«c. 
 
 fi,^M 
 
 $s 
 
 ^53 
 
 "^7? 
 
 -^ 
 
 i3 
 
 
 P E 
 
 536 
 
 S974 
 
 1891 
 
 MAIN 
 
 rr\ 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
/^hJj ht^^'ff.- 
 
 Li:d''RARY 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Received. |iaV-ld-48^f ' '^-- 
 
 Accessions No.A^A~^.0-S~~ Shelf No.Q.tlt.^.... 
 
 ^g. S7 7£/ 8 ^ 
 
 f 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Co rpo ratio ri 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/firstmiddleengliOOsweerich 
 
Cfaren^on (preee ^ertec 
 
 FIRST MIDDLE ENGLISH PRIMER 
 
 SWEET 
 
Xon&on 
 HENRY FROWDE 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse 
 Amen Corner, E.G. 
 
Cfatrenion (preee Settee 
 FIRST 
 
 MIDDLE ENGLISH PRIMER 
 
 EXTRACTS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 ANCREN RIWLE AND ORMULUM 
 
 WITH 
 
 GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 1891 
 
 \_All rights reserved'] 
 

 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 — HAtiJ 
 
 The object of this work is not to afford a general survey 
 of the Middle English dialects in their different periods, but 
 rather to lay a firm foundation for such a survey by giving 
 extracts from the two oldest texts which have been handed 
 down in consistent, contemporary spellings representing pure 
 and fixed dialects, one dialect being the direct descendant of 
 the classical West Saxon of Alfred and ^Ifric, the other the 
 nearly direct ancestor of Modern English. The spellings 
 of the MSS. have been preserved unchanged, except in cases 
 of necessary alteration, bu|; jliacritics have been added as 
 guides to the quantity and quality of those sounds which are 
 imperfectly distinguished in the MSS. The grammar and 
 glossary are based entirely on the extracts, all comparison 
 of the other M. E. dialects and periods being rigorously 
 excluded, the two texts being also kept apart as much as 
 possible. 
 
 Although I think it a great mistake to begin the study of 
 M. E. without a previous elementary knowledge of Old E., 
 such as may easily be acquired with the help of my Anglo- 
 Saxon Primer, I have nevertheless adapted this work to 
 the requirements of those who may take it up without any 
 such preparation. These students may perhaps find it 
 advisable to begin with the Ormulum instead of the Ancren 
 Riwle. 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 The texts are based on the editions of Morton^ and 
 White ^, together with the collations of Kolbing in the 
 Jahrbiicher fur romanische und englische Sprache und 
 Litteratur (xv. p. i8o foil.) and the Englische Studien (vol. i. 
 p. I foil.). I have followed Morton in basing my text 
 on the MS. Cott. Nero A. 14, as being the only one in 
 a pure Southern dialect. 
 
 The extracts have been carefully chosen not only from a 
 linguistic, but also from a literary and social-historical point 
 of view. The student who has carefully worked through 
 them will hardly need to be told that the A. R. is one of the 
 most perfect models of simple, natural, eloquent prose in our 
 language; without it indeed, the history of English prose 
 from the close of the Old E. period down to the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century would be little more than a dreary 
 blank. As a picture of contemporary life, manners, and 
 feeling it cannot be over-estimated. The passage (p. 34) in 
 which Christ is described as a Norman knight in homeliest 
 English phrase is alone enough to give a vivid idea of that 
 fusion of English and French traditions and sentiments 
 which — in spite of Ivanhoe — was almost completely carried 
 out by the beginning of the thirteenth century. The con- 
 clusion (p. 39) of the allegory of Christ's wooing of the soul 
 is, on the other hand, thoroughly Old English in its com- 
 bined picturesqueness and grandeur. Thoroughly English, 
 too, though in a totally different way, is the humorous 
 description of the troubles of the nun with her cow (p. 
 41): how she curses when the cow is impounded, and yet 
 
 ^ The Ancren Riwle, edited by James Morton. London : Camden 
 Society, 1853. 
 
 2 The Ormulum, with the notes and glossary of Dr. R. M. White, 
 edited by Rev. R. Holt. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1878. 
 
PREFACE, Vli 
 
 has to pay the damages. Equally good is the description 
 of the chattering nun (p. 19), and the comparison of her to 
 a cackling hen. This, and many other passages, may be read 
 with profit as well as amusement at the present day. 
 
 Of the literary merits of the Ormulum little can be said, 
 for it has none w^hatever. The author was, in fact, a spelling- 
 reformer and philologist who mistook his vocation. The 
 OldE. picturesqueness and power disappears entirely from 
 his verse together with the traditional alliteration, and the 
 only compensation is a dry, practical directness of style and 
 metre which is anything but poetical. The only passage in 
 our extracts that shows any trace of poetry is, perhaps, the 
 description of the lamb (p. 70). 
 
 HENRY SWEET. 
 
 Heath Street, Hampstead, 
 September 8, 1884. 
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In the present edition I have made such alterations and 
 additions as seemed likely to increase the utility of the book. 
 In doing so I have been greatly aided by Mr. C. Stoffel, 
 of Amsterdam, to whom I take this opportunity of ex- 
 pressing my thanks. I also have to acknowledge some 
 useful criticisms received from Dr. F. Holthausen. I have, 
 on the other hand, omitted to give the MS. readings in cases 
 of correction, as I now consider such details out of place in 
 a primer. 
 
 Reigate, 
 November- 10, 1890. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Ancren Riwle : 
 Grammar 
 Extracts 
 Notes . 
 
 The Ormulum : 
 Grammar 
 Extracts 
 
 Glossary . 
 
ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 (Southern Dialect.) 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 The Early Middle English of the beginning of the thir- 
 teenth century was spoken, like Old English, in four chief 
 dialects, the Northumbrian^ Midland ( = 0. E. Mercian), 
 Southern^ and Kentish. The Southern (strictly South-We^t- J 
 ern) dialect of the Ancren Riwle, probably that of Dorsetshire, 
 represents geographically the Old West- Saxon, and especially 
 the Late West-Saxon of ^Ifric. In its sounds, however, it 
 is a mixed dialect, showing strong Mi dlan d influence. 
 
 The most important change that took place in M. E. was ""^ 
 the levelling of the old inflectional vowels under ^, which led 
 to a partial break-up of the O. E. inflectional system. These ^ 
 changes were no doubt accelerated by the Danish and 
 Norman conquests, which also introduced many Norse and 
 French words into the language. 
 
 SPELLING. 
 
 The influence of French spelling begins to show itself 
 almost before the Conquest. In the A. R. it is strongly 
 marked. We find the sound of O. E. y expressed by the 
 French^ag. the 'voice' sound of/ by z;, guttural and palatal c 
 distinguished as k and ch — all French influence, which also 
 
% ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 caused the disuse of the O. E. cb. The general result of all 
 this was, that M. E. spelling became more and more am- 
 biguous and unphonetic, although the spelling of the A. R. is 
 much less unphonetic than that of Chaucer. The following 
 are the letters and digraphs (denoting simple sounds) used 
 in the MS. of the A. R. : a, b, c, ch, d, d, e, ea, eo, /, g, 3, ^, 
 2* k, /, m, n, 0, oa, /, gu (rare), r, s, sc, sc/i, /, /?, u, m\ v, w, 
 Xy y (rare) = i\ z (rare). In this book the spelling of the 
 Nearly thirteenth-century MS. is kept unaltered, except that 
 where v is used to denote a vowel it is written «, and where 
 z and u are used to denote consonants they are written j and 
 V respectively, and that/ is printed uniformly both for the/ 
 and 9 of the MS., which employs both of them indis- 
 ^ criminately. Diacritical marks have also been added to 
 some of the letters to distinguish their sounds, giving the 
 following additional letters : /, ^, ii^ g, long vowels being 
 marked ( ~ ). 
 
 The following table will show the probable pronunciation 
 of the vowels and diphthongs : — 
 
 a 
 
 al (all) as in 
 
 father {but short) 
 
 a 
 
 dame {lady) „ 
 
 father 
 
 ai 
 
 dai (day) 
 
 my {but broader) 
 
 au 
 
 drauh]? (draws) „ 
 
 now {but broader) 
 
 e 
 
 men {men) „ 
 
 men 
 
 Short e was lengthened before certain consonant combinations (p. 6), 
 as in ende * end * ; the resulting long vowel, which was distinct from ^ 
 (being less broad) is denoted by italic e in the extracts and glossary. 
 
 -e stille ^ {sttll) as in father 
 
 ^ §fter {after) „ man 
 
 e ded {deed) „ ^ee {German) 
 
 f , ea Ifren, learen {teach) „ th^re 
 
 ^ Unaccented. 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ei 
 
 eie {/ear) as 
 
 ' in 
 
 v^ay {but broader) 
 
 ^i 
 
 m^i {may) 
 
 
 
 ei 
 
 eie {eye) 
 
 » 
 
 \fay 
 
 fi 
 
 ^i {^gg) 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 eo 
 
 jeove {gt/t) 
 
 >» 
 
 p«zr {French, but short) 
 
 eo 
 
 veond {fiend) 
 
 >> 
 
 ipeu {French) 
 
 ?ii 
 
 un]?fu {vice) 
 
 
 
 eou 
 
 treou {tree) 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 sitten (^//) 
 
 >> 
 
 stt 
 
 i 
 
 win (ze;2«^) 
 
 3) 
 
 "ween 
 
 o 
 
 hope {hope) 
 
 J) 
 
 hop 
 
 o 
 
 boc (3d7^^) 
 
 >) 
 
 sohn {German) 
 
 9, oa 
 
 mpre, moare {more) 
 
 5J 
 
 move 
 
 oi 
 
 noise («^2j<f) 
 
 3> 
 
 noise 
 
 ou 
 
 wrouhte {wrought) 
 
 J) 
 
 no {but broader) 
 
 ou 
 
 wouh {perverse) 
 
 J> 
 
 no 
 
 9^ 
 
 guh {ought) 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 sunne (^^^«) 
 
 J) 
 
 fdl 
 
 u 
 
 ut (o/^/) 
 
 33 
 
 fool 
 
 ii 
 
 siinne (j2>/) 
 
 53 
 
 plws {French) 
 
 u, ui 
 
 hiiren, huiren (^^r^) 
 
 33 
 
 lane {French) 
 
 As regards the consonants, it is necessary to pronounce 
 the double ones really double, as in E. * penknife,' dis- 
 tinguished from * penny '= respectively /^««^2/J /^«/. So in 
 M. E. sunne * sun ' must be distinguished from sune * son/ 
 
 The O.E. distinction between double and single final 
 consonants was lost in M. E., O. E. zn and znn being both 
 written zn, and pronounced with long n, as in Mod. E. 
 
 The following consonants require special notice. 
 
 s, /, and / had the voiced sounds z, dh, v initially and 
 finally, except, of course, in such combinations as st^ ft, etc., 
 and in ss, ff {pp in wr^pe * wrath,' was probably voiced), v 
 
 B 2 
 
4 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 is always written for voiced f medially, and often also 
 initially, as in heovene ' heaven,' y^r;^, vorp * forth/ Finally 
 and before consonants / is always written, as in iJf ^ life,' 
 h§/de, 'had,' to prevent confusion with the vowel u. In 
 words of French origin s and / probably had their present 
 sounds, as in servise ' service,' pronounced servize, /§sie, 
 'feast.' z is Lonly>1vntten Hn French words, such as dvez 
 *aves' (plur.), where it had the sound of z. In salilz 
 ' salvation ' it probably had the sound of ts. sc was used for 
 ss not only in French words, such as lescun * lesson,' but also 
 in E. ones, such as blescien ' bless,' hliscien * gladden.' sch 
 had the sound of sh, sche being written for it in scheort 
 ' short,' scheomeful ' shameful.' 
 
 h had the sound of Germ, c/i in ack everywhere except 
 initially, as in drauhp, wduh\ after a palatal vowel (e, z) 
 it probably had that of ch in G. z'c/i, as in /leih ' high.' cA 
 had, no doubt, nearly if not quite the sound of E. ch in 
 child ^=.tsh, double in cch, nearly = //j*^, as in strecchen 
 'stretch.' c had the sound of s in the French temptdciun 
 ' temptation,' &c., and also in the E. spellings epcene, seldcene 
 ' easily-seen,' ' rarely-seen.' k was generally written instead of 
 c before e and z] but also in other cases, g and j in French 
 words had the sound of dzh (or very near it), as in Mod. E. ; 
 and gg had this sound doubled (comp. cch) in such E. words 
 as siggen 'say.' g also occurred in E. words in the com- 
 bination ng^ as in swenge ' stroke.' 5 (the O. E. form of g) 
 had the sound of our cons.j/, as in "^ung 'young.' 
 
 pk in the French prophete had, of course, the sound of /J 
 and / was silent in psalm-wurhte ' psalm- wright, psalmist/ 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 5 
 
 PHONOLOGY. 
 
 It has been shown that many of the changes from Old to 
 Middle E. are changes of spelling only. 
 
 VOWELS. ^ ' 
 
 Of real sound-changes (besides the levelling of inflec- 
 tional vowels, p. I, above), the most important are the 
 following. 
 
 The old diphthongs ea^ ea, eo, eo became monophthongic, 
 ea being levelled under O. E. ^, written e in M. E., and ea 
 under O. E. ^, so that such a pair as the O. E. heard and 
 pcBt were both pronounced with the same vowel, and were 
 accordingly both written with e (=/); and .such a pair as 
 O. E. dead and l&ran were both pronounced with the corre- 
 sponding long vowel, which was accordingly written in- 
 differently ea or e (=/), so that these two words could be 
 written either ded^ leren, or dead, learen, ea being generally 
 restricted to the long sound, and not employed for the short 
 §, eo and eo were simplified in a similar way; but the 
 resulting labial vowels were soon delabialized into e and e. 
 
 But new diphthongs were developed in M.E. (to some 
 extent already in O. E.) 
 
 (i) By weakening of O.E. g, which itself was an open 
 consonant (= German g in sagen) medially and finally. O.E. 
 g became t after the palatal vowels i\ e, as in wet (O. E. weg) 
 'way,' mp (mcBg) 'miay,' veien {/egan) *join,' being itself 
 absorbed after i\ as in stien (stigati) ^ ascend,' istien {gesiigen) 
 ' ascended.' After the guttural vowels a, o, u it became w, 
 as in drawen {dragan) ' draw,' gwen (dgan) ^ owe,' dowe ibogd) 
 *bow' sb., huwen (bugan) 'bow' vb., giving combinations 
 which are scarcely distinguishable from diphthongs, being 
 itself absorbed after «, as in vuel {/ugot) ' bird.' 
 
6 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 (2) By the development of i before palatal k, and of u 
 before guttural -^ and z^; ( = 0.E. ^ and w): ^^7-^- (Mercian 
 heh) ' high/ seiht {seht) ^ peace ' ; guh [ah) ' owes/ brouhte 
 (hrohte) ^brought/ touward {toweard) ^towards/ scheauwen 
 (sceawiari) ' show/ Before O. E. palatal nc in leinten (lenden) 
 
 * spring/ acweinte (acwencie) * quenched/ 
 
 Of the other vowel-changes the most important is that of 
 O. E. a into the broad g, which was often written oa, as in 
 moare, more [mare) * more/ woa, wo (wd) ^ woe/ The result 
 was that a occurs only in French words, such as dd/ne, hldmen. 
 
 Short vowels were lengthened before Id^ ng, nd, mh, rd, 
 and in other more doubtful cases (the lengthening having 
 begun in O.E.), as in tglde (Mercian tdlde) ' told/ child ' child/ 
 Ipng (lang, long) ' long/ vinden ' find/ climben ^ climb/ word 
 
 * word/ But shortness was often preserved before -er, -el, -en 
 and some other endings, as in children plur. of child ' child/ 
 Also before //, Ip, nt, etc. : cp. hglden ' to hold ' with pres. hall 
 
 * holds/ 
 
 Consonant influence showed itself in other ways, w 
 changes / into a : waler {wcBter) ' water,' hwai (hwcet) ^ what,' 
 ward (weard) 'guardian/ Palatal h changes e to z: drihl, 
 (deorhl, hreht) 'bright,' vihten {MQvd2in /eh/an) ^ fight,' lien 
 {leogan^ Mercian legan) 'tell lies,' drlen (Mercian dregan) 
 ' suffer/ 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Original single consonants are sometimes doubled between 
 vowels, especially m, as in summe (O. E. sumum) dat. of sum 
 'some, some one/ Also in wunnunge 'dwelling,' iwarre, 
 plur. ' wary.' Original double consonants are, on the other 
 hand, simplified in unaccented syllables, as in the plur. sufi/ule 
 (synfulle) ' sinful,' the dat. wummone {wifmanne) ' woman/ 
 
 O.E. consonants are sometimes dropped, as in hwilch, 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 
 
 7 
 
 swiich {hwylcj swylc) * which,' ^such/ ase-=alsg [ealswd) 'so, 
 as/ The unaccented monosyllables tch (ic) *I,' on *on,' 
 in ' in,' an ' on, an (indef. art.),' together with the un- 
 shortened pn ' one,' often drop their consonants. So also in 
 me (man) the unaccented form of mon * man,' which is used 
 in the indefinite sense of * one,' * they.' 
 
 When final /.or d is followed by Jf beginning another 
 word (generally a pronominal word or a particle), the two 
 consonants were regularly assimilated together, becoming //, 
 and this change is often carried out in writing: an/ fe=and 
 Jfe, mii te-=.mid pe ^ with the/ 
 
 INFLECTIONS. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 In the A. R. the threefold distinction of gender in the 
 names of things as well as of living beings is still partially 
 kept up, although the frequent dropping of the inflections of 
 the articles and adjectives makes it difficult to distinguish 
 them. The natural fem. gender of wummon and leofmon 
 'sweetheart,' begins to prevail over the grammatical masc, 
 these words taking the pronoun heq_!: she.' 
 
 The follov^dng are the inflections, those which are liable to 
 be dropped being in ( ) : — 
 
 Strong Masc. Strong Neut, Fem. 
 
 Sing. Nom} wei ijjoay) word (word) chirche {church) 
 
 Dat. wei(e) w6rd(e) chirche 
 
 Gen, weies wordes chirche 
 
 Plur. Nom.vfQits wordes, word chirchen 
 
 Dat. weies wordes chirchen 
 
 Gen. weies, weie(ne) wordes, worde(ne) chirchen(e) 
 
 ^ and Ace. 
 
ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 
 Weak Masc, 
 
 
 Weak Neut 
 
 Sing. Norn. 
 
 ivere {companion) 
 
 eie (eye) 
 
 DaL 
 
 ivere 
 
 
 
 eie 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ivere 
 
 
 
 eie 
 
 Plur, Norn. 
 
 iveren 
 
 
 
 eien 
 
 Dat. 
 
 iveren 
 
 
 
 eien 
 
 Gen. 
 
 iveren(e 
 
 ) 
 
 
 eien(e) 
 
 In vor sipen *four times' we have a remnant of the old 
 dat. plur. in -urn. 
 
 Many feminines, such as hgnd ' hand/ do not take e in the 
 nom. sing. '^ Feminines rarely take -es in the gen. sing. The 
 plur. neuters with a short root-syllable (short vowel + single 
 cons.) generally take -en in the plural : 5// * gate/ pi. ^^^ten. 
 So also the original neuters treo^ deovel have plur. ireony 
 deoflen. bede (O. E. neuter gehed) ' prayer ' takes e in the 
 nom. sing. French polysyllables take s instead of es : par/urs 
 ' of a parlour/ def/urs * debtors/ passiuns * passions.' 
 
 Such words as engel ' angel/ wunder * wonder/ throw out 
 their unaccented vowel before an inflectional one: engle^ 
 wundres. 
 
 d§i (O. E. dceg) has plur. dawes {dag as). v§der, moder^ 
 broper, suster are generally unaltered in the sing. The last 
 two have their plurals brepren, silsiren. vreond 'friend' is 
 unchanged in the nom. pi., as also niht ' night.' child * child/ 
 // ^ ^%%! have plur. children, §iren, mon 'man/ wummon 
 * woman/ vol ' foot/ have their plur. men, wUmmen, vet. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives retain the distinction between strong and weak, 
 the latter form being used after the definite article, demon- 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 9 
 
 stratives, and defining words generally, but there is much 
 confusion. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Masc, Neut. Fern, 
 
 Sing. Nom. god, gode {good) god god, gode 
 
 Ace, god god gode 
 
 Dat, god(e) god(e) god(e) 
 
 Gen, g6d(e) god(e) god(e) 
 
 ^^ - 
 
 Plur, Nom, gode 
 
 Dat, gode 
 
 Gen, gode, aire. 
 
 When an adj. stands without a subst. it sometimes has a 
 gen. sing, in -es in the fem. as well as masc. and neut. 
 
 Adjectives ending in h preceded by palatal vowels drop it 
 in inflection, as in heih *high,' plur. heie\ when a labial 
 vowel precedes the h, it becomes w in inflection, as in ruh 
 ' rough,' plur. ruwe. 
 
 Weak. 
 
 
 Weak Masc 
 
 '., Neut., Fem. 
 
 Sing. Nom, 
 
 
 gode 
 
 Dat, 
 
 
 gode 
 
 Gen, 
 
 
 gode 
 
 Plur. Nom, 
 
 
 gode 
 
 Dat, 
 Gen. 
 
 
 gode 
 gode 
 
 The e of the weak form seems to be dropped only after 
 an unaccented syllable, as in hgli(e) * holy,' hitter (for hittre). 
 
lO ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 The comparative and superlative are formed by adding 
 '{e)rej -est, 
 
 -lich becomes -Hikes t in the superl. : Igdlich ' hateful/ Ipd- 
 liikest, grpest ' greatest/ is contracted to gr§st. hgt ^ hot/ 
 shortens its vowel in the comp. hattre. 
 
 PRONOUNS AND GENERAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The personal pronouns have only two cases, nominative 
 and oblique (which is mainly the O. E. dative, but is used as 
 an ace. as well as a dat.), and are declined thus : — 
 
 Sing, Nom. ich, i 
 Ohl me 
 
 (/) 
 
 
 
 }.u 
 }.e 
 
 {thou) 
 
 Plur, Nom, we 
 Ohl. us 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 6u 
 
 
 Masc, 
 
 
 Neut, 
 
 
 
 Fern, 
 
 Sing, Nom, he {he) 
 Obi, him, hine 
 
 
 hit {it) 
 him 
 
 
 
 heo {she) 
 hire 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plur, Nom. 
 Obi. 
 
 
 heo 
 heom, 
 
 ham 
 
 I 
 
 
 pa is often shortened into fiu,{tu) when it follows its verb, 
 as in wenes-tu ' thinkest thou ? ' 
 
 The reflexive pronoun is often the simple pronoun, as in 
 hglde hire stille / 'let her keep herself quiet/ Generally, 
 however, j-^'^'self' is used. It is joined to the possessives 
 of the first two persons and to the oblique (dative) case of 
 the third person, the form sulven being also used in the nom. 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, II 
 
 as well as the obi. case : J?i-sul/, pi-sUlven, him-sulf, him- 
 sillven, ham-sulven. 
 
 The possess! ves are mi{n)^ /^(w), h^s (masc. and neut.), 
 hire, (her) ; ure, ower, {our, our, inflected dure), hore. They 
 are all (including his) declined like other adjectives, mm and 
 pzn drop their n before a consonant. 
 
 The interrogative and relative hwg ' who/ neut. hwat, has 
 an oblique case hwam, and a genitive or possessive hwas. 
 
 The definite article is declined thus : — 
 
 li 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Sing. Nom. 
 
 ].e 
 
 W, l^e 
 
 >eo, }?e 
 
 Ace, 
 
 f)ene, f)e 
 
 f^t, l^e 
 
 J?eo, J^e 
 
 Dat, 
 
 f>en, })e 
 
 })en, >e 
 
 >er, }5e 
 
 Gen, 
 
 }?es, f e 
 
 l^es, }?e 
 
 fer, l?e 
 
 P/ar. iVi?;?^. f>eo, )?e 
 
 2?a/, f)eo, ]?e (f>en) 
 G^^;z. f>eo, f>e (J?er) 
 
 J)e (with long ^) is also used as a pers. pron. when followed 
 by the relative pe ', pe pe * he who/ peo pe ' she who/ ' they 
 who.' 
 
 /2> ' this/ is declined thus : — 
 
 Masc, 
 
 Neut, 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Sing. Novi. J?es 
 
 fis 
 
 
 J>eos 
 
 Ace, Jpesne 
 
 }>is 
 
 
 feos 
 
 Z)^/. f>isse 
 
 J^isse 
 
 
 f>isse 
 
 Gen, f>isses 
 
 f)isses 
 
 
 J?isse 
 
 P///r. iVi?;;?. 
 
 J>eos 
 
 
 
 .Da/. 
 
 }5eos, 
 
 J)issen 
 
 
 Gen, 
 
 J5eos 
 
 
 
la A NCR EN RIWLE, 
 
 The relatives are pe and p§t, both undeclined in gender, 
 number, and case, hwat is also used as a relative, as in 
 Mod. E. 
 
 Indefinites are formed by adding se-^sg 'so' to the in- 
 terrogatives hwg^ hwat, hw§per 'which of the two,' hwg-se 
 ' whoever,' hw§p.er-se ' whoever of the two/ an^ a shorten- 
 ing of gn 'one,' is used as an indefinite article, and is 
 declined like an adjective. Both an and gn drop their n 
 before a consonant, as also does ngn 'none,' which has an 
 ace. sing. masc. n§nne. fni, fi ' any ' is also declined like an 
 adjective, oper ' other ' keeps the strong form after pe : p§t 
 oper^ etc. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak, the 
 former being conjugated by means of vowel-change in the 
 root, the latter by the addition of d (/). * ' ^^^ Ojl\y\ 4? 
 
 The following are the general endings : — 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres, sing. i. binde'bind' bmde 
 
 2. bintst binde 
 
 3. bint binde 
 plur. binde}? binden 
 
 Pret, sing. i. bgnd bunde 
 
 2. bunde bundest 
 
 3. bgnd bunde 
 plur. bunden bunden 
 
 Imper, sing, bind; plur. bindef). Infin. binde(n). Part, 
 pres. bindinde; pret. ibunde(n). Gerund to binden(e). 
 
 The plur. drops its p and n when the pron. immediately 
 follows its verb instead of preceding it: binde y, imper., 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 
 
 13 
 
 hunde ^e. The pret. partic. regularly prefixes i- (=0. E. ge-\ 
 unless it already has a prefix of the same character. 
 
 STRONG VERBS.. 
 
 In these the 2nd sing. pret. indie, and the whole pret. 
 subj. always have the vowel of the pret. plur. indie. 
 
 The 3rd pers. sing, of the pres. indie, is sometimes full 
 -<?/, as in UeJ? ' tells lies/ spekejf ' speaks/ but is often con- 
 tracted, as in sleaj? ' slays/ berp * bears.' After / it is lost, as 
 in sit * sits/ from sitten. It changes d into /, and is dropped 
 itself, as in tret ' treads,' from treden, stont ' stands,' from 
 stgnden, ylt ' pays ' from ^elden, ivint ' finds ' from ivinden, the 
 vowel being generally shortened. 
 
 The following strong verbs occur in our extracts (those 
 only being given which show forms with a vowel different 
 from that of the infinitive) : — 
 
 I. ' Pall '-conjugation. 
 
 THIRD 
 
 PRET. 
 
 PRET. , 
 
 PART. 
 
 , INFINITIVE. PRES. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PL. 
 
 PRET. 
 
 hglden {hold) halt 
 
 heold 
 
 he olden 
 
 ihglden 
 
 vgngen von ^ (receive) .... 
 
 veng 
 
 vengen 
 
 vgngen 
 
 II. ' Shake 
 
 '-conjugation. 
 
 
 drawen {draw) drauh]? 
 
 drouh 
 
 drowen 
 
 idrawen 
 
 stgnden {stand) stont 
 
 stod 
 
 stoden 
 
 istgnden 
 
 cumen {come) cumef> 
 
 com 
 
 comen 
 
 icumen 
 
 slean {slay) sleaj> 
 
 slouh 
 
 slowen 
 
 isleien 
 
 hebben * lift/ which in O.E. belongs to this conjugation, 
 has pret. h§/. . 
 
 ^ Plur. indie, vop, vd(je) ; imper. sing, vo^ vgng. 
 
14 
 
 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 III. ' Drink '-conjugation. 
 
 ivinden {find) 
 
 
 ivint 
 
 ivgnd 
 
 ivunden 
 
 ivunden 
 
 biginnen (begin) 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 bigon 
 
 bigunnen 
 
 bigunnen 
 
 delven (dig) 
 
 
 .* •• 
 
 .. •• 
 
 dulven 
 
 dolven 
 
 helpen {help) 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 «. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 holpen 
 
 ceorven (cut) 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 k?rf 
 
 kurven 
 
 .. .* 
 
 worpen (throw) 
 
 
 
 w?rp 
 
 wurpen 
 
 worpen 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 *Bear 
 
 '-conjugation. 
 
 
 beren (hear) 
 
 
 ber}) 
 
 bfr 
 
 beren 
 
 boren 
 
 breken {break) 
 
 
 
 br^c 
 
 breken 
 
 broken 
 
 
 V, 
 
 * Give ' 
 
 -conjugation. 
 
 
 jiven {give) 
 
 
 • • #• 
 
 5?f 
 
 jeven 
 
 i^iven 
 
 cwej?en {say) 
 
 
 • • «• 
 
 CW§}J 
 
 ^. . . 
 
 .. .. 
 
 bijeten {get) 
 
 
 bijit 
 
 . . .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 speken {speak) 
 
 
 spekef) 
 
 sp§c 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 liggen {lie) 
 
 
 \l]> 
 
 l§i 
 
 leien 
 
 .. •• 
 
 sitten {sit) 
 
 
 sit 
 
 s§t 
 
 seten 
 
 
 iseon {see) 
 
 
 isih)? 
 
 is§ih 
 
 iseien 
 
 iseien 
 
 
 VI. 
 
 * Drive 
 
 '-conjugation. 
 
 
 schriven {con/ess) 
 
 •• •• 
 
 schrgf 
 
 schriven 
 
 ischriven 
 
 striven (strive) 
 
 
 
 strQf 
 
 
 
 VII. 
 
 * Choose '-conjugation. 
 
 
 beoden {offer) 
 
 
 
 b?d 
 
 «« . . 
 
 .. .. 
 
 vorlesen {lose) 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 vorlfs 
 
 vorluren 
 
 vorloren 
 
 vlien {flee) 
 
 
 .. •• 
 
 .. .. 
 
 vluwen 
 
 .. .. 
 
 lien {tell lies) 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 ilowen 
 
 wrien {cover) 
 
 
 
 wreih 
 
 .. •• 
 
 iwrien 
 
 buwen {bow) 
 
 
 buh}> 
 
 beih 
 
 •. •• 
 
 .. .. 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 15 
 
 WEAK VERBS. 
 
 There are two conjugations of weak verbs: (i) those with 
 inf. -en\ (2) those with inf. -len. 
 
 Conjugation I. 
 
 The pret. and partic. pret. are formed by adding -de a nd 
 -{e)d^ 'lid- being written 4d-, and -ndd- becoming -nd-. After 
 / and other voiceless consonants the d becomes /, and -lit- 
 becomes -//-. Long vowels are often shortened in the pret. 
 and pret. partic. The 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indie, are con- 
 tracted in the same way as in the strong verbs. 
 
 (a) ^1^^2x' -class. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres, sing. i. here (hear) here 
 
 2. her(e)stv^ here 
 
 3. her(e)]5 ^" - here 
 plur, herej? heren 
 
 PreL sing. i. herde . "^ herde 
 
 2. herdest^ fi hardest 
 
 3. herde /. herde 
 plur. herden herden 
 
 Imper. sing, here : plur, herej>. Infin. heren. 
 Part. pres. herinde; pret. ihered, iherd. 
 
 Other examples are : — 
 
 Ifren {teach) IfreJ? 
 
 ileven {believe) ileve]? 
 
 w^nden {turn, go) went 
 
 setten {set) set sette iset 
 
 Ifrde 
 
 il^red, il^i 
 
 ilefde 
 
 ileved 
 
 w<?nde 
 
 iwfnd 
 
i6 
 
 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 seiten ' set/ has imper. sing. sete. kupen * make known/ has 
 pret. partic. ikud\ leggen has pret. panic. ileid\ siggen 'say/ 
 has 3rd pars. pres. indie, seip, pret. seide^ partic. iseid, imper. 
 j<?/<? and sigge; acwenchen 'quench/ has pret. acweinte\ 
 strecchen * stretch/ has partic. pret. istreiht ; nemnen ' name/ 
 has imper. sing. riem. 
 
 (p\ * Seek 
 
 : '-class. 
 
 tellen (tell) telle]p 
 fjenchen (think)^ .... 
 biiggen (buy) btij> 
 })unchen (seem) .... 
 wurchen (work) .... 
 
 tglde itgld 
 J50uhte ijjouht 
 bouhte ibouht 
 J)uhte ij)uht 
 wrouhte iwrouht 
 
 Conjugation II. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. sing. i. luvie (love) 
 
 luvie 
 
 2. Invest 
 
 luvie 
 
 3. luvej? 
 plur. luviej) 
 Pret. sing. i. luvede 
 
 luvie 
 
 luvien 
 
 luvede 
 
 2: luvedest 
 
 luvedest 
 
 3. luvede 
 
 luvede 
 
 plur. luveden 
 
 luveden 
 
 Imper. sing, luve ; //. luvie}?. Infin. luvien. 
 Part. pres. luvi(i)nde; pret. iluved. 
 
 The / is often omitted in th 
 
 ese verbs, luvie sometimes 
 
 becomes luvi. 
 
 habben 'have' (nabben 'have not') shows a mixture of 
 forms of both conjugations. 
 
 * Im-per. penc{h). 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, t; 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 \ sing, I. habbe 
 
 habbe 
 
 2. havest 
 
 habbe 
 
 3. have]? 
 
 habbe 
 
 plur. habbe]? 
 
 habben 
 
 Pret, h^fde, hgvede. 
 Imper. sing, have ; plur. habbe]?. Infin. habben. 
 
 PRETERITE-PRESENT VERBS. 
 
 These have for their present an old strong preterite, from 
 which a new preterite is formed. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. sing. i. con {can) cunne 
 
 2. const cunne 
 
 3. con cunne 
 plur. cunnen cunnen 
 
 Pret. cQJ?e Infin. cunnen. 
 
 The others are : — 
 
 wgt ' know/ ' guard/ pi. wilej?, wiiiep ; pret. wilste ; pret. 
 panic, iwiisi. So also ngt ' knows not.' 
 Quh '■ owes/ ' ought/ gwen ; guhie. 
 mot ' may/ * must/ moten ; moste. 
 mp ^ can/ ^ may/ J?u mihi, m§iht, muwen ; miihie. 
 schal ' shall/ J?u schalt^ schulen, schullen ; schulde. 
 A similar verb is wiillen * will/ niillen ' will not ' : 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. sing. i. wiile, wiille, ichiille (niille) wiile 
 
 2. wiilt (ntilt) wiile 
 
 3. wiile wiile 
 plur. wiille]? wiillen 
 
 Pret. wolde 
 
ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 ANOMALOUS VERBS. 
 I. beon, *be/ 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres, sing. i. am (nam) 
 
 
 beo 
 
 2. §rt 
 
 
 beo 
 
 3- is (nis) 
 
 
 beo 
 
 plur, ' beoj), b6f> 
 
 
 beon 
 
 Pret. sing, i. was 
 
 
 were 
 
 2. were (nere) 
 
 
 were 
 
 3. was 
 
 
 were 
 
 plur, weren 
 
 
 weren 
 
 Imper. sing, beo; plur, beof>. 
 
