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[PLE LESSONS 
 
 IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 |NGED IN THREE F A K 7. - 
 
 BV 
 
 ^M. DAVIDSON, MA 
 
 PART II 
 
 PRICE TWaiPEWOE 
 
 11 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. 
 1902 
 
elements 
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ENGLISH grammar' 
 
 PART II 
 
 THE NOUN AGAIN 
 
 We learned, in our first book, the following facts 
 about Nouns : 
 
 (i) A Noun is a name, 
 (ii) A Common Noun is a name that is common 
 
 to all things of the same kind ; as : boy^ 
 
 toxvn. 
 (iii) A Proper Noun is a particular or special 
 
 name ; as : John^ London. 
 
 We are now to learn that there are other kinds of 
 nouns beside Common and Proper Nouns, 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 COLLECTIVE NOUNS 
 
 I. A collection, or number, of things may be 
 spoken of as one whole ; for example : 
 
 A collection of boys and girls makes up one(61ass; 
 
 A collection of ships makes up a(fleetj 
 
 A collection of soldiers makes up an armyi 
 
 The name of a collection of things, spoken of as 
 one whole, is called a Collective Noun . 
 
 2 A 
 
 250 
 
2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 II. Notice the Collective Nouns in the following 
 lines : 
 
 A number of sheep make up a(^om 
 
 (The shepherd tends them all wuh care). 
 
 A number of children make up a school 
 
 (John, and Lucy, and Willie are there). 
 
 A number of cows make up a Cpm^ 
 
 (Some of them white and someotthem dark). 
 
 A number of boys make up a club 
 
 (They play football in the farmer's park). 
 
 A number of people make up Si(^wd 
 
 (They welcome the soldiers home from the war). 
 
 A number of ships make up di^et 
 
 (They have left the river and crossed the bar). 
 
 Such Nouns as these make up one kind, 
 
 Their name— ^Collective^bear in mind. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Treat each Collective iNoun in the above Unes as 
 Jblloxvs : 
 
 jlock^ a Collective Noun, the name of a collection 
 of sheep. 
 
 2. Select the Nouns in the following sentences^ and tell 
 whether they are Common, Proper, or Collective : 
 
 (1) The regiment was sent to tlie Cape. 
 
 (2) Napoleon marched his army across the Alps. 
 
 (3) A great crowd gathered in Trafalgar Square. 
 
 (4) Nelson commanded the British fleet. 
 
 (5) The minister addressed the congregation. 
 
 (6) The clergy held a meeting at Hampton Court. 
 
 (7) Parliament met in February. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR $ 
 
 (8) The ship passed through a sho al of herring. 
 
 (9) The hunter saw a herd of deer. 
 (10) The boys formed a football-club. 
 
 3. Treat the Nouns in the Jblloxoing lines as in 
 Ex. 2: 
 
 The shepherd took a flock of sheep 
 Out to the hills at early morn ; 
 The hunter saw a herd of deer. 
 And blew upon his silver horn. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 ABSTRACT NOUNS 
 
 I. Abstract Nouns are not names of persons or 
 things ; they are names of ideas or thoughts ; for 
 example : 
 
 Honesty and kindness are qualities of persons ; 
 Contentment and happiness are states of mind ; 
 Motion smdjliffht are actions. 
 
 Why are such Nouns called Abstract? Because 
 they are ideas abstracted from^ or drawn from^ persons 
 or things; examples — from a good hoy we abstract 
 the thought of goodness; from a thing growing we 
 abstract the thought of growth; and thus we say 
 Abstract Nouns are names of ideas or thoughts ; or, 
 an Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, state, 
 or action. 
 
 II. Consider the following : 
 
 Kindness^ goodness^ purity^ 
 Boyhood^ manhood^ honesty^ 
 Friendship^ hardship^ fartittide^ 
 Freedom^ hatred^ gratitude. 
 
4 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 Such Nouns as these make up one kind, 
 They are found nowhere but in the mind ; 
 We may see a good boy, or a bird that is free. 
 But goodness smd freedom we cannot see ! 
 The Name of a quality, state, or act, 
 Is therefore called a Noun Abstract. 
 
 III. Many Abstract Nouns come from adjectives^ 
 and verbs: ' — 
 
 (i) From adjectives we get names of qualities; 
 thus: 
 
 From honest we get honesty^ 
 From strong we get strength^ 
 From pure we get purity^ 
 From long we get length, 
 
 (ii) From verbs we get names of actions ; thus : 
 
 From act we get actiany 
 From see we get sight, 
 From hate we get hatred^ 
 From Jly we get flight. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Form an Abstract "Soym from each of the follow- 
 ing (the alternate Nouns supplied should rhyme): 
 
 (1) From ^od we get . GfT^^^y^^^^ 
 From breathe we get • , v^-^ot^ 
 From Und we get . . .Ra^'YvM-^^ 
 From die we get . . . fkjiJ9<J^ ' 
 
 * Note. — The teacher would require to define an Adjective and 
 give a few examples ; or refer to Chapter iv. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 5 
 
 (2) From act we get . . . oxM/^ 
 From grow we get . <. j^p/^'^ 
 From Join we get . . . J^^Va^vl 
 From ^Zoze; we get . . • tN#i/'^ 
 
 (3) From secure we get . . . 9^^^^^"^ 
 From strive we get . . . S^^'^Hf*, .^ 
 From ^^wpJ we get . . ♦ ^^/{mJ^"^-^^^ 
 From live we get . . . "^r^ 
 
 2. Pick out the Names of States in the following : 
 Contentment, happiness, and health 
 Are better states than ease or wealth. 
 
 IV. We have seen that Abstract Nouns are marked 
 by certain endings ; the following are the commonest 
 endings of Abstract Nouns: -ness^ 4h^ -ity^ -hoody 
 -ence^ -ship, -dom, -tude. 
 
 -ness, as in goodness, kindness. 
 
 -th, or -t, as in breadth, height. 
 
 -ty, or -ity, as in honesty, purity. 
 
 -hood, as in manhood, boyhood. 
 
 -ence, or -ance, as in prudence, ignorance. 
 
 -ship, as in friendship, hardship. 
 
 -dom, as in freedom, martyrdom. 
 
 -tude, as in fortitude, gratitude. 
 
