STAC* AHNi* 329 t/CO? TOUS r^llov^ TOt? /jLi%o<n xpfjo-dat. Ranae 1060. THE LANGUAGE OF PARODY A STUDY IN THE DICTION OF ARISTOPHANES. BY EDWARD WILLIAM HOPE SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 19O5 Library Facility BALTIMORE J. H. FURST COMPANY 1906 et/eo? row jfiieovs rot? . Ranae 1060. THE LANGUAGE OF PARODY A STUDY IN THE DICTION OF ARISTOPHANES. BY EDWARD WILLIAM HOPE Dissertation SUnMITTKD TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OK THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1905 BALTIMORE J. H. FURST COMPANY 1906 TO AUGUSTUS TABER MURRAY. 2004143 INTRODUCTION. Although the subject of " parody in the Greek Comic poets " has claimed the attention of many scholars from time to time, forming a theme for dissertations and more pretentious works, there has been no systematic treatment of the language of parody aiming to give a full collection of those words by which the writers of the old comedy secured their parodic effects. It is this work which I have tried to do for Aristophanes. The fol- lowing pages contain what professes to be, however insufficient it may be found, a complete list 1 of those words by the use of which Aristophanes departs from the usage of the ordinary Athenian life of his day, and rises to the loftier tone of tragedy or other kinds of poetry. There will be found, moreover, many words not belonging to this higher sphere which are yet used in parody. Such are those dialectical words with which Aristo- phanes knows so well how to depict the manners of his provincial fellow-countrymen from Boiotia, Megara and Lakedaimon. In this part I have not thought it worth while to collect mere dia- lectical variants of words which were current in Attic, but have included only such as are not at home in any shape on Attic soil. The places where the higher tone is consciously sought coin- cide, in large measure, with those which have been shown by Scholiasts and modern scholars to be parody or paratragedy ; but not unfrequently poetic words spring up from surroundings which seem quite sober and matter-of-fact, and a closer study is often necessary to enable one to see why they are used. Thus the formal limits of known parody are too narrow, and many words in the subsequent pages, though not found in parodic lines, have, nevertheless, a poetic tinge. On the other hand all travesty does not contain words dis- 1 With the limitation stated on page 6 regarding words occurring only in lyric verse. 1 2 Introduction. tinctively poetic, since it is born often, not of words, but from various relations which are connected with the thought rather than with its form of expression. One common example of this is where the poet joins to weighty or lofty themes, things that are trivial often vulgar. Here the words themselves may be quite colorless. "W. Kibbeck points out that parody often consists in holding up to view the ordinary affairs of daily occurrence, and, naturally, in this case, no further embellishment of language is necessary. Another method is employed where words of the common crafts are used to describe work of a higher nature. An example of this may be seen at Thes. 52 ff. (See also under re/cro)!/). In the former case Aristophanes is not ridiculing the words of the writer quoted, but uses them simply because the thoughts fit what he is himself thinking to say. The situations are parallel, but on different levels. (See Eq. 1250). Still another kind consists in the substitution of a vulgar or common- place word for the tragic expression resembling it in form or sound. Ex. Ach. 119, where Trp&Krdv is put in the place of the original a-TrXdy^vov. Other examples can be found from the cross-references. Certain characters can always be expected to speak in an exalted way. Euripides, as we might suppose, nearly always uses the language of the tragic-stage, and he is followed in this by his relative. Aischylos, also, uses a lofty style of speech, but his diction, unlike that of Euripides, is thickly sown with epic words. For Aristophanes, Aischylos is the poet of the good and glorious past. His type of mind belonged to the heroic times his plays concerned themselves with epic subjects, and to emphasize these facts Aischylos not only uses epic words, but is sometimes represented as writing in hexameters, at least his critic, Euripides, uses hexameter verse when "taking off" the manner of his adversary. (See Ran. 1273, 1276, 1533). La- machos, in whom Hartung saw a parody of Achilles, uses many epic and tragic words. His son, who appears in the Pax, uses epic words chiefly, since during his whole stay on the stage he is reciting battle scenes from Homer. Polemos and Kydoimos also use heroic language. The stately quack, Sokrates, and his Introduction. 3 other self, the aSwco? Xctyo?, in the Clouds, remind us constantly of Euripides. And so when others come into contact with the foregoing characters, they are straightway kindled into flame and would speak with " all the charm of all the Muses," either in mockery as when Dikaiopolis meets Euripides on his own level in the Acharnians, or out of vanity, as is the case with Strep- siades, who is comically dazzled by Sokrates' bombast. On the same principle servants are apt to speak in the fashion of their masters. (See Ach. 1174 ff., Thes. 39 ff.). A close comparison of the kinds of words used by different speakers throughout the plays is very illuminating at times. Attention may here be called to a fact that, so far as I know, has never been specially emphasized in this connection. It is repeatedly the case that after a poetical word has been used by one character in the drama, another, within the next line or two, will refer to the same object, but in doing so will use the prosaic equivalent for the poetic word, or the Attic equivalent, if an Ionic or otherwise un- Attic word has preceded. A few examples will suffice to make this clear: Ran. 1378, cf. 1381, 1365 (o-Talfyto? TrXao-Ttyl). Pax 933, cf. 937, 949 (oi? Tr/oo'/Saroi/). Lys. 94, cf. 96, 97 ((iv0ia> Xeyw). There are numerous instances of this close connection of picturesque and prosaic words, and it frequently amounts to a clear proof that Aristophanes used the unusual word designedly, since the plain word following would make the other more conspicuous. The nearer or more olosely connected in thought the two words are, the easier it is to believe in this. Less striking as a proof, but perhaps equally valid, is the use of prosaic synonyms in places further removed from the word in question, but where the situation described or the character of the thought is similar. Often observation of these things brings with it the most trustworthy evidence for the character of any word. The quality, or, so to speak, the color of the poet's feeling that appears in his choice of this or that word must be discerned. It happens very frequently that this internal criticism is the only means we have of judging, owing to the rarity or non-appearance of the word elsewhere in extant litera- ture. How very different might our judgments be if we had a 4 Introduction. really large mass of good prose literature of Aristophanes' period ! The use of this method for determinining the nature of a word may prove deceptive if the latter occurs but once, for the parody may be expressed by another word, or not in words at all, but in the situation, as said above. It is more certain when the same word occurs in parody several times. Consequently, the status of a word of one occurrence ought to be judged more rigidly by its use in other authors. This external evidence is more valuable for positive than for 'negative conclusions. It cannot, for exam- ple, be said with assurance that the non-use of a word by prose writers proves it to be poetic, for : 1) the authors consulted may have had no occasion to use the word, or 2) it may have occurred in prose that has been lost. The case is different, though, where all prose writers agree in consistently refusing to use a word which at the same time occurs in poetry, while they do use a synonym. On the other hand if a word can be shown to be in use in prose writers of, or just before Aristophanes' time, there could be no excuse for his not using it excepting that he did not wish to do so, but preferred to use the word of our text for a special reason (generally a humorous one). As before said, if a word is found several times and always in parody, we may feel assured it does not belong to the speech of every day life, but serves as a vehicle for the poet's humor. Unfortunately, this is only rarely the case most of the following words occurring both in and outside of parody. This makes classification hard and uncertain in many instances. The sort of evidence to be used in classifying words may be indicated at this point. It consists in finding the answers to such questions as these : In what kind of metre is the word prevailingly found ? What prose writers use it ? What poets ? How often ? In what way? Does it prevail in poetry or in prose? What characters in our plays use it ? or in addressing whom ? or hi speaking of whom ? Was there any other word that could have been used ? Is it a favorite with any particular author ? If a word is common in Euripides, we may feel sure that Aristophanes uses it for the purpose of parodying Euripides' diction, and so with Aischylos. Quite commonly a word which seems to belong to the higher Introduction. . 5 style of Aristophanes is used by one or more writers of classic prose. In such cases the principle I have followed is this : If the Orators (especially the later ones) use the word in a natural and sober way, it may be taken as good evidence that the word is not poetic, and only the decided, consistent use of Aristophanes himself should be allowed to outweigh such' evidence. Of course, different prose writers have widely different values as evidence for standard prose usage. Of the Orators Autiphon, Andokides, Aischines, use many tragic and poetic words without rising above their ordinary level very much to do so. This fact makes them of no great authority in this sphere. Plato, as every reader knows, is brimful of poetry, and the poetic words seem to be welded to his thought. At other times he formally quotes or brings such words up for discussion. He is never on the earth for very long at a time. Xenophon, too, abounds in poetic and un- Attic words, and Thukydides alone would not prove a word to be standard Attic prose. Herodotos has many words in com- mon with tragedy, especially with Sophoklean tragedy. As to Aristotle it is difficult to estimate his value for purposes of classification. Certainly it is not very great. Perhaps the best rule is to allow him to rank as a trustworthy witness for prose usage in the case of those words which he, as a scientific writer, would naturally have needed in classifying, defining and explain- ing. 1 Taken singly, then, these writers would not have decisive weight, but with two or more of them the case might be different always remembering that Aristophanes himself is a better guide for his own diction than any other writer can be. If a word has no synonym, if it is a vox propria, as such it belongs no more to one writer than to another, no more to poetry than to prose, but would be used by all writers who had occasion to speak of the object which it names. Thus, synonyms are a great help in classifying words. Another help may be mentioned here in this connection, and as supplementing those before referred to viz. the proximity of other picturesque words 1 No account has been taken of occurrences in prose writers later than Aristotle, as they are without value for our purposes. 6 Introduction. and their number. Parodic words occur in patches or bunches. Often for several pages there will not be an unusual word. The tone continues placidly discursive and colorless. Then, all at once, an exciting element is introduced a new character, a word (dropped as if by accident) which suggests an opportunity for parody, and immediately there is a shower of poetic words. When we have struck one of these veins, we naturally look more carefully for the nuggets lying about. The plays differ greatly in the amount of parody they contain. In the Frogs, where Euripides and Aischylos wrangle, while Dionysos and the chorus stand by to judge and mock, we have the greatest amount of parody. Next comes the Thesmophoria- zusai with Euripides and his relative, quoting tags of tragic verses to each other in antiphonal chant, while Agathon and his servant help to swell the total. The Acharnians and the Birds both have considerable parody, while the Lysistrata has very little, etc., etc. A word must be said about metres. I have included in this treatise only those words which occur in iambic trimeter, iambic tetrameter (iamb, tetr.), trochaic tetrameter (troch. tetr.), ana- paestic tetrameter (anap. tetr.), and hexameter (hex.), though attention will always be called to the fact of a word occurring only in the last named metre. In other words, my object has been chiefly to collect only in the metres used in dialogue. Words that occur ONLY in lyric lines have not been included, and all occurring exclusively in metres other than trimeter have been marked. In arranging my material I have made 10 divisions under which to group the words: 1) epic, 2) lyric, 3) tragic, 4) poetic, 5) Ionic, 6) old- Attic, 7) Doric, 8) doubtful, 9) obsolete, 10) un- Attic. Of course many of 4, 5, 6 cannot be distinguished, and it is understood that all these divisions overlap each other for the most part. Only the general tendency of a word toward one or more of the above divisions is defined. What Aristophanes felt the word to be has in many cases determined what number should be affixed. For example, if a word occurs prevailingly in tragic parody, it is marked with a 3, in spite of the fact that it occurs Introduction. 7 in epic and lyric poetry as well. Still I think in every case I have noted its use in other classes than that to which its number assigns it. The number 4 is broader and more undefined than the previous three. I have used the text of Bergk (second edition) for the eleven plays, but for the fragments I have followed Koch's numbering in the new Oxford edition. References to the tragic fragments are made in accordance with the arrangement of Nauck's Tragi- corum Grsecorum Fragmenta (second edition). The books which have been found most helpful, and to whose authors I desire to make special acknowledgment for the full freedom I have used in taking from their works all that helped me in mine, are the following : W. H. Van De Sande Bakhuyzen "De Parodia in Comcediis Aristophanis," 1877. J. Van Leeuwen editions of the separate plays. Schmidt's Synonyms. R. A. Neil, " The Knights of Aristophanes," Cambridge Univ. Press, 1901. W. J. M. Starkie, "The Wasps." London, 1897. H. Van Herwerden, ' Api<TTo<j>dvovs dpr\vT], Lugduni-Bata- vorum, 1897. Koch, " Komodien des Aristophanes." Dritte Auflage. Ber- lin, 1876. W. Gunion Rutherford, "The New Phrynichus," London, 1881, (esp. the first two chapters.) 