 Infin, beon. 
 
 2. d5n, 
 
 Mo/ 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. sing. i. do 
 
 
 do 
 
 2. dest 
 
 
 do 
 
 3. de}. 
 
 
 do 
 
 />/«r. dof) 
 
 
 don 
 
 i'r^/. dude 
 
 
 
 Imper, sing, do : //«r. 
 
 do}?. 
 
 Infin. don. 
 
 Part. pres. donde ; pret. idon. 
 
 3. g9n, 'go. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres, sing. i. gg 
 
 
 
 g9 
 
 2. g^st 
 
 
 
 g9 
 
 3- g# 
 
 
 
 g9 
 
 plur. g9f) 
 
 
 
 g9n 
 
 Pr^/. eode 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. sing, gg ; 
 
 plur. 
 
 E9h 
 
 Infin. ggn, 
 
^^ 
 
 EXTRACTS. 
 
 SPEECH. 
 
 On alre-f rest, hwon je schulen to oure parliires Jjurle, iwitef) 
 §t ower maiden hwg hit beo f>^t is icumen, vor swiich hit m^i 
 beon Ip^t je schulen aschunien ou ; & ^ hwon je alles moten 
 vorf>, creoisef) ful jeorne our mulp, earen, & eien, & te breoste 
 eke ; & ggp for]? mid Codes dr^de to preoste. On f rest 5 
 siggef) confiieor, &-]5er-§fter henedicite, p^t he guh to siggen, 
 hercnef) his wordes; & sitte]? al stille, f>^t, hwon he partef) 
 vrom ou, f>§t he ne cunne ower god, ne ower iivel nguj^er ; 
 ne he ne cunne ou nguj^er blamen ne preisen. Sum is 59 
 wel il^red, 9f)er se wis-iworded, J^^t heo wolde f)§t he wiiste 10 
 hit; ]?e sit & spekej? touward him, & jelt him word ajein 
 word, & bicumef) meister, J^e schulde beon ancre ; & learej? 
 him \%\. is icumen to If ren hire : wolde bi hire tale sone beon 
 mit te wise icud & icngwen. Icngwen heo is wel, vor f>urh 
 ]?^t ilke J5§t heo wenef) to beon wis ihglden, he understont 15 
 \%\. heo is sot. Vor heo huntef> §fter pris, & k^cche}? lastunge. 
 Vor §t te laste, hwon he is iw^nd a-wei, 'J^eos ancre,' he 
 wiile siggen, ' is of miichele speche.' Eve heold ine parais 
 Ignge tale mid te n^ddre, & tglde hire al j^^t lescun f)§t God 
 hire h^fde ilf red & Adam of J^en ?pple ; & S9 f>e veond f>urh 20 
 hire word understod an-gn-riht hire wgcnesse, & ivgnd wei 
 
 ^ = and, ant. 
 C 2 
 
20 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 touward hire of hire vorlorenesse. iJre l^fdi, Seinte Marie, 
 diide al an o)?er wise : ne tglde heo f>en engle none tale, auh 
 askede him ]?ing scheortliche j^^t heo ne ku]?e. ge, mine 
 leove siistren, volewej? ure l^fdi, & ngut ]:e kakele Eve. 
 
 5 Vor-f)i ancre, hwat-se heo beo, alse muchel ase heo f ver con 
 & m^i, hglde hire stille : nabbe heo ngut henne kiinde. pe 
 hen, hwon heo havej? ileid, ne con biiten kakelen. And 
 hwat bi^it heo ]5er-of ? Kume)? f>e cgue angn-riht & r^ve]? 
 hire hire f iren, & fret al f>^t of hwat heo schulde vorf)-bringen 
 
 lo hire cwike briddes ; & riht alsg fie lu]?ere cgue, deovel, ber]? 
 a-wei vrom \>e kakelinde ancren & vorswoluwej? al \>%i god 
 j^^t heo istreoned habbe]?, f)^t schulden ase briddes beren ham 
 up touward heovene, ^if hit nere icakeled. pe wr^cche 
 peoddare mgre noise he make]? to jeien his sgpe, f)en a riche 
 
 15 mercer al his deorewurf>e ware. To summe ggstliche monne 
 f>^t je beof) trllsti uppen, ase je muwen beon of liit, god is 
 J)§t je asken rf d, & salve ]?§t he tf che ou to^eines fgndunges, 
 & ine schrifte scheawe]? him, jif he wiile iheren, ower grf ste 
 & ower Igdltikeste siinnen, vor-J)i-]?^t him areowe ou ; & j?urh 
 
 20 ]:>e bireounesse crie Crist inwardliche merci vor ou, & habbe 
 ou ine munde & in his bonen. Sed multi veniunt ad vos in 
 vestimeniis ovium ; intrinsecus autem sunt lupi rapaces. *Auh 
 wite]? ou, & beo}? iwarre,' he sei]?, ure Lgverd, *vor monie 
 cume]? to ou ischrud mid Igmbes fleose, & beof) wode wulves.' 
 
 25 Worldliche men ilevej? liit ; religiuse ^et l^sse. Ne wilnie 
 je ngut to muchel hore kuf>l§chunge. Eve wifjute drfde 
 sp^c mit te n^ddre. Ure l^fdi was ofdr^d of Gabrieles 
 speche. 
 
 Wijjiite witnesse of weopmon gj^er of wummon f)§t ou 
 
 30 muwe iheren, ne speke ^e mid ngne monne ofte ne Ignge ; & 
 
 J^auh hit beo of schrifte, i f>en ilke huse, gf>er J>er he muwe 
 
 iseon touward ou, sitte ]?e f>ridde, bute jif ):e ilke f>ridde o 
 
SPEECH, 21 
 
 per stunde trukie. pis nis ngut vor 6u, leove siistren, iseid, 
 ne vor oj^er swtiche ; auh for-f>i pe treowe is misleved, & te 
 sakelease ofte bilowen vor wone of witnesse. Me ileve]? f>§t 
 iivel sone, & te unwrf ste blif)eliche Hep on J^e gode. Sum 
 uniseli; hwon heo seide p^t heo schrgf hire, have]? ischriven 5 
 hire al to wundre. Vor-])i gwen pe gode fver to habben 
 witnesse, vor twg ancheisuns: nomeliche, )5^t gn is f)§t te 
 ontfule ne muwen Hen on heom sg f>^t pe witnesse ne preove 
 heom valse ; J3^t oJ?er is, vor te ^iven pe 6f>re vorbisne, & 
 binime pe iivele ancre f)§t ilke uniseli gile ]5§t ich of seide. 10 
 
 Ut of chirche f>urle ne hglde je ngne tale mid ngne 
 monne, auh berej? wurf>schipe f>er-to, vor f>§t hgli sacrament 
 f»^t je iseoJ> J^er-J^urh ; & nimef> of>erhwiiles ower wiimmen 
 to pe buses pilile, ]3eo oJ?re men & wummen t5 pe parlurs 
 f>urle: speken vor neode ne guwe %e buten ^t f>eos twg 15 
 piXvles. 
 
 Silence §vere ^t te mete; vor jif oJ>re religiuse dof> hit, 
 ase je wel wiite]?, ^e gwen bivoren alle. & jif f ni havej> 
 deore gist, do hire maiden ase in hire stude te gl^dien hire 
 vere, & heo schal habben leave to openen hire fiirl f nes gj^er 20 
 twies, & makien singnes touward hire of gne gl^de chere. 
 Summes kurteisle is ng-f)e-leas itiirnd hire t5 iivele. Under 
 semblaunt of god is ofte iheled stinne. Ancre & buses l^fdi 
 guh miiche to beon bitweonen. Jveriche vrid^ie of pe jer 
 hglde]? silence, bute jif hit beo duble ff ste ; & teonne hgldef) 25 
 hit sum o})er dai i pe wike; i }>en Advent, & i pe Umbri- 
 dawes, wodnesdawes, & fridawes ; i pe leinten J^reo dawes, & 
 al pe swiwike vort non of ^stereven. To owr maiden ^e 
 muwen ]?auh siggen mid Itit wordes hwat-se je wiille]?; & 
 ^if §ni god mon is feorrene ikumen, hercne]? his speche, 30 
 and onswerie)? mid liit wordes to his askunge. 
 
22 ANCRElSr RIWLE, 
 
 Miiche fol he were }?e miihte to his gwene bihove, hw^]per- 
 se he wolde, grinden greot gj^er hwfte, jif he grunde ]5et 
 greot, & Iffde ]?ene hw^te. 'Hwfte is hgli speche,' ase Seint 
 Anselme seij). Heo grint greot ]:>e chf flef>. pe twg cheoken 
 5 beo]? J)e twQ grinstgnes. pe tiinge is f)e cl^ppe. LokeJ?, 
 leove sustren, j?et ouwer cheoken ne grinden nfver bute 
 SQule vode, ne our earen ne hercnen n^ver bute sgule heale ; 
 & nput gne our earen, auh ower eiefjurles tiinef) ajein idel 
 speche, ]5§t to ou ne cume ng tale ne tij^inge of )?e worlde. 
 
 lo 3^ ^^ schulen vor ngne f>inge ne warien, ne swerien, bute 
 ^if ^e siggen witterliche, 9f>er sikerliche, gj^er o summe 
 swiiche wise ; ne ne prf che ^e to ngne mon ; ne 119 mon ne 
 aski ou read ne cunsail, ne ne telle ou. Readef> wiimmen 
 gne. Seinte Pgwel vorbead wiimmen to prfchen. Mulieres 
 
 15 non perinitto docere. N^nne weopmon ne chasti ^e, ne ne 
 ^twitej? him of his unj^eau, biite jif he beo ouer kuf>re. 
 Hglie glde ancren muwen don hit summes weis ; auh hit nis 
 ngut siker f>ing, ne ne limpej? ngut to J^e ^unge. Hit is hore 
 mester f>§t beo}? over 6f>re iset, & habbej? ham to witene. 
 
 2t> Ancre nave]? to witene buten hire & hire m^idenes. Hglde 
 fverich his gwene mester, & ngut ne reavie o))res. Moni 
 mon wenef) to don wel J^^t he def> al to cweade : vor, ase 
 ich f r seide, under semblaunt of gode is ofte iheled siinne ; 
 & ]9urh swiich chastiement have]? sum ancre ar^red bitweo- 
 
 25 nen hire & hire preost 9f>er a valsinde luve, 9]?er a miiche 
 weorre. 
 
 Seneca seide : Ad summam volo vos esse rariloquos, tuncque 
 pauciloquos. 'p§t is J)e ^nde of f>e tale,' seif> Seneke )?e wise: 
 *ichiille \%\ je speken seide, & f>eonne buten Idtel/ Auh moni 
 30 piint hire word vor te leten mp iit, as me de]? water §t 
 ter miilne cliise ; & sg diiden Jobes freond, f>§t weren icumen 
 to vrovren him : seten stille alle seove niht. Auh f)eo heo 
 
SPEECH, 2^ 
 
 h^fden alles bigunne vor to spekene, J)eonne kuf)en heo 
 nf vere astiinten hore cl^ppe. Greg. : Censura silencii nutri- 
 tura est verbi, S9 hit is ine monie, ase seinte Gregorie 
 seij) : ' Silence is wordes fostrild, & bringej? for]? cheafle/ An 
 oJ>er haJf ase he seij>, Juge silencium cogit celestia meditari, 5 
 Lgng silence & wel iwiist nedej? f)e f)0uhtes up touward }>er 
 heovene ; alsQ ase je muwen iseon )?§t water, hwon me piint 
 hit & stoppef) bivoren wel, s§ f>§t hit ne muwe aduneward, 
 J>eonne is hit ined ajein vor to climben upward; & je al 
 Jjisses weis piinde]? 5wer wordes, & forstoppe]? ouwer f>ouhtes, 10 
 ase je wiillef) f>§t heo climben & hien touward heovene, & 
 uQut ne vallen adiineward, & tovleoten jeond te world, ase 
 dej? miichel cheafle. Auh hwon je nede moten speken, a 
 liite wiht lesej? up ouwer muf>es flodj^ten, ase me def> ^t ter 
 miilne, and letej> adun sone. 15 
 
 M9 sleaj) word f)ene sweord. Mors et vita in manibus 
 lingue. ' Lif & deaj),' sei)? Salomon, * is ine tunge hgnden.' 
 * Hwg-se wite]? wel his muf>, he witef>/ he seif>, * his sgule.' 
 Sicut urhs patens ^* absque murorum ambitu : sicut, &c. Greg. 
 Qui murum silencii non habet, patet inimici, &c. : ' Hwg-se ne 20 
 wi}?halt his wordes,' sei]5 Salomon J>e wise, * he is ase buruh 
 wifuten wal, f>er ase v/rd m^i in over-al.' pe veond of helle 
 mid his f^rd went J?urh ]?e tutel f>§t is §ver open into f>e 
 heorte. In vitas patrum hit telle]? \>%\. gn hgli mon seide, ]?eo 
 me preisede ane of J?e bre}?ren}5^t he hffde iherd J?ft weren 25 
 of miiche speche : Boni utique sunt^ sed habitatio eorum non 
 habet januam : quicunque vult intrat, Sf" asinum solvit, 
 ' Gode,' cw§f) he, ' heo bo]? ; auh hore wunnunge navej? nQ 
 l^t : hore mu}? ma]?ele]? ^ver ; & hwQ-se f ver wiile m^i ggn 
 in, & If den vor]? hore asse ; ' p^t is, hore unwise sgule. Vor- 30 
 ]?i, seij? sein Jame : Si quis putat se religiosum esse, non refre- 
 nans linguain suam^ sed seducens cor suum, haec vana est religio. 
 
24 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 P§t is ' gif f ni wenef) \%t he beo religius, & ne bridle]? ngut 
 his tunge, his religiun is fals : he gUe]? his heorte/ He seij? 
 swfij>e wel, * ne bridle]? ngut his tunge/ vor bridel nis ngut 
 gne i f)e horses mu]?e, auh sit sum upo J>en eien, & sum o 
 5 f>en earen. Vor alle ]?reo is miiche neod \%\. heo beon 
 ibridled ; auh i }?e mu]?e sit t^t iren, & o )?e lihte tunge ; vor 
 J)er is mf St neod hgld hwon f)e tunge is o rune, & ivollen on 
 to eornen. Vor ofte we f>enchef>, hwon we vof> on to 
 spekene, vor te speken Ifltel, & wel-isette wordes; auh }?e 
 
 lo tunge is sliddri, vor heo wadej> ine wete, & slit lihtliche vor]? 
 from Itit word into monie ; & teonne, ase Salomon seif>, in 
 multiloquio non deest peccatum, Ne m^i ngut miichel speche, 
 ne aginne hit nf ver sg wel, beon wi}?uten sunne ; vor vrom 
 sof) hit slit te vals ; ut of god into tivel, & from mesiire into 
 
 15 unimete; & of a drope waxe]? a miiche flod, \%t adrenchej? 
 J?e sgule. Vor mid te fleotinde word tofleote]? }?e heorte; 
 sg }?§t Ignge f)er-^fter ne m^i heo beon a-riht ig^dered to- 
 g^deres. Et os nostrum tanto longius est Deo, quanto mundo 
 proximum ; tanto minus exauditur in prece quanto amplius in- 
 
 20 quinatur in locutione. pis beoj? sein Gregories wordes, in his 
 dialgge. Ase neih ase ure muj> is to worldliche speche, ase 
 veor he is vrom God, hwon we speke]? touward him, & bit 
 him f ni bone. Vor-}?i is \%\. we ^eie]? upon him ofte, & he 
 fiirse]? him awei vrommard ure stefne : ne ntile he ngut 
 
 25 iheren hire, vor heo stincke]? to him al of ]?e worldes ma}?e- 
 lunge, & of hire chf fle. Hwg-se wiile wilnen \%\. Godes eare 
 beo neih hire tunge, fursie hire vrom J>e worlde, elles heo m§i 
 Ignge jeien f r God hire ihere ; auh he seif> ]?urh Isaie : Cum 
 extenderitis manus vestras, avertam oculos meos a vobis ; Sf 
 
 30 cum multiplicaveritis orationes, non exaudiam vos ; p^t is, * J>auh 
 ^e makien monivgld ouwer bonen touward me, je Ipqt pleie]? 
 mit te worlde, niiF ich ou ngut iheren; auh icchiille tiirnen 
 me awei, hwon je hebbe}? touward me eien g]?er hgnden/ 
 
SPEECH, 2,5 
 
 "Ore deorewurjje l^fdi, seinte Marie, fȤt guh to alle wurn- 
 men beon vorbisne, was of sg lOte speche p^t nouhware ine 
 hgli write ne ivinde we p^t heo sp^c bute vor sif>en ; auh for 
 f)e seldspeche hire wordes weren hevie, & h^fden miiche 
 mihte. Hire vorme wordes p^t we rf dej? of weren Ipg heo 5 
 onswerede pen engle Gabriel, & }>eo weren S9 mihtie f>§t mid- 
 t^t-J)^t heo seide, J^cce ancilla Domini ; fiat mihi secundum 
 verbum iuum, ^t tisse worde Codes sune & so)? God bicom 
 mon ; & J)e Lgverd, f)§t al J^e world ne miihte ngut bivon, 
 bittinde him wif>innen J>e m^idenes wgmbe Marie. Hire 10 
 6f)re wordes weren f>oa heo com & grette Elizabet hire 
 mgwe ; & hwat mihte wenest-tu was ictid ine feos wordes ? 
 Hwat! p^t a child bigon vor to pleien tojeines ham — f>^t 
 was sein Job an — in his moder wgmbe. pe f>ridde time \>^i 
 heo sp^c, f>§t was ^t te neoces, & f>er, ])urh hire bone, was 15 
 water iw^nd to wine, pe veoi;f>e time was f>oa heo h^fde 
 imist hire sune, & eft hine ivgnd. & hu miichel wunder 
 voluwede ]?eos wordes ! p§t God almihti beih him to gne 
 monne, to gne smi)?e, & to ane wiimmone, & foluwude ham, 
 ase hore, hwiider-sg heo ^ver wolden. Nimef> nu her ^eme, 20 
 & leornej? jeorne her-bi hu seldcene speche have]? muche 
 strencj)e. 
 
 Vir lingosus non dirigetur in terra: ' Veole-iwordede 
 mon,' sei]? f>e psalmwurhte, ' ne schal nf ver If den riht lif on 
 eor)?e.' Vor-f>I he seif> elleshwar : Dixi, custodiam vias meas^ 25 
 ut non delinquam in lingua mea ; & is as f)auh he seide, ' Ic- 
 chulle witen mine weies mid mine tiinge warde.' Wite ich 
 wel mine tunge, ich m^i wel hglden J^ene wei touward heo- 
 vene ; vor ase Isaie seif>, Cultus justicie silencium : * j?e tilpe 
 of rihtwisnesse, Jjf t is silence/ Silence tile]? hire ; & heo itiled 3° 
 bringef) for]? sgule eche vode. Vor heo is undeaf>lich, ase 
 Salomon witne}? : Justicia immor talis est. Vor-f>i veiej? Isaie 
 
26 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 hope & silence bpj^e tog^deres; & seij? \>^\. in ham schal 
 stgnden ggsdiche strencj>e : In silencio Sf spe erit fortitudo 
 vesira'j }>^t is, 'ine silence & ine hope schal beon ower 
 strencj>e/ Nimef> jeme hu wel he seij?; vor hwg-se is 
 5 muche sdlle, & halt l^nge silence, heo m^i hopien sikerliche 
 J>^t hwon heo spekej? touward Gode, J^^t he hire wiile iheren. 
 Heo m§i ec hopien J^^t heo schal ec singen J?urh hire scilence 
 sweteliche ine heovene. pis is nu f>e reisun of f>e veiunge, 
 hwi Isaie veiej) hope & silence, & kuplej? bgj^e tog^deres. 
 
 lo Teke-f)^t he seif) i J)en ilke autorite, f)^t ine silence & ine 
 hope schal beon ure strenc]?e ine Godes servise a^ein J?es 
 deofles turnes & his fgndunges. Auh loke]? J>urh hwat reisQn. 
 Hope is a swete spice wi]?inne \>^i heorte, f)§t spetef) iit al ]>q 
 bitter ))^t t^t bodi drinkej?. Auh hwg-se cheouwe]? spices, heo 
 
 15 schal tiinen hire miij^ f>^t te sw5te brf J? & te strenc]?e ]:>er-of 
 astunte wif)innen : auh J>eo f)§t openej) hire muf) mid miiche 
 maf>elunge, & brekej? silence, heo spet hope al ut, & te swot- 
 nesse ]?er-of, mid worldllche wordes ; & heo leosef) ajein f>e 
 veond gQstllche strencj^e. Vor hwat makej> us strgng vor te 
 
 20 drien derf ine Godes servise, & ine vgndunges to wrastlen 
 stalewardliche ajein f)es deofles swenges ? Hwat, bute hope 
 of heih mede ? Hope halt ]?e heorte ihgl, hwat-se j^^t vl^schs 
 drie 9j>er ]?olie; ase me seif), jif hope nere, heorte tobreke. 
 A, Jesu, J^in gre 1 Hu stont ham f)§t beo]? J>ere ase alle W9 
 
 25 & weane is, wif>uten hope of utcume, & heorte ne m^i ber- 
 sten? Vor-]?!, ase je wiillef) hglden wi}>innen ou hope, & 
 f>ene sw5te brf]? of hire ]>^i jivef) ]?e sgule mihte, mid mu]? 
 itiined cheouwe]? hire wif)innen ouwer heorte : ne blgwe ^e 
 hire ngut ut mid maf)elinde muj>e, ne mid jeoniinde tiiteles. 
 
 30 Non haheatis linguam vel aures prurientes ; ' Lokef>,^ sei J> sein 
 Jerome, * f>§t ^e nabben jicchinde nguj^er tunge ne earen ' ; 
 p^t is to siggen, J^^t ou ne luste nguj^er speken ne iheren 
 worldllche speche. Hider-to is iseid of ouwer silence, & hu 
 
ANGER. 27 
 
 our speche schal beon seldcene. Contrariorum eadem est 
 disciplina : of silence & of speche nis bute a \gvo ; & for-f>i 
 ine writunge heo eorneJ> hglpe tog^deres. 
 
 ANGER. 
 
 Mine leove siistren, alsg ase je wel wite]? our wittes wif>- 
 uten, alsQ over alle f'lng lokej? J^^t je beon softe wif)innen, & 5 
 milde, Sc fdmode, swete, & swote-iheorted, & J?olemode 
 a^ein word, ^if me seij? on ou mis, ant were p^t me misdej? 
 ou, l^ste je al vorleosen. A^ein bittre ancren David seij? f)is 
 vers, Similis f actus sum pellicano solitudims, &c. ^ Ich am 
 ase pellican,' he seif), * J)§t wunief) bl him gne.' Pellican is a 10 
 leane fuwel, sq weamod & sq wrff>ful f)^t hit sleaj? ofte vor 
 grome his 9wune briddes, hwon heo teonef) him, ant J)eonne 
 sone J)er-f fter hit bicumej) swiij^e sgri, & make)? swtlf)e miiche 
 mgne, & smit him sulven mid his bile f)^t hit slouh fr his 
 briddes mide, & drauhj> ut blod of his breoste, & mit t^t blod 15 
 acwikef) eft his isleine briddes. pis pellican is f>e weamode 
 ancre. Hire briddes ]>^t beoj? hire gode werkes, f)§t heo 
 sleaj) ofte mid bile of schearpe wr^J^j^e. Auh hwon heo sq 
 have]? idon, do ase dej? f>e pellican: of]?unche hit swtij^e 
 sone, & mid hire gwune bile bekie hire breoste ; f)§t is, mid 20 
 scbrifte of hire miij)e J^^t heo siinegede mide & slouh hire 
 gode werkes, drawe ]>^i blod of siinne ut of hire breoste, f>^t 
 is, of }>e heorte, ]?§t sgule iTf is inne, & S9 schulen eft a- 
 cwikien hire isleiene briddes, J^^t beo]? hire werkes. Blod 
 bitgcne}? siinne ; vor alsQ bledinde mon is grlslich & atelich 25 
 ine monnes eihsihj^e, alsQ is f>e siinfule bivore Godes eien. 
 An of)er half, ng mon ne m§i jiiggen blod wel ^r hit beo 
 cgld; alsg is of siinne. peo hwiile J^^t te heorte walle]? 
 wij?innen of wr^J^J^e, nis J^er n9 riht dom, ne 119 riht giige- 
 
0,8 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 ment ; gj^er J)eo hwiile \%l te lust is hgt toward f ni sunne, 
 ne miht-tu ngut f>eo hwiile demen wel hwat hit is, ne hwat ]5er 
 wiile cumen of; auh let lust overggn, & hit te wiile liken. 
 Let f>§t hgte acolen, ase dej? J^e \%i wiile jiiggen blod, & \Vi 
 5 schalt demen al riht f>e siinfule & te siinne Igdlich & fiil, \%\. 
 te J?uhte v^ir; & sg miichel iivel cumen j?er-of \%\ jif }?u hit 
 h^fdest idon f>eo hwiile f>ft te hf te ilf ste, \%\. tu schalt demen 
 J>i siilven wod, \^ f>ii ]5er-touward f)Ouhtest. pis is of ^verich 
 siinne soj). 
 
 lo Inpedit ira animam ne possit cernere verum. ' Wr^J^J^e,' hit 
 seij?, * J?e-hwfile-f>^t hit ilf st, abl^ndef) sg f>e heorte p^t heo ne 
 m§i sof) ikngwen. Maga quedam est transformans naturam 
 humanam. Wr§]?]?e is a vorschiippild, ase me telle]? ine 
 spelles : vor heo bireavej? & binimef) mon his rihte wit, & 
 
 15 chaungej? al his chere, & forschiippej? him vrom mon into 
 bf stes cflnde. Wiimmon wrg]? is wiilvene : & mon wrgj> is 
 wulf, 9f)er leun, 9f>er iinicorne. pe hwiile }>§t fver wr^]?))e 
 is ine wiimmone heorte, J»auh heo versalie, & sigge hire lires, 
 & hire paternostres, & hire avez, al ne dej? heo bQte f>eoteJ? : 
 
 30 heo navej> biite, ase }?eo })§t is iw^nd te wiilvene i Godes eien, 
 wiilvene stefne in his swete earen. Ira furor brevis est: 
 wr§]?]?e is a wodschipe. Wrgj? mon nis he wod ? Hu lokef) 
 he, hii spekej? he, hii varej? his heorte wif)innen him? 
 Hwiiche beo]? wij?iiten alle his lates ? He ne icngwe)? n^nne 
 
 25 mon. Hii is he mon j^eonne ? Est enim homo animal man- 
 suetum natura. Mon is kiindeliche mllde; auh sg sone sg 
 he his mildheortnesse vorleosef), he vorleose]? monnes kiinde, 
 and wr§f)]?e, f)e vorschiippild, vorschiippej? him into bfstes 
 kiinde, ase ich f r seide. And hwat jif f ni ancre, Jesu Cristes 
 
 30 spiise, is forschiipped to wiilvene — nis \>^t miiche seoruwe .? 
 Nis ]5er J^eonne biite vorworpen sone f>f t riiwe vel abiite ]?e 
 heorte, & mid softe seihtnesse makien hire sme]?e & softe, ase 
 
ANGER. 29 
 
 is cfindeliche wiimmone htide. Vor mid te wiilvene velle 
 119 f>ing p^t heo dej? nis Gode licwurj?e ne icweme. 
 
 Lo her ajeines wr^]:>]?e monie kiinnes remedies, & frovren 
 a miiche vloc, & misliche boten. Jif me misseij) Ipe, ]?enc 
 Ip^t tu §rt eorj^e ; ne todrauh}? me Ipe eor]?e ? ne totret me 5 
 f>e eorf>e ? ne bispet me J>e eovpe ? pauh me diide sg bi J?e, 
 rae diide f>e eor]?e rihte. ^if pu berkest ajein J?u §rt hundes 
 ktindes; ant ^if J)U stmgest a jean mid attri wordes, pn ^rt 
 n^ddre kOndel, & ngut Cristes spuse. penc, diide he sg? 
 Qui tanquam ovis ductus est ad occisionem^ ^' non aperuit os \o 
 suum, 5fter 3.11e pe schendfule pinen ^p^t he Jjolede o J?e 
 Ignge vriniht, me l§dde him a-morwen vor te hgngen o wari- 
 treo, & driven puruh his four limes Irene n^iles ; ant ^ nan 
 mgre f>en a schep/ ase J?e hgli writ seij>, ^ ne cw^J> he nf ver 
 a word/ 15 
 
 pench jet an o)?er half, hwat is word biite wind? To wqc 
 heo is istrenc]?ed J^^t a windes puf of a word m§i avellen, & 
 aworpen into siinne ; & hwQ niile )?iinchen j^eonne wunder of 
 an ancre f>^t a windes puf of a word avellejp ? get, an oj^er 
 half, ne scheawej? heo J^^t heo is dust, & unstable f'lng, f>^t 20 
 mid a Ititel wind of a word is an-gn toblowen & tobollen ? 
 pe ilke puf of his mu}?, jif pxi hit wurpe under J^Ine vet, hit 
 schulde beren J^e upward toward pe blisse of heovene. Auh 
 nu is miiche wunder of ure miichele unm^f>schipe. Under- 
 stgndej? {jis word. Seint Andreu miihte if>olien p^t te h^rde 25 
 rode h^f him touward heovene, ant luveliche bicliipte hire. 
 Seint Lgrens alsg ij^olede f>§t te gredil h^f him upwardes mid 
 berninde gleden. Seinte Stefne if^olede J^e stgnes p^t me 
 stf nede him mide, & underveng ham glfdlTche mid hommen 
 ivglden, f)^t is, cneolinde ; & we ne muwe nout i}?olien f)§t 30 
 te wind of a word here us touward heovene, auh beoj? wode 
 ajeines ham p^i we schulden poncken, ase f)eo ilke p^t 
 
30 ANCREN RIWLE, . 
 
 serve)? us of miiche servise, f)auh hit beo hore unj^onkes. 
 
 Impius vivit pio, velit nolit wipius. Al f)§t J^e unwrf ste & te 
 
 . iivele de]? for iivele, al is ]5e gode to gode, & al is to his 
 
 biheve, & timbrunge touward his blisse. Let hine iwur)?en, 
 
 5 & t^t gl^dllche : breiden ]:>e ana criine. penc hu j^e gode hgli 
 mon, in vitas pair um, custe & blescede j^e unwr^ste h9nd \%\. 
 h^fde ihfrmed him, & seide 59 inwardliche ciissinde hire 
 jeorne *Iblesced beo fver ]:>eos hgnd, vor heo have]? itim- 
 bred me f)e bliscen of heovene ; ' & tu sigge alsg bi ]?e hgnd 
 
 10 J)^t misdef) )?e, & bi J^e muj? alsg \%\. gut misseij) f>e, 'Iblesced 
 beo \\ muf>/ )5U seie, ' vor ]?u makest me lome J?er-of to tim- 
 bren & to echen me mine crune. Wei is me vor mine gode, 
 & \v9 is me f>auh for J>in iivel ; vor f)u dest me god, & h^r- 
 mest f>i siilf/ gif ^i mon 9f>er f i wiimmon misseij? 9]?er mis- 
 
 15 dej? ou, mine leove siistren, S9 je schulen siggen. Auh nuis 
 miiche wunder, ^if we wel bihgldef) hu Codes halewen 
 fjoleden wunden in hore bodie, & we beo]? wode jif a wind 
 blgwe)? a liitel touward us, & te like wind ne wunde)? ngut 
 bute f)e eare gne. Vor nguj^er ne m§i f)e wind, \^\. is \%\, 
 
 20 word, ne wiinden ]?e i ]?ine vlf sche, ne flilen J)ine sgule, J>auh 
 hit puffe on f)e, bUte jif \\ siilf hit makie. Bernardus : Quid 
 irritaris ? quid inflammaris ad verbi Jlatum, qui nee carnem 
 vulnerat, nee inquinat mentem, Wel J)ii m^iht understgnden 
 ]?§t ter was liitel fUr of ch^rite J?§t leitej) al of ure Lgverdes 
 
 25 luve. Liitel fiir was ter ]?er-of, )?§t a puf acweinte. Vor f)er 
 ase miichel fiir is, kiindeliche hit waxej? mid winde. 
 
 Ajein missawe gj^er misdede, lo, her-anont remedie & 
 salve. Alle cunne}? wel J?eos asaumple. A mon \%X. leie ine 
 prisiine, & guhte miiche raunsiin, & o ngne wise ne schulde ne 
 30 ne miihte iit, bute ^if hit were vor te hgngen, f r he h^fde al 
 his raunsiin fulliche ipaied, — nolde he cunnen god f)onc ane 
 monne \%\. wurpe upon him a bigiirdel full of ponewes vor te 
 
ANGER, 31 
 
 acvviten & areimen him mide, & alesen him ut of pine, })auh 
 he wurpe hit ful h^rde ajein his heorte ? Al f>§t hiirt & al 
 ]5§t sgre were vorjiten & forgiven vor gl^dnesse. Al riht o 
 fisse wise we beof> alle ine prisune her, & gwen God greate 
 dettes of sunnen ; & for-f)i we jeie]? to him i }>e paternoster, 5 
 dimitte nobis debita nostra: 'Lgverd/ we siggef>, ^forjif us 
 ure dettes, alsQ ase we vorjivej? to ure detturs.' Wouh \^\. me 
 misdej) us, 9j?er of word 9f)er of were, \%\, is ure raunsun 
 J>§t we schulen areimen us mide, & acwiten ure dettes tou- 
 ward ure Lgverd, f>^t beo}? ure sunnen ; vor wij^ute cwitaunce to 
 up of his prisune nis ngn inumen, J>§t he ne bi]^ anhgnged, 
 9j)er ine purgatorie, 9]?er 1 f)e pine of helle. Ant ure Lgverd 
 siilf seif>, Dimitie, ^' dimittetur vobis : ' forjif, & ichiille forgive 
 f>e/ & is as f>auh he seide, 'f)U ^rt andetted touward me 
 swilf>e mid sunnen; auh wiiltu god foreward, al J>§t §ver fni 15 
 mon misseij? f>e 9f>er misde]? ]5e, ichiille nimen hit onward 
 ]5e dette \%\. tu gwest me/ Nu f)eonne, ]?auh a word ciille 
 j5e ful h^rde upo f>Ine heorte, & te f)unchef> a-vormest \%\, hit 
 hiirtef) ))ine heorte, j^enc ase f>e prisun wolde )?^t were ihiirt 
 sgre mit te bigiirdle, & undervgng hit gl^dliche vor te acwiten 20 
 f>e mide, & ]?onke him \%\. hit sende f>e, f>auh God ne kunne 
 him nfver f)onc of his sgnde. He h^rmef> him- siilf & freomej? 
 f>e, ^if ]?u const hit understgnden. Vor, ase David seij? 
 swtlf>e wel mid alle, ' God de)? in his tresgr ]?eo unwr^ste & 
 te iivele vor te hiiren mid ham, ase me dej? mid garsume f>eo 25 
 ]5§t wel vihte]:). Eft, an o}?er halve, f»e pellican is a fuel \%\. 
 havef) an o]?er cilnde ; J^^t is, f>^t hit is ^ver leane. Vor-J>i ase 
 ich f r seide, David efnede him f>er-to in ancre persone, & ine 
 ancre stefne : Similis f actus sum pellicano solitudinis. * Ich 
 am a pellican iliche, f»^t wunej? bi him gne ; ' & ancre guh j^us^so 
 to siggen, & beon iliche J^e pellican anont f>§t hit is leane. 
 Judit clausa in cubiculo jejunabat omnibus diebus vite sue, &c. 
 liidit bitiind inne, ase hit tellef) in hire boc, ledde swiif>e h^rd 
 
32 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 lif, v^ste, & werede heare. ludit bitiind inne bitgcnej) ancr 
 bitiind, f>§t guhte If den h^rd lif, ase diide f>e l^fdi ludit, gfte 
 hire efne, & ngut ase swin ipiind ine sti vor te v^tten & fo 
 te greaten ajein f>e ciil of f>er eax. 
 