 V. Names of Arts and Sciences are also Abstract 
 Nouns ; as : Afusic, Arithmetic ^ Painting. 
 
 We may now answer the question : What is an 
 Abstract Noun ? An Abstract Noun is the Name 
 of a quality, state, or action, considered m the mind^ 
 or apart from the thing to which it belongs. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Select the Abstract Nouns in the Jbllowing lines: 
 
 Victu^ is its own reward. 
 Honest y makes the sj)ijjjt brave, 
 Igrj^^jQce keeps the ni^d in (Jojuibt, 
 Sej^jyytU^e holds a man a slave ; 
 Poverty cliills the bfgvest heart. 
 Wisdom is better than silver or gold, 
 Gr atitu de marks the noble ^mind . 
 And goodness brings us joy untold. 
 
 2. Select the Nouns in the folloxmng^ and tell whether 
 they are Common, Proper, Collective, or Abstract : 
 
 ' (1) Burns sang the praise of honest poverty. 
 
 (2) The old man lives in comfort. 
 
 (3) The lion possesses great strength. 
 
 (4) Boys admire honesty and bravery. 
 
 (5) The regiment left the town, for India. 
 
 (6) The people gained their freedom after many 
 
 years of slavery. 
 
 (7) I love honour more than I fear death. 
 
 (8) The strength of a nation depends largely on 
 
 the health and character of its people. 
 
 (9) We can never know the height or the depth 
 
 of God's love. 
 
 3. Select the Nouns in the Jbllowing story ^ and tell 
 the hind of Noun, {Taken in paragraphs^ the story may 
 be used as three exercises) : 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7 
 
 HAGAll AND ISHMAEL 
 
 (1) Abraham sent Hagar into the desert with her 
 son Ishmael. They suffered much for want of water, 
 and Hagar thought her son was going to die. 
 
 (2) As Hagar could not bear to look upon her son's 
 death, she laid him down in a shady place, and drew 
 herself apart. God heard the cries of the poor boy, 
 and sent an angel to comfort his mother. 
 
 (3) The angel told Hagar that her son would become 
 the head of a great nation, and showed her a well 
 close by. The water restored Ishmael to health and 
 strength, and he grew up a strong man, and became 
 the chief of the wandering Arabs. 
 
 VI. What we have learned about Nouns : — 
 
 Nouns are of four kinds— Common, Proper, Col- 
 lective, and Abstract. 
 
 / (i) A Common Noun is a name that is common 
 ' to all things of the same kind. 
 
 (ii) A Proper Noun is a particular name. 
 
 (iii) A Collective Noun is the name of a collection 
 
 of things spoken of as one whole. 
 
 j (iv) An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, 
 
 ! state, or action, considered apa7't from, or 
 
 ^ abstracted Jrom^ the thing to which it belongs. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 KINDS OF VERBS 
 
 I. Verbs arc of two kinds ; compare the following 
 sentences : 
 
 (i) Tovi niris, 
 (ii) Tom killed ... 
 
8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 We see : 
 
 (i) That Tom runs makes sense. 
 (ii) That Tom hilled . . . does not make sense. 
 
 The verb killed requires a noun after it to complete 
 the sense ; as : Tom hilled a mouse. 
 
 In grammar the word mouse is here called the 
 Object of the Verb, and Tom is here called the 
 Subject of the Verb : the Subject is the person or 
 thing about which something is told ; we may write 
 down the sentence thus : 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Object. 
 
 Tom 
 
 killed 
 
 a mouse 
 
 There are thus two kinds of Verbs : 
 
 (i) Verbs that require an Object ; as : 
 The farmer shot the crow. 
 
 (ii) Verbs that do not require an Object ; as : 
 The flowers grow. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Supply Objects to complete the sense ^ and write the 
 sentences down as Subject, Verb, and Object: 
 
 'T* (1) Mary broke .^. ; j- (4) The horse kicked . . . 
 
 (2) Tom found A. ^^^ (5) The cow gives . . . 
 (S) The boy stole .Siyf6va(6) Jack wrote . . . 
 
 2. Supply Verbs that do not requii-e an object : 
 
 (1) The boy . . . (4) The dog . . . 
 
 \ 'y (2) The girl ... (5) The lion . . . 
 
 ' (3) The baby ... (6) The rain . . . 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 9 
 
 II. In graniiiiar, the Verbs which require an Object 
 are called Transitive ; and those which do not require 
 an Object are called In-transitive, or Not-transitive. 
 
 Trans means over or across ; we shall show this by 
 a few examples : 
 
 Trans-Atlantic means over or across the Atlantic. 
 
 Trans- Vaal means across the river Vaal. 
 
 Trans-fer means to carry across. 
 
 Trans-itive means passing over. 
 
 In- transitive means not passing over. 
 
 When we call a verb Transitive, we mean that the 
 action of the verb passes over to an Object ; thus : 
 Subject. Transitive Verb. Object. 
 
 Mary 
 The boy 
 Tom 
 
 wrote 
 
 loves 
 
 kicked 
 
 a letter 
 
 his mother 
 
 the ball 
 
 When we call a verb In-transitive, we mean that 
 the action of the verb does not pass over to an obj ect ; 
 thus : 
 
 Noun. Intransitive Verb. No Object. 
 
 Mary 
 The boy 
 Tom 
 
 runs 
 cries 
 laughs 
 
 Or we may put it in this way : 
 
 A Transitive Verb an object has, 
 As : 21ie farmer shot the croxv ; 
 
 An Intransitive Verb— no object has, 
 As : The beautiful Jtowers groiv. 
 
 a A 2 
 
 I 
 
10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 The farmer shot . . . would not make sense, 
 
 An object crow we thus supply ; 
 
 Transitive means a going across^ 
 
 I trust you see the reason why : 
 
 For, if the shooting had not crossed^ 
 
 The crow were alive ^ and the shot weix lost ! 
 
 Exercises 
 1. Write, in different columns, the Transitive a7id 
 the Intransitive Verbs in the following: 
 
 (1) The cat caught a mouse. (2) The lion roars. 
 (3) The cock grows. (4) The sailor ^LcJa 
 shark. (5) The gardener plante d a flower. 
 (6) The baby cries. 
 
 a. Treat the Transitive Verbs, italicised in the 
 following story, as follows : 
 
 carried | a verb, transitive, object bone, 
 
 A GREEDY DOG 
 
 A greedy dog carried a bone in its mouth. It 
 reached a brook, and crossed a little bridge. It looked 
 down into the water, and saw another dog. The other 
 doo; had also a bone in its mouth. It wanted the other 
 bone, and opened its mouth. The bone fell into the 
 water. The other dog was^ its own shadow. 
 
