57TH CONG i SKNATE. /DOCUMENT j.<( S>:**;<,n. J ' Nn. 4l' THE PHILIPPINE SITIAT10N. TI>IIMo\V AND STATEMENTS OF WITNKSSEs. AMERICAN AND FORKH.N. CONVEKNINI. IST. CONDUCT OF OUR ARMY. / 2o. RECOXCEXTRATIOX. 3o. EFFECT OF OUR ADMINISTRATION ox 4TH. FILIPINO SELF-GOVERNMENT AND EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. "ITU. FOREIGN TESTIMONY ON FILIPINO CHAR- ACTER AND TFIE SITUATION. GTH. SUMMARY. 190-2. Ordered to.1>e printed. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. Civil Government for the Philippine Islands. SPEECH OK HOX. ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, OF INDIANA, IN THE SENATE OF THE ("XITKI> STATES, Tm-siltif/. June 3, 1902. The Senate having under consideration the bill iS. ?.t>i temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Phil- ippine Islands, and for other purposes Mr. BEVERIDGE said: Mr. PRESIDENT: The honorable Senator who has just taken his seat [Mr. McLayRix of Mississippi] has stated that those of us who favor the bill have charged the opposition with slandering the Army, and that that charge is false. Mr. President, why lias that charge been made? It is because exceptional instances of the conduct of soldiers and officers have been taken out of the usual and general action and attitude of our forces and have been presented to the Senate and the country as though they were the customary conduct of the American Army. I had not intended. Mr. President, to occupy the attention of the Senate any more upon this question, but upon looking over the RECORD this morning and finding there repeated what I have seen so often before excerpts from the testimony of witnesses be- fore the committee as to exceptional instances of harsh measures, from which was carefully excluded the testimony as to the gen- eral conduct of the war it seems proper and right and just not only to the Army, not only to the policy of the Government, but to the American people, that the testimony as to the ordinary and habitual conduct of American soldiers from the very inception of hostilities to the present time should be presented to the country. Mr. President, I do not think that the mere assertion of Sena- tors will be controlling or convincing. But certainly the words of those who have been upon the ground and who have studied the question and who have observed conditions there ought to carry greater weight than those who bring their observations merely from their prejudices and their imaginations. I. CONDUCT OF OUR ARMY. Therefore. Mr. President, starting out with the report of the Commission which was headed by President Schurnian, I will take from that report written by him a statement, made at the very beginning of this affair, as to the conduct of our Army. President Schnrman. who is now assailing this very policy, said, with reference to the conduct of our forces in the Philippines: FIRST REPORT OF SCHUHMAN COMMISSION AS TO CONDUCT OF ARMY ToWAKK FlI.li'l.N"-- The Commission is not willing to close this statement without paying just tribute to our sailors and soldiers. The presence of Admiral Dewey as a member of this body makes it unfitting to dwell on hispersonal achieve- ments, but he joins with us in eulogy of his comrades. We were fortunate in witnessing some of the many brave deeds of our soldiers. All that skill, courage, and patient endurance can do has been done in the Philippines. 3 448744 4 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Attention of Senators in opposition is called to what Professor Schnrman says immediately following. It appears that this at- tack on our Army is not new. Biit those who assailed our uni- form when Schnrman wrote are even now forgotten, and in their fate there is prophecy and warning. Says Schnrman: We an- aware that there are those \vh<> have seen tit t<> accuse our troops of desecrating churehes. murdering prisoners, and committing unmention- able crimes. TII those who derive satisfaction from seizing 011 isolated oc- currencesregrettable, indeed, but incident to every war and making them the basis of sweeping accusations, this Commission lias nothing to say. Still less do we feel called upon to answer idle tales without foundation in fact. But for the satisfaction of those who have found it difficiilt to understand why the transporting of American citizens across the Pacific Ocean should change their nature, we are glad to express the belief that inn- was never / tin in- liniiianeli/ ni/iiliiiteil. Insurgents iniunileil inn r< / 'nt'iili; succored On \_ tilt- rielil lit/ unr in, ,i at tin- risk f their //rex. Those who had a chance for life were taken to Manila and tenderly cared for in our hospitals. If churches were occupied, it was only as a military necessity, and frequently after their use as forts by the insurgents had made it necessary to train our artillery upon them. Prisoners were taken when- ever opportunity offered, often only to be set at liberty after being disarmed and fed. If it be said that this is a statement made at the inception of the war, let ITS turn to the statement of Governor Taft. who has spent two years there, and delivers the following in his recent tes- timony as his final judgment and conclusion: and no man has had better opportunity to witness the effect of kind or brutal treat- ment of natives than Taft. Governor Taft says: / TKsTI\1o\Y IIF UoyKllSOR TAKT AS TO CONDUCT OP ARMY TOWARD FILIPINOS. COMPASSION OF AMERICAN KORCKS. After a good deal of sttidy about the matter and althoxigh I have never been prejudiced in favor of the military branch, for when the civil and mili- tary branches are exercising concurrent jurisdiction there is some inevitable friction- I iiesir, tn SHI/ t/Kit it is HI// deliberate judgment that there never "" a inir conducted, n-lietlu / m/ninst htferinr races or not. in irhich there were more 'inijiiissiini mill //!/ restraint anil inure i/enerox it i/.dssii in inf courts-iuar- tial. They art- on a hi^h ideal plane. There have }>eeii in the neighborhood. I think, of li").(Kl men and soldiers in the islands. .Some of those men have committed excesses under the provocation of hardship. That is not men- tioned as an excuse, but as a cause. Wherever any violations of the laws of war have been detected the remedy lias been instantly applied. It was my own purpose to promulgate views in orders, by personal admonition. and by punitive action: but of course in conducting war all of the ferocity of humanity is brought to the surface, and in individual insta: have been committed. AMERICAN CHAKACTKH M IT " TI( ANSFC >RM KI>." But to say that the Army commit excesses, or that excesses were encour- aged, of course is to say that the character of Americans in the Philippines is immediately transformed by the question of latitude and longitude, which is not the fact. Individual men have committed individual outrages: but when we compare the conditions that exist in the Philippines to-day in that with what have existed in all modern wars between civilized states tin: 1-inninirixint ix nlixnl nt-l ij in fnr,i,- nf tin xrlf-ri-xtrtiinf uml lii'jh tlixrijilinf Of the Ann nrnn antllii-f. The CHAIRMAN. Where excesses were brought to your knowledge were they punished? General MAC-ARTHUR Absolutely. It was my effort to get that idea per- meated through the Army that wt were representing the highest stage of civilization and that our military movements and moves should comport therewith: that they must be such as to meet with the approl>ation of public opinion at home. Senator BE v K R 1 1 >c ; K. The general conduct of our soldiers and officers there, irrespective of orders from headquarters, was in the direction of kindness, mercy, and humanity, was it? General MAI-ARTHUR. Absolutely, sir. Senator BKVKHIDGE. Instead of the reverse* "HEARING OK OUR ARMY SUPERB." General MAC-ARTHUR. Tin hriirini/ / 'orary hospitals you established? General MAC-ARTHUR. Tlmt /mx *<> . i- ,///(,/<. ,,nt only by ardor*, but 90 hi/ ri-iixittt nf tin' xjiinit, in, 'mix iii-iii r,,xiti/ of < i in- xiiltk'i-rs. irhn Inn;- n 11 ifuriilly ilixjilni/i-il t'liut kiiie esttil dished. Of course that was responded to instantly by us. Senator 'BKVKHI DC, K Bv the military authorities? (ieiieral MAC -ARTHUR. By the military authorities. The CHAIRMAN. That . yon say. was oiie of their first requests? Ge.ieral MAC-ARTHUR. Yes. And they show a great deal of ability in the minor administration of townships, in getting together school material, and getting the children into the schools. KI>UC AT10N HKCJAX BY ARMY. Senator BKVKRII>C;I:. So that the work of education by Americans began before the civil administration, tinder the military control? (ieiieral MAC ARTHUR. It began instantly. 6 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Senator BKVEBJ DOE. And as you passed forward with your troops you followed with your soldiers detailed as teachers.- General MACAHTIU-R. Wherever it was necessary, and it occurred in very mam- instances. That educational question wasoneof the easy and pleasant subjects of administration. The Filipinos wanted it, and we were eager to Hire it and we came together on that issue immediately. It was the focus in which originated a great deal of good will, and which is spreading over the island still in that same form. Senator BKVEHIDGE. When your arms passed on and insurrection no longer existed in any particular locality or district, what is the fact about the people returning to their fields and homes and transacting the business and labors of everyday life in peace and freedom? General MA< Aiinirif. They returned in large numbers. Senator BEVEKIDGE. And went to work* General MA< AKTIHH. In fact, whenever I invited them to come back they always did. Came back and went to work. Senator BKV KI< i ix; i:. And went to work v General M \< AHTHTH. Yes. That was noticeably so in the towns north- east of Manila immediately after the first outbreak. They of course had been misinformed and were apprehensive, and when we entered the town they all fled: but on our invitation they always returned. Senator BKVKIUDCK. What is the fact about their having fled and about the insurrection itself having been aided and maintained by false reports of its leaders concerning us our methods and purposes'/ General MAC-ARTHUR. That obtained to a very great extent; not only the Filipinos, but the Spaniards had Senator CAH.MACK. What was the character of those false reports? General MACARTHUK (continuing). Talked of our peculiarities and stated many things that were not true, and the people were very apprehensive until they came in contact with us. Senator BBVBRIDGB. And then they found this to be untrue and returned to their homes and industries? General MAC-ARTHUR. Yes. ORDERS OF OUVKRAT, MAPARTHITR AS TO TREATMENT OF FILIPINOS BY AMKKH A.v.sMwTR'onucED BY GENERAL MAcARTHUR AS A SAMPLE AND ILLUSTRATION OF SPIRIT OF OUHKIJS. FIELD OHDEKS. , HEADQUARTERS SECOND DIVISION, EIGHTH ARMY CORPS, No. 2. ) Ma lulus. P. /., April 2, 1899. 1: Many of the citizens of Malolos and other towns in the vicinity desire to return to their abandoned houses within the lines of the army. The interests of the United States will be subserved by encouraging this disposition on the part of the natives in every way consistent with military interests. All officers and soldiers are therefore urged to contribute to the end in view by considerate and kind treatment of these people, who are now part of and under the protection of the United States. The controlling insurgent authorities have persistently represented the American soldiers as turbulent, undisciplined, and given to gross and licen- tious excesses upon helpless people. In order to eradicate the effects of such mendacious misrepresentations, it is especially necessary that all concerned should sedulously abstain from practices in any way calculated to annoy or engender the feelings of timidity or mistrust. Unarmed natives will be permitted to enter our lines at all times during the day. with a view to the resumption of their usual avocations and occu- pancy ox their houses. By command of Maior-General MacArthur. That was published and circulated as generally as possible, and the con- sequence was that thousands, tens of thousands, perhaps fifty thousand peo- ple, returned to different towns on the line of the railroad between Malolos and Manila. Subsequently, in preparing for the advance from Malolos, the order of battle was issued on the 22d of April. [Reading^ "The seventh paragraph of that order is to this effect: " 7. The purpose of the United States in these islands is beneficent. It is, therefore, one of the most important duties of American soldiers to assist in establishing friendly relations with the natives by kind and considerate ' treatment in all matters arising from personal contact. To exasperate indi- viduals or to burn or loot unprotected or abandoned houses or property is not only criminal in itself, but tends to impede the policy of the United States and to defeat the very purpose which the Army is here to accomplish. All concerned are accordingly strictly charged to practice becoming self- restraint in the premises, and it is made the special duty of all officers to THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 7 prevent thoughtless and ignorant men from indulging in any of the practices enumerated and to take necessary action to insure adequate punishment. u- prociibed by the Articles of War. in the event of overt acts being com- mitted by any member of the command, either during the contemplated actions against Calumpit or thereafter throughout the campaign." I follow that by the testimony of General Hughes and by the testimony of General Otis upon this point, and by the testimony of Professor Barrows, not belonging to the Army, but who had caref ully been well over the island of Luzon in the interest of our educational establishment: TESTIMONY OF GENERAL, HUGHES AS TO CONDUCT OF ARMY TOWARD FILIPINOS. Senator BEVERIDGE. With reference to the line of inquiry just completed liy Senator PATTERSON. I wish to ask you one or two questions, throwing light, perhaps, on the other side of the question. It is true, is it not, that the Americans established in Manila quite early and maintained there as long as -ii-y a hospital where Filipino wounded and sick. etc. .could receive the attention of American surgeons and physicians, medicines, and other care, precisely like the American troops? General HUGHES. Mv recollection is that one section of the general hos- pital was set aside for Filipinos. // tli'i/ n-i-eifi-il t!<>- xanti- rare and treat- nifiit thnt wen iii'-en to "in fir, i people. The one great trouble they had with them, though, was that their curiosity would compel them to push their fingers into the wounds and tear them open, and the surgeons said they had a very difficult time keeping the wounds in healthy condition. Senator BEVEHI KGE. But it was an instance which was uniformly re- peated in various phases of practical kindness on the part of the Americans to the Filipinos* CARE OF WOUNDED FILIPINOS. General HUGHES. It was the case at all times. The icounded u-er, fo,- jiixt i to i, iir oir,, fH'Of,!,- n-li, rant ii ml or irtmiuletl in the riril irar. \\~i- haf rarrii'if them hi/ our rarri- rx for mil-'.*: >' hare rarrieil thi-in tn-oilai/x to get tin in ir/nr- tin i/ ronlil i/ft lioxjiifnl treatnii at: in- hart rarned them for a day to ij>t tin-in to a hos/iital. I remember one case in Antique where the man was -hi >t through the nead. and I asked the officer what he intended to do with him. He said, "I am going to put him in the hospital." Said I, "He will run away unless you watch him." Sure enough, inside of forty-eight hours that man got tip'and ran away. TESTIMONY OF GENERAL OTIS AS TO CONDUCT OF ARMY TOWARD FILJ- P1V Senator BEVERIDGE. Now. will you tell the committee what the fact is about the cruelty toward the natives, prisoners or otherwise, of American officers and soldiers: as to whether cruelty by American officers and soldiers was practiced upon the people, or even upon prisoners, or whether, on thecon- trary. kindness and consideration was practiced by our troops toward them? General OTIS. The greatest kim&net*. I investigated myself, and through inspectors appointed bv me. every statement of harsh treatment that I heard of while in the islands. In some cases the investigation was pursued for weeks. Senator BEVERIDGE. What is the fact about your having established, General, in Manila and elsewhere, if such was the case, hospital wards de- voted to wounded Filipino*, and what care was taken of the Filipino sick and wounded, in comparison to the care taken of the American sick and wounded': General OTIS. We put the sick and wounded in our own hospitals. When our own hospitals were filled, we hired the hospitals of the friars within the 8 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. walled town. They were all taken care of. We hired doctors when we did not have sufficient medical assistance of < >ur i >\vu. We hired Filipino doctors and Spanish doctors and looked after the sick and wounded of the Filipinos, and they received every care possible. In fact, one of the commissions, one of Agui'naldo's commissions, came in while we had a trreat many of the Filipinos in the hospital, and I invited the members of the commission to go around and visit all their sick and wounded throughout the city: and they did so. and came back and expressed themselves as greatly gratified. Senator PROCTOR. You do not think. General, on the whole, that the character of the American Army, so far as common humanity is concerned, has changed entirely in a year or two's service over there. I judge? General OTIS. Xo. sir.' \\'< ;/,-, hnnjl, -,/ / tl,, s^w it fords und by Euro- peans for the luiiinniitt/ a',- i ./> ri-ixed. TESTIMONY I>F PHOKKSSOK BAKBOWS AS TO KFKKCT OF CONDUCT OF ARMY TOWARD FILIPINOS. Senator DIETRICH. In your travels through the island of Luzon, did you find any evidence that American soldiers had perpetrated any cruelties or used methods of uncivilized warfare upon natives, especially the water cure? Mr. BARROWS. I found very little evidence of it. I think I have met two persons whose word I wbuld trust who professed to have seen the water cure administered. It did not injure the natives. Senator DIETRICH. Bv whom was it perpetrated? Mr. BARROWS. 1 think by small scouting parties. Senator DIETRICH. Maca belies: Mr. BARROWS. Usually a company of native scouts with perhaps a few soldiers along. Not only this, Mr. President, but there also appeared before our committee many soldiers and two or three officers in addition to the general officers. The testimony of these men, all of whom I believe testified to the water cure, was that the general conduct of our officers and soldiers was humane, kindly, considerate, and compassionate, not only to the Filipino prisoners taken in war. but to the Filipinos themselves. I ask leave to print it withoxit reading. I have taken only that portion of the testimony as to the usual and general conduct of the Army officers, because that is the only standard for just judgment and because the portions of testimony relating to the exceptions have been repeatedly pre- sented already. The testimony referred to is as follows: T)>TIMONY OF CAPT. FRED MCDONALD AS TO USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERI- \N OFFICERS AND BoUHBRfl TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator DUBOIS: Q. So far as you heard or knew there never was but one case of water cure over there, and that was the one at Igbaras* A. So far as I knew: yes. sir. My men had explicit orders to treat natives with the greatest care to be more than particular. I will show the commit- tee to-morrow an order issued in relation to it an official document. I was very careful to treat all prisoners with kindness. I might illustrate, if I am not taking up the committee's time. The CH A i u \i AN. We will be glad to hear vou. A. ( Continued. ) A case of an insurgent officer whose picture I have here. ' He was the commanding officer of the insurgent forces where I was in com- mand of the American forces. His name was Clavira. His wife was sick in 2? 6 * y tow , ns - some 10 miles away from my station. I was informed of that fact, and I . nt mi/ ,,f flux inntroent officer. He. vou undei was in active operation against the American troops. He did so. and while he was unable to do much for the woman he called on her twice Mv ser- geant and hospital steward at that station kept track of the case and the woman eventually recovered. We have any number of times taken sick insurgent prisoners to our hos- pital: we have treated the native police when they have been wounded The cases of kindness by men under my command and bv other officers were too numerous to mention. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 9 The WITNESS. Yes: and I received photographs from other insurgent officers. Here is a photograph of another insurgent officer who commanded a column. He went away out of his way to surrender to our station, when he had been ordered to proceed to Jaro. for the reason that he lielieved the officers and troops in my district were very, very fair and alwavs treated his tr< Kips with kindness. All these officers called on us later and thanked us for different kindnesses we had shown their men. "LIKE FATHERS TO rmi,i>i;K\." By Senator BEVEHIDGE: Q. On that point. Captain, what was the general and ordinary course of conduct of the American officers and soldiers toward the people themselves who were not prisoners, and the people peaceably at work in their fieldsand homes, as to kindness and consideration? A. Man- like futlit-r -1H) TO INSURGENT PRISONERS. Q. There are some I have picked out at random while you have been tes- tifying on other matters. I have looked over some of these while you have been testifying on other points. Here is one ration Xo. 419. I find in a period of two weeks, from the 16th of December to the 31st of December, that the squad of prisoners provided for during that time was 26: that during this period for these X prisonei-s there were issued rat ions as follows: Iterations of bacon. liK fresh beef. 124 salmon, -tl'.i rice. 41H coffee. 4111 sugar. 419 vinegar, 419 soap. 419 salt. This was to the native prisoners, as I understand it? A. l-'.n tin-h/ fur tlii-i'r n.-ii : i/i-s. sir. Q. I have made a very hurried, rough calculation here and I find that that mean- for each week each man had 3$ of fresh beef, each Filipino prisoner; each one had 2 of bacon. 2 of salmon. 8 of rice. 8 of coffee, * of sugar, 8 of vin- - of soap, 8 of salt. I wish you would look at that ration return and see if that general summary of food issued to these prisoners is correct. A. After examination, i Yes. sir: the figures on the back of this return were made by Lieut. W. H. Plunmier. commissary officer. Q. There are '> of those men there, are there not? A. Twenty-six prisoners on that day. Q. I see there you issued them soap. A. Yes. -ir. Q. You may explain that but I suppose that the soap was issued pre- cisely as it wo'uld be to the American soldiers? A. Yes: it was. Q. I perceive here the item of coffee and also the item of sugar. I assume that that also is accounted f9r by the fact that it was merely the issuing of rations to the pri-oiiei-- jireri-ely as t.< our soldiers? A. Exactly as to our soldiers. 'according to the order covering that. Q. Now. merely to illustrate this great bundle of stuff you have he re these were taken out at random I find that on ration return Xo. 526. 2". native prisoners were served between December 1 and December 15. a period of two weeks, with 158 rations of bacon. 2H> fresh beef , and 138 rations of salmon. operations of rice. .V.'r. rations of coffee. 526 rations of sugar, 526 rations of vinegar, 526 rations of soap, and 526 rations of salt. A rough calculation makes that something more than 2i for each man a week of salmon, more that Ti each of fresh l-et. is of rice, coffee, sugar, vinegar, soap, and salt. 10 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Examine that ration return and please say if that is substantially correct, and if that is also accounted for oy the issuance of the same rations as to American soldi--- A After examination.) The statements you have made are correct as shown on this return. Q. Sf> it Rj>tn-(ir.t 0,1 (his ration ntiirn, which you say is correct, that we issued the Futptno jn-,soni r.ifrf-fli beef? A. I IV ilitl; i/i'.i. .11 r. Q. JIY (MUM tin in ci'ff,''- ' A. Y> (J. -l.i well its the other items' A. Yes. .-ir. Q. Xot only gave them rice, n-hich n-as their habitual food, but these other iiii-h tmgivt n to the xvldirrx of the American Army? A. V- Mr. BEVERIDGE. When, Mr. President, in any war, civil- ized or uncivilized, ancient or modern, were such rations issned prisoners and such treatment given them? Here, now, is the testimony of private soldiers who testified to the water cure: TK-TIMONY m ISADOHE H. DUBE AS TO ORDINARY CONDUCT OF AMER- ICAN ' MUCERS AND SOLDIERS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator BEVERIDGE: Q. One of your last answers was, as I heard it, that when we entered a town we were received by the natives; that the natives accepted American authority and did everything they could for us. How long were you in the Philippines? A. I was in the Philippines in the United States service about sixteen or seventeen months. Q. During which time you were in what islands or provinces? A. I was on the island of Panay. Q. You were under General Hughes, then? I. Yes. sir. Q. During your service in aiding in the suppression of the insurrection you have or have not seen prisoners taken by us? A. Yes, sir; I have. Q. When we took Filipino prisoners, what was the treatment that they received from our officers and soldiers as respects kindness and care and at- tention? GIVEN "SUCH FOOD AS THEY WANTED.'' A. They were treated as prisoners of war and fed as such. They were given good, substantial food, according to their demands. Q. That is. such food as they liked? L. Such food as they wanted, such food as they were accustomed to. They were worked, and in my judgment they were treated as prisoners of war should be treated. Q. And when they were sick or wounded, what was the attention they re- ceived in reference to medical attention? A. They were treated and taken care of by American surgeons, and taken into the American hospital. Q. And if nursed at all. by what nurses? A. By American nurses. Q. Now. continuing that same line, connecting it with your answer about the way we were received, what was the general treatment of the people who were peaceably inclined and that worked; what was the general treatment of the Filipino people by our officers and men with respect to kindness and consideration? A. The treatment. I think, was all right was good enough the treatment that was authorized by the American officers. "BE AN EXAMPLE OF AMERICANISM/' Q. What did you understand General Hughes's orders and the orders of the other American officers to be with reference to the conduct of soldiers toward the people? A. It was to treat them the sympathizers with kindness and to be an ex- ample oj irlint Anii'i-ii-iiiiixiit was. Q. And did you do that? A. Yes. sir. O. And did your comrades do that also? A. As far as I know Well, that is, my own comrades in my company; that is all I am supposed to know about it. