Lib. Agrfc, Dept. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class LAWNS AND GARDENS HOW TO PLANT AND BEAUTIFY THE HOME LOT THE PLEASURE GROUND AND GARDEN BY N. JONSSON-ROSE WITH NUMEROUS PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND i% Knickerbocker f rcss 1897 Agric. f ^ t2%' -*-j^. COPYRIGHT, 1896 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS TEbe Imicfeerbocfeer presa, flew U?orft CONTENTS. PART I. CHAPTER I. ON THE STUDY OF NATURAL SCENERY ..... 3 CHAPTER II. IMPLEMENTS .......... 35 CHAPTER III. THE PLAN ... 48 CHAPTER IV. GRADING .63 CHAPTER V. DRIVES AND WALKS 72 CHAPTER VI. GROUPING AND MASSING OF TREES AND SHRUBS ... 79 CHAPTER VII. DETACHED GROUPS AND SPECIMEN PLANTS .... 90 CHAPTER VIII. ON THE PROPER USE OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS 95 iii 206457 iv Contents PAGE CHAPTER IX. THE LAWN . 105 CHAPTER X. ROCKS AND WATER . ... 115 CHAPTER XI. FLOWER-BEDS AND BORDERS ..... .125 CHAPTER XII. HEDGES . . . . - 133 CHAPTER XIII. BUILDINGS AND ENCLOSURES ..... . 137 CHAPTER XIV. ON THE EMBELLISHMENT OF THE DWELLING-HOUSE . . 144 CHAPTER XV. THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN-GARDEN ... . 149 CHAPTER XVI. AFTER-TREATMENT ......... 156 PART II. CHAPTER I. DECIDUOUS TREES .... . . . 165 CHAPTER II. CONIFEROUS TREES . * 8 5 CHAPTER III. FLOWERING TREES ...... 201 Contents CHAPTER IV. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS . 217 CHAPTER V. CREEPERS AND VINES . 25 1 CHAPTER VI. HERBACEOUS PLANTS . 264 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES 39 1 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PACK " HAWTHORN ON OUTSKIRTS OF A WOOD " ..... Frontispiece 1 MOUNTAIN RIVULET 4 2 IVIED TREES ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF A WOOD 15 3 UNDERGROWTH IN OAK-\VOOD ......... 17 4 A WOODLAND SCENE . . . . . . . . . . .21 5 LOWLAND RIVER : MEADOW AND WOODS 24 6 BROOK 25 7 ERODED ROCKS, FORMING A SMALL ROCKERY ON THE SHORES OF A RIVER . 27 8 TEMPLE 32 9 COMPASS ............. 36 10 How TO MEASURE A SMALL PLOT OF LAND BY MEANS OF COMPASS . . 37 n How TO STAKE OUT A WALK BY MEANS OF COMPASS 38 12 WATER-LEVEI 39 13 LEVELLING . . 40 14 How TO PLACE GRADE STAKES BY MEANS OF WATER-LEVEL . . .41 15 How TO PLACE GRADE STAKES BY MEANS OF Two BORNING-RODS AND A MEASURING-ROD ........... 43 16 THE GARDEN-LINE 44 17 TURF-IRON 46 18 EDGING-IRONS 46 19 CAST-IRON RAMMER 47 20 WORKING PLAN SHOWING How TO STAKE OUT DRIVES AND MODE OF PLANTING. N. JONSSON ROSE, Architect 50 21 THREE SMALL SUBURBAN GARDENS. N. J. ROSE 51 22 SMALL CITY GARDEN 53 23 CITY GARDEN ............ 53 24 PRIVATE SUBURBAN GARDEN 54 25 SUBURBAN VILLA GARDEN. N. J. ROSE 55 26 GROUNDS OF A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE. N. J. ROSE 57 27 HOME GROUNDS OF A COUNTRY RESIDENCE. N. J. ROSE . . . -59 28 How TO UTILIZE SOIL EXCAVATED FROM A DRIVE FOR SLIGHT VARIATIONS OF THE GROUND ........... 64 29 SHOWING How TO FORM GENTLE UNDULATIONS OF THE GROUND . . 64 30 How TO IMPROVE AND MODIFY Low GROUND 65 31 OLD GRAVEL PIT TRANSFORMED INTO A SMALL ORNAMENTAL WATER, WITH SLOPING SHORES ........... 65 vii Illustrations FIG. PAGE 32 METHOD OF MODIFYING STEEP SHORES . . . . . . . . 66 33 How TO MAKE A WALK ON SLOPING GROUND . . . .*-.... 66 34 METHOD OF PLACING GRADE STAKES .67 35 DRAINS OF ROUND TILE AND STONE DRAINS 69 36 CURVED ROAD ROUNDING A SHRUBBERY ....... 73 37 WALK LAID TO THE TOP OF A HILL. How TO AVOID STEEP GRADES . 74 38 GRADING THE SIDES OF A SUNKEN ROAD ....... 75 39 GAUGE USED IN ROAD-MAKING 76 40 SHELL WALK ON Low GROUND ......... 77 41 DRAINED WALK OR DRIVE ON Low GROUND 77 42 SIMPLE GRAVEL PATH 77 43 LARGE DRIVE WITH SURFACE DRAINAGE 78 44 NATURAL GROUP OF OAKS So 45 COMPOSITE GROUP OF TREES AND SHRUBS SHOWING PICTURESQUE SKY-LINE 81 46 MIXED PLANTATION OF DECIDUOUS TREES AND EVERGREENS ... 82 47 SCREEN PLANTING 83 48 RHODODENDRON DAURICUM AS UNDERGROWTH IN A WOOD ... 85 49 GROUP AND SPECIMEN SHRUBS NEAR A WALK 86 50 FINE PLANTING, SHOWING EFFECT OF LIGHT AND SHADE .... 90 51 WEEPING BIRCH AS A SPECIMEN TREE 91 52 BOLD GROUPING OF TREES. LOMBARDY POPULAR AND PINE. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW ........... 94 53 TYPICAL WOODLAND FLOWERS THE WOOD ANEMONE (A. syhestHs) . 97 54 PRIMROSE GROWING IN OLD PASTURE 99 55 TYPICAL RIPARIAN VEGETATION GREEN HELLEBORE ( Veratrum viridc] . 103 56 DWARF MULLEIN (Ramondia Pyrenaica). A TYPICAL ROCK PLANT . . 104 57 A. METHOD OF CUTTING AND ROLLING SODS. B. SECTION OF THE EDGE OF A LAWN, SODDED .......... 107 58 SECTION OF A TERRACE. A. SODS. B. SEEDED GROUND. C. WALK . 108 59 LAWN WITH ROUNDED SURFACE in 60 LAWN FORMING A SHALLOW DELL 112 61 UNDULATED LAWN 112 62 CROCUS, GROWING IN THE GRASS 113 63 ROCKY SUMMIT OF A KNOLL .116 64 SANDSTONE ROCKS PROTRUDING THROUGH A HILLSIDE . . . .117 65 SECTION OF A SUNKEN WALK WITH ROCKY SIDES 117 66 SMALL ROCKERY AGAINST A WALL 118 67 ROCKY BANK OF A RIVULET , 118 68 SEC'] ION OF A ROCKERY 119 69 POND-LIKE CISTERN WITH FOUNTAIN 121 70 SECTION OF SMALL ARTIFICIAL STREAM WITH CONCRETE BOTTOM ; ROCKY BANKS 122 71 SAME AS 70 ; WITH GRASSY BANKS ....... 122 72 LAKE AND WATERSIDE PLANTING, RED MAPLES AND OAKS . . .123 73 SECTION OF ARTIFICIAL WATER WITH CONCRETE BOTTOM, ROCKY BANKS, AND FOUNTAIN ......"..... 124 74 FLOWER-BEDS . . . . . . . . '3 1 75 WELL-KEPT HEDGE ; FORMAL LINES BROKEN BY FINE PLANTING . .134 UUustrations ix FIG. PAGE 76 RUSTIC SHELTER ; EFFICIENT WHEN COVERED WITH CREEPERS AND VINES . 138 77 WOODEN BRIDGE ........... 139 78 STONE BRIDGE 140 79 IRON FENCE AND GATES 141 80 STONE ENCLOSURE AND GATEWAY ; PILLARS COVERED WITH TRUMPET- CREEPER ( Tecoma radicans) . . . . . . . . .142 81 RUSTIC FENCE 143 82 PORCH COVERED WITH JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera Halleand) , 147 83 PLAN OF KITCHEN-GARDEN 154 84 GROUP OF TREES AND SHRUBS SHOWING ONE-SIDED DEVELOPMENT TO BE RECTIFIED BY AFTER-PLANTING . . . . . . . .158 85 TARTARIAN MAPLE (Acer Tartaricuni) ........ 169 86 PERSIMMON (Diospyris Virginica) 171 87 SASSAFRAS LAUREL (Sassafras officinale) 172 88 NETTLE-TREE (Celtis occidentalis) . . . . . . . . 173 89 CAUCASIAN WALNUT (Pterocaria Caticasicd) . . . . . .176 90 PiN-OAK (Quercus palustris) . . . . . . . . .177 91 CUT- LEAVED BEECH (Fagus sylvatica laciniata} 179 92 WEEPING-BEECH (Fagus sylvaiica penduld) 181 93 WEEPING-WILLOW (Salix Babylonicd) 183 94 AUSTRIAN PINE (Pinus A ustriaca} 187 95 WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus) 188 96 DWARF PINE (Pinus Mtighus) ......... 189 97 CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR (Abies Cephalonica) 190 98 WHITE SILVER FIR (Abies concolor) 191 99 NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR (Abies Nordmanniana) 192 100 LAWSON'S CEDAR (Chanuzcyparis Lawsoniana) ...... 196 101 GIANT ARBOR- VIT^ (Thuya gigan tea) .198 102 CHINESE MAGNOLIA (Magnolia conspicua) ....... 203 103 LOCUST (Robinia pseudacacia) ......... 206 104 NARROW-LEAVED THORN (Cratagus spathulata) 211 105 FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus Florida) 214 1 06 BRANCH OF SILVER BELL TREE (Halesia tetraplera) 215 107 PAULOWNIA (Paulownia Imperialist) . . . . . . . .216 108 TREE PEONY (Pceonia Moutan} . . . . . . . . .219 109 ROSE ACACIA (Robinia hispidd). (SEE PAGE 206) ..... 226 no THREE-LOBED SPIREA (Spirea trilobatd) . . . . . . . 227 1 1 1 ROSE BRAMBLE (Rubtis deliciosus) 230 112 BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium) 238 113 SOFT-LEAVED AZALEA (Azalea mollis) 243 114 CHINESE LILAC (Syringa Chinensis) 247 115 FRINGE TREE (Chionanthus Virginica) ....... 248 116 LARGE-FLOWERED CLEMATIS (Clematis carulea patens) .... 253 117 CHINESE WISTARIA ( Wistaria Sinensis) ....... 257 118 PRAIRIE ROSE (Rosa setigerd) 258 1 19 PASQUE-FLOWER (Anemone pulsatilld) GROWING IN STONY SOIL ON A HILL- SIDE ............. 265 120 JAPANESE WIND-FLOWER (Anemone Japonica) 266 x Illustrations FIG. PAGE 121 LESSER CELANDINE (Ranunculus Ficaria) . . r -. . . . . 270 122 CHRISTMAS ROSE (Helleborus nigcr altifolius) . . . . . .271 123 CANADIAN COLUMBINE (Aquilegia Canadensis) GROWING IN A ROCKY WOOD 273 124 COMMON LARKSPUR (Delphinium exaltatuni) . . . . . . 275 125 MAY APPLE (Podophyllum peltatuni) . . . . . . . . 278 126 WATER PLANTS . " . . . . 279 127 LOTUS (Nelwnbium species urn) 280 128 ORIENTAL POPPY (Papaver orientalis bracteatum) 282 129 DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES (Dicentra Cucullaria) GROWING IN A NATURAL POSITION ............ 285 130 DAME'S VIOLET (Hesperis matronalis) AS NATURALIZED IN A WOOD . . 287 131 CANDYTUFT (Iberis umbellata) . . . . . . . ; . 290 132 ( Viola cucullata) 293 133 MAIDEN PINK (Dianthm delloides) 295 134 WILD PINK (Silene Pennsylvania) GROWING NATURALLY IN THE CREVICES OF ROCKS 297 135 HOLLYHOCK (Althcca rosca) ......... 300 136 BLADDER KETMIA (Hibiscus Trionum) ....... 301 137 COMMON CRANESBILL (Geranium maculatum) ...... 303 138 GOAT'S-BEARD (Spircea Aruncus) ........ 309 139 SHINING CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla nitida) 310 140 BURSER'S SAXIFRAGE (Saxifraga Burseriana) . . . . . .311 141 BLUE BONNETS (Scabiosa siiccica} 320 142 ALPINE ASTOR {Aster alpinus) ......... 324 143 TURBINATE ASTER {Aster turbinellus) ....... 324 144 GAILLARDIA 327 145 PALE BELL-FLOWER (Campanula lactiflora) 331 146 DWARF CARPATIAN BELL-FLOWER (Campanula Carpatica turbinata pallida} 332 147 SHOOTING-STAR (Dodecatheon Meadia) 337 148 ALP VIOLET (Cyclamen Europenm} . 338 149 WATER VIOLET (Hottonia palustris) .... ... 339 150 FOXGLOVE (Digitalis purpurea) ......... 342 151 BEARDED PENTSTEMON (Pentstemon barbatus Torreyii} .... 343 152 BLUE COWSLIP (Pulmonaria angustifolia} 347 153 SPOTTED NEMOPHILA (Nemophila maculate) . . . . . . 350 154 Moss PINK (Phlox subulata) 350 155 PHLOX (Phlox Drummondi) 351 156 BLUE WINDFLOWER (Ceniiana pneumonanthf) ...... 354 157 ARROWHEAD (Sagittaria sagitti folia) ........ 360 158 FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria fanbriatd) ....... 362 159 MOCCASIN FLOWER (Cypripedium pubescens) ...... 362 160 PEERLESS NARCISSUS (Narcissus incomparalnlis) ' ." . . . . 363 161 POET'S NARCISSUS (Narcissus poeticus) 364 162 SNOWDROPS (Galanthus nivalis) 3 6 5 163 GERMAN IRIS (Iris Germanicd) 3 66 164 WHITE WOOD LILY (Trillium grandijlorum) . . . . . -37 165 FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL (Smilacina racemosa) GROWING IN A ROCKY RAVINE . 37* Uilustrations XI 166 PANTHER LILY (Li Hum pardalinuni] . 167 CHECKER LILY (Fritillaria Meleagris) 168 WOOD TULIP ( Tulipa sylvestris) 169 WILD HYACINTH (Sdlla nutans] 170 ADAM'S NEEDLE ( Yucca filamentosci} . 171 ZEBRA GRASS (Enlalia Japonica zebrina) 172 FLOWERING FERN (Osmunda cinnamomea) 374 375 376 378 382 384 389 PART I. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ART. ON THE STUDY OF NATURAL SCENERY. N the practice of the art of landscape gardening, which chiefly aims to create natural scenery by natural means and methods, or to restore the original beauty in places where it has been destroyed through some cause or other, a thorough study of nature is imperative. The landscape gardener, in the higher realms of his art, should attempt no artificial effects ; all the products of his thoughts and labor must appear to have sprung from the bosom of nature itself without effort or external interference. The plants used should be of sufficiently sturdy kinds to root and spread under natural conditions without constant aid and culture, and all the elements introduced must be of so harmonious a character as not to interfere with individual development, or to cause disturbance in the whole, through such develop- ment. Naturally, this requires an intimate knowledge, not only of every herb and tree used, but also an insight into the secret methods of nature, which cannot be taught by books, the artist must sit down humbly at the knees of Mother Nature and learn. It is not so much grandeur as 3 4 n tbe Stu&E ot IRatural Scenery. beauty that comes within the province of his work, not so much creation as adaptation that is essential in his design. Nature in every instance must furnish the canvas which he is to paint upon, and only in a superficial way can that canvas be prepared to receive the colors grass, flowers, and ligneous vegetation. In studying nature, it is well to remember that everything natural is not necessarily beautiful. In the untrodden paths of the primitive forest, death, desolation, monotony, and a depressing gloom are often the more characteristic features. FIQ. 1. MOUNTAIN RIVULET. It is not always the extremely picturesque and rural that is desirable in landscape art this is generally the result of accident or interference of some kind. The beautiful scenes spread about in the wilderness, the little effusions wherein the heart of nature touches that of man, the luxury of form and color on the sides of a ravine, the world of flowers in the crevices of cliffs and rocks, the tiny mountain rill gurgling over a pebbly bottom these are a few of the models with which the landscape gardener can afford to be content. It is evident that nowhere in the world a wholly natural tbe Stu&s of IRatural Scenery 5 scenery exists ; even in the high Alps the mountaineer builds his dingy cottage and surrounds it with degrading associa- tions ; there are hardly any primitive forests left, and if there were they would not be wholly " natural." In the Northern hemisphere, at least, everything has changed, cen- tury after century. Forests have been destroyed and regenerated ; culture has reclaimed vast tracts of land only to be conquered by nature in its turn. But the world is not the less beautiful because of this struggle. Even man in his most destructive work has done much to create diversity in the scenery, when tempted by gain or forced by circumstances to destroy the existing vegetation and to open endless forests for fields of grain or patches of garden land. The result of this destruction is by no means an unmixed evil, as many would have us to believe. The beautiful reaches of open land ; wide prospects of grassy fields, dotted over with scattered trees and bordered by copse and wood, forming the smiling landscapes of many northern countries, are essentially the result of man's inter- ference. His axe opened the murky woods and let air into the lungs of nature ; some of the most beautiful plants that at best led a precarious existence in the forest darkness spread and developed in the opened woodlands. The weaker and more tender vegetation got a chance, not only to exist, but to increase rapidly, painting hill and dale in glorious colors. Nature quickly rehabilitated herself after such destruction when left alone ; a new beauty sprang up over the perishing world of giant trees, youthful and vigor- ous forms took the place of the old gloomy hosts of the forest. 6 n tbe Stufc of IFlatural Scenery. But the beautiful variety brought about by the culti- vation of the soil is on the other hand easily lost, especially in fertile countries where every trace of original nature is destroyed, as witness many parts of continental Europe. Dreary hedgerows, closely divided fields with a few straight rows of trees here and there, is all the variety to be seen. Such a monotony lacks the dignity in which the monotony of nature is always clothed. Pity a country where this has become a reality ; where there are no sunny meadows stretching far away to the horizon, no woods except those planted in squares and rows and cultivated like a field of grain ; where there is no wilderness with wood- land flowers, where there are no streams, no springs, no woodland rivulets gushing forth from the bosom of the earth. . Knowing how the natural beauty of so many coun- tries has been hopelessly destroyed, all thinking people ought to work for the preservation of as much natural scenery as possible ; for a country that has lost all this, has lost more than the value of miles on miles of fertile acres, more than any riches can ever redeem. In other places man has changed the face of the earth in a better and opposite way by means of building and planting. The prairies of this country will some day be quite different from what they are now ; they are different to-day from what they were some years ago. Now, woods and groves and orchards lend variety and beauty to the vast plains in many parts of the West. Planting of this kind, as has been amply demonstrated, will also tend to regulate the climatic conditions, making tbe Stut> of 1Flatui*al Scenery 7 rains more frequent and the violence of storms and cyclones less severe. But leaving these meditations, let us make a hasty survey of the great panorama of nature, as it unfolds before us, scene after scene in ever-changing succession. Let us take a walk through fields and woods, along the winding rivers, up to the alpine world where the mossy rock-plants are even greater in their beauty than the towering and frowning cliffs in their immensity. We will observe how the little seedling roots in the fissure of a rock and gradually forms a leafy mat covered with flowers ; how the various kinds of trees and herbs seek different positions and there make their homes ; how the rivulets are born and grow ; the natural positions of lakes, and cliffs, and many other things that will help us to make the garden beautiful. We know the primary causes of the diversity of the surface of the earth ; how hills and mountains have been lifted up through volcanic forces, how the broken sides of the rocks were afterwards rounded and polished by the action of glaciers and, more slowly but in a no less marked manner, through constant changes of temperature and moisture. We know how the alluvial soil along streams and rivers has been formed, by means of successive sedi- mentary deposits, and how even now the ground is slowly changing, as if the great landscape-gardener, Nature, took pleasure in constantly creating new and startling effects. It will not be necessary to attempt explanations of sub- jects so foreign to this work, but merely to observe what actually exists as beautiful objects and nothing more. Commencing by the seaside, we find even there many 8 n tbe Stut> ot IRatural Scenery. things available for our purpose. We note the form of the shore ; here extending into low promontories ; there forming sheltered coves and bays. The shore is sometimes rocky and precipitous, with^bowlders scattered along the base of the cliffs, but more often even and gradually sloping, covered with dazzling white sand. The masses of seaweeds washed ashore form little furrows and beds bordering the high- water mark, and give nutriment to many curious forms of vege- table life. The sea rocket forms dense masses of glisten- ing, fleshy leaves, almost covered with delicate pink flowers, sea holly grows in the pure sand, the spiny-edged, milky white leaves form quite effective foliage, well in harmony with the surroundings. Coarse grasses of a glaucous color border the higher parts of the shore. As a rule the vege- tation is of a peculiar silvery gray color, generally dwarf and tufted, often forming mats of leaves and bright flowers. A common plant on sandy, level shores is the sea pink, one of the neatest of all flowering plants ; its tufted masses of narrow, bright green leaves and rosy-red flowers cover the ground as far as the eye can see. In other places we find bright patches of wild thyme with purple flowers, and golden immortelle weaves over the sand a carpet of silvery foliage and yellow flowers. Among the woody plants peculiar to sea-shores, stunted and gnarled pines are com- mon and characteristic, as are also, in some parts of Europe, tainarix, and sea buckthorn. When the shore is rocky, many kinds of rock roses, crowbemes, and other plants form a scant covering to the weather-beaten cliffs. Sometimes dunes of ever-shifting sand extend far inland ; almost destitute of vegetation they bury trees and shrubs <>n tbe Stufc of IRatural Scenery 9 and even buildings under their masses. The sea-shore has no vegetation on the margin of the water, as have most lakes, owing to the changing tides and the salty nature of the water. When low and watery ground extends far inland from the sea, it gives rise to salt marshes desolate wastes of coarse grass, rushes and reeds, enlivened here and there by isolated and scattered clumps of sea lavender and marshmallows with showy flowers. Many really beautiful plants may be naturalized on sandy shores, and very delightful natural gardens can be made in such places by these means. Bulbous plants such as narcissi, squills, and some Klies will do well on the higher parts of the sandy beach. On sloping banks, sand clover, furze and broom and other kinds of cytisus may be used to form dense masses of leaves and flowers. Many maritime plants are insignificant as individuals, but when they appear in great numbers they form an important feature of the seaside landscape. Fens and marshes are rich and varied in many ways. Zig-zag channels of transparent water make bewildering mazes among the tall grass. Clumps of birch and willow are common on the higher ground, accompanied by low bushes of sweet gale, and other shrubs. To the casual observer these watery tracts of land are void of interest and beaiity, but in the interior they are rich in animal and vegetable life and have a charm of their own. Gayly-col- ored birds build their nests on the slender reeds, and fill the mornings with their carols ; butterflies hover from flower to flower ; water trefoil, marsh marigold, and golden senecio line the winding, sharp-edged channels, and on the io n tbe Stubs of matural Scenery grassy banks masses of blue violets and other flowers appear in spring. The meadow is still more interesting, and there we may learn how many of oiir most beautiful ornamental plants should be grown. Meadows are low grassy lands on the shores of rivers and lakes ; they form the bottom-lands of many, both lowland and alpine, valleys, and are very rich in soft grasses and flowering plants. The lowland meadow, especially in southern countries, is simply a form of a marsh on somewhat higher ground, with almost as coarse and robust a vegetation. In the far North and in high alti- tudes, the meadow takes on a more and more refined and pleasing appearance, the grass becomes softer and more dense as we ascend above the level of the sea, the flowers become smaller, more numerous, and of exquisite forms and colors, until close to the everlasting snow we meet a scene beautiful beyond description, where the flowers are in- tensely colored and much larger, and the plants smaller than those of the lowland meadow. Some of the most attractive flowers cultivated in gardens were originally meadow plants. Globe flowers, daffodils, gentians,' lilies shining like fires in the distance, purple orchis, wide stretches of meadow cress, and saxifrage lend interest and color to the scenery. Many grow in almost dry positions, others in places where the soil is steeped in water. The level surface is broken and relieved by light groves of birch and alder, forming little islands in this sea of grass and flowers, or lining the shores of the winding streams. In alpine regions, these meadow landscapes are often closed in by steep cliffs, the sides of which are clothed with rock n tbe Stubs of IRatural Scenery u plants, or, if less' steep, covered by woods of spruce or pine. Farther down, the meadow gradually rises into undulating fields, or disappears among deciduous woods. The meadow, as seen ya alpine regions, is the best model for a lawn on modej^tely rich ground, and by proper means it can be reproduced in the garden. The lawn, void of all vegetation except grass, when well cared for, is beauti- ful ; still it is desirable to make it as natural as possible in many places. Meadow saffron and crocus, harebells, primroses, daisies, daffodils, and lilies are a few among the numerous plants that may be used for this purpose. . i Far inland, formed by the growth of mosses and the decay of vegetable matter in marshy ground, the peat bogs, peculiar to some countries, in many respects resemble a marsh or meadow. The soil here is black and watery, and the flora is wholly different. The vegetation is scanty, con- sisting of sharp, grayish grasses, cottongrass, sweet gale, hagberry, alder, and birch. The trees are few, and scat- tered on the higher knolls that formed the islands long ago, when the bog was a lake. In many places there are still black pools of water with the innumerable flowers of the water anemone and the wild calla growing in the shallow water near the margin. Here is also found the large spear- wort, some senecios with bright golden -yellow flowers, and the marsh marigold, which, grows in all moist ground. On higher, but moist ground, the sundews (Droserd) are numer- ous, and the bird's-eye primrose forms tufts of small, mealy leaves among the grass . and, in summer, paints the whole expanse with bright rosy-red flowers. Scattered in irregular and loose masses, the. blue windflower or gentian, is seen 12 n tbe Stufcs of natural Scenery* later in summer among the grass. The Grass of Parnassus, with chaste and beautiful flowers of a snowy whiteness, and numerous other things, make this dreary waste as beautiful and interesting as life and only life can make it. Dwarf shrubs of the heath family are here common, in fact, they make one of the redeeming features of the often desolate scene. The blueberries and cranberries, and, some- times, purple heather and cross-leaved heath, are found in large patches on the higher ground among the bog-plants. In America the white alder (Clethrd), various vacciniums, and sheep laurel partake of the nature of bog-plants, as do also, among the herbaceous vegetation, veratrum, some lilies, orchids, and pitcher-plants. In parks and gardens such plants can be successfully grown in places where the land is naturally low, or in moist places in rockeries. Bog-plants are veiy numerous and beautiful ; few weeds thrive in a peaty soil. Mosses abound, and the greatest attraction in bogs with arborescent vege- tation are the rich masses and great variety of ferns, some small and only remarkable because of their great number ; others tall and stately with the most exquisitely divided foliage. Open, grassy fields on high ground are chiefly a result of cultivation, although in the course of time they may have been reclaimed by nature. If surrounded by woods and left uncultivated they soon become a part of the wood. Grassy fields and pastures give an impression of peace and quiet. Like the meadow, they are rich in flowers through- out the season. On open hillsides, blue asters, purple gerardias, and golden rods are plentiful in summer and n tbe Stufcs of IRatural Scenery 13 autumn. Cone flowers and coreopsis are more addicted to level ground. Bluets, germander speedwell, bird-grass and milkwort, lilies, harebells, field scabious, and larkspur are common plants of dry, grassy fields. Open to the sun, with broad prospects to all points of the compass, and perhaps a few groves here and there, the fields wear a cheerful ex- pression, exhilarating to the mind of the beholder. Here everything combines to make a pleasing impression ; the purity of air and sky, the fragrance and color of the flowers, the wind moving the grass in long shining billows, and the effects of light and shade, as the clouds come and go. The prairies of the West are, on the other hand, too ex- tensive and monotonous ; one feels exceedingly small and lonely in those grassy deserts, and the scanty clumps of cottonwood and willows along a distant, winding river, is a welcome sight indeed. Much of the charm of open fields is due to the presence of birds and animals, browsing sheep and cattle, or other signs of animal life. The fields of southern latitudes generally become infested with coarse and weed-like plants, such as the large and show r y sun-flowers, the giant cow parsnips, large milkweeds, poke- berries, and thorn apples and in dry steppes and prairies the ground is covered with grayish wormwood, prickly pears, and similar plants. The fields of the extreme North, with their fine, tufted grasses and delicate flowers, are by far the most beautiful. Here the white and yellow daisies are found in thousands. Scarlet poppies, blue cornflowers, and white chamomiles crowd together as if conscious of the beautiful combination they make, where they cluster along the side of the little 14 <>n tbe Stubs of matural Scenery* rivulet and weave their masses of color into the most ex- quisite patterns along the roadside. This reminds me that the roadside itself is one of the most charming natural gardens that can be found anywhere. When a road is old and the sods along its sides become solid, the coarser weeds disappear, and such neat flowers as the mouse ear, wild thyme, field stone crop, golden bed- straw, St. John's-wort, harebells, blue buttons, meadow saxifrage, broad-leaved plantain, and drop wort take their place. Here we may learn how to plant the borders of drives and walks in a pleasing manner. But, unfortunately, every roadside is by no means a proper subject for this study. The heath is a form of an open, generally barren field ; when overgrown in parts with juniper and pine it is a moorland. Ling and cross-leaved heath, many species of vaccinium and dwarf junipers cover the surface with a low and dense growth, relieved in places by patches of furze, golden-yellow in summer. When the heather blooms late in summer, the heath is one mass of purple blossoms. At other seasons it is of a dull brownish green or brighter during times of rain. Many delicate herbaceous plants find a shelter here, such as the exceedingly beautiful pasque- flower, hieracium, mountain tobacco or arnica, and a num- ber of ferns, especially large masses of bracken. Graceful groups and single specimens of weeping birch are generally scattered here and there, and the tree-like juniper often encroaches upon the territory of the heath. Scenery of this kind can be introduced with good effects on barren hillsides and in places where the soil is too thin for a close growth n tbe Stufcs of Natural Scenery 15 of grass, but, at the same time, it may be made much more varied in a garden, than it is in nature, where the endless length of the heath tends to monotony. The scenery of the open field has by no means any sharp boundaries. There is a place where woodlands and fields meet and mingle. The meadows stretch far into the heart of the forest; groves, copses, masses of trees and shrubs FIQ. 2. IVIED TREES ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF A WOOD. lend more or less variety to the open field, and even the most desolate marshes are not absolutely void of arbor- escent vegetation. In southern latitudes, marshes ar.e transformed into impenetrable swamps by means of a dense growth of trees such as bald cypress, magnolias and gum trees. These swamps are beautiful and interesting in their own mysteri- ous way, but they are gloomy and depressing to the mind. Trunk by trunk in unbroken numbers the giants of the swamps tower a hundred feet high, or more, their roots form- ing curious pillars all around making progress exceedingly difficult. Ferns are common in the deep shades below, and graceful climbers weave the mass into impenetrable barriers, putting forth their blossoms high .up among -the giant 16 n tbe Stubs of Natural Scenery. crowns of the trees, and forming beautiful drapery of foliage. The silence is depressing, even the birds are silent, and only the hammering of the woodpecker is heard now and again. In this wilderness, so utterly beyond reproduc- tion by artificial means, and, withal, so undesirable, we can only observe the beautiful association of trees and climbers which may be of some use, but in our northern woodlands this association is much more beautiful and applicable to gardening. When low, watery places in tbe North are overgrown by a woody vegetation some of the most charming natural scenery is the result. The deciduous trees are more merci- ful to the vegetation below. Here we find a wealth of form and color ; masses of delicate-leaved ferns, swamp honey- suckle with showy blossoms, andromedas with white, bell- like flowers, white alder, stemless lady's-slipper, dwarf cornel, and purple violets in more open and sunny positions; here jack-in-the-pulpit speaks to his congregation of meadow beauties and purple phlox. Meadow-sweets, farkleberry, virgin's bower and like plants are very numerous on the border of swampy woods. The beauty of deciduous woods on higher ground is enhanced by many familiar flowers. Under the spreading branches of the oak a great variety of tender and delicate plants find a home, and, in spring and early summer, clothe the surface of the ground with a carpet of flowers. If the woods are open and rocky, brambles and arrow wood are found in abundance. The maiden-hair fern grows in clumps at the base of rocks, or finds a snug place of refuge between the roots of some tall forest tree. Eagle ferns n tbe Stufc of IRatural Scenery. 17 form larger and bolder masses, the leaf stalks rising singly from the ground, supporting a blade a couple of feet wide and about twice as long. In springtime, under birch and shad bush, before the snow departs, the trailing arbutus peeps shyly out among the masses of fallen leaves. Later, FIQ. 3. UNDERGROWTH IN OAK-WOOD. come anemone and dwarf meadow rue, wake robins and dog-tooth violets. In stony ravines, Solomon's seal, bane- berry and ferns make the most charming effect in this beautiful natural garden. Wherever a little stream trickles down a stony hillside in open woods, there the diadem flower (Tiarelld) makes a border of delicate leaves and 1 8 n tbe Stufcp of IRatural Scenery holds up little spires of white blossoms. In the West shooting-stars are common in rich woods, and farther North, twin-flowers, babes-in-the-wood (^Polygala pauciflord) yellow wood-violets, and others too numerous to mention, make a beautiful display in early summer. Above all in many respects, lilies and moccasin-flowers and numerous kinds of terrestrial orchids, form admirable groups of flowers with which no formal groups in our gardens can compare. European woods are not less rich : the blue anemone, the yellow anemone, lily-of-the-valley, fumitory, woodruff, Turk's cap lily, oxlips and cowslips, spotted orchid, night violet and bellflowers, are only a few of the treasures found there. The flowering shrubs of deciduous woods, especially in mountain regions, are very numerous ; mock orange, the various kinds of viburnum and meadow-sweets, are perhaps not less attractive than the herbaceous plants among which they grow. The glory of American woods, mountain laurel, azaleas and rhododendrons, make the wilderness of our mountainous and rocky woods richer and more beautiful than any garden or park has ever been up to the present time. Farther south a new and peculiar feature is intro- duced in the form of evergreen trees and shrubs, such as hollies of many species, with shining green foliage and brightly colored fruits in winter. As a rule, the flowering shrubs and trees prefer the outskirts of woods and thickets. Not so the evergreens ; they thrive best in a moderate shade where they are somewhat sheltered from the rays of the sun in winter. Climbers are plentiful in most woods, and, gen- erally, they grow in half-open positions, twining about the branches of shrubs and trees in copses and thickets, of n tbe Stufcs of IRatural Scenery. 19 which they form a striking feature. In Europe, the ivy is found in all countries and in every imaginable position, growing over stones and rocks in sunny places, on trunks of elm and other trees in mixed woods, or covering the ground farther north, a beautiful symbol of enduring faith. With us the Virginian creeper, grape-vines, green briar, and vari- ous forms of clematis are most common and noteworthy. Growing everywhere over dead trees, on the face of rocks, climbing to the crowns of the tallest trees and falling in graceful drapery from the branches, they add a beauty and a luxury to the scenery which it would be well to imitate in many a garden. As to the trees themselves, they are almost as varied in form and character as the lesser vegetation. In most de- ciduous woods they mingle in a familiar manner : birch and maple, beech and chestnut, lindens and hickories, many species of oak and numerous flowering trees, such as halesias, cherries, and flowering dogwood, are familiar objects in American woods. In many parts of Europe, one species very often forms the main body of deciduous woods, as birch or beech. Beautiful in spring, when the tender leaves unfold, and still more so in the fall, when the autumn colors dazzle the eye with the most vivid shades of gold and scarlet; imposing in summer or winter, with massive trunks or widely branching crowns, the deciduous trees form a most important part of the natural scenery in temperate countries. Now and then the hemlock and the white cedar become familiar objects in mixed, deciduous woods, and add a charm of their own to the scenery. But there is a line 20 n tbe Stufc of IRaturai Scenery. where the coniferous evergreen trees take hold in earnest and the deciduous trees become more and more rare. Hemlock, spruce and pine are mixed for a time, but at last endless forests, in which one kind predominates, stretch their awful silence far and wide. Here in the holy of holies of nature the surface is clean, as if trimmed by a careful hand, and sprinkled over with fallen cones and needles, forming a deep and even covering. Herbaceous plants are scarce ex- cept where a fallen tree has made an opening, or where a ravine or a river with grassy banks admits sufficient light for shrubs and flowers. Among the flowers common in somewhat open pine woods, the hepatica is perhaps the most familiar. Twinflowers (Linnea borealis), a minute trailing plant, rattlesnake plantain and the fragrant night violet are not uncommon, and shade-loving ferns are plentiful in rocky places. Some species of pine form vast forests on low and watery ground, such as our own white pine. Pine-forests are most common in northern latitudes, where they cover whole provinces ; mountain, plain and valley alike, for miles and miles; but they form special features of mountainous re- gions. Extensive pine-barrens form a peculiar feature of many southern States wide sandy plains covered with a more or less dense growth of yellow pine, black and willow-leaved oak, sometimes intermixed with hummocks of deciduous woods of hickory, oak and maple. Delicate herbaceous plants abound in the light sandy soil among tufted masses of heath-like shrubs, sand myrtles and vacciniums. Here the lupine, with its fingered leaves and long racemes of blue <>n tbe Stubs ot Natural Scenery 21 flowers, is seen in perfect beauty. The birds-foot violet covers the ground, not closely, but as if thinly sown over the surface. Where the ground is low and watery, abound- ing in pools of brownish water, bladderworts cover the sur- face with their clusters of uniquely formed flowers, and on water margins broad bushes of andromeda are the most common plants. Besides pine, most coniferous trees spruces, firs, and larch form extensive forests of one species alone. Cedars and FIQ. 4. A WOODLAND SCENE. arbor- vitse grow on undulated and rocky ground; aggre- gating in smaller and larger, picturesque groups, divided by open sunny glades, they seldom form a close and continu- ous growth, as do pines and firs. In the open and sunny evergreen woods formed by juniper and cedar, a rich herbaceous growth covers the ground, and among rocks in deep gullies and ravines, rare and beautiful rock-plants grow 22 <>n tbe Stufc of Natural Scenery and flower under the most favorable conditions; columbine, four-leaved silkweed, stonecrop, and saxifrage are among the most common of these. Annual climbers, Virginian creeper and green smilax, are often found in the company of red cedar and arbor- vitae, forming garlands of bright green leaves in the dark crowns of the evergreens. The woodland is perhaps the most interesting of all landscapes, as it embraces all other scenery ; open glades and vistas, broad meadows and bogs, winding streams and lakes mirroring the beauty of leaf and flower. A body of water, whether it be a river, a spring, or lake, has an infinite charm ; it lends beauty to nature in a thousand ways ; as sparkling pearls of dew on the grass, as rhime-crystals on the frozen boughs wonderful embroidery, coming and going like a dream, or as a mist rising over the still valley of early summer mornings. Springs are clear, transparent bodies of water, the main sources of brooks and rivers ; they are found in low valleys as well as in high mountain regions, but more often in hilly and undulated countries, as on grassy hillsides, where the overflow forms small streams and rivulets bordered by forget-me-not and similar flowers. If a spring happens to be on a high mountain side, it may be the source of a considerable water system. In its higher course the infant stream forms innumerable cascades, creeping in and out among bowlders and rocks, welling forth through every little opening and precipitating itself over cliffs and ledges, or leaping gently from terrace to terrace, forming smooth sheets of water here and there bordered by velvety alpine meadows. Along its course, the mountain tbe Stubs of IRatural Scenery 23 flowers grow rarer and larger than higher up among the hill- sides; ferns grow out of the moist crevices of the mossy rocks. As the stream grows in strength it forms sand and gravel, erodes rocks and tumbles the remains about in con- fused masses rockeries in which most alpine flowers delight to grow. As the river descends, cascades and rapids grow larger through the increased mass of water gathered from other mountain rivulets that join here and there, perhaps merely formed by a fall of rain, or by melting snow during the approach of spring and summer. Soon the alpine meadows become larger, the river widens into clear lakes ; birch and willow and mountain ash are more common than higher up, where there are only spruce and larch. Below these mountain lakes a fall or rapid is inevitable. It may be an immense ledge of rock that has dammed up the river and thus formed the lake, or a series of rocks and ledges cemented together with sediment. More often the water undermines the rocks, carries away the sand and gravel, and forms deep winding ravines, where a rich and varied vegetation takes root on the steep sides. In such ravines, through which the never silent mountain river flows slowly and meditatingly, an innumerable host of the choicest of flowers grows in the light shade of birch, aspen and mountain ash. The trees lean over, here almost horizontally, there rising on bent and picturesque trunks into a more upright position. Here a bridge of foliage and flowers has been formed across the stream as a climber has grown to the utmost limb of a leaning tree, and twin- ing its stem among the trees on the other side, forms gar- land after garland. If you want to study the loveliest 24 n tbe Stufcy of IRatural Scenery scenery of nature, here it is, in these sequestered valleys among the mountains, with rocks, water, and vegetation woven into a harmonious whole. But the river cannot stay ; an irresistible force is draw- ing it along ; it grows larger and larger, forms mighty cata- racts, and at last reaches the deep valleys and plains but little above the sea. Now it flows slowly and majestically, a picture of strength and peace, winding in and out in a hundred ways, rounding a low promontory, bending along a steep bank, watering fertile meadows and islands rich in FIQ. 5.