 3. Point Old the Transitive Verbs in the following 
 story, and tell the Object in each case: 
 
 THE GOOSE AND THE GOLDEN EGG 
 
 A certain man had a goose ; it laid a golden egg 
 every day. He was^ a very greedy man, and he wanted 
 ^ was is an intrans. verb. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 11 
 
 more eggs. He cut the goose open, but found no eggs. 
 He was^ very angry with himself, and said these words : 
 ' I got a golden egg every day, yet I was ^ not content. 
 I have killed the goose that laid the golden egg ! ' 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 WORDS GO WITH WORDS: (I) ADJECTIVES AND - 
 ADVERBS 
 
 I. We have learned some facts about Nouns and 
 Verbs ; we are now to learn about other kinds of words 
 which we may add to Nouns and Verbs ; for example : 
 Noun Verb 
 
 Flowers grow 
 
 Let us add nice to the NoVLnJlo'wers ; and call it an 
 Adnoun; and also add here to the Verb grow^ and 
 call it an Adverb ; thus : 
 
 Ad-noun Noun Verb Ad-verb 
 
 Nice flowers grow here. 
 
 We thus see that words go with words : 
 
 Ad-nouns go with Nouns : 
 
 Ad- verbs go with Verbs. 
 Ad-nouns are usually called Adjectives. 
 II. Some Adjectives are small words; others are 
 large ; examples : 
 
 <2t)pen 
 the pen 
 this pen 
 
 a smooth pen 
 a useful pen 
 ail excellent pen 
 
 All these words are Adjectives, because they go 
 with the Noun pen ; and that is always the test of an 
 Adjective — Does it go with a Noun ? 
 
 ^ was is an intrans. verb. 
 
12 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 III. Let us now take a Noun, say cat, and supply suit- 
 able Adjectives. We shall endeavour to find a word 
 beginning with each letter of the alphabet. Notice 
 that these Adjectives tell the hhid of cat. 
 
 Adjective 
 
 Noun 
 
 Adjective 
 
 Noun 
 
 An angry 
 
 cat 
 
 A m£Ld 
 
 cat 
 
 a black 
 
 cat 
 
 a nice 
 
 cat 
 
 a cunning 
 
 cat 
 
 an obedient 
 
 cat 
 
 a deaf 
 
 cat 
 
 a purring 
 
 cat 
 
 an excellent 
 
 cat 
 
 a quiet 
 
 cat 
 
 afat 
 
 cat 
 
 a royal 
 
 cat 
 
 a good 
 
 cat 
 
 a sick 
 
 cat 
 
 a hungry 
 
 cat 
 
 a tame 
 
 cat 
 
 an immense 
 
 cat 
 
 an ugly 
 
 cat 
 
 a jealous 
 
 cat 
 
 a vain 
 
 cat 
 
 a lean 
 
 cat 
 
 a wicked 
 
 cat 
 
 
 ayow 
 
 ig cat. 
 
 
 
 Exercises 
 
 
 1. Supply two suitable Adjectives to describe each of 
 the following Nouns : 
 
 (1) The . . . bird (4) The . . . book 
 
 (2) The . . . boy ^ (5) The . . . horse 
 
 (3) The . . . girl (6) The . . . flower 
 
 2. Treat the Adjectives in the following lines thus: 
 
 Little 
 
 goes with the Noun droj)S, therefore it 
 is an Adjective. 
 
 Little dro^s^jwater. 
 Little grains of sand. 
 Make the mighty ocean, 
 And the pleasant land.. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IS 
 
 3. The Adjectives in the following sentences are 
 italicised; treat as in Ex. 2. 
 
 KINDS OF ANTS 
 
 There are red ants, hlaclc ants, and white ants; TTie 
 soldiers have large heads, long jaws, and ^irezigl nippers ; 
 tfte workers have small heads, and small jaws. White 
 ants are only found in^^g^countries. 
 
 4. Pick out the Adjectives in the following story ^ 
 and tell the Nouns they go with : 
 
 THE CUNNING FOX 
 
 A hungry crow s tc^le a giece of nice cheese, and flew 
 up into^a high tree. A cunning ^^ saw t|ie crow, and 
 spoke these flattering words : ' What a fine s hape and 
 graceful body you have ; and I have no doubt you have 
 a beautiful voice ! "^ The silly crow opened her mouth 
 to sing ; and the sly fox caught the cheese and ran 
 away. ^** 
 
 5. The Adjectives in the follozving stoiy are italic- 
 ised ; tell the Nouns they go with, 
 
 THE FIRST SNOWDROP 
 
 (1) A heautful story is told about the first snowdrop. 
 In Paradise it was always summer ; there was pleasant 
 sunshine, the trees were clad with green leaves ; and the 
 earth was covered with nice green grass and lovely 
 flowers. But there were i^o snowdrops in Paradise. 
 
 (2) Adam and Eve were put out of their heautful 
 home, because they disobeyed God. Then a great 
 change came over Nature ; dark clouds came across the 
 clear sky ; the withered leaves fell from the trees, the 
 
14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 lovely flowers died, and snow began to fall. Then Eve 
 sat down and cried. 
 
 (3) An angel came and said to Eve: *Do not de- 
 spair ! ' But Eve replied, ' Alas, I shall never see the 
 sweet flowers again ! ' A white snowflake fell into the 
 angel's hand, and she said : ' Look, Eve, behold this^ 
 beautiful flower ! ' And when Eve looked up she saw a 
 small white flower in the angePs hand. 
 