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 11 TESTIMONY OF GROVER FLINT AS TO USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERICAN OFFICERS AND SOLDIKKS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator BEVERIDGE: Q. How long did you say you were in the service there about a year and a half? A. Yes. Q. Did you ever observe in your service Filipino prisoners after they had been taken by us- A. I have seen some in the guardhouse: yes: and some in the hospitals. Q. You found them in the hospital? A. Yes, sir. FILIPINOS PRISONERS TREATED AS WELL AS OUR OWN. Q. You may state what the facts are as to the care and attention they received in the hospitals as compared with the attention and care our own soldiers received. A. I think it was usually quite good, as far as that goes. I never saw any- thing - Q. What did you observe - Senator CULBKUSON. Let him finish his answer. Q. (Continuing, i During your service as to the care and kindness mani- fested to the Filipino prisoners by American officers? A. I think it inix must i;i-ri-llrnt. Q. That was the usual course, with reference to the Filipino prisoners? A. Yes, sir; I think it was. Q. And with reference to Filipino people engaged in peaceable pursuits what was the conduct of the American officers and men toward them? A. / think it II-IIM >. sir. Q. What is the fact as to the treatment of these prisoners, and sick and wounded being given the same as to our sick and wounded:' A. I could not see any difference, except proUibly the rations would not be the same. The Filipinos themselves would prefer rice. 2. They would prefer rice? . Yes, sir. Q. They were given what they preferred? A. V' Q. Do you understand that to be the reason why there was any difference in the rations given, to our own soldiers and to the Filipino prisoners? A. That is the only reason I can give. Q. They being used to it? A. Yes, sir. Q. Yes: what is your observation as to the treatment of the people engaged in peaceable pursuits, as to kindness and consideration, or the reverse, from the American officers and the men ? A. They were never molested if they seemed to be peaceable natives. They would not be molested unless they showed some signs of hostility of some kind, and if they did, if we struck a part of the island where 'the natives were hostile and they would fire on our soldiers or even cut the tele- graph lines, the result would be that their barrios would probably be burned. PEOPLE RETURNED TO THEIR FIELDS. Q. After our troops had passed over a district, what is the fact as to the people returning to the fields and engaging in the business of tilling the soil, returning to their homes after peace had been established? A. As far as I could see we would not much more than get through a town until you would see the natives coming back from the hills, carrying little white flags on sticks. As we struck a town we could not see a native hardly, but when we got 200 or 310 or 500 yards beyond the town we could see them coming in with these white flags. Q. And what is the fact as to their going to work in the fields after peace had been established ? A. They were continually working in the fields, and they would come back. Q. What did you understand the orders from the officers and the com- manding generals to be as to the conduct of American officers and soldiers toward peaceably disposed people engaged in peaceable work; as to kind- ness or trie reverse ? A. We never had any orders to molest any of them who were peaceably inclined, none whatever. Q. And you say that sick and wounded Filipinos had the same treatment as our own people? A. That was the First Reserve Hospital in Manila: yes. I never observed them in any other hospital. I spoke of that because I "had seen it. Q. You say that upon our approach that is, in the first advance when we would come to a town, people would depart! A. Yes, sir. Q. After we would leave the town they would return? A. Yes, sir. O. Then, when you came back again you found them at work in the fields. A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, then, when you returned, did or did they not run away as in the first instance? A. I had in mind the town of Taytay. When we approached that town we approached them under a line of fire, and we drove the natives from the town. Q. That was on a Sunday? A. I believe it was. Q. I remember that very well. But what I am driving at is this: After our column had passed and peace had been established, and you returned and found the people at work in their fields, then did they run away again as in the first instance* A. No, sir; they stayed right in their town. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 13 PEOPLE LOST FEAIi OF US. Q. They appeared to have lost all fear or misunderstanding of us? A. It appeared so: yes. sir. Q. When did you leave there? A. I left there the latter part of January. 1901. Q. What were the last prisoners you saw in our custody? Did you see any the last month of vour stay there? A. I was in the hospital at Dagupan, and there was one prisoner brought there that our company had captured. They opened fire on our company at a place called Moncoda, and we captured one man who had been shot a couple or times or three times. Q. And you saw him? A. I saw him when they brought him to the hospital. He was taken to our hospital, and then he was taken to another hospital called Lingayen, or something like that. Q. What treatment was he given? A. I did not sec. Q. You simply saw that he was taken to the hospital? A. Yes. sir. Q, So far as you know then and observed, there was no difference in the treatment of prisoners taken in battle or otherwise, at the end of your serv- ice, than there was at the beginning of it: that is to say. our treatment of prisoners sick, wounded, or otherwise was what as to kindness? A. They were always fed. and if there was extra work to be done they did it as a rule. Q. Did you observe any cruelty practiced upon the prisoners? A. The prisoners we hud captured? Q. Yes. A. No, sir; none that I can think of. TESTIMONY OF JANUAKICS MAN \i.\fj AS TO THE USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERICAN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator BEVEHIDGE: Q. How long were you in the service in the islands altogether? A. Over a year: somewhere about a year and five months. Q. During that time you observed prisoners taken from time to time? A. Yes: a lot of prisoners. Q. Will you state what the treatment of those prisoners was from our officers and men with reference to kindness and care and consideration, or the reverse? A. Well, I never saw them ill-used: they always got enough to eat. Q. What kind of food? A. They got rice and meat. Q. Was that the food they preferred? A. Rice is what they generally live on. We gave them meat with it and hardtack. Q. When thev were sick and wounded what attention was given to them5- A. They would be given medical treatment. Q. By whom:- A. By the Army surgeon. Q. By the same' surgeon that attended our soldiers? A. Yes. sir. Q. And where hospital treatment was required what occurred then? A. Well. I have seen them take the prisoners up from the guardhouse and put them in the hospital. SAME HOSPITAL OUR OWN MEN OCCUPIED. Q. The same hospital that our soldiers occupied? A. Yes, sir. Q. And if nursing was required, who did the nursing* A. The attendants in the hospital. Q. Tin sauic iittfiiiltnitx flint iliir. Q. So that the general treatment of the Filipino people engaged in peaceful pursuits by American soldiers and officers was kind, courteous, and consider ate or wa"s it the rev. A. Yes; I would say it was Senator BEVERIDG'E. That is. you mean - Senator n I.HKKSO.N. Li-t him answer the question. Senator BEVEUTIHJE. I want him to answer it. I put it in the alternative. Thi' question was rt'jx-ated by the stenographer.* A Continued.) I would not say it was the reverse; I would say it was kind. TESTIMONY OF CAPT. JKSSK LKE HALL AS TO USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERI- CAN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by the CHAIRMAN: Q. Did you hear of any cruelties being inflicted by Filipinos on our men? A. Yes; I heard that, of course. That ceased a great deal after we got so many prisoners. When we first went out there if a man got cut off they would do him. Many cruelties were inflicted, and especially in the Signal Corps. Q. You say that ceased? A. I say there was less of that toward the last. Q. After we had - A. There were a great many of the prominent men in our possession, but at the beginning we neard a great deal of that. When the game first started men were caught oxit and some of them boloed to death and hacked up. By Senator CULBERSON: Q. Did any of that occur in your command? A. One of my men is all that occurred in my command. That was at Santa Cruz He disappeared from the face of the earth, and afterwards we found some remains which were supposed to be his. Q. Was he a Macabebe? A. . A Macabebe: yes. By Senator DIETRICH: Q. Up in these mountains there were usually what they called ladrones? A. Yes, sir: ladrones. ' FED THEM AND LET THEM GO." Q. And perhaps it was the ladrones and the outlaws that that order per- tained to? A. As I said, there was nothing left there but the bushwhackers and la- drones. I think the resistance to the organized army over there had ended. While there was an organized army, and we were following it from place to place, there was nothing of that sort. In fact prisoners were turned loose; we let them go. and we treated them like we would treat children. It was as if we would spank them and let them go. By Senator BEVERIDGE: Q. On that point, and on the point several times mentioned of the pris- oners taken, what was the treatment by the American soldiers and officers of the prisoners of war which we took, as to kindness and consideration toward them? A. Well, reefed them and let them go. We paroled them, as a usual thing. We took good care of them and dressed their wounds if they were wounded. Q. And if they were sick? A. They got as good treatment as our own men received. Q. From our own physicians and surgeons? A. Yes: by our own physicians and surgeons. If I ever took a man as a guide, under the directions of General Schwan, I always paid him; and we always paid for chickens and everything else we got. 'Every horse we took 1 kn.'ir in,* )lt ,inni with the yowl comhirt of Ainrrintu xnlilii-rx mul Ann-rii-nn jn'upli-. tn ;/ive them the right idea of it. Q. Pursuing that and enlarging on the question of Senator LODGE, what was the general conduct 9f our officers and men toward Filipino people who were not engaged in hostilities, as to kindness and consideration? A. They were kind to them. The idea was to impress them with the fact that there was no animosity existing as far as we were concerned. Q. Were you with Lawtbn in May. iswi? A. No; I reached him - Q. You were not with him at San Isidro? A. No: he was in San Isidro first: I did not get there until fall. That country had to be reoccupied. We fell back from there and we had to go out and go all over the same country again. Q. When you left, that portion of the country had been pacified, had it not? A. Apparently so. The telegraph lines were undisturbed there for three or four months. ' Q. Were you over that country before you left? A. Yes: I was up at Calumpit and Tarlac. Q. That Ragbag district? A. Yes; up the Bagbag River. Q. Did you observe the people had returned to their homes and were at work in the fields;- A. Yes. sir. Q. Were they peaceful and undisturbed under our authority? A. Yes. sir. Ml'Mi IPAI. <;<)VKUXMKXT AMI s( llmil.^ K-T A HI. I sH KI) BY MILITARY AUTHOIdTIK- Q. Captain, did you make any observation concerning the establishment of a civil KOTernmeni after we would occupy a place, su.-h as Malolos or any- thing or the kind, or the establishment of schools by the military authorities? A. I only saw the schools: there was no government except the military government; we had not gotten to the experiment of putting in any of the natives. Q. I do not mean that: I mean the establishment of civil government under General Otis' s orders; A. Yes. sir. Q. That is, municipal government? A. Municipal government: yes. Q. That was done by the military authorities immediately after occupa- tion? A. Yes. sir. 2. And were schools established by the military authorities? . Not in all the places. 2. In some of them? . In some of them: yes, sir. Q. Ami t/ifi/ <, tiini/l(t Inj xohlii !.-< ilftnili-il fin- flint jnirpose? A. Yi'x. nir. Q. That is, we would occupy a place and establish a municipal govern- ment, establish a school, and detail a private soldier to teach it? A. Yes. sir. TESTIMONY OF MR. RICHARD V. HUGHES AS TO THE USUAL. CONDUCT OF AMERICAX OKKU-KKS AND SOLDIERS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator BEVEKI i>< . K: Q. And how long were you in the island? A. About a year. Q. What portion of the islands? A. Southern Luzon, in Batangas and Laguna provinces. Q. Who was in command? A. Lieutenant Merchant. Q. I mean who was the general in command of that division? A. I forget his name now. Q. Did you during your service observe any number of prisoners taken by our force^? A V' Q. Will you state to the committee what treatment they received at the hands of the American men, as to kindness and consideration? A. As to which? "TREATED JUST AS GOOD AS AMERICAN PRISONERS." 2. As to kindness and consideration, or the reverse? . We took some prisoners at Magdalena. and while they were in confine- ment at Magdalena tht-;/ n; , -7 a* good ax . I / i-it-mi prisoners. !' THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Q. And as to the food given them: whether abundant or not? A. It was abundant of its kind, and was the regular ration, consisting of rice, lutcoii. and hardtack. Q. The same as the American troops received? A. No; we ivcrh <eef once or twice a week and potatoes. Q. The rice was the food A. The principal food which they trot. Q. That was the food to which they were accustomed': A. Yes. sir. O. And which they preferred. Yes or no. A. Yes: they preferred rice. Q. When they wen- ill or wounded, what care was given them by the American authorities? A. The doctor. Dr. Stoeckele. of North Eighth street. Philadelphia, at- tended them, not only as prisoners, but in the barrio. Q. So not only the'prisoners. but the people themselves received attention from American "physicans? A. He was the only physician, though, that I knew to do such a thing as that. SAMK TKKATMKNT IX HOSPITALS. Q. In the hospitals where you have been, either as a patient or as an ob- server, what was the fact as to the treatment of the Filipinos in those hos- pitals: what kind of treatment did they receive in comparison to that re- ceived by our own men? A. Just the same treatment. O. From American officers and from American nurses? A. Y. Q. Now. with reference to the treatment of people who were peaceably at work, from American officers and men what was that, as to kindness and consideration, or the revrr-f A. They never molested them, to my knowledge. Q. What was your understanding, as a soldier, of the general conduct which was expected from you by the commanding officer of your division with reference to the treatment of people who were peaceably disposed, who were at work ? A. I treated them the same as I would and did treat anv persons that I knew with kindness, with courtesy, in every respect. Whenever I found that they were in any way wrong I would arrest them and notify my com- manding officer. Q. And your comrades, the same or not ? A. The same, as far as I could see. Q. So that the general treatment of the people by American soldiers and officers was as you have described your own treatment of them as being ': A. Yes, sir. TESTIMONY OF LE ROY E. HALLOCK AS TO THE USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERICAN < XVFICERS AND SOLDIERS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions by Senator BEVERIDGE: Q. Then, your entire service in the Philippines was how long? A. About seventeen months, I think. Q. During that time where were you most of the time? A. At Le ni. Q. Is that in Panay? A. Yes, sir. Q. While General Hughes was in command there? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, aside from the application of the water cure to these men under the circumstances you have told of, what was the general conduct of Ameri- can officers and soldiers toward the people, as to kindness or otherwise* Senator PATTERSON. He has said that where they were friendly it was good. Q. ^Continuing. > Where they were friendly? A. A. I should say they treated "them very well. Q. And you observed during your period of service there prisoners in ad- dition to these thirty that were brought in in these three conflicts? A. Yes, sir. Q. And when those prisoners had been captured what was their treatment by American officers and soldiers as to kindness and care, and as to the food they were given and places they were put ? A. They were put in the guardhouse and made to do some little work. They always had plenty of rice to eat, and hard-tack they gave them some- times, and coffee. Q- That was substantially the same rations as our own men received, ex- cept as to rice, was it not ? A. Yes, sir. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 17 Q. Did they prefer the rice to our kind of food? Is that the usual food of the natives? A. That is the food they used; yes. Q. What is your understanding. Mr. Hallook. as to what your officers and the commanding general, General Hughes, expected of soldiers in their treatment and intercourse with the friendly nativ. A. To use them well. Q. And you followed those orders A. I did: yes. sir. Q. And 01 course your comrades the same* A. Yes. sir. TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM LEWIS SMITH AS TO THK USUAL CONDUCT OF AMERICAN OFFICERS AND SUI.IMKKS TOWARD FILIPINOS. Questions l>y Senator BEVKKI IH, i S. How long did you serve ti . We arrived there the 30th of October. 1899. and left there the 4th of March, 1901. Q. So you wen- there practically two years? A. About eighteen months on tlie islands. Q. You were there in Iloilo part of the time? A. We were there alxmt a month: not over that. Q. You were in Manila part of the time* A. No, sir; I was never in Manila at all. Q. Did you go about the hospitals in Iloilo* A. Yes. sir. Q. Did you observe Filipino prisoners, wounded or sick, attended to in our hospital by our surgeons and nurses? A. I did not. 1 was not there at the time when any Filipino prisoners were in there. I was not there any great length of time anyway. O. Did you observe any kind treatment upon the part of the officers and soldiers during the service of your enlistment or your service there? A. To the native--? Q. Toward native prisoners? A. I do not think they treated the native prisoners in our quarters in re- gard to sleeping quarters very well. We had about forty of them at the time Q. Did you know General Hughes? Senator RAWLINS. Let us have an answer. A. i Continued. ) At the time Igbaras was burned we took about forty of them there, and they were made to sleep on the ground in the basement of the building. OX THE GROUND OR ON MATS. Senator BEVERIDGE: Really, on the ground. Yes. sir. W one place was wl we turned that over: and after that was full they lay on the ground, except for such mats as were brought them by their own people. Otherwise they had nothing to lie on. Q. And their own people were permitted to bring in mats and other com- forts? A. Yes: food. By Senator McCoMAs: Q. How did you treat them* A . When I came in contact with them well, if I took them out and worked them I was pretty careful to keep them at work and see that they did not get away. Q. Did you treat them humanely and kindly? A. I did not treat them unkindly. I kept them at work all the time. (,. So far as you were concerned, you endeavored to treat the prisoners humanely? A. Yes, sir. They treated me well and I treated them the same. PRISONERS TREATED WELL. Q. How did those about you treat them? A. They treated them well. Q. That is tin- extent of your own observation, is it not? A. That is the extent of my observations, so far as I saw. Q. Were the Filipino prisoners that you descriljed as sleeping where our soldiers who were also under surveillance slept, as on some mats on the ground, fed abundantly by our authorit A. They were fed from our rations yes. S. Doc. 422 2 Q. Re A. Yt 18 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Q. The same food that the American soldiers were fed* \ Yes Q ThVy wore not beaten or struck or abused, were they* A. No. sir: I did not see them beaten or struck. Q. Ami the men under your charge y;>u merely kept at work:- A. Ye-, -ir. u \s y,ui would keep any other men at work whom you supervised? A. Y.-. -ir: and I looked out that they did not escape. Q. If the prisoners got sick they were attended by the American physi- cians:- A. Yes. sir: they were Q. And they received the same medicine that our soldiers received? A. They did at that time. quite a number of them. -\ME FOOD AM) MEDICINES. By Senator BKVEHIDOK Q So far as you observed, they had the same treatment that our soldiers had* A. Yes, sir. Q. The same food and medical attendance? A. Yes. sir: they were taken to the hospitals. I have taken them there myself, and they would be given medicine. 'o. So that the Filipino prisoners had the same food and the same medicine and the same attendance, so far as you observed, that our soldiers had? A. Thev did not have the same rations: they were provided by the Gov- ernment, out were not the same rations that we had. Q. I understood you to say that they had the same rations: that they were fed out of the same rations. A. That was a mistake of mine. then. It was issued by the Government. drawn from our commissary, but not the same class of rations that we had. Q. It was plentiful and good food ? A. Ye-. Q. Food that they were used to* A. Yes: it consisted more of rice, and the like of that, and they preferred it to our m> Q. In other words, they got the food that they preferred* A. Yes. sir. Q. And that is the only respect in which there was any difference in respect of food A. Ye-, sir. Q. (Continuing.) Between the treatment given them and the treatment of our own soldiers? A. Yes, sir. n.-RECONCENTR ATION . Along this general subject we have heard a great deal of asser- tion and a great deal of rather violent rhetoric npon the question of reconcentration camps. It is said that we have established reconcentration camps in the Philippines and there was associated with the word "reconcentration " the policy of Weyler in Cuba. The effort has been made to impress the American people with the fact that we were pursuing that same policy in the Philippines. Mr. President, the testimony of those who were on the ground refutes that. I therefore present the testimony of Governor Taft, a portion of an interview of Mr. Johnson, introduced by General Hughes in giving his testimony, the testimony of General Hughes himself, the testimony of Professor Barrows, and the testimony of Colonel Wagner, who was appointed to investigate these camps, and others, and I ask that they be printed without reading. The testimony referred to is as follows: Governor TAFT. The order of General Bell has been published since I left the Philippines. CKNEBAL BELL'S OBDEB. Senator C i" 1. 1! K.I (SON. I have here a copy of the order, published in the Washington Star of January 20. There is' a copy not only of the general order of General Bell's in reference to concentration, but a copy of his special instructions to subordinate commanders on the subject. Governor TAFT. I will read it, if you desire me to comment on it. I have not read it. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Senator CULBERSON. You have not read it* Governor TAFT. No, sir. Senator CULHERSON. I simplv wanted to ask if you entertain the same opinion with reference to the character of the war after reading this order of Bell's that you expressed a few moments agor [This reference is to the statement of Governor Taft already given above.] PRESENT RESISTANCE To AMERICAN AUTHORITY "A CRIME ACJAINST > CIVIL I/AT10X." Governor TAFT. I have no doubt I should, for this reason: War has been ended in all these islands except in Btttangae and Saniar. That which re- usfcu ,'s ii i-riini- iii/ainst civilization. It is a crime against the Filipino people to keep up that war under the circ umstances. and those engaged in it have worn out the right to any treatment but that which is severe and within the laws of war. Senator PATTEHSOX. Do you mean by that statement that the army fight- ing for independence has become so small by captures, by Ijattles. by sur- renders, that those who remain fighting for" independence are guilty of a crime? Is it a crime because the prospective independence is more remote now than it was two or three years ago* Governor TAFT. It is a crime because it is subjecting their own people, in whose interests they profess to lie carrying on the war, to the greatest priva- tion and suffering. N^enator PATTEHSOX. At the hands of the American Army r Governor TAFT. The people who are not in those provinces at all. They are keeping them )>ack from earning a living. They are keeping them back from their ordinary vocations. In the very province of Batangas itself the great majority desire peace, and are only held there because of the system of terrorism of which I speak. Now. I say that warfare which depends upon terrorism and murder is a crime. That is all I have to say. Senator PATTERSOX. Is it because in your opinion the independence of the Philippine Islands has become hopeless that those who are contending for it are guilty of crime* Governor TAFT. I think independence for the time has become hopeless. Senator PATTERSON. And therefore those who are fighting for it are guilty of a crime ': Governor TAFT. They are guilty of a crime in the method which they seek to attain it. INTERVIEW OF A. BURLIX<;AMK JOHNSON AS TO O>N<-ENTKATIOX CAMPS (REPRODUCED FROM NEWSPAPER AND INTRODUCED BY GENERAL HUGHES is (OURSE OF His TESTIMONY). "AS TO CONCENTRATION. 'I know it as it is practiced there. It is a misnomer to call it a policy of concentration, because the world has learned to puta significant meaning to that word. The policy as practiced in the Philippines has no element of cruelty in it. It is simply an order to the inhabitants of a particular locality to move from one portion to another, and there they reside and carry oh their operations and business. If the locality into which they have moved does not afford them ample support, the United States Government provides them with food and shelter. Tin- jn-njil': jili-nm-d u-ith it. turn use they are perm ittt-fl t lra intended for the good of these people that they should be concentrated 20 THK PHILIPPINE SITUATION. within a certain limit, and that unless they shall so concentrate there their property shall be absolutely destroyedl Do you regard that order as in the mterest'of those people rattier than in the interest of their subjugation by the United States authorities? General Hi UIIKS. It is to their interests in this way that if we can sepa- rate the insurrect" >s. < if whom there are but few. from the peaceable citizens. the finishing up of the contract will be very short, and they can go back and live perfectly contented and happy. It is to stop these few guns from disturb- ing the whole community. Now. I will give you an instance. A miserable beggar had a revolver and six cartridges. He 'disturbed a whole district until they caught him. They caught him with his gun on. There was not a good cartridge in it. Every cartridge in it had been tried and failed, and yet with that one revolver he kept the whole district in a state of terror. Senator Cri-HKiisdN. Do you understand that the military authorities of the United States pri ivide provisions and sustenance for the Filipinos after they are concentrated? __General HUGHES. I do not know anything about it. TESTIMONY OF PROFESSOR BARROWS ox RECOXCENTRATIOX. Senator BEVKRII><;K. You were pretty well over the island of Luzon, as I judge from your answers to questions, particularly in those provinces going northward from Manila to the north portion of the island. Did you observe in the prosecution of your work the operation at any point of the reconcen- tration policy, of which so much has been said? If you did, tell the com- mittee what it was with reference to its cruelty or the reverse. Describe it. Mr. BARROWS. I was in one province which was reconcentrado. and I think I visited all but one town in the province. I think the matter has been very greatly misunderstood. In this case the population was in no sense confined within barriers inimical to its weM-bemg. There was no barbed- wire fence business at all. They were simply required to dwell and to work along a great cultivated stretch which made up the arable land of the prov- ince, within a certain distance of a military road that traversed it. They had to stay there. They could not go out to the mountains. They could not take to the woods. Of course within those limits they could pass, and pass for miles: harvest their rice; fish: do anything they wanted to do; but they must stay in the territory capable of patrol by the inilitarv forces. Senator BEVKHIDGE. But within those limits their personal action was free? Mr. BARROWS. Yes, sir. Senator DIETRICH. There was no starvation? Mr. BARROWS. No. sir; that was impossible. Senator BEVKRIDOE. Did you observe any cruelties in those lines? Mr. BARROWS. None whatever. Senator BEVERIDGE. It is just as yon have described it? Mr. BARROWS. Yes, sir. For example, after the rice was cut they had to bring it in the vicinity of this military road and stack it there and thrash it there and harvest it there. They could not do as they had been doing stack by a population that was supposedly and professedly peaceful. HK-T CONDmOXS WHERE MILITARY AUTHORITY PREVAILS. Senator BEVERIDGE. There is another question in this connection. I want to ask yon if it is not true that the provinces in which you described the con- tions as being so favorable and excellent are the provinces over which our military operations were most thorough when thev were being carried on there? Mr. BARROWS. Yes; that is the case, as in Bulacan and Pampanga and Bataan. and these are the provinces which are now the most quiet. Senator BEVERIDGE. Where the military operations conducted under Wheaton and Bell and others were very thorough; and those are the prov- inces in which ixjace and quiet and the establishment of the ordinary occupa- tions of civilized life now exist in the satisfactory manner you have described? Mr. BARROWS. They are the > //, most progress has been made and is maktng- Samar, I understand, never had any active oper- ations until lately. Senator BEVERIDGE. So the effect of the militarv operations in these provinceswas not bad, as I understand it, but good; and, so far as you were able to observe, you may state whether any feelings of bitterness or hatred engendered by the war were manifesting themselves among the people in the provinces through which you traveled THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 21 MANNER OF CONDUCTING WAR. Mr. BARROWS. Of course, I do not wish to assent to the proposition that war is a good thing. Senator BEVEHIDGE. No; I understand that. Mr. BARROWS. But where you have war existing, it is. I think, better to go ahead and pursue it rigorously and finish it ana bring in the people who are out. induce them to surrender, and get it over with as fast as possible. TESTIMONY OF COL. ARTHUR L. WAGNER. ASSISTANT AIUUTANT-UKNERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY. ON AMERICAN RECONC XNTRATION IN THE PHIL- IPPINES. The C'n A i RMAN. Have you just returned from the Philippine Islands? Colpnel WAGNER. I left the Philippine Islands on the But of March and landed at Sun Francisco on the -7th of April. The CHAIRMAN. How long were you in the Philippine Islands* Colonel WAGNER. Nearly two years and a half. The CHAIRMAN. You made a report before leaving there on the concentra- tion camps? Colonel WAGNKR. Yes. sir. Senator BKVEKIHGE acting chairman). You may proceed and state your observations concerning concentration camps that you examined. PEOPLE SURPRISINGLY 1'ONTENTEH. Colonel WAGNER. In compliance with verbal orders of the commanding general of the Department of North Philippines I proceeded from Manila on the gunboat .