- LOWLAND RIVER J MEADOW AND WOODS. vegetable and animal life. It is difficult to decide which is the more beautiful, the little purling stream with its grassy and stony bed, or the mighty river on the shores of which groves and meadows mingle together ; the cascade of the rivulet near its source, or the irresistible cataract throwing itself with a deafening roar into the deep ; the mountain spring or the lake in the valley, for each is beau- tiful in its own way. The vegetation of the riverside is generally exception- ally beautiful and interesting, perhaps because there the tbe Stufcs of Natural Scenery 25 conditions of growth and development are so generous. On the river shore the iris the Flor de Luce of old is found in its highest beauty. Here the vermilion cardinal- flower luxuriates among the grass ; forget-me-nots, butter- cups and ox-eye daisies grow in harmony among meadow- sweets and other familiar flowers ; many forms of marsh plants are generally found in moist places on the shores of lakes and rivers. Where the water forms deep, shallow bays we find the water lily, and nearer the shore, water violet, arrowhead, and water anemone ; the first two FIG. 6.-BROOK. growing singly, the last one forming carpets of floating leaves and pretty, white, yellow-eyed flowers. ' Alders, birch, and willows are the most familiar trees on the shores of lowland rivers and lakes. When a river has reached the level of the sea, it becomes subject to tidal changes, and unless the shores are covered with pebbles and sand, they are often slimy and unsightly. Here again the w T oody vegetation becomes scarcer and assumes the grayish tint peculiar to maritime plants ; but very often the shores and deltas of the river form moist, velvety meadows, which 26 n tbe Stufc of Natural Scenery. abound in a beautiful herbaceous flora, devoid of the coarseness common to so many marsh-plants. Cliffs and rocks form part of some of the most impressive natural scenery. As we know, they are not confined to high mountain regions, but occur even on plains and sea- shores ; lifting bold, bare masses above the surface of the ground ; jutting forth from broken and steep hillsides, or forming the sides of gullies and ravines on the shores of running water. They often assume strange and grotesque shapes, or a vivid coloring, as the sandstone formations of the Rocky Mountains. Even on level plains, beautiful rock scenery is not uncommon along streams and rivers. In our northern woods rocks are very common ; they form the main body of the soil, and protruding here and there show a grooved and polished surface, on which mighty isolated blocks and bowlders still remain, adding greatly to the picturesque beauty of the undulating ground, so rich in vegetation and so varied in the character of its surface. In higher mountain ranges, rocks become more and more evi- dent, full of crevices, moss-grown and rounded by time and supporting the rarest and most beautiful flowers. Where running water slowly and steadily undermines a rocky shore, bowlder after bowlder piles, one above the other ; sediment of all kinds collects among the stones, creepers and vines and small flowering shrubs take root in the moist, rich soil collected in the cavities ; tender herbaceous plants spring up in the crevices, where they find nutriment enough for subsistence, but where no coarser weeds can exist ; and so we have a natural rockery on the river shore still washed by the water or left high and dry on a sandy n tbe Stufc of IRatural Scenery 27 beach, with the perpendicular cliffs for a background, and no longer in danger of destruction. Often these cliffs are covered with ivy and other climbers, and in every fissure stonecrops, saxifrage, and other rock plants find a place sooner or later. When this phenomenon takes place in higher altitudes, the flora is of a different and less robust type. True alpine plants are confined to high mountain regions, but many delicate and truly beautiful rock plants are common in most countries. Sandstone rocks support a FIG. 7. ERODED ROCKS, FORMING A SMALL ROCKERY ON THE SHORES OF A RIVER. greater and more varied vegetation than any other kind. They are also seen in a great diversity of forms, as they are easily acted upon by heat and moisture, or turned and polished by heavy sandstorms. Limestone is also liable to erosion in a greater or less degree ; the surface becomes more polished, and undermined rocks are seldom ground to gravel, but remain as stones and bowlders in the streams and rivers by which they are undermined. Here also we find numerous rock plants, often of a different type. But nearly all rocks, even ,the solid granite and trap, form cracks and fissures in 28 n tbe Stu&s of Natural Scenery, which plants lodge, and grow, and blossom. High up, just below the everlasting snow, we find the sunny slopes gayly decked with innumerable, brightly colored, or sometimes pure white flowers. Isolated blocks in rocky woods often afford shelter and protection for a very diverse flora of vines, creepers, and herbaceous plants, under whose masses they jut forth gray, mossy corners. They are often split and broken by the action of frost on water collecting in the fissures. In the wide openings the bramble plants its little seed, and soon grows up to cover the whole mass with its wealth of leaves and flowers ; or a grapevine may have been introduced in some way or other, and in that case the effect is very pic- turesque and beautiful. Here and there, these erratic blocks are so numerous as to completely cover the surface, and if the ground is low they soon become imbedded in a tufted growth of ling and grass. Rocks and water in combination form the most picturesque and beautiful scenery, not only in the manner already pointed out, but in many other ways; here, tre- mendous precipices, there, grottos and caves in which a peculiar flora of mosses and filmy ferns finds an ideal home, growing in tufted masses in deep shady crevices and continually covered with dew. So everywhere, from the deep dungeons of the cavern to the bright cliffs bathing in light and sunshine, the rocks support an innumerable host of flowers of delicate forms and colors, and beautiful enough to interest the most indifferent. No landscape of one character is separated abruptly and <>n tbe Stubs of IRatural Scenery 29 distinctly from that of another ; the transformation is gradual, we go from one scene to another without knowing until the difference suddenly strikes us. Meadow and woodland, field and forest, are all woven into one pattern without any strong boundaries, except where man comes in; but even there, the waving fields of corn and the blue smoke from the farmer's chimney have their beauty, and fit into the natural setting as perfectly as the gossamers' airy castles, or the weaver-bird's nest. The stone bridge over the creek, mossy and ivied, bordered by graceful birches and bushy willows, fits admirably into the scenery; the tall, distant church spire, rising above a mass of foliage, adds decidedly to the beauty of the landscape. It would be of no use to go into further details. I have simply endeavored to show how and where to study the natural landscape. In every imaginable place there is something to learn ; even in the most desolate and monoto- nous wilderness there are scattered scenes of rare and per- fect beauty. In the open woodland, in the mountain valley, by lake and river, the landscape-gardener, whether amateur or professional, must learn the greatest secret of his art ; and he should always remember that no copying of the outward form alone will give the living impression of nature. Although this is considered the humblest of the beautiful arts, it is the one that speaks the most natural language to the heart and imagination ; it is capable of the most useful and universal influence upon the moral devel- opment of a country ; it is conducive to health and happi- ness and purity of mind and body. 30 n tbe Stubs of Natural Scenery To make the garden what it ought to be the designer must have a perfect knowledge of the different things that go to form a landscape. The nature, habit, and habitat of every species used, must be well understood in order to ensure success in planting. In the natural part of a park or garden, the plant should be able to develop without cul- ture or attention, and the attention given should be for the sake of regulating the growth in certain cases only. Know- ing the materials used, it will be comparatively easy to arrange everything correctly, to give every species the natural position, where it will thrive best, and plant it in the right proportion. The details of the constructive work are of no less im- portance. Roads and lawns and natural scenery, to be lasting and satisfactory, must be made in the best possible manner. The natural scenery especially, in order not to become a mere collection of plants, without character and expression, must be formed by an artist's hand and under the scrutiny of an artist's eye, yet with the careful detail of the experienced, practical gardener to ensure life and health and permanency. The care of already existing natural scenery is of no less importance, and the gardener intrusted with its care should have a keen perception of the beautiful in nature, in addition to his ability in formal gardening. The thin- ning of crowded shrubberies, the removal of trees that may have become too large for the place they occupy, and work of a like nature, should be promptly attended to. As a rule, it is best to plant trees and shrubs at a considerable distance from one another so as to prevent all crowding ; <>n tbe Stubs of IRatural Scenery 31 the outlines of a plantation will be so much more graceful and much work and expense will be saved. Even the herbaceous vegetation, or shrubs used as an undergrowth in woods and thickets, are apt to spread beyond their proper limit. Of late years wild gardening has been much recom- mended, and it has been claimed that anybody, by sowing a mixture of flower seeds in the garden, would obtain the most charming results. So far from this being the case, most people who attempt it without any adequate knowledge succeed only in making a desert of weeds ; going to work blindly as they do without knowing the nature or char- acter of the plants introduced in this manner. Woodland scenery is not difficult to produce, but the plants should be comparatively few in number and of a similar nature. Wind-flowers, anemone-flowered rue, purple phlox, oxlips cowslips, and orchids, as well as many species of bulbous plants, are especially adapted for this purpose, and with these the effect will be beautiful. But if a number of plants are used without discrimination, especially those easily propagated by seeds, we only succeed in making the weediest of weedy spots in fact, an anarchy in nature without law and order. Although the scenery as repre- sented in nature is the foundation of the modern park and garden, it must be remembered that there are artificial additions which add greatly to its variety and beauty. The roads and walks are necessary for communications between the different parts, shelters are convenient for protection from rain and sunshine, and bridges are needed to carry us across streams and rivulets.* By contrast also, 32 n tbe Stu&s of Natural Scenery. a temple on the top of a knoll, or a rural cottage in the outskirts of a wood or shrubbery, relieves and heightens the beauty of the landscape. The surrounding country should always be taken into consideration when planning a garden, and, as much as possible, garden and sur- roundings should be in harmony with each other, but at the same time all unsightly ob- FIQ. S.-T.EMPLE. j ects mus t be hidden from within by means of plantations. It would be a mis- take to hem in a seaside cottage on a bare coast by too luxurious a vegetation, unless the whole coast could be changed into more or less rich scenery. So also in the mountains and on the plains, there is a special class of vegetation in harmony with each. In suburban towns, laid out on a uniform plan, in one continuous stretch of lawn with groups of trees and shrubs, garden walls and hedges here and there are out of place. But where it is desirable to ensure privacy or protection, the plan of enclosing a garden by screens of some kind is not a bad one, as it admits* of the culture of rarer flowers, and the grounds within can be made one har- monious whole without the necessity of outside help, ex- cept by an opening here and there in the shrubbery for some particularly interesting view. Hedges and garden walls are therefore not to be wholly despised, and it will be shown in a subsequent chapter how they may be used without obstructing or interfering with the scenery in any n tbe Stubs of IFlatural Scenery 33 way. In cold and windy countries, open to every blast, they are not only desirable but necessary for the protection of the plants within, from the killing effect of sandstorms and high, frosty winds. In small lots around suburban cottages much cannot be done in the way of natural effects, but there is always some corner where rare and beautiful woodland plants may be allowed to run wild among the shrubs and grass. The choicest of flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants, the smallest and most ornamental species of shade trees, and the most velvety grass should be chosen for these little home grounds. Creepers and vines can be employed in many ways to brighten the cottages, and unsightly objects should be hidden by means of evergreen trees. In very small gardens large trees are out of place, and buildings, with the possible exception of a rustic pavilion or shelter, should be excluded. There are, however, grounds hardly large enough for one good-sized oak to live on, yet capable of being converted into the most charming garden spots. There is a special class of flowers adapted for just such gardens, a class of plants that has developed with gardening since the earliest days of horticulture, and which are no- where to be found in nature. Among these are the many varieties of the rose, the hollyhock, peonies, poppies, phlox, dahlias, and the double forms of annual and biennial plants the border and cottage plants of old. They are floriferous and effective from an ornamental point of view, and should be employed where vivid and striking colors are desirable. By observing and analyzing what is really beautiful in 34 n tbe Stubs of IRatural Scenery. nature, the gardener, besides cultivating his taste, will lay up a store of knowledge which it is difficult to find in any other way. And this knowledge will be needed by the future landscape gardener. Already now, such costly dis- play as the gorgeous, and in its way effective, carpet bedding, is passing away, and it must be admitted, that it never excited any true and enthusiastic admiration. Ob- serve, on the other hand, with what genuine pleasure everybody, rich and poor, rambles among the wild flowers of field and wood, and it is easily seen what gardening must become before it will be sincerely appreciated. It is the simple and unaffected that is admired in art as in nature. But aside from this study of natural scenery, there is much to be learned from the gardens and gardening of the present time. The parks of the larger American cities are fine models in many respects, but as to the smaller gardens we must necessarily learn of other countries, for it is a well-known fact and a cause for regret that America with all its wealth has no villa or cottage gardens worth mentioning. May we not hope that this will be different some day, and that our suburbs will not always have so many uncared for, weed-grown lots littered with empty tin cans,, badly kept " yards," and impassable roads. II. IMPLEMENTS. HE instruments used in surveying and levelling ordinary places are few and simple, such as tape-line, compass, and water-level. The tape-line is made in lengths of fifty or a hundred feet and can be wound up in a circular leather case when not in use. It is made of steel or linen with steel wires to prevent stretching, and divided into feet, tenths of feet, or inches and quarter inches. The tape-line can be used for measuring plots of ground when no other instrument is convenient, the angles being taken in a simple manner by setting off given lengths on the line, thus 3, 4, and 5 feet will give an angle of 45. If we desire to find out the distance between a given base-line and some interesting object, such as a tree, a flower-bed, or shrubbery, the tape-line must be held at right angles to the base-line, or, in other words, the shortest distance between two parallel lines should always be measured. It is also important to hold the line horizontally above the surface when measuring distances on broken or undulating ground. Curves of walks and drives, outlines of shrubberies and 35 36 implements. other plantations may be located by this simple means as correctly as if a compass or transit were used. The compass is used for measuring angles. It consists of a horizontal plate with two vertical arms provided with iv hair-sights, and a circular box with a graduated edge and a magnetic needle hanging on a fine point in the centre. The blue end of the needle always turns due north, or as nearly so as necessary for all practical purposes. By means of a capstan screw the varia- nce ^-COMPASS. tion of the needle can be get off> The instrument is attached to a ball- joint and socket for a sim- ple stake or " Jacob's staff." It can also be used with a tripod for more exact measurements. When in use it is placed above a given station, as A in Fig. 10 ; the joint upon which the needle is hung should be precisely above that station. Adjusting the instrument in a level and ver- tical position, we point the arms in the direction of B, where a flagstaff has been placed previously, and bring the hair-sights to bear on the staff. Now it is easy to count the number of degrees between the blue point of the needle and the line indicated by the direction of the two arms of the compass. The angle is noted in the field- book, we measure the distance from A to B with a tape-line, and shift the instrument to B and proceed in the same manner there. More often the instrument is placed only on every other station, and the length and degree of the two lines are taken from that point, as B and E in Fig. 10. A (Implements. 37 whole plot of land may also be measured from one central point in the manner shown in Fig. 11, the length of the diagonal lines being measured with a tape-line and the angles noted on a rough outline drawing in the field-book, afterwards to be drawn to a scale with the help of compass and protractor. FIQ. 10. HOW TO MEASURE A SMALL PLOT OF LAND BY MEANS OF COMPASS. The compass is also used in fixing curved stakes for walks and drives as seen in Fig. 11. In this case the angles and the length of the diagonal lines must be plainly marked on the working drawing, and some central point should be properly located, as the station A in the diagram which is 38 Umplements* ten feet from the corner of the building. The compass being adjusted the needle points as usual due north, we fix the needle with the capstan pinion and set the arms of the compass to 60, stake out the line, and measure the distance, IS' 6" to #, where a stake is driven in, and so on until the curve is fully marked. Any object may be located in the same manner, such as shrubs and trees, flower-beds, the outlines of hills and rockeries, and so forth. ; - h ._../ & 3& ,~~~ M V. _2L__ '*>' "/ v ^ x ^^ ^-'^ ~^--^ iro' " . - ><" ^ L /x X x^ x /N. v ?- >^' / ' \ v v / / X* ^ ?/////////////j\ I & o . FIQ. 11. HOW TO STAKE OUT A WALK BY MEANS OF COMPASS. A staff-head is an octagonal prism of brass with a socket for the Jacob's staff. Each side has a narrow longi- tudinal opening by means of which angles of 45 and 90 can be staked out on the ground ; the staff with the instru- ment being placed vertically on the spot where the lines are to cross, stakes are placed exactly in the same manner as by means of the compass. The flagstaff s are simply square or octagonal strips of wood, six or eight feet long and ffmplements. 39 about an inch in diameter, pointed at one end to admit of insertion in the ground. If they are used to locate long straight lines or at a great distance, a piece of white or red cloth is put on the top ; they will be best seen if painted red and white alternately. It is clear that when a line has to be staked out on the ground the operator needs an assistant to place the staff in the right position; he is directed to the right or left as the case may be by motions of the hand. The water-level is a handy instrument for placing grade stakes and for levelling small g U plots of land. It consists of a A rl simple tube of brass or zinc with | '" jj 1||| two vertical arms in which glass tubes have been placed. In filling the instrument the water rises to the same level in the two glass tubes and it needs therefore no adjustment. Now supposing we desire to measure the grade and alti- FIQ. ^.-WATER-LEVEL. tude of the knoll represented in Figure 13, we first stake out the line A-B, putting stakes in the places indicated by the figures. Placing the instrument at A, the assistant holds a levelling rod in the first station (1), we now sight along the surface of the water in the two tubes and read the height in feet and inches on the levelling rod. This done the assistant goes to the second station, the height of which is read and noted in the same manner. The instrument is then shifted to B, and after reading the height of the two stations 2 and 3, the instrument is again shifted to c, and so on. The field-notes are taken in the 40 "(Implements. following manner. In the first column the number of each station is noted ; in the second, the distance between the stations in feet and inches ; in the third under foresights, the heights in feet and tenths of feet in the direction of B (see Figure 13); in the fourth, the height of the instru- FIQ. 13. LEVELLING. ment above the "datum-line," a line that can be fixed at random, 10 or 100 feet below the surface ; in the fifth, the actual height above the datum-line ; in the sixth under back- sights the height of the stations in the direction of A. Height of Actual Stations. Distance. Foresights. instr. above datum-line. height above datum line. Backsights. Remarks. 1 17W 1000' 7'00" 2 18' 2'00" 2300" 1500' 8'00" 3 22' I'OO" 2900" 22 00" 7'00" 4 28' 300" 2700" 2600" I'OO" 5 15' 10 00' 1900" 17'CO" 2'00" 6 20' 6'00" 1300' 133'00" 2200" 3'00" 2500" It is necessary to note the " foresights " and " backsights " only, in the field-notes, the rest is calculated afterwards as follows. Supposing the datum-line to be fixed at 10 and the backsight to station 1, is 7 feet, these sums added to- gether give the height of the instrument at A, or 17 feet. (Implements, The foresight to station 2 is 2 feet, that is 2 feet less than 17, or 15 feet, which is the actual height of station 2. The instrument having been shifted to B, the backsight to station 2 is 8 feet, namely 8 feet higher than the actual height of that station, or 23 feet, which is the height of the instrument in the new position. The foresight to sta- tion 3 is 1 foot, that is 1 foot less than the height of the instrument ; the actual height of station 3 is therefore 22 feet. All the rest is calculated in the same manner. Finally, foresights and backsights are summed up; if the sum of the foresights is larger than that of the back- sights, the last station is so much below the first one, and S^fci-J-f* FIQ. 14. HOW TO PLACE GRADE STAKES BY MEANS OF WATER-LEVEL. vice versa. In the present example, station 6 is 3 feet higher than station 1. All the readings are here supposed to be in even feet, something never occurring in actual practice, but it makes the example easier to comprehend. Very often the whole line can be levelled from one point, and this greatly simplifies the matter. The water-level is also used in fixing grade stakes. Supposing the continuous line in Figure 14 to represent the rugged surface of an ill-made road, and the dotted line the suggested improvement. A is a plane of reference or " bench mark," and all stakes are placed so much higher or lower than this mark as the dotted line indicates. Placing 42 "(Implements. the level at B and the levelling rod at A we take the read- ings of that point : 8 feet. Stake 1, when driven in to a sufficient depth, should be 1 foot 3 tenths lower ; the read- ings at that point will therefore be : 1' 7" + 8' = 9' 7". Stake 2. 18 feet distant, is 7 tenths higher; the readings will be 9 feet, and so on in proportion. The levelling rod is simply a square stake, about ten feet high, divided into feet, each foot being subdivided into tenths and hundreds. The main divisions are painted red and white alternately. While the levelling is being done, the rodman is directed to hold a lead pencil in a horizontal position across the rod, moving it up and down slowly until the exact place is found. A more complete levelling rod is provided with a round target which slides up and down. The surface of the target is divided into four equal sections painted alternately white and red; there is an opening in the centre to admit of reading the number of feet and inches indicated. The Y-level is quite an expensive instrument used for the same purpose, and in the same manner as the water-level, being of course more exact and more useful for important work. It consists of a telescope with a tube of brass or gun-metal, and lenses provided with a hair-cross of spider's webs, allowing very accurate observations. It is levelled with the aid of two air-bubbles in glass tubes, and by means of screws acting upon a pivot, placed loosely in the socket. A tripod is always used in connection with this instrument. It requires a very careful adjustment and cannot be used in a satisfactory manner without some practice. The theodo- lite combines the qualities of the compass and the Y-level. (Implements. 43 It is expensive, but where it can be had no other instru- ment is necessary. A measuring rod ten or fifteen feet long is handy for practical work ; it should be divided into feet and inches. In laying out walks and drives, flower-beds and borders, it is used for measuring distances, as the width of a drive or the space between shrubs and other plants. Borning-rods 1 sometimes take the place of more exact instruments in every-day practice. They are simple stakes five feet long ; one of the three generally used together is somewhat longer than the others, with a sight-hole at the upper end. To the other two short cross-pieces may be attached at the A ra. f -t' - ;" 5. / ^ i 1 - r- -^--r~~ :: ~~ ^^^^^^^2^^^^^/^^^^?^^<^^^^^^^ vT*" Htkra /^/////////////^//^^ FIG. 15. HOW TO PLACE GRADE STAKES BY MEANS OF TWO BORNING-RODS AND MEASURING ROD. upper ends, at exact right angles. Grade stakes for a grad- ually inclined plane may be placed by this means in the following manner : drive a stake at each end, one to mark the highest, the other the lowest part of the slope ; let one man hold a rod vertically on one of the stakes, remain at the other end and direct a third man with another rod to drive grade stakes in a straight line between the two end stakes to the proper level. When, in looking through the sight-hole, the tops of the two rods are on the same plane, the stake is properly placed. Proceed in the same manner 1 A horticultural term. 44 Implements. with the rest. Figure 15 shows a nice method of placing grade stakes for an undulated surface. A, A/ are two rods of equal length pushed into the soil to the same depth and standing five feet above the surface. B is a measuring rod with a sliding cross-piece for a sight or target. Supposing the desired height of the stake at B to be 2 feet above the shaded line, the cross-piece is placed at 3 feet on the meas- uring rod and the stake is driven in until the cross-piece and the tops of the two rods are on the same plane, the measuring rod, as a matter of course, being held vertically on the top of the stake. In like manner any number of grade stakes may be placed. A straight-edge, a plain board of seasoned wood six inches wide and ten or fifteen feet long, is sometimes used in combination with a carpen- ter's level and plumb-line for determining the rise of steep hillsides ; and in practical work, in road -making, construc- tion of bridges and other rustic structures, its use and pur- pose are too evident to need any explanation. The garden line is of great practical use in road- and lawn- making, hedge-planting, and drainage work, in laying out and planting beds and borders in the vegetable garden and other parts, where straight and formal lines are required. A plaited hempen cord about a quarter of an inch in diameter and a hundred feet long makes a neat and durable garden line. One FIQ. 16. THE QAR- . . DEN LINE. end is attached to a reel, on which it is rolled up when not in use, and the other to a plain iron pin. The spade is the most useful implement for working and preparing the soil, and although much work is now {Implements* 45 done with the plough and subsoiler, these implements can- not in any way compare in usefulness with the spade. In planting large grounds the soil can be worked tolerably well by these means, but for all more important work the spade is still used. Spades should be made of the best steel ; they must be light and strong, with smoothly fin- ished handles, and sharp blades that will remain clean and polished when in use. Spades of the best American manu- facture are generally satisfactory. Shovels are used as ad- juncts to the spade in digging and shifting loose materials and in surface grading of lawns. Those with long, smooth handles and comparatively small steel blades turned up at the sides, are the best for our purpose. Forks with flat prongs are handy for digging beds and borders, in pre- paring the vegetable garden for planting, or for digging in open shrubberies. Forks of light and strong make with spade handle and four or five elastic steel prongs are the best. Trowels are small tools for planting herbaceous plants and bulbs in rockeries and flower-beds. The blade is hollowed and pointed, made of- a thin piece of steel about eight inches long joined to a short wooden handle five inches long. The pickaxe is employed in rough construction work for loosening soil, removing stones, digging trenches for drains, and in making cuts and excavations for drives and walks. For this purpose crowbars are also occasionally needed. The grubbing-axe is a similar tool, but has one end flattened into an axe-like edge. It is chiefly used in clearing land, and also in digging where many roots of trees are encountered. Besides this, where clearing is necessary, axes and brush hooks are required. 4 6 implements. Steel rakes, with from six to fifteen more or less closely set teeth, are used in all surface finishing and for breaking up and levelling spaded soil. A rake eighteen inches wide, with fourteen strong steel teeth, is the best for ordinary use. The handle should be long and of light, strong material. Wooden rakes are chiefly used in cleaning lawns of leaves and other rubbish. A sod-iron is the most handy and expedient tool for cutting grass-turfs, for edging lawns, for terraces and sloping surfaces. It consists of a heart- | shaped steel blade, very thin, with a sharp-cutting edge. It is attached to a long handle in the same manner as a scuffle- hoe. In cutting sods, strips are first marked out in the lawn or pasture by means of a spade or verge-cutter. The verge-cut- ter or edging iron is further used in cutting clean the edges of a lawn after sod- ding. It is a simple steel FIG. IS.-EDQINQ IRONS. FIQ.17 TURF ,-,-,., 111 in -i IRON. blade with a rounded edge, attached to a straight wooden handle about five feet long. Another kind con- sists of a thin circular plate with a very sharp edge, and revolving on a steel axle fastened in a fork attached to a straight handle. The mallet consists of a rectangular piece of wood about eight inches long, six inches broad and four inches thick, and a short handle ten inches or a foot long. It is used in "(Implements, 47 sodding for beating down the turf to the proper level. The sod-knife is handy for joining the edges of the separate turfs, and also for cutting off any unduly thick portion of the sod. The turf -beater is used after all the sods have been placed in position to beat down and level the whole sur- face. It is simply a piece of wood, fourteen inches long, ten inches wide and three inches thick, supplied with a shovel handle. A rammer is made of cast-iron, about eight inches square, with a socket' for an upright handle four feet long. It is used for ramming down soil firmly, and in road-making for beating down the filling materials. The roller is a cylinder of cast-iron at- tached to an axle, on which it revolves, fastened to a handle with a balance weight. A roller for hand power may weigh from 250 to 350 pounds. Among other implements are : wheel- barrows, for shifting soil at short distances ; scoops for horse power ; carts, ploughs, subsoilers, harrows and pulverizers, and horse-power or steam rollers for extensive work ; a simple crane for hoisting stone and other heavy material, and specially constructed carts for the removal and plant- ing of large trees. FIQ. 19. CAST-IRON RAMMER. III. THE PLAN. EFORE beginning the work of improving the home lot, some definite plan of grading and planting should be adopted. The system of drives and walks must be determined upon, the character of the soil and surface noted, and all unsightly objects removed. Be the grounds ever so small, steps should be taken to improve them in the best possible manner, and it is always prudent to ask the advice of a professional landscape gardener. There should be no hesitancy in investing a fair amount for the improvement of the home surroundings, and all investment of this kind will raise the value of the property far above the actual cost. If the place is large and the ground greatly undulated, a topographic survey of the whole will be of great service in designing and laying out the garden. This is especially necessary if the landscape architect employed has no oppor- tunity to supervise the work personally, but must convey all the necessary information in an intelligible manner in the plan and specifications. Even for small places a plan 4 8 ZTbe plan. 49 is useful, but may be very simple, merely consisting of the outlines of the grounds, buildings, walks, shrubberies, and flower-beds, with the size and distance marked in plain figures. When a place has been measured and surveyed as directed in the chapter on implements, the rough map ac- companying the field-notes is draw^n to a scale either on paper or cloth, the latter being best for practical use. The drawing can be more or less finished, giving a perfect idea of the appearance of the grounds after planting, or merely indicate the general features. A working drawing must show the exact position of shrubs and trees, each plant being marked with a plain number ; the width of drives and walks, as well as the proper curves and grades ; the num- ber and position of specimen plants ; outlines of rockeries, borders, and flower-beds. Detail drawings, plans, and ele- vations of rustic buildings, and all work requiring special attention, should also be had. Any natural feature that may be used to advantage, such as trees already growing on the place, rocks, streams, and small ponds, should be clearly shown. Trees to be removed are marked with a cross, and any alteration of water margins by means of dotted lines. Where the surface of the ground is designed to be altered and graded, cross-section drawings, showing the quantity of soil to be removed or brought on, are re- quired if the work is of great importance. In order to transfer the plan to the ground in every detail, the working drawing may be divided into squares, as shown by the dotted line in Fig. 20, identical lines being drawn on the ground. From these lines all measures can be taken and edges of walks and drives, shrubberies and trees are 50 ZTbe plan. then staked out according to the plan. In small places the measure can be taken from the sidewalk, the house, or any other fixed object. When locating trees and shrubs the FIQ. 20. WORKING PLAN SHOWING HOW TO STAKE OUT DRIVES, AND MODE OF PLANTING. N. JONSSON ROSE, ARCHITECT. 1. Residence. 2. Stables. 3. Kitchen garden. 4. Avenue of fruit-trees. 5. Herbaceous borders. 6. Ornamental groups of fruit-trees and shrubs. 7. Composite groups of small ornamental trees and flowering shrubs. 