1 Blayde's complete edition of the plays and fragments. Henricus Wittekind, " Sermo Sophocleus quatenus cum scripto- ribus lonicis congruat differat ab Atticis." Budingae, 1895. O. Diener, " De Sermone Thucydidis quatenus cum Herodoto congruens differat a scriptoribus Atticis." Leipzig, 1889. C. L. lungius, " De vocabulis antiquae comcedise atticse quse apud solos comicos aut omnino inveniuntur aut peculiari notione prsedita occurunt." 1897. 1 Views opposed to those here set forth may be found in an article entitled "The language of tragedy and its relation to old-Attic," by James Dennison Rogers, in the American Journal of Philology, Vol. xxv, p. 285. 8 Introduction. Gustavus Sauppe, " Lexilogus Xenophonteus sive index Xeno- phontis Grammaticus." Lipsise, 1869. On parody in general : Especially suggestive has been a Johns Hopkins dissertation "On Parody and Paratragoedia in Aris- tophanes with especial reference to his Scenes and Situations." By Augustus T. Murray. Berlin, 1891. Woldemar Kibbeck, " De usu parodiae apud comicos Athenien- sium." Pars I (continens epicorum parodias). Id., Die Parodieeu bei den Attischen Komikern. Zweiter Theil. Berlin, 1863. Id., Die dramatischen Parodieen bei den Att. Kom. Epime- trum commentarii in Acharnenses Aristophanis." Lipsise, 1864. For other literature bearing on this subject see Starkie, " Wasps of Aristophanes," p. 85. An indispensable aid have been the Indexes of Caravella, Din- dorf, Ellendt, Rumpel, Gehring, Von Essen, Preuss, Holmes, Forman, Ast, Sturz, Nauck and Schweighaeuser. For Euripides we unfortunately have no sufficient index, and it may well be that statements made on the basis of the one I have used the one which forms the last volume of the old Glas- gow edition may prove to be inaccurate or insufficient. Of course, constant use has been made of the general lexicons of Stephanus, and Liddell and Scott, and the supplementary Lexicon of Van Herwerden has been very serviceable. THE LANGUAGE OF PARODY. A STUDY IN THE DICTION OF ARISTOPHANES. A. a. 1 - 3 Vesp. 1379 (bis). Thes. 689. Kan. 759. Plut. 127, 1052 (bis). Prose : Plato Hipp. Mai. 295 A. a/3uo-<705. 3 Lys. 174. Ran. 138. Aischylos is fond of the word. Prose : Hdt. 2, 28. Cf. Plato Parmen. 130 D. Cf. j3v0&. ayavds.* Vesp. 1467. Lys. 886, 1109. Twice only in tragedy : Aisch. Ag. 101. Eur. I. A. 601. It has no prose warrant, since Plato Repb. 364 D is from Homer. 07705 4 for ayyelov or vSpia. Ach. 936 (cf. 940). fr. 234. 511. No example in cl. prose. See Rutherford New Phryii. p. 23. See Trpo'^oo?. farfpao**'* Once in anapaestic verse: Av. 689. The whole passage abounds in epic words. The prose form ay^pw<; occurs in passages where a rather poetical tone is struck : Thucyd. 2, 43. Plato Phil. 15 D. Tim. 33 A. Politic. 273 E. Legg. 947 D. ayr/paro? is used by Lysias, Xen., Plato. ayicv\oxfaW' 1 Eq. 197 (hex.), 204. See Batr. 295. Hesiod. Sc. 405. Not in Homer, Pindar, tragedy. Cf. Homeric aytcv- 4 Once in trochaic line : Lys. 640. Epic and lyric in its range. ayoprjrris 1 for 'pJTcop. Nub. 1057 (see line). Cf. II. 1, 248. aypios. s In the sense in which it is used at Thes. 455 it is descriptive of the ill treatment women suifered from Euripides. Note the pun in the next line. The oft-recurring sly hit at Euripides' mother is obvious. Bakhuyzen says in this sense it is foreign to comedy. For other meanings see Nub. 349, 567. Vesp. 705. Thes. 47. Plut. 298. Cf. o^Xw. 9 10 The Language of Parody. ayvid l ' s for oSds, afi^oSo?. Only in the religious phrase icvio-av ayvids : Eq. 1320. Av. 1233. Cf. Dem. c. Mid. 530. Xen. Kyr. 2, 4, 3. For the parody in Av. 1233 see Bakhuyzen ad loc. ajxpvr). 3 Ach. 125. This is rather close to Eur. Herakl. 246, of which it may be a parody. See also Bacch. 246. Soph. O. R. 1374. Prose : Aischines 2, 38. Aristotle. aSuro? or aSvTov. 1 Once in hex. : Eq. 1016. Plato Theait. 162 A, but in a fig. sense. aevaos* for cu'Sto?, alwvios, cwe^r)*;. Nub. 275 (lyr.). Ran. 146 (Herakles), 1309 (parody of Eur. fr. 856). At Ran. 146 the word used elsewhere of clouds and waves is combined with a vulgar word (tric&p) to bring out the humor of the dialogue, which Herakles and Dionysos are holding in grandiloquent style. Prose : Xen. Ages. 1, 20. Kyr. 4, 2, 44. Plato Legg. 966 E. Phaidon 111 D (both poetic). aepio?. 2 Nub. 337 (par. of dithyrambic poets). Av. 1389 (Kinesias). Prose : [Plato] Ep. 984 D. Aristotle, etc. In tragedy only in lyrics. aepoSovrjTos. 2 Only in a parody : Av. 1385 (Kinesias). Ar. has coined the word. Cf. Trre/aoSoi/T/TO?, Soz/e<a>, vuf>d/3o\o<; (Av. 952, 1385), v<^>avToB6vr}Tov (Av. 943). Compound words are poetic in their nature ; Aristotle says their use is one of the marks of the dithyrambic poets. affvpwTOS. 3 Ran. 838 (Eur. in par.) v. 1. aTruXwro?. Cf. Eur. Or. 903. Soph. Ph. 187. Phryn. Com. incert. 15. alai. 3 Ach. 1083 (Lamachos), 1084. Lys. 961. Thes. 885 (Eur.), 1042, 1128 (Eur. fr. 139). The single at Plut. 706. euyuihk* Vesp. 110. Prose: Thuc. 1, 7. Xen. An. 6, 4, 4. Hdt. freq. (see Diener). alSeopai (/car-) 3 for <re)9o/xat. Only in par. : Nub. 1468 (see Porson ad Medeam 1314 ; Nauck trag. fr. adesp. 59). See Nub. 293. Thes. 123. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 8, 7, 22. Hdt. 3, 72, 77 (only places in cl. prose). aWa\oo> (/car-. 3 Only in this compd. in Ar.). Av. 1242 (ptg.), 1248 (par. cf. Aisch. fr. 160), 1261 (metaph. of love). Cf. o-rroSlfa (Vesp. 329), 7rv/wro\&> (Nub. 1497, Vesp. 1079), KaTai8et,v (Thes. 727), efjarffarfnjfu (Nub. 1484. Thes. 749 etc.). The Language of Parody. 11 oi#o9. 3 ' 8 Thes. 246. The comic situation here is just the place for a tragic word. Moreover the noun aWos is Euripidean, and as it is Euripides who is doing the burning, probably Ar. uses the word designedly. ai0o> (tear- 3 ' 8 ). Thes. 727, 730. Not in the epos or cl. prose. Eur. has it twice, Aisch. once. alfjLaro7royrr}<;. 1 Eq. 198 (hex.), 208. Cf. fya\afcro'jrorr)<f ) (Thes. 393). Par. only : Ran. 471 (Eur. fr. 383). Kock compares Aisch. Ag. 1309. Sept. 836. alfAardco (ica0- s . Only in this compd. in Ar.) : Thes. 695 (par. Eur. Telephos). KaOaipdaa-a) is used in the same sense by Plato Phaidr. 254 E. alviyfjuk 3 - 8 for aLviypa. Ran. 61 (Dionysos). Prose : Plato Tim. 72 B. See yptyos (Vesp. 20). cuviypa is the regular form in prose and tragedy, our word occurring but twice in all tragedy : Eur. Phoin. 1353. Rhes. 754. ato-to?. 1 Only in hex. : Ran. 1276 (par. Aisch. Ag. 104). Many words that Ar. quotes from Aisch. will be found to be epic. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 2, 4, 19 (of an omen). aiYt'^ft). 1 Only in hex. : Pax 120. Prose form euVeco. ata>. 1 Only in par. : Nub. 1166 (Eur. Hek. 173 ff.). Pax 1064 (hex. cf. II. 10, 350. 23, 430 etc.). Prose word alvOdvofjiai. a/eXeTfc. 2 Av. 944 (par. Find. fr. 82). Lys. 853. a/c\e9 occurs Antiphon 1, 21. Cf. Hdt. 5, 77. See /c\eo9. aKovd) (e- 3 ) for simple. Av. 1198 (par. of trag. fr. adesp. 30). Thes. 293. In the passive Xen. Kyr. 4, 3, 3 (not elsewhere in classic prose). Sophokles is fond of this compound (see Ruther- ford). aicpai(f>vij<;. 4 fr. 32. The prose word would be KaOapos. Thukydides alone of Attic prose writers uses the word (1, 19, 52). Cf. Eur. Hek. 537. Alk. 1052. a\yr)<ri<i. 3 Only in par. : Thes. 147 (Agathon). The word is rare. In prose efo/yo?, 68vvr), Xfarr). The verb aA/yew, however, is common enough. a\(opr}. 1 Only in par. : Vesp. 615 with which W. Ribbeck compares II. 12, 57. 15, 533. Aristotle has it of armor. 12 The Language of Parody. aX/a/i09. 3 ' 5 Vesp. 1060, 1061, 1062. Plut. 1003, 1075 (both in an old proverb). Never used by Ar. save in par. Prose : Xen. Hell. 7, 2, 16 ; 7, 3, 1. An. 4, 3, 4. Kyr. 1, 4, 22. Hiero 5, 3. Hdt. several times, and Plato Repb. 614 B (with play on 'A\Kivov). aXo^o? 1 ' 3 for yvvij. Never in trimeter. Lys. 1286. Ran. 1050 (Aisch.). This is an allusion to the Bellerophon story. Chiefly epic (over 100 times), but Eur. uses it some 30 times, Aisch. 5, Soph. 1 (O. R. 181- choral part). Sd/jiap occurs in Eur. 55 times. Our word in prose : Plato Theait. 149 B (for play upon Xo^etap). Legg. 680 B (from Homer). Cf. TrXcm? (Ach. 132). aXva> 3 for fjiawo/jiat,. Only in par.: Vesp. Ill (= Eur. fr. 665). An Euripidean word, also in Homer and Ionic Prose. a\(f>dv(o l for evpia-tcco or rvy^dvco : fr. 324, 2. Once only in trag. : Eur. Med. 298. afjLa\8vva>. 1 Pax 380 (Hermes). a//,a6> (e- 3 ) as = " to tear out." Only in iamb. tetr. : Lys. 367. Cf. Eq. 708 (e^apTrda-o/jiai). ea/j,da> does not appear in cl. prose. Eur. Kykl. 236 has the middle of " tearing out the entrails," and as Euripides is mentioned in parody just after the word is used, he may have been the cause of its use. a/ieya^TO?. 1 Only in par. : Thes. 1049. This is just after a passage full of Euripidean echoes. Tragedians have it in lyrics. With Thes. 1049 cf. Eur. fr. 122. aiAevrjvos. 1 Never in trim. Av. 686 (cf. h. Horn. Cer. 352). fr. 222, 3. See Bakhuyzen ad frag. 1. a/AT/xaz/o? 3> 8 for oVo/oof. Only in par. : Eq. 759 (par. of Pro- metheus of Aisch.). Ran. 1429 (cf. Eur. fr. 886, 3). Prose : Xen., Demosth. a/A<i7roXo9 l for OepaTraiva. Only in hex. and lyric lines : Ran. 1338. fr. 9. The former is a par. of Eur. fr. 741, the latter is from an oracle. avaytcda> (e- 3 ) for simple. Only in trochaic tetr. : Av. 378 (perhaps a quot. from a tragic poet). See on aicovco (ef-). Prose : Xen. Comm. 2, 1, 16. Hdt. 2, 3. Not elsewhere in cl. prose. Once in anapaests : Vesp. 1045. The verb The Language of Parody. 13 occurs Od. 18, 70. 24, 368. Aisch. uses it also. See a in this sense of " feeble." araf. 4 Freq. in comedy and tragedy : Eur. has it about 60 times; Ar. about 18, but almost always of divine beings. The exceptions are : Pax 89 (of Tiygaios). Av. 781 (a par. of Phry- nichos probably). ara<r<ra. 4 See aval;. Of 4 cases in Ar. only one concerns a human being : Lys. 706 (par. cf. Eur. fr. 699). Eur. has it some 20 times. Prose : Isok. 9, 72. ave/juaKT]*;. 1 Only in anapaests : Av. 697 (poetic passage). This and Eur. Phoin. 163 are the only places cited in Stephanus. Cf. epic TroScbicrjs. aveo-TW. 1 Only in par. : Eq. 1266 (cf. Pind. fr. 66). Pax 1097 (cf. II. 9, 63). Never in trim. See Soph. fr. 5. avrav<yri<;. 3 Thes. 902 (Eur. as Menelaos). Cf. trag. fr. adesp. 67. avrifu/Aos. 3 Thes. 17 (ptg. cf. Eur. fr. 925). Prose : Arist. Khet. 3, 3, 3. Thuc. 7, 67 has ainL^C^a^. avTifapifa. 1 Only in anapaests : Eq. 813 (par. : W. Bibbeck compares II. 21, 487), 818. avrpov* Mostly in lyr. lines: Pax 223 (Hermes). Av.. 1097. Thes. 1019 (par. cf. Eur. fr. 118). 25 times in Eur. Prose: Xen. An. 1, 2, 8 (story of Apollo and Midas). Cf. An. 4, 3, 11 (avrpotSi]^. The word occurs first in the Od. then in Hesiod, Pindar and trag. Plato uses o-Tr^Xatoy. dz/rft>So9. 3 Thes. 1059 (Eur. to Echo). This is clearly mockery of the introduction of Echo into the tragedy of Andromeda, but the word itself is not in the old index to Eur. For like words see Eur. Med. 1176 ; I. T. 179. awo 1 ' 5 for avvo). Only in ptg.: Vesp. 369. Prose: Plato Krat. 415 A is only for etymol. purposes. avo)vdfjia<TTo<; 3 ' s for apprjros. Only in ptg.: Av. 1715 (trag. fr. adesp. 49). It is a messenger's speech. aocSij l > 3 for <aSr). Only in anap. tetr. and lyric lines : Nub. 297. Av. 241, 906 (par.), 908 (par.). Thes. Ill (par.). Kan. 213, 675. a7raid\r)/j,a. 3 Nub. 729 (Sok.). Prose words : airdrr) or 14 The Language of Parody. cnroo-Teprjo-is : cf. Nub. 728, 731, 747. At Nub. 1150 the proper name ' 'A.7raid\r). Our word not in cl. Attic prose. ajretpcov 1 for aTreipos. Av. 694 ( boundless. Cf. Orph. Arg. 13 and Eur. fr. 781, 30.). fr. 250 (= circular). So Aisch. fr. 379, 2. Emped. 237. inr^vrf: * for avaia-'xyvro's, aTratSeuros etc. (see Schol.) : Nub. 974 (Just Reason speaks after two old songs have been quoted). Prose : Plato Phaidros 257 B (but here a v. 1. a-Tr^e?.) a-TTTO/iat (av0- s , eV- 4 ' 8 ) for ajTzXa/i/Saw/iat and a/i7re%w, ap.'rri- o-^ci) respectively. The first cmpd. occurs: Ran. 474 (par. cf. Eur. fr. 383). Prose : Plato Rpb. 525 C. [Plato] Epist. 328 C. Thuk. 8, 50, 3. The second occurs Nub. 72. Av. 1250 (near a par.). Ran. 430. Ekkl. 80 (par.), fr. 65. 253, 1 (Mid.). Prose : Hdt. 7, 69. /catfaTTTo? 3 only in parody : Ran. 1212 (= Eur. fr. 752). In tragedy by Euripides only. apao-o-oj. 4 - 8 Ekkl. 978 (but see Rutherford N. P. p. 6). By conj. it is also read Lys. 459 (MSS. a^fare). The cmpd. e'- occurs Eq. 641. Nub. 1372. Thes. 704. Homer uses only the cmpds. avr-, e-, <ruv. Hdt. uses the simple once : 6, 44. apwa)* Thes. 696 (par. of Eur. Telephos). Plut. 476 (par.). Lys. 303, 459 (dub. 1.). Vesp. 402 (err-). Prose : Hdt. 7, 236. Xen. Kyr. 1, 5, 13. 6, 4, 18 (err-). The prose word is fior)6eo). apayr) is used by Ar. only in parody of Aischylos in the form of direct quotations from him. Cf. Ran. 1265 etc. apovpa 1 for 777. Only in hex. : Ran. 1533 (par. of Aisch. fr. 36). Plato has it in Epic passages : Ap. 28 D. Tim. 22 E, 73 C, 91 D. Legg. 829 A. See Wittekind p. 40. for rjyefjuav. Eq. 164 (see Neil here). See on rayo?. Only in hex. : Pax 1287 (par. cf. II. 16, 267. Od. 4, 15). Lamachos' son is reciting. ao-<roi/ 4 for ejyvrepov. Only in troch. tetr. : Eq. 1306. aa-revatcTi. 3 Ekkl. 464 (cf. II. 6, 492). A tragic word would be funnier because of the contrast. Note that a-reva, the prose form of o-rera^G), is used 462. ao-TpaTrrjfopeo)* Pax 722 (par. Eur. fr. 312), where Hermes speaks. Favorite word with Euripides. The Language of Parody. 15 Lys. 217, 218. Solemn language is natural in these mock tragic proceedings. Cf. Aisch. Ag. 244. aTTjpos. 3 Vesp. 1299. Only place in comedy, and just after a parody of some tragic poet. Plato Krat. 395 B is only for etymology. arraraV Ach. 1190, 1198. Nub. 707. Thes. 223, 1005. Ran. 57. auSow (aTT- 3 , ef- 1 - 3 ). Eq. 1072 (air-. See Neil here). This is just after a mock oracle. Ran. 369 (owr-. bis). The cmpd. e- only in par. : Ach. 1183. Homer and Eur. have it often, but it is avoided by cl. prose writers. avOaSia 3 for ai/OdSeia. Thes. 704. Tragic metre. See Antiph. incert. 13. Ar. Lys. 1116. Ran. 1020. afya. 3 ' 8 Pax 945 (metaph.). Av. 727, 1717 (ptg. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Ran. 314, 1438 (par. of Eur.). Prose : Plato Rpb. 401 C (poetic). Xen. Hell. 6, 2, 29. Symp. 2, 25. Oik. 20, 18. Hdt. 2, 19. Eur. has it at least 20 times. avre 1 for av. Nub. 595 (par. cf. fr. Terp. 2 Bgk.). Vesp. 1015. Pax 1270 (par. cf. Welcker, Ep. Cycle II, 553). for ySoacu. Lys. 717 (ptg.). Note tragic Zfjv. Only in hex. : Ran. 822 (par. of Aisch.). Not found in Homer or trag. Probably coined by Ar. in imitation of many Aischylean words. Cf. avrofiX.dfir), avro/3ov\i]To<;, avroye- Only in par. : Thes. 904 (cf. Eur. I. A. 837. Hel. 549). Cf. o<aT09. Prose: Plato Legg. 636 E. Phil. 21 D. a<j>aros. 3 Only in ptg. or by Dorian characters : Av. 428 (ptg.). Lys. 198, 1080, 1148. At Av. 1189, 1713 ov <f>aro<;. Cf. Av. 423. d<f>0iTO<s* Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 689, 702. Freq. in the epos and trag. afoaSfa. 1 Only in hex. : Pax 1064 (cf. II. 10, 350. 23, 430. 7, 446). Prose : a^/aoo-^. fypTjTwp. 1 Only in hex. : Pax 1097 (par. of II. 9, 63). a^aXti/o?. 3 Only in par. : Ran. 838 (Eur. fr. 495, 4). Prose : Plato Legg. 701 C. Xenophon has d 16 The Language of Parody. 