 (4) Then the angel said, ' I give you this flower, as a 
 promise from God that the cold winter will pass away, 
 and the warm summer will come again ; and then the 
 beautiful flowers will bloom, the trees will put on their 
 green leaves, and the songs of birds will gladden youi 
 heart ! ' So Eve was comforted ; and it came to pass 
 as the good angel had said. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 WORDS GO WITH WORDS: (II) ADVERBS 
 
 I. We shall now show how Adverbs are used ; take 
 the following sentences : 
 
 (i) The ship sails, 
 (ii) The flowers grow, 
 (iii) Tom writes. 
 Let us now ask : 
 
 (i) When the ship sails, 
 (ii) Where the flowers grow, 
 (iii) How Tom writes. 
 We might say, in reply : 
 
 (i) The ship sail^ fo-da^ 
 (ii) The flowers growvA^/^ 
 (iii) Tom writes (slowly. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 15 
 
 We therefore see that : 
 
 to-day goes with the Verb sails^ and tells the 
 
 time : 
 here goes with the Verb grow^ and tells the 
 
 place : 
 slowly goes with the Verb writes, and tells 
 
 the manner. 
 
 II. Words that go with Verbs are called Ad- verbs : 
 Adverbs are said to modify Verbs. 
 
 THE ADVERB 
 
 How, when, and where an action is done, 
 
 Be it in earnest, or be it in fun ; 
 
 Be it done badly, or be it done well. 
 
 The time, place, and manner I truly tell ; 
 
 And so I hope you understand 
 
 Why the Verb and I go hand-in-hand. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Write in columns the Adjectives that go xvith 
 Nouns; and the Adverbs that go with Verbs in the 
 Jhllowing; thus : 
 
 Adjective Noun Verb Adverb 
 
 The pretty 
 
 girl 
 
 sings 
 
 sweetly. 
 
 (1) The naughty boy ran away,' 
 
 (2) The black dog barked loudly. 
 
 (3) The narrow river flows swiftly. 
 
 (4) The clear fire burns briglitly. 
 
 (5) The long letter came yesterday. 
 
 (6) A heavy mist came down. 
 
16 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 2. We shall now be able to pick out four different 
 kinds of words (or Parts of Speech, as they are called) ; 
 namely : the Noun, the Verb, the Adjective, and the 
 Adverb. We shall treat them thus : 
 
 The little mouse ran off. | 
 
 The an Adjective, goes with mouse, 
 
 little an Adjective, goes with mouse, 
 mouse a Noun, common, 
 ran a Verb, intransitive. 
 
 off an Adverb, goes with ran. 
 
 Treat thejvllowing as in above example : 
 
 (1) The old man laughed loudly. 
 
 (2) The young soldier fought bravely. 
 
 (3) The poor woman wept bitterly. 
 
 (4) The sick boy returns to-morrow. 
 
 (5) The weary ploughman goes homeward. 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 CHANGES IN NOUNS : (I) NUMBER 
 
 I. Nouns are changed in their form or look for a 
 change of meaning. Observe the changes made in the 
 form of the following words : 
 
 boy into boys ; match into matches ; man into 
 men. 
 By changing the form of these words, we have also 
 changed their meaning ; thus : 
 
 boy means one hoy ; boys mean more than one ; 
 match means one match; matches mean more 
 
 than one ; 
 man means one man ; men mean more than one. 
 In grammar there are two numbers : 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 17 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 
 When the noun stands for only one things it is in 
 the Singular Number ; when it stands for more than 
 one, it is in the Plural Number. 
 
 Number, then, is that form of the noun which 
 means one, or more than one. 
 
 II. There are three chief ways of forming the 
 plural number : ^ 
 
 (i) By adding -es ; as Jo^, booces ; watch, watches ; 
 or -s only (if the sound allows) as hoy, 
 boys ; girl, girls, 
 (ii) By adding -en ; as, ox, oxen ; child, child(r)en. 
 (iii) By changing the middle of the word ; dJS>,foot, 
 feet ; goose, geese ; tooth, teeth ; man, men. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Write the plural of: house, match, box, pen, 
 book, picture, map, chair, door, stone. 
 
 2. Write the plural of: mouse, ox, tooth, goose, 
 man, woman, foot. 
 
 3. Tell the kind and number of the Nouns in the 
 following sentences. 
 
 Example 
 
 The shepherd tends his flock witb'^ar^ 
 
 shepherd a noun, common, singular number, 
 flock a noun, collective, singular number. 
 
 care a noun, abstract, singular number. 
 
 (1) The waggon was drawn by four horses^ 
 
 (2) The ipurists climbed Ben Nevis in sjife^ 
 
 * A more complete list will be given at the end of Part IIL 
 
 g A 3 
 
18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (3) Loch Katrine is famed for its beauty. 
 
 (4) The safety of the men lay in flight. 
 ^((5) A company of soldiers lost their way. 
 T^6) The soldiers fought for t^o days and nights. 
 
 **f*^7) The boxes contain oranges and apples. 
 
 (8) The negroes work in the cotton-fields. 
 
 (9) Several songs were sung at the concert. 
 (10) The ladies walked to the gates of the city. 
 
 4. Select the Nouns in thejbllowinff story ^ and treat 
 as in the above exercise, {Each para^graph may make 
 one exercise) : 
 
 THE SIEGE OF MAFEKING 
 
 (1) Mafeking is a small village in Africa; it is 
 situated in Bechuanaland, and lies near the border 
 of the Transvaal. 
 
 (2) When the Transvaal and the Orange Free State 
 declared war against Great Britain, Mafeking was 
 surrounded by the Boers. 
 
 (3) The officer who defended the place was Colonel 
 Baden-Powell. He was famed for his bravery, his 
 caution, and his skill. 
 
 (4) He dug trenches round the village, and made pits 
 in the ground, where the people could hide from the 
 shot and shell. 
 
 (5) He kept the Boers at bay for nearly eight months, 
 and was relieved on the eighteenth day of May 1900. 
 Baden-Powell was made a Major- General, and the 
 whole nation rejoiced when the garrison was set free. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 19 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 CHANGES IN NOUNS : (II) GENDER 
 
 I. Persons and animals are of different Sexes ; for 
 example : hoy and lion belong to the Male Sex ; girl 
 and lioness to the Female Sex. In grammar, this 
 difference of Sex is called Gender ; the nouns 
 
 Boy and lion are of the Masculine Gender : 
 Girl and lioness are of the Feminine Gender : 
 
 Names of things without life, as chair and fender , 
 are Neither or Neuter Gender. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Boy, girl ; prince, princess ; 
 Man, woman ; host, hostess ; 
 Gander, goose ; boar, sow ; 
 Ram, ewe ; bull, cow ; 
 
 These words differ in Jcind^ we see 
 (Yet male with female doth agree). 
 A name for this difference we find 
 In Gender, meaning class or kind. 
 