 LOVE. 
 
 5 Seinte Pgwel witnej) J^^t alle uttre h^rdschipes, & all 
 vlgsshes pinunge, & alle licomes swinckes, al is ase ngu 
 a^ean luve, J)^t schirej? & brihtej? J?e heorte. Exercitati 
 corporis ad modicum valet ; pietas autem valet ad omnia : f)§t is 
 * Licomliche bisischipe is to liitel wur]? ; auh swote & schi? 
 
 lo heorte is god to alle jjinges/ Si tradidero corpus meum iti 
 ut ardeam : si Unguis hominum loquar et angelorum ; et si dis 
 trihuero omnes facultates meas in cihos pauperum^ caritate% 
 autem non habeam, nichil mihi prodest, *pauh ich ku]?e,' hi^ 
 seif>, ' alle monne l^dene & englene ; and f)auh ich diide r 
 
 15 mine bodie alle \^ pinen & alle f)e passiuns \%i bodi miihtt 
 fiolien ; and J)auh ich ^eve p^vre men al \%\. ich h^fde ; bu 
 jif ich h^fde luve per-mide to God & to alle men, in him <S 
 for him, al were aspilled;' vor, ase f)e hgli abbod Moiseil 
 seide, ^ Al f>§t wg & al \^\. h^rdschipe f>^t we fjolie]? of flf sche, 
 
 20 & al J?e god f)§t we f ver doj), alle swiiche f>inges ne beo]i 
 buten ase lomen vor te tilien mide f)e heorte. gif eax n(| 
 kurve, ne J^e spade ne dulve, ne |?e suluh ne erede, hw^l 
 kepte ham vor te hglden?' Alsg ase ng mon ne luvej: 
 lomen vor ham siilven, auh dej> for ]?e ]?inges f)§t me wiirche} 
 
 25 mid ham, riht alsg ng vl^sshes derf nis for te luvien bute 
 vor-)?i-f>^t God J^e raj^er loke f)iderward mid his grace, and 
 makie f>e heorte schir & of brihte sihj^e, f>§t ngn ne m^ 
 habben mid monglunge of un]?eauwes, ne mid eorf>lich luve 
 of worldliche f>inges ; vor J^is m9ng wore]? sq )?e eien of f>e 
 
LOVE, 33 
 
 heorte f>^t heo ne m^i ikngwen God, ne glfdien of his sihj^e. 
 ' Schir heorte/ ase Seint Bernard seif>, * makej? twg j^inges : })^t 
 tu, al f)§t ]3U dest, do hit gj^er vor luve gne of God, gj^er vor oj^res 
 god, & for his biheve/ Have, in al \^\ tu dest, gn of ]5eos 
 twg ententes, gj^er bg tog^deres : vor f>e latere valle]? into f>e 5 
 vorme. Have ever schir heorte f>us, & do al f>§t tu wtilt ; 
 have wori heorte, & al f>e sit iivele. Omnia munda mundis, 
 coinquinatis vero nichil est mundum ; Apostolus. St. Augus- 
 tinus : Habe karitatem et fac quicquid vis : voluntaie^ videlicet, 
 rationis. Vor-]?! mine leove siistren, over alle f>Ingbeo]5 bisie vor lo 
 te habben schir heorte. Hwat is schir heorte ? Ich hit habbe 
 iseid f r : Jj^t is, ]>^i je ng f>Ing ne wilnen, ne ne luvien bute 
 God gne, and f>eo ilke finges, vor God, \>%\, helpe]? ou tou- 
 ward him. Vor God, ich sigge, luvien ham, & ngut for ham 
 siilven — ase mete, & clg]?, and mon gj)er wiimmon f>^t je 15 
 beo)5 of igoded. Vor, ase Seint Austin seij>, & spekej? f>us 
 to ure Lgverd, Minus te amat qui preter te aliquid amat quod 
 non propter te amat : \%\. is, ' Lgverd, If sse heo luviej? j^e \%\. 
 luvie]? gut bute t>e, bute ^if heo luvien hit for J?e.' Schirnesse 
 of heorte is Godes luve gne. I J?isse is al }>e strencf>e of 20 
 alle religiiins, and f>e <?nde of alle ordres. Plenitudo legis est 
 dilectio. ' Luve fuUef) J)e lawe,' he seif>, Seinte Pgwel. Quic- 
 quid precipitur in sola caritate solidatur. ^ Alle Godes hasten,* 
 ase Seint Gregorie sei]?, 'beo]? ine luve iroted.' Luve gne 
 schal beon ileid ine Seinte Miheles weie. peo Ip^t mfst 25 
 luvie]?, f>eo schullen beon mfst iblisced, ngut f>eo p^t If dej? 
 hardest lif ; vor luve overweij? hit. Luve is heovene stiward 
 vor hire muchele vreoschipe, vor heo ne §thalt ng ]?ing, auh 
 heo jive]? al Ip^t heo have]?, & ec hire siilven : elles God ne 
 kepte ngut of al ]?§t hire were. 3o 
 
 God havej) ofggn ure luve on alle ktinne wisen. He 
 have)? muchel idon us, & mgre bihgten. Miichel jeove of- 
 
 D 
 
34 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 drawej? luve ; me mtichel 5§f he us : al fjene world he %%i us 
 in Adam ure v^der ; and al f)^t is i J?e worlde he w^rp under 
 ure vet — bastes & fueles, ear we weren vorgiilte. Omnia 
 subjecisti sub pedihus ejus, oves et boves universas, insuper et 
 t^pecora campi, volucres celt et pise es maris, &c. And jet al f>§t 
 is, ase is ]?er-uppe iseid, serve}? J>e gode, to J)e sgule biheve ; 
 jete ]?e iivele serve]? eor]?e, seea, & sunne. get he diide 
 mgre : he j^f us ngut gne of his, auh diide al him siilven. 
 Sg heih jeove n^s nf ver ijiven to sg Iguwe wrecches. Apos- 
 
 lo tolus : Christus dilexit ecclesiam et dedit semeiipsum pro ea : 
 Seinte Pgwel seij>, ' Crist luvede sq his leofmon Ip^t he j^f 
 for hire J>e pris of him siilven/ Nimef> gode jeme, mine 
 leove siistren, vor-hwi me guh him to luvien. ^rest, ase a 
 mon f>§t w6wef> — ase a king p^t luvede gne l^fdi of feorrene 
 
 15 Ignde, and smde hire his sgndesmen bivoren, ]>^t weren ]?e 
 patriarkes & ]?e prophetes of f>e Qlde Testament, mid lettres 
 isealed. A-last he com him siilven, and brouhte J?§t gospel 
 ase lettres iopened, and wrgt mid his gwune blode saliiz to 
 his leofmon of luve-gretunge, vor te wo wen hire mide, & for te 
 
 20 welden hire luve. Her-to vallej? a tale, and gn iwrien vorbisne. 
 
 A l^fdi was \)^t was mid hire voan biset al abiiten, and hire 
 Ignd al destriied, & heo al pgvre, wif>innen gne eor}?ene 
 castle. Qn mihti kinges luve was f>auh bitiirnd upon hire, 
 89 unimete swii]?e fȤt he vor wouhlecchunge sihde hire his 
 
 25 sgnden, gn §fter o]?er, and ofte somed monie; & s<?nde hire 
 beaubelez hgpe veole & f^ire, and sukurs of livenej?, & help 
 of his heie hird to hglden hire castel. Heo underveng al ase 
 gn unrecheleas }>ing, ]>^t was sg h^rd-iheorted f>§t hire luve 
 ne miihte he nfver beon j^e neorre. Hwat wult-tu mgre? 
 
 30 He com him siilf a-last, and scheawede hire his f^ire neb, ase 
 f>e Ip^t was of alle men v^irest for to bihglden, and sp^c 
 swtij^e sweteliche, & sg miirie wordes p^t heo miihten J^e 
 
LOVE, 35 
 
 deade arearen vrom dea]?e to live. And wrouhte veole 
 wundres, and diide veole meistries bivoren hire eihsih)?e ; & 
 scheawede hire his mihten ; tglde hire of his kiyfedome ; and 
 bead for to makien hire cwene of al f>§t he guhte. Al ]3is ne 
 h^lp nQut. N^s \\% wunderlich hoker ? Vor heo n^s n^ver 5 
 \vurf>e vor te beon his schelchine. Auh sg, J^uruh his debo- 
 nerte, luve h^fde overkumen hine f>§t he seide on ^nde: 
 ^Dame, j?u ^rt iweorred, & J^ine vgn beo)? sg strgnge ]?§t tu 
 ne m§iht ngnes-weis wif>uten sukurs of me ^tfleon hore 
 hgnden, \%\. heo ne don J>e to scheomefule dea]?e. Ichchiille 10 
 vor f)e luve of J)e nimen f)is fiht upon me, and aredden ]?e of 
 ham J5^t seche]? ]?ine dea)?. Ich wgt ]:>auh for s^o)?e f)^t ich 
 schal bitweonen ham undervgngen deaj?es wunde; and ich 
 hit wuUe heortelTche vor to ofggn J^ine heorte. Nu, f>eonne, 
 biseche ich f>e, vor f>e luve \%\. ich kii))e )?e, \%X. tu luvie me, 1 5 
 hure & hure, §fter f)en ilke dea))e dead, hwon f)u noldes 
 lives/ pes king diide al f>us : aredde hire of alle hire vgn, 
 and was himsulf to wundre ituked, and isleien on (fnde. 
 puruh miracle, }?auh, he args from deaj?e to live. Nere )?eos 
 ilke l^fdi of uvele kunnes kfinde, jif heo over alle f>ing ne 20 
 luve him her-§fter ? 
 
 pes king is lesu Crist, Codes sune, \%\. al o J^isse wise 
 wowude ure sgule, \%\. f>e deoflen h^veden biset. And he, ase 
 ngble woware, §fter monie messagers, & feole goddeden, com 
 vor to preoven his luve, and scheauwede J^uruh knihtschipe 25 
 J>§t he was luvewurf>e ; ase weren sumewhiile knihtes iwuned 
 for to donne. He diide him ine turnement, & h^fde vor his 
 leofmonnes luve his scheld ine vihte,ase kene kniht, on f veriche 
 half if>iirled. pis scheld J>§t wreih his Codhed was his leove 
 licome \%X was ispr§d o rode, brgd ase scheld buven in his 30 
 istreihte earmes, and n^ruh bineoj^en, ase J^e gn vot, ^fter-}?^t 
 me wenef), sete upon }?e of>er vote, p^t f>is scheld navej? ngne 
 
 D 2 
 
36 ANCREN RIWLE. 
 
 siden is for to bitgcnen \^\. his deciples, )^§t schulden stgnden 
 bi him, and ibeon his sTden, vluwen alle vrom him, & bilefden 
 him ase vreomede ; ase f>e gospel seij?, Relic to eo, omnes/uge- 
 runt, pis scheld is i jiven us ajean alle temptaciuns, ase Jeremie 
 5 witne]^ : Dabi's scutum cordis , lahorem tuuvi ; & Psalmista : 
 Scuto bone voluntatis tue coronasti nos, pis scheld ne schilt us 
 ngut gne vrom alle uveles, auh de)> jet mgre : hit krune]? us 
 in heovene. Scuto bone voluntatis tue, ' Lgverd,' he sei]?, Davif>, 
 ' mid f)e schelde of ]?ine gode wille ]?u havest ikruned us/ 
 
 10 Scheld he sei]? of gode wille, vor willes he ]?olede al ]?^t he 
 ]:)olede. Ysaias : Oblatus est quia voluit. Me, Lgverd, J?u 
 seist, hwar-to ? Ne miihte he mid If sse gref habben ared us ? 
 5f siker, ful lihtllche ; auh he nolde. Hware-vore ? Vor te 
 binimen us fverich bitellunge ajean him of ure luve, f>^t he 
 
 15 S9 deore bouhte. Me bii}? lihtllche a )5ing \%\. me luve]? 
 Ititel. He bouhte us mid his heorte blode — deorre prls n^s 
 nf ver — vor te ofdrawen of us ure luve touward him, J^^t kost- 
 nede him sq deore. Ine schelde beof> ]?reo }?inges, J^^t treo, 
 and \%i lej^er, & ]?e peintunge. Al sq was i )?isse schelde — 
 
 20 f>^t treo of f>e rode, & \^ lej>er of Godes licome, and f>e 
 peintunge of ]?e reade blode \%l heowede hire sq v^ire. Eft, 
 )?e J?ridde reisun. \{X.^x kene knihtes dea]?e me hgnge]? heie 
 ine chirche his scheld on his munegunge. Al sg is J?is 
 scheld, J^^t is, \%\, crticifix, iset ine chirche, ine swiiche stiide 
 
 25 )5^t me hit sonest iseo, vor to f)enchen J^er-bi o Jesu Cristes 
 knihtschipe f)^t he diide o rode. His leofmon bihglde ]?er- 
 on hwu he bouhte hire luve, and lette f)urlen his scheld : \^\. 
 is, lette openen his side vor te scheawen hire his heorte, and 
 for to scheawen hire openliche hwu inwardliche he luvede 
 
 30 hire, and for lo ofdrawen hire heorte. 
 
 Vour heavedluven me ivint 1 J^isse world e : bitweonen 
 gode iveren f>e vormeste is ; bitweonen mon & wummon f>e 
 
LOVE, 37 
 
 o)?er is ; bitweonen wif & hire child f>e f)ridde is ; bitweonen 
 licome & sgule. peo luve ]:Ȥt Jesu Crist havej? to his deore 
 leofmon overgf]? ham alle voure, & passef> ham alle. Ne 
 telle}? me him god feolawe fȤt lei]? his wed ine Giwerie vor 
 to acwiten ut his fere ? God Almihti leide him-siilf vor us 5 
 ine Giwerie, and diide his deorewur]?e bodi vor to acwiten ut 
 his leofmon of Giwene hgnden. Nfver vere swiich for]?ede 
 ne diide vor gwune vere. Muchel luve is ofte bitweonen 
 mon & wiimmon. Auh ]?auh heo were iwedded him, heo 
 miihte iwurf)en sg unwrf st, f)^t, tauh heo wolde kumen ajean, 10 
 he ne kepte hire ngut. And for-f>i Crist luvej? mgre : vor he 
 sei]? al d^i, * pu p^t havest 59 unwrf stelTche idon, bitlirn J)e, 
 and cum ajean ; wilkume schaltu beon me/ Imvio^ et oc- 
 currit prodigo venienti, get he eornef>, hit sei)?, ajean hire 
 ^eankume, and worpej? earmes an-gn abuten hire sweore. 15 
 Hwat is mgre milce ? Nu of f>e f>ridde luve. Child f>§t 
 h§vede swiich iivel f>§t him bihovede b^J? of blode f r hit were 
 ihf led, miichel luvede f>e moder hit \%\. wolde him ]?is b§]? 
 makien. pis diide Qre Lgverd us, \%\. weren s§ sike of siinne, 
 & sg isuled f)er-mide, \%l ng f>ing ne miihte hflen us ne 20 
 clensen us bute his blod gne ; vor sg he hit wolde ; his luve 
 makede us b^f> f)er-of ; iblesced beo he f vere ! He luve]? us 
 mgre }?en ^ni moder de]? hire child. He hit seij) him-siilf 
 ]?uruh Isaie : Nunquid potest mater ohlivisci filii uteri sui ? 
 ' M^i moder vorjiten hire child 1,' he sei]?, ' and tauh heo do, 25 
 ich ne m§i vorjiten n^ver : ' and seij? ]?e reisQn §fter, hware- 
 vore : In manibus meis descripsi te, * Ich habbe,' he sei]?, 
 * depeint ]?e i mine hgnden/ S9 he diide mid reade blode 
 upo }?e rode. Mon kniit his giirdel vor te habben ]?ouht of 
 gne ]?Tnge ; auh iire Lgverd, vor he nolde nf ver vorjiten us, 30 
 he diide merke of ]?iirlunge ine bgtwQ his hgnden. Nu of ]?e 
 veor]?e luve. pe sgule luve]? ]?§t bodi swii]?e mid alle ; & ]?§t 
 is e}?cene i ]?e twinnunge ; vor leove vreond beo]? sgrie hwon 
 
38 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 heo schulen twinnen. Auh ure Lgverd willeliche totwea- 
 mede his sgule vrom his bodie vor to veien ure b9j>e tog?- 
 deres, world a buten <fnde, i ]?e blisse of heovene. pus, lo ! 
 Jesu Cristes luve touward his deore spiise, j^^t is, hgli chirche, 
 5 9)5er f>e cleane sgule, passe]? alle, & overkume]? f)e vour 
 mgste luven f)§t me ivint on eorJ>e. Mid al j^isse luve jet 
 he wowej? hire o J>isse wise. 
 
 ' pi luve,' he sei}), ure Lgverd, ' gj^er heo is for to ^iven 
 allunge, 9f>er heo is for to sullen, 9]:>er heo is for to reaven & 
 
 10 to nimen mid strencj^e. 3^^ ^^^ ^^ ^"^^ ^^ Siven, hwar m^iht-tu 
 biteon hire betere f)en upon me? Nam ich f>inge v^irest? 
 Nam ich kinge richest? Nam ich heixst ikiinned? Nam 
 ich weore wisest? Nam ich monne h^'ndest? Nam ich 
 monne vreoest ? Vor sq me sei]? bi large monne, \%\. he ne 
 
 15 con ngut ^thglden — J>^t he have]? f>e hgnden, ase mine beo]?, 
 ifjurled. Nam ich aire f>inge swotest & swetest? pus, alle 
 J^e reisuns hwui me guh for to jiven luve ]5U m§iht ivinden in 
 me ; nomeliche, ^if ]?u Invest chaste cl^nnesse ; vor ngn ne 
 m§i luvien me bute heo hglde hire, '^i \\ luve nis ngut for 
 
 20 to ^iven, auh wiilt allegate f>§t me biigge hire ; do, seie hwui : 
 gf>er mid 6]?er luve gj^er mid sumhwat elles ? Me siille]? wel 
 luve vor luve ; and sg me guh for to sullen luve, & for ngne 
 J)inge elles. gif \m luve is sg to sullen, ich habbe ibouht 
 hire mid luve over alle o^x(t. Vor of f>e vour mf ste luven 
 
 25 ich habbe ikiid toward J^e J^e mf ste of ham alle. And ^if ]5U 
 seist \%i tu niilt ngut leten f>er-on sg liht cheap, auh wultu 
 ^et mgre; nem hwat hit schule beon: sete feor o f>ine luve. 
 pQ ne schalt siggen sg miichel f)§t ich niille jiven J^e, vor 
 f)ine luve, miichele mgre. Wiiltu kastles and kinedomes? 
 
 30 Wiiltu welden al J^ene world ? Ichchiille don J>e betere : ich- 
 chlille makien J?e, mid al ]?is, cwene of heovene. pu schalt 
 beon seovenvgld brihtre f>en ]?e sunne; ngn iivel ne schal 
 
LOVE, 39 
 
 h^rmen ]?e ; 119 j?ing ne schal sweamen ]?e ; 119 wiinne ne 
 schal wonten f>e ; al f>i wille schal beon iwrouht in heovene 
 & in eorj^e; jf, and ^et ine helle. Ne schal nfver heorte 
 f>enchen swiich seluhf>e, f>^t ich niille jiven vor ]?ine luve 
 unimeteliche and un/ndeliche m9re : al Kresules weole ; 5 
 and Absalones schene wlite, f^t ase ofte ase me evesede him, 
 me S9lde his evesunge — J^eo her f>^t me k^rf of — vor tw9 
 hundred sides of seolvre ; Asaeles swiftschipe, \%X str9f wif> 
 heortes overurn; Samsones strenc]:'e, \%\. slouh a f>usund of 
 his f9n al §t 9ne time, & 9ne, bute vere ; Cesares vreoschipe ; 10 
 Alisaundres hereword; Moiseses heale. Nolde a mon, vor 
 9n of J^eos, ^iven al f>§t he 9uhte? And alle f)eos J^inges 
 somed, ajean mine bode, ne beo]? n9ut wur]? a nelde. And, 
 ^if J5u ^rt S9 swtif)e 9nwil, «fe S9 Qt of }?ine witte J?§t tii, f)uruh 
 n9ut to vorleosen, vorsakest swiich bijeate mid alle kiinnes 15 
 seluhjje, lo ! ich h^lde her hetel sweord over f>in heaved, vor 
 to dealen lif & S9ule, and to bisenchen b9tw9 into J?e fiir of 
 helle. Onswere nu, & were f)e, ^if f)u konst, a^ean me, 9f)er 
 ^ftte me J?ine luve \%\. ich jirne 59 swti)?e, n9ut for mine, 
 auh for f>in 9wune muchele biheve. 20 
 
 Lo ! f)us ure L9verd wowe}). Nis heo to hgrd-iheorted 
 f>^t a swiich woware ne m§i tiirnen hire luve to him? and 
 nomeliche jif heo }>enche]5 }?eos }>reo f)inges: hwat he is; 
 and hwat heo is ; & hwu miichel is f>e luve of S9 heih ase he 
 is touward S9 l9uh ase heo is. Vor-]?i sei]? f>e psalmwiiruhte : 25 
 Non est qui se ahscondat a calore ejus. Nis n9n f>?t muwe 
 ^tlutien \%l heo ne mot him luvien. pe sof)e sunne i ]?e un- 
 derntid was for-f)i istlen on heih o f>e heie rode vor to 
 sprf den over al h9te luvegleames ; )?us neodful he was, & is 
 vort tisse d^ie, to ontmden his luve in his leoves heorte, and 3° 
 seij) i )5e gospelle : Ignem veni mitiere in terram^ et quid volo 
 nisi ut ardeat ? ' Ich com/ he seij?, * vor to bringen fiir into 
 
40 ANCREN RIWLE, 
 
 eorJ)e, f>ft is, berninde luve into eorf>liche heorten, & hwat 
 jirne ich elles bute f)§t hit blasie ? Wl§ch luve is him \q]>, 
 ase he seij> J>uruh Sein Johan i ]?e Apocalipse : UHnam frigi- 
 dus esses aut calidus ; sed quia iepidus es^ incipiam ie evomere 
 5 de ore meo, * Ich wolde/ he sei}> to his leofmon, ' ]?§t tu 
 were i mine luve gfjcr allunge cgld, 9f>er hgt mid alle ; auh 
 for-]?i-f>§t tu §rt ase wl^ch bitweonen twg, nguj^er cgld ne hgt, 
 f>u makest me vor to wlatien; and ichchiille speouwen f>e ut, 
 bute ^if }?u iwur]?e hattre/ 
 
 lo Nu je habbej? iherd, mine leove siistren, hu, & for hwT, 
 God is swtijje t5 luvien. And, for to ont<?nden ou wel, 
 g§dere]? wude f>er-to, mid f>e pgvre wiimmon of Sarepte f)e 
 buruh, f>§t spele]? ont^ndunge : En, inquid, colligo duo ligna, 
 * Lgverd,' cw§f> heo to Elie, f)e hglie prophete, ' lo ! ich g$- 
 
 ^5 dere twg treon/ peos twg treon bitgcne]? ]>^t g treou f>§t 
 stod upriht, and t^t o}>er ek f>^t code )?wert-over of ]?e deore 
 rode. Of .}?eos twg treon je schulen ont^nden fiir of luve 
 wif)innen ower heorte. Biseo]? ofte touward ham. penchej? 
 ^if je ne gwen eaf)e to luvien f)ene king of blisse f)f t tospret 
 
 20 sg touward ou his §rmes, and buh)?, ase vor to beoden cos, 
 adiineward his heaved. Sikerliche ich sigge hit, fȤt ^if f>e 
 s6f)e Elie, f)§t is, God Almihti, ivint ou f)eos twg treon bisi- 
 liche g^derinde, he wule gistnen mid ou, and monivglden in 
 ou his deorewurf>e grace, ase Elie dude }?e pgvre wiimmone 
 
 25 livenej>, and gistnede mid hire ]5^t he ivgnd f>e twg treon 
 g^derinde i Sarepte. 
 
 THE NUNS ARE TO KEEP NO BEAST 
 BUT A CAT. 
 
 ge, mine leove siistren, ne schulen habben ng bf st, bute 
 kat gne. Ancre f)§t have]? fihte fiinchef) bet husewif, ase 
 Marthe was, pen ancre ; ne ngne-weis ne m^i heo beon Marie 
 
THE NUNS ARE TO KEEP NO BEAST BUT A CAT. 4I 
 
 mid grif>fulnesse of heorte. Vor f>eonne mot heo f)enchen 
 of f>e kues foddre, and of heordemonne huire, oluhnen Jjene 
 heiward, warien hwon me piint hire, & jelden, J)auh, f>e 
 h§rmes. Wat Crist, j^is is Igdlich ]?mg hwon me makef) 
 mgne in tune of ancre f ihte. pauh, jif ^ni mot nede habben 5 
 ku, loke \%\. heo ngne monne ne eilie, ne ne h^rmie ; ne 
 ]?§t hire J^ouht ne beo ngut J?er-on iv^stned. Ancre ne guh 
 ngut to habben ng J^ing \^i drawe utward hire heorte. Ngne 
 ch^ffare ne drive ^e. Ancre f>^t is cheapild, heo cheape]? 
 hire sgule f>e chepmon of helle. Ne wite ^e ngut in oure 10 
 huse of of)er monnes f>inges, ne f ihte, ne clgj^es ; ne ngut ne 
 undervo je f>e chirche vestimenz, ne J?ene caliz, bute jif 
 strencf)e hit makie, g]?er miichel eie • vor of swiiche witunge 
 is ikumen miichel tivel ofte-si)?en. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 rThe Ancren Riwle, * Rule of Nuns,' consists of rules of life and con- 
 duct addressed to three nuns, sisters, by a learned ecclesiastic. It 
 appears to be an original English composition, not a translation from 
 French or Latin. 
 
 19. 2. schulen, 'have to go,' the verb of motion being omitted, as it 
 frequently is after shall, will, must. Cp. 1. 3. hwon %e alles 7?idten vorp. 
 
 6. p§t he gull to siggen, herenep his wordes. * Listen to his 
 words, v^hatever he has to say.' 
 
 8. ower god. ' What is good in you.' 
 
 20. II. schulden. The plur., instead of the sing, schulde, which we 
 should expect after the sing. J)^t god, is due to the preceding plurals 
 ^iren and briddes. 
 
 21. 23. ancre and hiises l§fdi guh miiche to been bitweonen. 
 
 * There ought to be a great difference between the lady of a house and a 
 nun.' 
 
 24. 16. slit from sltden, 
 
 24. bit, the sing, instead of the plur. biddej), is the result of the 
 preceding we being confused with 7ne, ' one.' 
 
 27. 22. do, subj., * let her do.' 
 
 28. 7. liken. Mr. Stoffel proposes to read <5/^/^^;^ = Old-English 
 bltcan, * appear,* * be manifest.' 
 
 10. cumen seems to be governed by the preceding schalt ; other- 
 wise we must read cume}. 
 
 23. al ne de}) heo bute peotep. *She only howls;' literally, 
 
 * entirely does she nothing except that she howls.' 
 
 29. 4. nis J>er peonne bute vorworpen. ' There is nothing to do 
 in that case but to throw off.' 
 
 34. 14. seea^j-^^, s^. 
 
 39. I. do, seie hwui. * Do tell me why,' literally, * do something, 
 viz. say why.' 
 
THE ORMULUM. 
 
 (East Midland Dialect, about 1200.) 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 Although the Ormulum is probably even older than the 
 Ancren Riwle, the existing MS. being in the author's own 
 hand, its grammar is much simpler, while the vocabulary 
 shows hardly any French, but considerable Norse, influence. 
 
 SPELLING AND SOUNDS. 
 
 The most characteristic feature of Orm's spelling is the 
 consistency with which he has introduced double con- 
 sonants to show shortness of the preceding vowel. This 
 he does regularly whenever the consonant is final, or 
 followed by another consonant, as in patt^ crissienndom ; 
 and he was able to do so because the O. E. distinction 
 between double and single final consonants was lost (see 
 p. 3); where the consonant is followed by a vowel, as in 
 sune * son,' it was not possible to double the consonant, 
 because in that position it would have been pronounced 
 double, so that sune would have been confounded with sunne 
 *sun.' But in such cases he often puts a short mark over 
 the vowel, as in tdkenn ' to take,' chele ^ chill,' or an accent to 
 show length, as in /are * lore,' which is often doubled, or 
 even trebled, especially before /. 
 
44 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 We have a further guide to the quantity. Every second 
 line of Orm's verse ends in an unaccented syllable, preceded 
 by an accented one, which is always long, either by having 
 two consonants, as in sette, wille, or, if there is but one con- 
 sonant, a long vowel, as in wise, wriienn, moderr \ such 
 words as writenn ' written,' faderr, never come at the end of 
 the line in the Ormulum. 
 
 The spelling of the Orm. shows hardly any French 
 influence. But c sometimes = ts, as in millcenn ' pity.' 
 The O. E. CB is kept to denote the long /, and, like the ea 
 of the A. R., is never used for short e. The O. E. / is kept, 
 though in this dialect it probably had, together with / (^ 
 occurs very seldom, in the Orm.) and s, the present voiceless 
 sound initially, sh is written for the sch of the A. R. The 
 diphthongs are written with 3 and w instead of z and u. 
 y is equivalent J;o z\ as in Cherubyn, 
 
 The following are the main points in which the sounds of 
 the Orm. differ from those of the A. R. 
 
 O. E. a is kept unchanged, except that it is sometimes 
 shortened, as in hdl * whole,' halh,}ienn ' hallow.' 
 
 O.E. short CB, ea regularly become a, as in patt 'that,' 
 affterr ' after,' harrd (O. E. heard) ' hard.' Also in the diph- 
 thong ^55= (a;/, as in ^(233 (O. E. dcBg) ^ day.' 
 
 O. E. J/, y become t, t as in sinne ' sin,' kipenn ' make 
 known/ 
 
 eo, eo are also written without the <?, and are, perhaps, to 
 be pronounced as simple e, e. 
 
 In the consonants we find the medial w (=0. E. ^) of the 
 A. R. represented by 3^ (^3^), as in cbjienn ' own ' adj., 
 fol'^henn 'follow,' probably with the open sound of German 
 g in sagen. After e and t, where A. R. has /, as in le'^henn 
 (lien, A. R.) ' tell lies,' berr^hen ' save,' it probably had a 
 more palatal sound. 3^ in ^ho ' she ' (O. E. Mo) probably 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION, 45 
 
 represented the sound of German ch in ich. j has the 
 sound of our consonantly, as mjudissk 'Jewish/ 
 
 The Orm. has ^^ or ^ instead of the ch of the A. R. in 
 many words, such as kirrke ' church/ wh'llc ' which/ 
 
 The change of J?aU }?att into patt tatt, &c. is carried out 
 with perfect regularity in the Orm. 
 
 The metre of the Orm. requires that a final vowel should 
 be dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, or such 
 a subordinate word as hiss ^ his,' whose h was probably silent. 
 Sometimes the vowel is dropped in writing, sometimes not. 
 
 INFLECTIONS. 
 
 The substantives have lost nearly all traces of grammatical 
 gender, and are mostly declined as in Mod. E. : wordy for 
 instance, having no inflection but wordess for the gen. sing, 
 and the plural ; mann has gen. sing, marines , plur. rnenn, gen. 
 pi. menness. A dative in -e sometimes occurs, as in to manne, 
 to lake ' for a sacrifice.' The fem. gen. sing, in -e also occurs 
 in such collocations as iire sdwle nede ' our soul's need.' 
 peod * people ' keeps the O. E. plur. peode. ping ' thing ' has 
 plur. pinge as well as pingess. wdwe ' woe ' still has a weak 
 plur. wdwenn. Among the irregular plurals note child ^ child,' 
 chilldre ; gat * goat,' gcet. 
 
 The only inflection that the adjectives retain is the e of 
 the plural and of the weak declension, as in mine wordess y 
 patt tape flocc ^ the hateful multitude.' operr ' other ' is 
 always strong : patt operr hucc ' the other he-goat.' 
 
 The pronouns are as follows : — 
 ice, I 'J,' me; we, uss. 
 /w'thou,'/^; yy'^uw. 
 
46 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 he ' he/ himm ; itt ' it/ hiinm and itt ; 3A J ' she/ y^/r^ ; 
 /^33 ' they/ /^35/;2. 
 
 The Orm. also preserves the two old duals, of which only 
 the first occurs in our extracts : witt ^ we-two/ unnc. Dual 
 pronouns govern the verb in the plural : witt shulenn ' we 
 shall/ 
 
 The possessives are : — 
 
 mi{n)^pi(n)\ ure, "^ure; hiss, hire) pe^ye and he{o)re, to- 
 gether with the dual unnkerr ' of us-two/ 
 
 The def. art. is/^ and/^//, and is undeclined. 
 
 In the verbs the most characteristic feature is the plural 
 pres. as well as pret. in -en instead of the -ej? of the A. R. : 
 witt hafenn * we-two have ' (A. R. hahhep\ the n being 
 dropped when the pronoun follows : hafe we, come pe'7,^ 
 
 * came they/ The old -/ is preserved in the imper. : he} 
 
 * be ye ! ' The n of the infin. and the partic. pret. of the 
 strong verbs is never dropped. The gerund has the same 
 form as the infin.: to hen. The partic. pret. drops the 
 original ge-. 
 
 The second conj. of weak verbs drops its i throughout : 
 ice lufe ' I love/ ^^33 lufenn ' they love.' 
 
 Verbs in whose conjugation hh originally interchanged 
 wdth f^ sometimes keep the former, but generally substitute 
 f for it : hahhen, ha/en * to have,' ice hahhe, ice hafe, &c. 
 
 Many of the preterites of the strong verbs still keep the 
 old vowel-change in the 2nd pers. pret. sing, and the plur. 
 indie, together with the pret. subj., as in comm *came' pu 
 come, we comenn, gaff ' gave,' subj. sing, gce/e, ^ce/e. Some- 
 times the 2nd pers. sing. pret. indie, has the same form 
 as the other persons of the pret. sing, indie, as inpu hadd 
 from hiddenn ' pray,' ' ask.' 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 47 
 
 The following strong verbs whose forms differ from those 
 of the A. R. should be noted : i. Iceienn * let ' pret. let, 
 ii. wasshenn ' wash/ wessh, iii. wurrpenn ' happen/ warrp^ 
 pret. plur. and pret. partic. wurrpenn ; eornenn ' run/ rann. 
 iv, cumenn ^ come/ comm, plur. comenn. v. seon, sen ' see/ 
 sahh^ scE'^henn, pret. partic. se^henn^ sine. vii. dre^henn ^suffer/ 
 
 The following forms of the pret. -present verbs also deserve 
 notice : — 
 
 shall^ shallty shulenn ; shollde. 
 
 (he) wile, willt, wilenn ; wollde ; infin. wilenn. 
 
 may^ ' can/ mihht (mahht), mu:^henn ; mihhte. 
 