'A.xapvr)tSai. 1 Ach. 322. Cf. the epic. IfyXijtaSi^. The natural expression would have been <5 ^A.^apveoov TratSes. a%r)via. 3 fr. 20 (ptg.). 27 b. Bakhuyzen says it is an Aischylean word : (Cho. 301. Ag. 419). Prose : cnropta or Trevia. &xo9. 1 '*' 8 Only in par. or ptg.: Thes. 1054. Ran. 1354, 1531 (Aisch. fr. 36). Freq. in trag. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 5, 5, 6. 6, 1, 37. Eare. B /Sato?. 4 Ach. 2 (bis). Nub. 1013. Freq. in Aisch. and Soph. Once in Find. P. 9, 83 (= pauca). j3d<Tfca. 1 Only in par. : Thes. 783. The cmpd. Sia- (Av. 486) = "struts." See Aisch. Pers. 664, 672. /SeXo?. 4 Only in par. : Ach. 345 (Eur. Telephos). Vesp. 615 (II. 12, 57. 15, 533). Av. 1714 (trag. fr. adesp. 49). Freq. in Homer as = " missile " (cf. Find. O. 13, 95), and so Xen. Kyr. 3, 3, 69. With Av. 1714 cf. 1749. /3Xa<rraV&> 4 as = " be born": Av. 696 (poetic). Lys. 406 (cf. Aisch. Sept. 594). The cmpd. am- Lys. 384. With Av. 696 W. Ribbeck compares Soph. O. R. 156. II. 2, 551. Od. 11, 294. The word is at least rare in prose : Plato Rpb. 362 B (from Aischylos). ib. 498 B. Phaidros 251 B (of the soul's qualities). It is the regular word for the budding of vines etc. See Nub. 1124. Av. 1479. j3\e<j>apov 3 for o<0aX/fc. Ran. 1441 (Eur.). Pint. 822 (has tone of messengers' speeches in tragedy) cf. 298. Cf. Simon, fr. 58. Soph. Ant. 104. Eur. Phoin. 543 etc. Elsewhere in Ar. it has the regular meaning "eye-lid": Vesp. 12. Ekkl. 406. Plut. 721, 730, 736. y8oa/ia. 4 Only in troch. tetr. : Nub. 967 (a quot. from the dithyrambic poet, Kydides). See Aisch. Ag. 920. /So'eio?. 1 At Ran. 924 Euripides uses the adj. with pijfiara in the sense of " large and sounding," as the Schol. explains. At Eq. 954 and Vesp. 40 it = " stupid," carrying a double meaning with it in the play on &)/i09 and STJ/AO?. Prose : Plato Rpb. 338 The Language of Parody. 17 C. Hdt. 2, 37. Ib. 168 (all used with icpea). Aristotle several times. eTrra/Soeio? comically joined to #t>/ii09, instead of o-a/cos, is used by Aisch. at Ran. 1017 (ptg.). /3oX?7 4 for icepavvos (Av. 576, 1538, 1747 etc.), once in a tragic line : Av. 1242. This Nauck believes to be taken from the Likymnos of Eur. Prose: Xen. Hell. 4, 5, 15. Thuk. 5, 65, 2 (in both places of a blow with a weapon). 3 in the meaning "food." Ran. 892 (Eur. to aldijp /3oW?7/ia"). In its normal meaning at Ach. 811. /8o'o-r/3i;%o9. 4 Never in trim. : Nub. 536 (par. Eur. El. 509 ff. Aisch. Cho. 168 ff.). Ekkl. 955. See fr. 334 : eXt/c which Jungius says is coined after epic models. Ar. uses Vesp. 1069. fr. 218. Cf. 7rXo/ea/*o?. /3ora. 4 Once in iamb. tetr. : Nub. 1427. Cf. Aisch. Ag. 1415 (a highly emotional passage). ftovKo\(o 4> 8 for airareo). Prob. only in par. : Pax 153. Ekkl. 81 (Soph. Inachos). Here there is a double play on the meanings " to tend " and " to beguile." fiov\ai 4 = consilia. Only in par. : Eq. 3 (see Van Leeuwen). /3oiA,uro9 * = evening. Av. 1500 (Prometheus). Homer has only the adverbial /SovXvrdvSe. /3ow/o/*o9. 3 Only in par. : Ran. 1383 (Aisch. quotes his own fr. 249). yS/aera?. 4 ' s Only in par. or lyrics : Eq. 31, 32 (see Neil's note). Lys. 262. yfyoroV. 4 Eq. 601 (see Neil). Nub. 460 (par. II. 10, 212). Pax 180, 236 (par. of Epic, style), 286, 849. Av. 107, 687, 1266 (ptg.), 1269, 1491, 1609. Thes. 683, 1023 (par. Eur. fr. 120). Ran. 1187 (par. Eur. fr. 158. Plut. 640 (ptg.). fr. 164. All the foregoing are in the plural except Pax 180 (sing.) and Av. 107 (dual). The plain word is avOpwrros, as appears from Plut. 421 (where it is contrasted with #eo?), or OvrjTos as opp. to aOdvaTos (see Lysias 2, 80). See OVTJTOI. 0pva>. 4 Nub. 45. Ran. 329. Prose : Xen. Ven. 5, 12 (see Sauppe's Index). [Plato] Ax. 371 C. Plato Rpb. 383 B (from Aisch.) The word is chiefly tragic. The prose words cuc^d^a* (Thuk. 1,1. 2, 20. Aischines), 0/3700), cnrap^dco are used in this sense. 2 18 The Language of Parody. u0o5. 4 Only in choral parts: Eq. 607, 609. Ran. 247. Prose: Xen. Oik. 19, 11. Plato Par. 130 D (figurative). Aris- totle some 10 times. Cf. a/3f 0-0-05. 7ata. 4 Only in choral parts : Nub. 290. Av. 1064. Ran. 1529 (hex.). This last is a parody of the Glaukos of Aischylos. Prose = 777. 7a/Ai7\to5. 3 > 8 Av. 1758. Thes. 1034 (par. Eur. fr. 122), 1122 (par. Eur. fr. 889). Not in cl. prose, but yaftrjXia = a wedding feast, is used by Isaios and Demosthenes. yafji(f>r)\at. 1 Only in hex. : Eq. 198 (par. of oracles). Here and at Eur. Ion. 159 (lyr.) of the bill of birds. Cf. II. 16, 489. 19, 394. <ydwfj,ai l for ySe'ofjuii. Ach. 7. Vesp. 612. Prose: Plato Phaidros 234 D. Xen. Symp. 8, 30, where it is discussed an an Homeric word. 7av/>o5. 3 Ran. 282 (= Eur. fr. 788). Eur. alone of the three Trag. uses the word. See vTreprjvopecov. yepovraycayelv. 3 Only in direct quot. from Soph. : Eq. 1099 (= Soph. fr. 434). yepova-ia. 7 Lys. 980 (a fyepa>xia). The Lak. herald speaks. Nub. 705. Lys. 551. See II. 20, 467. Only in ptg. : Ekkl. 3. This whole prjtris is a " take- off" of Euripides' introductions. The prose word is 70/05, which Eur. himself uses (Ran. 946) to explain his method of writing tragedy. 7o/37oV<0T05. 3 Coined in imitation of xpvadvatTos, %a\/eoVa>T05 etc. : Ach. 1124 (ptg.). See Van Leeuwen ad loc. 7/3U7raero5. 3 Ran. 929. Eur. is here quizzing the Aischylean manner. See Aisch. fr. 422 and Jungius s. v. 7w;5. 3 Av. 230, 996. Not in cl. prose, for [Plato] Epist. 310 is a quot. from some poet. ywiw. 8 - 8 Only in par. : Thes. 136 (= Aisch. fr. 61). Theokr. 22, 69. The Language of Parody. 19 Only in hex. : Pax 1279, 1282 (both mock heroic). Prose : e&Tidco. Sato?. 4 Never in trim. : Nub. 335 (par. of cyclic poets). Ran. 897, 1022 (= warrior). The epic S?to9 is very freq. in Homer. Sdnap 3 for ywj. Only in par. : Thes. 913 (= Eur. Hel. 574). Freq. in Eur. See aXo^o?, TrXart?. SdTreSovJ Av. 1265 (ptg.). Ran. 351. Plut. 515 (a quot.). fr. 110, 2. Freq. in Eur. Prose: Xen. An. 4, 5, 6. Hdt. 4, 200. SapSdfTTa). 1 Nub. 711 (here the nature of the biters welcomes such a lofty word). Ran. 66 (Dionysos). fr. 409. The Tragg. use the short form SaTrra). Sei'Xeuo?. 3 Eq. 139. Nub. 12, 709, 1473, 1504. Vesp. 40, 165, 202, 1150. Pax 232. Av. 990. Ekkl. 391, 1051. Plut. 850. In all except two cases it is joined with oipoi, and except in five cases the metre is tragic. Prose : Lys. 24, 23. Aischin. 1, 172. 3, 77. See Rutherford N. P., p. 45. Syu,atV&>. 4 Only in anap. tetr. : Vesp. 1042. Plato is the only good Attic prose writer who uses the word. Eur. has it about 15 times, and it is freq. in Hdt. The noun Sel/jua occurs Ran. 688, and Plato has it often Thukydides twice : 7, 80, 3. 2, 102, 5. Seo? is more usual in prose. Sei/iaTo'w 4 for <fro/3elv or etcfofteiv. Ran. 144 (Dion.). In prose : [Plato] Ax. 370 A. Only in trochaic tetr. : Vesp. 442. Ekkl. 1157. Eq. 954. Vesp. 40. In both places it is used because of its resemblance to 8rj/jLo<j. Not in cl. Attic prose, but Arist. H. A. 8, 2. Xenophon uses a-re'ap. SidTTT^. 3 Only in parody : Ach. 435 (cf. Soph. O. C. 1086). Eur. Rhes. 234 (= a spy.). Sio<? 3 as = from heaven. Only in par. : Thes. 856 (= Eur. Hel. 2). Sfieo?. 1 ' 3 Only in ptg. : Ach. 887, 1174. Ar. is prob. imita- ting Euripides in both places, for he uses the word freq. Cf. 20 The Language of Parody. So'Xto? l for a7raT77\o9 (Xen., Plato) : Eq. 1068 (hex.). Pax. 1068 (hex., Epic parody). Thes. 1202 (Eur. to Hermes). Plut. 1157 (twice of Hermes). Prose: Xen. An. 1, 4, 7 (dub.) is the only inst. in cl. Attic prose. SoXoW Only in hex. : Eq. 1067. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 1, 6, 28. Prose : e^aTrardat. Cf. 80X409. 8o/i09. 3 Never save in par., ptg., or lyric parts : Ach. 450, 456, 460, 543 (Eur. fr. 710). Nub. 303, 1161. Av. 1241, 1247 (Aisch. fr. 160), 1708 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49), 1710. Lys. 707 (Eur. fr. 699). Thes. 871 (= Eur. Hel. 68). Ran. 136, 1273 (Aisch. fr. 87). Ekkl. 11. At Nub. 1265 Kock reads Sdfiwv, Bergk 'i'mrwv. The prose word is olicia. Cf. the cmpd. O7rt(r#o'8o/io<? (Plut. 1193). See pe\a6pa. Sovea).* Only in ptg. and lyr. : Av. 1183 (ptg.) Ekkl. 954. Cf. w/>az/roSoWro9 (Av. 943), aepoSovrjros (Av. 1385), TrrepoSdvr)- To? (Av. 1390). Prose : In cl. Attic prose the only case is Xen. Symp. 2, 8 (Dindorf &z/of fievow). Sopd* Only in par.: Ran. 1211 (Eur. fr. 752). Prose: Hdt. 4, 175. Elsewhere Ar. uses Seppa. Spcureto* Vesp. 168 (see Starkie). Pax 62 (ptg.). This desiderative form is not found in cl. Attic prose. Bvofjbai (ara-) * as " to emerge." Only in a line spoken by Dionysos : Ran. 1460. Cf. II. 1, 359, 496. Od. 5, 337. In the sense " to shrink back " by Demosth. and Ar. Ran. 860. Swyevfa* Only in par. : Ran. 1219 (= Eur. fr. 661). Eur. alone of the Tragg. uses it. Svo-fcd0apTo<;* Only in ptg. : Pax 1250 (cf. Soph. Ant. 1284). Svo-popos. 1 ' 3 Av. 7. A favorite word with Soph., who has it about 35 times. Prose: Antiphon III /3 11 (an appeal to the emotions of the jury). Sva-Trivijs.* Only in ptg. : Ach. 426 (trag. fr. adesp. 42 ; cf. Soph. O. C. 1597). Suo-TroT/io?. 3 Only in a line spoken by Eur. : Ach. 419. SW7T77I/09. 1 ' 3 Av. 354. Lys. 426, 652, 699, 959. Thes. 878. Ran. 1332 (ptg.). Ekkl. 166, 763. fr. 461 (par.). Prose: Only Demosth. 19, 255 (\o<ydpia Sva-Trjva used of Aischines, the quondam tragic actor). The Language of Parody. 21 8vcr<f>opeco s for 8va-^epaivco : Thes. 73. Ran. 922. In both Eur. is spoken to. In cl. prose : Xen. Kyr. 2, 2, 5 (dub.). Ib. 9 9 ft 2, 2, 8. 8vcr^ifj.po<f. i Kan. 125 (Dion, to Herakl.). Not in prose before Aristotle. Sana. 3 Only in par. : Ach. 479, 1072. Nub. 1159. Pax 115 (Eur. Aiolos). Thes. 871 (= Eur. Hel. 68). fr. 268. E ea. 3 Nub. 1260 (ptg.). Pax 60 (tragic context). Av. 327, 1495. Thes. 699, 1009, 1105 (par. Eur. fr. 125). Plut. 824. Eur. uses it freq. Prose : Plato Prot. 314 D. eSpai 1 ' 5 as = " abodes." Lys. 345 (of Athena). Thes. 889 (ptg. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 65). Ran. 324 (Pausanias describes the eSpat here as ofyaX/ia). The word is very freq. in the Tragg. and appears about 15 times in Homer. In Ar. whenever the plural is used in lyric passages and tragic senarians, it has a poetic color. e&wXm 3 as " abode." Only in par.: fr. 1. See eSpai and Holden on fr. 7. eOavov. 3 The simple occurs only in parodic lines : Ach. 893 (6ava>v). Thes. 865 ( Eur. Hel. 53). fcardaveiv occurs in par. : Ran. 1477 (= Eur. fr. 638). See Rutherford N. P., p. 40 and Note. et/So) (/car-) 1 for /eaTaXet/3&>. Only in par. : Lys. 127 (cf. II. 24, 794. Od. 21, 86). Not in trag. nor cl. prose. KaTojK(f)d\a<;. 2 In a par. of the dithyrambic poets : Nub. 336. eicaToyKetyaXos occurs Ran. 473 (par. Eur. fr. 383). eXao-iyfyoz/ro?. 2 Only in par. : Eq. 626 (Find. fr. 144 Bgk.). for eXeew. Only in par. : Eq. 793. Cf. ol/cripcij. for apyeco, r)<rv%deLv, f]<rw%iav e%iv. Prob. only in ptg. : Thes. 598 (notice the metre all about here). Prose : Hdt. 1, 67. 8, 71. See Pindar N. 5, 1. I. 2, 46. e/ioXoy. 4 Eq. 21-26, 73. Av. 404. Lys. 743 (par.), 984, 1263, 1297. Thes. 1146, 1155. Ran. 1232 (= Eur. I. T. 1). See Rutherford N. P., p. 41. Prose : Xen. An. 7, 1, 33 (/to'X&m). 22 The Language of Parody. for Trpoa-fapijs (Ekkl. 67) or o/toZo? : Nub. 502. Vesp. 1102 (see Roger's note), fr. 68. Prose: Xen. Kyr. 5, 5, 31. Hdt. several times. Cf. Trpoae^ep^. evavra. 1 ' 2 Prob. only in par. : Eq. 342 (see Neil). ev8i/c(o<; 3 for t/ccua>9. Only in troch. tetr. : Pax 630. Prose : Plato Phil. 12 D. Legg. 954 A. Tim. 85 B. [Epist.] 318 D. 335 D. Nowhere else in cl. prose. egdieea-K. Only in anap. tetr. : Ran. 1033 (Aisch.). This is apparently the only appearance of the word in literature. Prob. it is a genuinely tragic word, or one coined for such on the analogy of verbal compounds with e/c (see egaKovw etc.). egaTTivr)? 5 for e^ai(f>vr}f (11 times in Ar.) only in the Plutus : Plut. 336, 339, 815 (cf. 353 e^u'c^?). See Diener, p. 25, for prose references. Xen., Thuk. and Hdt. use efaTrwr?"?, and Plato once (Rpb. 621 B). It is not in the Orators. eefy>o9. 3 Only in par. : Av. 275 (Soph. fr. 593). Thuk. and Xen. use e/cS^/io? " away from home." efforio?.* Only in par. : Thes. 881 (cf. Eur. Hel. 467), 884. An Euripidean word. 7riy\a)TTdofiat, 3 for 6veiSi%a) or \oi8opeo). Lys. 37. See Aesch. Prom. 928. Cho. 1045. &TC&7/U05. 1 Only in hex.: Pax 1098 (par. II. 9, 64). The noun eTriSijiJiia, however, is used by Demosth., Xen. and Plato. Our word appears Hdt. 2, 39. Prose word : e/t^Xto?. &iri<ricvtnov. 1 Only in hex. : Ran. 823 (The chorus parodies Aischylos' style, using a large number of epic words). The word occurs but once in Homer (II. 17, 136), but is freq. in the Anthology. Ar. uses 6<f>pv<; (Nub. 582. Plut. 756). Our word occurs once in Aristotle. 7ria-Tpo^>ai s = " haunts." Only in par.: Ran. 1383 (Aisch. quotes his own fr. 249). Plato uses Siarpifiai in this sense. So Andok. 4, 22. e7ro<? 4 for \oyo<f (= a speech): Av. 174 (ptg.). Pax 520. In the meaning "proverb" or "saying": Av. 507. Lys. 1038. For this latter sense a prose writer would use \dyos or TO \eyo- fievov or 7rapoi/j,ta (So Ar. Thes. 527 and Plato). See Van Leeuwen ad Av. 174. The Language of Parody. 23 epayu,at. 4 Only with parodic tone : Vesp. 751 (lyr.). Pax 1098 (II. 9, 64) an hexameter. Eur. has it at least 20 times. The active voice is used in prose (See Ar. Av. 76, 135, etc.). epSco 3 ' 5 . Only in par. : Vesp. 1431 (proverb). See Ruther- ford N. P., p. 49. epi/3pe/j,era<;. 1 Only in hex. : Ran. 814 (parodic). pt(0\.rj. 1 Eq. 511. Vesp. 1148. Ar. uses the word merely to pun upon epiov. Cf. 0ve\\a. epTrvfa. 1 Vesp. 272 (parodic). Compound forms : Ran. 485 (/ca#-) Ekkl. 398 (Trap-), 511 (?ra/>-). I cannot find the simple in any cl. prose writer. eV0\o9 3 ' 4 for ayaffds. Only in par.: Ran. 1218 (Eur. quotes his own fr. 661). Prose : Xen. Kyr. 1, 5, 9. Plato has it, but only as a poetic word and mostly in quotations from poets. The form eVXoV is usual in lyric poetry, and invariable in Pindar ; see Gildersleeve Find. O. 1, 99. er^Tf/to? 1 ' 3 for aXrjdijs. Only in par. and hex.: Pax 119 (Eur. fr. 18). Often in Homer and tragedy. See erv/io?. en^o?. 3 Only in par. : Pax 114 (Eur. fr. 17), 118 (adv.). Prose : Plato Phaidros 260 E. See enjTVftos. evvij.* Vesp. 552. Av. 1286. Thes. 1122 (par. Eur. fr. 889). Ekkl. 958, 967. At Eq. 605 it means "camp-bed," in which sense alone it is regular in prose (see Neil ad loc.). Still Xen. Kyr. 8, 8, 14 = a regular bed. The prose words are o-r/3/Aa, K\u>k (Thes. 261), ic\iv>n (Ach. 1090). evoSia. 3 Only in hex. : Ran. 1528 (cf. Aisch. fr. 36). Here the chorus speed Aischylos on his way to the upper world. The word is not in Homer, and in tragedy only at the place cited. It is avoided by cl. prose writers, but euoSo? is found in Xen. ei/7ra\a/i09. 4 Only in anap. tetr. : Eq. 530. Quoted from Kratinos according to the Schol. Not found in cl. prose. etWoTro?. 3 Ekkl. 2 (ptg.). Prose : Xen. Kyr. 6, 3, 2. Prose : Arist, H. A. 9, 41, 5. eucTTo/ieo) 3i 5 for etx^^/tecu : Nub. 833 (tragic metre). See Soph. Ph. 201. Lucian Phil. c. 17. Ar. uses aTrocrwTrcwo, Cf. Nub. 105, 833. 24 The Language of Parody. i>xa>\r). 1 Only in hex.: Pax 1276 (par. II. 8, 64). Prose: Hdt. 2, 63. Prose = e^. e</>et<?. 