QK4T7 
 
 T8I 
 192,1 
 
PLANT MATERIALS 
 
 OF 
 
 DECORATIVE GARDENING 
 
 * 
 
 THE WOODY PLANTS 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM TRELEASE 
 
 PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 URBANA 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 1921 
 
Copyright 1921 
 
 by 
 William Trelease 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 FOREWORD __-* v 
 
 INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 USING THE KEYS ix 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GROUPS xii 
 
 KEYS TO GENERA 
 
 A, TREES xiii 
 
 B, SHRUBS > xxi 
 
 C, UNDERSHRUBS xxxvii 
 
 D, CLIMBERS xli 
 
 PLANT MATERIALS 1 
 
 GLOSSARY 148 
 
 INDEX _ 167 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 When this little book was prepared, four years ago, its 
 primary purpose was to meet the needs of landscape garden- 
 ers; but I entertained a hope that the provision of a simple 
 workable method of naming the usual woody plants met with 
 in our northern climate might gratify a universal wish to 
 know the names of such things, and indirectly stimulate a 
 real knowledge of one part of nature by the many nature 
 lovers who find it difficult to obtain an introduction to many 
 of the friends of their rambles. The need of a new issue is 
 a gratifying indication that my hope that it might prove 
 useful was not ill founded. In the present edition, correction 
 has been made of such errors as have come to my notice, and 
 the scope of the book has been enlarged by inclusion of a few 
 additional types; but the purpose of keeping it within com- 
 pact bounds has been adhered to. While the keys might have 
 been based more exclusively on characters patent to the un- 
 aided eye and obvious to the untrained understanding, they 
 are based still on characters intended to make close observa- 
 tion necessary and to give a correct understanding of the 
 general morphology of plants. 
 Urbana, Illinois, July, 1921. 
 
INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 It has become the practice of gardeners to speak of the 
 plants used for decorative purposes as the plant materials of 
 their art. These materials fall rather naturally into three 
 Glassies: the woody plants used in landscape architecture and 
 street planting, the herbs used for bedding and border plant- 
 ing, pools, etc., and the grasses of lawns. 
 
 The present little volume is an attempt to make it possible 
 for any careful observer to learn the generic and usually the 
 specific name of any hardy tree, shrub or woody climber that 
 he is likely to find cultivated in the eastern United States 
 apart from the extreme south or in northern Europe, any where 
 except on the more pretentious estates, or in nurseries or 
 botanical establishments. It accounts for 247 genera and 782 
 species, with some 375 minor forms, or over 1150 distinct 
 kinds. These pertain to 83 natural families. 
 
 For a few hopelessly complicated genera, such as the haws, 
 cotoneasters, mockoranges and roses, only a few of the most , 
 easily recognized species have been admitted. Except for 
 these, an effort has been made to include all but the rarer or 
 newer species. By way of compensation for omissions, the 
 common trees and shrubs of the orchard may be traced to their 
 species, and also the commoner native shrubs and cover plants. 
 
 It is assumed that the terms usually applied to the parts 
 of plants are understood or will be looked up in the glossary 
 by anyone who wishes to use the keys, and that he will quick- 
 ly learn to make a small and not necessarily expensive pocket 
 lens of about twelve-diameter magnification his inseparable 
 companion and helper: no further equipment is necessary 
 except a good store of care, patient interest, and common sense. 
 
 To keep the book inexpensive, and of a size to fit the 
 pocket, indentifications are provided for in concise keys. As a 
 rule these should lead to reasonably certain conclusions: but 
 
viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 no key in itself is to be regarded as final, and determinations 
 should be checked up by reference to Bailey's Standard Cyclo- 
 pedia of Horticulture, in which are to be found full descrip- 
 tions and references to excellent illustrations. To facilitate 
 this use, technical considerations are waived and the names 
 here used for genera and species are conformed to the Cyclo- 
 pedia: but where native genera are differently named in cur- 
 rently used Manualsi, these names are added as synonyms. 
 
 The keys do not bring together the names of genera that 
 are related; but their division into sections dealing respec- 
 tively with Trees, Shrubs, Undershrubs and Cover plants, and 
 Climbers, gives them a certain comparative value in addition 
 to convenience of reference; and this is increased by the 
 grouping in various places of evergreen and deciduous, armed 
 and spineless forms, etc., and by a division of the undershrubs 
 according to their habit of growth. 
 
 The relationships of the genera and the relative land- 
 scape or other importance of families are to be seen at a glance 
 when reference is made to the systematic part of the book. An 
 innovation that it is hoped may prove useful, and that affords 
 suggestions for further observation on dependable though rare- 
 ly used characters, is to be found in the brief descriptions of 
 the genera, in which more space is given to wood, bud, leaf- 
 scar, foliage and inflorescence than to the more transient de- 
 tails of flower and fruit on which botanical classification 
 largely rests. 
 
 Though the manuscript has been subjected to critical use 
 by individuals and classes, it is probable that errors have been 
 overlooked, or introduced in the effort to make betterments. 
 For these, apologies arc tendered; but the hope is entertained 
 that its shortcomings may be outweighed by a general useful- 
 ness of the little handbook, which is intended to meet a need 
 that my own experience as a teacher shows to be very real now 
 that plant materials are so much studied and used. 
 Urbana, Illinois, June 30, 1917. 
 
USING THE KEYS ix 
 
 USING THE KEYS 
 
 , The determination keys are essentially "dichotomous." At 
 each point it is necessary to decide between two rarely three 
 or four very distinctly contrasted characters, and in each 
 case these contrasts are grouped under a single number in the 
 key. The first few choices are between differences that can be 
 seen without touching the plant. Since poison ivy, poison oak 
 and poison sumach are very poisonous to the touch, it is advis- 
 able to have the first two, which are common everywhere, 
 pointed out by someone who knows them, and to regard any- 
 thing with compound leaves as suspicious until these three 
 are well known. A few examples will show the simplicity of 
 using a key, and the directness with which it leads to the 
 name of a plant. 
 
 Wishing to become acquainted with one poisonous species 
 as quickly as possible, I go to a "vine"-covered fencepost and 
 without touching the plant am able to see readily that it is 
 thin-leaved, therefore probably deciduous; with one leaf at a 
 node, the leaves therefore alternate; and that each leaf is 
 compound, made up of three rather large wavy-margined leaf- 
 lets coming from the end of the leaf-stalk, and therefore digi- 
 tate, or palmate. Turning to the Synopsis of Groups (p. xii), 
 I find that it is to be sought in Key D on p. xli. In this key, 
 beginning as always with no. 1, the characters that I have 
 seen already take me through the key by the following refer- 
 ences: no. 1, to 9; no. 9 to 12; no. 12 to 13; no. 13 to 25, 
 with a caution that this group contains poisonous species; no. 
 25 compels me to look at the plant a little more closely, still 
 without touching it, and I see that it does not support itself 
 by coiling about the post, and that it has no tendrils though it 
 has fastened itself by short roots coming from between the 
 nodes. The conclusion is* inevitable that it belongs to the genus 
 Rhus. In the key to species of this genus (p. 84), I find, 
 under no. 1, that there are three species with only 3 leaflets to 
 each of the compound leaves ; although the characteristic white 
 
x USING THE KEYS 
 
 fruit may not be in evidence, my observation that it is a climb- 
 er, leading through the sequence 1 to 2; 2 to 3, satisfies me 
 that I have seen the poison ivy, Rhus radicans, in one of its 
 protean forms. Later I may chance to find it in the grass. In 
 this guise, I should trace it through Key C (p. xxxvii as an un- 
 derbrush, coming to the same result by the steps 1 to 15 ; 15 to 
 37; 37 to 38; 38 to 53; 53 to 54; or 1-15-37-56. In its bushy 
 southern form, and with more lobed leaves, I should trace the 
 scarcely separable poison oak, R. Toxicodendron, through Key 
 B (p. xxi) by the steps 1-35-66-67-155, where I get a cautionary 
 signal; 155-156-157-158. In addition to learning this dangerous 
 plant, I may have satisfied myself incidentally that the harm- 
 less Virginia creeper can be distinguished from it by having 
 5 leaflets in. each leaf, and by climbing by tendrils opposite the 
 leaves. 
 
 An entomologist conies to me with a branch of a tree badly 
 infested with scale insects. He thinks that he knows the tree, 
 but wishes to be sure of it because the owner and his neigh- 
 bors can not say what it is. The Synopsis of Groups leads me 
 to Key A (p. xiii). It is obviously deciduous, not at all prickly 
 or spiny, with rounded twigs, opposite leaves that are rather 
 large, and pinnately compound with five or seven somewhat 
 toothed short-stalked leaflets, green on both sides. Through 
 Key A, I go by the successive steps 1-33-46-117-126-127-128, 
 where I find that the scars from which last year's leaves have 
 fallen are squared off below this year's twigs or any undevel- 
 oped buds of last season, so that I am convinced that it is a 
 Fraxinus. In the keys to the species of ash (p. 127) I go 
 successively from 1 to 2; 2 to 11; 11 to 14, where I find it to 
 be Fraxinus lanceolata. Reference to the Cyclopedia gives 
 fuller information about the tree, which in parts of the west 
 is being exterminated, like lilacs, dogwoods, willows etc., by 
 an oyster-shell scale. 
 
 Under some shrubbery, I see very often a trailing little 
 evergreen with lanceolate or elliptical entire simple leaves, two 
 at a node (opposite) ; and its single large blue flowers attract 
 
USING THE KEYS xi 
 
 attention early in the spring. The Synopsis of Groups refers 
 me to Key C (p. xxxvii) where, by the successive steps 1 to 15, 
 15 to 37, 37 to 38, 38 to 39, 39 to 41, 41 to 48, 48 to 49, 49 to 50, 
 I reach the conclusion that it is Vinca. Reference to the ac- 
 count of this genus (p. 134) shows that it is the periwinkle or 
 running "myrtle," Vinca minor. 
 
 Of late years a gigantic twiner, woody only at base, has 
 come into extensive use. Its alternate compound leaves with 
 three large lobed leaflets enable me to trace it through Key D 
 (p. xli), by the steps 1-9-12-13-25-28-29 where I see that it is a 
 Pueraria, and reference to p. 77 shows that it is the Kudzu 
 vine, P. hirsuta. 
 
 Finally, to take a more complicated case, I gather a shoot 
 of a very slender and graceful deciduous shrub under my win- 
 dow and note that is has alternate 5-ranked simple but some- 
 what lobed glabrous rather pointed leaves, with a single C- 
 shaped woody bundle showing when I snap the leaf-s'talk off 
 at its base; and the partly ripened fruits, earlier a mass of 
 small white flowers, clustered on short twigs, consist of sev- 
 eral very small follicles in each persistent calyx. The 
 Synopsis of Groups refers me to Key B (p. xxi) where I trace 
 it from 1-35-66-67-68-70-71-144-146-147-148-149-153-154 where I 
 conclude that it is a Spiraea. In the key to species of th,is; 
 genus (p. 54) I follow it from 1 to 9; 9 to 11; and 11 to 13, 
 where I am satisfied that it is the now very popular betterment 
 of the "bridal wreath," X 8. Vanhouttei. The Cyclopedia tells 
 me that this is- a hybrid of its fore-runner, 8. trilobata, with 
 8. cantoniensis, and incidentally I learn something of the num- 
 ber of species 1 of this attractive genus that the larger collec- 
 tions may include, and of their scientific classification. 
 
xii SYNOPSIS OF GKOVPS 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GROUPS 
 
 Trees, as usually grown for groves, avenues and specimens. 
 (Young specimens may resemble bushes). Key A (p. xiii). 
 
 Bushes, as usually grown for blocking-out, shubberies, speci- 
 mens and hedges, including such small trees as sumach 
 and trees that are cut back in hedges or for the bright 
 color of their young shoots in winter. Dwarfed ever- 
 greens are to be sought in the preceding key. Key B (p. xxi) . 
 
 Small undershrubs, as well as carpeting plants, and tufted ever- 
 greens used for covering rock-work, etc. Key C (p. xxxvii). 
 
 Woody climbers and scrambling plants us-ed on walls, pergolas, 
 etc., and for covering rock-work. Key D (p. xli). 
 
TREES xiii 
 
 A. USUALLY SEEN AS TREES. 
 
 1. Evergreen: unarmed except as 1 the simple leaves may be 
 
 pungently pointed or toothed; or some leaflets may 
 be spine-like or the petioles with stout prickles. 2. 
 Deciduous. 33. 
 
 2. Leaves needle-like or narrow, in terminal whorls on short 
 
 spurs that are sheathed with scales. 3. 
 Leaves not in scale-sheathed clusters. 4. 
 
 3. Needles 1-5, angular, in a rather erect cluster, p. 9. Pinus. 
 Leaves numerous, flat, spreading. p. 10. Sciadopitys. 
 
 4. Leaves alternate or in crowded clusters. 5. 
 Leaves opposite, small or very narrow. 25. 
 
 Leaves in whorls of 3. p. 14. Juniperus. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 5. Leaves small or very narrow. 6. 
 Leaves relatively large or broad. 15. 
 
 6. Leaves 4-sided or 4-grooved. 7. 
 
 Leaves not 4-sided, or if so neither clustered nor from 
 raised bases. 9. 
 
 7. Leaves often clustered on short spurs. p. 8. Cedrus. 
 Leaves not clustered on spurs. 8. 
 
 _^8. Leaves green, not disarticulating. p. 11. Cryptomeria. 
 Leaves often glaucous, disarticulating. p. 6. Picea. 
 
 9. Leaves green on both sides. 10. 
 Leaves white-lined beneath. 11 
 
 10. Leaves elongated, narrowed at base. p. 4. Taxus. 
 Leaves short and sharp, sessile. p. 11. Sequoia. 
 
 11. Leaves decurrent in ridges on the twigs. 12. 
 Leaves not at all decurrent. 14. 
 
 12. Leaves mostly serrulate above. p. 6. Tsuga. 
 Leaves entire. 13. 
 
 13. Leaves sessile, 4-ranked; fruit a cone. p. 11. Sequoia. 
 Leaves narrowed at base, elongated. p. 5. Torreya. 
 
xiv 
 
 TREES 
 
 p. 7. Abies, 
 p. 7. Pseudotsuga. 
 
 Persea. 
 p. 67. Prunus. 
 
 p. 86. Ilex, 
 p. 45. Cinnamomum. 
 
 p. 17. Phoenix. 
 
 14. Buds very resinous. 
 Buds not resinous. 
 
 15. Leaves simple. 16. 
 
 Leaves compound or divided. (Palms). 21. 
 
 16. Leaves broad but grass-like, 2-ranked. p. 15. Gramineae. 
 Leaves sword-like or else basaL p. 16. Yucca. 
 Leaves neither sword-like nor as in grasses. 17. 
 
 17. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. p. 42. Magnolia. 
 Stipule-scars not encircling the twig. 18. 
 
 18. Leaves glaucous beneath. 
 Leaves not glaucous. 19. 
 
 19. Leaves with nectar-glands beneath. 
 Leaves without nectar-glands. 20. 
 
 20. Not aromatic: leaves often pungent. 
 Smelling of cinnamon or camphor. 
 
 21. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. 22. 
 Leaves palmately divided. 24. 
 
 22. Lower leaflets spine-like. 
 Leaflets not spine-like. 23. 
 
 23. Flower-clusters from between the leaves. p. 17. Cocos. 
 Flower-clusters below the leaves. p. 18. Oreodoxa. 
 
 24. Midrib of leaves recurving. p. 17. Sabal. 
 Midrib straight. p. 17. Washingtonia. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 25. Leaves spreading. 26. 
 
 Leaves closely appressed to twig. 27. 
 
 26. Leaves very stiff: fruit a cone. 
 Leaves stiff: fruit rather fleshy. 
 
 Leaves flexible. (Chamaecyparis or Thuja). "Retinispora". 
 
 27. Leaves all alike: twigs not flattened. 28. 
 
 Leaves flat on the sides of the flattened twigs, and 
 v-grooved on their edges. 30. 
 
 28. Foliage-sprays not fan-like: fruit fleshy, p.14. Juniperus. 
 Foliage-sprays 1 fan-like: fruit a cone. 29. 
 
 29. Seeds 2-3 under eatSi cone-scale. p. 14. Chamaecyparis. 
 Seeds numerous under each scale. p. 13. Cupressus. 
 
 p. 11. Sequoia, 
 p. 14. Juniperus. 
 
TREES xv 
 
 30. Internodes elongated. Libocedrus. 
 Internodes about as 1 broad as long. 31. 
 
 31. Internodes narrow (1-1.5 mm.). p. 14. Chamaecyparis. 
 Internodes distinctly broader. 32. 
 
 32. Internodes 2-4 mm. wide: seeds 2. p. 12. Thuja. 
 Internodes broader: seeds numerous. p. 13. Thujopsis. 
 
 Deciduous Trees. 
 
 33. Armed with at least some spines or prickles. 34. 
 Unarmed. 46. 
 
 Armed. 
 
 34. Leaves alternate, never 4-ranked. 35. 
 Leaves opposite, or 4-ranked if alternate. 45. 
 
 35. With prickles only. 36. 
 
 With thorns occupying the place of stipules. 38. 
 With pungent twigs or spurs. 40. 
 
 36. Leaves digitate or digitately lobed. p. 112. Acanthopanax. 
 Leaves bipinnate. p. 112. Aralia. 
 Leaves once pinnate. 37. 
 
 37. Armed only when young. p. 80. Ailanthus. 
 Prickles persistent. p. 79. Zanthoxylum. 
 
 38. Leaves pinnately compound: thorns detachable. 
 
 Pellucid-dotted. p. 79. Zanthoxylum. 
 
 Not pellucid-dotted. p. 74. Robinia. 
 
 Leaves simple: thorns firm. 39. 
 
 39. Glabrous: fruit dry, winged. p. 98. Paliurus. 
 Pubescent: fruit drupe-like. p. 98. Zizyphus. 
 
 40. Leaves simple. 41. 
 
 Leaves both pinnate and bipinnate. p. 69. Gleditsia. 
 
 41. With silvery or brown peltate scales. p. 107. Elaeagnus. 
 Not scurfy. 42. 
 
 42. Sap milky. p. 30. Maclura. 
 Sap not milky. 43. 
 
 43. With nectar-glands on leaf-base or petiole, p. 67. Prunus. 
 Leaves without nectar-glands: fruit a pome. 44. 
 
 44. Bud-scales thin: core of fruit papery. p. 56. Pyrus. 
 Bud-scales fleshy: core of fruit bony. p. 60. Crataegus. 
 
 45. With silvery or brown peltate scales, p. 107. Shepherdia. 
 Not scurfy: spines short, terminal. p. 97. Rhamnus. 
 
xvi TREES 
 
 Unarmed. 
 
 46. Leaves alternate, or clustered on alternate spurs. 47. 
 Leaves opposite, or 4-ranked if separated. 117. 
 
 Leaves in whorls of 3, large. p. 138. Catalpa. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 47. Leaves small and very narrow: fruit a cone. 48. 
 Leaves comparatively large. 50. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 48. Leaves on slender deciduous twigs. p. 11. Taxodium. 
 Leaves clustered on short stout spurs. 49. 
 
 49. Scales of cone persistent. p. 8. Larix. 
 Scales of cone deciduous. Pseudolarix. 
 
 50. Leaves fine-nerved from the base. p. 4. Ginkgo. 
 Leaves netted-veined. 51. 
 
 51. Leaves simple. 52. 
 Leaves compound. 99. 
 
 52. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. 53. 
 Stipule-scars 1 distinctly shorter, or buds sharp. 56. 
 
 53. Leaves entire: sap not milky. p. 42. Magnolia. 
 Leaves lobed. 54. 
 
 54. Buds 2-edged: sap not milky. p. 41. Liriodendron. 
 Buds not flattened. 55. 
 
 55. Sap milky: buds not fluted. p. 32. Ficus. 
 Sap not milky: buds fluted. p. 52. Platanus. 
 
 56. Bud& with a single scale, in front. p. 19. Salix. 
 Buds naked or else with several visible scales. 57. 
 
 57. Buds fusiform, spreading, spine-like. p. 27. Fagus. 
 Buds not at all spine-like. 58. 
 
 58. Silvery- or brown-scurfy. p. 107. Elaeagnus. 
 Mucilaginous, aromatic: twigs green. p. 44. Sassafras. 
 Neither scurfy nor very mucilaginous. 59. 
 
 59. Leaves 2-ranked, at least on spreading branches. 60. 
 Leaves not 2-ranked, but sometimes in 1 plane. 77. 
 
 60. Leaves palmately nerved. 61. 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 66. 
 
 61. Sap milky but sometimes scant. 62. 
 Sap not milky. 63. 
 
TREES xvii 
 
 62. Twigs and leaves hairy. p. 30. Broussonetia. 
 At most rough or velvety or downy. p. 31. Morus. 
 
 63. Twigs moderate, or if slender pith continuous. 64. 
 Twigs slender: pith commonly chambered. p. 34. Celtis 
 
 64. Leaves entire, glabrate. p. 70. Cercis. 
 Leaves serrate. 65. 
 
 65. Twigs slender: peduncle becoming fleshy, p. 98. Hovenia. 
 Twigs stouter: peduncle slender, bracted. p. 101. Tilia. 
 
 66. Pith more or less spongy or chambered. 67. 
 Pith continuous. 68. 
 
 67. Fruit fleshy: calyx large. p. 125. Diospyros. 
 Fruit dry, winged. p. 126. Halesia. 
 
 68. Buds naked. p. 97. Rhamnus. 
 Buds scaly. 69. 
 
 69. Bud-scales 2-ranked. 70. 
 Bud-scales in more than 2 ranks. 71. 
 
 70. Fruit thin and winged. p. 32. Ulmus. 
 Fruit not winged, tuberculate: leaves small, p. 33. Planera. 
 
 71. End-bud present on spurs. 72. 
 
 End-buds always absent: twigs slender. 74. 
 
 72. Pith very small, 3-sided. p. 25. Betula. 
 Pith 5-sided. 73. 
 
 73. Twigs slender: leaves finely toothed, p. 60. Amelanchier. 
 Twigs stouter: leaves coarsely toothed. p. 28. Castanea. 
 
 74. Bud-scales striate. 75. 
 Bud-scales scarcely striate. 76. 
 
 75. Bark rough: fruit hop-like. p. 24. Ostrya. 
 Bark white or papery, or aromatic. p. 25. Betula. 
 
 76. Fruit ribbed, with hastate bract. p. 25. Carpinus. 
 Fruit not ribbed: leaves rough. p. 34. Zelkova. 
 
 77. Pith rather large, or star-shaped. 78. 
 
 Pith not star-shaped, or, if so, buds stalked. 82. 
 
xviii 
 
 TREES 
 
 78. Buds with lowest scale in front. p. 18. Populus. 
 Buds with lowest scales at the side. 79. 
 
 79. Twigs very slender: toothing fine. p. 60. Amelanchier. 
 Twigs stouter: leaves never very finely serrate. 80. 
 
 80. Leaves entire or pinnately lobed. p. 29. Quercus. 
 Leaves palmately lobed. 81. 
 
 81. Leaves star-shaped or maple-like. p. 52. Liquidambar. 
 Leaves large with dilated lobes. p. 102. Sterculia. 
 
 82. Buds stalked, or developing the first season. 83. 
 Buds not stalked. 84. 
 
 83. Leaves palmately nerved and lobed. p. 52. Liquidambar. 
 Leaves pinnately veined and toothed or lobed. p. 26. Alnus. 
 
 84. Nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-base. 
 Leaves without nectar-glands. 85. 
 
 85. Pith chambered. 86. 
 Pith continuous. 88. 
 
 86. Leaves thin, not revolute. 87. 
 Leaves firm, revolute: fruit fleshy. 
 
 87. Fruit fleshy: calyx large. 
 Fruit dry, winged. 
 
 88. Buds naked. 
 Buds scaly. 89. 
 
 89. Leaves not lobed. 90. 
 Leaves lobed. 97. 
 
 90. Leaves very woolly beneath, entire. 
 Leaves toothed if at all woolly. 91. 
 
 91. Leaves firm and very glossy. 92. 
 Leaves thinner and duller. 93. 
 
 92. Pith with firmer plates. 
 
 Pith without firmer diaphragms. 
 Bundle-trace 1. 
 Bundle-traces 3. 
 
 93. Leaves whitened beneath. 
 
 p. 67. Prunus. 
 
 p. 126. Symplocos. 
 
 p. 125. Diospyros. 
 
 p. 126. Halesia. 
 
 p. 97. Rhamnus. 
 
 p. 58. Cydonia. 
 
 p. 111. Nyssa. 
 
 120. Oxydendrum. 
 p. 56. Pyrus. 
 
 p. 109. Cornus. 
 
 Leaves not whitened unless by tomentum. 94. 
 
TRRES xix 
 
 94. Without end-bud. p. 67. Prunus. 
 With a terminal bud. 95. 
 
 95. Buds not elongated. p. 56. Pyrus. 
 Buds distinctly elongated. 96. 
 
 96. Buds woolly, rather large. p. 57 Sorbus. 
 Buds not woolly, usually small. p. 60. Amelanchier. 
 
 97. Leaves pinnately lobed. 98. 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed. p. 52. Liquidambar. 
 
 98. Fruit berry-like. p. 57. Sorbus. 
 Fruit with a bony core. p. 60. Crataegus. 
 
 Compound. 
 
 99. Leaves 1 only once pinnate. 100. 
 Leaves often or always bipinnate. 114. 
 
 100. Leaflets 3, close together. 101. 
 Leaflets several, distinctly pinnate. 102. 
 
 101. Leaflets pellucid-dotted. p. 78. Ptelea. 
 Leaflets not pellucid-dotted. p. 72. Laburnum. 
 
 102. Twigs stout: pith large, continuous, finally colored. 103. 
 Twigs moderate, or pith becoming chambered 
 
 or angled or pale. 105. 
 
 103. Leaves with glands on lower teeth. p. 80. Ailanthus. 
 Leaves without nectar-glands. 104. 
 
 104. End-bud present: leaflets large. p. 80. Cedrela. 
 End-bud absent: leaflets small. p. 69. Gleditsia. 
 
 105. Pith finally chambered, with thin brown plates. 106. 
 Pith not chambered. 107. 
 
 106. Buds solitary in the axils. p. 22. Pterocarya. 
 Buds several, superposed in the axils. p. 21. Juglans. 
 
 107. Buds concealed by a membrane. p. 74. Robinia. 
 Buds exposed when the leaves fall. 108. 
 
 108. Leaf-scar nearly encircling the bud. 109. 
 Leaf-scar not encircling the bud. 110. 
 
 109. Leaflets small (2X4 cm.). p. 71. Sophora. 
 Leaflets large (often 5 X 10 cm.). p. 71. Cladrastis. 
 
 110. Leaf-scars large, shield-shaped: buds often superposed. 111. 
 Leaf-scars small or narrow, or buds solitary. 112. 
 
 111. End-bud present: buds ovoid or elongated. p. 23. Carya. 
 End-bud deciduous: buds half-round. p. 96. Sapindus. 
 
xx TREES 
 
 112. Leaflets coarsely toothed and lobed. p. 95.Koelreuteria. 
 Leaflets only toothed. 113. 
 
 Leaflets entire. (Maackia). p. 71. Cladrastis. 
 
 113. Buds very small: leaves abruptly pinnate, p. 69. Gleditsia. 
 Buds rather large: leaves odd-pinnate. p. 57. Sorbus. 
 
 114. Twigs stout: pith large. 115. 
 Twigs and pith smaller. 116. 
 
 115. Leaflets nearly entire: pith colored. p. 69. Gymnocladus. 
 Leaflets distinctly toothed. p. 81. Melia. 
 
 116. Leaflets nearly entire. p. 69. Gleditsia. 
 Leaflets coarsely toothed. p. 95. Koelreuteria. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 117. Leaves simple. 118. 
 
 Leaves pinnately compound. 126. 
 
 Leaves palmately compound. p. 93. Aesculus. 
 
 118. .Leaves regularly palmately lobed. p. 90. Acer. 
 Leaves not uniformly lobed. 119. 
 
 119. Leaves very large, cordate. p. 137. Paulownia. 
 Leaves not very large. 120. 
 
 120. Leaves cordate: twigs rosy. p. 36. Cercidiphyllum. 
 Leaves not cordate. 121. 
 
 121. Leaves all in opposite pairs: sap not milky. 122. 
 Leaf-pairs often broken or aromatic or sap milky. 123. 
 
 122. Leaf-scars small and narrow. p. 109. Cornus. 
 Leaf-scars larger: buds superposed. p. 127. Fraxinus. 
 
 123. Twigs 4-winged: flowers showy. p. 108. Lagerstroemia. 
 Twigs not winged: flowers small. 124. 
 
 124. Sap milky: very hairy. p. 30. Broussonetia. 
 Sap not milky. 125. 
 
 125. Not aromatic: flowers in catkins. p. 19. Salix. 
 Aromatic, like camphor or cinnamon, p. 45. Cinnamomum. 
 
 126. Pith large: fruit a small berry. p. 141. Sambucus. 
 Pith moderate. 127. 
 
 127. Leaflets often coarsely toothed or lobed. p. 90. Acer. 
 Leaflets at most finely toothed. 128. 
 
 128. Leaf-scar nearly encircling bud. p. 78. Phellodendron. 
 Leaf-scars not encircling the buds. p. 127. Fraxinus. 
 
SHRUBS 
 
 B. USUALLY SEEN AS SHRUBS. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 Deciduous. 35. 
 
 2. Spiny. 3. 
 
 Unarmed unless the leaves are pointed or toothed. 4. 
 Evergreen Shrubs Armed. 
 
 3. Leaves simple: some twigs pungent. p. 62. Pyracantha. 
 Leaves appearing simple, some pungent. p. 39. Berberis. 
 Leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. p. 77. Triphasia. 
 
 Evergreen Shrubs Unarmed. 
 
 4. Leaves alternate, or clustered on alternate spurs. 5. 
 Leaves opposite or else in 4 ranks. 26. 
 
 Leaves usually or always 1 3 at a node. 33. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 5. Leaves simple. 6. 
 Leaves compound. 25. 
 
 6. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. p. 42. Magnolia. 
 Stipule-scars if present not encircling the twig. 7. 
 
 7. Leaves with minute resin-glands. 8. 
 Leaves not resinous-dotted. 9. 
 
 8. Leaves more or less toothed. p. 20. Myrica. 
 Leaves only ciliate. p. 118. Andromeda. 
 
 9. Leaves essentially entire. 10. 
 
 Leaves evidently toothed or crenate. 23. 
 
 10. Leaves scarcely 25 mm. long. 11. 
 Leaves distinctly larger. 13. 
 
 11. Dwarf or spreading. 12. 
 
 Taller and more bushy. p. 85. Cliftonia. 
 
 12. Leaves flat: bark rather fleshy. p. 106. Daphne. 
 Leaves revolute: bark thin. p. 59. Cotoneaster. 
 
 13. Twigs stout. p. 115. Rhododendron. 
 Twigs slender. 14. 
 
 14. Leaves bristly-ciliate. (Azalea). p. 115. Rhododendron. 
 Leaves not ciliate. 15. 
 
xxii 
 
 SHRUBS 
 
 15. Leaves pellucid-dotted. p. 79. Skimmia. 
 Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 16. 
 
 16. Leaves not 3-nerved. 17. 
 Leaves with submarginal nerves. 
 
 17. Leaves more or less revolute. 18. 
 Leaves not revolute. 19. 
 
 18. Leaves scurfy beneath. 
 
 At most sparingly rusty-chaffy. 
 
 19. Bark fleshy: flowers not in racemes. 
 Bark thin: bushy. 20. 
 
 20. Leaves thin and very veiny. 
 Leaves thicker. 21. 
 
 21. Flowers and fleshy fruits axillary. 
 Flowers and dry fruits in racemes. 22. 
 
 22. Leaves neither dotted nor very veiny. 
 Leaves veiny, black-dotted beneath. 
 
 23. Leaves closely serrate. 24. 
 
 Leaves very small if closely serrate. 
 
 24. Leaves glabrous. 
 Leaves appressed-hairy. 
 
 25. Leaves digitate. 
 Leaves pinnate. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 26. Leaves very small and narrow, auricled. 
 Leaves relatively large or broad. 27. 
 
 27. Leaves entire. 28. 
 Leaves toothed, firm. 31. 
 
 28. Leaves rather thin, dotted beneath. 
 Leaves more coriaceous. 29. 
 
 29. Leaves scarcely 25mm. long: twigs 4-ridged. p. 82. Buxus 
 Leaves distinctly larger, or whitened beneath. 30. 
 
 30. Leaves rugose: stipules connate. p. 140. Gardenia 
 Leaves not rugose: no stipules. p. 117. Kalmia 
 
 31. Leaves toothed as in holly. p. 131. Osmanthus 
 Leaves not pungently toothed. 32. 
 
 p. 119. Pieris. 
 
 p. 119. Lyonia. 
 p. 117. Kalmia. 
 p. 106. Daphne. 
 
 p. 85. Cyrilla. 
 p. 86. Ilex. 
 
 p. 85. Cliftonia. 
 p. 119. Pieris. 
 
 p. 86. Ilex. 
 
 p. 121. Gaultheria. 
 
 p. 118. Leucothoe. 
 
 p. 38. Stauntonia. 
 
 p. 39. Mahonia. 
 
 p. 121. Calluna. 
 
 p. 131. Ligustrum. 
 
SHRUBS xxiii 
 
 32. Leaves crenate. p. 87. Evonymus. 
 Leaves dentate. p. 111. Aucuba. 
 Leaves serrate. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
 Leaves whorled. 
 
 33. Leaves very small, white above. p. 14. Juniperus. 
 Leaves moderately large, not dagger-like. 34. 
 
 34. Leaves rugose, with stipules. p. 140. Gardenia. 
 Leaves not rugose, without stipules. .. p. 117. Kalmia. 
 
 35. At least with some prickles or spines. 36. 
 Without spines or pungent prickles. 66. 
 
 Deciduous Shrubs Armed. 
 
 36. Leaves 1 alternate, or clustered on alternate spurs. 37. 
 Leaves opposite, or else 4-ranked. 63. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 37. With prickles or pungent stipules only. 38. 
 With some leaf- or branch-spines. 49. 
 
 38. With prickles only. 39. 
 
 With pungent stipules (at side of leaf-base). 44. 
 
 39. Leaves simple, lobed. p. 50. Ribes. 
 Leaves compound. 40. 
 
 40. Leaves digitate or appearing so. 41. 
 Leaves 1 distinctly pinnate. 42. 
 
 41. Leaflets stalked, usually hairy. p. 64. Rubus. 
 Leaflets sessile, glabrous. . p. 112. Acanthopanax. 
 
 42. Leaves once pinnate. 43. 
 
 Leaves bipinnate. p. 112. Aralia. 
 
 43. Petioles breaking above the base. p. 64. Rubus. 
 Petioles disarticulating from the stem. p. 66. Rosa. 
 
 44. Leaves simple. 45. 
 Leaves compound. 46. 
 
 45. Fruit dry, winged. p. 98. Paliurus. 
 Fruit fleshy. p. 98. Zizyphus. 
 
 46. Leaves aromatic, pellucid-dotted. p. 79. Zanthoxylum. 
 Leaves not aromatic. 47. 
 
 47. Leaves with a terminal leaflet. p. 74. Robinia. 
 Leaves without a terminal leaflet. 48. 
 
xxiv SHRUBS 
 
 48. Leaflets blunt or notched. p. 76. Caragana. 
 Leaflets acute. p. 76. Halimodendron. 
 
 49. With leaf-spines (below a bud or branch). 50. 
 With stem-spines 1 (axillary, or ending a branch). 52. 
 
 50. Leaves appearing simple, often clustered, p. 39. Berberis. 
 Leaves distinctly compound, with pungent axis. 51. 
 
 51. Leaflets blunt or notched. p. 76. Caragana. 
 Leaflets acute or bristle-tipped. p. 76. Halimodendron. 
 
 52. With silvery or brown scales or stellate hairs. 53. 
 Not scurfy. 54. 
 
 53. Leaves almost linear. p. 108. Hippophae. 
 Leaves lanceolate or elliptic. p. 107. Elaeagnus. 
 
 54. Sap milky. 55. 
 Sap not milky. 56. 
 
 55. Leaves scarcely 25 mm. wide: fruit small, p. 125. Bumelia. 
 Leaves and fruit larger. p. 30. Maclura. 
 
 56. With nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-base. p. 67. Prunus. 
 Without such glands. 57. 
 
 57. Twigs distinctly angled. 58. 
 Twigs rounded: fruit a pome. 61. 
 
 58. Both leaves- and twigs pungent. p. 73. Ulex. 
 Leaves not pungent. 59. 
 
 59. Leaves simple: twigs whitish. p. 136. Lycium. 
 Leaves compound. 60. 
 
 60. Leaves scarcely 1 cm. long. p. 73. Cytisus. 
 Leaves much larger. p. 78. Poncirus. 
 
 61. Bud-scales fleshy: core of fruit bony. p. 60. Crataegus. 
 Bud-s ( cales not fleshy: core papery. 62. 
 
 62. Glabrous or glabrescent. p. 58. Chaenomeles. 
 More or less woolly. p. 56. Pyrus. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 63. Scurfy with silvery or brown scales. p. 107. Shepherdia. 
 Not scurfy. 64. 
 
 64. Spines short, between the uppermost buds. p. 97. Rhamnus. 
 Spines longer. 65. 
 
 65. Leaves acute at both ends. p. 130. Forestiera. 
 Leaves rounded at base. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
SHRUBS xxv 
 
 Deciduous Shrubs Unarmed. 
 
 66. Leaves alternate or on alternate spurs. 67. 
 Leaves opposite, or in 4 ranks if separated. 180. 
 
 * Leaves- whorled (often also opposite). 243. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 67. Leaves simple or appearing so. 68. 
 Leaves distinctly compound. 155. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 68. Leaves extremely small or very narrow. 69. 
 Leaves relatively larger or broader. 70. 
 
 69. Leaves almost scale-like, overlapping. p. 105. Tamarix. 
 Leaves elongated, not overlapping. p. 54. Spiraea. 
 
 70. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. p. 42. Magnolia. 
 Stipule-scars if pres'ent not encircling the twig. 71. 
 
 71. Leaves essentially entire. 72. 
 
 Leaves distinctly crenate or toothed. 103. 
 Leaves, or some of them, lobed. 144. 
 Entire. 
 
 72. Aromatic or spicy. 73. 
 
 Not markedly aromatic. 75. 
 
 73. Twigs with abundant gummy sap. p. 85. Cotinus. 
 Sap not gummy: twigs green. 74. 
 
 74. Leaves often lobed, mucilaginous. p. 44. Sassafras. 
 Leaves neither lobed nor mucilaginous. p. 44. Benzoin. 
 
 75. Lower leaves opposite. p. 108. Lagerstroemia. 
 Leaves all alternate, or clustered above. 76. 
 
 76. Leaves palmately nerved, 2-ranked, rather large. 77. 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 78. 
 
 77. Leaves nearly round: buds 1 small. p. 70. Cercis. 
 Leaves elliptic: buds elongated. p. 50. Corylopsis. 
 
 78. Buds with a single scale, in front. p. 19. Salix. 
 Buds naked or, usually, with several scales. 79. 
 
 79. Twigs constricted at winter-nodes. p. 106. Dirca. 
 Twigs not constricted. 80. 
 
 80. End-bud naked, lateral buds globose. p. 43. Asimina. 
 Buds all scaly. 81. 
 
xxvi SHRUBS 
 
 81. Leaves with twinned hairs beneath. p. 109. Cornus. 
 Leaves resinous beneath. p. 122. Gaylussacia. 
 Leaves neither resinous nor with twinned hairs. 82. 
 
 82. Leaves scurfy or hairy or ciliate. 83. 
 Leaves essentially glabrous when mature. 90. 
 
 83. Scurfy with peltate scales. p. 107. Elaeagnus. 
 Leaves hairy or stellate-scurfy beneath. 84. 
 
 84. Leaves and berry-like fruit small. 85. 
 Leaves rather large or else fruit dry. 86. 
 
 85. With stipules or stipule-scars. p. 59. Cotoneaster. 
 Without stipules. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 
 86. Leaves woolly beneath, round-elliptic. p. 58. Cydonia. 
 Leaves and twigs at first stellate-scurfy. p. 126. Styrax. 
 Pubescence neither woolly nor scurfy. 87. 
 
 87. Twigs coarse, hairy: bundle-traces 3. p. 21. Leitneria. 
 Twigs rather slender: bundle-trace one. 88. 
 
 88. Buds pres'sed into grooves in the stem. p. 119. Lyonia. 
 Buds not in grooves. 89. 
 
 89. Veins of leaves much raised. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Veins of leaves less prominent. p. 115. Rhododendron. 
 
 90. Leaves lanceolate. 91. 
 
 Leaves oblong or elliptic or obovate. 96. 
 
 91. Twigs green, distinctly angled. p. 72. Genista. 
 Twigs not green when mature. 92. 
 
 92. Leaves crowded at end of stem. p. 106. Daphne. 
 Leaves scattered. 93. 
 
 93. Stellate-scurfy when growing. p. 126. Styrax. 
 Without star-shaped hairs. 94. 
 
 94. Fruit dry: bark shredding. p. 119. Pieris. 
 Fruit fleshy. 95. 
 
 95. With minute stipules: drupes short-stalked, p. 86. Ilex. 
 Without stipules: stalks long. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 
 96. Leaves green on both sides. 97. 
 Leaves pale or whitened beneath. 100. 
 
SHRUBS xxvii 
 
 97. Leaves crowded at end of stem. p. 120. Enkianthus. 
 Leaves scattered. 98. 
 
 98. Leaves very veiny.. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Leaves not very veiny. 99. 
 
 99. Leaves acute at both ends. p. 126. Styrax. 
 Leaves rounded at both ends. p. 81. Andrachne. 
 
 100. Fruit star-shaped: bundle-traces 3. p. 63. Exochorda. 
 Fruit not star-shaped: bundle-trace one. 101. 
 
 101. Fruit dry: twigs fluted. p. 81. Securinega. 
 Fruit fleshy: twigs not fluted. 102. 
 
 102. Fruit drupe-like, long-stalked. p. 87. Nemopanthus. 
 Fruit berry-like. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 
 Toothed. 
 
 103. Leaves or twigs with resin-glands or blisters. 104. 
 Without resin-glands. 105. 
 
 104. Not aromatic: pith 3-sided. p. 25. Betula. 
 , Aromatic; fruit waxy. p. 20. Myrica. 
 
 105. Leaves palmately nerved or triple-nerved. 106. 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 110. 
 
 106. Pith chambered, at least in plaoes. p. 34. Celtis. 
 Pith continuous. 107. 
 
 107. Rather soft-wooded and tender. 108. 
 
 Fully lignified. p. 100. Vitis. 
 
 108. Leaves somewhat fleshy. p. 147. Baccharis. 
 Leaves not fleshy. 109. 
 
 109. Leaves narrow and small. p. 54. Spiraea. 
 Leaves ovate or elliptic, larger. p. 97. Ceanothus. 
 
 110. Buds stalked or developing the first year. 111. 
 Buds neither stalked nor developing at once. 117. 
 
 111. Leaves 2-ranked. 112. 
 
 Leaves inserted in more than 2 ranks. 115. 
 
 112. Leaves ovate. 113. 
 
 Leaves coarsely crenate. 114. 
 
 113. Leaves finely serrate. p. 106. Stachyurus. 
 Leaves coarsely dentate-serrate. p. 63. Kerria. 
 
xxviii 
 
 SHRUBS 
 
 114. Leaves entire below. p. 51. Fothergilla. 
 Leaves crenate throughout. p. 51. Hamamelis. 
 
 115. Buds sessile: bundle-trace one. 116. 
 
 Buds stalked: bundle-traces 3. p. 26. Alnus. 
 
 116. Flowers on leafy branches. p. 126. Sty rax. 
 Flowers in leafless racemes. p. 113. Clethra. 
 
 113. Pith rather large, star-shaped. 118. 
 Pith small if grooved. 119. 
 
 118. Buds crowded above, with several scales, p. 29. Quercus. 
 Buds not crowded, 2 exposed scales. p. 28. Castanea. 
 
 119. Leaves 2-ranked, at least on spreading shoots. 120. 
 Leaves inserted in more than 2 ranks. 122. 
 
 120. Twigs commonly bristly: fruit a nut. p. 23. Corylus. 
 Twigs and fruit different. 121. 
 
 121. Pith 3-sided, small: flowers in catkins. p. 25. Betula. 
 Pith and inflorescence different. p. 59. Photinia. 
 
 122. Nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-basie. p. 67. Prunus. 
 Leaves without nectar-glands. 123. 
 
 123. Pith chambered. 124. 
 Pith continuous. 125. 
 
 124. Leaves thin: fruit winged. p. 126. Halesia. 
 Leaves firm and revolute, sweet. p. 126. Symplocos. 
 
 125. Leaves appearing entire except under lens. 126. 
 Leaves distinctly but mostly finely toothed. 128. 
 
 126. Buds pressed into grooves in the stem. p. 119. Lyonia. 
 Buds not in grooves. 127. 
 
 127. Branches long and slender. p. 54. Spiraea. 
 Branches short, green or granular, p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Branches short, not green. p. 118. Leucothoe. 
 
 128. Midrib with minute dark glands above, p. 57. Aronia. 
 Without such glands. 129. 
 
 129. Bud-scale solitary, in front. p. 19. Salix. 
 Bud scales several. 130. 
 
SHRUBS 
 
 xxix 
 
 130. Leaves rather woolly beneath. 131. 
 LeaVes not woolly. 134. 
 
 131. Twigs woolly; stipules minute. 
 Twigs not woolly. 132. 
 
 132. Bundle-traces 3: stipules evident. 
 Bundle-trace 1: stipules obscure. 133. 
 
 133. Fruit a small axillary drupe. 
 
 Fruit several small follicles in the calyx, p. 5 4. Spiraea. 
 
 134. Buds and petioles with long hairs, p. 104. Stewartia. 
 Not long-hairy. 135. 
 
 135. Leaves rather fleshy or 3-nerved. 
 Leaves not succulent. 136. 
 
 136. Bundle-traces three. 137. 
 Bundle-trace one. 140. 
 
 137. Fruit fleshy. 138. 
 Fruit dry, star-shaped. 
 
 138. Fruit, usually large, a drupe. 
 Fruit berry-like. 139. 
 
 139. Buds short. 
 Buds elongated. 
 
 140. Leaves green beneath. 141. 
 
 Leaves pale or white beneath: fruit of follicles. 143. 
 
 141. Fruit drupe-like, small. p. 86. Ilex. 
 Fruit dry. 142. 
 
 142. Fruit a small capsule in each calyx, p. 120. Enkianthus. 
 Fruit several follicles in each calyx. p. 54. Spiraea. 
 
 143. Follicles glabrous: stamens short. p. 54. Spiraea. 
 Follicles silky: stamens showy. p. 55. Neviusia. 
 
 Lobed. 
 
 144. Leaves aromatic. 145. 
 
 Not markedly aromatic. 146. 
 
 145. Leaves narrow: twigs hairy. p. 20. Myrica. 
 Leaves broad: twigs green, glabrate. p. 44. Sassafras. 
 
 146. With nectar-glands on petiole or leaf. p. 67. Prunus. 
 Without such nectar-glands. 147. 
 
 p. 86. Ilex. 
 
 p. 56. Pyrus 
 
 p. 86. Ilex. 
 
 p. 147. Baccharis. 
 
 p. 63. Exochorda. 
 p. 67. Prunus. 
 
 p. 59. Photinia. 
 p. 60. Amelanchier. 
 
xxx SHRUBS 
 
 147. Leaves rather fleshy. p. 147. Baccharis. 
 Leaves not succulent. 148. 
 
 148. Twigs bristly. p. 64. Rubus. 
 Twigs not bristly. 149. 
 
 149. Leaves palmately nerved. 150. 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 153. 
 
 150. Leaves mostly acute. 151. 
 
 Leaves rather obtuse: fruit fleshy. p. 50. Ribes. 
 
 151. Twigs velvety: flowers large. p. 103. Hibiscus. 
 Twigs glabrous: flowers small. 152. 
 
 152. Leaf-scars linear: fruit fleshy. p. 50. Ribes. 
 Leaf-scars rounded: fruit fleshy. p. 100. Vitis. 
 Leaf-scars triangular: fruit dry. p. 53. Physocarpus. 
 
 153. Leaves 2-ranked: twigs slender. p. 5 4. Stephanandra. 
 Leaves inserted in more than 2-ranks. 154. 
 
 154. Leaves small: fruit dry: twigs slender, p. 54. Spiraea. 
 Leaves rather large: fruit fleshy. p. 56. Pyrus. 
 
 Compound. 
 
 155. CAUTION. Leaves once compound. 156. 
 Leaves often or always bipinnate. 175. 
 
 156. Leaves digitate or appearing so. 157. 
 Leaves distinctly pinnate. 162. 
 
 157. CAUTION. Sap milky or resinous: leaflets three. 158. 
 Sap not milky. 159. 
 
 158. POISONOUS. Glabrate: fruit white, (poison ivy). 
 
 p. 84. Rhus. 
 More or less velvety: fruit red: aromatic, p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 159. Leaves with pellucid dots. p. 78. Ptelea. 
 Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 160. 
 
 160. Leaflets entire. 161. 
 
 Leaflets toothed, acute. p. 64. Rubus. 
 
 161. Leaflets 3. p. 72. Laburnum. 
 Leaflets more than 3. p. 76. Caragana. 
 
 162. CAUTION. Leaflets entire. 163. 
 Leaflets often toothed. 170. 
 
 163. Leaflets pellucid-dotted, small. p. 74. Amorpha. 
 Leaflets not pellucid-dotted. 164. 
 
SHRUBS 
 
 xxxi 
 
 164. 
 165. 
 166. 
 
 167. 
 168. 
 169. 
 170. 
 171. 
 172. 
 173. 
 174. 
 175. 
 176. 
 177. 
 178. 
 179. 
 
 Bristly or with sticky glands. 
 Neither bristly nor viscid. 165. 
 CAUTION. Sap milky. 166. 
 Sap not milky. 167. 
 POISONOUS. Rachis not winged. 
 
 p. 74. Robinia. 
 
 (Poison sumach), 
 p. 84. Rhus. 
 p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 Rachis winged between the leaflets. 
 
 Leaves with a terminal leaflet. 168. 
 
 Leaves without a terminal leaflet. 
 
 Leaflets narrow, silky: plant dwarf. 
 
 Leaflets short and broad. 169. 
 
 Leaflets sessile, under 1 cm. long. 
 
 Leaflets stalked, one-half longer. 
 
 Leaves with glands on larger teeth. 
 
 Without nectar-glands. 171. 
 
 Sap milky. 
 
 Sap not milky. 172. 
 
 Leaf-scars narrow, half-encircling the twig. 173. 
 
 Leaf -scars broad. 174. 
 
 Buds small: plant bushy. 
 
 Buds large: plant tree-like. 
 
 Buds large: soft-wooded: fruit small. 
 
 Buds small: wood harder. 
 
 Dwarf: leaflets minute. p. 
 
 Larger in every way. 176. 
 
 p. 76. Caragana. 
 p. 64. Potentilla. 
 
 p. 77. Calophaca. 
 p. 75. Colutea. 
 p. 80. Ailanthus. 
 
 p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 p. 66. Rosa, 
 p. 57. Sorbus. 
 p. 53. Sorbaria. 
 p. 95. Xanthoceras. 
 56; Chaniaebatiaria. 
 
 Sap milky. 
 
 Sap not milky. 177. 
 
 Stem stout: buds large. 
 Stem and buds moderate. 
 
 p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 p. 36. Paeonia. 
 
 178. 
 
 p. 37. Zanthoriza. 
 
 Leaf-scar nearly encircling twig. 
 Leaf-scars shorter. 179. 
 
 Twigs slender, often with tendrils. p. 99. Ampelopsis. 
 Twigs stouter: leaflets rather small, p. 69. Gleditsia. 
 
xxxii SHRUBS 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 180. Leaves simple. 181. 
 Leaves compound. 234. 
 
 181. Leaves entire. 182. 
 
 Leaves, or many of them, toothed. 204. 
 Leaves, or many of them, lobed. 226. 
 Entire. 
 