8. Groups of coniferous trees. 9. Screen-planting. 10, Road. name or number of each species should be plainly written in red chalk on the stake marking its future position. In this manner all mistakes in planting will be avoided. Ube plan, 51 The accompanying plans will serve as samples of plans for small home grounds. Fig. 21, A, represents a lot 50 by 200 feet, a rather small and insignificant piece of land A. B. c. FIQ. 21. THREE SMALL SUBURBAN GARDENS. N. J. ROSE. which, however, can be rendered very attractive by proper planting. The building is placed lengthways on the lot, the entrance being at the left corner. The surface is 52 Ube plan. slightly undulating. At the extreme back an unsightly gravel-pit has been made into a small, irregular pond with clean concrete bottom, so as to retain sufficient water at all times. The planting is simple and attractive. Here the lawn has been graded to form a somewhat rounded surface gradually sloping to the water's edge, thence rising into a small knoll on which a pavilion is erected. The front is open to the street, the lawn being continuous with those of the neighboring gardens. Behind the house the lot is en- closed by a thin, evergreen hedge. We have several open spaces of lawn, one quite large between the house and the pond, and a smaller one in front of the house. The groups are mostly of flowering shrubs with here and there a tree, a magnolia, hawthorn, or buckeye. Several hemlocks, firs, and other evergreen trees form a background behind the pavilion, and a smaller group is seen near the house. On either side of the kitchen entrance there is a small rockery for dwarf and choice plants only, sheltered from the strong sun- shine during the better part of the day, and farther back on the opposite side of the walk a small bed for spring and sum- mer flowers. The walk is a narrow one, six feet wide in front of the house, four feet behind, leading by graceful curves di- rect to the house and to the pond and pavilion. B and C in the same figure are plans of similar lots 60 by 200 feet. In the first of these there are a few beds for summer flowers, a rockery by the corner of the house, a bower of climbing roses, and several groups of evergreen trees and shrubs. The two plans differ but slightly, showing two ways of treating similar places. In C, a small workshop is shown at the back part instead of a pavilion. While the front plan. 53 of these three gardens is open to the street, the lawn is edged with a low stone enclosure surmounted with vases for flowering plants on each side of the entrance. Fig. 22 shows one of the smallest of small gardens on a piece of land 25' by 1 50', a size common in many suburban towns. Here we have a small piece of ground set apart for vegetables and flowers in the backyard besides the workshop. A flower- border runs along the south side of the house, and the whole is enclosed by a hedge, the straight lines of which are re- lieved by a few choice evergreen trees, and flowering shrubs. Fig. 23 represents a city garden 50 by 150 feet. There is a stable FIG. 23. CITY GARDEN. FIQ. 22.-SMALL behind, a drive entering CITY GARDEN. , , 1 -, -, the back-garden under a porte-cochere, which shuts off the view from the street. The terrace in front is surmounted by a low stone wall with vases for flowering plants and vines. The lawn in front of the terrace is quite level and open to the street, edged with a stone enclosure similar to that on the terrace, with vases 54 Ube plan. on each side of the entrance. In this little garden there are only a few choice flowering shrubs and evergreen trees ; a suitable place for flowers is provided in the border along the drive, on both sides of the porte-cochere. FIQ. 24. PRIVATE SUBURBAN GARDEN. Fig. 24 is a more complete plan of a garden 100 by 150 feet. The place is screened and protected on all sides by means of shrubberies, leaving the scenery within complete in itself with open spaces of lawn and a small but beautiful body of water. The pond being small, the bottom is made of plan. 55 FIQ. 25. SUBURBAN -VILLA GARDEN. N. J. ROSE. 5<5 ZTbe plan* concrete ; it is supplied with water from the general water- works. The ground is slightly undulated; all the variety of the soil surface has been produced by means of the soil excavated from the pond, the walks, and in building the house. In one place the path leads through a shady grove of white birch, bordered by a few flowering shrubs, haw- thorn and viburnum, the ground being covered with various choice woodland flowers and ferns. There are rockeries instead of flower-beds near the pavilion, and by the side of the residence, and one single bed for flowers in front of the veranda. A small garden like this must be kept absolutely clean and trim to give a good impression. As nearly all external views are shut off, and the screen- planting breaks the force of high winds, the scenery within is secluded and peaceful, and many choice flowers and shrubs can be grown to perfection here. The whole is en- closed by means of a low, well trimmed hedge, and open- ings through the shrubbery give passers-by a glimpse of the scenery within. Fig. 25 is the plan of a corner lot, 100 by 225 feet. The house stands on a slight elevation, which slopes gradually to the sidewalk. The hillside is girded by a few small flowering trees and shrubs. Besides this there are several groups of flowering shrubs and evergreen trees with a few specimens of shade-trees on the lawn, a purple beech and a white silver fir. Back of the house is a border for herba- ceous plants, and at some distance two flower-beds. The drive enters from the side street, and turns in front of the stable, in the upper left-hand corner, around a fountain. In the grass a few patches of spring flowers are marked by ZTbe plan. 57 FIQ. 26. GROUNDS OF A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE. N. J. ROSE. 58 TTbe plan. round dots or rings. These consist of crocus, snowdrops, two-leaved scilla, glory of the snow, and daffodils. A somewhat larger and more pretentious place is repre- sented in Fig. 26. This lawn covers nearly an acre of ground, with a frontage of 150 feet wide. In front of the barn, and enclosed by a hedge, there is a good-sized vege- table garden with a few choice fruit-trees on one side, and ample room for flower borders and small fruit. On the front lawn a few carpet beds are arranged in a semicircle around a larger one, and behind the house there is a border for herbaceous plants. In Fig. 27 we have a plan of a villa garden of between four and five acres. The residence is simple and attractive, built of brick and stone. The grounds are more elaborate in design than is usual in this country, entailing more care and giving more satisfaction than the usual run of gardens. It is merely shown as an example of what can be done on so small a place. The vegetable garden is sufficient for a large family. Fruit-trees are planted here and there in the lawn near the vegetable garden and form quite attractive groups, especially when flowering. The drive to the stable is an avenue of red maples; it is bordered by flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants. There are wide open spaces of lawn, shady groves, and thickets or shrubberies with a variety of woodland flowers and creeping vines. On the north, the lake shore forms a very pleasing feature with small coves and bays and low woody promontories. The plan explains itself and needs no further comment. In designing a garden or park there are certain qualities that must be taken into consideration. First of these and TTbe plan. 59 ill FIG. 27.-HOME-QROUNDS OF A COUNTRY RESIC A. Dwelling-house. B. Gardener's lodge. C. Conservatory and green- houses. D. Stables. E. Pavilion. F. Pavement. G. Place for composts and manures. H. H. Quarters for vegetables. I. Small Fruits. K. Children's playground. L. Flower-beds. M. Eocky knoll. N. Artificial modification of the river. O. Fruit-trees planted in natural groups. 60 Ube plan* most important is Proportion. It is necessary to make the different parts proportionate in size with the size of the grounds ; small groups of smaller trees and shrubs for lesser places, and larger groups of larger trees and shrubs for larger places. And this rule, applicable to the plantations, must also be observed in the construction of drives, walks, and buildings. Another important quality is Usefulness. This means that everything in the garden must have a meaning and a purpose, not necessarily a material use. Every curve in a walk or drive must have a reason for being and a pur- pose in leading to some object or other ; every shrub and tree must be pleasing and appropriate in its place. There must be Congruity in the different elements composing the scenery ; no sudden breaks nor abnormal parts and positions that cannot be accounted for, but gradual changes only ; so that one part is joined to another imperceptibly, shrubberies vanishing in lawns and lawns losing themselves in glades and groves. Without Variety and a proper difference in the various parts that compose the scenery, the garden will soon become flat and uninteresting to the common mind. There should be something new and interesting every day and season of the year. There must be no stereotyped parts. Even the same groups should wear a different ex- pression at different times of the day, and much more so during different seasons; abounding in flowers in spring, taking the glossy and sober hues of summer, changing into blazing colors in autumn, and stretching picturesque and graceful crowns to the sky in winter, followed by the tender tints of bud and leaf, and rich with the various flowers that form an undergrowth in early spring. Variety not ITbe BMan. 61 only in form and color, but in odors and sounds, in lights and shadows, is necessary to give the right impression. Repose : But although variety is the most salient factor in the planning of a garden, this variety must not be carried to excess, so as to give an impression of restlessness. Repose, dignity, and a peaceful expression are necessary for quiet rest and recreation. Wide open lawns, masses of trees, not too mixed, clear sheets of water all embody this quality of repose. Harmony and Contrast go hand in hand ; they are not antagonistic if rightly understood. There is often harmony between the most widely different forms and colors ; scarlet, blue, and w T hite, as represented in the field poppy, the ox-eye daisy, and the cornflower, combine the qualities of harmony and contrast. Two so widely different plants as the elm and the ivy, or the spruce and the prairie- rose, go in practice well together harmoniously ; yet vastly different in form and color. By combining in intricate and inexplicable ways various forms and colors, nature sometimes creates the most enchanting scenery out of strongly opposing elements. Shadbush and hemlock, birch and pine, ever- green mountain laurels beside the deciduous azalea, are examples of such combinations. It must further be remembered to take into consideration the quality and nature of soil and location, as one class of plants is especially adapted to one kind of soil, and another to quite a different one. We have seen that the seaside flora is quite different from that of a fertile plain or valley, and these, in turn, differ from the high mountain regions in the nature of their vegetation. But when a garden or park is a finished whole in itself, as the city park or garden must 62 Ube plan. of necessity be, we may quite properly introduce plants from all regions, and grow them under as natural conditions as is possible by artificial means. There we may have lux- urious water-plants from the tropics, as the lotus, growing naturally in ponds and lakes ; and alpine plants flowering freely on the sunny slopes of a rockery not far away. The impression will be as pleasing as if the combination had been made by nature itself. But when the garden is to be a part only of a wide landscape, then it should be in entire harmony with the whole, of which it possibly is the bright- est and most beautiful spot. The illustrations to this chapter give a fair idea of the correct curvature of roads and walks, and the picturesque outlines of shrubberies and other plantations. Drives and walks must be as direct as possible, no bends or curves being made simply for their own sake. A drive is natu- rally led around a knoll or hill and not across it, for the grade would be too steep and the outline too stiff and formal. In crossing a stream it must be done at right angles, not obliquely or lengthways over the water ; the same rule must be observed when leading a path through a hedge or other enclosure. The outlines of shrubberies and groups of trees must never be too formal or rounded ; a slight irregularity will produce better effects of shade and light and a more beautiful outline. Here and there stray shrubs and trees should be planted to unite different groups into larger masses, or to form specimens on the lawn. This and like subjects will be more fully treated in subsequent chapters. IV. GRADING. EADING is one of the most important operations connected with landscape-gardening. It is the plastic side of the art, just as planting is the I' 1 '' 1 pictorial side, one supplying form, the other color. By grading, a rough or broken surface may be made into softly undulating ground ; if flat and characterless, it can be altered and hollowed out into shal- low dells, or raised into low mounds, rounded slopes, and picturesque knolls. Grading means the creation of all the variety of the surface and the general improvement of the ground in both an artistic and practical sense. In small places there is, as a rule, but little grading to do, and that of the most simple kind, such as filling low ground, level- ling the surface near the residence, and making terraces and lawns. In larger grounds it is often necessary to make quite important changes, as to alter the course of a stream, or to make tlie outlines of a symmetrical pond or lake sinu- ous and picturesque. If intelligently done, comparatively little work will produce good results. A slightly undulat- ing surface may be made simply by using the soil excavated 64 (Bracing. from the drives and roads, as seen in Fig. 28. The low, raised mound will form a good place for a shrubbery. Supposing it is desirable to make the flat surface repre- sented by the straight line in Fig. 29 into an undulated surface represented by the dotted line in the same figure. The difference in the level between A and B will be one FIQ.28. HOW TO UTILIZE SOIL EXCAVATED FROM A DRIVE FOR SLIGHT VARIATIONS OF THE GROUND. foot, yet we have only removed six inches of soil from A to B ; the result is the little rounded hill at B and the shallow dell at A. This effect may afterwards be consider- ably heightened by means of judicious planting, as indi- cated in the diagram. If we increase the depth of the excavation, indicated in this figure, from six inches to six feet, and the length from sixteen to two hundred feet, we .......... tf/'*20^ FIG. 29.- SHOWING HOW TO FORM GENTLE UNDULATIONS CF THE GROUND. will have the same rolling surface on a much larger scale, and the effect will be heightened. Instead of planting a few dwarf, flowering plants on the little mound, we now have the opportunity to plant a large and varied shrubbery on the slope of a considerable hill. But while it would be per- fectly safe to remove six inches of soil from A to B, if the soil was of ordinary depth and fertility, by the removal Grafting. 65 of six feet, all the fertile soil at A would be taken away, and at B it would be covered up beneath a considerable mass of subsoil, clay or gravel. Hence if so considerable a work was undertaken, the good soil would have to be dug away first, and put aside to be used as a surface soil again, after finishing the work. FIG. 30. HOW TO IMPROVE AND MODIFY LOW GROUND. Supposing, too, we have a low, marshy piece of land in our grounds which must be either filled in or converted into a small lake. The straight line in Fig. 30 represents the water level, and the undulating line the surface of the ground. We desire to make our lake three feet deep, necessitating the removal of about four feet of soil from A, which we deposit at B, forming a nicely rounded slope fall- FIG. 31 .-OLD GRAVEL PIT TRANSFORMED INTO A SMALL ORNAMENTAL WATER WITH SLOPING SHORES. ing gently to the water's edge. The result is better, and the effect is more varied, than if the same marshy ground had been filled in by means of soil brought from outside at great expense. By intelligently grading the soil and taking advantage even of natural defects, we are able to produce good results economically. In another place there is a gravel pit, ragged 66 (Brafcing. and unsightly, with a ditch of stagnant water at the bot- tom. The dotted line in Fig. 31 represents the actual surface. The solid line shows the grading after the work has been finished. It will be seen from the section in the figure that only a comparatively small quantity of material FIQ. 32. METHOD OF MODIFYING STEEP SHORES. has been handled to produce this effect. The result is a pleasantly sloping lawn, a clear, fresh-water pond sur- rounded by various ornamental trees and shrubs. Small streams and ponds are often found with steep banks, as seen in Fig. 32. In such cases an easy and natural slope to the water's edge should be made, as shown by the dotted FIQ. 33. HOW TO MAKE A WALK ON SLOPING GROUND. line in the same diagram. This, while not increasing the volume of water contained in the pond, widens the surface considerably, and gives a more natural and pleasing finish. In the construction of walks and drives considerable grading is often necessary. Fig. 33 shows a sloping surface with a considerable fall. As it has been decided to con- 67 struct a walk at A, it is clear that some grading must be done in order to make the roadbed perfectly level. It could be done in the manner indicated by the short, dotted line at C, but it is evidently better to make the surface as represented by the solid line. The soil excavated from A will be deposited at B to form a rounded slope, instead of a straight and angular one. If it is found necessary to make a deep cut for a drive or walk, as shown in Fig. 38, or if we want to modify an angular cut like that repre- *N FIQ. 34. METHOD OF PLACING GRADE STAKES. sented by the dotted line, here also we find that the rounded outline is the most pleasing and natural one, and we modify the angular surface, deposit the soil farther away, with a view to planting the shrubberies afterwards to heighten the effect. In all cases where deep excavations are necessary, a sufficiently deep layer of surface soil must be provided in finishing the work. If it is necessary to grade according to a given plan, sec- tional drawings being supplied by the landscape architect, it is important to transfer the measures from the drawing to the ground. Fig. 34 shows how this is done. The shaded line represents the actual surface of the ground which it is desirable to change into an undulating lawn, as shown by the dotted line. By means of pegs driven into 68 the soil on the line A-B at given distances, we mark the form of the new surface. Where excavations have to be made, holes must be dug in the ground, in which the pegs are driven to the desired depth, and where it is intended to form a mound or knoll, the height of the pegs must cor- respond with the height of the surface line, as shown in the figure. The finished surface is shown in B. Most of the work of grading on small places, where the object is simply to round the surface of a lawn, or raise low mounds for shrubberies or flower-beds, or to build ter- races in front of a house, can be done by means of spade, shovel, and wheelbarrow. Much of this work may be done without wheeling or carting, as that shown in Fig. 29 ; the soil from A may easily be thrown to B, where it can be levelled and finished by means of a rake. But where the work is considerable and soil has to be transported long dis- tances, dumping carts are needed for the transportation, and a man should be kept to level the soil as it is brought on the ground. For shorter distances the use of wheel- barrows is more economical. If the soil is merely to be shifted, to make slight variations in the ground, as in Fig. 34, it may be loosened by means of plowing, and scooped from one place to the other. This is the most economical manner of grading, if the soil is loose, or can be loosened by the plow. As soon as one layer of soil has been re- moved in this way, another may be plowed up and scooped away in its turn ; and so on, until the desired result is obtained, when the good soil put aside for covering can be transported by the same means, and spread uniformly over the surface. 6 9 As the roughest grading is done before the drives and walks are finished, a kind of supplementary grading is often needed before the lawns can be sodded and sown. It is desirable to have all lawns smooth and finished, and the surface soil must be well broken up ; in small places, by means of rake and shovel ; in larger fields, by means of harrowing and rolling. If the surface soil can be worked thoroughly and enriched with dressings of manure and fill- ings of good loam at the time the grading is done, the extra work of digging and plowing is not necessary. But as it is only in certain places that the surface of the ground has FI3. 35. DRAINS OF ROUND TILES AND STONE DRAINS. been altered, the whole ground should be thoroughly spaded or plowed, and worked in the most approved man- ner to make the soil open and porous. If the subsoil con- sists of heavy clay, and the surface soil is rather light, or vice versa, subsoiling for shrubberies and choice trees will be well repaid, by a more luxurious and rapid growth than could be expected without such work. In close connection with grading comes the draining of the ground. It is not always necessary except where land is stiff and low. The best drains for a lawn or garden are 70 Grafting, illustrated in Fig. 35. Round tiles are apt to become filled and clogged by the roots of trees and shrubs ; they are best used in open places, where they are in no danger of being rendered useless. On land with a stiff and clayey subsoil, drainage is a most important operation which must receive special atten- tion. If the area to be drained is large arid a number of trenches must be dug, a main drain with an easy flow to some large, open ditch or river is constructed. With this all the lateral drains are connected. Such drains should unite with the main drain at an acute angle, and can be from twenty-five to fifty feet apart, or more, according to the need of the ground. Ordinarily, a main drain of round tiles from four to six inches in diameter, will carry off all the superfluous water of several acres. For lateral drains the one and a half or two-inch size is sufficient. Round tiles when laid are put end to end, but not joined. A minimum fall of six inches in one hundred feet is neces- sary, and may be had on the most level ground. No drain should be nearer the surface than three feet. Hence if the ground is almost level, as most watery land is apt to be, the drains at their outlet must be several feet deeper than at the other end. For instance, in digging a drain six hundred feet long on flat land, it is necessary, in order to ensure the proper fall of six inches in a hundred feet, to make it six feet deep at its outlet, while at its opposite end it is only three feet deep. In a garden, larger and deeper drains, and a greater fall is needed than in an open field. If the drains are made very shallow, a greater number are needed to drain a given piece of land. The depth and distance must 71 * '-.-. * ''.'/' $ : of necessity be in accordance with the more or less watery nature of the soil. In digging the drains it is well to begin at the lower end. Any ordinary workman can then easily see for himself if the fall is sufficient, as there is always apt to be more or less water at the proper depth, which, if the fall is right, will easily flow away. Drains thus roughly dug must, however, be gone over afterwards by a skilled workman. It is well to employ the most skilled and expert workman to lay the drain, whether it be of stone or of round tile. V. DRIVES AND WALKS, RIVES and walks are necessary for comfort and convenience, and are chiefly intended for use and not for ornament. Still they should be as ornamental and symmetrical as possible, with a regularly rounded surface, raised some- what above the level of the lawn, and with edges slightly lower. They must be uniform in width and as direct as possible. Straight walks, such as those common in old French gardens, are seldom used at present. A winding path is more to the purpose, as in its course it leads to more objects of interest than a straight one. But all curves must be simple and have a reason for being, such as an object to which they lead, or an obstruction of some kind or other that must be avoided. And, even without such an obstruc- tion, the walk is never laid straight, but a shrubbery, or a flower-bed, or some other object is placed so as to form an apparent reason for the sinuous windings, which are essen- tial in order to avoid straight and formal lines. In Fig. 36 the walk leads between A and B, and while it could have been made perfectly straight when constructed, it is advan- 72 H>ri\>es anfc Walfes. 73 tageous to have it as it is for several reasons. First, it is now in harmony with the grounds ; secondly, as the walk winds in and out among trees and shrubberies, the scenery appears more rich and varied than it would otherwise do. Furthermore, the reason for this curve, which did not exist at the time the path was made, is now very tangible in the form of a considerable shrubbery. Fig. 37 represents the plan of a mound or knoll with a pavilion, which it is desired to reach with a path from A. The most direct route is too steep, and in order to have an FIG. 36. CURVED ROAD ROUNDING A SHRUBBERY. easy ascent, we make the path as shown in the diagram. Behind the same hill there is a bathing-house on the shore of a lake. Here again we abandon the most direct line, to make the descent as gradual as possible, and the path in its winding course brings us, first opposite a sloping lawn to the north, then, northeast to groves and shrubberies; and lastly, east and south, a transparent sheet of water bursts upon our view. The width and size and number of walks must vary according to the size of a place and be in accordance with the actual need. When the paths divide, as shown in some of the plans submitted in a previous chap- 74 Drives ant) Walfes, ter, the main path should always be broader than the by- paths. The manner in which one road joins another is also illustrated in these plans. Intervening lawns must not be too naiTow, and two paths should never be laid on parallel lines close together. In large parks, a walk or promenade may run alongside of a drive, as they are intended for different uses, and may in that case be separated by narrow strips of lawn, with here and there a tree or shrub. FIQ. 37. WALK LAID TO THE TOP OF A HILL. HOW TO AVOID STEEP GRADES. As soon as a plan has been accepted, and before any other work is done, the drives and walks should be staked out according to the plan, and if the surface is to be raised or sunk, this must be indicated by means of pegs placed in the middle at a suitable distance. If the road is to be con- siderably lower than the surface of the soil, as in Fig. 38, holes must be dug, in which the pegs are driven, and the 2>riY>es anfc Walfes* 75 correct height must be fixed by means of instruments. The exact location will be found by measuring the distances on the working drawing, and transferring them to the ground with precision. When the curves are long, stakes may be placed ten or more feet apart, but when the turns _r ^U ^JwC/r/r u j i i ^ ^mmm. ,^^ are short and rounded, the ^fofassmJ^' distance should be less, SO f \ Qt SB-GRADING THE SIDES OF A SUNKEN that the exact outline, will be well defined. If the roads are to be made of asphalt or cement, a specialist must be employed. The making of macadamized drives and walks is, however, well understood by most gardeners and may be left to them. The dia- grams supplied herewith illustrate the different methods of constructing a drive or walk. First, the outline should be marked by means of a line laid on the curve indicated by the stakes, and the edge cut out with a spade. Then the soil is dug away to the desired depth, the road-bed being made equally broad and deep from end to end, with the surface slightly rounded and a couple of inches higher in the middle than at the sides. If the soil is loose and uneven after digging, it must be broken, trodden, and beaten down, so as to form a solid bed. If the drive is large, and intended to be used frequently, a good and solid foundation must be made. From four to eight inches of broken stone or small pebbles should be put in the bottom and well packed together with a rammer, or it may be rolled. Over this, when in a proper condition, a layer of about two inches of sandy clay or other binding 76 Drives anfc TKHalfes. material, will be necessary to fill up crevices, and to joiji the whole together. This layer in its turn must be spread, and packed into the mass beneath, by ramming or rolling. For surface covering, about three inches of coarse gravel should be used, from which the larger stones and the finer sediment have been removed, or can be raked off after- wards. When this is raked uniformly over the surface and rolled or beaten down, the main part of the road is finished. The finish of the edge requires some skill and precision. As a rule, the edges of walks and drives that is, the grass edge should be finished before the top layer of gravel is put on. These should be firmly and solidly made of tough and even sods. The sodded edges on both sides of the walk must be on the same level, no matter how different the general surface of the lawn. A piece of board cut out as shown in Fig. 39, is used to make the surface of the walk uniformly rounded and to mark its exact width. F.G 39.-QAUGE USED IN ROAD-MAK.NQ. out whether the oppo- site sides of the walk are on the same level, by placing a common spirit level on the straight upper edge. Of course this gauge must be equally wide at both ends and perfectly straight. In different places the material obtainable differs great- ly. In many stoneless countries, oyster shells, hard clay, and other materials are used in road-making. Oyster shells make good, dry, and solid walks for a garden, especially if covered with a thin layer of fine pebbles. Small pebbles of Drives anfc Walfes. 77 uniform size, as large as peas or hazel-nuts, up to an inch in diameter, are often found in large quantities on the sea- shore. These are excellent for the construction of all kinds of walks and drives in a garden. If the walk is small and the road-bed has been made perfectly solid by means of ramming, a layer of these, about two inches deep, spread over the ground and beaten down firmly, will make a dry and durable path in most places. On low ground it is practical to make road material thickest in the middle, as shown in the diagram, Fig. 40. Fig. 41 shows a section of a drained walk on clayey soil. As the clay prevents the water from sinking, the drain is necessary to carry away the water after heavy rains. After draining through the FIG. 40. SHELL WALK ON LOW GROUND. FIG. 41. DRAINED WALK OR DRIVE ON LOW GROUND. covering, or making its way from the edge of the walk along the scooped-out surface of the bed, it sinks without difficulty to the drain. Special drainage for drives and walks is needed only on flat and low land, or where the subsoil is stiff and impenetrable. In all places where the subsoil is gravelly or porous, drainage is FIG. 42. SIMPLE GRAVEL PATH. superfluous. If the incline of a drive is very steep, the edges are likely to be 78 Drives anfc Malfes. cut, or washed away in places during heavy rains. To prevent this, shallow gutters, about eighteen inches wide, made of cobble-stones from three to five inches in diameter, are needed on both sides of the drive. The stones should be set in sand, and the finished gutter must be slightly lower than the edge of the drive or walk, as shown in the diagram, Fig. 43. Simple gravel paths of coarse material are solid enough for most small gardens and FIG. 43. LARGE DRIVE WITH SURFACE DRAINAGE ; a a, GUTTERS. will generally keep dry and comfortable. Paths of flag- stones and boards are ugly and unsigthly out of all har- mony with a garden ; but asphalt and cement walks are both nice and comfortable. In the construction of walks, besides such common tools as the spade, shovel, and rake, a rammer of hard wood or cast iron, as shown in Fig. 19, is needed. It is used in the road- bed for making the soil firm, and afterwards to ram down stones and gravel. For marking the edge a strong line is necessary, and to cut out the edge of the sod an edging iron is better than a spade, as it cuts cleaner and with greater ease. The walks may be kept clean either by sweeping, if the surface is perfectly solid, or by using a short-toothed rake. Cement and asphalt walks can be washed when necessary by means of the garden hose. VI. GROUPING AND MASSING OF TREES AND SHRUBS. F we examine the composition of some of the most beautiful scenery in a young wood or copse, where the majority of trees and shrubs have sprung from seeds, we find they are gen- erally formed in the following manner: A young tree, just reaching maturity, is standing alone in an uncultivated field ; numerous seedlings spring up around its base, and in a few years we have a small group around the mother tree. The younger trees vary in size according to age, and the group has a picturesquely rounded appearance. In the course of time the younger trees reach maturity, and in their turn become centres of new groups. The result is an irregular, compound group, with taller trees here and there, surrounded by smaller ones, and apparently scattered without order, but in reality placed according to a very natural law. Primarily these groups consist of only one species ; in that illustrated in Fig. 44, of scarlet oak ; having their origin in the one mother tree, by-and-by seeds of flowering shrubs lodge among the fallen leaves, and in their. 79 8o Grouping anfc flDassing of ZIrees ant) Sbrubs. turn grow up and form centres of new groups among the trees, or on the outskirts of the wood. After a while, vari- ous herbaceous plants take the place of the grass and cover the ground with a carpet of flowers. Now we have a com- posite group of trees, shrubs, and flowering plants, the put- hi- FIG. 44. NATURAL GROUP OF OAKS. lines of which are sinuous and undulating, here advancing, there retreating, and formed after the manner shown in the figure. All minor groups consist chiefly of one kind of variously sized plants, which later on unite into larger masses. Groups of various species are finally brought together, and the result is a mixed wood of trees and shrubs differing greatly in form and habit. But the distribution of the various kinds is regulated in the nicest manner; for, as some species thrive best in the bright sunshine, others in partial shade, and some prefer the dry ground, while many seek the moist and swampy land, the groups of trees and flowers Grouping anfc /iDassing of Urees ant) Sbrubs. 81 of the various localities differ greatly and are characteristic of each. On the open borders of wood and copse we find the sun-loving thorns, in the shade of trees in high and dry positions, the mountain laurel, while the swamp honey- suckle seeks shade and moisture. From this superficial analysis of a small wood we may gather some practical hints on the grouping and massing of trees : first, how to make the outline varied and picturesque, by uniting many small groups of different size into larger ones ; secondly, how to make the sky-line pleasing to the eye and in harmony with the general formation of the group; and, finally, how trees and shrubs should be dis- FIQ. 45. COMPOSITE GROUP OF TREES AND SHRUBS SHOWING PICTURESQUE SKY-LINE. tributed in a shrubbery according to their nature and habit, in order to develop their best qualities. The smaller groups should preferably consist of one kind only, or of several varieties of one species. But similar forms, as the different species of lilac, may be brought to- gether in the same group, when the taller kinds, such as the common lilac, should be surrounded by the smaller Chinese or Persian varieties. In a composite plantation the taller groups must be placed in the more central parts, and in the simple group the tallest tree or shrub should be in the middle, both for practical and aesthetic reasons. The sim- ple groups may consist of three or more individual plants, 6 82 Grouping anfc Massing of Urees ant) Shrubs. which should be placed at a sufficient distance to allow each the fullest possible development. One plantation should not consist of too many species mixed without order, but the different groups should mingle in a natural manner to form a united whole. Coniferous trees make the best im- pression when planted by themselves in groups and masses, in the same manner as deciduous shrubs and trees. When two plantations meet, one evergreen and the other decidu- ous, the transition should be gradual ; spruce and birch, and other trees will mix together, and the plantation in such places must be less dense than in the main groups ; glades FIQ. 46. MIXED PLANTATION OF DECIDUOUS TREES AND EVERGREENS. and vistas and open patches of grass should alternate with the scattered groups. There must be harmony of form and color between the different plants that compose the shrubbery, but monotony should be avoided. If plants with light foliage are placed in front of dark ones the effect is much better than if they were planted in an opposite way, hence the beautiful effect of flowering shrubs with a group of spruce and pine for a background. Trees with ovate or cordate leaves, such as the different varieties of birch and beech, may be placed in one group. Others with sinuous or incised leaves, such as the many forms oi oak, in another, and pinnately leaved Grouping anO Massing of ftrees ant> Sbrubs. 83 forms of all shapes and sizes will unite well into groups and masses of their own. As a rule, each individual plant should have sufficient room to develop its full beauty, and to allow of a growth of grass beneath. But when planting is done for imme- diate effect, the trees and shrubs must be planted much closer together, and then the superfluous plants should be removed as soon as the group becomes crowded. Coniferous trees especially must be watched in order to FIG. 47. SCREEN PLANTING. PSEUDOTSUGA DOUGLASII. ABIES NOBILIS GLAUCA. PICEA PICHTA. prevent the loss of the lower branches, and all superfluous trees must be removed without hesitation, as soon as this becomes necessary. In order to provide shelter, or for the sake of excluding disagreeable views, or to render a place more secluded and private, dense plantations are often formed around the entire garden. The outlines of this screen-planting should 8 4 Grouping anfc Massing of Urees ant) Sbrubs. be as irregular and varied as the space will allow. In some places, where the space is sufficient, it should be composed of taller trees, edged with larger and smaller shrubs, and finished off towards the lawn. In other parts it should be much lower, consisting only of a dense mass of shrubs. In such plantations grass will seldom grow to perfection, and the ground is generally kept bare and forked every autumn and occasionally enriched with a heavy covering of manure. In that case the ground is kept perfectly clean during the summer months by means of frequent raking, and the grass edge along the border must be cut in the same manner as around a flower bed. In many gardens all the shrubberies are planted and treated in this manner, and only a few specimen trees and shrubs on the lawn stand free in the grass. This way of keeping a shrubbery involves a consid- erable amount of labor, and it is far better to have the ground in dense shrubberies and groves covered with woodland flowers, of which there are so many exquisitely beautiful kinds. A choice selection of these should be planted indiscriminately in groups, in places where they are most likely to succeed, and they will generally spread over the whole surface if left alone. If it is desirable to introduce any special kind that requires a different soil from that of the garden, deep layers of leaf soil or peat may be dug in in suitable places, to form irregular beds for such varieties. From sylvan scenes of this nature all coarse weeds must be excluded ; the principal masses should con- sist of windflowers, sweet woodruff (Asperula adorata), les- ser celandine, fumitory (Dicentraformosa and eximia, various species of Corydalis), Alp-violets (Cyclamen Europeurri), and Grouping ant> /IDassing ot XTrees anfc Sbrubs. 