3 Only in par. : Vesp. 338 (note 7rpd<f>a<ri<;, the usual word, in the foil. line). It is in no extant tragedy, but Hesychius (ii, 239) gives it. See Starkie ad 1. e$77/ie/309. 4 Only once by Sokrates : Nub. 223 (see Van Leeu- wen's note). It is freq. in Pindar and tragedy. Aischylos uses e(f>7)jj,epio<; once (Pr. 546). %0aip(0 3 ' 6 for fjucrea). Only in par. : Ran. 1425 (Ion fr. 44). See Wittekind, p. 28, for examples. e^Bo/Mai (e'fai*-) 3 for ave^o^ai. Nub. 1373. (Here Strepsiades, after hearing an incident from one of Euripides' plays, says he is not able e^ave^ea-datj. Pax 702. exw (/car-) 4 meaning "to fill." Nub. 328, 572 (cf. Aisch. Pers. 387. II. 16, 79). Hermippos (2, 9) has it in an hexa- meter, and Kratinos (Od. 1) where Odysseus addresses the island of the Kyklops. Z a0eo9. 4 Never in trim. : Nub. 283. Av. 927. Ran. 383. eo> (eTTi-). 3 Only in ptg. in a metaph. sense : Ach. 321. Thes. 468. See Rutherford N. P., pp. 16, 17. Zijv for Zew. Only in par. or lyrics : Nub. 564. Pax 722 (=Eur. fr. 314). Av. 570, 1740. Lys. 717 (cf. Eur. Kykl. 669). Note that Lysistrata deliberately changes from Zev to Zfjv. H Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 659. Oft. in Pindar. Eq. 1023 (a7rt5&)). This Homeric word comes in naturally after the mock-oracles in 10] 5 ff. The Doric form is common in Pindar and the tragic chorus, but in dialogue only here and Eur. Rhes. 776. See Neil. rjptvds* for eapwas. Only in choral parts : Pax 800 (par. Stesichoros fr. 34). Av. 683, 714, 1099. fa is used by the Tragg. for eap. Prose : Xen. Hell. 3, 2, 10 (the only place in cl. prose, Xen. himself using eapivds, Kyr. 8, 6, 22). The Language of Parody. 25 for tcaOeSpa or Opovos. Never in trim. : Nub. 993 speaks). Ran. 1515, 1522 (both by Aisch.). Prose : Plato Politic. 288 A. Rpb. 516 E. Xen. Kyr. 8, 7, 10. Symp. 4, 31. Hdt. 1, 181 (0&icot). See Odv. 6apd 4 for 7roXXa/a?. Mostly in lyrical lines : Eq. 990. Av. 234. Thes. 952 (all lyric). Plut. 1166. fr. 149, 4. Prose: Isokr. Panath. 102. Plato Phaid. 72 E. Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 22 (see next line). TroXXa/a? is freq. in Ar. 0ao-o-a> 3 for Kadrj^ai. Only in ptg. : Vesp. 1482 (cf. Od. 18, 239. Eur. Hell. 438. Hek. 36). Thes. 889 (Eur.). Freq. in Eur. See Odicos. Qeivw 6 for Traua, 7rara<ro-w, a-jroSeto (cf. Nub. 549. Av. 497. Eq. 1130. Kan. 547. Nub. 1376. Av. 1016. Ran. 662): Ach. 564. Eq. 640. Vesp. 1384. Av. 54, 1613. Lys. 364, 821. Ran. 855. See Rutherford N. P. p. 10. #e'Xc<>. 3 In all cases where 0e\a> follows a consonant (except Eq. 713. Lys. 1216, where Van Leeuwen would change the reading to eWXeo) the tone is mock tragic : Thes. 412, 908 (= Eur. Hel. 562). In the following lines 6e\o> /follows a vowel : Ach. 198, 318 (par.), 355, 426 (ptg.). Nub. 801. Vesp. 493, 521. Av. 407 (ptg.), 929 (par.). Lys. 473. Ran. 1442, 1468 (ptg.). Ekkl. 1017. The phrase t)v 0eo? 0e\rj is used in good prose. In Ar. it occurs: Pax 939, 1187. Ran. 533. Plut. 347, 405, 1188. For the different spheres of e'0e'X&> and povXopai see Gildersleeve Pind. O. 7, 20. P. 1, 40 (or more fully dis- cussed by him in the A. J. P. 16, p. 525-6) ; Rutherford N. P., pp. 415-16 ; H. W. Smyth, Ionic Dialect, 588. tfeo'o-eTTToi?. 3 Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 292. Van Leeuwen compares OeocreTrrcop, Tre/JiireTTTO?. (9e/3/io'/3oyXo?. 3 Only in par. : Ach. 119 (Eur. fr. 852). Ar. comically substitutes Trpwfcrdv for o-7r\d<y%vov. Oepfjuo. 1 Lys. 1079 (dub. 1.). Ran. 1339 (par. Od. 8, 426). The last line is hexameter. The prose form is Oeppaivw (Ach. 26 The Language of Parody. 1175. Pax 843. Ran. 844), and is used by Xen., Plato, Arist. See 0d\TT<o (Av. 1092) and 0epa> (Plut, 953). 0e<nrio<i. 1 Only in hex. : Av. 977 (oracle). It seems to occur elsewhere only at Hes. fr. 54. Bea-TTHpSea) 3 for fiavrevofiai. Only in par. : Plut. 9 (Eur. Or. 285). Prose: [Plato] Ax. 367 D (poetic) is only place in cl. prose. Hdt. has Oea-Tri&tv. 0eo-<j>aTa. 4 Only in par. or ptg. : Eq. 1233, 1248 (from the Bellerophon of Eur.). Pax 1073 (hex.). With the last Ribbeck compares II. 8, 477. 10, 473. The prose word is xprjo-fjuk. #77700 4 for a/covdcD. Only in hex. or lyr. : Lys. 1256 (cf. Eur. Phoin. 1390. II. 11, 416). Ran. 815 (hex.) with parodic tone. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 2, 1, 11. Ib. 13 and 20. 1, 2, 10. Ib. 6, 41. Mem. 3, 3, 7. Xen. has it in the figurative phrase Brfyetv i/rin^a?. It is not found elsewhere in classic prose, but Arist. (Rhet. 3, 3, 2) uses it. 0r)\v(f>pa)v. 3 Only in ptg. : Ekkl. 110 (trag. fr. adesp. 51). Blaydes compares Eur. I. A. 421. Fr. 364. 0&. 1 ' 3 Only in par.: Vesp. 696 (Soph. Ant. 590. Cf. Ar. Nub. 892, 1265), 1521 (= shore. An epic parody). See 0(o^. Ovrjrot 1 for av0pa>7roi. Never in trim. : Nub. 574 (lyr.). Pax 1063 (hex. oracle), 1071 (hex.). Av. 708 (anap. tetr.), 1059 (par. cf. Soph. O. C. 1085). See fyorfc. 0oo?. 4 Only in par. or lyrics : Eq. 554, 1265 (par. Pind. fr. 66). Ran. 1233 (= Eur. I. T. 1). The prose word is ra^w or e\a(j)p<y>. Opava-dvrv^. 3 Only in par. : Nub. 1264 (Xenokles fr. 1). 0poea>* Only in hex. : Ran. 1276 (= Aisch. Ag. 104). Eur. in mockery of Aisch. Qvyarepos 3 for 0vyarpo<i. Only in par. : Vesp. 1397. 0veXXa. 1>4 Only with parodic tone: Nub. 336 (anap. tetr.). Strepsiades parodies the dithyrambic poets. Not in cl. prose. See epia>\7). At Lys. 973 n-prja-rijp and Tv<fxo<> occur. 0vr)\ij l for 0vfjLa or dvaia: Av. 1520 (Prometheus). Not in cl. prose. See Av. 901. Pax 1052. 0vfjLatvo)* for xa\e7raiva) or a^Bo^ai. Nub. 609 (the cloud The Language of Parody. 27 chorus quote the Moon), 1478 (to Hermes). Not found in cl. prose. Eupolis Map. 21. tfy/zoXeW. 1 Only in par. : Ran. 1041 (see Nauck trag. Graec. fr. p. 72). Aisch. dealing with an epic subject uses epic words. Ovfjuk 3> 4 in the meaning " heart " or " soul," where it is per- sonified and addressed as an individual. In these places the tone is always poetic, and most of them are parodies of Euripides. Ach. 353, 450 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 44), 480 (par.), 483 (par.). Eq. 1194 (ptg.). Vesp. 383 (lyr.). Elsewhere in Ar. it means " passion," " courage," " desire," all of which uses are found in prose. If we omit Ach. 353 ; where the meaning is doubtful, Ovfjuk (= heart, soul) will occur only in par. and a lyric line. See Find. O. 2, 98. N. 3, 26. See tceap. Ou^* for aoopfc (Plut. 269, 270, 804. Xen. Hell. 4, 4, 12. Vect. 4, 2. Aristotle) : Lys. 973. fr. 94. 217. Blaydes says it does not appear elsewhere in the comic writers. See Moeris. Bapr/aa-opai l < 5 for Owpaici^a). The word is used only because of the double meaning in it of " arming " and " getting drunk." Ach. 1134, 1135. Pax 1286 (hex.). (eV-) 4 - 7 for 7rt7re)Lt7rG>. Nub. 1299. Vesp. 1348. Pax 432. fr. 552. See Thuk. 5, 77, 8 (a Doric speech). ta^oj. 1 Only in hex. and lyrics: Eq. 1016 (hex.). Av. 772 (cf. 781 and II. 3, 342. 4, 79. 23, 815 etc.). At. Ran. 217 the later epic form ta%e&) in a lyric line. ISvloi 1 for pdpTvpes : fr. 222, 5. '( fa 4 - 5 for Ka0e^ofuu. Eq. 403 (ptg.). Av. 742 (mid., cf. 727). Ran. 199 (see next line). Prose: Plato Tim. 25 D. Leg. 855 D. Xen. Ven. 9, 14. Freq. in Hdt. 'tijfu (crvv-) l for a/eowa. Only in par. : Pax 603 (fr. Archil. 50 Bgk.). Hdt. 1, 47 (oracle). See Soph. Tr. 90. t/ee\o<? * for ofjioios. Only in a quot. from Homer : Av. 575. Also in Ionic prose. See on efjufrepiys, Trpoa-e^ep^. Ipei'pa)* for eTTidv/j-ea) (freq. in Ar.). Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 435 (see 433 and compare 435). Prose : Plato Krat. 418 C (for 28 The Language of Parody. etymology only). Hdt. has it as a deponent, but it is not found elsewhere in cl. prose. See Iftepos, iievoivdw, iroOeivos. tfiepos 4 ' 8 for eTTiOv/jiia or TTO'^O? : Lys. 552 (see 53, 55, 66 where 7T000? is used). Ran. 59 (ptg.). Prose: Plato Phaidr. 251 C etc. (about 10 times). Hdt. has it also. Lycian Deor. Jud. 15 distinguishes epoyj, ifj&pos, TTO'^O?. See Plat. Krat. 420 A. See tVSaXXo/*at J for Soicem. Vesp. 188. The whole scene is a par. of Odysseus' escape from Kyklops' cave. Prose : Plato. ioa-Tetyavos. 2 Only in dactylic and anapaestic metre : Ach. 637. Eq. 1323, 1329. There is always an allusion to Pindar, I think. See fr. Pind. 54'(Bgk.) and Isth. 2, 20. P. 7, 1. iTTTTo'Xo^o?. 1 Only in hex. : Ran. 818 (par. of Aischylos' style). ld>* Ach. 566 (ptg.), 568 (ptg.), 1071, 1078, 1080 (last three parodic), 1205, 1212 (ptg.). Eq. 1218. Nub. 1155 (par. Soph. fr. 451 or Eur. fr. 623), 1169, 1259 (toy /i<u>ot). Vesp. 748 (MB l*o itoi), 1292. Pax 236 (par.), 242, 250. Av. 228 (ptg.), 343, 406 (ptg.). Lys. 716. Thes. 1047 (ptg.). Ran. 1341, 1342. fr. 401. Espec. tragic is tea poi pot (twice in lyric lines). Four- teen of the above are in lyric lines. K icdSos. 5 Ach. 549. Pax 1202. Av. 1032, 1053. Ekkl. 1002, 1004. fr. 269. Attic prose: Only Demosth. 21, 133. Plato Rpb. 616 D. Elsewhere: Hdt. 3, 20. Anakr. 16. Archil. 4. In tragedy : only Soph. fr. 491, 3. In the sense of "voting-urn" KaSurfcos is more usual (Ar. Vesp. 321, 853, 854). Kepdpiov occurs Ar. fr. 723. /ca/coppodeco 3 for KaKO\o^e<a. Only in ptg. : Ach. 577 (chorus to Lamachos. See Eur. fr. 712). Thes. 896. In trag. by Eur. only. ica\\ivucos.* Ach. 1227, 1228, 1231, 1233 (all parodic). Eq. 1254. Av. 1764. See Van Leeuwen ad Eq. 1254. Ka\\i7rdp0evo<t. s Only in par.: Thes. 855 (Eur. Hel. 1). An Euripidean word. See /ca\\i7njs (Thes. 49, 60), /caXXt/co/io? (Pax 798), :aXXt/3o'a9 (Av. 682). Compounds with /caXXi- and -- are mostly poetic. The Language of Parody. 29 Ka\v7TTa-0ai. s Only by Sokrates : Nub. 740. In Attic prose the compel, forms only are used, but the simple is freely used in both act. and pass, by the Tragg. See Soph. fr. 333 and next word. /ea\v7TTo'<?. 3 Only in ptg. : Thes. 890 (Eur. as Menelaos). See preceding word. #a/*a| 3 as = "spear-shaft." fr. 404 (cf. Aisch. Ag. 66. Eur. Hek. 1155. El. 852). Kapa 3 for Ke<f>a\ij. Only in par. or ptg. : Ach. 1218 (Lama- chos). Pax 153 (par. Bellerophon of Eur.). Thes. 1102 (cf. Eur. fr. 123). See tcdprjvov. KapaSoKeco 3 ' 5 Eq. 663. Compare all this with the Messengers' speeches in tragedy. Eur. is fond of this word. Prose : Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 6. Hdt. 7, 163, 168. 8, 67. Kaprjvov. 1 fr. 222, 3. Homer 23 times ; Hesiod 3, but Pindar does not take it up. Tragedy : Eur. fr. 541. Aisch. Chor. 396. See Kapa. KapTrelov. 4 ' 8 fr. 177. The prose word KapTrds (more oft. plu- ral) : Nub. 1119. Ekkl. 14. Plut. 515. Kapra 3 ' 5 for ar<f>dSpa or irdw. Ach. 544. Av. 342. Cl. Attic prose : Plato Tim. 25 D (only here). <r<f>dSpa in Ar. about 30 times, Trdw about 100. KacriyvrjTos l> 3 for a8eX<o'<?. Only in ptg. : Thes. 900. /earao-/ao9. 3 Only in par. : Ach. 965 (cf. Aisch. Sept. 384). Aisch. is fond of the word, but it is not so freq. in the other Tragg. Not in cl. prose. Plato Tim. 79 D (/eaTa<r/aa6>). /caTOTTTT??. 3 Only in par. : Ach. 435 (trag. fr. adesp. 43). Prose words : /caraCTTCOTro?, oTrrijp. Keap' A for KapSia (freq. in Ar.). Only in par. : Ach. 5. See 5 for e/ceti/o?. Vesp. 751 (ptg.). Pax 48 (an Ionian speaks). Lys. 795, 818. Thes. 473 (ptg.). See Wittekind, pp. 14-15. Eutherford N. P. p. 4. Ke\aSeo>. 2 Nub. 284. Pax 801 (par. Stesich., p. 749 Bgk.). Thes. 44 (ptg.). Ean. 383, 684, 1527. Pindar uses the word often (see Gildersleeve, Pind. O. 1, 9). Never in cl. prose (Aischines has it in an oracle). 30 The Language of Parody. /ce'Xet#o9 4 for 68of, arpairo^. Only in par. : Thes. 1100 (Eur. fr. 124. Cf. I. T. 32). KeXXw (er-) 3 for Kard<yofMat. Only in ptg. : Thes. 877 (Eur. as Menelaos). The word is not given in our indexes to tragedy. The simple occurs in Homer, tragedy and later poets. eVt/ceXXw is found in Homer and Ap. Rhodius. See Jungius, 8, Introd. KevOfMav* Only in par. : fr. 149, 1 (Eur. Hek. 1). Not in cl. Att. prose. Hdt. 7, 141 (oracle) has it, and it occurs in the epos and tragedy. For the verb Kev0a> see Plato, Hipp. Min., 365 B. Ib. 370 A (both from Homer). */a/c&> (a?-). 7 Ach. 869 (= shook off). Van Leeuwen says it is not found elsewhere except in Simmias, of Rhodes. Kivvpopat 1 for K\aia>. Eq. 11 (cf. 9 and 12). Neil notes that this is the only occ. of the word outside of serious poetry. Aisch. Sept. 123 is the only place in tragedy. It is not uncommon in late epic. Not found in cl. prose. /cXaOyu-a. 4 Pax 249. Ran. 813. In the former K\av^ara is humorously used for /cpo/ji^va. The word is a favorite one with Aischylos. The only places in cl. prose are [Andok.] 4, 39. Xen. Kyr. 2, 2, 14. At Thes. 1041 7005. Plato uses Kkavpovr), Aristotle /cXai/^/xo?. K\etv<k. 4 Ach. 1184 (ptg. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 45). Eq. 1328. Nub. 1024. Pax. 737 (par. Simonides fr. 82). Av. 810, 1277, 1372. Thes. 29. Plut. 772 (ptg.). Prose : Hdt. 5, 92 (oracle). 7, 228 (epigram). Of Attic writers Plato alone uses it : Soph. 243 A. Legg. 721 C. Often in Pindar and tragedy. *Xeo? 4 ' 8 for Bo^a or rifir). Ach. 646. Nub. 459 (par.). Ran. 1035. See Van Leeuwen ad Nub. 460. Prose : Hdt. 7, 220. 9, 78. Xen. Kyn. 1, 6. Plato Symp. 208 C (hex.). Lysias 2, 5 (cf. ev/cXe?;? 2, 23). Thuk. 1, 10, 2 (Homeric setting). Ib. 25, 4 (myth of Phaeacians). 2, 45, 2 (poetic reminiscence). The sphere is poetic. K\rja> 4 for 7Aca>/uaa). Never used by Ar. except in imit. of lyric or trag. poetry : Av. 905, 921 (poet), 959, 1745. The other form, /cXeteo, occurs Pax 778 (par. Stesich. fr. 32 Bgk.). Lys. 1299 (Lakonian chorus). In prose: [Plato] Ax. 371 B (poetic). Xen. Kyr. 1, 2, 1. The Language of Parody. 31 K\ovea>* Eq. 361 (see Neil). Not in prose of the cl. period. tcXovos* Only by Sokrates : Nub. 387. Used for the less pretentious /copKopvyr) (Pax 991. Lys. 491). Not in cl. prose. /eXvca 3 for a/covco. Only in ptg. : Eq. 813 (cf. Eur. fr. 723). Pax 1283. Av. 407, 416, 1390. Thes. 1018 (Eur. fr. 118). Ban. 1173 (== Aisch. Cho. 4), 1374. Plut. 601. Not in cl. prose. tevura. 1 ' 8 Ach. 1045. Pax 1050. Av. 193, 1517. It is used only where sacrifices are being offered. Freq. in Homer (see espec. II. 8, 549). Prose : Plato Legg. 906 E (elevated subject). Kpb. 364 E (from Homer). The only tragic ex. is Aisch. Pr. 496. As a religious word this may have been in the common speech, indeed Demosthenes' use of Kvia-dat (q. v.) seems to show that it was. Kvtadco. 1 ' 8 Eq. 1320 (see Neil). Av. 1233 (ptg.). Prose: Dem. 21, 51. Macart. 66 (oracle). Not elsewhere in cl. prose. /ci/wSaXoi/. 4 Vesp. 4. Lys. 476. Prose : [Plato] Ax. 365 C (of worms). Not elsewhere in cl. prose. Pindar has it of asses and serpents. Kratinos Xet/3. 8 (hex.). Ar. uses Brjpiov (Av. 93) and re/aa? is the ordinary word for " monster." Koipavos* Only in par. : Ach. 472 (Eur. fr. 568). Freq. in the epos. Not in cl. prose. See 7ro\vfcoipavos. Ko\vfi/3dw (e/c-). 3> 8 Once in anap. tetr. : fr. 80 (cf. Eur. Hel. 1609). The simple is in Plato. Ko\ocrvpTos. Only in anap. tetr. : Vesp. 666. Plut. 536. With the former cf. Vesp. 593, 667 (?rX/0o?). See II. 12, 147. 13, 472. Hes. Th. 880. Not in cl. prose. Ko/jLTTaa/jLa 3 for KO/JLTTO^ or aXa^ovevfia. Ran. 940 (Eur. mimics Aischylos' manner). Blaydes compares Aisch. Pr. 361. Sept. 794. Koveco (ey-y Ach. 1088 (cf. 1094, tnrevSa and 1085, ra%y /8a&e). Vesp. 240 (par.) Av. 1324. Ekkl. 489 (cf. 483). Plut. 255. Homer uses the word, but only in pres. part, with some other verb. Kcwro?. 