 182. Leaves with pellucid dots. p. 104. Hypericum 
 Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 183. 
 
 183. Very aromatic when crushed. p. 43. Calycanthus, 
 Not noticeably aromatic. 184. 
 
 184. Leaves very large, cordate. p. 137. Paulownia, 
 Leaves only moderately large. 185. 
 
 185. Pith chambered or excavated: twigs slender. 186. 
 Pith continuous. 187. 
 
 186. Buds superposed on strong branches, p. 144. Lonicera. 
 Buds not superposed. p. 147. Symphoricarpos 
 
 187. Leaves narrow and willow-like. 188. 
 Leaves not willow-like. 189. 
 
 188. Low and spreading. p. 144. Lonicera. 
 Taller. p. 139. Chilopsia. 
 
 189. Leaves with appressed twinned hairs, p. 109. Cornus. 
 Without such hairs. 190. 
 
 190. Half-lignified, often dying back in winter. 191, 
 Harder-wooded and hardier. 192. 
 
 191. Leaves glossy, rather small. p. 128. Pontanesia. 
 Leaves dull, rather large. p. 135. Clerodendron, 
 
 192. Leaves scarcely 25 mm. wide. 193. 
 Leaves distinctly larger. 200. 
 
 193. Leaves microscopically dark-dotted beneath. 194. 
 Leaves not dotted. 195. 
 
 194. Fruit fleshy. p. 131. Ligustrum. 
 Fruit a capsule. p. 130. Syringa. 
 
 195. Leaves nearly as broad as long. 196. 
 Leaves more elongated. 197. 
 
 196. Buds superposed on strong branches, p. 144. Lonicera. 
 Buds not superposed. p. 147. Symphoricarpos. 
 
SHRUBS xxxiii 
 
 197. More or less stellate-pubescent. p. 47. Deutzia. 
 Without star-shaped hairs. 198. 
 
 198. Leaves not truly opposite, in 4 ranks, p. 97. Rhamnus. 
 Leaves in opposite pairs. 199. 
 
 199. Leaves scarcely 2 cm. long, rough. p. 49. Fendlera. 
 Leaves distinctly larger. p. 109. Cornus. 
 
 200. Leaves white beneath, rough-edged. p. 130. Syringa. 
 Leaves at most pale green beneath. 201. 
 
 201. Buds evident: flowers not in heads. 202. 
 
 Buds sunken in the stem. p. 140. Cephalanthus. 
 
 202. Bud-scales not pungently pointed. 203. 
 Bud-scales hard-pointed. p. 131. Chionanthus. 
 
 203. Leaves finely dotted beneath. p. 130. Syringa. 
 Leaves not dotted, sometimes scurfy, p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
 Toothed. 
 
 204. Buds with a single scale, in front. p. 19. Salix. 
 Buds naked. 205. 
 
 Buds with several scales or else concealed. 206. 
 
 205. Soft-wooded: buds superposed. p. 135. Callicarpa. 
 Fully lignified: buds solitary. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
 206. Buds covered by a membrane. p. 46. Philadelphus. 
 Buds exposed after leaf-fall. 207. 
 
 207. Twigs with 2 usually hairy lines. p. 146. Diervilla. 
 Twigs without such lines. 208. 
 
 208. Leaves willow-like, some whorled. p. 139. Chilopsis. 
 Leaves broader or else pith chambered. 209 
 
 209. Pith excavated or chambered. 210. 
 Pith continuous or at most spongy. 214. 
 
 210. Glabrous. 211. 
 
 More or less hairy. 212. 
 
 211. Soft-wooded and very tender. p. 146. Leycesteria. 
 Fully lignified: buds clustered. p. 129. Forsythia. 
 
 212. Hairs star- or shield-shaped. p. 47. Deutzia. 
 Hairs not star-shaped. 213. 
 
xxxiv SHRUBS 
 
 213. Most leaves entire. p. 147. Symphoricarpos. 
 Most leaves regularly low-toothed. p. 144. Abelia. 
 
 214. Soft-wooded and tender. 215. 
 Fully lignified and hardier. 219. 
 
 215. Leaves glossy. 216. 
 Leaves rather dull. 217. 
 
 216. Flowers minute, in heads: leaves fleshy. p. 147. Iva. 
 Flowers small, clustered. p. 128. Fontanesia. 
 Flowers large, hanging from the axils. p. 109. Fuchsia. 
 
 217. Twigs very slender, puberulent. p. 135. Caryopteris. 
 Twigs stouter. 218. 
 
 218. Twigs 2-lined. p. 146. Diervilla. 
 Twigs 4-sided or winged. p. 133. Buddleia. 
 
 219. With few coarse branches. p. 48. Hydrangea. 
 Bushy or with slender branches. 220. 
 
 220. Leaves very rugose: leaf-scars ciliate. p. 62. Rhodotypos. 
 Leaves neither very rugose nor leaf-scars ciliate. 221. 
 
 221. Bundle-traces 3 or more. 222. 
 Bundle-trace one. 225. 
 
 222. With simple appress^d hairs. p. 48. Hydrangea. 
 With star-shaped hairs. p. 47. Deutzia. 
 Without such hairs. 223. 
 
 223. Leaves woolly beneath: bark exfoliating. p. 49. Jamesia. 
 Leaves not woolly, but sometimes scurfy. 224. 
 
 224. Twigs slightly 2- or 4-lined. p. 146. Diervilla. 
 Twigs without raised lines. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
 225. Buds superposed: fruit drupe-like. p. 130. Forestiera. 
 Buds not superposed: fruit lobed. p. 87. Evonymus. 
 
 Lobed. 
 
 226. With nectar-glands on the petiole. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 Without such nectar-glands. 227. 
 
 227. Leaves very large, cordate. p. 137. Paulownia. 
 Leaves not very large. 228. 
 
 228. Pith excavated or chambered. 229. 
 Pith continuous. 230. 
 
SHRUBS xxxv 
 
 229. Buds mostly solitary. p. 147. Symphoricarpos. 
 Buds quickly clustered. p. 129. Porsythia. 
 
 230. Bundle-traces three. 231. 
 
 Bundle-traces 5 or 7. p. 48. Hydrangea. 
 
 231. Leaves pinnately lobed: twigs slender. p. 130. Syringa. 
 Leaves palmately lobed. 232. 
 
 232. Buds stalked or with 2 valvate scales. p. 90. Acer. 
 Buds sessile or with 4 or more exposed scales. 233. 
 
 233. Exposed bud-scales 6 or 8. p. 90. Acer. 
 Exposed bud-scales 4. p. 142. Viburnum. 
 
 Compound. 
 
 234. Leaves digitate. 235. 
 Leaves pinnate. 239. 
 
 235. Aromatic or peppery: leaflets 5-7. p. 136. Vitex. 
 Not aromatic. 236. 
 
 236. Leaflets three. 237. 
 Leaflets 5 or more. 238. 
 
 237 Tender: twigs slender. p. 132. Jasminum. 
 
 Hardier: twigs stouter. p. 129. Forsythia. 
 
 238. Twigs rather slender: leaf-scars narrow. p. 90. Acer. 
 Twigs stout: leaf -scars 1 broad. p. 93. Aesculus. 
 
 239. Leaflets finely toothed. 240. 
 
 Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed. 241. 
 
 240. Pith large: fruit berry-like. p. 141. Sambucus. 
 Pith smaller: fruit bladdery. p. 90. Staphylea. 
 
 241. Twigs mostly glaucous: fruit winged. p. 90. Acer. 
 Twigs not glaucous: fruit not winged. 242. 
 
 242. Pith large: fruit berry-like. p. 141. Sambucus 1 . 
 Pith smaller: fruit a pod: seeds winged, p. 137. Campsis. 
 
 Leaves whorled. 
 
 243. Twigs with 2 hairy lines. p. 146. Diervilla. 
 Twigs without hairy lines. 244. 
 
 244. More or less stellate-pubescent. p. 47. Deutzia. 
 Without star-shaped hairs. 245. 
 
XXXVI 
 
 245. Leaves narrow, willow-like. p. 139. Chilopsis 
 Leaves not willow-like. 246. 
 
 246. Buds covered by a membrane. p. 46. Philadelphus. 
 Buds not covered by a membrane. 247. 
 
 247. Buds small and sunken, or flowers in heads. 248. 
 Buds evident. 249. 
 
 248. Leaves succulent: heads green. p. 147. Iva. 
 Leaves not fleshy: flowers white. p. 140. Cephalanthus. 
 
 249. Leaves with twinned hairs beneath. p. 109. Cornus. 
 Leaves without twinned hairs. 250. 
 
 250. Bundle-traces 3 or 5. . p. 48. Hydrangea. 
 Bundle-traces 9. p. 135. Clerodendron 
 
UNWCBSHBUBS xxxvii 
 
 C. UNDERSHRUBS OR BOG OR ROCKERY PLANTS. 
 
 1. Forming cushions or mats: essentially evergreen. 2. 
 Not growing in dense mats. 15. 
 
 Matted Plants. 
 
 2. Leaves simple. 3. 
 
 Leaves digitately compound, of 3 leaflets. 14. 
 
 3. Leaves brown-scurfy, elliptical, p. 115. Rhododendron. 
 Leaves not scurfy. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves white-hairy beneath, crenate. p. 64. Dryas. 
 Leaves not woolly, entire. 5. 
 
 5. Leaves crowded close to the ground. 6. 
 Leaves on more or less elongated stems. 7. 
 
 6. Leaves fleshy. p. 45. Sedum. 
 Leaves not fleshy. p. 35. Silene. 
 
 7. Leaves widened upwards. p. 124. Diapensia. 
 Leaves not widened upwards. 8. 
 
 8. Leaves revolute. p. 83. Empetrum. 
 Leaves not revolute. 9. 
 
 9. Leaves veinless, crowded. 10. 
 Leaves veined. 12. 
 
 10. Leaves needle-shaped: plants moss-like, p. 117. Cassiope. 
 Leaves short and fleshy. p. 45. Sedum. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong, not succulent. 11. 
 
 11. Leaves oblong. p. 117. Phyllodoce. 
 Leaves lanceolate. p. 134. Phlox. 
 
 12. Leaves elliptical or obovate. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Leaves rather lanceolate , not dotted. 13. 
 
 13. Stems nearly herbaceous. p. 134. Phlox. 
 Stems woody. p. 124 Pyxidanthera. 
 
 14. Stipules small. p. 64. Potentilla. 
 Stipules elongated along the leaf-stalk, p. 63. Sibbaldia. 
 
 15. Loosely low-bushy: leaves simple. 16. 
 Neither matted nor bushy. 37. 
 
 16. Evergreen. 17. 
 Deciduous. 33. 
 
xxxviii UNDER SHRUBS 
 
 Low Bushy Plants. 
 Evergreen Undershrubs. 
 
 17. Leaves distinctly alternate. 18. 
 
 Leaves partly or wholly opposite, or overlapping. 26. 
 Leaves, or many of them, evidently whorled. 32. 
 
 18. Leaves scurfy beneath. p. 119. Chamaedaphne. 
 Leaves not scurfy. 19. 
 
 19. Leaves very narrow or small (scarcely 10 mm. long). 20. 
 Leaves larger. 21. 
 
 20. Leaves not grooved: fruit dry. p. 117. Phyllodoce. 
 Leaves grooved above and beneath. p. 83. Empelrum. 
 Leaves narrowly grooved beneath. p. 83. Corema. 
 
 21. Leaves strongly or closely revolute. 22. 
 Leaves only slightly or openly revolute. 23. 
 
 22. Leaves brown-woolly beneath. p. 115. Ledum. 
 Leaves often whitened. p. 118. Andromeda. 
 Leaves neither woolly nor whitened. p. 120. Epigaea. 
 
 23. Leaves essentially entire. 24. 
 Leaves distinctly serrulate. 25. 
 
 24. Leaves not broadened upwards. p. 117. Kalmia. 
 Leaves broadened upwards. p. 123. Arctostaphylos. 
 
 25. Leaves dotted beneath. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Leaves not dotted. p. 122. Gaylussacia. 
 
 26. Small-leaved and moss-like. p. 117. Cassiope. 
 Not moss-like. 27. 
 
 27. Leaves very small, overlapping: heath-like. 28. 
 Leaves larger, not overlapping. 29. 
 
 28. Gray-pubescent. p. 105. Hudsonia. 
 Leaves not canescent, minutely auricled. p. 121. Calluna. 
 
 29. Leaves essentially entire. 30. 
 
 Leaves distinctly toothed, flat. p. 89. Pachistima. 
 
 30. Leaves black-dotted beneath. p. 116. Leiophyllum. 
 Leaves not dotted. p. 117. Loiseleuria. 
 
 31. Leaves rather broad. p. 117. Kalmia. 
 Leaves narrow and small. 32. 
 
 32. Leaf-whorls densely crowded. p. 121. Erica. 
 Leaf-whorls separated. p. 83. Corema. 
 
UtfDEBSHBUBS XXXiX 
 
 Deciduous Undershrubs. 
 
 33. Leaves opposite, with pellucid dots. p. 105. Ascyrum. 
 Leaves alternate. 34. 
 
 34. Leaves conspicuously resinous. p. 122. Gaylussacia. 
 Leaves scurfy. p. 119. Chamaedaphne. 
 Leaves neither resin-dotted nor scurfy. 35. 
 
 35. Leaves very sparingly scurfy beneath, p. 116. Menziesia. 
 Leaves not at all scurfy. 36. 
 
 36. Leaves hairy and resinous. p. 115. Rhododendron. 
 Not resinous or woolly, when mature. p. 123. Vaccinium 
 
 37. With trailing leafy stems. 38. 
 
 Forming single few-leaved stems or tufts. 56. 
 Trailing Plants. 
 
 38. Evergreen. 39. 
 Deciduous. 53. 
 
 39. Prickly: leaves compound. 40. 
 Unarmed: leaves simple. 41. 
 
 Evergreen Trailers Armed. 
 
 40. Leaves digitate: petiole breaking above base. p. 64. Rubus. 
 Leaves pinnate: leaf-scar on the stem. p. 66. Rosa. 
 
 Evergreen Trailers Unarmed. 
 
 41. Leaves alternate. 42. 
 
 Leaves opposite or whorled, not minute. 48. 
 Leaves 4- or 6-ranked, minute. 52. 
 
 42. Aromatic, wintergreen-flavored. p. 121. Gaultheria. 
 Acrid: leaves fleshy, scale-like. p. 45. Sedum. 
 Neither aromatic nor succulent. 43. 
 
 43. Leaves characteristically lobed. p. 112. Hedera. 
 Leaves not lobed. 44. 
 
 44. Leaves revolute. 45. 
 Leaves not revolute. 46. 
 
 45. Leaves short-elliptical, rough. p. 122. Chiogenes. 
 Leaves elongated and narrow. p. 106. Daphne. 
 
 46. Leaves white beneath. p. 123. Vaccinium. 
 Leaves green beneath. 47. 
 
 47. Leaves numerous, small. p. 59. Cotoneaster. 
 Leaves larger, cordate. p. 120. Epigaea. 
 
xl UNDERSHRUBS 
 
 48. Leaves entire. 49. 
 Leaves crenate. 51. 
 
 49. Leaves small (scarcely 20 mm. long). 
 
 Round-ovate. p. 140. Mitchella. 
 
 Oblanceolate. p. 124. Pyxidanthera. 
 
 Leaves larger, lanceolate or elongated-ovate. 50. 
 
 50. Glabrate: leaves dark green. p. 134. Vinca. 
 Pubescent: leaves often pale-veiny. p. 144. Lonicera. 
 
 51. Leaves round-oval, small. p. 144. Linnaea. 
 Leaves elliptical to obovate. p. 87. Evonymus. 
 
 52. Very slender and delicate. p. 3. Selaginella. 
 Stouter: leaves relatively narrow. p. 3. Lycopodium. 
 
 Deciduous Trailers. 
 
 53. Armed: leaves compound. p. 64. Rubus. 
 CAUTION. Unarmed. 54. 
 
 54. Leaves opposite. 55. 
 
 POISONOUS. Leaves alternate. p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 55. Leaves entire. p. 144. Lonicera. 
 Leaves toothed. p. 87. Evonymus. 
 
 Simple Shoots or Leafy Tufts. 
 
 56. POISONOUS. Leaves of 3 leaflets. p. 84. Rhus. 
 Leaves simple. 57. 
 
 57. Aromatic or bitter. 58. 
 Not aromatic. 59. 
 
 58. Leaves sublanceolate, bitter. p. 113. Chimaphila. 
 Leaves elliptical, wintergreen-flavored. p. 121. Gaultheria. 
 
 59. Leaves veinless, very narrow. p. 3. Lycopodium. 
 Leaves veiny, broader. 60. 
 
 60. Leaves cordate, bronzing in winter. p. 124. Galax. 
 Leaves not heart-shaped, or if so, not bronzing. 61. 
 
 61. Leaves serrate. p. 114. Moneses. 
 Leaves often coarsely dentate, large, p. 82. Pachysandra. 
 Leaves crenate to nearly entire. 62. 
 
 62. Leaves partly or wholly from the ground, p. 114. Pyrola. 
 Leaves at end of a short stem. p. 109. Cornus. 
 
CLIMBERS xli 
 
 D. SCRAMBLING OR CLIMBING WOODY PLANTS. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 Deciduous. 9. 
 
 2. With prickles. 3. 
 Unarmed. 4. 
 
 Evergreen Climbers 1 . 
 
 3. Scrambling: leaves pinnate. p. 66. Rosa. 
 With tendrils on the petiole: leaves simple, p. 15. Smilax. 
 
 4. Leaves alternate. 5. 
 
 Leaves opposite or whorled, not lobed. 6. 
 
 5. Leaves simple. p. 112. Hedera. 
 Leaves digitate. p. 38. Stauntonia. 
 
 6. Climbing by roots: leaves small. p. 87. Evonymus. 
 Climbing by leaf-tendrils. p. 137. Bignonia. 
 Twining. 7. 
 
 7 ( . Leaves sessile, the upper united in pairs, p.144. Lonicera. 
 Leaves stalked, sometimes whorled. 8. 
 
 8. Leaves lanceolate. p. 133. Gelsemium. 
 Leaves round-elliptic. Trachelospermum. 
 
 9. With spines or prickles: scrambling. 10. 
 Unarmed. 12. 
 
 Deciduous Climbers. 
 
 10. With detachable prickles: leaves compound. 11. 
 
 With pungent branch spurs. p. 136. Lycium. 
 
 11. Leaves digitate, breaking away above base. p. 64. Rubus. 
 Leaves pinnate, leaving low leaf -scars. p. 66. Rosa. 
 
 12. Leaves alternate. 13. 
 Leaves opposite. 30. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 13. Leaves simple. 14. 
 
 CAUTION. Leaves compound. 25. 
 
xlii CLIMBERS 
 
 14. Twining: without tendrils. 15. 
 
 With tendrils: leaves palmately nerved. 22. 
 Simple. 
 
 15. Leaves neither toothed, angled, nor lobed. 16. 
 Leaves crenate or finely toothed. 17. 
 
 Leaves often angular-lobed. p. 41. Menispermum. 
 
 Leaves, or many of them, deeply or hastately lobed. 20. 
 
 16. Leaves very large, cordate. p. 35. Aristolochia. 
 Leaves moderate: stem slender. p. 40. Cocculus. 
 
 17. Pith excavated or chambered. p. 103. Actinidia. 
 Pith continuous. 18. 
 
 18. Fruit opening: seeds with red aril. p. 87. Celastrus. 
 -Fruit indehiscent. 19. 
 
 19. Leaves large (8-12 cm. long). p. 103. Actinidia. 
 Leaves smaller (scarcely 6 cm.). p. 9.6. Berchemia. 
 
 20. Lower lobes nearly separated. p. 137. .SoLanum. 
 Lower lobes not severed from the rest. 21^ . ....... 
 
 21. Leaves thin, with deep sinuses. . p, 40. Calyeocarpum. 
 Leaves firm, hastate or unlobed.. p. 40. -Cocculus. 
 
 22. Tendrils few, without suckers: fruit cluster forked.. 23. 
 Tendrils abundant, 24. 
 
 23. Leaves thin, broadly ovate. p. 99. Ampelopsis. 
 Leaves rather fleshy. p. 100. Cissus. 
 
 24. Fruit in open forked clusters. p. 99. Parthenocissus. 
 Fruit in pyramidal clusters. p. lOO.Vitis. 
 
 Compound. 
 
 25. POISONOUS. With aerial roots but no tendrils, 
 
 or scrambling. (Toxicodendron) . p. 84. Rhus. 
 
 With tendrils, and sometimes also aerial roots. 26. 
 Twining. 28, 
 
 26. Leaves once compound. 27. 
 
 Leaves bipinnate. p. 99. Ampelopsis. 
 
 27. Leaves thin, often subcordate. p. 99. Parthenocissus. 
 Leaves fleshy, rather cuneate. p. 100. Cissus. 
 
 28. Leaflets 3 or 5, digitate or nearly so. 29. 
 
 Leaflets more than 5, clearly pinnate. p. 74. Wisteria. 
 
CLIMBERS 
 
 xliii 
 
 29. Leaflets 5, elongated. 
 Leaflets 3, large and broad. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 30. Leaves simple. 31. 
 Leaves compound. 34. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 31. Scrambling: pith chambered. 
 Climbing by the leaf-stalks. 
 Climbing by aerial roots. 32. 
 Twining. 33. 
 
 32. Leaves nearly entire. 
 Leaves distinctly serrate. 
 Leaves distinctly dentate. 
 
 33. Sap not milky: pith excavated. 
 Sap milky: pith continuous. 
 
 Compound. 
 
 34. Twining or scrambling. 35. 
 With tendrils or climbing roots. 
 
 35. Twigs 4-lined: scrambling. 
 Twigs rounded, twining. 
 
 36. Climbing by aerial roots. 
 Climbing by tendrils. 37. 
 
 37. Tendrils ending the leaves. 
 
 The leafstalks prehensile and coiling. 
 
 p. 38. Akebia. 
 p. 77. Pueraria. 
 
 129. Forsythia. 
 p. 36. Clematis. 
 
 p. 48. Decumaria. 
 p. 48. Hydrangea, 
 p. 48. Schizophragma. 
 p. 144. Lonicera. 
 p. 134. Periploca. 
 
 36. 
 
 p. 129. Forsythia. 
 
 p. 132. Jasminum. 
 
 p. 137. Campsis. 
 
 p. 137. Bignonia. 
 p. 36. Clematis. 
 
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OP THE PLANT MATE- 
 RIALS WITH KEYS TO SPECIES UNDER 
 EACH GENUS 
 
LYCOPODIACEAE 
 
 Division PTERIDOPHYTA. Fernworts. 
 
 Family LYCOPODIACEAE. Clubmoss Family. 
 A small family of small herbaceous plants of little use. 
 Wild species are gathered for Christmas decorations; a few 
 are grown in plant houses; and the following are sometimes 
 used for ground-covers! in shady places. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM. Club Moss. Ground Pine. 
 Low often creeping evergreen flowerless herbs with over- 
 lapping 1-nerved small leaves, and microscopic spores of one 
 sort in small axillary or spiked sporangia. 
 
 1. Leaves 1 4-ranked on fan-like branches. L. complanatum. 
 Leaves alternate, not on fan-like branches. 2. 
 
 2. Spore-cases not in spikes. L. lucidulum. 
 Spore-cases in terminal spikes. 3. 
 
 3. Spikes nearly sessile: plants tree-shaped. L. obscurum. 
 Spikes long-stalked, usually paired. L. clavatum. 
 
 Family SELAGINELLACEAE. 
 
 A small family, mainly of the tropics, of similar use to the 
 Lycopodiaceae. 
 
 SELAGINELLA. 
 
 ^Small evergreen flowerless herbs with small 4- or 6-ranked 
 1-nerved leaves and small SDores of two kin^.s (rneea^s^ores 
 visible to the naked eye, and much smaller microspores) in 
 small axillary or spiked sporangia. 
 Upper and lower leaves smaller than the lateral. S. apus. 
 
4 GlNKGOACEAE 
 
 Division SPERMATOPHYTA. Flowering Plants. 
 Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked-Seed Plants. 
 
 Family GlNKGOACEAE. Ginkgo Family. 
 A very ancient, tree family, consisting of only the following 
 genus of a single species, scarcely known except as cultivated. 
 
 GINKGO. Maidenhair Tree. 
 
 Rather large conical or irregularly branched deciduous tree 
 with pale soft ductless wood without resin-passages, with very 
 line medullary rays; moderately stout often zig-zag rounded 
 twigs 1 ; small angular spongy or fissured pith; alternate low 
 small half-round leaf-scars with 2 bundle-traces; no stipule- 
 scars; round-ovoid rather small solitary g'essile buds often 
 developing the first year; rather large fan-shaped simple long- 
 stalked leaves, many-veined from the base, mostly clustered on 
 short spurs; dioecious inconspicuous naked flowers, the stanii- 
 nate in catkins; and rather large yellowish ill-scented drupe- 
 like fruits. 
 
 1. Leaves green. 2. 
 
 Leaves variegated. G. biloba variegata. 
 
 2. Weeping. G. biloba pendula. 
 Not weeping. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves short-lobed. G. biloba. 
 Leaves deeply cut. G. biloba laciniata. 
 
 Family TAXACEAE. Yew Family. 
 
 A small family of trees and shrubs, of no great use except 
 as cultivated for evergreen specimens or masses: the wood of 
 classic use in archery. 
 
 TAXUS. Yew. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees with rather hard reddish duct- 
 less wood without resin-passages, with spirally marked tra- 
 cheides; terete rather slender twigs; alternate minute low 
 crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; narrowly lanceolate often falcate small entire pointed 
 
PlNACEAE 5 
 
 leaves; rounded buds with numerous scales; monoecious cone- 
 like naked flowers/; and solitary bony seeds each in a fleshy 
 cup-like red or orange aril. 
 
 1. Leaves abruptly contracted to the sharp tip. 2. 
 Leaves rather gradually acute. 3. 
 
 2. Tree or tall shrub. (Japanese yew). T. cuspidata. 
 Low compact shrub. T. cuspidata nana. 
 
 3. Leaves normally dark green. 4. 
 
 Leaves rather yellowish green: very low shrub. T. canadensis. 
 
 4. Trees. 5. 
 
 Low and trailing. T. baccata procumbent 
 
 5. Round-topped. 6. 
 Pyramidal. 8. 
 
 6. Leaves green. 7. 
 
 Leaves yellow. T. baccata aurea. 
 
 Leaves whitish-striped. T. baccata argentea. 
 
 7. Fruit red. (European yew). T. baccata. 
 Fruit yellow. T. baccata fructu-luteo. 
 
 8. Leaves green. T. baccata fastigiata. 
 Leaves yellow. ' T. baccata fastigiata variegata. 
 
 TORBEYA. California Nutmeg. 
 
 Evergreen trees with yellowish ductless soft wood without 
 resin-passages ; rather slender twigs ; alternate somewhat raised 
 transversely elliptical small leaf-scars with a single bundle- 
 trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid buds with several keeled scales; 
 linear mucronate flat leaves, white-lined beneath; monoecious 
 catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and rather large drupe-like 
 fruits. 
 
 1. Leaves (25-30 mm.) and bud-s'cales long. T. calif ornica. 
 Leaves (scarcely 25 mm.) and bud-scales short. 2. 
 
 2. Buds light brown: pale lines of leaves broad. T. taxifolia. 
 Buds red-brown: pale lines of leaves narrow. T. nucifera. 
 
 Family PlNACEAE. Conifer Family. 
 An ancient family of relatively few chieflv evergreen 
 genera and species, but these widespread and often very nu- 
 
6 PlNACEAE 
 
 merous in individuals forming conifer forests of large extent 
 and furnishing the principal "soft woods" of temperate regions. 
 Largely employed for windbreaks and evergreen effects; char- 
 acteristically trees, but likely to occur in shrubby form. 
 
 PICEA. Spruce. 
 
 Conical evergreen trees with rather soft yellowish-white 
 ductless wood with scattered resin-passages (exceptionally 
 brown and with transversely clustered passages) ; moderate 
 fluted often hairy twigs; small homogeneous pith; 5-ranked 
 usually 4-sided needle-like leaves on raised bases bearing the 
 angled leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; 
 ovoid scaly more or less resinous budg; monoecious catkin-like 
 or cone-like naked flowers; and pendent cones with persistent 
 thin scales each covering 2 winged seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves small, green, blunt. P. orientalis. 
 Leaves mostly longer (20-25 mm.), acute. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves green. 3. 
 
 Leaves pale or whitened. 4. 
 
 3. Not weeping. (European spruce). P. excelsa. 
 Weeping. P. excelsa pendula. 
 
 4. Leaves merely pale. 5. 
 
 Leaves very glaucous. (Blue spruce). P. pungens. 
 
 5. Odor balsamic: cones large (10-18 cm.). P. excelsa. 
 Odor fetid: cones small (scarcely 5 cm.). P. canadensis. 
 
 TSUGA.. Hemlock Spruce. 
 
 Evergreen percurrent trees with ductless brownish wood 
 without resin-passages; slender fluted twigs; small continuous 
 pith; alternate somewhat raised minute half-round leaf -scars 
 with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round or ovoid 
 with several exposed scales; very small oblong or lanceolate 
 sometimes serrulate short-petioled flat leaves whitened be- 
 neath; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers 1 ; and 
 small ovoid cones, each thin scale covering 2 winged seeds. 
 1. Trees. 2. 
 
 Prostrate shrub. T. canadensis nana. 
 
PlNACEAE 7 
 
 2. Not weeping. 3. 
 
 Weeping. T. canadensis pendula. 
 
 3. Conical or oblong. 4. 
 
 Round-topped. T. canadensis globosa. 
 
 4. Green. T. canadensis. 
 Whitish on the young growth. T. candensis albo-spica. 
 
 PSEUDOTSTJGA. Douglas Fir. 
 
 Percurrent evergreen, often of very large size, with rather 
 soft often reddish ductless wood with transversely clustered 
 resin passages; moderate fluted glabrate twigs; .small homo- 
 geneous pith; 5-ranked round slightly raised leaf-scars with a 
 single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid scaly dry buds; 
 flat linear entire leaves, white-lined beneath; monoecious cat- 
 kin-like or cone-like naked flowers; and moderate-sized spread- 
 ing cones with persistent thin scales, each covering 2 winged 
 seeds. 
 
 Cones with long-protruding bract-points. P. mucronata. 
 
 ABIES. Fir. 
 
 Percurrent spire-like evergreen trees with flaking bark in 
 age, sometimes resinous-blistered; pale soft ductless wood ex- 
 ceptionally with a few resin passages; slender terete twigs; 
 small pale homogeneous pith; elliptical unraised leaf-scars 
 with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid scaly resi- 
 nous 1 buds largely clustered near the end; small alternate 
 oblong mostly blunt or notched flat entire leaves white and 
 stomatiferous beneath, with 2 resin-passages; monoecious 
 catkin-like or cone-like naked flowers; and erect cones with 2 
 winged seeds under each of the deciduous scales. 
 
 1. Leaves flat or grooved, green above, whitened beneath. 2. 
 Leaves blue or glaucous, often 4-sided. 6. 
 
 2. Leaves mostly blunt or notched. 3. 
 
 Leaves typically pointed: twigs pubescent. A. Veitchii. 
 
 3. Cones green or purple. 4. 
 Cones orange-brown. 5. 
 
 4. Cones 10 cm.: bracts shorter than scales. A. balsamea. 
 Cones nearly 15 cm. long: bracts longer than scales. A. Picea. 
 
8 Pl\ ACE AE 
 
 5. Bracts longer than scales. A. Nordmanniana. 
 Bracts shorter than scales. A. cilicica. 
 
 6. Bracts longer than scales, recurved. A. nobilis. 
 Bracts shorter than scales. A. concolor. 
 
 LARIX. Larch. Tamarack. 
 
 Percurrent deciduous trees with reddish or brown soft 
 wood with few resin passages; slender deeply fluted twigs; 
 small pale homogeneous pith; small alternate raised crescent- 
 shaped or transverse leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; solitary sessile round buds with a number of exposed 
 scales; flat entire narrow green leaves clustered on short 
 spurs; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and 
 round-ovoid drooping cones with persistent thin scales each 
 covering 2 winged seeds. 
 
 1. Cones 15-40 mm. long: scales usually downy. 2. 
 
 Cones 10-15 mm. long: scales glabrous*. L. laricina. 
 
 2. Branches rather spreading. (European larch). L. decidua. 
 Branches distinctly drooping. L. decidua pendula. 
 
 CEDBUS. Cedar. 
 
 Evergreen openly branched trees with yellowish soft duct- 
 less 1 wood without resin-passages; fluted rather slender twigs; 
 small continuous pith; alternate raised 4-sided small leaf-scars 
 with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars'; round or ovoid 
 scaly not resinous buds; 4-angled needle-like leaves often 
 crowded on short spurs; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked 
 flowers; and cones with thin scales each covering 2 winged 
 seeds. 
 
 1. Branches not drooping: cones flat or hollowed at tip. 2. 
 Branches drooping: cones rounded at tip. 6. 
 
 2. Broad and flat-topped. 3. 
 Conical or oblong. 5. 
 
 3. Trees. 4. 
 
 Shrubby. O. Libani nana. 
 
PlXAOKA.E 9 
 
 4. Leaves green. (Cedar of Lebanon.) C. Libani. 
 Leaves glaucous. C. Libani glauca. 
 
 5. Conical. (Hardy cedar.) C. atlantica. 
 Narrowly oblong. C. atlantica fastigiata. 
 
 6. Of erect growth. 7. 
 
 Very spreading or prostrate. C. Deodara pendula. 
 
 7. Narrowly oblong. C. Deodara fastigiata. 
 Rather conical. 8. 
 
 8. Leaves green. O. Deodara viridis. 
 'Leaves bluish or glaucous. 9. 
 
 Leaves yellow. C. Deodara aurea. 
 
 9. Leaves not whorled. 10. 
 
 Leaves whorled below. C. Deodara verticillata. 
 
 10. Leaves merely blue-green. (Deodar cedar). C. Deodara. 
 
 11. Glaucous throughout. C. Deodara argentea. 
 Beconling white at the tips. C. Deodara albo-spica. 
 
 PINUS. Pine. 
 
 Conical or openly branched evergreen trees with soft and 
 white or hard and yellow ductless abundantly resinous wood; 
 moderate roundish twigs; small homogeneous pith; 5-ranked 
 spurs crowned by tufts of usually 2, 3 or 5 elongated needle- 
 like "leaves" or phylloid shoots; round spur-scars; narrowly 
 crescent-shaped scale-scars ; no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile 
 buds with sometimes resinous scales; monoecious naked cal- 
 kin-like or cone-like naked flowers; and cones with 2 usually 
 thin-winged seeds above each of the mostly thickened scales. 
 
 1. Needles 2 in a cluster. 2. 
 
 Needles prevailingly 3 in a cluster. 15. 
 Needles 5 in a cluster. 16. 
 
 2. Branches orange or red or leaves' whitened. 3. 
 Branches grayish or black. 9. 
 
 3. Needles short (4-8 cm.), bluish: bark usually orange. 4. 
 Needles long (10-15 cm.), green. 14. 
 
 4. Shrubs. 5. 
 Trees. 6. 
 
10 
 
 PlNACEAE 
 
 5. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 1. 
 
 20. 
 
 Conical. 
 
 Rounded. 
 
 Conial. 
 
 Rather weeping. 
 
 Neither conical nor weeping. 7. 
 
 Needles very glaucous. 
 
 Needles only slightly glaucous. 8. 
 
 Needles blue-green. (Scotch pine). 
 
 Needles yellow when young. 
 
 Needles rather short (under 8 cm.) 
 
 Needles rather long (over 9 cm.), dull. 
 
 Twigs glaucous. (Scrub pine). 
 
 Twigs not glaucous. 11. 
 
 Tree. 
 
 Round shrub. 
 
 Trees. 13. 
 
 P. sylvestris columnaris. 
 P. sylvestris pumila. 
 P. sylvestris fastigiata. 
 P. sylvestris pendula. 
 
 P. sylvestris argentea. 
 
 P. sylvestris. 
 P. sylvestris aurea. 
 10. 
 
 (Black pine). 12. 
 P. viginiana. 
 
 P. montana. 
 P. montana Mughus. 
 
 Shrub. 
 Pyramidal. 
 Round-topped. 
 Bark orange. 
 
 (Austrian pine). 
 
 P. nigra pygmaea. 
 P. nigra. 
 
 P. nigra austriaca. 
 P. nigra cebennen&is. 
 
 Bark rather red: needles glossy. (Red pine). P. resinosa. 
 
 Needles moderately long (under 15 cm.) . (Pitch p.) . P. rigida. 
 
 Needles very long (over 15 cm.). (Loblolly pine). P. Taeda. 
 
 Twigs glabrate. 17. 
 
 Twigs tomentose. (Stone pine). P. Cembra. 
 
 Trees. 18. 
 
 Dwarfed. 19. 
 
 With spreading branches. 
 
 With ascending branches. 
 
 Needles very glaucous. 
 
 (White pine). P. Strobus. 
 
 P. Strobus fastigiata. 
 
 P. Strobus alba. 
 
 Not very glaucous. 
 Bush-like. 
 Umbrella-shaped. 
 Prostrate. 
 
 20. 
 
 P. Strobus brevifolia. 
 
 P. Strobus umbraculifera. 
 
 P. Strobus prostrata. 
 
 SCIADOPITYS. Umbrella Pine. 
 Evergreen percurrent trees with ductless soft white wood 
 
PlNACEAE 11 
 
 without resin passages; moderate fluted buff twigs swollen at 
 intervals; continuous pith; no stipule scars; alternate per- 
 sistent ciliate scales whorled at the swollen nodes and each 
 then with a long linear phylloid shoot in its axil; monoecious 
 catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and cones with several- 
 seeded scales. 
 "Leaves" green, grooved, revolute. S. verticillata. 
 
 SEQUOIA. 
 
 Evergreen percurrent trees branching from pits in the 
 thick bark, with ductless soft red wood without resin passages ; 
 alternate crowded decurrent scale-like but hard or flat entire 
 small leaves; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like 
 naked flowers; and moderately small ellipsoid cones with 
 thick-tipped scales, each covering several steeds. 
 Buds naked: leaves scale-like, green. (Big Tree). S. gigantea. 
 Buds scaly: some leaves flat and spreading, these white- 
 lined beneath. (Redwood). S. sempervirens. 
 
 CRYPTOMEEIA. 
 
 Evergreen trees with reddish soft ductless wood without 
 resin-passages; angular twigs; small pointed 4-angled entire 
 decurrent alternate overlapping persistent leaves; no stipule- 
 scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and 
 small roundish cones with thickened scales, each covering 
 several winged seeds. 
 
 1. Trees. 2. 
 Shrubs. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves soft, mostly straight. C. japonica. 
 Leaves stiff, upcurved. C. japonica araucarioides. 
 
 3. Leaves not coiled. C. japonica riana. 
 Leaves/ coiled. C. japonica spiralis. 
 
 TAXODIUM. Bald Cypress. 
 
 Deciduous percurrent conical (or in the swamps broad- 
 topped) trees with rather soft white or brownish ductless wood 
 without resin passages; slender twigs with very minute low 
 
12 PlNACEAE 
 
 crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace, and num- 
 erous round &cars from which foliar shoots have fallen; very 
 small alternate lanceolate entire leaves mostly on deciduous 
 foliar shoots and so simulating pinnately compound leaves; no 
 stipule-scar&; round-ovoid buds with numerous scales; monoe- 
 cious catkin-like or cone-like naked flowers; and rather small 
 globose cones with thick scales each covering 2 winged seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves very short and scale-like, alternately appressed 
 
 on the stem. (Glyptostrobus). T. distichum imbricatum. 
 Leaves lanceolate, chiefly on flattened deciduous sprays. 2. 
 
 2. Trees. 3. 
 
 Dwarf. T. distichum nanum. 
 
 3. Branches spreading. T. distichum. 
 Branches ascending. 4. 
 
 Branches erect. T. distichum fastigiatum. 
 
 4. Foliage green. T. distichum pyramidatum. 
 Foliage yellow. T. distichum aureum. 
 
 THUJA. Arbor Vitae. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees with rather soft brownish duct- 
 less wood without resin-passages ; rather slender twigs; 4- 
 ranked minute scale-like leaves on finally deciduous fan-like 
 foliar-shoots; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like 
 naked flowers; and small cones with 1 or 2 winged seeds un- 
 der each of the rather thin scales. 
 
 1. Leaves closely appressed. 2. 
 
 Leaves spreading. (Retinospora forms). 13. 
 
 2. Foliar-shoots mostly horizontal. 3. 
 Foliar-shoots vertical. (Biota). 9. 
 
 3. Oblong or conical. 4. 
 Round-topped. 8. 
 
 4. Leaves green. 5. 
 
 Leaves wholly or partly yellow. T. occidentalis lutea. 
 
 Leaves tipped or variegated with white. 7. 
 
 5. Tall. (American arbor vitae). T. occidentalis. 
 Dwarf. 6. 
 
PlNACKAK 13 
 
 6. Irregular in shape. T. occidentalis cristata. 
 Compactly conical. T. occidentalis conica densa. 
 
 7. Leaves tipped with white. T. occidentalis alba. 
 Leaves variegated with white. T. occidentalis argentea. 
 
 8. Leaves green. T. occidentalis globosa. 
 Leaves; entirely yellow when young. T. occidentalis aurea. 
 
 9. Oblong or conical. 10. 
 Round-topped. 12. 
 
 10. Leaves green. 11. 
 
 Leaves variegated with yellow. T. orientalis aureo-variegata. 
 
 11. Rather oblong. (Oriental arbor vitae). T. orientalis. 
 Very conical. T. orientalis pyramidalis. 
 
 12. Leaves green. T. orientalis Sieboldii. 
 Leaves yellow. T. orientalis aurea. 
 
 13. Leaves rather soft. T. occidentalis ericoides. 
 Leaves stiff. T. orientalis decussata. 
 
 THUJOPSIS. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or conical trees resembling Thuja, but 
 with several in&tead of 2 seeds under each scale of the cones. 
 
 1. Foliage green. 2. 
 
 Tip of foliage-sprays white. T. dolabrata variegata. 
 
 2. Tall. T. dolabrata. 
 Dwarf. T. dolabrata nana. 
 
 CUPRESSUS. Cypress. 
 
 Evergreen trees with rather soft mostly brownish wood 
 without resin passages; opposite appressed scale-like overlap- 
 ping small persistent decurrent leaves on rather fan-like finally 
 deciduous foliage sprays; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- 
 or cone-like naked flowers; and .small round rather fleshy- 
 scaled cones with numerous wingless seeds under each scale. 
 
 1. Leaves with prominent resin-blisters on the back. 2. 
 Leaves usually without evident glands, glaucous. C.arizonica. 
 
 2. Conical: cones- scarcely 25 mm. in diameter. C. Macnabiana. 
 Narrowly fastigiate: cones often larger. C. sempervirens. 
 
14 PlNACEAE 
 
 CHAMAECYPARIS. White Cedar. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees with ductless' pale or brownish 
 soft wood without resin-passages; opposite crowded very small 
 leaves spreading or in maturity closely appressed on rather in- 
 definitely fan-shaped finally deciduous foliage-sprays; no stip- 
 ule-scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and 
 small subglobose cones with 2 or 3 wingless seeds under each 
 thick-tipped scale. 
 
 1. Leaves closely appressed. 2. 
 
 Leaves spreading. ("Retinispora"). 5. 
 
 2. Leaves white-lined beneath, somewhat flattened. 3. 
 Leaves without white lines. 4. 
 
 3. Green. C. pisifera. 
 Yellow. C. pisifera aurea. 
 
 4. Green. (White cedar). C. thyoides. 
 Glaucous. C. thyoides glauca. 
 Partly yellow. C. thyoides variegata. 
 
 5. Branchlets long and slender. C. pisifera filifera. 
 Branchlets not elongated. 6. 
 
 6. Dense and heath-like. C. thyoides ericoides. 
 Not heath-like. 7. 
 
 7. Leaves short, little spreading. 8. 
 
 Leaves widely spreading. C. pisifera squarrosa. 
 
 8. Green, white beneath. C. pisifera plumosa. 
 White-tipped. C. pisifera plumosa argentea. 
 Yellow, when young. C. pisifera plumosa aurea. 
 
 JUNIPERUS. Juniper. Savin. Red Cedar. 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees with brown or red ductless 
 wood without resin-passages; slender twigs ultimately falling 
 with their small scale- or dagger-like opposite or whorled 
 leaves, in some species spreading on young or abnormal 
 growth and closely appressed on characteristic plants; small 
 usually cone- or catkin-like monoecious naked flowers; and 
 small drupe- or berry-like few-seeded fruit. 
 1. Leaves in whorls of three. (Juniper). 2. 
 Leaves opposite. 3. 
 
GRAMINEAE 15 
 
 2. Upright trees or shrubs. J. communis-. 
 Low and spreading. var. depressa. 
 Prostrate and slender-branched. var. Jackii. 
 
 3. Fruits on straight stalks. 4. 
 Fruits on curved stalks. (Savin). 5. 
 
 4. Fruit several-seeded. J. chinensis. 
 Fruit 1- or 2-seeded. (Red cedar). J. virginiana. 
 
 5. Bushy or with ascending branches. J. sabina. 
 Prostrate or spreading. J. horizontalis. 
 
 Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE. Enclosed-Seed Plants. 
 Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. "Endogens." 
 
 Family GRAMINEAE. Grass Family. 
 
 A very large widespread and highly important family of 
 rarely woody plants, furnishing the principal grains and sugar 
 of the world; indispensable for the maintenance of lawns, etc. 
 Several large species are frequently used in massed planting 
 and some few of these, not easily defined, with woody switch- 
 like stems, constitute the bamboos of temperate borders. 
 
 Family LILIACEAE. Lily Family. 
 
 A large family, chiefly of herbs, comprising many of the 
 "Dutch bulbs," "smilax," "asparagus fern" and other green- 
 house and bedding plants, onions, asparagus, of the vegetable 
 garden, and the dracaenas, yuccas, etc., of warm regions. 
 
 SMILAX. Greenbrler. 
 
 Mostly deciduous woody plants climbing by stipular ten- 
 drils, with "endogenous" wood lacking pith and medullary rays; 
 moderately silender green often striate or angled mostly prick- 
 ly stems; alternate raised ragged petiole-bases rather than 
 leaf -scars; conical buds with a single exposed scale; ovate to 
 oblong entire or somewhat prickly-toothed or lobed leaves with 
 
16 PALMA.CEAE 
 
 tendrils on their petioles; small dioecious greenish polypeta- 
 lous flowers in stacked axillary clusters; and small few-seeded 
 dark berries. 
 
 1. Leaves whitened beneath. 2. 
 Leaves not whitened beneath. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves ovate. S. glauca. 
 Leaves oblong. S. laurifolia. 
 
 3. Leaves not lobed. 4. 
 
 Leaves often halberd-shaped or 3-lobed. S. Bona-nox. 
 
 4. Fruit black. 5. 
 
 Fruit red. S. Waiteri. 
 
 5. Prickles stout. S. rotundifolia. 
 Prickles needle-like, black. S. hispida. 
 
 YUCCA. Spanish Bayonet. 
 
 Evergreen herbs, or sometimes large thick-trunked airl 
 much branched woody plants, with "endogenous" wood, alter- 
 nate simple sword-shaped leaves often pungently pointed; 
 rather large usually white panicled cup-shaped perfect poly- 
 petalous flowers; and rather large fleshy (or in other species 
 capsular) 3-celled fruit with numerous flat seeds*. 
 
 1. Leaves very rough-edged. Y. aloifolia. 
 Leaves at least for a time with marginal threads. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves stiff, rough, soon threadless. Y. Treculeana. 
 Leaves flexible, smooth. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves pendulous. 4. 
 
 Leaves not pendulous. Y. gloriosa. 
 
 4. Fruit indehiscent. Y. recurvifolia. 
 Fruit capsular. Y. flaccida. 
 
 Family PALMACEAE. Palm Family. 
 
 A large family of woody evergreen plants of various habit, 
 chiefly of tropical regions where they are of the greatest eco- 
 nomic importance in many respects: extensively grown in 
 conservatories and for house decoration, and in the warmer 
 parts of the country sometimes planted as avenue trees. 
 
PAL INI ACE AK 17 
 
 PHOEMX. Date Palm. 
 
 Evergreen trees with the trunks long covered by the split 
 petiole-bases; large seemingly pinnate gray alternate leaves 
 with the lowest segments short and spine-like; large spathed 
 panicles of small dioecious flowers; and berry-like fruits. 
 
 1. Trunks finally tall and slender. P. dactylifera. 
 Trunks rather stfiort, stout. 2. 
 
 2. Leaf stalks and spines yellowish. P. canariensis. 
 Foliage blue green. P. sylvestris. 
 
 SABAL. Palmetto. 
 
 Evergreen trees with rather slender trunks'; large palmate- 
 ly divided strongly recurved alternate leaves filiferous between 
 their segments, the long petioles sometimes toothed; and mod- 
 erate panicles of small perfect flowers and berry like fruits. 
 Foliage green. S. Palmetto. 
 
 Very glaucous. S. uresana. 
 
 WASHINGTONIA. Desert Palm. 
 
 Evergreen trees with rather stout tall trunks covered 
 above by the hanging dead leaves; large palmately divided 
 flat leaves on long often toothed petioles, and rather small 
 panicles* of small flowers and small drupe-like fruits. 
 (Neowashingtonia) . 
 
 Leaves filiferous between the segments. W. filifera. 
 
 Leaves almost without threads. W. gracilis. 
 
 Cocos. Coco Palm. 
 
 Evergreen unarmed trees with slender trunks often swol- 
 len and upcurved at bas ( e; large long-stalked seemingly pin- 
 nate alternate leaves; and moderately large panicles of small 
 monoecious flowers and small or large fruit. 
 Fruit large, with fibrous husk. (Coconut). C. nucifera. 
 
 Fruit small, with edible pulp. (Pindo). C. australis. 
 
18 SALIC ACEAE 
 
 OREODOXA. Royal Palms. 
 
 Evergreen unarmed trees with clean columnar trunks; 
 large seemingly pinnate alternate leaves; and moderately 
 large panicles of small monoecious flowers 1 and fruit from a 
 large boat-like leathery spathe. 
 
 Trunk commonly swollen in the middle. (Royal palm). O.regia. 
 Trunk not swollen. (Cabbage palm). O. oleracea. 
 
 Class DICOTYLEDONEAE. "Exogens." 
 
 Family SALICACEAE. Willow Family. 
 A small family of deciduous trees and shrubs, chiefly of 
 temperate or cold regions, yielding the "osiers" used in basket- 
 ry and some lumber of inferior quality. Some of the poplars 
 greatly abused in street planting, and infested by scale insects 
 that spread to more valuable trees and shrubs. 
 
 POPULUS. Poplar. Aspen. 
 
 Deciduous trees, often very rough-barked when old, with 
 rather soft white or browning wood with minute scattered 
 ducts and very fine medullary rays; moderate rounded or acute- 
 ly 5-angled twigs; 5-angled continuous or spongy brown pith; 
 somewhat raised rather 3-lobed large leaf-scars with 3 large 
 bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars; large buds, the terminal 
 angularly ovoid, the lateral often falcately spreading, with 
 sieveral scales of which the lowermost is in front, immediately 
 over the leaf-scar; small dioecious naked flowers in catkins; 
 and small ovoid capsules with numerous cottony seeds. 
 
 1. Buds plump, or else not resinous or gummy. 2. 
 Buds elongated, more or less balsamiferous. 9. 
 
 2. Leaves white- or gray-woolly beneath: petioles 
 
 little flattened. (White poplars). 3. 
 Leaves not woolly: petioles much flattened. (Aspens). 6. 
 
 3. Leaves gray beneath. , P. canescens. 
 Leaves white beneath. 4. 
 
 4. Tree rounded or oblong. 5. 
 
 Tree pyramidal: leaves lobed. P. alba Bolleana. 
 
SALIC ACE AE 19 
 
 5. Leaves coarsely toothed rather than lobed. P. alba. 
 Leaves deeply lobed. P. alba nivea. 
 
 6. Leaves glabrate, subserrulate. P. tremuloides. 
 Leaves somewhat pubescent, coarsely toothed. 7. 
 
 7. Buds gray-pubescent. P. grandidentata. 
 Buds glabrate. 8. 
 
 8. Not weeping. P. Tremula. 
 With hanging branches. P. Tremula pendula. 
 
 9. Leaves pale beneath: petioles little flattened: buds 
 
 mostly very balsamiferous. (Balsams). 10. 
 Leaves green beneath: petioles much flattened: buds 
 less balsamiferous. (Cotton woods). 14. 
 