\iij>i,i/l>t,< to Calamba: sent overland to Santo Tomas and Tanauan. There was a concentration camp of natives at each of these places. The camp at Santo Tomas had about .s.ixio natives. It was about 2 miles long by a ruile wide. The natives in this camp were assembled accord- ing to the barrios from whi'-h they came, all the people from a given barrio being on the same street, thus assuring neighbors being together and keep- ing up the community as nearly as possible as it existed in ordinary times. I made careful inquiries of the officers on duty at Santo Tomas and also made inquiries from the natives that were in the camp. I could find no evidences i/-yy, /.-///.'tt. The streets were clean, they were scrupulously neat; care was taken to guard against fire, and the sanitary conditions of the camp seemed to be carefully looked after. Senator BEVERI I>GE. You speak of the streets. What did they live in? Colonel WAGNER. They lived in huts which thev had themselves con- structed, of the nature of what we would usxially call nipa shacks. Senator BEVERI IIGE. That is the same character of buildings as those which they lived in in their barrii >s:- MKIUCAL ATTENTION IN < AMI 1 *. Colonel WAGNER. Practically the same, excepting that they were smaller. The medical officer static ineil at Santo Tomas had general charge of the native camp. Under him there was a native doctor, or practicante. in each barrio. The food supply had not run short, and to the best of my recollection they had a supply that would have lasted until the 1st of May. Senator BEVERIDGE. Perhaps to facilitate that at this point you spoke of sanitary conditions. Who supervised and directed the sanitation of the camp': Colonel WAGNER. The medical officer on duty at Santo Tomas. under the general direction of the commanding officer at that station. Senator BEVERI I>GK. Was the sanitation of the camp as good as the sani- tation of the barrios from which the jK'opje- came'r Colonel WAGNER. I have no hesitation in saying that it was much better, because there was a medical officer in this case' to give the matter his atten- tion daily, whereas in the ordinary barrios people lived more as they pleased. FOOD SlTPl.IKS. Senator BKYERIDGE. Concerning food supplies, what was your observa- tion in regard to that.- Colonel WAGNER. There seemed to be no immediate danger of want. The food supply at Santo Tomas was sufficient* to the best of my recollec- tion, to last until the 1st of May: at any rate, until the date set forth in my report. Senator BEVERI I>GE. In what did it consist:- Colonel WAGNER. It consisted mainly of palay. Senator BEVERI DGE. It is the native foodr Colonel WAGNER. It is the native food. Senator BEVERI IK. K. It is the kind of food they were accustomed to in their barriosy '2-2 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. Colonel WAGNER. It is. The CHAIRMAN. What is palay* Colonel \V.\(;NKi{. It is unhusked rice. There were also a number of chickens in the different camps, although the chickens were becoming some- what scan-.-. Many of the people in moving to these camps had left their chickens at their homes, and in some cases they were going wild, but there were a great many pigs. Senator BEVKK IIHJK. Were the pigs killed and eaten by the natives? Colonel WAGXEK. They are killed and eaten by the natives; they were available for food. < dy else* Colonel WAG.N KIC. Tlu-i/ n-,-rf //// ,//,/<*/ beforehand to bring all their prop- erty into these camps, ami /siti( >n such that we knew everything outside of the limits was an enemy. In that case we could operate fully against Senator DIETRICH. Colonel, right there, then, this line that you term a dead line around these concentration camps was as much a line to serve notice upon these ladrones and these insurgents who would undertake to do Violence to these people that is. it was a dead line for those outside as much as it was a dead line f< >r tho-e inside, in >t to let those that were within escape? ( 'oloiiel WAONKH. It was. fur the reason it was possible to observ-- every - body coming into as well as everyb: ly going out of the camp. If a stranger came into the cauip. he would !>- requir- .n uccuiint of him--lf. Moreover, if this stranger was an a.-sassi;i or a collector, it was a very easy matter for the headman of the barrio in the camp to report the matter to the commanding officer, and the man could be s>-i/.ed at once. Senator XoCOMAB. You started to say how it was before this measure was adopted, and then you were going on to sjiy how it was afterwards. Colonel WAGNKB. I was going to say the remit ha- b.>en that Malvar. who b. -tore could not be caught, who practically was invisible, was at last run down and surrendered. The result is that these hostile parties have disap- peared from the provinces of Batangas and Laguna, and I understand that those provinces are to revert to civil government on the 4th of July. PEOPLE NOW liKTfKNKI) TO THEIR Ho Senator M< ( ';>\IAS. Then these people will go back to their homes? Colonel \TA(;.\Kl!. They have already gone back. Senator McCOMAS. When did thev go n. -1 \v.\i, \EK. They went back soon after I left the Philippines. Senator BKVKKIDGK. After Malvar was captured? Colonel WAGXEK. I think so. Senate. r M ( COMAS. Then there are no more of these camps? Colonel WAGXEK. I understand not. Senator McCosiAS. The incident has been closed? Colonel WA<;.\KU. So I understand. Senator DEBTRICH. Th-.'ii the result has been that by bringing all these people within these concentration camps, where they could bring their food supplies, and thereby take it away from the insurgents and ladrones, and also where they would be protected from this levy of monev that was made upon them by insurgents and ladrones. you think it would have the effect of stopping this cruel warfare that is going on much sooner than otherwise would have been the case: and it has otherwise protected the lives and property of the natives- Colonel WAGNEH. I do: I think so. Moreover, I would say that I do not see how we could have stamped out the trouble there otherwise. It was a very embarrassing situation. As I have said, the island was practically in the possession of a blind giant: strong, but unable to see where to strike. SO-CALLED "DEAD LINE" A LIFE LINK. Senator BEVEHIDGE. Referring to what you have said about people being boloed in the market places of their towns, would you say that this so-called dead line was in reality for them a life liner Colonel WAGNEU. In that respect it wa-. Senator BEVKKIDGE. Did the people themselves who were peaceably dis- posed object to coming in to the reconcentration camps? You spoke of their content . Colonel WAGXEH. Whether there was objection or not, I could not say from my own knowledge: I can only state the conditions that I saw there. Senator BEVEKIDGE. And the condition of content you speak of Colonel WAGXKK. I would state also that that condition of content was a condition of the poor people rather than of the wealthy. As I stated in my report, it was a matter of much greater hardship to the wealthy than to the poor. When this rice that was cached was seized, a loss fell on the wealthy people who owned the rice. Generally half of the rice found was given to 2i THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. the native who discovered it: so that he was so much better off. The rich man suffered accordingly. The rich were the people who had been sustain- ing the war. Moreover", there is a very strong caste feeling among the natives, and I was informed that it was very distasteful to the people of the til>l>er class to be crowded into the same barrio with the poor people. Senator BEVERIDGE. Were you in Cuba? Colonel WAGXER. I was. \\ l'.\ I.KH'S ('AMI'S ( OMI'AREI) TO OTRS. Senator BEYERIHGE. Do you know anything about the Weyler concen- tration camps in Cuba? Colonel \\At.NKK. I do not; my service in Cuba was limited to service during the Santiago campaign. or BEYEKiixiE. Do you know what was reported concerning those i.-oin-entriitioii camps? Colonel W A ( ; N K H . I do. S<-na;<.r BEVERAGE. And what is generally understood concerning those concentration camps? Colonel WAOXKH. I do. Senator BEVEKIDGE. What have yon to say as to anv similarity or dis- similarity between the so-called reconcentration camps ot the Americans iif the Philippine Islands and the reconcentration camps of Weyler in Cuba? Were thev alike or unlike, or what was the comparative condition? Colonel WAGVER. A< near as I can determine, there is only one point of similarity between the two. namely, the people were brought within a certain region and compelled to stay there. Senator BKVKHIIK;K. \rimt /< the points of ditatm&ariM Colonel WAGNER. The points of dissimilarity in* re that the Spaniards starved the people they brottyht in lintl in- fe IMMEMORIAL HAI-.NTS OK ROKHERS. Senator BEVKRIIXJE. As a matter of fact, from time immemorial robber bands making robbery, stealing carabao. and the property of the people their provisions have had their fastnesses in these mountains, have they not* Colonel "\\ VGNER. They have, in those mountains, although in other parts of the islands also. Senator BEVKRIIX;K. I understand, but I am speaking of these particular places now. Is it your understanding that those ladrones and robber bauds have new been wiped away? Colonel WAGXER. In those provinces; yes, sir Senator BEVERIIX; E. That is what I am asking about, these provinces; and the people have all returned to their homes and fields r THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. '25 Colonel WAGXEH. 80 I am informed. Senator M< COMAS. If it be true that the iusurrectos and also the robber liands have l>een wiped out in Laguna de Bay and Batangas and the people have Ijeen quieted in Sauinr. where is there now any insurrectionary force? Colonel WAGXKK. In regard to the island of Sauiar. I can not state, sir: I know nothing about that of inv own knowledge: nothing further than what I read in official reports or in the newspapers. Senator M< (.'O.MAS. Froin your kiiowledgeand information, when- i> there now any Insorrectkmary force in the Philippines? Colonel \v.ui\Kii. There is no insurrectionary force worthy of the name. There may be small bodies of ladron- tween France and Germany. c< mpared with any war of ancient or modern times either in a civilized or uncivilized country, his- tory presents no record of a war conducted with such humanity, with such compassion, and with such consideration for the people with whom we are dealing as does this war. Even if we n camps in the Philippines presj-nt all the difference between midnight and noonday. III.-EFFECT OF OUR ADMINISTRATION ON THE PEOPLE. Now. Mr. President, what has been the result of this policy? Wh.it lias l>een the effect i.f our vigorous military policy to in- surgents and the treatment given to prisoners and peaceful p--o- ple? What effect on the natives has this combined firmness and rig< >r< >us pursuit of armed f < >^s. with >ur c< >mpassi< >n . and kindn. ss. and cc msideration of our Army to Filipino prisoners and people our nurses to nurse them, and our doctors to attend them, and our medicines to cure them what effect lias all this had on the people? Governor Taft. Professor Barrows, and others have tes- tified as to the feeling they found toward us and our Government among the people. But it is even better shown by the reports of the governors of the provinces. I have made a condensation of the reports of the governors of provinces, eliminating unnecessary detail, as some of them are very voluminous, but reaching these particular points: and upon these particular points, I believe. nn >st of them are complete. The reports referred to are as follows: RK.I'OIJTS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS AND OTHERS ox GENERAL CONDI- TIONS ix PROVINCES ix WHICH THF.KK is M> iNsruKKcr; IM:i.VIN( E OF II.O.'OS XollTE. LAOAG, ILOCOS NORTE, December 17, 1901. ClVll. (it)VKItXolt. Manila: The people of this province are humble, very timid, and obedient. The law i-i complied with in a peaceful manner. Violations of law so far occurred xmlv through deceit and impositions on part of people of other provi: AGBAYANI, Gm-rn,,,,: 26 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. PROVINCE OF RIZAL. PASIG, RIZAL, December IS, 1901. FEK> turi/. Mniiiln: In almost all the towns the justice courts are already in operation. The court of first instance has been established since July 11. 1901. Peace in Rizal is complete. All inhabitants are in favor of the civil government and de- voted to American sovereignty. Highwaymen, who formerly operated in various places in Me >r< >ng, have" been driven out. The census is almost com- pleted, and. from present information, the number of persons estimated at 140,000. Municipal autonomy is executed with sufficient force. Means to establish the land tax progressing satisfactorily, and it is not likely that it will offer any particular difficultv in the completion. Provin- cial accounts which showed in the months of July and August the province was in debt have shown a balance of $3,833.77 gold on December 1, 1901, after payment to the municipalities the portion due to them. Suffrage, according to municipal code, has been exercised satisfactorily. Agriculture, industry, and trade suffer the decay incident in the whole archipelago consequent upon the war and other causes. The scarcity of cattle for the purpose of draft is very noticeable as a result of the epidemic of epizootia. It will be necessary to establish a farmers' bank at once. Floods and locusts have caused much loss this year in the rice harvest. The province lacks proper public buildings, (icm-rnl *// tin- i-onilx ili-ntninl.t ninrh i-j-jii-nye for re- ptnr.t. hut // -jii. /'!. SIR: * * * Since the surrender of the nationalistic general Tinio. with all his forces, who was carrying on the insurrection in this province, and of Father AglijKiy. also with all his men, in that of Ilocos Norte. in the month of May last, this province under my command has been completely pacified, and from that time until the present all the pueblos have enjoyed the tran- quillity and jK'i-soiial security of normal times before the ontoreak, of the insurrection against Spain. As a consequence of this pacification, the natives, as well as the Americans, military and civil, inhabitants of this province, can now visit all the pueblos with entire freedom and safety without anv fear whatever of even malefac- tors and road agents, which, fortunately, do not exist in this province. All the people are peacefully following their customary avocations to the extent that no one cut;/ luni/i-r rememben tin' //-, save through the newspaper re- ports of engagements and skirmishes taking place in the provinces of Laguna and Batangas and others in the southern islands. Very respectfully. M. CRISOLOGO, Provincial Governor. 28 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. PROVINCE OF AMBOS CAMAKINKS. NTEVA ('At KliKS, I'AMAKINKS Sl'K, l>l'cewber 1'J, 1901. EXEITTIVK SECHKTAHV. Manila: ******* Population about iVi.iim: :t ) organized towns; authority been requested to organize remainder of former towns; province in perfect state of pacifica- tion. Two small bands insurgents surrendered last September; since then no insurgent or hostile element in province. This condition is permanent so far as people of province concerned. No doubt sentiment is for continued peace and confidence intentions American Government. Trai-el mt nil roads and tu inuxt iiixtunt interior points perfectly mfe. I rrn'/itli/ x/icnt tiro niyhts in inti-riur tnii-H it-it i, mi/ fa in Hi/, imgworoed, ;//((/< n //'-Hi- u Aim rn-i'n teacherx in j>rurim;-. rm-rrini/ 1' ti>-ns. (-food attendance and interest in schools. .\if troops from this province, and expects soon to recommend with- drawal of eight more. JAMES ROSS, Governor Anilmx Cuinai-int'S. PROVINCE OF TARLAC. TARLAC, TARLAC, P. I., December 10, 1901. KxKi CTIVE SECRETARY FOR THE PHILIPPINE ISLAM s. Manila. P. /.; ******* There has been no interruption of the peace of the province since its organization under the provincial government act. The Philippine con- stabulary made several arrests in Moneada the first days of November for v meeting and conspiring to attack the troops. Th<- trial ix now in * I was well received in towns in that part of the province recently visited, and expressions of desire for peace were numerous and seemingly earn -st and sincere. I think this desire prevails. Crimes of robbery, rape, homicide, larceny, and falsification have been committed, or at least alleged, and the perpetrators arrested by either the municipal police or the Philippine constabulary, both of which are working itisluctorily. There are not enough judges of first instance. The remark frequently made that there should be a judge continuously holding court here is true, in my opinion. Prisoners have to wait too long" for trial The .provincial government act and municipal code are working well he amendments made from time to time have been timelv and acceptable The crops are good this vear. Taxes are collected without difficulty, and the income exceeds expendi- tures thus far. The supervisors of the various provinces interested have met to consider defense against river inundation. WALLIS O. CLARK, Captain, Twelfth Infantry, Provincial Governor. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. l" ( ri>VIN< K /;. Hon. WILLIAM H. TAKT. Hor, -i-iinr of tli' I'liilijijiiiu- Arrltijielai/ii. Mimiln. I*. I.: * * * A few days after t e establishment of civil government here Gen- eral Belarmino presented himself with his entire force. und from tlmt tint? to the preae it t tin- /<"< >// the province ha* nut been dittvrbea, * * * A few Tagalo leaders came into the province recently from Manila with the hope of renewing trouble in this province, bat the people were >, . thoroughly opposed to any further disturbances of the peace that there was not the slightest trouble in apprehending them before they wen- able to accomplish anything. These leaders were at once apprehended by the constabulary, and are now confined in the prison of the province. The constabulary have l>een and are doing excellent work, and their serv- ices have teen highly commended upon by military officers of this prov- ince. Both the military and civil officers are in perfect accord, there being no friction whatever. I tun informed by tin- leading dtixciu that tin n n-ns never a time in the history f flu- province n-hi n H n-ns in .,< jimxjieroux a con- dition us it is inl>los in tin- jiroriiii; iinir have America it instructors, and the progress tin-}/ art- nuikiittj is i-j-i-eptiimally {/ratifying. Personally I have found the work of reconstruction extremely interesting. * * * * * . * * Very truly, yours, A. U. BETTS, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OF ILOILO. ILOILO, P. I., December 20, JD01. To the CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, Manila. SIR: * * * That as regards peace and order it may be asserted that this province of Iloilo has no cause to envy any other province in the archi- pelago. The civil rule established here has satisfied the people and com- pleted the work of pacification commenced by the military government. It may be asserted that the people, convinced of the advantages of this rule, have forgotten all tin jmst in order to think only of their advancement mate- rially, morally, find /lolitically. Highway robbery, which is the sequence to every war and famine, far from taking hold in this province, is decreasing, thanks to the active prosecution of which it is the object on the part of the constabulary, who are doing very good service. It is to be hoped that, assailed on every side, the people of evil life will disappear. * * * MARTIN DELGADO. Provincial Governor. 30 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. PROVINCE OF CAVITK MKXDEX NUXEZ, December 77, 1W1 Hon. LrKE E. WRIGHT, .ii-tiii;/ cii-n Governor Off the Philippine Islands, Manila: ******* During the trip I have been making up to date to the mountain towns of this province of Cavite, organizing municipalities. I feel that I ought to en- tertain no doubt of the desire for peace entertained by all its inhabitants. In this trip I have taken steps to bring about the surrender of some small armed groups, the wake, as it were, of the revolutionary forces already sur- rendered, wnich. though they still continue under arms, have no political color, and the proof of this is that they devote themselves solely to holding up native traders to get their money. And from the steps I have taken I am in hopes that within a few davs all these small armed parties, that are nothing more than highwaymen, will present themselves with all their arms. I can also assure you of the peace and order in my province, and that the civil authorities, with the constabulary forces, will be sufficient to maintain and preserve them. * * * * * * * I have the honor to be, very respectfully. MARIANO TRIAS, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OK /AM BALES. IBA, ZAMBALES, P. I., December W, 1901. Hon. Mr. WRIGHT, Actiny Civil Govi'rnnr of tln-sr inlnmls: * * * Ever since the ex-Nationalistic General Mascardo surrendered, there is no repetition of these sad events, and the whole province, as thoug-h by magic, is animated to make up with interest their losses by devoting themselves with greater energy and ardor than heretofore to labor, not only because it has returned to its normal and peaceful life, but also by reason of the content and enthusiasm it feels through the implanting of thie civil rule and the establishment of several schools for the teaching of the English tongue in many pueblos of the province. The whole of the latter mav now be traveled without any personal or material risk whatever, and without the protection of an armed force. NO truv in thin tltt tlic inhal>itantn of the pueblo of Macabebr. jirnvim-f of Painpatti/n. irlm. it in ict'll knturi,. / hated by the aationoKstt, < from that province t<> t It in <>nf //<-(///. iritliout anything happening to tln-ni <>n tltv road, carrying to and selling in the dif- ferent pueblos and barrios, as thev did during" the former domination, their native cloths, made in different places. The children of both sexes as never before devote themselves with ardor, application, and profit to the study of the English language. Respectfully, POTENCIANp LESACA, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OF PANGASINA.V LINGAYEN, December 77, 1901. The ACTING CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES. * * * Since civil regime has been established the inhabitants enjoy per- fect tranquillity and comfort, and their conditions are growing better each day under the new regime. Peace is so well established that it never has been disturbed in the slightest. * * * Very respectfully, p. SISON, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OF SORSOGON. ******* 1 personally have just returned from an overland trip, Aisiting all of the towns south of Sorsogon and passing through the wildest and roughest part of the country. Tin trip H-U* mmi,- inthnni //mini and in all the towns and barrios the spirit of the people seemed to be the best. * * * I can now begin to see some results of our work and instruction in this direction, and the municipal officers and some of the more intelligent of the people are beginning to realize that they have a further responsibility to their country and the government than remaining passively inactive and watching the Americans put down uprisings. I believe I can state with confidence that the civil government is working as well as could be expected, and that the general conditions are good and that with a few modifications of the laws, looking to a stricter watch over the people, keeping the restless at work, and preventing the scattering and isolation of families in the remote portions of the mountains irhere they THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 31 become little better than xia-ur/at. that the province of Sorsogon will rapidly develop and will remain peaceful. Then, when roads are built and commu- nication between all the towns is made easy, the ignorance of the people, which is pitiable, will disappear. All things considered, the general conditions are all that can be expected. Very respectfully, J. G. LIVINGSTON, I'l'iii-ini-iiil (inri-rnar. PROVINCE OF BATAX. BALANGA, P. I., D<-<-< >n // in. nujl. The Civn. GOVKKNOH. Manila. P. I. Sin: I have the honor to state that I have recently made an inspection of and visited all the towns in this province, and find the people entirely in accord with the government as established and expressing freely and unani- mously their appreciation and approval of the forms of the government municipal, provincial, and insular now existing. The local governments of the municipaltie* arc conducted in an intelligent, judicious, and praiseworthy manner. * * * The financial accounts are in a healthy condition: all the towns are accumulating money in the treasuries, some having jtt.i.K K i at the end of last month on hand, with the intention of building schoolhouses first and other public Improvements next. Ordinances are prepared in precise and legal language, clearly expressing the meaning without superfluous words, which is a decided contrast and improvement over former methods of de- voting several pages of writing when four lines would be sufficient. English is being taught in all the towns of the province. The public schools are encouraged and aided by the people and the officials, with one exception, the attendance being larger than the limited number of teachers can instruct with best results. In mi/ it tit /.