85 many kinds of orchids. Under the shelter of trees with light foliage, such as the birches, rhododendrons, mountain laurels, mahonias, euonymus, and hollies find an ideal home. Many climbers and creeping plants may also be in- troduced into the shrubbery, and where the ground is low and rich various kinds of ferns should be planted. As a FIQ. 48. RHODODENDRON DAURICUM AS UNDERGROWTH IN A WOOD. background for these there may be some scattered and partly buried rocks and stones. Narrow woodland paths should lead from the freer and more open parts of the garden into these secluded spots where the landscape gardener's art clasps the hand of nature. 86 Grouping anfc /IDassincj of Urees anfc Sbrubs. The delicate work of properly arranging trees and shrubs the most severe trial of the designer's knowledge and ability must never be neglected or left to chance or acci- dent. Complete detail plans should be furnished as guides to planting, with the positions marked and the name of each species appended. Afterwards it is important that the place of each plant be properly located on the ground and marked by means of labelled sticks or stakes. If this preliminary work is completed, the ground having been previously dug or subsoiled, the planting may take place either in the fall, if the weather is good and the soil FIG. 49. GROUP AND SPECIMEN SHRUBS NEAR A WALK. is sufficiently moist, or very early in spring as soon as the frost has left the ground and the soil is in a workable con- dition. If the planting is left till spring, the holes may never- theless be dug during the autumn or winter; they should be made considerably larger and deeper than is actually necessary. The frost will have a most beneficial and disin- tegrating effect on the soil ; it will be light and friable during the earliest dry weather in spring, and will fall with greater ease around the tender roots of the plant. On receiving shrubs and trees the roots should be ex- amined, and all broken or mutilated parts must be cut clean Grouping an& /lDassin0 of Urees anfc Sbrubs. 87 with a sharp knife. They are then heeled in that is, put close together in a trench, until the time of planting. Just before planting, the top must be pruned, the extreme tips of the young shoots being cut off above an eye, and if the tree is large, a branch or two may have to be entirely re- moved so as to reduce the top sufficiently. For evergreen trees of all kinds, the roots must be fully preserved and left undisturbed in a clump of soil, which should be unbroken at the time of planting. Conifers, especially spruce and pine, would be entirely ruined by pruning. As a rule, the top of evergreens cannot be reduced without bad results. Coniferous trees and shrubs may be planted in August and September, or early in spring before the commencement of growth. They must be planted with extreme care ; failures are common on account of ignorance of this fact. The actual planting is best done by two men, one to dig and throw the soil about the roots, the other to hold the plant in position, to imbed the roots in a natural position, and to trample down the soil firmly. When it is intended to move and plant very large trees, a trench should be dug around the roots at a sufficient distance from the stem be- fore frost sets in, and the clump must be undermined so as to allow of removing as soon as the soil has frozen to a solid o mass. The excavation for planting must be done at the same time. Smaller ones may be shifted at almost any time during the planting season, and the root-clump may be boxed up or wrapped in canvas. Specially constructed carts are used for transportation. Newly-planted subjects require an occasional watering if the summer is dry ; when- ever this is necessary the soil should be thoroughly soaked* 88 Grouping an& /l&assing of ZTrees anfc Sbrubs. The selection of plants is hardly less important than the actual arrangement, as certain species are best adapted to special soils. The willows and poplars, without excep- tion, are found in rich alluvial soil, and often near water. Other species grow best in rocky ground, as the beech and hornbeam. Most birches and many coniferous trees do well in poor and gravelly soil. The most thrifty, healthy, and vigorous plants should be chosen in preference to any showy variety, which is subject to the ravages of insects or disease. For small places it is necessary to select the choicest material obtainable, as an abundance of flowers, neat and compact species of evergreens, and the general beauty of the few plants used is of more im- portance here than in large places, where good effects are produced by an artistic arrangement of a higher order. Form and color must also be considered, and in order to produce a good effect the various shades of green must be arranged so as to make the most beautiful contrast. If light or glaucous-leaved species, as the buckthorn or oleaster, or flowering trees like the magnolia or flowering dogwood, are placed in front of dark evergreens, or vice versa, the impres- sion will be better than if both foreground and background were of the same shade. Most wonderful results are obtained by properly arrang- ing species which assume showy autumn tints. The beauty of the foliage in autumn is unsurpassed by any other phe- nomenon in the world of plants, the height of the flowering season not excepted, and it is therefore quite proper to select species which, in addition to other attractions, possess this quality, as the season of autumnal coloring is far more last- Grouping ant) /IDassing of Urees ant) Sbrnbs. 89 ing than that of spring in this country. Most beautiful are birches, elms and tulip-trees, which turn pure yellow ; scarlet oaks, red maples and cockspur thorns, which have foliage of the most brilliant scarlet, intermingled with orange and yellow. Pepperidge, liquidambar, and, under favorable conditions, the beech, assume rich crimson tints which last for a considerable time. The ripe fruit, abundant in many species, is also a factor, especially in the winter landscape. Species with red or scarlet fruits, like the spindle-tree or the cockspur thorn, arranged among evergreens, form a very attractive feature of the scenery in winter. VII. DETACHED GROUPS AND SPECIMEN PLANTS. N the borders of shrubberies, smaller detached groups and specimen trees, must form a grad- ual transition between the denser plantation and the more open spaces of lawn. There should be no sudden change from one scenery to another, no rigorously marked borders of any kind. A better impression will be made if narrow stretches of lawn run far in among groves and shrubbery and finally vanish in an undergrowth of shrubs and flowers. FIQ. 50. -FINE PLANTING, SHOWING EFFECT OF LIGHT AND SHADE. To create this appearance is the chief purpose of detached groups and specimen trees. Specimens should also appeal Betacbefc Groups anfc Specimen plants. to our sense of beauty individually, through exquisite forms and colors. In planting these groups, three or more shrubs may be arranged together in a free manner, so as to form a beau- tiful outline. They should consist of the very finest flower- FIQ. 51. WEEPING BIRCH AS A SPECIMEN TREE. ing plants : lilac, mock orange, roses, golden bells, hydran- geas, many spireas, and tree-pseonies. Flowering and other ornamental trees are generally placed singly, but of some of the smaller kinds several may 92 Betacbefc Groups anfc Specimen plants. be plaDted together, so as to make two or more stems spring, as nearly as possible, from the same place. Among flowering trees, the showy magnolia, the halesia, red bud ( Cersis chinensis), double-flowered hawthorns, with white and red flowers, sophora, Japanese crab (Pyrus flori- bunda), and the double-flowered plum (Prunus trilobd) make exceptionally beautiful specimens. There are several classes of lawn trees, differing in habit in shape of leaf, and in color. Some of the most picturesque ones, with slender, drooping branches, are the so-called weeping trees. These are available for no other purpose, but are very ornamental when placed on a wide, open lawn or near the margin of a lake or stream. There are two classes of weeping trees : deciduous and evergreen. The deciduous trees are : weeping beech, birch, willow, ash, elm, and sallow, the pendulous sophora and some others. There are only a few evergreen trees with drooping branches, one desirable and picturesque form being a variety of the Norway spruce. Another and equally unique class of trees is formed by ihefastigiate or columnar varieties of poplar, oak, birch, and some coniferous trees. These, while useful as specimen trees to a limited extent, are also very picturesque in a shrubbery. Differing in the shape of the leaf only, but similar in habit to the species, are the many beautiful cut-leaved varieties of trees and shrubs. These varieties occur among the same class of trees that produce weeping and fastigiate forms, but are more numerous. There are cut-leaved varieties of birch, beech, alder, sycamore, and Japanese 2>etacbefc Groups ant) Specimen plants* 93 maple, all of which are very graceful and attractive as specimen trees. A most remarkable and often very showy class of trees and shrubs are the almost innumerable varieties with variegated, or highly-colored foliage, ranging in color from silver-margined leaves, in a form of box elder, bright yellow, in golden elder and poplar, to a reddish color in red-leaved plum (Prunus Pissardii), and a black purple or coppery color in the purple-leaved varieties of birch and beech. All these, because of their unique habit or color, are especially well adapted to the embellishment of the lawn. They are all of garden origin. The evergreen conifers, especially species of spruce and pine, such as the Spanish silver fir (Abies Pinsapo), the white silver fir (Abies cwicolw*), the Nordmann fir, the stone pine (Pinus cenibrd), dwarf mountain pine (Pinus MugJio), and in places where they are hardy, the Japanese cypress (Cryptomeria elegans), the deodar (Cedrus deodard) and, umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillatd) are extremely fine for the same purpose. Small groups of coniferous trees may form a special feature of the garden. They are especially appropriate on hillsides and declivities, on little knolls and in rockeries. Many of the larger herbaceous plants, as goats' beard (Spircea aruncus), oriental poppy, bocconia, andpseony, form nice specimen plants for use along walks and drives. These are the chief subjects for permanent planting. During the summer, tropical plants palms, tree-ferns, and cycads are frequently employed to produce unique and beautiful effects. In the South many of these may be 94 Betacbefc Groups anfc Specimen plants. planted out permanently, besides various fine floAvering trees and shrubs of a sub-tropical nature, such as the crape myrtles (Lager strcemia), cape jessamine (Gardenia), FIG. 52. BOLD GROUPING OF TREES. LOMBARDY POPLAR AND PINE. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. the camellia, Cattley's guava (^Psidium Catileyanum), and coniferous trees of the genus Araucaria. To select proper places for specimens on the lawn re- quires good judgment, as they, according to their position, will make or mar the whole effect. VIII. ON THE PROPER USE OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS. [y HILE the correct grouping of trees and shrubs is of the utmost importance, the lesser de- tails, of which the herbaceous plants form important parts, must not be ignored. In a previous chapter I have already hinted at the proper use of woodland flowers; but not only the wood- land every field, every sea-shore and meadow, bogs, river- sides, and rocks all have their own characteristic flora, which it is useless or undesirable to plant except under natural conditions. For our purpose it is best to consider severally the proper use of each of these classes of herbaceous plants, and to see under what conditions they may be naturalized in parks and gardens: 1. Woodland Flowers. Sylvan plants generally delight in more or less shady positions, and in comparatively light and moist soil, chiefly consisting of decayed leaves. Some grow in scattered masses covering the whole expanse of a wood with leaves and flowers. Among these are the white anemone and the spring beauty. Others form well- 95 96 n tbe proper 1Hse of Iberbaceous plants. '''**& ' ' ' n tbe proper 1Hse of tberbaceous plants. must in no case have any definite outlines; they should mingle with others, and gradually disappear in near-by groups, or advance in places on adjoining lawns. The fol- lowing are a few of the best plants for naturalizing in woods and thickets : In moist and shady ravines : bane- berry, false Solomon's-seal, mitrewort, golden anemone, Dutchman's-breeches, and many ferns. On high rocky Tcnolls : Arnica, columbine, catchfly, wild pink, fire pink, saxifrage, stone-crop, and polypody. Along woodland streams: Blue violet, horsemint, omphalodes, wild gera- nium, pennywort, loosestrife, daffodils, and flowering ferns. On rocky hillsides in rich woods: Hepatica, vetch, ever- lasting pea, catchfly, several columbines, four-leaved silk weed, shield ferns. In rich alluvial woods: Orchis, moc- casin flower, cowslip, shooting star, oxlip, lily-of-the-valley, harebells, bluebells, wood hyacinth, beech fern, and spleen- wort. 2. Meadow Plants. Some of the most beautiful of all herbaceous plants are found wild in meadows and in rich, moist ground generally. Like the woodland flowers, the meadow plants are either found in small groups among the grass or scattered over the whole area, the smaller species generally most abundantly. Many grow readily from seeds, others may be planted without fear of failure provided the roots are good. Among the most beautiful plants for this purpose are : For mixing with the grass in moist lawns : Cowslips, violets, bluets, meadow cress, spring beauty, blue-eyed grass, meadow saxifrage, and germander speedwell. For plant- ing in simple groups or in smaller patches: Globe-flower, tbe proper lUse of Tberbaceous plants* 99 meadow-sweet, blue-buttons, many lilies, tall meadow rue r and sweet Cicely. All grow well in a rich sandy loam. Where flowers of this latter kind are planted in a moist lawn, mowing, except once or twice a year, is out of the question. 3. Flowers of Fields and Hillsides. Sunny fields and hillsides are very rich in highly-colored flowers, and similar effects may be produced on the lawns of large parks and pleasure-grounds, where many desirable field plants can be sown with the grass when making the lawn ; or, late in the fall, in established lawns and pastures. Such troublesome weeds as the dandelion and evening primrose must, of course, be excluded if possible. Some of the rarer species may be planted by means of a spade or trowel very early in spring ; others, as many bul- bous plants, including Canadian lilies, crocus, meadow saffron, squills, and snowdrops, with the aid of a strong, pointed stick, care being taken to place all bulbs right side up. Special beds may also be prepared for many bulbous plants, as rec- V IJM ommended in the chapter on Lawns; but when the soil is moderately good no such FIG. 54. PRIMROSE GROWING IN OLD PASTURE. preparation is required. Large plants, such as lilies, lark- spurs, and bellflowers, should be planted singly and far apart, forming thin, scattered masses; but small species with fine leaves, such as birdgrass, germander speedwell, TOO n tbe proper mac of Ifoerbaceous plants, English daisies, violets, and primroses, may be sown thinly over a large area. The following are some of the best field plants : For roadsides, along drives and walks : Mouse-ear, ox-eye daisy, field poppy, cornflower, dropwort, meadow-sweet, yellow daisy, yarrow, soapwort, chamomile, Sedum telephium, harebell, aster, and solidago. For open fields and pastures : Bluets, primrose, birdgrass, germander speedwell, maiden's pink, bird's-foot trefoil, larkspur, yellow daisy, pin-cushion flower, red clover, and sweet-scented herbs. For sheltered fields and orchards : Daffodils and narcissi, wild hyacinth, St. Bruno's lily, Star of Bethlehem, maiden pink, lilies, wild tulips, checker lilies, crown imperial, and sweet Cicely. 4. Plants of Sandy Fields and Seashores. Sandy fields, shores of lakes and rivers, and barren hillsides can be made very attractive by the liberal use of maritime plants. The flora of the seashore and of many sand-fields, while poor in species, is exceptionally interesting. Many species of thrift form low, tufted masses of narrow leaves, and produce an abundance of flowers in summer, covering long stretches of sandy shores. Golden eternelle grow r s in mat like masses in other places, and is very effective when in flower. Few maritime plants are of any importance as individuals. The best for general use are : On sandy shores: Thrift, sand pink, wild thyme, golden eternelle, arenaria, sea-rocket (among sea-weeds), all dwarf and attractive, producing numerous flowers in summer, sea-kale, sea-holly, Marian n a thistle, with large glaucous or variegated leaves. For sterile, sandy fields : Many of the previous forms, bird's-foot violet, heart's-ease, lupine, sand clover, Hieracium, mouse-ear, tbe proper TUse of Iberbaceous plants* 101 field stone-crop, alkanet, and Rudbeckia. For barren hill- sides : Candytuft, rock cress, alyssum, cat's-paw, field bind- weed, wild thyme, house leek, and many annual plants of the mustard family. 5. Riverside Plants. A great variety of beautiful wild flowers are found on the shores of brooks and rivers, some growing on the margin of the water, as the forget-me-not of the old world and the cardinal flower ; others are common on high grassy banks. Many meadow plants are also found along water courses, and species with fine leaves, such as sweet Cicely, valerian, and Heracleum, are not uncommon. All can be established in similar positions in parks and gardens with the greatest of ease, either by planting or by sowing fresh seeds among the grass early in spring. Some species take a couple of years to reach a flowering size. T lie following grow on grassy banks: Bugle, penny- wort, buttercups, blue-buttons, globe-flower, trumpet-weed, tall meadow rue, meadow-sweet, day lilies, great ox-eye daisy. On the margin of water ; Forget-me-not, spearwort, cardinal flower, bee balm, mimulus, marsh marigold, water trefoil, and flags (Iris) of several species. 6. Bog Plants. These are common plants of moist peat-bogs, which may be grown in rich and low ground ou the shores of a small stream, or in specially prepared beds in a rockery. The bird's-eye primrose and the grass of Par- nassus may be sown or planted in large masses among the grass in moist lawns, but larger species such as wild calla, veratrum, many orchids and ferns do best in boggy ground near a river or lake. Other beautiful plants of this class are golden senecio, Jeft'ersonia, Welsh poppy, and the bog 102 n tbe proper "Qse of Herbaceous plants. bean or water trefoil, which is best grown on the margin of a shallow stream. 7. Water Plants. Ornamental water plants may be di- vided into three distinct classes according to their habit and place of growth. 1. With floating leaves: water-lily, Hydrocharis, Aponagaton, Alisma natans, Limnocharis, and Nuphar all growing in more or less deep water. 2. With erect leaves : Sagittaria, water violet, flowering rush lotus and the water-flag, which grow in more or less shallow water near the shore. 3. Species not Tooting in tlie ground: bladder wort, E.ichornia, and several unimportant floating plants. The first two kinds delight in rich, muddy soil composed of decaying vegetable matter, but will also do well when planted in beds of good loam. The upright forms are generally found growing in small tufts here and there in shallow water. 8. Rock Plants. Eock plants are among the most beautiful of all herbaceous plants. They are generally of dwarf and compact habit, with large flowers and compara- tively small, often fleshy, leaves. Some grow in the deep shade of rocky woods, as those mentioned among woodland flowers ; others enjoy the full sunlight and grow profusely in Alpine regions in crevices of rocks or in deep pockets of soil formed by decaying vegetable matter. Many are found in moist and shady places along mountain streams where the spray of running water keeps them continually moist and cool. No ' park or garden should be without rock plants. In hot countries species which naturally grow in the bright sunlight and pure air of mountain regions require partial sliade and abundant watering in summer, and can io 4 n tbe proper "dse of Iberbaceous plants. hardly be naturalized. But they well deserve to be grown even at the expense of considerable labor, for the sake of their delicate beauty. Many rock plants, on the other hand, may be naturalized in crevices of rocks filled with deep layers of leaf mould or in rocky woods as previously shown in this chapter. Among the most desirable for natural- izing are: In sunny positions: Stone crops, saxifrages, FIQ.56. DWARF MULLEIN (R4MONDIA PY3-INAI3A) A TYPI'AL ROCK PLANT. houseleek, rock cress, Erysimum, whitlaw grass, Alyssurn saxatile, creeping phlox, purple rock cress, Erinus, cham- pion, candytuft, Linaria alpina, several columbines, and Opuntia. In half shady positions : Silene, several species, Dianthus, aster, Hieracium, yellow chamomile, bellflowers, Epimeditim, Heuchera, many anemones, potentillas, ranuncu- lus, several species of Primula, Tunica, Ramondia, and numerous ferns. IX. THE LAWN. BEAUTIFUL lawn should be the most im- portant feature of every city and suburban garden. Where the space is limited, little can be done in the way of planting and beauti- fying the ground, but if there are only a few square feet of soft, velvety grass in front of the city resi- dence, the place looks so much the more pleasant and home- like. In making a lawn, the first thing to be done should be to examine the surface soil, and if necessary improve it to a sufficient depth. We take it for granted that the drainage and grading of the soil have been done according to previous instructions, and that it is only with the surface itself we have to do at present. At the same time, the con- dition of the subsoil and the more or less pronounced variety of the ground have a great deal to do with the permanence and beauty of the lawn. Where the subsoil is very light and gravelly, the ground is apt to dry up more suddenly than where it is of a more or less clayey nature. High knolls if exposed will dry up more quickly than a plane or but slightly undulating surface. Grounds situated on a 105 106 Ube Xawru natural meadow or in a level field near a lake or river are less liable to suffer from drought than those situated on a higher level or on a hillside. As to the nature of the sur- face soil itself, a sandy loam will make the best and most durable lawn. Where the soil is sandy or gravelly, too much cannot be done to enrich it by means of additions of rich loam and thick dressings of manure. The surface soil should be rich and friable to a depth of at least eighteen inches. The more liable a place is to the exposure of ex- cessive heat and drought, the more thoroughly should the ground be worked and prepared before sodding and sowing, as a porous, well- worked soil will retain moisture much longer than a badly-worked, close, and heavy soil. It is therefore a good practice to dig and break up the soil to a sufficient depth, after the grading has been done, without disturbing the general surface of the ground. The soil must be worked fine by means of a stout iron rake. Of course where deep fillings of good soil have been deposited this digging is seldom necessary, but where the fillings are thin it is essential that they should be worked in and mixed with the old soil, as they would otherwise form a layer by themselves insufficient to resist even short spells of dry weather. By subsoiling, during which operation plenty of manure is dug in and mixed with the soil to a depth of two or three feet, even the poorest and least promising soil may be improved. Light soil is made more solid in this way, and heavy clay, if mixed with turfy loam, decayed manure, and sand or gravel, may be made quite porous. If the soil is considered satisfactory in every way and has been thoroughly worked, and the trees and shrubs are 2Lawn. 107 planted, we may proceed to make the lawn by means of sodding and sowing. Sods may be procured from an old clean pasture, or from a good lawn. They should be cut in long narrow strips about ten inches wide, two inches thick, and five or six feet long, which can be rolled together as show r n in A, Fig. 57. They must be cut quite even and with clean edges throughout their length. A large number FIG. 57. A. METHOD OF CUTTING AND ROLLING SODS. B. SECTION OF THE EDGE OF A LAWN, SODDED. \-\ may be marked out at a time, and a straight board or a line may be used in guiding the spade. A special thin iron with a sharp edge is best for the cutting, but if this cannot be had an old and sharp steel spade may be used. Sod- cutters drawn by horses are used by many if an unusually large quantity is required, but sods cut by means of an iron are better and easier to handle. In sodding the edge of a 108 Ube OLawn. lawn as shown in B, Fig. 57, care must be taken to make the edge equally high above the surface of the walk at all parts. If the sod is uneven, loose soil must be put in under all thin places, and the soil may either be cut away where the sod is too thick or scooped out of the ground beneath the turf. A thin and sharp knife is used to fit the edges together, and for loosening the soil a rake with a short handle is useful. Before the sods are placed in posi- tion the surface to be sodded must be quite firm and even. When a number of sods have beer* put down, the shovel or rammer should be used to make the surface perfectly level. A mallet may be advantageously used for the same FIG. 58. SECTION OF A TERRACE. A. SODS. B. SEEDED GROUND. C WALK. purpose. Sodding is chiefly done to make edges along walks and drives or around flower-beds and shrubberries, but if a lawn is wanted quickly the whole surface may be covered in this manner. Terraces and steep inclines should be sodded if it can be done. The manner of sodding a terrace and along the edges of a walk is shown in several diagrams (Figs. 57 and 58). The surface of the sod when a lawn is finished should be on a level with the seeded ground. The grade of a terrace or other sloping lawn ought not to exceed an angle of forty-five degrees, and here the strips of sod should be placed from top to bottom, not length wise. SLawn. 109 Sometimes, on very steep grades, it becomes necessary to fasten the turfs by means of pegs driven through them into the ground. Such places, which are liable to dry up very quickly, should be thoroughly watered occasionally, until the grass is fully established. If all edges have been made in the above manner, we may proceed to sow the remaining parts of the lawn. It is imperative that the soil .should be perfectly firm, with an even surface. It must have been thoroughly worked pre- viously, but if it is spaded immediately before sowing, suc- cess is doubly certain, for then it will retain sufficient mois- ture until the grass has commenced to grow nicely. The sowing should take place on a calm day, as, if the weather is windy, the smallest and lightest seeds will be blown in all directions. Some kinds of grasses grow best in shade, others in open places ; a few will do well on sandy and sterile soil, while the majority are found in rich fields and meadows. The varieties commonly used for lawns are : English rye grass (Lolium perenne and Lolium perenne tenuum) ; the Kentucky blue or meadow grass ( Poapratensis), the smaller meadow grass ( Poa trivialis), wood meadow grass (Poa ne- moral/is), timothy (Phleum pratense), tufted hair-grass (Air a ccespitosa), the crested grass (Gynosyrus cristatus), the sweet- smelling spring grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), and or- chard grass (Dactylis glomemta), all growing in rich and fertile soil. The red-top (Agrostis vulgar is), the hard fes- cue (Festuca duri'uscula), the sheep-grass (Pestuca ovina), and the bent-grass (Agrostis stolonifera), do well on light and gravelly soil. Besides these the white clover (Trifoliun Xawn. repens) is used to a limited extent in all lawn-grass mix- tures. If it is desired to form a meadow or field with a number of flowers growing among the grass, many dwarf and fine-leaved herbaceous plants may be sown at the same time as the grass. Among the best of these for open and sunny positions in rich soil are : the bluet (Houstonia cceruled), the milkwort (Polygala vulgaris, P. comosa), the yellow star-grass (Hypoxis erecta), the maiden-pink (Dianthus deltoides), bird's-eye primrose (Primula farinosa) in moist ground, and the blue speedwell ( Veronica chamce- drys) ; beneath trees and shrubs : the lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria), the harebell (Campanula rotundi- folia), spring beauty (Claytonia virginicd), purple phlox (Phlox divaricata), babes-in-the-wood (Polygala pauciflora), white windflower (Anemone nemorosa), golden windflower (Anemone ranunculoides), lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) and the cowslip (Primula veris) ; in gravelly soil, open and sunny positions, sandy shores, etc. : the sea-pink (Armeria vidgaris and cephalotes), sand-pink (Dianthus arenarius), bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), mouse, ear (Cerastium Hiebersteinii), golden eternelle (Helichrysum arenariuni), saudwort (Arenarid), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum Thymus chamcedrys) and creeping lead wort (Plumbago larpcntce). The following is an excellent lawn-grass mixture for ordinary use : two parts English rye grass, one part Kentucky blue, and one part red-top ; for moist ground: one part English rye grass, two parts Kentucky blue, one part smaller meadow grass, one part meadow fox-tail (Alopecurus pratensis), and one part spring grass; for dr\ Ube Xaww* m ground: one part English rye grass, two parts hard fescue r two parts red-top, one part tufted hair-grass, and one part each of bent and crested grass ; for shady positions : one part orchard grass, two parts wood meadow grass, one part bent grass, and one part Miliuin effusum, with a good admixture of harebell and other fine-leaved and tufted flowers. To all these mixtures may be added a small quantity of white clover. The different seeds which vary greatly in size must be thoroughly mixed before sowing. One acre of ground requires fifty or sixty pounds to make FIG. 59. LAWN WITH ROUNDED SURFACE. a good lawn, or in smaller areas a pound and a half to a hundred square yards a plot of land ten yards by ten. If the lawn has been properly made and the weather ia favorable, the grass will soon grow and require cutting The first cutting should be done with a sharp scythe, as carefully as possible, after which a good rolling is bene- ficial. Watering or sprinkling when needed should be done in a thorough manner ; no merely superficial sprinkling will benefit the grass. The watering is best done by means of lawn-sprinklers, and the water pipes should be laid so as to admit of easy access to all parts of the lawn and garden.., When the lawn after some time becomes worn and im- poverished, dressings of artificial manures thinly sown .over 112 the surface in spring, or dressings of stable manure late in fall, will be needed. Blood and bone, fish guano, bone dust, and nitrate of soda are among the best for this purpose, and should be applied in spring after the lawns have been swept clean of leaves and other matter. If after an un- FIG. 60. LAWN FORMING A SHALLOW DELL. usually severe winter bare spots should be found on the lawn, sodding or sowing to cover up these defects should be done as early as the weather permits. To a great extent the character and beauty of a garden depend on the lawn. A level lawn gives an impression of FIG. 61. UNDULATED LAWN. peace and quiet ; an undulating one wears an expression of cheerfulness. Gardens with well trimmed, close and velvety lawns are beautiful and attractive, but, nevertheless, they Ube are not more natural than were formerly the creations of old Maitre Lenotre. But when the lawn adopts the choicest flowers of field and meadow, and shrubberies and thickets are filled with woodland blossoms, then the garden becomes, as far as our impressions are concerned, a part of nature it- self. Then the lawns should mingle with thicket and grove to produce rich effects of light and shade, and, as in nature, small groups of trees and shrubs and single specimen plants should be found on the lawns, like so many outposts of the wood. For such specimens we select the choicest of plants FIQ. 62.-CROCUS, GROWING IN THE QrtASS. at our disposal, weeping beech and birch, trees with finely incised foliage, and the most beautiful flowering shrubs, or rare varieties of evergreen trees. But the lawn must not be encumbered with too many plants ; large trees especially are apt to injure the grass. When such trees are found on a place and it is not desirable to remove them, effective wood- land scenes may be established in the thin grass below. Ivy, wintergreen, periwinkle, and such bulbous plants as scillas, daffodils, wild hyacinths, and dog-tooth violets are especially useful for this purpose. In sunny spots on the lawn irregular patches of snowdrop, crocus, and meadow saffron may be planted before sowing the lawn. For such plants the soil must be made as rich and light and porous as possible to the depth of a foot or eighteen inches. The flowers should be more crowded in the central parts of the group and become less numerous towards the edges where the group mingles with the lawn. When the flowers are out of season in such places the surface should present the appearance of a common lawn. These little patches of various bright colors heralding the approach of summer form as pleasant a feature of the lawn as any. X. ROCKS AND WATER. > MONG the most attractive natural effects which it is possible to produce artificially in a garden are those enchanting glimpses of rocks and water frequently seen in mountain regions along streams and rivulets. Rocks and water form a most happy combination in nature ; wherever a stream cuts its way through a narrow ravine, the eroded and crumbling rocks form themselves into masses of the most picturesque beauty, and sustain a varied and wonderful vegetation. In designing rockeries, it is vain for us to attempt to construct any of the larger masses that appeal to us more through their grandeur than through their beauty. The chief object is to create a pleasing variety within a limited area, and to provide a congenial soil for alpine plants. In minor places, rockeries may be formed on a very small scale on a narrow sloping piece of lawn, on the sides of a mound, or where a slight cut has been made for a drive or walk. In a more complete state the rockery should pro- vide many opportunities for the display of water ; here a i6 anfc Mater* mountain rill falling over a narrow ledge and forming glassy sheets of water below, rivulets bursting forth among stones and boulders, streams with pebbly bottom sur- rounded by small bogs and meadows. To make this scenery attractive in a limited area re- quires considerable skill and a thorough knowledge of the materials used, whether it be plants or stones and building materials, as also a taste cultivated by a close and intimate study of nature. The site must be selected where the rocks and water will be in entire harmony with the surroundings. If the FIQ. 63. ROCKY SUMMIT OF A KNOLL. rockery is constructed on elevated ground, as shown in Fig. 63, water is out of the question, and the work should be of the most simple nature. A few rocks may rise in a natural manner as if forming the skeleton of the hill. For rockeries of this isolated kind plants of a rigid habit and of a sunloving nature, such as yucca, sunrose (Heliantliemum, Oistus), rock cress (Arabia), savin, arid wild thyme are pref- erable to all others. An excellent place for a rockery is a glen or ravine an& Water* 117 overgrown with a wood of trees of light foliage. The rocks may here be imbedded on the steep sides as if tumbled down from time to time during the formation of the ravine, and loose bowlders may be placed in the bottom, forming imaginary remains of a river-bed. Here ferns of all classes and such delicate plants as the diadem flower (Tiarella), the shooting-star (Dodecatheori), mitre- wort (Mitella), hepatica, Solomon's- seal (Polygonatum), and flowers of rocky woods, such as the ginseng F IQ. G^-SANDSTONE ROCKS PRO- x ; 7 . x MI r> i TRUDINQ THROUGH A HILLSIDE. (Aralia racemosa), will lind a natural home, besides many of the finest vines and creepers. More extensive rockeries can be built on a steep hill- side, or on the banks of small lakes or rivers, where the necessary material is easy to obtain. A hillside will form a natural and suitable back- ground, and the work may be made to imitate nature in the best way possible, for it FIQ. 65. SECTION OF A SUNKEN WALK is on such declivities that WITH ROCKY SIDES - cliffs and masses of broken rocks are most often seen in mountain regions. If no such background can be had, and the rockeries are to be built on almost level ground on the sides of a slightly sunken walk, dark-leaved evergreens, such as rho- dodendrons, pine, spruce, and hemlock, should be planted to form the necessary background, to make a connecting link between the smooth lawn and the picturesque rocks, and to modify the contrast between the two. In small places, rockeries may be built about the corner us IRocfes anfc Mater. of a house or on both sides of the steps with the foundation of the house for a background. These would, however, look out of place if the walls of the house were built of wood. Such miniature rockeries should be simple, unpretentious affairs FIQ. 66. SMALL ROCKERY AGAINST i i A WALL. that can be built in a day or two without any heavy outlay. A cart-load of stones a foot in diameter or less, stones left by the masons after the construction of a house, clinkers, and pieces of brickwork from an old wall are among the materials that can be used. Rockeries should have a thorough drainage and con- genial soil for all classes of dwarf herbaceous perennials and rock-plants, from the stone-crops, that delight to grow in an imperceptible crevice of a calcareous rock, sending their roots below to some hidden source of moist- ure, to the prim auricula that seeks a moist, mossy FIQ. 67. ROCKY BANK OF A RIVULET. plaC6 by tll6 edge of Si mountain stream. The materials used in the actual con- struction are of various nature ; granite bowlders, sand- stone blocks, masses of overburnt bricks, and segments of old walls mortar and all can be used to advantage. For the borders of cisterns and small sheets of water gen- erally, tuff stone and coral are excellent materials when they can be obtained. Sandstone and calcareous rocks are most desirable, as all classes of plants will succeed best on and among these ; they form many cracks and crevices in which numerous rock-plants will lodge and grow to per- TRocfes anfc Mater* 119 fection in a moist place. Tree roots and large stems are hardly in keeping with the nature of a rockery ; to most people they are ugly and objectionable, even when moder- ately used. A slight mound of soil forms the main body of the rockery, and in this the various bowlders and stones should be imbedded more or less deeply, closer together here, there, far apart and in different positions. The ele- vation must not be uniform. Isolated blocks should form bold masses in places, and dark caves may be constructed in wider and higher parts among the rocks. Such caves are often desirable for the culture of certain classes of ferns. In other parts the rockery may be quite low and depressed, formed of smaller and scattered stones only. Vertical rocks may be made to enclose wet and boggy ground in which moisture-loving plants will thrive and form a special feature. Plants desirable for this purpose are moccasin -flower (Cypripediurri), purple orchis, Denta- rias, flower of parnassus (Parnassia palustris), Gentians, and forget-me-nots. A tiny stream of water may wind in and out among the flowers, either falling over the cliffs or welling forth from beneath a block or stone. A heavy and characterless heap of stone, filled in with ordinary soil, is satisfactory neither in an ideal nor a practical sense. The separate crevices or "pockets" should be filled with specially prepared soil, different for different classes of plants. For most true rock-plants a light, F1Q - 68 -- SECTION OF A ROCKERY. sandy soil mixed with old mortar and brick rubbish is satisfactory. Others require a richer and lighter compost 120 IRocfes ant) Water, with plenty of peat or leaf -mould mixed in. This soil, when used, must be firmly packed down to the surface of the bottom soil, as it will dry up very quickly if it is separated in the least. The crevices and pockets should be vertical or oblique, capable of catching rain and of letting off super- fluous moisture. In planting the rockery, none but suitable and charac- teristic species should be selected. All the coarser herba- ceous plants are better excluded, the dwarfer forms being preferable, and these also should be proportionate in size and in harmony with the position of the rockery, as it may be located either in a shady wood or in a perfectly open and sunny place. Shrubs and subshrubs of a dwarf habit are appropriate, such as berberis, cotoneaster, many of the choicest ericaceous plants, dwarf conifers ; and among vines and creepers, ivy, perewinkle, matrimony vine, periploca, and climbing roses. No plants should be allowed to en- tirely overgrow and hide the picturesque outlines of the rocks. Water in a small garden cannot, as a matter of course, be very elaborate in design. A transparent miniature lake, or a pebbly stream, oval or circular cisterns with a more or less regular outline, and playing fountains, may all be formed artificially. But when the ground has such natural advantages as a lake or river shore, or a small brook, much can be done to enhance their beauty and to modify the banks and shores if they are too steep or too formal. Such modification may involve considerable work, but as a rule much can be done by taking advantage of any depression in the ground that may be deepened without too arduous THE UNIVERSITY OF IRocfes anD Mater. 