 10. Leaves deeply heart-shaped, broad. ,P. candicans. 
 Leaves scarcely heart-shaped. 11. 
 
 11. Leaves elliptical or ovate. 12. 
 Leaves lanceolate. 13. 
 
 12. Leaves flat. P. balsamifera. 
 Leaves wavy. P. laurifolia. 
 
 13. Twigs sharply angled. P. Lindleyana. 
 Twigs not angled. P. fortissima. 
 
 14. Tree round-topped. 15. 
 
 Tree oblong, (Carolina poplar). X P. Eugenei. 
 
 Tree pyramidal. (Lombardy poplar). P. nigra italica. 
 
 15. Leaves rather cuneate and attenuate. P. nigra. 
 Leaves deltoid. 16. 
 
 16. Buds glabrous. (Eastern c.). P. deltoides monilifera. 
 Buds velvety. (Western cotton wood). P. Sargentii. 
 
 SALIX. Willow. Osier. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or trees with light brown wood with 
 numerous minute scattered ducts and very fine medullary 
 rays; round continuous pale pith; chiefly alternate sessile 
 appress<ed oblong buds with a single exposed scale standing 
 directly over the leaf-scar, the end-bud lacking; shallow U- 
 shaped or transverse low leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces ; small 
 if any stipule-scars; usually narrow rather small short-petioled 
 
20 
 
 SALICACEAE 
 
 leaves; dioecious naked flowers in catkins; and small flask- 
 shaped stalked capsules with numerous cottony seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves green and glabrate on both sides. 2. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves narrow. S. nigra. 
 Leaves 3 cm. wide, glossy. S. pentandra. 
 
 3. Leaves woolly beneath. 4. 
 
 Leaves finally glabrous, or else silky beneath. 6. 
 
 4. Leaves narrow, revolute. 
 
 Leaves broad, often crisped: catkins large. 
 
 5. Not weeping. (Goat willow). 
 Weeping. (Kilmarnock willow). S 
 
 6. Leaves broad, veiny beneath. 7. 
 Leaves narrow r or elongated. 8. 
 
 7. Young catkins large. (Pussy willow). 
 Catkins small and slender. 
 
 8. Leaves glabrous, little whitened beneath. 
 Leaves silky or else distinctly white beneath. 
 
 9. Leaves white-silky on both faces. 
 Leaves glabrate above. 10. 
 
 10. Twigs golden yellow. 
 
 Twigs bright red. S. 
 
 Twigs green: habit weeping. 
 
 S. incana. 
 5. 
 
 S. caprea. 
 caprea pendula. 
 
 S. discolor. 
 
 S. cordata. 
 
 S. fragilis. 
 9. 
 
 S. alba. 
 
 S. vitellina. 
 
 vitellina Britzensis. 
 
 S, babylonica. 
 
 Family MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family. 
 A simall family of shrubs or small trees with aromatic 
 foliage, the wax which encrusts the fruit of some species used 
 in a small way for making candles. 
 
 MYRICA. Bayberry. 
 
 Deciduous mostly aromatic shrubs or small trees' with 
 reddish rather hard wood with minute scattered ducts and 
 fine medullary rays; slender twigs; continuous irregular pith; 
 alternate half-round low small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule-scars; round sessile buds with about 3 exposed scales; 
 oblong entire or coarsely few-toothed or deeply and regularly 
 
JUGLANDACEAE 21 
 
 lobed leaves with golden glands beneath; small naked imper- 
 fect flowers in short catkins; and small rounded aggregates of 
 dry fruits often very waxen. 
 
 1. Leaves elongated, deeply lobed. (Sweetfern). M. asplenifolia. 
 Leaves short, toothed toward the end or entire. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves much narrowed at base: low shrub. 3. 
 Leaves oblanceolate. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves pubescent beneath. M. Gale. 
 Leaves glabrate. M. Gale subglabra. 
 
 4. Leaves characteristically obtuse: shrubby. M. carolinensis. 
 Leaves acute: rather tree-like. M. cerifera. 
 
 Family LEITNERIACEAE. Corkwood Family. 
 A family consisting of only the following genus with a 
 single species of no decorative value but sometimes 1 grown as 
 a curiosity because of its extremely light wood. 
 
 LEITNERIA. Corkwood. 
 
 Deciduous little-branched swamp shrubs with rather stout 
 terete twigs;; very light pale wood with moderate ducts in 
 short subtangential series and very fine medullary rays; 
 rounded continuous white pith; alternate little raised half- 
 elliptical or triangular leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no 
 stipule-scars 1 ; ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; 
 moderate entire petioled leaves; dioecious apetalous flowers in 
 catkins; and dry drupe-like wrinkled fruit. 
 Leaves lance-elliptical, hairy beneath. L. floridana. 
 
 Family JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family. 
 A small widespread family furnishing most of the nuts of 
 commerce and the important hard woods hickory and walnut; 
 sometimes planted for shade trees. 
 
 JUGLANS. Walnut. Butternut. 
 
 Deciduous mostly large trees with brown wood with mod- 
 erate fairly uniform diffused ducts and fine medullary rays 
 with tangential bands of wood parenchyma; stout roundish 
 twigs 1 ; rather heart-shaped triangular or 3-lobed large leaf- 
 
22 JUGLANDACEAE 
 
 scars with 3 crescent-shaped or compound bundle-traces; no 
 stipule-scars; superposed buds with several, sometimes lobed, 
 scales; large odd-pinnate leaves; small monoecious apetalous 
 flowers in catkins; and large nuts with hard shell enclosed 
 by an indehiscent fleshy pericarp; pith finally chambered. 
 
 1. Leaf -scars 1 with a downy cross-line at top. 2. 
 Leaf-scars without a downy ridge at top, notched. 3. 
 
 2. Twigs moderate: leaf-scars not notched. J. cinerea. 
 Twigs stout: leaf-scars notched. (Japanese). J. Sieboldiana. 
 
 3. End buds elongated: nuts small. J. rupestris. 
 End buds scarcely longer than thick; nuts large. 4. 
 
 4. Buds ashen-pubescent. (Black walnut). J. nigra. 
 Buds glabrate. (European walnut). , J. regia. 
 
 PTEROCARYA. 
 
 Deciduous trees with pale wood with rather sparse and 
 small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays with wood-paren- 
 chyma cross-lines; moderately stout terete twigs; somewhat 
 5-sided brownish chambered pith; alternate somewhat raised 
 obtusely triangular or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 compound 
 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; scaly and solitary, or naked 
 and superposed, buds the uppermost sometimes long-stalked; 
 large odd-pinnate leaves with toothed leaflets; inconspicuous 
 monoecious apetalous flowers in catkins; and variously winged 
 nut-like fruits. 
 
 1. Buds naked, superposed. 2. 
 
 Lateral buds scaly, solitary. P. rhoifolia. 
 
 2. Rachis of leaves winged. P. stenoptera. 
 Rachis not winged. P. fraxinifolia* 
 
 CARYA. Hickory. 
 
 Rather large deciduous trees with mostly rough bark; 
 hard finally often reddish or brownish wood with the ducts 
 crowded and large in the spring growth but usually smaller or 
 sparser later in the season, and very fine medullary rays con- 
 nected by equally heavy cross-lines of wood parenchyma; 
 mostly stout terete twigs; rather large roundish essentially 
 
BETULACEAE 23 
 
 homogeneous sometimes dark pith; alternate low shield-shaped 
 large leaf-scars with 3 more or less confluent groups 1 of bundle- 
 traces; no stipule scars; alternate ovoid often superposed 
 rather large buds sometimes stalked or developing the first 
 season; large odd-pinnate leaves; small green monoecious 
 apetalous flowers in catkins or small clusters; and rather large 
 nuts with loose usually dehiscent husk. (Hicoria). 
 
 1. Bud-scales in pairs, sometimes developing into small leaves: 
 
 lateral buds often stalked. (Pecans and Bitternuts 1 ) . 2. 
 Bud-scales not in opposite pairs. 3. 
 
 2. Twigs and buds with yellow glands': nut scarcely elongated, 
 
 mamillated, very thin-shelled, very bitter. C. cordiformis. 
 Twigs scarcely glandular: nut longer than thick, rather firm- 
 shelled, not bitter. (Pecan). C. Pecan. 
 
 3. Terminal bud small (scarcely 10 mm. long). (Pignuts). 4. 
 Terminal bud large (usually over 10 mm.). (Hickories). 5 
 
 4. Leaves glabrate: bark not deeply fissured. C. ovalis. 
 Leaves hairy: bark deeply fissured into squares. C. villosa. 
 
 5. Outer bud-scales falling: not shaggy. (Mockernut). C. alba. 
 Outer scales persistent, pointed: bark shaggy. 6. 
 
 6. Twigs buff or orange: leaflets 7-9. (King-nut). C. laciniosa. 
 Twigs gray or reddish: leaflets usually five. 7. 
 
 7. Twigs glabrate. (Shagbark hickory). C. ovata. 
 Twigs persistently hairy. (Hairy Shagbark) .O. ovata hirsuta. 
 
 Family BETULACEAE. Birch Family. 
 A small family chiefly of cold regions, furnishing some 
 important lumber and the hazel nuts and filberts of commerce; 
 much planted for single tree effect. 
 
 CORYLUS. Hazel. Filbert. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with light brown wood with minute ducts 
 in radial or flame like patterns and very fine medullary rays; 
 moderately slender rounded often bristly twigs; roundish 
 homogeneous pale pith; alternate low crescent-shaped leaf- 
 scars with 3 often compound bundle-traces; narrow stipule- 
 scars ; ovoid buds with half-a-dozen exposed scales, the end bud 
 
24 BETULACEAE 
 
 absent; rather large broad but pinnately veined stalked simple 
 leaves; inconspicuous monoecious apetalous flowers in catkins; 
 and light brown hard-shelled rather small nuts in green or 
 membranaceous husks. 
 
 1. Husk ot 2 nearly or quite separate bracts. 2. 
 Husk tubular. 8. 
 
 2. Husk bur-like. C. ferox. 
 Husk unarmed. 3. 
 
 3. Husk parted into linear divisions. C. colurna. 
 Husks with broader divisions. 4. 
 
 4. Husk open, hardly longer than the short nut. 5. 
 
 Husk closely applied to and surpassing nut. C. americana. 
 
 5. Leaves laciniate. C. Avellana laciniata. 
 Leaves not deeply parted. 6. 
 
 6. Rather upright. 7. 
 
 Branches drooping. C. Avellana pendula. 
 
 7. Leaves green. (European hazel). C. Avellana. 
 Leaves yellow. C. Avellana aurea. 
 Leaves purple. C. Avellana atropurpurea. 
 
 8. Husk merely pubescent; nut elongated. 9. 
 
 Husk bristly. (Beaked hazel). C. rostrata. 
 
 9. Leaves green. (Filbert). C. maxima. 
 Leaves purple. C. maxima pupurea. 
 
 OSTBYA. Hop Hornbeam. 
 
 Deciduous small trees with scaly bark: somewhat reddish 
 hard wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary 
 rays; slender somewhat zig-zag terete twigs; roundish homo- 
 geneous pale pith; alternate 2-ranked somewhat raised small 
 crescent-sihaped leaf scars with 3 bundle traces; narrow stip- 
 ule-scars; elongated ovoid moderate solitary sessile buds with 
 several spirally placed finely ridged scales, the end bud lack- 
 ing; simple serrate petioled moderate leaves; inconspicuous 
 monoecious apetalous flowers in small catkins; and small 
 seed-like fruits, each subtended by a larger thin scale, ag- 
 gregated in a hop-like cluster. 
 Twigs villous 1 and glandular or glabrescent. O. virginiana. 
 
BETULACEAE 25 
 
 CARPINUS. Hornbeam. Blue Beech. 
 
 Deciduous small trees with fluted trunks; smooth gray bark; 
 pale hard wood with minute diffused ducts and extremely fine 
 medullary rays; slender zig-zag terete twigs; rather round 
 homogeneous pale pith; alternate 2-ranked low small crescent 
 shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle traces; narrow stipule-scars; 
 elongated ovoid rather small sessile buds with several spir- 
 ally placed smooth scales, the end bud lacking; simple doubly 
 serrate petioled moderate leaves; inconspicuous monoecious 
 apetalous flowers in small catkins; and small ribbed seed-like 
 fruits, each subtended by a hastate bract. 
 
 1. Bracts acute, sharply serrate. C. caroliniana. 
 Bracts blunt, not serrate. (European). 2. 
 
 2. Tree round-topped. 3. 
 
 Tree conical. C. Betulus pyramidalis. 
 3- Leaves green. 4. 
 
 Leaves for a time purple. C. Betulus purpurea. 
 
 4. Leaves merely toothed. C. Betulus. 
 
 Leaves cut or lobed. C. Betulus incisa. 
 
 BETULA. Birch. 
 
 Deciduous trees or occasionally shrubs often with papery- 
 flaking or white bark with transversely elongated lenticels; pale 
 or reddish often hard wood with minute diffused ducts and 
 very fine medullary rays; mos<tly very slender terete twigs; 
 small 3-sided or flattened homogeneous greenish pith; alter- 
 nate often 2-ranked low rather crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 
 3 bundle-traces; short narrow evanescent stipule scars; ovoid or 
 oblong sessile solitary buds, the terminal present on spurs and 
 the lateral rather appressed with about 6 alternate exposed 
 scales; simple usually toothed petioled leaves; small imperfect 
 inconspicuous apetalous flowers in catkins; and small 2-wing- 
 ed fruits in cone-like catkins with deciduous 3-lobed scales. 
 
 1. Shrubs. 2. 
 Trees. 4. 
 
 2. Leaves glabrous. 3. 
 
 Leaves pubescent, dentate. B. pumila. 
 
26 BETULACEAE 
 
 3. Twige glandular-warty. B. glandulosa. 
 Twigs not glandular-roughened. B. nana. 
 
 4. Bark cherry-like, wintergreen-fiavored. ( Sweet b.). B. lenta. 
 Bark flaking, or white or yellowish. 5. 
 
 5. Bark gray or yellow or orange. 6. 
 Bark white. 7. 
 
 6. Leaves ovate: bark gray or yellowish. B. lutea, 
 Leaves rhombic: bark orange (Red birch). B. nigra. 
 
 7. Leaves triangular. B. populifolia. 
 Leaves ovate or else lobed. 8. 
 
 8. Bark mostly flaking: leaves large (4-12 cm.). B. papyrifera. 
 Bark not flaking: leaves small (2-6 cm. long). 9. 
 
 9. Leaves green. 10. 
 
 Leaves purple. B. pendula purpurea. 
 
 10. Leaves not lobed. 11. 
 
 Leaves lobed or cut. (Cut-leaved birch). 13. 
 
 11. Scarcely weeping or pyramidal. 12. 
 
 Weeping. B. pendula tristis. 
 
 Narrowly conical. B. pendula fastigiata. 
 
 12. Twigs pubescent. B. pubescens. 
 Twigs glabrous*. B. pendula. 
 
 13. Scarcely weeping. B. pendula dalecarlica. 
 Weeping. B. pendula gracilis. 
 
 ALNUS. Alder. 
 
 Rather ovoid much branched deciduous trees, or more often 
 seen as shrubs, with rather smooth bark; brownish rather hard 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and occasional thick medul- 
 lary rays accompanying the prevalent very fine ones; rather 
 slender often 3-sided twigs with 3-sided or flattened homogen- 
 eous pith; alternate crescent-shaped or half round somewhat 
 raised leaf scars with 3 bundle-traces 1 (or the lowermost broken 
 into a secondary group) in a single series; 3-ranked stalked 
 plump buds with about 3 exposed scales; rounded or ovate or 
 siomewhat lanceolate denticulate or once or twice serrate peti- 
 oled simple leaves; small monoecious apetalous flowers in cat- 
 
FAGACEAE 27 
 
 kins or cone-like clusters often evident in winter; and minute 
 nutlets in a woody cone-like cluster. 
 
 1. Leaves doubly serrate, or crenate and serrate. 2. 
 Leaves simply toothed, or lobed. 4. 
 
 2. Leaves glaucous beneath. 3. 
 
 Leaves green beneath. A. rugosa. 
 
 3. Twigs pubescent. (Speckled alder). A. incana. 
 Twigs glabrate. A. tinctoria. 
 
 4. Leaves obtuse. 5. 
 
 Leaves pointed. A. japonica. 
 
 5. Leaves dentate or lobed, sometimes acute-based. 6. 
 Leaves closely serrulate, very round-based. A. Mitchelliana. 
 
 6. Leaves lobed. A. glutinosia laciniata. 
 Leaves merely dentate. 7. 
 
 7. Leaves green. 8. 
 
 Leaves yellow. A. glutinosa aurea. 
 
 8. Leaves not red-veined. (European alder). A. glutinosa. 
 Leaves red-veined. A. glutinosa rubrinervia. 
 
 Family FAGACEAE. Beech Family. 
 
 A widespread family especially in temperate regions, con- 
 prising a fow genera but numerous! species; the source of such 
 "hard-woods" as beech and oak, the chestnuts of commerce, 
 and much used for single tree effects' and occasionally as street 
 trees. 
 
 FAGUS. Beech. 
 
 Finally large deciduous trees with normally smooth light 
 gray bark; brownish rather hard wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays with frequent much heavier in- 
 tervening rays; terete moderately slender rather zig-zag twigs; 
 rather 3-sided homogeneous; pith; alternate 2-ranked some- 
 what raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 simple or com 
 pound bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars nearly meeting 
 around the twig; fusiform pungent long and obliquely spread- 
 ing buds with many scales; rather low-toothed moderate 
 stalked leaves often clustered on spurs; small monoecious 
 
28 
 
 FAGACEAE 
 
 apetalous flowers in stalked head-like axillary catkins; and 
 small 3-sided brown nuts solitary in bristly dehiscent husks. 
 1. Leaves rather blunt, minutely toothed. 2. 
 
 Leaves sharply toothed. (American beech). F. grandifolia. 
 Leaves lobed. 5. 
 3. 
 
 F. sylvatica pyramidalis. 
 
 (European beech). 
 
 2. Round-topped. 
 Pyramidal. 
 Weeping. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves green. 
 Leaves yellow. 
 Leaves purple. 
 
 4. Leaves purple. 
 Leaves green. 
 
 5. Bark dark, rough. 
 Bark gray, smooth. 6. 
 
 6. Leaves rather sinuate. 
 Leaves moderately incised. 
 Leaves very deeply incised. 
 
 F. sylvatica. 
 F. sylvatica Zlatia. 
 F. sylvatica purpurea. 
 F. sylvatica purpurea pendula. 
 F. sylvatica pendula. 
 F. sylvatica quercoides. 
 
 F. sylvatica quercifolia. 
 
 F. sylvatica incisa. 
 
 F. sylvatica heterophylla. 
 
 CASTANEA, Chestnut. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or mostly trees with fissured gray bark; 
 rather soft brown wood with very large ducts crowded in the 
 spring growth and minute ducts in flame-shaped patterns in 
 the summer growth, and very fine medullary rays; moder- 
 ately stout usually fluted moderate twigs; angled homogeneous 
 pale pith; alternate moderate crescent-shaped somewhat raised 
 leaf-scars with a number of bundle-traces scattered or un- 
 equally clustered in 3 groups; unequal stipule-scars; ovoid 
 solitary sessile buds the terminal sometimes absent, with 
 about 2 exposed scales; simple rather large stalked sharply 
 serrate leaves; small monoecious apetalous flowers, the stam- 
 inate in catkins, and brown thin-shelled nuts, 1 or several in a 
 prickly dehiscent bur. 
 
 1. Mature leaves essentially glabrous beneath. 2. 
 
 Mature leaves pubescent beneath, or petioles pubescent. 4. 
 
 2. Young leaves glabrate, acute at base. ( American). C.dentata. 
 Young leaves stellate-tomentose beneath. 3. 
 
PAGACEAE 29 
 
 3. Leaves acute at base. (European chestnut). C. sativa. 
 Leaves rounded or subcordateat base. (Japanese ).C.crenata. 
 
 4. Petiole villous: nuts several in the bur. C. mollissima. 
 Petiole not villous: nut solitary. (Chinquapin). C. pumila. 
 
 QUERCUS. Oak. 
 
 In our region deciduous trees, or exceptionally shrubs, with 
 yellowish or red-brown hard ring-porous wood with the smal- 
 ler ducts radially arranged, fine medullary rays, with trans- 
 verse bands of wood parenchyma and frequent very heavy in- 
 tervening rays; slender or moderate usually fluted twigs; 
 moderate 5-angled continuous! pith; alternate ratner small 
 half-round somewhat raised leaf-scars with half a dozen scat- 
 tered bundle-traces; minute stipule-scars of filiform persistent 
 stipules; sessile ovoid or conical buds crowded toward the tip, 
 with a considerable number of scales; entire or toothed or 
 mostly pinnately lobed petioled leaves; monoecious small apet- 
 alous flowers, in catkins or axillary; and nut-like fruit with a 
 scaly cup at the base. 
 
 1. Leaves entire. (Willow oaks). 2. 
 
 Leaves coarsely toothed. (Chestnut oaks). 3. 
 Leaves distinctly lobed. 5. 
 
 2. Leaves narrow (under 25mm. wide), glabrous. Q. Phellos. 
 Leaves broad (often 50 mm.) , downy beneath. Q. imbricaria. 
 
 3. Shrub: leaves sharp-toothed, downy beneath. Q. prinoides. 
 Trees: leaves downy beneath. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves with sharp teeth: fruit sessile. Q. Muhlenbergii. 
 Leaves with blunt teeth: fruit long-stalked. Q. bicolor. 
 
 5. Lobes blunt, never bristle-tipped. 6. 
 Lobes acute, ending in bristles. 10. 
 
 6. Leaves pubescent beneath: twigs buff. Q. macrocarpa. 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 7. 
 
 7. Buds conical or pyramidal, gray-pubescent. 8. 
 
 Buds round or ovoid: entirely glabrous. (White o.). Q. alba. 
 
 8. Leaves auricled at base, glabrous. 9. 
 
 Leaves not auricled, midrib sometimes hairy.Q. sessiliflora. 
 
30 MORACEAE 
 
 9. Round-topped. (English oak). Q. Robur. 
 
 Columnar. Q. Robur fastigiata. 
 
 10. Buds essentially glabrous. 11. 
 
 Buds pubescent: lobes of leaves widened upwards. 13. 
 
 11. Buds moderately large (often 4X7 mm.). 12. 
 
 Buds small (scarcely 3X4 mm.). (Pin oak). Q. palustris. 
 
 12. Lobes of leaves narrowed upward. (Red oak). Q. rubra. 
 Lobes of leaves widened upward, glossier. Q. coccinea. 
 
 13. Buds large (5X10 mm.), angled, hairy. Q. velutina. 
 Buds 1 moderate (4X7 mm.), glabrate. Q. coccinea. 
 Buds small (3X5 mm.), glabrescent. Q. ellipsoidalis. 
 
 Family MORACEAE. Mulberry Family. 
 A family of few genera and, except for the tropical figs, 
 few species, with milky juice: constituting the principal source 
 of India rubber and producing the edible mulberries and figs. 
 The Osage orange is extensively used for hedges and, like 
 fustic, is said to yield a valuable dye. 
 
 MACLURA. Osage Orange. "Hedge." 
 
 Deciduous milky-juiced small trees with rough-ridged 
 bark, that of the roots peeling in light orange flakes; hard 
 light brown wood with the vernal ducts larger and crowded 
 and those of summer in a wavy tangential pattern ; somewhat 
 raised half-round or 3-sided leaf-scars with bundle-traces aggre- 
 gated in a broken ellipse; no stipule scars; subglobose buds 
 with several exposed scales, usually producing a spine from 
 the axil of one; moderate petioled leaves often clustered on 
 short spurs; dioecious apetalous flowers in stalked catkins or 
 heads; and very large aggregate green fruit with fleshy s'epals 
 and seed-like akenes. (Toxylon). 
 Leaves lance-ovate: fruit 5-10 cm. M. pomifera. 
 
 BBOUSSONETIA. Paper Mulberry. 
 
 Deciduous trees with rather smooth mottled bark; milky 
 sap; yellowish white soft wood with numerous rather large 
 ducts in the spring growth and smaller diffused ones in the 
 
MOB ACE AE 31 
 
 later growth, marked tangential pattern of wood parenchyma 
 in the autumn growth, and distinct medullary rays; moderate 
 terete twigs; round homogeneous pale pith diaphragmed at the 
 nodes; alternate or exceptionally opposite half-round or ellip- 
 tical leaf-scars with a sometimes very indistinct crescent- 
 shaped bundle-trace; narrow stipule scars; ovoid appressed 
 sessile solitary buds, the terminal small, with 2 or 3 exposed 
 scales; ovate toothed or lobed rather large petioled leaves; 
 dioecious inconspicuous apetalous flowers in catkins 1 or small 
 heads; and aggregated drupelets. 
 
 1. Leaves alternate. 2. 
 
 Leaves commonly opposite. B. papyrifera contraria. 
 
 2. Leaves flat. 3. 
 
 Leaves concave. B. papyrifera cucullata. 
 
 3. Leaves 1 at most with few coarse lobes. 4. 
 
 Leaves dissected into narrow divisions. B. papyrifera dissecta. 
 
 4. Fruit red. B. papyrifera. 
 Fruit white. B. papyrifera leucocarpa. 
 
 MOBUS. Mulberry. 
 
 Deciduous trees with gray-brown bark; milky sap; brown 
 rather soft wood with small ducts somewhat larger and crowd- 
 ed in the late vernal growth, and distinct medullary rays con- 
 nected by transverse lines of wood parenchyma; rather slen- 
 der. terete twigs; roundish continuous pale pith; alternate often 
 2-ranked half-round somewhat raised leaf-scars with 7 or more 
 bundle-traces scattered or in an ellipse; unequal stipule scars; 
 no end bud, the ovoid sessile collaterally branched lateral 
 buds with about 6 exposed scales; broadly ovate serrate or 
 deeply and unequally lobed petioled leaves; small imperfect 
 apetalous flowers in catkin- or head-like clusters, and rather 
 small aggregate fruits with fleshy sepals. 
 
 1. Buds spreading: scales dark-margined: leaves rough above. 2. 
 Buds appressed, uniformly colored: leaves nearly smooth. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves dull, not very pubescent. (Red mulberry). M. rubra. 
 Leaves glossy above, tomentose beneath. M. rubra tomentosa. 
 
32 ULMACEAJB 
 
 3. Leaves rather exceptionally lobed. (White mulberry). M. alba. 
 Leaves mostly lobed. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves cuneate, toothed, white-veined. M. alba nervosa. 
 Leaves rather regularly lobed. 5. 
 
 5. Not weeping. (Tartarian mulberry). M. alba tatarica. 
 Weeping. (Teas' mulberry). M. alba pendula. 
 
 Ficus. Fig. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or trees (of large size and unusual habit 
 in the tropics, or with persistent leaves and sometimes climb- 
 ing by roots as in forms cultivated under glass), with milky 
 sap; rather stout terete twigs; round continuous pith dia- 
 phragmed at the nodes; alternate somewhat raised rather large 
 rounded leaf-scars 1 with 3 compound bundle-traces; narrow 
 stipule-scars encircling the twigs; rounded subsessile solitary 
 buds, with half-a-dozen or &o scales when fertile, the vegetative 
 buds pointed, and with 1 scale; simple mostly long-stalked 
 leaves; minute imperfect apetalous flowers concealed in the 
 large hollow receptacle; and fleshy hypanthium containing 
 numerous small seed-like akenes. 
 Leaves palmately nerved, often deeply lobed. F. Carica. 
 
 Family ULMACEAE. Elm Family. 
 
 A rather small family of little economic value except that 
 some of the elms furnish the finest of shade- and street-trees, 
 and lumber is obtained from elms and hackberry. 
 
 ULMUS. Elm. 
 
 Deciduous often very delique&cent trees with pale or usual- 
 ly brown tough wood with small ducts usually larger and more 
 crowded in spring but minute and in tangential patterns in 
 autumn, and fine medullary rays; slender terete or winged 
 twigs; small rounded continuous pith; alternate 2-ranked 
 half-round or half-elliptical somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; transverse stipule scars; sessile ovoid buds with 
 a number of 2-ranked scales, the terminal absent; short-petiol- 
 ed oblique toothed moderate leaves; small perfect apetalous 
 
ULMACEAE 33 
 
 clustered flowers appearing before the foliage; and round 
 samaras. 
 
 1. Leaves only once-serrate, scarcely 5 cm. long. 2. 
 Leaves doubly serrate. 3. 
 
 2. Flowering in early spring. U. pumila. 
 Flowering in summer or autumn. U. parvifolia. 
 
 3. Buds light brown: fruit ciliate. 4. 
 
 Buds red-brown or nearly black: not deliquescent. 8. 
 
 4. Percurrent, often corky-winged. 5. 
 Deliquescent, without corky wings or ridges. 6. 
 
 5. Cork-wings thin. (Wahoo). U. alata. 
 Cork-ridges thick. (Rock elm.). U. racemosa. 
 
 6. Shrub. U. americana nana. 
 Trees. 7. 
 
 7. Leaves green. (White elm). U. americana. 
 Leaves yellow. (Golden elm). U. americana aurea. 
 
 8. Buds and fruit glabrous. 9. 
 Buds pubescent. 11. 
 
 9. Leaves large (8-12 cm. long). (Dutch elm). XU. hollandica. 
 Leaves mostly 5-8 cm. long. 10. 
 
 10. Twigs not corky-ridged. X U. foliacea. 
 Twigs often with corky outgrowths. U. foliacea suberosa. 
 
 11. Twigs bristly: buds red-hairy. (Slippery elm). U. fulva. 
 Twigs and buds soft-hairy: fruit glabrous. 12. 
 
 12. Some leaves shouldered or 3-pointed. 13. 
 Leaves not shouldered. (English elm). 15. 
 
 13. Leaves green. 14. 
 
 Leaves purple. U. glabra atropurpurea. 
 
 14. Not weeping. (Scotch elm). U. glabra. 
 Weeping. (Camperdown elm). U. glabra camperdownii. 
 
 15. Leaves not variegated. U. campestris 
 Leaves variegated. 16. 
 
 16. Leaves white, green-blotched. var. argenteo-maculata. 
 Leaves green, white-blotched. var. argenteo-marmorata. 
 
 PLANER A. Planer Tree. 
 Deciduous small trees with somewhat brownish wood with 
 
34 ULMACEAE 
 
 minute ducts sometimes in evident tangential lines, and fine 
 medullary rays; slender terete zig-zag twigs; small rounded 
 continuous pith; alternate 2-ranked half-round somewhat 
 raised leaf-scars; sessile round-ovoid buds with several 2- 
 ranked scales, the end-bud absent; short-petioled sometimes 
 oblique rather small and thick toothed leaves; small perfect 
 apetalous clustered flowers appearing before the foliage; and 
 small rounded blunt-spiny fruit. 
 Leaves ovate, unequally biserrate. P. aquatica. 
 
 ZELKOVA. 
 
 Deciduous rather small trees with slender twigs; small 
 pith; alternate 2-ranked scarcely raised half-elliptical leaf- 
 scars with 3 bundle-traces; minute transverse stipule scars; 
 ovoid sessile often collaterally multiple buds with half-a-dozen 
 exposed scales in several ranks; short-petioled oblique toothed 
 rather small leaves; inconspicuous often imperfect apetalous 
 flowers; and small drupe-like fruits. 
 
 1. Leaves large (4X8 cm.), acuminate. Z. serrata. 
 Leaves smaller (scarcely 3X6 cm.), not acuminate. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves lanceolate, rather long (4-5 cm.). Z. Davidii. 
 Leaves elliptical or ovate, short (3-4 cm.). Z. ulmoides. 
 
 CELTIS. Hackberry. 
 
 Rather ovoid much branched deciduous trees, or occasion- 
 ally shrubs, with variously roughened or warty bark; hard 
 pale or red-brown wood with a vernal zone of medium-sized 
 ducts and smaller summer ducts in a wavy transverse pattern, 
 and fine medullary rays; slender sometimes grooved sympodial 
 zig-zag twigs with somewhat angular pale pith chambered in 
 places; alternate 2-ranked appressed small buds with several 
 2-ranked scalesi; crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; minute stipule-scars; ovate-lanceolate truncately or 
 cordately oblique moderate-sized often serrate simple leaves; 
 small monoecious greenish apetalous flowers solitary or few 
 together; and small sugary drupes with reticulate or pitted 
 stone. 
 
ABISTOLOCHIACEAE 35 
 
 1. Trees. 2. 
 
 Shrubs: buds small. C. pumila. 
 
 2. Leaves entire and glabrous: buds small. C. mississippiensis. 
 Leaves toothed or pubescent: buds larger. C. occidentalis. 
 
 Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family. 
 
 A rather small family, chiefly of herbs, of little use except 
 that species of Aristolochia (e. g. the goose-flower) are often 
 grown under glass for their large or peculiar, usually ill- 
 scented, flowers. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA. Dutchman's Pipe. 
 
 Woody twiners (as here considered) with brown wood with 
 large diffused ducts and broad wedge-shaped medullary rays; 
 for a time green sympodial stems swollen at the nodes; pale 
 homogeneous roundish pith; rounded alternate superposed few- 
 scaled small buds encircled by the leaf-scar; U-shaped leaf- 
 scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-E'cars; simple large cor- 
 date leaves; axillary perfect pipe-shaped apetalous epigynous 
 flowers, green with brown or lurid throat; and rather large 
 hanging basket-like capsules with flat s'eeds. 
 Glabrate: flower with smooth segments. A. macrophylla. 
 
 Velvety: flower with rugose segments. A. tomentosa. 
 
 Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family. 
 
 A rather large family of herbaceous plants much used in 
 flower-gardening and including the "carnation" of florists: the 
 following and some other dense-growing species occasionally 
 employed in rock-gardens. 
 
 SILENE. Moss Campion. 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs with opposite sessile leaves; no 
 stipules; mostly perfect "pink"-like polypetalous flowers with 
 3 carpels; and 1- or partly 2-celled many-seeded capsules dehis- 
 cing at the top. 
 Low, matted, with crowded linear leaves, S. acaulis. 
 
36 CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 
 
 Family CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 An Asiatic family including only the following genus with 
 a single species, forming an attractive small tree. Sometimes 
 merged in the Trochodendraceae. 
 
 CERCIDIPHYLLUM. 
 
 Deciduous trees with slender twigs widened at the nodes; 
 clos'e-grained wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medul- 
 lary rays; somewhat angular continuous small pith; opposite 
 or obliquely opposite raised half-elliptical or somewhat 3-lobed 
 leaf -scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; appressed 
 oblong sessile buds with 1 or 2 exposed scales; palmately 
 nerved petioled rather crenate round-cordate leaves; small 
 dioecious apetalous solitary flowers; and oblong many-seeded 
 capsules. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. C. japonicum. 
 
 Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. C. japonicum sinense. 
 
 Family RANUNCULACEAE. Buttercup Family. 
 A large family, chiefly herbaceous, of no great economic 
 use but often becoming troublesome weeds ; the paeonies, lark- 
 spurs, virgin's bowers and columbines largely planted. 
 
 PAEONIA. Paeony. 
 
 Usually herbs and not evergreen, with alternate pinnately 
 parted large leaves; large white or red polypetalous perfect 
 flowers; and fruit of several often large follicles each with 
 several large seeds. 
 
 Not woody: ovaries not sheathed. Herbaceous paeonies. 
 
 Soft-woody: ovaries sheathed at base. P. suffruticosa. 
 
 CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower. 
 
 More or less woody plants mostly climbing by their per- 
 sistent leaf-stalks 1 , with 6-sided or ribbed slender stems; soft 
 wood with large crowded vernal ducts, few and minute sum- 
 mer ducts, and coarse wedge-shaped medullary rays; relatively 
 large roundish homogeneous pale pith; opposite mostly pin- 
 
RANUNCULACEAE 
 
 37 
 
 nate stalked leaves with the leaflets not falling from a dis- 
 tinct scar when deciduous; axillary solitary or clustered usual- 
 ly perfect often very large apetalous flowers with corolla-like 
 calyx; and large akenes with long often feathery style. 
 
 1. Leaves simple. 2. 
 Leaves compound. 5. 
 
 2. Leaves entire. 3. 
 
 Leaves toothed: not climbing. C. Fremontii. 
 
 3. Flowers creamy: not climbing. C. ochroleuca. 
 Flowers blue or purple. 4. 
 
 4. Not climbing: flowers small, urn-shaped. C. integrifolia. 
 Climbing: flowers large and open. C. lanuginosa. 
 
 5. Leaflets entire. 6. 
 Leaflets toothed. 13. 
 
 6. Flowers urn-shaped, small: nearly herbaceous. 7. 
 Flowers open. 10. 
 
 7. Styles hairy in fruit. 8. 
 Styles not feathery. 9. 
 
 8. Flowers bluish or purple. C. Viorna. 
 Flowers bright red. C. texensis. 
 
 9. Flowers bell-shaped. C. Pitcheri. 
 Flowers cylindrical. C. crispa. 
 
 10. Styles feathery in fruit. 11. 
 
 Styles without hairs. C. Viticella. 
 
 11. Flowers small (scarcely 2 cm.), fragrant. C. paniculata. 
 Flowers large (some 8 cm.). 12. 
 
 12. Flowers longer than their stalks. C. lanuginosa. 
 Flowers shorter than their stalks. C. patens. 
 
 13. Leaves only once compound. 14. 
 
 Leaves 1 often bipinnate, half-evergreen. C. Flammula. 
 
 14. Leaflets only 3: flowers dioecious. C. virginiana. 
 Leaflets often more than 3: flowers perfect. C. Vitalba. 
 
 ZANTHORHIZA. Yellowroot. 
 
 Small simple shrubs with rather slender soft-wooded 
 stems; somewhat angular continuous pale pith; narrow trans- 
 verse low leaf-scars with about 7 bundle-traces; no stipule 
 
38 LARDIZABAJLACEAE 
 
 scars; solitary buds with few exposed scales; long-stalked 
 pinnate leaves clustered at end of the season's growth; small 
 flowers in openly branched racemes; and small-seeded follicles. 
 Leaflets incisely serrate or parted. Z. apiifolia. 
 
 Family LARDIZABALACEAE. 
 
 A small family, often included in Berberidaceae, of no 
 great use except for the effective climbers here considered. 
 
 AKEBIA. 
 
 Deciduous woody twining plants with rather slender green 
 stems; roundish homogeneous pith; alternate much raised 
 cres'cent-shaped leaf-scars with several irregularly placed bun- 
 dle-traces at point of breakage, but reduced to 3 in a single 
 series near the stem; no stipule-scars; acute ovoid sessile 
 divergent buds with a dozen exposed scales; long-petioled digi- 
 tate leaves of 5 stalked leaflets; rather small functionally 
 dioecious lurid polypetalous flowers racemed from the nodes; 
 and rather large dehiscent fruit with numerous small seeds 
 immersed in the placental pulp. 
 Leaflets 5, nearly entire, notched at apex. A. quinata. 
 
 STAUNTONIA. 
 
 Evergreen woody glabrous twiners, bush-like if cut back, 
 with soft wood; strong terete green twigs; rounded continuous 
 pith; alternate nearly half-round leaf-scars with numerous 
 scattered bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid blunt sessile 
 buds with about 8 rather fleshy scales, the end-bud lacking; 
 digitate long-petioled leaves; monoecious apetalous 6-merous 
 fragrant white flowers in axillary racemes; and rather large 
 red-marked berry-like fruit. 
 Leaflets 5 or 6, petioled, entire. S. hexaphylla. 
 
 Family 'BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family. 
 A small family some shrubs of which are much used in 
 landscape work. The European barberry is viewed with dis- 
 favor and its cultivation is prohibited very often because, if 
 
BEBBERIDACEAE 39 
 
 infected with the cluster-cup fungus (Aecidium}, it spreads 
 black rust (Puccinia) to wheat. 
 
 BERBERIS. Barberry. 
 
 Deciduous or in other species evergreen shrubs with hard 
 yellow wood with minute diffused ducts slightly larger in 
 spring, and line medullary rays; slender angular monopodial 
 branches with roundish homogeneous pith; alternate 5-ranked 
 ovoid buds with several scales; crescent-shaped raised leaf- 
 scars typically with 3 bundle-traces; rather small apparently 
 simple (unifoliolately compound) leaves often clustered on 
 spurs or replaced by 1- to 3-pronged spines on shoots; small 
 perfect polypetalous yellow flowers clustered in the axils or 
 racemed; and small ellipsoid or oblong usually 1-seeded berries. 
 
 1. Fruit blue, glaucous; twigs green. B. aristata. 
 Fruit red: twigs red or brown. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves entire: fruits usually solitary on a stalk. 
 
 (Asiatic barberries). 3. 
 Leaves distinctly toothed. 5. 
 
 3. Twigs downy. B. Wilsonae. 
 Twigs glabrous. 4. 
 
 4. Becoming rather tall. B. Thunbergii. 
 Compact. (Box barberry). B. Thunbergii minor. 
 
 5. Leaves green. 6. 
 Leaves purple. 7. 
 Leaves variegated. 8. 
 
 6. Fruit red or purplish. (European barberry). B. vulgaris. 
 Fruit yellow. B. vulgaris lutea. 
 Fruit white. B^ vulgaris alba. 
 
 7. Leaves of ordinary size (2X4 cm.). B. vulgaris atropurpurea. 
 Leaves distinctly larger. B. vulgaris macrophylla. 
 
 8. Leaves white-marked. B. vulgaris albo-variegata. 
 Leaves yellow-bordered. B. vulgaris aureo-marginata. 
 
 MAHONIA. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with rather hard wood with minute 
 ducts in flame-like pattern, and unequal coarse wedge-shaped 
 
40 MENISPEKMACEAE 
 
 medullary rays; rounded continuous pith; alternate somewhat 
 raised U-shaped leaf-scars with some 15 bundle-traces; no 
 stipule-scars; ovoid terminal buds with numerous rather per- 
 sistent hard pointed scales; odd-pinnate leaves with veiny 
 pungent toothed and often crisped leaflets; small perfect poly- 
 petalous yellowish racemed flowers; and blue glaucous small 
 one-seeded berries. Often placed in Ber~beris. 
 
 1. Leaves distinctly stalked: leaflets about five. 2. 
 Leaves nearly sessile: leaflets about nine. 6. 
 
 2. Rather tall. 3. 
 
 Dwarf and spreading. M. repens. 
 
 3. Leaves glossy bright green. M. Aquifolium. 
 Leaves becoming yellow. M. Aquifolium lutescens. 
 Leaves mottled with red. M. Aquifolium amabilis. 
 Leaves spotted. 4. 
 
 4. Variegation white. M. Aquifolium albo-variegata. 
 Variegation yellow. 5. 
 
 5. Spots large and scattered. M. Aquifolium aureo-variegata. 
 Spots small and numerous. M. Aquifolium aucubifolia. 
 
 6. Leaflets gray-green. M. pinnata. 
 Leaflets bright green. M. pinnata Wagneri. 
 
 Family MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family. 
 . A small family of climbing plants, of little general use. 
 
 CALYCOCAEPUM. Cupseed. 
 
 Half woody twining plants with slender rather fluted green 
 stems; rounded homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat raised 
 small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; small 
 often superposed buds; no stipule-scars; rather large long 
 stalked palmately lobed leaves with rounded sinuses; small 
 imperfect polypetalous flowers in stalked axillary clusters; 
 and berry-like drupe with a large cup-like stone. 
 Lobes acuminate, sinuses part-elliptical. C. Lyoni. 
 
 COCCULUS. Carolina Moonseed. 
 Half-woody twining plants with somewhat fluted stems; 
 
MAGNOLIACEAE 41 
 
 rounded homogeneous pith; alternate slightly raised small 
 roundish leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; 
 small hairy sometimes superposed "buds; rather large long- 
 stalked palmately nerved ovate or sometimes elongated often 
 cordate or hastate leaves, small imperfect polypetalous flowers 
 in axillary racemes or panicles; and berry-like drupe with 
 ring-like transversely ridged stone. 
 
 Leaves glabrescent above: fruit red. Tender. C. carolinus. 
 Leaves pubescent: fruit blue-black. Hardy. C. trilobus. 
 
 MENISPERMUM. Moonseed. 
 
 Half-wpody twining plants with somewhat fluted green 
 stems; rather large homogeneous pale pith; alternate round 
 leaf-scars with a raised border and numerous bundle-traces' in 
 a single series; no stipule-scars; rounded often superposed 
 buds; rather large long-stalked palmately veined angled or 
 very shallowly lobed leaves; small dioecious polypetalous flow- 
 ers in long-stalked axillary clusters; and berry-like drupe with 
 ring-like dorsally keeled stone. 
 Leaves obtusely angled or shallow-lobed. M. canadense. 
 
 Family MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia Family. 
 A rather small family, usually shrubby but including some 
 trees of large size such as the tulip tree which furnishes "pop- 
 lar" lumber, etc.: much used in landscape work. 
 
 LIRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree. "Poplar." 
 
 Large rather percurrent deciduous trees with intricately 
 fissured bark; pale soft wood with very minute diffused ducts 
 and extremely fine medullary rays; moderate terete twigs; 
 roundish light brown pith with firmer diaphragms; alternate 
 somewhat raised nearly round leaf-scars with about a dozen 
 scattered bundle-traces; very narrow stipule-scars encircling 
 the twigs; solitary sometimes stalked flattened or 2-edged buds 
 with 2 valvate scales; rather large simple truncate or deeply 
 notched stalked leaves with 2 or more lateral lobes; large 
 green and yellow perfect polypetalous terminal flowers; and a 
 
42 MAGNOLIACEAE 
 
 cone-like fruit, the indeniscent 1-seeded winged carpels falling 
 away from a persistent spike-like axis. 
 
 1. Leaves not lobed at base. L. Tulipifera integrifolium. 
 Leaves with 2 or 4 basal lobes. 2. 
 
 2. Lobes 2, obtuse. L. Tulipifera obtusilobum. 
 Lobes often 4, acute. 3. 
 
 3. Tree narrowly pyramidal. L. Tulipifera pyramidale. 
 Tree broad-topped. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves unvariegated. L. Tulipifera 
 Leaves yellow-margined. L. Tulipifera aureo-maginatum. 
 
 MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or usually trees with pale 
 or yellow rather soft wood with minute diffused ducts and fine 
 medullary rays; often stout terete twigs; pale continuous 
 rounded pith; alternate low half-elliptical or U-shaped leaf- 
 scars with some 10 or more bundle-traces in a single series or 
 scattered; linear stipule-scars encircling the stem; sessile 
 ovoid or fusiform rather large buds with a single exposed 
 scale bearing a petiole-scar above its base; elliptical to obovate 
 entire petioled leaves; large showy solitary open polypetalous 
 flowers; and small leathery aggregated capsules from which 
 the red-arillate solitary seeds finally hang on threads. 
 
 1. Evergreen: pith with firmer plates. 2. 
 Deciduous: pith homogeneous. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves heavy, green or rusty beneath. M. grandiflora. 
 Leaves thin, glaucous beneath. (Sweet bay). M. glauca. 
 
 3. Twigs swollen: leaves clustered at end. 4. 
 Twigs not swollen: leaves spaced: buds silky. 6. 
 
 4. Twigs and buds hairy. M. macrophylla. 
 Twigs and buds glabrous. 5. 
 
 5. Leaves not auricled. (Umbrella tree). M. tripetala. 
 Leaves auricled at base. M. Fraseri. 
 
 6. Rather large trees, flowering when in leaf. 7. 
 Smaller, flowering before the leaves appear. 8. 
 
 7. Flowers yellowish green. (Cucumber tree). M. acuminata. 
 Flowers orange-yellow. ' M. acuminata cordata. 
 
CALYCANTHACEAE 
 
 43 
 
 8. Petals numerous. 9. 
 Petals six to nine. 10. 
 
 9. Flowers white. 
 Flowers rosy. 
 
 10. Flowers white or lemon-shaded. 11.' 
 Flowers carmine or purplish shaded. 
 
 11. Sepals very narrow. 
 
 Sepals resembling the petals. 
 
 12. Flowers white with light tinging. 
 Flowers deep-shaded without. 13. 
 
 13. Flowers cup-shaped, early. 
 
 Flowers pear-shaped, often continuing. 
 
 M. stellata. 
 M. stellata rosea. 
 
 12. 
 
 M. Kobus. 
 
 M. denudata. 
 
 X M. Soulangeana. 
 
 M. obovata. 
 X M. Lennei. 
 
 Family CALYCANTHACEAE. Carolina Allspice Family. 
 
 A small family of shrubs, of no great use but attractive 
 because of their fragrant flowers. 
 
 CALYCANTHUS. Strawberry Shrub. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with moderate aromatic often 4-lined 
 twigs widened at the nodes; round or 6-sided homogeneous pale 
 pith; opposite elevated crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bun- 
 dle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile sometimes superposed 
 buds, the terminal usually absent, with about 4 opposite scales; 
 simple entire short-stalked moderate leaves; moderate lurid 
 axillary flowers often strawberry-scented, with many distinct 
 petals; and pear-shaped dry hypanthium enclosing large seed- 
 like akenes. (Butneria). 
 
 1. Leaves very hairy beneath. C. floridus. 
 Leaves nearly or quite glabrous. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves green beneath. C. floridus. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. C. fertilis glaucus. 
 
 Family ANNONACEAE. Custard Apple Family. 
 A rather small family of succulent herbs, used in rockeries. 
 In the tropics, yielding such fruits as sour-sop, cherimoya, etc. 
 The name papaw properly belongs to the "papaya" of the 
 tropics (Carica). 
 
 ASIMINA. "Papaw." 
 Deciduous shrubs or very small trees with rather smooth 
 
44 LAURACEAE 
 
 dark gray bark; greenish soft wood with a zone of moderate 
 ducts in the spring growth and decreasingly smaller ones 
 diffused through the remainder, and distinct medullary rays; 
 rather slender terete twigs; rounded continuous pale pith with 
 firmer diaphragms, becoming brownish and spongy or cham- 
 bered; alternate half-round or broadly crescent-shaped leaf- 
 scars with about 5 bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule- 
 scars with about 5 bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule- 
 naked and elongated, the lateral often superposed with the 
 upper globose and early losing its few outer scales and becom- 
 ing brown-silky ; simple large short-stalked leaves; perfect 
 lurid large mostly solitary polypetalous flowers; and large 
 oblong fleshy fruit with several large brown seeds. 
 Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, acuminate. A. triloba. 
 
 Family LAURACEAE. Laurel Family. 
 A family of moderate size, chiefly tropical, including 
 the classic laurel or bay tree, and furnishing cinnamon, cam- 
 phor, the alligator pear, etc.: little used in out-of-door planting. 
 
 BENZOIN. Spice Bush. 
 
 Deciduous aromatic shrubs with pale wood with minute 
 diffused ducts and fine medullary ray&; slender terete twigs 
 with rounded homogeneous pith; alternate rather appressed 
 superposed ovoid buds with about 3 exposed scales, the upper- 
 most one or two early developing into small clusters of rounded 
 flower-buds; no end bud; rather elliptical moderate entire 
 leaves; low crescent-shaped leaf scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule-scars; small yellow polygamous apetalous flowers in 
 nearly sessile lateral clusters; and red spicy drupes. 
 Glabrate. B. aestivale. 
 
 Pubescent. B. melissaefolium. 
 
 SASSAFRAS. 
 
 Deciduous finally large aromatic trees with rather soft 
 brown ring-porous wood with the small autumnal ducts in 
 more or less evident tangential series; rather slender green 
 
CRASSTTLACEAE 45 
 
 rounded twigs; continuous roundish pith; alternate low cres- 
 cent-shaped small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule 
 scars; rounded few-scaled buds often developing the first sea- 
 son; petioled entire or varyingly lobed moderate mucilaginous 
 leaves; small yellowish dioecious apetalous flowers clustered 
 in the axils; and blue drupes in red cup-like bases. 
 Leaves and young twigs pubescent. S. variifolium 
 
 Soon glabrate: twigs often glaucous. S. variifolium albidum. 
 
 ClNNAMOMUM. 
 
 Small aromatic evergreen trees with subterete twigs; 
 white homogeneous pith; opposite (or alternate and 4-ranked) 
 naked or scaly buds, ovate entire petioled leaves; somewhat 
 raised half-round leaf-scars with a C-shaped bundle-trace; no 
 stipule-scars; small perfect flowers; and small fleshy fruits. 
 Leaves alternate. (Camphor). C. Camphora. 
 