 11. There are three chief ways of marking gender^: 
 (i) By using a different word ; as : 
 
 Masc. Fein. i Masc. Pern. 
 
 brother 
 
 boy 
 
 king 
 
 sister 
 
 girl 
 
 queen 
 
 lord 
 
 son 
 
 uncle 
 
 lady 
 
 daughter 
 
 aunt 
 
 * A more complete list will be given at the end of Part 111. 
 
20 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (ii) By using a different ending ; as : 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 author 
 lion 
 
 authoress 
 lioness 
 
 heir 
 duke 
 
 heiress 
 duchess 
 
 (iii) By placing a diflferent word before the 
 noun ; as : 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 he-goat 
 man-servant 
 
 she-goat 
 maid -servant 
 
 cock-sparrow 
 male-child 
 
 hen-sparrow 
 female-child 
 
 III. Some nouns are common to both genders ; for 
 example : the word pupil may apply to a hoy or a girl ; 
 the word friend may apply to a hoy or a girl^ a man 
 or a ivoman. Such words are of the Common Gender. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Write the feminine of: boy, father, grandfather, 
 man, giant, count, poet, lion, son, uncle, papa, husband, 
 brother, lord. 
 
 2. Write the masculine of: queen, mistress, princess, 
 daughter, Jewess, duchess, heiress. 
 
 3. Write in separate columns the j^ords which helong 
 to the diffierent genders: pen, bM, sister, mother, 
 friend, table, uncle, book, cousin, qu^en, master, author. 
 
 4. Select the Nouns in the following sentences^ and 
 tell the Kind, Number, and Gender of each. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR £1 
 
 Example 
 My friend sails for Durban on Wednesday, 
 friend a noun, common, singular number, com- 
 
 mon gender. 
 Durban a noun, proper, singular number, neuter 
 
 gender. 
 Wednesday a noun, proper, singular number, neuter 
 gender. 
 
 (1) The teacher took the pupils to Windsor. 
 
 (2) The soldiers fixed bayonets, and stormed the 
 
 heights. 
 {3) King Edward reviewed the fepogs at Aldershot. 
 (4) King David of Scotland founded many abbeys. 
 -(5) The lady gave the^hUd a penny. 
 (6) Last May we made a crown of flowers ; 
 we had a merry day ! 
 Beneath the hawthorn on the green 
 
 they made me Queen of May ; 
 And we danced about the Maypole, 
 
 and in the hazel-copse. 
 Till Charles's Wain ^ came out above 
 the tall white chimney-tops. 
 
 5. Select the Nouns in the Jbllowing story ^ and 
 tell the Kind, Number, and Gender of each. {Two 
 exercises) : 
 
 THE TRAVELLERS AND THE BEAR 
 
 (1) Two men were once travelling in a forest, and 
 they agreed to keep together in any danger. Suddenly 
 a bear rushed out of a thicket, and one of the men 
 climbed up a tree ; the other man lay flat on his face, 
 and held his breath. 
 
 * A group of stars. 
 
^^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (2) The bear thought the man on the ground was 
 dead, and went away. When his companion joined 
 him, he said : ' What did the bear whisper to you ? ' 
 His friend replied : ' He told me never again to trust 
 a coward like you ! ' 
 
 CHAPTER Vm 
 
 THE VERB AGAIN : TENSE— I 
 
 I. We have already learned the following facts about 
 verbs : 
 
 (i) Verbs are Telling- Words, 
 (ii) Transitive Verbs require an Object, 
 (iii) Intransitive Verbs do not require an object. 
 
 H. We are now to learn that verbs also change their 
 fo77n for a change of meaning. Observe the changes 
 made in the form of the following verbs : 
 
 I love into I loved. 
 I run into I ran. 
 I write into I wrote. 
 
 How have these verbs been changed in form for a 
 change of meaning.^ They have been changed for 
 Time; thus: 
 
 I love, I run, I write, apply to present time ; 
 I loved, I ran, I wrote, apply to past time. 
 
 There are three kinds of Time : 
 
 (i) Time Present ; as : this moment^ nozv, 
 (ii) Time Past ; as : yesterday. 
 (iii) Time-to-come; as: to-morrow. 
 (Time-to-come is called future time.) 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 23 
 
 In grammar, we use the word Tense to denote Time. 
 Tense means Time. 
 The Present is with us noza^ to-day ; 
 The Past was with us yesterday ; 
 The Future, to-morrow^ has not yet come 
 (But we may plan what will be done). 
 These Times are called — "'tis common sense — 
 The Present, the Past, and the Future Tense. 
 
 III. We may show the three different Tenses or 
 Times in the following verbs : 
 Present Tense. Past Tense. Future Tense.^ 
 
 I love 
 I run 
 I write 
 I sing 
 I swim 
 
 I loved 
 I ran 
 I wrote 
 I sang 
 I swam 
 
 I shall love 
 I shall run 
 I shall write 
 I shall sing 
 I shall swim 
 
 IV. We may now say that Tense is that form of 
 the verb which shows the Time of the action. 
 
 Exercise 
 
 Select the Verbs in the follotving sentences^ tell the 
 Kind and Tense of each, and give the object of the 
 transitive verbs. 
 
 Examples 
 
 (1) The dog held the robber. 
 
 (2) The soldier will return to his native land, 
 held 
 will return 
 
 a verb, transitive, past tense, object robber, 
 a verb, intransitive, future tense. 
 
 ^ Shally wilt, and will are used to form the Future Tense ; as : 
 I shall love, thou wilt love, he will love. 
 We shall love, you will love, they will love. 
 
24 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (1) The rain fell in torrents. 
 
 (2) He will visit London in the summer. 
 
 • (3) The horse carried the bugler into action. 
 
 (4) The teacher will punish the lazy scholar. 
 
 (5) War brings sorrow into many homes. 
 
 (6) Last night the moon had a golden ring. 
 ¥ (7) The skipper b\eiv a whifF from his pipe. 
 
 (8) The stream flows, the wind blows. 
 