 In the anomalous verbs note the plur. sinndenn * are/ for 
 which heon, hen also occurs, and ganngenn, gdn ^ go ' pret. 
 "^ede. 
 
 [UHI7EIISIT71 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 Nu, broJ)err Wallterr, broj^err mm 
 
 affterr })e flseshess kinde ; 
 J ^ bro]?err min i Crisstenndom 
 
 l)urrh fulluhht 3 {)urrh troww})e; 
 •] bro{)err mm i Godess bus, 
 
 jet o J)e J)ridde wise, 
 t)urrh J)att witt hafenn takenn ba 
 
 an rejhellboc to folljhenn, 
 unnderr kanunnkess had j llf, 
 
 swa-summ Sannt Awwstin sette; 
 ice hafe don swa-summ \)u badd, 
 
 J forJ)edd te J)in wille, 
 ice hafe wennd inntill Ennghssh 
 
 goddspelless halljhe lare, 
 affterr J)att little witt J)att me 
 
 mm Drihhtin hafe]?f) lenedd. 
 \>u ]5ohhtesst tatt itt mihhte wel 
 
 till mikell frame turrnenn, 
 jiff Ennglissh folic, forr lufe off Crist, 
 
 itt wollde jerne lernenn, 
 3 folljhenn itt, ^ fillenn itt 
 
 wipp J)ohht, wi]?f> word, mp]> dede. 
 
 ^ = annd. 
 
DEDICATION. 49 
 
 3 forr-bi ^errndesst tu ]?att ice 
 
 ]3iss werrc ]?e shollde wirrkenn ; 
 J ice itt hafe forJ>edd te, 25 
 
 ace all ]?urrh Cristess hellpe; 
 ^ unne birr]? baj^e ]?annkenn Crist 
 
 f>att itt iss brohht till ^nde. 
 ice hafe sammnedd o )?iss boe 
 
 J>a Goddspelless neh alle, 30 
 
 J)att sinndenn 6 ))e messeboc 
 
 inn all f>e jer att masse. 
 ^ aj5 aflfterr )?e Goddspell stannt 
 
 J)att tatt te Goddspell menef)f>, 
 f>att mann birr}? spellenn to J?e folic 35 
 
 off J^ejjre sawle nede ; 
 "3 jet tser tekenn mare inoh 
 
 f>u shallt taeronne findenn, 
 off f>att tatt Cristess halljhe f>ed 
 
 birrj? trowwenn wel ^ folljhenn. 40 
 
 Ice hafe sett her o J^iss boc 
 
 amang Goddspelless wordess, 
 all Jjurrh me sellfenn, manij word 
 
 J>e rime swa to fillenn; 
 ace f)U shallt findenn f>att mm word, 45 
 
 ejjwhser f>aer itt iss ekedd, 
 majj hellpenn f>a f>att redenn itt 
 
 to sen 3 t'unnderrstanndenn 
 all f>ess te bettre, hu J^e^^jm birr)? 
 
 )?e Goddspell unnderrstanndenn ; 50 
 
 ;) forr-J?i trowwe ice )?at te birr]? 
 
 wel fjolenn mine wordess, 
 ejjwhaer ]?3er ]?u shallt findenn hemm 
 
 amang Goddspelless wordess. 
 
50 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 forr wha-se mot to Isewedd folic 55 
 
 larspell off Goddspell tellenn, 
 he m6t wel ekenn manij word 
 
 amang Goddspelless wordess. 
 3 ice ne mihhte nbhht mm ferrs 
 
 aj5 wif)]? Goddspelless wordess 60 
 
 wel fillenn all, "j all forr-))i 
 
 shoUde ice well offte nede 
 amang Goddspelless wordess don 
 
 mm word, mm ferrs to fillenn. 
 3 te bitseche ice off ]?iss boc, 65 
 
 heh wikenn alls itt semef>}j, 
 all to ]3urrhsekenn illc an ferrs, 
 
 J to })urrhlokenn offte, 
 f>att upponn all f)iss boc ne be 
 
 nan word jaen Cristess lare, 70 
 
 nan word tatt swi}?e wel ne be 
 
 t5 trowwenn j to folljhenn. 
 Witt shulenn tredenn unnderr f6t 
 
 J all f)werrt-ut forrwerrpenn 
 f>e d5m off all J^att la]?e flocc, 75 
 
 Jjatt iss ]?urrh nif> forrbl^ndedd, 
 J)att t9ele]?}> Jjatt t5 lofenn iss, 
 
 Jjurrh nij^full modijnesse. 
 pejj shulenn Isetenn haef»eli5 
 
 off unnkerr swinnc, lef broferr; 80 
 
 J all f>ejj shulenn takenn itt 
 
 onn unnitt 3 onn idell; 
 ace nohht J>urrh skill, ace all J?urrh ni)?, 
 
 3 all Jjurrh J^e^jre sinne. 
 ^ unnc birr]? biddenn Godd tatt he 85 
 
 forrjife hemm here sinne; 
 
DEDICATION. 5I 
 
 "3 unnc birr]? baj^e lofenn Godd 
 
 off J)att itt wass bigunnenn, 
 J f)annkenn Godd tatt itt iss brohht 
 
 till <Fnde f)urrh hiss hellpe : 90 
 
 forr itt ma^j hellpenn alle f>a 
 
 f)att blij^elike itt herenn, 
 J lufenn itt, j foUjhenn itt 
 
 wif)f> ]?ohht, wi]5f) word, wijjj) dede. 
 ^ wha-se wilenn shall f)iss boc 95 
 
 EfFt oj^err si]?e writenn, 
 himm bidde ice ]?att he't write rihht, 
 
 swa-summ f>iss boe himm taeehef>f>, 
 all f>werrt-ut aifterr-f>att itt iss 
 
 uppo f>iss firrste bisne, 100 
 
 ■wif>f> all swille rime alls her iss sett, 
 
 wi]?f> all se fele wordess ; 
 J tatt he loke wel f>att he 
 
 an -bocstafF write twij^ess, 
 ejjwhaer f)aer itt uppo J)iss boc 105 
 
 iss writenn o f>att wise. 
 Loke he wel f>att he't write swa, 
 
 forr he ne majj nohht elless 
 onn Ennglissh writenn rihht te word, 
 
 f)att wite he wel to soj^e. no 
 
 J jiff mann wile witenn whi 
 
 ice hafe don J?iss dede, 
 whi ice till Ennglissh hafe wennd 
 
 Goddspelless halljhe lare; 
 ice hafe itt don forr-f)i-f>att all 115 
 
 Crisstene foUkess berrhless 
 iss lang uppo })att an, f>att tejj 
 
 Goddspelless halljhe lare 
 
^7, THE ORMULUM. 
 
 wif>f> fulle mahhte folljhe rihht 
 
 J>urrh })ohht, )?urrh word, f>urrh dede. 120 
 
 Forr all f>att aefre onn erj)e iss ned 
 
 Crisstene folic to foll^henn 
 i trowwf>e, i dede, all tseche]?]? hemm 
 
 Goddspelless halljhe lare. 
 •3 forr-f)i wha-se lernej?]? itt 125 
 
 -) folljhef>j5 itt wif>]5 dede, 
 he shall onn ^nde wurrf>i ben 
 
 f)urrh Godd to \vurr)?enn berrjhenn. 
 •j taerfore hafe ice turrnedd itt 
 
 inntill Ennglisshe spseche, 130 
 
 forr-]?att I wollde blij^elij 
 
 J^att all Ennglisshe lede 
 wi)5f> gere shoUde lisstenn itt, 
 
 wiJ?J> herrte shollde itt trowwenn, 
 wi)>]? tunge shollde spellenn itt, 135 
 
 wif>}> dede shollde itt foll^henn,, 
 t5 winnenn unnderr Crisstenndom 
 
 att Godd s6f> sawle berrhless. 
 •3 jiff ]?e55 wilenn herenn itt, 
 
 •^l folljhenn itt wij?]? dede, 140 
 
 ice hafe hemm hoUpenn unnderr Crist 
 
 to winnenn f>ejjre berrhless. 
 J i shall hafenn for mm swinnc. 
 
 god Isen att Godd onn ^nde, 
 jiff }?att 1, forr J?e lufe off Godd 145 
 
 *3 forr J?e mede off heffne, 
 hemm hafe itt inntill Ennglissh wennd 
 
 forr J^ejjre sawle nede. 
 ^ jiff f>ejj all forrwerrpenn itt, 
 
 itt turrnej))? hemm till sinne, 150 
 
DEDICATION. 53 
 
 3 i shall hafenn addledd me 
 
 J)e Laferrd Cristess are, 
 f>urrh-f>att ice hafe hemm wrohht tiss boc 
 
 to f»ej5re sawle nede, 
 Jjohh f>att tej5 all forrwerrpenn itt 155 
 
 f>urrh f>e3^re modijnesse. 
 Goddspell onn Ennglissh nemmnedd iss 
 
 god word, J god tif>ennde, 
 god errnde, forr-f)i-]3att itt wass 
 
 Jjurrh halljhe Goddspellwrihhtess ' 160 
 
 all wrohht j writenn uppo boc 
 
 off Cristess firrste come, 
 off hu so}? Godd wass wurr]?enn mann 
 
 forr all mannkinne nede, 
 3 ofF-f)att mannkinn ]?urrh hiss daej> 165 
 
 wass lesedd St off helle, 
 ^ off-}5att he wisslike ras 
 
 f)e f)ridde dajj off d3ef>e, 
 3 ofF-})att he wisslike stah 
 
 Jja si)?]?enn upp till heffne, 170 
 
 J off-]?att he shall cumenn efft 
 
 to demenn alle fjede, 
 -^ forr to ^eldenn iwhillc mann 
 
 affterr hiss ajhenn dede. 
 Off all f>iss god uss brinngeJ^J? word 175 
 
 J errnde 3 god tifjennde 
 Goddspell, j forr-]?i ma^j itt wel 
 
 god errnde ben jehatenn. ^ 
 
 Forr mann majj uppo Goddspellboc 
 
 godnessess fmdenn seffne, 180 
 
 }?att ure Laferrd Jesu Crist 
 
 uss hafe]?)? don onn erj?e, 
 
54' THE ORMULUM, 
 
 ]3urrh ]?att he comm to manne, j Jjurrh 
 J?att he warr]? mann onn erj^e. 
 
 Forr an godnesse uss hafef>)5 d5n 185 
 
 ]?e Laferrd Crist onn erf>e, 
 ]?urrh-]?att he comm to wurrj^enn mann 
 
 forr all mannkinne nede. 
 0}>err godnesse uss hafe}?]? don 
 
 pe Laferrd Crist onn er]?e, 190 
 
 )?urrh-J>att he was 1 flumm Jorrdan 
 
 fuUhtnedd forr ure nede; 
 forr-f)att he woUde uss waterrkinn 
 
 till ure fuUuhht halljhenn, 
 ]3urrh-)?att he wollde ben himm-sellf 195 
 
 onn er]?e i waterr fullhtnedd. 
 pe ]?ridde god uss hafef>]? don 
 
 ]?e Laferrd Crist onn er]?e, 
 )?urrh-)?att he jafF hiss ajhenn lif 
 
 wi]?J? all hiss fulle wille, 200 
 
 to f>olenn dae]? o rodetre 
 
 sacclaes wif>)?utenn wrihhte, 
 t5 lesenn mannkinn J?urrh hiss daej? 
 
 ut off ]?e defless walde. 
 pe ferf>e god uss hafe]?]? don 205 
 
 J>e Laferrd Crist onn er]?e, 
 ]?urrh-}?att hiss hall^he sawle stah 
 
 fra rode dun till helle, 
 t5 takenn fit off helle wa 
 
 ]5a gode sawless alle, 210 
 
 )?att haffdenn cwemmd himm i f)iss lif 
 
 ]3urrh soJ> unnshaj^ijnesse. 
 
DEDICATION, 55 
 
 pe fifte god uss hafef)f> don 
 
 f>e Laferrd Crist onn erf>e, 
 Jjurrh-f>att he ras forr ure god 215 
 
 f>e J?ridde dajj off d3ef>e, 
 J let te posstless sen himm wel 
 
 inn hiss mennisske kinde; 
 forr-))att he woUde fesstnenn swa 
 
 s5)? troww]?e i f>e5jre brestess 220 
 
 oflf-]?att he, wiss to fulle so}?, 
 
 wass risenn upp off dae]?e, 
 J i )?att illke flaesh f>att wass 
 
 forr uss 6 rode najjledd ; 
 forr-f>att he woUde fesstnenn wel 225 
 
 }?iss troww})e I f>ej5re brestess, 
 he let te posstless sen himm wel 
 
 well ofFte-sif>e onn erj^e, 
 wi}>}?innenn dajjess fowwerrtij 
 
 fra-]?att he ras off dsej^e. 230 
 
 pe sexte god uss hafef>]5 don 
 
 ]?e Laferrd Crist onn erj?e, 
 )?urrh-J?att he stah forr lire god 
 
 upp inntill heffness blisse, 
 ;) sennde si]?}>enn Halij Gast 235 
 
 till hise Lerninngcnihhtess, 
 to frofrenn 3 to beldenn hemm 
 
 to stanndenn jaen f>e defell, 
 to gifenn hemm god witt inoh 
 
 off all hiss halljhe lare, 240 
 
 to gifenn hemm god lusst, g5d mahht, 
 
 to f)olenn alle wawenn, 
 all forr }?e lufe oif Godd, j nohht 
 
 forr er]?li5 loff to winnenn. 
 
$6 THE ORMULUM. 
 
 pe seffnde god uss shall jet don 245 
 
 f)e Laferrd Crist onn /nde, 
 })urrh-f)att he shall 5 Domess-dajj 
 
 uss gifenn heffness blisse, 
 giflf f>att we shulenn wurr]?i ben 
 
 to findenn Godess are. 350 
 
 puss hafef)]? ure Laferrd Crist 
 
 uss don godnessess seifne, 
 Jjurrh-Jjatt-tatt he to manne comm, 
 
 to wurr]?enn mann onn erf)e. 
 3 6 f>att halljhe b5c f>att iss 255 
 
 apokalypsis nemmnedd 
 uss wrat ie posstell Sannt Johan, 
 
 })urrh Halij Gastess lare, 
 fatt he sahh upp inn hefFne an boc 
 
 bisett wif)J> sefFne innsejjless, 260 
 
 3 sperrd swa swij?e wel )?att itt 
 
 ne mihhte nan wihht oppnenn, 
 wif>}?utenn Godess halljhe Lamb 
 
 )3att he sahh ec inn hefFne. 
 J Jjurrh }?a sefFne innsejjless wass 265 
 
 rihht swij?e wel bitacnedd 
 })att sefennfald godlejjc f>att Crist 
 
 uss dide J)urrh hiss come; 
 3 tatt nan wihht ne mihhte nohht 
 
 oppnenn J^a sefFne innsejjless, 270 
 
 wijjjjutenn Godess Lamb, J>att comm, 
 
 forr-]?att itt shollde tacnenn 
 f)att nan wihht, nan enngell, nan mann, 
 
 ne naness kinness schafFte, 
 ne mihhte J>urrh himm sellfenn J^a 275 
 
 sefFne godnessess shsewenn 
 
DEDICATION, 57 
 
 6 mannkinn, swa f>att itt mannkinn 
 
 off helle mihhte lesenn, 
 ne gifenn mannkinn lusst, ne mahht, 
 
 to winnenn heffness blisse. a8o 
 
 3 all allswa-se Godess Lamb, 
 
 all f>urrh hiss ajhenn mahhte, 
 lihhtlike mihhte j wel inoh 
 
 f>a seffne innsejjless oppnenn, 
 all swa f>e Laferrd Jesu Crist, 285 
 
 all Jjurrh hiss ajhenn mahhte, 
 wij5f> Faderr 3 wif>J? Halij Gast 
 
 an Godd j all an kinde, 
 allswa rihht he lihhtlike inoh 
 
 J wel wi]?]? alle mihhte 290 
 
 o mannkinn )3urrh himm sellfenn f)a 
 
 seffne godnessess shaewenn, 
 swa ]?att he mannkinn wel inoh 
 
 off helle mihhte lesenn, 
 3 gifenn mannkinn lufe 3 lusst, 395 
 
 3 mahht 3 witt 3 wille, 
 to stanndenn inn to cwemenri Godd, 
 
 to winnenn heffness blisse. 
 •3 forr fatt halij Goddspellboc 
 
 all f>iss godnesse uss shaewe)?f>, 300 
 
 J^iss sefennfald godle^jc f>att Crist 
 
 uss dide J^urrh hiss are, 
 forr-f>i birrf) all Crisstene folic 
 
 Goddspelless lare folljhenn. 
 3 taerfore hafe ice turrnedd itt 305 
 
 inntill Ennglisshe spaeche, 
 
58 THE ORMULUM. 
 
 forr {jat i wollde blij^elij 
 
 }?att all Ennglisshe lede 
 wif)]? sere shoUde lisstenn itt, 
 
 wi)?f> herrte shollde itt trowwenn, 310 
 
 wif>)5 tunge shollde spellenn itt, 
 
 wi]?]5 dede shollde itt folljhenn, 
 to winnenn unnderr Crisstenndom 
 
 att Crist so)? sawle berrhless. 
 ^ Godd Allmahhtij jife uss mahht 315 
 
 3 lusst 3 witt "3 wille, 
 t5 foUjhenn J?iss Ennglisshe boc 
 
 )5att all iss halij lare, 
 swa }?att we motenn wurr]?i ben 
 
 to brukenn heffness blisse. 320 
 
 Amaen. Amsen. Amaen. 
 Ice ]?att tiss Ennglissh hafe sett 
 
 Ennglisshe menn to lare, 
 ice was f>aer, Jjser I crisstnedd wass, 
 
 Orrmin bi name nemmnedd. 
 3 ice Orrmin full inwarrdlij 325 
 
 wij?]? muf> ;j ec wij?]? herrte 
 her bidde J?a Crisstene menn, 
 
 \2Xl herenn o]?err redenn 
 ]?iss boc, hemm bidde ice her f)att te^j 
 
 forr me f>iss bede biddenn, 330 
 
 f>att bro)?err ]?att tiss Ennglissh writt 
 
 allr-aeresst writ j wrohhte, 
 )3att brof)err forr hiss swinnc to laen 
 
 so)? blisse mote findenn. 
 
 Amaen. 
 
HOMILIES, 59 
 
 HOMILIES. 
 
 3 nu ice wile shaewenn juw 962 
 
 summ del, wi]?]? Godess hellpe, 
 off J?att Jijdisskenn follkess lac 
 
 J)att Drihhtin wass full cweme, 965 
 
 ^ mikell hellpe to )?e folic, 
 
 to Iseredd 3 to laewedd, 
 biforenn J>att te Laferrd Crist 
 
 wass borenn her to manne. 
 Ace nu ne ge2:5nef)]? itt hemm nohht 970 
 
 to winnenn eche blisse 
 Jjohh f>att tej5 stanndenn dajj j nihht 
 
 to )?eowwtenn Godd ^ lakenn; 
 forr all itt iss onnjseness Godd 
 
 ])ohh f>att tej5 swa ne wenenn, 975 
 
 forr-})i-]?att tej^ ne kepenn nohht 
 
 n'off Crist, n'off Cristess moderr. 
 ^ tohh swaf>ehh nu wile ice juw 
 
 off f>e55re lakess awwnenn, 
 hu mikell god tejS tacnenn uss ' 980 
 
 off ure sawle nede ; 
 forr all )?att lac wass sett f>urrh Godd, 
 
 forr-f>att itt shoUde tacnenn, 
 hu Cristess }?eoww birr]? lakenn Crist 
 
 gastlike I gode jpgewess, 985 
 
 wi)?)> all ]?att tatt bitacnedd wass 
 
 )5urrh alle f'ejjre lakess. 
 
 patt follkes lac wass shep, ^ gat, 
 J oxe, J cullfre, 3 turrtle, 
 
6o THE ORMULUM. 
 
 3 tejjre lac wass bule, ^ lamb, 990 
 
 ^ buckess twa togeddre, 
 ^ reclessmec, -3 buUtedd braed 
 
 Jjatt bakenn wass inn ofne, 
 •j smeredd wel wi]^]? elesaew 
 
 J makedd fatt "] nesshe; 995 
 
 J o))err stund tatt lac wass braed 
 
 all ]?eorrf wiJ)J?utenn berrme; 
 ^ oJ)err stund itt bakenn wass 
 
 full harrd j starrc ine ofne; 
 J ojjerr stund tatt lac wass brennd 1000 
 
 3 turrnedd all till asskess. 
 3 agj wass sallt wi)?]? iwhillc lac 
 
 biforenn Drihhtm offredd; 
 J tatt wass don, f>att witt tu wel, 
 
 forr mikell f)ing to tacnenn. 1005 
 
 All f>e55re lac wass swillc j swillc, 
 
 forr of>err ]?ing to tacnenn. 
 J?att uss iss swij^e mikell ned 
 
 to foll^henn j to trowwenn; 
 . forr uss birrj? nu biforenn Godd loio 
 
 offrenn f)a lakess alle, 
 rihht 6 )?att wise f>att uss iss 
 
 bitacnedd f)urrh \>2. lakess;* 
 ] witt tu J)att an wajherifft 
 
 wass spredd fra wah to wajhe, 1015 
 
 biforenn an allterr J?att wass 
 
 innresst i J^ejjre minnstre. 
 patt wajherifft wass henngedd taer, 
 
 forr f>att itt hidenn shollde 
 all f>att tatt taer wi]?]?innenn wass 1020 
 
 fra laewedd folic j laeredd, 
 
HOMILIES, 6l 
 
 wi]:>}?utenn J?att te bisscopp sellf, 
 
 wif>]? blod J ec wij)]? recless, 
 })8er shollde cumenn o J)e ^er 
 
 ann sij?e, ^ all himm ane. 1025 
 
 J enngless comenn offte f>aer, 
 
 ^ wi}? ]?e bisscopp spaekenn 
 o Godess hallfe off mani^whatt, 
 
 himm 3 hiss folic to frofrenn. 
 J bi J)att allterr stodenn ajj 1030 
 
 ]?att follkess halijdomess, 
 J^att wserenn inn an arrke J^aer 
 
 wel ^ wurr)?like jemmde. 
 3 tser oferr )3att arrke wass 
 
 an oferrwerrc wel timmbredd, 1035 
 
 J?att wass Propiiiatoriumm 
 
 6 Latin spaeche nemmnedd, 
 off }?att word tatt o Latin iss 
 
 nemmnedd Propitidri, 
 ]5att majj onn Ennglissh nemmnedd ben 1040 
 
 millcenn, j shsewenn are, 
 forr wha-se do}? hiss are 6 f>e 
 
 tibi propitidtur^ 
 affterr-f>att itt majj wel in5h 
 
 ben sejjd o Latin spaeche. 1045 
 
 J tser uppo f>att oferrwerrc 
 
 \t%% haffdenn liccness metedd 
 off Cherubyn, 3 haflfdenn itt 
 
 twe^jenn stokess metedd. 
 All ennglej^eod todaeledd iss 1050 
 
 o nijhenn kinne f>eode; 
 3 Cherubyn ^ Seraphyn 
 
 sinndenn f>a twejjenn }?eode, 
 
62 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 J?att sinndenn Drihhtin allre-nest, 
 
 J heh^hesst upp inn heoffne. 1055 
 
 ]| off J?att an, off Cherubyn, 
 
 J)ej5 haifdenn liccness metedd 
 uppo })att oferrwerrc f>att wass 
 
 abufenn f)'arrke timmbredd. 
 ^ att te minnstredure wass 1060 
 
 an allterr f>aer wij?f>utenn ; 
 J bi f>att allterr wass f>e lac 
 
 fele wise jarrkedd 
 Jjurrh preostess, alls uss sejj)? so)? boc, 
 
 off Aaroness chilldre.- 1065 
 
 3 o }?att allterr haffdenn J)e^5 
 
 glowennde gledess jarrkedd. 
 ;j off ]5att errfe ]?att taer wass 
 
 Drihhtin to lake jarrkedd, 
 himm toe f>e bisscopp off ]?e blod, 1070 
 
 swa-summ hiss boc himm tahhte, 
 ■3 gledess inn hiss reclefatt 
 
 he toe f>aer 6 f>att allterr, 
 J dide recless inn inoh 
 
 Drihhtin f)aerwif>]5 to J?eowtenn, 1075 
 
 a^j whann he shollde ganngenn inn 
 
 upp to f)att o]?err allterr; 
 J?att wass aj5 seness o f>e jer, 
 
 ^ ajj himm sellf himm ane, 
 forr mikell ]5ing to tacnenn uss 1080 
 
 }?att uss birr]) alle trowwenn. 
 He toe )5e recless j te blod, 
 
 ;) ^ede upp to f>att allterr, 
 )>att wass wif>]5innenn wajherifft, 
 
 swa-summ ice habbe shgewedd, 1085 
 
HOMILIES. 63 
 
 •3 tanne brennde he recless Jjaer, 
 
 to f>eowwtenn Godd to cweme, 
 swa ]?att tser wass swa mikell smec 
 
 off recless att tatt allterr, 
 f>att all he wass himm sellf f>8er hidd 1090 
 
 J lokenn ]?aer wi)?]?innenn ; 
 J toe himm ]?a ]?att illke blod 
 
 )?att he )?aer hafFde gre^^}?edd, 
 ))att blod tatt he f)3er hafFde brohht, 
 
 J warrp itt tser wi]?]? strenncless, 1095 
 
 ej^whaer uppo J?att halljhe bord, 
 
 ^ e^jwhaer o ]5att allterr. 
 ;3 sif>f>enn jede he f)e)?enn ut 
 
 to strennkenn i f>e kirrke 
 wi}5]5Utenn J^ejjre wajherifft, 1100 
 
 swa-summ hiss boc himm tahhte. 
 J si}?]5enn comm he till \t folic 
 
 3 wessh himm hise claf>ess, 
 ace J?ohh swa]?ehh he wass all dajj 
 
 unnclene an-an till efenn. 1105 
 
 Nu habbe ice shaewedd juw summ del 
 
 off f>a Judisskenn lakess, 
 ))att Drihhtm toe full aldmodlij 
 
 biforenn Cristess come, 
 ^ off )?att preost tatt tanne wass, 11 10 
 
 ■3 off )3att bisscopp ba])e. 
 3 ec ice habbe shaewedd juw 
 
 summ del off J^ej^re wikenn. 
 ;] nu ice wile shsewenn juw 
 
 all Jjatt whatt itt bitacne}?)?, 11 15 
 
64 THE ORMULUM. 
 
 ^ hu itt majj juw turrnenn all 
 
 till jure sawless hellpe, 
 J hu je mujhenn lakenn Godd 
 
 gastlike i gode j^aewess, 
 wif>}) all \>2Xt Judewisshe lac 1120 
 
 ]?att ice juw habbe shgewedd; 
 forr juw birr]? nu biforer\n Godd 
 
 offrenn ]?a lakess alle/ 
 all o f)att wise ]:)att juw iss 
 
 bitacnedd ]5urrh j^a lakess. 1125 
 
 pa lakess mihhtenn clennsenn hemm 
 
 off sakess j off sinness, 
 •3 gladenn Godd, jiff J)att he wass 
 
 hemm wraj> forr heore gillte. 
 ■3 witt tu wel f>att Latin boc 1130 
 
 full witerrlike uss ki]?ej?f>, 
 whillc lac wass offredd forr \>q preost, 
 
 whillc forr )?e bisscopp offredd, 
 •3 whillc wass offredd forr |?e folic, 
 
 to clennsenn hemm off sinne. 11 35 
 
 pe ramm wass offredd forr f>e preost, 
 
 t5 clennsenn him off sinne, 
 3 forr ]?e bisscopp was ]?e calif 
 
 offredd o ]?ejjre wise, 
 ^ forr J?e folic wass offredd bucc, 1140 
 
 Drihhtin to lofe j wurrj>e, 
 )?att he f>ejjm f>urrh hiss mildherrtlejjc 
 
 forrjaefe ]:>ejjre gilltess. 
 Her habbe ice shaewedd f)rinne lac 
 
 forr })rinne kinne leode, 1145 
 
HOMILIES, 65 
 
 forr bisscopp j forr unnderrpreost, 
 
 3 forr ]:»e follkess nede. 
 J ure Laferrd Jesu Crist 
 
 badd hise bedess ]5rijess, 
 biforenn j^att he takenn wass 1150 
 
 J najjledd uppo rode. 
 •J tger he badd forr alle ]5a 
 
 f>att onn himm sholldenn lefenn, 
 forr biscopp j forr unnderrpreost, 
 
 3 ec forr laewedd leode; 1155 
 
 J mare wass hiss bede wurr]? 
 
 f>ann alle J^e^jre lakess, 
 to lesenn ^ to clennsenn menn 
 
 off alle kinne gillte, 
 J tohh swa]?ehh wass f>ej5re lac, ii6o 
 
 biforenn Cristess come, 
 Drihhtin full cweme inn alle ]?a 
 
 J)att Godess la^hess heldenn. 
 ^ nil ice wile shsewenn juw, 
 
 wif>f) mm Drihhtmess hellpe, 1165 
 
 all hu je mujhenn lakenn Godd 
 
 gastlike 1 gode f>aewess, 
 wif>f) all ]?att Judewisshe lac 
 
 J?att ^uw her-uppe iss shaewedd. 
 giff f>att tu folljhesst so]? meoclejjc 11 70 
 
 J so}) unnshaf)ijnesse, 
 f>a lakesst tu Drihhtin wi]?]? shep 
 
 gastlike 1 J)Tne ]?aewess, 
 swa })att itt ma^^ wel hellpenn f>e 
 
 t5 winnenn Godess are; 11 75 
 
 forr shep iss all unnskaf>efull 
 
 J stille der j lij^e, 
 F 
 
66 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 J makef)f> itt nan mikell brace, 
 
 jifF mann itt wile bindenn, 
 ne forr]?enn f)3er mann cwellef)]:) itt, 1180 
 
 ne wif>]5re]:)]? itt nohht swi}?e. 
 J forr-]?i sej^J? ]?att Latin hoc, 
 
 fatt ]3werrt-3t nohht ne lejhe]?}?, 
 patt ure Laferrd Jesu Crist 
 
 inn ure mennisscnesse 1185 
 
 toe f>ildilij wifjj^utenn brace, 
 
 fatt mann himm band wif>]? woghe, 
 rihht all swa-summ J?e shep onnfoj? 
 
 meoclij, f>att mann itt elippej)f>. 
 ;] pfF ]5U cwennkesst 1 f>e sellf, 1190 
 
 3 Iseresst me to ewennkenn 
 inn me galnessess fule stinnch 
 
 J hire fule lusstess, 
 J folljhesst ajj claennessess slof>, 
 
 J Iseresst me to folljhenn, 11 95 
 
 f)a lakesst tu Drihhtin wif)]? gat 
 
 gastlike i ])ine f)aewess, 
 swa f)att itt majj wel hellpenn J)e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 for gat iss, f>att witt tu full wel, 1200 
 
 gal deor, ^ stinnkef»f> fule, 
 J forr-f)i tacnej?)) itt full wel 
 
 galnessess hate stinnchess. 
 J forr-f)! sinndenn alle f>a 
 
 ]?att shulenn inntill helle 1205 
 
 eifnedd wif>}? g^t, 3 nemmnedd gSt, 
 
 o Goddspellbokess lare, 
 forr-f)i-f)att sinness fule stinnch 
 
 shall shaedenn hemm fra CrTste. 
 