 Leaves opposite. (Cinnamon). C. zeylanicum. 
 
 Family CRASSULACEAE. Stonecrop Family. 
 A rather small family of succulent herbs, used in rockeries. 
 
 SEDUM. 'Stonecrop. 
 
 Perennial herbs with simple fleshy leaves alternate or 
 crowded in whorls; no stipules; small usually perfect poly- 
 petalous flowers; and several small follicles from each flower, 
 
 1. Leaves scarcely broader than thick. 2. 
 Leaves distinctly flattened. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves short, overlapping: flowers yellow. S. acre. 
 Leaves elongated, spaced. S. pulchellum. 
 
 3. Leaves at least partly in whorls of three. 4. 
 Leaves not whorled. 5. 
 
 4. Leaves entire, some in rosettes. S. ternatum. 
 Leaves crenate, not in rosettes. S. Sieboldii. 
 
 5. Low: some leaves in rosettes: flowers white. S. Nevii. 
 Erect: without rosettes: flowers purplish. S. purpureum. 
 
 Family SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family. 
 A moderate-sized family including many perennial herbs 
 
46 SAXIFRAGACEAE 
 
 used in gardening; the source of gooseberries and garden 
 "currants" (real currants being the small seedless Corinthian 
 grapes often used in pastry) ; and comprising several of the 
 most showy shrubs employed in landscape work. 
 
 PHILADELPHUS. "Syringa." Mock Orange. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with often exfoliating brown bark; 
 white firm wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary 
 rays; moderate or slender more or less 6-sided twigs; rounded 
 or 6-sided continuous pith; opposite (exceptionally in whorls 
 of 3) raised membranous leaf-scars usually concealing the 
 buds, with 3 prominent bundle-traces; ovoid sessile buds with 
 few evident scales; lanceolate or ovate petioled mostly remote- 
 ly denticulate or toothed simple leaves; rather large perfect 
 polypetalous white or creamy stalked flowers, a few from each 
 upper axil or subpanicled; and few-seeded small turbinate in- 
 ferior capsules long surmounted by the calyx segments. 
 
 1. Leaves small (scarcely 4 cm. long). 2. 
 Leaves mostly large (over 5 cm. long). 3. 
 
 2. Leaves pubescent. P. hirsutus. 
 Leaves glabrate. X P. Lemoinei. 
 
 3. Bark distinctly and early flaking away. 4. 
 
 Bark tardily flaking: flowers scarcely fragrant. 11. 
 
 4. Flowers very fragrant. 5. 
 
 Flowers not, or little, fragrant, white. 9. 
 
 5. Flowers creamy. (P. coronarius). 6. 
 Flowers white. (X P. Lemoinei). 8. 
 
 6. Leaves green. 7. 
 
 Leaves yellow. P. coronarius aureus. 
 
 Leaves pale-margined. P. coronarius argenteo-marginatus. 
 
 7. Flowers single. P. coronarius. 
 Flowers double. P. coronarius flore plena. 
 
 8. Flowers single. X P. Lemoinet. 
 Flowers double. X P. Lemoinei flore plena. 
 
 9. Flowers 1-5 on a shoot. 10. 
 
 Flowers 5-9 on a shoot. X P. Zeyheri. 
 
SAXIFBAGACEAE 47 
 
 10. Flowers and leaves rather small. P. inodorus. 
 
 Flowers (50 mm.) and leaves large. P. inodorus grandiflorus. 
 
 11. Bark brown: calyx glabrous. P. Lewisii. 
 Bark gray; calyx pubescent. 12. 
 
 12. Flowers single. P. pubescens. 
 Flowers double. P. pubescens flore plena. 
 
 DEUTZIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs, sometimes small, with monopodial 
 branches with roundish pale spongy or excavated pith; oppo- 
 site or sometimes whorled moderately small buds with several 
 exposed scales; low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; ovate or lanceolate serrate simple leaves; rather small 
 but showy white or rosy-tinted perfect polypetalous flowers in 
 small panicles; and several-celled small capsules with minute 
 seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves glabrate beneath: sepals persistent. 2. 
 
 Leaves rough-stellate on both faces: pith brown, exca- 
 vated. 8. 
 
 2. Flowers in racemes, white. 3. 
 Flowers panicled. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves green. D. gracilis. 
 Leaves yellow. D. gracilis aurea. 
 Leaves white-dotted. D. gracilis albo-marmorata. 
 
 4. Leaves 1 scarcely 5 cm. long: buds triangular-oblong. 5. 
 Leaves one-half larger: buds ovoid. X D. Lemoinei. 
 
 5. Flowers white. D. rosea multiflora. 
 Flowers more or less rosy. 6. 
 
 6. Flowers carmine on the outside. D. rosea carmlnea. 
 Flowers pinkish. 7. 
 
 7. Colored within and without. D. rosea. 
 White within. D. rosea eximia. 
 
 8. Leaves green. 9. 
 
 Leaves white-bloched or dotted. 12. 
 
 9. Flowers white. 10. 
 Flowers rosy without. 11. 
 
 10. Flowers single. D. scabra. 
 
 Flowers double. D. scabra candidissima. 
 
48 SAXIFBAGACEAE 
 
 11. Flowers single. D. scabra Watereri. 
 Flowers double. D. scabra plena. 
 
 12. Leaves blotched. D. scabra marmorata. 
 Leaves white-dotted. D. scabra punctata. 
 
 DECUMARIA. 
 
 Deciduous woody plants climbing by aerial roots, with 
 moderately slender more or less- angled or compressed twigs; 
 angular spongy pith; opposite somewhat raised U-shaped leaf 
 scars at first half-round by a deciduous membrane, with 3 
 bundle-traces; no stipule scars; conical hairy superposed buds 
 with indistinct scales; moderately large ovate petioled leaves; 
 small perfect polypetalous white flowers in terminal corymbs; 
 and small top-shaped ribbed capsules. 
 Leaves glabrous, sometimes serrate above. D. barbara. 
 
 SCHIZOPHRAGMA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs climbing by aerial roots, with moderate- 
 ly slender terete twigs; round continuous pith; opposite low 
 broadly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no 
 stipule-scars; rather large petioled leaves; small white perfect 
 polypetalous flowers in broad terminal clusters surrounded by 
 neutral flowers with a single large sepal; and small inferior 
 many-seeded capsules. 
 Leaves round-ovate, toothed. S. hydrangeoides. 
 
 HYDRANGEA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs usually sparingly or coarsely branched, 
 exceptionally climbing by aerial roots, often with shredding 
 bark, with nearly terete twigs; relatively large round homo- 
 geneous pale pith; low crescent-shaped to half-round or trian- 
 gular leaf-scars, opposite or in whorls of three, with 3 or in 
 some cases 5 or 7 bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule- 
 scars; oblong solitary subsessile buds usually with several 
 pairs of scales; rather large simple toothed or lobed stalked 
 leaves; small perfect polypetalous flowers in compound termi- 
 nal clusters often surrounded by showy sterile ones; and small 
 inferior capsules. 
 
SAXIFRAGACEAE 49 
 
 1. Climbing by roots. (Climbing hydrangea), H. petiolaris. 
 Not climbing. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves lobed. (Oak-leaved hydrangea). H. quercifolia. 
 Leaves not lobed. 3. 
 
 3. Flower-clusters pyramidal. (Asiatic). 4. 
 Flower-clusters broad. (Native). 6. 
 
 4. With many fertile small flowers. 5. 
 
 Most flowers large and sterile. H. paniculata grandiflora. 
 
 5. Flowering in late summer. H. paniculata. 
 Flowering in early summer. H. paniculata praecox. 
 
 6. Leaves glabrous beneath. 7. 
 Leaves pale-pubescent beneath. 8. 
 
 7. With many fertile flowers. H. arborescens. 
 Most flowers sterile. H. arborescens sterilis. 
 
 8. Leaves thin, grayish beneath. H. cinerea. 
 Leaves firm, white beneath. H. radiata. 
 
 FENDLERA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with slender often short fluted twigs; 
 somewhat angled pale homogeneous pith; opposite raised cre- 
 nately U-shaped leaf-scars, connected by transverse lines, with 
 3 bundle traces; no stipule-scars; sessile ovoid buds with sev 
 eral indistinct scales; small sessile entire leaves; moderately 
 small perfect polypetalous white flowers terminating the 
 branchlets; and half-inferior pointed ovoid many-seeded cap- 
 sules dehiscing part-way from the top. 
 Leaves ovate to oblong, rough, often 3-nerved. F. rupicola. 
 
 JAMESIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with flaking bark; rather slender 
 roundish twigs; rather large rounded continuous brownish 
 pith; opposite low narrow U-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; no stipule-scars; simple rather small leaves with their 
 dilated petioles meeting around the stem; perfect polypetalous 
 moderately small white flowers in small terminal clusters; 
 and ovoid beaked small-seeded inferior capsules. 
 Leaves ovate, serrate, woolly beneath. J. americana. 
 
50 HAMAMELIDACEAE 
 
 RISES. Currant. Gooseberry. 
 
 Deciduous often prickly shrubs with soft brownish wood 
 with minute ducts in more or less evident tangential rows 
 and rather heavy medullary rays; terete or somewhat angled 
 moderate twigs; roundish continuous colored pith; alternate 
 transverse or openly U-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 
 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovate or round somewhat 
 lobed and toothed moderate or small leaves; small perfect 
 polypetalous flowers, with cup- or salver-shaped calyx, cluster- 
 ed or racemed from the axils; and small inferior several-seed- 
 ed berries. Because they harbor the Cronartium stage of the 
 blister-rust (Peridermium) of pine, most species of Ribes are 
 viewed with disfavor, and their importation is 1 prohibited by 
 many States. 
 
 1. Leaves with prominent sessile resin-glands. R. americanum. 
 Leaves without resin-glands. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves' truncate or cuneate at base: calyx-tube long 
 
 and slender. (Golden currants). 3. 
 Leaves not cuneate: calyx-tube shorter. 4. 
 
 3. Calyx-tube twice as long as sepals. -R. odoratum. 
 Calyx-tube little longer than sepals. R. aureum. 
 
 4. Prickly at least at the nodes: leaves pubescent. 5. 
 Stems not prickly: leaves glabrescent. 7. 
 
 5. Petioles pubescent and also with gland-tipped hairs: 
 
 fruit usually prickly. R. Cynosbati. 
 
 Petioles gray-pubescent, scarcely glandular. 6. 
 
 6. Fruit bristly. R. Grossularia. 
 Fruit neither bristly nor prickly. R. oxyacanthoides. 
 
 7. Petiole shorter than blade: buds glabrous. R. alpinum. 
 Petiole longer, fimbriate: buds pubescent. R. vulgare. 
 
 Family HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch Hazel Family. 
 A small family including such trees as Liquidambar, which 
 yields the valuable sweet-gum lumber; chiefly shrubs. 
 
 CORYLOPSIS. 
 Deciduous shrubs with slender or moderate rounded zig- 
 
HAMAMELIDACEAE 51 
 
 zag twigs; roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate 2- 
 ranked somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 
 separated or transversely aggregated bundle-traces; elongated 
 stipule-scars; large scaly buds; rather large ovate stalked 
 bristly-toothed subpalmately nerved leaves; racemed perfect 
 polypetalous yellow flowers appearing before the leaves; and 
 partly inferior dry fruit. 
 
 Flowers 2 or 3 in a raceme. C. pauciflora. 
 
 Flowers about 8 in a raceme. C. spicata. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. Witch Hazel. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with rather slender rounded somewhat 
 zig-zag twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pale pith; alter- 
 nate 2-ranked somewhat raised crescent-shaped or half round 
 leaf -scars with 1 aggregate bundle-trace; triangular stipule- 
 scars; frequently superposed buds, naked or the lateral stalked 
 or quickly developing into small clusters of globose flower- 
 buds; rather large roundish stalked crenate subpalmately 
 nerved leaves; small lateral clusters of perfect flowers with 
 long fringe-like distinct yellow petals; and ovoid small hard 
 fruits, 2-lobed with notched valves, above the adherent calyx- 
 rim. 
 
 1. Leaves tomentose beneath. H. mollis. 
 Leaves not tomentose. 2. 
 
 2. Flowering in autumn, with ripe fruits. H. virginiana. 
 Flowering in winter or spring. 3. 
 
 3. Calyx attached to the lower half of fruit. H. vernalis. 
 Calyx attached to the lower third of fruit. . H. japonica. 
 
 FOTHERGILLA. Dwarf Alder. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with rather slender rounded somewhat 
 zig-zag twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pale pith; alter- 
 nate 2-ranked little-raised half-round leaf-scars with 1 bundle- 
 trace; triangular stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with a pair 
 of stipular scales; rather large roundish stalked leaves sub- 
 palmately nerved, and toothed above the middle; small perfect 
 pale flowers in terminal spikes; and globose small hard fruits, 
 
52 PLATANACEAE 
 
 4-lobed above the adherent calyx-rim. 
 
 1. Leaves somewhat glaucous beneath, glabrate. F. major. 
 Leaves merely paler green beneath. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves large (50 mm.), glabrate. F. monticola. 
 Leaves rather small (scarcely 25 mm.). 3. 
 
 3. Leaves sparingly stellate-hairy above, obovate. F. Gardeni. 
 Leaves downy above, ovate-cordate. F. parvifolia 
 
 LIQUIDAMBAR. Sweet Gum. 
 
 Deciduous rather large resinous trees with rather hard 
 light brown wood with very numerous minute diffused ducts 
 and crowded fine medullary rays; rather stout rounded often 
 corky ridged twigs; angled homogeneous pale pith; alternate 
 half-round low leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; obscure stipule- 
 scars; ovoid solitary glossy buds with half-a-dozen exposed 
 scales, frequently becoming stalked or developing the first sea- 
 son; rather large simple palmately nerved and lobed long- 
 stalked leaves frequently clustered on spurs; inconspicuous 
 monoecious apetalous flowers, the staminate in racemed head- 
 like clusters, and the pistillate in a long-stalked head becom- 
 ing a bur-like aggregate of inferior dry beaked capsules. 
 Leaves with hairy tufts beneath. L. Styraciflua. 
 
 Leaves without hairy tufts. L. orientalis. 
 
 Family PLATANACEAE. Sycamore Family. 
 A small family comprising a single genus of rather few 
 species, the common button-ball furnishing the characteristic 
 wood used for very cheap cigar-boxes: much planted as street 
 trees, the oriental plane frequently pollarded into an umbrella 
 form in Europe. 
 
 PLATANUS. Sycamore. Buttonball. 
 
 Deciduous trees with exfoliating bark while young; light 
 brown rather firm wood with minute diffused ducts and close 
 and rather thick medullary rays; moderate usually elongated 
 roundish twigs; roundish continuous browning pith; some- 
 what raised 2-ranked nearly annular crenulate leaf-scars en- 
 
ROSACEAE 53 
 
 circling the ovoid sessile 1-scaled buds and with about 7 bun- 
 dle-traces; narrow stipule-scars encircling the node; no ter- 
 minal bud; broadly ovate mostly palmately 3- or 5-lobed and 
 coarsely and acutely toothed petioled leaves; and small mon- 
 oecious flowers and very small dry plumed fruits in large glo- 
 bose long-stalked aggregates. 
 
 1. Fruit aggregates solitary: stipules large-toothed. 2. 
 Fruit aggregates usually 2. P. acerifolia. 
 Fruit aggregates usually 3 or 4: stipules subentire. 5. 
 
 2. Tree ovoid. 3. 
 
 Tree oblong. P. occidentalis pyramidalis. 
 
 3. Leaves green. (Buttonball). P. occidentalis. 
 Leaves variegated. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves white-blotched. P. occidentalis Suttneri. 
 Leaves yellow-blotched. P. occidentalis aureo-variegata. 
 
 5. Leaves moderately lobed. (Plane tree). P. orientalis. 
 Leaves deeply lobed. P. orientalis digitata. 
 
 Family ROSACEAE. Rose Family. 
 
 A large and very heterogeneous family yielding the most 
 important fruits of temperate regions, e. g. strawberries, rasp- 
 berries, blackberries, apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, 
 cherries: including many shrubs indispensable in landscape 
 work. 
 
 PHYSOCARPUS. Ninebark. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with exfoliating bark; moderately slen- 
 der twigs decurrently angled or grooved below the nodes; 
 roundish continuous pith; alternate raised often 3-lobed leaf- 
 scars with 3 bundle-traces; decurrent stipule-scars; ovoid ses- 
 sile rather spreading buds with about 5 exposed scales: ovate 
 more or less 3-lobed irregularly crenately toothed petioled 
 leaves; rather small perfect slender-stalked polypetalous white 
 flowers in compact round clusters 1 at end of the branches; and 
 dry inflated follicles, mostly 3 to a flower. (Opulaster). 
 1. High-growing. 2. 
 
 Dwarf, resembling Ribes. P. opulifolius nanus. 
 
64 ROSACEAE 
 
 2. Fruit glabrous. 3. 
 Fruit pubescent. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves green. P. opulifolius. 
 Leaves yellow. P. opulifolius luteus. 
 
 4. Fruits much longer than the sepals. P. intermedius. 
 Fruits little longer than the sepals. P. amurensis. 
 
 STEPHANANDBA. 
 
 Deciduous low shrubs with slender terete twigs; round 
 continuous pith; alternate small low crescent-shaped leaf -scars 
 with a single compound bundle-trace; transverse stipule-scars; 
 sessile ovoid often superposed buds with several exposed scales; 
 ovate petioled lobed or toothed leaves; small perfect polypeta- 
 lous white flowers in terminal panicles; and small 1- or 2- 
 seeded capsules, dehiscent below. 
 
 Leaves rather small (about 3 cm.), deeply lobed. S. incisa. 
 Leaves larger (often 7 cm.). S. Tanakae. 
 
 SPIBAEA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs of small size or with slender wand-like 
 usually somewhat 5-angled branches, with roundish pale con- 
 tinuous pith; 5-ranked often pointed divergent buds with sev- 
 eral scales; small crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars 
 with a single bundle-trace; mostly lanceolate serrate occasion- 
 ally linear and entire or broad and sometimes lobed small 
 leaves often pale beneath; small white or rosy perfect poly- 
 petalous flowers in axillary clusters or forming elongated 
 panicles or compound corymbs; and a number of small usually 
 glabrous follicles in each persistent calyx. 
 
 1. Leaves linear, (scarcely 5 mm. wide). S. Thunbergii. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. 2. 
 
 Leaves ovate or rounded. 9. 
 
 2. Leaves small (scarcely 10 X 30 mm.), 1-nerved. X S. arguta. 
 Leaves distinctly larger, veiny. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves rhombic-lanceolate. X S. cantoniensis. 
 Leaves not rhombic. 4. 
 
ROSACEAE 55 
 
 4. Flowers in flat corymbs, often pink. X S. Bumalda. 
 Flowers in elongated panicles. 5. 
 
 5. Tomentose below: flowers pink. 6. 
 
 Stems and foliage glabrous: flowers nearly white. 8. 
 
 6. Fruit glabrous. 7. 
 
 Fruit pubescent. (Steeple bush). S. tomentosa. 
 
 7. Leaves acute at both ends. X S. Billardieri. 
 Leaves blunt at both ends. S. Douglasii. 
 
 8. Twigs yellow-brown: inflorescence woolly. S. salicifolia. 
 Twigs reddish-brown: inflorescence glabrate. S. latifolia. 
 
 9. Pubescent: leaves elliptic-ovate, serrulate. 10. 
 Glabrate. 11. 
 
 10. Flowers single. (Bridal wreath). S. prunifolia. 
 Flowers double. S. prunifolia plena. 
 
 11. Leaves serrate. 12. 
 Leaves often lobed. 13. 
 
 12. Leaves ovate. X S. multiflora. 
 Leaves obovate. S. chamaedryfolia. 
 
 13. Leaves very obtuse. S. trilobata. 
 Leaves often rather acute. X S. Vanhouttei. 
 
 NEVIUSIA. Snow Wreath. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender twigs 3-lined below 
 the nodes; round homogeneous pith; alternate raised small 
 half-round leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; sessile ovoid buds with about 8 exposed scales; rather 
 small petioled leaves; slender-stalked dioecious apetalous 
 flowers with elongated white stamens, at ends of the branches; 
 and several somewhat fleshy pubescent follicles to each per- 
 sistent calyx. 
 
 Leaves ovate, doubly serrate. N. alabamensis. 
 
 SORBARIA. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender terete twigs; rela- 
 tively large continuous roundish brownish pith; alternate lit- 
 tle raised broadly triangular leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule scars; ovoid buds somewhat contracted at base, with 
 several scales; odd pinnate leaves with serrate leaflets; perfect 
 
56 ROSACEAE 
 
 moderately small polypetalous white flowers in ample panicles, 
 and small oblong capsules dehiscent at top. (Spiraea). 
 Leaves with rather large leaflets. S. sorbifolia. 
 
 CHAMAEBATIAEIA. 
 
 Deciduous small glandular-pubescent shrubs resembling 
 Sorbaria but with decompound fern-like foliage. 
 Leaves bipinnate, with minute leaflets. C. Millefolium. 
 
 PYRUS. Pear. Apple. 
 
 Deciduous trees or shrubs with hard mostly reddish-brown 
 wood with minute scattered ducts and fine medullary rays; 
 moderately slender terete twigs sometimes dwarfed or pungent; 
 roundish continuous pale pith; alternate somewhat raised nar- 
 rowly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; scarcely 
 evident if any stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with several 
 often gland-tipped scales; ovate to lanceolate entire or serrate 
 or lobed petioled leaves; rather large white or pink perfect 
 polypetalous epigynous flowers clustered on the spurs; and 
 few-seeded apple- or pear-like fruit with papery core. The 
 apples are often segregated under the genus Mains. 
 
 1. Leaves glabrate. 2. 
 
 Leaves markedly hairy or woolly beneath. 5. 
 
 2. Leaves entire or finely serrate, ovate. (Pear). P. communis. 
 Leaves toothed or rarely lobed. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves long-pointed, P. serotina culta. 
 Leaves at most acute. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves ovate or oblong to lanceolate. P. angustifolia. 
 Leaves broadly ovate. P. spectabilis. 
 
 5. Leaves toothed but scarcely lobed. 6. 
 Leaves often distinctly lobed. 12. 
 
 6. Usually seen as shrubs. 7. 
 Trees. 8. 
 
 7. Calyx absent from the ripe fruit. P. pulcherrima. 
 Calyx persistent on the fruit. P. prunifolia Rinki. 
 
 8. Fruit very small (scarcely 20 mm.). 9. 
 Fruit distinctly larger. 10. 
 
ROSACEAE 57 
 
 9. Calyx often persistent on the fruit. P. micromalus. 
 
 Calyx absent from fruit. (Siberian crab). P. baccata. 
 
 10. Calyx commonly absent. (Orchard crab) . P. baccata XMalus. 
 Calyx persistent on the fruit. 11. 
 
 11. Leaves rarely if at all lobei. ( (Apple) . P. Malus. 
 Leaves slightly crenately lobed. X P. Soulardi. 
 
 12. Calyx persistent on the fruit. (American crab apples). 13. 
 Calyx absent from the fruit. Asiatic. P. Sieboldii. 
 
 13. Leaves rather hastately lobed: twigs glabrate. P. ceronaria. 
 Leaves not hastate: twigs more woolly. 14. 
 
 14. Flowers single. (Western crab). P. ioensis. 
 Flowers double. (Bechtel crab). P.- ioensis plena. 
 
 ARONIA. Chokeberry. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with rather slender subterete branches 
 with roundish homogeneous pith; alternate appressed solitary 
 ovoid or oblong buds with about 3 exposed scales; rather 
 lanceolate moderate serrate leaves with slender black glands 
 on the midrib above; small low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 
 3 bundle-traces; rather small cymose perfect polypetalous epi- 
 gynous flowers; and small red or black berry-like pomes. 
 
 1. Leaves glabrate: fruit black. A. melanocarpa. 
 Leaves pubescent beneath. 2. 
 
 2. Fruit black-purple. A. atropurpurea. 
 Fruit red. A. arbutifolia. 
 
 SORBUS. Mountain Ash. Rowan Tree. 
 Deciduous small trees with rather soft pale or brown wood 
 with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; moderate 
 or rather stout terete twigs; somewhat angled rather large 
 pith; alternate narrowly crescent-shaped of transverse some- 
 what raised leaf-scars with about 5 bundle-traces; no stipule- 
 scars; large appressed sessile buds with several scales; alter 
 nate odd-pinnate or simple petioled leaves with serrate blade 
 or leaflets; perfect small polypetalous epigynous white flowers 
 in compound terminal corymbs; and small red or orange berry- 
 like pomes. 
 
58 ROSACEAE 
 
 1. Many leaves compound. 2. 
 
 I/eaves all simple. S. Aria, 
 
 2. Leaves pinnate throughout. 3. 
 
 Upper part of leaves not pinnate. X S. hybrida. 
 
 3. Buds silky, not glutinous. (European). S. Aucuparia. 
 Buds very glutinous. (American). S. americana. 
 
 CHAENOMELES. Japanese Quince. 
 
 Deciduous firm-leaved shrubs, with typically axillary 
 spines; with roundish rather slender twigs; irregular rounded 
 homogeneous pale pith; alternate raised crescent-shaped small 
 leaf -scars with 3 sometimes compound bundle-traces; small 
 stipule-scars; ovoid small solitary sessile buds with about 2 ex- 
 posed scales; crenulate to serrate moderate-sized short-stalked 
 leaves; rather large solitary deep red to pure white perfect 
 epigynous polypetalous flowers; and large fragrant many- 
 seeded orange pomes. Often placed under Cydonia. 
 
 1. Stipules large and leaf-like. 2. 
 
 Stipules small. C. sinensis. 
 
 2. Leaves pubescent when young. C. cathayensis. 
 Leaves glabrous. 3. 
 
 3. Twigs glabrate: leaves sharply serrate. C. japonica. 
 Twigs hairy when young: leaves crenate. C. Maulei. 
 
 CYDONIA. Quince. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or very small trees with light brown 
 firm wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; 
 rounded twigs; small roundish homogeneous pale pith; alter- 
 nate raised crescent-shaped 3-lobed small leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; no stipule scars; simple entire stalked moder- 
 ately large leaves; rather large perfect epigynous polypetalous 
 whitish flowers solitary at ends of the branches; and large 
 firm aromatic few-seeded pomes. 
 
 1. Leaves not variegated. 2. 
 
 Leaves mottled. C. oblonga marmorata. 
 
 2. Round- topped. (Common quince). C. oblonga. 
 Conical. C. oblonga pyramidalis. 
 
ROSACEAE 59 
 
 PHOTINIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with hard wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slender roundish twigs; 
 crenate continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised transverse 
 or crescent-shaped leaf : scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule- 
 scars; sessile ovoid pointed buds with several exposed scales; 
 rather small finely serrate short-petioled lance-oblong leaves; 
 small perfect polypetalous epigynous white flowers in corymb- 
 like clusters terminating the spurs; and 1- to 2-seeded some- 
 what elongated small red pomes bearing the sepals somewhat 
 below the top, the fruit-stalks with very large lenticels. 
 Leaves pubescent beneath. P. villosa. 
 
 Leaves glabrescent. P. villosa laevis. 
 
 COTONEASTER. 
 
 Mostly deciduous shrubs with hard light brown wood with 
 minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender round- 
 ed twigs; angular homogeneous small pale pith; alternate 
 somewhat raised small transverse leaf-scars with 1 or 3 bun- 
 dle-traces; narrow stipule-scars or persistent stipules; solitary 
 oblong sessile buds with about 4 exposed scales; simple entire 
 stalked leaves; small perfect epigynous flowers in terminal 
 corymbs; and small berry-like pomes with incurved sepals. 
 
 1. Leaves very small (1cm.): evergreen: prostrate. 2. 
 Leaves distinctly larger. 3. 
 
 2. Green and glabrate. C. Dammeri. 
 White-pubescent beneath. C. microphylla. 
 
 3. Leaves 1.5-3 cm. long: fruit red or orange. 4. 
 Leaves 3-4 cm. long, usually tomentose beneath. 9. 
 Leaves 4-7 cm. long: fruit black. C. foveolata. 
 Leaves 6-10 cm. long: fruit red. C. bullata. 
 
 4. Leaves half-evergreen. C. Simonsii. 
 Leaves promptly deciduous. 5. 
 
 5. Fruit orange. C. Franchetii. 
 Fruit red. 6. 
 
 6. Fruit oblong, 10 mm. long. C. divaricata. 
 Fruit subglobose. 7. 
 
60 ROSACEAE 
 
 7. Leaves very tomentose beneath. 8. 
 
 Leaves more sparsely hairy. C. hupehensis. 
 
 8. Leaves rather blunt at both ends. C. Zabelii. 
 Leaves rather acute at both ends. C. Dielsiana. 
 
 9. Fruit red. 10. 
 Fruit black. 11. 
 
 10. Leaf tomentum rather dense. C. tomentosa. 
 Leaf tomentum rather sparse. C. integerrima. 
 
 11. Fruit not glaucous. C. acutifolia. 
 Fruit very glaucous. C. melanocarpa. 
 
 AMELANCHIER. Shadbush. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, usually rather small, with smooth bark; 
 reddish brown hard wood with minute ducts, more crowded in 
 spring, and fine medullary rays; slender nearly terete twigs; 
 somewhat 5-sided pale continuous pith; alternate sometimes 2- 
 ranked low crescent-shaped leaf -scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule-scars; appressed elongated acute buds with about 5 
 exposed scales; moderate serrate petioled leaves; moderate 
 perfect polypetalous epigynous white flowers; and small berry- 
 like purple pomes. 
 
 1. Leaves always glabrous, closely serrate. A. laevis. 
 Leaves for a time woolly beneath. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves closely serrate (teeth 10 to 1 cm.). A. canadensis. 
 Leaves more distantly toothed (teeth 5 to 1 cm.). 3. 
 
 3. Leaves rather acute, persistently tomentose, A. sanguinea. 
 Leaves very obtuse, quickly glabrous. A. alnifolia. 
 
 CRATAEGUS. Haw. Red Haw. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees usually with axillary 
 spines; hard usually brownish wood with very minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; rounded twigs; somewhat an- 
 gular homogeneous pale pith; alternate not raised crescent- 
 shaped small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; round-ovoid 
 solitary sessile buds with several fleshy often red scales; sim- 
 ple usually toothed or lobed stalked leaves frequently clustered 
 on spurs; moderate perfect epigynous white or rosy flowers 
 
ROSACEAE 61 
 
 usually in terminal corymbs; and small apple-like fruits with 
 bony core. A hopelessly complex genus: the following com- 
 mon. 
 
 1. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obovate rarely large or lobed. 2. 
 Leaves elliptical or obovate. 4. 
 
 Leaves round or ovate. 6. 
 
 2. Leaves glabrous, glossy above: spines long. C. Crus-galli. 
 Leaves pubescent beneath. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves dull, with strong veins. C. punctata. 
 Leaves glossy above, fruit often downy. C. tomentosa. 
 
 4. Spines curved: nutlets with concave sides. C. macracantha. 
 Spines straight: nutlets with flat sides. 5. 
 
 5. Spines long: leaves rather thin and dull. C. tomentosa. 
 Spines short: leaves rather firm or glossy. C. viridis. 
 
 6. Leaves deeply lobed. 7. 
 
 Leaves at most shallow-lobed. 21. 
 
 7. Veins running from midrib both to sinuses and lobes. 8. 
 Veins running from midrib to lobes only. C. Phaenopyrum. 
 
 8. Style one. 9. 
 
 Styles two or three. 19. 
 
 9. Spiny. 10. 
 
 Unarmed. C. monogyna inermis. 
 
 10. Leaves moderately lobed. 11. 
 
 Leaves incised. C. monogyna laciniata. 
 
 11. Shrubby, ever-blooming. C. monogyna sernperflorens. 
 Tree-like. 12. 
 
 12. Somewhat fastigiate. C. monogyna stricta. 
 Not fastigiate. 13. 
 
 13. Flowers white. 14. 
 Flowers rosy or red. 15. 
 
 14. Flowers single. (Hawthorn). C. monogyna. 
 Flowers double. C. monogyna albo-plena. 
 
 15. Somewhat weeping. C. monogyna rosea pendula. 
 Not weeping. 16. 
 
 16. Flowers single. 17. 
 
 Flowers double. C. monogyna rubro-plena. 
 
62 ROSACEAE 
 
 17. Flowers white at center. C. monogyna rosea. 
 Flowers colored throughout. C. monogyna punicea. 
 
 18. Flowers white. 19. 
 Flowers rosy or red. 20. 
 
 19. Fruit bright red. (Hawthorn). C. Oxyacantha. 
 Fruit yellow. C. Oxyacantha aurea. 
 
 20. Flowers single, white at center. C. Oxyacantha bicolor. 
 Flowers double, red throughout. C. Oxyacantha Paulii. 
 
 21. Leaves scarcely longer than broad. C. rotundifolia. 
 Leaves distinctly longer than broad. 22. 
 
 22. Leaves large, softly hairy beneath. 23. 
 
 Leaves glabrate. C. pruinosa. 
 
 23. Armed. C. mollis. 
 Spineless. C. mollis inermis. 
 
 PYEACANTHA. Firethorn. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with hard brownish wood with numer- 
 ous minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender 
 somewhat fluted twigs often forming spurs or transformed into 
 spines; small continuous pith; alternate slightly-raised cres- 
 cent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; scarcely evident 
 stipule-scars; sessile ovoid pointed appressed buds with several 
 exposed scales; rather small lanceolate slender-petioled leaves; 
 small perfect corymbed polypetalous epigynous white flowers; 
 and small typically red pomes with 2-seeded bony core-cavities. 
 Often placed in Crataegus. 
 
 Leaves acute at both ends, low-crenate. P. coccinea. 
 
 RHODOTYPOS. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with slender terete twigs; relatively 
 large round continuous white pith; opposite somewhat raised 
 triangular or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; minute 
 stipule-scars or stipule remnants; ovoid sessile buds with some 
 3 pairs of exposed scales; large thin wrinkled petioled leaves; 
 few relatively large perfect polypetalous perigynous white 
 flowers ending the branches; and fruit of about 5 black drupes in 
 each enlarged calyx. The buds are often collaterally multiplied. 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly s'errate. R. kerrioides. 
 
ROSACEAE 63 
 
 KERRIA. "Corchorus." 
 
 Rather small deciduous shrubs with slender angled green 
 twigs freely branching the first season; rounded homogeneous 
 pale pith; alternate 2-ranked somewhat raised triangular or 
 transverse leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; small stipule-scars; 
 solitary sessile ovoid appressed buds with four or five rather 
 loose ciliate scales; simple, doubly toothed moderately large 
 short-stalked leaves; perfect rather large perigynous yellow 
 flowers ending, the branches; and several small akenes in each 
 persistent calyx. 
 
 1. Unvariegated. 2. 
 Variegated. 3. 
 
 2. Flowers single. K. japonica. 
 Flowers double. K. japonica flore-pleno. 
 
 3. Twigs striped with yellow. K. japonica vittato-ramosa. 
 Twigs green. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves striped with yellow. K. japonica aureo-vittata. 
 Leaves edged with white. K. japonica argenteo-variegata. 
 
 EXOCHOHDA. Pearl Bush. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with exfoliating bark; brownish wood 
 with minute diffused ducts, somewhat more crowded in spring, 
 and fine medullary rays; moderately slender terete twigs; 
 round homogeneous pale pith; alternate slightly raised cres- 
 cent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle- traces ; no stipule scars; 
 oblong ovoid sessile solitary erect buds, with about 8 exposed 
 scales; moderate simple entire or few-toothed rather short- 
 stalked nearly elliptical leaves, whitened beneath; rather 
 large perfect polypetalous perigynous green-centered white 
 flowers clustered at ends of the branches; and small star- 
 shaped bony fruits. 
 
 Fruit depressed, 7-8 mm. long. E. grandiflora. 
 
 Fruit obovoid, 12 mm. long. E. Alberti. 
 
 SlBBALDIA. 
 
 Small matted perennials, woody only at base, with palmate 
 trifoliolate long-petioled basal leaves; small perfect polypeta- 
 
64 ROSACEAE 
 
 lous yellow flowers in stalked corymbose clusters; and several 
 
 akenes in each persistent calyx. 
 
 Leaflets cuneate, crenately toothed at end. S. procumbens. 
 
 POTENTILLA. Cinquefoil. 
 
 Usually perennial herbs; a few deciduous shrubs with 
 brownish wood with minute diffused ducts, somewhat more 
 sparse in summer, and fine medullary rays; somewhat angular 
 brown continuous pith; alternate minute round raised leaf- 
 scars with a single bundle-trace, flanked by persistent stipules; 
 small ovoid buds; compound leaves with several rather small 
 leaflets; perfect open usually yellow polypetalous perigynous 
 flowers with bractlets on the calyx; and numerous small 
 akenes. 
 
 Leaves pinnate: leaflets linear, entire. P. fruticosa. 
 
 Leaves palmate: leaflets 3, notched at end. P. tridentata. 
 
 DRYAS. 
 
 Small matted trailing woody evergreens with rather small 
 alternate slender-stalked simple leaves, white-woolly beneath; 
 rather large perfect open polypetalous perigynous flowers sol- 
 itary at ends of long erect stalks; and large clusters of long 
 feathery-tailed akenes. 
 
 1. Leaves entire. D. integrifolia. 
 Leaves crenately serrate. 2. 
 
 2. Flowers white: sepals narrow. D. octopetala. 
 Flowers yellow: sepals ovate. D. Drummondii. 
 
 RUBUS. Bramble. 
 
 Tardily deciduous mostly prickly shrubs with moderately 
 slender more or less angular twigs; continuous pith of corre- 
 sponding shape; alternate raised torn petiole-bases rather than 
 distinct leaf -scars; no stipule-scars; ovoid sometimes super- 
 posed buds with several exposed scales; simple or mostly com- 
 pound often toothed petioled leaves; conspicuous perfect usual- 
 ly clustered polypetalous perigynous flowers; and small drupe- 
 like fruits in a cluster which breaks away from each persistent 
 calyx with the end of the receptacle (blackberries), or separ- 
 
ROSA.CEAE 65 
 
 ates from this, thimble-like (raspberries). 
 
 1. Leaves simple: bark shredding: branches bristly, 
 
 without prickles. (Flowering raspberries). 2. 
 Leaves compound: bark not shredding. 4. 
 
 2. Flowers white. 3. 
 
 Flowers magenta. R. odoratus. 
 
 3. Flowers usually solitary. R. deliciosus. 
 Flowers usually several in a cluster. R. parviflorus. 
 
 4. Leaflets 5-15, distinctly pinnate. (Flowering brambles). 5. 
 Leaflets 3-5, mostly nearly or quite palmate. 6. 
 
 5. Flowers single. R. rosaefolius. 
 Flowers double. R. rosaefolius coronarius. 
 
 6. Leaves white beneath: fruit thimble-like. (Raspberries). 7. 
 Leaves not usually white: fruit solid. 11. 
 
 7. Stems with glandular hairs. (Wine b.). R. phoenicolasius. 
 Stems not red-hairy. 8. 
 
 8. Stems with bristles and also somewhat prickly. 9. 
 Stems prickly but scarcely bristly. 10. 
 
 9. Fruit red. R. strigosus. 
 Fruit amber. R. strigosus albus. 
 
 10. Fruit black. (Blackcap). R. occidentalis. 
 Fruit amber. R. occidentalis pallidus. 
 
 11. Erect or ascending. (Blackberries). 12. 
 With many trailing stems. (Dewberries). 16. 
 
 12. Leaflets not laciniate. 13. 
 
 Leaflets deeply cut. R. laciniatus. 
 
 13. Leaflets narrow, glabrous: prickles few. R. amabilis. 
 Leaflets broad, somewhat hairy: prickles many. 14. 
 
 14. Flowers in elongated clusters: pedicels with many 
 
 dark glandular hairs, and rather short-villous. 15. 
 Flowers fewer: pedicels long-villous, glandless or 
 
 with pale glands. R. argutus. 
 
 15. Fruit black. R. allegheniensis. 
 Fruit amber. R. allegheniensis albinus. 
 
 16. Flowers moderate (about 25 mm.). R. procumbens. 
 Flowers large (30 mm.). R. procumbens roribaccus. 
 
66 KOSACEAE 
 
 ROSA. Rose. 
 
 Mostly deciduous and prickly shrubs, sometimes trailing 
 or scrambling to a considerable height, with rather soft wood 
 with small diffused ducts, the first in the spring somewhat lar- 
 ger, and relatively coarse medullary rays; moderately stout 
 usually large and green terete twigs; rounded continuous pith; 
 alternate low openly U-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule-scars: ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; 
 odd-pinnate leaves with dilated stipule-bearing petioles; large 
 perfect usually rosy or white polypetalous perigynous flowers, 
 mostly clustered at ends of the branches; and fleshy ovoid 
 fruiting receptacle (hypanthium) enclosing a number of large 
 hairy akenes. Too large and complex a genus for satisfactory 
 brief analysis: only a very few of the most striking types are 
 noted. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 Deciduous. 3. 
 
 2. Glabrate, trailing. (Memorial rose). R. Wichuraiana. 
 Hairy, scrambling, horrid. (Macartney rose) . R. bracteata. 
 
 3. Climbing or forming fountain-like masses. 4. 
 Bushy. 6. 
 
 4. Leaflets about 7: flowers small, in spring. 5. 
 
 Leaflets 5: flowers in summer. (Prairie rose). R. setigera. 
 
 5. Fowers white, early. (Polyantha rose). R. multiflora. 
 Flowers red or pink, in dense clusters, later. 
 
 (Ramblers). R. multiflora platyphylla. 
 
 6. Flowers as in the last, through the season. 
 
 (Baby rambler). R. multiflora platyphylla nana. 
 
 Flowers large or not in dense clusters. 7. 
 
 7. Foliage not strongly scented. 10. 
 
 Foliage heavy-scented, with bristly glands: flowers 
 
 double. 8. 
 Foliage aromatic, not bristly: flowers single. 
 
 (Sweetbriers). R. rubiginosa. 
 
 8. Prickles uniform: teeth of leaflets glandless. 
 
 (Damask rose). R. damascena. 
 
 Prickles very unequal: teeth glandularly toothed. 9. 
 
ROSACEAE 67 
 
 9. Calyx "mossy". (Moss roses). R. centifolia muscosa. 
 
 Flowers not "mossy". (Cabbage roses). R. centifolia. 
 
 10. Flowers double. (Tea roses). R. odorata. 
 Flowers single. 11. 
 
 11. Leaves very rugose. R. rugosa. 
 Leaves not rugose. 12. 
 
 12. Flowers yellow, early. (Yellow rose). R. foetida. 
 Flowers pink: stem and foliage pinkish. R. rubrifolia. 
 
 PBUNUS. Plum. Cherry, etc. 
 
 Deciduous or exceptionally evergreen trees or shrubs with 
 hard usually reddish wood with scattered ducts, the first of the 
 year sometimes slightly larger and forming a ring of a single 
 series, and fine medullary rays; rather slender terete twigs 
 sometimes transformed into or ending in spines; rounded con- 
 tinuous pale pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped 
 or half-round leaf -scars with 3 bundle-traces; minute often in- 
 distinct stipule-scars; triangular or ovoid sessile buds, the 
 terminal wanting in some groups, with several often denticu- 
 late exposed scales; chiefly lanceolate serrate petioled leaves; 
 moderately small white perfect polypetalous perigynous flowers 
 in axillary tufts or racemes ; and various-sized 1-seeded drupes. 
 
 1. With scar left by terminal bud, in autumn. 2. 
 With terminal bud present. 10. 
 
 2. Buds round-ovoid, scarcely longer than thick. 3. 
 Buds ovoid-conical, distinctly elongated. (Plum). 9. 
 
 3. Leaves round-ovate, firm, glabrous: buds dark, with 
 
 ciliate scales. (Apricot). P. Armeniaca. 
 
 Leaves distinctly longer than broad. (Plum). 4. 
 
 4. Buds puberulent, dark red. P. domestica. 
 Buds glabrous. 5. 
 
 5. Scales red-brown, ciliate: leaves small. P. angustifolia. 
 Bud-scales brown, not ciliate. 6. 
 
 6. Buds 1 obtuse: petiole with nectar-glands. P. hortulana. 
 Buds often acute: petiole wihout glands, 1, 
 
68 ROSACEAE 
 
 7. Leaves green. 8. 
 
 Leaves purple. P. cerasifera Pissardii. 
 
 8. Flowers single. P. cerasifera. 
 Flowers double. P. cerasifera Plantieriensis: 
 
 9. Buds red-brown, short (3-4 mm.). P. americana. 
 Buds blackish or gray, long (4-5 mm.). P. nigra. 
 
 10. Buds before branching round-ovoid. 11. 
 Buds distinctly elongated. 21. 
 
 11. Fruit hairy, breaking away without a stalk. 
 
 (Amygdalus). 12. 
 Fruit glabrous or with a stalk. 17. 
 
 12. Fruit with dry flesh, splitting. (Almond). 14. 
 Fruit succulent. (Peach). 13. 
 
 13. Flowers single. P. Persica. 
 Flowers double. P. Persica plena. 
 
 14. Tree, with green or red twigs. P. communis. 
 Shrubs. 15. 
 
 15. Bud-scales ciliate: leaves broad, often 3-lobed. P. triloba. 
 Bud-scales not ciliate: leaves narrow. 16. 
 
 16. Flowers single. P. japonica. 
 Flowers double. P. japonica plena. 
 
 17. Fruit breaking from stalk. (Nectarine). P. Persica laevis. 
 Fruit with stalk: stone smooth. (Cherries). 18. 
 
 18. Leaves whitish, revolute: twigs often red. 19. 
 Leaves green, not revolute. 20. 
 
 19. Leaves ascending. (Sand cherry).. P. pumila. 
 Leaves spreading. P. Besseyi. 
 
 20. Leaves nearly as broad as long, glabrous. P. Mahaleb. 
 Leaves equally broad: villous. P. tomentosa. 
 Leaves distinctly elongated. P. pennsylvanica. 
 
 21. Flowers and fruit in umbels. (Cherries). 22. 
 Flowers and fruit in racemes. (Bird-cherries). 24. 
 
 22. Trees percurrent: leaves 1 rather drooping. 23. 
 
 Tree deliquescent: leaves spreading. P. Cerasus. 
 
 23. Young leaves hairy. (Sweet cherry). P. avium. 
 Young leaves glabrate. P. serrulata. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 69 
 
 24. Leaves with incurved teeth: buds brown. P. serotina. 
 Leaves with spreading teeth, relatively short. 25. 
 
 25. Buds brown: flowers rather large (15 mm.). P. Padus. 
 Buds straw-colored: flowers small (10 mm.). P. virginiana. 
 
 Family LEGUMINOSAE. Pea Family. 
 A very large and heterogeneous widespread family com- 
 prising some of the most valuable plants- of farm and garden, 
 the sweet pea of florists, and many of the most useful plant 
 materials of landscape gardeners, and producing some of the 
 most costly tropical cabinet woods. Through their power of 
 fixing atmospheric nitrogen, even weeds of this family enrich 
 poor soil. 
 
 GYMNOCLADUS. Kentucky Coffee Tree. 
 Deciduous large rough-barked trees with hard pinkish 
 wood with rather large crowded ducts in spring, those of au- 
 tumn reduced in size and number and in a wavy transverse 
 pattern, and fine medullary rays; stout round twigs with large 
 chocolate-colored continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised 
 large bluntly heart-shaped leaf-iears with about 5 bundle-traces; 
 small if any stipule scars; round indistinctly scaly superposed 
 buds sunken in ciliate craters, the end-bud absent; large, ab- 
 ruptly pinnate or bipinnate leaves' with entire leaflets; often 
 imperfect pale polypetalous regular flowers with tubular calyx, 
 in terminal panicles; and large thick-walled legumes with 
 large brown seeds. 
 Base of leaves once pinnate: leaflets bristle-pointed G. dioica. 
 
 GLEDITSIA. Honey Locust. 
 
 Often large deciduous deliquescent trees mostly with 
 branched spines above axils; yellowish or finally reddish hard 
 wood with moderately large ducts crowded in the vernal wood 
 and passing into smaller ones in more or less evident wavy 
 transverse parenchyma-patterns later in the season, and mod- 
 erate medullary rays replaced at intervals by heavier ones; 
 moderately stout rounded rather zig-zag twigs 1 somewhat swol- 
 
70 LEGUMINOSAE 
 
 len at the nodes; angular brown homogeneous pith; alternate 
 low more or less heart-shaped or finally U-shaped leaf-scars 
 with 3 bundle-traces; small rounded sessile superposed more 
 or less concealed buds with several scales, the end-bud lacking; 
 large pinnate or bipinnate leaves with rather crenulate small- 
 ish leaflets-; inconspicuous polypetalous flowers in lateral clus- 
 ters; and often very large sometimes twisted thin legumes. 
 
 1. Spines rounded: leaves mostly once-pinnate. 2. 
 
 Spines flattened or absent: leaves mostly twice-pinnate. 3. 
 Spines wanting. 8. 
 
 2. Tree. G. sinensis. 
 Shrub. G. sinensis nana. 
 
 3. Leaves glabrate: pod 1- to 3-seeded. G. aquatica. 
 Leaves with pubescent vein-axils: pods many-seeded. 4. 
 
 4. Leaflets obtuse or notched, scarcely 20. G. japonica. 
 Leaflets rather acute, over twenty. 5. 
 
 5. Trees. 6. 
 
 Shrub: unarmed. G. triacanthos elegantissima. 
 
 6. Unarmed. G. triacanthos inermis. 
 Armed. 7. 
 
 7. Scarcely weeping. (Common honey locust). G. triacanthos. 
 Weeping. G. triacanthos Bujotii. 
 
 8. Tree. G. triacanthos inermis. 
 Shrub. G. triacanthos elegantissima. 
 
 CERCIS. Redbud. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with smoky or brownish 
 wood with small ducts in wavy patterns or those of the spring 
 somewhat larger and more crowded, and fine but distinct med- 
 ullary rays; moderately slender zig-zag roundish twigs; round- 
 ish or angled homogeneous pale or pinkish pith; alternate 2- 
 ranked raised half-round or 3-angled small leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces or a single crescent-shaped aggregate; stipule 
 vestiges above the leaf -scar; ovoid superposed lateral buds, the 
 uppermost often somewhat stalked, with several exposed scales 
 and the terminal bud lacking; rather large and heart-shaped 
 slender-stalked palmately nerved entire leaves; small pink or 
 
LEGTJMINOSAE 71 
 
 white papilionaceous flowers in axillary umbels; and thin 
 several-seeded legumes. 
 
 1. Leaves more or less pointed. 2. 
 Leaves rounded or notched at apex. 5. 
 
 2. Leaves with a distinct translucent margin. C. chinensis. 
 Leaves with obscure translucent border. 3. 
 
 3. Flowers reddish. 4. 
 
 Flow r ers white. C. canadensis alba. 
 
 4. Flowers single. (Redbud). C. canadensis. 
 Flowers double. C. canadensis plena. 
 
 5. Flowers reddish. (Judas tree). C. Siliquastrum. 
 Flowers white. C. Siliquastrum alba. 
 
 CLADRASTIS. Yellow-wood. 
 
 Small or moderate-sized deciduous trees with smooth 
 gray bark ; yellowish moderately hard wood with diffused small 
 ducts and fine but distinct medullary rays; moderate rather 
 zig-zag twigs; rather large roundish homogeneous pale pith; 
 alternate crescent-shaped or horseshoe-shaped low leaf-scars 
 with 3 or 5 at first protruding bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; 
 s'essile solitary or superposed lateral buds often aggregated in 
 a conical budlike group; no end bud; odd-pinnate leaves with 
 large entire short-stalked leaflets; rather large white perfect 
 papilionaceous flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle; and 
 thin few-seeded legumes. 
 
 1. Bundle-traces 3; buds glabrate. C. (Maackia) amurensis. 
 Bundle-traces 5; buds superposed, silky. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves glabrate. 3. 
 
 Leaves pubescent. C. sinensis. 
 
 3. Unvariegated. C. lutea. 
 Variegated with yellow. C. lutea aureo-variegata. 
 
 SOPHORA. Pagoda Tree. 
 