121 labor and by filling in the excavated soil in near-by places where the shore is higher. The shore may be either a gradual, grassy slope or an abrupt and rocky declivity or a combination of both. Where the water widens into small bays the shores are gen- erally low and level, forming soft lawns or grassy meadows. A considerable sheet of water when formal and rounded in outline will look small and insignificant especially if bordered by a tall growth of trees, whereas small bodies of FIQ. 69. PONDLIKE CISTERN WITH FOUNTAIN. water will look much larger than they really are if the shores are of a sinuous outline and hidden from view in parts, and if the surface of the soil is but slightly elevated above the water, with very gradual slopes. The effect will in all cases be modified either favorably or unfavorably, by plantations of trees and shrubs. The trees must of neces- sity be proportionate to the width and extent of the water. Low and bold promontories may be planted with such light-foliaged trees as birch or willow, with the trunks ex- posed to view in places and admitting of glimpses of water through the foliage and between the trunks ; open lawns i22 IRocfes anfc Mater. unincumbered with trees and shrubs should descend to the edge of coves and bays. In other words, the plantations should chiefly be on the protruding bluffs of land, and where the land retreats few or no plants should be seen. Among trees that are especially effective on shores are the numerous varieties of willow including the weeping willow, dogwood, white alder, arrowwood, elder, and Andromeda, while vines such as the virgin's bower, wild cucumber, bryony, and honeysuckle may be planted among the shrub- bery to form natural thickets. The shore, if muddy and slimy, should be covered with pebbles, gravel, or coarse sand, and wide stretches of sandy shore may be made on which the choicest of maritime plants and many showy bul- bous flowers will be at home. The bottom of small artificial ponds can be made of solid concrete. This should be hidden by coral, tuff stone, and pebbles and the grassy FIG. 70. SECTION OF SMALL ARTIFICIAL STREAM J WITH CONCRETE BOTTOM ; ROCKY BANKS. or roc ky banks may be made to hide its artificial construction. The edges must here be built with care as the whole impression depends upon a natural appearance. Inlets and outlets must be pro- vided for the water which can be supplied by the general waterworks in the ordinary way; it will then be possible to renew the water occasionally. Round cisterns so often used in small gardens must be emptied in autumn before the frosts set in, and may be converted into FIG. 71. SAME AS 70; WITH GRASSY BANKS. beds of evergreen shrubs and creepers for the winter season. 124 IRocfes ant) Mater. As a special and important feature of water scenery the exquisitely beautiful flowers of pond and stream should be grown in suitable places. But they must never be allowed to cover up the surface entirely or to form too thick and crowded masses. Some of the finest of all flowers grow in water or on lake and river shores ; the yellow flag and many other forms of iris, the wild calla, the cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis audfulgens), the water violet (Hottonia palustris), and forget-me-not will grow on moist shores; the many varieties of pond lilies, the lotus (Nelumbi'Wm FIQ. 73. SECTION OF ARTIFICIAL WATER WITH CONCRETE BOTTOM, ROCKY BANKS, AND FOUNTAIN. speciosum), the water poppy (Hydrocharis Humboldtii\ the water crowfoot with its feathery and three-lobed leaves and numerous white flowers, and the fragrant water hawthorn, in more or less deep water. In lar^e ponds and lakes many kinds may be established permanently, while the choicer varieties should be planted in separate tubs and sunk to the requisite depth near the shore. There is a subtle charm about all water plants ; the lily resting on the bosom of a lake, the golden flower-de-luce bathing its feet in limpid water, and the blue-eyed forget-me-not all have been loved and sung by a thousand poets. XL FLOWER-BEDS AND BORDERS. LOWER-BEDS are chiefly used on smooth and well-kept lawns near the residence to produce bright and cheerful effects by a judicious dis- play of summer flowers. These groups should be a source of interest and enjoyment from the earliest spring days till late in fall. The first flowers to expand in early spring are the in- numerable forms of bulbous plants with flowers of the most exquisite and brilliant colors, such as tulips, squills, crocus, hyacinths, and daffodils. Bulbs for spring display are planted late in fall in well- prepared beds of light and rich soil. Tulips, hyacinths, and daffodils are planted from five to six inches apart in regular rows and in separate beds. Crocus, glory of the snow (Cliionodoxa), and snowflakes may be placed several together and in little clusters three inches apart. When the beds are prepared and the rows marked on the ground showing the place of each bulb or cluster of bulbs, the planting may be done by means of a trowel, a dibbler (pointed stick), or simply by the hand, care being taken to 125 126 fflowerxiBe&s ant) ffiorfcers. place all bulbs equally deep in the soil. The covering, varying in depth for different classes of bulbs, should never be less than three inches. After finishing planting, the beds should be dressed with a thin layer of clean horse manure or tanner's bark, to protect the soil against sudden changes of temperature. This covering may be removed in spring as soon as the bulbs show signs of growth ; the edge of the bed must then be cut clean and the surface raked, as in all formal bedding neatness and cleanliness are necessary to produce a good effect. Bulbs are sold in both separate and mixed colors and also in named varieties ; the single ones are preferable to the double for all out-door use. Mixed beds of scarlet and yellow tulips are very pretty. Crimson and white varieties also make a fine display. Hyacinths may be mixed, but the varieties should flower at the same time to make a good show, and as there is a marked difference in their time of flowering it is best to select a few good varieties that flower simultaneously and arrange them with some reference to the harmony of color. Crocuses look best when mingled together in a confusion of tints and colors, and as for nar- cissi and daffodils, they are all yellow r or white and yellow. Oxlips, cowslips, primroses, and daisies may also be used with excellent effect for early spring bedding. These, as well as all bulbs, should be removed carefully after flowering and planted close together in a shady place in a border or shrubbery where they will finish their growth and ripen. As soon as bulbs and other spring flowers have been re- moved the material for summer display should be ready for anfc JBorfcers. 127 planting. For large places the plants may be grown in a greenhouse or warm frame ; for smaller cottage and city gardens a sufficient number of geraniums, heliotrope, Paris daisy, coleus, verbenas, pyrethrum, pansies, and lobelia may be raised in flat boxes in a light and warm cellar or basement, or in a kitchen window, and where this is im- practicable they can be obtained from a florist at a very moderate cost. Of course the beds have to be prepared before the plant- ing is done. Then the middle is first filled, row after row, the border being left to the last. Large plants, such as geraniums, are placed from eight to ten inches apart, and smaller ones from three to six inches apart, according to size. These plants require little or no care after planting, except an occasional watering, pinching, or trimming. The beds should be mulched with a thin layer of well-decayed horse manure. Annual plants may also be used with advantage for summer bedding ; they are very numerous, and some are ex- ceedingly fine. The most permanent ones are : Stocks, Indian cress, asters, zinnias, phlox, three-colored convolvu- lus, California poppy, Nemophila, scarlet flax, poppies, lupins, Brachycome, the white rocket, larkspurs, marigolds, and pinks of various kinds. None will form a permanent display throughout the season. A beautiful effect may be produced by the proper use of inexpensive foliage-plants such as Whitlavia, Solanum, Perilla, Ricinus, Artemesia, Nicotiana, golden feather pyre- thrum, and young seedlings of blue gum (Eucalyptus), ar- ranged according to size in circular or oval beds and 128 ffloweiXJlSe&s ant) JBorfcers. bordered by some flowering plant such as lobelia or bed- ding violets. In the arrangement of beds of these different kinds, a charming effect may be produced by planting low or trail- ing plants with dense, dark-colored foliage or flowers as an undergrowth for taller light-colored plants ; as, for ex- ample, the black-purple Perilla in a bed of blue gum ; blue or violet verbenas in a bed of white geraniums ; Sanvit- alia procumbens in a bed of Nicotiana affinis; Gnaphalium lanatum, Centaurea maritima or Ageratum in a bed of Salvia spleudeus, and so on. In all such beds the taller plants must never be allowed to grow too closely together, but the bottom growth should be visible all over the bed. Plants suitable for summer bedding will be fully described in a subsequent chapter. The border is a special place set apart for herbaceous plants, annual and perennial, bulbs, etc., and is generally located in an out-of-the-way place in the vegetable garden, in the front of a shrubbery, or by the side of a house. The border may be from three to four feet wide, seldom more, and the plants are arranged according to their size, the taller behind, the smaller in front, in a free and easy manner, with sufficient space for the development of all. A border, if the plants have been selected with care and in- telligence, will produce a continual supply of cut flowers from early in spring until frost sets in. They should if pos- sible have a suitable background of dark-leaved trees or shrubs, a hedge or wall, and this will also afford shelter and protection. Every fall the soil should be mulched and spaded carefully so as not to disturb bulbs or other plants. Bulbs anfc JBorfcers. 129 should be marked in some manner by stakes, or otherwise. In spring the surface should be stirred and raked even and level, and when the hot summer begins to scorch the ground a good mulching of clean, decayed manure is absolutely nec- essary in some localities. Some of the taller plants will need staking, and this should be done as neatly as possible, green- painted garden stakes and bamboo canes being preferable to any other. As early as March or April the border will begin to be a source of interest. Christmas roses and winter aconite bloom during these months. Later on we have the many varieties of oxlip, cowslip, and primrose, the early spring bulbs, Lenten roses, spring Adonis and Lenten lilies. In May we have the anemones and windflowers ; in May and June, columbines, poet's narcissus, bleeding-hearts, peonies, foxgloves, night violets, some bellflowers, pinks, and lark- spurs, followed by an endless succession of poppies, lilies, hollyhocks, Lychnis, lupins, Pentstemons, and Ptarmicas, and in the late summer months by marshrnallows and the thousand and one forms of composite plants. A flower-garden of more or less complex design, in symmetrical style, with narrow walks at straight angles and square or rectangular beds for summer flowers and carpet beddings, is sometimes desirable. It is generally located near the residence, enclosed by low hedges of box or by stone borders in harmony with the architecture of the house. Where there is a conservatory or greenhouse the flower- garden should form a part of the design around these structures. Here the neatest and choicest of exotic plants should be used ; the dwarfest and most floriferous kinds of 130 fflowerXJBeDs anfc Borders. flowers, highly colored foliage-plants of compact habit, and subtropical plants of luxurious growth ; palms, bananas, cycads, and tree-ferns to a limited extent. Mosaic or carpet-bedding is a special class of summer display. The plants being dwarf and compact with highly colored leaves of a silvery white, bright yellow, vivid green or various shades of red, are planted so as to form patterns of mathematical figures ; the circle and the square, with numerous modifications, are the chief forms. It requires both skill and expense to produce good results, and is only kept up through continual care. Several carpet-beds show- ing the mode of arrangement are reproduced in the accom- panying figure. As examples of the plants used the follow- ing are interesting : Gray or silvery white Gpaphalium, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium var., Santolina incana, Centaurea ragusina, Cineraria maritima, Cerastium, and Artemisia; yellow Pyrethrum golden feather, several coleus, Alternanthera p. aurea; rose and bright tints of crimson mixed with other colors Acalypha, Coleus, Alternanthera, Irisiue, and Achyrauthes ; black, purple, or maroon several Coleus, Perilla, red-leaved Oxalis and clover; succulent plants Echeveria, Sempervivum, Sedum, small century plants, Yucca, Cordyline, and cactus ; flowering plants Lobelia fulgens (scarlet), Lobelia erinus (blue and white), and Ageratum (blue and white) ; sul-tropical plants Gre- villea, Acacia lophanta, crotons, abutilons, screw pines, and palms. Somewhat distinct and extremely beautiful effects are produced by large-leaved plants of quick and robust growth such as Musa ensete, Wigandia caracasana, Aralia papy- jflower*=Be55 anfc Berbers* 131 rifera,Canna,Ferdinaudia, Jacaranda, Ficus, Melianthus, Gre- villea, Acacia lophanta, Aralia chinensis, Lea amabilis, and white variegated Lavatera. Even maize, giant hemp, Bisinus, and Artemisia are useful and effective for this purpose. In FIG. 74. FLOWER BEDS. Explanation : A, Parterre. 1. A central bed planted as follows : 1. Areca lutescens (specimen palm). 2. Rose-colored Begonia. 3. Grevillea robusta. 4. White ageratum. 5. Viola cornuta. 6. Echeveria. 2. Two rectangular beds: 1. Specimen Dracena indivisa ; bottom, blue Ageratum. 2. Verbenas. 3. Lobelia erinus. 4. Echeveria. 3. Circular beds : 1. Centre, Chamapeuse in abed of red Alternanthera. 2. Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum. 3. Red-leaved oxalis. 4. Two beds : 1. Scarlet geraniun. 2. Rose-colored geranium. 3. Blue lobelia. 4. Sempervivum. 5. One bed : 1. Heliotrope. 2. Scarlet geranium. 3. Dusty miller. 4. Sem- pervivum. B. Circular bed: 1. Salvia splendens. 2. Salvia patens. 3. Rose-colored Begonia. 4. White Ageratum. 5. Lobelia erinus, blue stone. C. Oval bed : 1. Acalypha. 2. Red coleus. 3. Yellow coleus. 4. Dusty miller. 5. Arenaria. D. 1. Variegated maize. 2. Wigandia or Solanum. 3. Pyreth rum golden feather. such foliage groups the plants must never be crowded, as the effect is most beautiful when sober and dignified. Groups of this nature may be joined, in an apparently natural manner, with the rest of the scenery to produce distinctly 132 fflowerXJBefcs anfc Borders. subtropical effects. It must be remembered that the majority of plants grown at the present time for summer bedding are greenhouse plants and do not properly belong to the landscape, as every garden may be complete without them. They are beautiful accessories, which rightly handled will greatly enhance the beauty of a place, but when mis- used are worse than useless. The most important flowering plants used for bed- ding are tender greenhouse plants. Most important are the many varieties of Abutilon, red, white, or yellow, ex- cellent for central parts ; Begonia semperflorens, various shades of red and pure white ( Vernon, coccinea, Erfordce), dwarf, compact, and ever-blooming; tuberous-rooted Be- gonias of all colors, Calceolaria rugosa, Cuphea, heliotrope, Libonia, zonal pelargoniums, single varieties of all colors, Salvia, Streptosolon, Torenia, and Vinca rosea. For combi- nation with these, numerous hardy annuals are used for summer effect, most of which are described in a subsequent chapter. XII. HEDGES. LIPPED hedges with straight and formal out- lines are sometimes desirable for protection against wind and dust, and injury from dogs and other animals running about. A hedge, although formal in appearance, can be made a very useful as well as ornamental object. Of course, when straight lines are used in a garden, they must be exactly straight and uniform from beginning to end. The contrast between these smooth-cut rows of vegetation and the free and graceful shrubs and trees within is rather pleasing than otherwise, and if a small place is isolated it looks forlorn without such an enclosure. When an entire street is planted upon a uniform plan a hedge is out of place, because the effect is there one united whole, and as such, ornamental. But even here the back of the lot may be enclosed without disturbing the general character of the lawns and the street. In bleak and windy positions, espe- cially far north, a screen planting becomes indispensable in addition to the hedge. Hedges may be planted either on flat ground, when the 133 134 soil is of ordinarily good character, or on raised ground, when the soil is moist and liable to inundation, or in the bottom of shallow trenches, when the ground is unusually dry. When the hedge is planted in such trenches a deep layer of soil must cover the bottom, or the bottom may be subsoiled and improved by means of a liberal addition of manure. Hedges of this kind may be used both by farmers FIQ. 75. WELL-KEPT HEDGE; FORMAL LINES BROKEN BV FINE PLANTING. and gardeners for enclosing fields, orchards, parks, and gardens. In planting a hed^e a trench is du^ from end to end for too o its entire length; to make it perfectly straight a line must be used. The trench should be sufficiently deep, varying according to the size of the plants, but never less than a foot in depth and diameter. The soil must be trodden down firmly after planting, while the plants are kept in a perfectly straight row and at an equal distance. 135 For small hedges, solid and impenetrable for most ani- mals, the hawthorn, and the wild apple (seedlings of Pyrus malus, any variety), which is commonly used by nursery- men for stock, are better than almost any other kind of plant. They should be planted when two or three years old, about six inches apart, in a single row, and cut even with a pair of garden shears immediately after planting. These should in a few years form a hedge ten or twelve inches wide and several feet high. Two clippings are necessary every year one in winter or spring before the commencement of growth, and one in summer. Among other deciduous trees and shrubs used for this purpose are the white mulberry, common oak, beech, and hornbeam, as well as the small-leaved elm and field maple. These latter kinds are more robust, forming, when well planted, very strong hedges. The distance should be somewhat greater than in the case of the hawthorn. Smaller hedges, chiefly for divisions in the garden, may be made of privet and box. Osage-orange and Christthorn are sometimes used for rough hedges. Among evergreen trees the holly, yew, Norway spruce, arbor- vitse, and hemlock form close and beautiful hedges for protection both winter and summer. The hedge-row must be kept absolutely clean and free from grass and weeds, but many beautiful climbers may be grown in the hedge, and are there quite at home. The virgin's bower and purple clematis, cucumber vine, morn- ing-glory, and many other annual climbers with light foliage, will not interfere with the growth of the hedge proper. When sown, small circular beds must be dug for each alongside the hedge; There are numerous fine and dwarf bulbous plants that will do well in a hedge-row. Our common wood lilies, dogtooth violets, Smilacina, star- grass, and several European plants, such as squills, yellow star of Bethlehem (Gagea), winter aconite, snowdrops, and meadow saffron are admirable subjects for this purpose. It will be seen that even so formal a thing as a hedge-row can be made beautiful by a little thoughtful and intelligent work. To reduce the monotony of a long and smoothly cut hedge, small trees and shrubs may be planted on both sides of the hedge at irregular intervals and a safe distance, as shown in the illustration on page 134. The combination is one of great beauty, uniting the qualities of ornament and utility in a happy manner. XIII. BUILDINGS AND ENCLOSURES. PARK or garden should never be encumbered with buildings or other structures foreign to its nature. All buildings should be for the sake of use and convenience only, not mere ornaments devoid of all other interest. Shelters and places of rest are necessary in every large park ; bowers and pavilions are desirable places for spend- ing holidays and summer evenings in pleasure or study. In botanic gardens and city parks, museums, gymnasiums, boat-houses, and other structures are in keeping with the purpose of these places, and while intended for use only, should be of simple and artistic design, and as ornamental as possible. A pavilion in the shape of a Swiss cottage in a suitable position, or a simple rustic shelter, like the one illustrated in Fig. 76, and bowers of creepers and vines, are in perfect harmony with the nature and use of a garden, but besides these, temples in pure Grecian or Roman stvle may be erected on high bluffs and knolls to serve the same purpose. The rustic pavilion shown in the illustration can be con- 137 138 JSuilOings an& JEnclosures. structed by any experienced carpenter. The material is white or red cedar in a natural state, which has been stripped of bark to make it more durable. The columns support a square roof thatched with shingles, and support- ing a lantern in which bird's-nests are provided. The sides are covered with honeysuckle, wistaria, and trumpet-flower, while inside, seats are made all around. The little rocky knoll, with its sparse and scattered vegetation, is in perfect harmony with the building, and sets it off to advantage. This is only a modest example of that class of structures. FIQ. 76. RUSTIC SHELTER; EFFICIENT WHEN COVERED WITH CREEPERS AND VINES. A bower may be made entirely by planting trees, hedge- row fashion, in a circle, and allowing the tops to grow together eight or ten feet above the ground. Beech and hornbeam are excellent for this purpose, and will make a close wall of greenery if properly treated. For the first few years they should be cut like a hedge, but as soon as the wall is perfectly close it may be allowed more freedom. But when it is intended to make a bower of flowering vines, such as the wistaria or trumpet-flower, a screen or trellis- work must be made to support these rambling plants; the anfc Enclosures. 139 branches should be tied at equal distances from each other, and distributed uniformly over the whole. When the grounds border on a lake or river with facil- ities for bathing and boating, convenient structures will be needed, but they should never be made out of proportion with the grounds. These, like all buildings, must be in harmony with the surroundings, and ornamental in design. Rustic seats, when used, should be simply made, of light and strong wood in as graceful proportions as possible. FIQ. 77. WOODEN BRIDGE. Red cedar and juniper make excellent materials for this, as well as for all kinds of rustic work. Fig. 77 represents a bridge across a small stream. Piers of rough stone are built on both sides of the water, and round timbers are simply thrown across from side to side and bound together by means of cross timbers at each end. The wood is painted with creosote and covered by a thin layer of gravel to make the surface of the bridge uniform with that of the walk. The handrails, made fast to the outside timbers, are 140 JSuilbtngs ant) Enclosures. also of natural wood, quite strong and simply joined to- gether by means of wooden pins. The bridge may also be made by nailing round sticks, two or three inches in diam- eter, crosswise on top of two timbers thrown across the water. Bridges form picturesque parts of a landscape, whether they be of stone or wood, pretentious, or as simply constructed as the one shown in the illustration. The style FIQ. 78. -STONE BRIDGE. may differ greatly, and such structures cannot be fully treated here. A great mistake often committed in design- ing bridges for public parks and gardens is to make the design too heavy and elaborate. All carvings or architec- tural affectations are decidedly out of place. Simple bridges just large enough to serve their purpose, either of natural wood or something after the manner shown in Fig, 78, are best in harmony with natural scenery. Bttfibinaa ant) Enclosures* 141 Steps are sometimes needed on very steep grades or terraces. In formal gardens and near a dwelling-house they should be of hewn stone, but where the garden is free and natural the steps may be made of rough stones without mortar or cement, bordered by a few scattered rocks and stones half buried in the adjoining lawns. Wood can also be used, and in that case a board six or eight inches wide is simply put across the walk and nailed to posts driven vertically into the ground. Gravel is then filled in to the top of the board, and another step is made a foot or more FIG. 79. IRON FENCE AND GATES. behind, and so on for the required distance. The face of the board should be covered with split sticks of a uniform size nailed vertically to the front. Fences and enclosures, if any, must be of neat design and proportionate in size. One that affords every neces- sary protection, and at the same time leaves the garden exposed to the view of the passers-by, is shown in Fig. 79. It is made of round iron bars run through flat top and bottom pieces, and placed firmly on a low stone founda- tion with stone pillars on each side of the entrance to which 142 anfc Enclosures. the gates are hung. The pillars are in this instance surmounted by flower vases. A stone enclosure suitable for rural suburbs is represented in Fig. 80. It may be made either with or without mortar, and in the latter case will furnish good places for ferns and rock-plants. This enclosure needs to be covered with strong vines and climbers. Brambles, climbing roses, trumpet-flower, and wistaria can be used for this purpose. Another rural en- FIQ. 80. STONE ENCLOSURE AND GATEWAY. PILLARS COVERED WITH TRUMPET-CREEPER (TECOMA RADICANS). closure, as illustrated in the following figure, is made of sticks of juniper or red cedar. To make the wood more durable it must be stripped of bark at the time of cutting. The sticks are firmly inserted, diagonally, in a sill of some strong and durable wood, which is placed on top of a low stone foundation or firmly attached to low locust posts. This fence, besides being strong and durable, affords good opportunities for growing flowering vines and climbers or rambling shrubs, such as many honeysuckles and jessamines. Buildings ant) Enclosures. 143 The English, and many people of continental Europe, make their gardens absolutely private by means of walls eight or ten feet high. In a crowded city it is perhaps desirable to make the residence as private as possible, but aside from this, such walls afford a good protection for all plants grown in the garden. Neither is it disagreeable to see a rich and lux- uriant vegetation bearing clusters of leaves and flowers over a garden wall across the sidewalk. If the grounds are large and the wall can be hidden by means of plantations, at least on the inside, without hiding all external views, low stone or brick walls may be used to advantage in windy and exposed positions and where some protection is necessary. FIG. 81. RUSTIC FENCL. XIV. ON THE EMBELLISHMENT OF THE DWELLING- HOUSE. city and suburban gardens, where the ground area is limited, many plants may be grown for the embellishment of the dwelling-house and other buildings. Around and between the columns of a porch or veranda, climbers and vines may be trained to form a rich and luxurious effect. The plants, however, must never be allowed to grow too thickly. Thinning and pruning must often be resorted to in the case of strong growing woody climbers, and the whole should be kept neat and trim by careful attention. On the wall itself the Boston ivy w r ill make a nice display of greeneiy in summer, turning into exquisite autumn tints before the leaves fall, and leaving a tracery of slender branches in winter. The ivy, more constant, clings to the support in a similar manner, but its persistent foliage makes it still more valuable for covering the bare walls of a house. But while these are the principal and most interesting plants of their kind, there are numerous very pretty shrubs and flowering vines that may be trained on wires or trellises 144 tbe jEmbeliisbment of tbe Bwellin^lbouse. 145 against a wall. Among these are the evergreen Japanese spindle-trees (Euonymus japonicus and E. radicans), the deciduous Actinidia, climbing roses, honeysuckles and clem- atis. The evergreen thorn (Cratce-gus Pyracanlhd), with its orange-scarlet berries in winter and white flowers in spring, is also a very interesting plant for a wall. It must not be supposed that each and every kind of climbing plant can be used together indiscriminately to produce a good effect. It is better to choose a few good ones and cover a large space of wall with one kind, and another part with a different but similar kind, or to cover the entire surface with one kind only. No plants must be allowed to interfere with the architectural beauty of the house ; they should merely be introduced to add a touch of finish and permanency to the structure, if possible setting off to greater advantage the carvings on lintels and cornices, and other devices of the architect's art. In planting climbers for a wall or veranda, a border must be dug along the entire front of the wall which it is intended to cover, and new soil must be procured when the ground near the house is mixed with stone and gravel to a great extent. A narrow border should be left open after planting. This border may be used in spring and summer for flowering plants. The after- treatment merely consists in thinning the shoots once or twice in a year, and in training and tying the plants that need support. The stoop of a porch or veranda may be beautified by means of vases filled with an assortment of summer flowers and trailing plants, such as begonias, heliotropes, mesem- 146 n tbe JEmbellisbment of tbe E>wellin0*1bouse. bryanthemum, periwinkle, trailing verbena and Indian cress, or with a combination of these and subtropical plants ; dracenas, palms, and American aloe. While such vases are also available for the embellishment of other parts of a garden, they are chiefly used in connection with the house. A pretty custom is the use of window boxes filled to over- flowing with vines and flowering plants. The window box to be practical in a hot climate should be constructed so as to protect the roots from overheating and drying during hot days, and to allow for drainage in wet weather. While the drainage cannot be carried outside the box, as it would soil the building, the bottom of the box may be filled with a couple of inches of cinders or crocks. The outside may be made of wood, slate, or enamelled earthenware, and the in- side should consist of a tight zinc box, fitting in so as to leave an air space of half an inch between the zinc and the outer covering. This construction prevents any sudden drying of the roots or overheating of the soil from exposure to the sun. The soil, which should be light and rich, must be firmly packed in planting. The boxes, after planting and watering, are placed on the narrow sill outside the window, and if this is too narrow it must be supported by means of brackets or bands fastened to the wall. Boxes may also be placed on top of the balustrade or balcony between the col- umns, if the character of the building admits of such display. Besides these, hanging baskets may be suspended from the roof directly above the boxes, one between each pair of columns. The plants used for vases and boxes are also amenable to basket culture; they include such sorts as geraniums, ivy-leaved geraniums, German ivy, musk, coleus, FIG. 82. PORCH COVERED WITH JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (LONICERA HALLEANA). 147 148 On tbe Jmbellisbment of tbe S>wellinG*1bouse. wandering Jew, AaronVbeard, Torenia, and several succu- lent plants and trailers. These suggestions, somewhat foreign to the plan of a work of landscape-gardening, are simply for the benefit of the many whose existence is mainly passed between the narrow walls of a city ; but they are important to a certain extent as showing how to beautify the city landscape, so much in need of vegetable life and color. XV. THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN-GARDEN, N places where the size of the ground admits of a small vegetable garden and orchard, these will add materially to the use and pleasure of the garden. Not only can a better and fresher supply of fruits and vegetables be provided for home consumption than it would be possible to obtain in any other manner, but there are many opportunities for healthful exercise and recreation valuable in themselves. The beauty of the trees in the flowering season, the odor of sweet-scented fruits and vegetables all help to make the garden a source of pleasure and interest. The site for a kitchen-garden and orchard should be well-drained, and the soil must be of a tolerably good kind light, sandy loam being preferable to any other, as it is easily worked and may be enriched to suit any kind of fruit or vegetable. The ground should be thoroughly worked and subsoiled before planting, if possible. Where the entire plot cannot be prepared in this manner a sufficient space around each tree must be dug two or three feet deep to provide a well-worked soil for the young roots. I4Q iso Ube rcbarfc anfc Ikitcben^Carfcem The orchard may be laid out in grass afterwards, the soil around each tree being kept open for about two feet on each side of the trunk. The grass in the orchard may be allowed to grow freely ; red clover, myrrh, daffodils, lilies, wild tulips, maiden pink, and many other sweet-scented and beautiful flowers should be allowed to run wild among the grass. Small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, goose- berries, currants, and grapes may be grown in special quarters in the kitchen-garden. The orchard can also be planted so as to form a part of the pleasure-ground without any sharp dividing lines. In that case the trees should not be planted in formal rows, but in irregular groups, the taller ones being placed in the middle, and the plantations may be rounded off by means of near-by specimens in the grass, either small trees or fruit shrubs. The distance between the trees varies for different kinds from ten to twelve, fifteen, and twenty feet. In small places it is most practical to place all trees closer together than they are to be when fully grown, and thin out superfluous trees some years afterwards. The least permanent fruit-trees are peaches, plums, and apricots ; the most lasting, pears and apples, and as these latter grow much larger than any other fruit-trees they should be planted farther apart. The following is a select list of the best fruits for general culture : Apples, early Early harvest, pale yellow, of medium size ; red Astrachan, deep crimson, spotted, medium size ; early strawberry, red dotted, medium ; Tetofsky, yellow, striped red, medium size; yellow trans- parent, greenish-yellow or yellow. Autumn Alexander, yellow and crimson, very large ; Fameuse, deep crimson? ZTbe rcbarfc anfc 1kitcben*($arC>en. 151 medium size ; Gravenstein, yellow and orange, medium size or larger ; Duchess of Oldenburg, striped red and yellow, large; wealthy, dark red, brighter on one side, medium. Winter Baldwin, red, quite large; Jonathan, red and yellow, medium size ; Newton pippin, greenish, red on one side, medium ; northern spy, greenish-red, dark crimson on one side, striped, medium ; Rhode Island Greening, dull green, medium size. Pears, Summer Bartlett, greenish yellow, large ; Clapp's Favorite, medium or large ; Petite Marguerite, greenish yellow, dotted, darker on one side, medium ; Summer Doyenne, greenish, small or medium- sized. Autumn Duchesse d'Angouleme, very large; Beurre Bosc, russet, large size ; Flemish Beauty, large, excellent variety; Hardy russet, quite large; Seckle, small or medium. Winter Beurre d'Anjou, one of the best varieties, large ; Clairgeau, greenish yellow, red on one side, very large ; Winter Nelis, russet, small or medium ; Easter Beurre, yellow and red, quite large ; Josephine de Malines, pale yellow, medium size. Apples and pears are grown as standards, with a high trunk, or as dwarfs, which branch near the ground. Dwarf trees are best adapted to growing in the kitchen-garden along the walks as seen in the accom- panying plan. The two forms in combination may be used in groups on the lawn. The following are a few good Cherries. 