 (9) The cloud fleets, the heart beats. 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 TENSE— II 
 
 The three tenses — Present, Past, and Future — 
 have two forms ; as : 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 (i) I run. 
 
 I ran, 
 
 I shall run, 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 I am running 
 
 I was running 
 
 I shall be running 
 
 (ii) I write, 
 
 I wrote. 
 
 I shall write. 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 I am writing 
 
 I was writing 
 
 I shall be writing 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Select the Verbs in the Jbllowing sentences^ and 
 state the Kind and Tense of each^ and give the object 
 of the transitive verbs. 
 
 Example 
 The train was coming through the tunnel. 
 was coming | a verb, intransitive, past tense. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 25 
 
 (1) The porter was running with a parcel, and fell 
 
 on the platform. 
 
 (2) I shall be writing a letter to James to-morrow. 
 
 (3) The ships were riding at anchor. 
 
 (4) I am making a ball. 
 
 (5) Baby is playing with the kitten. 
 
 (6) They were counting the pigs. 
 
 2. Select the Nouns and Verbs in thejblloiving story ^ 
 and treat asfoU(Tws, 
 
 wolf 
 had 
 
 Example 
 
 a noun, common, singular number, common 
 
 gender, 
 a verb, transitive, past tense, object hone. 
 
 THE WOLF AND THE CRANE 
 
 (1) A wolf had a bone in his throat, which gave him 
 much pain. He proniised a reward to any animal 
 that would take away the bone. 
 
 (2) A crane offered her services, and ventured her 
 long neck into the wolfs throat. She pulled the bone 
 out, and asked lier reward. 
 
 (3) ^ I had your head in my mouth," said the wolf, 
 'and I did not bite^ it off! Surely such kindness 
 on my part deserves your gratitude. You are^ an 
 ungrateful animal ! ' 
 
 1 did bite go together. * are is an intransitive verb. 
 
26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 THE ADJECTIVE AGAIN 
 
 I. We have already learned that an Adjective is 
 a word that goes with a Noun. 
 
 II. There are different kinds of adjectives; they do 
 different kinds of work ; we shall now give a name to 
 each kind of adjective, according to the work it does : 
 
 v¥ (i) Adjectives of Quality tell the kind, 
 as : good, bad^Jiiie; 
 (ii) Adjectives of Number number things, 
 
 as : three, six, nine ; 
 (iii) Adjectives of Quantity tell how much, 
 as : much, little, some ^ ,• 
 * (iv) Adjectives Demonstrative point out, 
 as : this, that, yon ; 
 ^(v) Distributives take each noun apart, 
 as : each, everyone, 
 
 A, an, and the are sometimes called Articles : 
 
 A (or an) is called the Indefinite Article, because 
 
 a pen means any pen. 
 The is called the Definite Article, because the pen 
 
 means a particular pen ; as : the pen on the desk. 
 
 Exercises 
 1. Select and classify the Adjectives in the following: 
 
 (1) The early bird catches the first^worm. 
 
 (2) In the deep pool the grey trout lies. 
 
 ^ Note. — Certain adjectives, like some, all, any, are adjectives 
 of number, if the things named can be taken separately; other- 
 wise they are adjectives of quantity ; as, 
 
 some boys ; all men {some and all are adjectives of number), 
 some bread ; all night {some and all are adjectives of quantity). 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 27 
 
 . (3) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 
 
 (4) It requires a steady hand to carry a full cup. 
 
 (5) As cold water to a thirsty soul, so is good 
 
 news from a far country. 
 
 (6) In the world's broad field of battle, 
 
 In the bivouac of life, 
 Be not like dumb, driven cattle. 
 Be a hero in the strife. 
 
 S. Classify the Adjectives in thefolloxmng: 
 
 (1) I have not much gold, 
 But I have a merry heart, 
 Ten pennies in my pocket 
 And a white horse and cart. 
 
 They run ow four wheels. 
 And the horse is made of wood, 
 But it eats no corn. 
 And I don't see why it should. 
 
 (2) Every hen has a beak, 
 Hach camel has a hump. 
 Every dog says ' bow-wow ! ' 
 Each pig says ' grumph ! ' 
 
 3. Select and classify the Adjectives in thejbllowing: 
 
 (1) Four boys and seven girls 
 Set out to have a wade ; 
 Every girl had a pail, 
 Each boy had a spade. 
 
 (2) Some pennies, some bread. 
 Hungry boys must be fed ! 
 
28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (3) Two black kittens 
 
 And a large brown dog, 
 
 Three white chickens 
 
 And a big fat hog, 
 
 All ran a race 
 
 Down a steep hill 
 
 Many miles in length, 
 
 And they 're all running still ! 
 
 4. Place an Adjective of Quality denoting colour 
 hefore each of thejbllowing nmins : 
 
 (1) The . . . sea. (5) The . . . milk. 
 
 (2) A . . . buttercup. (6) The . . . grass. 
 (S) The . . . snow. (7) A . . . leaf. 
 (4) A . . . rose. (8) The . . . violet. 
 
 5. Place an Adjective of Quality denoting size 
 before each of the Jblloiving nouns : 
 
 (1) A . . . house. (4) A . . . mountain. 
 
 (2) A . . . coat. (5) The . . . chimney. 
 
 (3) A . . . room. (6) A . . . sentence. 
 
 6. Place an Adjective of Quality denoting shape 
 before each of thejbllowing nouns : 
 
 (1) A . . . ball. (8) A . . . line. 
 
 (2) A . . . house. (4) A . . . stick. 
 
 7. Place an Adjective of Quality denoting character 
 before each of the following nouns : 
 
 (1) A . . . dog. (4) The . . . teacher. 
 
 (2) The . . . soldier. (5) A . . . man. 
 
 (3) A . . . boy. (6) The . . . master. 
 
 8. Select the Adjectives in the following story ^ and 
 treat as follows, {Four Exercises) : 
 
a 
 cruel 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 29 
 
 Example 
 
 an adjective, goes with King. 
 
 an adjective of quality, qualifies King, 
 
 THE INFANT MOSES 
 
 (1) A cruel King of Egypt had ordered all the young 
 Hebrews to be drowned in the river Nile. Now a 
 healthy and beautiful child was hid by his mother for 
 three months. 
 