 Deciduous small trees with firm pale wood with small 
 ducts, somewhat larger and crowded in spring and in tangen- 
 tial lines in autumn, and fine medullary rays; somewhat finely 
 fluted rather slender twigs; rounded or bluntly angular con- 
 
72 LEGUMINOSAE 
 
 tinuous pith; alternate somewhat raised U-shaped leaf-scars 
 partly encircling the buds*, with 3 bundle-traces; minute stip- 
 ule-scars crowning the leaf-cushion; small hairy superposed 
 sessile buds with indistinct scales, the terminal bud lacking; 
 odd-pinnate leaves with stalked entire leaflets; papilionaceous 
 perfect flowers in supra-axillary racemes forming a terminal 
 panicle; and torulose pods. 
 
 Not weeping. S. japonica. 
 
 Weeping. S. japonica pendula. 
 
 LABURNUM. Golden Chain. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with brown wood with 
 small ducts crowded in spring, wavy anastomosing tangential 
 wood-parenchyma pattern, and fine medullary rays; moderate 
 fluted twigs; rounded homogeneous pale pith; alternate some- 
 what raised crescent-shaped or transversely elliptical leaf- 
 scars with 3 bundle-traces; short stipules persistent at top of 
 the leaf-scar; solitary sessile round-ovoid buds with 2 or 3 
 exposed scales; typically entire moderately large nearly sessile 
 leaflets 1 ; rather large perfect papilionaceous yellow flowers in 
 racemes; and several-seeded legumes. 
 
 1. Leaflets lobed. L. anagyroides quercifolium. 
 Leaves not lobed. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves yellow. L. anagyroides aureum. 
 Leaves green. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves sessile. L. anagyroides sessilifolium. 
 Leaves petioled. 4. 
 
 4. Leaflets elliptical. 5. 
 
 Leaflets very narrow. L. anagyroides Carlieri. 
 
 5. Leaflets flat. 6. 
 
 Leaflets concave. L. anagyroides bullatum. 
 
 6. Branches rather spreading. L. anagyroides. 
 Branches 1 distinctly drooping. L. anagyroides pendulum. 
 
 GENISTA. Whin. 
 
 Small deciduous shrubs with slender angular twigs; more 
 or less angled homogeneous pale pith; alternate small raised 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 73 
 
 crescent-shaped or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; more 
 or less evident persistent stipules; small solitary ovoid buds 
 usually concealed behind the leaf-cu&hion ; small entire appar- 
 ently simple subsessile leaves; moderately small yellow 
 papilionaceous flowers in the upper axils; and small few- 
 seeded legumes. 
 
 1. Spiny. G. germanica. 
 Unarmed. 2. 
 
 2. Erect: leaves glabrate. (Dyeweed). G. tinctoria. 
 Prostrate: leaves silky beneath. G. pilosa. 
 
 ULEX. Furze. "Fuzz." 
 
 Much-branched shrubs with light wood with minute ducts 
 in an anastomosing flame-like pattern and fine medullary rays; 
 moderate fluted twigs ending in spines; small continuous 1 
 pith; small alternate pungent linear leaves; rounded small 
 buds; yellow perfect papilionaceous rather large flowers dis- 
 tributed along the branches; and short few-seeded legumes. 
 Flowes single. U. europaeus. 
 
 Flowers double. U. europaeus plenus. 
 
 CYTISUS. Broom. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with brown wood with small ducts in 
 oblique or flame-like patterns and fine medullary rays; rather 
 slender twigs; roundish or angular homogeneous pale pith; 
 alternate raised small transversely elliptical or crescent-shaped 
 leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; scarcely evident stipule-scars ; 
 small rounded or ovoid solitary buds with 2 or 3 exposed scales, 
 often developing into short leafy spurs the first season; stalk- 
 ed rather small digitate leaves with 3 sessile entire leaflets; 
 rather large perfect papilionaceous flowers in axillary or ter- 
 minal clusters; and small several-seeded legumes. 
 
 1. Twigs prominently angled. C. scoparius. 
 Twigs scarcely angled. 2. 
 
 2. Twigs with appressed hairs. C. nigricans. 
 Twigs with spreading hairs. 3. 
 
 3. Leaflets with appressed hairs beneath. C. leucanthus. 
 Leaflets with spreading hairs beneath. 4. 
 
74 LEGUMINOSAE 
 
 4. Leaflets scarcely 20 mm. long: flowers axillary. C. hirsutus. 
 Leaflets nearly 25 mm. long: flowers in heads. C. supinus 
 
 AMORPHA. False Indigo. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs 1 with slender more or less sulcate 
 branches; rather 3-sided homogeneous pith; white wood with 
 minute ducts, somewhat more crowded in spring and in wavy 
 tangential lines in summer, and fine medullary rays; alternate 
 crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; small stipule-scars; appressed small ovoid buds with 
 about 4 exposed scales; odd-pinnate glandular-punctate leaves; 
 small papilionaceous more or less violet flowers; and small 
 glandular pods. 
 
 1. Leaves nearly se&sile: gray. (Lead plant). A. canescens. 
 Leaves distinctly stalked. 2. 
 
 2. Hairy when young. A. fruticosa. 
 Glabrous. A. glabra. 
 
 WISTERIA. Wistaria. 
 
 Deciduous twining shrubs with rather slender subterete 
 twigs; moderate somewhat angled continuous pith; alternate 
 elevated half-round or squarish leaf-scars, short-spurred at 
 base, with 3 compound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; 
 sessile round or ovoid buds with about 3 exposed 
 scales; large odd-pinnate leaves with short-stalked entire leaf- 
 lets; perfect showy papilionaceous flowers in terminal panicles; 
 and moniliform legumes with several large plump seeds. 
 
 1. Flowers appearing before the leaves, scentless. 2. 
 Flowers appearing after the leaves, fragrant. 3. 
 
 2. Panicles 30 cm. long. W. floribunda. 
 Panicles 50-90 cm. long. W. floribunda macrobotrys. 
 
 3. Panicles short (8-10 cm.), glandless'. W. frutescens. 
 Panicles moderate (15 cm. or more) : pedicels and calyx 
 
 pubescent and also glandular-papillate. W.macrostachys. 
 
 ROBINIA. Locust. Rose Acacia. 
 Deciduous trees or shrubs, sometimes with stipular spines, 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 75 
 
 with hard yellow and brown wood with the larger ducts some- 
 what crowded in spring and the smaller in tangential waves in 
 the fall growth, and moderate medullary rays; moderate zig- 
 zag roundish twigs; roundish continuous pith; alternate raised 
 leaf-scars, for a time concealing the small superposed rounded 
 buds and with 3 bundle-traces; bristle-like or spinescent sti- 
 pules; no end-bud; typically odd-pinnate leaves with entire 
 stipellate leaflets; showy perfect papilionaceous white or rosy 
 flowers in axillary racemes; and rather small flat few-seeded 
 legumes. 
 
 1. Twigs neither glandular nor bristly. 2. 
 Twigs bristly. 10. 
 
 Twigs with sticky glands, not bristly. R. viscosa. 
 
 2. Twigs prickly: pods bristly. R. Kelseyi. 
 Twigs not prickly. 3. 
 
 3. Tree round or ovoid. 4. 
 
 Tree pyramidal. R. Pseudacacia pyramidalis. 
 
 4. Unarmed. 5. 
 
 With stipular spines. 6. 
 
 5. Branching open. R. Pseudacacia inermis*. 
 Branching compact. R. Pseudacacia umbraculifera. 
 
 6. Leaves mostly of only 1 leaflet. R. Pseudacacia monophylla. 
 Leaves distinctly compound. 7. 
 
 7. Weeping. R. Pseudacacia pendula. 
 Not weeping. 8. 
 
 8. Leaves green. 9. 
 
 Leaves yellow. R. Pseudacacia aurea. 
 
 9. Flowers white. (Locust). R. Ps'eudacacia. 
 Flowers rosy. R. dubia. 
 
 10. Without sticky glands. (Rose acacia). R. hispida. 
 
 With both glands and bristles. R. neo-mexicana. 
 
 COLUTEA. Bladder Senna. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with more or less shredding bark; 
 rounded or angular twigs; rather angular homogeneous pale 
 pith; alternate small somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf- 
 scars with 1 or usually 3, 5 or 7 bundle-traces in a single series; 
 
76 LEGUMINOSAE 
 
 more or less persistent soft stipules above the leaf-scars; 
 round-ovoid solitary sessile small buds with 2-4 exposed scales; 
 odd-pinnate leaves with moderately small entire short-stalked 
 leaflets; rather large papilionaceous 1 flowers in stalked axil- 
 lary clusters; and thin-walled inflated stalked few-seeded 
 legumes. 
 
 Leaves flat. C. arborescens. 
 
 Leaves crisped. C. arborescens crispa. 
 
 Leaves concave. C. arborescens bullata. 
 
 HALIMODENURON. Salt Tree. 
 
 Deciduou& armed shrubs with moderate roundish twigs; 
 roundish pale continuous pith; alternate raised crescent- 
 shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; minute stipule scars; 
 ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; abruptly pin 
 nate small leaves with the rachis ending in a spine beyond the 
 few leaflets; rather large rosy papilionaceous perfect flowers, 
 slender-stalked on swollen short spurs; and short slender- 
 stalked swollen legumes with several small rounded seeds. 
 Leaflets bristle-tipped. H. halodendron. 
 
 CARAGANA. Pea Tree. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs often with leaf- or stipule-spines; mod- 
 erate or slender often angled twigs; angled often spongy or 
 evanescent pale pith; alternate raised small crescent-shaped 
 leaf scars with 1 bundle-trace, flanked by persistent stipules; 
 ovoid rather large and appressed solitary sessile buds with 
 several exposed scales; abruptly pinnate or subdigitate leaves 
 with rather small entire often mucronate leaflets and pro- 
 longed rachis; perfect moderate-sized yellow papilionaceous 
 flowers usually in small clusters from axillary spurs; and not 
 greatly swollen legumes. 
 
 1. Stipules and rachis-tip bristle-like: leaves digitate. C. frutex. 
 Stipules pungent: rachis bristle-like: leaves pinnate. 2. 
 Rachis pungent-tipped. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves short, elliptical-obovate. C. arborescens. 
 Leaves elongated, linear-spatulate. C. arborescens Lorbergii. 
 
RUTACEAE 77 
 
 3. Rachis persisting as a spine after fall of leaflets. C. spinosa. 
 Rachis not persistent: leaflets few. 4. 
 
 4. Leaflets distinctly pinnate. C. Chamlagu. 
 Leaflets appearing digitate, narrow. C. pygmaea. 
 
 CALOPHACA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs (or grafted as small standard trees) with 
 slender terete twigs; small roundish continuous pith; alternate 
 minute raised roundish leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; 
 persistent triangular stipules; small sessile buds with few 
 loose scales 1 ; odd-pinnate leaves with small round entire sessile 
 leaflets; rather large perfect papilionaceous flowers in sparse 
 racemes; and terete pods. 
 
 Leaflets about 15: flowers under 10. C. woigarica. 
 
 Leaflets about 20: flowers about 12. C. grandiflora. 
 
 PUERARIA. Kudzu Vine. 
 
 Herbaceous- twining plants, woody and persistent only at 
 the base, the coiling ends of the branches tendril-like, with 
 alternate trifoliolate leaves with very large-lobed leaflets; arid 
 (in warm enough regions) perfect purple papilionaceous flow- 
 ers in axillary spikes, followed by long legumes. 
 Leaflets rather rhombic-ovate, ciliate. P. hirsuta. 
 
 Family RUTACEAE. Rue Family. 
 
 A moderate sized family, chiefly important commercially 
 as producing the citrus fruits; somewhat used in ornamental 
 planting. 
 
 TBIPHASIA. Limeberry. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with pale hard wood with minute diffus- 
 ed ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slender green twigs; 
 paired axillary spines; no stipule scars; alternate trifoliolate 
 pellucid-punctate leaves; moderately small perfect polypetalous 
 white fragrant flowers solitary in the axils; and thick-skinned 
 red berries with 1 or more very large seeds. 
 Glabrous: terminal leaflet enlarged. T. trifolia. 
 
78 RUTACEAE 
 
 PONCIRUS. Hardy or Deciduous Orange. 
 Deciduous shrub with pale firm wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; strong tortuously 3-sided and 
 compressed green twig& with solitary large compressed axillary 
 spines; more or less compressed continuous relatively large 
 white pith; alternate minute low half-round leaf-scars with a 
 single indistinct compound bundle-trace; no end-bud or stipule- 
 scars; small hemispherical finally red sessile solitary buds 
 with about 4 exposed scales; trifoliolate pellucid^punctate 
 leaves; moderately small perfect polypetalous white flowers 
 solitary or paired in the axils in early spring; and orange-like 
 fruit 4 cm. in diameter. Sometimes placed in Citrus. 
 Vegetative parts glabrous : fruit velvety. P. trifoliata. 
 
 PTELEA. Hop Tree. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with soft wood with larger 
 crowded vernal ducts and small summer ducts in wavy tan- 
 gential patterns, and fine medullary rays; rather slender 
 roundish twigs with round continuous pith; alternate litMe- 
 raised finally horseshoe-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; 
 no stipule-scars; small hairy superposed lateral buds but no 
 end bud; palmately trifoliolate stalked leaves with large near- 
 ly entire pellucid-punctate leaflets; rather small perfect open 
 polypetalous flowers in compound corymbs; and densely clus- 
 tered slender-pedicelled round veiny samaras. 
 
 1. Twigs glabrous. 2. 
 
 Twigs finely tomentose. P. trifoliata mollis. 
 
 2. Leaves green. (Wafer ash). P. trifoliata. 
 Leaves 1 yellow. P. trifoliata aurea. 
 
 PHELLODENDRON. Cork Tree. 
 
 Small deciduous trees with soft-corky bark; brown wood 
 with rather large ducts crowded in the spring wood and minute 
 ducts in wavy tangential lines in summer, and fine medullary 
 rays; rather stout rounded twigs; crenate continuous white 
 pith; opposite or alternate, but then 4-ranked, somewhat eleva- 
 ted horseshoe shaped leaf-scars w.ih 3 simple or compound 
 
SlMARUBACEAE 79 
 
 bundle-traces; no stipule scars; small hairy edged buds; 
 abruptly pinnate leaves with several nearly entire lanceolate 
 leaflets; small dioecious greenish flowers in stalked terminal 
 clusters; and black several-seeded berry-like drupes. 
 
 1. Bark soft-corky: twigs* orange. P. amurense. 
 Bark not corky: twigs red or purplish. 2. 
 
 2. Twigs glabrous. P. sachalinense. 
 Twigs somewhat hairy. P. chinense. 
 
 SKIMMIA. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with alternate subsessile simple pellucid 
 glandular leaves; small imperfect polypetalous white flowers 
 in terminal clusters; and rather small red berry-like fruits. 
 Leaves oblong or obovate. S. japonica. 
 
 ZANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Ash. 
 
 Deciduous (or in warm countries evergreen) aromatic 
 shrubs or small trees with yellowish wood with minute ducts, 
 slightly smaller and les's crowded in summer, and fine medul- 
 lary rays; moderate rounded twigs with prickles (sometimes a 
 pair beside each leaf-scar) ; rounded continuous pith; alternate 
 somewhat raised half-round or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; no stipule-scars; round red-hairy superposed buds with 
 indistinct scales; odd-pinnate pellucid-punctate moderate 
 sometimes prickly leaves; small dioecious polypetalous flowers 
 in axillary clusters or panicled; and small leathery capsules, 
 each with 1 or 2 round black seeds. 
 
 1. Prickles by leaf-bases large, deltoid-acuminate. Z. Bungei. 
 Prickles not greatly dilated at base. 2. 
 
 2. Flowers 1 panicled: leaflets glossy, falcate. Z. Clava-herculis. 
 Flowers clustered in the axils. Z. americanum. 
 
 Family SlMARUBACEAE. Quassia Family. 
 
 A rather small family of little economic importance; 
 chiefly known in temperate regions through the too-common 
 use of the tropical-appearing ailanthus. 
 
80 MELIACEAE 
 
 AILANTHUS. Tree of Heaven. 
 
 Loosely branched deciduous trees with rather smooth 
 coarsely lenticeled bark ; yellowish soft wood with rather large 
 spring ducts, tangentially disposed summer ducts, and distinct 
 medullary rays; stout twigs with homogeneous colored pith; 
 half-round buds with 2 or 4 exposed sicales, the place of the 
 terminal represented by a large scar; alternate odd-pinnate 
 large leaves with somewhat toothed leaflets bearing nectar- 
 glands beneath on some of the teeth, the large cordate leaf- 
 scars with about 9 bundle-traces; small dioecious polypetalous 
 panicled flowers; and elongated somewhat twisted samaras. 
 
 1. Twigs prickly. A. Vilmoriniana. 
 Unarmed. 2. 
 
 2. Twigs finely pubescent. 3. 
 
 Twigs glabrous. A. glandulosa pendulifolia. 
 
 3. Fruit green. A. glandulosa. 
 Fruit red. A. glandulosa erythrocarpa. 
 
 Family MELIACEAE. Chinaberry Family. 
 
 , A small chiefly tropical family producing mahogany, the 
 valuable West Indian "cedar" or cigar-box wood; a few forms 
 used for shade trees. 
 
 CEDRELA. False Cedar. 
 
 Deciduous rather smooth-barked trees resembling Ailanthus, 
 with brown mahogany-like wood with large ducts crowded in 
 spring but small and fewer in summer, and fine medullary 
 rays; stout puberulent twigs; large round finally colored homo- 
 geneous pith; alternate large low broadly heart-shaped leaf- 
 scars with 5 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; round buds with 
 several exposed scales, the terminal bud present and broadly 
 conical; large odd-pinnate leaves with pointed serrate short' 
 stalked glandless leaflets; small whitish usually perfect poly- 
 petalous panicled flowers; and capsular fruit with winged seeds. 
 Leaves merely paler beneath. C. sinensis. 
 
 Leaves glaucous beneath. C. serrata. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE 81 
 
 MELIA. Chinaberry. 
 
 Deciduous trees with firm brown wood with small ducts 
 more crowded in spring and somewhat undulately tangentially 
 lined in summer, and rather fine medullary rays; moderate 
 terete twigs; round continuous pith; somewhat raised 3-lobed 
 leaf -scars with 3 compound bundle-traces; rounded sometimes 
 superposed buds with few expo&ed scales; twice or thrice pin- 
 nate long-petioled leaves with toothed leaflets; perfect poly- 
 petalous open lilac loosely clustered flowers with monadelphous 
 stamens; and moderate-sized round yellowish translucent 
 berry-like drupes. 
 
 Tree round topped. M. Azedarach. 
 
 Tree umbrella-shaped. M. Azedarach unbraculiformis. 
 
 Family EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family. 
 A very large widespread family, largely herbs, with milky 
 acrid sap; yielding Brazilian India-rubber, cassava or tapioca, 
 the principal bread-stuff of the tropics, the source of medicinal 
 croton oil and castor oil, and including the poinsettia and 
 "crotons" of florists. The castor bean is much used for tall 
 temporary foliage masses. 
 
 ANDBACHNE. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender fluted twigs; small 
 3-sided continuous brown pith; alternate small somewhat raised 
 half-elliptical leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; narrow 
 stipule-scars or elongated persistent stipules'; sessile ovoid 
 buds with several exposed ciliate scales; rather small simple 
 entire short-petioled leaves; monoecious polypetalous or apet- 
 alous inconspicuous slender-stalked axillary flowers; and de- 
 pressed 3-lobed capsules with six 3-sided pale seeds. 
 Leaves elliptical, glabrescent. A. phyllanthoides. 
 
 SECURINEGA. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender somewhat angled 
 twigs; relatively large rounded or angular continuous white 
 pith; alternate small raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a 
 
82 BUXACEAE 
 
 single bundle trace; no stipule-scars; se&sile ovoid buds with 
 several exposed scales; subelliptical slender-petioled leaves; 
 small imperfect apetalous flowers, clustered in the axils; and 
 small 3-lobed few-seeded capsules. 
 Leaves acute at both ends, entire, pale beneath. S. ramiflora. 
 
 Family BUXACEAE. Box Family. 
 
 A rather small family producing the boxwood formerly 
 much us'ed in wood-engraving, but otherwise of little use. Tne 
 box is the most highly esteemed plant for clipped evergreen 
 hedges where it endures the climate, and, in tubs, often takes 
 the place o'f laurel for formal specimens. 
 
 Buxus. Box Tree. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or small trees with hard close-grained 
 wood; slender 4-sided branches; small roundish homogeneous 
 pith; opposite small crescent-shaped decurrent leaf-scars with 
 1 transverse bundle-trace; multiple buds with several loose 
 scales; ovate to obovate sessdle small entire leaves; small 
 monoecious apetalous nearly sessile flowers in axillary clus- 
 ters-; and small 3-valved capsules. 
 
 1. Leaves broadest at or below the middle: twigs pubescent. 2. 
 Leaves broadest above the middle: twigs glabrous 1 . 5. 
 
 2. Leaves green. 3, 
 Leaves variegated. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves not glaucous. (Common box). B. sempervirens. 
 Leaves glaucous beneath. B. sempervirens glauca. 
 
 4. Leaves white-bordered. B. sempervirens argentea. 
 Leaves yellow-bordered. B. sempervirens marginata. 
 Leaves 1 yellow. B. sempervirens aurea. 
 
 5. Low or prostrate. B. microphylla. 
 Moderately high. (Japanese box). B. japonica. 
 
 PACHYSANDKA 
 
 More or less evergreen softwooded perennials with alter- 
 nate relatively large wing-petioled toothed leaves clustered to- 
 ward the ends of the short erect shoots; small white or pur- 
 
EMPETRACEAE 83 
 
 plish monoecious apetalous spiked flowers; and small 3-lobed 
 
 capsules. 
 
 Leaves coarsely crenate: flowers at top. P. terminalis. 
 
 Leaves crenately lobed: flowers at base. P. procuinbens. 
 
 Family EMPETRACEAE. Crowberry Family. 
 A small family of low evergreens, chiefly in cold regions. 
 
 EMPETBUM. Crowberry. 
 
 Low matted evergreen shrubs with slender twigs; small 
 raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace, usually 
 in whorls of 3; no stipule-scars; small round sessile solitary 
 buds with few scales; small narrow crowded entire leaves; in- 
 conspicuous apetalous polygamous flowers; and relatively 
 large berry-like fruits. 
 
 1. Leaves scarcely reflexed: twigs tomentose. 2. 
 
 Lower leaves reflexed: twigs glandular or glabrate. E.nigrum. 
 
 2. Leaves rather spreading: fruit opaque. E. atropurpureum. 
 Leaves ascending: fruit translucent. E. Eamesii. 
 
 COREMA. Broom Crowberry. 
 
 Evergreen low shrubst with slender fluted twigs; minute 
 continuous pith; alternate elevated crescent-shaped minute 
 leaf -scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small 
 globose sessile buds 1 with several exposed scales; miuute ob- 
 long nearly sessile blunt green leaves; small apetalous poly- 
 gamous flowers clustered at ends of the branches; and several- 
 seeded small dry drupes. 
 Leaves minutely serrulate, grooved on both faces. C. Conradii. 
 
 Family ANACARDIACEAE. Sumach Family. 
 A small family, chiefly of warm regions*, yielding mangoes, 
 cashew apples and cashew nuts, pistacio nuts, and the lacquer 
 of Japan; notable among the plants of temperate regions as 
 including the very poisonous poison ivy and poison sumach, 
 the former an attractive but ineradicable climber, and the lat- 
 er an unusually beautiful shrub. 
 
84 ANACABDIACEAE 
 
 RHUS. Sumach. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or straggling small trees with aromatic 
 resinous or milky sap; soft reddish or greenish wood with 
 small ducts, decreasingly smaller or in wavy transverse pat- 
 terns in the summer growth, and fine medullary rays; usually 
 stout roundish or 3- or 5-sided twigs with large pith of similar 
 shape; alternate somewhat raised triangular or C-shaped large 
 leaf-scars; roundish sessile buds; pinnate leaves with mostly 
 toothed or sometimes incised lanceolate leaflets; small often 
 imperfect polypetalous yellowish flowers in axillary or termi- 
 nal clusters; and small often dry drupe-like fruits. The true 
 sumachs are sometimes separated as Schmaltzia, and the 
 name Toxicodendron is used for the poisonous group. 
 
 1. Leaflets three. 2. 
 Leaflets 5 or more. 4. 
 
 2. Fruit red, pubescent. (Fragrant sumach). R. canadensis. 
 POISONOUS. Fruit white, glabrous. 3. 
 
 3. Prostrate or climbing by roots: leaflets thin, 
 
 scarcely lobed. (Poison ivy). R. radicans. 
 
 Bushy: leaflets firm, often deeply lobed. 
 
 (Poison oak). R. Toxicodendron. 
 
 4. POISONOUS. Fruit white, glabrous: leaflets entire: 
 
 rachis not winged. (Poison sumach). R. Vernix. 
 
 Fruit red, pubescent. 5. 
 
 5. Rachis winged between the leaflets. 6. 
 Rachis not winged. 7. 
 
 6. Leaflets mostly entire, glossy, glabrate beneath. R. copallina. 
 Leaflets toothed, hairy beneath. R. javanica. 
 
 7. Glabrous. 8. 
 Hairy. 9. 
 
 8. Leaflets serrate. (Smooth sumach). R. glabra. 
 Leaflets deeply cut. R. glabra laciniata. 
 
 9. Leaflets serrate. (Staghorn sumach). R. typhina. 
 Leaflets deeply cut. R. typhina laciniata. 
 Leaflets twice-divided. R. typhina dissecta. 
 
CYRILLACEAE 85 
 
 COTINUS. Smoke Tree. 
 
 Aromatic-gummy deciduous shrubs or very small trees 
 with soft yellow wood with crowded moderate ducts in the 
 spring growth, dotted or transverse groups of minute ducts in 
 the summer growth, and fine but evident medullary rays; 
 roundish twigs; alternate raised crescent-shaped or 3-lobed 
 rather small leaf-scars with 3 or 5 bundle-traces; entire mod- 
 erately large slender-stalked simple leaves; inconspicuous poly- 
 petal ous flowers in terminal panicles; and small dry fruits on 
 feathery slender stalks. Frequently placed under Rhus. 
 
 1. Leaves rather round and small (scarcely 8 cm. long). 2. 
 Leaves elliptical and large (10-16 cm. long). C. americanus. 
 
 2. Not weeping. 3. 
 
 Weeping. C. Coggygria pendulus. 
 
 3. Leaves somewhat pubescent. C. Coggygria pubescens. 
 Leaves glabrous. 4. 
 
 4. Hairs of inflorescence pale. C. Coggygria. 
 Hairs of inflorescence purple. C. Coggygria atropurpureus. 
 
 Family CYRILLACEAE. 
 
 A small family of no considerable use: the following some- 
 times found in shrubberies. 
 
 CYRILLA. Black ti-ti. 
 
 Subevergreen shrubs or small trees with rather hard 
 brownish wood with minute diffused ducts and fine but evident 
 medullary rays; rather slender 3-angled twigs; alternate some- 
 what raised triangular small leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; 
 solitary sessile small buds with several loose pointed scales; 
 simple moderately small cuneately short-stalked leaves; small 
 colorless perfect polypetalous flowers clustered in racemes from 
 the winter nodes; and small ovoid capsules on reflexed pedicels. 
 Leaves subacuminate, revolute, raised-veiny. C. racemiflora. 
 
 CLIFTONIA. Buckwheat Tree. 
 
 Evergreen hard-leaved shrubs with rounded smooth-barked 
 twigs; small rounded homogeneous pink pith; alternate low 
 
86 AQUIFOLIACEAE 
 
 obtusely triangular leaf-scars with a single simple or com- 
 pound bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small solitary compressed- 
 ovoid sessile buds with about 2 scales; moderately small sub- 
 sessile entire nearly veinless leaves; rather small perfect 
 whitish polypetalous flowers in terminal- racemes; and small 
 rounded 3-winged dry fruit, 
 Leaves slightly revolute, more or less downy. C. monophylia. 
 
 Family AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family. 
 A rather small but widespread family, chiefly of deciduous 
 shrubs; the larger species yield a fine-grained wood, and many 
 are attractive through their persistent bright colored fruit. 
 
 ILEX. Holly. 
 
 Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees with white 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and fine crowded medullary 
 rays; moderate or slender rather 3-sided twigs; somewhat an- 
 gular continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent- 
 shaped leaf -scars with a sometimes broken bundle-trace; mi- 
 nute stipule-scars or persistent stipules; ovoid sessile buds with 
 about 3 exposed scales; simple petioled moderate or small 
 leaves; small more or less imperfect whitish polypetalous 
 flowers in the axils; and rather small few-seeded berry-like 
 drupes. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 Deciduous. 6. 
 
 2. Leaves relatively large, pungently pointed or toothed. 4. 
 Leaves rather small, not pungent. 3. 
 
 3. Fruit black: leaves dotted beneath. I. glabra. 
 Fruit red: leaves not dotted. I. vomitoria. 
 
 4. Leaves very glossy. (European holly). I. Aquifolium. 
 Leaves dull. 5. 
 
 5. Fruit red. (American holly). I. opaca. 
 Fruit yellow. I. opaca xanthocarpa. 
 
 6. Leaves very small (2 cm.). (Japanese holly). I. crenata. 
 Leaves moderate. 7. 
 
CELASTRACEAE 87 
 
 7. Leaves sharply serrate; nutlets not ridged. 8. 
 
 Leaves crenately toothed: nutlets ribbed. I. decidua. 
 
 8. Fruit red. (Black alder). I. verticillata 
 Fruit yellow. I. verticillata chrysocarpa. 
 
 NEMOPANTHUS. Mountain Holly. 
 
 Deciduous glabrous shrubs with slender terete twigs; 
 small continuous somewhat 3-sided pith; alternate slightly 
 raised crescent- or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a single bun- 
 dle-trace; scarcely evident minute stipule-scars; ovoid sessile 
 buds with about 3 exposed scales; rather small slender-petioled 
 often entire leaves; small whitish polypetalous often imperfect 
 usually solitary flowers long-pedicelled from the axils; and 
 small red berry-like drupes with several hard nutlets. 
 Leaves oblong to elliptical, mucronulate. N. mucronata. 
 
 Family CELASTRACEAE. Spindle Tree Family. 
 
 A small family of little use apart from their employment 
 in landscape work, for which their bright seeds render them 
 attractive. 
 
 CELASTBUS. Bittersweet. 
 
 Deciduous woody twiners with soft pale wood with (in our 
 species) rather large ducts in spring and minute scattered 
 summer ducts, and moderately fine medullary rays; rounded 
 stems; round homogeneous pale pith; alternate slightly raised 
 decurrent half-round leaf-scars with a compound crescent- 
 shaped bundle-trace; minute stipule-scars or persistent fim- 
 briate stipules; round sessile solitary buds with several ex- 
 posed scales; large stalked low-crenate leaves; rather small 
 white perfect polypetalous flowers in axillary clusters; leath- 
 ery orange capsules; and brilliant red-arillate seeds. 
 Fruits few, in short axillary clusters. C. orbiculatus. 
 
 Fruits numerous, in terminal clusters. C. scandens. 
 
 EVONYMUS. Burning Bush. Spindle Tree. 
 Shrubs or small trees with white or yellowish firm wood 
 with innumerable minute diffused ducts and extremely fine 
 medullary rays; more or less angular or winged moderately 
 
88 
 
 CELASTKACEAE 
 
 slender often green twigs; round or angular continuous or 
 spongy or evanescent pale pith; opposite somewhat raised cres- 
 cent-shaped leaf -scars with a crescent-shaped bundle-trace; 
 minute stipule-scars; usually elongated solitary sessile buds 
 with several pairs of rather fleshy scales; medium-sized stalked 
 toothed or crenate leaves; small whitish or lurid perfect poly- 
 petalous flowers in stalked axillary clusters; and usually pink 
 leathery capsules with several large red-arillate seeds. 
 
 1. Creeping, trailing, or climbing. 2. . 
 Bushy or tree-like. 7. 
 
 2. Climbing by roots: leaves small (1.5-5 cm.). 3. 
 Not climbing. 5. 
 
 3. Leaves not variegated. E. radicaris. 
 Leaves white-margined. E. radicans argenteo-marginata. 
 Leaves margined with red. E. radicans roseo-marginata. 
 Leaves white-veined. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves rather large. 
 
 Leaves small (scarcely 1.5 cm.). 
 
 5. Leaves linear, narrow. 
 Leaves obovate, broad. 6. 
 
 6. Leaves not variegated. 
 Leaves variegated. 
 
 7. Evergreen. 8. 
 Deciduous. 15. 
 
 8. Leaves not variegated. 9. 
 Leaves variegated. 12. 
 
 9. Round-topped. 10. 
 Conical or oblong. 
 
 10. Leaves green. 
 
 Leaves yellow when young. 11. 
 
 11. Young leaves light yellow. 
 Young leaves golden. 
 
 12. Variegation marginal. 13. 
 
 E. radicans reticulata. 
 
 E. radicans minima. 
 
 E. nana. 
 
 E. obovata. 
 E. obovata variegata. 
 
 E. japonica columnaris. 
 E. japonica. 
 
 E. japonica pallens. 
 E. japonica aurea. 
 
 Variegation median. 
 13. Margin white. 
 Margin yellow. 
 
 14. 
 
 E. japonica albo-marginata. 
 E. japonica aureo-marginata. 
 
STAPHYLEACEAE 89 
 
 14. Middle bright yellow. E. japonica medio-picta. 
 Middle green and yellow. E. japonica viridi-variegata. 
 
 15. Twigs with corky wings or warts. 16. 
 
 Twigs neither winged nor conspicuously warty. 17. 
 
 16. With wings. E. alata, 
 With prominent warts. E. verrucosa. 
 
 17. Fruit roughened: petals 5. E. americana. 
 Fruit smooth: petals and carpels four. 18. 
 
 18. Carpels nearly separate. E. alata subtriflora. 
 Fruit merely lobed. 19. 
 
 19. Buds long (10 mm.): fruit lobes winged. E. latifolia. 
 Buds short (5 mm.) : fruit not winged. 20. 
 
 20. Flowers whitish, few in a cluster: buds round-ovoid. 21. 
 Flowers' purple, numerous. (Wahoo). E. atropurpurea. 
 
 21. Fruit pink. 22. 
 
 Fruit whitish. E. europaea leucocarpa. 
 
 Fruit purple. E. europaea atrorubens. 
 
 22. Leaves green. 23. 
 
 Leaves purplish. E. europaea atropurpurea. 
 
 23. Tall. (Spindle tree). E. europaea. 
 Very dwarf. E. europaea nana. 
 
 PACHISTIMA. 
 
 Low evergreen shrubs with minute dark pith; slender 4- 
 sided or 4-lined twigs; opposite somewhat raised crescent- 
 shaped small leaf-scars with 3 more or less distinct bundle- 
 traces; ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed scales; small 
 leathery nearly sessile usually serrulate leaves; minute perfect 
 polypetalous 4-merous greenish or reddish flowers in the axils; 
 and small capsules with few white-arillate seeds. 
 Flower-stalks very short. P. procumbens. 
 
 Flower-stalks elongated and very slender. P. Canbyi. 
 
 Family STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladdernut Family. 
 
 A small family of shrubs, of no use except in landscape 
 planting. 
 
90 ACERACEAE 
 
 STAPHYLEA. Bladdernut. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with soft pale wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; moderate rounded twigs; 
 rather large continuous pith; opposite half-round somewhat 
 raised leaf-scars with about 10 bundle-traces in a C- or 0-shaped 
 series; no stipule scars; ovoid sessile buds with 2 or 4 exposed 
 scales; petioled trifoliolate or odd-pinnate leaves with ovate 
 or lanceolate crenulate or serrate rather large leaflets; small- 
 ish white polypetalous perfect flowers in stalked clusters; and 
 large bladder-like 3-celled fruit with few seeds. 
 
 1. Leaflets three. 2. 
 
 Leaflets usually 5 or 7. S. pinnata. 
 
 2. Terminal leaflet very short-stalked. S. Bumalda. 
 Terminal leaflet distinctly stalked. S. trifolia. 
 
 Family ACERACEAE. Maple Family. 
 A rather small family of trees and shrubs yielding impor- 
 tant cabinet woods, and the source of the much esteemed ma- 
 ple sugar: containing some of the best shrubs and street trees. 
 
 ACEB. Maple. Box-elder. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs 1 or trees with commonly rough bark in 
 age; rather brown often hard wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and rather fine but distinct medullary rays; round homo- 
 geneous pale pith; slender to stout nearly terete twigs; oppo- 
 site narrow U-shaped leaf-scars with usually 3 or 5 bundle-traces 
 in a single series; ovoid or conical buds, occasionally stalked 
 and with 2 valvate outer scales but mostly with several visible 
 pairs of scales; usually palmately veined and lobed leaves 
 (exceptionally unlobed, and palmately or pinnately compound 
 in the group Negundo, etc.) ; usually imperfect and small often 
 greenish polypetalous or apetalous flowers variously clustered; 
 and rather large paired wing-fruits. 
 
 1. Buds distinctly stalked, with 2 valvate scales. 2. 
 Buds essentially sessile. 3. 
 
 2. Twigs and buds glabrous. A. pennsylvanicum. 
 Twigs and buds pubescent: leaves serrate. A. spicatum. 
 
ACEKACEAE 91 
 
 3. Buds with two scales: leaves many-lobed. 4. 
 Mature buds with several exposed scales. 13. 
 
 4. Pubescent for a time: lobes typically short. 5. 
 Glabrous: lobes separated fully half-way to base. 7. 
 
 5. Lobes short. 6. 
 
 Lobes separated nearly to base. A. japonicum Parsonii. 
 
 6. Leaves green. A. japonicum. 
 Leaves yellow. A. japonicum aureum. 
 
 7. Leaves not variegated. 8. 
 Leaves variegated. 11. 
 
 8. Leaves green. 10. 
 
 Leaves purple. A. palmatum atropurpureuni. 
 Leaves red. 9. 
 
 9. Lobes broad. A. palmatum sanguineum. 
 Lobes dissected. A. palmatum ornatum, 
 
 10. Lobes dissected. A. palmatum dissectum. 
 Lobes broad. A. palmatum. 
 
 11. Lobes broad. 12. 
 
 Lobes dissected: mottled. A. palmatum Frederici-Guilelmi. 
 
 12. Leaves mottled. A. palmatum bicolor. 
 Leaves rosy-margined. A. palmatum roseo-marginatum. 
 
 13. Leaf -scars glandular at top: leaves compound. 14. 
 Leaf-scars not glandular: leaves simple. 19. 
 
 14. Twigs green. .15. 
 
 Twigs deep purple. A. Negundo violaceum. 
 
 15. Leaves not variegated. 16. 
 Leaves variegated. 17. 
 
 16. Leaves green. (Box-elder). A. Negundo. 
 Leaves yellow. A. Negundo auratum. 
 
 17. Leaves mottled. A. Negundo aureo-maculatum. 
 Variegation marginal. 18. 
 
 18. Margin white. A. Negundo argenteo-variegatum. 
 Margin yellow. A. Negundo aureo-marginatum. 
 
 19. Buds ovoid or short-conical. 20. 
 
 Buds conical, pointed, gray-pubescent. 50. 
 
 20. Buds glabrate, green or red. 21. 
 Buds gray-pubescent. 48. 
 
92 ACER ACE AE 
 
 21. Buds small (scarcely 5 mm.). 22. 
 
 Buds large (the terminal 5 mm. or more), solitary. 32. 
 
 22. Buds not becoming multiple. 23. 
 
 Buds becoming multiple in early winter. 24. 
 
 23. Leaves ovate, scarcely lobed. A. tataricum. 
 Leaved with a middle and two lateral lobes 1 . A. ginnala. 
 
 24. Bark flaking in age: lobes of leaves widened upwards: 
 
 flowers without petals. (Silver maple). 25. 
 Bark not flaking: lobes of leaves narrowed upwards: 
 flowers with red petals, fragrant. (Red maple). 31. 
 
 25. Leaves not variegated. 26. 
 
 Leaves pale-mottled. A. saccharinum albo-variegatum. 
 
 26. Not weeping. 27. 
 
 Weeping: leaves laciniate. A. saccharinum Weirii. 
 
 27. Leaves green. 28. 
 
 Leaves yellow. A. saccharinum lutescens. 
 
 28. Leaves with broad lobes. 29. 
 Leaves laciniate. 30. 
 
 29. Lobes moderately separated: fetid. A. saccharinum. 
 Lobes very deeply separated. A. saccharinum tripartitum. 
 
 30. Lobes flat. A. saccharinum heterophyllum. 
 Lobes crisped. A. saccharinum crispum. 
 
 31. Tree round or ovoid: not fetid. A. rubrum. 
 Tree oblong-pyramidal. A. rubrum columnare. 
 
 32. Leaf-scars meeting: sap milky. (Norway maple). 33. 
 Leaf -scars not meeting: sap not milky. 43. 
 
 33. Leaves not variegated. 34. 
 Leaves variegated. 40. 
 
 34. Leaves green. 35. 
 Leaves red or purple. 38. 
 
 35. Tree round-topped. 36. 
 
 Tree oblong. A. platanoides columnare. 
 
 36. Leaves broad-lobed. 37. 
 
 Leaves deeply dissected. A. platanoides dissectum. 
 
 37. Lobes moderately separated. A. platanoides. 
 Lobes separated nearly to base. A. platanoides laciniatum. 
 
HlPPOCASTANACEAJE 93 
 
 38. Leaves 5-lobed. 39. 
 
 Leaves 3-lobed, purple, then green. A. platanoides Stollei. 
 
 39. Leaves from green becoming red. A. platanoides rubrum. 
 Leaves red becoming green. A. platanoides Schwedleri. 
 
 40. Leaves white-mottled. A. platanoides albo-variegatuni. 
 Leaves margined with white or yellow. 41. 
 
 41. Margin white, young leaves red. A platanoides Drummondii. 
 Margin yellow. 42. 
 
 42. Young leaves red. A. platanoides Wittmackii. 
 Young leaves green. A. platanoides aureo-marginatuin. 
 
 43. Tree round-topped. (Sycamore maple). 44. 
 
 Tree oblong-conical. A. pseudoplatanus nervosum. 
 
 44. Leaves not variegated. 45. 
 Leaves mottled. 46. 
 
 45. Leaves green. A. pseudoplatanus. 
 Leaves yellow. A. pseudoplatanus Worlei. 
 Leaves purple. A. pseudoplatanus purpurascens. 
 
 46. Leaves green. A. pseudoplatanus bicolor. 
 Leaves red or purple when young. 47. 
 
 47. Uniformly mottled. A. pseudoplatanus albo-variegatum. 
 With large and small spots. A. pseudoplatanus quadricolor. 
 
 48. Leaves glaucous beneath, glabrous. A. monspessoilanum. 
 Leaves green and usually pubescent beneath. 49. 
 
 49. Not variegated. (Field maple). A. campestre. 
 Leaves mottled. A. campestre argenteo-variegatum. 
 
 50. Petioles widened at base so as to conceal the buds, 
 
 often with stipules. (Black maple). A. nigrum. 
 
 Petioles not concealing the buds. 51. 
 
 51. Tree ovoid. (Sugar maple). A. saccharum. 
 Tree columnar. A. saccharum monumentale. 
 
 Family HIPPOCASTANACEAE. Horsechestnut Family. 
 
 A small family of little use except for planting, but in- 
 cluding some excellent shade and street trees. 
 
 AESCULUS. Buckeye. Horsechestnut. 
 Usually ovoid deciduous trees, but sometimes shrubs, with 
 
94 HlPPOCASTANACEAE 
 
 more or less soft corky gray or dark bark; pale rather soft 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and extremely fine medullary 
 rays; stout terete twigs; large somewhat hexagonal homogene- 
 ous pale pith; large digitate leaves; large opposite shield- 
 shaped leaf-scars with 3 or several bundle-traces in a single 
 series; ovoid buds, the terminal large, with several pairs of 
 exposed opposite scales; perfect paniculate showy polypetalous 
 flowers; and leathery capsules with 1 or several very large 
 roundish seeds. 
 
 1. Buds gummy: leaflets subsessile, impressed-veiny. 2. 
 Buds not gummy. (Buckeyes). 12. 
 
 2. Buds persistently gummy: leaflets often seven. 3. 
 Scales drying: leaflets mostly 5. X A. carnea. 
 
 3. Trees* 4. 
 
 Shrub. A. Hippocastanum pumila. 
 
 4. Leaves unvariegated. 5. 
 Leaves variegated. 11. 
 
 5. Leaflets merely toothed. 6. 
 Leaflets deeply cut. 9. 
 
 6. Tree with ovoid top. 7. 
 
 Tree with round top. A. Hippocastanum unbraculifera. 
 Tree pyramidal. A. Hippocastanum pyramidalis. 
 
 7. Flowers single. (Horsechestnut). A. Hippocastanum. 
 Flowers double. 8. 
 
 8. Flowers yellowish red. A. Hippocastanum Schirnhoferi. 
 Flowers white. A. Hippocastanum Baumannii. 
 
 9. Tree with ovoid top. 10. 
 
 Tree rather pyramidal. A. Hippocastanum Henkelii. 
 
 10. Leaflets of usual outline. A. Hippocastanum laciniata. 
 Leaflets short and broad. A. Hippocastanum incisa. 
 
 11. Variegation yellow. A. Hippocastanum variegata. 
 With white blotches. A. Hippocastanum Memmingeri. 
 
 12. Fruit warty: bark softly corky. 13. 
 Fruit not warty. 14. 
 
 13. Tree: leaflets mostly 5. (Ohio buckeye). A. glabra. 
 Shrub: leaflets mostly 7. A. glabra Buckleyi. 
 
SAPINDACEAE 95 
 
 14. Leaflets characteristically five. 15. 
 
 Leaflets often 7: shrubs: flowers white. A. parviflora. 
 
 15. Petals without marginal glands. 16. 
 Petals fringed with glands. 17. 
 
 16. Flowers yellow: tree. A. octandra. 
 Flowers red or reddish: shrub. A. georgiana. 
 
 17. Petals ciliate and glandular. X A. hybrida. 
 Petals only glandular. 18. 
 
 18. Leaves glabrate: flowers red. 19. 
 
 Leaves very pubescent beneath: calyx red. 22. 
 
 19. Trees. 20. 
 
 Shrub. A. Pavia humilis. 
 
 20. Leaflets finely toothed. 21. 
 
 Leaflets deeply cut-toothed. A. Pavia sublaciniata. 
 
 21. Flowers rather bright red. A. Pavia. 
 Flowers very dark red. A. Pavia atrosanguinea. 
 
 22. Tree: petals red or yellow. A. discolor. 
 Shrubs. 23. 
 
 23. Petals bright red. A. discolor mollis. 
 Petals yellow. A discolor flavescens. 
 
 Family SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family. 
 A rather small family of little use except in landscape 
 planting. 
 
 XANTHOCERAS. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with yellow wood; rather 
 slender terete twigs; relatively large round continuous brown- 
 ish pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars 
 with 3 more or less compound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; 
 ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; odd-pinnate 
 rather large leaves with sessile leaflets; relatively large showy 
 polypetalous panicled white flowers; and moderate leathery 
 capsules with several rather large seeds. 
 Leaflets lanceolate, sharptly serrate. X. sorbifolia. 
 
 KOELREUTERIA. Varnish Tree. 
 Deciduous trees with pale wood with small ducts, larger 
 
96 RHAMNACEAE 
 
 and more crowded in spring, and fine closely but unequally 
 spaced medullary rays; moderate rounded twigs; roundish 
 continuous rather large pith; alternate raised or moderate 
 shield- or crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 sometimes com- 
 pound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; sessile broadly ovoid 
 buds with about 2 exposed pointed scales; odd-pinnate or bi- 
 pinnate large leaves with coarsely toothed leaflets; small yel- 
 low perfect polypetalous flowers in large panicles; and bladder- 
 like few-seeded fruits. 
 Leaflets often lobed as well as toothed. K. paniculata. 
 
 SAPINDUS. Soapberry. 
 
 Usually trees, evergreen or deciduous, with scaly brown 
 bark; yellowish ring-porous wood with wavy tangential wood- 
 parenchyma pattern and very fine medullary rays; rather 
 slender somewhat angled twigs; continuous roundish pith; 
 alternate somewhat raised shield-shaped leaf-scars with 3 
 groups of aggregated bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; abruptly 
 pinnate leaves, with oblique falcate entire firm veiny leaflets; 
 superposed scaly round buds; inconspicuous polygamous poly- 
 petalous flowers in terminal clusters; and round finally black 
 berries with hard seeds. 
 Leaflets acuminate: petals ovate. S. Drummondii. 
 
 Family RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family. 
 A rather small family, yielding the drug cascara sagrada; 
 the fruit of one Zizyplius is supposed to be the intoxicating 
 lotus of the ancients: some species are used in shrubbery 
 masses. 
 
 BERCHEMIA. Supple-Jack. 
 
 Deciduous twiners with slender terete stems with round 
 homogeneous pith; brownish wood with rather small diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; alternate small raised elliptical 
 or crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 elliptical bundle-trace; ap- 
 pressed ovoid-conical buds with about 2 exposed scales; nearly 
 entire rather ovate moderate leaves; small more or less poly- 
 
RHAMNACEAE &7 
 
 famous greenish-white polypetalous flowers in small lateral 
 clusters; and elongated 2-seeded small drupes. 
 
 Leaves with about 8 pairs of veins, cordate. B. racemosa. 
 
 Leaves with about 10 pairs of veins, not cordate. B. scandens. 
 
 CEANOTHUS. New Jersey Tea. 
 
 Small deciduous half-shrubs, in the east, with red-brown 
 wood with minute ducts diminishing in size and number 
 through the season, and fine medullary rays; slender roundish 
 twigs; relatively large roundish homogeneous pale pith; alter- 
 nate somewhat raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars; ovoid hairy buds with 
 encircling linear stipules, mostly developing the first season; 
 simple stalked serrate palmately-nerved relatively large leaves; 
 small perfect white or bluish polypetalous flowers in dense 
 terminal clusters; and small rounded few-seeded half-inferior 
 capsule the lower half of which persists as a cup. 
 Leaves ovate. C. americanus. 
 
 Leaves elliptical-oblong. C. ovatus. 
 
 RHAMNTJS. Buckthorn. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with rather hard usually 
 brown wood with minute ducts diffused (in Frangula) or in 
 more or less anastomosing radial patterns; rather slender 
 roundish twigs, sometimes spine-tipped: small continuous 
 pith; alternate or opposite transverse or half-round low leaf- 
 scars with 3 simple or compound bundle-traces; small stipule- 
 scars or stipules; opposite or 4-ranked scaly buds (or more or 
 less stalked alternate naked buds in Frangula) ; simple finely 
 toothed petioled lanceolate leaves; small greenish more or less 
 imperfect polypetalous flowers solitary or few in the axils: 
 and drupe- or berry-like rather small fruit with a papery 
 envelope to each of the few seeds. The growth of buckthorn 
 in the vicinity of wheat fields is discouraged because it harbors 
 the cluster-cup stage of the crown-rust (Puccinia) of wheat. 
 1. Buds scaly. 2. 
 
 Buds naked: leaves not opposite. (Frangula). 4. 
 
98 RHAMNACEAE 
 
 2. Leaves opposite or 4-ranked. 3. 
 
 Leaves alternate. R. fallax. 
 
 3. Branches often pungently tipped. R. cathartica. 
 Unarmed. R. lanceolata. 
 
 3. Leaves glabrous, small (50 mm.), 4-ranked. R. Frangula. 
 Leaves longer, 5-ranked. 4. 
 
 4. Peduncle shorter than petiole. R. caroliniana. 
 Peduncle longer. (Cascara sagrada). R. Purshiana. 
 
 HOVENIA. Honey Tree. 
 
 Deciduous unarmed trees with fine-grained wood; slender 
 zig-zag twigs; relatively large round homogeneous pith; alter- 
 nate somewhat raised rounded-heart-shaped leaf -scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; alternate superposed ovoid 
 buds with few exposed scales; simple palmately veined finely 
 toothed ovate stalked leaves; small perfect greenish flowers; 
 and small round 3-seeded dry fruits slender-stalked on fleshy 
 forking red axillary branches. 
 Twigs and buds hairy or glabrescent. H. dulcis. 
 