HOMILIES, ' 67 
 
 ^ jiff f>u foUjhesst skill ^ shaed 1210 
 
 ^ witt i gode f>3ewess, 
 ^ hafesst jet, tohh J?u be Jung, 
 
 ellderrnemanness late, 
 ;j hajherrlike ledesst te 
 
 ^ dafFtelIke j fajjre, 121 5 
 
 •] ummbef>ennkesst ajj occ ajj 
 
 hu J>u mihht Drihhtin cwemenn, 
 ^ lufenn himm j dredenn himm 
 
 ;3 hise lajhess haldenn, 
 wif>}? oxe lakesst tu Drihhtin 1220 
 
 gastlike i )?ine f>aewess, 
 swa Jjatt itt majj wel hellpenn f>e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 Forr oxe gaj? o clofenn f8t 
 
 J shaede))]? hise clawwess, 1225 
 
 f)urrh whatt he tacne)?)? skill j shsed 
 
 J witt 1 gode f>8ewess. 
 3 oxe ganngefjf) hajhelij 
 
 ^ aldelike latef)]?, 
 J jife]?]5 bisne off })att te birr}? 1230 
 
 all hajhelike j fajjre 
 J dafftelike ledenn Jje, 
 
 wif>f>utenn brace "j braf>f>e, 
 J shsewenn jet, tohh J?u be Jung, 
 
 ellderrnemanness late. 1235 
 
 ^ oxe chewwej)]? f)3er he gaj? 
 
 hiss cude, j tser he stanndef>f>, 
 ■] chewwej?]? forrf>enn f>3er he li)?, 
 
 forr }?e to jifenn bisne, 
 f>att te birr)? ummbe]?ennkenn ajj 1240 
 
 3 chewwenn i f>in heorrte 
 F 2 
 
68 THE ORMULUM. 
 
 hu }?u mihht cwemenn \m Drihhtin, 
 
 ^ winnenn eche blisse. 
 puss f)u mihht lakenn Drihhtin Godd 
 
 wi)?]:> oxe i gode J^sewess, 1245 
 
 ^iif ]5U f)e ledesst all wif))? skill, 
 
 ^ ha^helike j fajS^^? 
 3 ummbef>ennkesst nihht "j daj^ 
 
 hu ]?ii mihht Drihhtin cwemenn. 
 ^ pff f>u firrf)resst fremmde menn 1250 
 
 a^j afFterr J^ine fere, 
 J arrt te sellf ajj mllde •] meoc, 
 
 ^ all wiJ)f)Utenn galle, 
 wif>f> culifre lakesst tu Drihhtin 
 
 gastlike i \m& J^sewess, 1255 
 
 swa f>att itt ma^j wel hellpenn f>e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 Forr culifre iss milde, j meoc, j swet, 
 
 ^ all wi]5)?utenn galle, 
 •^ fedef>]? o\txx cullfress bridd 1260 
 
 all alls itt waere hire ajhenn. 
 •] ^iff f>u ledesst clene lif, 
 
 ^ murrcnesst 1 f>in heorrte, 
 J^att tu swa lannge dwellesst her 
 
 swa ferr fra Godess riche, 1265 
 
 •3 geornesst tatt tu mote sket 
 
 upp-cumenn inntill heofFne, 
 upp till \\ Laferrd Jesu Crist, 
 
 to lofenn himm j lutenn, 
 wif>]? turrtle lakesst tu J^Tn Godd 1270 
 
 gastlike i \m& ]?3ewess, 
 swa J?att itt majj wel hellpenn }?e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 
HOMILIES. 69 
 
 Forr turrtle ledef>)? charij iTf, 
 
 f>att witt tu wel to soj^e, 1275 
 
 forr fra-f»att hire make iss daed 
 
 ne kepe]?]? ^ho nan of>err, 
 ace serrjhej^}) a^^ forr-J^I-J^att jho 
 
 ne ma^J himm nowwhar findenn. 
 ^ jiff f)att tu forrlangedd arrt 1280 
 
 to cumenn upp till Criste, 
 3 nohht ne chesesst oj^er Godd 
 
 to folljhenn ne to f>eowwtenn, 
 wi]?]?utenn Crist tatt wass ;) iss 
 
 J5in Drihhtin ^ tin hsefedd, 1285 
 
 f>a lakesst tu gastlike Godd 
 
 wij?}) turrtle 1 J^ine ]?3ewess. 
 J jiff ]?u cwennkesst i J^e sellf 
 
 all f)werrt-ut modijnesse, 
 3 laeresst oj^re allswa to don 1290 
 
 ]?urrh lare j ec J^urrh bisne, 
 wij?]? bule lakesst tu \vs\ Godd 
 
 gastlike i ]?ine ]:>sewess, 
 swa J^att itt majj wel hellpenn )?e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 1295 
 
 Forr bule latej)]? modillj, 
 
 "3 beref>]? upp hiss haefedd, 
 J drifej?]? oJ?re nowwt himm fra 
 
 J hallt himm all forr laferrd. 
 •] jiff J>u cnawesst rihht tin Godd, 1300 
 
 •J herrcnesst hise spelless, 
 "] lejjesst all J^in herrte onn himm, 
 
 J folljhesst himm j bujhesst, 
 •] forr f)e lufe off himm forrsest 
 
 hae)?ene Goddess alle, 1305 
 
70 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 •J arrt te sellf aj^ milde ^ meoc, 
 
 •J sofifte, J stille, -3 llf>e, 
 wiJ?J> lamb )?u lakesst tin Drihhtin 
 
 gastlike 1 ]5ine J^aewess, 
 swa f>att itt majj wel hellpenn Jje 1310 
 
 t5 winnenn Godess are. 
 Forr lamb iss sofFte 3 stille deor, 
 
 ^ meoc, ^ milde, -3 lijpe; 
 3 itt cann cnawenn swij?e wel 
 
 hiss moderr f>3er ^ho blaetef>)? 1315 
 
 bitwenenn an f>usennde shep, 
 
 f>ohh f>att tejj blaetenn alle. 
 3 all-swa birr]? ]5e cnawenn wel 
 
 ]5in Godd 3 all hiss lare, 
 J all forrwerrpenn haef>enndom 1320 
 
 •] oJ?re Goddess alle, 
 swa-summ f>e lamb flef> of>re shep, 
 
 3 foUjhe)?)? ajj hiss moderr. 
 
 pe Judewisshe follkess boc 
 
 hemm se^jde, f>att hemm birrde 1325 
 
 twa bukkess samenn to f)e preost 
 
 att kirrkedure brinngenn ; 
 3 te^5 )?a didenn bllf>elij, ^ 
 
 swa-summ }?e boo hemm tahhte, 
 ■3 brohhtenn twejjenn bukkess f>3er 1330 
 
 Drihhtin J>3er-wif>}? to lakenn. 
 3 att te kirrkedure toe 
 
 f>e preost ta twej^enn bukkess, 
 3 o f>att an he lejjde f>aer 
 
 all j^ejjre sake 3 sinne, 1335 
 
HOMILIES. 71 
 
 ^ let itt eornenn f6rf> wif>f)-all 
 
 St inntill wilde wesste; 
 ^ toe J snaj? ]?att oJ>err bucc 
 
 Drihhtin f>aer-wi)?]5 to lakenn. 
 All J)iss wass don forr heore ned, 1340 
 
 ^ ec forr ure nede; 
 forr hemm itt hallp biforenn Godd 
 
 to clennsenn hemm off sinne, 
 ^ all-swa maj5 itt hellpenn }?e, 
 
 jifF ]?att tu willt itt foll^henn. 1345 
 
 gifF )5att tu willt full innwarrdlij 
 
 wif>]? fuUe troww]?e lefenn 
 all f)att tatt wass bitacnedd taer, 
 
 to lefenn j to trowwenn, 
 J)a maj5 ]?att trowwf>e firrf)renn f>e 1350 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 pa twejjenn bukkess tacnenn uss 
 
 Sn Godd off twinne kinde, 
 )?att iss J?e Laferrd Jesu Crist, 
 
 }?att iss off twinne kinde. 1355 
 
 Forr Jesu Crist iss ful-iwiss 
 
 so)? Godd i Goddcunndnesse, 
 J he iss ec to fulle so]? 
 
 sof* mann 1 mennisscnesse ; 
 forr Crist iss ba]?e Godd j mann, 1360 
 
 an had off twinne kinde, 
 J tiss birr]? trowwenn iwhillc mann 
 
 f>att jeorne]?]? Godess are. 
 An bucc rann ]?aer a-wejj all cwicc 
 
 wif>}) all ]?e follkess sinne, 1365 
 
 3 Cristess Goddcunndnesse wass 
 
 all cwicc J all unnpinedd, 
 
i]% THE ORMULUM. 
 
 f>aer Crist wass uppo rodetreo 
 
 najjledd forr ure nede. 
 J Cristess Goddcunndnesse all cwicc 1370 
 
 J all wif>]?utenn pine 
 barr ure sinness J>ser a-wej^ 
 
 \>ddx Cristess mennisscnesse 
 drannc dsej^ess drinnch 6 rodetreo 
 
 forr ure wojhe dedess. 1375 
 
 ; 3 all swa-summ f>att oj^err bucc 
 
 toe f>aer wij?)? dsej^ess pine, 
 to wurrjjenn })aer Drihhtin to lac 
 
 forr all f)e follkess sinne, 
 all swa toe Cristess mennissclejjc 1380 
 
 wif>)? daef>ess pine 6 rode, 
 forr-})att he woUde wurrj^enn ]?aer 
 
 ofFredd Drihhtin to lake, 
 forr uss to clennsenn )?urrh hiss dae]? 
 
 off sinness unnclaennesse. 1385 
 
 •J all swa-summ f>att cwike bucc 
 
 comm inntill wilde wesste, 
 all swa comm Cristess Goddcunndle^jc 
 
 all cwicc upp inntill heoffne, 
 ^p2Xi wass biforenn Cristess dae)? 1390 
 
 swa-summ itt wesste wsere, 
 forr-})i-]?att baf>e enngless 3 menn 
 
 itt haffdenn ser forrworrpenn. 
 Forr enngless haffdenn heoffness serd 
 
 forrlorenn all wif>J> rihhte; 1395 
 
 forr-f>att te^j wolldenn effnenn hemm 
 
 jsen Godd f>urrh modi^nesse ; 
 forr whatt te^j fellenn sone dun 
 
 off heoffne unntill helle 
 
HOMILIES, 73 
 
 till eche wa, forr-J^i-J^att te^^ 1400 
 
 forrwurrpenn eche blisse. 
 ;} alia ]?a f>att fellenn swa 
 
 \^%% sinndenn laj^e deofless, 
 ^ stannden inn ]:iurrh hete -3 nij? 
 
 to scrennkenn menness sawless. 1405 
 
 Ace Jju mihht werenn ]:>e fra j^ejjm 
 
 ])urrh rihhte Isefe 6 Criste, 
 J })urrh ]5att weorrc f)att taer-to li]? 
 
 wi|)f> Jesu Cristess hellpe. 
 ■3 ure twejjenn forrme menn, 14 10 
 
 ])att Drihhtin shop off eorJ?e, 
 forrlurenn ec forr heore gillt 
 
 \vif>j5 rihht dom heoflfness blisse, 
 J?urrh-]:>att te^j forr f)e deofless raj) 
 
 Drihhtiness raj? forrwurrpenn; 141 5 
 
 ■] all forr-f)! wass heoffness aerd 
 
 swa-summ itt wesste waere, 
 forr-]?i-f>att baj?e enngless j menn 
 
 itt haffdenn ser forrworrpenn. 
 J Cristess Goddcunndnesse comm 1420 
 
 cwicc inntill heoffness wesste 
 wi}?]? ure sinne, 1 ]:>att tatt Crist 
 
 toe dsej) forr ure sinne, 
 all all swa-summ f)att bucc attrann 
 
 St inntill wilde wesste 1425 
 
 all cwicc J J barr awegj wi)?j5 himm 
 
 )5e follkess sake •] sinne. 
 J jiff ]?att iss f>att tu willt nu 
 
 wi]?]? fulle trowwf>e lefenn, 
 f)att Crist iss ba]:>e Godd ;] mann, 1430 
 
 an had off twinne kinde ; 
 
74 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 ^ jiff }?att iss f>att tu willt nu 
 
 wi)?]? fulle trowwf>e lefenn, 
 }?att Cristess Goddcunndnesse wass 
 
 all cwicc 3 all unnpinedd, 1435 
 
 f>aer Crist wass dsed o rodetreo 
 
 forr all mannkinne nede; 
 J jiff }?att iss f)att tu willt nu 
 
 wif>]? fulle troww]?e lefenn, 
 f>att Crist, tser he wass 6 f>e treo 1440 
 
 najjledd forr ure nede, 
 drah harrd ] hef 15 pine inoh 
 
 f>urrh fife grimme wundess, 
 f)a mihht tu lakenn f>in Drihhtin 
 
 gastlike i so})fasst laefe, 1445 
 
 wi|?f) all j^att te to trowwenn wass 
 
 Jjurrh ))a twa bukkess tacnedd. 
 J jiff f>u cwemesst tin Drihhtin 
 
 bi dajjess, ■] bi nihhtess, 
 wijjj? fasstinng, •] wif)]? bedesang, 1450 
 
 wif>]? cnelinng, j wi]?]? wecche, 
 )?a lakesst tu wif>]? recless swa 
 
 f>in Godd i ]?ine f)aewess, 
 swa f)att itt majj wel hellpenn ))e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 1455 
 
 Forr all all-swa summ recless-smec 
 
 iss swet biforenn manne, 
 all all-se is swet biforenn Godd 
 
 J)e gode manness bene. 
 ;] jiff })in herrte is arefull, 1460 
 
 J milde, "j soffte, j nesshe, 
 swa ]?att tu mihht wel arenn himm 
 
 )?att iss jaen f)e forrgilltedd, 
 
HOMILIES, 75 
 
 ^ all forrjifenn himm full-neh 
 
 }5e rihhte domess wrgeche, 1465 
 
 ajj whann-se )5u forrjifesst tuss 
 
 f>in wra)?f>e 3 ec J?m wrseche, 
 aj5 Jeanne lakesst tu \m Godd 
 
 gastlike i f>Ine j^sewess, 
 wi)?f> laf J>att iss wi)?]? eles3ew 1470 
 
 all smeredd wel j nesshedd. 
 pe rihhte dom iss starrc ^ harrd 
 
 ^ all )?e rihhte wrseche, 
 swa-summ itt waere scorrcnedd laf 
 
 f>att iss wif>]:)utenn crummess. 1475 
 
 J are "3 millce ^ mildherrtlejjc 
 
 J rihht forrjifenesse, 
 f>att iss f>att laf f>att smeredd iss 
 
 wi)?)? elesaew 3 nesshedd. 
 31 ^iff )?att tu willt makenn laf, 1480 
 
 }?u l^resshesst tine shaefess, 
 ;j sif>f>enn winndwesst tu \\xi corn, 
 
 J fra j^e chaff itt shaedesst, 
 ^ gaddresst swa f>e clene corn 
 
 all fra f>e chaff togeddre, 1485 
 
 ■] grindesst itt, j cnedesst itt, 
 
 3 harrdnesst itt wif>f) hsete; 
 3 tanne mahht tu ]:in Drihhtin 
 
 lakenn )?3er-wif>f> to cweme, 
 jiff )?att tu ledesst halij lif 1490 
 
 i ]?ohht, i word, i dede. 
 ^ tu mihht ec gastlike laf 
 
 onn o]?err wise jarrkenn, 
 J lakenn \m Drihhtin J^aer-wiJ?]? 
 
 well swif>e wel to cweme. 1495 
 
J 6 THE ORMULUM, 
 
 3iif f>att iss f>att tu J^urrh f>in spell 
 
 till rihhte Isefe turrnesst 
 )?att flocc f>att wass toske^jredd aer 
 
 Jjurrh fele kinne dwilde, 
 })a f)resshesst tu f>in corn wij^f) flej^l, 
 
 i-f>att-tatt tu f>e^5m shsewesst, 
 hu sinnfull llf \^%% leddenn aer, 
 
 J hu f>ejj cwemmdenn deofell, 
 J hu f)e^5 haffdenn addledd wel 
 
 t5 drejhenn eche pine, 
 ^ hu j^e^jm haffde Drihhtin all 
 
 forr heore woh forrworrpenn ; 
 wi)?]? svvillc ]5u f)resshesst wel ]?e folic, 
 
 jifF f>att tu f>uss hemm tselesst; 
 forr jifF f>u shaewesst me mm woh 
 
 •] tselesst mine weorrkess, 
 •] seggesst swillc j swillc wass f>u, 
 
 ]5u J^resshesst me wif>}) wordess. 
 •3 jifF )5U shaewesst hemm off Godd 
 
 J off hiss seddmodnesse, 
 hu wel he takef))) ajj wif>]5 J^a 
 
 f>att sekenn Godess are, 
 *] jifF ]?u shaewesst hemm whatt laen 
 
 iss jarrkedd hemm inn heofFne, 
 jiiF f>att te^^ takenn Crisstenndom 
 
 •3 Crlstess lajhess haldenn, 
 ;j spedesst wif>]:> ]:>in spell swa wel 
 
 }?att tej5 itt unnderrfanngenn, 
 •3 turrnenn till \t Crisstenndom 
 
 J till J)e rihhte laefe, 
 ^ shaedenn fra f>att haef»enn folic 
 
 f>att Godd iss all unncweme, 
 
HOMILIES. 77 
 
 forr-f)att itt iss f)att illke chaff 
 
 f)att helle fir shall bsernenn, 
 f»a winndwesst tu ]?in J?rosshenn corn 1530 
 
 ^ fra l^e chaff itt shaedesst, 
 J gaddresst swa j^e clene c5rn 
 
 all fra J>e chaff togeddre. 
 Forr ]?urrh-]:5att-tatt tu laeresst hemm 
 
 to ben sammtale j sahhte 1535 
 
 to J>eowwtenn an Allmahhtij Godd 
 
 \vif>)? anfald rihhte Isefe, 
 1 ajS to ben ummbenn f>att an 
 
 t5 winnenn eche blisse, 
 f>urrh-f>att tu sammnesst hemm i Godd, 1540 
 
 )?u gaddresst corn togeddre. 
 Annd )?urrh-l?att tu primmse^jnesst hemm, 
 
 J spellest hemm, j laeresst 
 all to forrwerrpenn modl^le^jc, 
 
 J harrd -j grammcund herrte, 1545 
 
 •5 aj5 to folljhenn so]? meoclej^c 
 
 wif)f> luffsumm aeddmodnesse, 
 }>ser-f>urrh \vi brekesst wel f>in corn, 
 
 ^ grindesst itt 3 nesshesst 
 ■] f>urrh-)?att-tatt tu fullhtnesst hemm 1550 
 
 J unnderr waterr dippesst, 
 ]?u sammnesst all \\ mele inn-an 
 
 •3 cnedesst itt togeddre, 
 swa-]?att tejj shulenn alle ben 
 
 an bodij J an sawle. i555 
 
 •3 Jesu Crist himm-sellf shall ben 
 
 uppo ))att bodi^ haefedd, 
 to fedenn 3 to fosstrenn hemm, 
 
 to steorenn 3 to berrjhenn. 
 
78 - THE ORMULUM, 
 
 ^ f>urrh-f>att-tatt tu laeresst hemm 1560 
 
 to )5olenn illc unsellj^e 
 wi})f> innwarrd heorrte j so]?fasst ]?ild, 
 
 all forr J>e lufe off Criste, 
 all forr f>att lufe ]?att iss hat 
 
 i Cristess ]3eowwess heorrte, 1565 
 
 )?3er-]?urrh f>u bakesst Godess laf 
 
 J harrdnesst itt f)urrh haete, 
 Jjurrh-Jjatt tu harrdnesst hemm wi]?]? spell 
 
 to f)olenn illc unnseollf>e 
 wiJ?J? so]?fasst f>ild, all forr }?att fir 1570 
 
 ]?att sof)fasst lufe folljhe)?f>. 
 Forr sof>fasst lufe baerne]:>f> ajj, 
 
 loc jiff J>u't mihht ohht findenn, 
 •] whoer-s' itt iss itt harrdne}?f> all 
 
 f>e gode manness heorrte, 1575 
 
 to fjolenn wif>]? fullfremedd f>!ld 
 
 all ]?att tatt iss unnsellf>e. 
 3 sone-summ \m. laf be]? wel 
 
 all greJ?J?edd tuss j jarrkedd, 
 )?a mahht tu lakenn Godd wi]?f) all 1580 
 
 gastlike wel to cweme. 
 Forr Drihhtm take}?]? sedmodllj 
 
 wif»f> f)a f>att till himm turrnenn, 
 J jiff })u ledesst clene llf 
 
 onn alle kinne wise, 1585 
 
 f>a lakesst tu \\Ti Drihhtin swa 
 
 gasdike i ]5ine f»aewess, 
 wif>]? )?errfiinng braed swa J?att tu mihht 
 
 Drihhtiness are winnenn. 
 Forr J^errflinng brsed iss clene braed, 1590 
 
 forr-f>att itt iss unnberrmedd, 
 
HOMILIES. 79 
 
 J itt bitacnef>f> clene lif, 
 
 3 alle clene f>3ewess, 
 ;3 clene J^ohht, 3 clene word, 
 
 J alle clene dedess. 1595 
 
 J jiff Jjin heorrte iss harrd ^ starrc, 
 
 J stedefasst Criste, 
 to f>olenn forr \q lufe off himm 
 
 all f>att tatt iss to drejhenn, 
 f>a lakesst tu }5in Drihhtin swa 1600 
 
 gastlike i ]?ine f>aewess, 
 wij?}? fasst •] findij laf ^ harrd 
 
 wij))?innenn "^ wif)]5utenn, 
 swa f>att itt majj wel hellpenn ))e 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 1605 
 
 ;) jifF }5u mihht forrwerrpenn her 
 
 \\ faderr, ^ ti moderr, 
 J wif, 3 child, ■] hus, ;j ham, 
 
 ■] freond, ^ land, j ahhte, 
 3 all forrwerrpenn her J)werrt-8t 1610 
 
 bitwenenn menn to biggenn, "* 
 
 3 ledenn harrd j halij lif 
 
 all-ane 1 wilde wesste, 
 •J pinenn f>3er \\ bodij a 
 
 wi})f> chele j ]?risst j hunngerr, 161 5 
 
 wif>J? fasstinng, ^ wif>]? swinnc j swat, 
 
 wij)]? bedess, j wi)?J) wecchess, 
 f)a mihht tu lakenn swa J?in Godd 
 
 gastlike 1 J^ine f)3ewess 
 wif>}? lac, f>att all ]?werrt-ut beof> brennd 1620 
 
 Drihhtin to lofe ^ wurrj^e, 
 swa f)att itt beo]? J)e rihht inoh 
 
 to winnenn Godess are. 
 
8o THE ORMULUM. 
 
 Forr )?u ne mihht nohht ledenn her 
 
 na bettre lif onn eor]?e, 1625 
 
 J>ann iss f>att tu ]?weorrt-ut forrse, 
 
 "3 all [?werrt-ut forrwerrpe 
 all weorelldlike lif 3 lusst, 
 
 *3 lie fra menn till wesste, 
 •3 t3er wi]5]5 hand ^ halij lif 1630 
 
 beo jeorrnfuU Crist to cwemenn. 
 Forr swillc lif iss all ]?werrt-ut daed 
 
 fra weorelldshipess lusstess, 
 •3 itt iss turrnedd all f)urrh fir 
 
 off sopfasst lufe o Criste 1635 
 
 till dusst, forr-Jji-tatt swillke menn 
 
 so]?fasst meocnesse folljhenn. 
 •3 aj5 wass sallt wij?)? iwhillc lac, 
 
 forr-J?att itt shollde tacnenn 
 J^att all ]?att tu willt offrenn Godd, 1640 
 
 ^iff J^att itt shall himm cwemenn, 
 all birrf) itt off redd ben wif>l? skill, 
 
 J all wi]?]? luffsumm heorrte, 
 swa f>att itt be clennlike don, 
 
 off rihhtbijetenn ahhte, 1645 
 
 swa })att te Laferrd Jesu Crist 
 
 swetlike itt unnderrfannge. 
 piss wass bitacnedd J^urrh f>e sallt 
 
 Jjatt tire mete swdte]^, 
 jiff })att iss f>att mann wile itt don 1650 
 
 wij?]? witt ^ skill J^aerinne. 
 Forr witt -j skill iss wel inoh 
 
 J?urrh salltess smacc bitacnedd, 
 •3 tatt forr-)?I-f»att witt ^ skill 
 
 iss god inn alle f>Inge, 1655 
 
HOMILIES. 81 
 
 all swa-summ sallt iss swi]?e god 
 
 )?8er f>3er itt to-bilimmpef>f) ; 
 ^ all forr-]?i wass sefre sallt 
 
 wif))? alle lakess offredd, 
 forr-f>i-}?att nohht ne majj ben don 1660 
 
 Allmahhtij Godd to cweme, 
 but iff itt be ^vif'}? witt 3 skill 
 
 3 lufFsummlike forj^edd. 
 All f>uss f>u mahht nu lakenn Godd 
 
 gastlike i f)ine f>3ewess, 1665 
 
 wif»J? all }?att lac f>att ofFredd wass 
 
 biforenn Cristess come. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 The arrangement mainly follows the spellings and forms of the 
 Ancren Riwle. 
 
 X and ea are both arranged tinder g; k under c, v under/, 5 under ^, 
 j under 2:*, and wh under hw. 
 
 Words beginning with the prefix i must be sought under their root ; 
 icwenie under cweme, &c. 
 
 * denotes French words, 
 f denotes words and forms of the Ormulum. 
 sv. — strong verb. wv. = weak verb. 
 
 A, indef. art. 
 
 a = an/r/. 
 
 a, av. for ever. 
 
 a, interj. ah ! 
 
 a-blmden, wv. blind. 
 
 abbod, sm. abbot. 
 
 a-buven, prp. above. 
 
 a-buten, prp., av. around. 
 
 f ac, see auh. 
 
 a-c61en, wv. cool. 
 
 a-cwenchen, wv. quench. 
 
 a-cwikien, wv. quicken, come to 
 life, bring to life. 
 
 *acwiten, wv. free, release. 
 
 fadlen, wv. earn. 
 
 a-drenchen, wv. drown. 
 
 a-dun, av. down. 
 
 adiineward, av. downwards. 
 
 a-vellen, wv. make to fall. 
 
 *avez, spl. aves. 
 
 a-vormest, av. at first. 
 
 after, see §fter. 
 
 tas, av. always. 
 
 a-sean, asein, prp., av. against, 
 towards (to meet) ; for ; in ex- 
 change for ; back. 
 
 aseines,/r^. against. 
 
 t ashen, see gwen. 
 
 a-ginnen, sv. begin. 
 
 fah-te, see f iht. 
 
 al (1), aj. all ; ' over al,' everywhere; 
 ' mid alle,' * fwij) alle,' entirely, 
 altogether ; ' alre-erest,' first of 
 all. 
 
 al, av. all, quite, entirely, utterly. 
 
 al, J";/, everything. 
 
 a-lesen, wv. release. 
 
 alle-gate, av. by all means. 
 
 alles, av. entirely, really. 
 
 allunge, av. entirely, completely. 
 
 al-niiliti,talniah.tis, aj. almighty. 
 
 al-s9, ase, 'j'alswa, false, fals, 
 av. so, also, as, like ; * ase neih . . 
 ase veor,' the nearer . . the fur- 
 ther ; '])er ase,' where, &c. 
 
 falter, s. altar. 
 
 am, see beon. 
 
 f amaen, amen. 
 
 a-morwen, av. on the morrow, 
 next morning. 
 
 an, indef. art. 
 
 B.-D.,prp. on, in. 
 
 *anch.eisiin, sn. reason. 
 
 ancre, sf. anchoress, nun. 
 
 and, ant, cj. and ; but. 
 
 *andetted, prt. ptc. endebted. 
 
 f an-fald, aj. simple, sincere. 
 
 an-hgngen, iw* hang. 
 
GLOSSAR y. 
 
 83 
 
 an-gn, f anan, av. immediately ; 
 continually. 
 
 aii9n-rilit, av. immediately. 
 
 an-ont, J>r/>. in regard to. 
 
 ant, see and. 
 
 *apocalipse, s. apocalypse. 
 
 fare, s. mercy. 
 
 farefnl, aj. merciful. 
 
 faren, wv. be merciful to ; for- 
 give. 
 
 f arke, s. ark. 
 
 a-redden, wv. rescue, deliver. 
 
 a-reimen, 2e/v. redeem. 
 
 a-reowen, sv. 'me areowej)/ I 
 pky. 
 
 a-r§ren, 7av. raise ; cause. 
 
 a-riht, av. rightly, properly. 
 
 a-risen, sv. arise. 
 
 +art, see been. 
 
 ♦asaumple, s/. example. 
 
 'I'askes, sJ>L ashes. 
 
 askien, wv. ask. 
 
 askung, s. asking. 
 
 a-schunien, Tmf. rejl. shun, avoid. 
 
 ase, see alsg. 
 
 a-spillen, wv. destroy. 
 
 asse, s. donkey. 
 
 a-stiinten, wv. stop. 
 
 atelicli, aj. repulsive, ugly. 
 
 attri, aj. poisonous, venomous. 
 
 auh, fac, av. but ; and. 
 
 ♦autorite, s. authority. 
 
 a-wei, av. away. 
 
 fawnen, wv. show, declare. 
 
 a-worpen, sv. throw, precipitate. 
 
 Bacen, sv. bake. 
 
 fbad, see bidden. 
 
 i^bar, see beren. 
 
 bead, see beoden. 
 
 *beaubelez, spl. trinkets, baubles. 
 
 bede, s. prayer. 
 
 bede-sang, s. song of prayer. 
 
 beih, see bu"wen. 
 
 *bekien, wv. peck. 
 
 tbelden, wv. encourage. 
 
 fbene, s. request, prayer. 
 
 beoden, sv. offer. 
 
 beon, sv, be. 
 
 ^beon, sv. be. 
 
 beren, sv. carry, bear ; * beren up,* 
 hold up. 
 
 fberslien, sv. save, preserve. 
 
 f berhles, s. salvation. 
 
 berken, sv. bark. 
 
 berme, s, leaven. 
 
 bernen, fbrennen, wv. bum. 
 
 bersten, sv. burst. 
 
 bf st, s, beast, animal. 
 
 bet, av, better, rather. 
 
 betere, aj.^ sb. better. 
 
 b§}), sn, bath. 
 
 bi, prp., av. by, near ; by means 
 of, through. 
 
 bi-cliippen, wv. embrace. 
 
 bi-cumen, sv. become. 
 
 bidden, sv. ask, pray. 
 
 bi-von, bivongen, sv. encompass, 
 contain. 
 
 bi-voren, bivore,/^^., az;., before. 
 
 bi-geat, s. gain. 
 
 bi-gilen, wv. beguile. 
 
 fbiggen, tjuv. dwell. 
 
 bi-ginnen, sv. begin. 
 
 bi-siten, sv. get, obtain. 
 
 bi-giirdel, sn. girdle, belt. 
 
 bi-heve, s. profit, benefit. 
 
 bi-hove, s. benefit. 
 
 bi-hoven, wv. be necessary, be- 
 hove. 
 
 bi-hglden, sv. behold, consider. 
 
 bi-hgten, sv. promise, vow. 
 
 bile, s. beak, bill. 
 
 bi-lf ven, wv. leave, forsake. 
 
 bi-lien, sv. slander. 
 
 bi-limpen, sv. belong. 
 
 binden, sv. bind. 
 
 bi-neopen, prp. beneath. 
 
 bi-nimen, sv. deprive, take away. 
 
 bi-rfvien, wv. bereave, deprive. 
 
 bi-reounesse, s. compassion. 
 
 fbirp, 7W., impers. becomes, befits. 
 
 fbiscop, sm. bishop. 
 
 bi-sechen, wv. beseech. 
 
 bi-senchen, wv. sink. 
 
 bi-seon, sv. look. 
 
 bi-setten, wv. beset, surround, en- 
 close, besiege. 
 
 bisi, aj. busy, assiduous. 
 
 bisiliche, av. busily. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 GLOSS AR Y, 
 
 bisischipe, s. activity, 
 bisne, s. example, specimen, 
 bi-speten, wv. spit on. 
 bi-tf Chen, wv. entrust. 
 bi-tellunge, sf. excusing, excuse, 
 bi-teon, sv. bestow. 
 bi-t9cnen, wv. signify, denote, 
 bitter, aj.^ sb, bitter. 
 bi-tunen, wv. shut up, enclose, 
 bi-turnen, wv. turn, 
 bi-tweonen,/;^. between, among. 
 *blanien, wv. blame, 
 blasien, wv. blaze, 
 bleden, wv. bleed, 
 blescien, wv, bless. 
 blf ten, sv. bleat. 
 bliscien, wv. make happy. 
 blisse, s. joy. 
 blipeliche, fblipelike, fblipe- 
 
 liS, av. gladly. 
 blod, sn. blood. 
 blgwen, sv. blow. 
 b9, prn. both. 
 boo, s. book. 
 
 fboc-staf, 5". letter of the alphabet. 
 bode, s. offer. 
 bodi, sn. body, 
 bone, s. prayer. 
 bord, s. table, 
 fborshen, see bersben. 
 bote, s. mending, remedy, 
 bop, see been, 
 bgpe,/^?^., av, both, 
 bg-twg, prn. both. 
 bouhte, see biiggen. 
 tbrac, s. noise, 
 fbrappe, s. anger, 
 brf d, s. bread, 
 breiden, sv. braid, plait, 
 breken, sv. break, 
 fbrende, see bernen. 
 breost, s. breast, 
 brf J?, sni. vapour, odour, 
 brepren, see broper. 
 bridd, s. young bird. 
 bridel, s. bridle. 
 bridlen, wv. bridle, 
 briht, aj. bright. 
 brihten, wv. brighten, 
 bringen, wv. bringen. 
 
 brgd, aj. broad. 
 
 broper, sm. brother. 
 
 brouhte, see bringen. 
 
 briicen, sv. enjoy. 
 
 bucc, sm. he-goat. 
 
 biiggen, wv. buy. 
 
 biibp, see biiwen. 
 
 fbule, sm. bull. 
 
 fbulted, aj. {prt. ptc), boulted, 
 
 passed through a sieve. 
 buruh, fburh, s. city. 
 biiten, biite, but, fhutt, prp., av. 
 without ; except, only. ' biit(e) 
 _5if,' unless. 
 blip, see biiggen. 
 buven, prp. above, 
 buwen, sv. bow, bend. 
 
 Cakel, aj. cackling. 
 
 cakelen, wv. cackle. 
 
 tcalf, s. calf. 
 
 *caliz, S771. chalice. 
 
 castel, s. castle. 
 
 cat(t), s. cat. 
 
 fcliaf, s. chaff. 
 
 fkanunk, sm. canon. 
 
 *k§cchen, wv. catch. 
 
 kene, aj. brave. 
 
 kepen, wv. heed, care for. 
 
 kerven, sv. cut. 
 
 fcbaris, aj. mourning, sad. 
 
 *chast, aj. chaste. 
 
 *chastienient, s. rebuking. 
 
 *chastien, wv. rebuke. 
 
 *cliaungement, s. change. 
 
 cbeffare, s. traffic, bargaining. 
 
 chf fie, s. chatter. 
 
 cbf flen, wv. chatter. 
 
 fcbele, s. chill, cold. 
 
 cheoke, s. cheek. 
 
 eheosen, sv. choose. 
 
 cbeouwen, f chewwen, sv. chew. 
 
 chfp, s. bargain; 'leten ch|p,' 
 make a bargain. 
 
 chfpien, tvv. traffic, sell. 
 
 chf pild, sf. trafficker. 
 
 chfpmon, sm. merchant, trades- 
 man. 
 
 *chere, s. face, countenance ; ap- 
 pearance. 
 
GLOSSAR y. 
 
 85 
 
 *ch§rite, s. love, charity. 
 
 child, sn. child. 
 
 chirche, f kirke, s. church. 
 
 kinedom, j. kingdom. 
 
 king, sm. king. 
 
 fkirke-dure, s. church-door. 
 
 f clawwGs, sj}l. claws, hoofs. 
 
 elf ne, aj. pure. 
 
 fclenlike, av. purely. 
 
 elf nnesse, sf. purity. 
 
 clensien, 7W. purify. 
 
 cl§ppe, s, clapper. 
 
 climben, sv. climb, rise. 
 
 clippen, wv. clip, shear. 
 
 Glofen^ prt.ptc. cloven. 
 
 elf]?, s, clothing, clothes. 
 
 cluse, s. sluice. 
 
 cneden, sv, knead. 
 
 fcneling, s, kneeling. 
 
 cneolen, wv. kneel. 
 
 kniht, sm. knight. 
 
 knihtschipe, sm. knighthood. 
 
 kn9wen, sv. know. 
 
 f kngwen, sv. know, discern. 
 
 kniitten, wv. tie ; tie a knot in. 
 
 cgld, aj, cold. 
 
 com, fcom, see cumen. 
 
 •j-come, s. coming. 
 
 con, const, see cunnen. 
 
 corn, s. com. 
 
 cos(s), s. kiss. 
 
 costnien, wv. cost. 
 
 C9ve, s. chough, raven. 
 
 *creoisen, wv. make the sign of 
 
 the cross on, cross. 
 *crien, wv. cry. 
 Crist, sm. Christ, 
 cristen, aj. christian. 
 cristendom, s. Christianity, 
 cristnen, wv. christen. 
 ♦crucifix, sn. crucifix, 
 f crummes, spl. crumbs. 
 *criine, s. crown. 
 *crTinien, wv. crown, 
 kii, sf, cow. 
 cude, s. cud. 
 c\il(l), s. stroke, 
 f culfre, s. pigeon, dove, 
 ciillen, wv. strike. 
 ciunen, sv, come ; happen, be. 
 
 ctinde, s. nature, condition, 
 kiindel, s. brood, progeny, 
 kiindeliche, av. naturally, 
 kiinne, s. kind. 
 2'kunned, aj. Kprt. ptc), belonging 
 
 to a family, descended. 
 cunnen, vb. know; know how, 
 
 be able. *])onc cunnen,' be 
 
 grateful for. 
 *cunsail, s. counsel. 
 *kuplen, wv. couple. 
 *kurteisie, s. courtesy. 
 kurve, see kerven. 
 kussen, wv. kiss. 
 "kXLp, aj. known, familiar. 
 cupe, see cunnen. 
 kupen, wv. made known, show, 
 kuplf chunge, s. acquaintance. 
 cwf d, s. evil ; * t5 cwfde ' badly. 
 cwellen, wv. kill, 
 cweme, aj. pleasing, agreeable. 
 cweme, s, gratification. *td 
 
 cweme,' agreeably. 
 2 cweme, aj. pleasing. 
 ewemen, wv, please. 
 ewene, sf. queen, 
 f cwenkeuj^e/z;. quench,extinguish, 
 cw§)?, see ewepen. 
 ewepen, sv. speak. 
 cwic, aj. alive, living. 
 *cwitaunce, s. payment. 
 
 f Daftelike, av. becomingly. 
 
 dai, see d§i. 
 
 *dame, sf. lady. 
 
 dawes, see d§L 
 
 *debonerte, s, kindness. 
 
 df d, aj, dead. 
 
 dede, s, deed. 
 
 d§i, dai, fdas, s, day. 
 
 dfl,5. part, share, 'sum dfl,' partly. 
 
 df len, wv, divide, separate. 
 
 delven, sv. dig. 
 
 demen, wv, judge, 
 
 deor, s, animal. 
 
 deore, aj, dear, precious. 
 
 deore-vrurjje, aj, dear, precious. 
 
 deovel, s. devil. 
 