 (2) She put him in a little boat made of strong 
 reeds, and plastered it inside with black pitch ; she 
 then put this strange cradle among the long rushes 
 which grew near the banks of the river. 
 
 (3) His good sister, Miriam, watched the little infant 
 at a safe distance. Presently a beautiful princess — 
 the King's daughter — came to that part of the river to 
 bathe. She saw the hidden basket, and the tiny boy 
 was discovered. She gave the boy a beautiful name — 
 Moses — which means ' saved from the water." • 
 
 (4) Miriam now came forward, and said she could 
 find, a good nurse for the baby ; the kind princess gave 
 her leave, and she brought his own mother. Moses 
 was taken to the royal palace. He afterwards became 
 the great leader of the Israelites. 
 
 HI. We shall now allow the Adjective to speak for 
 itself, and say : 
 
 1. Be it warm or cold^ be it wet or dry^ 
 Be it fathoms deep^ or inches high^ 
 Be it ugly or pretty^ plain ^ ovjair^ — 
 Look before the Noun, and you '11 find me there. 
 And so I hope you understand 
 Why the Noun and I go hand-in-hand. 
 
30 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 2. With^r*^5 second^ third ; and one^ twOy ihree^ 
 I tell the number, whatever it be ; 
 And with the^ this, that, yonder, and z/o/i, 
 I distinguish the Name you think upon. 
 And so I hope you understand 
 Why the Noun and I go hand-in-hand. 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 I. Suppose you heard me say to another boy, * i 
 wish yoit to find out if he is going to the picnic ! ' 
 Here three persons are understood, 
 (i) / stands for the person speaking (John Brown), 
 (ii) You stands for the person spoken to (James 
 
 Gray), 
 (iii) He stands for the person spoken about (George 
 White). 
 
 We thus see that there are certain words which 
 stand Jhr names or nouns; such words are called Pro- 
 Nouns ; pro is a Latin word meaningybr, or instead of. 
 
 A Pro-Noun is a word that stands for a Noun. 
 
 IL In grammar, there are three persons; there are 
 therefore three Personal Pronouns : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 First Person : I, We. 
 
 Second Person : Thou^ (or You), You (or Ye). 
 Third Person : He, She or It, They. 
 
 ^ Note. — Th(m is not used now in speaking to one person; 
 we find it however in the Bible and in poetry ; as : ' Thou hast 
 put gladness in my heart' ; and, 'Thou call'st its children a 
 happy band/ 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR SI 
 
 III. The Personal Pronouns have Gender as well 
 as nouns ; they are : 
 
 Masculine, if they stand for Male Persons ; as he. 
 Feminine, if they stand for Female Persons ; as she. 
 Common, if they stand for either Male or Female 
 
 Persons ; as /. 
 Neuter, if they stand for things : as it. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Use Pronouns instead of nouiis in the following 
 sentences. 
 
 Example 
 
 The boy took the apple. 
 He took it. 
 
 (1) The lady is very kind. V 
 
 (2) Tom broke the cups. 
 
 (3) The soldiers fought bravely. 
 
 (4) The girl lost the bag. 
 
 (5) The houses are occupied. 
 
 (6) The postman gave the letter to Mrs. Brown. 
 
 S. Select the Pronouns in the following' sentences^ and 
 tell the person, number, and gender of each. 
 
 Example 
 
 We made a crown of flowers. 
 
 We, a pronoun, personal, 1st person, plural number, 
 common gender, stands for the persons speaking. 
 (1)1 fear no foe. 
 
 (2) We are very glad to see you. 
 
 (3) He sailed yesterday. 
 
32 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (4) She loves the birds and the flowers. 
 
 (5) It is only a summer shower. 
 
 (6) They enjoyed a sail in the boat. 
 
 (7) You are expected to-morrow. >/ 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 THE VERB— NUMBER AND PERSON 
 
 I. Verbs are changed for number and person ; if the 
 subject is singular, we say the verb is singular ; and 
 so with the plural; again, if the subject is in the first 
 person we say the verb is in the first person, and so 
 on; or to put it shortly, — A verb agrees with its 
 subject in number or person. Take two examples : 
 
 (1) I love. (2) They loved. 
 
 (1) I is 1st pers., sing, numb., therefore love is 1st 
 pers., sing. numb. 
 
 (2) They is 3rd pers., plur. numb., therefore loved 
 is 3rd pers., plur. numb. 
 
 II. Learn the following : 
 
 1. Present Tense 
 
 Person Singular, 
 
 1. I love 
 
 2. Thou lovest 
 
 3. He loves 
 
 Person Singular. 
 
 1. I loved 
 
 2. Thou lovedst 
 
 3. He loved 
 
 Person Plural, 
 
 1. We love 
 
 2. You love 
 
 3. They love 
 
 Past Tense 
 
 Person Plural, 
 
 1. We loved 
 
 2. You loved 
 
 3. They loved 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 33 
 
 3. Future Tense 
 
 Person Singular. 
 
 1. I shall love 
 
 2. Thou wilt love 
 
 3. He will love 
 
 Person Plural, 
 
 1. We shall love 
 
 2. You will love 
 
 3. They will love 
 
 Exercise 
 
 Treat the italicised words in the Jhlloxving sentences 
 as in the Jhllowing example {we shall now use con- 
 tractions y putting a full stop after each contracted 
 word), 
 
 I love my dog. 
 
 I a pron. pers., 1st pers., sing, numb., com. gend. 
 
 love a verb trans., obj. dog^ pres. tense, 1st pers., 
 sing, numb., agrees with its subj. /. 
 
 (1) We love beautiful flowers. 
 
 (2) He loves his mother. 
 
 (3) They loved their teacher. 
 
 (4) We shall see the king. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 TABLE OF PARSING 
 
 I. We have learned some things about the following 
 Parts of Speech— Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Ad- 
 verbs, and Pronouns; we shall now treat, or parse^ 
 them according to the following table : 
 
 Nouns. 1. Kind — Com., Prop., Coll., or Abst. 
 
 2. Numb. — Sing, or Plur. 
 
 3. Gend. — Masc, Fern., Com., or Neut. 
 
34 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 Verbs. 1. Kind — Trans, (with obj.) or Iiitrans. 
 
 2. Tense — Pres., Past, or P\it. 
 
 3. Pers. and Numb., and agreement with 
 
 subj. 
 