 PALIURUS. Jerusalem Thorn. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with hard brownish wood; 
 very slender zig-zag terete twigs; small roundish pith; alter- 
 nate 2-ranked half-round somewhat raised minute leaf-scars 
 with 3 usually confluent bundle-traces; small stipules some of 
 them transformed into spines, one of each pair often straight 
 and the other curved; small sessile ovoid buds with about 3 
 exposed scales; small elliptical nearly entire petioled leaves; 
 small yellowish perfect polypetalous flowers in small axillary 
 clusters; and rather large indehiscent hat-shaped dry winged 
 fruit. 
 
 Leaves 3-nerved, serrulate or oblique. P. Spina-Christi. 
 
 ZIZPYPHUS. Jujube. 
 
 Deciduous (or in warm countries evergreen) shrubs or 
 small trees with firm pale wood with minute diffused ducts 
 and very fine and close medullary rays; rather slender terete 
 twigs; more or less angular continuous or spongy pith; alter- 
 
VlTACEAE 99 
 
 nate small crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; rounded buds with several exposed scales; small 
 rounded stipule-scars or unequal stipular spines; small axil- 
 lary often clustered perfect polypetalous flowers; and rather 
 small drupe-like fruits. 
 
 Leaves glabrous: fruit nearly sessile. Z. sativa. 
 
 Leaves woolly beneath: fruit stalked. Z. Jujuba. 
 
 Family VlTACEAE. Vine Family. 
 
 A rather small family of tendril-climbers, celebrated as 
 the source of wine and furnishing the market with grapes, 
 raisins and dried currants: the woodbines or creepers include 
 some of the best close-clinging climbers. 
 
 AMPELOPSIS. 
 
 Deciduous close-barked shrubs climbing by coiling tendrils 
 or in some species nearly or quite without tendrils and bush- 
 like, with sympodial branches with pale sub-continuous rounded 
 pith not diaphragmed at the nodes; alternate leaf-scars; nar- 
 row stipule-scars; small buds; simple or in one species pinnate 
 or bipinnate scarcely fleshy leaves; small greenish perfect poly- 
 petalous flowers in forking clusters opposite the leaves; and 
 small pale blue or purple large-seeded berries. (Cissus). 
 
 1. Leaves simple. 2. 
 
 Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. (Pepper vine). A. arborea. 
 
 2. Leaves whitened beneath. A. humulifolia. 
 Leaves not whitened beneath. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves serrate, little lobed: fruit scarcely showy. A. cordata. 
 Leaves crenately toothed: fruit multicolored. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves deeply lobed. (Turquoise berry). A. heterophylla. 
 Leaves little lobed. A. heterophylla amurensis. 
 
 PARTHENOCISSUS. Virginia Creeper. "Ampelopsis". 
 Woody close-barked plants climbing by coiling or more 
 frequently disk-bearing tendrils opposite the leaves, with soft 
 brownish wood with rather large scattered ducts and coarse 
 medullary rays; sympodial branches with green or pale con- 
 tinuous or finally chambered or excavated rounded pith not 
 
100 VlTACEAE 
 
 diaphragmed at the swollen nodes; alternate rounded buds 
 with mostly 2 or 4 exposed scales; half-round or round leaf- 
 scars with about 10 bundle-traces in a ring; elongated stipule- 
 scars; digitate 3- or 5-foliolate thin leaves, in one species 
 fleshier and often with 1 leaflet and so appearing simple; small 
 greenish perfect flowers in forking clusters opposite the leaves ; 
 and small purplish large-seeded berries. (Psedera,} . 
 
 1. Tendrils long, rarely with suckers. P. vitacea. 
 Tendrils with abundant suckers. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves compound, mostly of 5 leaflets. 3. 
 Leaves appearing simple, or of 3 broad firm leaflets. 
 
 (Boston ivy). P. tricuspidata. 
 
 3. Glabrous: leaves pale beneath: tendrils long. 
 
 (Virginia creeper). P. quinquefolia. 
 
 Pubescent: tendrils short. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves whitened beneath. P. quinquefolia Engelmannii. 
 Leaves green: with aerial roots. P. quinquefolia Saint Paulii. 
 
 Cissus. "Marine Ivy." 
 
 Woody plants climbing by coiling tendrils, with rather 
 succulent sympodial branches with pale continuous rounded 
 pith not diaphragmed at the nodes; alternate short buds; 
 rounded leaf-scars; small stipule-scars; rather fleshy digitately 
 3-foliolate leaves; small greenish perfect polypetalous flowers 
 in repeatedly forking clusters opposite the leaves; and small 
 purplish large-seeded berries. 
 Leaves fleshy, mostly of 3 coarsely toothed leaflets. C. incisa. 
 
 VITIS. Vine. Grape. 
 
 Deciduous sympodial shrubs climbing by coiling branched 
 tendrils opposite the leaves; with typically shredding brown 
 bark; soft brown wood with large diffused ducts and coarse 
 medullary rays; moderate terete twigs; small rounded con- 
 tinuous brown pith typically with firmer plates at the nodes; 
 alternate somewhat raised roundish or U-shaped leaf-scars with 
 about 5 bundle-traces; long narrow stipule-scars; round-ovoid 
 sessile buds with several exposed scales ; rather large long- 
 
TlLIACEAE 101 
 
 petioled palmately-veined or lobed leaves; perfect or unisexual 
 polypetalous small and inconspicuous but fragrant flowers in 
 large compound panicles opposite the leaves; and small or 
 moderate 4- to 6-seeded berries. 
 
 1. A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each rusty-woolly 
 
 leaf. (Hybrids of, and) V. Labrusca. 
 
 No tendril or flower-cluster at every third node. 2. 
 
 2. Bark not flaking: pith not firmer at nodes. V. rotundifolia. 
 Bark flaking: pith with firm plates at the nodes. 3. 
 
 3. Twigs angular, persistently gray-pubescent. V. cinerea. 
 Twigs rounded, glabrate. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves woolly beneath when young. 5. 
 Leaves not woolly, bright green. 6. 
 
 5. Leaves green beneath. V. aestivalis. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. V. bicolor. 
 
 6. Leaves scarcely lobed. V. cordifolia. 
 Leaves sharply lobed. 7. 
 
 7. Climbing: leaves roundish or elongated. 8. 
 
 Bushy: leaves rather broader than long. V. rupestris. 
 
 8. Nodal diaphragms thin: stem green. V. vulpina. 
 Diaphragms thick: stem red. V. rubra. 
 
 Family TlLIACEAE. Linden Family. 
 A rather small family furnishing the tough "bass' formerly 
 much used for tying plants up, the very important fiber jute, 
 and the straight-grained basswood or whitewood, and an im- 
 portant source of honey; much planted as shade and street- 
 trees, especially in Europe. 
 
 TILIA. Linden. Lime. Basswood. 
 
 Deciduous trees with soft pale wood with minute scattered 
 ducts and very fine medullary rays; moderate terete twigs 
 with large bast-rays in the bark; round continuous pith; 2- 
 ranked alternate half-elliptical leaf-scars wih a number of 
 scattered bundle-traces; elongated stipule-scars; ovoid sessile 
 green or red buds with about 3 exposed scales, the terminal 
 bud lacking; rather large oblique or cordate petioled serrate 
 
102 STERCULIACEAE 
 
 leaves; rather small white or creamy polypetalous flowers in 
 axillary corymbs with large adherent bract; and several small 
 hard indehiscent round fruits falling with the bracted peduncle. 
 
 1. Leaves pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath. 4. 
 Leaves glabrate except in the vein-axils beneath. 2, 
 
 2. Leaves green beneath. 3. 
 
 Leaves white beneath. (Small-leaved linden). T. cordata. 
 
 3. Leaves large (fully 10 cm.). (Basswood). T. americana. 
 Leaves moderate (7 cm.). (Linden). T. vulgaris. 
 
 4. Leaves green beneath: fruit typically ribbed. 5. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. 8. 
 
 5. Leaves not lobed. 6. 
 
 Leaves broad-lobed. T. platyphyllos vitifolia. 
 
 Leaves laciniate. T. platyphyllos laciniata. 
 
 6. Tree broad-topped. 7. 
 
 Tree rather oblong. T. platyphyllos pyramidalis. 
 
 7. Twigs gray or greenish. (Large-leaved linden) .T. platyphyllos 
 Twigs yellow. T. platyphyllos aurea. 
 Twigs red. T. platyphyllos rubra. 
 
 8. Leaves abruptly acuminate: fruit ribbed. 9. 
 Leaves gradually pointed, usually very oblique: fruit 
 
 not ribbed. (Southern basswood). T. heterophylla. 
 
 9. Petiole short. (Silver linden). T. tomentosa. 
 Petiole 6-7 cm. long. (Weeping linden). T. petiolaris. 
 
 Family STERCULIACEAE. Sterculia Family. 
 A rather small family, chiefly tropical, yielding cacao or 
 chocolate: the following forming a conspicuous street tree 
 in the South. 
 
 STERCULIA. Chinese Parasol Tree. 
 
 Deciduous trees with smooth gray bark; gummy white 
 sap; stout green twigs with large round continuous white 
 pith; alternate 8-ranked round-ovoid buds, the lateral small 
 and the terminal large but short, with several brown-hairy 
 scale*; subelliptical low large leaf-scars with some 10 scatter- 
 ed more or less compound bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars; 
 
MALVACEAE 103 
 
 ' round cordate very large palmately nerved for a time stellate- 
 pubescent leaves with about 5 obovate acuminate lobes; small 
 greenish polygamous panicled flowers; and large capsules 
 with at length leaf-like carpels bearing large round seeds on 
 their margins. 
 Twigs stout, green: leaves long-petioled. S. platanifolia. 
 
 Family MALVACEAE. Mallow Family. 
 A moderate-sized family, chiefly of herbaceous plants, 
 noteworthy as including the most important fiber plant of the 
 world, cotton: many species are cultivated for their flowers, 
 and the following finds too-common use as an incongruous 
 component of shrubberies. 
 
 HIBISCUS. Rose of Sharon. Rose Mallow. 
 Deciduous shrubs with pale wood with minute ducts more 
 crowded in spring, and rather fine medullary rays connected 
 by narrow tangential bands of wood-parenchyma; moderate 
 somewhat angled twigs; rather large continuous pale pith; 
 alternate somewhat raised transversely elliptical small leaf- 
 scars with about 4 bundle-traces in an ellipse; small round 
 stipule-scars; petioled palmately nerved and commonly lobed 
 moderate leaves; narrow-bracted large perfect polypetalous 
 axillary flowers with many monadelphous stamens; ovoid cap- 
 sules; and curved-ciliate flat seeds. 
 Leaves cuneate, acutely lobed and crenately toothed. H.syriacus. 
 
 Family DILLENIACEAE. 
 
 A small unimportant family: the following used as rapid 
 climbers, one of them, Actinidia polygama, a curiosity because 
 of its attractiveness for cats. 
 
 ACTINIDIA. 
 
 Woody deciduous twiners with soft brownish wood with 
 both large and small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; 
 rounded often chambered or colored pith; alternate shield- 
 shaped raised leaf -scars with a U-shaped bundle-trace; small 
 buds concealed in the swollen nodes; round to oblong petioled 
 
104 TERNSTKOEMIACEAE 
 
 entire or serrate rather large leaves; moderately large white 
 
 solitary or few often polygamous polypetalous flowers; and 
 small several-seeded berries. 
 
 1. Pith continuous, white. A. polygama. 
 Pith chambered, colored. 2. 
 
 2. Twigs glabrous. A. arguta. 
 Twigs hairy. A. chinensis. 
 
 Family TERNSTROEMIACEAE. Camellia Family. 
 
 A rather small family chiefly noteworthy as including the 
 tea plant and camellia. 
 
 STEWARTIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with shredding bark; 
 rather slender terete twigs; small brownish spongy pith; alter- 
 nate somewhat raised small transverse leaf-scars; no stipule- 
 scars; moderate or rather large petioled mucronate-serrulate 
 leaves; large perfect solitary polypetalous flowers; and caps u- 
 lar fruit with few hard winged seeds. 
 
 Leaves small (3X6 cm.): stamens purple. S. Malachodenron. 
 Leaves larger (6 X 10 cm.) : stamens white. S. pentagyna. 
 
 Family HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family. 
 A rather small family, chiefly herbs, of little use except 
 that some are planted for their bright yellow flowers. 
 
 HYPERICUM. St. John's-wort. 
 
 Small commonly herbs or deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs 
 with flaking bark; angular stems; small angular mostly green 
 or brown and excavated pith; low opposite crescent-shaped or 
 3-angled leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; soli- 
 tary sessile ovoid or oblong buds with a number of loose 
 leaves: perfect entire abundantly glandular-pellucid rather small 
 leaves; perfect showy yellow flowers in terminal corymbs, with 
 numerous bunched stamens; and small ovoid or conical capsules. 
 
 1. Flowers large (25-50 mm.): leaves broad. H. aureum. 
 Flowers smaller (scarcely 30 mm.) : leaves rather narrow. 2. 
 
 2. Stems 2-angled. H. prolificum. 
 Stems 4-angled. H. Kalmianum. 
 
TAMABICACEAE 105 
 
 ASCYRTJM. St. Peter's-wort. 
 
 Small deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs with flaking bark; 
 slender 2-edged twigs; small rounded dark excavated pith; op- 
 posite low small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; 
 no stipule-scars; entire pellucid-dotted nearly sessile leaves; 
 moderate yellow nearly solitary 4-merous perfect polypetalous 
 flowers; and 1-celled ovoid or compressed small capsules. 
 Leaves narrowed at base. (St. Andrew's cross). A. hypericoides. 
 Leaves broad and rather clasping at base. A. stans. 
 
 Family TAMARICACEAE. Tamarisk Family. 
 
 A very small family of little use aside from landscape 
 planting. 
 
 TAMAEIX. Tamarisk. Salt Cedar. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with reddish wood with 
 small ducts, sometimes larger and more crowded in spring and 
 smaller and tangentially seriate in autumn, and rather fine 
 medullary rays; very slender terete green twigs; relatively 
 large rounded continuous pale pith; somewhat persistent alter- 
 nate raised leaf-bases; no stipule-scars; small round buds; 
 minute scale-like acute blue-green leaves largely deciduous 
 with the branched foliar shoots that bear them; very small 
 polypetalous perfect rosy flowers in spike-like racemes; and 
 small many-seeded capsules. 
 
 Petals 5: foliage glaucous. T. gallica. 
 
 Petals 4: foliage bright green. T. parviflora. 
 
 Family CISTACEAE. Rock Rose Family. 
 A small and unimportant family, chiefly of herbs, some 
 of them bright-flowered. 
 
 HUDSONIA. Beach Heather. 
 
 Low densely branched heath-like evergreen shrubs with 
 slender roundish twigs; usually alternate scale-like long-per- 
 sistent leaves; small yellow perfect flowers from the upper 
 axils; and small 1-celled 1- or 2-seeded capsules. 
 Leaves spreading, rather green: flowers stalked. H. ericoides. 
 Leaves appressed, very gray; flowers subsessile. H. tomentosa. 
 
106 STACK YUBACEAE 
 
 Family STACHYURACEAE. 
 A small and unimportant family. 
 
 STACHYUBUS. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with slender rounded twigs; relatively 
 large rather angular continuous pith; alternate somewhat 
 raised crescent-shaped leaf -scars with 3 bundle-traces; small 
 stipule-scars; sessile round-ovoid buds with about 3 exposed 
 scales; rather large petioled leaves; small polypetalous 4-mer- 
 ous rounded flowers in axillary spikes; and small berry-like 
 fruit. 
 Leaves ovate or lance-ovate, serrate. S. praecox. 
 
 Family THYMELAEACEAE. Mezeron Family. 
 A small family of little importance apart from landscape 
 use; one mezereon famed in Asia for its very fragrant flowers. 
 
 DIKCA. Leatherwood. 
 
 Small deciduous shrubs with terete very tough sympodial 
 twigs abruptly contracted at the end of each year's growth; 
 somewhat angled spongy pale pith; alternate raised horse- 
 shoe-shaped leaf-scars with about 5 bundle-traces; no stipule 
 scars; small solitary sessile round-conical buds nearly sur- 
 rounded by the leaf-scar; very short-stalked simple entire 
 moderate leaves; rather small yellowish perfect apetalous 
 flowers with corolla-like calyx in small clusters from the open- 
 ing buds; and 1-seeded fleshy fruit. 
 Leaves elliptical-obovate, glabrous. D. palustris. 
 
 DAPHNE. Mezereon. 
 
 Small sometimes evergreen shrubs with tough bark; white 
 wood with sparse diffused minute ducts and very fine medul- 
 lary rays; rounded twigs; small round or 3-sided homogeneous 
 pith; alternate low small transversely elliptical leaf-scars with 
 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; sometimes superposed sessile 
 small round-conic buds with several exposed scales; simple 
 entire small subsessile leaves; small perfect apetalous flowers 
 
ELAEAGNACEAE 107 
 
 with corolla-like calyx, in axillary clusters; and 1-seeded fleshy 
 fruit. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 
 Deciduous: bushy. D. Mezereum. 
 
 2. Branches glabrous: somewhat bushy. D. Blagayana. 
 Branches pubescent: trailing. D. Cneorum. 
 
 Family ELAEAGNACEAE. Oleaster Family. 
 A rather small family of shrubs or small trees with per- 
 vasively rather than pleasingly fragrant flowers; sometime? 
 prized in planting because of their silvery foliage. 
 
 SHEPHERDIA. Buffalo Berry. 
 
 Deciduous brown- or silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees 
 often with branch-spines, with rather slender twigs; some- 
 what angular homogeneous pale pith; opposite low crescent- 
 shaped small leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; 
 often clustered more or less stalked buds with 1 or 2 pairs of 
 exposed scales; entire moderate-sized short-stalked leaves ; 
 small dioecious apetalous flowers subsessile in crowded axil- 
 lary clusters; and rather small drupe-like fruit. (Lepargyraca) . 
 Twigs coarsely brown-scurfy: leaves elliptical, at most with 
 stellate hairs above but silvery- and brown^scurfy and 
 with stellate hairs beneath. S. canadensis. 
 
 Twigs and both faces of the oblong leaves with fine silvery 
 scales. S. argentea. 
 
 ELAEAGNUS. Oleaster. 
 
 Deciduous brown- or silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, 
 often with branch-spines, with rather slender twigs; some- 
 what angular homogeneous pale pith; alternate low crescent- 
 shaped small leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; 
 entire moderate-sized stalked leaves; solitary sessile small 
 ovoid buds with several scales; small bell-shaped fragrant per- 
 fect stalked apetalous flowers with corolla-like calyx, in small 
 axillary clusters; and rather small drupe-like fruits. 
 1. Scurf silvery, even on young buds. 2. 
 Scurf in part brown. 4, 
 
108 LYTHRACEAE 
 
 2. Adult leaves with few if any scales above. 3. 
 
 Leaves scurfy on both faces, narrow. E. angustifolia spinosa. 
 
 3. Leaves with scales beneath. (Russian Olive). E. angustifolia. 
 Leaves with only star-shaped hairs. E. angustifolia orientalis. 
 
 4. Leaves glabrate and green above. 5. 
 
 Leaves silvery on both faces. E. argentea. 
 
 5. Brown scales few. E. umbellata. 
 Brown scales numerous. E. multiflora. 
 
 HIPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn. 
 
 Deciduous armed shrubs with brown wood with moder- 
 ately coarse ducts, more crowded in spring and fewer and with 
 interspersed very minute ducts in summer, and very- fine 
 medullary rays; rather slender rounded twigs commonly end- 
 ing in sharp spines; round continuous brownish pith; alternate 
 slightly raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round sessile buds with few 
 exposed scales; narrow short-petioled leaves; small imperfect 
 yellowish apetalous flowers in lateral clusters; and small red 
 berry-like drupes. 
 Twigs rusty-scurfy; leaves silvery-scurfy below. H. rhamnoides. 
 
 Family LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family. 
 
 A rather small and unimportant family, mostly of herbs, 
 including the cigar plant and a few other species of Cuphea 
 "grown under glass or in bedding, and the following very at- 
 tractive tree of the South. 
 
 LAGERSTROEMIA. Crape Myrtle. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with shredding bark; pale 
 or brownish wood with small scattered ducts, tangential wood- 
 parenchyma pattern, and very delicate medullary rays; mod- 
 erately slender twigs decurrently angled below the leaves; 
 small brown continuous pith; alternate and 4-ranked (or the 
 lower opposite) small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle- 
 trace; no stipule-scars; appressed pointed buds with about 2 
 
ONAGRACEAE 109 
 
 exposed scales; small obovate subsessile entire leaves; rather 
 large perfect flowers with distinct crisped rounded long-clawed 
 petals; and small round capsules, with winged seeds. 
 Flowers pink. L. indica. 
 
 Flowers purplish. L. indica violacea. 
 
 Flowers white. L. indica alba. 
 
 Family ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family. 
 A rather small and unimportant family, chiefly herbs of 
 which the mutating evening primroses (Oenothera) are of 
 great interest to students of variation and heredity. 
 
 FUCHSIA. 
 
 Shrubs, mostly tender, often grown as soft-wooded window 
 plants, but exceptionally becoming small deciduous trees, with 
 simple, small-toothed petioled opposite leaves varying to alter- 
 nate or more commonly whorled; crescent-shaped leaf-scars 
 with a transverse bundle-trace; small scaly buds sometimes 
 superposed; showy axillary tubular epigynous perfect 4- 
 merous flowers -i~~'J -L Blender stalks, the calyx-segments 
 equally conspicuous with the darker petals; and small berry- 
 like fruit. 
 
 Leaves ovate. X F. hybrida. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate. F. gracilis. 
 
 Family CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family. 
 
 A rather small family, chiefly of shrubs; the dogwoods 
 much used in massed planting. 
 
 CORNUS. Dogwood. Cornel. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs, or a few undershrubs or small trees, 
 the latter with rather hard pale or brownish wood with minute 
 diffused ducts and fine but mostly evident medullary rays; 
 roundish often bright-colored twigs usually compressed at the 
 nodes; roundish homogeneous pale pith; opposite or in one 
 case alternate low or exceptionally raised U-shaped leafrscars 
 connected by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule 
 scars; usually solitary appressed elongated buds, often stalked 
 or developing the first season, with 2 valvate scales; simple 
 
110 CORNACEAE 
 
 entire stalked exceptionally alternate or whorled leaves often 
 whitened beneath and with very characteristic closely appressed 
 twinned hairs; small perfect polypetalous' flowers either in an 
 involucrate head or an open corymb; and small white or red 
 or blue inferior drupes. 
 
 1. Low undershrubs. (Bunchberries). 2. 
 
 Shrubs or occasionally small trees. (Dogwoods). 3. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite. C. suecica. 
 Leaves whorled. C. canadensis. 
 
 3. Leaves irregularly alternate. C. alternifolia. 
 Leaves opposite. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves at most lighter green beneath. 5. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. 8. 
 
 5. Twigs or lower surface of leaves somewhat woolly. 6. 
 Twigs and leaves not woolly. 7. 
 
 6. Lower surface silky, not granular. C. Amomum. 
 Leaves hairy and granular beneath. C. obliqua. 
 Leaves mostly woolly, not granular. C. sanguinea. 
 
 7. Veins incurving to the leaf -tip; flowers crowded. C. mas. 
 Veins not curving into the tip: flowers in cymes. C. femina. 
 
 8. Flowers in flower-like heads: fruit red. C. florida. 
 Flowers cymose: fruit white to blue. 9. 
 
 9. Leaves loosely hairy or woolly beneath. 10. 
 Leaves not woolly. 12. 
 
 10. Leaves rough above: twigs rough-hairy. C. asperifolia. 
 Leaves smooth above. 11. 
 
 11. Leaves rather lanceolate. C. Baileyi. 
 Leaves rounded, acuminate: twigs greenish. C. rugosa. 
 
 12. Twigs rather gray, cymes elongated. C. racemosa. 
 Twigs green turning yellow: cymes flat. C. alba flaviramea. 
 Twigs very red or purple in winter: cymes flat. 13. 
 
 13. Twigs red. 14. 
 
 Twigs purple. C. alba Kesselringii. 
 
 14. Rather erect: buds elongated (5-8 mm. including 
 
 stalk) : twigs bright red. C. alba sibirica. 
 
 Drooping and rooting: lateral buds nearly s'essile, short 
 
 (3 mm.): twigs rather purplish. C. stolonifera. 
 
NYSSACEAE 111 
 
 ATJCUBA. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with moderate twigs; alternate moder- 
 ate glossy leaves; small dioecious 4-merous polypetalous pani- 
 cled flowers; and typically red 1-seeded drupes. 
 
 1. Not variegated. A. japonica. 
 Yellow-margined. A. japonica limbata. 
 Yellow-mottled. 2. 
 
 2. Mottling rather uniform and fine. A. japonica variegata. 
 Central yellow spot large. 3. 
 
 3. Without smaller spots. A. japonica bicolor. 
 With scattered smaller spots. A. -japonica latimaculata. 
 
 Family NYSSACEAE. Tupelo Family. 
 
 A very small family yielding the important tupelo-gum or 
 black-gum lumber; the following one of the best of autumn 
 coloring trees. 
 
 NYSSA. Tupelo. 
 
 Deciduous moderate-sized trees with pale close wood with 
 minute diffused ducts and very close fine medullary rays; 
 moderately slender or rather stout terete twigs; rounded con- 
 tinuous pith with firmer diaphragms; alternate somewhat rais- 
 ed broadly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no 
 stipule-scars; rounded or ovoid sometimes superposed buds 
 with several exposed scales; moderately large petioled leaves; 
 sometimes imperfect small polypetalous or apetalous flowers 
 axillary or in stalked head-like clusters; and rather small 
 sometimes very acid blue or black inferior drupes. 
 Leaves glossy, entire, ( Pepper idge). N. sylvatica. 
 
 Family ARALIACEAE. Aralia Family. 
 
 A rather small family of little use except for plantations. 
 The ivy is traditionally the best climbing plant where it can 
 endure the climate. 
 
112 ABALIACEAE 
 
 ACANTHOPANAX. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or stiff sparingly branched trees with 
 more or less prickly bark; pale soft wood with a single ring of 
 large ducts each year and tangential wavy wood-parenchyma 
 bands; rounded homogeneous pale pith; alternate ovoid buds 
 with several scales; crescent-shaped or linear leaf scars with 5 
 or more bundle-traces; digitate or palmately lobed moderate 
 sized leaves, often clustered on spurs; small often monoecious 
 greenish polypetalous flowers in umbels or panicles; and small 
 berry-like fruit crowned by the calyx-teeth. (Aralia). 
 
 1. Leaves simple: a tree. A. ricinifolius. 
 Leaves digitately compound: shrubs. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves green. A. pentaphyllus. 
 Variegated. A. pentaphyllus variegatus. 
 
 ARALIA. Hercules' Club. 
 
 Deciduous large coarse shrubs or arborescent (herbaceous 
 in other species), with very stout prickles; brownish zoned 
 wood with small ducts, more crowded in the spring growth 
 and slightly tangentially seriate later, and fine but distinct 
 medullary rays; large crenate homogeneous pale pith; very 
 stout terete twigs; alternate large U-shaped or linear leaf- 
 scars half encircling the stem, with numerous bundle-traces in 
 a single series; no stipule-scars; rounded buds with few 
 pointed scales; very large decompound leaves; small white 
 polypetalous perfect flowers in large showy panicles; and 
 small inferior berries. 
 Leaves prickly: leaflets stalked, whitened and glabrate 
 
 beneath, with upcurved veins. (Tear blanket). A. spinosa. 
 Leaves nearly unarmed: leaflets nearly sessile, pubescent, 
 
 with straight veins. (Dimorphanthus). A. chinensis. 
 
 HEDEKA. Ivy. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, climbing by aerial roots, with pale 
 wood with minute ducts rather crowded in spring and tangen- 
 tially seriate in summer, and very coarse medullary rays in- 
 terspersed between the more numerous finer ones; moderate 
 
CLETHBACEAE 113 
 
 roundish twigs; rounded spongy pale pith; alternate somewhat 
 raised U-shaped leaf-scars with 5 bundle-traces; no stipule- 
 scars; ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; broadly 
 ovate palmately lobed (or, on fruiting plants and capable of 
 being propagated separately as a bush, H. Helix arborea, lance- 
 olate and unlobed) moderate leaves; small perfect greenish 
 polypetalous flowers in panicled umbels; and few-seeded in- 
 ferior berries. 
 Leaves of young plants usually 5-lobed, pale-veined. H. Helix. 
 
 Family CLETHRACEAE. Pepper Bush Family. 
 A very small family of no considerable importance: the 
 following rather effective in shrubberies. 
 
 CLETHRA. Pepper Bush. White Alder. 
 Usually deciduous shrubs with flaking bark; brownish 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and close relatively heavy 
 medullary rays; moderate angled twigs; angled homogeneous 
 pale pith; alternate low crescent- or shield-shaped small leaf- 
 scars with 1 bundle-trace; small hairy buds stalked or usually 
 developing the first season; moderately large toothed short- 
 stalked leaves; small perfect cup-shaped polypetalous flowers 
 in elongated terminal clusters; and small rounded capsules. 
 
 1. Leaves scarcely widened upwards. C. acuminata. 
 Leaves widest above the middle: stamens glabrous. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves glabrate. 3. 
 
 Leaves persistently stellate-hairy "beneath. C. tomentosa. 
 
 3. Flowers white. C. alnifolia. 
 Flowers rosy. C. alnifolia rosea. 
 
 Family PYROLACEAE. Shin-leaf Family. 
 A small family of evergreen herbs of no economic value 
 but sometimes effective as undershrubs and among the most 
 attractive of the small plants of the woods. 
 
 CHIMAPHILA. Pipsiss'ewa. 
 
 Scarcely woody evergreens with short simple erect stems; 
 few rather lanceolate toothed moderate-sized more or less clus- 
 
114 ERICACEAE 
 
 tered firm subsessile leaves; 1 or few saucer-shaped polypetal- 
 ous pale flowers on a terminal stalk, rather large for the size 
 of the plant ; and depressed 5-lobed capsules. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, green. (Prince's pine). C. umbellata. 
 Leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, white-veined. C. maculata. 
 
 MONESES. One-flowered Shin-leaf. 
 
 Small perennial low evergreen with several small crenate 
 wing-petioled leaves clustered at end of short erect herbaceous 
 stems; perfect white or rosy open polypetalous flowers solitary 
 on a terminal scape; and subglobose-depressed many-seeded 
 capsules. 
 Leaves round-ovate or obovate, cuneate. M. uniflora. 
 
 PYROLA. Shin-leaf. 
 
 Evergreen perennial herbs with mostly several clustered 
 long-stalked nearly entire almost basal leaves; relatively large 
 whitish polypetalous perfect open flowers in a long-stalked ra- 
 ceme; and depressed small many-seeded capsules dehiscing 
 from the base. 
 
 1. Leaves distributed on the stem, small. P. secunda. 
 Leaves essentially basal. 2. 
 
 2. Often broader than long. 3. 
 
 Mostly longer than broad, dull. P. elliptica. 
 
 3. Small (2-3 cm.) : flowers greenish. P. chlorantha. 
 Larger (4 cm.), or glossy. 4. 
 
 4. Flowers rosy. P. asarifolia. 
 Flowers white. P. americana. 
 
 Family ERICACEAE. Heath Family. 
 
 A large family, chiefly shrubs, producing the blueberries, 
 huckleberries and cranberries 1 of the market and the "brier- 
 wood" (bois de bruyere) of which tobacco pipes are made. 
 The Cape heaths and Ghent azaleas are among the most popular 
 of winter-blooming woody plants handled by florists; and the 
 rhododendrons are among the most showy open-air shrubs. 
 
ERICACEAE 115 
 
 LEDUM. Labrador Tea. 
 
 Small evergreen bog-shrubs with slender terete twigs; 
 somewhat 3-sided brown continuous pith; alternate minute 
 crescent-shaped or 2-lobed leaf-scars with a single bundle trace; 
 no stipule-scars; minute round sessile lateral buds and larger 
 ovoid terminal buds with several exposed scales; elliptical- 
 oblong leaves, revolute and rusty-tomentose beneath in the 
 eastern species; small open perfect nearly polypetalous white 
 flowers in short terminal clusters; and small many-seeded 
 capsules dehiscent at the base. 
 
 Leaves subelliptical, rather broad. L. groenlandicum. 
 
 Leaves linear, narrow. L. palustre. 
 
 RHODODENDRON. 
 
 Evergreen or deciduous 1 shrubs or small trees with hard 
 brownish wood with minute ducts, rather more crowded in 
 spring, and fine medullary rays; rounded slender or stout 
 twigs; rounded or angular continuous pith; alternate crescent- 
 shaped or transverse leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; ovoid sometimes very large buds with a number of 
 exposed scales; entire or ciliate lanceolate petioled leaves; 
 perfect showy clustered mostly gamopetalous flowers; and 
 small more or less elongated capsules. Azalea and Rhodora are 
 considered separate genera sometimes. 
 
 1. Leaves thick, evergreen. (Rhododendron). 2. 
 Leaves thin, mostly deciduous. (Azalea; Rhodora). 4. 
 
 2. Leaves tapering to apex and base: pedicels glandular. 3. 
 Leaves rounded at ends; pedicels downy. R. catawbiense. 
 
 3. Flowers rosy-white, spotted. R. maximum. 
 Flowers white. . R. maximum album. 
 Flowers purplish. R. maximum purpureura. 
 
 4. Bud-scales two to four. 5. 
 Bud-scales many. 6. 
 
 5. Leaves deciduous. R. indieuin. 
 Leaves evergreen. R. Simsii. 
 
116 ERICACEAE 
 
 6. Corolla glabrous, with very short tube. 7. 
 Corolla pubescent, funnel-shaped. (Azalea). 8. 
 
 7. Corolla evidently 2-lipped. (Rhodora). R. canadense. 
 Corolla scarcely 2-lipped, upper lobes spotted. R. Vaseyi. 
 
 8. Corolla not glandular. 9. 
 Corolla glandular-pubescent. 10. 
 
 9. Flowers yellow or flame color. R. sinense. 
 Flowers white or pink. R. nudiflorum. 
 
 10. Flowers white or rosy. 11. 
 Flowers yellow or flame-colored. 13. 
 
 11. Twigs glabrate: flowers after the leaves. R. arborescens. 
 Twigs pubescent or rough-hairy. 12. 
 
 12. Buds glabrous: flowers after the leaves. R. viscosum 
 Buds and leaves pubescent. R. canescens. 
 
 13. Twigs glabrous or with stiff hairs. Hardy. 14. 
 
 Twigs pubescent. Tender. R. gandavense. 
 
 14. Yellow predominating in flowers. R. calendulaceum. 
 Orange predominating. R. calendulaceum croceum. 
 
 MENZIESIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with shredding bark; rather soft wood 
 with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender 
 subterete twigs; 3-sided brownish continuous pith; alternate 
 somewhat raised triangular or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a 
 single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small round buds with 
 several exposed scales, or the upper ovoid and larger; lance- 
 elliptical moderately small entire short-petioled leaves cluster- 
 ed at end; relatively large urn-shaped gamopetalous perfect 
 flowers loosely clustered above; and small ovoid capsules. 
 Leaves rough-hairy above: capsules glandular. M. pilosa. 
 
 Leaves smooth: capsules glabrate. M. glabella. 
 
 LEIOPHYLLUM. Sand Myrtle. 
 
 Small evergreen shrubs with shredding bark; slender sub- 
 terete twigs; minute continuous 3-sided pith; sub-opposite 
 minute crescent-shaped raised leaf-scars with a single bundle- 
 trace; no stipule-scars; minute appressed pointed buds with 
 indistinct scales; small elliptical glabrous entire leaves; small 
 
ERICACEAE 117 
 
 cup-shaped perfect white polypetalous flowers clustered at 
 ends of the branches; and small many-seeded capsules dehis- 
 cent from the top. (Dendrium). 
 Leaves revolute, on appressed petioles. L. buxifolium. 
 
 LOISELEURIA. 
 
 Low matted evergreen shrubs with small opposite crescent- 
 shaped raised leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule 
 scars; small appressed buds with indistinct scales; small ellip- 
 tical glabrous entire leaves; few small cup-shaped gamopeta- 
 lous perfect white or rosy flowers with 5 stamens; and snu.il 
 many-seeded capsules dehiscent from the top. (Chamaccistus) . 
 Leaves revolute, on divergent petioles. L. procumbens. 
 
 KALMIA. American Laurel. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with hard brownish wood with minute 
 diffused pores and rather fine unequal medullary rays; some- 
 what angular continuous pith; moderate or slender twigs; 
 crescent- or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; 
 small buds with about 2 exposed scales; no stipule-scars; sin> 
 ple leaves rather crowded at end of the season's growth; wheel- 
 shaped gamopetalous flowers with the anthers at first held in 
 pockets in the corolla; and small capsules. 
 
 1. Leaves large (8-10 cm= long), alternate. K. latifolia. 
 Leaves smaller (scarcely 6 cm.), opposite or whorled. 2. 
 
 2. Twigs rounded: leaves stalked. K. angustifolia. 
 Twigs 2-edged: leaves nearly stalkless, glaucous. K. Folifolia. 
 
 PHYLLODOCE. Mountain Heath. 
 
 Small matted evergreen shrubs with alternate raised mi- 
 nute crescent-shaped leaf-scars decurrent on the twigs as ridges; 
 a single minute bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small sessile 
 oblong flat leaves; small purplish gamopetalous urn-shaped 
 slender-stalked terminal flowers; and small roundish many- 
 seeded capsules. 
 
 Leaves minutely serrulate, obtuse. P. caerulea. 
 
 CASSIOPE. 
 
 Moss-like trailing evergreen shrubs with slender subterete 
 
118 ERICACEAE 
 
 twigs; more or less flattened spongy pale pith; opposite raised 
 crescent-shaped minute leaf -scars with a single bundle-trace, 
 no stipule-scars; minute buds usually developing thr first 
 season; small sessile overlapping leaves; rather small slender- 
 stalked pale deeply parted cup-shaped gamopetalous flowers at 
 end of the branches; and round-ovoid small capsules. 
 Leaves linear, acute, upcurved. C. hypnoides. 
 
 LETJCOTHOE. 
 
 Evergreen or deciduous shrubs with brown wood with 
 minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays ; slender more 
 or less 3-sided twigs; small somewhat 3-sided continuous pith; 
 alternate small somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars 
 with a single bundle-trace; no stipule scars; small round buds 
 with several exposed scales; lance-elliptical short-petioled ser- 
 rulate leaves; perfect urn-shaped gamopetalous white flowers 
 in one-sided racemes; and small depressed-globose many-seeded 
 capsules. 
 
 1. Evergreen. 2. 
 Deciduous. 3. 
 
 2. Leaves acute or short-acuminate. L. ax i liar is. 
 Leaves long-acuminate. L. Catesbaei. 
 
 3. Racemes strongly recurving. L. recurva. 
 Racemes not recurved. L. racemosa. 
 
 ANDROMEDA. Bog Rosemary. 
 
 Evergreen small shrubs with rather shredding bark; few 
 slender subterete branches; roundish brown homogeneous 
 large-celled pith; alternate at first raised crescent-shaped small 
 leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small ovoid 
 sessile solitary buds with 2 exposed scales; entire mostly very 
 revolute narrow leaves; few small pink or white perfect urceo- 
 late gamopetalous flowers in terminal umbels; and subglobose 
 small many-seeded capsules. 
 
 Leaves glabrous: capsules brown, globose. A. Polifolia. 
 
 White-tomentulose beneath: capsules glaucous. A. glaucophylla. 
 
ERICACEAE 119 
 
 LYONIA. 
 
 Shrubs with brown or gray smooth or fissured bark; slen- 
 der 3-angled twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pith; 
 alternate low crescent-shaped or half-round leaf-scars with 1 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; solitary sessile round-ovoid 
 buds with about 2 exposed scales ; small pale perfect urn-shaped 
 gamopetalous flowers in axillary or panicled racemes; and 
 small rounded many-seeded capsules. 
 
 Evergreen. L. ferruginea. 
 
 Deciduous. L. ligustrina. 
 
 PIEEIS. Stagger Bush. 
 
 Evergreen or deciduous shrubs sometimes with shredding 
 bark; rather slender roundish or 3-sided twigs; 3-sided con- 
 tinuous pith; alternate raised half-round leaf-scars with a 
 single bundle trace; no stipule-scars; sessile ovoid buds with 
 several exposed scales; lance-elliptical entire or ciliate-serru- 
 late short-petioled leaves; rather small white gamopetalous 
 urceolate perfect flowers in axillary racemes or forming a 
 terminal panicle: a,nd small round or flask-shaped many-seeded 
 capsules. (Lyonia. Xolisma). 
 
 1. Evergreen: buds compressed, acute. 2. 
 
 Deciduous: buds blunt, with about 5 scales. P. Mariana. 
 
 2. Twigs and petioles sparsely hairy. P. floribunda. 
 Glabrous. P. nitida. 
 
 CHAMAEDAPHNE. Cassandra. Leather Leaf. 
 Rather small evergreen shrubs with somewhat shredding 
 bark; slender 3-sided twigs; minute 3-sided or flattened homo- 
 geneous pale pith; alternate low roundish margined leaf-scars 
 with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars, small rounded buds with 
 several ciliate scales; elliptical rather small leathery entire 
 narrowly revolute subsessile leaves 1 , peltate-scurfy beneath; 
 pale perfect urceolate short-stalked gamopetalous flowers soli- 
 tary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves; and depressed- 
 globose small capsules. 
 1. Leaves oblong, not crisped. 2. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, crisped. C. calyculata angustifolia, 
 
120 ERICACEAE 
 
 2. Over 30 cm. high; branches rather ascending. C. calyculata. 
 Scarcely 30 cm. high: branches horizontal. C. calyculata nana. 
 
 ENKIANTHTJS. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with rather slender terete twigs swollen 
 and leafy at tip; somewhat angled brownish continuous pith; 
 alternate crescent-shaped small little-raised leaf-scars with a 
 single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid scaly terminal 
 buds; moderately small obovate-oblanceolate petioled entire or 
 serrulate leaves; rather small bell- or cup-shaped gamopetalous 
 perfect flowers in terminal racemes; and small oblong capsules 
 erect on long slender drooping pedicels. 
 
 Flowers white: pedicels glabrous. E. perulatus. 
 
 Flowers red: pedicels loosely hairy. E. campanulatus. 
 
 OXYDENDRUM. SourWOOd. 
 
 Deciduous small trees with rather soft wood with numer 
 ous small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slen- 
 der rounded or 3-sided twigs; roundish continuous pale pith; 
 alternate somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars with a single 
 large bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; roundish buds with about 
 3 exposed scales; moderate petioled entire or serrulate acid 
 leaves; perfect small urn-shaped white gamopetalous flowers, 
 one-sided on the branches of loose terminal panicles; and 
 small oblong many-seeded capsules erect on the pedicels. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. O. arboreum. 
 
 EPIGAEA. Trailing Arbutus. 
 
 Evergreen small trailing half-shrubs with rather flaking 
 bark; moderately slender brown bristly terete twigs; roundish 
 spongy pith; alternate moderate-sized firm somewhat revolute 
 entire leaves on bristly stalks; more or less imperfect rela- 
 tively large fragrant pinkish funnel-shaped gamopetalous 
 flowers crowded at the ends of the shoots; and round many- 
 seeded capsules infrequently seen. 
 Leaves elliptical or ovate, often cordate. ( Mayflower ).E.repens 
 
ERICACEAE 121 
 
 GAULTHERIA. Wintergreen. 
 
 Underground trailing plants with erect scarcely woody 
 short stems few-leaved at top, or shrubs, with rather 3-sided 
 branches; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped or sub- 
 elliptical leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid 
 solitary buds with several pairs of scales; slightly revolute 
 more or less toothed short-stalked leaves; pinkish urceolate 
 perfect flowers in terminal racemes or axillary; and thin- 
 walled capsules in fleshy berry like calyx. 
 
 1. Erect stems short and simple, few-leaved. G. procumbens. 
 Bushy. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves round or cordate at base: fruit blackish. G. Shall on. 
 Leaves cuneate: fruit blue. G. Veitchiana. 
 
 ERICA. Heath. 
 
 Usually delicate evergreen shrubs with brown close wood 
 with minute diffused ducts, sometimes sparser in autumn, and 
 fine medullary rays; slender twigs with raised round leaf -scars 
 with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small solitary budn; 
 small narrow spreading short-stalked leaves decurrent as 
 raised ridges on the stem; small perfect urn-shaped mostly 
 pinkish gamopetalous flowers crowded at the ends of the 
 branches; and small roundish capsules with small seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves bristly, in whorls of 4. E. Tetralix 
 Leaves not bristly. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves in whorls of 4: stamens protruding. E. carnea 
 Leaves in whorls of 3: stamens not protruding. E. cinerea. 
 
 CALLUNA. Heather. Ling. 
 
 Delicate small evergreen shrubs with slender terete twigs; 
 minute angular homogeneous pith; opposite roundish minute 
 leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; very small 
 acutely auricled sessile entire overlapping leaves; minute 
 rounded solitary buds with few scales, generally developing 
 the first season; small perfect deeply parted white or reddish 
 gamopetalous flowers along the branches in a feathery tuft, 
 drying on the stem; and small rounded 4-celled capsules. 
 
122 ERICACEAE 
 
 1. Neither matted nor prostrate. 2. 
 
 With spreading or prostrate branches. C. vulgaris prostratu. 
 Forming low dense mats. C. vulgaris naiia. 
 
 2. Gray-woolly. C. vulgaris hirsuta. 
 Not gray-woolly. 3. 
 
 3. Flowers white. 4. 
 Flowers pink or red. 5. 
 
 4. Flowering in early autumn. C. vulgaris alba. 
 Flowering very late. t C. vulgaris Searlei. 
 
 5. Flowers pink or rosy. 6. 
 
 Flowers carmine. C. vulgaris rubra. 
 
 6. Flowers single. C. vulgaris. 
 Flowers double. C. vulgaris plena. 
 
 CHIOGENES. Moxie Plum. 
 
 Delicate trailing evergreen shrubs with very slender sub- 
 terete twigs, minute roundish homogeneous pith; alternate low 
 half-round or crescent-shaped minute leaf-scars with a single 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; minute flattened buds; small 
 broad pointed subsessile leaves; small pale perfect cup-shaped 
 gamopetalous flowers solitary in the axils; and berry-like fruit. 
 Stem rough: leaves glabrous above, revolute. C. hispidula. 
 
 GAYLUSSACIA. Huckleberry. 
 
 Rather small mostly deciduous shrubs with roundish slen- 
 der twigs; roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate small 
 low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; solitary small sessile ovoid buds with about 3 exposed 
 scales; simple usually entire and resinous-dotted rather small 
 short-stalked leaves; small perfect often reddish urn-shaped 
 gamopetalous flowers; and berry-like fruit with the seeds en- 
 closed singly in core-like small shells. 
 
 1. Evergreen: leaves toothed: not resinous. G. brachycera. 
 Deciduous: leaves entire. 2. 
 
 2. Glandular-pubescent: leaves green beneath. G. dumosa. 
 Not glandular-pubescent. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves sticky-resinous, not glaucous. 4. 
 
 Leaves pubescent and glaucous beneath. G. frondosa. 
 
ERICACEAE 123 
 
 4. Fruit black, not glaucous. G. baccata. 
 
 Fruit blue, glaucous. G. baccata glaucocarpa. 
 
 Fruit white or pink. G. baccata leucocarpa. 
 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Bearberry. Manzanita. 
 Evergreen or deciduous low shrubs (as here considered) 
 with flaking bark; rather slender and angled twigs; somewhat. 
 3-sided homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent- 
 shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; com- 
 pressed ovoid small solitary buds with 2-4 exposed scales; 
 small simple- entire . (in some other species toothed) short- 
 petioled leaves; small perfect pink or white urceolate gamo- 
 petalous flowers in small racemes; and rather small red or 
 black berries. 
 
 Trailing: leaves spatula te, glabrate. A. Uva-ursi. 
 
 Bushy: leaves ovate or elliptical, tomentose. A. tomentosa. 
 
 VACCINIUM. Blueberry. 
 
 Usually deciduous shrubs with rather hard brownish wood 
 with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender 
 angled twigs; small angular continuous 1 pith; alternate raised 
 small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no 
 stipule-scars; small ovoid buds with about 2 exposed scales; 
 characteristically oblanceolate rather small petioled leaves; 
 perfect open or bell-shaped gamopetalous whitish flowers; and 
 rather small inferior berries with small seeds. The first two 
 species (Cranberries) are often separated, as Oxy coccus. 
 
 1. Evergreen: leaves small (under 2.5 cm. long). 2. 
 Deciduous: fruit black or glaucous. 5. 
 
 2. Trailing slender vines: leaves very small (1 cm. long). 3. 
 Erect or more or less matted low shrubs. 4. 
 
 3. Leaves white beneath: fruit under 10 mm. V. Oxycoccos. 
 Leaves less whitened: fruit over 10 mm. V. macrocarpon. 
 
 4. Leaves pointed, serrulate: fruit blackish. V. Myrsinites. 
 Leaves blunt or notched, entire: fruit red. V. Vitis-Idaea. 
 
 5. Leaves blunt, small (1.5 cm.): plant low. V. uliginosum. 
 Leaves acute, or else plants distinctly larger. 6. 
 
124 DlAl'ENSIACKAE 
 
 6. Leaves glossy, narrowly revolute, veiny. V. arboreum. 
 Leaves dull or else not revolute. 7. 
 
 7. Leaves small (scarcely 4 cm.): twigs granular. 8. 
 Leaves larger (often 5 or 6 cm. long). 9. 
 
 8. Loosely villous: twigs subterete. V. canadense. 
 Glabrous, or crisp-pubescent in lines. V. pennsylvanicum. 
 
 9. Twigs somewhat granular or wrinkled. 10. 
 
 Twigs not granular: leaves veiny beneath. V. stamineum. 
 
 10. Tall: rather persistently hairy. V. corynibosum. 
 
 Dwarf: twigs and leaves glabrescent. V. vacillans. 
 
 Family DIAPENSIACEAE. 
 
 An insignificant small family. Galax leaves are among the 
 autumnal commodities of florists. 
 
 DlAPENSIA. , 
 
 Evergreen matted low alpine plants with small subopposite 
 crowded sessile glabrous oblong-spatulate entire leaves; no 
 stipules; perfect white bell-shaped gamopetalous flowers, large 
 for the plant, solitary on slender scape-like peduncles; and 
 ovoid leathery capsules with small seeds. 
 Leaves revolute, outcurved. D. lapponica. 
 
 GALAX. 
 
 Evergreen acaulescent herbs with clustered long-stalked 
 rounded moderate glossy firm leaves bronzing in winter; small 
 and inconspicuous perfect gamopetalous racemed flowers; and 
 small capsules.- 
 Leaves wavy-margined, blunt, cordate. G. aphylla. 
 
 PYXIDANTHERA. Pyxie. 
 
 Low trailing evergreen suffruticose plants with crowded or 
 alternate small sessile entire leaves; numerous small white or 
 rosy open nearly sessile bell-shaped gamopetalous flowers; and 
 small rounded many-seeded capsules. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, pointed. P. barbulata. 
 
 Family SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla Family. 
 A chiefly tropical family members of which yield gutta 
 
EBENACEAE 125 
 
 percha, a number of tropical fruits, chicle, etc.: scarcely useful 
 in planting. 
 
 BUMELIA. False Buckthorn. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees armed with axillary more 
 or less leafy thorns; with pale hard wood with occasional 
 small ducts along the beginning of the season's growth, very 
 numerous minute ducts forming a coarse netted pattern in 
 the summer wood, and very fine medullary rays; moderate 
 roundish twigs, woolly when young; roundish homogeneous pale 
 pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars 
 with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; small ovoid sessile 
 solitary buds with several exposed scales; simple rather ob 
 lanceolate moderate short-stalked leaves often clustered on 
 short spurs; small perfect gamopetalous long-stalked flowers 
 clustered on the spurs, and small 1-seeded berry-like fruit. 
 Leaves raised-veiny beneath, glabrous, like flowers. B. lycioides. 
 Leaves hairy beneath, like flowers and pedicels. B. lanuginosa. 
 
 Family EBENACEAE. Ebony Family. 
 A chiefly tropical family yielding ebony and other hard 
 woods, the Japanese persimmon, etc.: scarcely of decorative 
 use. 
 