1. With acid flesh : Belle Magnifique, red, rather late, quite acid ; Early Richmond, red and acid, very early ; Montmorency, quite large, red, later than the previous kind^ Morello, very dark crimson or nearly black; Reine Hortense, red, large, of ex- cellent quality. 2. With sweet flesh : Black Tartarian, 152 Ube rcbarfc anfc 1kitcben*<3art>en. reddish-black, quite large ; Elton, red and yellow, large ; Knight's Early Black, quite large; Coe's Transparent, amber-colored and red, medium size ; Napoleon, pale yellow and red, very large, flesh firm; Windsor, reddish-brown, large, with firm flesh. Plums. Coe's Golden Drop, pale yellow, large ; Green Gage, greenish, of good quality but small ; General Hand, yellow, very large; Yellow Egg, a very fine- variety ; Brad- shaw, very large, dark violet-red, early ; Wild Goose, small or medium, reddish, a useful wild species. Plums and cherries may be grown for hedges enclosing the vegetable garden or at regular intervals in a trimmed hedge. The smaller growing kinds are especially useful for this purpose, as the Wild Goose Plum and the acid cherries. They thrive in a lighter soil than apples and pears, which do best on rich ground. Peaches. Alexander, pale whitish-green suffused with red, medium size ; Crawford's Early, rich yellow, very large ; Princess of Wales, creamy white suffused with rose, large; Snow, cream-colored, medium ; Waterloo, whitish-green suf- fused with rose and crimson on one side, rather large. Peaches may be grown for avenues in the kitchen-gardens for which purpose they are better adapted than any other tree. The surface soil should be kept free and open. Apricots. Early Golden, orange-colored, small size ; Breda, orange suffused with red, small ; Moorpark, yellow and red, large ; St. Ambrose, large and beautiful. Apricots are best grown on a^south wall. They should be protected from the sun's rays in spring. Grapes. Clinton, black, rather small ; Concord, bluish- ZTbe rcbarfc ant) 1fcitcben=*0arfcen, 153 black, large; Catawba, red, rather large; Delaware, light red, small; Moores 7 Diamond, greenish-white, medium size; Niagara, pale yellowish-green, bunch medium size, berry large : Pocklington, yellow, rather large irregular bunches, berry large. Grape-vines may be grown to cover a straight walk in a kitchen-garden or for arbors. The soil should be kept open and cultivated. Gooseberries. Industry, dark red, hairy, very large ; Downing, whitish-green, large ; Triumph, golden yellow, rather large. Gooseberries are best grown for edging a walk in the kitchen-garden or in open borders from three to five feet apart. Currants. Black: Black Naples, Black Champion; red: Cherry, Fay's Prolific ; white or amber : White Grape. Blackberries. Early Cluster, Lawton, Wilson Jr. Black- berries may be grown in rough places on sunny slopes to form a part of the garden scenery or for low hedges enclos- ing the kitchen-garden. Raspberries. Cham plain, \vhitish - amber ; Fontenoy, purplish, red, late ; Hornet, crimson, quite large ; Cuthbert, deep crimson ; Golden Queen, amber ; Marlboro, red, quite early. Raspberries should be grown in beds in the kitchen- garden ; they require cultivation. Strawberries. Bubach, bright crimson, large, early ; Cumberland, rosy-red, large size ; Haverland, light red oval, early ; Sharpless, rosy-red, very large. Strawberries should be grown in beds in the kitchen-garden, planted in rows and cultivated all summer. The little " Alpine Wood n strawberry may be planted all over in the grass among the trees in the orchard. rcbarfc auO 1Ritcben*<$art>en. The kitchen-garden should be laid out somewhat after the manner shown in the plan, viz. : in square or rectangular quarters varying in size according to the size of the garden. hn bar'U ' ':*"' ."i-is-.y-. v.-v.-j '%^'''p : ^; ; O'^^- ;v kfa Qi.ZIreatment. cherries, pruning is not only useless but absolutely injurious and should not be resorted to after planting. While some parts of the shrubbery have to be thinned out, the development and growth of trees and shrubs may cause a need of more planting in other parts, and thus the material removed may be utilized to advantage for this pur- pose. This also applies to specimens on the lawn, whether trees or shrubs. FIQ. 84. GROUP OF TREES AND SHRUBS SHOWING ONE-SIDED DEVELOPMENT TO BE REC- TIFIED BY AFTER-PLANTING. If the soil was properly worked and prepared before planting, no nutriment will be needed for a long time, but sooner or later an occasional heavy dressing of barn-yard manure will be necessary; this should be put on in fall and dug in without disturbing the roots. If the shrubs are all planted as specimens in the grass, the manure put on to fertilize the lawn will also benefit these. The lawn re- quires a more constant care than the shrubberies. In sum- mer the grass must be frequently cut and thoroughly watered during dry spells by means of lawn sprinklers. Eftetyareatment. 159 This is especially necessary near the residence and around flower- and carpet-beds where the grass must be kept green and velvety all summer. The lawns should be cleaned and rolled in spring, and all dead spots must be re-sown or sodded over in a proper manner. When the soil becomes impoverished, good dressings of clean manure in winter, or, better still, a sprinkling of some concentrated fertilizer in spring, must be resorted to. Fish guano, wood ashes, blood and bone, bone dust and nitrate of soda are among the most useful for this purpose ; they must be applied in spring just before the grass begins to grow. The drives and walks if properly made need very little or no care except cleaning, which should be done as often as necessary. The flowers that form a part of the natural scenery will, if properly selected and planted in suitable positions, for the most part grow without attention. If a stronger sort should usurp too much space and crowd out rarer varieties this should be kept in check. From time to time new and interesting kinds may be introduced in lawns and shrub- beries. The flower-beds and borders should be kept absolutely clean and neatly trimmed, and no weeds must be allowed either there or in other spaces of bare ground as in shrubberies and open ground around specimen trees. Hedge- rows and lawns must be kept free from weeds of all kinds such as dandelion, docks, evening primroses, and thistles. The weeding of the lawn should be attended to the first summer, and afterwards very little attention is necessary to keep weeds away. Hedges, when intended to be cut, should be clipped 160 &f ter^ZTreatment* regularly, so as to make the growth dense and impenetrable, and the refuse must not be left in or around the hedge after clipping. A narrow strip of soil should be kept open and cultivated on each side of the hedge for a few years at least, and no coarse weeds must ever be allowed to get a foothold there, as it will be almost impossible afterwards to get rid of them. In this, as in all phases of gardening, cleanliness is very important ; borders of shrubberies and flower-beds, edges of lawns, especially along the main path, should be cleanly cut, and no refuse must be allowed either on the walks, the Tawn. or amono; flowers and shrubs. ' O Much supplementary work is needed to give the garden a touch of finish in summer, such as filling of vases, planting and. sowing of flower-beds, shifting of specimen palms and cycads from greenhouses or conservatories to proper places on the lawn, all of which requires care and judgment. A pond or other body of water is apt to become filled with leaves, the decaying foliage of water plants and other mat- ter, and when it is not too extensive, or if the water can be let out at will, the bottom should be cleaned annually or once in two or three years. Large ponds and lakes are not apt to become filled so soon, and very often no cleaning is necessary. Water-lilies and other plants must be kept within proper limits, so as not to mar the beauty of the sur- face or to accumulate too much decaying matter in the water. From these concluding remarks on the making and planting of the pleasure-ground we will turn briefly to the study of the most important plants that form, or can be HfteryEreatment 161 made to form, characteristic features of the scenery. They will be considered from a landscape-gardener's point of view only; their natural habitat, the soil they prefer, their size, form, and color all will be pointed out as fully as it is possible to do in a space so limited. PART II. SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST HARDY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR THE TEM- PERATE ZONE OF NORTH AMERICA. 163 I. DECIDUOUS TREES, Chiefly planted for Shade and Shelter. HE deciduous trees brought together under this heading are chiefly trees of considerable size, with broad, umbrageous crowns. Some are excellent street trees, such as the larger maples, box elder, lindens, and elms, and they are also used for larger plantations in pleasure-grounds and parks, or as shade-trees in smaller places. They include the most useful of ornamental trees, but the larger species, when planted in small grounds, must be used with discretion, so as not to crowd out the dwarf er and choicer vegetation. Most of them have elliptical crowns or present a rounded or obovate outline. They are destitute of conspicuous flowers, with the possible exception of the lindens, which have large quantities of fragrant, yellowish blossoms in July, and the chestnut, which is white with flowers in June. Still they are essentially grown for the sake of shade and shelter. Many of them assume the most beauti- ful autumn tints, such as the scarlet oak, the red maple, 165 166 Becifcuous Urees, the pepperidge, the sassafras laurel, and the sweet gum. In their autumn garbs they excel the best spring effects of flowering trees, painting hill and dale in exquisite tints of gold and scarlet. Species that possess the special merit of changing into fine autumn colors should be selected in preference to others, as they introduce a new element of ornament and beauty into the garden. THE LINDEN FAMILY. Linden, Tilia. The species of this genus are fine trees with very regular, rounded crowns and cordate leaves, bright green or silvery beneath ; foliage very dense, giving a heavy shade. Both the European lindens, the two varieties of Tilia Europea, and the American linden (T. Americana), are fine trees for avenues. While flowering in summer the sweet odor of the innumerable flowers add to their general attractiveness. The silver lindens (Tilia argentea of Europe, and T. heterophytta, an American spe- cies) are very ornamental in a young state and suitable for the embellishment of lawns as specimen trees. The lindens do best in a moderately dry and fertile soil ; they are rapid-growing trees, useful for shade and shelter. THE QUASSIA FAMILY. Tree of Heaven, Ailantlius glandulosa. An elegant and quick-growing, medium-sized tree with long pinnate leaves, similar in appearance to some species of ash. It forms a dense, globular crown, producing nice effects of shade and light. The species will thrive in almost any S>ectouous Hrees. 167 soil ; its long searching roots are apt to impoverish the ground, and its weed-like propensities make it less desirable than it would otherwise be. THE MAPLE FAMILY. Maple, Acer. The maples are very numerous, scattered over a large part of the northern hemisphere, throughout America, Europe, and Asia. They vary in size from shrubs to tall forest-trees. All have more or less palmately-lobed leaves. Their foliage turns into a beautiful bright yellow, scarlet, or crimson in autumn. The flowers are racemose or corymbose, sometimes conspicuous, as in the American mountain maple, a tall and beautiful shrub. The sycamore maple (Acer pseudo-platanus) is a fine tree with an elliptical crown and five-lobed leaves. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes. The Norway maple (A. platanoides) is similar in habit, but the flowers are produced in upright corymbs. There are several varie- ties with variegated foliage of each species. The best forms of the sycamore maple are A. Scliwedlerii, with bronzy-red foliage, variegatum, with white variegated, and laciniatum, with incised green and yellow leaves. The Norway maple has a white variegated form, albo variegatum, and one with yellow-margined leaves, flavo variegatum. Among other large forms is the silver maple (A. dasycarpum), with the under side of the leaves silvery white. It forms a moder- ately large tree with slender branches and an obovate out- line. The large-leaved maple (A. macrophyllum) has the largest leaves of any and a regular habit. It is seldom seen in cultivation, but has no rival for beauty and utility. For 168 2>ecifcuous Urees. high and rocky ground the sugar maple (^4. saccharinum) is excellent. It has a dense, globular crown and a formal appearance. Of the smaller forms, very suitable for parks and gardens, the red maple (^4. rubruni) is a most elegant tree. The leaves are of medium size, whitish beneath, and turn into bright yellow and scarlet tints in fall. This is the best maple for general use in small grounds. The striped maple (A. P ennsylvanicum) is a small tree with elliptical crown, large leaves, and light, beautifully striped bark. Field maple (A. campestre) has small five-lobed leaves. It is a tree about twenty feet high with globular crown and corymbose flowers. Tartarian maple (^4. tar- taricuni) is similar in size and habit, but has almost cordate leaves with very superficial lobes. Among forms that may be considered as large shrubs only, the vine maple (A. cirdnatum) and the mountain maple (^4. spicatum) are very beautiful ; the last one in par- ticular is very showy when in flower, the. erect racemes stand well above the foliage, and the yellow color contrasts well with the tender green of the leaves. From the extreme east of Asia come the beautiful dwarf varieties known as Japanese maples, which are somewhat tender in the north. There are several forms with more or less deeply cut or highly colored foliage, varieties of Acer pal- matum. Acer Japonicum and Acer Ginnala, which are distinct species, are also known by the same popular name. They form broad masses of highly colored leaves in autumn if not injured by early frosts. All maples will grow in a moderately rich and moist ground ; some, as the Tartarian, the field, and the sugar 1 7 o maple will also do well in poor and stony soil. The maples are the most useful and ornamental of our deciduous trees. Box Elder, Negundo fraxinifolium. This is a moder- ately large tree with pinnate leaves and roundish crowns. It is an ornamental and valuable tree for avenues. The silver-leaved variety with white margined leaves forms an exceedingly fine lawn tree. THE WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua. The foliage of this beautiful tree is five-lobed like that of the maples, but the texture is firmer and the lobes more acute. The habit is regular, broadly pyramidal in outline. Beautiful in sum- mer with dark glossy leaves, changing into a deep crimson in autumn. It is common on moist ground and in old fields in moderately good soil. One of our best ornamental trees, fine for specimens on the lawn when young. THE DOGWOOD FAMILYo Pepperidge, Nyssa multiflora. A small tree of irregular habit, twisted branches and horizontal sprays. This is a very elegant and picturesque tree with fine glossy leaves in summer and bright crimson autumn tints. It grows well in any light and open soil, in the outskirts of woods and frequently in old fields. Deserves to be used abun- dantly in landscape-gardening. THE EBONY FAMILY. Persimmon, Diospyrus Virginica* A common tree of the South and Middle States with ovate leaves of a firm H>ecifcuous Hrees, 171 texture, upright habit, and irregular crowns with rounded outlines. It grows in any kind of soil in moderately moist positions. FIG. 86. PERSIMMON (DIOSPYRUS VIRQINICA). THE OLIVE FAMILY. Ash, Fraxinus excelsior. The European ash is a noble and picturesque tree with dark shining green foliage, ample rounded or ovate crowns, and straight grayish stems. 172 )ectouous ZTrees. The leaves are pinnate. It grows on the shores of highland rivers, sometimes in dry ground but often on the water level among rocks and stones. Cultivated, it thrives well in any moderately rich soil. There is a variety with pendulous branches which when grafted on the common ash forms small, shady arbors in a short time. The ash retains a beautiful green and luxuriant foliage until late in fall. THE LAUREL FAMILY. Sassafras Laurel, Sassafras officinale. A small but ornamental tree with irregular crown of rounded outlines and straight, slender stems. Grows in rich or moderately gravel- ly soil either in moist or dry positions. Finest in old fields and on the outskirts of woods. The obo- vate, three-cleft leaves are very handsome glossy green in sum- mer, changing into a dull red and crimson in autumn. The tree FIG. 87.-SASSAFRAS LAUREL (.SASSAFRAS OFFICINALEj). j g ^ effective OU account of its characteristic and picturesque habit. Deciduous 173 THE NETTLE FAMILY. Elm, Ulmus mantana, U. campestris, U. Americana. These are well-known trees with obovate crowns, very broad at the top, oblique sprays and sometimes slender, pendu- lous branches. The elms are excellent trees for avenues, but often become easy prey for insects which . strip them of every leaf in dry summers. They prefer rich, loamy soil with a gravelly subsoil. Ulmus campestris is ex- c e 1 1 e n t for hedges. Of this species there are several good varieties, one with yellow leaves. The majority of its numerous forms are of little or no importance. The same may be said of the varieties of the Scotch elm ( U. Mon- FIQ. 88. NETTLE TREE (CELTIS OCCIDENTALS). i74 Deciduous Urees. tana). There are two very distinct forms, one with fasti- giate the other with pendulous branches. The white elm, ( U. Americana) is of a more elegant habit than the rest, with more slender branches. Nettle Tree, Celtis occidentalis. An elegant tree of medium size growing in rich, moist ground. The leaves are more narrow than those of the elm. The crown is irregular, rounded, broadest at the base; It will grow in any moderately good soil. Mulberry, Morus. The mulberry trees are seldom used in ornamental gardening, but they are very orna- mental when young. The most useful species for this purpose is the red mulberry (M. rubra), which has the finest foliage. All are useful for hedge-planting. The black mulberry gives a well-known fruit. Paper Mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera. A small shade-tree with very ornamental three-cleft leaves, hardy, south of New York. For ornamental purposes this is better than the common mulberry trees. Will grow in any moderately good soil. Osage Orange, Madura. A coarse, spreading, rapid- growing tree, with spiny branches and ovate lanceolate leaves. It is excellent for strong hedges and enclosures and of great ornamental value. It multiplies by means of running roots and is apt to become a weed. THE PLANE-TREE FAMILY. * Sycamore or Plane, Platanus. Large and beautiful trees with truncate, five-angled leaves, which are of a leath- ery texture and downy on the lower side. The crowns are H>ecitwou8 Urees. 175 irregularly rounded, somewhat broader at the base than at the top, with beautiful effects of light and shade. The stem is grayish and, in places where the old bark strips off, silvery white. The Oriental plane (PI. orientalis) has leaves more lobed and also broader crowns than the American plane (PI. occidentalis). The sycamore is com- mon on the river-banks and in low fertile soil. While small it is a most beautiful tree for any garden, but being of rapid growth it will in time grow too large for smaller grounds. Under cultivation it thrives in any moderately good soil. THE WALNUT FAMILY. Walnut, Juglans. These are large trees, with spread- ing, rounded crowns and fine pinnate leaves. They are all ornamental, especially when young ; grand and fin- posing when old. The English walnut is chiefly planted for the sake of its well-known fruit. The black walnut is a large American tree, and the butternut ( J. cinerea) a somewhat smaller but ornamental species. The walnuts prefer rich soil with a light and open subsoil. Hickory, Carya. The hickories are large and beautiful trees with more elongated crowns than the walnuts. The leaves are long, pinnate. They are all well-known Ameri- can trees common in deep and fertile soil. The butternut (6! amara), the water hickory (C. aquaticd), and pecan-nut C. olivceformis) delight in low alluvial soil along rivers arid swamps. The shellbark hickories (C. alba, C. sulcatci) grow on higher ground in rich woods. i 7 6 IDecifcuous {Trees. Caucasian Walnut, Pterocaria caucagica, is a beautiful hardy tree with broad, spreading crowns, and much smaller than the hickories and walnuts. It has long pinnate leaves of a glossy green with about nineteen leaflets. The fine eciDuous Urees. fine varieties, such as red-leaved birch (B. alba purpured), with coppery foliage ; the cut-leaved birch (B.a.Dalecarlicd), with slender branches and laciniated leaves ; and the weep- ing birch (B. a. penduld), one of the most beautiful lawn trees. The white birch forms immense forests abounding in a rich herbaceous flora. The American white birch (B. populifolid) does not differ greatly from the common white birch, except in having a stiffer and less elegant habit. The paper birch (B.papyraced) has beautiful white bark, which peels off in layers. It is almost similar in habit to some varieties of the white birch, but the leaves are broader and more heart-shaped. On the shores of rivers, often growing in the water itself, the picturesque river birch (J5. nigra) is frequently seen in the Northern States. The cherry birch (B. lento) has denser crowns than any of the preceding kinds. The spray is horizontal, almost beech-like, and the globular crowns and grayish stems make it resemble a small beech at a distance. The bark is brownish gray, resembling that of a cherry-tree. This species and the white birch are the most valuable from an ornamental point of view. Birches are fine trees for planting in masses in groves and copses, and where it is de- sired to introduce woodland scenery birch and oak should be the principal trees, as their light foliage will allow a luxurious growth of grass and flowers. Alder, Alnus. The alder grows in moist places in meadows and on river shores. It has a tall elliptical crown, grayish stems, and oval or ovate leaves. The common forms are not very ornamental, but they are excellent for very low and wet ground. The cut-leaved Alder (Alnus Deciduous Urees. 183 glutinosa laciniata or imperialis) is the only really valuable tree of the genus. It has slender branches and beautiful fern-like foliage and forms a fine and very ornamental lawn tree. THE WILLOW FAMILY. Willow, Salix. The willows are rapid-growing trees, found in moist places, in marshes and meadows on lake and FIG 93. WEEPING WILLOW (SALIX BABYLONICA). river shores. They have all more or less narrow, lanceolate leaves of a glaucous or silvery color on the lower side. Their branches are gray or silvery, sometimes bright red or yellow, and many species are very attractive in winter because of the highly colored twigs. All are of a more or less bushy habit when young, but eventually grow into trees of considerable size. 184 IDecifeuous Urees. Most common is the white willow (S. alba), with gray- ish branches and lanceolate leaves covered with white silky hair. The golden willow (S. vitellina) is only a variety of the white willow with golden yellow branches. Salix fragilis has beautiful shining leaves. All these grow into large-sized trees. The osier willow (S. viminalis) is a smaller but very handsome species. The laurel-leaved willow (S. pentandrd) is a small but beautiful tree with ovate-lanceolate leaves. The most popular and useful of all is the weeping willow (S. Babylonica), a familiar tree on the shores of rivers and ponds. Poplar, Populus, are rapid-growing trees useful for screen planting and for planting where it is necessary to cover bare spaces quickly. Most common are the Canada pop- lar (P. monolifera), with fine cordate leaves and a regular habit ; the silver poplar (P. alba), with whitish silvery foliage ; the balsam poplar (P. lalsamea), with fragrant leaves in spring, and the Lombardy poplar (P. dilatata), with fastigiate branches and a columnar habit. There is a golden-leaved variety of the Canada poplar which is a very fine ornamental tree. All are beautiful when young, but some are undesirable because of their long running roots ; the balsam poplar and the white poplar in particular. Aspen, Populus tremula. This is a small tree with rounded crown and grayish silvery bark, of no ornamental value. It grows in poor soil almost anywhere. The American aspen (P. tremuloides) is a more ornamental tree, of a regular habit. II. CONIFEROUS TREES. CHIEFLY EVERGREENS. HE importance of hardy evergreen trees in the JA North, where the deciduous trees remain bare for a long time of the year, can hardly be over-estimated. Unfortunately many of the finest coniferous trees and shrubs are too tender in the far North to be of general use. But among the pines proper, among the spruces, firs, and hemlocks there is so great a variety of beautiful trees, that with them alone a great diversity of evergreen groups and plantations may be had in any part of the country. Many of the finer spruces and firs, as the Nordmann fir, the Colorado blue spruce, the Cephalonian and Spanish silver firs can hardly be excelled by any other class of trees in dignity and beauty. Cedars are, unfortunately, tender in the Northern States, but they will succeed in most places south and west of New York. Coniferous trees are best planted in large, irregular masses, with closer plantations of the more com- mon kinds and choice specimens on adjoining open lawns, 185 1 86 Coniferous Urees. In forming a pinetum considerable time may be needed, and it should be planted upon a previously arranged plan. It is best to form a nucleus here and another there, in suit- able places, of some larger trees already on hand, and as these increase in size plant younger trees about them or in separate groups, sufficiently far apart to allow a full development of every individual tree. In this manner the plantation will look finished and natural from the begin- ning and still be capable of enlargement by subsequent plantings. If a group of coniferous trees is wanted for im- mediate effect they may be planted quite close together, and as soon as the branches touch, the superfluous plants must be removed and planted elsewhere. Coniferous trees are most attractive in spring, when the tender green of the young shoots is in beautiful con- trast with the dark color of the older branches. In large plantations of spruce and pine fine effects may be produced by introducing choice flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants in open glades, and on small, irregular open spaces among the trees. THE PINE FAMILY PROPER. Pine, Pinus. The pines are chiefly large forest trees, but are sometimes of a dwarf and compact habit. The leaves are more or less rigid, and vary in length from a couple of inches to more than a foot, mostly green, but sometimes of a beautiful glaucous color, disposed in clusters, two, three, or five together. Pines form vast forests, chiefly consisting of one species, and almost destitute of herbaceous vegetation except in open places. Most of the species grow in moun- Coniferous Urees. 187 tain regions or on sandy plains, while a few, like the white pine, are found in low and rich soil. All will do well under cultivation in moderately good soil, in open and ex- FIQ. 94. AUSTRIAN PINE (PINUS AUSTRIACA). posed positions. Some are difficult to transplant on account of their long and bare roots, and must be transplanted as young seedlings in order to succeed. i88 Coniferous Urees, Austrian pine (P. Austriacd) is the best species for general use and ornament. It forms a close and rounded crown with long, rigid leaves, grows rapidly, and is easily transplanted. Scotch pine (P. sylvest/ris) is the most common tree of Northern Europe, with short, bluish-white leaves and red- dish-brown trunks. Especially useful for screen planting on poor and sandy soil, on the sea-shore and in other ex- posed places. It is quite ornamental while young. Northern pitch pine (P. rigida) is a beautiful Ameri- can tree growing on poor sandy and rocky ground in ex- posed positions. A useful and ornamental tree. The white pine (P. Strobus) is one of the most beautiful spe- cies with long, glau- cous leaves and an ele- gant habit. It is easy to transplant, and will grow in any moderate- ly good soil. The Bho- tan pine (P. excelsd) is a nearly related tree with much longer, slen- der, and drooping leaves of a whitish color, very numerous at the top of the branches. This species is less hardy than the common white pine. FIG. 95. WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS). Coniferous Urees* 189 The stone pine (P. cembra) is a dwarf and compact species of a regular ovate outline, slow growing, hardy, and ornamental, and one of the best for use in smaller places. The dwarf pine (P. Muglius) is a very compact and spreading form, with short rigid leaves. It is almost a shrub, forming broad and low masses when planted on a lawn. Spruce, Picea. Spruces, as distinguished from firs, have FIQ. 96. DWARF PINE (PINUS MUGHUS). pendulous, not upright, cones, and leaves spreading every way. They are of an upright pyramidal habit, with branches disposed in whorls at regular intervals along the stem. They grow in rocky and mountainous regions, and form the main forests in the far North, sometimes in the company of pines. Norway spruce (P. excelsa) is a common ornamental tree with dark-green leaves, close, sometimes drooping, branches, and an upright, elegant habit. Very useful for screen-planting, and in a young state for groups and masses on the lawn and intermixed in large shrubberies. There I 9 Coniferous ZTrees. are several varieties, one very dwarf, another with droop- ing branches. White spruce (P. alba) is of a broader and more compact habit, and has whitish leaves. A very hand- some ornamental tree for groups or specimens. Black spruce (P. nigrd) has shorter and darker leaves. This is a small tree growing in cold and damp soil. The Himalayan spruce (P. Morinda) is the most beautiful of the spruces, with comparatively long leaves, ample branches, and a very regular, pyramidal habit. Blue Spruce, Picea pungens, is a slow-growing, compact, and rigid tree with sharp, needle-like leaves. Often very beautiful on account of its glaucous blue color. A very attrac- tive species for plant- ing on rocky hillsides or in small places as a specimen on the lawn. Fir, Abies. The firs are stately trees with erect cones, most- ly flattened branches, and comparatively long, glossy, green or glaucous leaves. All grow in mountain re- gions, sometimes in hi^h altitude s on FIG. 97. CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR (ABIES CEPHA- LONICA). rocky and precipitous ground. They are the most ornamental of all coniferous II 191 Coniferous trees. The balsam firs (A . bahamica, pectinata, are almost similar in habit. A. pectinata is the tallest and most valuable of them, while A. piclita, the Siberian bal- FIQ. 98. WHITE SILVER FIR (ABIES CONCOLOR). sam fir, is the most ornamental, with rather long, crowded leaves. The leaves of all are of a dark and lustrous green on the upper surface, and more or less silvery beneath. The i92 Coniferous {Trees* Spanish silver fir (A.Pinsapo) has very stout and rigid leaves pointing in every direction. It is a very ornamental tree of a broadly pyramidal habit and a dark shining green color. This species is less hardy than the Cephalonian silver fir (A. FIG. 99. NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR (ABIES NORDMANNIANA). Cephaloiiica), which is almost similar in habit but with more glaucous leaves and perfectly hardy. The last two will form fine specimen trees on a lawn. The white silver fir (A. concolor) is one of the most beautiful of evergreen trees Coniferous TTrees. 193 with spreading branches and long two-ranked leaves of a pale glaucous color. This is a perfectly hardy and very ornamental tree of a pyramidal habit, and one of the best specimens for small lawns where there is place for a few trees only. The great silver fir (A. grandis) is hardly less beautiful, but less glaucous. A. nobilis is another fine tree of an almost columnar habit with stout spreading branches and glaucous leaves. Nordmann's silver fir (A. Nord- manniana) is, however, the most common and popular of all these trees. It is of a narrow pyramidal habit, with short but ample branches and long leaves, of a dark, shining green color on the upper side, and slightly silvery beneath. This is an excellent lawn tree and comparatively easy to obtain. False Hemlock, Pseudotsuga Douglasii. A tree almost as common and popular as the Nordmann fir, of a less formal habit, with slender elegant branches, and two-ranked, light green leaves. Not hardy in the extreme North. Hemlock, Tsuga. These are well-known trees in rocky woods on hillsides and ravines, often seen among deciduous trees, forming little groups and scattered masses among birch and oak. They have slender, feathery branches and an ele- gant habit, with dark green or silvery foliage. Many varieties of the common hemlock (T. canadensis) are of a broad and bushy habit in a young state, and almost rival the Deodar cedar in beauty. T. Hookeriana is a species with more glaucous leaves than the common hemlock, a very graceful tree, but probably not hardy in the extreme North. The hemlocks are useful for hedges, for screen planting, and as an undergrowth in woods and copses. Small groups of 194 Coniter ous Urees, young trees are very effective on the lawn, and they may be used with great advantage for mixed groups of coniferous trees. In ravines and among stones and rocks on high river banks is their ideal home, and they may be used to form a background for rockeries with the best result. They grow well in any moderately good and naturally drained soil. As the hemlock may be pruned without injury, the habit may be rendered more compact by judicious pruning of the young trees, but a free and natural growth is generally to be preferred. Larch, Larix Europcea. This deciduous tree is excellent in woods and shrubberies or in groups of evergreen trees where the tender green of its leaves in spring is very effect- ive. In early spring, when the leaves unfold, the tree is very fragrant. The European larch is a large forest tree with valuable wood, and it is one of the best and most profitable species for forest-planting. It is of an erect and slender habit with an ovate, pointed crown and light feathery clusters of leaves. It grows in any moderately good soil. Cedar, Cedrus. The cedars are not quite hardy in the Northern States. They are very ornamental trees with broad, rounded crowns and horizontal branches of a dark green or glaucous color. The Cedar of Lebanon (C. Liba- notica) is probably the most hardy. It will grow as far north as New York in sheltered positions, and probably much far- ther north. This species is of a more rigid habit than the Deodar (C. deodara), a Himalayan tree of great beauty y with a light feathery spray, slender arching branches, and glaucous leaves. The cedars are exceptionally beautiful trees for small clumps, and as specimens on the lawn. A Coniferous ZTrees, 195 high sandy loam and a somewhat sheltered position are essential to success in their cultivation. THE CYPRESS FAMILY. The trees of this family are distinguished botanically by their small and often fleshy cones, the scales of which often unite to form a dry berry as in juniper. They have more or less scaly or prickly leaves. Some of the largest known trees belong to this family, as the common redwood of the Pacific slopes. The dwarf est and smallest members of the coniferous family also belong here. Japanese Cypress, Cryptomeria japanica. This is a very picturesque tree with a slender stem, and few but large branches that descend from the stem and ascend again at the apex. The leaves are crowded and scaly, and the sprays are flat and frondlike. It succeeds best as an under- growth in deciduous shrubberies and woods on hillsides, and on the sides of ravines in moderately good soil with an open or gravelly subsoil. Planted as a lawn tree in the full blaze of the sun, it will not endure in the North. White Cedars, Cliamcecyparis (JRetinospora), a very large genus of dwarf or medium-sized trees and shrubs, of very varied aspect and habit. The majority are perfectly hardy, as they are inhabitants of high altitudes and of the North. The largest are Lawson's cypress, the Nootka cedar, and the Japanese cedar. The first one (Oh. Lawsonianci) is a well-known ornamental tree with flat, feathery sprays. It has numerous garden varieties, varying greatly in form and color. The best of these are : albo-variegata, with white 196 Coniferous ZTrees. and very leaves and branches among the green ones ; dwarf and compact, of a conical habit; aureo-variegata, with the young branches tipped gold- en yellow, very pictu- resque ; erecta mridis, of a columnar habit and a beautiful green color; gracilis pendu- la, with long and slen- der, semi - pendulous branches ; nana, a globular form, nana glauca, a beautiful glaucous va- riety. The Nootka cedar (C%. Nootkaen- sis) is the finest and hardiest species of this genus. It is of a slen- der, graceful habit, with short arching branches and imbri- cated foliage, some- times bright green, sometimes glaucous. There are several varieties of this species. The Japanese cedar (CJi. obtusd), which grows into a tree a hundred feet high, is quite common in gardens. The branches are slen- der, with ample, feathery sprays, and scale-like, ad pressed leaves. The most common varieties are : aurea, with many FIQ. 100. LAWSON'S CEDAR (CHAM/ECYPARIS LAW- SONIANA). Coniferous ZTrees. 197 of the sprays golden yellow, intermixed with green ; nana, a very dwarf variety a couple of feet high only, broad and spreading ; plumosa, with very large and feathery sprays of a fluffy appearance. There is a sub- variety of this cedar with yellow variegations (plumosa aurea), and one in which the young growth is creamy white (argented). This species is one of the most useful garden plants. The smaller varie- ties are handsome in rockeries, and the larger ones in groups and as specimen trees. Oh. pisifera is a remarkable and picturesque species with very long, cord-like branchlets. It is of a compact habit and very beautiful and characteristic when well grown. In the variety filifera, this peculiar habit is more pronounced. Oh. squarosa is one of the most common of the smaller coniferse. It has fluffy, feathery sprays of a glaucous or silvery-gray color, and forms a small shrub or tree of a broadly columnar habit. These last kinds are excellent for rockeries. The American white cedar (<7A. thuy aides) is also a very fine and ornamental tree, useful for planting in deciduous woods and shrub- beries as an undergrowth. Arbor- Vita, Thuya. Some of the arbor- vitses are trees of considerable size, but many of the garden varieties are compact forms of a more or less globular or columnar habit. The American arbor-vitse (Thuya occidentalis) is a common tree, growing in small colonies on almost any kind of ground, from rocky hillsides to cold swamps. The garden varieties are numerous and more common in cultiva- tion than the type. The following are some of the best forms : alba, with the young shoots tipped with white early in the season ; aurea, golden yellow ; Elwangwiana, a dwarf i 9 8 Coniferous Urees* bushy form ; Hoveyi, a globular variety, tinted golden yel- low ; Vervoeneana, oval, golden-tinted ; Warreana, dwarf conical, a beautiful variety. The giant arbor-vitae (Th. gigantea) is a tall and elegant tree with graceful, irregular branches and flat, feathery sprays. This is a fine species for grouping with spruce and fir. Chinese ar- bor- vitae (Th. orien- talis) is a tree of a compact pyramidal or conical habit, less hardy than the com- mon form. There are many varieties with differently col- ored leaves. The best are : elegantis- sima, with golden- tipped branches in summer ; glauca, a beautiful bluish- white variety one of the best ; pyramidalis, F.Q. 101.