtain :
Eesolution, Financial Department, No. 2,749 of 24th September,
1864, by the Government of India ; Letter, Home Depart-
ment, No. 4,127, of 10th September, 1870, from the Govern-
ment of India ; Notification of 24th March, 1870, by the
G-overnment of India; Notification No. 49, of 4th September,
1874, by the Government of India.
432
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1.1
A SELECTION FROM
MESSRS. ALLEN'S CATALOGUE
OP BOOKS IN THE EASTEEN LANGUAGES, &c.
HINDUSTANI, HINDI, &c.
Forbes's Hindustani-English Dictionary in the Persian
Character, with the Hindi words in Nagari also; and an
English Hindustani Dictionary in the English Character ; both
in one volume. By DUNCAN FORBES, LL.D. Eoyal 8vo. 42s.
Forbes's Hindustani Grammar, with Specimens of Writing
in the Persian and Nagari Characters, Reading Lessons, and
Vocabulary. 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Forbes's Hindustani Manual, containing a Compendious
Grammar, Exercises for Translation, Dialogues, and Vocabulary,
in the Roman Character. New Edition, entirely revised. By
J. T. PLATTS. 18mo. 3s. 6d.
Forbes's Bagh o Bahar, in the Persian Character, with a
complete Vocabulary. Royal 8vo. 12s. 6d.
Forbes's Bagh o Bahar in English, with Explanatory
Notes, illustrative of Eastern Character. 8vo. 8s.
Forbes's Tota Kahani ; or, " Tales of a Parrot," in the
Persian Character, with a complete Vocabulary. Royal 8vo. 8s.
Small's (Rev. G.) Tota Kahani; or, "Tales of a Parrot.'
Translated into English. 8vo. 8s.
Forbes's Baital Pachisi: or, "Twenty-five Tales of a
Demon," in the Nagari Character, with a comptete Vocabulary.
Royal 8vo. 9s.
Platts' J. T., Baital Pachisi; translated into English.
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Forbes's Ikhwanu s Safa; or, "Brothers of Purity," in
the Persian Character. Royal 8vo. 12s. 6d.
Platts' Ikhwanu S Safa; translated into English. 8vo.
10s. 6d.
Platts' Grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani Language.
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Forbes's Oriental Penmanship; a Guide to Writing Hin-
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Forbes's Hindustani Dictionary, the Two Volumes in One,
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WM. H. ALLEN & Co.,
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Forbes's Bagh o Bahar, with Vocabulary. English
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Singhasan Battisi. Translated into Hindi from the San-
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with Copious Notes. By SYED ABDOOLAH. Royal 8vo. 12s. 6d.
Eastwick's Prem Sagur. 4to. 80s.
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SANSCRIT.
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Thompson's (J. C.) Bhagavat Gita. Sanscrit Text. 5s.
PERSIAN.
Richardson's Persian, Arabic, and English Dictionary.
Edition of 1852. By F. JOHNSON. 4to. 4.
13, WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL.
Forbes's Persian Grammar, Reading Lessons, and Vocabu-
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Gulistan. Carefully collated with the original MS., with a
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NOTES ON MUHAMMADANISM.
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged.
BY THE
REV. T. P. HUGHES, M.R.A.S., C.M.S.,
Missionary to the Afghans, teshawar.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE FIRST EDITION.
"Altogether an admirable little book. It combines two excellent qualities,
abundance of facts and lack of theories. ... On every one of the numerous heads
(over fifty) into which the book is divided Mr. Hughes furnishes a large amount of
very valuable information, which it wouid be exceedingly difficult to collect from
even a large library of works on the subject. The book might wetl be called a
' Dictionary ef Muhammadjfn Theology,' for we know of no English work which
combines a methodical arrangement (and consequently facility of reference^, with
fulness of information in so high a degree as the little volume before us." The
Academy.
" It contains multum in parvo, and is about the best outlines of the tenets of the
Muslim faith which we have seen. It has, moreover, the rare merit of being
accurate; and, although it contains a few passages which we would gladly see
expunged, it cannot fail to be useful to all Government employe's who have to deal
with Muhammadans, whilst to Missionaries it will be invaluable." The Times of
Indict.
" This small book is the most luminous, most convenient, and, we think, the
most accurate outline of the tenets and practices of Islamism that we have met
with. It seems exactly the sort of comprehensive and trustworthy book in small
compass, on this subject, that we and many more have often looked for in vain.
. . . The author has evidently studied his subject in a faithful, laborious, and
scholarly manner, and has not only studied but mastered it. The work is of great
value for general students, and tor men whose work lies among the Mussulman
population, such as Civil Servants and Missionaries, it seems to be the very work
that is wanted." The Friend of India.
" It is manifest throughout the work that we have before us the opinions of one
thoroughly conversant with the subject, and who is uttering no random notions.
. . . .We strongly recommend ' Notes on Muhammadanism.' Our Clergy especially,
even though they are not Missionaries, and have no intention of labouring amongst
. Muhammadans or consorting with them, ought to have at least as much knowledge
of the system as can be m6st readily acquired, with" a very little careful study,'from
this useful treatise." The Record.
" Its value as a means of correcting the common impressions about Islam will
reveal itself to the most cursory reader, while the author's evident scholarship and
intimate knowledge of his subject bespeak for him a patient hearing on points the
most open to controversy." Allen's Indian Mail.
" In brief compass, it contains a large amount of reliable information. Instead
ot theories and fancies, facts are placed before us. Muhammadanism Is represented
as it really is, not as it is supposed that it might possibly be. Instead of retailing
the speculations cnrrent in literary society at home, Mr. Hughes furnishes us with
brief but incisive statements, which, so far as they go, leave nothing to be desired."
The Church Missionary Intelligencer.
Will shortly ke published in crown 8vo.,
;A Translation of
ROBINSON CRUSOE
Into the Persian Language (Roman Characters.) Edited by T. H. TOLBOKT, B.C.S.
London : WM. H. ALLEN and Co., 13, Waterloo Place.
,w
PLACE, PALL MALL.
Ancient and Iddiseval India,
BEING THE
HISTORY, RELIGION, LAWS, CASTE,
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, LANGUAGE,
LITERATURE, POETRY, PHILOSOPHY,
ASTRONOMY, ALGEBRA, MEDICINE,
ARCHITECTURE, MANUFACTURES,
COMMERCE, ETC.,
OF THE HINDOOS,
Taken from their Writings.
BY
MRS. MANNING.
Amongst the Works consulted aud gleaned from may be named
EIG VEDA, SAMA VEDA, VAJUE VEDA, SATHAPATHA,
BEAHMANA, BAGHAVAT GITA, THE PUEANAS,
CODE OF MENU, CODE OF YAJNA-VALKYA,
MITAKSHAEA, DATA BAGHA, MAHABHAEATA,
ATEIYA, CHAEAKA, STTSEUTA, EAMAYANA, EAGHTJ
VANSA, BHATTIKAVIA, SAKUNTALA VIKEAMOEVASI
MALALI AND MADHAVA, MUDKA RAKSHASA, KETNAVALI.
KUMARA SAMBHAVA, PRABODAH, CHANDRODAYA, MEGHA DUTA,
G^GOVXKDA, PANCHATANTRA, HITOPADESA, feATI^ SARIT &
SAGARA, KETALA, PANCHAVESfSATI, DASA KUMARA, CH
" With Illustrations, 2 vols., Svo. 30s.
"Mrs. Manning's book will probably I 9 ng , q
a standard handbook on tbe Literature, Arts and Sconces ,
India." Saturday Review.