 DIOSPYROS. Persimmon. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or moderate-sized trees with hard brown- 
 ish or blackening wood with small diffused ducts, numerous 
 fine transverse lines of wood-parenchyma and very fine medul- 
 lary rays; rather slender roundish twigs; somewhat angled 
 spongy pith; alternate often 2-ranked somewhat raised half- 
 round leaf-scars with 1 crescent-shaped bundle-trace; no 
 stipule-scars; solitary sessile ovoid buds with about 3 exposed 
 scales; rather large simple entire stalked leaves; small cup- 
 shaped pale axillary polygamous gamopetalous flowers; and 
 large fleshy fruit with enlarged sepals at the base and con- 
 taining several large seeds. 
 Loosely hairy: leaves often cordate. D. virginiana. 
 
126 SYMPLOCACEAE 
 
 Family SYMPLOCACEAE. 
 An unimportant small family. 
 
 SYMPLOCOS. Sweet Leaf. 
 
 Deciduous or subevergreen shrubs or small trees with pale 
 wood with minute scattered ducts 1 and very fine medullary rays ; 
 slender or rather stout terete twigs; roundish pith with firmer 
 diaphragms; alternate low half-round leaf -scars with a single 
 curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round superposed bud? 
 with several exposed scales; moderately small short-petioled 
 leaves; small perfect somewhat gamopetalous yellow flowers 
 crowded in axillary racemes; and dry mostly 1-seeded drupes. 
 Leaves deciduous, thin, serrate. S. paniculata. 
 
 Leaves half-evergreen, firm, entire. S. tinctoria. 
 
 Family STYRACACEAE. Storax Family. 
 A small and unimportant family except for the following 
 decorative shrubs or small trees. 
 
 HALESIA. Silver Bell. 
 
 Deciduous small trees with thin shredding bark; brownish 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays; 
 moderate roundish twigs; roundish chambered rather small 
 pith; alternate somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars with a 
 single large but rather indefinite curved bundle-trace; no sti- 
 pule-scars; sessile ovoid sometimes superposed buds w T ith 
 several exposed scales; rather large petioled leaves; perfect 
 gamopetalous funnel- or bell-shaped rather large white flowers, 
 slender-pedicelled at the nodes; and hard indehiscent winged 
 fruits. (Mohrodendron). 
 
 1. Fruit 4-winged. 2. 
 
 Fruit 2-winged. H. diptera. 
 
 2. Corolla tapered at the base. H. Carolina. 
 Corolla bell-shaped. H. Carolina Meehani. 
 
 STYBAX. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with pale wood with small crowded 
 vernal ducts, minute summer ducts, and very fine medullary 
 
OLEACEAE 127 
 
 rays; rather slender terete twigs; small rounded continuous 
 pith; alternate small somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars 
 with a single curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid 
 appressed superposed buds with 2-3 exposed scales; moderate 
 short-petioled nearly entire leaves; rather small perfect bell- 
 shaped gamopetalous flow r ers in leafy racemes; and dry lew- 
 seeded small fruit. 
 
 1. Leaves tomentose beneath. S. grandifolia 
 Leaves glabrate beneath. 2. 
 
 2. Pedicels for a time somewhat scurfy. S. americana. 
 Pedicels glabrous. S. japonica. 
 
 Family OLEACEAE. Olive Family. 
 
 A moderate-sized family yielding the picklecl olives and 
 olive-oil of commerce, ash lumber, etc., and including a num- 
 ber of the most prized decorative shrubs. 
 
 FRAXINUS. Ash. 
 
 Deciduous rather large trees with hard white or brownish 
 wood with a crowded vernal zone of moderately large ducts, 
 fewer and smaller ducts in a more or less marked transverse 
 wavy pattern in the summer wood, and numerous fine medul- 
 lary rays; rather stout more or less compressed twigs; ellipti- 
 cal or 6-sided rather large pale homogeneous pith; opposite 
 large low shield-shaped or half-round leaf-scars with many 
 bundle-traces in a single aggregate series; no stipule-scars; 
 sessile often superposed rounded buds with 1 or 2 exposed 
 pairs of scales; normally odd-pinnate large stalked leaves; 
 small mostly imperfect and apetalous flowers in lateral clus 
 ters; and winged fruits. 
 
 1. Twigs acutely 4-angled, or 4-winged: buds gray: 
 
 fruit broad, winged all around. F. quadrangulata. 
 
 Twigs not acutely angled. 2. 
 
 2. Buds blue-black: leaflets sessile: fruit broad, winged 
 
 all around. (European ash). 3.' 
 Buds brown: leaflets stalked: fruit narrow, winged 
 principally at the end. 11. 
 
128 
 
 F. excelsior monophylla. 
 
 F. excelsior asplenifolia. 
 
 F. excelsior nana. 
 
 F. excelsior pendula. 
 
 F. excelsior aurea pendula. 
 
 F. excelsior aurea. 
 
 F. excelsior. 
 
 F. excelsior albo-variegata. 
 F. excelsior albo-marginata. 
 
 3. Leaves of a single leaflet. 
 Leaves pinnate. 4. 
 
 4. Leaflets deeply cut. 
 Leaflets not deeply cut. 5. 
 
 5. Dwarf and shrubby. 
 Trees. 6. 
 
 6. Weeping. 7. 
 Not weeping. 8. 
 
 7. Twigs gray. 
 Twigs yellow. 
 
 8. Twigs yellow. 
 Twigs gray. 9. 
 
 9. Leaves green. 
 Leaves variegated. 10. 
 
 10. Leaves with white center. 
 Leaves with white margin. 
 
 11. Leaves whitened beneath: fruit rather stout, scarcely 
 
 wing-margined: leaf-scars concave at top. 12. 
 Leaves merely lighter green beneath: fruit slender, 
 the narrow wing continuing to the base: scar- 
 margin not concave. 14. 
 
 12. Glabrous. 13. 
 
 More or less velvety. F. Biltmoreana. 
 
 13. Leaves uniformly green above. (White ash). F. americana. 
 Leaves white-margined. F. americana albo-marginata. 
 
 14. Glabrous or nearly so. (Green ash). F. lanceolata. 
 Twigs velvety. (Red ash). F. pennsylvanica. 
 
 FONTANESIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with slender 4-winged twigs; round ho- 
 mogeneous pale pith; opposite or obliquely opposite raised 
 small crescent-shaped leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; no sti- 
 pule-scars; alternate round ovoid solitary sessile buds usually 
 with 2 or 3 pairs of exposed scales; simple glossy moderately 
 small short-stalked leaves; small whitish perfect flowers clus- 
 tered at the ends of the branches; and rather small winged 
 hard fruits. 
 
OLEACEAJS 120 
 
 Leaves quite entire. F. Fortunei. 
 
 Leaves rough-margined or minutely toothed. F. phillyraeoides. 
 
 FOBSYTHIA. Golden Bell. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender elongated some- 
 times scrambling or rooting branches, often green until aut- 
 umn; with roundish excavated or chambered pale pith; oppo- 
 site or occasionally whorled somewhat spreading narrowly 
 ovoid buds, superposed and generally branching collaterally so 
 as to i'orm axillary clusters in autumn, with several exposed 
 scales; rather raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 
 bundle-trace; lanceolate to ovate slightly fleshy mostly serrate 
 leaves, simple or in the broader forms digitately 3-lobed or 3- 
 foliolate; showy yellow short-tubed perfect gamopetalous 
 flowers in axillary clusters; and small 2-celled capsules with 
 winged seeds. 
 
 1. Leaves elongated: twigs green: pith chambered. 2. 
 Leaves broad, often 3-lobed or 3-foliolate, toothed. 4. 
 
 2. Leaves neither lobed nor divided, entire below. 3. 
 Leaves in part lobed t>r divided, on shoots. X F. intermedia. 
 
 3. Leaves green. F. viridissima. 
 Leaves variegated with white. F. viridissima variegata. 
 
 4. Essentially glabrous. 5. 
 
 Leaves downy, at least beneath. F. suspensa pubescens. 
 
 5. Bushy or spreading. 6. 
 
 Scrambling, or spreading and drooping. F. suspensa. 
 
 6. Shoots rather stout and upright. 7. 
 
 Shoots slender, rooting at the end. F. suspensa Sieboldii. 
 
 7. Leaves rarely of 3 leaflets; pith for a time chambered 
 
 near the nodes. X F. intermedia. 
 
 Leaves frequently 3-foliolate: pith entirely excavated 
 except at the nodes. 8. 
 
 8. Shoots and foliage green. 9. 
 
 Shoots and young foliage purplish. F. suspensa atrocaulis. 
 
 9. Leaves green: growth rather erect. F. suspensa Fortunei. 
 Leaves variegated with yellow. F. suspensa variegata. 
 
130 OLKACEAE 
 
 SYRINGA. Lilac. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with pale wood with small ducts, some- 
 what larger and more crowded in spring, and fine but distinct 
 medullary rays; round twigs somewhat compressed or fluted 
 beneath the nodes or rather 4-angled; roundish continuous 
 pith; opposite crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 
 a transverse compound bundle-trace; ovoid sessile buds, the 
 terminal usually wanting, with several pairs of scales; rather 
 ovate petioled leaves, entire or pinnately lobed or dissected; 
 small salver- or funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers in 
 ample panicles; and 2-valved oblong flattened few-seeded cap- 
 sules. 
 
 1. Leaves rough-margined, whitened beneath: buds large, 
 
 with brown scales: twigs warty. S. villosa. 
 
 Leaves scarcely rough-margined. 2. 
 
 2. Leaves pale beneath: calyx white. v S. amiirensis. 
 Leaves green beneath. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves cordate: buds round-ovoid, red or green. S. vulgaris. 
 Leaves acute at base: buds pointed, brown. 4. 
 
 4. Leaves elongated-ovate. (Rouen lilac). X S. chinensis. 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate. 5. 
 
 5. Leaves not lobed (Persian lilac). S. persica. 
 Leaves, or some of them, lobed. S. persica laciniata. 
 
 FORESTIERA. Swamp Privet. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with rather hard white 
 wood with minute diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays; 
 more or less 4-sided often pungent twigs; roundish homogene- 
 ous pith; opposite somewhat raised small transversely ellipti- 
 cal or lens-shaped leaf-scars with 1 rather large bundle-trace; 
 no stipule-scars; superposed rounded sessile buds with 2 or 3 
 pairs of exposed scales; simple stalked yellowish flowers in 
 nearly sessile lateral clusters; and rather small drupes pointed 
 at both ends. (Adelia). 
 
 Twigs glabrous. F. acuminata. 
 
 Twigs pubescent. F. -ligustrina. 
 
OLEACEAE 13 i 
 
 CHIONANTHUS. Fringe Tree. 
 
 Large shrubs with white wood with about 1 ring of small 
 vernal ducts, broad radial or flame-shaped wood-parenchyma 
 pattern in summer, and very fine medullary rays; more or less 
 4-sided or 4-lined rather stout warty twigs; compressed or 
 angled homogeneous pale pith; opposite raised and often decur- 
 rent crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a crescent-shaped aggre- 
 gate bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round-ovoid superposed 
 sessile buds with a number of pungently pointed exposed 
 scales; simple rather large petioled entire leaves; perfect or 
 polygamous 4-merous flowers with long white nearly separate 
 corolla lobes, in more or less- leafy axillary clusters; and 
 purple drupes. 
 
 Leaves acuminate, glabrate. C. virginica. 
 
 Leaves not acuminate: petioles hairy. C. retusa. 
 
 OSMANTHUS. Fragrant Olive. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or small trees with pinkish close wood 
 with few uniform minute ducts in a flame-like pattern and very 
 fine medullary rays; rather slender somewhat compressed 
 twigs; roundish continuous pith; opposite rather small shield- 
 shaped slightly raised leaf-scars with a crescent-shaped com- 
 pound bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; spreading ovoid or coni- 
 cal sessile buds, sometimes superposed, with 2 exposed scales; 
 rather large leathery lanceolate petioled leaves; small some- 
 times 1 imperfect openly conical gamopetalous white flowers in 
 small axillary panicles; and small 1-seeded drupes. 
 
 1. Leaves pointed at both ends. 2. 
 
 Leaves blunt at base, serrulate: petiole channeled. O.fragrans. 
 
 2. Leaves entire. O. americanus. 
 Leaves holly-like. O. Aquifolium. 
 
 LIGUSTRUM. Privet. 
 
 Deciduous or half-evergreen shrubs with pale or smoky 
 wood with small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; rather 
 slender roundish or compressed twigs; -roundish homogeneous 
 pale pith; somewhat raised opposite roundish or transversely 
 elliptical leaf -scars with one compound bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 
132 LOG AN i ACE AE 
 
 scars; solitary sessile ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed 
 scales; simple entire very short-stalked moderately small 
 leaves; perfect small white shortly salver-shaped gamopetalous 
 flowers in terminal panicles; and berry-like usually black fruit. 
 
 1. Leaves glabrate: fruit glossy, rather large (8 mm.), 
 
 in large clusters. 2. 
 
 Leaves often pubescent beneath, at least on the mid- 
 rib: fruit dull, rather small (5 mm.), in small 
 clusters surpassed by the shoots. 3. 
 
 2. Twigs glabrous: fruit round: leaves subelliptic. L.ovalifolium. 
 Twigs puberulent: fruit ovoid: leaves oblong. L. vulgare. 
 
 3. Habit erect: calyx glabrate. 4. 
 
 Habit spreading: calyx usually puberulent. 5. 
 
 4. Leaves acute at both ends. L. acuminatuni. 
 Leaves rather blunt. L. amurense. 
 
 5. Tall, with curving branches. L. Ibota. 
 Dwarf, with horizontal branches. L. Ibota Regelianum. 
 
 JASMINUM. Jessamine. 
 
 Shrubs, sometimes scrambling, with white wood with small 
 ducts crowded in spring but sparser and much smaller in sum- 
 mer, and fine medullary rays 1 ; slender mostly angled twigs; 
 round often chambered pith ; opposite or alternate but 4-ranked 
 somewhat raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round or ovoid or spin- 
 dle-shaped sessile buds; odd-pinnate or by reduction appar- 
 ently simple petioled leaves; fragrant salver-shaped gamopet- 
 alous perfect flowers in axillary clusters; and 2-seeded berries. 
 
 1. Leaves evidently compound. 2. 
 
 Leaves of 1 leaflet. J. pubescens. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite. 3. 
 
 Leaves alternate. J. humile. 
 
 3. Flowers white. 4. 
 
 Flowers yellow: leaves deciduous. J. nudiflorum. 
 
 4. Bushy. j. grandiflorum. 
 Scrambling. J. officinale. 
 
 Family LOGANIACEAE. Strychnine Family. 
 A moderate chiefly tropical family, mainly notable as af- 
 
A roc Y N A CEAE 133 
 
 fording the poison strychnine: the following attractive climber 
 is medicinal. 
 
 GELSEMIUM. Carolina Jessamine. 
 
 Evergreen twining woody plants with slender twigs some- 
 what square at the nodes; roundish spongy or excavated white 
 pith; opposite elevated crescent-shaped or half-round leaf -scars 
 with a large bundle-trace; small stipule-scars; sessile buds 
 with several pairs of pointed scales; rather small short-petioled 
 entire leaves; openly funnel-shaped rather large fragrant yel- 
 low gamopetalous perfect flowers solitary on short scaly axil- 
 lary shoots; moderate thin-walled capsules; and relatively 
 large winged seeds. 
 Leaves lanceolate, very acute. G. sempervirens. 
 
 BUDDLEIA. 
 
 Deciduous half-shrubs with soft wood with minute diffused 
 ducts and fine medullary rays; slender squarish twigs; 4-sided 
 homogeneous pale pith; opposite low half-round or triangular 
 leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; narrow stipule-scars; sessile 
 ovoid acute somewhat spreading superposed buds with usually 
 2 exposed scales; simple toothed short-stalked moderate 
 leaves; small mostly lavender perfect funnel-shaped gamopet- 
 alous flowers in clusters ending the branches; and small ovoid 
 capsules with minute seeds. 
 
 1. Branches rather erect. 2. 
 Branches spreading or drooping. 3. 
 
 2. Flower clusters straight. B. Lindleyana. 
 Flower clusters drooping. X B. intermedia insignis. 
 
 3. Leaves white- or yellow-tomentose beneath. B. Davidii. 
 Leaves glabrate or finely gray-tomentose. 4. 
 
 4. Flowers lilac, in clusters scarcely 20 cm. long. B. japonica. 
 Flowers violet, in longer clusters (25-30 cm.). XB. intermedia. 
 
 Family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. 
 A moderate widespread family, members of which yield 
 African India rubber: one Vinca is largely used in bedding 
 and another for window-boxes. 
 
134 ASCLEPIADACEAE 
 
 VINCA. Periwinkle. 
 
 Evergreen trailing herbs with opposite petioled rather 
 small leaves; rather large perfect funnel- or salver-shaped 
 stalked gamopetalous flowers; and paired cylindrical follicles 
 which are infrequently seen. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate: flowers blue. (Running "myrtle"). V. minor. 
 Leaves ovate, over 5 cm. long. V. major. 
 
 Family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. 
 
 A moderate-sized family, chiefly of herbs with milky sap, 
 
 some of which are used in hardy perennial planting. Hoya, 
 
 the waxflower, and Stapelia, the star-"cactus", are frequent in 
 
 greenhouses. Stephanotis is a favorite climber in warm regions. 
 
 PEBIPLOCA. Silk Vine. 
 
 Deciduous twining woody plants with milky sap; round 
 stems; opposite raised round leaf-scars with a single curved 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small hairy buds with few 
 scales; moderate entire petioled leaves; rather large perfect 
 purplish gamopetalous flowers in sparse stalked axillary clus- 
 ters'; slender paired follicles; and small winged seeds. 
 Leaves ovate, round-based, acuminate. P. graeca. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate. P. graeca angustifolia. 
 
 Family POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family. 
 A rather small family of herbs, much used as hardy peren- 
 nials. 
 
 PHLOX. 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs with opposite leaves; gamopetalous 
 salver-shaped white or reddish perfect flowers 1 in sometimes 
 panicled cymes; and small 3-seeded capsules. The following 
 somewhat woody evergreen matted species with small linear 
 leaves is used for rockeries, etc. 
 
 Flowers bluish or pink. (Ground pink). P. subulata. 
 
 Flowers white. P. subulata alba. 
 
 Family VERBENACEAE. Verbena Family. 
 A moderately small family, chiefly of woody species in the 
 tropics, yielding the teak lumber used in ship-building. Among 
 

 VKUIIUNACKAK 135 
 
 bedding plants Verbena and Lantana are familiar examples 
 the latter a bad weed in Hawaii, and one Clerodendron is a 
 very effective greenhouse climber. 
 
 CLERODENDRON. 
 
 Deciduous half-woody plants with rather stout terete or 
 compressed twigs; large round or squarish continuous white 
 pith; opposite somewhat raised subelliptical leaf-scars, some- 
 times in whorls of 3, with about 10 small bundle-traces in a 
 single U-shaped group; no stipule-scars; conical superposed 
 sessile buds; rather large ovate long-petioled often serrate 
 leaves; perfect salver-shaped flowers in clustered axillary 
 corymbs, with showy calyx and gamopetalous corolla; and 
 drupe-like fruit. 
 Leaves acuminate: corolla white. C. trichotomum. 
 
 CABYOPTERIS. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender rounded twigs; 
 rounded homogeneous pale pith; opposite low crescent-shaped 
 or half-round small leaf-scars with 1 transverse bundle-trace; 
 no stipule-scars; small ovoid sessile solitary buds with aboui 
 4 exposed scales; petioled coarsely toothed leaves 1 ; small fun- 
 nel-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense stalked 
 axillary clusters; and small dry fruit of 4 nutlets. 
 Flowers lavender to violet. C. incana. 
 
 Flowers white. C. incana Candida. 
 
 CALLICARPA. French Mulberry. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs or half-shrubs with slender nearly 
 terete twigs; rounded 'homogeneous pale pith; opposite low 
 crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule- 
 scars; oblong acute sessile superposed somewhat spreading 
 naked buds; simple toothed or lobed very short-stalked leaves; 
 small usually pink salver -shaped gamopetalous flowers in dense 
 short-stalked axillary clusters; and small often purplish berry- 
 like drupes with 2-4 seed-like kernels. 
 1. Leaves woolly beneath. 2. 
 Leaves not woolly. 3. 
 
136 SOLANAjCEAE 
 
 2. Fruit violet. C. americana. 
 Fruit white. C. americana alba. 
 
 3. Leaves rather coarse-toothed. C. purpurea. 
 Leaves serrulate. 4. 
 
 4. Fruit violet. C. japonica. 
 Fruit white. C. japonica leucocarpa. 
 
 VITEX. Chaste Tree. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs with soft brown wood 
 with small ducts, large and crowded in spring but decreasing 
 and diffused in summer, and fine medullary rays; rather slen- 
 der 4-sided or 4-lined twigs; relatively large continuous white 
 pith; opposite low crescent-shaped small leaf-scars with a sin- 
 gle curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; rounded sessile 
 superposed tomentose buds with indistinct scales; digitate 
 slender-petioled leaves; rather small perfect typically tubular 
 gamopetalous flowers crowded in the axils; and small 4-celled 
 drupe-like or finally dry peppery-aromatic fruits. 
 
 1. Leaflets entire or low-serrate. 2. 
 
 Leaflets deeply pinnatifid. V. Negundo incisa. 
 
 2. Flowers lavender. V. Agnus-Castus. 
 Flowers blue. V. Agnus-Castus caerulea. 
 Flowers white. V. Agnus-Castus alba. 
 
 Family SOLANACEAE. Potato Family. 
 A large widespread family, chiefly of herbs, containing 
 such important species as potato, tomato, egg-plant, capsicum, 
 tobacco, nightshade and henbane. Schizanthus, Petunia, etc., 
 are much grown for their flowers. 
 
 LVCIUM. Matrimony Vine. 
 
 Deciduous spreading or scrambling shrubs with pale bark; 
 slender often spiny angled twigs; somewhat 3-sided continuous 
 pale pith; alternate raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 
 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; more or les& multiple sessile 
 buds with few exposed scales; simple moderately small lance- 
 olate entire cuneately subsessile leaves; moderate shortly 
 funnel-form perfect gamopetalous axillary flowers; and orange 
 berries. 
 
Lea 
 
 SCBOPHULABIACEAE 137 
 
 ves gray-green: fruit about 10 mm. long. L. halimifolium. 
 Leaves bright green: fruit often 20 mm. long. L. chinense. 
 
 SOLANUM. 
 
 Usually herbs, (potato, egg plant, etc.) ; the following 
 (bittersweet) a soft-wooded perennial twining climber with 
 alternate leaves; wheel-shaped perfect violet flowers in stalked 
 clusters from above the axils; ami ovoid red berries. 
 Leaves cordate or hastately lobed or divided. ,S. Dulcamara. 
 
 Family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family. 
 A large family, chiefly herbaceous, including foxglove, 
 snapdragon, etc., of the gardens, and such common weeds as 
 mullein and speedwell. The following is a street tree as far 
 north as Brooklyn. 
 
 PAULO WN i A. 
 
 Deciduous medium-sized trees with rather soft brownish 
 wood with small ducts, more or less crowded in spring and 
 tangentially seriate in summer, and fine medullary rays; stout 
 roundish twigs flattened at the nodes; roundish large pith, 
 chambered, or excavated between the nodes; opposite some- 
 what raised large subelliptical leaf-scars with numerous bun- 
 dle-traces in a single series; no stipule-scars; rounded mostly 
 superposed buds with several exposed scales ; large ovate 
 petioled leaves; violet gamopetalous 2-lipped large flowers in 
 terminal panicles; and ovoid capsules with winged seeds. 
 Leaves cordate, pubescent. (Imperial tree). P. tomentosa. 
 
 Family BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family. 
 A rather small warm-region family including many woody 
 climbers, frequent in conservatories, and some trees; occasion- 
 ally yielding valuable timber, such as primavera. 
 
 BIGNONIA. Cross Vine. 
 
 More or less evergreen woody plants, climbing by leaf 
 tendrils; with brownish soft wood with large crowded ducts 
 in spring, minute scattered ducts in autumn, and unequal med- 
 ullary rays of which 4, consisting of brown cells, may be con- 
 
Io8 BlGNONIACEAE 
 
 spicuous in the form of a cross; rather slender twigs square or 
 somewnat flattened at the nodes; rounded mostly excavated 
 Pith; opposite hall-round somewhat raised leaf -scars with i 
 bundle- trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile not superposed 
 buds with several pairs of loose scales; compound leaves with 
 terminal tendrils; large perfect gamopetalous flowers; and 
 large flattened capsules with winged seeds. 
 
 1. Tendrils ending in disks. 2. 
 
 Tendrils claw-like, without disks. B. Unguis-cati. 
 
 2. Flowers reddish. B. capreolata. 
 Flowers purplish. B. capreolata atrosanguinea. 
 
 CAMPSIS. Trumpet Creeper. 
 
 Deciduous woody plants, climbing by aerial roots, with 
 moderate roundish twigs; round continuous or evanescent 
 pith; opposite somewhat raised half-round or round leaf -scars 
 with a U-shaped compound bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; 
 ovoid sessile buds with several pairs of scales; odd-pinnate 
 leaves with toothed leaflets; large perfect trumpet-shaped 
 gamopetalous flowers; and compressed pods with numerous 
 winged seeds. (Tecoma). 
 
 1. Shrubby. C. radicans speciosa. 
 Climbing. 2. 
 
 2. Flowers orange-red. C. radicans. 
 Flowers scarlet. C. radicans atropurpurea. 
 
 CATALPA. Indian Bean. 
 
 Small or medium-sized trees with rough gray bark; brown 
 rather soft but durable wood with moderately large ducts 
 slightly more crowded in the spring growth and in more or 
 less evident transverse lines later in the season, and fine med- 
 ullary rays; stout roundish twigs; large round homogeneous 
 pale pith; large elliptical more or less raised or cup-shaped 
 leaf-scars usually in whorls of 3 of which in successive whorls 
 two are regularly larger and smaller, with numerous bundle- 
 traces confluent in an ellipse; no stipule-scars; rather small 
 rounded solitary sessile buds with several exposed scales, the 
 terminal bud wanting; simple long-stalked large ovate often 
 
RUBIACEAE 139 
 
 cordate entire or angled rather than lobed leaves; large spot- 
 ted whitish funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers; and 
 long cylindrical 2-valved capsules with flat seeds long-ciliate 
 from the ends. 
 
 1. Flowers and fruit in racemes. C. Bungei. 
 
 Flowers and fruit in panicles. 2. 
 
 (Pods about 5 mm. in diameter: leaves mostly angled: 
 twigs hairy. 3. 
 Pods about 8 mm. in diameter: seeds pointed: leaves rarely 
 angled: twigs glabrous. 5. 
 Pods fully 10 mm. in diameter: seeds obliquely truncate: 
 leaves often angled. (Warder's catalpa). C. speciosa. 
 
 3. Mature leaves glabrous. (Japanese catalpa). C. ovata. 
 Mature leaves pubescent. (Teas' catalpa). 4. 
 
 4. Leaves green. X C. hybrida. 
 Leaves purple while young. X C. hybrida purpurea. 
 
 5. Tree. (Common catalpa). 6. 
 
 Shrub, or usually grafted as a standard. C.bignonioidesnana. 
 
 6. Leaves green. C. bignonioides. 
 Leaves yellow. C. bignonioides aurea. 
 
 CHILOPSIS. Desert Willow. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or small trees with soft dark brown 
 wood with diffused rather large ducts and fine but evident pale 
 medullary rays; slender somewhat angled twigs; small angled 
 pale homogeneous pith; whorled or opposite or even scattered 
 raised crescent-shaped small leaf-scars with a single bundle- 
 trace; no stipule scars; small compressed roundish buds with 
 2 nearly valvate outer scales; simple subsessile willow-like 
 leaves; rather large trumpet-shaped perfect gamopetalous flow- 
 ers in terminal racemes; and long slender cylindrical 2-valved 
 capsules and thin winged seeds, long-ciliate especially at the 
 ends. 
 Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, entire. . C. saligna. 
 
 Family RUBIACEAE. Coffee Family. 
 A large heterogeneous family, largely of the tropics, yield- 
 
140 RUJJIACEAE 
 
 ing coffee, quinine, ipecac, etc. Bouvardias are among the 
 useful bright-flowered species grown under glass. 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS. Button Bush. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender roundish twigs; 
 rather 4-sided homogeneous pale brown pith; low half-round 
 small leaf-scars with a single crescent-shaped bundle-trace, 
 opposite or in whorls of 3 with a narrow connecting stipular 
 line; small often superposed buds at first nearly concealed in 
 the bark, the terminal wanting; simple rather large and long- 
 stalked entire leaves; small funnel-shaped perfect gamopeta- 
 lous white flowers in dense long-stalked terminal and axillary 
 heads; and similar aggregates of inversely pyramidal small 
 hard fruits. 
 
 Leaves broad, elliptical-ovate. C. occidentalis. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate. C. occidentalis angustifolia. 
 
 GARDENIA. Cape Jessamine. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs with pale or brownish wood with minute 
 diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays; moderate finally 
 square harsh-pubescent twigs; somewhat angled continuous 
 pith; opposite slightly raised half-round leaf-scars, connected 
 by transverse stipule-scars; sessile stipule-sheathed pointed 
 buds; moderate cuneate-obovate entire leaves very glossy 
 above; and large solitary perfect funnel-shaped gamopetalous 
 fragrant white flowers, with 1-celled ovary, the calyx not 
 tubular, ribbed and with long teeth in the following. 
 Flowers single. G. jasminoides. 
 
 Flowers double. G. jasminoides plena. 
 
 MITCHELL A. Partridge Berry. 
 
 Small evergreen nearly herbaceous trailing plants with 
 small opposite petioled leaves with intervening connate sti- 
 pules; tubular funnel-shaped or salver-shaped rather small 
 perfect flowers paired at end of slender axillary stalks; and 
 rather small red twinned inferior berries with a few large 
 seeds. 
 Leaves round-ovate, very obtuse, glabrous. M. repens. 
 
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 14i 
 
 Family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family. 
 
 A moderate sized family of no great use apart from gar- 
 dening, but containing some of the most used and most prized 
 plant materials of the landscape gardener. 
 
 SAMBUCUS. Elder. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or straggling small trees with soft pale 
 wood with minute ducts, diffused or in a somewhat evident 
 tangential pattern, and rather fine medullary rays; stout terete 
 twigs often with large lenticels; large continuous rounded 
 pith; opposite rather large somewhat crescent-shaped leaf- 
 scars with 3-5 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid often 
 superposed or collaterally multiplied buds with several pairs 
 of scales; pinnate leaves with toothed or sometimes incised 
 leaflets; small perfect gamopetalous wheel-shaped white flow- 
 ers in large showy clusters; and small normally black or red 
 inferior 3-seeded berries. 
 
 1. Pith brown: fruit red. 2. 
 
 Pith white: fruit typically black. 6. 
 
 2. Petioles downy. (American red-berried elder). S. pubens. 
 Petioles glabrous. (European red-berried elder). 3. 
 
 3. Leaves green. 4. 
 Leaves yellow. 5. 
 
 4. Leaves not laciniate. S. racemosa. 
 Leaves laciniate. S. racemosa plumosa. 
 
 5. Leaves not laciniate. S. racemosa aurea. 
 Leaves laciniate. S. racemosa plumosa aurea. 
 
 6. Leaves rather fleshy and dark: twigs very warty. 
 
 European. 7. 
 Leaves rather thin and paler. American. 10. 
 
 7. Leaves green. 8. 
 
 Leaves partly or wholly yellow or white. 9. 
 
 8. Leaves not laciniate. S. nigra. 
 Leaves laciniate. S. nigra laciniata. 
 
 9. Leaves whitish. S. nigra argentea. 
 Leaves entirely yellow. S. nigra aurea. 
 Leaves variegated with yellow. S. nigra variegata 
 
142 CAPKIFOLIACEAE 
 
 10. Leaves green. 11. 
 
 Leaves yellow or variegated. 14. 
 
 11. Leaves not laciniate. 12. 
 
 Leaves laciniate. S. canadensis laciniata. 
 
 12. Leaves glabrescent. 13. 
 
 Leaves soft-pubescent. S. canadensis submollis. 
 
 13. Fruit nearly black. S. canadensis. 
 Fruit greenish. S. canadensis chlorocarpa. 
 
 14. Leaves solidly yellow. S. canadensis aurea. 
 Leaves with j r ellowish variegation. S. canadensis variegata. 
 
 VIBUBNUM. Arrow Wood. 
 
 Usually deciduous shrubs or small trees with pale or brown 
 wood with minute ducts and very fine medullary rays; slender 
 or moderately stout terete or 6-sided twigs with continuous 
 pith of corresponding shape; opposite somewhat raised cres- 
 cent-shaped leaf -scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; 
 oblong more or less stalked appressed buds with 2 valvate or 
 connate exposed scales (naked in one group) ; lanceolate to 
 ovate entire or toothed or lobed petioled leaves; small perfect 
 wheel-shaped gamopetalous 5-merous white flowers (sometimes 
 larger and neutral in the margin or throughout) in terminal 
 corymbs; and rather small often flattened inferior drupes. 
 
 1. Buds naked: young growth very stellate-scurfy. 2. 
 Buds scaly. 4. 
 
 2. Flowers salver-shaped, early, fragrant. V. Carlesii. 
 Flowers wheel-shaped, later. 3. 
 
 3. Leaves very large, thin, cross-veined beneath. V. alnifolium. 
 Leaves moderate (scarcely 8X10 cm.), firmer. V. Lantana. 
 
 4. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. 5. 
 Leaves palmately veined and often lobed. 17. 
 
 5. Very stellate-pubescent: leaves impressed-veiny. 6. 
 Neither very pubescent nor impressed-veiny. 8. 
 
 6. Flower clusters fertile, radiate. 7. 
 
 Flower clusters globose, sterile. V. tomentosum plenum. 
 
 7. Flower clusters flat-topped. V. tomentosum. 
 Flower clusters conical. V. Sieboldii. 
 
CAPKIFOLIACEAE 143 
 
 8. Veins distinct to the coarsely toothed margin. 9. 
 Veins looping or vanishing short of the margin. 13. 
 
 9. Petioles without stipules. 10. 
 With slender stipules. 12. 
 
 10. Twigs and leaves glabrous and smooth. V. dentatum. 
 Sparingly roughened with stellate hairs. 11. 
 
 11. Fruit blue: leaves glabrous above. V. venosum. 
 Fruit red: both faces pubescent. V. dilatatum. 
 
 12. Stipules much shorter than the petiole. V. molle, 
 Stipules longer than the very short petiole. V. pubescens. 
 
 13. Leaves entire, revolute, dotted beneath. V. nudum. 
 Leaves more or less finely toothed. 14. 
 
 14. Leaves dotted beneath. V. cassinoides. 
 Leaves not dotted. 15. 
 
 15. Buds, petioles etc. very red-scurfy. V. rufidulum. 
 Buds etc. rather gray-brown, glabrescent. 16. 
 
 16. Leaves small (about 4X6 cm.), scarcely taper-pointed: 
 
 twigs often stiff and spreading. V. prunifoliurn. 
 
 Leaves larger (about 5X8 cm.), acuminate. V. Lentago. 
 
 17. Petiole without nectar-glands. 18. 
 Several nectar-glands on petiole. 19. 
 
 18. Pubescent: glandless: with stipules. V. acerifolium. 
 Glabrate: lower teeth glandular: no stipules 1 . V.pauciflorum. 
 
 19. Glands large (about 1 mm. in diameter). 20. 
 
 Glands small (about 5 mm.). V. american'um. 
 
 20. Some flowers fertile. 21. 
 
 Flowers all showy and sterile. (Snowball). V.Opulus sterile. 
 
 21. Dwarf. V. Opulus nanum. 
 Tall shrubs. (High-bush cranberry). 22. 
 
 22. Sterile flowers large (25 mm.). V. Sargentii. 
 Sterile flowers rather small (15-20 mm.). 23. 
 
 23. Fruit red. V. Opulus. 
 Fruit yellow. V. Opulus xanthocarpum. 
 
 SYMPHOBICARPOS. 
 
 Deciduous small shrubs with slender terete twigs; small 
 rounded continuous or evanescent pith; opposite somewhat 
 raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; 
 
144 CAPKXFOUACEAK 
 
 no stipule-scars; ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed 
 scales; simple entire or exceptionally lobed ovate petioled 
 leaves; small white or rosy bell-shaped perfect gamopetalous 
 iiowers, hairy within; and white or red inferior berries. 
 
 1. Pith continuous: leaves small (scarcely 40 mm.), white 
 
 beneath: fruit red. 2. 
 Pith excavated: fruit white. (Snowberries). 3. 
 
 2. Leaves unvariegated. (Coral berry). S. orbiculatus. 
 Leaves variegated. S. orbiculatus variegatus, 
 
 3. Leaves often deeply lobed, glabrate: fruit late. X S.Heyeri. 
 Leaves very rarely a little repand-lobed. 4. 
 
 4. Flowers and fruit in continuous spikes: stamens pro- 
 
 truding. (Wolfberry). S. occidentalis. 
 
 Axillary flowers often solitary. 5. 
 
 5. Leaves hairy beneath. (Snowberry). 6. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. S. albus laevigatus. 
 
 6. Leaves not whitened beneath. S. albus. 
 Leaves whitened beneath. S. albus pauciflorus. 
 
 LINNAEA. Twin Flower. 
 
 Delicate evergreen woody trailing plants with frequent 
 short erect branches bearing few small opposite stalked crenate 
 leaves; small funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous fragrant 
 white and rosy flowers usually paired at the end of a slender 
 terminal peduncle; and small 1-seeded capsules. 
 Basal tube of corolla shorter than calyx. L. borealis. 
 
 Slender corolla tube longer than calyx. L. borealis americana. 
 
 ABELIA. 
 
 Deciduous or partly evergreen shrubs with slender more 
 or less square twigs with excavated pith; opposite low U- 
 s-haped leaf-scars, connected by a cross . line, with 3 bundle- 
 traces; small somewhat spreading solitary ovoid sessile buds 
 with several pairs of loose scales, often developing into branch- 
 es the first season; small ovate slightly toothed subsessile 
 leaves; perfect funnel-shaped gamopetalous flowers in axillary 
 or terminal leafy clusters; and small dry inferior berries. 
 1. Flowers in terminal panicles. 2. 
 
 Flowers in small lateral clusters: leaves deciduous. 3. 
 
CAPKIFOLIACEAE 145 
 
 2. Leaves half-evergreen: flowers 20mm. long. X A.grandiflora, 
 Leaves deciduous: flowers 15 mm. long. A. chinensis. 
 
 3. Flowers 15 mm. long. A. Engleriana. 
 Flowers 25 mm. long. A. Graebneriana 
 
 LOMCERA. Honeysuckle. 
 
 Deciduous or partly evergreen shrubs or woody twiners 
 with white or yellowish brown wood with small ducts, those oi' 
 the spring sometimes more crowded or somewhat larger, and 
 fine medullary rays; rather slender round or squarish twigs; 
 more or less angled sometimes evanescent pith; somewhat 
 raised opposite crescent-shaped or 3-angled leaf-scars with 3 
 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid or conical sessile buds 
 often superposed and the lowermost then largest; simple entire 
 short-stalked or sessile moderate leaves; perfect tubular mod- 
 erate-sized sometimes very fragrant flowers often in axillary 
 pairs; and berry-like fruit. 
 
 1. Low and spreading: pith continuous. 2. 
 Erect and bushy. 3. 
 
 Twining, or trailing on the ground. 9. 
 
 2. Leaves glabrous, narrow as in Lycium. L. spinosa. 
 Leaves woolly beneath, broader. L. thibetica. 
 
 3. Pith continuous, white: flowering before the leaves. 4. 
 Pith excavated. 5. 
 
 4. Twigs retrorsely bristly. L. Standishii. 
 Twigs glabrate. L. fragrantissima. 
 
 5. Buds long and conical: downy. L. Xylosteum. 
 Buds ovoid or round. 6. 
 
 6. Glabrous: flowers pink. (Tartarian h.). L. tatarica. 
 Soft-pubescent: flowers white or yellowing. 7. 
 
 7. Twigs glabrous: leaves downy. L. Ruprechtiana. 
 Twigs and leaves evidently pubescent. 8. 
 
 8. Leaves pubescent on the veins. L. Maackii. 
 Leaves downy on the lower surface. L. Morrowii. 
 
 9. Leaves not united by their bases. 10. 
 Upper leaves connate about the stem. 12. 
 
 10. Glaucous, glabrous. L. Periclymenum. 
 
 Not glaucous, hairy. 11. 
 
146 COMPOSITAE 
 
 11. Not variegated. (Hall's honeysuckle). L. japonica. 
 Leaves golden-veined. (Golden h.). var. aureo-reticulata. 
 
 12. Corolla deeply 2-lipped: fragrant. L. Caprifolium 
 Corolla with short nearly equal lobes. 13. 
 
 13. Flowers bright red. (Trumpet h.). L. sempervirens. 
 Flowers bright yellow. L. sempervirens flava, 
 
 DIEBVILLA. Bush Honeysuckle. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with rather stout twigs with 2 or 3 often 
 hairy longitudinal lines; roundish homogeneous pale pith; 
 rather low triangular leaf-scars', opposite or in whorls of 3, 
 with 3-bundle-traces and with transverse or decurrent lines 
 from their angles; no stipule-scars; oblong mostly appressed 
 solitary sessile buds 1 with several pairs of rather loose pointed 
 scales; simple short-stalked toothed leaves; moderate or rather 
 large perfect funnel-shaped gamopetalous flowers in axillary 
 clusters; and narrow inferior capsules with small seeds. 
 
 1. Flowers small (scarcely 15 mm. long), yellow. (Diervilla). 2. 
 Flowers distinctly larger, white to deep red. (Weigelia). 3. 
 
 2. Twigs rounded: leaves distinctly petioled. D. Lonicera. 
 Twigs 4-angled: leaves nearly sessile. D. sessilifolia. 
 
 3. Calyx-tube nearly as long as the lobes. D. florida. 
 Sepals narrow, parted to the base. 
 
 D. japonica, D. floribunda, and X D. hybrida. 
 
 LEYCESTEBIA. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs or half shrubs with excavated pith; op 
 posite simple leaves; moderately small gamopetalous perfect 
 flowers in nodding leafy terminal clusters; and small red in- 
 ferior few-seeded berries. 
 Leaves ovate or lance-ovate: flowers purplish. L. formosa. 
 
 Family COMPOSITAE. Sunflower Family. 
 The largest family of plants, widespread and of much 
 floricultural value, including the chrysanthemum of florists, 
 and many bedding plants: rarely woody. Cocklebur, dog- 
 fennel, dandelion, thistle, white weeds, etc., are familiar exam- 
 ples of composite weeds; and artichoke, oyster-plant and chi- 
 cory are grown in the garden. 
 
COMPOS ITAE 147 
 
 BACCHARIS. Groundsel Tree. 
 
 Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender sharply angled 
 green twigs with resin-passages in the bark; somewhat angu- 
 lar pale or brownish homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat 
 raised shallowly U-shaped 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle- 
 traces; no stipule-scars; round-ovoid solitary sessile buds, 
 with several scales, heavily coated with resin; simple cune- 
 ately stalked coarsely few-toothed leaves; minute perfect gam- 
 opetalous flowers in small green-and-red-involucrate heads 
 mostly clustered toward the ends of the branches; and minute 
 akenes with long finally rather tawny pappus. 
 Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, moderately large. B. halimifolia. 
 
 IVA. Marsh Elder. 
 
 Deciduous seaside half-shrubs with moderately slender 
 angled at length brownish twigs with resin-passages in the 
 bark; roundish homogeneous pith; opposite or whorled trans- 
 verse leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; rounded 
 sessile few-scaled buds; simple rather fleshy more or less 
 3-nerved leaves; minute monoecious gamopetalous flowers in 
 small drooping involucres; and minute akenes without pappus. 
 Leaves coarse-toothed. I. oraria. 
 
 Leaves subentire. I. imbricata. 
 
GLOSSARY 149 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without a terminal leaflet. 
 
 Acaulescent. With basal or radical leaves, as in dandelion. 
 
 Achenium. The same as akene. 
 
 Acrid. Biting to the taste and often blistering the skin. 
 
 Acuminate. With "line-of-beauty" curve; contrasted with acute. 
 
 Acute. Tapered to the point. 
 
 Aerial roots. Those produced above ground, like the braces of 
 Indian corn or the climbing organs of poison ivy, trumpet 
 creeper, etc. 
 
 Aggregated. Grouped into a unit, like the partial fruits of a 
 mulberry, the bundle-traces of hickory, etc. 
 
 Akene. A small seed-like fruit (strawberry or rose "seeds"). 
 
 Alternate. As applied to leaves, one at each node. Occasional- 
 ly (crape myrtle) leaves are both alternate and opposite, 
 and in the desert willow they may be whorled as well. 
 
 Anastomosing. Forming a network, as in veins. 
 
 Angiosperms. Plants that mature their seeds within the pistil. 
 
 Annuals. Plants that live for one season only. 
 
 Annular. Like a ring. 
 
 Anther. The pollen-sac of a stamen. 
 
 Apetalous. Without corolla, but with calyx. When only one 
 set of floral leaves is 1 present it is assumed to be the calyx 
 even though of bright color and delicate texture, as in 
 clematis. 
 
 Appressed. Not spreading, as applied to buds, leaves or hairs. 
 
 Aril. An appendage of the seed, like that of the bittersweet. 
 
 Armed. With spines or prickles. 
 
 Aromatic. Fragrantly scented, at least when broken or crushed. 
 
 Attenuate. Drawn out into a point, as applied to leaves or 
 scales. 
 
 Auricled. With small projections at base (leaf of English oak). 
 
 Axil. The angle above a leaf: the point on a stem above the 
 leaf -scar: the angle between two nerves or veins of a leaf. 
 
150 GLOSSARY 
 
 Axillary. In an axil. 
 
 Balsamic. Of the fragrance or consistency of Canada balsam, 
 
 Basal, or radical. Leaves that are clustered near the ground. 
 
 Berry. A fleshy fruit, usually small. 
 
 Bipinnate. Twice, or doubly, pinnate. 
 
 Bladdery. Thin-walled and much larger than the seeds (fruit 
 of the bladder-nut). 
 
 Blistered. With elevations filled with resin (bark of fir). 
 
 Bract. A modified leaf of the inflorescence. Several bracts 
 form an involucre. The seed-scales of cones in Pinaceae 
 are in the axils of bracts. 
 
 Branch. One of the coarser divisions of a trunk or main stem: 
 loosely, any division of the stem. 
 
 Bristly. With stiff hairs. 
 
 Bronzing. Turning bronze- or copper-color. 
 
 Bud. The undeveloped end or branch of a stem; usually refer- 
 ring to the stage in which the growing tips pass the winter 
 or dry season; also applied to undeveloped flowers or flow- 
 er-clusters. Winter-buds are usually scaly or protected by 
 specialized reduced leaves or their parts, but sometimes 
 naked when their outer envelopes develop into leaves in 
 the spring. Though normally one occurs in each leaf-axil, 
 this is accompanied by an accessory bud at each side (col 
 lateral) often in oak, silver maple, etc.: or several buds 
 may occur one above the other (superposed) in ash, wal- 
 nut, Kentucky coffee tree, etc., with the uppermost of the 
 series largest; or in honeysuckle, where the lowermost is 
 largest. 
 
 Bunched. Polyadelphous or in several tufts (stamens of 
 linden). 
 
 Bundle-traces. The broken ends as seen on the leaf-scar of 
 woody strands passing from the stem into a leaf: often 
 simple and definite in number and position (1 rhododen- 
 dron, 3 in elm) ; sometimes broken or aggregated in simi- 
 larly placed groups (buckeye, hickory), or consolidated in 
 a crescent- or U-shaped or elliptical series (ash) ; less 
 commonly numerous and irregularly scattered (oak). 
 
GLOSSAKY 151 
 
 Calyx. The outer set of leaves of a flower. 
 
 Canescent. Ash-colored, with fine close hairs. 
 
 Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit (rose-of-Sharon, mock-orange). 
 
 Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. 
 
 Carpeting plants. Very low plants, trailing on the ground. 
 
 Catkin. The simple elongated flower-cluster of willows, etc. 
 
 Chambered. With cavities' separated by walls or plates. 
 
 Ciliate. Hairy on the margin, like the eyelids. 
 
 Clasping. Applied to leaves when their bases grow part-way 
 around the stem, or embrace it by outgrowths. 
 
 Class. A natural group of plants consisting of families. The 
 present tendency is to recognize an intermediate assemb- 
 lage of families, the order. Class names end in eae. 
 
 Claw. The slender base of a petal like that of carnation. 
 
 Clustered. As applied to leaves etc., crowded so as not to be 
 evidently alternate or opposite or whorled on the stem. 
 
 Collateral. Standing side by side. 
 
 Colored. Usually meaning of some color other than white in 
 flowers and pith, or than green in leaves. 
 
 Compound. Of several distinct leaf-like parts or leaflets, as 
 applied to leaves; branched, as applied to the inflorescence; 
 consisting of several in a group, as applied to bundle- 
 traces; of several united carpels, as applied to the pistil. 
 
 Cone. The characteristic scaly fruit of pine, hemlock, etc. 
 
 Conifer. A member of the Family Coniferae. 
 
 Connate. Grown together (ovaries of partridge-berry: upper 
 leaves of trumpet honeysuckle). 
 
 Continuous. Without interruption; applied to pith of elder, 
 for instance, in contrast with that of honeysuckle which 
 is excavated or hollowed out, or that of walnut which is 
 chambered between persistent plates. 
 
 Cordate. Heart-shaped. 
 
 Corymb. A flat-topped or round-topped flower cluster like that 
 of viburnum or elder. 
 
 Crenate. Scalloped, applied to leaves with rounded teeth. 
 
 Crenulate. Minutely crenate. 
 
152 GLOSSARY 
 
 Crisped. Wavy on the margin, like dock leaves: short and 
 curly, when applied to pubescence. 
 
 Cryptogams. Flowerle&s or spore-plants. 
 
 Cuneate. Tapering to the base, or wedge-shaped, as applied 
 to leaves. 
 
 Cyme. A (frequently fiat or convex) flower-cluster with the 
 terminal or central flower of each of its divisions opening 
 first. Many so-called corymbs and panicles are really 
 cymes. 
 
 Cymose. In cymes. 
 
 Deciduous. Falling in winter, or drying early if remaining 
 attached for a time, as applied to leaves; falling away, 
 like the end-bud of linden, the flower-cluster of lilac, or 
 the calyx of a crab apple. 
 
 Decompound. Repeatedly compound. 
 
 Decurrent. Continued down the stem in a ridge or wing, as 
 applied to leaves. 
 
 Dehiscent. Opening to discharge the seeds, as applied to fruits. 
 
 Deliquescent. Breaking up into fine branches. (American elm). 
 
 Deltoid. Shaped like an equilateral triangle. 
 
 Dentate. Toothed; contrasted with serrate or saw-toothed, 
 
 Denticulate. Minutely dentate. 
 
 Depressed. Shortened as 1 applied to round or ovoid fruits, etc. 
 
 Diaphragms. Firmer plates across the pith, either at the nodes 
 (grape) or at intervals between them (sweet bay, tupelo). 
 
 Dicotyledons. Angiosperms with two seed-leaves. 
 
 Diffused. The same as scattered, when applied to ducts seen 
 in cross section of wood. 
 
 Digitate. Spreading from one point, like the leaflets of a horse- 
 chestnut leaf, the lobes or veins of a maple leaf, etc. 
 When unqualified, it means digitately or palmately com 
 pound, if applied to leaves. 
 
 Dioecious. Imperfect flowers, the sexes on separate individ- 
 uals, as in poplar. 
 
 Disarticulating. Falling away so as to leave a clean-cut scar, 
 as most leaves and many fruits finally do. 
 
 Discoid. The same as chambered, when applied to pith. 
 
GLOSSARY 153 
 
 Disk. The same as sucker, for tendrils. 
 
 Dissected. Divided into numerous narrow lobes. 
 
 Divergent. The same as spreading. 
 
 Division. One of the main groups under which plants are 
 classified; often called phylum. For the higher plants, 
 the names of divisions 1 end in phyta. 
 
 Dotted. As here used, referring to the presence of lighter or 
 darker spots or of rather regularly and closely placed 
 blackened hairs or glands, usually on the under side of 
 a leaf. 
 