-Q.ANT ARBOR-VIT* (THUYA Q.QANTEA). f a Columnar habit, bright green color and robust growth. The American arbor-vitae is very useful Coniferous {Trees* 199 for evergreen hedges ; and choicer varieties for groups and as specimen trees, while some of the smaller kiDds look fine in a rockery. Japanese Arbor- Vitae, Thuyopsis dolabrata. This is a beautiful tree of a pyramidal habit with thick shoots and scale-like, fleshy leaves. It is of a fine green color, is proba- bly the most ornamental of the arbor-vitses, and very hardy. Fine for a specimen tree in a choice position on the lawn. Juniper, Juniperus. The junipers are common trees on heaths, in barren and sandy soil, and in America in old fields. The common juniper (J. communis) is a very variable tree, generally of a fresh green color, with a more or less irregularly pyramidal habit. There are two common kinds grown in gardens the Irish and the Swedish juniper. They are both of a columnar habit, with silvery or glaucous leaves. As an ornamental tree, the typical form is by far the best. Red cedar (J. virginiana) is a common tree on stony and sandy soil, on hillsides, and in old fields. Certain varieties of a columnar habit, and of a more or less glaucous color, are common all over the country. The Chinese juni- per (J. chinensis) is also common in cultivation. The savin (J. Sabina) is a low, procumbent shrub, fine for rockeries. There are a few singular forms, belonging to various divisions of the coniferous family, which are quite orna- mental but rare in gardens. The Umbrella Pine, Sciadopytis verticillata, is one of these. It is a dwarf, slow-growing tree with long, rigid leaves, collected in umbrella-like rosettes at the apex of the 200 Coniferous Hrees. branches. It is a fine and hardy plant for a rockery or as a specimen tree on the lawn. The Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo btloba) is a large and or- namental, deciduous tree, with the habit of a common pear- tree, and fan-shaped, lobed leaves. It will form a fine specimen tree, and may also be planted in a shrubbery. The Bald Cypress (Taxodium disticJium) is more com- mon ; a deciduous tree of a pyramidal habit, growing in swamps and low ground generally. Fine for shores of rivers and lakes. The Yew, Taxus baccata. This is a very beautiful but slow-growing tree. It has flat sprays of dark olive-green leaves, and is generally of a broadly conical habit. It is often used for evergreen hedges, and in cemeteries, for which purposes it is excellent. There are several beautiful forms, now little known and seldom used because of their slow growth. All are fine for planting as an undergrowth in shrubberies and woods. III. FLOWERING TREES. HE following trees are particularly beautiful during their flowering period in spring and early summer. They form important features of every landscape in Northern latitudes for a considerable time of the year; some, in ad- dition to their attractive flowers in spring, change into beautiful autumn tints before the fall of the leaf, and many are covered in winter with showy clusters of fruit. The Siberian crab, American thorns, and the European moun- tain ash are a few of the deciduous trees that are ornamental in one way or another during the greater part of the year. Many of the species included under this heading are trees of considerable size, with large and beautiful foliage and shady crowns, useful as avenue and shade-trees, such as the horse chestnuts. The locust family contains a number of species with beautiful pinnate or twice-pinnate leaves; they are trees of considerable size, useful in landscape-gar- dening for every ornamental purpose. The locusts are fine trees for streets and avenues. All the species form beauti- ful and striking objects in masses of trees and shrubs. In 201 202 jflowering tTrees. many groups, such trees as the thorns, the hagberry, the buckeyes, yellow-wood and flowering ash may be used for the more central parts with good results. Catalpas, Pau- lownias, and Chinese magnolias are exceptionally beautiful for specimens on the lawn. THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. This is a well known, tall and handsome tree, with broad, lyrate leaves and showy, greenish-yellow flowers marked inside with rich orange, and resembling a tulip in shape. The flowers are produced in great numbers late in the spring. The tulip tree is found in different kinds of soil, but chiefly on mod- erately rich and well drained ground. As a small tree, twenty to thirty feet high, it is very ornamental with a broadly pyramidal or conical crown. It grows rapidly and must be removed as soon as it becomes too large for a place. Chinese Magnolia, Magnolia conspicua. A small tree with a rounded crown, smooth branches and obovate, pointed leaves about six inches long. The fragrant flowers are of a milky-white color, erect, six inches in diameter, expanding before the leaves in early spring. There is a variety or hybrid with purplish flowers known as Soulange's magnolia, which is equally valuable. The purple magnolia ( M. pur- purea) is a Japanese shrub or small tree with obovate leaves and showy flowers, white inside, purple without. Magnolia stellata is also a very early flowering species of great beauty. These are fine trees for specimens on the 203 lawn, and are among the best for small places. They will thrive in any moderately good soil that is not too wet. FIQ. 102. CHINESE MAGNOLIA (MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA). Sweet Bay, Magnolia glauca. A small American tree, very fine when cultivated, growing in swamps and low grounds generally. It has oblong leaves, green on the upper surface, glaucous beneath, and white fragrant flowers in early summer. Fine for groups and in shrubberies in rich, not necessarily low, ground. 204 flowering ZTrees* Umbrella Tree, Magnolia umbrella. This is a low orna- mental tree with broad, spreading crowns and obovate- lanceolate leaves from one to two feet long, placed in rosettes at the apex of the branches, with a very large white flower in their midst. A very beautiful shade-tree for general use. Great-leaved Magnolia, Magnolia macropJiylla. A small or medium-sized tree with extremely large leaves, two to three feet in length, and white flowers, sometimes a foot in diameter. Cucumber Tree, Magnolia acuminata, is a large tree with oblong pointed leaves and greenish-yellow flowers. This is a fine shade-tree. In the South, the large-flowered Magnolia grandiflora, with evergreen, leathery leaves, is one of the most important members of the magnolia family. All the magnolias do well in moderately good soil, but prefer a rich, sandy loam. THE BUCKEYE FAMILY. i Koelreuteria, Kcelreuteria paniculata. This is a rare and beautiful tree with pinnate leaves consisting of numerous coarsely-toothed leaflets, and very large terminal panicles of yellow flowers. The crown is irregularly rounded ; the habit, slender and elegant. An excellent small tree for shrubberies. Thrives well in common garden soil. Horse Chestnut, ^Esculus Hippocastanum. This robust- growing tree, with its shady, conical crown, handsome fin- gered leaves and erect racemes of white flowers marked with yellow and purple, is one of the finest and hardiest of all shade-trees. It is of rapid growth and attains a consider- able size. The red-flowered horse chestnut (A. rubicundd) jflowering Urees. 205 is a smaller and more compact tree, flowering when quite small. The flowers are of a showy, rosy red. Preferable for small places in masses of trees and shrubs. Rich or moderately rich soil. Buckeye, Pavia. The red buckeye (P. rubra) is a small, handsome tree with a broad crown, smooth, fingered leaves smaller than in the horse chestnut, and loose racemes of bright red flowers. This is the finest tree of the family, and very ornamental when cultivated. It is excellent as a specimen tree, or in groups and shrubberies. The yellow buckeye (P. flava) is similar in habit, but larger, with less showy, pale yellow flowers. One of the most useful is the dwarf buckeye (P. parviflora), which is only a broad, leafy shrub. The small whitish flowers with conspicuous threadlike stamens are disposed in slightly branched, erect panicles ten inches long or more. It flowers late in the season and is then very ornamental for groups or as single specimens on the lawn. The buckeyes grow wild in rich woods, generally on high and naturally drained ground. Under cultivation, they do well in any moderately good soil. They are among our best ornamental trees. THE LOCUST FAMILY. Laburnum or Golden Chain, Laburnum vulgare. A small tree with trifoliate leaves and long drooping racemes of yellow flowers early in May. The Scotch laburnum (L. alpinum) is similar in habit, but flowers later. Both are of an elegant habit and very ornamental when in full flower. Fine for shrubberies or smaller groups on the lawn. They thrive in any ordinarily good soil. 206 fflowerina Urees. Locust Tree, Robinia Pseudacaeia. A fine ornamental tree of a very pictursque habit, with light rounded sprays of pinnate leaves and loose, drooping racemes of fragrant white flowers appearing late in the spring. A fine tree for FIG. 103.-LOCUST (ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA). small avenues, shrubberies and masses of trees and shrubs. It grows in high, often poor and gravelly soil. The rose- acacia (H. liispida) is a very small tree or shrub of a strag- gling and spreading habit, growing in rocky and stony soil on the banks of rivers and lakes. It has fine racemes of ZTrees. 207 rose-colored flowers and pinnate leaves. The clammy locust (H. viscosa) is intermediate in size between the two. It has clammy branches, pinnate leaves, and pale rose-colored flowers in May or June. All the Robinias are excellent for rather poor and gravelly or stony soil, and for general use in ornamental gardening. Yellow-wood or Virgilia, Cladrastis tinctoria. This is a small, handsome tree, with regular, rounded crowns, smooth grayish stems, pinnate leaves with ovate, parallel- veined leaf- lets, and drooping panicles a foot or more long, of fragrant, creamy white flowers in early summer. It is without ex- ception the finest of the small ornamental trees of the family, beautiful as a lawn tree and may also be used with good effect in mixed shrubberies. Thrives best in a rich, sandy loam. Pagoda Tree, SopJwra Japonica. Small tree with rounded crowns, pinnate leaves, and drooping panicles of creamy white flowers late in summer. The weeping pagoda tree (S. J.pendulci) is one of the finest trees of its class, w r ith almost perpendicular branches. Both are beautiful for specimen trees on a lawn. Red Bud, Cercis. There are three very ornamental species of this genus which flower in spring before the leaves unfold. The reddish-purple flowers are produced in dense clusters along the bare branches, and the trees are very effective in that state. Leaves oval, rounded, or heart- shaped, undivided. The hardiest is the American red bud (C. Canadensis), a tree of an irregular, erect habit. The Japanese red bud (C. Japonica) and the Judas tree (C. sill- quastrum) have larger and brighter blossoms and are suffi- 208 fflowertu Urees. ciently hardy in most of the States. They are beautiful in groups of flowering trees and shrubs, or in specimen groups on the lawn, three or more together. Kentucky Coffee Tree, Gymnocladus Ganadensis. A tall and slender tree with spreading branches and twice-pinnate leaves, from two to three feet long. Flowers white, in terminal racemes, in early summer. A tree with a light and airy appearance, irregularly rounded crowns, and slen- der stems, with rough, brownish bark. It looks best in larger masses of trees, where it forms a very ornamental object. Thrives best in moderately rich soil. Honey Locust, Gleditscliia triacanthos. An erect, medi- um-sized tree with smooth, brownish stems protected by clusters of long branched thorns, and rounded crowns of light pinnate or doubly pinnate foliage. The flowers of this tree are not conspicuous, but it is included here for the sake of convenience. It is a very ornamental tree fine for mixed plantations and shrubberies. In the country it might also be used for avenues. Common in rich woods, and will grow in any moderately good soil. THE EOSE FAMILY. Ornamental Cherries, Cerasus. There are several double flowering cherries of oriental origin. They are exceedingly beautiful, dwarf trees of an erect or pendulous habit. Siebold's Chinese cherry (C. serrulata) is one of the finest of them. It grows to a height of about fifteen feet and is covered with numerous white or pale rose-colored, double flowers early in spring. The weeping cherry (C. semper- florens) has drooping branches and numerous white, axillary flowering Urees. 209 flowers somewhat later in the season. Several species of oriental plums are also sold by nurserymen under the names of flowering and weeping cherries (see Prunus). There are a couple of American species of great ornamental value which are commonly grown in gardens. The chokeberry (6 Y . Virginiand) is the most common of these. It is a slen- der tree with shining green leaves and white flowers in pendulous racemes early in the season. The wild black cherry (C. serotind) is a handsome tree, with flowers in long drooping racemes, later than the previous species. The wild red cherry (C. Pennsylvania) is another fine, erect growing tree with a dense, rounded crown completely cov- ered in May with pure white flowers. All are fine for shrubberies, and among larger masses of evergreen trees. The common cherry (C. avium) is not generally grown for ornament but it may be used with advantage in ornamental gardening. There is a double-flowered variety of great beauty. Hagberry, Cerasus Padus. This small but very orna- mental tree, which forms an important feature of European woodland scenery in early summer, has broad, pendulous racemes of pure white flowers. It grows on the outskirts of deciduous woods and sometimes among pine, spruce, and juniper trees, along mountain streams and roads. More valuable than the last two. There are numerous double-flowering varieties of the peach which also deserve mention. The colors are white, pale rose, and rosy red. Plum, Prunus. Nearly all species are ornamental shrubs or trees, with numerous white flowers in spring. Of special 210 ff lowering ZTrees. interest are the doubled-flowered Chinese and Japanese vari- eties. P. Sinensis has numerous single or double flowers, of a white or rosy-red color, disposed in clusters along the branches. Prunus subhirtella (syn. Cerasus Japonica pen- dula and O. pendida) has drooping branches, and small white or rose-colored, single or double flowers, disposed in clusters along the branches. This is a very ornamental tree of a pendulous habit, fine for specimens on choice lawns. The red-leaved plum (P. Pissardii) is a small, erect-grow- ing tree with oval crowns and purplish leaves. The flowers are insignificant, small, and white. Prunus Simonii is an- other Chinese species of comparatively little ornamental value. Cherries and plums will do well in light and gravelly soil, and they are therefore especially useful where the soil is thin and poor. In sandy loam most species will thrive better than in almost any other soil, but moist and low positions are not suitable. Thorns and Hawthorns, Gratcegus. These are among the most beautiful flowering trees, of neat and compact habit, with finely cut leaves. The foliage turns into the most striking colors in autumn, gold, crimson, and scarlet together on the same tree. It is chiefly the American thorns that assume these gorgeous autumn tints. The hawthorn (O. Oxijacanthd) is a small tree branch- ing down to the ground, of a fine conical habit, with dense, dark-colored foliage. The leaves are rather small, obovate^ slightly trifid, or pinnatifid. The flowers are numerous, white, sweet-scented, corymbose, on short lateral branchlets along the main branches. The double white thorn is one of the finest of lawn trees, and so are, also, the various red jf lowering Urees. 211 or scarlet varieties with single or double flowers. The hawthorns are occasionally grafted on tall stems for speci- men trees, but grown in their natural way they are perhaps still more effective, with foliage and flowers down to the gi'ound. The common type is excellent as a hedge plant in fact it is the best plant known for this pur- pose. All the varie- ties thrive best in a sandy loam. Scarlet thorn, C. coccinea. This is one of the finest of the American thorns, with numerous large, white, corymbose flowers in May, and clusters of coral-red fruit in win- ter. It grows on high river banks, in thick- ets, and on the out- skirts of rich woods, forming a rounded, bushy tree. Black thorn, C. tortientosa. One of the most beautiful flowering trees of the Middle States, with large, downy or woolly leaves, oval or ovate in outline, with a deeply cut edge. The flowers are very large ; in upright cor- ymbs, white, with reddish stamens; followed by large, scarlet fruit. Habit, dwarf and compact, often with FIG. 104. NARROW-LEAVED THORN (CRAT/EGUS SPATHULATA). 2i2 flowering Urees. straight stem and globular crown. Grows in rich woods and thickets. Cockspur thorn, C. Crus-galli. A small tree with ovate, wedge-shaped, shining green leaves and clusters of large white flowers tinted red, and with reddish stamens. Fruit scarlet, fine in autumn. The leaves of this, as also of the previous species, change into beautiful autumn tints'. Narrow-leaved thorn, C. spathulata. A very small and compact tree, with spiny stem and branches, and small spathulate leaves. Flowers white, small, many in a corymb, followed by small clusters of coral-red fruit. The evergreen thorn (<7. Pyracantha) is a very slender tree or shrub with small, evergreen leaves and innumerable clus- ters of beautiful orange-scarlet fruits, persistent throughout the winter. Much used for training on walls, and also as a specimen shrub on a lawn. Crab-Apples, Pyrus ; Chinese crab apple (P. specta- bilis). A beautiful, small tree with oval-oblong, serrated leaves and umbels of large, white, blush or rose-colored flowers, which are semi-double or double. Flowers in May. Japanese crab-apple, P. flwibunda. A very small tree or shrub with innumerable rosy-red flowers late in spring. Very beautiful. The variety atrosanguinea has much deeper, blood -red flowers. The cherry-like fruit is quite ornamental late in autumn. Siberian crab-apples (P. prunifolia and P. baecata) have also very ornamental flowers followed by small, cherry-like fruit. There is a fine double-flowered variety of P. baecata. ZTrees. 213 American crab-apple (P. coronarid) is a small, erect tree with, stout, horizontal branches down to the ground, forming beautiful thickets in old fields and pastures or growing in the outskirts of rich woods. The flowers are large and sweet-scented, and very numerous in early sum- mer. A very handsome tree to plant in groups on the lawn or mixed in shrubberies. All do best in rich loamy soil. Mountain Ash, Pyrus aucuparia. This is one of the most ornamental trees of the family, with long, pinnate leaves, slightly hairy and grayish beneath, and erect corymbs of white flowers in spring, followed by showy clusters of scarlet fruit in autumn. Very beautiful in composite groups of trees or several together on a lawn. Also used in some countries for avenues along country roads, with beautiful effect. Grows well on light and comparatively poor ground. The American mountain ash (P. Americana) and the elder-leaved mountain ash (P. sanibucifolia) are also fine ornamental trees. White Beam, Pyrus Aria. A tree, somewhat larger and more robust than the last mentioned, with simple or slightly pinnatifid, grayish leaves, and large, white flowers in loose corymbs. Requires a deeper and richer soil to develop its full beauty. Habit regular, with fine rounded crowns. THE DOGWOOD FAMILY. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus Florida. A bushy and straggling tree common in rocky woods and on river banks. Very showy in spring when in full flower. Extremely 214 jflowerino Urees. beautiful in mixed shrubberies and in groups of three or more on the lawn. There is a variety with red flowers, those of the common one being pure white. FIG. 105. FLOWERING DOGWOOD (CORNUS FLORIDA). ff lowering Urees, 215 THE STOKAX FAMILY. Silver Bell or Snowdrop Tree, Halesia tetraptera. This is a broad and bushy tree with black, twisted stems and branches and cherry - like foliage. The beautiful, bellshaped, pure white flowers appear in spring as the leaves unfold. It is then one of our most ^^ "* , FIG. 106. BRANCH OF SILVER showy trees, growing along streams, BELL TREE (HALESIA , . , -. , , , . TETRAPTERA). on high rocky banks, leaning over the water in a picturesque manner. Fine for shrubberies and on the outskirts of large masses of trees, or for small groups on the lawn. THE BIGNONIA FAMILY. Catalpa or Indian Bean, Catalpa. The catalpas are showy, late flowering trees and very valuable on this account. Growth very rapid and strong, forming trees with nicely rounded crowns in a few years. The common catalpa (C. lignonioides) has erect, thyrsoid panicles twelve inches, or more long, with white flowers, spotted with yellow and purple, and large, heart-shaped leaves on long stalks. The Japanese catalpa (C. Koempferif) has much smaller, creamy- white flowers and glossy, green, heart-shaped leaves. They both flower in July. The variety known as Tea's hybrid flowers very freely. It is of a more spreading habit. The catalpas will grow well in any moderately good soil. THE FIGWORT FAMILY. Paulownia, Paulownia imperialis. This very ornamen- tal tree resembles the catalpas in form and habit. The 2l6 ZTrees. leaves are large and heart-shaped, and the flowers, which appear before the leaves in spring, are collected in very large, terminal panicles. The color is a beautiful violet- FIQ. 107. PAULOWNIA (PAULOWNIA IMPERIALISM blue. A fine lawn tree, tender in the extreme North. It grow r s well in an open, sandy lawn in a sunny and sheltered position. Perfectly hardy south of New York. THE OLIVE FAMILY. Flowering Ash, ffraxinus Ornus. A very handsome tree with pinnate leaves, rounded crowns, and of a grace- ful habit, with large masses of creamy- white flowers tinged brown late in spring. A fine, showy tree for sheltered positions south of New York. Fine as a specimen on a lawn or by the margin of a lake or river. Perfectly hardy in Europe and growing luxuriantly as far as the fifty-sixth degree north latitude. IV. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. AVING considered the flowering trees which are most useful in the hand of the landscape- gardener we have become more familiar with their habit, habitat, and use in gardening. It now remains to make a choice selection of flowering shrubs of a nature that will please and satisfy all. Flowering shrubs are very numerous and, as they are all more or less beautiful, it is a somewhat difficult task to make a selection within the proper limit. Shrubs should not be used so much by themselves, in separate groups and masses, as in combination with flower- ing trees and other forms of vegetation, in rounding off and finishing larger masses of trees, in making detached groups and single specimens on the outskirts of such masses. Many too, may be used as an undergrowth in plantations of deciduous trees; especially evergreen shrubs, such as mahonias, kalmias, rhododendrons, holly, and similar forms ; others to give a touch of higher color to groups of evergreen trees, and more sparingly in larger masses, if there are secluded lawns hemmed in by coniferous trees only. On 217 2i8 Ornamental Sbrnbs. the banks of streams and miniature lakes, shrubs and ever- green trees are often more desirable than larger deciduous trees, which are apt to make such waters look more insig- nificant than they really are, while the endeavor should be to produce quite the opposite result by means of judicious planting. When planted in groups, too dissimilar forms must not be brought together in one and the same group ; for while diversity is desirable and necessary, there is a limit to contrast over which we cannot pass without making our work disagreeable instead of pleasing. On bare hillsides and sandy, sterile ground, low tufted and spreading shrubs may be used instead of grass for cov- ering the surface, such as crowberry, sand myrtle, cross- leaved heath, and purple heather. They are insignificant as individuals and effective in large masses only. St. JohnV wort and several plants of the heath family are useful for covering the ground in shady places. A failure is often made in growing ericaceous plants, Vacciniums, Andromedas, and similar forms, simply because they are grown under too artificial conditions. It is gener- ally supposed that these plants require a peaty soil, but in reality they are found growing in rich and damp woods among the common trees, in very ordinary soil, especially in sandy loam covered with a layer of decayed leaves. Many grow in swamps in several inches of water, during the better part of spring and all rainy seasons. A shal- low layer of sandy loam mixed with leaf-mould on clay subsoil, in situations where the ground can be submerged in water for weeks together, are the most natural con- ditions for these. Others will grow anywhere in rich Ornamental Sbrubs, 219 open soil and may be used as an undergrowth in thickets and shrubberies. Suggestions as to the proper employment of all the different kinds will be found in the descriptions. THE CROWFOOT FAMILY. Yellow Root, Xantliorrliiza apiifolia. A low, spreading bush with deeply cut, pinnate leaves and drooping racemes of dull, purplish flowers. It is grown on account of its very ornamental foliage ; and useful for covering banks and in shady places in rockeries. Prefers a rich, not necessarily damp soil, and grows to a height of one or two feet. FIG. 10S. TREE PEONY (PXEONIA MOUTAN). Tree Peony, Pceonia Moutan, An exceptionally fine plant of an almost globular habit, beautiful, irregular, pin- 220 Ornamental Sbrubs* natifid leaves of a glaucous color, and with single or double flowers, six or more inches across, white, flesh-col- ored and different shades of rose, purple, or crimson. About three feet high. Suitable for small groups or as single specimen plants on the lawn. Prefers a well-drained sandy loam. THE BARBERRY FAMILY. Barberry, Berleris vulgaris. A spiny, erect-growing shrub, four or five feet high, with small obovate-oblong leaves and axillary clusters of yellow flowers followed by bright scarlet fruit. It is sometimes used as a hedge plant, but more commonly in mixed shrubberies. The species known as B. Darwiniis a broad, spreading bush w 7 ith very spiny branches and scarlet fruit in winter. A similar and equally useful kind is B. Thunbergii. Both are fine in rockeries. Mahonia, Berberis aquifolia. One of the few evergreen shrubs which are hardy in the North, and very useful on this account. The leaves are leathery, pinnate, with spiny edges. It bears clusters of yellow flowers in spring. Very useful as an undergrowth in shrubberies and in sheltered positions in a rockery. Sometimes used in clumps on the lawn where it is less at home. Naturally a plant of deep, shady woods. B. repens is a dwarf er and hardier kind, growing into broad masses seldom more than a foot high. THE ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Most of the plants of this family are tender, evergreen shrubs that may be used in the South. Some are very beau- tiful, with highly-colored flowers and large, glossy foliage. Ornamental Sbrubs. 221 A few of the rock-roses (HeliarUhemum) will succeed in sunny, sheltered positions in a rockery. The most common are : H. vulgare, flowers originally yellow, now much varied in color. A procumbent shrub. H. poUfolium, with small linear leaves and white flowers. There is also a rose-colored variety. THE HYPERICUM FAMILY. Hypericum or St. John's - Wort. Mostly herbaceous plants of moderate ornamental value. H. Kalmianum is a low, spreading shrub, with glaucous leaves and bright yellow flowers late in summer. H. aureum, a kind found on the banks of mountain rivulets in partial shade. Leaves oblong, glaucous, flowers very large, orange-yellow. Forms a medium-sized shrub of regular habit, flowering in August. H. calycinum is a procumbent shrub, a foot high, with ovate leaves and large yellow flowers late in summer. One of the best for covering bare spots under tall shade-trees and also fine in rockeries. THE TAMARISK FAMILY. Tamarisk, Tamarix. Graceful shrubs of a cypress-like appearance, with minute, awl-shaped leaves, and very long, arching branches, covered with numerous small, reddish flowers in summer. The most common are T. Africana and T. Gallica. There is a beautiful vigorous species, T. articulata, from China and the Orient, which is equally hardy. Sea-side shrubs, for sandy and exposed shores, in company with sea buckthorn and pine. All grow well in light and sterile soil, in sunny positions. 222 Ornamental Sbrubs. THE MALLOW FAMILY. Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus Syriacus. A tall and beauti- ful shrub of an erect habit and an obovate outline, with broadly ovate, three-lobed leaves, and single or double axillary flowers late in summer. There are numerous varie- ties, varying in color from pure white to deep crimson and purple. The single white, single purple, and the variety known as poeoniaflora are among the best, though many of the double varieties are also beautiful. They are fine in groups of three or more on the lawn in any moderately good soil. THE KITE FAMILY. Hop Tree, Ptelea trifoliata. A tall shrub with orna- mental trifoliate leaves. Fine in shrubberies. THE SUMACH FAMILY. Smoke Tree, l?kus Cotinus. A large shrub with smooth, obovate leaves and large panicles of flowers in early summer. The inflorescence remains after the fall of the flowers throughout the summer, and becomes light and feathery in appearance. The plants, covered with these pale reddish panicles, are very ornamental. Of the common American sumachs few are worth cultivation. They are generally of a coarse and weedy appearance. A variety of the smooth-leaved sumach (J2. glabralaciniata) with deeply cut leaves* is, however, a very beautiful and useful foliage plant. Ordinary, good soil. THE BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Buckthorn, Rliamnus catharticus. Thorny shrub use- ful in screen planting. Leaves ovate. Flowers greenish rnamental Sbrubs. 223 in axillary clusters. Eh. Frangula is a more ornamental shrub, with smooth, obovate leaves and numerous, small whitish flowers. New Jersey Tea, CeanoiJms Americanus. A small, spreading shrub with oblong-ovate leaves and large clusters of white flowers. Undergrowth in shrubberies and thickets in moderately good soil. THE ILEX FAMILY. American Holly, Ilex opaca. This is a small-sized tree or a large shrub, often leafy to the ground. It is one of our few hardy evergreen trees, smaller, but perhaps more beautiful than the European holly. The leaves are oval with slightly spiny and wavy margins ; shiny, very dark green. The red fruit is very ornamental in winter. Hollies are most effective when grown in mixed woods or shrubberies among young birch and large flowering trees and shrubs. It may be planted as an undergrowth in deciduous woods, mixed with rose bay, rhododendron, azalea, and mahonia aquifolia. The holly is unfortunately little appreciated and seldom planted, although it is one of the most beautiful of our native trees. THE SPINDLE-TKEE FAMILY. Spindle-Tree, Euonymus Europeus. Shrub four or five feet high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves and greenish flowers. Ornamental in winter only, when the showy, red fruit is very effective. The American species (E. atropurpureus and E. Americanus) are also planted occasionally. In woods and thickets as an undergrowth only, or mixed with choicer plants in shrubberies. 224 Ornamental Sbrubs. The evergreen Japanese species (E. Japonicus), which is hardy as far north as New Jersey, is a very ornamental shrub with dark, leathery foliage. The variety radicans is useful for covering bare slopes and also in rockeries and on walls. THE BLADDEE-NUT FAMILY. Bladder-Nut, Staphylea pinnata. : A pretty shrub with pinnate leaves and numerous drooping racemes of white flowers. This and the three-leaved bladder-nut are fine in mixed shrubberies. THE PEA FAMILY. Dyer's Greenweed, Genista tinctoria. A small, bushy shrub with long terete branches and lanceolate leaves ; the whole plant green. Flowers numerous, bright yellow, late in spring. Useful for sea-shores and sandy, sterile soil, for naturalizing in masses on sunny slopes and in rockeries. Scotch Broom, Sarothamnus scoparius. A taller shrub four to five feet high with angular branches and small trifoli- ate or simple leaves. Flowers, very showy bright yellow, axillary. A fine plant for shrubberies in sunny positions, or for naturalizing and planting in company with the former. Purple Cytisus, Cytisus purpureus. A dwarf, bushy shrub with small trifoliate leaves and large axillary purple flowers, very numerous in summer. This is an exception- ally fine plant on the edge of a shrubbery, in sunny positions, or in a rockery. All the above species do best in a sandy loam. Ornamental Sbrubs. 225 Furze, Ulex Europeus. This is a dwarf, spiny shrub growing in masses on commons and barren ground in western Europe. Leaves spinate, with minute, hairy leaflets. Flowers yellow, sweet-scented, and very numerous in spring and autumn. The dwarf furze ( U. nanus) is low and spreading, seldom more than a foot high ; very floriferous ; flowers yellow all summer. Good for naturalization on sunny hill- sides. Very effective. False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa. A tall, graceful shrub with pinnate leaves, slender branches and spicate pani- cles of deep, purplish-blue flowers from the axils of the upper leaves. For mixed shrubberies, river-banks or rockeries, in moderately rich soil. Pea Tree, Caragana arborescens. Large shrub with abruptly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in axillary fascicles. C.frutescens is a much dwarf er plant of grace- ful habit, and the less showy. C. spinosa is a very effective and useful hedge plant. All are Siberian plants of great hardiness ; fine for shrubberies in sunny positions. Bladder Senna, Colutea arborescens, and C. cruenta : the first with axillary racemes of yellow flowers, the second with flowers of a reddish-yellow color ; both have pinnate leaves, are upright spreading shrubs with light foliage and of a graceful habit. Fine when planted together in small groups on sunny lawns. Thrive well in ordinary, light soil Rose Acacia. See flowering trees. THE EOSE FAMILY. Double Flowering Plum, Prunus triloba. A very beau- tiful shrub of a dwarf and graceful habit, with numerous 226 Ornamental Shrubs. double, white or rose-colored flowers crowded along the slender branches in early spring. Exceedingly fine in groups of three or more on the lawn, in any moderately light, well-drained soil. One of the showiest plants in spring. Dwarf Almond, Amygdalus nana. Small shrub, with more or less double, delicately rose-colored flowers in spring before the leaves. Smaller than- Prunus triloba, equally valuable and useful for the same purpose. FIG. 109 ROSE ACACIA (ROBIN IA HISPIDA). sEE PAGE 206. Meadow-Sweet, Spirea. The meadow-sweets are slender and graceful shrubs common in rich woods and meadows. Some of our best summer flowers belong to this genus. The guelder rose -leaved spirea or " seven barks" (8. Opulifolid) is the largest and coarsest species. It grows five or six feet high with arching branches, shaggy, yellow 228 Ornamental Shrubs. stems and roundish, palmately three-lobed leaves. The white flowers are produced in corymbs on short, lateral branches. An American plant of rocky banks and river shores. S. aricefolia is one of our finest ornamental plants with slender, graceful branches, roundish, ovate, bluntly lobed leaves and large compound panicles of beautiful yellowish- white flowers terminating the branches as late as July. S. prunifolia is a Japanese shrub flowering early in the season, with plum-like leaves. The cultivated plant has double, pure white flowers disposed along the branches in great profusion. One of the best, 8. Cantoniensis (Reevesiand), is a small beautiful species with lanceolate leaves and large terminal umbels of pure white flowers early in summer. S. Thunbergii is easily distinguished by its slender branches, small linear leaves, and white axillary flowers. One of the most beau- tiful of all is 8. trilobata, a species with roundish, trilobate leaves and large, close corymbs of pure white flowers early in the season. S. Van Houttii is another very floriferous kind with pure white flowers in June. More common are : 8. BiUardiij with rose-colored flowers in summer ; S. salici- folia with oblong-lanceolate leaves and terminal panicles of flesh-colored or white flowers ; S. callosa, with lanceolate leaves and dense corymbs of white or rose-colored flowers along the branches and 8. Bumalda, with broad terminal corymbs of rose-colored flowers, a dwarf, upright species. 8. sorbifolia has rather large pinnate leaves and white flowers in a terminal panicle late in July. S. ulmifolia and 8. hypericifolia are also common. The first five mentioned species are probably the best for general use. Spireas flower from the earliest spring till late in summer, in sue- Ornamental Sbrubs. 229 cession as follows : prunifolia, Tlmnbergii, Cantoniensis, frilobata, hypericifolia, aricefolia, ulmifolia, Opulifolia, cal- losa, salicifolia, sorbifolia. Exochorda, E. grandiflora. A large, straggling shrub, with slender, graceful branches, producing an abundance of large, pure white flowers early in May which completely cover the upper part of the plant. Very fine for growing in dense thickets among dark-foliaged plants or near water margins among other shrubs and climbers ; or, if well grown, in small groups on a lawn. Ordinary garden soil. Corchorus, Kerria japonica. A small, bushy plant with smooth branches and thin ovate-lanceolate leaves. The flowers are double, rather large and yellow, disposed in the axils of the leaves. Shrubberies. White Corchorus, Rhodotypus kerrioides. A very orna- mental shrub of graceful habit with ovate-acuminate leaves and large, white, axillary flowers in spring. Small groups on the lawn. Shrubberies. Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa. A dwarf and very compact plant forming a globular mass two to three feet high. Leaves pinnate, not large. Flowers in loose clusters terminating the young lateral shoots, large, yellow, numer- ous throughout the summer. A useful plant for rockeries, border of shruberies and for naturalizing in masses on rocky, sunny banks. Thrives best in a good sandy loam. Flowering Raspberry, Riibus odoratus. A fine, erect shrub, three or four feet high, with palmately lobed, ob. tuse leaves. Flowers large, rose-colored, in clusters, and produced throughout the summer. A shrub with very or- namental foliage, for shrubberies, or as an undergrowth in 230 Ornamental Sbrubs. woods and thickets. The white-flowered raspberry (R. Nuikanus) has larger, pure white flowers, and the Rocky Mountain bramble (R. delicio&us), white or rose-colored flowers resembling a single rose. The wild brambles or blackberries (R. Occidentals, R. villosus) and the dewberry (It. Canaden- sis) as well as mauy forms of the European bramble (R. fruticosus) may be used to pro- duce thickets on stony and rocky banks, or as an undergrowth in certain parts of the FIQ. 111. -ROSE shrubbery with the most beautiful effect. BRAMBLE (RUBUS J DELICIOSUS). The smaller kinds are handsome in rockeries. All do best in rich, woodland soil. The Rose, Rosa. The choicer varieties of hybrid and other hardy roses cannot be considered in this treatise; only species that can be utilized in producing landscape effects, such as the sweetbriar and the showy Japanese rose. These are useful both in shrubberies and rockeries and for planting in groups on the lawn. 