-. province itfreefron // inx>n ami u-ill alii-ai/x remain *<:. It has been without the aid of the military for many months, there being no garrison in the province, except one company atMari- veles. placed there on account of government property and port, and not for the preservation of the peace, as this town is entirely cutoff bv the mountains from tlie rest of the province, tic province being controlled by 75 men of the insular constabulary, armed with only :#> revolvers and :$<> carbines, and the municipal police of the different towns, very poorly armed. At the head of this force there are only two Americans, inspectors of constabulary, yet so well has the work been done that there is not an uncaptured ladrone in the province. Land is being generally cultivated with good yields: farms and town improvements are constantly being made, and the people rapidly recovering from the losses from the wars. Very respectfully. J. H. GOLDMAN, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OF NUEVA ECIJA. The people of the pueblos display considerable interest in their local gov- ernments, init tin- ii/ntirant; nt thrjii'xt />riiiri/:lt x nf ' .lelt'-i/tiri-rninent is sur- /ii-i.ifii'i. Much tine and patience will be necessary, with constant instruc- tion, before at all satisfactory results are obtained. ******* Very respectfully, J. F. KEEPS, Provincial Governor. PROVINCE OF L.EYTE. SIR: I have the honor to report that the peace conditions of this province are fairly satisfactory. * * * Prior to the first of this month there were twenty towns in this province garrisoned by American troops, but within the past two weeks nine of these towns have been evacuated, withdrawing 810 men. These towns are now protected by the constabulary and the muni- cipal police. t hit of -">0 towns in the province, 44 have been organized under the munici- pal '-ode and are exhibiting very gratifying results in the management of their municipal affairs. The remaining 6 received orders to hold elections on the first Tuesday in this month, so I presume that all of them are now organized, but the returns have not yet reached this office. ******* That the great ma.ioritv of the people are happy and contented with their E resent condition is evidenced by the renewed activity displayed in all ranches c >f industry. Agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing indus- tries are taking on new ilfe throughout the province, while the people are rebuilding their towns and homes, and are erectiny. in in/mi/ i,ixtmices, sub- stantial and rnnifiirtitlili- lunltliiit/x. instead ofnipa shacks. 32 THK PHILIPPINE SITUATION. One of the most gratifying and, to my mind, one of the most encouraging indications M demonstrating their appreciation of our institutions, as well as the popularity of the same, is the intense interest manifested among the masses to acquire a kn .wledge of the English language. During the current year the municipalities in this province have expended about 10,000 peeoa in the construction and equipment of schoolhouses, which I think is quite a good showing for newly organized towns just recovering from the effects of a two or three years' war. ******* There are at present 3(5 American teachers on duty in the province, all of whom are doing excellent work. It affords me much pleasure to report that, with but one or two exceptions, there has been absolutely no friction between the padres and the schools, while quite a number of the padres have exhibited a desire t<> learn our language. J. H. GRANT. Governor. Mr. BEVERIDGE. At this point, Mr. President, I introduce the report of the division superintendent of instruction for Leyte. one of the most backward provinces, as an example of our general work: REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION OF LEYTE AND SAMAR. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. DIVISION OF LEYTE AND SAMAR. Tacloban, P. /., , . The division superintendent arrived at official headquarters June 14. 1901. Civil government in Leyte was then and one-half months old. Depend- ence on military transportation and expected transfers of troops delayed the preliminary examination of the field until July 3. Between that date and July 13 a circuit of the island was made and li prominent coast towns vis- ited.. Prior to that educational rallies had been held, with good results, in the capital and nearest large towns. The first conviction prompted by this survey was that educational work would be most economically begun by giving it a home in at least eight of the towns visited, through the construc- tion and furnishing of a model schoolhouse and American teacher's resi- dence. These would at once show the exalted estimate put upon education by States people; would serve as an object lesson to other towns, and imme- diately equip the towns in which they were placed. Events have justified this conviction. Existing schools were found badly situated, ill constructed, in ruinous and filthy state, and almost destitute of equipment. Native teachers were poorly paid, and therefore hard to find, and of scanty educa- tion at the best. The women had rarely been beyond the confines of their own town, and knew less than many of their pupils. In remedying external conditions, empty treasuries, sluggish officials, in- different workmen, fear of outlaws, and lack of sawmills are occasions of delay which tax ingenuity and patience. For this island 1 teacher came with the superintendent: 3 were received in July, 1 in August. 32 in Septem- ber. 1 in October, and 2 in December. Losses, 1 oy desertion. 1 by dismissal, 2 by transfer. Present force, 38. Of these, 23 are college graduates and the others have had a high-school and normal training. Most have had expe- rience in teaching, many in supervising, and there are many specialists. Farmers, dairymen, carpenters, blacksmiths, civil engineers, electricians, machinists, physicians, experts in chemistry and microscopy are included among them, giving promise of social development in many directions. They are all hapjiih/ at n-m-k in day schools, and severed are instnu-tinij night classes. And the genuine teacher of patient, helpful spirit is endear- ing himself to children and parents and contributing to then* contentment under American rule. The work is not frictionless as has been hinted. The American teachers in Leyte are distributed in 16 towns. Of these. 3 contain buildings of masonry, 8 have wooden buildings, and in two in- stances new ones; the schools of the remaining 5 are held in leased dwell- ings or warehouses. Except in the capital, the furniture provided by the municipalities thus far is of simple character, and the supply is scanty. Onlv in remote and rude country districts in the States could a parallel be found. The Filipino child, whose natural perceptions are quicker than those of the American child of the same age. because he is nearer the savage (who de- pends for safety and subsistence on the alertness of his eye and ear), is as susceptible as his white brother to attractive surroundings; and, with his native indisposition to effort, should have clean, neat, suitably furnished rooms to win him to the love of methodical study. Until there are such, the wisest and best-trained American teacher will find use for his utmost fer- tility in invention. B. B. SHERMAN, Division Superintendent of Schools. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 33 Mr. BEVERIDGE. As an example of what we are doing toward the physical regeneration of the islands roads, bridges, and the like I submit the report of supervisor (civil engineer) , province of Leyte: TACLOBAN, P. I., December l'j, 1901. Hon. J. H. GRANT, (ir>-f>n>i; Tacloban, P. I.: ******* On my arrival in September there was already under contract an addition to the provincial building, at a price of $3.750 United States currency; a Gov- ernment pier, at a price of $2..s75 United States currency: a stable, at a price if >i-Vi United States currency: a balcony around the present provincial building, at a price of $l.t>fr.50. Work has been carried on under all these contracts. * * * The build- ings have been (-(instructed in a substantial manner, of woods of a superior group, with iron root's, etc. The pier has an approach with concrete side- walks, will have a shed over the landing platform, and is well built through- out. It will afford landing and storage facilities for Government vessels two things much needed at the present time. It is also intended to use the roof as a source of water supply for vessels, there being none available at this time. Under act 244 of the Commission there has been purchased, at a price of 5,515 United States currency, a piece of land to be used as a plaza and park, and those buildings already constructed by the province stand upon this property. The prisoners are kept employed in constructing and repairing the roads and in grading on this tract, and considerable progress has been made in its development. In regard to roads and bridges: In October I personally inspected the coast roads leading f r< mi Tacloban to Palo, Tanauen and Tolosa to Dulag. and the interior roads extending from Tanauen through Dagmi and Burauen to Dulag. The coast road above mentioned is in fair condition and passable for wagons, etc. The interior road, however, is practically impassable for anything except carabiu >. carabao carts, and horses, never having been prop- erfv shaped, graded, or drained. In November I visited the larger towns on the south and west coasts, and found that the conditions there were much as outlined above the coast roads fair and the interior roads very bad. In general the roads of the province can be reconstructed with the mate- riiils to be found conveniently near, but timber for the bridges is hard to obtain on account of the lack of facilities for getting it out. afl sawing, etc., having to be performed by hand. However, a steam sawmill is being set up at Tacloban. and when it is in shape will be of great assistance. It is intended to first open these roads leading from the coast towns into the interior, in order to afford an outlet at the earliest possible time for the large quantities of hemp and other products. By thus opening up trade it is ho] >ed to increase the revenues of the province for use on those roads of less commercial importance. * * * * * * The roads newly constructed, and others where practicable, will be divided for maintenance into sections, \vithalaborerinchargeofeach. Most of the work to date has been preparatory, consisting of the purchase of tools, the inspection of various roads, a study of their conditions, and the means available for bettering them, as an aid in forming an intelligent opinion as to where the money available could be spent to the best advan- tage. I have found the officials and people of the towns interes'ed in and anxious for good roads and bridges ana other improvements, and willing to aid in any manner within their power, and I am confident that the province will have their hearty cooperation and support. Respectfully submitted. S. B. PATTERSON, Provincial Supervisor of Leyte, P. 1. Now, let us resume the reports of governors. PROVINCE OF CAP!/. CAPIZ, PANAY, P. I., December to, 1901. To THE ACTING CIVIL GOVERNOR PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, Manila: ******* By the month of September * * * the pueblos began to recover their normal condition, and now all evidence of their misfortune has disappeared. That which contributed to the prompt recovery was the present state of tranquillity and prosperity and the relatively large crop of nee. The north- ern monsoon has cleared the province of the fevers, and the loan of $25,000 gold from the central treasury h is given work to hundreds of men. Trade S. Doc. 422 3 34 TIIK PHILIPPINE SITUATION. is little by little returning to what it was during its best times, and the ex- portation' of butcs for su^ur, vulgarly known as "bayones," in five months tins -.,< iii-lnil /li<- tiiin !-, <>!' I.IHHI.IHIII'. irli'irli fii/iii-i- l/m.- <>f n-honi rides every day, without escort, a di.itnnrc of s mile* nnd r>-1nr,t. On the island of Masbate, as an escort, there accompanied me Mr. Joe Federle. a fourth-class inspector of the Philippine constabulary, and 4 natives. During this tour we encircled the entire island. Work in the development of natural resources seems to be at somewhat of a standstill, although in the southern part of Ticao and Masbate many hemp and cocoanut trees have been recently planted. Some considerable number were to be seen working, cutting timber. On the island of Masbate there are 8 American teachers. The only two posts where American troops are stationed are at* Masbate and Cataingan. in the south. The teachers, without exception, express themselves as feeling perfectly secure without the presence of even another American soldier or civilian in the towns. ******* Respectfully submitted. H. G. SQUIER. Division Superintendent of Schools. REPORT OF CHIEF OF CONSTABULARY. HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY, Manila, December 15, 1901. To the SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND POLICE, Manila, P. I. * ****** On December 15 the constabulary had in round numbers 2,500 men. The great care exercised in recruiting this force accounts for the fact that this number is not larger, but it is indeed worthy of remark that up to the present time only two men have been lost by desertion. * * * * * * * From reports received from various parts of the islands there can be no question but that the better class of people are extremely tired of the strug- gle and ardently desire peace. The recently enacted sedition law has had a I a it i- nt i-ii I ii' in I if i nil in 1 1 i ril ilnei-.i ton ri-nlizinij .ien.ii- of their ulli-ijin nee to law and order. It demonstrates to these people the forcefulness of civil govern- ment, enables the constabulary to reap the rewards of its labors, and gives to the insular judiciary ample opportunity to prove the great importance of its work in this period of reconstruction. As our knowledge of the Filipinos and the islands is daily increasing, the danger of future uprisings and disorders is daily diminishing. With the sys- tem of acquiring information now possessed by the insular government, it is possible to destroy anv seditious measures in" their earliest stages once the f- insurrection be suppressed and all guns surrendered or captured, xcusable ignorance of the situation in the past is responsible for what now remains of the insurrection. Our good intentions were often misconstrued for weakness, and it is a fact that the generous concessions made by the Gov- ernment have at times been prejudicial to the desired ends. ******* As a proof of the improvement in the general situation the following is submitted: DIMINUTION OF TROOPS. On July 1, 1901, the Army was holding in the island of Luzon 420 posts with 9ft74 troops: December 1, 1901, there were 293 posts held by 25.s< is troops, a diminution of 30 per cent in posts and 29 per cent in troops in a period of five months. In the entire archipelago there were 491 posts and 49.937 troops on July 1. 1901. and 372 posts with 37,:-U<> troops December 15 of the same year. Excepting in Batangas. Laguna, and Samar, the number of military stations is being continually diminished. For example, orders have just been issued abolishing 7 military posts in the province of Leyte. From the latest returns the constabulary is stationed at 71 posts in Luzon, 36 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. with 1.778 men. In the entire archipelago there are. so far, 94 constabulary posts, with a total of 2.417 men. This number will be doubled within the next three ni> uiths. and the number of posts will likewise be greatly increased. ******* Verv ivspect fully, HENRY T. ALLEN, Chief Philippine Constabulary. PROVINCE OF ILOCOS NORTE. OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF ILOCOS NORTE. Lasag, P. I., December 16, 1901. l\> /i'"'t <>/ .I'/iK'tto Aiilnii/tini. jirorincidl yoreriwr. 1. The people of the province of Ilocos Norte are in general humble and extrwnely obedient and timid. By their humble character they are verv submissive, and their obedience miikcs them execute without hesitation all orders when they km >w that they proceed from the constituted authorities, in view of the compliance with the laws. As a consequence of these natural tendencies th- character of the people is essentially peaceful. 2. If certain cases Ijave been seen in the province which seem to contradict the peaceful dispositions of the inhabitants, it is due to their small, or lack of, education and instruction, which prevents them from understanding the frauds and impositions practiced on them by people from other provinces. or to their lack: of courage and extremely humble character, which pre- vents them from refusing to submit to their impositions. AGUEDO AGBAYANI, Governor. PROVIXCK OF MAKIXDUQUE. BOAC, MARINDUQUE, P. I., December 20, 1901. Mr. WILLIAM H. TAFT, liiiri'i-noi- /'/(//////""< I.tliinI>I/N -il.t of lirii/lit and IKI/>I)// children, iclio fre- quently linl mi- (;<>i\ afternoon, Svilor Tesorero." As for the "common people," they are and have been since my arrival busily engaged in their different, lines of agriculture and the gattiering of hemp, an extraordinary amount of which has been exported from these p^ >rt s in the last three months. On all roads are daily seen lines of pack ponies and carabao sleds loaded not as of yore with insurgent chow and ammunition but with large bundles of beautiful white hemp for the Manila market' which, when disposed of, places the pesos in the pockets of the poorer classes! When I meet them on the roads or see them at work in the rice fields, while on my rounds. I make it a point to say a pleasant word to each and inquire as to their health and condition, and I am glad to say I have found the fami- lies of most all of them happy, contented, and prosperous. Taxes of all kinds industrial, urbana, and cedula are paid good naturedlv and without complaint. In fact, on MiirindiK/iii' Old Glory waves over an island of peace, happiness aMdprotperttf, //<)* mhabitanti are crowned with the blessings of Almitiltty GOVERNOR ORGANIZING A CLUB FOR YOUNG MEN. I am at present engaged in organizing a club for the advancement and amusement of the young men. The object is to instruct them in new Amer- ican outdoor sports, such as baseball, tennis, football, etc., with the hope that by elTing them many other kinds of pleasant games we will be able to gradually wean them from the cockpits and monte tables, as I firmly be- lieve that many a young Filipino drifts into these places to spend his idle moments and satisfy his desire for pleasure simply because there is no no- bler style ot amusement open to him. The organization will be perfected in each municipality and friendly competition between the different towns will THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 3j be fostered and encouraged. As yet this is in its infancy, but it will be full grown by the time you return: and I hope it will result beneficially to the youth of Marinduque. as well ;is set an example which can be advantageously followed by the voung of other provinces. Respectfully, A MZI B. KELLY, I'rr, Hi-mi Treasurer. H'i,-,-i ii/ln-r !.'. 1001. The honorable CIVIL GOVKKNOK OF THK PJIII.IPIMNKS. Mnnilo: ******* In spite of the difficulties experienced at first by the provincial treasury, to-day the financial status is as follows: Gold. Assets ..................................................... " ............ J45.441.59 Liabilities .............................................................. 27,708.66 Balance .......................................................... 17,732.93 HYiilEXIC 1.1VINC. (iNLY WHERE MILITARY ARE. Iii spite of the different orders issued from this office requesting the muni- cipal presidents to give particular attention to the question of hygiene, I have noted in my visits that the only pueblos attending to the rules of hygienic living art' thiw ir/nrc u military ilftaclnn<.-ut /.- .itatitiiifl. The lack of cleanly habits and the complete indifference of the municipalities to the public health have resulted in some pueblos of the north becoming subject to chronic attacks of smallpox, causing an appreciable havoc among the population: and this in spite <>f the efficacious and disinterested cooperation of the army doctor and his assistants, who. in the months of April, May, and June. worked energetically in the vaccination of the inhabitants in the infested districts. Due perhaps to the poor quality of the vaccine virus, it has n >t been possible to eradicate altogether the epidemic, a few cases still reporting from the pueblos of Bais and Jimalalno. NATIVE LACK OF 1NTELLIUKN- K ******* Of the 24 presidents who are now at the head of the municipalities, only 10 have shown during the current term of office aptitude for the discharge of their duties. These have shown themselves earnest citizens of the American sovereignty, and have contributed in no small degree to the maintenance of public order. The others have shown a desire to perform their duties, but owing to their lack of intelligence they are obliged to act under the direction of their secretaries, or of some petty lawyer of the place, who as a rule, in this province, are apt to be very poof advisers: and they have placed some of the presidents in a questionable position in regard to the American sov- ereignty. Some of these presidents nave learned only to write their names. so as to be able to sign, and are qualified electors on account of their social position. * * * * * * * The selection of justices of the peace for the different municipalities has been a very difficult task. In the majority of the pueblos of this province there are no fit persons available for the discharge of the duties of this office. Those who are fit for the post are usually in such a precarious position finan- cially that they need all their time to attend to their private affairs in order to support themselves and their families, for what they would get from the fees of the court as justices of the peace is not enough to meet their daily wants. A justice has to keep at least one clerk, and the fees of the court are scarcely sufficient to pay the salary of this clerk and the cost of office supplies. For this reason the filling of the offices has been difficult. I am compelled to state that most of the shortcomings of the justices have been due rather to ignorance than to bad faith. In every case attention has been called to the fault committed, and in my visits I have instructed them in the duties of their office, and have urged upon them the need for integ- rity in all their dealings as a means of gaining the confidence of the people ******* DEMETRIO LARENA, Provincial liuvemor. 38 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. PROVINCE OF ANTIQUE. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ANTIQUE. GOVERNOR'S OFFICE, San Jose de Buenavista, Panaij, P. I., December 19, 1901 CIVIL GOVERNOR PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, Manila, P. I.: * * * * * * * The peace of the province has remained undisturbed since the surrender of Fullon in March last. Not a hostile shot has been fired at an American since that date, and on mv recent tour of inspection there were practically no complaints against the municipal officers. Everyirhere the people ex- pressed themselves as satisfied icith the /m-witt rule. These expressions seemed to be genuine, and there was no sullenness to indicate a mental reservation. ELECTIONS PASSED OFF QUIETLY. The recent elections passed off quietly, and the laws governing elections were very generally complied with. Municipal governments throughout the province are in operation, and their records on my recent inspection were much better kept than on my previous visit. Courts are established and are beginning to work. Justices of the peace are more or less ignorant of the law as yet, but sefem anxious to learn. We recently distributed copies of the code of civil procedure, and I have no doubt the result will /be beneficial. The roads of the province are in much need of repair, they having been neglected for several years. A start has been made on their improvement. Several bridges are now being constructed eight in all having been provided for largely from the fund appropriated by the Civil Commission. ******* The province has been comparatively free from the operation of ladrones, although they have twice appeared and stolen carabao, which were recov- ered before they could be gotten out of the province. On the last raid the ladrones killed two men in the pueblo of San Rernigio. The organization of the constabulary in the province is nearing completion, and it is thought that they will be able to so thoroughly police the province that detachments of American troops can soon be withdrawn from outlying points. Schools are generally established, and marked progress is being made. On the whole I feel justified in reporting most favorably as to peace and general condition of the province of Antique. Very respectfully, W. A. HOLBROOK. Captain, Fifth U. S. Cavalry, Civil Governor. PROVINCE OF MA8BATE. OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF MASBATE, Masbate, December 23, 1901. The honorable ACTING CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES: ***** * * Perfect peace is enjoyed in the whole province, and the inhabitants are displaying an unusual activity in the fisheries, agricultural work, and timber cutting, the latter constituting their principal resource, as well as that of the municipal and provincial governments: it also furnishes an occupation to the needy classes, which helps considerably to preserve tranquillity and good order in the pueblos. ***** * * BONIFACIO SERRANO, Governor. MINDORO. BAGUIO, December 36, 19ttl. FERGUSSON, Executive Secretary, Manila: * * * Everything peaceful in this province. Just returned from tour over end province; myself and Spanish secretary only white men in the party; no danger; conditions promising; sentiments favorable to American WILLIAM F. PACK, Governor. PROVINCE OF CAGAYAN. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF CAGAYAN. Tuguegarao, December IS. 1901. The honorable CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES: ******* The municipal elections which have just been held have allowed me to ap- preciate the general enthusiasm of the inhabitants of the province, except m the pueblos of the Bataan Islands, which can not be reached during the pres- ent season, for the establishment of civil regime and provincial governments. I was splendidly received in all the municipalities wnich I visited as the rep- resentative of the Government, for the purpose of organizing the pueblos under the municipal code. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 39 DESIRE TO LEARN ENGLISH. A sincere proof of the affection and the good will of the people toward the constituted government is their desire to learn English. In the municipal- ities which have American teachers the schools are assiduously visited by children and grown-up people, not only of the pueblo, but of the neighboring pueblos which have no American teachers, and the latter are begging the superintendent of instruction to provide such teachers. Such is the general state of peace and tranquillity in the province. The inhabitants are busy with their usual occupations, which are mostly agri- cultural, although for the present the latter are not very active and the hopes are small, not so much on account of the destruction of the cattle and the carabaos by the rinderpest as of the inundations of the rivers, which have destroyed plantations of tobacco that had already been several times renewed. ******* Very respectfully, M. GONZAGA, Governor. Mr. President, the commanding general referred to in the next report is General Bell. REPORT OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR OF ABBA. BANGUED, ABRA, LUZON, P. I., December 16, 1901. ******* On March 27 I assumed command of the province under orders from Brig. Gen. J. Franklin Bell, U. S. Army, commanding first district of northern Luzon. My report for March, rendered April 1, will show the conditions at that time, viz: AFTER SURRENDER PEOPLE WENT TO WORK. Immediately after the surrender the people went to work planting. As there was general suffering for food the commanding general issued rice and salt in suitable quantities, sufficient to prevent starvation; he also went about from place to /ilitce, and in thin way caused a feeling of confidence and good felloirxhip, which feeling has continued until the present time. Tin 1 men of the province are hunt /. "The general conditions are good, and I believe will remain so until some hot-head springs up, who, for personal reasons and private ends, may attempt to stir up strife. No people are perfect, but these people of Abra approach it as far as lies in their power. Very resect fully, WM. H. C. BO WEN, Major, Fifth Infantri/. I'rurinriul Governor. The CIVIL GOVERNOR, Mahtcaunan. Manila, P. I. REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS IN THE PROVINCE OF ABRA. BANGUED, ABRA, P. I., December 16, 1901. ******* When I was sent here by the educational department in April of this year I found myself to be the first American teacher upon the field. Soldiers had been detailed CU teachers at the various towns in the province where detach- inents n-ere stationed, "but owing to the fact that active service was com- 40 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. iR-ll.