 *depeinten, wv. paint. 
 
 derf, s, hardship. 
 
86 
 
 GLOSS AR V, 
 
 dest, see don. 
 *destruen5 zifv. destroy. 
 dej>, see don. 
 df ]?, s. death. 
 *dettes, sj>/. debts. 
 *dettur, sm. debtor. 
 *dial9ge, s. dialogue. 
 fdippen, tuv. dip. 
 dgle, s. part, division. 
 dom, s. judgment, opinion, 'domes 
 dai,' doomsday, day of judgment. 
 don, sv. do ; put. 
 f drah, see drien. 
 fdrano, see drincen. 
 drauhj), see drawen. 
 drawen, sv. draw. 
 dr§d, s. dread. 
 dr§den, s{'w)v. dread, 
 drejghen, see drien. 
 drien, fdreshen, sv. endure. 
 drifen, sv. drive, 
 f drihtin, sm. Lord, 
 f drinnch, s. draught, 
 drinken, sv. drink. 
 drope, s. drop. 
 *duble, aj. double. 
 diide, see don. 
 dulve, see delven. 
 dust, s. dust. 
 dwilde, s. error. 
 
 Ec, eke, av. also. 
 
 eche, aj. eternal. 
 
 echen, f eken, wv. add. 
 
 f d-mod, aj. humble. 
 
 feedmodlis, av. humbly, gra- 
 ciously. 
 
 fsedmodnesse, sf. humility. 
 
 §vere, f ver, f sefre, av. ever. 
 
 §verich,/r;?. every, everyone, each 
 one. 
 
 evesien, wv. clip, cut hair. 
 
 evesunge, spl. clippings. 
 
 efne, s. power, ability. 
 
 efnen, tw. compare. 
 
 eft, av. again. 
 
 f fter, f after, /;7^. after, according 
 to. ' §fter-})gt,' as. 
 
 fi, s. tgg. 
 
 §i, see |ni. 
 
 fes-h-wser, av. everywhere. 
 
 eie, s. eye. 
 
 eie, s. fear. 
 
 eie-piirel, s. window. 
 
 eih-sihj), s. eyesight. 
 
 f ihte, tahte, s. property ; cattle. 
 
 eilien, wv. annoy, trouble. 
 
 f iren, see f i. 
 
 f elderne-mann, sm. elderly per- 
 son. 
 
 +ele-s»-w, s. oil. 
 
 elles, av. else, otherwise. 
 
 elles-hwar, av. elsewhere. 
 
 ^nde, s. end. 
 
 fnes, av. once. 
 
 engel, S77i. angel. 
 
 fEnglish, aj.y sb. English, English 
 language. 
 
 eni, fi, prn. any, anyone. 
 
 ^entente, s. intention. 
 
 eode, see g9n. 
 
 eornen, see lirnen. 
 
 eorpe, s. earth. 
 
 eorpen, aj. earthen. 
 
 eorplich, f eorplis, aj. earthly. 
 
 §pple, sm. apple. 
 
 fr, av., cj. before, super I. frest, 
 aj., av. first. * on frest,' first. 
 
 fserd, s. country, region. 
 
 fre, s. ear. f , 
 
 ■f erfe, s. animal, beast. 
 
 erien, wv. plough. 
 
 f rm, s, arm. 
 
 'j'ernde, s. message. 
 
 §rt, see been. 
 
 §ster-even, s. Easter eve. 
 
 §t, fat, prp. at, by ; from. 
 
 §t-fleon, sv. escape. 
 
 gt-h^lden, sv, withhold. 
 
 §t-lutien, wv, crouch away, hide. 
 
 §t-witen, vb, reproach. 
 
 f p-cene, aj. easily seen, manifest, 
 apparent. 
 
 f ]?e, av. easily, without reluctance. 
 
 §x, sf. axe. 
 
 Fallen, vallen, sv. fall ; belong. 
 vals, aj., sn. false ; falsehood, 
 valsien, luv. prove treacherous. 
 varen, sv. fare, go. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 87 
 
 •[lasting, s, fasting. 
 
 ffatt, aj. fat. 
 
 feden, wv. feed, 
 
 v§der, ffader, sm. father. 
 
 veien, wv. join. 
 
 f§ir, aJ, fair. 
 
 fgire, ffaj^re , av. fairly, beautifully. 
 
 veiung, s. joining. 
 
 vel, sn. skin. 
 
 feo-lawe, sm. companion, friend. 
 
 veole, 'I'fele, aj, many. 
 
 veole-iwordede, aj, of many 
 
 words, loquacious, 
 veond, sm. enemy ; fiend, devil. 
 *feor, s, price. 
 veor(r), ffer, av. far. 
 feorrene, av., aj. from a distance ; 
 
 distant. 
 veorpe, f ferpe, aj. fourth, 
 f^rd, s, army. 
 
 (2)vere, sm. companion, Mend, 
 ffere, s, means. 
 *vers, ffers, sn. verse. 
 *versalien, wv, repeat a verse. 
 *ff ste, s. feast. 
 v§sten, wv. fast. 
 
 v§stnien, wz/.fix,establish,confirm. 
 vet, see vot. 
 v§tten, wv. fatten. 
 f if, num, five, 
 fifte, aj. fifth. 
 jlht, sm. fight, war, contest, 
 vihten, sv. fight. 
 (/)vinden, sv. find, 
 ff indis, aj. fruitful, good, 
 tfirst, aj. first. 
 tfirpren, wv, promote, help, 
 fflesl, s. flail. 
 fleose, s. fleece, 
 fleoten, sv. float, flow, 
 vlf sch, sn. flesh, 
 vlien, 'l^fleon, f flen, sv. flee. 
 vloc(c), J", flock, multitude, large 
 
 number. 
 flod, s. flood. 
 flod-s§t, ^. flood-gate. 
 i-fLuinm, s. river, 
 vluwen, j^^ vlien. 
 V9, sm. foe. 
 fodder, s. fodder. 
 
 vode, s. food. 
 
 *fol, aj. foolish. 
 
 vole, sn. folk, people. 
 
 vglden, sv. fold. » 
 
 volewen, ffolshen, wz;. follow, 
 
 2Vollen, see fallen. 
 
 von, sv. seize, take. ' von on,' 
 
 begin, 
 ^vgnd, see vinden. 
 vgndunge, s. temptation. 
 fOTjprp.jCJ. for ; because. * for to, 
 
 for te,' in order to, to. ' for-J)at,' 
 
 because. 
 vor-b§d, see vorbeoden. 
 vor-beoden, sv. forbid, 
 vor-bisne, s. example, parable, 
 for-bl^den, wv. blind, 
 fore-ward, s. agreement, 
 for-siven, sv. forgive, 
 forsifenesse, s. forgiveness, 
 vor-giilten, wv. incur guilt. * vor- 
 
 gtilt, f forgilted,' prt. ptc. guilty. 
 ffor-langed, aj. {prt. ptc.) long- 
 ing, 
 vor-leosen, sv. lose ; perish, 
 forloren, see vorleosen. 
 vorlorenesse, s. perdition. 
 vorme, aj. former, first, superl. 
 
 vormest. *a vormest,' av. at 
 
 first. 
 vor-saken, sv. refuse, reject. 
 for-schuppen, wv. transform. 
 vorschuppild, sf. sorceress, 
 for-seon, sv. despise, 
 vor-stoppen, wv. stop up. 
 vor-swoluwen, wv. swallow up, 
 
 devour. 
 ^rovtjprp. until, 
 vorj), av. forth, 
 forpen, av. also, 
 vor-pi, av., cj. therefore, because. 
 
 ' for-])i-])§t,' in order that. 
 vorpien, m/z;. promote; accomplish, 
 
 do; help. 
 vor-worpen, tforwerpen, S7>, 
 
 throw off, cast away, reject. 
 fostren, wv. nourish, foster. 
 fostrild, sf. nurse. 
 vot, s. foot. 
 vour, vor, ffowwer, nu7n. four. 
 
88 
 
 GLOSSAR V. 
 
 i^fow^B^ertis, num. forty. 
 
 't'fra, prj^. from, out of. ' fra-))at,' 
 
 after, 
 frame, s. profit. 
 fremde, see vreomede. 
 freond, sm. friend. 
 vreomede, ffremde, aj. strange, 
 freomien, wzj. benefit. 
 freo, aj. free, 
 vreoschipe, s. liberality, 
 freten, sv. devour. 
 vri-d§i, s. Friday. 
 vri-niht, s. Good Friday eve. 
 vrovre, s. consolation. 
 vrovren, Tijv. console, 
 vrom, j^rp. from, 
 frommard, prp. away from, 
 fuel, s. bird. 
 ful, aJ. foul. 
 
 ful(l), aj. full ; av. fully, very, 
 fule, av. foully. 
 fiilen, zuv. defile. 
 ffulfremed, of. (//'/.//f.) perfect, 
 tfulhtnen, wv. baptize. 
 fuUen, 2av. fill, fill up ; fulfil, 
 fulliche, av. fully. 
 +fulluht, s. baptism, 
 fur, s. fire. 
 fursen, tw. remove. 
 
 fGal, aJ. wanton. 
 
 galle, s. gall. 
 
 fgalnesse, s. wantonness. 
 
 gangen, see g^n. 
 
 tsarken, wv. prepare. 
 
 garsume, s. treasure. 
 
 tgastlike, av. spiritually. 
 
 tgat, s. goat. 
 
 %h^ prn. ye. 
 
 Sf , av. yes. 
 
 Sean-kiime, s. return. 
 
 tsede, see ggn. 
 
 g§deren, wv. gather. 
 
 S§f, see siven. 
 
 fgesnen, wv, profit. 
 
 Seien, wv. cry, proclaim. 
 
 Selden, sv. pay, repay ; make good ; 
 
 requite, 
 seme, sf. care, heed. 
 Semien, wv. keep. 
 
 •j-Ssen, prp. against, to. 
 
 Seond,/r^. throughout, over. 
 
 Seonien, wv. gape. 
 
 georne, av. eagerly, carefully. 
 
 Seove, s. gift. 
 
 Ser, s. year. 
 
 g®t, see gat. 
 
 set, sete, tset, av. yet, besides, 
 
 even ; already. 
 S|t, s. gate. 
 S§tten, wv. consent. 
 "tsho, she. 
 Sicclien, wv. itch. 
 Sif, tiff) cj. if, whether. ' sif >at,* 
 
 if. 
 gile, s. guile, deceit, 
 gilen, wv. deceive, 
 tgilt, s. guilt. 
 Sirnen, wv. desire. 
 gist, s. guest, 
 gistnen, wv. lodge. 
 Siven, sv. give. 
 Giwe, sm. Jew. 
 Giwerie, s. Jewry, 
 gladien, see glgdien. 
 gl§d, aj. glad. 
 gled, 5. red-hot coal. 
 gl§dien,gladien,w2/.cheer,rejoice. 
 gl§dliche, av. gladly. 
 God, sm. God. 
 god, aj.^ sn. good, 
 godcundnesse, s. divinity. 
 god-ded, s. good deed. 
 Godhed, s. divinity. 
 godien, wv. endow, 
 f godlesc, s. benefit, 
 tgodnesse, j. goodness. 
 fgod-spell, gospel, sn. gospel, 
 f godspell-b5c, s. gospel-book. 
 tgodspell-WTihte, sm. evangelist, 
 ggn, f gangen, vb. go. 
 gospel, see godspell. 
 g9st, s. ghost, spirit, 
 ggstlich, aj. spiritual. 
 *grace, s. grace, 
 grameund, aj. angry, 
 gredil, s. gridiron. 
 *gref, s. trouble, 
 f grespen, wv. prepare, 
 greot, s. grit, gravel, sand. 
 
GLOSSAR Y, 
 
 89 
 
 grf t, aj. thick, coarse, great, super I . 
 
 greast. 
 greten, wv, greet. 
 gr§ten, iw. grow large, get fat. 
 tgreppen, wv. bake. 
 griin(ni), aj. fierce, severe. 
 grinden, sv, grind, 
 grin-stgn, s, grindstone. 
 grislich, aj. fearful, ghastly. 
 gripfulnesse, s. peacefulness. 
 grome, s. anger. 
 grunde, see grinden. 
 *gngenient, s. judgment, 
 sung, aj. young. 
 giirdel, s. girdle. 
 
 Habben, wv. have. 
 
 thad, s. rank. 
 
 i-haslielike, hashelis, c^v. quietly. 
 
 liastierlike, av. fitly, becomingly. 
 
 halewe, S7n. saint. 
 
 half, aj. half. 
 
 half, s. side. ' an oJ)er h.' on the 
 
 other hand, again, 
 thalshen, wz/. consecrate, sanctify. 
 fhalisdom, s. holy thing. 
 fhalp, see helpen. 
 halt, see h9lden. 
 ham, see heom. 
 i^hardnen, wv, harden, 
 fs^haten, prt. pic. called, named. 
 hattre, see hgt. 
 have, see habben. 
 lie,prn. he. 
 
 hebben, sv. lift, raise up. 
 h§f, see hebben. 
 hfved, s. head. 
 h§vede, see habben. 
 hfved-luve, s, chief love, 
 hevi, f hefis, aj. heavy, severe. 
 heie, av. highly, high. 
 heih, aj. high, exalted, august. 
 
 *on h.' aloft, superl. heixt, 
 
 fheshest. 
 hei-ward, sm. heyward, town's 
 
 herdsman. 
 held, see hglden. 
 hf le, s. health, salvation ; sanctity. 
 hflen, wv. heal, 
 helien, iw. hide, conceal. 
 
 helle, s, hell. 
 
 help, s. help. 
 
 helpen, sv. help. 
 
 fhem, see heom. 
 
 hende, aj. skilful ; courteous. 
 
 thengen, wv. hang, suspend. 
 
 henne, sf. hen. 
 
 "heo fprn. she, they. 
 
 heovene, ^-heofne, fhefne, sf. 
 heaven. 
 
 heold, see hglden. 
 
 heom, ham, 'I'hem, pr7t. them. 
 
 heorde-mon(n), S7?i. herdsman. 
 
 fheore, hore, -j-here, prn. their. 
 
 heort, s. hart. 
 
 heorte, sn. heart. 
 
 heorteliche, av. heartily, cheer- 
 fully. 
 
 heowien, wv. colour. 
 
 her, av. here. * her-bi,* &c. , hereby, 
 by this. 
 
 heron en, wv. hearken, attend to. 
 
 h§rd, i-hard, aj. hard. 
 
 h§rde, av. violently. 
 
 h§rd-iheorted, aj. {prt.ptc.) hard- 
 hearted. 
 
 hf rdschipe, sn. hardship. 
 
 there, see heore. 
 
 h§re, s. haircloth. 
 
 /heren, wv. hear. 
 
 here-"w6rd, s. renown. 
 
 h§rm, s. injury, damage. 
 
 hfrmien, wv. injure. 
 
 hf ste, s. command. 
 
 thet = he it. 
 
 fhete, s. hate. 
 
 hf te, s. heat. 
 
 hetel, aj. hostile, threatening. 
 
 thf pelis, av. scornfully. 
 
 hf pen, aj. heathen. 
 
 thiden, wv. hide. 
 
 hider-to, av. hitherto. 
 
 hien, wv. hie, hasten. 
 
 him, prn. him. 
 
 hird, s. retinue, court. 
 
 hirey prfz. her. 
 
 his, prn. his. 
 
 hit, fit, prn. it. 
 
 hoker, s. contempt, disdain. 
 
 hfl, aj. whole, sound. 
 
90 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 fhgl, aj. entire, sound. 
 
 hgld, s. restraint. 
 
 h^lden, sv. hold, keep ; consider. 
 
 hgli, aj. holy. 
 
 holpen, see helpen. 
 
 hom(m), s. ham. 
 
 hgnd, sf. hand. 
 
 hgngen, vb. hang. 
 
 hope, s. hope. 
 
 hopien, wv. hope. 
 
 here, see heore. 
 
 hors, s. horse. 
 
 hgt, aj. hot. 
 
 hu, hwu, av. how. 
 
 hiide, s. hide. 
 
 htLnd, S7n. dog. 
 
 hundred, num. hundred. 
 
 hunger, s. hunger. 
 
 huntien, wv. hunt. 
 
 hure, av. * h. & h.' at least, any- 
 how. 
 
 hure, huire, s. hire, wages. 
 
 huren, wv. hire. 
 
 *hurt, S7t. hurt. 
 
 *hurten, wv. hurt. 
 
 has, s. house. 
 
 huse-wif, s. mistress of a house, 
 housekeeper. 
 
 fwhanne, see h"won. 
 
 hwar, fwhser, av. where, 'whser 
 se,' wherever. 
 
 hware-vore, av. wherefore. 
 
 hwar-to, av. to what purpose, 
 wherefore. 
 
 }iwa.t,J>rn.,aj., interj. what, which, 
 lo! *what-se,' whatever. *for 
 what,' wherefore. 
 
 whser, see hwar. 
 
 hwf te, S7?i. wheat. 
 
 hwgper, prn. which (of two). * h. 
 se,' whichever of the two. 
 
 hwi, av. why. * vor h.' wherefore, 
 why. 
 
 while, see hwiich. 
 
 •t'2whilc, pm. each. 
 
 hw9, prn. who. * hwg se/ who- 
 ever. 
 
 hwon(n), f whanne, cj. when ; 
 since. * whann se/ whenever. 
 
 hwu, see hu. 
 
 hwiich, f while, /;-«., aj. of what 
 
 sort, of what kind, which. 
 hwuder, av. whither, 'hw. s^,' 
 
 wherever. 
 hwiile, s. while, time. * sume hw.' 
 
 sometimes. '])eo ())e) hw. J)gt,* 
 
 while. 
 
 I, see ieh. 
 
 i, see in. 
 
 ieh, i, 'I'ie, pm. I. 
 
 iehiille = ieh wulle. 
 
 idel, aj. vain, useless. * on idel,' in 
 vain. 
 
 •filkfprn. each. 
 
 like, prn. same. 
 
 in, i,prp., av. in. 
 
 ine,prp. in. 
 
 inne, av. in. jw/J^r/. finrest, in- 
 nermost. 
 
 f insesles, spl. seals. 
 
 'fin-til, prp. into, to. 
 
 in-t6,/r^. into. 
 
 inward, aj. inward. 
 
 inwardliehe, inwardljke, in- 
 wardlis, av. inwardly, sincerely. 
 
 iren, sn. iron. 
 
 iren, aj. iron. 
 
 is, see been. 
 
 fjudisk, aj. Jewish, 
 juggen, wv. judge. 
 
 fLae, s. gift, offering, sacrifice, 
 flaf, s. loaf. 
 
 flaken, wv. offer sacrifice to. 
 flang, aj. dependent (on), owing 
 
 (to). 
 *large, aj. liberal. 
 'I'lar-spell, s. doctrine. 
 last, aj.j superl. * a last,' finally. 
 
 'attelaste,' at last, 
 lastunge, s. detraction, blame. 
 ^late, s. manner, behaviour, 
 'j'laten, wv. bear oneself, 
 latere, av. coinp. later, 
 f latin, aj. Latm. 
 lawe, s. law. 
 lede, see leode. 
 If den, s. language. 
 
GLOSSAK Y. 
 
 91 
 
 l§den, wv. lead ; rejl. conduct one- 
 _self. 
 
 l§ve, s. leave. 
 
 i-lsefe, s. belief, faith. 
 
 Ifven, wv. leave. 
 
 zleven, zuv. believe. 
 
 l§fdi, sf. lady. 
 
 leggen, wv. lay, lay eggs. 
 
 fleslieii, see lien. 
 
 l§i, see liggen. 
 
 leinten, s. spring, Lent. 
 
 leiten, wv. flame. 
 
 flsen, s. reward. 
 
 Ifne, aj. lean. 
 
 flenen, zw. entrust with. 
 
 fleode, lede, sj)l. people. 
 
 leof, aj, dear. 
 
 leof-moii(n), smf. sweetheart, be- 
 loved (applied only to women). 
 
 leornien, wv. leam. 
 
 leorning-cniht, sm. disciple. 
 
 leosen, sv, lose. 
 
 l§ren, wv. teach. ' il|red, fleered,' 
 learned; *wel-il|red,' well-in- 
 formed. 
 
 *lescun, sn. lesson. 
 
 lesen, f leosen, tw. loosen, release, 
 redeem. * 1. up,' open. 
 
 Ifsse, aJ. comp.j av, less. 
 
 If ste, aj. lest. 
 
 zlf sten, wv. last. 
 
 leten, flseten, wv. let, permit; 
 think, judge. 
 
 le]?er, sn. leather. 
 
 *lettres, spl. letters. 
 
 leiin, s. lion. 
 
 f Isewed, aj. lay. 
 
 likien, wv. please. 
 
 flicnes, s. likeness. 
 
 ^lich, aj. like. 
 
 licome, s. body. 
 
 licomlich, aj. bodily. 
 
 lic-WTirpe, aj. acceptable. 
 
 lien, sv. lie, tell untruth. 
 
 lif, J. life. ' lives,' in life, when alive. 
 
 livenep, s. sustenance. 
 
 liggen, sv. lie. 
 
 liht, aj. light, easy. 
 
 lihtliche, az^.easily ; foralowprice. 
 
 lim, s. limb. 
 
 limpen, sv. belong. 
 
 f listen, zvv. listen. 
 
 lip, see liggen. 
 
 lipe, aj. gentle. 
 
 15, interj. lo ! behold ! 
 
 l9verd, sm. lord. 
 
 loken, see luken. 
 
 lokien, wv. look ; take care. 
 
 Igdlich, aj. hateful, superl. l^d- 
 liikest. 
 
 lof, s. praise. 
 
 lofen, wv. praise. 
 
 Igmb, s. lamb. 
 
 lome, s. tool, instrument. 
 
 Ignd, s. land, country. 
 
 Ifng, aj. long. 
 
 Ignge, av. long, for a long time. 
 
 Igre, s. teaching ; doctrine. 
 
 Igp, aj. hateful. 
 
 Iguw, aj. low. 
 
 flufsum, aj. loving, amiable. 
 
 luken, sv. shut, enclose. 
 
 luve, sf. love. 
 
 luve-glf m, s. love-gleam. 
 
 luveliche, av. lovingly. 
 
 luvien, wv. love. 
 
 luve-wurpe, aj. worthy of love. 
 
 lust, s. desire. 
 
 lusten, wv. impers. please ; desire. 
 
 liit, av.^^ aj., sb. little, few. 
 
 Intel, liite, flitel,^'.,«z'., j^. little, 
 few. '■ a liite wiht,' a little, some- 
 what. 
 
 luten, sv. bow, bow to. 
 
 liiper, aj. worthless, base, bad, 
 wicked. 
 
 Make, fmacclie, s. mate. 
 makien, wv. make ; make neces- 
 sary, cause. 
 fmas, see mf i. 
 fmaht, see miht. 
 fmanis-hwat, prn. many a thing. 
 'i'nian-kin(n), s. mankind, 
 mapelien, wv. talk, babble, 
 mapelunge, s. idle talk. 
 me, pm. indef. one, they. 
 me, cj. but ; and. 
 TD.e, prn. me. 
 mede, s. reward. 
 
92 
 
 GLOSS AR y. 
 
 mf i, fmas, vb. can ; may. 
 maiden, s. maid, servant. 
 *ineister, sm. master, teacher. 
 *meistrie, s. mastery, superiority ; 
 
 great deed. 
 mele, s. meal. 
 men, see mon. 
 fmf nen, wv. mean, signify, 
 tmenmsclesc, s. human nature, 
 fmenniscnesse, s. human nature, 
 f meoc, aj. meek. 
 •hneoclesc, s. meekness, 
 f meoclike, meoclis, av. meekly. 
 'I'ineocnesse, s. meekness. 
 *inercer, sm, merchant. 
 *nierci, s. mercy, 
 merke, s. mark. 
 *niessager, sm. messenger, 
 f messe, s. mass. 
 f messe-boe, s. mass-book, 
 mf st, aj. , av. most. 
 *mester, s. office. 
 *mesure, s, measure, moderation, 
 mete, s, food, meals, 
 fmeten, wv, paint, depict. 
 mid, prp. with ; * mit-tet-))gt,' by 
 
 the fact that, because, 
 mide, av, with. 
 milit, vb.y see mfi. 
 miht, f maht, s. might. 
 mihti, aj. mighty. 
 milce, J. pity, mercy, 
 milcen, wv. pity, have mercy. 
 milde, aj. mild, gentle. 
 mild-lieortiiesse, s. gentleness, 
 
 mercy. 
 fmild-hertlesc, s. mercy, 
 min, prn. my, mine, 
 fminstre, s. temple, 
 fminstre-dure, .$". temple-door. 
 *miracle, s. miracle. 
 mis-dede, s. injury. 
 miis-don, sv. injure, 
 mis-leven, wv. disbelieve. 
 mislich, aj. various. 
 m.is-sawe, s. slander, 
 missen, wv. miss, lose, 
 mis-siggen, wv. slander. 
 mit, see mid. 
 mg, aj.f sb. more plural. 
 
 moder, sf. mother. 
 fmLOdislesc, s, pride. 
 f modislike, mddiliSj^z'. proudly, 
 fmodisnesse, s. pride. 
 mon(n), sm. man, person. 
 mgne, s. complaint. 
 mgng, sn. iningling. 
 mtonglunge, s. mingling. 
 moni, aj. many, many a one. 
 moni-vgld, aj. manifold, 
 monivglden, wv. multiply. 
 mgre, aj. , av. more sg. * na m.' no 
 
 more av. 
 mot, vb. may, must, 
 mgwe, sf. kinswoman. 
 muchel, miiche, miich, 'j'm.ikel, 
 
 aj., av., sb. great, much, very, 
 miihte, see m§i. 
 m.ulne, sf. mill. 
 miind, protection, 
 miinegunge, s, commemoration, 
 
 remembrance, 
 murcnen, wv. murmur, 
 miiri, aj. merry, cheerful. 
 mii)>, sm. mouth, 
 muwe, see mfi, 
 
 Iirabben = ne habben. 
 
 nave J) = ne have)). 
 
 f naslen, wv. nail. 
 
 nam = ne am. 
 
 ne, av. , cj. not ; nor. 
 
 neb(b), s. face. 
 
 nf ddre, sf. serpent. 
 
 nede, av. needs. 
 
 neden, wv. compel, drive. 
 
 neih, f neh, aj.y av. near, nearly. 
 
 cp. neorre. superl. 'j'nest. 
 n§il, s. nail. 
 nelde, s. needle ; pin. 
 nemnen, wv. name. 
 n§nne, see n9n. 
 *neoces, spl. wedding. 
 neod, s. need. 
 neodful, aj. zealous. 
 neorre, see neih. 
 nere = ne were. 
 n^ruh, aj. narrow. 
 n§s = ne wgs. 
 't'nesshe, aj. soft. 
 
GLOSSAR Y. 
 
 93 
 
 tnesshen, wv. soften, 
 nest, see neih. 
 nfvere, nfver, av. never, 
 tnishen, num. nine, 
 niht, s. night. 
 nimen, sv. take. 
 nij>, s. malice, hatred, 
 nipful, aj. malicious. 
 119, see ngn. 
 *n9ble, aj. noble, 
 noht, see ngut. 
 *iioise, s. noise. 
 nolde = ne wolde. 
 nome, s. name. 
 nomeliche, av. namely. 
 11911, 119, pm. none, no j no one. 
 n9-pe-l§s, av. ^g/ertheless. 
 n9U-hware, fnowwhar, av. no- 
 where. 
 ii9ut, f noht, av. not. 
 n9uj>er, av. neither, 
 fnowt, s. cattle. 
 nule = ne wiile. 
 mumen, see nimen. 
 
 y, see 9n. 
 o, see on. 
 
 of, prp. from, of; abont, con- 
 cerning ; of-J>at, coizj. that. 
 
 of-drawen, sv. attract. 
 
 of-dr§d, prt. ptc. afraid. 
 
 over, prp. over, above. ' o. al,' 
 everywhere. 
 
 over-cvunen, sv. overcome ; sur- 
 pass. 
 
 over-g9n, sv. pass away, pass over; 
 surpass, 
 
 over-iirn, s. course, speed. 
 
 over-weien, vb. outweigh. 
 
 fofer-werc, s. overwork. 
 
 of-g9n, sv. seek ; win. 
 
 foffren, wv. offer, sacrifice. 
 
 ofte, av, often. 
 
 ofte-sif>e(n\ av. often. 
 
 of-punclien, wv. repent. 
 
 9ld, aj. old, 
 
 oluhnen, wv. flatter. 
 
 on, 6, an, f onne {av.^, prp. on ; 
 in; against. 
 
 9n, aj., sb. one ; an, a. 'an 9n,* forth- 
 with. * 9ne,' alone. 
 
 9ne, av. only. 
 
 on-fon, sv. take, receive, suffer. 
 
 on-swerien, wv. answer. 
 
 on-t^nden, %vv. kindle. 
 
 ontful, aj. envious. 
 
 on-ward, /;;^. towards. 
 
 gn-wil'vD, aj. obstinate. 
 
 open, aj. open. 
 
 openien, wv. open. 
 
 openliche, av. openly. 
 
 ore, fare, s. grace, mercy. 
 
 *ordre, s. religious order. 
 
 oper, aj., pj-n. second ; other. 
 
 9]>er, av., cj. or. ' 9))er . . 9>er,' 
 either ._. or. 
 
 oper-hwiiles, av. at other times, 
 sometimes. 
 
 o\3i,prn. you. 
 
 9uh, see 9V5ren. 
 
 9ut,/r;?. anything. 
 
 9 wen, aj. own. 
 
 9wen, vb. owe ; ought, have to. 
 
 6weT,pm. your. 
 
 oxe, s. ox. 
 
 *Paien, wv. pay. 
 *parais, s. paradise. 
 *parlur, s. parlour. 
 *parten, wv. part, depart. 
 *passen, wv. pass ; surpass. 
 *passiiin, s. suffering, passion. 
 *patriark, sm. patriarch. 
 *peintunge, s. painting. 
 *pellican, sn. pelican. 
 *peoddare, sm. pedlar. 
 *person, s, person, 
 pine, s. pain, torment, 
 pinen, wv. torment, mortify, 
 pinunge, s. pain, tormenting, 
 pleien, zw. play. 
 *P9vre, aj. poor, 
 ponewes, spl. pence, money, 
 fpostel, sm. apostle. 
 *prf Chen, wv. preach. 
 *preisen, wv. praise. 
 *preoven, tuv. prove. 
 preost, sm. priest. 
 
94 
 
 GLOSSAR Y, 
 
 fprimsesnen, wv. make a cate- 
 chumen. 
 
 *pris, s. price ; praise, estimation. 
 
 *prisun, s. prison ; prisoner. 
 
 *prophete, sm. prophet. 
 
 psalm - wiirhte, sm. (psalm - 
 Wright), psalmist. 
 
 puf(f j, s. puff. 
 
 puffen, wv. puff, blow. 
 
 piinden, wv. shut up, impound. 
 
 *purgat6rie, s. purgatory. 
 
 tRan, see urnen. 
 
 fras, see risen. 
 
 rap, see r|d, 
 
 raper, av. comp. quicker, more 
 readily. 
 
 *raunsun, s. ransom. 
 
 f recle-fat, s. censer. 
 
 -JTecles, s, incense. 
 
 'jrecles-sniec, s. incense-smoke. 
 
 r§d, i*rap, s. advice, counsel. 
 
 r§d, aj. red. 
 
 rf den, wv. advise. 
 
 rf den, freden, wv. read. 
 *^rf vien, wv. bereave, rob. 
 
 f reshel-boc, s, rule-book, book of 
 canons. 
 
 *reisun, s. reason. 
 
 *religiun, s. religion. 
 
 *religius, aj, , sb. religious ; member 
 of religious order, monk, nun. 
 
 *reniedie, s. remedy. 
 
 riclie, s. kingdom. , 
 
 riche, aj. rich. 
 
 riht, aj.j av. right; rightly, cor- 
 rectly ; just, quite. 
 
 riht, s. right, justice, 
 
 friht-biseten, aj. {prt.ptc.) rightly 
 acquired. 
 
 rihtwisnesse, sf. righteousness. 
 
 rim, s. number ; metre. 
 
 frisen, sv. rise. 
 
 *riwle, s. rule, direction. 
 
 rod, sf. cross. 
 
 rode-treo, s. cross. 
 
 zroted, aj. {prt.ptc.) rooted. 
 
 riih, aj. rough. 
 
 riine, s. running, flow. 
 
 ruwe, see riih. 
 
 Sake, s. dispute ; guilt. 
 
 sakelf s, sakl§s, aj. innocent. 
 
 *sacrarQent, s. sacrament. 
 
 'I'sah, see seon. 
 
 +saht, aj. at peace, reconciled. 
 
 *salve, s. remedy. 
 
 salt^j-. salt. 
 
 *saliiz, s. salvation. 
 
 tsamen, av. together. 
 
 tsamnen, wv. gather, collect. 
 
 fsam-tale, aj. agreed. 
 
 f sket, aj., av. quick, soon. 
 
 fskil, s. understanding, discern- 
 ment. 
 
 schal, vb. shall. 
 
 schelchine, sf. slave. 
 
 scheld, sn, shield. 
 
 schendful, aj. ignominious. 
 
 schene, aj. beautiful. 
 
 scheomeful, aj. shameful. 
 
 scheortliche, av. briefly. 
 
 schep, s. sheep. 
 
 schgrp, aj. sharp. 
 
 schfwen, wv. show. 
 
 schilden, wv. shield, defend. 
 
 scMr^ aj. clear, pure. 
 
 schiren, wv. clear, purify. 
 
 schirnesse, s, clearness, purity. 
 
 schriven, sv. confess. 
 
 schrift, s, confession. 
 
 schriiden, wv. clothe. 
 
 schiile, schulde, see schal. 
 
 i'scorcnen, wv. scorch. 
 
 fscrenken, wv. supplant. 
 
 se, see sw^. 
 
 sf, seea, s. sea. 
 
 sechen, *|-seken, uuv. seek. 
 
 seggen, see siggen. 
 
 sgiht, s. peace. 
 
 sgihtnesse, s. peace. 
 
 *seint, *sein, aj. saint. 
 
 seld-cene, aj. seldom seen, rare. 
 
 selde, av. seldom. 
 
 seld-speche, s. taciturnity. 
 
 seluhpe, s. happiness. 
 
 *semblaunt, s. appearance. 
 
 semen, wv. seem. 
 
 s^nden, wv. send. 
 
 §seofen, fsefen, seove, num. 
 seven. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 95 
 
 seovepe, fsefende, aj. seventh. 
 
 seove-vold, fsefenfald,^/. seven- 
 fold. 
 
 seolver, s. silver. 
 
 /seon, 'j'seon, f sen, sv. see. 
 
 *serven, wv. serve. 
 
 *servise, s. service. 
 
 tsershen, wv, sorrow. 
 
 s§t, seten, see sitten. 
 
 setten,tt/z;.set,put; appoint; com- 
 pose. 
 
 fsextis, num. sixty. 
 
 fshi^d, s. discernment. 
 
 tsliseden, S2^. separate. 
 
 fshsef, s, sheaf. 
 
 f shaft, s. creature, thing. 
 
 tshapen, sv. create, form. 
 
 fshop, see shapen. 
 
 sik, aj. sick, ill. 
 
 *sikel, s. shekel. 
 
 siker, a/, secure. 
 
 sikerliclie, av. surely. 
 
 side, s. side. 
 
 siggen, 'j-seggen, ivv. say, speak, 
 recite. "^ 
 
 *silence, s. silence. 
 
 fsinden, vd. are. 
 
 singen, sv. sing. 
 