3 Ran. 1265 (par. Aisch. fr. 128), 1267, 1269, 1271, 1272, 1275, 1277, 1278, 1280, 1284 (of course all these are mere echoes of 1265). Lys. 542 (= weariness). Plut. 321 (note the epic allusion before this). Prose : Plato Prot. 310 D. Rpb. 537. 32 The Language of Parody. Tim. 87 E. Xen. An. 5, 8, 2. Eq. 4, 2. But Plato and Xen. have it in the sense of " weariness," whereas Ar. in all places except Lys. 542 uses it as " toil " or " suffering." Kopevwfjii. 1 Only in epic par. : Pax. 1283, 1284, 1285. In Attic prose only by Xen. Mem. 3, 11, 13. Prose word: for 6(j)da\fji(k. Vesp. 7. Thes. 902 (ptg.) Plut. 635 (par. Soph. fr. 644). Freq. in Eur. See o/^/ia. Kopfuk 1] 3l 5 for Trpe'pvov. Only in iamb. tetr. : Lys. 255 (prob. a par. Cf. Eur. H. F. 240. Hek. 575. Hel. 1601. Kykl. 384). Prose : Hdt. 7, 36. Only place in cl. prose. Once in Homer : Od. 23, 196. /co/305 4 for 7rai<?, jjieipdiciov. Only in hex. and par. : Av. 977 (hex. Kovpe). fr. 558 (par. Eur. Phoin. 1243, 1273, 1359). Prose: Hdt. 8, 77 (oracle. Here Schweighauser reads it as a proper name). Plato 5 times in the Laws. A favorite word with Eur. 1 Only in hex. : Ran. 818 (par. cf. II. 2, 816). Only in anap. tetr. : fr. 222. See Bakhuyzen ad fr. 1. Once in Homer : II. 9, 241. Prose : Hdt. 7, 218. /COT09. 1 Only in par. : Ran. 844 (cf. Eur. El. 402. Kykl. 424). Oft. in Aisch., and about 7 times in Homer. The verb. Korea is purely epic, for Plato Lys. 215 C (the only place in cl. prose) is from Hesiod. Kovp(8ios. 1 ' 5 Pax. 844. Freq. in Homer and Ap. Rhod. The feminine occurs Hdt. 1, 135. 5, 18. 6, 138. Nowhere else in cl. prose. Plato uses vvfjufrifcds, Ar. wfjufriBtos (Av. 1729). See vco 4 for creico (cf. TraXXw). Only in par. : Ach. 965 (cf. Aisch. Sept. 384, where o-eto> is the verb), 967. Not in cl. prose. Kpavaos. 1 Ach. 75 (see Van Leeuwen). Av. 123 (at Kpamai = 'Adr)vai). Lys. 481. fr. 560, 3 (== rough, stinging). Here there is doubtless a covert allusion to Athens. Often in the Od. of Ithaca. Tragedy : Aisch. fr. 371. Eum. 1011. Soph. fr. 798. Not in cl. prose save Hdt. 8, 44 (icpavaoi= the Athenians). icpi^a). 1 Av. 1521 (Prometheus has already used two epic words, and 6v^rj\ri q. v.). II. 16, 470 (of a creaking yoke). Not The Language of Parody. 33 in cl. prose, Kpdfa in the same sense, "to scream, shriek," is freq. in Ar. KpCva) (8ia-~) 3 as = to separate into elemental parts. Only in par. : Thes, 13 (Eur.). See Bakhuyzen ad loc. Kpovvos. 4 '* Only in anap. tetr. : Ran. 1005 (cf. similar use of por) Find. N. 7, 12. Plato Theait, 206 D). See the comic crnpd. iepovvoxyTpo\ripaio<; (Eq. 89). Our word is in the epos and trag. but not in cl. prose. At Ran. 1005 the chorus address Aisch. with satiric earnestness. At 1. 814 ff. Aisch. is said to have first given dignity to " tragic nonsense." All this is mockery of his long pompous words. Cf. 'Eivvedicpovvos. icpvepds.* Only in ptg. : Ach. 1191 (see Schol). Av. 951, 955. With Ach. 1191 cf. Homeric icp. 70040, <pdj3oto; Hesiodic tcp. 'AtSao ; Euripidean icp. davdrov, etc. Not in cl. prose, but [Plato] Ax. 368 C has icpvos (frigus). KTVTreo*.' Ach. 1072 (ptg.). Thes. 995. Ekkl. 545. Plut. 758 (cf. Eur. Med. 1180). The cmpd. em- is found at Av. 780. Ekkl. 483 (cf. Ap. Rhod. 1, 1136. 2, 1081). Freq. in Homer and Eur. (also Soph.). See /CTUTTO?. Ac 4 for KfMtros. Eq. 552 (cf. II. 10, 535). Av. 1156. Lys. 1307 (cf. 1319). With this last cf. Eur. Herak. 783. Tro. 546. Prose: Thuk. 7, 70, 6. Plato Krit. 117 E. Xen. Kyr. 7, 1, 35. See /crvTrew. Kvavavj^. 1 Only by the poet Kinesias : Av. 1389. Ar. uses its congeners xvavo/SevOris (fr. 165) and Kvavefi/BoXos (Eq. 554. Ran. 1318, both lyric). Cf. Orph. H. 2, 3. Eur. Alk. 261, etc. Not in cl. prose. KvoWo?. 1 Only in par. : Ran. 1270 (= Aisch. fr. 238, quoted here by Eur.) Oft in Homer of Zeus and Agamemnon. Not in cl. prose. See the two following words. KvSoifuk. 1 Only by Lamachos in a mock-heroic line : Ach. 572 (cf. Pax 255. Horn. II. 5, 593. 18, 535. Emped. 417). Not in cl. prose. See next word. ywoW Only in hex. : Eq. 200 (par., cf. II. 8, 141). Of the Tragg. Aisch. alone has it. The only inst. in cl. prose is Hdt. 7, 8, 1 (Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 11 is from Homer). See preced. words. as = "to move around." Only in ptg.: Av. 1379 34 The Language of Parody. (cf. Soph. Ai. 19. Eur. Or. 632). Thes. 958 (cf. Eur. I. T. 68, 76). See Vesp. 1523. eyKVK\ovnai* occurs Vesp. 395 (tragic tone; cf. 154), 699. At Av. 346 Trept re /cv/cXoxrai. See Green ad Vesp. 395. The cmpd. ela- Thes. 265. The simple in prose : Plato rather often, and (in mid.) Hdt. and Thuk. Prose : * for Kv\ivSe<a. Eq. 1249 (par. Eur. fr. 310, where is the verb). Nub. 374. Vesp. 492. Thes. 767. Ekkl. 208. Not in cl. prose. Cmpd. etV- Thes. 651. Kvvea) (7T/300--) in the form Trpoa-eicva-a 3 for irpoo-eicvvrjcra. Only in ptg. : Eq. 156 (cf. Plut. 771), 640. KwoKe<f>a\\o<i. 1 Prob. in par. only : Eq. 416 (of Kleon). See Van Leeuwen's note. Prose: Plato twice (Theait. 161 C. Ib. 166 0) but written with one X, and used of a species of monkeys. Hdt. 4, 191 (KvvoKe<j>a\oi = name of a people. Cf. Strabo, 43). tcvpea 3 ' 6 for rv^dvw. Only in par.: Ran. 1291 (Aisch. fr. incert. 282). See Wittekind, p. 44. Not. in cl. prose. for veavtas or e^T/ySo? : Lys. 983, 1248. for Xapftdvco. Lys. 209 (cf. 1. 202). Lysistrata has been imitating Aisch. Eur. has the word oft. Not in cl. prose. Cf. fidpTTTQ). XaiVo? * 3 for \idivo<f. Only in par. : Ach. 449 (trag. fr. adesp. 44). Freq. in Eur. Not in cl. prose. \aice f pv&. 1 Only in par. : Av. 609 (Hes. fr. 183, 1). Else- where : Poeta ap. Plat. Rpb. 607 B (not elsewhere in cl. prose). Hes. Op. 747. See \da-Kw. \arck 3 for /3a/co5, pdfciov. Only in a line spoken by Eur. : Ach. 423. The word, however, does not seem to occur in Eur., who uses \dtcia-fjLa (Tro. 497). Oft. in Aisch. See Alkaios 18, 8. Xa/A7r -pvvo^at 3> 8 as = " to be made clear-sighted." Only in par. : Plut. 635 (cf. Soph. fr. 644). In the meaning " to dis- tinguish oneself" Eq. 556 (so Thuk. 6, 16, 3. Arist. Eth. 4, 2, 4, etc.), Xen. has the passive = " to be bright." Cf. \afj,7rporiyf. The Language of Parody. 35 Isokr. Ar. 104. 10, 17. Ep. 4, 11. Demosth. 21, 158. Not in cl. prose in our signif. Xa/i7ra> (e'/c-). 3 Only in the higher tone : Pax 304. Av. 1712 (trag. fr. adesp. 49). Lys. 387. \a<rtav%r)v. 4 Only in hex. : Ran. 822 (parodic. Cf. h. Horn. 6, 46). Not in Homer, but Xao-to? occurs. In trag. Soph. Ant. 350 (chor.) is the only place. The word well describes the rugged sublimity of Aischylos. XaW. 3 Only in par. or ptg. : Ach. 410, 1046. Pax 381, 382, 384. Ran. 97. Plut. 39. The cmpd. Bia- Nub. 410. Eur. especially delights in this word. Not found in comedy outside of Ar. nor in cl. prose. See Rutherford, N. P., p. 43. See Xa/ee- pva, ropeco. Xaa> 7 for tfovXo^at or e0e\co : Ach. 749, 766, 772, 776, 788, 814. Lys. 95, 1163, 1187. The Tragg. sometimes use this verb. Not in cl. prose. Cf. X?)/ia. Xeutfo'Xo(/>o? 3> 4 Only by Aisch. in a mock-heroic line : Ran. 1016. Asa proper name Ran. 1513. Ekkl. 645. Cf. Xev/eoXotya? (Eur. Phoin. 119), \evK.oda>pa%. Xen. An. 1, 8, 9. Not found in cl. prose. See next word. XeuKOTrX^T??. 3 Ekkl. 387. See Jungius, Praefat. 8. Eur. uses many cmpds. of Xeu/coV. See word above. Xetu? 4 for 77^05 or TrX^tfo?. In the herald's phrase cucovere \ea> it occurs Ach. 1000. Pax 551. Av. 448. Outside of this : Ach. 162 (ptg.). Eq. 224. Yesp. 1015. Pax 62 (cf. Soph. Ai. 585), 298, 632, 922, 1317. Av. 1275, 1276. Thes. 39 (ptg.), 857 (= Eur. Hel. 3). The form XaoV only in lyric lines or par. : Eq. 163. Ran. 219, 676. Cf. with the foregoing the use of 7rXr}0o? at Ach. 317. Ekkl. 432, 770. Of cl. prose writers Plato and Hdt. only use Xetu? (Hdt. XaoV also). In tragedy it occurs : Eur. 28 times; Soph. 10; Aisch. 16. XaoV is found in Eur. 24, in Soph. 2, in Aisch. 11 times. X^/ia 4 - 5 Eq. 757. Nub. 457, 1350. Thes. 459. Ran. 463, 500, 603, 899. Plut, 581. Aisch. and Soph, have it oft. In Soph, it has the sense of "insolence." See Xa&>. as = " fair, graceful " : Ach. 639, 640. Eq. 1329 36 The Language of Parody. (par., Find. fr. 54 Bgk.). Nub. 300. Av. 826. fr. 110. See Neil ad Eq. 1329. \ia-a-dviof 7 for ayaffos. Lys. 1171 (a Lakedaimonian speaks). XMTo-o/tat 3 for avTij3o\eo>. Pax 382 (cf. 377). Thes. 313, 1040 (par., Eur. fr. 753, 53). See Rutherford N. P., p. 25. Xt^/icwB 4 for Xei^a). Only in anap. tetr. : Vesp. 1033. Pax 756. Homer has only the cmpd. airo- (II. 21, 123). Theokr. 25, 226 (Tre/at-). The simple occurs Hes. Sc. 235. Eur. Bacch. 698 (only place in trag.). X<fytf7 4 for SJpv (Pax 447, 1213 and oft.) : Ach. 1226 (Lama- chos). Vesp. 1119. Ran. 1016 (Aisch.). At Thes. 826 it has its reg. meaning "spear-head." Prose: Xen. Eq. 12, 13. Hell. 7, 5, 20. Plato Lach. 183 D. Hdt. freq. In tragedy Aisch. 3 times ; Soph. 7 ; Eur. 46. Xo7%o<o/>o9. 4 Pax 1294 (cf. Eq. 448). Here the presence of Lamachos' son calls forth such a word. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 2, 1, 5 (only place in cl. prose). Aota?. 4 Only in connection with oracles : Eq. 1047, 1072. Plut. 8 (par.). Xftxrroi/ 3 for fieXria-Tov. Av. 823. Prose : Plato has both the comparative and superlative freq. the latter generally in the voc. <5 Xoxrre. Xen. Symp. 4, 1. Nowhere else in cl. prose. M fidxap 4 for (tatcdptos. When applied to gods and men, it seems to be poetic. Prose usage confines it to the Islands of the Blessed (so Plato Phaid. 115 D. Ar. Vesp. 639). In poetic use: Nub. 599, 1206. Pax 780 (par., Stesich. fr. 32 Bgk.), 1075 (par., cf. Od. 1, 82), 1106 (par.), 1333 (rpio--). Av. 222, 702, 703, 899, 1722, 1759. Ran. 85, 352. It never occurs in trim., and of the foregoing two are in hex., two in anap. tetr. and all the rest in lyric lines. See foil. word. /ia*a/>tT7;5. 4 Prob. only in par. : Plut. 555 (see Van Leeuwen). fr. 488, 10, with which Blaydes compares Aisch. Pers. 633. There is a play upon the double meaning "blessed" and "dead." Not used in cl. prose. See The Language of Parody. 37 3 as = to relent. Vesp. 973 (comic-tragic tone). Eq. 389 ( make soft by tanning). For the first meaning cf. Soph. Ai. 594. Plato uses the act. in the sense "to soften" Hippokrates of the " remitting " of a fever. In the signif. " to relent " it is not found in cl. prose, where the word is usually AiaXa/ato/zai (Thuk. 3, 40, 7. Ib. 6, 29). Cf. 0a\7ro/iat (Ar. Eq. 210. Xen.), and fji,a\6aK%o(j,ai (Plato Rpb. 458 B). See reyyat and the foil. word. Ha\0aK(k*> 5 for /iaXa*o9. Ach. 70, 1200. Nub. 727. Vesp. 714 (par., Eur. fr. 628). Av. 122, 233. Ran. 539, 595. Prose: Plato Phaidros 239 C. Theait. 149 D. Soph. 230 A. Not else- where in cl. prose. Ar. has /zaXa/co?. Eq. 785. Vesp. 738, 1455. Plut. 1022 and oft. See word above. fiavrelof 4 for navrucos (Pax 1026. Av. 1332). Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 722. Cf. Eur. Tro. 454. Not in cl. prose. pdpTTTO) 1 for \a/j.f3dva>. Only in hex. : Eq. 197. Pax 1100. See \dvfj,cu. fjieya 4> 5 for /iaXa, Train/, a-<f>dSpa. Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 291 (Sokrates to the Clouds). Cf. II. 2, 480. 16,46. Aisch. Pr. 647. Freq. in Homer. Prose: Xen. Kyr. 3, 1, 27. 5, 1, 28. Hdt. freq. Eq. 151 (see Neil), 172, 782, 1162. Nub. 600. or /teSew. 1 ' 3 Eq. 560 (epic tone), 585, 763. Lys. 833 (par.). Ran. 665 (par., Soph. fr. 342). Cf. foil, cmpds. : TTOI/TO- (Vesp. 1531 perhaps a parody of Aisch. Sept. 130) ; (Thes. 323). All are in lyrics save Lys. 833. Not in cl. prose. He\a9pa 3 for otVcta. Only in par. : Av. 1247 (Niobe of Aisch.). Thes. 41 (servant of Agathon speaks), 874 (par., Eur. Hel. 460). Not in cl. prose. See SO/AO?. IteXavoicdpSios.* Once in par. : Ran. 470 (see Bakhuyzen). Sim. words are fteXavoTTTepos (Av. 695. Eur. Hek. 705), ^\avo- Trrepvj; (Av. fr. 452. Eur. Hek. 71), neXavda-repfos (Aisch. fr. 389), /teXaz/o'^/300? (II. 13, 589). Not in extant trag. or cl. prose. /xeXai>o7TTe/305. 4 Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 695 (poetic description). Not in the epos, and in Eur. alone of the Tragg. 38 The Language of Parody. fr. 537. Cf. Eur. Hek. 71 (of dreams). These two seem to be the only examples in the literature. See two preceding words. /ie'Xeo? 3 as meaning " unhappy," " miserable." Only in par. : Vesp. 313 (Eur. fr. 385). Pax 1063 (hex.). Thes. 1037 (Eur. fr. 122). About 40 times in Eur. ; Hdt. once in an oracle (7, 140) and nowhere else in cl. prose. Ar. only in lyrics and hex. (jLevowdo) 1 for eiriOvnea). Only in troch. tetr. : Vesp. 1080. This sounds like the battle scenes of the Iliad. The word is chiefly epic, occurring twice only in tragedy (Soph. Ai. 341. Eur. Kykl. 448). Not in cl. prose. See lpe(pa>. At&o?. 1 Ach. 665 (= might; cf. II. 6, 182). Vesp. 424 ( anger. See Starkie here). In the latter meaning Ar. gen. has 0/3777. Prose : In the signif. " spirit, ardour " : Xen. Kyr. 3, 3, 61. Hell. 7, 1, 31. Kyn. 6, 15. Plato Tim. 70 B (dub. 1.) and the Homeric passages Krat. 415 A (/i/o?). Symp. 179 B. Rpb. 389 E. Aischylos is partial to it. fjiepifiva* for fypovrk. Never in trim. Nub. 420 (cf. Eq. 612. Nub. 233, 236. Vesp. 1097. Antiphon II 2. Isokr. Ep. 2, 11). At Nub. 950, 1404 it = maxims, speculations. The only place in cl. prose is [Plato] Rival. 134 B, but pepi/waco is com- mon enough. l^p^rjpt^a) (aTro-). 1 ' 3 Vesp. 5. This opening scene is a parody of some tragic poet if we may judge by the number of poetic words. The simple is common in Homer, pepnepos is found in the II. and Eur. Rhes. 509. fjXTdpvios 3 - 5 for ^reeo/jo? (Eq. 1362. Nub. 264, 266 and oft.) : Av. 1383 (Kinesias). See Wittekind, p. 37. The Doric form occurs Av. 1197. Not in cl. Attic prose. See ireSdpa-tos. wSapd 3 ' 5 for ovSapw (Nub. 688. Vesp. 79, etc.) Only in a line spoken by Eur. : Thes. 1162. Not in cl. Attic prose. See Wittekind s. v. /^So/iat 4 for <f>povrC& (Ekkl. 263) or eVft^eo/iai (Ekkl. 262). Never in trim. : Av. 689 (poetic). Thes. 676. Not in cl. prose. pijXov* as meaning "a girl's breast." Lys. 155 (par.). Here a Lakonian is speaking on an Homeric subject. Ekkl. 903. See Ihe Language of Parody. 39 Theokr. 27, 49. It is doubtless a word belonging to the sphere of folk-poetry. Cf. KvSwvicx; (Ach. 1199). WTpd0ev*> 5 Only in par.: Ach. 478 (cf. Aisch. Cho. 750). Dikaiopolis uses tragic language when speaking to Eur. Not in cl. prose exc. Hdt, 1, 173. Cf. Find. O. 3, 28. fjuvvpoftcu 4 for fjuwptfa (Vesp. 219. Av. 1414. Plato Rpb. 411 A) : Ekkl. 880 (cf. 931 a$a> /ere). Not in cl. prose. /*07o 1>7 for 7ro<r%G), TaXeu7ra>/3ea>, aA/yaw. Only by a Lake- daimonian : Lys. 1002 fytayfopK). /Ao^o = to toil, occurs Plut. 282, 518, 556. oSwdofiai = " to suffer pain" is freq. in Ar. ra\anrci)pe(i) (Lys. 1220. Ran. 24. Plut. 224). payed) is not in cl. prose. It is freq. in Homer not uncommon in Aischy- los not in Soph., and only once in Eur. /ioXTTTJ. 4 Never in trim. : Ran. 370, 383 (The chorus (1. 382) says " sing now another kind of vpvcav" while four lines before this it spoke of the singing as fjLo\7rd%eiv. Cf. <pSai<ri 1. 396), 1527. Both /ie'XTna and ^oKira^uv are poetic. poXTrij not in cl. prose. ftoi/o/ia^o?. 3 Only in par. : fr. 558, 2 (cf. Eur. Phoin. 