-d to be carried on against the insurgent forces, then also active in this part troops were kept constantly moving from place to place, which, not- wlthHtancDtog the untiring efforta on the part of the military authorities, prevented in sonic rases what might be described as being visible accomplish- ments- howov.-r.it must b.- admitted that it was by such means that the base was formed from which the present progressive state has grown. I;I-:\KRAL BELL'S ENTHUSIASM FOB EDUCATION. Without an exception every s.-hoolliouse was practically without furni- ture and some with no floor and such a roof as would allow the rain to sat- urate almost the entire interior. But having on hand a considerable sum of money collected as tines from various criminals and desiring to spend it for SOme"gOd purpose. r.V/irm/ l-irll. n-ith Ill's rirni-ioii.t fit tlinsidiH for educa- tion at ir,'ii at whatever mii/lil !>< for tin- native children. At the end of this time I was reenfqrcedby eight American teachers in this province, throe of whom were retained in this pueblo, the remaining five being distributed among the other most important towns of the province. * ****** At first the people seemed to look upon the school as a thing of very little importance; and except in the larger towns, such as Manila, Iloilo, etc., fit only for the smaller ones to learn to read and write, and many were aston- ished when they learned that geography, history, arithmetic, and such other studies were going to be used in what they called "escuelas primarias," and that night schools would be opened for adults. But with patience, little by little, the curtain has been drawn until now a dawn of the real scene has no doubt become visible to many of them. School books and supplies have been greatly needed throughout the prov- ince, and more especially since the arrival of the teachers. But for the first time we have recently been furnished with a list of same by the depart- ment, from which we can select and order such as we need. I have been teaching for eight months, during which time two young men of my room, owing to their efficiency in the English language, have been ap- pointed teachers in English: and at the end of the school year I expect to be able to recommend at least four more for such positions. Bangued is a healthy place and beautifully situated for a high school, and, in my opinion, for the good of the province, it would be a step in the right direction to establish o e here within the coming vear. Very respectfully, W. E. CHAPMAN. The CIVIL GOVERNOR OF ABRA, Bangued, P. I. REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF OCCIDENTAL NEOROS. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF OCCIDENTAL NKGROS, Bacolod, December 10, 1901. Hon. CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES: ****** ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Civil government was established nine months ago, and although this is a short period in which to appreciate the character of a political epoch, one reels already among the people the first signs of an era of contentment and love for a regime which had been so long desired, which can not fail to lay for the future the stable foundations of a radical and deeply autonomous constitution. If, while war was raging in other provinces, its contagious blasts were hardly felt herejjefore thejr were ^extinguished by the prudence of the wise has _ Negros was considered by natives and foreigners as a paradise of tranquillity, it is useless to describe its present situation under the auspices of civil regime, which has always been the object of the wishes of all the inhabitants, who have never been induced to wander from the road which they have so happily followed. The onlv atmosphere here is one of peace, and hearts only beat for the prosperity of the province. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 41 CONDITION OF PUBLIC ROADS. Thr iii'l'lir 1-ixid.i uri' in a i-i-i-i/ litnl i-iiiiilitinii. i .!< lit in .-innii- f i- tr places. They have to cross 75 big and small rivers, with verv few bridges, which can hardly resist the floods during- the rainy season, so that communications are difficult. From Cadiz to San Carlos. MI kilometers, there is only a trail, which is not cared for, and is dangerous in certain parts. From the latter pueblo there are a good many roads going south, which in some parts can only be used by foot passengers and cattle, and in others only during the dry season; there are about 40 kilometers of roads in good condition. ******* IH'BI.If INSTRUCTION. Public instruction is received with attention and enthusiasm by the peo- ple. As this branch is under the direction of the department "of public instruction of Manila. I will only mention in this report the praiseworthy desire on the part of the inhabitants to acquire education, and to assimilate American ideas and nisti >ms. The classes of English are well attended, and Occidental Negros has sent more of its sons than any other province in the Visayas to the colleges and universities of the United States, thanks to the decided protection of the first military governor here, the always well- remembered General Smith. ******* ROBBER BANDS. Small bands of robbers who declare they are revolutionists are to be found in the north of the province. They are composed of men of ill repute, and others who have been coerced through fear, gathered together and organ- ized by two or three evil doers, who, fugitives from or tired of the war in other provinces, have sought refuge and rest in the forests of this island. Having to live and being suspicious of becoming law-abiding, or preferring a criminal life, they have remained in the mountains, where they have got together a few followers who wear insurgent insignia. With these they make their forays whenever they can do so with impunity, and, like the Babaylanes. kill those who fall into their hands, or force them to join them and pav a certain contribution. Finally, the mere marauders limit themselves to robbing in bands, with- out attempting to hide behind any pretensions whatever. ******* God grant that the agriculture of Occidental Negros the center of all her vital forces may soon recover from its state of prostration, and guide the province to prosperity, which is the fervent wish of all her sons. Its irradiations would then be impressed upon all the social and economic move- ments of the province, by removing want from the public treasuries, and permitting them to communicate a powerful impulse to the progress of the pueblos. Then, when domestic tranquillity and public order are assured, agriculture is prosperous, commercial activity increases, industry grows, schools improve, and education becomes general, the inhabitants or Occi- dental Negro-j will bless eternally the sovereignty of the United States, which conducted them along the path of their progress and their liberties. 8. LOCSEN, Provincial Governor of Occidental Neyros. REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF CEBU. JANUARY, 1902. * * * * * . * * Pessimists prognosticated a fiasco. They opined that, given the sympathy shown by the pueblos to the revolutionary cause, the majority of them would have nothing to do with the new regime. But they were mistaken. In my visit to the island of Bantayan and in the south and opposite coast of the island I was received with enthusiasm, and as a consequence the estab- lishment of municipal rule was also received with enthusiasm. Upon coming into contact with the pueblos I became convinced that all or the majority or them were tired of the war and of the abuses and vexations to which they were subjected by the insurgents: that they '/-/ anxiotufor peace, . in the same city: and another, also for girls, in an outlying district, under the charge of a female teacher. There are 10 police officers to maintain order in San Nicolas. 42 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. REPAIRED ROADS. ****** The conditions of the province would be immensely improved if all the roads in verv bad condition were repaired, but the provincial government has not vet sufficient funds to do this. The opening of wagon roads from one coas't to another would bring benefits to both agriculture and commerce It is partly due to the difficulty of transportation that Iloilo is the market for all the" sugar of the opposite" coast. ****** Such are the conditions of the province of Cebu. Absolute peace every- where : nearly all the pueblos organized ; bad condition of the roads, streets, squares, wharves, bridges, and wagon ways : the pueblos impoverished by the war. the rinderpest, and the locust plague : the smallpox and leprosy causing havoc with the public health : many pueblos without public build- ings and a deficient man service. The steps which, in the opinion of the writer, are best calculated to improve the conditions of the province have been detailed above. ******* JULIO LLORENTE, Governor, Province of Cebu. REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF MASBATE. JANUARY 10, 1902. ******* Peace is so completely established in the province that there is not so much as a gang of robbers in the whole territory. The provincial government and the municipalities are doing their work with regularity, and the people are deeply thankful for the benefits derived from the civil regime. ******* All the pueblos of the province are suffering from different sorts of fever, and the death rate is unusually heavy. The exploitations of the forestry products are the life of the province, and commerce is prosperous as compared with former years. In the pueblos which have teachers the study of English is progressing. The people have a strong desire to learn the language, and it will be neces- sary to send teachers to all the pueblos; there are only 6 teachers for 17 pueblos. ******* BONIFACIO SERRANO, Provincial Governor. REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF SORSOGON. PROVINCE OF SORSOGON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, Sorsogon, January 11, 1902. ******* The roads throughout the province are in a very bad condition, due to no repair work of any consequence having been done for three or four years, and to the incessant rains of this locality during nearly the entire year. I very strongly recommend that all persons (males and able-bodied) be re- quired, for the coming year at least, to do at least one day's work per month *~~ on the public roads, same as prevailed in Spanish times. ******* AN IDLE PEOPLE. The existing price of hemp in this province is so high that an industrious man earns, if he works well, $4 to $5 Mexican per day. The result is not sat- isfactory, as the wants of the native are few, and having earned a few dol- lars he. declines to work nijuin until tin- money is gone, consequently about two-thirds of the population is always idle a condition most undesirable. The natives of this section are pacific and desire to live in peace, but they are not industrious and it is impossible to secure labor for public or private works under $1.50 to $3 per day, and even at that rate but little can be pro- cured. The labor question is a very serious one, and unless some means are found to indxice the native to work, labor will eventually have to be imported. Generally speaking, and aside from the idleness of the people, the prov- ince is in excellent condition and the civil government appears to be work- ing well. The intelligent portion of the population, I believe, is in entire sympathy with it. ******* J. G. LIVINGSTON, Governor. THE PHILIPPINE SITTATIciN. 43 REPORT OF THE GOVEK.NOK OF II.OCOS XOKTK, Kf/oX. Annual report of Ayuedo Agbayani. governor of the pmrinci- ..sr it imuld M hotter not to allot'- the people, for xnnie tiint- tn <;,uu' nt /i-nst. to flt-rt tin- it-nt. who ought to be appointed after proper investigation of their character, their capacity, and their legal competency, although the municipal councilors might be "elected by popular vote as a trial and for the instruction of the people. My opinion is in favor of the adoption of legislative measures in that regard. ******* AQUEDO AGBAYANI. Proviiu in! Hnrernor. REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF ZAMBAI.K-. Annual report of Potenciano Ltsaca, governor of the province of Zumbales. IBA, January IS, 1901. When the civil regime was organized in this province under the happy auspices of the honorable Civil Commission, it could not be established in better conditions, and a most grateful impression was produced in the prov- ince which, thanks to theconcessions already granted at that time to the people of the archipelago bv the Civil Commission, could not do less than to foresee. in the new regime, the realization of its legitimate aspirations after a period which may be longer or shorter, according to circumstances. And the hopes of the inhabitants are the better founded when they see the favorable change which has been made in all the branches of the public administration after only a few months of civil government. They see with the greatest satisfaction that the funds which they con- tribute, in the measure of their forces, toward the payment of the public ex- penses are never diverted from their legitimate object, and are convinced that the law in all its rigor would be applied to any official who would fail to comply with his duty in that regard. They remark that, luckily for the province, the provincial officials are no longer what they used tn be in former times, in consequence, of the tradi- tional svsteni or for their own profit, when they were real despots, who tyr- annized" the unfortunate inhabitants, disposing of their persons and of their property in an arbitrary and cruel manner. /'/< r> .- tin n> n- <>M<-inl.i .limjily wont for thf liiijijiiiii-xx and //< the i>nn-iin->-. ml faithfully perform tin (hitii-s of tln'ir r<'itfn't_-tir<- offices. They are truly happy to see that the courts of justice have been reorgan- ized. With the peculiarity that thev are now a sure and efficacious guaranty that the law shall >M> duly complied with and the property and the other in- dividual rights respected, because justice is administered with good faith, rectitude, and impartiality, and is no longer, as in former times, an open market, in which, with incredible and scandalous cynicism, justice was bar- tered like merchandise and sold to the highest bidder. This explains how. notwithstanding the financial crisis through which the inhabitants have passed and are still passing, and the loss of all, or of the greater part of their property in consequence of the war. and of the ravages of the rinderpest, there has never been the slightest trouble in the collection of the different contributions and taes, which have always been punctually and exactlv paid. POTENCIANO LESACA, Pi-'irinciiil Governor. -J.-J- THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. ANNfAI. REPORT OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR OF AMBOS CAMAKINES. NUEVA CACEKES, January 1',, i:/o.: ******* I have during the period covered by this report made official visits to all the organized municipalities except a few, for which time and means of transportation have not yet sufficed. I am now making arrangements to continue the semiannual tour required by law, and expect to complete the same before the end of this month. In all towns visited I have found the local officials performing their duties in an honest and satisfactory manner, and no complaints of any importance have been received against any inunic- ' Absolute peace prevails in all sections. It is certain that there is not an enced by people in i . these have not been of a serious nature, and will be entirely prevented as soon as the municipal police in the vicinity of the mountains are sufficiently armed and equipped. It has for some time been evident to me, and the opinion has been strength- ened by my recent tours of this province, that the people of Ambos Cama- rlnes are for permanent peace and have full confidence in the civil govern- ment now in force in the archipelago. Very little is said hi this locality as to tin- desire of the people c.s to the fu fare form of government, tin unanimous sentiment appearing tn !>< to strait tin- progress of events with full confidence in the honor and justice of the American Government and people, believ- ing that the future will be properlv provided for and that their rights and interests will be safely guarded. I am sure that this view of the situation is shared by all fair and impartial observers: and I consider it unfortunafe that there "are many officers of the military establishment who are ap- parently not in sympathy with the existing order of affairs, and who seem to regard the present attitude of the people with suspicion, and claim to expect treachery and bad faith from persons who are honestly striving to the best of their powers to repair the damage wrought, by the late insurrec- tion, and who now clearly see that their interests and those of the country and the people generally 'can be served only with the maintenance of abso- lute peace and by keeping faith with our Government. ******* SCHOOLS. A good start has been made in educational work. During the period cov- ered by this report 32 American teachers have arrived < the province and are now conducting public schools in 17 toicns. The district superintendent informs me that hie has reported fully to the general superintendent of pub- lic instruction concerning the affairs of his department. In all t9wns visited I have observed that where American teachers are engaged in work the schools are well attended. Night schools for adults also attract many, and a desire to learn English is everywhere evident. ******* FINANCES. The province is in good financial condition, and the affairs of this depart- ment are admirably administered by Treasurer Braden and his efficient corps of assistants. The total receipts from all sources during the year ended December 31, 1901. including the loan of $2,500 under act No. 134, amounted to $44,907.53. Total disbursements, including repayment of said loan, amounted to $31,988.47^. leaving a balance on hand, unappropriated, in provincial treasury December 31. of $12,919.05J. These figures do not include the sum of $25,000 which was borrowed from the insular government under the provisions of act No. 198, for the purpose of building and repairing roads. Out of this fund $1,021.25 had been expended December 31, and the additional amount of $10,000 appropriated. The reports of the supervisor will give the details of the expenditure of this fund and the work accomplished. I can state, however, that the work is progressing in a very satisfactory manner, and full value for the money expended is being secured in the shape of better roads; but after the funds arising from the loan are exhausted much necessary road and bridge work will still remain to be done, for which pur- pose I believe the provincial treasury will be able to supply the funds as required. The provincial board endeavors to conduct the affairs of the province in the most economic manner possible, and I believe they have succeeded as well as could be expected. Compared with the cost of governing a community of equal population in the United States the expenses of this province during the past year seem very small, indeed. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 4:. All officials are performing; their duties in an honest, faithful, and intelli- gent manner, and af this province has not been specially favored in the matter of native officials, then the others are indeed to l>e congratulated. All these men have displaced in their work the most commendable zeal, ability, and integrity, and I have had at all times their active assistance and most miquali- fled support. * * * I am, very respectfully, JAMES ROSS. The CIVIL GOVERNOR OK THE PHII-IIMMNK ISLANDS, Miinilii. P. I. Mr. President, the strongest testimony on the result of Ameri- can local administration in these islands is the financial condition of the provinces. I present a statement of this, winch is the most eloquent tribute which could be paid to American manage- ment. It must be remembered that this financial situation exists, immediately following the suppression of insurrection and mili- tary occupation, and is the result of American control. in luiitils i if jiriiriiii-i'iil tr< -usurers December 31, 1U01, as shown by 1h> // [United States currency.] Province. Amount in treasury. Amount of loans by insular govern- mcnt in- cluded in this bal- aea Abra Albay 25.ttt5.07 $2,500.00 Ambos Camarines 25,000.00 Bataan :i.ni:>..> Batangas U'. Bohol ir,..v;i.2:< 2.:*i.m Bulacan S.JC124 Doilo... 16.H50.IW IlocosNorte.... s.Wl.12 2,500.1X1 IlocosSur 10,347. l .M Isabela 2,500.00 Leyte 16,07"). 45 Marinduque 1. !:.-.' '.'< 2.500.00 Masbate 1.0T>1.><; 2. "mm Occidental Negros 2o.l-M.ii7 ... oriental Negros... 17. 742. 25 .. Pampanga l-.'.4'.'..v, 2..vi.m Rizal. 2..-OMH Sorsogon 12,*75.02 2,.lm.m Surigao 4.:J11.2i 2.(JOO.OO Tarla<- HUlo.7f, Tavabas 11.424.27 Union ... - -.'.5m. Zambales 5.. :.:Vi.ii December 16, 1'Ml. NuevaEcija l,128.t< 2,000.00 Xnvember SO, 1901. Antique... 3,225.56 2,500.00 Cagavan 9,6 Tiipiz... 2>.:*>4.77 2T..Vi.ni Cavite 4.-- Cebu.. Misamis Pangasinan Romblon 2.74-YW Total.. .. 964,515.02 104,000.00 4(3 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. In the foregoing statements the amounts due municipalities are deducted, only the amounts due the provinces being stated. In addition to theamqunts given then- are yet due to nearly all of the provinces refunds from the insu- lar treasury on account of internal revenue and forestry collections made prior to the date of organization. These refvmds are being made as rapidly as the respective amounts are ascertained. Mr. President, we can not expect that these financial balances in the treasuries of the provinces will continue. Necessary im- provements indicated by reports of the governors will take every cent now in the treasury and much more; but the above showing is conclusive as to the efficiency of our administration. PETITIONS OF NATIVES THAT AMERICAN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS REMAIN. It is asserted that the natives are hostile to the continuance of our troops in their towns. This would be naturally so even among ourselves. But such has been the conduct of our officers ' and men that it does not appear to be true among the Filipinos. Proof of this are petitions from all over the islands that the offi- cers and soldiers in various towns may be kept there. I herewith .submit some of these petitions as an illustration of expression of natives on this subject: DAVAO, MINDANAO, January 25, 1901. SIR: We. the undersigned members of the municipal council of Davao, by ourselves and in the name of the municipality, do hereby request and state the following: Having initiated in this district the means that lead to a better system of government, especially the municipality which we represent, we believe that for its continuation the commander of this district, Maj. Hunter Liggett, is indispensable, because he is the initiator of the said system, knows the coun- try and circumstances of the inhabitants, and also has conscientiously studied their necessities. Major Liggett is well liked and a very popular person in this town, espe- cially among the savages who inhabit the woods. He has impressed in the hearts of all the u-ell int-n niny of the benevolent American nation in such a manner that the in/niliitunts fraternize with the Americans, and to-day they are very sorry when they learned that the soldiers n'ere soon to be relieved. The opening of the roads, the formation of the municipal council, and the arranging of the numerous races of people that dwell in this district natur- ally need a commander as just, strict, and of the knowledge of Major Liggett. It is unnecessary to remind you that while the work taken up by the Americans here remains unfinished it is necessary that white troops should ^ remain here for its protection, and we hope that you will intercede for us to the proper authorities that the soldiers who are going to leave be replaced by others of equality; that is to say, whites and no others; these being pref- erable for their impartiality, which is necessary to exercise in a town of in- ferior races like these. We earnestly request that you may consider what we have stated, as by doing so this town will grow and we will love the nation whose starry flag shelters to-day the town of Davao. We remain, your true servants, THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, D. SNARO, Presidente. TOMAS MONTEVERDE, Vice-Presidente. T. PALMA GIL,. Recorder. JORJE SAAVEDRA, Councilman. DINALUPIJAN, June 22, 1901. SIR: The undersigned, being friends of peace and tranquillity, which they would like to see remain with the town in which they were born, beg to ask you that if it should be considered necessary to keep a garrison in this town that the commanding officer of the same may always be Capt. Clarence S. Nettles, who is at present in command of the garrison here, and who, besides showing remarkable talents, has always been as kind to us as a father to his family. All his acts were prompted by kindness, impartiality, and justice, and at all times he has been anxious to further the moral ana material im provement of this town. For this reason he has gained the love and the es- teem of all the residents, who are always anxious to obey and respect the orders issued by the established government. Your obedient servants, RAYMUNDO PAYUNO, Municipal President?, etc. MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THESE ISLANDS. THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 4:7 C'AIH'VAO. A"<:tilil,//r sr/miils ill tin- t'l/rii us in II llx in tin- lnirfiiiK. li'til the streets cleaned, and repaired the houses, and his orders /- nx well us i>n i a . We also desire to represent that this pueblo is of great extent, and the officers now here are familiar with the country, and by their ability, notwithstanding the small number of soldiers, have been able to frustrate the intentions of those who wish to disturb the tranquillity of the neighbor- hood, supplying by their diligence, ability, and valor the small number of soldiers. These officers have already great confidence in their power to de- fend us from the attacks of those outside. We pray that it will not be neces- sary to remove these officers, in view of the critical situation in which we find ourselves and the peculiar state of this pueblo. LUCAS DIZON, Presidente (16 others). HERMOSA, June 11, 1901. Major-General WH EATON. Command in'/ iit-m ml. l>i inn-fint'iit Northern Luzon, Manila, P. I.: We, the undersigned feminine citizens of Liana Hermosa (Bataan), with due respect, before your honor depose: That in view of the reliable news that we have heard concerning our captain, commanding officer, and lieutenant of this post, that they will be transferred to another place: for this reason we beg to remind your honor that since the arrival here in this town of the said officers they p'ut themselves to work at once without any loss of time on behalf of the pacification of the town under their control till their desired end was obtained. Therefore we humbly request you, if you should think proper, to permit the said commanding officers to still remain in this town for the benefit of its citizens, and also in order that the