 *singnes, sp/. signs. 
 
 sitten, sv. sit. 
 
 sip, s, time. 
 
 sippen, av. afterwards, since. 
 
 slf n, sv, slay, kill. 
 
 sliddri, of. slippery. 
 
 sliden, sv, slide. 
 
 slit, see sliden. 
 
 f slop, s. track. 
 
 slouli, see slfn. 
 
 tsraac, s. taste. 
 
 smec, s. smoke. 
 
 fsmeren, tozj. besmear. 
 
 smepe, aj. smooth. 
 
 smiten, sv. smite. 
 
 smip, sm. smith, carpenter. 
 
 fsnap, see snipen. 
 
 snipen, sv. kill. 
 
 sg, se, 't'swa, av. so, as. * swa 
 sum,' as. 
 
 softe, a/, gentle, soft. 
 
 somed, av. together. 
 
 sgnd, s. a thing sent, message; 
 messenger. 
 
 sgndes-mon(n), sm. messenger, 
 ambassador. 
 
 sone, av. forthwith ; quickly, soon. 
 
 S9pe, s. soap. 
 
 sgr, s. pain. 
 
 sgri, aJ. sorry, 
 
 sot, of. foolish. 
 
 sop, a/., sb. true ; truth. ' for sope,* 
 for a certainty. * to fulle sop,' in 
 full truth. 
 
 fsopfast, aj. true. 
 
 sgule, fsawle, s. soul. 
 
 spade, s. spade. 
 
 sp§c, see speken. 
 
 speken, sv. speak. 
 
 't'sp^ken, see speken. 
 
 speche, f spfficlie, s, speech ; lan- 
 guage. 
 
 speden, wv. succeed. 
 
 spel(l), s. story. 
 
 spelien, wv. stand for, repre- 
 sent. 
 
 spellen, tuv. tell, proclaim, preach. 
 
 speowen, sv. vomit. 
 
 sperren, wv. shut, close. 
 
 speten, wv. spit. 
 
 *spice, s. spice. 
 
 sprf den, wv. spread. 
 
 *spuse, s. spouse, bride. 
 
 i-stah, see stien. 
 
 stalewardliche, av. resolutely. 
 
 ^j-starc, «/'. stiff, firm, severe. 
 
 stede, see stiide. 
 
 fstedefast, aj. steadfast. 
 
 stefne, sf. voice. 
 
 stf nen, wv. stone. 
 
 steoren, wv, steer, direct, 
 
 sti, s. stye. 
 
 stien, tstishen, sv. ascend; de- 
 scend. 
 
 stille, aj. still, quiet, silent. 
 
 stinken, sv. stink. 
 
 'f stincli, s. stench, 
 
 stingen, sv. sting. 
 
 sti-ward, sm. steward. 
 
 stok, s. place. 
 
 stgn, s. stone. 
 
 st^nden, f standen, sv. stand, sub- 
 
96 
 
 GLOSSAR K 
 
 sist, be. 'standen in/ persevere, 
 
 continue. 
 stoppen, wv. stop, 
 strecchen, tw. stretch, 
 'i'strenken, wv. sprinkle, 
 i'strenoles, s. sprinkling. 
 strencpe, s. strengtli,force, violence; 
 
 compulsion, 
 strencpen, wv. strengthen, 
 streonen, wv, beget. 
 *striven, sv. strive, vie. 
 *str9f, see striven. 
 str9ng, aj. strong, 
 stiide, fstede, s, place, 
 stunde, sf. time. 
 *sukiirs, s. help. 
 siilien, wv, soil, defile. 
 sulf, fself, prn. self. 
 sullen, wv. sell. 
 suluh, s. plough. 
 suni,/r;^., av. some, some one, a 
 
 certain one, many a (one), 
 i'sum, av. as. 
 
 sum-hwat, prn. somewhat, some- 
 thing, 
 sune, sm. son. 
 sunegen, wv. sin. 
 sunful, aj, sinful. 
 sunne, s, sun. 
 811 Ti Tie, s. sin. 
 Blister, sf. sister, 
 i-swat, s. sweat. 
 •fswa-pelili, av. however, 
 swf men, wv. grieve, vex. 
 swenge, s. stroke, blow, 
 sweord, s, sword. 
 sweore, s, neck. 
 svtrerien, sv. swear, 
 swete, aj. sweet. 
 swe teliche ,t sv«retlike,fl;z;.sweetly, 
 
 graciously, 
 sweten, wv. sweeten, 
 swiftschipe, s. swiftness. 
 swilc, see swiich. 
 swin, s, hog, swine. 
 swine, s. labour, toil, 
 swi-wike, s, week of silence, 
 swote, aj, sweet. 
 sw6te-ih.eorted, aj. {prt. ptc.) 
 
 sweet-hearted. 
 
 swotnesse, s, sweetness. 
 swiich, -j-swilc, prn. such, such a 
 
 one. 
 swupe, av. strongly, very. 
 
 ■fTaken, sv. take, receive, suffer. 
 
 ttacnen, wv. signify. 
 
 ftahte, see tf chen. 
 
 tale, s. talk. 
 
 tat, see pf t. 
 
 te, see to. 
 
 te, see pe. 
 
 tf chen, wv. teach. 
 
 teke(n), av. besides, moreover ; 
 
 prp. in addition to, besides ; 
 
 teke pat, conj, besides that. 
 tflen, wv. blame. 
 tellen, wv, tell, account, estimate. 
 *teniptaciiin, s. temptation. 
 teonen, wv, vex. 
 teonne, see peonne. 
 *testament, s. testament. 
 t§t, see pf t. 
 ttil, prp. to, till. 
 tilien, tjuv. till. 
 tilpe, s. cultivation. 
 timbrien, wv. build,prepare,make. 
 timbrunge, s. building. 
 time, s. time. 
 tisse, see pis. 
 
 tipinge, ftipende, s. tidings. 
 to, te,prp.j av, to. 
 to, av. too. 
 
 to-blgwen, sv. blow away. 
 to-bollen,<2/. {prt.ptc.) displeased. 
 to-breken, sv. break. 
 toe, see taken, 
 to-drawen, sv, tear apart. 
 to-vleoten, sv. flow away. 
 t6-g§deres, av. together. 
 to-seines, av, towards. 
 tglde, see tellen. 
 i-to-skesren, wv. scatter, 
 to-treden, sv. trample, 
 to-twf men, wv. separate, 
 tou-ward, /;7^. towards, to. 
 treden, sv. tread. 
 treo, treoii, S7i. tree ; wood, piece 
 
 of wood. 
 treowe, aj. faithful. 
 
GLOSSAR r. 
 
 97 
 
 *tresor, s. treasury. 
 
 ttrowpe, s. faith. 
 
 f trowwen, wv. believe. 
 
 trukien, zav. fail. 
 
 triisti, aj. trusting. 
 
 tu, see pvL. 
 
 tukien, wz;. ill-treat. 
 
 tun, s. farm. 
 
 tunen, tuv. shut, close. 
 
 tunge, s. tongue. 
 
 *tiim, s. trick. 
 
 *tumemeiit, s. tournament. 
 
 turnen, zuv. turn. 
 
 turtle, s. turtle-dove. 
 
 tiitel, s. mouth. 
 
 ftwessen, see tw9. 
 
 twie(s), twi^ses, av. twice. 
 
 twinne, «;'., num, double, two. 
 
 twinnen, zuv. divide, separate. 
 
 twinnunge, s. separation. 
 
 tw9, num. two. 
 
 p>auh, tpoh, tpeh, av., cj. though, 
 
 although, however. *as))auh,'as 
 
 if. *])oh j)at,' though. * J)oh swa 
 
 )7eh,' nevertheless. 
 pe {pm.), def. art. the. ' vor pi,' 
 
 therefore. * )7es te bettre,' all the 
 
 better. 
 pe, pe, /rw. r^/. who. ' ])e pgt,' he 
 
 who. 
 pe, av, with compar. the. 
 pe, prn, thee. 
 
 fpes, tpesm, fpesre, see he. 
 pen, j^<? pe {art.). 
 pen, pene, az^. than, 
 penchen, wv, think, consider, 
 peo, see pe i^art.\ pe (/r«. rel^, 
 peo, ^^^ P9. 
 peode, ped, s. people, 
 peonne, av. then ; when, 
 peorf, aj. unleavened, 
 peos, see pis. 
 peoten, sv. howl, 
 f peow, sin, servant, 
 tpeowten, wv, serve. 
 per, pere, av., cj. there; where. 
 
 * per ase,' where, 
 tperfling, aj. unleavened, 
 pes, see pe {art^. 
 
 p^typrn., art., cj. that, the ; who, 
 which, what ; because. * mid tgt 
 pgt,' when. 
 
 tpepen, av. thence. 
 
 p§w, s. behaviour, custom ; * gode 
 pfwes,' virtues. 
 
 pi, see pin. 
 
 pider-ward, av. thither. 
 
 fpild, s. patience. 
 
 tpildeUs, av. patiently. 
 
 pin, plyprn. thine. 
 
 ping, s. thing. * vor ngne pinge,' on 
 no account. 
 
 piSiprn. this. 
 
 P9, peo, av., cj. then, when. 
 
 poht, see pouht. 
 
 pole-mod, aj. patient. 
 
 pollen, wv, suffer, endure. 
 
 ponkien, wv. thank. 
 
 pouht, tpoht, s. thought, remem- 
 brance. 
 
 pouhte, tpoJite, see penchen. 
 
 preo, num. three. 
 
 tpresshen, sv. thresh. 
 
 pridde, aj. third. 
 
 tprises, av. thrice. 
 
 f prinne, aj., num. threefold, three. 
 
 tprist, s. thirst. 
 
 tprosshen, see presshen. 
 
 pii, prn. thou. 
 
 puhte, see piinchen. 
 
 piinchen, wv. seem. 
 
 purh, prp. through ; by {of agent). 
 
 purh-loken, wv. look through, 
 examine. 
 
 -j-purh-seken, wv. seek through, 
 examine. 
 
 purl, s. hole ; window. 
 
 piirlen, wv. pierce. 
 
 piir lunge, s. piercing. 
 
 pus, av. thus. 
 
 piisund, f pusende, s. thousand. 
 
 pwert-over, av. across. 
 
 pwert-ut, pweortut, av. entirely. 
 
 tj'veljf ifel,«;'.,j.evil,bad; disease. 
 
 fumbe, umben, prp., av, about, 
 concerning. ' ben umben,' be oc- 
 cupied with. 
 
 fumbe-penken, wv, consider. 
 
98 
 
 GLOSSAR V. 
 
 limbri-dawes, sj)i. Ember days. 
 
 fun-bermed, aj. (^prt. ptc.) un- 
 leavened. 
 
 func, tTinker,/r^. us two, of us 
 two. 
 
 un-clfne, of. unclean. 
 
 un-elf nnesse, s. uncleanness. 
 
 un-cweme, aj. unacceptable. 
 
 under, /r/. under. 
 
 under-von, funderfangen, sv. 
 accept, receive. 
 
 Tinder-preost, sui. under-priest. 
 
 under-stgnden, sv. understand. 
 
 under-tid, s. morning-time ; time 
 of the morning service (about 9 
 A.M.). 
 
 Tin-df J>lich, of. immortal. 
 
 un-^deliche, av. infinitely. 
 
 *iinicorne, s. unicorn. 
 
 un-imete, s, want of measure, ex- 
 cess ; av. immeasurably. 
 
 un-imeteliche, av. immeasurably. 
 
 un-iseli, aj. unhappy. 
 
 un-mf pschipe, s. want of modera- 
 tion. 
 
 fun-nitCt), aj. useless. * on u.' 
 uselessly, to no purpose. 
 
 un-pined, aj. (/r^./^r. )unpunished, 
 uninjured. 
 
 un-rech.elfs, aj. heedless, indif- 
 ferent. 
 
 f un-seolpe, unselpe, s. unhappi- 
 ness. 
 
 fun-skapeful, aj. innocent. 
 
 fun-shapisnesse, s. innocence. 
 
 *Tin-stable, aj. unstable. 
 
 un-til,/;^., av. unto, until. 
 
 un-pf u, s, vice, fault. 
 
 un-ponkes, av. involuntarily. 
 
 un-wis, aj. unwise. 
 
 un--wT§st, aj. base, worthless, 
 wicked. 
 
 Tin-wrfsteliche, av. wickedly. 
 
 up, av. up. 
 
 up-on, upo, uppen, uppe, fup- 
 pon, uppo,/r«., av. upon, on, 
 in, above. 
 
 up-riht, aj., av. upright. 
 
 up-ward, upwardes, av. upwards. 
 
 Vire,pru. our. 
 
 *ures, sj>l. hours, times for prayer, 
 urnen, f eornen, sv, run. 
 \x&,prn. us. 
 
 ut, av. out. comp. * uttre,' outer, 
 ut-cume, s. coming out, exit, 
 ut-ward, av. outwards. 
 
 V, see under f. 
 
 "Waden, sv. wade. 
 
 twash.e-rift, s. wall-cloth, curtain. 
 
 twah, f waslie, s. wall. 
 
 wal(l), s. wall. 
 
 fwald, s. power. 
 
 wallen, sv. boil. 
 
 zwar(r), aj. cautious. 
 
 ward, s. guard. 
 
 ware, s. wares. 
 
 warien, wv. curse. 
 
 wari-treo, s. gallows. 
 
 warp, see wurpen. 
 
 was, see been. 
 
 fwasshen, sv. wash. 
 
 water, s. water. 
 
 f water-kin(n), s. nature of water. 
 
 waxen, sv. grow, increase. 
 
 twecche, s, watching. 
 
 wed(d), s. pledge, security. 
 
 ^wedded, aj, (^prt, ptc.) wedded. 
 
 wei, sm. way. *])isses weis,*in this 
 way. *summes weis,* to some 
 extent. *n9ne(s) weis,' in no 
 way. 
 
 weie, s. balance. 
 
 wel, i*wel, av. well; indeed, in 
 truth. 
 
 welden, wv. possess ; win. 
 
 wel-iset(t), aj. {prt. ptc.) well- 
 arranged, suitable. 
 
 wf-mod, av. peevish. 
 
 w<?nden, wv. turn, go ; change ; 
 translate. 
 
 wf ne, c. distress. 
 
 wenen, wv, think, expect. 
 
 weole, s. prosperity, wealth. 
 
 weop-nion(n), sin. male, man. 
 
 we ore, see wer. 
 
 weoreld, see world. 
 
 fweoreldshipe, s, worldliness. 
 
 *weorre, s. war. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 99 
 
 *weorrien, «/z/. make war; harass 
 
 with war. 
 wer, sm. man. 
 were, s, action, work, 
 were, see beon, 
 werien, wv. defend, guard, 
 werien, wv. wear (clothes). 
 •wgrp, werpen, see worpen. 
 fwesh, see wasshen. 
 tweste, s. wilderness. 
 fweste, aj. desert, 
 wete, s. moisture. 
 wh.-, see hw-. 
 wike, s. week, 
 fwiken, s. office, charge, 
 wif, s. woman, 
 wiht, s. being, thing. ' a lUte wiht,' 
 
 av. a little. 
 wilde, aj. wild, 
 wilen, see wiillen. 
 "wilkmne, welcome. 
 wille, s. will, 
 "willeliehe, av. voluntarily, 
 willes, av. voluntarily, 
 wilnien, wv. desire, 
 wilt, see wiillen. 
 win, s. wine. 
 wind, s. wind. 
 windwen, iw. winnow, 
 winnen, sv. win, gain. 
 (2)wis(s),^'., ofu. certain, certainly, 
 wis, aj. wise. 
 wis-iworded, ay. {prt.ptc.) wise of 
 
 words. 
 wise, s. way, manner, 
 fwislike, av. certainly, 
 fwit, prn. we two. 
 wit(^t), s. wit, sense. 
 (z)witen, vb. know, learn, enquire; 
 
 guard, take charge of; beware 
 
 of. 
 witnesse, s. witness, 
 witnien, wv. bear witness, testify, 
 witterliche, f witerlike, az'. truly, 
 
 verily. 
 witunge, s. guarding. 
 ^i^,p7p. against. 
 wip-hglden, sv. withhold. 
 wip-inne(n),/;;^., av. within. 
 fwijjren, 7i.>v. resist. 
 
 wi)>-ute(n), p7p., av., cj. outside ; 
 
 without ; except. 
 wlatien, wv. feel nausea, loathe. 
 wl§ch, aj. lukewarm. 
 wlite, s. beauty. 
 wg, sn. woe. 
 wgc, aj. weak, 
 ■wgcnesse, s. weakness. 
 wod, aj. mad, raging. 
 w6dnes-d§i, s. Wednesday, 
 wodschipe, s. madness. 
 woh, see wouh. 
 wolde, see wriillen. 
 wgmbe, s. stomach ; womb, 
 wone, s. want, 
 wonten, wv. be wanting, 
 word, s. word, 
 wori, aj. turbid, impure, 
 worien, wv. disturb. 
 world, fweoreld, sm, world. 
 worldlich, fweoreldlic, aj. 
 
 worldly. 
 worpen, fwerpen, sv. throw, 
 wgt, see witen. 
 wouh, 'I'woli, aj., sh. perverse, 
 
 wrong; perversity. 
 wouhlecchunge, s. courtship. 
 woware, sm. wooer, 
 w^owen, wv. woo. 
 wrastlen, wv. wrestle. 
 wrajjpe, see wr^pjje. 
 wrecche, sm. wretch, 
 wrecche, aj. wretched, 
 wrf che, s. vengeance, punishment, 
 wreih, see wrien. 
 WT^pful, aj. wrathful. 
 WT§}?]je, fwrappe, s, wrath, anger, 
 wrien, sv. cover, hide, 
 twrihte, s. crime, guilt, 
 write, s. writing. Scripture, 
 writen, sv. write, transcribe. * 
 writunge, s. writing. 
 WT^p, aj. angry. 
 wTouhte, see wurchen. 
 WTide, s. wood ; fuel. 
 wiile, see wiillen. 
 wnlf, sm. wolf, 
 wiilvene, s. she-wolf, 
 wiillen, -f wilen, vb. will, desire, 
 wiimmon, sf. woman. 
 
lOO 
 
 GLOSSAR Y, 
 
 wunde, s, wound. 
 
 wunden, wv. wound. 
 
 wunder, s, wonder. ' to wundre,' 
 
 cruelly, disastrously, 
 wunienj^e/?:;. dwell; be accustomed. 
 
 * iwuned,' accustomed, 
 wiinne, s. joy. 
 •wnnnunge, s. habitation, 
 •wiirclieii, tw. work, do. 
 
 wurpe, see worpen. 
 
 WTirJ), aj., s. worth. 
 
 ewurpen, wurpen, sv. become, 
 happen. ' let hine iwurjjen,' let 
 him do as he likes. 
 
 fwurjjlike, av. worthily, rever- 
 ently. 
 
 "wurpscliipe, s. worship, honour. 
 
 wiiste, wute)?, see witen. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^i^-A^ 
 
 off THE 
 
 UinVBKSITY] 
 
 OS* 
 
 ^XPO 
 
 THE END. 
 
Cfaten^on (pteea ^txite. 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE . . pp. i-6 
 
 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY p. 6 
 
 MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE . . p. 7 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS p. 8 
 
 MODERN LANGUAGES ". , p. 9 
 
 LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS p. 13 
 
 GREEK SCHOOL BOOKS p. 17 
 
 The English Language and Literature. 
 
 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE. 
 
 1. DICTIONARIES. 
 
 A NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY ON HISTORICAL PRIN 
 CIPLES^ founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. 
 Imperial 4to. Parts I-IV, price 12^. (id. each. 
 
 Vol. I (A andB), half morocco, 2/. \is. 6d. 
 Vol. II (C and D). In the Press. 
 
 Part IV, Section 2, C— CASS, beginning Vol. II, price 5^. 
 
 Part V, CASS-CLIVY, price 12^.6^. 
 
 Edited by James A. H. Murray, LL.D., sometime President of the Philological 
 Society ; with the assistance of many Scholars and Men of Science. 
 Vol. Ill (E, F, G,) Part I, edited by Henry Bradley. In the Press. 
 
 Bosworth and Toller. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary^ based on the 
 MS. Collections of the late Joseph Bosworth, D.D. Edited and enlarged by 
 Prof. T. N. Toller, M.A Parts I-III, A-SAR . . . [4to. 15^. each. 
 
 Part IV. In the Press. 
 
 Mayliew and Skeat. A Concise Dictionary of Middle English^ from 
 A. D, 1150 to 1580. By A. L. Mayhew, M.A, and W. W. Skeat, Litt, D. 
 
 [Crown 8vo. half roan, 7^. 6</. 
 
 Skeat. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 
 By W. W. Skeat, Litt.D. Third Edition, . . . [Crown 8vo. 5*. 6^. 
 
 [B] 
 
CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 2. GBAMMABS, READING BOOKS, &c. 
 
 Earle. The Philology of the English Tongue. By J. Earle, M.A., 
 Professor of Anglo-Saxon. Fourth Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 75. 6d. 
 
 A Book for the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon. By J. Earle, M.A., 
 
 Professor of Anglo- Saxon. Third Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2j. td. 
 
 Morris and Skeat. Specimens of Early English. A New and Re- 
 vised Edition. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index : — 
 
 Parti. From Old English Homilies to King Horn (a.d. 1150 to a.d. 1300). 
 By R. Morris, LL.D. Second Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. gs. 
 
 Part II. From Robert of Gloucester to Gower (a.d. 1298 to a.d. 1393). By R. 
 Morris, LL.D., and W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. Third Edition. 
 
 ^ [Extra fcap. 8vo. 7^. 6^. 
 
 Skeat. Specimens of English Literature, from the *Ploughmans 
 
 Crede* to the * Shepheardes Calender' (a.d. 1394 to a.d. 1579). With Intro- 
 duction, Notes, and Glossarial Index. By W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. Fourth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. ^s. 6d. 
 
 The Principles of English Etymology. First Series. The 
 
 Native Element. By W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. . . . [Crown 8vo. 9^. 
 
 Sweet. An Anglo-Saxon Primer, with Grammar ^ Notes, and Glossary. 
 By Henry Sweet, M. A. Third Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 6d?. 
 
 An Anglo-Saxon Reader. In Prose and Verse. With Gram- 
 matical Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. By the same Author. Sixth 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. .... [Extra fcap. 8vo. 8^. td. 
 
 A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader. By the same Author. 
 
 ^ [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. td. 
 
 Old English Reading Primers. By the same Author. 
 
 I. Selected Homilies of ^Ifric. [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6d. 
 
 II. Extracts from Alfred's Orosius. [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers ^ \s. 6d. 
 
 First Middle English Primer, with Grammar and Glossary. 
 
 By the same Author. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 
 
 Second Middle English Primer. Extracts from Chaucer, with 
 
 Grammar and Glossary. By the same Author. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 
 
 A Primer of Spoken English. . , [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 
 A Primer of Phonetics. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6^. 
 
 Tancock. An Elementary English Grammar and Exercise Book. 
 By O. W. Tancock, M.A., Head Master of King Edward VI's School, Norwich. 
 Second Edition. [Extra fcap. 8vo. xs. 6d. 
 
 An English Grammar and Reading Book, for Lower Forms 
 
 in Classical Schools. By O. W. Tancock, M.A. Fourth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE. 
 
 A SERIES OF ENGLISH CLASSICS. 
 
 (chronologically arranged.) 
 
 Chancer, i. The Prologue ; The Knightes Tale ; The Nonne Prestes 
 Tale. Edited by R. Morris, LL.D. A New Edition^ with Collations and 
 Additional Notes, by W. W. Skeat, Litt,D. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2j. 6d. 
 
 ' — II. The Prioresses Tale ; Sir Thopas ; The Monkes Tale ; 
 
 The Clerkes Tale; The Sguieres Tale, ^c. Edited by W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. 
 Third Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4J. 6d. 
 
 III. The Tale of the Man of Lawe ; The Pardoneres Tale; 
 
 The Second Nonnes Tale; The Chanouns Yeinannes Tale. By the same 
 Editor. New Edition, Revised. .... [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. dd. 
 
 IV. Minor Poems, By the same Editor. [Crown 8vo. \os, 6d. 
 
 V. The Legend of Good Women. By the same Editor. 
 
 [Crown Bvo. 6s. 
 
 Langland. The Vision of Williain concerning Piers the Plowman, 
 by William Langland. Edited by W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. Fourth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Gamelyn, Tlie Tale of. Edited by W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, xs. 6d. 
 
 Wycliffe. The New Testament in English^ according to the Version 
 by John Wycliffe, about a.d. 1380, and Revised by John Purvey, about 
 A.D. 1388. With Introduction and Glossary by W. W. Skeat, Litt. D. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 6i-. 
 
 The Books of fob. Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the 
 
 Song of Solomon : according to the WycliflBte Version made by T!^icholas de 
 Hereford, about a.d. 1381, and Revised by John Purvey, about a.d. 1388. 
 With Introduction and Glossary by W.W. Skeat, Litt. D. [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. td. 
 
 Minot. The Poems of Laurence Minot. Edited, with Introduction 
 and Notes, by Joseph Hall, M.A [Extra fcap. Bvo. 4J. dd. 
 
 Spenser. The Faery Queene. Books I and II. Edited by G. W. 
 KiTCHiN, D.D., with Glossary by A. L. Mayhew, M.A. 
 
 Book I. Tenth Edition [Extra fcap. Bvo. -zs. 6d. 
 
 Book II. Sixth Edition [Extra fcap. Bvo. 2^. 6d. 
 
 Hoolrer. Ecclesiastical Polity, Book I. Edited by R. W. Church, 
 M. A., Dean of St. Paul's. Second Edition, . . . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 2^. 
 
 Marlowe and Greene. Marlowe's Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, 
 and Greene's Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Btmgay. 
 Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt. D. New Edition. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. ts. 6d. 
 
 Marlowe. Edward II. Edited by O. W. Tan«cock, M.A. Second 
 Edition [Extra fcap. Bvo. Paper covers, 2s. cloth, 3^. 
 
 [B23 
 
CLARENDON PRESS SERIES, 
 
 Shakespeare. Select Plays. Edited by W. G. Clark, M.A., and 
 
 W. Aldis Wright, D.C.L \^^tx?,izz.^.Zvo. stiff covers. 
 
 The Merchant of Venice, is. Macbeth, is. 6d. 
 
 Richard the Second, is. 6d. Hamlet, zs. 
 
 Edited by W. Aldis Wright, D.C.L. 
 
 The Tempest, is. 6d. Coriolanus. 2s. 6d. 
 
 As Vou Like It. is. 6d. Richard the Third. 2S. 6d. 
 
 A Midsummer Night's Dream, is. 6d. Henry the Fifth. 2s. 
 
 Twelfth Night, is. 6d. King John. is. 6d. 
 
 Julius Caesar. 2s. King Lear. is. 6d. 
 
 Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artiet ; a popular Illustration of the 
 Principles of Scientific Criticism. By R. G. Moulton, M.A. Second Edition^ 
 Enlarged. [Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Bacon. Advamcement of Learning. Edited by W. Aldis Wright, 
 
 D.C.L. Third Edition . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6<^. 
 
 Milton. I. Areopagitica. With Introduction and Notes. By John 
 W. Hales, M.A. Third Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo, 3^. 
 
 II. Poems. Edited by R. C. Browne, M.A. In two 
 
 Volumes. Fifth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 6^. 6d. Sold separately. Vol. I. 4^., Vol. II. 35. 
 In paper covers : — 
 LycidaSi-^d. U Allegro, -^d. II Penseroso^^d. Comus,6d. 
 
 III. Paradise Lost, Book I. Edited with Notes, by H. C. 
 
 Beeching, M.A. . . [Extra fcap. Bvo. i^. (id. In Parchment, is. 6d. 
 
 IV. Samson Agonistes. Edited with Introduction and Notes 
 
 by John Churton Collins, M.A. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 
 
 Bunyan. The Pilgrim's ProgresSy Grace Abounding, Relation of 
 the Imprisonment of Mr. John Bunyan. Edited by E. Venables, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 55. In Parchment, 6s. 
 
 Clarendon. 1. History of the Rebellion. Book VI. Edited with Intro- 
 duction and Notes by T. Arnold, M.A. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 II. Selections, Edited by G. Boyle, M.A., Dean of Salisbury. 
 
 [Crown 8vo. 7^. td. 
 Dryden. Select Poems. {^Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell ; 
 Astrcea Redux ; Annus Mirabilis; Absalom and Achitophel ; Religio Laid; 
 The Hind and the Panther.) Edited by W. D. Christie, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Edited, with Notes, by T. Arnold, 
 
 M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d, 
 
 Iiocke. Conduct of the Und&rstanding. Edited, with Introduction, 
 Notes, &c., by T. Fowler, D.D. Second Edition. . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 2^. 
 
 Addison. Selections from Papers in the * Spectator? By T. Arnold, 
 M.A. Fifteenth Thousand. . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 4*. 6d. In Parchvient, 6s. 
 
 Steele. Selected Essays from the Tatler^ Spectator^ and Guardian. By 
 Austin Dobson. . , . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. In Parchment^ 7s. 6d, 
 
ENGLISH LITERATURE. 
 
 Pope. I. Essay on Man, Edited by Mark P^ttison, B.D. Sixth 
 
 Edition [Extra fcap.€vo. i.s. 6^. 
 
 YL. Satires and Epistles, By the same Editor. Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 
 Famell. The Hermit [Paper covers^ 2d- 
 
 Berkeley. SeIectio?ts, With Introduction and Notes. By A. C. Eraser, 
 LL.D. Third Edition, [Crown 8vo. 75. 6<f. 
 
 Johnson. I. Rasselas. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 G. BiRKBECK Hill., D.CL. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. limp^ 2s. ; Bevelled boards^ 3^.6^. ; in Parchment^ ^.6d, 
 
 II. Rasselas ; Lives of Dryden and Pope. Edited by 
 
 Alfred Milnes, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. (id. 
 
 Lives of Dryden and Pope, By the same Editor. 
 
 \Stij^ covers^ -zs, 6d. 
 
 III. Life of Milton. Edited, with Notes, &c., by C. H. 
 
 Firth, M.A. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6d. ; cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 IV. Vanity of Human Wishes, With Notes, by E. J. 
 
 Payne, M.A [Paper covers, ^d. 
 
 Gray. Selected Poems. Edited by EDMUND GOSSE, M.A. 
 
 {In Parchment^ 35. 
 
 The same, together with Supplementary Notes for Schools. By 
 
 Foster Watson, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6a. 
 
 Elegy, and Ode on Eton College, , , , {Paper covers, 2d. 
 
 Goldsmith. Selected Poems. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 Austin Dobson . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. y. 6d. In Parchment, 4J. 6d. 
 
 *The Traveller, Edited by G. Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 
 
 The Deserted Village. [Paper covers, 2d. 
 
 Cowper. I. 7 he Didactic Poems of 1782, with Selections from the 
 Minor Pieces, A. D. 1779-1783. Edited by H. T. Griffith, B.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 
 
 II. The Task, zvith Tirocinium, and Selections from the 
 
 Minor Poems, A. D. 1 784-1 799. By the same Editor. Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3,?, 
 
 Bnrke. I. Thoughts on the Present Discontents ; the two SpeecJies on 
 America. Edited by E. J. Payne, M.A Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4-s. dd. 
 
 II. Reflections on the French Revolution. By the same 
 
 Editor. Second Edition. , [Extra fcap. 8vo. 55, 
 
 — ^— III. Four Letters on the Pj'oposals for Peace with the 
 Regicide Directory of France. By the same Editor. Seco7id Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Burns. Selected Poems, Edited by J. Logie Robertson, M.A. 
 
 [Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 [B3] 
 
CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Zeats. Hyperion, Book I. With Notes, by W. T. Arnold, B.A. 
 
 Paper covers, ^d, 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold. With Introduction and Notes, by H. F. Tozer, 
 M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. td. In Parchment, 5^, 
 
 Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Edited with Preface and Notes by 
 W. MiNTo, M.A. With Map. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, 2s. In Parch^nent, 3^. ^d. 
 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel. Introduction and Canto I, with 
 
 Preface and Notes, by W. Minto, M.A [Pa^er covers, 6d. 
 
 Marmion. Edited by T. Bayne. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 
 Campbell. Gertrude of Wyoming. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, 
 by H. Macaulay Fitzgibbon, M.A. ..... [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 
 
 Typical Selections from the best English Writers. Second Edition. 
 In Two Volumes. . . . * . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35-. dd. each. 
 
 HISTOKY AND 6EOGBAFHY, &;c. 
 
 Freeman. A Short History of the Nor7?ian Conquest of England. 
 By E. A. Freeman, M.A. Second Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Georgre. Genealogical Tables illustrative of Modern History. By 
 H. B. George, M.A. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. [Small 410. X7.s. 
 
 Greswell. History of the Dominion of Canada. By W. Parr 
 Greswell, M.A [Crown 8vo. 7^. 6^. Just Published. 
 
 A Geographical Study of the Dominion of Canada. By the 
 
 same Author . \Iminediately. 
 
 Kug'lies (Alfred). Geography for Schools. Part I, Practical Geography. 
 With Diagrams [Extra fcap. 8vo. "zs. td. 
 
 Eitchin. A History of France. With Numerous Maps, Plans, and 
 Tables. By G. W. Kitchin, D.D., Dean of Winchester. Second Edition. 
 Vol. I. To 1453. Vol. II. 1453-1624. Vol. III. 1624-1793. Each las. td. 
 
 jbucas. Introduction to a Historical Geography of the British Colonies. 
 By C. P. Lucas, B.A. . . . . [Crown 8vo, with 8 maps, ^s. 6d. 
 
 Historical Geography of the Colonies, Vol. I. By the same 
 
 Author. With Eleven Maps. [Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Vol.11. By the same Author [In the Press. 
 
 Bawlinson. A Manual of Ancient Histoiy. By G. Rawlinson, 
 M. A., Camden Professor of Anci^at History. Second Edition. [Demy 8vo. 14J. 
 
 Bog'ers. A Manual of Political Economy, for the use of Schools. 
 By J. E. Thorold Rogeh^, M.A. Third Edition. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. td. 
 
MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 MATHEMATICS AND rHYSICAZ. SCIENCE. 
 
 Aldis. A Text Book of Algebra {With Answers to the Examples^ By 
 W. Steadman Aldis, M.A [Crown 8vo. 7^. td. 
 
 Combiuation Cliemical Labels. In Two Parts, gummed ready for use. 
 Part I, Basic Radicles and Names of Elements. Part II, Acid Radicles. 
 
 [Price 3^. td. 
 
 Kamilton and Ball. Book-keeping. By Sir R. G. C. Hamilton, 
 K.C.B., and John Ball (of the firm of Quilter, Ball, & Co.). New and 
 Enlarged Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. aj. 
 
 *»* Ruled Exercise Books adapted to the above. (Fcap. folio, \s. 6^.) 
 
 Eexisley. Figures made Easy : a first Arithmetic Book. By Lewis 
 Hensley, M.A [Crown 8vo. 6d. 
 
 Answers to the Examples in Figures made Easy, together 
 
 with 2000 additional Examples formed from the Tables in the same, with 
 Answers. By the same Author [Crown Svo. \s. 
 
 The Scholar s Arithmetic, By the same- Author. 
 
 [Crown Svo. is. 6d. 
 
 Answers to the Examples in the ScholaT^s Arithmetic. By 
 
 the same Author [Crown Svo. i^. td. 
 
 The Scholar"* s Algebra. An Introductory work on Algebra. 
 
 By the same Author. [Crown Svo. -zs. 6d. 
 