 Adjectives. Kind — Qual., Quant., Numb., Dem., or 
 Distr., and giving the noun qualified. 
 
 Adverbs. Kind— (Kinds will be given in Part III.) 
 Give the verb modified. 
 
 Pronouns. 1. Kind— Personal (other kinds in Part 
 III.). 
 2. Numb.— Sing, or Plur. 
 8. Gend. — Masc, Fem., Com., or Neut. 
 
 II. Example of Parsing 
 
 Two boys kindly helped the old woman. 
 
 Two an adj. of numb., qual. hoys. 
 
 boys a noun, com., plur., masc, subj. oi helped. 
 
 kindly an adv., mod. helped. 
 
 helped a verb, trans., obj. zvoman, past, 3rd plur., 
 
 to agr. with its subj. boys. 
 
 the an adj. dem., points out woman. 
 
 old an adj. of qual., qual. woman. 
 
 woman a noun, com., sing., fem., obj. of helped. 
 
 Exercise 
 
 Parse the words in the following sentences according 
 to the above table, and example : 
 
 (1) The cold wind blows fiercely. 
 
 (2) The young gardener rises early. 
 
 (3) The two friends came yesterday. 
 
 (4) The little girl sings sweetly. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 85 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 ANALYSIS 
 
 I. We shall now divide or analyse sentences into 
 parts. In grammar this is called Analysis. The 
 following are the principal parts of a sentence, but 
 they may not all occur in every sentence : 
 
 1. The Subject — the person or thing about which 
 
 the verb tells something. 
 
 2. Adjectives going with the subject are called the 
 
 enlargement of the subject. 
 
 3. Predicate or Verb — what is told about the 
 
 subject. 
 
 4. Object (if any). Such verbs as is, was, has been 
 
 are intrans., and the word coming after them 
 is called the complement of the verb. 
 
 5. Adjectives going with the object are called the 
 
 enlargement of the object. 
 
 6. Adverbs, or groups of words, going with the 
 
 verb are called the extension of the predi- 
 cate. 
 
 II. Examples of Analysis 
 
 (1) The black cat caught a small mouse in the 
 
 kitchen. 
 
 (2) The little girl sings sweetly. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Enl. ofSubj. 
 
 Pred. 
 
 Obj. 
 
 Enl. of Obj. 
 
 Ext. of Pred. 
 
 Cat 
 
 the, black 
 
 caught 
 
 mouse 
 
 a, small 
 
 in the kitchen 
 
 Girl 
 
 the, little 
 sings 
 
 sweetly 
 
36 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 Exercises 
 
 1. Analyse the following' sentences according to the 
 above model: 
 
 (1) The teacher punished the lazy scholar. 
 
 (2) The weary ploughman goes homeward. 
 
 (3) Tom found a penny in the playground, 
 
 (4) The sun rises in the morning. 
 
 (5) I met a little cottage girl. 
 
 (6) She dwelt on a wide moor. 
 
 (7) I shot an arrow into the air. 
 
 (8) A tear stood in his bright blue eye. 
 
 (9) She dwelt among the untrodden ways. 
 
 (10) The north wind sings a doleful song. 
 
 (11) The lark has sung his carol in the sky. 
 
 (12) Lucy took the lantern in her hand. 
 
 2. Parse the words in sentences 1, 5, 10 in Ex. 1 
 according to the Table of Parsing in Chap. xiii. 
 
 3. Notice that in Poetry the subject does not always 
 come first. Examples : 
 
 (1) At daybreak on a hill they stood. 
 
 (2) Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Enl. of Subj. 
 
 Pred. 
 
 Obj. 
 
 Enl. of Obj. 
 
 Ext. of Pred. 
 
 They 
 
 stood 
 
 at daybreak 
 on a hill 
 
 We 
 
 laid 
 him 
 
 down 
 
 slowly and sadly 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 37 
 
 Analyse theJbUowing sentences: 
 
 (1) In the market-place of Bruges 
 Stands the belfry old and brown, 
 
 (2) At night he heard the lion roar. 
 
 (8) Solemnly down the street came the parish 
 priest. 
 
 (4) In every babbling brook he finds a friend. 
 
 (5) With one knee on the grass did the little 
 
 maiden kneel. 
 
 4. Such verbs as is^ are^ was^ were^ has been (parts of 
 the verb To Be) require a complement after them ; if 
 the complement is a noun, the adjectives going with 
 it are called the enlargement of the complement. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 (1) Robin Hood was an archer good. 
 
 (2) Europe is the smallest continent. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Robin Hood 
 
 Europe 
 
 F.nl.ofSubj. 
 
 
 
 Pred. • 
 
 was 
 
 is 
 
 Oomp. 
 
 archer 
 
 continent 
 
 Enl. of Comp. 
 
 an, good 
 
 the, smallest 
 
 Analyse the following sentences: 
 
 (1) John Gilpin was a citizen. 
 
 (2) My dog is a good diver. 
 
 (3) He has been a faithful friend. 
 
 (4) The two boys were firm friends. 
 
CONTEXTS Ol 
 
 I. 
 
 H. 
 
 Ill, 
 
 IV. 
 
 V, 
 
 VI. 
 
 VIL 
 
 \III. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X, 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIIT. 
 
 XiV. 
 
 X\'. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVIL 
 
 :xviii. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 RONOUNS—CASE . 
 HE CASES OF NOUN:- 
 
 THE ADVERB AGAIN 
 CHANGES IN ADJECTI\ l> 
 
 REMARKS ABOUT ADJKCTU i: 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
 
 RELATING WORDS , 
 
 JOINING WORDS 
 
 INTERJECTIONS 
 
 THE FUNCTION OF ^VORDS 
 
 THE VERB-~MOOD . 
 
 THE VERB~~VOI( E . 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOr NS 
 INTERROGATIVE PRON( )( N s 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXER( l^^> 
 ADDITIONAL NOTES (^ v 
 
 NOUNS . 
 ADDITIONAL NOTl> 
 
 NOUNS . 
 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMJNAl i' 
 
 sinVM n 
 
The New Readers 
 
 Matter New Style New Pictures 
 
 Primer, 
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 It Re.-v^'fT 
 Irst • 
 Comi 
 
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 Book Fit: ' 
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