agricultural work of the unfortu- nate farmers may continue. (Signed by the presidente, Mariano Nuguic, and 17 others. ) VILLASIS, August t,, 1901. The GENERAL COMMANDING THIRD DISTRICT, Depart mi- nt <>f Northern Luzon. HONORABLE Sin: The undersigned, the president, the municipal council, and principal inhabitants o f Villasis. representing the whole town, present themselves with due respect and state: That with great satisfaction the town authorities have been aole to arrest certain persons, members of that illicit association which raised up the town of Cabaruan, and they wish to call your 4N THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. attention to the fact that should it prove true that the military detachment is to be removed, the town will be subject to the revenge of the friends of those who have been arrested and who are now prisoners. This is the more probable, considering the reduced number of the local police and the system of armament. We therefore wish to request that our town may be garrisoned by one company, if possible. i Thirty-one signatures follow.) BIXAN, LAGCNA PROVINCE, P. I., September 2',, 1901. Since Captain Hunter has had command of the forces in this town, peace :ind the neighborhood enjoys an enviable tranquillity at the same time that it enjoys the benefits of civil government. Such are the motives that move the inhabitants of Binan to ask that Cap- tain Hunter be not now relieved from this garrison, and we do not doubt that the military governor will take them into account before confirming the an- nounced relief. Very respectfully, (Follow" signatures of president, vice-president, "and counselors.) General CHAFFEE, Military Governor of the Philippine Islands. APALIT, PROVINCE OF PAMPANGA, P. I., October 7, 7900. First. That Captain Butler and Lieutenant Pond have captured the guns that were used by the ladrones that pillaged in the immediate vicinity of this pueblo, and at the same time the principal organizers of the bands of brigands or thieves were apprehended by these officers, whose activities ob- tained the extinguishment of the actions of the bandits and assassins that fre- quently entered the bat rios and places at some distance from the pueblo, and at this time the inhabitants enjoy tranquillity and freedom from injury con- sequent, without doubt, upon the brilliant services of these untiring and active officers. N. mini. That these gentlemen have learned to obtain the good will of the in- habitants of the pueblo, hurt- attended ir/tli justice to the smallest complaint* that hare been presenti-d to them, hare gicen good example to the troops that they command, correcting irith rectitude whatever abuses their subordinates may have committed, and hare never permitted the natives under their juris- diction to / injured I/;/ aniftine^ defending them with all the rigor of the laic. Third. These officers, especially Lieutenant Pond, in his capacity as pro- vost judge of the pueblo, took the most energetic interest in the' pueolo, with the purpose of increasing the energies of the pueblo for its benefit, es- tablishing primary education in all the barrios, and at the instance of Cap- tain Butler there has been erected a public school for both sexes, paid for by the wealthier and other inhabitants, in which matter these officers have been of the greatest direct benefit to the common well-being of the pueblo. We therefore beg that because of the strong reasons on which we base our petition that Captain Butler, First Lieutenant Pond, and all their company be continued as the garrison of Apalit. MACARIO ARUEDO. (And 15 others.) ALIAOA, March 20, 1901. His Excellency the GOVERNOR-GENERAL: The undersigned, alcalde, treasurer, and municipal counselors of the pueblo of Aliaga, have the honor to say that they have heard that Lieut. Frank A. Jernigan, commanding the detachment here, was to be transferred to another post. As he has always treated the people right, etc., we have the honor to request that he be allowed to remain here. (The signatures follow.) Considering the great benefits to t h is pueblo that followed the rapid pacifica- tion of the country, we earnestly supplicate that in view of the foregoing that Capt. Robert Alexander be permitted to continue his valuable services to the pueblo for the complete pacification of the same and the prosperity of this province. ELEGIO RICALVE, Municipal Presidente. ( And t& others.) GUINAN, SAMAR, December 15, 1901. SIR: We, the undersigned, presidente and municipal counselors of this pueblo, in the name of and representing the people thereof, respectfully state a profound regret is being caused in the people in the notice that, is beginning to spread concerning the departure of Company H, First United States In- fantry, now stationed here. THE PHILIPPINE SITl'ATION. 49 We most earnestly beg you to suspend the transfer of this company and that it be permitted to remain in this pueblo. It is skilled in the military operations in these parts, and has our entire confidence in being energetic and observing, nnd from ihv hii/hest officer to tin- last on'rnti- lain so conducted itself a.* to im-rit oiti- rt'i/iiril for tln-ir rjTorts uml luliorx. APOLIXARIO MALABASAY. (And 21 others.) [Translation.] ' BULATAN. .fiimiiii-i/ .;, iDOi. To the l'niti-il xtuf< .* n/ilituri/ i/on-i-nor i,i tin- Philiji/: The undersigned, members of the municipal council of Bulacan, state that they have heard a rumor that the American garrison stationed in their town is soon to be relieved, and desire to state that Provost-Marshal Day has won the esteem of everybody by his fine qualities, the discipline which" he main- tained among his command, hi.* i-m-ri/i-t/r n-m-k in /c.v//i-ri/ kind to tin and knows them very well. XAZARIO TAASOX (And 9 others.) PUEBLO OF LOBOE, PKOVINCE OF BATAXGAS, P. I,, August 15, 1901. The COMMANDING OKKHKK. h' / fit re of tin' jn'i>j>lc. sent Captain Heard. Third United States Cavalrv. to make a thorough inspection of the schools in this province, requesting "him to especially report upon the dimen- sions of each building, in order 1 hat he might know how much sheet iron would be required to roof them. This being acquired, the order was made to the States, from which the material is at present arriving. General Bell is no exception. Whoever has toiled and fought and suffered to suppress this insurrection, which Governor Taft declares is " a crime against civilization," has been incessantly assailed on this floor. The commanding general. General Chaff ee, with whose friendship I am honored, also has been the focus of this fire. Biit it has only served to bring into bolder relief the character and career of this superb soldier. Since boyhood he has served the flag. He fought to save the Union. Daily for years thereafter he risked his life protecting our ever broadening frontier. And now he gives his final energies to upbuilding American sovereignty over the outposts of our dominions beyond the sea. He is all that a soldier and gentleman should be. He is one of the great administrators developed by our new duties and responsibilities. Ever brave, ever calm, ever gentle, ever just, and. above all, ever loyal, Chaffee is a pride to the Republic, and Chaff ee is as firmly intrenched in the hearts of the American peo- ple as his place in history is secure. IV. FILIPINO SELF-GOVERNMENT AND EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. Mr. President, is it to be argued from these reports of the con- ditions in the Philippine Islands that every one of them (except the report of Major Gardener, which is left out for the reason that it has been presented by other Senators, and for other reasons, which make it most unfair that it should be offered at all) , showing that the conditions there are satisfactory to a degree that is almost beyond belief is it to be argued from that that those people are therefore capable of self-government? Mr. President, I have always observed that the people who re- main in their offices and studies and see visions and dream dreams and formulate theories upon them are not as apt to be correct in their statements as those who go upon the ground and examine the THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION 51 actual conditions for themselves. Therefore I present the begin- ning of the report of the Schurman Commission, written by Pro- fessor Sclmrman himself, at a time when he was taking part in this grand and noble work, and at a time when he himself was one of the active and constructive agents of this movement of advancing civilization. It is more valuable than what he says in his present altered attitude. He who now says that he is a be- liever in the capacity of the Philippine people for self -government; he who now declares that American authority should be with- drawn, officially said to the American people when he was fresh from the Philippines that FIKST KKl'OHT OF S( MIKMAN COMMISSION (IN CAI>A< ITY OK KlI.Il'INos FnK SKLF-<;oVKK.\MF.NT AM) K.KFKCT OF AMF.KK'AN W1THHH AWAI/ The most striking and perhaps the must significant fact in the entire situ- ation is the multiplicity of tribes inhabiting the archipelago, the
  • y the educated classes and the con- siderable similarity of economic and social conditions prevalent in Luzon and the Visayan Islands, the masses of the people are without a common s]eech and tliey lack the sentiment of nationality. The Filipinos are not a nation, but a variegated assemblage of different tribes and peoples, and their loyalty is still of the tribal type. "Their lack of education and political experience, combined with their racial and linguistic diversities, disqualify them, in spite of their mental gifts and domestic virtues, to undertake the task of governing the archipelago at the present time. '/'/ must t/int ri'n In' i.t-jiii-ti-il iif tin in ix ti> rnii/n rilti- ll'itfl till' Aiiii-riciinx in flu 1 iiiliiiiiiixtrntiiiii of HI-HI nil nffoif. ,l'rin Miniiln ' tiT.tiiul tn iiiulrrtiiki'. miliji-ft tn .< iin-ririiii ninirnj or mi iilu art unded. Following that. I desire to present the testimony of Governor Taft. the testimony of General Mae-Arthur, the testimony of General Hughes, the testimony of Professor Barrows, and of others, who have exhaustively examined the situation upon the Spot. These are not reports of a three weeks' holiday trip, as was the case of Officer Sargent, upon whose testimony all of the elo- quent argument of the senior Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. HOAR] was based. No, these are the mature and deliberate state- ments of men who have studied the conditions at first hand, not for weeks, but for months and for years. Moreover, some of these, like Governor Taft, went there opposed to the policy of the Government, and, after having examined the policy in its ef- fect upon those people, returned to this country its most earnest and valuable supporters. TESTIMONY OF GOVERNOR TAFT AS TO CAPACITY OF FILIPINOS FOR SELF- GOVERNMENT AXD EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. Senator CARMACK. You made a close and careful study of the conditions in the islands and the character of the people. I wish to ask you what is your opinion of the proposal that the Philippine Islands shall be made an in- tegral part of the United States leaving out for the present the question of statehood giving them equal constitutional rights, and full rights of citizen- ship to the people. What is your opinion of that proposal? Governor TAFT. I had expected to treat of that subject generally, but I have no objection to answering the question now. The condition of the people of the Philippine Islands to-day is such that the extension of tlt>- constitutional restrictions irl,icli apjili/ i " Xtfiti' inil>rKSTION OF STATEHOOD. Senator CARMACK. You think, then, it is an open question whether the people of the Philippine Islands islands populated with eight or ten million Asiatics should be admitted to the full rights of American citizenship or whether or not an archipelago so populated should be admitted to statehood in the Union:- You think it is an open question* Governor TAFT. I think it is a question that I would not answer two or three generations before it will arise. I think the great evil to-day is the discussion of something that is utterly impossible of settlement "to-day. The thing the Filipino people need to-day is a stable government under tne guidance of American control, teaching them what individual liberty is and training them to a knowledge of self-government, and when they have that, the question of what relations shall then exist between the islands and this country may be settled between them and the citizens of the United States. But to attempt to decide in advance something that it is utterly impossi- ble wisely to decide now. it seems to me, with deference to those who differ with me, very unreasonable. Senator CARMACK. I was speaking of it from the standpoint of the people of the United States, as to whether you thought it was a question of possi- bility - Governor TAFT. What the people of tin- I'nitcil stairs mat/ think. ,,- n-j,ort. that it may MM " generation, or two generations; but no matter how long it is. it is in my judgment the duty of the United States to continue a government there which shall teach those people individual liberty, which shall lift them up THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 53 to a point of civilization of which I believe they are capable, and which shall make them rise to call the name of the United State- bles-ed. I have thought over this subject a great deal: we have become intensely interested in the problem, and of course motives, the charge of which we can not avoid, are given to us in reaching such a conclusion: but if I ever was convinced of anything in my life it is that the problem which the United States there has is a great problem worthy of its solution, and which, when solved by e.-tablishing a stable government there under the guidance of American control, will redound to the honor and the benefit of this country, and I am proud to have to do with that work. Senator CAKMACK. You say the great trouble in all this matter has been that we are thinking about what may happen a generation or two genera- tions from now. It' the posseion of the Philippine I-lands by the United States involves the possibility of an archipelago T.ixm miles away, inhabited by people of an Asiatic race, becoming a State of the Union fifty or a hun- dred years from now. do you not think it is a question which deser\ sideration now.- Do you not think we ought to consider what may happen fifty years from now: Governor TAVT. -\'.xir: ami / n-m ./// 7///. \othi, n/ timt run. tn-day be Mtirl to the f-'ilijiino jii-iijili- in flu- nut nre of n /n-iiniixi us to tin form of i/<>r, ,-, ( - iii' at H-II it-it until tula- iiltin-. ufter tut enabuthed xtu/i/e government shall >' tin-unit, enii/il In- titltf rii- iff Unix in islt ililinlj to them mill euiifiixinij ill estub- lixhiiKJ tlmt i/orern in, ut. It irtntltl ut mire lieij/ii (lit- iii/itn t ioit it inniitj Ilitisi- li'ho ilrxift- tllilt sejiu ru t ion to /Hire tllilt xi'iitiriltioil. /leennse. in tll'-if Ojiiniltn. the!/ ure fitteil fur it lit oiiei-. It irinilil ilrire inriii/ from tin- xitji/mrt of tin x/uliie ;/'"' I'niin ut Unit OO1 tii-i i him ut n-},, i ure xfrtiitf/li/ ill furor of .(inei-ien n i/n ii/ii nre innl euntrol. In ni list- tin I/ n-'i'i/t/ itlltirijiute nil i-il fll/ eliuinle. 'I'hi-i/ iniidd think tin-// n-onlil 1'iirlij /i, li it ii-itlnmt th<' sn/ijiort irhii-li the ' of tin- Alio-ri'-il n (ioriTiiuniit HI-'-' xxi irili/ i/ii-'s. null tllf Jintin ixf of tomething in tin future, inxti-mi of/nl/iiin/ to xtniilixh. imnlil n-nder unstable nni/ am-' i null-lit H-hirii n-dx attempted to be estitbiix/,- EFKKCT OF COLONIAL ESTABLISHMENT. V Senator PATTKHSON. Then this statement by the Fetleral party, of which three inembersof the United States Commission are active members, is false? "To make of the Philippines a colony of the United States or to grant inde- pendence to the Philippines would be to hand the islands over to disorder and to anarchy, to destruction and to chaos." Governor TAFT. True as of what date? Senator PATTKKSON. As of the date of the petition? Governor T A FT. True as of now. It is just as true as gospel. Senator PATTERSON. It is just as true as gospel that to make the Philippines a colony of the United States is to hand the islands over to disorder and to anarchy Governor TAFT. No. Senator PATTERSON. To destruction and chaos? Governor TAFT. No. Senator PATTERSON. That is exactly what this party states to the Con- gress of the United States. Governor TAFT. To yit'c tin m iinli-nt-inh-m'1 m>n-. it in true. * * ***** Governor TAFT. I doubt if the people can establish a stable government I a-suine that this is without the aid of American guidance and control. If it is with the aid of American guidance and control, then the time taken must lie iinli-iiiiitrli/ in tin' fiitnri'. Senator M< COMAS'. Generations, probably': Governor TAFT. Yes. sir. tor M< COMAS. That was to be my next question how many years we miiNt << intinue t cupy and govern tne archipelago until the people had e-tul>li-i^;- irith tin- i-it/htx of mil, Ill III III ir/,' / it ii-us tn-ii ;ifii rx U'/u. EXPERIENCE OF THE Af.IMN A1.HO CJOVEHXMENT. I make that statement, first, on the experience of the Aguinaldo govern- ment. For eight months Aguinaldo had a government in Luzon. It <-on- f the congress at Malolos, the members of which were appointed by 5i THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. him. many of them distinguished lawyers and educated men, from Manila largely. Thereupon he appointed governors for various provinces, and the outrages that were committed l>y those governors in the conduct of government and the collection otween the Yisayans and the Tagalogs, as disappointed officeholders or persons disappointe'd in the policy agreed upon by Manila might lead them on. iMi-ossiKLio KOK KII.IIMNOS TO <;OVKK.N MOKOS. The CHAIRMAN. Would the Moros submit to such government? Governor TAFT. So far as the Moros are concerned they are entirely out of this question. It is utterly impossible for the Filipinos to govern the Moros. llo\V MOROS COULD UK GOVERNED. Senator ( ' A i< M A < K . Would it be possible for us to govern them* Governor TAFT. It is possible for us to govern them as we govern the Indian tribes. They are nowhere near so amenable to education, to com- plete self-government by way of partial self-government, as are the Chris- tian Filipinos. The Moros have no desire for popular government. They are arranged in tribes, real tribes as distinguished from the linguistic tribes of Christian Filipinos. They are arranged in real tribes, in the sense that every Moro is under a dato's control, and he does not desire to be governed except through a dato. Senator MCCOMAS. A clan? Governor TAFT. By way of a clan. Senator RAWLINS. You think it would be unsafe to accord them independ- ence at present? Governor TAFT. Yes, sir. Senator BAWLINS. Because they have not the habit of self-government. Governor TAFT. Yes, sir. Senator BAWLINS. The Filipinos, desiring some definitive policy declared with reference to them, if we fail to do that and proceed to deal with them and legislate for them as if they were a dependent colony, to be treated like other subject colonies, would it not be a constant source of trouble? WHAT THE FILIPINOS DESIRE. Governor TAFT. I think not, if you show by your legislation, AS I hope you may, that yoxi are really extending to them the means of self-government. What they desire definitively, as I understand it, isa declaration that ( '< mgress expects to establish a civil government, and to say what kind of a civil gov- ernment it is. They also point out that they would like to know where the Filipinos stand with reference to the rights under the Constitution and with reference to the United States in the relation of the islands to the United States. I think it would te well to reiterate, in a law like this, the rights set forth in the President's instructions to the Commission, which include everything secured by the bill of rights except the right to bear arms and the right to a trial by jury. I see no objection although, of course, it follows without such a statement, because of the relation that the treaty establishes-^to a declaration that the citizens or residents of those islands, owing allegiance to the United States, shall have the same protection with respect to foreign countries that a citizen of the United States has. OBJECTION TO EXTENDING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO FILIPINOS, My objection to extending those personal rights contained in the Constitu- tion is chiefly based on the fact that I do not think they are ready for trial by jury. I do not think that, educated in an entirely different system of law ancf having the defects which I have already pointed out, they are ready for trial bv jury, and then I do not think that the Filipinos themselves would ask to have the right to bear arms. The right to bear arms conferred upon a people in which ladronism is so chronic would lead to oppression of the Filipinos, and the Filipinos would be the last to desire to have it. If there is in the law a declaration of the rights I have mentioned, I should think it would help us. ******* EFFECT UPON THE FILIPINOS OF CESSATION OP AGITATION HERE. Senator BEVERI DGE. What would be the effect upon the people and condi- tions there if agitation here upon this question should cease, or any encour- agement to those in insurrection should cease, and the people of the islands should be given to understand that just such a government as you describe, and just such a course of action as you have indicated, will be firmly and unalterably pursued MEANING OF TERM -1 I XI>KI>KX I >K.N r K " TO FILIPINOS. Senator ALLISON. There are Filipino people, and I suppose very intelli- gent people, from what I hear, who want independence. Do they mean by independence " that they shall establish there a government of their own, 56 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. which shall be responsible for domestic tranquillity and also take care of all their relations with the governments of the world, and that they shall be cut loose entirely from the friendship and protection of the United States? Is that the kind of independence they are talking about, or is it an independence that shall rest upon some stronger power to help them maintain themselves? I should like to know just what is the idea of the intelligent people and also of the other 90 per cent when they talk about independence. Governor TAFT. It is very difficult to answer that question with exact- ness. The term "independence." when used by the insurgents, wassupposed to indicate something very good, without any definition of what it was: so that many of the troops. as'Professor Worcester tells me, for I am not myself an authority on that question, in cheering said "dependencia" instead of "independencia." On the other hand, there are intelligent people who use the expression independence '' in an oratorical way without having thought out what the giving of it involves. ***** * * Senator ALLISON. You said, in response to questions by Mr. Rawlins and Jlr. Culberson. that you do not regard the people as now prepared for inde- pendence? Governor TAFT. I do not. Senator ALLISON. When you speak of that, do you mean that they are not prepared to maintain a national government of their own, without any con- trol by any other nation, strong or weak? Governor TAFT. I do. Senator ALLISON. Or do you mean also that thev are not able to protect domestic order throughout the islands by means of their own government, whatever it may be, without the aid of some other government? Governor TAFT I mean both. I mean that they are neither able to main- tain a national gorernment irhich irould bestable. nor are they able to maintain a government, looking at it from the domestic point of vieir. irhich irould be stable enough to protect life and property. WHAT THE COMMISSION IS PREPARING THE FILIPINOS FOR. Senator ALLISON. Now, is it for that kind of a government that you are preparing them? Are you preparing them so that that alternative may at some time be presented to them, or the other alternative of which Mr. Raw- lins speaks? Governor TAFT. We are preparing them, or we hope we are preparing them, for a government in Which the rights of the minority will be respected under the rule of the majority, an idea, permit me to say. which as yet ob- tains in the minds of a very few of them. We hope to'prepare them for a condition where they will be able to maintain a stable government to protect life, liberty, and property, and if they desire ultimately it is in the distant future to maintain a national government of their own. Senator ALLISON. If they want it? Governor TAFT. If they desire it. Senator BEVERIDOE. You are preparing them for the best of which they may be found capable? Governor TAFT. That is what we are trying to do. EFFECT OF TURNING OVER THE GOVERNMENT TO NATIVE LEADERS. Governor TAFT. I wish to impress the fact, that were the government turned over to those who profess to be the leaders in the insurrection to-day, among the irreconcilables or intransigentes, though not in arms, the idea of civil liht-i-ty ii-nitlil In- tltf l tin*";-,- t/,,,t >,ri<-ti>/ re in an essentially plastic condition, which, under the tuitionary control of the United staie*. in my opinion, would admit of rapid molding of the body politic into a consistent, self-supporting common- wealth. On the other hand. whil' : - the existence < >f d'-mentary republicanism is apparent to the sympathetic investigator, it is equally apparent that oven the most advanced thinkers among the Filipino* have no conception what- ever of the practical mechanical methods whereby the results they are all anxious to attain can be suc< mpl>h"d. "FAILURE OF HEPUHLICAXISM IX THE EAST IK WE WITHDRAW." American withdrawal from the islands, then-tore, would, in my opinion, result in permanent failure of republicanism: in the Kast and the devasta- tion of the archipelago by inte.-i.ecine and fratricidal war, which would continue indefinitely until suppiv*se.d by some external force. That such force would be applied there can be no doubt. . The incalculable and indescribable value of the archipelago, strategically 1 and commercially, has attracted the attention of constructive statesmen throughout the world. Many nations are looking in that direction with longing eyes. The islands in case of our withdrawal would unquestionably become the theater of gigantic political and warlike operations. The in- evitable collision which would result from such an American policv could not be confined. It would resound on all the shores of the Pacific and affect the commerce of the world. It would bring the powers of the world face to face and prematurely initiate a struggle for supremacy in the East from the consequence of which America could only protect herself by participation in the general conflict which would result directly from her own efforts to escape from the pressure of circumstances which are carrying her to a mag- nificent destiny. We would thus not only sacrifice the Filipino people, but would bring upon ourselves staggering responsibilities, in respect of which the present problems in the Philippines would appear as mere child's play. In the belief that history never goes backward, a broad generalization is ' reached to the effect that enlightened self-interest, sound economy, and pura morals agree in their judgments, and corroborate each other, and suggest that we must retain the archipelago as a tuitionary annex: that there we must plant our institutions: there we must contest for commercial power, and perhaps combat for political supremacy. To overcome the inherent difficulties of the situation will, of course, re- quire the most profound efforts of constructive statesmanship, but the event of introducing our civilization, our institutions, and our commerce into Asia is fraught with such gigantic consequences that it is calculated to fix the at- tention of the most careless observer and to warm the fancy of the most in- different. That is the general basis upon which I reach the conclusion that chaos would result in the Philippine Islands if we left them. AGUIXALDO SAID IMPOSSIBLE FOR FILIPIXOS TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENCE. General MACARTHUK. I might say in that connection of self-government that in one of the last interviews I had with Aguinaldo and my intercourse with him was exceedingly agreeable and very much to his credit he told me that he was satisfied thatne had been misinformed as to the character of the American people and the purpose of the American Government, and that la- irus mttisrit-il tinit it irmilil he iMi><>ssihU- /it this stage of their i fiihitii'n fur hi* Him jii'ii- in i-stdlilislt a stulilt . independent government. Now, that is entitled to just as much credence as gentlemen choose to give it. It was a voluntary statement on Aguinaldo's part, however. TKVHMOXY OF GENERAL HUGHES AS TO CAPACITY OK FILIPINOS FOR SELF- GOVEHXMKNT AXD EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. VISA VANS' CAPACITY FOR CIVIL GOVERNMENT. The CHAIR M A N . What do you think of their capacity for civil government? General HUGH ES. My personal opinion is that it will be a long time before they are qualified to run a civil government of their own. I understand your qxiestion to relate purely to the Yisayan^: The CHAIRMAN. That is what I mean. General HUGHES. I slmulil SHI/ not insiilc f tim i/i-iu-i-iitiuiis. The people have no earthly idea of equity. They simply know their own wishes, and they have no regard for the wishes of others. The CHAIRMAN. If left to themselves what sort of government, in your opinion, would they establish? 