 Euclid Revised. Containing the essentials of the Elements of Plane 
 Geometry as given by Euclid in his First Six Books. Edited by R. C. J. Nixon, 
 M.A. Second Edition [Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 May likewise be had in parts as follows : — 
 Book I, zs. Books I, II, is. 6d. Books I-IV, 3^. Books V-VI, 3^. 
 
 Geometry in Space. Containing parts of Euclid's Eleventh 
 
 and Twelfth Books. By the same Editor. . . . [Crown Svo. 3^. td. 
 
 Pisher. Class-Book of Chemistry. By W. W. Fisher, M.A., F.C.S. 
 
 [Crown Svo. 4^. td. 
 
 Earconrt and Madau. Exercises in Practical Chemistry. Vol. I. 
 Elementary Exercises^ By A. G. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., and H. G. 
 Madan, M.A. Fourth Edition. Revised by H. G. Madan, M.A. 
 
 [Crown Svo. lof. td. 
 
 Williamson. Chemistry for Students. By A. W. Williamson, 
 Phil. Doc, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University College, London. A New 
 Edition with Solutions [Extra fcap. Svo. 8j. td. 
 
CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Hullali. The Cultivation of the Speaking Voice. By John Hullah. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2S. 6d. 
 
 nXaclareu. A System of Physical Education: Theoretical and Prac- 
 tical. With 346 Illustrations drawn by A. MACDONALD,of the Oxford School of 
 Art. By Archibald Maclaren, the Gymnasium, Oxford. Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 7^. 6^/. 
 
 TrontTseck and Dale. A Music Primer for Schools. By J. Trout- 
 beck, D.D., formerly Music Master in Westminster School, and R. F. Dale, 
 M.A., B. Mus., late Assistant Master in Westminster School. [Crown 8vo. xs.dd. 
 
 TyrwMtt. A Handbook of Pictorial Art. By R. St. J. Tyrwhitt, 
 M.A. With coloured Illustrations, Photographs, and a chapter on Perspective, 
 by A. Macdonald. Second Edition. . . . \Zyo. half morocco ^ xZs. 
 
 TJpcott. An Introduction to Greek Sculpture. By L. E. Upcott, 
 M.A [Crown Bvo. 4^. dd. 
 
 Stndent's Handbook to the University and Colleges of Oxford. 
 Tenth Edition [Crown Bvo. is. 6d. 
 
 Helps to tlie Study of the Bible, taken from the Oxford Bible for 
 Teachers^ covcv^xxsmg Summaries of the several Books, with copious Explanatory 
 Notes and Tables illustrative of Scripture History and the Characteristics of 
 Bible Lands ; with a complete Index of Subjects, a Concordance, a Dictionary of 
 Proper Names, and a series of Maps. .... [Crown 8vo. 3^. 6^/. 
 
 *^ A Reading Room has been opened at the Clarendon Press 
 Warehouse, Amen Corner, where visitors will find every facility 
 for examining old and new works issued from the Press, and for 
 consulting all official publications. 
 
 ^Sr All communications on Literary Matters and suggestions of new 
 Books or new Editions , should be addressed to 
 
 The Secretary to the Delegates, 
 Clarendon Press, 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 flontion: HENRY FROWDE, 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner. 
 
 (IHllinburgfj: 12 Frederick Street. 
 
 ©xfotU: Clarendon Press Depository, 
 
 116 High Street. 
 
Cfarenbon ^ttCB ^ttitB, 
 
 Modern Languages. 
 
 F B B N C H. 
 
 Brachet. Etymological Dictionary of the French Language^ with a 
 Preface on the Principles of French Etymology. Translated into English by 
 G. W. KiTCHiN, D.D., Dean of Winchester. Third Edition. [Crown 8vo. 7*. 6^. 
 
 — ^^ Historical Grammar of Jhe French Language, Translated 
 into English by G. W. Kitchin, D.D. Fourth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. (id, 
 
 Saintsbury. Primer of French Literature, By George Saints- 
 bury, M. A. Second Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. -zs. 
 
 Short Llistory of French Literature. By the same Author. 
 
 [Crown Svo. lo^*. dd. 
 
 Specimens of French Literattirey from Villon to Hugo. By 
 
 the same Author [Crown Svo. 9^. 
 
 Beanmarcliais. Le Barbier de Seville. With Introduction and Notes 
 by Austin Dobson [Extra fcap. Svo. as. dd. 
 
 Blouet. V^loquence de la Chairt et de la Tribune Franfaises. 
 Edited by Paul Blouet, B. A. (Univ. Gallic.) Vol. I. French Sacred Oratory. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Comellle. Horace. With Introduction and Notes by George 
 Saintsburv, M.A [Extra fcap. Svo. 2*. 6^. 
 
 Cinna. With Notes, Glossary, etc. By Gustave Masson, 
 
 B A [Extra fcap. Svo. stiff cavers^ xs. 6d. cldth^ 2s. 
 
 Q-autier (Theophile). Scenes of Travel. Selected and Edited by 
 G. Saintsburv, M.A [Extra fcap. Svo. 2J. 
 
 Masson. Louis XLV and his Contemporaries ; as described in Ex- 
 tracts from the best Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century. With English Notes, 
 Genealogical Tables, etc. By Gustave Masson, B.A. [Extra fcap. Svo. is. 6d. 
 
 SSolidre. Les Precieuses Ridicules, With Introduction and Notes by 
 Andrew Lang, M.A. [Extra fcap. Svo. ts. 6d. 
 
 - — '- — Les Femmes Savantes. With Notes, Glossary, etc. By 
 Gustave Masson, B.A, * [Extra fcap. 8va stiff covers^ is. 6d. cloth, 2s. 
 
CLARENDON PRESS SERIES, 
 
 Molidre. Les Fourberies de Scapin, With Voltaire's Life of Moliere. 
 By GusTAVE Masson, B. A. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6d. 
 
 Les Fourberies de Scapin. \ With Voltaire's Life of Moliere. By 
 ^ GusTAVE Masson, B.A. 
 
 i 
 
 Bacine. Athalie. ) [Extra fcap. 8vo. ^s. 6d. 
 
 Mnsset. On ne badine pas avec V Amour, and Fantasia. With 
 Introduction, Notes, etc., by Walter Herries Pollock. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2j. 
 
 ZrOVSIiETTES :— 
 
 Xavier de Maistre. Voyage autour de ma Chambre. \ 
 Madame de Duras. Ourika. 
 Erckmanxi-Chatriaii. Z^ Vieux Tailleur, 
 Alfred de Vigny. La Veillee de Vincennes. 
 Edmond About. Lesjumeaux de V Hdtel Corneille. 
 
 Bodolphe Topflfer. Mesaventures d^un ^colier. 
 
 Voyage autour de ma Chambre, separately, limp, is. 6d. 
 
 By GusTAVE 
 Masson,B.A., 
 Ysrd Edition. 
 Ext. fcap. Bvo. 
 7.8. 6d. 
 
 Perranlt. Popular Tales. Edited, with an Introduction on Fairy 
 Tales, etc., by Andrew Lang, M.A. , . . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 5^. 6d. 
 
 Quinet. Lettres d, sa Mire, Edited by G. Saintsbury, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 
 
 Bacine. Esther. Edited by G. Saintsbury, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Bacine. Andromaque. \ ;yith Louis Racine's Life of his Father. By 
 CorneUle. Le Menteur. \ Gustave Masson, B.A. [Extra fcap. Bvo. 2^. 6^. 
 
 Begrnard. . . . Le Joueur. \ gy Gustave Masson, B.A. 
 
 Bruajs and Palaprat. Le Grondeur. \ ^^""^'^ ^^^P- ^^°- ""'' ^^ 
 
 Sainte-Benve. Selections from the Causeries du Lundi. Edited by 
 G. Saintsbury, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2J. 
 
 S6vig'n6. Selections from the Correspondence ofMsiAB.m.e de S^vigne 
 
 and her chief Contemporaries. Intended more especially for Girls' Schools. By 
 Gustave Masson, B.A [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 
 
 Voltaire. Merope, Edited by G. Saintsbury, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 
 Dante. Selections from the * Inferno^ With Introduction and Notes, 
 by H. B. Cotterill, B.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4*. td. 
 
 Tasso. La Gerusalemme Liberata. Cantos i, ii. With Introduction 
 and Notes, by the same Editor. . , • . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 2s. 6d, 
 
MODERN LANGUA GES. 1 1 
 
 GERMAN, etc. 
 
 BtLolilieini. Modem German Reader. A Graduated Collection of 
 Extracts in Prose and Poetry from Modern German writers. Edited by C. A. 
 BucHHEiM, Phil. Doc. 
 
 Part I. With English Notes, a Grammatical Appendix, and a complete 
 
 Vocabulary. Fourth Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. -is. 6d. 
 
 . Part II. With English Notes and an Index. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2j. 6d, 
 German Poetry for Beginners, Edited, with Notes and Vo- 
 cabulary, by Emma S. Buchheim. .... [Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 
 
 Iiangre. The Germans at Home; a Practical Introduction to German 
 Conversation, with an Appendix containing the Essentials of German Grammar. 
 By Hermann Lange. Third Edition [Bvo. 2*. 6^. 
 
 The German Manual ; a German Grammar, a Reading 
 
 Book, and a Handbook of German Conversation. By the same Author. 
 
 [Svo. ^s. f\d. 
 A Grammar of the German Language, being a reprint of the 
 
 Grammar contained in The German Manual. By the same Author. [Svo. 3^. dd. 
 German Composition ; a Theoretical and Practical Guide to 
 
 the Art of Translating English Prose into German. By the same Author. 
 
 Second Edition [Svo. 4J. 6d. 
 
 [A Key to the above, price 5J.] 
 ' German Spelling: A Synopsis of the Changes which it has 
 
 undergone through the Government Regulations of 1880 . [Paper cover, 6d. 
 
 Becker's Friedrich der G-rosse. With an Historical Sketch 
 of the Rise of Prussia and of the Times of Frederick the Great. With Map. 
 Edited by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Chainisso. Peter SchlemihVs Wundersame Geschichte. With Notes 
 and Vocabulary. By Emma S. Buchheim . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 
 Goethe. Egmont. With a Life of Goethe, etc. Edited by C. A. 
 Buchheim, Phil. Doc. Third Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 
 
 Iphigenie auf Tauris. A Drama. With a Critical Intro- 
 duction and Notes. Edited by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. Third Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. 
 
 Heine's Harzreise. With a Life of Heine, etc. Edited by C. A. 
 Buchheim, Phil. Doc. [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff coijcrs, \s. 6d. cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Prosa, being Selections from his Prose Works. Edited with 
 
 English Notes, etc., by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. [Extra fcap. Svo. 4^. td. 
 
 Iiessing-. Laokoon. With Introduction, Notes, etc. By A. Ham ANN, 
 Phil. Doc, M. A [Extra fcap. 8 vo. 4J. 6^3?. 
 
 Minna von Bamhelm. A Comedy. With a Life of Lessing, 
 
 Critical Analysis, Complete Commentary, etc. Edited by C. A. Buchheim, 
 Phil. Doc. Fifth Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6d. 
 
 Nathan der Weise. With English Notes, etc. Edited by 
 
 C. A Buchheim, Phil. Doc. Second Edition, . [Extra fcap. Svo. 4^. td. 
 
12 CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Zriebuhr's Griechische Heroen-Geschichten. Tales of Greek Heroes. 
 Edited with English Notes and a Vocabulary, by Emma S. Buchheim. 
 
 Edition A. Text in German Type. ) [Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff, is. 6cl., 
 Edition B. Text in Roman Type. ^ clotk 2S. 
 
 ScMller's Historische Skizzen : — Egmonts Leben und Tod, and Beta- 
 gening von Antwerpen. Edited by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. Third 
 Edition^ Revised and Enlarged^ with a Map. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2S. 6d. 
 
 -T- Wilhelm Tell. With a Life of Schiller; an Historical and 
 
 Critical Introduction, Arguments, a Complete Commentary, and Map. Edited 
 by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. Sixth Edition. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Wilhelm Tell. Edited by C. A. Buchheim, Phil. Doc. 
 
 Scfwol Edition. With Map. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 
 Wilhelm Tell, Translated into English Verse by E. Massie, 
 
 M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Jungfrau von Orleans. Edited by O. A. Buchheim, Phil. 
 
 Doc [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. Sd. 
 
 Scherer. A History of German Literature. By W. Scherer. 
 Translated from the Third German Edition by Mrs. F. C. Conybeare. Edited 
 by F. Max Muller. 2 vols [8vo. 21J. 
 
 Max Miiller. The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth 
 Century. With Biographical Notices, Translations into Modern German, and 
 Notes, by F. Max Mijller, M.A. A New edition, revised, enlarged, and 
 adapted to Wilhelm Scherer's History of German Literature^ by F. 
 Lichtenstein. 2 vols. . ' [Crown 8vo. 2 if. 
 
 Wright. An Old High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes, 
 and Glossary. By Joseph Wright, Ph. D. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3J. td. 
 
 — A Middle High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes, 
 
 and Glossary. By Joseph Wright, Ph. D. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3J. dd. 
 
 Skeat. The Gospel of St. Mark in Gothic. Edited by W. W. Skeat, 
 Litt. D [Extra fcap. 8va 4J. 
 
 Sweet. An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. 
 By Henry Sweet, M.A. ..... [Exfra fcap. 8vo. 3*. dd. 
 
 Visrfusson and Powell. An Icelandic Prose Reader, with Notes, 
 Grammar, and Glossary. By Gudbrand Vigfusson, M.A., and F. York 
 Powell, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. xos. 6d. 
 
 1.0nt!0n: HENRY FROWDE, 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner. 
 
 ^tlinftutgfj: 12 Frederick Street. 
 
 ©iforti: Clarendon Press Depository, 
 
 116 High Street. 
 
Cfarenbon ^ttBB §txu^. 
 
 Latin School-books. 
 
 GRAMMARS, LEXICONS, etc. 
 
 Allen. Rudimenta Laiina. Comprising Accidence, and Exercises of a 
 very Elementary Character, for the use of Beginners. By J. Barrow Allen, 
 M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 'zs. 
 
 An Elementary Latin Grammar. By the same Author. Fifty- 
 seventh Thousand. [Extra fcap. 8vo. "zs. 6d. 
 
 A First Latin Exercise Book, By the same Author. Fourth 
 
 Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2S. 6d. 
 
 A Second Latin Exercise Book. By the same Author. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 35. td. 
 [A Key to First and Second Latin Exercise Books : for Teachers only y price is.\ 
 
 Pox and Bromley. Models afzd Exercises in Unseen Translation. 
 By H. F. Fox, M.A., and T. M. Bromley, M.A. [Extra fcip. Bvo. 5^. 6d. 
 
 Gibson. An Introdtution to Latin Syntax. By W. S. Gibson, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 Jerram. Reddenda Minora. By C. S. Jerram, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. i^. dd. 
 
 Anglice Reddenda, By the same Author. Fourth Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. dd. 
 
 Anglice Reddenda. Second Series. By the same Author. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 
 
 Lee-Warner. Hints and Helps for Latin Elegiacs. By H. Lee- 
 Warner, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. 6</. 
 
 \.A Key is provided: for Teachers only ^ price 45. dd.l 
 
 Ziewis and Short. A Latin Dictionary , founded on Andrews* edition 
 o/Frejind's Latin Dictionary. By Charlton T. Lewis, Ph. D. , and Charles 
 Short, LL.D. . [4to. 25^. 
 
 Lewis. A Latin Dictionary fvr Schools. By Charlton T. Lewis, 
 
 Ph.D [Small 4to. i8j. 
 
 irnnns. First Latin Reader. By T. J. NuNNS, M.A. Third Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Samsay. Exercises in Latin Prose Composition. With Introduction, 
 Notes, and Passages of graduated difficulty for Translation into Latin. By 
 G. G. Ramsay, M.A., Professor of Humanity, Glasgow. Second Edition. 
 
 LExtra fcap. Bvo. 4*. td. 
 
14 CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Sargrent. Easy Passages for Translation into Latin. By J. Y. Sargent, 
 
 M.A. Seventh Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 6rf. 
 
 \A Key to this Edition is Provided : for Teachers onjy^ price 5^.] 
 
 A Latin Prose Primer. By the same Author. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. ^d. 
 
 XinsT and Cookson. The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, as 
 illustrated in the Greek and Latin Languages. By J. E. King, M.A., and 
 Christopher Cookson, M.A 8vo. 18*. 
 
 An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Greek and 
 
 Lutin. By the same Authors. . ..... [Crown 8vo. 5^. td. 
 
 Papillon, A Manual of Comparative Philology, By T. L. Papillon, 
 M.A. Third Edition. ....... . [Crown 8vo. 6^'. 
 
 LATIN CLASSICS FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 Caesar. The Commentaries (for Schools). With Notes and Maps. 
 By Charles E. Moberly, M.A. 
 
 The Gallic War. Second Edition. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 The Gallic War. Books 1, II [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 
 The Gallic War. Books III-V [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 6d. 
 
 The Gallic War. Books VI, VII, VIII. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6</. 
 The Civil War. Second Edition. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 The Civil War. Book J [Extra fcap, 8vo. zs. 
 
 Cattilli Veronensis Carmina Selecta, secundum recognitionem 
 Robinson Ellis, A.M. . . ... [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d?. 
 
 Cicero. Selection of Interesting and Descriptive Passages. With Notes. 
 By Henry Walford, M.A. In three Parts. Third Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. (id. 
 Part I. Anecdotes from Grecian and Roman History. . \_limp, xs. 6d. 
 Part II. Omens and Dreams ; Beauties of Nature. . . [ ,, xs. 6d. 
 Part III. Rome's Rule of her Provinces [ „ is. 6d. 
 
 De Senectute. With Introduction and Notes. By Leonard 
 
 Huxley, B.A. In one or two Parts [Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 
 
 Pro Cluejitio. With Introduction and Notes. By W. Ramsay, 
 
 M.A. Edited by G. G.Ramsay, M.A. Second Edition. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6^?. 
 
 ■ Pro Roscio. With Introduction and Notes. By St. George 
 
 Stock, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. td. 
 
 Select Orations (for Schools). In Verrem Actio Prima. De 
 
 Imperio Gn. Pompeii. Pro A rchia. Philippica IX. With Introduction and 
 Notes. By J. R. King, M.A. Second Edition. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2J. 6</. 
 
 In Q. Caecilium Divinatio and In C. Verrem Actio Prima. 
 
 With Introduction and Notes. By J. R. King, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo., i^. td. 
 
 ' Speeches against Catilina. With Introduction and Notes. By 
 
 E. A. Upcott, M.A. In one or two Parts. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 7.S. td. 
 
LATIN SCHOOL-BOOKS. 15 
 
 Cicero. Philippic Orations, With Notes, etc., by J. R. King, M.A. 
 Second Edition [8vo. xos. 6d. 
 
 Selected Letters (for Schools). With Notes. By C. E. 
 
 Prichard, M.A., and E. R. Bernard, M.A. Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 
 
 Select Letters. With English Introductions, Notes, and Ap- 
 pendices. By Albert Watson, M.A. Third Edition. . . [8vo. i8j. 
 
 Select Letters. Text. By the same Editor. Second Edition, 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 
 
 CorneUus Nepos. With Notes. By Oscar Browning, M.A. 
 
 Third Edition. Revised by W. R. Inge, M.A. . . [Extra fcap. 8 vo. 3^. 
 
 Horace. With a Commentary. Volume I. The Odes^ Carmen^ 
 Seculare, and Erodes. By Edward C. Wickham, M.A., Head Master of 
 Wellington College. New Edition. In one or two Farts. [Extra fcap. 8vo. ts. 
 
 • Selected Odes. With Notes for the use of a Fifth Form. By 
 
 E. C. Wickham, M.A. In one or two Parts. , , [Extra fcap. 8 vo. 2 j. 
 
 Juvenal. XIII Satires. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, etc., by 
 
 C. H. Pearson, M.A., and H. A. Strong, M.A. . . [Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Or separately. Text and Inirodiiction, 3^. ; Notes, 3^ . 6d. 
 
 tivy. Selections (for Schools). WithNotes and Maps. By H. Lee- 
 Warner, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 
 
 Part I. The Catidine Disaster. \liii:p^ is. 6d. 
 
 Part II. HannibaVs Campaign in Italy [ ,, u. td. 
 
 Part III. The Macedonian War. [ „ w. 6rf. 
 
 Book I. With Introduction, Historical Examination, and Notes. 
 
 By J. R. Seeley, M.A. Second Edition [8vo. 6j. 
 
 Books V—VII. With Introduction and Notes. By A. R. Cluer, 
 
 B.A. Second Edition. Revised by P. E. Mathbson, M.A. In one or two 
 Parts [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Book V, By the same Editors. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d, 
 
 Books XXI — XXIII. With Introduction, Notes and Maps. 
 
 By M. T. Tatham,^!. A. Second Edition , . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^., 
 
 — ' — Book XXI, By the same Editor. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Book XXII, By the same Editor. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Ovid. Selections (for the use of Schools). With Introductions and 
 Notes, and an Appendix on the Roman Calendar. By W. Ramsay, M.A. 
 Edked by G. G. Ramsay, M.A. Third Edition. , [Extra fcap. 8vo. 55. 6d. 
 
 Tristia, Book I. The Text revised, with an Introduction and 
 
 Notes. By S. G. Owen, B.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Tristia f Book III. With Introduction and Notes. By the same 
 
 Editor [.Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 
 
 Persius. The Satires, With Translation and Commentary by 
 J. CoNiNGTON, M.A., edited by H. Nettleship, M.A. Second Edition. 
 
 [Bvo. 7f. 6d, 
 
1 6 CLARENDON PRESS SERIES, 
 
 Plautus. Captivu With Introduction and Notes. By W. M. Lindsay, 
 
 M.A. In one or two Parts [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 6^. 
 
 Trinummus. With Notes and Introductions. (Intended for 
 
 the Higher Forrog of Public Schools.) By C. E. Freeman, M.A., and A. 
 Sloman, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Pliny. Selected Letters (for Schools\ With Notes. By C. E. 
 Prichard, M.A., and E. R. Bernard, M.A. New Edition. In one or 
 two Parts [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Salltist. Bellum Catilinarium and Jugurthinum. With Introduc- 
 tion and Notes, by W. W. Capes, M.A. . . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 45. 6(/. 
 
 Tacitus. The Annals. Books I— IV. Edited, with Introduction and 
 Notes for the use of Schools and Junior Students, by H. Furneaux, M.A. 
 
 [[Extra fcap. Bvo. 5 J. 
 
 The Annals, Book I. By the same Editor. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. limp, zs. 
 
 Terence. Adelphi. With Notes and Introductions. By A. Sloman, 
 
 M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 - — Andria. With Notes and Introductions. By C. E. Frei:man, 
 M. A., and A. Sloman, M.A [Extra fcap. Bvo. 5^. 
 
 Phormio. With Notes and Introductions. By A. Sloman, 
 
 M.A [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 
 
 Ti'buUns and Propertins. Selections. Edited, with Introduction and 
 Notes, by G. G. Ramsay, M.A. In one or two Parts. [Extra fcap. Bvo. 6s. 
 
 Virgil. With Introduction and Notes, by T. L. Papillon, M.A. 
 In Two Volumes. . . . [Crown Bvo. 10^. td. ; Text separately, 4^. td. 
 
 Aneid I-III. Text and Notes. Edited by T. L. Papillon, M. A., 
 
 and A. E. Haigh, M.A [Crown Bvo. 3^. 
 
 IV- VI. By the same Editors. Inwiediately. 
 
 Bucolics. With Introduction and Notes, by Q. S. Jerram, M.A. 
 
 In one or two Parts. [Bxtra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 Georgics. By the same Editor. ... [/w the Press, 
 
 Aeneid I. With Introduction and Notes, by the same Editor. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. livi/>y is. 6d. 
 
 • Aeneid IX. Edited with Introduction and Notes, by A. E. 
 
 Haigh, M.A. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. limp, \s. 6d. In two Parts, 2s. 
 
 1.0nnon: HENRY FROWDE, 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner. 
 
 CBlJinfturgijt 12 Frederick Street. 
 
 d^xfortH: Clarendon Press Depository, 
 
 116 High Street. 
 
Greek School-books. 
 
 GRAMMARS, LEXICONS, etc. 
 
 Chandler. The Elements of Greek Accentuation (for Schools). By 
 H. W. Chandler, M. A. Second Edition. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2J. 6^. 
 
 Pox and Bromley. Models and Exercises in Unseen Translation. 
 By H. F. Fox, M.A., and T. M. Bromley, M. A. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. sj. 6^. 
 
 Jerram. Graece Reddenda. By C. S. Jerram, M.A. [ „ 2s.6d.. 
 
 Reddenda Minora [Extra fcap. 8vo. \s. 6d. 
 
 Anglice Reddenda. First Series. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Second Series. .... [Extra fcap. 8vo. z^. 
 
 Ziiddell and Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. . . [4to. 36^. 
 An Intermediate Greek- English Lexicon, abridged from Liddell 
 
 and Scott's Seventh Edition. [Small 4to. 12^. td. 
 
 A Greek-English Lexicon, abridged from Liddell and Scott's 
 
 4to. edition, chiefly for the use of Schools. . . . [Square i2mo. 7^. 6fi^. 
 Sarg'ent. Passages for Translation into Greek Prose. By J. Young 
 
 Sargent, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Exemplaria Graeca ; being Selections from the above. By 
 
 the same Author. . . [Extra fcap. Svo. 35. 
 
 • Models and Materials for Greek Iambic Verse. By the same 
 
 Author [Extra fcap. Svo. 4^. td. 
 
 Wordswortli. A Greek Primer. By the Right Rev. Charles 
 
 Wordsworth, D.C.L. Seventh Edition. . . [Extra fcap. Svo. i^. 6^. 
 
 Graecae Grammaticae Rvdimenta in usum Scholarum. Auctore 
 
 Carolo Wordsworth, D.C.L. Nineteenth Edition. . . . [i2mo. 4*. 
 
 Eing' and Cootcson. The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, as 
 illustrated in the Greek and Latin Languages. By J. E. King, M.A., and 
 Christopher Cookson, M.A [Svo. iSff. 
 
 An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Greek and 
 
 Latin. By the same Authors. [Crown Svo. 5^. dd. 
 
 Papillon. A Manual of Comparative Philology, By T. L. Papillon, 
 M.A. [Crown Svo. 6j. 
 
 A COURSE OF GREEK READERS. 
 Easy Greek Beader. By Evelyn Abbott, M.A. In one or two 
 
 Parts. [Extra fcap. Svo. 3J. 
 
 Pirst Greek Beader. By W. G. Rushbrooke, M.L. Second Edition, 
 
 [Extra fcap. Svo. 2*. td. 
 
1 8 CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Second Greek Reader. By A. M. Bell, M. A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. jj. 6d. 
 Specimens of Greek Dialects ; being a Fourth Greek Reader. With 
 
 Introductions and Notes. By W. W. Merry, D.D. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4J. dd. 
 Selections from Homer and the Greek Dramatists ; being a Fifth 
 
 Greek Reader. By Evelyn Abbott, M.A. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. dd. 
 
 Wrig-lit. The Golden Treasury of Ancieiit Greek Poetiy. By R. S 
 Wright, M..A. Second Edition, Revised by Evelyn Abbott, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Wrig'ht and Shadwell. A Golden Treasury of Greek Prose. By 
 R. S. Wright, M.A., and J. E. L. Shadwell, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. td. 
 
 THE GREEK TESTAMENT. 
 
 A Greek Testament Primer. By £. Miller, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 6^. 
 IiVang>elia Sacra Graece. . . . [Fcap. 8vo. limp.^ \s. 6d. 
 
 ITovum Testamentum Graece juxta Exemplar Millianum. 
 
 [iBmo. "zs. 6d. ; or on writing paper, with large margin, 05. 
 Novum Testamentum Graece. Accedunt parallela S. Scripturae 
 loca, etc Edidit Carolus Lloyd, S.T.P.R. 
 
 [iSmo. 3^. ; or on writing paper, with large margin, xos. 6d. 
 
 Appendices ad Novum Testamentum Steplianicum, curante 
 GuLMo. Sanday, A.M [iSmo. 35". 6d. 
 
 The Greek Testament, with the Readings adopted by the Revisers of 
 the Authorised Version. 
 
 [Fcap. Bvo. 4 J. 6d. ; or on writing paper, with wide margin, 15^. 
 
 Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to tlie New Testament. 
 
 By C. E. Hammond, M.A. Fourth Edition. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3J. td. 
 
 ' GREEK CLASSICS FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 Aeschylus. Agamemnon. With Introduction and Notes, by Arthur 
 SiDGwicK, M.A. Third Edition [Extra fgap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Choephoroi. By the same Editor. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Eumenides. By the same Editor. In one or two Parts. 
 
 ■ [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Prometheus Bound. With Introduction and Notes, by A. O. 
 
 Prickard, M.A. Second Edition. .... [ Extra fcap. Bvo. 25. 
 
 Aristophanes. The Acharnians. With Introduction and Notes, 
 by W. W. Merry, D.D. Third Edition. . . . [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 
 
 The Birds. By the same Editor. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3J. (xd. 
 
 The Clouds. By the same Editor. Third Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Bvo. 3^. 
 
 The Frogs. By the same Editor. . [Extra fcap.. 8vo. 3 J. 
 
 The Knights. By the same Editor. . [Extra fcap. Bvo. is. 
 
GREEK SCHOOL-BOOKS, 19 
 
 Cebes. Tabula, With Introduction and Notes, by C. S. Jerram, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. td. 
 Demosthenes. Orations against Philip. With Introduction and Notes. 
 By Evelyn Abbott, M.A., and P. E. Matheson, M.A. 
 
 Vol. L Philippic I and Olynthiacs I— III. . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3s. 
 Vol. II. DePau, Philippic II, De Chersoneso, Philippic III. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. dd. 
 
 Euripides. Alcestis. By C. S. Jerram, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Hecuba, By C. H. Russell, M.A. [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. dd. 
 
 Helena. With Introduction and Notes, etc., for Upper and 
 
 Middle Forms. By C. S. Jerram, M.A. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. 
 
 Heracleidae. By the same Editor. . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 31. 
 
 Iphigenia in Tauris, With Introduction and Notes. By the 
 
 same Editor [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Medea. With Introduction, Notes, and Appendices. By C. B. 
 
 Heberden, M.A. In one or two Parts. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2j. 
 
 Herodotus. Book IX. Edited, with Notes, by Evelyn Abbott, 
 
 M.A. In one or two Parts. . -. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. 
 
 Selections. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and a Map, by 
 
 W. W. Merrv, D.D [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. ^d. 
 
 Homer. Iliad, Books I-XII. With an Introduction, a brief Homeric 
 Grammar, and Notes. By D. B. Monro, M.A. Second Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 6^. 
 
 Iliad, Books XIII-XXIV. By the same Editor. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. 6^. 
 
 Iliad J Book I. By the same Editor. Third Edition. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 
 
 Iliad, Books VI and XXI. With Notes, etc. By Herbert 
 
 Hailstone, M.A [Extra fcap. 8vo, each rs. 6d. 
 
 Odyssey, Books I-XII. By W. W. Merry, D.D. New Edition. 
 
 In one or two Parts [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Odyssey, Books XIII-XXIV. By the same Editor. Second 
 
 Edition . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Odyssey, Books I and II. By the same Editor. 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo, each is. 6d. 
 
 Iiucian. Vera Historia. By C. S. Jerram, M, A. Second Edition, 
 
 [Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 Iiysias. Epitaphios. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by F. J. 
 
 Snell, B.A [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2^. 
 
 Plato. The Apology. With Introduction and Notes. By St. George 
 Stock, M.A. In one or two Parts. . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 6^. 
 
 Meno. With Introduction and Notes. By the same Editor. 
 
 In one or two Parts. , . . . . . , [Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. td. 
 
20 CLARENDON PRESS SERIES. 
 
 Sophocles. (For the use of Schools.) Edited, with Introductions and 
 
 English Notes, by Lewis Campbell, M.A., and Evelyn Abbott, M.A. New 
 
 and Revised Edition. 2 Vols. . . . . [Extra fcap. 8vo. 10^. 6d. 
 
 Sold separately, Yo\. I. Text, 45. 6d. Vol. II. Notes, 6^. 
 
 #&• Also in single Plays. Extra Jcap. Bvo. limp: — 
 
 Oedipus Tyrannus, Philoctetes. New and Revised Edition, -zs. each. 
 
 Oedipus Coloneus, Antigone, xs. gd. each. 
 
 Ajax, Electra, Trachiniae. 2s. each. 
 
 Oedipus Rex : Dindorf s Text, with Notes by W. Basil Jones, 
 
 D.D., Lord Bishop of St. David's. . . , [Extra fcap. 8vo. limp, js.6d. 
 
 Theocritus. Edited, with Notes, by H. Kynaston, D.D. (late 
 Snow). Fourth Edition [Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. td. 
 
 Zenophon. Easy Selections (for Junior Classes). With a Vocabulary, 
 Notes, and Map. By J. S. Phillpotts, B.C.L., Head Master of Bedford 
 School, and C. S. Jerram, M.A. Third Edition. . [Extra fcap. Svo. 3^. 6^. 
 
 Selections (for Schools). With Notes and Maps. By J. S. 
 
 Phillpotts, B.C. L. Fourth Edition. , . . [Extra fcap. Svo. 3^. 6</. 
 
 Anabasis, Book I. Edited for the use of Junior Classes and 
 
 Private Students. With Introduction, Notes, and Map. By J. Marshall, M. A., 
 Rector of the High School, Edinburgh. . , . [Extra fcap. Svo. -zs. 6d. 
 
 Anabasis, Book II. With Notes and Map. By C. S. Jerram, 
 
 M.A. [Extra fcap. Svo. zs. 
 
 Anabasis, Book III. With Introduction, Analysis, Notes, etc. 
 
 By J. Marshall, M.A. ...... [Extra fcap. Svo. 2^. 6^. 
 
 Vocabulary to the Anabasis. By J. Marshall, M.A. 
 
 [Extra fcap. Svo. \s. 6d. 
 
 Cyropaedia, Book I. With Introduction and Notes. By C. Bigg, 
 
 D.D [Extra fcap. Svo. 25. 
 
 • Cyropaedia^'^o^'aY^ ,V. With Introduction and Notes. By the 
 
 same Editor [Extra fcap. Svo. "zs. 6d. 
 
 Hellenica, Books I, II. With Introduction and Notes. By G. 
 
 E. Underhill, M.A [Extra fcap. Svo. 3^. 
 
 Memorabilia. By J. Marshall, M.A. . . {Nearly ready. 
 
 3L0nlr0n: HENRY FROWDE, 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner. 
 
 ^tJinburgfj: 12 P'rederick Street. 
 
 4^xfortJ: Clarendon Press Depository, 
 
 116 High Street. 
 
GENERAL LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— ECH^KELEY 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WillCII BORROA 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on 
 date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 W^prl 
 
 '^'5^Ci 
 
 gJun'55PL 
 
 30ct'55CT 
 
 OCT 4 1955 LI' 
 SOApr'eiDM 
 
 ow 
 
 
 ^S>0ct'62JH 
 
 'bgpf-' 
 
 OCT 1 6 1962 
 
 mni^t 
 
 N0VB21983 
 
 ffEBl /•64-12M 
 
 d^CEIVED 
 
 t^V 
 
 LOAN PSPTii 
 
 l.D 21-100m-l,'54(1887sl6)476 
 
YB 78053 
 
 m.nIi;..S«5^'-EY LIBRARIES 
 
 
 <^0Mbtt.0a37 
 
 /^RI^K 
 
 
 14^(^0 <, 
 
 1 
 

 fef-ter^ V»*vX^-SJ-?t^>»f -.SV