 Double. With more than the normal number of petals, as 
 applied to flowers. Double poinsettias have their bracts 
 increased: double hydrangeas, their neutral flowers. 
 
 Downy. Pubescent, with the hairs short, soft and spreading. 
 
 Drooping. Hanging from the base so as to suggest wilting, 
 like the leaves of peach and sweet cherry. 
 
 Drupe. A "stone-fruit" typically with the outer part succulent 
 and one hard kernel (plum) : but the flesh may be thin 
 and dry (almond), or may contain several stones (holly). 
 In a huckleberry the stones are small and seed-like, but 
 their presence is shown by the crackling sound when they 
 are broken between the teeth, quite different from the 
 behavior of a blueberry. 
 
 Drupelet. A diminutive drupe. 
 
 Ducts or vessels. The water-passages in wood: appearing as 
 pores in cross-section. When larger or crowded in the 
 spring-growth, they make the wood "ring-porous" (oak) ; 
 when uniform in size and disposition, they render it "dif- 
 f used-porous" (walnut). The smaller ducts are often 
 arranged in flame-like radiating patterns (oak), or wavy 
 tangential patterns (elm). 
 
 Dull. Not glossy; not brightly colored. 
 
 Ellipsoid. Shaped like a foot-ball, as applied to fruits, etc. 
 
 Emergence. An outgrowth from a leaf or stem not readily 
 classified under the usual subdivisions of such parts 
 (prickles). 
 
154 GLOSSARY 
 
 End-bud. The characteristic growing tip of a stem or its 
 branch: sometimes replaced by a flower (magnolia) or 
 cluster of flowers (horse-chestnut) and then not found in 
 winter; and sometimes regularly cast off during the grow- 
 ing season (linden) or dying back before winter (willow). 
 
 Endogens. Inside-growing plants, forming new wood, if at 
 all, as new threads between the old (Smilax, palms 1 etc.). 
 
 Entire. With the margin neither toothed nor lobed, as applied 
 to leaves and leaflets. 
 
 Epigynous. With calyx, corolla and stamens apparently origi- 
 nating from the upper part of the ovary, as in the apple. 
 
 Evanescent. Quickly disappearing. 
 
 Evergreen. Holding green foliage through the winter. 
 
 Excavated. Hollowed between nodes, as applied to pith. 
 
 Exfoliating. Peeling away (papery bark of canoe birch). 
 
 Falcate. Sickle-shaped, curved to one side. 
 
 Family. A natural group of plants comprising one or more 
 genera. Family names are usually derived from the name 
 of one of their genera, and then end in aceae. 
 
 Fastigiate. With upright branches (Lombardy poplar). 
 
 Filiform. Long and slender or thread-like, as applied to twigs, 
 petioles or flower-stalks. 
 
 Fimbriate. Fringed. 
 
 Fissured. Torn lengthwise, as applied to bark or pith. 
 
 Flaking. The same as shredding, with shorter fragrants. 
 
 Flame-shaped. Wavily branching from the pith toward the 
 bark, as applied to duct-pattern of such woods as chestnut 
 and oak, seen in cross-section. 
 
 Fleshy or succulent. Employed in contrast with membrana- 
 ceous, leathery, etc., for leaves; in contrast with hard, for 
 stems in some cases; and in contrast with dry when ripe, 
 for fruits. 
 
 Flower-scar. The scar from which a flower has fallen. 
 
 Fluted. Ridged lengthwise (sycamore bud, young oak twig). 
 
 Foliage sprays. Twigs which finally fall away carrying the 
 
GLOSSARY 153 
 
 small leaves with, them; sometimes at end of the first 
 season (bald cypress, tamarisk), sometimes after several 
 years (arbor vitae). 
 
 Foliar shoots. The same as foliage sprays*. 
 
 Follicle. A small dry fruit opening down one edge. 
 
 Fusiform. Spindle-shaped: rounded in cross-section and tap- 
 ered to base and apex. 
 
 Gamopetalous. With the petals grown together, as in a mor- 
 ning glory, or at least at the ba&e. 
 
 Genus. A natural group of plants comprising one or more 
 species. Generic names of trees ending in us are feminine. 
 
 Glabrate. Nearly glabrous. 
 
 Glabrescent. Becoming glabrous. 
 
 Glabrous. Not hairy. 
 
 Gland. A secreting organ: as here used, secreting nectar 
 (petiole of cherry), aromatic oil (sweetbrier foliage), or 
 balsam (cottonwood and horse-chestnut buds) ; sometimes 
 containing resin or essential oils, either on the surface 
 (bayberry) or within the substance of a leaf, etc. (orange). 
 
 Glaucous. With a white or bluish bloom, like a plum. 
 
 Globose. Shaped like a globe: spherical. 
 
 Glutinous. Sticky, with resin or gum. 
 
 Granular. Minutely or microscopically roughened. 
 
 Gummy. Much the same as resinous, as applied to buds. 
 
 Gymnosperms 1 . Naked-seeded flowering plants, like cycads 
 and conifers: contrasted with Angiosperms. 
 
 Habit. General appearance, or mode of growth. 
 
 Halberd-shaped. The same as hastate. 
 
 Hard-wood. Technically, the lumber derived from Angiosperms. 
 
 Hastate. Elongated, with two spreading lobes at base (leaves 
 of red sorrel, bracts of blue beech). 
 
 Head. A round or flat cluster of sessile flowers. 
 
 Herbaceous. Not woody. 
 
 Homogeneous. Continuous and without firmer cross-plates or 
 diaphragms, as applied to pith. 
 
 Horizontal. With the broad faces parallel to the earth, as 
 applied to the foliage sprays. 
 
156 GLOSSARY 
 
 Horrid. Used in the classic sense. 
 
 Hybrid. Offspring resulting from the egg of one species being 
 fertilized by the sperm of another: less properly, the result 
 of crossing one variety with another. Names of hybrids 
 are prefixed by X ; or a compound name is formed by com- 
 bination of the specific names of the parents, separated 
 by X. 
 
 Hypanthium. A hollow fruiting receptacle (rose, fig). 
 
 Hypogynous. Arising from the receptacle below the pistil, as 
 applied to calyx, corolla or stamens. 
 
 Imperfect. Lacking stamens or pistil, as applied to flowers. 
 
 Incised. Toothed or lobed, with acute sinuses as if cut. 
 
 Indehiscent. Not opening, as applied to fruits. 
 
 Inferior. As applied to the ovary of an epigynous flower, with 
 the calyx or other floral parts apparently coming from the 
 top of the ovary (apple, blueberry, etc.). 
 
 Inflated. Loose and membranous about the seeds, as applied 
 to fruits. 
 
 Inflorescence. The cluster of flowers. 
 
 Internode. The part of a stem between two nodes. 
 
 Involucrate. With a surrounding cluster of modified leaves, 
 showy in poinsettia, green in sunflower, etc. 
 
 Junctures. The same as winter-nodes. 
 
 Laciniate. Incised, with narrow divisions. 
 
 Lanceolate. Lance-shaped : applied to elongated pointed leaves 
 widest at or somewhere below the middle. 
 
 Leaf-cushion. The raised base from which the leaf-stalk fin- 
 ally breaks away, in many Leguminosae etc. 
 
 Leaf -scar. The point from which a leaf has fallen: within it 
 may be seen one or more bundle-traces, where the woody 
 strands of the leaf-stalk have been broken usually at the 
 very base of the petiole, but occasionally above it (flower- 
 ing dogwood, where the remainder falls later) or within 
 the leaf-cushion (mock-orange, locust), so that the axillary 
 buds are covered by a membrane. 
 
 Leaflet. One of the separate parts of a compound leaf. 
 
 Legume. The characteristic fruit oi the pea family. 
 
GLOSSARY 157 
 
 Lenticels. The wart-like prominences on the bark of young 
 twigs; very conspicuous on elder etc.; forming long cross- 
 lines on young branches of cherry and paper birch. 
 
 Lignified. Woody. 
 
 Linear. Narrow and elongated, with nearly parallel sides. 
 
 Lobed. Divided rather deeply, as applied to leaves the seg- 
 ments too long to be called teeth but not separated as 
 leaflets. 
 
 Mamillated. With rounded breast-like elevations. 
 
 Matted. Growing densely, so as to form a low close cover to 
 
 the ground, or in very compact tufts. 
 
 Medullary rays. The plates radiating from pith to bark in ex- 
 ogenous stems: appearing as lines, sometimes heavy 
 
 (oak), in cross section. 
 
 Megalospores. The large or female spores of some fernworts. 
 Membranaceous. Thin and dry, in contrast with green and 
 
 leaf-like, as applied to scales or bracts, 
 -merous. Parted. A suffix used to indicate the number of 
 
 sepals, petals etc. in the flower; as trimerous (3-merous), 
 
 tetramerous (4-merous), pentamerous (5-merous). 
 Microspores. The small or male spores of some fernworts. 
 Midrib. The strong main vein running from the base to apex 
 
 in a pinnately veined leaf, like that of chestnut or apple. 
 Milky. Colored, usually white, when applied to the sap of 
 
 trees. 
 Monadelphous. Stamens united by their lower part into a ring 
 
 or tube, as in hollyhock. 
 
 Monocotyledons. Angiosperms with a single seed-leaf (smilax). 
 Monoecious. Imperfect flowers, the sexes on one individual 
 
 (oak). 
 Monopodial. Continuing the growth from a terminal bud, as 
 
 applied to twigs: in contrast with sympodial. 
 Moss-like. Used loosely to indicate a compact or matted habit 
 
 of growth associated with small overlapping leaves. 
 Mucilaginous. Exemplified by the bark of slippery elm, the 
 
 leaves of sassafras, etc., when chewed. 
 Mucronate. With a short stiff abrupt point. 
 
158 GLOSSARY 
 
 Mucronulate. Minutely mucronate. 
 
 Naked. Without calyx or corolla, as applied to flowers: with- 
 out specialized protecting scales, as applied to buds. 
 
 Nectar-glands. Glands that secrete a sugary fluid ; as in many 
 flowers, on the leaf-stalk of the plum, on the calyx of pae 
 ony and trumpet-creeper, in the angles between the mid- 
 rib and principal veins of the lower side of a catalpa leaf, 
 on the teeth of an ailanthus leaf, etc. Ants frequently 
 point the way to them. 
 
 Needle. A common name for the phylloid shoot or "leaf" of 
 pines. 
 
 Needle-like. Long, slender, and about as thick as broad. 
 
 Nerved. Usually applied to leaves or scales when the principal 
 woody bundles in them are prominent and run from the 
 base (palmately) and not from a midrib (pinnately) : 
 these are usually called veins in other cases, especially 
 when they anastomose and form a fine network or reticu- 
 lation. 
 
 Neutral. Lacking both stamens and pistil (flowers of snow- 
 ball). 
 
 Nodding. Bending over: applied to the inflorescence and to 
 flower stalks. 
 
 Nodes. The points of the stem from which leaves come: these 
 are alternate when solitary at a node; opposite when two 
 come from a node; and whorled when several come from a 
 node. Fascicled or clustered leaves (barberry) usually 
 come from short axillary branches. 
 
 Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, but with the greatest breadth above 
 the middle. 
 
 Oblique. Unequal-sided at base (leaves of elm or begonia). 
 
 Obliquely opposite. Applied to opposite leaves when one of a 
 pair stands more or less higher on the stem than the other. 
 
 Oblong. Relatively longer and narrower than elliptical and 
 with more parallel margins than lanceolate, and much 
 broader than linear, as applied to leaves. 
 
 Obovate. Inverted ovate, broadest above the middle. 
 
 Obtuse. Blunt, in contrast with acute. 
 
GLOSSARY 159 
 
 Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with a terminal leaflet. 
 
 Opposite. As applied to leaves, two at each node: the suces 
 sive pairs "decussate", so that the leaves are in four ranks 
 on the stem. Sometimes (buckthorn) the leaves of a pair 
 are separated so as to appear alternate but in four ranks. 
 Plants with whorled leaves (deutzia) frequently have 
 them opposite as well. 
 
 Order. A natural group of plants consisting of related genera. 
 Ordinal names usually end in ales. 
 
 Ovate. Like the longitudinal section of an egg, the greatest 
 width below the middle, as applied to leaves. 
 
 Ovoid. Egg-shaped, as applied to solid objects like trees. 
 
 Palmate. The same as digitate. 
 
 Panicle. A compound or branched raceme. 
 
 Papilionaceous. The sweet-pea type of flower. 
 
 Pappus. The plume of a Composite akene (dandelion etc.). 
 
 Parted. More deeply divided than lobed, but not compound, 
 as applied to leaves. 
 
 Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence. 
 
 Peeling. Much the same as flaking or shredding. 
 
 Pellucid-dotted or glandular. Applied to leaves etc. which con- 
 tain internal oil-glands (orange, wafer-ash, etc.). 
 
 Peltate. Attached to a stalk at some distance from the mar- 
 gin, like the leaf of an Egyptian "lotus", the scales on 
 leaves of the Russian "olive," etc. 
 
 Pendent. Hanging, like the cone of spruce: that of fir is erect. 
 
 Percurrent. With the main trunk continued through the top. 
 hence usually conical or spire-like (spruce), as applied to 
 trees: in extreme contrast with deliquescent. 
 
 Perennials. Plants that live for a number of years. 
 
 Perfect. With both stamens and pistil, as applied to flowers. 
 
 Pericarp. The outer part of the fruit. 
 
 Perigynous. With sepals, petals and stamens around the edge 
 of a cup surrounding but free from the pistil or pistils, as 
 in the cherry and rose: contrasted with epigynous and 
 hypogynous. 
 
 Persistent. Not deciduous, as applied to leaves. 
 
160 GLOSSARY 
 
 Petals. The inner floral leaves, forming the corolla. 
 
 Petiole. The leaf-stalk. 
 
 Phanerogams. Flowering- or seed-plants. 
 
 Phylloid shoots. The foliage of pines; morphologically con- 
 sidered as modified branches of the stem, rather than 
 leaves, by some. 
 
 Phylum. The same as division. 
 
 Pinnate. Distributed along an axis, like the plume of a feather 
 on the quill (leaflets of an elder leaf; the lobes or veins of 
 an oak leaf, etc.). When unqualified it means pinnately 
 compound, if applied to leaves. When the leaflets of a 
 pinnate leaf are again pinnate, the leaf isi bipinnate or 
 twice pinnate. Unequally pinnate or bipinnate leaves vary 
 greatly in their compoundness, often in the same leaf 
 (honey locust). 
 
 Pistil. The part of a flower that produces ovules and seeds. 
 
 Pistillate. Flowers that have pistils but no stamens. 
 
 Pith. The central part of a stem, surrounded by the woody 
 cylinder: usually continuous and of uniform texture, but 
 sometimes with firmer plates or diaphragms at the nodes 
 (grape) or at intervals between them (sour gum, sweet 
 bay) ; in some genera disappearing or excavated (honey- 
 suckle), or chambered between persistent thin plate? 
 (golden bell, walnut). 
 
 Placenta. The part of the pistil to which seeds are attached. 
 
 Polygamous. With both perfect and imperfect flowers (maple). 
 
 Polypetalous. With petals not grown together, as in a rose. 
 
 Pome. An apple-fruit, the fleshy pulp crowned by the calyx or 
 other vestiges of the flower, and separated from the seeds 
 by a papery (apple) or bony (red haw) core. 
 
 Prickle. A pungent outgrowth of the cortex or bank of a stem, 
 or of the surface of a leaf: contrasted with spines, which 
 are modified forms of leaf or stem. 
 
 Prostrate. Low and spreading, as applied to shrubs: trailing. 
 
 Puberulent. Minutely pubescent. 
 
 Pubescent. With hairs. 
 
 Pungent. With sharp hard point. 
 
GLOSSARY 161 
 
 Raceme. A simple flower-cluster (wild cherry). 
 
 Rachis. The axi& of a pinnate leaf etc.; sometimes continued 
 as a spine or bristle (pea tree). 
 
 Radiate. The same as digitate when applied to leaves or their 
 veins: with conspicuous flowers around the outside (head 
 of sunflower; inflorescence of Hydrangea or Viburnum). 
 
 Raised. Lying wholly or in part above the general surface of 
 the twig, as applied to leaf-scars. 
 
 Ranks. As applied to leaves, the longitudinal lines on the stem 
 in which foliage is arranged: usually 2, 3, 5 or 8 for alter 
 nate leaves; and 4 for opposite or obliquely opposite leaves. 
 
 Receptacle. The part of a stem that bears the parts of a 
 flower, or that bears the flowers in a conden&ed inflores- 
 cence like that of sunflower or fig. 
 
 Reflexed. Bent downward or backward. 
 
 Resin-passages. Intercellular spaces in the wood of conifers: 
 appearing as pores in cross section, and so capable of being 
 mistaken for ducts' which are absent from such wood. 
 
 Resinous. With copious resin (wood of pine, buds of fir, etc). 
 
 Reticulate. Netted, like the finer veins of an oak leaf or the 
 ridges on the stone of a hackberry fruit. 
 
 Retrorse. Turned backward or downward. 
 
 Revolute. With the margin rolled back, as applied to leaves. 
 
 Rhombic. Four-sided with the opposed sides parallel, but not 
 rectangular: diamond-shaped. 
 
 Ribbed. With longitudinal ridges more prominent than is in- 
 dicated by striate, and more distinct and clearly isolated 
 than fluted indicates. 
 
 Ring-porous. Wood in which each year's layer is marked by 
 large or crowded ducts in the spring growth: contrasted 
 with diffused-porous. 
 
 Rugose. Wrinkled or with the veins impressed. 
 
 Salver-shaped. With a slender tube and spreading border, like 
 the corolla of phlox. 
 
 Samara. A winged fruit (ash, maple, elm, ailanthus). 
 
 Sap. As here used, the fluid that flows from a freshly cut 
 twig or leaf-stalk. 
 
162 GLOSSARY 
 
 Scale. As usually employed, a reduced leaf: also one of the 
 
 parts of the cone of the pine etc., or of a winter bud: or of 
 
 the scurf on a leaf or twig, etc. 
 Scaly. Detaching in flakes (white oak), as applied to bark: 
 
 with finally hard and dry sometimes woolly or varnished 
 
 protecting leaves or stipules, as applied to winter-buds. 
 Scape. A flower-stalk coming from a cluster of basal leaves 
 
 (hyacinth). 
 Scattered. Not in any of the usual definite groups, as applied 
 
 to leaves, ducts, bundle-traces, etc. 
 Scrambling plants. Imperfect climbers, lacking aerial roots 
 
 and tendrils and not twining, but sometimes aided by 
 
 prickles (rose) or short strong hairs (hop). 
 Scurfy. With scale-like pubescence rather than hairs. 
 Seed. The ripened ovule, containing an embryo plant. 
 Segment. One of the parts of a gamopetalous corolla or gamo- 
 
 sepalous calyx: one of the parts of a lobed leaf. 
 Sepals. The outer, or only, series of floral leaves, constituting 
 
 the calyx; sometimes (clematis) petal -like. 
 Seriate. In lines or series, as applied to ducts in cross section 
 
 of wood. 
 Serrate. Toothed, with the teeth pointing in one direction 
 
 like those of a saw: doubly serrate leaves have such teeth 
 
 again serrate: contrasted with crenate and dentate. 
 Serrulate. Very finely serrate. 
 Sessile. Not stalked. 
 
 Shaling. Scaly, in large flakes (bark of shag-bark hickory). 
 Shredding. Falling away in shreds (bark of the grape vine). 
 Simple. Of a single leaflet, as applied to leaves: unbranched, 
 
 as applied to stem or inflorescence. 
 Single. With the normal number of showy parts, as applied 
 
 to flowers: contrasted with double. 
 Sinus. The notch between two lobes. 
 Smooth. Not roughened: frequently, but less accurately, also 
 
 used in the sense of glabrous. 
 
 Soft-wood. Technically the lumber derived from conifers. 
 Solitary. Applied to buds when only one occurs at a node: 
 
GLOSSARY 163 
 
 contrasted with the cases in which there are more than 
 one, either collateral or side by side (oak, maple), or 
 superposed one above the other (walnut, honeysuckle). 
 
 Spathe. A modified leaf or bract subtending a flower (nar- 
 cissus), a spadix (calla), or a loose cluster of flowers 
 (palms). 
 
 Spathed. With a spathe. 
 
 Spatulate. Oblong with the upper part rather abruptly widened. 
 
 Species. A natural group of plants composed of individuals; 
 often comprising several minor forms, subspecies or var- 
 ieties. Specific names, when not substantives in apposition 
 (Acer Negundo) or in the gentitive (Viburnum Carlesii), 
 agree in number and gender with the name of the genus 
 (Quercus alba, Calycanthus floridus, Viburnum nudum). 
 
 Spermatophytes. Seed- or flowering-plants. 
 
 Spike. A simple elongated compact cluster of flowers or 
 sporangia. 
 
 Spine. A pungent specialized form of the leaf (barberry) or 
 its stipules (locust) or tip (pea-tree), or of a twig (haw- 
 thorn, wild crab). 
 
 Spinescent. Turning into spines, like the stipules' of locust. 
 
 Sporangium. A spore-case. 
 
 Spores. As here used, the dust-like bodies by which flower : 
 less plants or cryptogams are multiplied. 
 
 Spreading. Used in contrast with appressed or closely applied 
 to the stem, for some leaves and buds; or to closely applied 
 to the leaf or twig etc., for some hairs. 
 
 Spring wood. That formed at the beginning of each year's 
 layer: often marked by the crowding or large size of its 
 ducts, when the wood is spoken of as ring-porous. 
 
 Spur. A short- or dwarf-branch of the stem: also applied to a 
 spur-like outgrowth of the flower, the angle of a wistaria 
 leaf-scar, etc. 
 
 Spur-scar. The scar from which a dwarf-shoot has fallen 
 (pine). 
 
 Stalked. As applied to buds, indicates that the .scales are 
 clustered at an observable distance from the point where 
 
164 GLOSSARY 
 
 the bud originates on the stem (alder). 
 
 Staminate. Flowers/ that have stamens but no pistil: male 
 flowers. 
 
 Standard. In horticulture, a small tree produced by grafting 
 a low-growing form on a trunk of the desired height. 
 
 Star-shaped. With several points rather symmetrically orient- 
 ed about a common center, as in a sweet-gum leaf and the 
 scales on the leaves of deutzia. 
 
 Stellate. The same as- star-shaped, when applied to hairs. 
 
 Sterigmata. The raised bases from which some small ever- 
 green leaves finally fall (spruce). 
 
 Sterile. Not producing fruit, neutral or staminate, as applied 
 to flowers. 
 
 Stipellate. With stipule-like bodies at base of a leaflet. 
 
 Stipular. Pertaining to or derived from stipules. 
 
 Stipules. The small basal outgrowths of a leaf: sometimes 
 attached to its stalk (rose) ; occasionally more than 2 
 (viburnum) ; exceptionally hardened into spines (locust) ; 
 usually small or falling early in the season. 
 
 Stipule-scars. Scars on the twigs, from which stipules have 
 fallen: sometimes forming a narrow line around the node 
 (magnolia), but usually short and small. 
 
 Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata or "breathing pores." 
 
 Stone. The hard inner part of a drupe. 
 
 Striate. Striped, usually by alternating ridges and grooves. 
 
 Style. The prolonged apex of a pistil or carpel. 
 
 Sub-. Often used as a prefix in the sense of nearly, as in sub- 
 globose, subglabrous, subsessile, submarginal. 
 
 Succulent. Fleshy (leaf of aloe or stonecrop, stem of cactus). 
 
 Suckers. Adhering disks on tendrils (Boston ivy). 
 
 Sulcate. Grooved. 
 
 Summer wood. That formed in summer of each year, hence 
 the outer part of the annual layer: often with the fine 
 ducts in a characteristic grouping when seen in cross 
 section (oak, elm). 
 
 Sunken. In depressions (buds of button-bush and coffee-tree). 
 
 Superposed. One above another (buds of honeysuckle). 
 
GLOSSARY 165 
 
 Supra-axillary. Above rather than in the axil. 
 
 Sympodial. Continuing the growth by development of an 
 
 axillary bud and not a terminal bud, either internode after 
 
 internode (grape), or season after season (elm), as 
 
 applied to twigs. 
 Tangential. At right angles to the medullary rays, as applied 
 
 to the duct pattern of such woods as elm: contrasted with . 
 
 radial, as in oak, in cross section. 
 Tendril. A leaf (clematis> or stem (grape) modified to form 
 
 a specialized climbing organ. 
 
 Terete. Round in cross-section, as applied to twigs, etc. 
 Thorn. The same as spine: a pungent modification of leaf or 
 
 twig; contrasted with prickles or superficial pungent out- 
 growths. 
 
 Tomentum. Woolly pubescence. 
 Toothed. With the margin cut in, but not deeply enough for 
 
 lob ing, as applied to leaves. 
 
 Torulose. Constricted between swollen parts (fruit of radish). 
 Tracheae. The same as ducts. 
 Tracheides. Short wood-cells, replacing ducts or tracheae in 
 
 conifers as water channels: characteristically marked by 
 
 microscopic bordered pits, spiral thickening, etc., like the 
 
 ducts. 
 
 Trailing. With elongated stems spreading on the ground. 
 Translucent. The same as pellucid. 
 
 Trifoliolate. Of three leaflets, as applied to compound leaves. 
 Triple-nerved. With three palmate nerves, or with two strong 
 
 branches from the lower part of the midrib. 
 Truncate. Cut off rather abruptly, as applied to base or apex 
 
 of a leaf. 
 
 Trunk. The main stem of a tree. 
 Tuberculate: Warty with rounded prominences (twigs of elder 
 
 etc.). 
 Tubular. Cylindrical, without a spreading border, as applied 
 
 to calyx or corolla: here used rather loosely. 
 Turbinate. Top-shaped or inversely conical. 
 Twigs. The finer or finest branches of a stem. 
 
166 GLOSSARY 
 
 Twining. Coiling about a support like the stem of morning- 
 glory: some tendrils also twine about supports. 
 
 Twinned fruits. Formed from connate ovaries surmounted by 
 separate calyxes and corollas (partridge berry). 
 
 Twinned hairs. Characteristic hairs of dogwood; a simple 
 form of stellate pubescence with only two rays, in a 
 straight line. 
 
 Umbel. A flat- or round-topped flower-cluster with the stalks 
 rising from one point, asi in the carrot. 
 
 Unarmed. With neither spines nor prickles. Some herbs and 
 tropical woody plants (nettles) are protected by stinging 
 hairs. 
 
 Undershrub. A woody plant forming the ground-covering 
 under or between trees and larger shrubs: here made to 
 include evergreen herbs. 
 
 Urceolate. Urn-shaped (flowers of heath). 
 
 Valvate. With the edges meeting but not overlapping, as 
 applied to sepals, bud-scales (tulip tree), etc. 
 
 Variegated. Striped or margined or mottled with some color 
 other than green, as applied to leaves. 
 
 Variety. A subdivision of a species. When written trinomial- 
 ly, as in this book, varietal names that are adjectives agree 
 in number and gender with the generic name: when pre- 
 fixed by the abbreviation var., they are feminine. 
 
 Veins. The woody bundles in a leaf. 
 
 Velvety. Essentially the same as downy. 
 
 Vernal. The same as spring, as applied to wood. 
 
 Vertical. With edges vertical, as applied to foliage-sprays. 
 
 Villous. With long spreading hairs. 
 
 Vine. A slender-stemmed climbing or trailing plant: classical- 
 ly, the grape vine. 
 
 Weeping. Conspicuously drooping or pendent, as applied to 
 branches and twigs. 
 
 Whorl. A group of 3 or more branches, flowers, or leaves, 
 coming from one point on the stem. Whorled leaves are 
 frequently found in place of opposite leaves (deutzia, 
 
GLOSSARY 167 
 
 hydrangea), but rarely replace alternate leaves (desert 
 
 willow). 
 Winged. With thin border or appendage (fruit of elm or 
 
 maple, twigs of some species of spindle tree, etc.). 
 Winter-node. The point at which a winter-bud has existed: 
 
 usually marked by crowded narrow scars corresponding to 
 
 the fallen scales after the bud has developed. 
 Wood-parenchyma. Tissue that accompanies ducts and trache- 
 
 ides in the wood. 
 Woolly. Pubescent with long curving tangled hair&. 
 
IXDKX 
 
 169 
 
 Abelia 144 
 Abies 7 
 
 Acacia, Rose 74 
 Acanthopanax 112 
 Acer 90 
 Aceraceae 90 
 Actinidia 103 
 Adelia 130 
 Aecidium 39, 97 
 Aesculus 93 
 Ailanthus 80 
 Akebia 38 
 Alder 26 
 Alder, Black 87 
 Alder, Dwarf 51. 
 Aider, White 113 
 Alligator pear 44 
 Allspice, Carolina 43 
 Almond 68 
 Alnus 26 
 Amelanchier 60 
 American laurel 117 
 Amorpha 74 
 Ampelopsis 99 
 Amygdalus 68 
 Anacardiaceae 83 
 Andrachne 81 
 Andromeda 118 
 Angiospermae 15 
 Annonaceae 43 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Apocynaceae 133 
 Apple 56 
 Apricot 67 
 Aquifoliaceae 86 
 Aralia 112 
 Araliaceae in 
 Arbor vitae 12 
 Arbutus, Trailing 120 
 Arctostaphylos 123 
 \ristolochia 35 
 Aristolochiaceae 35 
 Aronia 57 
 Arrow wood 142 
 Artichoke 146 
 Asclepiadaceae 134 
 Ascyrum 105 
 Ash 127 
 
 Ash, Mountain 57 
 Ash, Prickly 79 
 Ash, Wafer 78 
 Asimina 43 
 Asparagus 15 
 Aspen 18 
 Aucuba in 
 Azalea 115 
 
 Baccharis 147 
 Bald cypress n 
 Balsam poplar 19 
 Bamboo 15 
 
 Barberry 39 
 Basswood 101 
 Bay 44 
 
 Bay, Sweet 42 
 Bayberry 20 
 Bayonet, Spanish 16 
 Beach heather 105 
 Bean, Indian 138 
 Bearberry 123 
 Beech 27 
 Beech, Blue 25 
 Bell, Golden 129 
 Bell, Silver 126 
 Benzoin 44 
 Berberidaceae 38 
 Berberis 39 
 Berchemia 96 
 Berry, Bear 123 
 Berry, Buffalo 107 
 Berry, Bunch 109 
 Berry, China 81 
 Berry, Coral 147 
 Berry, Crow 83 
 Berry, Partridge 140 
 Berry, Snow 147 
 Berry, Turquoise 99 
 Berry, Wolf 147 
 Betula 25 
 Betulaceae 23 
 Big tree n 
 
170 
 
 Bignonia 137 
 Bignoniaceae 137 
 Biota 12 
 Birch 25 
 
 Birthwort family 35 
 Bitternut 23 
 Bittersweet 87 
 Black alder 87 
 Black ti-ti 85 
 Blackberry 65 
 Blackcap 65 
 Bladder senna 75 
 Bladdernut 90 
 Blue beech 25 
 Blueberry 123 
 Bog rosemary 118 
 Boston ivy 100 
 Bouvardia 140 
 Box elder 90 
 Box tree 82 
 Bramble 64 
 Bridal wreath 55 
 Brierwood 114 
 Broom 73 
 Broom crowb. 83 
 Broussonetia 30 
 Buckeye 93 
 Buckthorn 97 
 Buckthorn, False 125 
 Buckthorn, Sea 108 
 Buckwheat tree 85 
 Buddleia 133 
 Buffalo berry 107 
 Bulbs 15 
 Bumelia 125 
 Bunchberry 109 
 Burning bush 87 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bush honeysuckle 146 
 Butneria 43 
 Buttercup family 36 
 Butternut 21 
 Buttonball 52 
 Buttonbush 140 
 Buxaceae 82 
 Buxus 82 
 
 Cabbage palm 18 
 California nutmeg 5 
 Callicarpa 135 
 Calluna 121 
 Calophaca 77 
 Calycanthaceae 43, 
 Calycanthus 43 
 Calycocarpum 40 
 Camellia family 104 
 Camphor 45 
 Campion, Moss 35 
 Campsis 137 
 Cape jessamine 140 
 Caprifoliaceae 141 
 Capsicum 136 
 Caragana 76 
 Carica 43 
 Carnation 35 
 Carolina allspice 
 
 family 43 
 
 Carol, jessamine 133 
 Carol, moonseed 40 
 Carpinus 25 
 Carya 23 
 
 Caryophyllaceae 35 
 Caryopteris 135 
 Cascara sagrada 98 
 Cashew 83 
 
 Cassandra 119 
 Cassava 81 
 Cassiope 117 
 Castanea 28 
 Castor bean 81 
 Catalpa 138 
 Cat vine 103 
 Ceanothus 97 
 Cedar 8 
 Cedar, False 80 
 Cedar, Red 14 
 Cedar, Salt 105 
 Cedar, White 14 
 Cedrela 80 
 Cedrus 8 
 Celastraceae 87 
 Celastrus 87 
 Celtis 34 
 
 Cephalanthus 140 
 Cercidiphyllaceae 36 
 Cercidiphyllum 36 
 Cercis 70 
 Chaenomeles 58 
 Chain, Golden 72 
 Chamaebatiaria 56 
 Chamaecistus 117 
 Chamaecyparis 14 
 Chamaedaphne 119 
 Chaste tree 135 
 Cherimoya 43 
 Cherry 67 
 Chestnut 28 
 Chicle 124 
 Chicory 146 
 Chilopsis 139 
 Chimaphila 113 
 Chinaberrv Si 
 
Chinquapin 28 
 Chiogenes 122 
 Chionanthus 131 
 Chokeberry 57 
 Chrysanthenum 148 
 Cigar-box wood 80 
 Cigar plant 108 
 Cinnamomum 45 
 Cinnamon 45 
 Cinquefoil 64 
 Cissus loo 
 Cistaceae 105 
 Citrus 77 
 Cladrastis 71 
 Clematis 36 
 Clerodendron 135 
 Clethra 113 
 Clethraceae 113 
 Cliftonia 85 
 Clubmoss 3 
 Cocklebur 146 
 Cocculus 40 
 Coconut 17 
 Cocos 17 
 Coffee family 139 
 Coffee, Kentucky 69 
 Colutea 75 
 Compositae 146 
 Conifer family 5 
 Coralberry 144 
 Corchorus 63 
 Corema 83 
 Cork tree 78 
 Corkwood 21 
 Cornaceae 109 
 Cornel 109 
 Corn us 109. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Corylopsis 50 
 Corylus 23 
 Cotinus 85 
 Cotoneaster 59 
 Cottonwood 19 
 Crab apple 57 
 Cranberry 123, 147 
 Crape myrtle 108 
 Crassulaceae 45 
 Crataegus 60, 62 
 Creeper,Trumpet 137 
 Creeper, Virginia 99 
 Cronartium 50 
 Cross vine 137 
 Croton 81 
 Crowberry 83 
 Cryptomeria n 
 Cucumber tree 42 
 Cuphea 108 
 Cupressus 13 
 Cupseed 40 
 Currant 46, 50, 99 
 Custard apple fam.43 
 Cydonia 58 
 Cypress 13 
 Cypress, Bald n 
 Cyrilla 85 
 Cyrillaceae 85 
 Cytisus 73 
 
 Dandelion 146 
 Daphne 106 
 Date 17. 
 Decumaria 48 
 Dendrium 117 
 Desert palm 17 
 Desert willow 139 
 
 171 
 
 Deutzia 47 
 Dewberry 65 
 Diapensia 124 
 Diapensiaceae 124 
 Dicotyledoneae 18 
 Diervilla 146 
 Dilleniaceae 103 
 Dimorphanthus 112 
 Diospyros 125 
 Dirca 106 
 Dog-fennel 146 
 Dogbane family 133 
 Dogwood 109 
 Douglas fir 7 
 Dracaena 15 
 Dryas 64 
 
 Dutchman's pipe 35 
 Dwarf alder 51 
 Dyeweed 72 
 
 Ebenaceae 125 
 Ebony 125 
 Egg plant 137 
 Elaeagnaceae 107 
 Elaeagnus 107 
 Elder 141 
 Elder, Box 90 
 Elder, Marsh 147 
 Elm 32 
 
 Empetraceae 83 
 Empetrum 83 
 P^nclosed-seed pi. 15 
 Endogens 15 
 Enkianthus 120 
 Epigaea 120 
 Erica 121 
 Ericaceae 114 
 
172 
 
 Euphorbiaceae 81 
 Ev'ng primrose 109 
 Evonymus 87 
 Exochorda 63 
 Exogens 18 
 
 Fagaceae 27 
 Fagus 27 
 
 False bittersweet 87 
 False buckthorn 125 
 False cedar 80 
 False indigo 74 
 Fendlera 49 
 Fern, Sweet 21 
 Fernworts 3 
 Ficus 32 
 Fig 32 
 
 Figwort family 137 
 Filbert 23 
 Fir 7 
 
 Fir, Douglas 7 
 Firethorn 62 
 Flowering plants 4 
 Fontanesia 128 
 Forestiera 130 
 Forsythia 129 
 Fothergilla 51 
 Foxglove 137 
 Frangula 97 
 Fraxinus 127 
 Fragrant olive 131 
 French mulberry 135 
 Fringe tree 131 
 Fuchsia 109 
 Furze 73 
 
 Galax 124 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gardenia 140 
 Gaultheria 121 
 Gaylussacia 122 
 Gelsemium 133 
 Genista 72 
 Ginkgo 4 
 Ginkgoaceae 4 
 Gleditsia 69 
 Glyptostrobus 12 
 Golden bell 129 
 Golden chain 72 
 Goose flower 35 
 Gooseberry 50 
 Gramineae 15 
 Grape 100 
 Grass family 15 
 Greenbrier 15 
 Ground pine 3 
 Ground pink 134 
 Groundsel tree 147 
 Gum, Black in 
 Gum, Sour in 
 Gum, Sweet 52 
 Gum, Tupelo in 
 Guttapercha 124 
 Gymnocladus 69 
 Gymnospermae 4 
 
 Hackberry 34 
 Halesia 126 
 Halimodendron 76 
 Hamamelidaceae 50 
 Hamamelis 51 
 Hawthorn 60 
 Hazel 23 
 Hazel, Witch 51 
 Heath 121 
 
 Heath, Mountain 117 
 Heather 121 
 Heather, Beach 105 
 Hedera 112 
 Hedge 30 
 Hemlock 6 
 Henbane 136 
 Hercules' Club 112 
 Hibiscus 103 
 Hickory 23 
 Kicoria 23 
 Hippocastanaceae 93 
 Hippophae 108 
 Holly 86 
 
 Holly, Mountain 87 
 Honey locust 69 
 Honeysuckle 144 
 Honeys., bush 146 
 Honey tree 98 
 Hop hornbeam 24 
 Hop tree 78 
 Hornbeam 25 
 Hornbeam, Hop 24 
 Ilorsechestnut 93 
 Hovenia 98 
 Huckleberry 122 
 Hudsonia 105 
 Hydrangea 48 
 Hypericaceae 104 
 Hypericum 104 
 
 Ilex 86 
 
 Imperial tree 137 
 India rubber 30, 81 
 Indian bean 138 
 Indigo, False 74 
 Ipecac 140 
 
INDEX 
 
 Iva 147 
 
 Laurel 44 
 
 Ivy 112 
 
 Laurel, Amer. 117 
 
 Ivy, Boston 100 
 
 Lead plant 74 
 
 Ivy, Marine 100 
 
 Leatherleaf 119 
 
 Ivy, Poison 84 
 
 Leatherwood 106 
 
 
 Ledum 115 
 
 Jamesia 49 
 
 Leguminosae 69 
 
 Japanese quince 58 
 
 Leiophyllum 116 
 
 Jasminum 132 
 
 Leitneria 21 
 
 Jerusalem thorn 98 
 
 Leitneriaceae 21 
 
 Jessamine 132 
 
 Lepargyraea 107 
 
 jessamine, Cape 140 
 
 Leucothoe 118 
 
 Jessamine, Car. 133 
 
 Leycesteria 146 
 
 Judas tree 70 
 
 Ligustrum 131 
 
 Juglandaceae 21 
 
 Lilac 130 
 
 Juglans 21 
 
 Liliaceae 15 
 
 Jujube 98 
 
 Lily family 15 
 
 Juniper 14 
 
 Lime 101 
 
 Juniperus 14 
 
 Limeberry 77 
 
 
 Linden 101 
 
 Kalmia 117 
 
 Linnaea 144 
 
 Kentucky coffee 69 
 
 Liquidambar 52 
 
 Kerria 63 
 
 Liriodendron 41 
 
 Kingnut 23 
 
 Locust 74 
 
 Koelreuteria 95 
 
 Locust, Honey 69 
 
 Kudzu vine 77 
 
 Loganiaceae 132 
 
 
 Loiseleuria 117 
 
 Labrador tea 115 
 
 Lonicera 144 
 
 Laburnum 72 
 
 Loosestrife fam,. 108 
 
 Lacquer 83 
 
 Lotus 96 
 
 Lagerstroemia 108 
 
 Lycium 136 
 
 Lantana 135 
 
 Lycopodiaceae 3 
 
 Larch 8 
 
 Lycopodium 3 
 
 Lardizabalaceae 38 
 
 Lyonia 119 
 
 Larix 8 
 
 Lythraceae 108 
 
 Lauraceae 44 
 
 
 173 
 
 Maclura 30 
 Magnolia 42 
 Magnoliaceae 41 
 Mahogany 80 
 Mahonia 39 
 Maidenhair tree 4 
 Mallow, Rose 103 
 Mallow family 103 
 Malus 56 
 Malvaceae 103 
 Mango 83 
 Manzanita 123 
 Maple 90 
 Marine ivy TOO 
 Marsh elder 147 
 Matrimony vine 136 
 Mayflower 120 
 Meiia 81 
 Meliaceae 80 
 Menispermaceae 40 
 Menispermum 41 
 Menziesia 116 
 Mezereon 106 
 Milkweed family 134 
 Mitchella 140 
 Mock orange 46 
 Mockernut 23 
 Mohrodendron 126 
 Moneses 114 
 Monocotyledons 15 
 Moon seed 41 
 Moonseed, Caro. 40 
 Moraceae 30 
 Morus 31 
 Moss campion 35 
 Mountain ash 57 
 Mountain heath 117 
 
174 
 
 Mountain holly 87 
 Moxie plum 122 
 Mulberry 31 
 Mulberry, Fr. 135 
 Mulberry, Paper, 30 
 Mullein 137 
 Myrica 20 
 Myricaceae 20 
 Myrtle, Crape 108. 
 Myrtle, Running 134 
 Myrtle, Sand 116 
 
 Naked seed plants 4 
 Nectarine 68 
 Negundo 90 
 Nemopanthus 87 
 Neowashingtonia 17 
 Neviusia 55 
 New Jersey tea 97 
 Nightshade 136 
 Ninebark 53 
 Nutmeg, Calif. 5 
 Nyssa HI 
 Nyssaceae in 
 
 Oak 29 
 
 Oak, Poison 84 
 Oenothera 109 
 Oleaceae 127 
 Oleaster 107 
 Olive 127 
 
 Olive, Fragrant 131 
 Olive, Russian 107 
 Onagraceae 109 
 One-flowered shin- 
 leaf 114 
 Onion 15 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Opulaster 53 
 Orange, Hardy 78 
 Orange, Mock 46 
 Orange, Osage 30 
 Oreodoxa 18 
 Osage orange 30 
 Osier 19 
 Osmanthus 131 
 Ostrya 24 
 Oxycoccus 123 
 Oxydendrum 120 
 Oyster plant 146 
 
 Pachistima 89 
 Pachysandra 82 
 Paeonia 36 
 Paeony 36 
 Pagoda tree 71 
 Paliurus 98 
 Palmaceae 16 
 Palmetto 17 
 Pap aw 43 
 Papaya 43 
 Paper mulberry 30 
 Parasol tree 102 
 Parthenocissus 99 
 Partridge berry 140 
 Paulownia 137 
 Pea, Sweet 69 
 Pea family 69 
 Pea tree 76 
 Peach 68 
 Pear 56 
 
 Pear, Alligator 44 
 Fearlbush 63 
 Pecan 23 
 Pepperbush 113 
 
 Pepperidge in 
 Peppervine 99 
 Peridermium 50 
 Feriploca 134 
 Periwinkle 134 
 Persimmon 125 
 Petunia 136 
 Phellodendron 78 
 Philadelphia 46 
 Phlox 134 
 Phoenix 17 
 Photinia 59 
 Phyllodoce 117 
 Physocarpus 53 
 Picea 6 
 Pieris 119 
 Pignut 23 
 Pinaceae 5 
 I indonut 17 
 Pine 9 
 
 Pine blister-rust 50 
 Pine, Ground 3 
 Pine, Prince's 113 
 Pine, Umbrella 10 
 Pink, Ground 134 
 Pink family 35 
 Pinus 9 
 
 Pipe, Dutchman's 35 
 Pipisissewa 113 
 Pistacio 83 
 Planera 33 
 Plane tree 53 
 Planer tree 33 
 Platanaceae 52 
 Platanus 52 
 Plum 67 
 TJ lnm, Moxie 122 
 
Poinsettia 81 
 Poison ivy 84 
 Poison oak 84 
 Poison sumach 84 
 Polemoniaceae 134 
 Poncirus 78 
 Poplar 18, 41 
 Populus 18 
 Potato family 136 
 Potentilla 64 
 Prickly ash 79 
 Primavera 137 
 Primrose, Ev'ng 109 
 Prince's pine 113 
 Privet 131 
 Privet, Swamp 130 
 Prunus 67 
 Psedera 100 
 Pseudotsuga 7 
 Ptelea 78 
 Pteridophyta 3 
 Pterocarya 22 
 Puccinia 39, 97 
 Pueraria 77 
 Pussy willow 20 
 Pyracantha 62 
 Pyrola 114 
 Pyrolaceae 113 
 Pyrus 56 
 Pyxidanthera 124 
 Pyxie 124 
 
 Quassia family 79 
 Quercus 29 
 Quince, 58 
 Quince, Japanese 58 
 Quinine 140 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ramblers 66 
 Ranunculaceae 36 
 Raspberry 65 
 Red cedar 14 
 Red haw 60 
 Redbud 70 
 Redwood n 
 Retinispora 14 
 Retinospora 12, 14 
 Rhamnaceae 96 
 Rhamnus 97 
 Rhododendron 115 
 Khodora 115 
 Rhodotypos 62 
 Rhus 84 
 Ribes 50 
 Robinia 74 
 Rockrose family 105 
 Rosaceae 53 
 Rosa 66 
 Rose acacia 74 
 Rose mallow 103 
 Rose of Sharon 103 
 Rosemary, Bog 118 
 Rowan tree 57 
 Royal palm 18 
 Rubiaceae 139 
 Rubus 64 
 Rue family 77 
 Running myrtle 134 
 Russian olive 107 
 Rutaceae 77 
 
 Sabal 17 
 
 Saint Andrew's 
 
 cross 105 
 Salicaceae 18 
 
 175 
 
 Saint John's wort 
 
 104 
 Saint Peter's wort 
 
 105 
 
 Salix 19 
 Salt cedar 105 
 Salt tree 76 
 Sambucus 141 
 Sand myrtle 116 
 Sapindaceae 95 
 Sapindus 96 
 Sapodilla family 124 
 Sapotaceae 124 
 Sassafras 44 
 Savin 14 
 Saxifragaceae 45 
 Saxifrage family 45 
 Schizanthus 136 
 Schizophragma 48 
 Schmaltzia 84 
 Sciadopitys 10 
 Scrophulariaceae 137 
 Sea buckhorn 108 
 Securinega 8r 
 Sedum 45 
 Seed plants 4 
 Selaginella 3 
 Selaginellaceae 3 
 Senna, Bladder 75 
 Sequoia u 
 Serviceberry 60 
 Shadbush 60 
 Shagbark 23 
 Shepherdia 107 
 Shinleaf 114 
 Sibbaldia 63 
 Silene 35 
 
176 
 
 Silk vine 134 
 Silver bell 126 
 Simarubaceae 79 
 Skimmia 79 
 Smilax 15 
 Smoke tree 85 
 Snapdragon 137 
 Snowball 147 
 Snowberry 144 
 Snowwreath 55 
 Soapberry 96 
 Solanaceae 136 
 Solanum 137 
 Sophora 71 
 Sorbaria 55 
 Sorbus 57 
 Sour gum in 
 Soursop 43 
 Sourwood 120 
 Spanish bayonet 16 
 Speedwell 137 
 Spermatophyta 4 
 Spicebush 44 
 Spindle tree 87 
 Spiraea 54 
 Spruce, Hemlock 6 
 Spruce 6 
 Spurge family 81 
 Stachyuraceae 106 
 Slachyurus 106 
 Staggerbush 119 
 Staphylea 90 
 Staphyleaceae 89 
 Stauntonia 38 ' 
 Steeplebush 55 
 Stephanandra 54 
 Sterculia 102 
 
 I.NDEX 
 
 Sterculiaceae 102 
 
 Teak 134 
 
 Stewartia 104 
 
 Tear blanket 122 
 
 Stonecrop 45 
 
 Ternstroemiaceae 
 
 Storax family 126 
 
 104 
 
 Strawberry 53 
 
 Thistle 146 
 
 Strawberry shr. 43 
 
 Thorn, Jerusalem 98 
 
 Strychnine fam. 132 
 
 Thuja 12 
 
 Styracaceae 126 
 
 Thujopsis 13 
 
 Styrax 126 
 
 Thymelaeaceae ic6 
 
 Sumach 84 
 
 Ti-ti, Black 85 
 
 Sunflower fam. 146 
 
 Tilia 101 
 
 Supple Jack 96 
 
 Tiliaceae 101 
 
 Swamp privet 130 
 
 Tobacco 136 
 
 Sweet bay 42 
 
 Tomato 136 
 
 Sweet pea 69 
 
 Torreya 5 
 
 Sweetbrier 66 
 
 Toxicodendron 84 
 
 Sweetfern 21 
 
 Toxylon 30 
 
 Sweet gum 50, 52 
 
 Trailing arbutus 120 
 
 Sweetleaf 126 
 
 Tree of Heaven 80 
 
 Sycamore 52 
 
 Triphasia 77 
 
 Symphoricarpos 147 
 
 Trochodendraceae 
 
 Symplocaceae 126 
 
 36 
 
 Symplocos 126 
 
 Trumpet creeper 137 
 
 Syringa 46, 130 
 
 Tsuga 6 
 
 
 Tulip tree 41 
 
 Tamarack 8 
 
 Turn ion 5 
 
 Tamaricaceae 105 
 
 Tupelo in 
 
 Tamarisk 105 
 
 Turquoise berry 99 
 
 Tamarix 105 
 
 Twinflower 144 
 
 Tapioca 81 
 
 Ulex 73 
 
 Taxaceae 4 
 
 Ulmaceae 32 
 
 Taxodium i T 
 
 Ulmus 32 
 
 Taxus 4 
 
 Umbrella pine TO 
 
 Tecoina 138 
 
 Umbrella tree 42 
 
 Tea 104 
 
 
 Tea, Labrador 115 
 
 Vaccinium 123 
 
 Tea, New Jersey 97 
 
 Varnish tree 95 
 
INDEX 
 
 177 
 
 Verbena 135 
 Verbenaceae 134 
 Viburnum 142 
 Vinca 134 
 Vine 100 
 
 Virginia creeper 99 
 Virgin's bower 36 
 Vitaceae 99 
 Vitex 136 
 Vitis 100 
 
 Wafer ash 78 
 Wah oo, 32, 89 
 Walnut 21 
 Washingtonia 17 
 
 Weigelia 146 
 \Vheat rust 39, 97 
 Whin 72 
 White alder 113 
 White cedar 14 
 Whiteweed 146 
 Willow 19 
 Willow, Desert 139 
 Wineberry 65 
 Wintergreen 121 
 Wisteria 74 
 Wistaria 74 
 Witch hazel 51 
 Wolfberry 145 
 Woodbine 99 
 
 Wreath, Bridal 55 
 Wreath, Snow 55 
 
 Xanthoceras 95 
 Xolisma 119 
 
 icllowroot 37 
 Yellowwood 71 
 Yew 4 
 \ucca 1 6 
 
 Zanthorhiza 37 
 Zanthoxylum 79 
 Zelkova 34 
 Zizyphus 98 
 
FLANIGAN-PEARSON CO. 
 
 PRINTERS &. BINDERS 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, ILL. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 APR 1 31921 
 
 1939 
 
 '41 
 
UNIVERSITY FARM LIBRARY