58 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. General HUGHES. Thev would trv. undoubtedly, to establish a republic of some kind, and they would do it. T he ordinary Tao of the Visayans is 9ne of the most gullible creatures the world contains. He will believe anything he is told bv his acknowledged superior, no difference how absurd the state- ment is. and there is the great strength that their leaders have over them the enormous lies that are published to them as to their plans and what is going to take place. They gull them right along. The latest I got hold of from Lukban to his people was that a German fleet would be in those waters at such a date to blow the Americans out, and that they would then secure their independence. That was the last one I heard. VISAYAN CONCEPTION OF INDEPENDENCE. Senator CULKERSON. Do you mean by that to suggest that the Visayans desire independence? General HUGHES. These people of whom I speak the Taos do not know what independence means. Tin >/ probably think it is something to eat. They have no more idea what it means than a sltepherd dog. "WE WILL, TAKE OFF HIS HEAD." The CHAIRMAN. Are they pretty generally hostile, or are there among them many friendly to us? General HUGHES. You will find a very great deal of good will in all the provinces where absolute peace has been established. The CHAIRMAN. Do you think if they were left to themselves they would submit to a Tagalo government in Luzon? General HUGHES. I think probably they would submit for a while, until some of their leaders did not get what they wanted. Then they would probably take the course as to which one of their great advocates remarked on one occasion. Thev were discussing what could be done as a republic, and he and his friends had their ideas, and thev said they would do so and so. A man who was discussing the matter with them suggested that there might be a good deal of opposition to that. " A T o," said he, " if anybody opposes it ice mil take off his head. That is all." The CHAIRMAN. You think the tendency would be to break up into sepa- rate republics? General HUGHES. I do not think it would live long enough to break up into different republics. I think the islands would be taken possession of by ' somebody else. The CHAIRMAN. You think the islands would be taken possession of by some other power? General HUGHES. Yes, sir. TESTIMONY OF PROFESSOR BARROWS AS TO CAPACITY OF FILIPINOS FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT AND EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. Senator BEVERIDGE. Just one other question, and then I shall have no more. I have been impressed by your clearly acute observations of these people and their conditions, and that, too, from a favorable point of view to them. What have you to say about the present or the immediately near capacity of those people for self-government, as that term is understood in America? Are they capable of such at the present time? Mr. BARROWS. That is the whole question, I suppose, Senator. I would say this, in speaking upon it for a moment or two. I think the last twenty- five or thirty years in the Philippine Islands, which are the years that have seen the introduction of the Filipino to superior education and to superior advantages, have been very encouraging as revealing his aptitude and intel- ligence. ******* But this, of course, is to be remembered, that political self-control and political experience sufficient to govern a great population, and including a great number of tribes lower than the Christianized Filipino is himself, is about the last thing that a man or a race attains. I look forward with some confidence to a time in the near future when the Filipino will be making re- searches in science and will be making contributions along different lines, much as the Japanese are. * * * Now, Mr. President, to call the attention of opposition Senators to Professor Barrows 's conclusion. He continues: But I do not see any immediate prospect, and I never expect to live to see the day when he can govern. Senator BEVERIDGE. Just a question cognate to that. What would you say would be the result on the islands and the people themselves if a system of self-government was put upon them and they were left to themselves? Senator ALLISON. Do you mean locally or nationally? Senator BEVEHIDGE. Locally or nationally. The CHAIRMAN. The whole thing. Senator DIETRICH. With absolute independence. Senator BEVERIDGE. What would be the effect of that? You may couple THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 59 it, if you please, with the proposition upon our part that as to the external world we will protect them: I mean to say by our navies, etc. What would be the effect upon the people of the islands? EFFECT OF AMKKICAN A HAXDON.M KNT OF ISLANDS. Mr. BAHROWS. The Filipino has no tribal allegiance, no chieftains, no cus- would simply break up into little bits of groups. A little leader would start up here, and another there, and another- here, and the people would fall bark in their political grade. They would lapse downward. Senator BKVKKI IK, K. What would be the effect upon their social and in- dustrial conditions? Mr. BARROWS. Their culture would have to sink with it. Senator BKVKRIDGE. Retrograde? Mr. BARROWS. Retrograde. Senator BKVKKI IH;K. What would be the industrial conditions a^ the result of such action? Mr. BARROWS. It would interfere with commerce. It would destroy everything except small native bartering. Senator BKVKKI IH;K. I understand you to say that you never expect to live to see the day when the Filipinos would be capable, as a people, of self- government, as we understand it. Is that understanding of your answer correct? The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean internationally? FILIPINO NOT BORN WHO CAN (iOVKIIN. Mr. BARROWS. / d<> not think the l-'ili/iinn ix i/ft hunt >rho will control, to say nntli i mi of governing jvftty, tl- I'liilijijiiue Islands. That, Mr. President, from as friendly a man to the Filipinos as can be found, is conclusive, is it not? Yet Senators talk of inde- pendence, self-government, legislatures, and the like. TESTIMONY OF GENERAL OTIS AS TO CAPACITY OF FILIPINOS FOR SELF- GOVERNMENT AND EFFECT OF AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. Senator BEVEKIIHJE. What have you to say as to the capacity of those people as a whole, if left to themselves, for self-government? General OTIS. They are not fitted for self-government. Senator BKVKKI IK ;K. How soon will they be. (ieneral? General OTIS. I could not answer that question. It depends upon educa- tion. Senator BEVERIDGE. A considerable length of time, you think? General OTIS. In the case of several of their officers wno surrendered their troops -one very able man. especially, expressed himself in this way. He said: "I know that we are not ready for self-government. It. has been a failure." Senator BEVEHIDGE. I will ask you, General, what your opinion is as to the conditions that would result if the American authority were withdrawn and the islands were turned over to the natives. "ANARCHY OR A MILITARY DESPOTISM." General OTIS. // irunld / li-rst KITK. r o AMKKICAX WITHDRAWAL. WASHINGTON. D. C., April .'i. i:>;. The CHAIRMAN. I have some papers here from the War Department. Thev send a copy of a rei>ort from Mr. Lester Hazlett, who was sent out by the Woman's Cliristian Temperance Union. * A VIEW OF THE MoKAI. < OMMT1ONS EXISTING IN THE PH1L1PPIXES. [By A. Lester Hazlett. A. M.. Ph. D.] I went to the islands an ardent antiexpausionist: I returned a firm believer in the polk-v of the Administration. I frankly confess that I had a wrong idea of conditions in tin- archipelago. I believed the people ready for self- government: now I know that while some of them are, the great mass of the people are not capable of it; but they will be, and that, perhaps, before a gen- eration shall have passed. The Filipino is fully as bright as the Japanese. They learn quickly, and are extremely anxiou* to acquire. God has given us a' wonderful opportunity, for which lam sure He will hold us strictly accountable. To refuse to accept this heaven-bestowed privilege to elevate to a like plane with ourselves a people ready to learn and anxious to secure all that is requisite for the building of a nation is to prove unworthy of so high an honor. / /'< nt tf /..<>/ inis In-side the Tiber; but she has also enriched .the world, while they have not; she has, after all, made life more tolerable for man. Her institutions of art and literature, her code of civil jurisprudence have made her to be honored and rememl>ered. So that it is better that we take our place in the forepart of the twentieth century onward movement for the elevating and strengthening of the weak and the advancement of a higher, truer civilization, so that, departing in God's own time, we shall leave behind us a name "to have lived." THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 61 I also present the testimony of Bishop Jaiues Thoburn, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who spent forty-five years in the Orient and fifteen years among the Malays of the Straits Settle- ments, and made two visits to the Philippine Islands. TESTIMONY OF BISHOP JAMKS THOWKN. OK THK MK.TI -r KIM- m-.M. CHUH< H. AS in CAPACITY OK Fn.ii'ixos KOK SKI.K-UOYKKXMEXT AND EFFECT OF AMKHICAX WITHDRAWAL. Questions by the CHAIRMAN. Bishop Thobnrn. the committee have asked you to be kind enough to come before them, as they heard you have been in the Philippine Islands. Is that true? Bishop TuoBrRN. Yes: I have been there. The CHAIRMAN And when were you there'- Bishop THOBUHX. I might say I have charge of a mission, and am super- intendent of a mission at Singapore* That is the headquarters of the mission. I go there once a year. "Senator BKVKKMXJK. You are bishop of a Methodist Church? Bishop TIIOIU UN. For India and Malaisia: yes. But I have been in the Philippine Islands myself only twice -the first time in March, isws. and the second: time in March, 1M. At that time I could only irointo the immediate vicinity of Manila. We were not allowed t<> iro out into the islands. The'Cn AIRMAX. That was while the war was still in progress? Bishop THOBTRX. Yes. The CHAIRMAN. Th -re were very few provinces pacified then? Bishop TuoBi'itx. But there is a government prohibition, and we are not allowed to go out even at our own risk, because tne authorities did not want us t<> make trouble for them. The CHAIHMAX. How long were you in Manila at that time? Bishop THOBfRX. Two weeks The CHAIRMAN. Did you make any inquiriesasto the state of affairs there, and the condition of the' natives, and so on? Bishop THOHTRX. Certainly, as far as I could. The CHAIHMAX. Would you kindly state to th mmittee what your im- pre.ions are and the result" of your inquiry? Bishop TIIOKTHN. In what special direction? The CM AIRMAN. In any direction, as what it is best for us to do there; what the capacity of the natives for self-government seems to be; anything in that direction." "WE CAN NOT LEA V] Bishop THOBI-KX. I certainly think that we find ourselves there very unexpectedly and that we can not leave Senator Dniois. If you will pardon me, would it not be better for the Bishop to tell what he knows from observation as to the intelligence and moral capacity of the nativ The CHAIKMAX. Certainly: any line that is desirable. Bishop THoBfRX If you will give me questions, I will be very glad to answer them. Senator DrBOis. I would like to have your judgment as to the moral and intellectiial capacity of the natives. Bishop THOBUKX. The natives are very much, in many respects, like our American Indians, it strikes me. They have no cohesion whatever among themselves. Wherever I meet the Malays I find they live to themselves: they go off into tril.es and clans, and the biggest man is called a sultan, and his jurisdiction is limited. The CHAIHMAX. You are familiar with the Malays of the Straits Settle- Bishop THOBI-KN. Of the Malay Peninsula: yes. sir. I have been up and down the peninsula. They are bright fellows, but I should say not profound. They learn a thing on the surface very readily. I am afraid they are a treach- erous people. Senator DfBOis. Idonot want to disturb you at all, but you compared them a moment ago with the North American Indians. Bishop THOBURX. In that one respect. Senator DCBOIS. In that they went Senator BEVERIDGE. In that they lack cohesion. Senator DUBOIS. They went < iff in t ril >es and clans, and some one is the head of the tribe. In respect 'to their intellectual capacity, would that comparison with the North American Indian still hold? Bishop THOBUKX. They are bright fellows. Senator DUBOIS. Would the comparison with the North American Indian Bishop THOBI-RX. Thev are brighter than the North American Indians. Senator BEVERIDGE. Your comparison with the North American Indian was with reference to their lack of cohesion? Bishop TuoBfHX. Yes, sir. 62 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. "THIRTY-SIX DIFFEHEXT LAXGU AG ES." The CHAIUMAN. They are of the same race of the Malays of the peninsiila, are they not : Bishop THOBUHX. They are known to one of our missionaries who has looked the matter up. He has found > different languages, and each lan- guage represents a tribe or is called a little state, and these people are un- doubtedly Malays belonging to the general family. Their straight hair shows that, and' many 'of their features and their language. The CHAIRMAN. Of the same stock? Bishop THOBUKX. Of the same stock. I had this man look this up carefully, and he gave me a great list of words which are identical in those different languages. Senator BEVEKIDGE. You are familiar with the Malays in those different settlements; 1 Bishop THOBUKX. Yes. Senator BKVKKI IHII:. You have examined those questions and have gone among them for years'- Bishop THO BURN. Yes. and I have known them for forty years. There is a settlement of them in Calcutta. Senator BEVEKIDGE. From your decades of experience with the Malays of the different states and your two trips to the Philippines and the ethnolog- ical status which you have had prosecuted you identify these people as all of the same general familv? Bishop THOBURN. I do. *KOT CAPABLE OF SELF-GOVEKXMEXT. Senator BEVERIDGE. What, Bishop, is your opinion as to the capacity of the Malay for self-government in the large or general sense? Bishop THOBURX. TIV//. / think hi- i.i wry defective in that point; indeed, very defective. Senator BEVERIDGE. Do you attribxite that to the point in which you com- pared him to the American Indian, to wit. the lack of cohesion? Bishop THOBUHX. Largely that: and he is a restless man. I ought to say the Malays are in three different classes: There are the agriculturists, and the business men the traders and the seafaring men. including the fisher- men. These seafaring men have been pirates From time immemorial. In fact, in my day the English have sent an expedition against them on account of there being piracy off the coast of the peninsula. This roving nature is deep in that class of them, and they dominate the agriciilturists, who are quieter men. Senator BEVERIDGE. Is piracy now wiped out? Bishop THOBURX. It is wiped out there, but it is not wiped out, I believe in the big island of Mindanao. Senator BEVEKIDGE. Is it wiped out in the Straits Settlements? Bishop THOBURX. Completely. Senator BEVERIDGE. And it has existed there within your time? Bishop THOBURX. It has existed there within my time; yes. HISTORY OF MALAYS IN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Senator BEVERIDGE. As a matter of history it is true, is it not, that piracy was very rife in the Straits Settlements about sixty years ago? Bishop THOBUKX. Certainly. Senator BEVERI DOE. Singapore is not much older than sixty years, is it not, as a city Bishop THOBURN. It is a new toicn,and was founded, almost in opposition to the ti-ixhes of the English Government, by people u-ho satr that that rcas the tin I;/ n-nij to settle that country. Senator BEVERIDGE. And it is note a flourishing place? Bishop THOBURX. It is the most flourishing in that part of the icorld. Senator BEVERIDGE. And you say piracy has been wiped out during your time? Bishop THOBURN. Yes. Senator BEVEHIDGE. And a state of peace and prosperity e.ristsf Bishop THOBUKX. It /* the most prosperotu region in the East. Senator BEVERIDGE. Do people submit to the English domination there? Bishop THOBURX. Absolutely. Senator BEVEHIDGE. And there is no difficulty? Bishop THOBURN. There is no difficulty. Senator BEVEHIDGE. At first there was sharp fighting? Bishop THOBURN. Yes: they had to take several regiments there from Calcutta. They took them there in 1875. Senator BEVERIDGE. There is nothing there of that kind now? Bishop THOBURN. No. sir. Senator BEVERIDGE. The number of soldiers with which England holds the Straits Settlements in Singapore is comparativly small now? THE PHII.IITINK >IH. \TION. 63 Bishop THOBURX. Yes: the soldiers are held not onaccountof the Malays, but on account of the European governments. That is a key t< > the situation. Senator BEVERI IK;E. You say piracy has not been entirely exterminated in the island of Mmd&nai >': Bishop THOBURX. A> a matter of informatio: Senator BKVBBIDGK. And you know it has existed in the islands within the lifetime of men now living Bishop TIIOBUKX. I have no doubt it exists where there is no military power to restrain them now. A CRIME TO ATTEMPT WITHDRAWAL. Senator BEVKI:HH;K. What would you say would be the result in the Phil- ippines if a native government was ~et up t here and American authority and power were withdrawn? Bishop THOBURX. < )ver the whole of the islands? Senator BEVKH i IK; K. V- - Bishop THOBURX. / think itimnld 6c a<-riiu>- to utti-mjit it. It n;,itlelfiKo? Bishop THOBURX. Well, we are there, and I think we ought to do our duty the best we ean if you will allow me to speak as a missionary, I would say in the field God has put us. We did not seek it. Senator BEYER i IK; K. \outhink it is the duty of the American Govern- ment to continue? Bishop THOBURX. I certainlv do. I think it would be assuming a very grave responsibility to lift our hand from that place. I think it would put back the civilization of the big island of Mindanao two hundred years for us to let them go to their own ways. * * * * * * I have been in the East for forty-three years. I have been going there since 1885 to Singapore and Penang and what we call the Straits Settlements, which include the Malay Peninsula. I have been there a great deal and been among the Malay people a great deal. * * * * * * Senator CULBERSOX. Coming back to my question, I would like you to be kind enough if you would give me your views about it whether you believe the American people ought to absorb and take into the body politic of the American Government a race incapable of self-government. "NOT ix TEX OR FIFTY YEARS." Bishop THOBURX. If you mean by that they ought to take them in as I am in, so that when I come "here I become a citizen and a voting citizen, I should sav no; but if you take them in in the other sense, I would say yes. "Senator CUL.BKRSOX. The other sense is that they would be held as a sub- ject race? Bishop THOBURX. ,4 .-n'lijict ,-in have in India $)0,0rh/-five years. Senator BEVERIDGE. And is not this this long period you speak of the first time in the history of India that that hasbeen so? Bishop THOBURN. Yes; that is something worth studying. ******* FILIPINO FEELING NOW MORE FRIENDLY THAN BEFORE WAR. Senator CARMACK. Very well; I am done with it. I want to ask you this question: Do you think the people of the Philippine Islands are better dis- posed now to receive mission work from the United States than they were at the end of the war with Spain? Bishop THOBURN. I think they are. Senator CARMACK. You think their temper and disposition more favorable to the reception of Christian missions at the hands of the United States than at the close of the Spanish war? Bishop THOBURN. I think so, undoubtedly. Senator CARMACK. You think they feel more kindly to the American people now than they did before this American war began? Bishop THOBURN. I think so. Senator CARMACK. You think that at the time when the power of Spain was first broken, when the Americans, say, first landed in Manila or when they destroyed the Spanish fleet, do you think the feelings of the Filipinos at that time were less kindly toward the Americans than they are to-day? ii. Bishop THOBURN. I certainly do. THK PHU.II'I'INK SITUATION. 65 Senator CARMACK. You think that the people there now are very kindly disposed toward Americana! Bishop THOBI'KX. I can only judge from what we >ee in our iui>si. ,n work. We can not furnish preachers enough to preach to the audiences who with to hear onr preaching: we can not half meet the demand. When I wasth.-re at first it would have In en difficult to have collected an audience of 100. Now we are preaching to Ix'.iui people in Manila and vicinity every Sunday. Then in the provinces outside we can not meet the demand at all: nor can we meet the demands for schools. FILIPINO MA>-I.~ tut-as and above OU tltiniix jiture. - thankful tnliiii'i it i-ium- in tin'**/ tin nut knon- irhi-thi r tht-ij linn tlmni/lit nut tltt- />ro/>l> /,i iinn-!' nlxiiit the future. 1 am spf BT H x . M y own church. There are three or four missions there. PEOPLE WANT PEACE. Senator CARMACK. You think, then, the temper of the majority of the people in Manila is toward quietude: that there is no deep-seated feeling of hostility toward the United > Bishop Tmtiu'KX. It s<>. it is very BOCOeflBfolIy concealed. / think n-hut tin ii iriint ix ifiiii ; , Tin-;/ ii-iint tn i/i-t .i<-ttli-il in tht-ir mirk. Senator ( ' A K M ACK. Do you regard them as a treacherous people or other- wi-o a peu mean by that. That is, in the sense to say lam in the citizenship. I do not think it would be. Senator CAKMACK. You think they should be governed as a dependency, somewhat after the Crown colonies of Great Britain* Bish< 'i i T 1 1 o M r K x . Speaking broadlv. I do. Senator CAKMACK. Do you think the Filipinos will be satisfied with that form of government? Bishop THOBI'RX. Provided you hold out before them continually and practically the idea theyare going to have broader privileges as time passes. Senator CAHMACK. What do you mean by broader privileges r Do you believe they will b? satisfied with a vague and indefinite statement as to broader privileg Bishop THOBUKX. I would give them a larger share in the government. I think i/on Imi-i >in< n little too fast. IXDEPKXDKXCE MEAXS CIVIL WAR WHAT AGUIXALDO SAID. Senat< >r M< < '" M A - I would like to ask you one question. I want to read you from page 3017 of the testimonv in this committee an extract from the diary of Dr. Villa, who was chief or staff to Aguinaldo. In this diary, under Match -'. l'.*Ki. he says this: "After luncheon and during the hour of rest the honorable president That is Aguinaldo "had a conversation with B. and V. about our situation and the present war against the Americans, saying that even though greater sufferings should come than those we now have, he would endure and accept them with S. Doe. 422 5 66 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. pleasure until the realization of the independence of our country. He fears tlii-n irill In ii firil inir iif'ti'rii-tirtlx." I want to know from you whether you agree in that opinion of Aguinaldo and in the fear that then- would be a civil war, as he indicates, after the in- dependence t which he aspires. Bishop THOIH'KX. / a in re,-// .si'/v t/tfrf iniuld In- n riril irar if independence i.i i/ii'i a tin-in . Senator Me COMAS. And if he had succeeded, would there or would there not have been a civil war. as he feared, in the Philippines? Bishop THOBURN. I think so. Senator Mt COMAS. Not only a civil war in Luzon, but in all the main is- lands? Bishop TuoBrnx. All ore)- the itiltnids. Senator Mrt'oMAS. Not easily ended, and the people not easily pacified? Bishop THOBUHN. No. Senator CARMACK. I will ask you if you do not think there were grave apprehensions of a civil war in the United States immediately following the Revolutionary war? Bishop THOBUHN. There may have been. Senator BEVEKIDGE. There was grave danger, and it was only prevented by the peculiar cohesive qualities of our people. ' On the line on which Senator CARMACK was questioning you. I think you stated yesterday that vou have considerable personal familiarity with India? Bishop THOB'I UN. ^es: I have. Senator BKVKHIIH;K. Would you, as person interested in civilization, be willing to see England withdraw from India? Bishop THOBTHX. I should be very sorry. X. IF ENGLAND SHOULD WITHDRAW FROM INDIA. Senator BEVERIDGE. What do you think, Bishop, would occur if England were to withdraw from India, and all other control except the chiefs, the people themselves, withdrawn, and they left to themselves? Bishop THOBUKN. We would have a state of chaos. Senator BEVEKIDGE. Are you familiar with the Straits Settlements? Bishop THOBUKN. Very. Senator BE VER i DOE. Would you be willing, as a person interested in civil- ization, to see England withdraw from Singapore and the Straits? Bishop THOBUHX. I should be extremely sorry. Senator BEV KK i ix; K. I think you testified yesterday that under England's control of the Malay Straits Settlements there is industry, prosperity, and law and order? Bishop THOBURN. Perfectly. Senator BEVEHIDGE. The city of Singapore is a great and flourishing port, is it not? Bishop THOBUHN. It is one of the most wonderful cities in the world. Senator BEVERIDGE. The commerce of the world converges there, does it not? Bishop THOBURN. Every European vessel going to China must pass it. Senatar BEVERIDGE. It is one of the great commercial focusing points of the world? Bishop THOBURN. If I may use the expression, it is the great nerve center of commerce. SINGAPORE A JUNGLE SEVENTY YEARS AGO. Senator BEVERIDGE. Not more than sixty or seventy years ago the island nil, re >//(.'/"/""''' """' xtdiiila iras a jungle, and the Malay Straits Settlements, iniii' jiftiffful. ii-t-re infested by pirates, were they not? Bishop THOBURN. Pirates and tigers. Senator BEVERIDGE. You have been in Hongkong? Bishop THOBURN. Yes. Senator BEVEHIDGE. What kind of a city is Hongkong? Bishop THOBURN. It is a hustling city. Senator BEVEHIDGE. Is it substantial? Bishop THOBURN. It is a substantial, prosperous, rich, and thriving city. Senator BEVERIDGE. Personal rights m the sense of the individual liberty of people l>eing protected, Chinese and others, exists there? Bishop THOBURN. Certainly. Senator BEVERIDGE. In the highest form? GOVERNMENT OF HONGKONG. Bishop THOBURN. In the highest form. There is more protection to a poor man there than in Chicago. Senator BEVERIDGE. Are the courts open to all, Chinese included? Bishop THOBURN. Everybody. Senator BEVERIDGE. And schools there are attended by Chinese children? Bishop THOBURN. Yes; attended by Chinese, and I have employed some of the graduates. THE PHILIPPINK SITUATION. 