1300, 1335, 1362). Not in cl. prose. The verb fiovofia^elv appears in an epic passage in Plato Krak 391 E, and Hdt. has iMovvofia^eeiv and fj-ovvofjia^iij. In trag. Eur. alone uses our word. /AoiKro/iaiTi?. 3 Only in par. : Av. 276 (Van Leeuwen cites Aisch. fr. 60). See Bakhuyzen ad 1. poX\evrri<;. z < 8 Nub. 567 (Poseidon), 1397 (for source of par. see Porson ad Medeam 1317, and at same place Verrall and Bakhuyzen). The word seems to occur only in Ar. Possibly he coined it, since Eur. is fond of /lo^Xefe and (iox\eveiv. /;0ia> 4 ' 7 for Xe7<. Only by Lakonian characters: Lys. 94 (cf. 96), 981, 1076. /ivxa?. 4 Ekkl. 12 (ptg.) Thes. 324. Prose : Thuk. 7, 4, 52 (= bay ; cf. H. 21, 23). Xen. An. 4, 1, 7. Hdt. 2, 11. 4, 21. Plato Rpb. 387 A (from Homer). fi(i)[j.dofj,ai* for <ric(iy7rTiv or /ie/i<o^tat (freq. in Ar.) : Av. 171. Not in cl. prose since Plato Prot. 346 C is from Simonides. 40 The Language of Parody. N vafa>* for ol/ceco. Never in trim.: Vesp. 662 (tcarevao-Qev). See Starkie's note, and cf. Hes. Op. 167. Th. 329, 620. Ap. Rhod. 2, 520. The simple Ran. 324. It is used by no cl. prose writer save in epic citation. vapa 3 for olvos. Once in ptg. : Ekkl. 14. Prose : Plato oft., but mostly in fig. senses. As = " streams " it occurs Xen. Ven. 5, 34. Not elsewhere in cl. prose. Used by all the Tragg. vawrffMofjuu* Only in par. : Pax 126 (Eur. fr. 669). A prose writer would prob. have said veto? eTnftatveiv. Oft. by Eur. : cf. Hel. 1210. Tro. 677. Never in cl. prose, where TrXaa) is the word. i/avo-TO\ea>. 3 Only in par. : Av. 1229. Thes. 1101 (Eur. fr. 123). Not in cl. prose. z>aim\o5 3 for VCLVTUCOS. Only in par.: Ran. 1207 (Eur. fr. 846, 2). See Wittekind, p. 31. vavfaptcTos* Ach. 95 (Note similarities of sounds in ends of lines about here). Eq. 567 (ptg. See Neil's note). Not in cl. prose. z/et*o9 4 ' 5 for epis. Never in trim.: Yesp. 867. Thes. 788. Ran. 818 (par. of Aischylos' style. The line is hex.), 1099. The subj. under discussion at Thes. 788 is a favorite one with Eur., likewise the phrase, TTCLV tcaicdv (cf. Hipp. 616, 625, 627). Prose: Isokr., Xen. Ven. 1, 17 (epic setting). Plato Soph. 243 A (poetic). Hdt. freq. z/eoXeua 7 for ^77. fr. 67. Used by the Tragg. only in lyrics. Not in cl. prose. *>e<o<?. 4 Ar. uses this word in trim, only once, where the tone is excited. In all it occurs but 6 times, whereas v<f>e\rj is used 26 times (16 times in Nubes as a proper name) and in nearly every place the tone is sober. Ar., like Homer, uses v&fros in metaphor (cf. Pax 1090. Av. 295, 578 with II. 4, 274. 17, 243 and 755). See Buttman sub v. The following are its occur- rences in Ar. : Nub. 228 (lyr.). Pax 1090 (par. of II. 17, 243). Av. 295, 349, 578, 776. In Homer ve<f>os is used more than The Language of Parody. 41 twice as often as ve^eXij. So it is with Aischylos. Prose: Dein. 18, 188 (figurative). Demades 1, 15. Plato Tim. 49, C. [Epin.] 987 A. Hdt. 8, 109 (figurative). Aristotle. i^Trto?. 4 ' 5 Nub. 105. Pax 1063 (hex., par.). Prose: Anti- phon III B 11. [Plato] Ax. 366 D. ib. 367 A. Good prose words available were a(f>po)v, /-tarato?, fwopo'?, ovecuo9. See Vesp. 729. vrjTrvTios . l Only by Sokrates : Nub. 868. Oft. in Homer. Never in trag. or cl. prose. See 1/7777-409. w0o'/3oXo9. 2 Only in par. of dithyrambic poets: Av. 952, 1385. Of the Tragg. Euripides alone uses it, but only in lyrics. Cf. Eur. Phoin. 206. I. A. 1284 and Soph. Ai. 695. Not in cl. prose. See next word. w(/>oa9. 4 Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 273. Not in cl. prose. See z/i<o'/3oXo9, 7rre/3oet9, o/c/3i>o'et9. voareoj 4 ' 5 for ava%(0peo) etc. : Ach. 29 (=$oiTav). Av. 1270. Plut. 610. The cmpd. Trepi-: Pax 762. Thes. 796. Plut. 121, 494. Prose: [Plato] Epist. 335 C. Hdt. 1, 73. 1, 122. 3, 26. 7, 147. i/vo-o-o). 4 ' 8 Nub. 321 (prob. a sophistic use of the word). Plut. 784. There was a proverb \eovra vva-treiv, and so the word may have been common enough. vvxtos.* Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 698 (poetic). Cf. Hes. Op. 521. Th. 991. Not in cl. prose. ft/pea) 3 ' 5 for iceipa). Never except where the tone is tragic: Ach. 119 (par. Eur. fr. 858). Thes. 191, 215 (a-rro-), 1043 (avro-). Prose : Plato Rpb. 341 C ( a proverb. Only here in cl. Attic prose). Hdt. It is to be noted that Sophokles, the most Ionic of the Tragg., is the only one of them to use this word. %vpov s > 5 for pdxaipa, fcovpk. Thes. 219. Ekkl. 65. fr. 320. Prose: The only place in cl. prose is a proverb, Hdt. 6, 11 (cf. II. 10, 173). It occurs rarely in all three Tragg. Used chiefly in. the proverb "to stand on the razor's edge." See %vpea>. 42 The Language of Parody. O 07/coft) 4 for <f>va-do). Never in trim.: Vesp. 1024. Ran. 703 (just before a par. of Archilochos). Of the Tragg. Eur. uses it most. Prose : Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 25 (cf. Kyr. 7, 2, 23. Hell. 7, 1, 24, where ava^v^do^an is used). Epigr. Gr. 233, 4. cty/eo? in Dem. and Isokr. S&o?. 1 ' 3 Only in hex. : Ran. 1276 (= Aisch. Ag. 104). Not in cl. prose. oSotTro/305. 3 ' 5 Only in troch. tetr. : Ach. 205 (tragic tone). Prose: Xen. An. 5, 1, 14 (dub. 1.). Hdt. 4, 110. ib. 116. Both these writers have o&onropia, as well. Soph. oft. has oSomopeiv for levcu or ftaSifeiv. 6&vpTos. s Only in par. : Ach. 1226 (see Bakhuyzen). Not in cl. prose. olSeto. 6 Only by tragic characters: Ran. 940 (Eur.), 1192 (Aisch.) Cf. Pax 1166. Prose: Plato Gorg. 518 E. Hdt. 3, 76. ib. 127. Hipp. Ae'r. 284. Aristotle. Demosth. has oiSrjfjia. Ar. uses olSfta only in lyric lines. olxTipa)* for e\ee&). Mostly in par.: Vesp. 328 (par.), 556, 975 (mock pathetic). Lys. 961. Thes. 1058, 1110 (both par. of Eur. fr. 127). The cmpd. tear-: Thes. 1107 (par. Eur. fr. 128). The Tragg. use this verb frequently: Eur. 30; Soph. 17 ; Aisch, 8, while eXeeiv is rare. Cf. Ar. Vesp. 967, 975 with Vesp. 393. Pax 400. Ach. 706. Prose : Xen. An. 1, 4, 7. Oik. 7, 40. Plato Euth. 288 D (both used). [Lysias] 2, 72. Hdt. 3, 52. ib. 119. 7, 38. tear- occurs Xen. Kyr. 7, 3, 14. Hdt. 1, 45. 4, 167. olfjuoyj. 1 '* Only in hex. in par. : Pax 1276 (cf. II. 4, 450. 8, 64), 1277, 1278. Of cl. prose writers Hdt. alone has it (3, 66. cf. 8, 99). olfubfa (aTT-). 3 Only in tragic quot. : Ekkl. 392 (par. Aisch. fr. 138, but changed). The simple oft. in Ar., and always has a colloq. tone. The only place cnroi/Mo^a) finds in cl. prose is Antiphon v. 41. ot'5 1(5 for Trpdfiarov. Pax 929, 930 (see what Ar. says here), The Language of Parody. 43 933 (cf. 937, 940), 1018 (cf. 1022), 1076 (par.), 1077 (par). Av. 566. Prose : Xen. oft, Plato Rpb. 363 B (from Hesiod). ot^o/Aat (St-). s Only in ptg. and par. : Thes. 609. Ekkl. 393 (= Aisch. fr. 138). Prose: Plato Phaid. 87 E. Hdt. 4, 136 (diff. sense). Prose : a7ro\\v/j,ai : cf. Nub. 1077. Pax 355. oicpvoeis. 1 Once in hex. : Pax 1098 (par. II. 9, 64). See i/t(/>o'et<, icpvepds, o/u</>aAoei9. 3X/&0?. 1 ' 3 ' 5 Av. 1708 (ptg. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Lys. 1286. Thes. 129 (ptg.). Ran. 452. Ekkl. 1129 (rpio--), 1131 (ptg.). On this word see Lucian Nigr. 1. Prose: Plato Prot. 337 D. Lys. 212 E (from Solon). Hdt. oft. In tragedy: Aisch. 2; Soph. 4; Eur. 43. Homer about 15 times. 6\iyoSpavr)<> 4 for aaOevris. Once in anap. tetr. : Av. 686. Cf. oXtyoSpavewv II. 15, 246 etc. Aisch. Pr. 548 has 6\i<yoSpavia. ofAfta 4 for 6(f>0a\fjio<;. Only twice in trim, and both are par. Ach. 1184 (par. trag. fr. adesp. 45). Here it = the sun. Nub. 285 (= sun), 290 (=sun), 705. Lys. 1283. Thes. 126 (ptg.), 665, 958. Ran. 817 (ptg.), 1354 (ptg.). Ekkl. 1 (ptg.) Oft. in Homer, Pindar and trag. Prose : Thuk. 2, 1 1 (ev oupaai ; but see Xen. An. 4, 5, 29. Plato Theait. 174 C. Rpb. 452 D). Plato Phaidros 253 E (poetic). Tim. 45 C (poetic). Rpb. 533 D (cf. 519 B). Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 30. Dem. 61, 13. Aischin. 1, 102 (both used). 3, 121 (religious background), ib. 255. owaroa (ef ). 3 Only in par. : Plut. 635 (Soph. fr. 644). It is used in the passive, and means to be " restored to sight." 6fji,dp<ywiju (TT-, ef-). The cmpd. with euro is chiefly epic* Not in cl. prose and only once in tragedy (Eur. fr. 694). Ar. has it: Ach. 695, 706. Vesp. 560 (cf. Homer's aTrefwp^aro odicpv). The cmpd. e^ofjuypyvvfjn may be held to be a tragic cmpd. like many others already considered. It appears once in Ar. Nub. 1393 (tragic rhythm). See Van Leeuwen here. oy^aXoW. 1 Only in hex.: Pax 1274 (par. cf. II. 4, 447. 3, 15. 8, 60), 1278. See w<oet<?, otcpvoev;. 6i;vOvpovpai* for opyi^onat (Pax 204. Cf. epeOi&nai, at Ach, 669. Vesp. 1104): Vesp. 501. Thes. 466. An Euripidean word. 6t;vKdp8io<;. s Only in troch. tetr. : Vesp. 430, Elsewhere only 44 The Language of Parody. at Aisch. Theb. 907. See otS0u/i05 Eq. 706. Vesp. 406, 455, 1105. oWf. 4 Only in hex. and lyrics : Eq. 200 (hex. and par. cf. II. 8, 141). Thes. 973 (exalted tone). The Tragg. use it mostly in lyric parts. No ex. of it found in prose of el. period (Plato Rpb. 391 B is from Homer). Prose : SiBw/ju. oTrXore/oo? for vewrepos. Only in hex. : Pax 1270 (par.), 1271. oTrrevw (eV-) 3 for ^vkdrra) (Eq. 499). Only in par. : Ran. 1126 (= Aisch. Cho. 1), 1138 (= 1126), 1143 (taken up from 1126). Aisch. is fond of it. In cl. prose only Plato Legg. 951 D. OTrvfo 9 for yafiea). Ach. 255. fr. 222, 4 (dub. 1.). No real prose warrant (Plato Krat. 402 C is a poetic citation). O7ro>9 3 ' 5 for eirei. Only in par. : Nub. 60. (See Van Leeuwen a. 1. and Wittekind, p. 51). opyrj 9 for r/ooW. Eq. 41 (cf. Vesp. 1030). Pax 752. Prose : Thuk. not infreq. has it in this sense. Hdt. 6, 128 (both words). As = " anger" it is quite regular and occurs oft. in Ar. See Diener, p. 15. opyia 4 ' 8 for fjLva-Tijpia or reXerai. Lys. 832 (ptg.). Thes. 948, 1151. Ran. 356, 384. See Rutherford N. P. p. 24, and for another view the Amer. Jour. Philol., Vol. XXV, p. 304. Prose : Lysias, Isaios, Plato, Hdt., so it may have been in ordi- nary use as a religious word. opej^eeo. 1 Only in iamb. tetr. : Nub. 1368. Found in Homer and late epic, but not in trag. or cl. prose. o/3/e&)/iOTe<a> 3 for ofjuw/ju. fr. 96. Not in cl. prose, though Plato has 6pK(0fjLOcria and 6pica)fW(riov. opvaireriov 11 for opveov (Av. 291, 305): Ach. 913 (a Boiotian speaks). opwpi. 1 Only in hex. : Pax 1287. Ran. 1529. The tone is parodic in both. opovco. 4 fr. 523. An epic and tragic word not found in cl. prose. oo-ioG) (/ca0-). 3 Only in ptg. : Plut. 661. Of the Tragg. only by Eur. Cf. Eur. I. A. 1602 with our passage. Prose : Ovw. QTOTV& S for K\a(a). Pax 1011. Lys. 520 (cf. Vesp. 584. The Language of Parody. 45 Ran. 34. For the thought see II. 6, 490). Thes. 1081 (bis). See Av. 1043. Not in cl. prose. Cf. tragic ororot. O#Xy/i7ro9 4> 5 for "OXu/iTTO?. Only in par. : Eq. 9 (cf. Eur. H. F. 872. I. A. 577). ofyayo^/o??. 1 ' 5 Never in trim.: Nub. 357, 459 (par. cf. II. 10, 212. Od. 9, 20). In both the tone is lofty. Prose: Hdt. 2, 138. See espec. Arist. Rhet, III, 7, 11. 6'x#o5. 4>5 Only in par. and lyrics: Av. 774. Thes. 1105 (Eur. fr. 125). Ran. 1172 (= Aisch. Cho. 4). See Rutherford N. P. p. 25, note 8. Prose : Xen. Hipp. 6, 5. 8, 3. Re Eq. 3, 7. Hdt. 4, 203. 8, 52. ity^XoV, aicpov are reg. prose words, o-^r 4 for (fxovtj. Only in the higher tone : Pax 400 (prayer to Hermes), 805 (of a tragic poet). Thes. 127 (ptg.). With Pax 400 cf. Vesp. 572. Not in cl. prose. / n Trdyxy 1 ' 5 for trdw. Once in hex. : Ran. 1531 (par. Aisch. fr. 36). In cl. prose only Hdt. Prose : oXw?, jrdw. See 7ra/x.7rai/. Trai&evo) (ai>a-). 3 ' 8 Only in par.: Eq. 1099 (par. Soph. fr. 447, 2). irai^a) (e/*-)- 3 Thes. 975 (a senarian in the midst of lyric lines). See Wittekind p. 34. Traico (Trapa-} 3> 8 for Trapacfrpovea) (freq. in Ar.), TrapaTrX^TTO/iat (Lys. 831. Ekkl. 139), paivopai. Never in trim. : Pax 90 (ptg.). Plut. 508. In cl. prose Plato only: Symp. 173 E (coupled with /j-aivofiai). Trauav 5 for tar/30?. Only in par.: Plut. 636 (cf. Soph. fr. 644). In the same sense : Aisch. Ag. 99. Soph. Ph. 168. Not in cl. prose. 7raXa//,ao/i<u 3 for /3ouXeu&>, fju]%avdofj,cu, re^vdofiai (Ach. 445. Vesp. 176, 870, 1106, etc.): Ach. 659 (par. Eur. fr. 918). Nub. 176 (of Sokrates). Pax 94 (par. Eur. Bellerophon). Used by Eur. alone of the Tragg. At Vesp. 645 TraXa/not = wxavat. Prose : Xen. Kyr. 4, 3, 17 (only place in cl. prose). TrdXij 3 for ^d^. Only in par. : fr. 558, 2 (cf. Aisch. Cho. 866. Eur. Herakl. 159). As = " wrestling " (Eq. 1238) it is good prose. 46 The Language of Parody. for crewo. Only in par. : Ach. 965 (cf. Aisch. Sept. 385). Av. 1714 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Ran. 1317 (= Eur. El. 435), 1358 (a/*-. Schol. says e/c Kprjr&v EvparfBov). As = "to leap:" Ran. 345. Lys. 1304, 1310 (a/*-). For Plut. 695 avTrav6fji,r)v is better. Prose : Hdt. 4 times. Plato Krat. 407 A. [Ax.] 368 C. Nowhere else in cl. prose. See tcpaSaiva. Tra/j/Sao-i'Xeta. 1 Nub. 357, 1150 (both lofty tone). Note the epic words in these lines. Not in cl. prose. TrdftTrav 1 ' 5 for TTCK/U, TravreXoK. Only in hex.: Pax 121. Prose : Plato 6 times ; Xen. 7. Hdt. 2, 45. In tragedy by Eur. only. Homer 39 times. See Trdy^v. 7ra/^>a^5. 3 Only in ptg. : Av. 1 709 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Travvo-rarov. 3 Once in par. : Ach. 1184 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 45). See also Eur. Alk. 164. Prose : Aischines 3, 245 (passion- ate line). The reg. prose expression is ra reXevrata. 7rai>6Xe0/J09. 3 ' 5 Only in an old proverb and par.: Av. 1239 (par. cf. Aisch. Ag. 535). Lys. 1039 (bis). Prose : Hdt. 6, 37. -jrava>\e8pia Hdt. 2, 120. TraTreu. 3 Ach. 1214. Lys. 215. A tragic word well suits the subject here. For similar situations where tragic words are used with ludicrous effect see under <u'0o?, 0e/>fto/8oi>Xo9). Plut. 220. At Vesp. 309 (nrairal (note close connection with the following par. of Euripides' Theseus). Prose : Plato Legg. 704 B. Hdt. 8, 26. TrapSatcos 2 for 1/7/309. Only in troch. tetr. : Pax 1148. Cf. Archil. 129. 7ra/>o9 4 ' 5 for Trpb rov (freq. in Ar.) : Eq. 1337. Vesp. 1536 (only two places in comedy). In the first the whole scene is a picture of the old-time Athens, and in the second the tone is parodic. In cl. prose only Hdt. 9, 2. Homer and Eur. have it. TTcuro-o) 4 for Kara-rrcurcm (Eq. 99, 502, 968. Nub. 177, 262): Nub. 912, 1330. Pax 1074 (par.). Not in cl. prose since Plato Rpb. 408 A is from Homer. Trareopai 1 ' 5 for <yevo/j,ai (Ach. 188, 191). Only in hex. : Pax 1092 (par.), 1281 (par.). Prose: Hdt. It occurs once in Aisch. and Soph. See Wittekind. for Trarpk (freq. in Ar.). Hardly outside of parody : The Language of Parody. 47 Ach. 147. Thes. 136 (cf. Aiscli.fr. 61). Ran. 1163, 1427 (Eur. fr. incert. 886). Not in cl. prose. Ar. never uses the Ionic form ], so he used Trdrpa deliberately as a tragic word. * for 6X470?. Only in anap. tetr. : Pax 764. Note the alliteration here, which may have influenced the choice of this word. Not in cl. prose (Plato Phaid. 69 C is from some poet.) 7reSa/mo<? 3 for fterecopo? (Eq. 1367. Nub. 264, 266. Av. 818 cf. 690). Once in par. : Av. 1197 (tr. frag, adesp. 