67 Senator BEVEHIDGE. Would you state, if you know, the condition of the rocky mountain on which Hongkong stands, less than two generations ago? Bishop THOBUBIC. That I could not say. Senator BKVERIIKJE. You do not know alx.mt its h> Bishop Tuoiu'HX. Xo. Senator BEVERIIM;E. I can state for the benefit of the Senator from Texas if the Senator reads books I can certainly make statements that the place where this English city now stands was a barren mountain with a miserable little Chinese fishing village at its base. ******* Senator BEVKHII;K. You sjxiki- yesterday of the question of self-govern- ment, that a lack of cohesion was one of their characteristics. Bishop THOBURX. Yes. sir. Senator BEVERIIXSE. That lack of cohesion is common every where among them? Bishop THOHCRX. Yes. ******* Senator CAHMACK. You say that personal rights are more secure in Hong- kontr than in the city of Chicago, you think? Bishop THOBI-RX. I think so. Senator CARMACK. Is that due. do you think, to the government* Bishop THOIU-RX. I think it iso.ue largely to the fact that the government is not only not like the government < >f Chlcagi >. but thev have a stronger arm. Senator CARMACK. Do you think the difference in the security of personal rights in Chicago and Hongkong is due to the difference in the form of government? Bishop THOBI-KX. I suy it is due to the difference in the administrators of the government. ******* Senator BKVKHIIXJK. In answer to Senator CAKMACK you speak of the difference, that there was something of the stronger hand there. Bishop THOBI-RX. Yes. Senator BKVKUIIXJK. That strong hand is exercised impartially and promptly for the administration of justice to the humblest and poorest, is it not r Bishop THOBVKX. I think it is. Senator DIETRICH. Is it your understanding that Aguinaldo and his fol- lowers, who were almost exclusively Tagalos, were the Tagalos who were very bitter against the Catholic Church* B"i-hop TuoBi'HX. Were they the ones? Senator DIETRICH. Yes. Bishop THOHI-RX. They were bitter, but they are not by any means the only ones. Senator DIETRICH. Do you believe that Aguinaldo and that portion of the Tagalo tribe could have subjugated the Maeabebes. the Visayans, the Pam- pangans. the Moros, and all the balance of the islands? at or BEVERIIXJE. And the Igorrotes? Senator DIETRICH. And the Igorrotes, to his rule, and could have made out of them an independent, prosperous republic or country? AGCINALDO COULD NOT HAVE ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENCE. Bishop THOBI-RX. No. I expressed myself yesterday on that. He cer- tainly could not have done it. Senator DIETRICH. He certainly would have had to fight the power of the Catholic Church. Bishop THOIH-RX. Yes: and he would have had to take up all these dif ferent races that have been named, and he would have commenced with the Macatebes. I do not say that Aguinaldo himself meant that, but it would have been inevitable. Senator DIETRICH. It woxild have been impossible for him. under situation, vou believe, to have brought about an independent government? Bishop THOIH-RX. Utterlv impossible. Senator CIM.BERSMX. I a-k this from your statement made yesterday that you think the Government of the United States ought to hold the Philip- pines Do you believe that a whole people like the Filipinos ought to be subjugated' by another government than their own without their consent, by r< : " Bishop THOBUHN. It depends upon circumstances. * * * * Senator C r i . B K K si > \ . I ask if the fundamental doctrine of the church is not moral suasion rather than physical force in accomplishing any purpose? Bishop THOBURX. In reference to Christian work, undoubtedly it is moral suasion: but the doctrine of the Bible, as I understand it. is that we ought to uphold the civil government, and your question applies to the civil govern- ment, which the responsibilitv of the church can never assume. 68 THE 1'HII.IIM'INK SITUATION. "WK ALWAYS UPHOLD Till-; rivil. GOVF.HXMKXT." 1 Senator CUI.HKKSON. Ymt flunk it n-oitld be tit? duty f the church to uphold' thf r/r(7 yoi-i-riinii nt ni/ii rii/i *x of tin juxtiri' i if tin' uctx t<> perform? Bishop THOHTKX. Certainly: it in our duty ultra ytt to he obedient to the jioinrx t/itit lit', tu jiay our tu.rcx lik< ntln-r j'eujili'. jirai/for tin' Pn x^ih ,it or the Kiny. nr iriioi-ri'i- ix in authority. TlY //(< acted on the theory for a hundred //inr.-t. ii'ith regard to the American Indians. thut no mutter trhut they iritth or irhat ;/<<(- i-nini nt tln-y desire ire irill holil tin-in hi/ force. Senator CULBKRSOX. You think we ought to apply the doctrine which we have applied to the Indian to the Filipino: Bishop THOBUKX. There is a stronger claim in the case of the Filipinos. They have fallen to us by what we call the fortunes of war. and we have a responsibility that we can not shake off without incurring a liability to greater evils', as I explained yesterday. This is not all. These are Americans; and it might be said that they are partial witnesses. I have here the testimony of two wit- nesses who are not partial, one of them a man who has spent eight or ten years in these islands, and who first gave to the world any authentic information concerning the characteristics of the Phil- ippine people. That is Mr. John Foreman in his book entitled ''The Philippine Islands." I desire to print excerpts from that book, giving his judgment at the beginning of this difficulty as to the quality, character, and characteristics, good and bad, of those people. V. FOREIGN TESTIMONY ON FILIPINO CHARACTEP AND THE SITUATION. EXTRACTS FROM "THE PHILIPPI X K ISI.AXDS." [By John Foreman.] Several writers have essayed to correctly depict the Philippine native character, but with only partial success. Dealing with such an anomalism, the most eminent physiognomists would surely differ in their speculations regarding the Philippine native of the present" day. That Catonian figure. with placid countenance and solemn gravity of feature, would readily deceive anyone as to the true mental organism within. The late parish priest of Alaminos, in Batangas province a Spanish Fran- ciscan friar, who spent half his life in the colony left a brief manuscript essay on the native character. I have read it. In his opinion, the native is an incomprehensible phenomenon, the mainspring of whose line of thought and the guiding motive of whose actions have never yet been, and perhaps never will be, discovered. A native will serve a master satisfactorily for years, and then suddenly abscond, or commit some such hideous crime as conniving with a brigand band to murder the family and pillage the house. "GENEROSITY REGARDED AS WEAKNESS." He is fond of gambling, profligate, lavish in his promises, but lache in the extreme as to their fulfillment. He will never come frankly and openly for- ward to make a clean breast of a fault committed or even a pardonable acci- dent, but will hide it until it is found out. In common irith many other non- European races, an act of generosity or a voluntary concession of hist ice is re- garded a-s a xiyn of wealcneu. Hence it is that the experienced European is often compelled to be more harsh than his own nature dictates. "GIVE AN INCH, HE WILL TAKE AN ELL." Even the best class of natives neither appreciate, nor feel grateful for nor even seem to understand a spontaneous gift. Apparently, they onlv com- prehend the favor when one yields to their asking. The lowest classes never give to each other, unsolicited, a cent's worth. If an European ma/c, .- oolun- tary qratuitii'* to tin- nutii-cx /,, /.s rnnxidered a fool: they entertain u contempt THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. 69 fin- him. u-li it-it ili-i-i-lujif intn intnli-niiili- imin-rtini'iice. The saying "Give him an inch and he will take an ell" can truly be applied to the Filipinos. They are void of all feeling of magnanimity, and do not understand chivalry toward the weak or the fallen foe. FILIPINOS CAN COPY BUT NOT I.WKNT Tin- f-'ilijiillii. lii.'i- must Ih'ii-ntnlx. in tli/mul i in i tlltar. lillt h il I'ill'l im initillt in- ill niua in- in nut i-fiirii-nt in 11,11,'tliinij. If you give him a model he will copy it any number of times, but you can not get him to make two copies so much alike that the one is undistinguishable from the other. He has no attach- ment for any occupation m particular. To-day he will be at the plow: to- morrow a coachman, a collector of accounts, a valet, a sailor, and soon: or he will suddenly renounce social trammels in pursuit of lawless vagabondage. I once traveled with a Colonel Marques, acting governor of Cebu, whose valet war- an ex-law student. The native is indolent in the extreme, and never tired of sitting still, gaz- ing at nothing in particular. If familiarity be permitted with a native, there i s no limit to his audacity. The Tagalog is docile, but keenly resents an injustice. NATIVE IS srPKKSTITIOUS. Native superstition and facile credulity are easily imposed upon. A re- port emitted in jest or in earnest travels with alarming rapidity, and the consequences have not unfn quently 1 een -eriou-. He rarely sees a joke, and still more rarely makes one. He neve'- reveal- aimer, but he will with the most profound i':h" himself, awaiting patiently the opportu- nity to use his bohie knife with effect. Mutilation of a vanquished enemy is common among these islanders. t I! Ml'INO "AVKKSK TO SOCIAL nlMiKlt." The native is so contumacious to all biddi: rder. that he can only be ruled by coercion or by the demonstration of force. Men and women' alike find exaggerated enjoyment in litigation, which may keep up for year.-. AIHHII tl ''(// oth. FILIPINO !' \S MANY (iTHKK F.XfKI.I.KNT Vl'Al.li But the Filipino has many excellent qualities which go far to make amends for his shortcomings. He is patient ana forbearing in the extreme, remark- ably -ober. plodding, anxious only about providing for his immediate wants. and seldom feels the canker of ambitious thoughts. In his person and his dwelling h. as a pattern of cleanliness to all other races in the tropical East. '//. lum littl<- ."(-".// ' /<-//<>// // / he is told, whether it be right or wrong. A native enters your service as a coachman, and if you wish him to pad- dle a In >at i < ik a meal fix a lock, or do anv other kind of labor possible to never pay it. So long as he gets his food and fair treatment. an a al utility man. If n 't pressed t > hard he will follow his superior like a faithful dog. // treated iritli ki, nl in 88, iii'i-n,-(liiint. if It-rt t<> liiiii.n -If. hi- n-ill tlo nil noris " I'"!.* it. "In* head is ht" f, -'it -" t" <<">< FILIPINOS HAVE NO IDEA OF ORGANIZATION. The native has no idea of organization on a large scale, hence a successful revolution is not possible if confined to the pure indigenous population un- /(/(? l>i/ ntln-i-.i. sni'l, us an "I'-* mill fun I'm. i-*. He is brave, and fears no con- 70 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. sequences when with or against his equals, or if led by his superiors, but a conviction of superiority moral or physical in the adversary depresses him. An excess of audacity calms and overawes him rather than irritates him. MUSICIAN'S, BUT NOT fOMPOSKKS The native has an inherent passion for music. Musicians are to be found in every village, and even among the poorest classes. There was scarcely a parish" without its orchestra, and this natural taste was laudably encour- aged by the priests. '/'/; are mi tmiiv oonutotenthen <"< but imitators. There "is an absence of sentimental feeling in the execution of set music i which is all European >. and this is the only drawback to their becoming fine instrumentalists. For the same reason classical music is very little in vogue among Philippine people, who prefer dance pieces and ballad accompaniments. In fact, a native musical performance is so void of soul and true conception of harmony that at a feast it is not an uncommon thing to hear three bands playing clo'se to each other at the same time: and the mob assembled seemed to enjoy the confusion of the melody. There are no Philippine vocalists of repute. SUPERSTITION "AXTING-AXTIXG.'' The most ignorant classes superstitiously believe that certain persons are possessed of a diabolical influence called ni,\xi,],-,-x tl\<- dif- (! nt riii-i-K irh ifii iiiK-f /,1-i'n blended i tln-st- ixiitiuis. ir ,-, ,;,t re- markable is their lack of that spirit which goes to form a h< >m< >genei >us peo- ple to weld them together. The Malay is always provincial: more, lie rarely rises outside the interests of his own town or village. He is never honest, as we count that virtue, never truthful, and never industrious or persevering. This is his dark side, but it is with that we are concerned. The two points which are most inimical to progress are. as already indicated, tin- luck of 11 n it;/ ""'I tin-- lin-l; of /,1-rxisti-in-e. The Malay is the lax.iest of ( >rieiitals. and the Filipino is the least lazy of Malays. The Malay, in short, is a creature of limitations. FILIPINOS SO "HETEKCXiKNKOfS AS TO DEFY ANALYSIS." On this stock has been grafted many shoots, and the result in the Philip- pines is a population so heterogeneous as almost to defy analysis, since it is impossible to trace the infinite gradations of color, or t.i decide in what proportion the half-caste blood is mixed. The principal elements in this mixture are Spanish and Chinese. The Chinese mestizos, or half-breeds, have the reputation of being amongst the most brainy and also the most :N'T KNOW -INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS' IF THEY >IKT HIM IX THE STREET." Thev begin with the abstract and fail to work down to the concrete, instead of taking the concrete, and so, through circles of thought, reaching the ab- stract. Their knowledge of rhetoric, logic, and philosophy is of little use to them, therefore; and even as an intellectual exercise it fails of its purpose, be- cause it has no sure end or aim. A witty American, who, beinga fluent Spanish scholar, had conversed with hundreds of the better educated Filipinos, said of them: "They will write you essays on individual rights until you are tired, l/t if thi-i/ mi't Jndii-id- 'inil RigKts in tin- ftrt-ct Hit // inmldu't k'nnir him fi'mn Admit. This is the in- evitable result of Spanish influence. No race is less fit to amalgamate with or govern such people as the Filipinos than a decadent Latin one, whose shallows have a brilliance attractive to a child-like, color-lo ving race: whose faults are principally the result of a lack of mental and moral rigidity, therefore equally congenial to people who know nothing of discipline: and whose virtues are the result of a long period of civilization and culture, and can not be acquired ready-made by even the quickest and most adaptive of nath It is curious that the chief glory of Spain, her preeminence in painting and sculpture, has found no echo in these islands: but the fact emphasizes what has been said as to the predominance of the Malay element. The Ma- lays have not produced artists in any of the countries to which they have spread, and though at times they produce pretty decorative work, it has lit- tle individuality and is usually copied from Chinese, Hindoos, or whatever race has rome in contact with them. Despite the wonderful carvings of the Hindoo temples in Java, where the Malays reached their highest point of indigenous civilization, there is no such thing as native carving to be seen in that island. They had not even the desire to emulate what their Hindoo conquerors had done. THE MALAY HAS NO CREATIVE ABILITY. The artistic element in Spanish civilization seems to have been incom- municable, at any rate so far as creation is concerned. This want of origi- nality is so marked a feature of Filipino character that it is as though we ran our heads against a dead wall in Malav characteristics. The Malay has no creative ability. Ages agoheevolved liis idea of a house, and that house can be seen now in any of the islands to which he has penetrated oZteajp tin: ai i mi . The sameness of his musical instruments, his ornaments, his wi- is remarkable, especially when we consider the wide range of Malay invasion and the lack of communication bet ween the different islands over which that invasion spread. Tin- niixUHi-dtioiix nidnrid in fin- race 'f the Mulni/ at nil. ,i,,ii leaders. The Malay race, it has been said with a good deal of justice, has only produced one man* whose ability deserves, and has acquired, a world-wide celebrity Rizal. The in- surgent leaders, especially Aguinaldo. have acquired notoriety, but not fame. This state of affairs can not be wholly fortuitous, nor can it be attributed to deficiencies of opportunity or to unfavorable circumstances, since these were ever the hotbed of genius. We are compelled to acknowledge the limi- tations of the Malay, ana to suspect that wherever his race is predominant it will be rare indeed to find an individual triumphing over these trammels. To this universal mediocrity is no doubt due the vry slight degree of civilization ever attained by the Malays without outside influence, and also their political inefficiency. lii-rtiinl ., i,,,,,- tin' results of these << aim /<* i//.s//-,nl ///<;ij, to the standards of true citizen- ship Tiir>i AN NOT ui: i n A M MI:I> IN A KKW YEARS. THE FILIPINO HAS SO MUCH TO UNLEARN. The Filipinos labor under one tremendous disadvantage they have so much to unlearn. The system under which they have lived for nearly three cen- turies has confirmed them in habits of mind which can not be eradicated at once. Nominally, fairly good provision was made for primary instruction, but. like many others, it was never carried into force. The proportion was something like 1 T'-acher TO i-ach 4.r si mietimes even in the stables or coach house of the conventos, and the teachers, wretchedly paid and badly treated, were often quite unfit for their tasks. OUR EDUCATIONAL WORK. From all this to a modern scientific, practical education is a long step, but the United States are sparing neither time nor money, and the reforms instituted are to be drastic and instantaneous. School-teachers of both sexes are being brought from the. States, and normal colleges for training native teachers in modern methods established, for the first essential is to provide a staff of thoroughly competent assistants. Education will, of course, be entirely nonreligious and will be as practicable as possible, while special schools for technica training will be established. Attendance at 74 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. primary schools will be compulsory between the ages of 6 and 12.'Ulti- mately'it is hoped to affiliate the colleges with those of the United States. and til en the whole scheme of education will be complete and thorough. "NO FILIPINO TONGUE AS THERE IS NO FILIPINO NATION." The Filipino showed from the first the greatest desire to benefit by the more enlightened instruction given in the schools, frequently by military schoolmasters, after the American occupation, and the night schools opened in Manila have been crowded by men and W9men anxious to learn the Eng- lish language. The intention is to make this the school language and ulti- mately the universal medium throughout the islands. This is a most impor- tant step and one fraught with many consequences, and it is to be hoped that its first result will be to bind the Filipinos more closely together. Hitherto, although Spanish was nominally to be learned in all the schools, many of the country pi'onlc could ../- nc.ft island. The measure is certain, however, to meet with a great deal of criticismjin various quarters, but those who decry it can not suggest any other language which could with equal advantage be made a universal medium, and they can not deny that some such medium is absolutely necessary. THERE is NO FILIPINO TONGUE AS THERE is NO FILIPINO NATION, and as the aim of all well-wishers of the little brown brothers is to break down the barriers that have hitherto hedged them in and weld them into an organized and civilized nation, it must be conceded that in spreading the great lingua franca already spoken all over the East to the remotest corner of the archipelago, the United States are conferring upon them a strong weapon and a useful tool. OUR DANGER IS OUR "DESIRE TO HAVE EVERYTHING DONE RATHER SOONER THAN IMMEDIATELY." It is an ungracious task to find fault with a scheme so generous as that of the United States for the education of the Filipinos. The writer is inclined to think that thev themselves are largely attracted to the United States by the prospect of these educational advantages, and that they will take every opportunity of profiting by them. The Filipinos are not at all apathetic or stupid, and they are as eager as children to try a hew method or hear fresh ideas. The danger lies in their cleverness and shttri>iy an impartial critic that much has already been accomplished. The man on the spot, particularly, has acquitted himself on the whole verv well, and whatever there lias been of failure has been chiefly due to the politicians and sentimentalists at home. The revival of the insurrection which took place in the autumn of 19(11 was largely due to the demand that troops should be sent home and the Philippines made over (theoretically t to peaceful self-government. ORIENTAL STUDENTS "HAVE MISGIVINGS." Those who know the Filipinos best, those who. like the writer, have had experience of Orientals and how to deal with them, have considerable mis- givings as to the result of this great experiment of self-government unless kept under due guidance and check. If we were to judge the Filipinos merely by professions, by phrases, by words, much might be expected from than, trai our anticipations of the future must t>e based on their essential character and the performances of the past. Jealousies, intrigues, corrup- tion, the ingrained conviction that every officeholder is justified in squeez- ing all he can the man who did not would, in their opinion, have something uncanny about him these are not promising features of the experiment. It trill Cake tin-in xniin- tinif tn lii-lit-i-i- tlmt tin- Aiiifi-ii-tinx. in- iini/oiii-. can b? lui/ii at. fur tin >/ lunl .-( i-ii notliiit'i i-lxi- ill tin if N//I//I/.X/I ofiriulx hut xi/in ;//<;/ ti> the ntinoxt limit. "THE NEEDFUL THING.'' The needful thing is a firm, consistent policy to be framed and carried through bv the men on the spot, who are. at all events, aware of the diffi- culties in the path. It would have been far better to have from the outset a definite system of control. When the civil government was being discussed and explained in the various islands, tin n n-nx n /i mli-in-i/ to / tn., nun-l, i in/tiriirtlli/) to tin iniiiiioit i >f I'iriil t-'ili/iiiins. It iroukl /KMY- ln-i-n hi-ttrr to say frankly. o/til anil li(ir the chief means of evolving order out of chaos, of making the Philip- pines a prosperous country, is TO AVOID AXY SIGN* OF CHANGE, and es- pecially NO THOT(JHT FOK THK M I I.I. 1 1 >.N v Sanitary measures have been adopted. Before the Enirlish supremacy there was no attention paid to the laws of health. The rulers and nobles had vast wealth, and could live with all the comforts whirl) they might choose. For the life of the milliont there seenvi to have >>efn no thought. * * * When the English entered upon rln- rale of the country tin- if liiukfd n/t>-r tin- Killliittril '-'HI lliiin.i lift/If lillllllil<:tt. II, III tll>- //irivil.s-c.-/ li,,l<-al irov- ernment. and under him are several grades of medical officers. Above all there is a general eanitary oommiaeioner connected with the general government, and to him sanitary report must com'- from all parts of the empire. * * * The English, when they found themselves permanent occupants and rulers of the country, had to deal with a great ma>- of people whose clii.-f occupa- tion had been to find rice enough to keep themselves alive. The national life being one of warfare and perpetual alarm, and but scanty t-ffoi" - made even during the splendid reign of the Moguls toward popular educa- tion, it could not be expected that any intelligent care could be l>estowed on the treatment of disease. M'/n-n. c, / n t ,iok possession of the country have been developed within the last few decades to remarkable proportion*. The cotton of India being found inferior to that of the United States, the Government has introduced American cotton plants and American laborers. and already India is becoming one of the great cotton-producing countries of the world. She is rapidly learning the art of converting the fiber into woven fabric. * * * The development of the natural resources of India bv the English has been, remarkable. -U/V///i* f urniii, n<-, .V A .NT AGES. But it is impi^Mlile to enumerate all the direct and much more the indi- rect advautages which have accrued to India from English rule and admin- istration, compared with her distinguished and helpless condition at the be- ginning of the last century. England has never achieved grander vict 1 >ries at ^yaterloo or Quebec than th. ise which lielong to her quiet and peaceful administration of India. Mr. President. I have nothing more to say. I have witnessed this debate with profound interest. I do not think the broader considerations involved in this policy of American advance have been comprehensively discussed. This is no new movement in which we are engaged. It is as old as our steady progress toward national power yes, as old as the varying movements of civilization itself. You gentlemen can not stop it: we can not stop it: the Administration can not stop it: all of us could not stop it. It is a movement of a people. We are placed where we are by elemental considerations and conditions. The Pacific is on our west. The Republic has the greatest Pacific coast line of any power, and only four or five thousand miles away is Asia, the cradle of the race. Every student in this or in any other country, of present con- ditii >ns ( >r appr< Kichin.y; c >nditions. knows that the next great world drama will be upon the waters of the Pacific and upon Asia's ancient shores. It is a play of human forces which springs from the elements of an inevitable situation. Mr. President, the mastery of that great ocean in the future is to be ours. This is not the dream of this day only. It has been the vision of every great statesman, of every great scientist who' has ever given any attention to the subject. It was the dream of 78 THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION. William H. Seward. of Lewis Cass. of the far-seeing Humboldt. That dream will coine true. The mastery of that great ocean, with the advancement of civilization which it involves, will be ours. To oppose this movement is as if a babe were to paddle against the pouring currents of the Gulf Stream: and in the eyes of history it will be just as ridiculous. In the long sweep and historical survey of this large business, considerations appear of almost infinite consequence. Even the prat-tical and immediate questions are of serious moment. One question is whether in the near future the door of China shall be opened or closed whether that Empire shall be partitioned or whether it shall not be partitioned. Whichever policy prevails, the United States must dominate that vast circumstance. But how? Certainly not by retreat from the very position of control and command. Everybody knows that if we had not had our troops in the Philippines when we did, and so had not been able to throw our forces into Pekin when we did, the actiial partition of that great Empire would have been an accomplished fact, not only in substance, but in name. As the owner of the Philippines we can keep the Orient's door open to our merchants and producers, even if those doors should be closed to others, and this, too, by negotiation instead of war. If it is decided that our interests require the open door for all nations equally, again the possession of this archipelago is a fac- tor of determining power to that end. If it is to proceed, then we should control it. If it is not to proceed, we also must control it. Our prestige is involved. It is a national, an ethnical, a world movement in which we are swept along. No party and no administration can or should prevent it. Senators in opposition may debate against this policy, but the master debater who will continuously answer them is Events. o UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped ccri5 f s4i MAY 1 2 1947 MAY 12 'buD JUN 5-19B7. AVI 7-4 4-9 u R6 9 1987 RL MAY 20 1965 PM -10 4(162471 1 u 1971 OI5CHARGE-UR1 Form L-9 ,-:> -2, '43(3203)