47). Aisch. alone of the Tragg. uses it. TreSaipew, however, occurs in Eur. See lAerdpa-ios. TreSiXov 4 for vTroSij/jLara. Only in oracular language and par. : Av. 973, 974 (oracular). Thes. 1099 (Eur. fr. 124). In cl. prose only Hdt. 7. 67 and 75. In trag. only Eur. TreSov 3 for TreSiov, e'Sa^o?, 777. Only in par. or lyrics : Nub. 573. Av. 1757. Thes. 856 (= Eur. Hel. 2). Plut. 772. First in h. Horn. Ceres 455, then oft. in Pindar and Eur. Not in cl. prose. 7reipdofj,ai (e/e-) 3 for simple (Vesp. 1129 and oft.): Eq. 1234 (see Bakhuyzen). Lys. 1113 (tragic rhythm in both places). Prose : [Plato] Epist. 362 E. Hdt. 3, 135. TreKQ) for tcetpco. Nub. 1356 (an allusion to Simonides 15). The form Tre/crew occurs Av. 714. Lys. 685. Tre'Xai/o?. 3 Once in par. : Plut. 661. Freq. in tragedy. Prose: Plato Legg. 782 C. See Van Leeuwen's note. Tre'Xo) 1 for elfjii. Once in hex. : Pax 1276. Here yiyvofAat would have been the natural word. Aisch. has it about 30 times, but it is far less common in Soph, and Eur. Prose : Hdt. 7, 140 (oracle). Plato (only in epic quot.). TreXoi/oto?. 1 Once in ptg. : Av. 321 (cf. Aisch. Prom. 151). Only place in comedy, nor is it found in cl. prose. It is rare in trag. Arist. has a commentary on it. Rhet. 3, 7, 11 (read from ra 8e ovd/^ara- on). Cf. Plato Ion. 539 C (from Homer). jremxpos 2 for Trevijs (freq. in Ar.). Once in par. : Plut. 976 (cf. Alkaios fr. 50). Prose : Plato Rpb. 578 A (of a tyrant's soul). Demosth. 19, 255 (elegy of Solon). TrerrXw/ia 3 for TrerrXo?. Only in ptg. : Ach. 426 (cf. fr. adesp. 42. Eur. Supp. 97). Throughout tragedy. Not in cl. prose. 48 The Language of Parody. 7repiKa\\r}<;. 4 ' 5 Thes. 282. Freq. in Homer. Neither in trag. nor Attic prose. Hdt. 5, 60 (oracle). 7, 5. 7re/3t7TTu%r;. 3 Once in par. : Av. 1241 (cf. Nauck Trag. Graec. Fr. p. 507). Euripidean word not found in cl. prose, though is used by Plato and Xen. 1 for iwrpcuricw (Ach. 734. Vesp. 179. Pax 1011): Eq. 176 (oracular flavor). The only other place in Attic Greek is Eur. Kykl. 271. Tre/oo-eTToXi?. 2 Only in troch. tetr. : Nub. 967 (quot. from the dithyrambic poet Lamprokles). Neither in Homer nor in cl. prose. See Aisch. Pers. 65. Call. Lav. Pall. 4, 3. Trerrjo-o pai, 10 for irrrfffOfiaL (Vesp. 208) : Pax 77 (par. Eur. fr. 306), 1126. Trevicr) 3 for Sax (freq. in Ar.) or Xa/ATrcfc. Only in par. : Nub. 604 (cf. 1494). Ran. 1212 (both are par. of Eur. fr. 752.) Used by no cl. prose writer in this sense. TrrjKrd 5 probably for 6vpa or KtjK'Xfc (Eq. 641. Vesp. 124). Once in par. : Ach. 478 (cf. Eur. fr. 1003 and Ar. Lys. 265). TTTjX^ 1 for icpdvos (Ach. 584, 1104. Pax 1255). Only in heroic tone: Ran. 1017 (Aisch.). Note Kpavo7roiwv in fol. line. Not in cl. prose. See rpv(f>d\eia. 7rr)fj,a(va) 4 for BXairro). Once in iamb. tetr. : Ach. 842 (see Av. 1642 for an exactly parallel use of /SXaTrrw). Prose: Hdt. Plato (esp. Legg.). The noun vr^ita at Plato Ion 538 D is from Homer; Hdt. 1, 67 is an oracle; Aischines 3, 135 is from Hesiod. 7rtO(bv 3 < 5 for TretW. Ran. 1168 (Eur.). Plut. 949 (tragic metre). Cf. Pindar P. 3, 28. Aisch. Pr. 560. TTto-yz/o? 3 for TTtcrreiW. Never in trim. : Nub. 949 (a hit at Eur. who is identified with the dSiieos Xoyo?). Vesp. 385. Pax 84 (par. Eur. Bellerophon). In cl. Attic prose : Thuk. 2, 89, 6. 5, 14, 3. 6, 2, 6. These are the only places in Attic, but Hdt. has the word several times and it is found in the epos and tragedy. TTirvXevco. 4 Once in anap. tetr.: Vesp. 678 (see Van Leeuwen). Ribbeck compares II. 24, 341. Nowhere else in extant literature. See TTtruXos. 3 ' 4 Once in hex. : fr. 84. In the same sense : Eur, The Language of Parody. 49 Tr. 1123. I. T. 1050, 1346. Aisch. Pers. 975. It is used freq. in trag. and of various sounds. Cf. Theok. 22, 127. Not in cl. prose. TrXaSSida) 7 for 7rapa(f>pove(o or Xrjpelv perhaps (cf. Nub. 367) : Lys. 171 (Lamp.), 990 (Lak. herald). 7rXa. 3 Once in par. : Ran. 1438 (Eur. speaks ; cf. Eur. fr. 578, 4. Find. P. 1, 24). Not in cl. prose, but Arist. has it in anatomical descriptions. TrXa-n; 3 for Kcwrr) and vavs. Only by Eur. and his relative where there is a touch of parody: Thes. 770-773 (an echo from the Palamedes). Ran. 1207 (= Eur. fr. 846, 2). Freq. in Eur. Not in cl. prose. 7rXe/eo9 3 ' 4 for fcavovv (Ach. 243, 253. Pax 948. Av. 850). Twice in par. : Ach. 454 (cf. a-jrvpiSiov at 453, and for the par. Eur. fr. 717). Pax 528 (cf. Eur. fr. 727% but he has re/co?). Homer and the Tragg. use 7rXe/co> and TrXe/cro?, but TrXe/co? occurs only at Eur. Ion 39 (Herwerden's conj. for tr/cOro?, the reading of both L and P. Prinz reads ACI/TO?. TrXe/eo? occurs nowhere else in the literature. See TrXo'/ea/io?. 7r\eKTavr] s (cf. TrXe/eTTj Plato Com. <I>a. 1, 16). Once in par.: Av. 1717 (cf. II. 1, 317. Aisch. Pr. 394, and for the par. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Not found in the epos nor in cl. prose, where would probably suffice. See 7rXoW/io<?. 5 - 6 for yeiTwv (freq. in Ar.). Only once : Vesp. 393 (cf. 389). Prose : Plato Legg. 737 C (see just below). Thuk. 4, 79, 2. Xen. Kyr. 4, 5, 35. Hdt. freq. TrXiWo^at. 1 Probably only in par.: Ach. 217 (atro- a par.). Cf. Od. 6, 318 (simple). Archil. 52 (Sia-). Not in cl. prose. TrXo'/ca/io? 4 for which Ar. elsewhere uses KUCIWO? (Vesp. 1069. fr. 218). Once in a dithyrambic phrase : Nub. 336. In tragedy : Eur. 15 times; Aisch. 6 ; Soph, uses TrXoW?. Prose: Xen. Ven. 9, 12 (=a rope). Hdt. 4, 34. See TrXe/co?, TrXe/CTain;, /So'a-rpu^o?. Trvori 4 for Trvevfia. Only in lines of exalted tone: Nub. 161 (cf. 164, where the pupil forgets to keep up his high discourse). Av. 1396, 1397 (Kinesias). Thes. 43 (ptg.). Ran. 154 (Herakl.), 313. Eur. is fond of the word. In cl. prose only Thuk. 4, 100. 50 The Language of Parody. Plato Krat. 419 D is only for etymology. Still see the cmpds. avcnrvor) and etcTrvorj in general. 7ro0etw9. 3 ' 8 Only in ptg. or excited passages : Ach. 886 (ptg.). Pax 556. Av. 696 (cf. Soph. O. R. 156). Ran. 84 (cf. Eur. Phoin. 320). Both adj. and noun are freq. in Eur. Prose: Plato Legg. 932 A. Lysis 215 B. [Lysias] 2, 73. Thuk. 2, 42, 4. Xen. freq. See l/j,eip(o, tftepos. iro\ep%a> 1 for TroXe/Wft). Nub. 419. Pax 759 (cf. 754). Thes. 807 (there is a par. of Homer at 810). Not in trag. nor cl. prose. 7To\vtcoipavo$. 3 Once in par. : Ran. 1270 (Aisch. fr. 238). An Aischylean word : cf. 7ro\vKoipavir). II. 2, 204. See tcoipavos. TroXu/ieT/309. 3 Once in par.: Ran. 1240 ( Eur. fr. 516). Elsewhere only Athen. 608 D. Only in anap. tetr. : Vesp. 351 (see line). Never in trim. : Eq. 1328 (following Pindar's praise of Athens). Ran. 324 (so Van Leeuwen, but Bergk reads TToXyrt/A^rot?). Elsewhere: Eur. Ion 1074 (lyric); cf. h. Horn. 25, 7. Not in Homer, Hesiod, Pindar. See TroXvv/ii^ro? Pind. N. II, 5. TroXi^a/n'Sa?. 7 Lys. 1008, 1242. See the Attic word at Plut. 788. TroWo?. 3 Only in par. or lyrics: Pax 140 (probably a par. of Eur. Bellerophon). Av. 251. Thes. 322, 872 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 64). Ran. 1341 (ptg.). Chiefly tragic, but found in Pindar and h. Horn. 21, 3. Not in cl. prose. See tfaXarrto? (Vesp. 1519. Av. 1333. Plut. 396). 7ropipo<} s for eforo/ao? (Vesp. 1112. Ekkl. 236). Hardly outside of par. or ptg. : Pax 1031 (cf. Aisch. Pr. 908). Thes. 777 (par. Eur. Palamedes perhaps). Ran. 1429 (par. cf. trag. fr. incert. 886, 3). Prose: Thuk. 8, 76, 3. Plato Symp. 203 D (nowhere else in cl. prose). See foil. word. TTo/305 3 for \M) i xavT). Only in par. or ptg. ; Vesp. 308. Pax 124 (Eur. fr. 669). Thes. 769 (ptg.) cf. 765. See TTO/W/IO?. TroW 3 Only in par. : Thes. 866 (Eur. Hel. 49), 901, 914 (cf. Eur. Hel. 627). Freq. in Homer, Pindar, tragedy (esp. Eur.). Prose word is avrjp. The Language of Parody. 51 Trorao/icu. 4 Only in the higher style : Nub. 319 (Strepsiades adopts Sokrates' manner). Pax 830 (mockery of dithyrambic poets). Av. 251, 1338 (par. Soph. fr. 435), 1445 (of. Eur. El. 177). Trpayos 3 for -jrpa^^a. Only in par. or ptg. : Av. 112. Lys. 706 (par. Eur. fr. 699). Not in cl. prose. Trpepvov 3 for xpfjfjLa, etc. Only in par. or ptg. : Av. 321. Lys. 267 (cf. /co/a/to?, 255). Ran. 903 (avroirpefjivois cf. Aisch. Eum. 401. Sept. 1056, and Trpopptfrs used in the same sense at Ran. 587). Not in cl. prose in this meaning. See Trpode\vnvos. jrpevfjiev^ 3 for Trpaos. Once in par. : fr. 21. Not in cl. prose. 7rpo/3\r)fjLa. l > 4 Once in par. : Vesp. 615 (Homeric color). See Van Leeuwen here. Prose : Plato freq. Xen. Kyr. 6, 1, 51. Demosth. 45, 69. Hdt. 4, 175. 7, 70. 7r/>o0e'Xy/*z/o9 l for apSrjv. Eq. 528. Pax 1210 (ptg.). Not in trag. nor cl. prose. See Trpdppi&s and avTOTrpeftvois (under ' 5 for apSrjv (Thes. 274) : Ran. 587. See Wittekind. Once in cl. prose : Andok. 1, 146 (an imit. of Soph. El. 765). See Trpode\v/jivo<;. 7r/)ocre/u,$e/D?7<? 3i 5 for cfyioto?. fr. 460 7rapa,7r\rj<rio<; is also in good prose usage. Our word is found in cl. prose only in Xen. and Hdt. : Xen. Symp. 4, 19 (a gloss). Hdt. 4, 2. The tragic fragments show it 4 times. See t/ceXo?, e/A^e/3^?. Tr/ao^oT; 4 for aro/jLa (Ekkl. 1107). Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 272. Found in epic and lyric poets, but it fades out in tragedy after Aisch. Not in cl. prose. 7r/3o%oo9 4 for vSpia (Vesp. 926. Ekkl. 678). Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 272. Once in cl. prose : Xen. Kyr. 5, 2, 7. See 017709. TTTepoSdvyros 2 (cf. aepoSdvrjro^. A word coined for par. : Av. 1390, 1402 (mockery of Kinesias). See Soveca. TrTe/soet?. 4 Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 576, 698. fr. 224. Familiar in Homer in the phrase eVea Tnepdevra. See w<o'et?. TrTe/Jo^o/ao?. 3 ' 8 Av. 1714 (ptg. cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49 and Av. 576), 1757. Not in cl. prose. TTTWO (cnro-) 3 in the signif. " to abominate." Only in par. : 52 The Language of Parody. Pax 528 (Eur. fr. 727). Prose: Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 54. Kyr. 1, 2, 16 (both mean to "spit out"). See cnroTrrvo-TO? 3 at Eq. 1285. It is not in the Orators who use KaraTrrvcrro^. Trv/cvds 3 for XeTTTo?, Seto'<? (freq. in Ar.). Only in ptg. and lyrics: Ach. 445 (ptg.). Av. 430. Thes. 438. Ekkl. 571. Prose : Plato Rpb. 568 A. Hdt. 7, 141 (oracle). TrvvBdvofjiai (eV-) 3 for the simple (freq. in Ar.) : Ekkl. 752. Plut. 60. These tragic cmpds. have, perhaps, a slightly more picturesque effect than the simple verb, but often Ar. seems not to be trying for any poetic effect when using them. Trvpyoco 3 for 7raipa>. Only in anap. tttr. : Pax 749. Ran. 1004 (to Aisch. Cf. Anthol. Pal. 7, 39). Eur. is fond of it. Not in cl. prose in this sense. 7Tvp<f>6po<;. s ' s Only in par.: Av. 1248 (Aisch. fr. 160, 2), 1750. Thes. 1050 (cf. Eur. fr. 122). Prose: Xen. Lak. 13, 2 (of the priest who kept the sacrificial fire). So Hdt. 8, 6. Thuk. 2, 75 (of arrows). as="an ox-hide shield." Once in hex.: Pax 1274 (par. cf. II. 3, 15. 4, 446). Chiefly epic but also Eur. Rhes. 784 (in diff. sense). Not in cl. prose. poa* Only in par. : Thes. 855 (= Eur. Hel. 1), 865 (= Eur. Hel. 52). Eur. uses it of all kinds of fluids. Prose: Plato Theait. 152 E (Homeric suggestion. Here it means " flux"), ib. 206 D (figur.). Krat. 402 A (Trora/iov. Homer and Herakleitos are in Plato's mind). Not elsewhere in cl. prose, but freq. in the epos and tragedy. Prose word = pevpa. polfiSos. 4 ' 8 Only in anap. tetr. : Nub. 407 (Sokrates. Cf. Av. 1182. Soph. Ant. 1004). Eustathios says it is Aiolic for poi&s. Hesych. gives pdy%o<;. Not in cl. prose. po%r)/jba. 4 ' s Once in ptg. : Av. 1182 (Van Leeuwen compares II. 10, 502. 16, 361, etc.). The word is very rare, occurring only here and Lucian Jup. Trag. 1. Muse. Enc. 2. pua^ero? 7 for 7rX?)#o?, 0^X09, <ru/>06T09. Lys. 170 (Lamp.) Cf. Vesp. 666, 673. The Language of Parody. 53 (7ra/>ei>-). 2 Only in par. : Plut. 291 (Philoxenos Kyklops fr. 11 Bgk.). See foil. word. o-a'Xo?. 3 Once in par. : Thes. 872 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 64). Eur. shows a fondness for the word, and Nauck thinks that this is a par. of some verse of his. Prose : [Lysias] 6, 49. cf. (Soph. Ant, 163). <r\ayeofjiai* Ach. 924, 925. Nub. 285, 604. Eur. El. 714 is the only other instance in Attic poetry. It does not appear in the epos nor in cl. prose. See <reXa?. o-e'Xa? 1 ' 3 for </>a>9. Once in ptg. : Av. 1711 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). It is common in Homer and tragedy. Prose : Plato Krat. 409 B (see the passage. Plato does not really use the word as his own). Hdt. 3, 28. Aristotle. See word above. a-Bevco 4 ' 9 for Svva/jiat. Plut. 912. Also in good prose. See Rutherford N. P. p. 10. <riSr)po@pieri<;. s Once in par.: Ran. 1402 (= Eur. fr. 531). Euripidean word. ovea<o9 3>8 for z/aw, Tpt^pf]^. Only in par. or ptg. : Ach. 541, 545. Vesp. 29 (diff. sense). Lys. 139 (cf. Soph. fr. 860). Thes. 877. Ran. 1382 (= Eur. Med. 1). Still the word is not rare in good prose: Dem. 9, 69. 14, 22. 23, 165 (see 4 lines above). 59, 95 (see 4 words before). Thuk. 1, 50. Hdt. 7, 182. Compare our poetic and prosaic use of "bark," and the commercial phrase " carried in foreign bottoms." oWXXeo (a-Tro-). 3 ' 4 Only in ptg. : Vesp. 160. cr/CT/TTTd) (/cara-) 3 for eTTLTrhrro). Only in par. : fr. 558, 2. Prose: Thuk. 2, 49, 8. Xen. Mem. 4, 3, 14 (e 7 -). Hdt. 7, 134. ib. 137. 8, 65. <oVeXo9. 4 Nub. 273. Ran. 471 (par. cf. Eur. fr. 176, 3). Common in Homer and Eur. Not in cl. prose. (T/ie/aSaXeo? l for <o/3e/)09, e/cTrX^Acrt/to'?. Only in a parodic passage : Av. 553. Here the subject justifies the word. (Tirapdffcro) (Sm-). 3 ' 8 Only in a par. : Ran. 474 (see Bakhuyzeu). Elsewhere we find it Aisch. Pers. 195. Eubul. Ai^y. 1. Lucian Icarom. 21. Cl. prose writers use Siaa-Trow. Cf. Siaa-TrapaKrov 54 The Language of Parody. a-(0fj,a (Eur. Bak. 1220). In simple our word is used by Demosth. and Ar. Ach. 688. Pax 641. Ran. 424. a-Trari^rj. 5 Once by an Ionian : Pax 48. For equiv. see Ach. 1169. Pax 162. trir\dyxva s for tcapSta (Nub. 1391. Ean. 1006 etc.) : Nub. 1036. Ran. 844, 1006. <nro8eo) (Kara-). 3 Thes. 560. Aischylean word. Not in cl. prose. (nropd 3 for 701/7;, o-Tre/3/ia. Only in par. : fr. 297 (cf. Aisch. fr. 56). (rraQfJuk 3 for 1) oltcia. 2) rpvrdvij or TrXdarty^. In the first sense only in par. : Ach. 449 (cf. Eur. El. 1150. trag. fr. adesp. 44). In the second signif. : Ran. 1365 (cf. 1378), 1381, 1407. The meaning is doubtful at fr. 287. arrareco (-Tra/aa-) 3 for Tra/jwrra/iat or j3or)0Q>. Thes. 370. Ekkl. 9 (ptg.). The cmpd. av^jrapa Ran. 385. Ekkl. 15 (ptg.). Neither cmpd. occurs in cl. prose. See avfnrapaa-rdrri'j. o-ra%y? 3 for <9e>o? or <f>opd. Eq. 393 (cf. 392). Ran. 1240 (par. Eur. fr. 516). Not in cl. prose rare in the epos freq. in Eur. a-revd^a) 1 for a-revd^a). Ach. 548. Never in cl. prose, and in trag. only in chorus. (TT(\j3a>. 4 Never in trim. : Pax 567 (Sta-). Av. 697. fr. 8, 1 (Sta-). In cl. prose : Plato only. Cf. the proper names at Av. 131, 1032. At fr. 561 o-Tt'X/fy == a lamp. o-rt^e?. 1 Only in par. : Eq. 163. Chiefly epic but also tragic. Never in cl. prose. o-roXo?. 3 Av. 46 (cf. 42). Lys. 93 (= a band. So Aisch. often). In the signif. "voyage" Xen. An. 1, 3, 16. Thuk. 8, 9 (= expeditio). See Soph. O. C. 358. Ph. 244. Hdt. has it freq. and in various meanings. o-rparto? 4 ' 5 for TroXe/u/co? or <oySe/>o9. Vesp. 618 (o-TpaTiov Karen-apSev). Prose: Hdt. 5, 119. Aristotle. For the use of poetic words in vulgar situations see under iratral. o-rvyepos. 1 ' 3 Only in ptg. : Ach. 1191, 1207. Common in the epos and trag. See o-n*y&>. 1 ' 3 Only in par. or lyric lines : Ach. 33 (trag. fr, The Language of Parody. 55 adesp. 41), 472 (Eur. fr. 568). Thes. 1144. Not in cl. prose. See (TTwyepos. <rTv<f>e\i<y/jio<> l for \oi8opia, v/Spts, /u,e/A$i5. Only in anap. tetr. : Eq. 537. SeeWittekindand Jungiuss. v. a-rv(j>e\%ci> is Homeric. (yv^trapacrrdrri^^ Plut. 326. Elsewhere only Soph. Ph. 675. See o-rareo) (jrapa-"). <rvva\idco 7 for crvva6poi%a> (Lys. 585) : Lys. 93 (Lamp.). (Twe^es for a-we^us (Ran. 915) : Eq. 21 (par. Eur. Hipp. 345-351). <r<f>e l for cr$a9. Only in a burlesque oracle : Eq. 1020 (hex.). Found also in trag. ffQpiydv. 3 ' 5 Nub. 799. Lys. 80. Cl. Attic prose only Plato Legg. 840 B. The Scholiast explains the word by eixrOevel, eva-w/jLarei. Not in the epos but found in trag. : Eur. Andr. 196. Supp. 478. Ach. 4, 2 p. 747 Nauck. In the prose of Hippo- krates. See Jungius under <r<ppiyo<;. a-^eBov l used of place and time. Only in epic parody : Pax 1273 (cf. II. 3, 15). Ar. ordinarily uses 7r\r}(riov in this sense. <r%T\io<;* for roXfjujpos, <wyu.o9, a0\ios. Ach. 360 (ptg.). Nub. 485. Ran. 116, 1049, 1476. Used in place of atfXto? it is prob. felt as a tragic word, as it occurs freq. in Eur. (cf. Hdt. 3, 155). In the sense of " cruel, shocking, abominable " it appears sometimes in prose: Plato Gorg. 467 B. Isok. 6, 56. 18, 35. Xen. An. 7, 6, 30. Hdt. 6, 138 ; but in all these it is confined to things, never being used of persons. In the meaning " wicked " it is used of persons in good prose. o-<c0 (e*-)- 3 Only in par. : Pax 1301 (hex.). The Schol. says it is a par. of Archilochos. Freq. in Soph., and in the following places in Attic prose: Dem. 19, 299 (see six lines above). Plato Gorgias 486 B. ib. 508 C. Not in Hdt. y 7 for rai? (cf. Ach. 600) : Lys. 105 (Lamp.). for qyefjuav. Eq. 159. Aisch. likes the word. Prose: Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 28. See on a/a^e'Xao?. Ta\avpivo<;. 1 Only in the mock-heroic tone : Ach. 964 (par. Aisch. Sept. 384). Pax 241. Homer has it as an epithet of Ares. 56 The Language of Parody. Tavpo<f>dyos. s Only in par. : Ran. 357 (cf. Soph. fr. 607). See Meineke Com. fr. 1 p. 52. re77&>. 3 Never in trim. : Lys. 550 (= to relent. Cf. Plato Legg. 880 E, and s. v. /LiaXarro/Aat). Ran. 1311 (par. Eur. fr. 856). Here the sense = " to wet." With Lys. 550 cf. Thes. 1047. In cl. prose Plato only. rercvov.* Nearly always in passages of tragic tone : Ach. 891 (ptg.). Nub. 1165 (par. Eur. Hek. 172 ff.), 1169 (ptg.). Vesp. 1518 (par.). Lys. 7 (here used by a woman in addressing another woman of her own age). Thes. 469 (cf. Eur. Med. 714 ff.), 698, 754, 755, 1062 (Eur.), 1181 (Eur.), 1198. Ran. 211 (lyr.), 1322 (ptg.), 1356 (par.), fr. 125, 1-3. 461 (par.) 585, 1 (par.). Cf. Thes. 752 and 761. traiSiov is used by mothers in speaking of their children at Ekkl. 86 (92), 549. Xen. and Hdt. have it of the young of animals, which indicates the poetic nature of the word. It is freq. in Homer and tragedy. Pindar has it 5 times. re/co?. 1 Only in a par. : Plut. 292 (Philoxenos fr. lip. 1263 Bgk.). Chiefly epic : Homer 56 times ; Hesiod 4 ; Pindar 3 ; Aisch. 4 ; Eur. 7. Prose : Thuk. 3, 104, 3 (re/ceeo-o-t). TCKraivopai 3> 8 for wxavdopai. Ach. 660 (par. Eur. fr. 918, 2). Eq. 462. Prose : It occurs in our transferred sense Plato Soph. 224 D. Cf. Tim. 91 A. Dernosth. 34, 48. See on iraXafuiofuu. TCKTCOV 4 used of poets is poetic. Eq. 530 (a title of a song by fcratinos). Cf. Pind. N. 5, 90. P. 3, 113. As used at Pax 296. Av. 1134, 1154 it is prosaic. reXXo) (eVt-, Tre/at-.). The cmpd. eVt- is epic, occurring only once in a mock-oracle : Av. 977 (hex.). The only place in trag. is Aisch. Pr. 100 (diff. sense). Prose equiv. are eTUTaTTcu. The cmpd. Tre/JireXXo/iat, for TrXypovfjiai, Treptepxo/j,ai is also epic. It occurs once in an anapaestic line : Av. 696 (poetic), cf. Soph. O. T. 156. II. 2, 551. Od 11, 295. Alkaios fr. 39. Not in cl. prose. repas 3> 5 as meaning " portent." Pax 42 (in trim, only here). Av. 280. Thes. 701 (parodic). Ran. 1343, 1371 (all lyric). The usual prose word is 0av/ia, but our word is common in Hdt. In Attic prose only in the meaning " monster." See Kvo>Sa\ov. The Language of Parody. 57 TTpa7TTpv\\i<} u for aKpk (Ach. 1116, 1117) or Trdpvoty (Ach. 150. Av. 185, 588. cf. Pausanias 1, 24, 8) : Ach. 871. rer/jaTTTiXo?. 1 Only in par. : Ach. 1082. Probably a coined word. See Jungius s. v., and the Homeric rerpa^aX^o? and TerpaTrrepos (Soph. fr. 26). TTTiyo<f>dpas. 2 Eq. 1331. For like terminations see Ach. 567, 570. Nub. 122, 336. Ekkl. 645 (cf. Eur. Phoin. 119). Van Leeuwen (Eq. 1331) gives other references. Tfyvao-fjka. 3 Once in ptg. : Thes. 198 (Agathon). Not in cl. prose except Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 7, and only twice in trag. : Eur. Or. 1052, 1560. rr)\avyri<t. 1 ' 2 Av. 1092, 1711 (ptg.). Found in the Homeric hymns, Pindar and the Anthology. Once in trag. : Soph. Tr. 524 (lyric). See the similar word Tt)\e(f>avii<;, which Ar. has only in a lyric line : Nub. 281. TrjXeTropot. 2 Only in the title of a song by the poet Kydias : Nub. 967. Cf. Soph. Ant. 983 (lyr.). TT/XoO 1>3 for Troppo). Once in par. : Nub. 138 (Eur. fr. 884). Freq. in epos and 4 times in tragedy. T7?i/eXXa. 2 Never in trim. : Ach. 1227-1233. Eq. 276. Av. 1764. See Pind. O. 9, 2 and Scholia. Archil, fr. 106. TX?7/ift>i> 1>3 for raXa?, a0\ios. Mostly in lyric or parodic lines : Pax 723. Thes. 1072 (par. Eur. fr. 115). Ran. 85 (Herakles), 1355 (Aisch.). Plut. 603 (ptg.). See TroXi/rX^/ioz/e? (Pax 236. ptg.). In trag. it occurs about 75 times, in Homer 4, Pindar 1. Prose: Xen. Comm. 1, 3, 11. 2, 1, 30 (both vocative). An. 3, 1, 29. Oik. 7, 40. Nowhere else in cl. prose. Toevo> (e'/e-) 3 in the metaph. sense " to have no resources left," where the prose word is cnropea) : Plut. 34 (tragic rhythm). Cf. Aisch. Eum. 676. Eur. Andr. 365. Cl. Attic prose: only once, and in its literal meaning " to shoot arrows " : Xen. An. 7, 8, 14. TofoTroteo). 4 ' 8 Lys. 8. Not in cl. prose. For the usual expres- sions see Ach. 1069. Nub. 582. Plut. 756. But cf. English "to arch the brows." ro/oaw. 3 ' 8 Meaning to "utter in a piercing tone": Pax 381 (see Schol.). Still it is found in this sense neither in Homer nor extant tragedy. See on 58 The Language of Parody. 1 Only in hex. : Pax 1079 (parodic). for e/iTm/ao? (Ran. 811) : Nub. 869. Vesp. 1429. This meaning found in cl. prose only at Hdt. 4, 74, but it is not rare in Eur. T/nSouXo?. 3 Only in par.: fr. 576 (cf. Eur. fr. 357. Soph. O. T. 1063). rpo^Xaro?. 3 Only in ptg. : Ekkl. 1. Cf. Soph. El. 49. Aisch. fr. 161. See Jungius s. v. Tpv<j>d\eia 1 ' 8 for Kpdvos. Only in ptg.: Ran. 1016 (Aisch.). See on Trrfk^. See Buttm. Lexil. s. v. T/3i5^o9 3 for pdiciov or pa/co?. Ach. 418 (cf. 415). In no prose before Aristotle. See on Xa/a9. Tv\r) n for r/3a%7/Xo5, w/io<?. Ach. 860, 954 (both by Boiotian). Tvpfieva) 3 for Ocnrrw. Only in ptg. : Thes. 885 (Eur.). See foil, words. Not in cl. prose. ry/i/3^/3?;?. 3 Only in ptg. : Thes. 889 (Eur.). In trag. not outside of Soph., nor is it found in cl. prose. See rvuftevco. Tt^/So? 4 for ra<o9, o^/ua. Vesp. 1370 (cf. Nub. 1273). Lys. 372 (=an old man. Cf. Eur. Med. 1209. Her. 167). Ran. 1139, 1172 (both = Aisch. Cho. 4). Prose: Plato Phaidros 264 D (an epigram). Legg. 872 B. Hdt. 1, 45 (see just above). Common in epos and tragedy. See prec. words. TV</>XO'W (e-). 3 ' 8 Plut. 301 (allusion to Kyklops). fr. 569. Only three times in cl. prose : Xen. Eq. 10, 2. Hdt. 4, 2. 9, 93. Not in Homer or Pindar, and rare in cl. literature. For the cmpd. see under irvvOdvo^ai (e-). TV)(r)pS)S 9 for eTTtru^w?, airb ru^?;?, Kara TVfflv. Ach. 250. Thes. 305. Not in cl. prose. X vypd* for 6d\arra. Once in anap. tetr. : Vesp. 678 (ptg.). Ribbeck compares II. 24, 341. In trag. oft. as adj. applied to the sea. vfjvaida> J for <ya/j,ew. Only in hex. in parodic lines : Pax 1076, 1077, 1112. Tragedy: only Aisch. Pr. 557 (chor.) and in diff. sense. In our signif. it occurs Theokr. 22, 179. The Language of Parody. 59 vTreprjvopewv 1 for vrreprifyavos. Pax 53 (par. II. 4, 176. Od. 17, 482, etc.). See <yavpos. VTrepiJ,ya<i 3 for vTrep/j.e'yedijs. Eq. 158. Not in cl. prose. See Rutherford on Babr. 47, 1. vTreprepos.* Pax 52 (ptg.). Av. 1765 (lyr.). Lys. 772 (hex. mock-oracle). Epic and tragic word. fa-vow 4 ' 7 for rcaOevSo). Lys. 143 (Lamp.). Pro^e : Hdt. has Karinrvovv, inrvovcrOai, : 3, 69. 4, 8. 7, 15. V7ro7rre/309 1( 3 . Only in troch. tetr. and par.: Av. 787, 797. Thes. 1100 (Eur. fr. 124). Prose : Hdt. 3, 107 and 109. Plato Phaidros 246 A. ib. 256 B. [Alk.] 135 E. Krit. 116 D. Lys. 1001 (Spartan herald). Only in hex. : Lys. 773 (mock-oracle). Only in hex. : Pax 1094. The comic effect consists in the union of high-sounding adj. with lowly substantive (K&dwv). We were expecting the Homeric Se7ra9. Pindar uses it freq. in the form faevvos. So in trag. Not in prose where Xa/*7rpo9 is the word. <ao<? 4 for <<?. Only in par. or lyric lines : Ach. 1185 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 45). Eq. 973. Ran. 1529 (Aisch. fr. 36). Av. 1748. Prose : Xen. Oik. 9, 3. Plato Krat. 407 C (poetic). See <j>vyyo<s (Eq. 1319. Ran. 445, 455. Plut. 640). <f>dpos l ' 3 for Ifjtdriov. Once in ptg. : Thes. 890. Prose : Hdt. 2, 122. 9, 109. <f>lrv* for WTVIM. Only in par. : Pax 1164 (cf. Soph. fr. 803). fr. 297 (cf. Aisch. fr. 56). faivios 3 and <^>oWo? for favucos. Only in par. and lyric parts : Av. 345 (just after a par.). Thes. 694 (see Bakhuyzen). Ran. 1337 (bis., par.). Freq. in Eur. (f>pdo(j,ai l for ovco7reo/u,ai. Only in hex.: Eq. 1015, 1030, 1058, 1067. Pax 1099 (see Ribbeck for sources). Not in cl. Attic prose, but it occurs in Ionic prose and trag. <j>pijv.' 1 ' 3 With the exception of 4 places Ar. uses this word 60 The Language of Parody. only in hex. or lyric lines, par. or ptg. These exceptions are : Nub. 153. Lys. 432. Thes. 291. Ran. 534 (the last three being in the phrase vovs teal ^/aeVe?). The other occurrences are : Ach. 445 (par. Eur. 1. A. 67). Eq. 1052, 1237. Nub. 437. Pax 1031, 1068 (par.), 1099 (ptg.). Av. 429 (ptg.), 457, 938, 1238 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 48), 1376, 1445 (par. cf. Eur. El. 177). Lys. 708 (ptg.). Thes. 275 (par. Eur. Hel. 466). Ran. 101 (ptg.), 102 (ptg.), 876, 886 (par. Eur. Hel. 466), 899. Ekkl. 571. Plut 581. See Rutherford N. P., p. 9. ^picro-G) 1 as meaning "to bristle." Only in hex.: Ran. 822 (parodic. Cf. II. 13, 473. Od. 19, 446). In the signif. "to shudder at" Nub. 1133, and in cl. prose. (frpovSos 3 for etcTToScov (freq. in Ar.) : Ach. 210, 470. Nub. 718, 719 (both par. Cf. Eur. Hek. 161), 722. Pax 197. Lys. 106. Thes. 691, 794. Ran. 94, 305, 1343 (ptg:). Ekkl. 311, 341, 950. fr. 379. The tragic tone will be readily seen in most of the passages cited. <f>povSo<; is common in Eur. (cf. Ar. Ran. 1343). In cl. prose only Antiphon V, 29 (= e/cTro&w/). </>OXoi> 4 ' 8 for </>fX?7, eOvos, yevos. Once in anap. tetr., and else- where only in lyric lines : Av. 231, 251, 253, 687, 777, 1088, 1756 (cf. 1063). Prose: Plato freq. Xen. Kyr. 1, 1, 5. ib. 5, 2 etc. Autiphon IV, 2. c^Xom?. 1 Only in hex. : Pax 1076 (par. cf. II. 18, 241. 6, 107). Once in trag. : Soph. El. 1072. </>o>? 1 ' 3 for avrjp. Only in par. or ptg. : Pax 528 (Eur. fr. 727). Thes. 1040 (Eur. fr. 122). Ran. 820. Never in cl. prose. X 7 for ayaOds. Lys. 90, 91 (double meaning), 1157. ^Xaro?. 3 Only in troch. tetr. : Ran. 929 (ptg.). 'Xa\Ko$d\apa. 1 ' 3 Once in a par. : Ach. 1072 (cf. Eur. Troad. 520). Coined in imit. of epic and tragic words. See Jungius s. v. %0oW><?. 1>3 Only in the higher tone: Av. 1745 (par. See Ribbeck for sources), 1750 (see Kock for the meaning). Ran. 1126, 1138 (both = Aisch. Cho. 1), 1145, 1148. fr. 500 (par.). It is used by Hesiod, Pindar and Tragg. Several times in Plato. The Language of Parody. 61 4 for rpv<f>dct). Only in troch. tetr. : Lys. 640. Not in cl. prose, but %XtS?7 occurs in Plato, Xen., Hdt. ^0X09 1>3 ' 5 for %oX^. Only in hex. : Ran. 814 (of Aisch.). In cl. prose by Hdt. only. X/3609 3 in the sense " fatalis calamitas " is poetic (so Van Leeuwen ad Nub. 30). Ar. has it only in par. : Ach. 454 (Eur. fr. 717), 455. Nub. 30 (Eur. fr. 1011). In this last there is a play upon the double meaning "need" and "debt." XPV& 4 ' 5 for /3ov\oficu. Ach. 734 (Doric form). Nub. 359, 453 (cf. 439, 454), 891 (par. cf. Eur. fr. 722). Thes. 751. Prose : Thuk. 3, 109, 2. Xen. and Hdt. have it. Xpdvtos 1>3 Only in par. and lyric lines: Thes. 912 (=Eur. Hel. 574). Ran. 347 (= "enduring for a long while " So Thuk. 1, 141, 7. cf. 6, 31, 3. Plato Legg. 855 B). These are the only exx. in cl. prose. Xpvo-avyijs. 3 Only in ptg. : Av. 1710 (cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49). Cf. Soph. O. C. 685. ^puo-^'XaTo?. 3 Only in par. : Plut. 9 (trag. fr. adesp. 61). Oft. in Eur. XP<* 1 ' 3 for xpotd (Nub. 718, 1012, 1016, 1171. Plut. 1020). Only in par. : Lys. 127 (see Bakhuyzen). Ran. 1312 (cf. Eur. fr. 856). Ar. also uses xptipa, "skin," "complexion" (Eq. 399. Nub. 120. Thes. 406). Xen. has %/aw Oik. 10, 5. Symp. 4, 54 ( corpus). ^&>pta> (Sta-). 3 Only in par. : Thes. 14 (Eur.). Prose: Sicucpivo) or Siaipeo) (Aischin. 3, 56). See Bakhuyzen, p. 109. %<ypo9 4> 5 for %to/3a, ^eoptoy. Once in hex. : Lys. 770 (oracle). Prose: Xen. and Hdt. freq. Antiphon III /3 8 (dub. 1.). [Plato] Ax. 371 C and E. Often in epos and trag. ty-atpo) (Sta-). 3 ' 8 Once in ptg.: Av. 1717 (messenger). Cf. trag. fr. adesp. 49. Elsewhere : Eur. fr. 926 (diff. sense). Hermippos A0. 4. 62 . The Language of Parody. l for ovraxj. Only in anap. tetr. : Av. 702. for ty/mio? (Ekkl. 616) : Ach. 272 (see Schol.). Plut. 963 (double meaning), fr. 235. Never in cl. prose. See Krates incert. 4. LIFE. I was born November 11, 1875, at Quincy, Illinois, and received my early training there in the public schools. Prepared for college by private instruction at the hands of the Rev. John Porter, of Jesus College, Cambridge, the first two years of my college life were passed at Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., the last two at the University of Pennsylvania, where I received the A. B. degree in 1898. Two years of study ensued in the Phil- adelphia Divinity School, and the Union Theological Seminary in New York City. During the year 190001 I taught the classics at St. George's School, Newport, R. I. The following year and a half was taken up in foreign travel and study at the Universities of Berlin and Munich. The second and third year of my graduate work were continued at the Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, where I took the M. A. degree in 1903. In October, 1904, I came to the Johns Hopkins University, Balti- more, and continued my studies in Greek, Latin, and Italian. To Drs. Gildersleeve, Smith and Miller of Johns Hopkins, and to Dr. Murray of Leland Stanford University, I desire to express my gratitude for the help and inspiration they have given me. EDWARD WILLIAM HOPE. Johns Hopkins University, March 31, 1905. 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