'The sweetbriar (Rosa ru- biginosa) is a tall and graceful shrub with slender, arching branches. Leaves pinnate with roundish, serrate leaflets and solitary, bright pink flowers in June. Plant and flowers both are fragrant. The dog rose (Rosa canina) is similar in habit to the last, with smooth leaves, dark and glossy on the upper side. Flowers in clusters pure white, flesh-colored, or of a bright rosy tint, and very numerous. These may be used for forming picturesque thickets in company with the brambles, or in mixed shrubberies or small groups on the lawn. They are both very good hedge plants. The white rose (R. alba) is an old and useful hardy shrub, with many Ornamental Sbrubs. 231 double or semi-double varieties, white or red. The yellow rose (JR. lutea) is a floriferous, compact, rounded shrub, three or four feet high, with bright yellow blossoms in June. li. multiflora is a small rose of very slender habit with long, pinnate leaves and terminal panicles of single, white, anemone-like flowers. It is a quick grower, useful in rockeries and on walls and verandas. The recently in- troduced crimson rambler is a double red variety of this species. The Japanese rose (.Rosa rugosa) is a robust and healthy shrub from five to fifteen feet high, with thickish, bright green foliage and numerous large, single flowers of a bright rose-color. There is also an old white variety and many new single and semi-double forms. The flowers are followed by clusters of showy coral-red hips. This rose is very beautiful in groups on the lawn. It may be used with good effect in the rockery and in mixed shrubberies. These kinds are perfectly healthy and hardy; they do well in any good garden soil. Cotoneaster^ Cotoneaster Simonsii. A small, almost evergreen shrub with leathery, dark green leaves and in- significant white flowers followed by showy fruit. Nice in a rockery in masses. Juneberry, Amelancliier Canadensis. A slender shrub of woods and thickets, with numerous racemes of showy- white flowers and ovate or oblong serrate leaves. There are many forms or sub-species of this, viz.: Botryapium, alnifolia, and oblongifolia, all of equally ornamental value. The European species, A. vulgaris, is also a very showy plant. They are excellent for producing fine woodland effects is company with other shrubs and trees 232 ruamental Sforubs. of a similar habit. Rich woods and river banks, generally in good soil. Japanese Quince, Oydonia Japonica. This is a well known, medium-sized shrub of a broad and spreading habit. The branches are stiff and thorny, producing numerous spurs which develop clusters of large scarlet, red, or rose-colored flowers, before the leaves. C. Maulei is a smaller shrub with brick-red flowers followed by showy quince-like fruits of a golden-yellow color. May be used together in small groups on the lawn or as specimen plants. Rich, sandy loam. THE ALLSPICE FAMILY. Carolina Allspice, Calycanthus floridus. A fragrant shrub with rather large oval or oblong leaves, producing all summer mauy-petaled axillary flowers of a lurid purple. Several other species are cultivated for the sake of their sweet fragrance. None are showy, but they have rich, healthy foliage, which is very ornamental. All are natives of rich, southern woods. Japanese Allspice, Chimonanthus fragrans. A slender shrub with sweet-scented flowers in spring, before the leaves appear. Somewhat tender. THE CURRANT FAMILY. Red Flowering Currant, Ribes sanguineum. This is one of the showiest of small shrubs in spring. The rosy-red flowers are produced in great profusion in pendulous racemes. Leaves, three- to five-lobed. A broad, roundish shrub, three or four feet high. The golden flowering cur- Ornamental Sbrubs, 233 rant (R. aureum) is also a very attractive plant with gol- den-yellow flowers in early spring, li. Gordonianum is a hybrid between these two species, with yellow and crimson flowers and the habit of Ji. sanguineum. The mountain currant (It. alpinum) has smooth, roundish, deeply three or five-lobed leaves and long racemes of yellow flowers in spring. The wild black currant (R. floridiuii) is a hand- some if not showy plant, with cordate, acutely three- to five-lobed leaves, and long drooping racemes of whitish flowers. The foliage of this species changes into beautiful autumn colors. All the flowering currants are fine in smaller shrubberies and in groups on the lawn. They may also be employed with advantage in front of coniferous trees as a background for rockeries. They thrive best in a moderately rich soil. Common Mock Orange, Pliiladelphm coronarius. This is without doubt one of the handsomest of all cultivated shrubs. The branches are erect with opposite, smooth, ob- long-ovate leaves. Flowers, in large clusters, milky- white, large and odoriferous. P. grandiflorus is another tall and graceful species, with recurving branches and ovate-acumi- nate downy leaves ; flowers scentless, pure white, axillary, and in clusters terminating the lateral branches. Both of these flower late in spring. Still later, in early summer, come : P. inodorus with much smaller flowers, and P. lati- folius with ovate, five-nerved leaves and loose clusters of white, faintly scented flowers. P. Gordonianus is the last to flower. It is a beautiful species with gracefully arching branches and flowers produced in racemes on the lateral branches. The mock oranges that is, the species known 234 Ornamental Sbrubs* in a native state grow on rocky river banks, in rich soil, chiefly in mountain regions. In cultivation, they are used with exquisite effects in shrubberies and for small groups on lawns. Crested Mock Orange, Deutzia crenata. A fine, erect shrub, with ovate, minutely crenate leaves and axillary racemes of white, purple-tinted flowers late in spring. D. scabra is a mere form with roughly rugose, more serrate leaves. Flowers similar. D. gracilis is a very dwarf and compact shrub, handsomer in front of taller shrubs. It has ovate- lanceolate leaves and numerous crested racemes of snowy white flowers. Use and culture the same as for mock orange. Hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. One of our showiest ornamental shrubs, handsome in groups or as single specimens on lawns. Flowers in large, terminal panicles, white, lasting for a long time in summer. Leaves, ovate-oblong, toothed, opposite or in whorls of three. This beautiful shrub will thrive in moderately good soil, in open and sunny positions. It is very fine in front of ever- greens or taller shrubs. THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. Witch Hazel, Hamamelis Virginica. A tall shrub of a spreading habit, with obovate leaves like those of the com- mon hazel and small, yellowish flowers close to the branches late in autumn. It is fine for the borders of streams and lakes, in moist, rich ground and in large shrubberies among trees. Fothergilla, FotJiergilla alnifolia. A small, handsome Ornamental Sbrubs. 235 shrub with alder-like foliage and white flowers early in spring. Will thrive in moist positions on the shores of rivers or lakes. THE AKALIA FAMILY. Angelica Tree, Aralia spinosa. An erect-growing shrub with straight, spiny stems, sometimes twenty feet high, with very large twice- or thrice-pinnate leaves consisting of ovate leaflets. Flowers in terminal umbels in summer. The Chinese angelica tree (A. Ckinensis) is a somewhat tender plant with white flowers in terminal panicles. Dimorphanthus Mandchuricus (Aralid) is considered a mere variety of the last. It has considerably branched stems, a lighter foliage and very large panicles of white flowers late in summer. This is a perfectly hardy plant fine for specimens on the lawn. Forms broad masses of luxuriant foliage and is exceptionally beautiful in summer when in full flower. The aralias require rich, well-drained soil. The angelica tree may be grown in shady positions, among trees or tall shrubs. All produce a wonderfully rich, sub-tropical effect. THE DOGWOOD FAMILY. Red Osier Dogwood, Cornus sanguined. A shrub of a spreading habit with opposite leaves, bright red branches, and cymes of white flowers in eariy summer. C. stolonifera is of a rambling habit, more spreading, grows into large masses of foliage four or five feet high with smooth, ovate leaves and small cymes of white flowers. These are beau- tiful in winter on account of their bright red branches. 236 Ornamental Sbrubs. Fine in shrubberies and woods as an undergrowth or for the formation of broad thicket-like masses of shrubs near water. The numerous other f orms may be used in a similar manner. All do well in a moderately good soil. THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Snowberry, SympJioricarpus racemosus. A shrub com- mon in gardens, with erect and slender branches and oval leaves. Flowers, inconspicuous, followed by white berries in autumn. Shrubberies. Ordinary soil. Honeysuckle, Lonicera. The Tartarian honeysuckle (L. Tartaricd) is the most showy species of the upright honeysuckles. It is a most beautiful shrub with opposite, oval, cordate leaves and flowers in axillary clusters. The variety known as grandiflora is a very attractive form with large, bright rose-colored flowers. There is also a large- flowered variety with white blossoms. These are useful in shrubberies and in groups on the lawn. They grow to a height of five or six feet. Among other desirable kinds are : L. fragrantissima, a straggling shrub with fragrant flowers early in spring; L. ccerulea, with creamy- white, sweet-scented flowers ; L. Standishii and L. Xylostewrn, bushy, graceful plants with yellow flowers. All will do well in moderately rich soil. Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla ( Weigelia). These are exceedingly showy plants with opposite leaves and axillary or terminal clusters of large, funnel-shaped flowers. D. grandiflora has very large, pink flowers and ovate, reticu- lated leaves. It is of a very bushy habit. There are several beautiful varieties, one with white- variegated Ornamental Sbrubs. 237 leaves. D. liortensis is a much smaller shrub, with white or red flowers and ovate, acuminate leaves. There is a fine form of this with variegated leaves, yellow margined in spring, turning into white later on. Under the name of D. hybrida many handsome varieties with differently colored flowers are common in gardens. D. rosea is a very florifer- ous kind with numerous white or rose-colored flowers early in summer. This is probably the most desirable species. D. rosea nana is a very compact variety, and nana variegata a fine spreading shrub with white-margined leaves. The bush honeysuckles make fine specimens for lawns ; they are still more effective in groups of three or more. All thrive in a moderately rich soil. Dry and barren ground is not suitable. Viburnum. The plants belonging to this genus are known under widely different popular names. They are all more or less ornamental, sometimes very showy, shrubs, producing a wealth of flowers in late spring or early summer. Snow-Ball Tree or Guelder Rose, V. Opulus sterilis. A well known large shrub with stout, upright branches and three-lobed leaves. Flowers are white and produced in dense balls in summer. The Japanese snow-ball tree ( V.plicatum) is somewhat smaller in all parts and more compact with fine ovate, plicate leaves and white flowers in globose cymes in May or June. Both are very ornamental for small groups and shrubberies. The wild form of the guelder rose ( V. Opulus) is also a very desirable plant, growing on river banks and in moist woods. Many of the American vibur- nums are very ornamental plants, covered with pure white, 238 Ornamental Sbrubs, cyinose flowers in spring or early summer. V.prunifoUum is one of the best of these ; a large shrub with recurving, spreading branches, plum-like leaves and numerous clusters of flowers in spring. V. molle flowers at midsummer, has rnamental Sbrubs. 239 large cordate leaves and very attractive flowers. V.pubescens is a low, spreading shrub with very showy flowers and ovate-oblong, downy leaves. The wayfaring-tree ( V. Lan- tana) is a very attractive shrub with large handsome leaves. It is commonly used in shrubberies. The sheepberry ( V. Lentago) is another desirable and attractive shrub, ten or fifteen feet high, with glossy leaves and broad, flat cymes of flowers. All grow best in comparatively rich soil. They are excellent for shrubberies, and the finer forms are also very desirable for specimens on the lawn. Elder, Sambucus nigra. A very large shrub or bushy tree with large, pinnate leaves, stout branches, and numerous flat cymes of yellowish-white flowers in summer. The golden-leaved elder (8. n. aurea) is a very ornamental foliage-plant with yellow leaves. Very robust and of rapid growth, fine for large shrubberies in rich soil. Cana- dian elder (8. Canadensis) is a much smaller, more spread- ing plant. A neat and ornamental species is the Hart's elder (8. racemosa) with ovate panicles of flowers followed by scarlet fruit in autumn. All are available for large, leafy shrubberies. THE HEATH FAMILY. Farkleberry, Vaccinium arboreum. A tall shrub with glossy, oval leaves and numerous white flowers in leafy racemes or from the axils of the leaves. Common in open, rocky woods. The deerberry (V. stamineum) is a small bushy shrub a couple of feet high, with oblong-lance- olate or ovate leaves, and numerous axillary, greenish-white flowers with long protruding stamens. These are fine for 240 Ornamental Sbrubs. planting in moist, open shrubberies as an undergrowth. Prefer rich, sandy loam mixed with leaf-soil. They are very attractive when in flower. Andromeda, or Lily of the Valley Tree, Andromeda floribunda. A very handsome plant of rocky woods, growing three or more feet high, leafy to the ground and very broad and spreading, with small, oblong-lanceolate, evergreen leaves and showy white flowers in terminal, nodding racemes growing in the greatest profusion early in summer. A. speciosa is an equally valuable shrub with fewer and larger pure white flowers in drooping racemes. A. Mariana, or stagger-bush, is another exceedingly pretty species. There is also a hardy Japanese species (A. Japonica) of a more erect habit with white flowers. The andrornedas should be grown in half-shady positions, in woods or in open shrubberies as an undergrowth, or in prepared beds in suitable places on the lawn. They require a somewhat moist and rich vegetable soil, such as a sandy loam mixed with decayed leaves. Sorrel Tree, Oosydendrum arboreum. A tall shrub or bushy tree, with oblong-lanceolate leaves and beautiful white flowers in loose panicles late in summer. This is an ex- ceedingly fine plant for shrubberies in rich soil, on the border of groves and other plantations, and on banks of rivers and lakes. The rich foliage turns into fine autumn tints. All the above forms, when cultivated, should be grown in as natural positions as possible, on shady banks or between trees of light foliage. Grown in artificial positions, in formal beds, they are entirely out of place. Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia. One of our few Ornamental Sbrubs. 241 evergreen shrubs, a beautiful plant with large ovate-lanceo- late leaves of a leathery texture, and terminal clusters of very showy white, or rose-colored flowers in late spring or early summer. It forms a broad, bushy mass of foliage and flowers, four or five feet high, sometimes more. Grows in rich woods on high ground, never in swamps or water. Exceptionally fine for planting among deciduous trees in groves and thickets as an underbrush. K. augustifolia is a much smaller plant, growing in large masses in shady swamps or damp woods. Fine for naturalizing in similar, or somewhat dryer, positions in pai'ks and gardens. Rhododendron or Rose Bay. All rhododendrons are very ornamental shrubs, chiefly evergreen ; growing in rocky woods and along streams and rivulets in mountain regions. They are useful for planting in beds and masses among deciduous trees to produce woodland scenery. Many creeping vines and tender herbaceous plants find an ideal home in the shelter of their evergreen foliage. For this purpose our native species are best, as they are perfectly hardy and equal any exotic form in size and beauty. H. maximum is a large shrub with broadly lanceolate leaves, six to ten inches long, and white or rose-colored flowers in large terminal clusters. R. Catawbiense is a much smaller species of a more compact and spreading habit, with leaves about half as long as those of the preceding kind. Flowers of large size, purple, appealing early in summer. R. Pon- ticum is the rhododendron commonly grown in gardens. It is, in the North, of a dwarf and compact habit, with dense, dark-green foliage and bell-shaped flowers of various 16 242 Ornamental Sbrubs, colors late in the spring. There are many beautiful hybrids and varieties, with more or less blotched or spotted flowers, ranging from white to crimson and purple. These are gen- erally planted in prepared beds to form close masses of foliage. A compost of peat and leaf-mold, liberally mixed with the garden soil, that is dug in on the spot, is the sim- plest and best. All require considerable moisture, and the beds should be soaked occasionally in dry weather. Azalea, Swamp Honeysuckle. Our native azaleas are the most gorgeous of all indigenous plants, and deserve universal culture. They should be used liberally in landscape gardening to form large masses of color among deciduous trees in spring. All are deciduous. A. nudiflora is the most common in swamps and moist woods. The beautiful rosy- pink flowers develop before the leaves. It is a shrub of a slender, graceful habit, four or five feet high. A. viscosa flowers later in summer after the leaves have fully devel- oped. The flowers are almost white, clammy. A. calendu- lacea is a native of rocky woods, growing in rich leaf soil among deciduous trees and mountain laurel. Flowers very showy, flame-colored or yellow. Under cultivation all three thrive in ordinary rich woodland soil. There is a very attractive evergreen species, A. amcena which is quite hardy in New York. It forms compact masses a couple of feet high, and is usually completely covered with red flowers early in spring. Azalea mollis is a Japanese species of compact habit, elliptic, softly pubescent leaves, and with large masses of flame-colored flowers in spring. A. Pontica is another desirable kind with orange-yellow flowers. A number of varieties and 244 Ornamental Sbrubs. hybrids of the last two species, with variously colored flowers, are known in gardens as Ghent azaleas. They are very desirable and beautiful in masses or in beds on the lawn, and should not be grown singly or in too small groups. Ordinary, moderately good sandy loam answers very well for all species, but it is better when mixed with a liberal addition of leaf soil. White Alder, Clethra alnifolia. r Y\i\$ is a fine, hardy, deciduous shrub for growing in moist places, or in moder- ately rich soil in a shrubbery. The leaves resemble those of the alder. Flowers white, fragrant, in erect terminal racemes in summer. The following are low, evergreen shrubs or trailing plants, of rich and shady woods or open, barren plains and hillsides : Purple Heather, Calluna vulgaris. Tufted, spreading shrub, growing in immense masses on sandy heaths or dry hillsides in Northern Europe. Spreads readily from seeds along roads and ditches. The purple flowers which appear in July and August are very numerous, and are disposed in terminal racemes. Foliage is persistent, of a brownish color in summer. Good for naturalizing on sunny hillsides among broom and furze. Cross-leaved Heath, Erica tetralix. A very small, roundish shrub, as commonly seen, from six to eight inches high. Not spreading. Flowers large, urn-shaped, of a fine rosy color, growing in headlike clusters. Common among purple heather; fine for naturalizing and in rock- eries. K carnea, a plant with bright flesh-colored flowers, may be used for the same purpose. Ornamental Sbrnbs. 245 Sand Myrtle, Leiophyllum buxifolium. A dwarf, ever- green plant of pine barrens, with oval leaves, very minute, and white flowers in early summer. Fine for patches in rockeries or naturalized in sandy soil. Bearberry, Arctostapfiylos Uva-ursi. A low, trailing plant with obovate, evergreen leaves forming mats of dark, smooth foliage. The flowers are racemose and white. A nice trailing plant for rockeries and shady hillsides. The following dwarf, trailing shrubs grow in shady woods among the fallen leaves and are fine for similar posi- tions in thickets and shrubberies : Creeping wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens and G. Shallon) ; trailing arbutus (Epigcea repens), a well known spring flowering plant with beautiful white or rosy-red, sweet-scented flowers. THE VEKVAIN FAMILY. Callicarpa, Callicarpa pupurea. A small, beautiful shrub with hairy, ovate-acuminate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and numerous small violet berries set in clusters all along the branches in winter. Fine in shrubberies. Moderately good soil. THE OLIVE FAMILY. Jasmine, Jasminum nudiflorum. This is a very attrac- tive, rambling shrub with small, ternate leaves and numer- ous yellow flowers on the bare branch, late in winter. The branches are green, and effective on this account. It may be grown either as a climbing shrub for covering trellises on a wall, or as a specimen among evergreen trees or shrubs, where its masses of bright yellow flowers early in the season 246 Ornamental Sbrubs. show to the best advantage. It will grow in any moder- ately good garden soil, but should not be planted in too moist or exposed positions. For covering fences it has few equals. Golden Bells, ForsytMa suspensa. A very beautiful shrub covered with bright yellow, bell-shaped, four-petaled flowers on the bare branches in spring. Flowers on very slender peduncles. Branches long, recurving, or hanging with simple and trifoliate leaves. Forms broad, graceful masses five or six feet high and often considerably broader. Also cultivated under the name of F. Fortunei. F. viridissima is a shrub of stouter habit with recurv- ing branches and comparatively large, dark-green, broadly lanceolate leaves and numerous golden-yellow flowers late in spring. These are fine in groups of three or more or as single specimen plants on the lawn. All are excellent for planting in rocky places. Lilac, Syringa. The lilacs are the most popular of all flowering shrubs. None are more useful in ornamental gardening. The common lilac (8. vulgaris) had originally lilac or pale violet flowers, but is now found in innumer- able varieties both single and double. The pure white variety is one of the best of these. Next come : the large- flowered white, alba grandiflora ; Charles X., with reddish purple flowers ; ccerulea, of a bright bluish color ; molacea, deep violet, a fine form ; and grandiflora, with bright pur- plish-red flowers in large panicles. They flower in spring. The Chinese lilac (S. Chinensis) is a much lower shrub, about four feet high, with small ovate-lanceolate leaves and rnamental Sbrubs. 247 compound panicles of bright lilac flowers in June. This is a very neat and beautiful plant. FIQ. 114. -CHINESE LILAC (SYRINQA CHINENSIS). Japanese lilac (S. Japonicd). A handsome plant with oblong-ovate, acuminate leaves and large, terminal clusters of creamy-white flowers. Large shrub of a robust habit, flowering late in June. Persian lilac (S. Persica). This is a small shrub with lanceolate, or sometimes pinnatifid, leaves and loose, ter- minal clusters of purple-lilac or white flowers in June. Very fine and graceful. Hungarian lilac (JS. josikoea) has inferior flowers, late in June, but it is a robust and vigorous shrub, very leafy and ornamental in summer. The use of lilacs in shrubberies and groups is universal. The smaller kinds are exception- ally fine for specimens on the lawn. 248 rnamental Sbrubs. Privet, Ligustrum. The privets are almost evergreen, and have the appearance of evergreen shrubs in summer. They are generally grown in hedges and shrubberies. When growing privet as an ornamental plant on the lawn, no pruning or shearing should be allowed, as it is more attractive when allowed to develop naturally. Privet makes good hedges for divisions in a garden. The best species and those almost exclusively grown in this country are : common privet (L. vulgare), with rather small, broadly lanceolate leaves, and the broad-leaved privet (L. ovalifolium), with oval, more or less pointed leaves. Priv- ets flower in summer ; the flowers are rather small and col- lected in terminal racemes. All grow well in almost any soil. Fringe Tree, Chiananthus Virginica. This is a very large shrub with recurving branches, large oval or obovate FIG. 115.-FRINQE TREE (CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICA). Ornamental Sbrubs. 249 leaves, and loose, feathery panicles of pure white flowers appearing early in summer. Fine in shrubberies and on the shores of rivers or lakes, or in small groups on the lawn in moderately rich soil. THE LAUREL FAMILY. Spice-Bush, Lindera Benzoin. A fine, spreading shrub with large, beautifully green, obovate-oblong leaves, and numerous small, yellow flowers in lateral clusters on the bare branches in spring. Aromatic-scented shrub, fine for shrubberies in low and rich ground. THE MEZEREUM FAMILY. Daphne Mezereum. An erect-growing shrub a foot or two high with purplish rose-colored, very fragrant flowers early in spring. Leaves lanceolate, glaucous green. It is excellent between trees and shrubs as an undergrowth. THE OLEASTER FAMILY. Silver Berry, Elceagnus argentea. Graceful shrub with silvery foliage and small, yellow flowers in July. Fine for shrubberies and seaside gardens. The oleaster (E. Jiorten- sis) with quite whitish-silvery leaves, and larger, yellow flowers in axillary fascicles is also a common species in gar- dens, especially the narrow-leaved form angustifolia. Sea Buckthorn, HippopJice rhamnoides. A spiny shrub with linear-lanceolate leaves of silvery white and yellow flowers in May, followed by showy, orange-colored berries. An excellent sea-side plant and very ornamental in its way. 250 Ornamental Sbrubs. THE SPURGE FAMILY. Box, Buxus sempervirens. The box is one of the few evergreen shrubs which are hardy in all parts of America. It may be used with excellent effect, either as an under- growth in thickets and shrubberies or in groups on the lawn. It is used in formal gardening for close-cut hedges, for bordering walks and for divisions in kitchen-gardens. When allowed to grow in a free manner it is, however, most attractive. It may be used for covering steep hillsides in company with many coniferous trees. Although of slow growth it attains considerable size in rich ground. THE OAK FAMILY. The Hazel, Corylus avettana. Not usually grown for ornament, but useful for hedges between the vegetable gar- den and the ornamental grounds, or around fields and orchards. There is a purple-leaved variety of considerable ornamental value. The hazel is very useful as a tall under- growth in woods and groves. V. CREEPERS AND VINES. INES and climbing plants are invaluable in modern landscape-gardening, and may be used in many ways to produce strikingly beautiful effects. Most vines and creepers are natives of woods and copses, where they grow to the tallest tree- tops, or hang garlands and wreaths of flowers over the lower shrubs of a thicket. They are often found in rocky woods clinging to the face of a cliff or growing over iso- lated blocks and stones, according to their nature. In masses of trees and shrubs similar effects may be produced by means of judicious planting, and, having the advantage of choosing the most beautiful plants, the result should be richer and more varied than it is possible for us to find in the woodland. To introduce strong climbing plants among trees and shrubs might on the other hand result in the destruction of these. Climbers would not be likely to succeed among trees with dense crowns like the beech or of so luxurious a growth as the horse chestnut. Elm, and ivy, locust and Virginian creeper, climbing roses and evergreen trees are beautiful and pleasing associations of these two classes of plants. 251 252 Creepers anfc Dines. In artificial rockeries, many creepers and vines are espe- cially in place, such as periwinkles, silk vines, and ivy. On walls and fences, on the columns and balustrades of verandas, and in similar positions, such exquisite plants as clematis, Boston ivy, and honeysuckle are very useful and attractive. The plants described below are chiefly woody climbers; a few are herbaceous, perennial or annual, and useful for summer effects only. The best are Boston ivy, clematis, ivy, wistarias, climbing roses, and trumpet-flowers. THE CROWFOOT FAMILY. Virgin's-Bower, Clematis. Most small flowering kinds are known by this popular name, especially the following : C. flammula, a slender, climbing plant with smooth, pin- nate leaves, chiefly oval or oblong, sometimes three-lobed, leaflets, and numerous panicles of white, sweet-scented flowers. A vigorous grower, flowering from the young wood throughout the summer; C. vitalba, the traveller's joy of Europe, is a less vigorous grower with cymes of white, almond-scented flowers in July, and finely cut, pin- nate leaves. C. Virginiana is a common American plant in moist woods and thickets and on river-banks among trees and shrubs. Leaves ternate with cut or lobed segments. Flowers small white, in ample panicles on the summer's growth. All have numerous feathery clusters of fruit later in the season. Purple Clematis, Clematis viticella. A fine climber with ternate or entire leaves, ovate-cordate in outline ; and large blue or purple flowers, with four obovate sepals, pro- duced singly on lateral shoots in summer. C. Jackmanni Creepers ant) Dines* 2 53 is an excellent garden-form belonging to this type. Flow- ers large, violet-purple, with four almost orbicular, acute sepals. Leaves ternate with long petioles. A continuous summer bloomer, very free-flowering. There is also a white variety. Large-flowered Clematis, Clematis coerulea. This is the finest of all the forms, with flowers six inches or more in diameter, consisting of more than six sepals of a blue or FIG. 116. LARGE-FLOWERED CLEMATIS (CLEMATIS CCERULEA PATENS). purplish color, pure white in the beautiful variety known as patens. Leaves pinnate with three simple cordate leaf- lets. This is a slender climber, flowering in spring, with many varieties. C. florida is a more tender species valuable as a greenhouse plant. Clematis of the Jackmanni and coerulea types may be used with advantage as bedding plants, the branches being tied down to cover the ground. They are among the best 254 Creepers anfc Dines* for verandas and on trellises against a wall with a southern exposure. The small-flowering forms may be used in shrub- beries where they must be allowed to grow freely. They grow best in a rich and moist ground in sunny positions. THE BARBERRY FAMILY. Akebia, Alcebid quinata. A slender vine or twining shrub, with pretty, palmately divided leaves consisting of five oblong leaflets. The flowers are brownish, inconspicu- ous, but sweet-scented, and the fruit which bursts open on ripening is bright-colored and attractive. The akebia is very attractive on rocky banks and also in small rockeries. THE MOONSEED FAMILY. Moonseed, Menispermum Canadense. A climbing shrub with peltate leaves and numerous yellow flowers in pendu- lous racemes or panicles. Moist ground in woods and thickets; flowers late in summer. Grown chiefly for the sake of its handsome foliage. THE FUMITORY FAMILY. Mountain Fringe, Adlumia cirrJiosa. A delicate and beautiful biennial climber, growing freely from seeds when once established. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate with ten- dril-like petioles. Flowers delicate, flesh-colored, in ample, leafy panicles throughout the summer. For naturalizing in shady shrubberies or in hedges where it will grow up annually. Creepers anfc Dines* 255 THE VINE FAMILY. Wild Vines, Vitis Labrusca, cestivalis, and others. These may be used with advantage to cover rocky banks and hill- sides or for growing on tall trees in shrubberies. All have beautiful, more or less five-lobed, leaves and clusters of sweet-scented flowers in spring. Virginian Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia. This vig- orous climber with its handsome five-fingered leaves looks well on tall trees with light foliage or in the crowns of red cedars. May also be used on walls or for covering the ground in shady places under trees with dense foliage. The leaves change into bright autumn tints. Boston Ivy, Ampelopsis Veitchii (tricuspidata). A slen- der, Japanese creeper attaching itself to walls or rocks by means of short tendrils. Leaves cordate, tricuspidate, hang- ing vertically, green in summer, changing into bright scarlet in the t fall. A quick-growing and beautiful plant, the best for covering walls. Thrives best in rich sandy loam, and will grow equall" well in the full glare of the sun or in partial shade. THE STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Staff Tree, Celastrus scandens. A vigorous twining shrub with ovate-oblong, rather thin leaves, and racemes of whitish-green flowers terminating short, lateral branches. Fruits in clusters, bright orange-scarlet in autumn. On columns and fences ; ornamental when in fruit. THE PEA FAMILY. Wistaria, Wistaria Sinensis. A very large twining shrub of rapid growth. Leaves, long, pinnate ; flowers 256 Creepers ant) IDines. blue, in large pendulous racemes, terminal on lateral shoots developing with the leaves in spring. There are several varieties, one with white flowers. W. Japonica has white flowers and another Japanese species, W. multijuga, has racemes one or to two feet long, of deep lilac flowers with purple wings. All the wistarias are fine for growing on verandas or in trees with light foliage, such as- the elm or locust. They thrive best in a good sandy loam but will do well in almost any moderately good soil. Scarlet Runner, Phaseolusmultiflorus. An annual twin- ing vine, with trifoliately pinnate leaves, and axillary racemes of bright scarlet flowers in summer. Sown in spring for covering fences or bowers. THE ROSE FAMILY. Prairie Rose, Rosa setigera. This is the only perfectly hardy climbing rose. It deserves general cultivation for the great beauty and profusion of its mostly double flowers. There are several varieties of which Baltimore Belle, with flowers of a blush-color, and Queen of the Prairie, with bright rosy-red flowers, are the best and the most commonly grown. The tall climbing branches are covered with straight prickles and handsome pinnate foliage. Fine for trellises on walls or verandas, in rockeries, or on bare hillsides. Planted among coniferous trees, such as Norway spruce, they will grow to a great height. The delicate foliage in spring and the bright flowers later on contrast beautifully with the dark green of the evergreens. For this purpose they must be allowed a sufficient root-space, and a southern exposure 258 Creepers anfc Dines. is the best. A rich soil is essential to rapid growth, and it is best to prepare special beds or trenches, filled with good loam and plenty of manure, in gardens where the soil is poor. THE GOURD FAMILY. Wild Cucumber Vine, Echinocystus lobata. A graceful annual, wild in thickets and damp woods, in sunny positions. FIQ. 118.-PRAIRIE ROSE (ROSA SETIQERA). A beautiful vine for covering arbors, or on trellises against a wall. Leaves five-lobed and numerous racemes of white flowers almost covering the plant in summer. May be grown with good effect on the south side of a shrubbery and will generally remain there \vhen once established. It has, however, a tendency to become a weed. A very rapid grower. Many annual climbers of this family are quite ornamental, with luxuriant foliage and pretty, if not con- spicuous, flowers followed by picturesque fruits. Creepers an& Dines, 259 The Bryony (Bryonia dioicd) is a tuberous-rooted plant of a habit almost similar to the preceding one, with five-lobed leaves and white flowers in summer. It is well worthy of cultivation and may be grown with success in hedge-rows or thickets in a moderately good soil. The slender stems die down annually but the root is hardy. THE ARALIA FAMILY. Ivy, Hedera Helix. This is without doubt the best and most useful climber in places where it is hardy. It may be grown with success on northern walls, as it generally suffers more from the sun in winter than from the cold. In Europe, it grows in the extreme North, generally in deciduous or evergreen woods where it finds a slight pro- tection. It is found in innumerable varieties in most Euro- pean countries, some growing on the trunks of trees in sunny positions, others in deep shade. Where it cannot be grown with success in exposed positions it is useful for cov- ering the ground under large shade-trees or in shrubberies. Some of the smaller varieties are exceptionally beautiful in rockeries. The leaves are generally five-lobed, thick and leathery, evergreen, but differ greatly in size and shape. There are also many beautiful forms with variegated foliage turning more or less reddish in winter or spring. When old, the ivy flowers freely and has then a unique appearance, as it is almost covered with headlike clusters of creamy white flowers. The leaves are not lobed on flowering shoots but entire and of an ovate outline. The best varieties are Canariensis, with large, shining-green foliage, also called Irish ivy ; Itoegneriana, with large, broadly cordate leaves ; 260 Creepers ant) Dines. variegata and marmorata, with variegated foliage, and con- glomerate, a small and compact kind, fine for rockeries. THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Honeysuckle, Lonicera. Woodbine and honeysuckle are general favorites on account of their handsome, sweet- scented flowers and neat, twining habit. They are very useful for porches and verandas, as well as for covering ar- bors, fences, and enclosures. Some of the smaller kinds are beautiful in rockeries and as climbers among other shrubs in open and sunny positions. All require a moderately rich and moist soil. For planting in thickets and copses or on the banks of a river or lake no twining shrub can be more useful than the evergreen Japanese honeysuckle (L. Halleana), which forms dense masses of dark, shining foli- age close to the ground, twining here and there among the branches of neighboring shrubs. The flowers are tubular, two-lipped, white, changing into a pale yellow, produced freely throughout the summer. L. japonica is another al- most evergreen species with flowers, red on the outside, whitish within. The common honeysuckle (L. Caprifoliuiii) is an exceedingly beautiful plant with glaucous, connate leaves and large, terminal clusters of bright orange-yellow or flame-colored flowers in early summer. The woodbine (L. Peridymenum) has bright red flowers, ovate obtuse, mostly glaucous leaves, and is similar in habit to the pre- ceding kind. These grow in open woods in Europe, cover- ing rocks, shrubs, and small tree-stems with their delicate flowers. The trumpet honeysuckle (L. sempervirens) is an American species with showy, scarlet flowers in spiked Creepers anfc IDines. 261 whorls, all summer. The Japanese golden-leaved honey- suckle (L. bracJiypoda aureo-reticulata) is a kind commonly grown on arbors and verandas. It has yellow, axillary flowers and foliage reticulated with golden veins. THE BIGNONIA FAMILY. Trumpet-Flower, Tecoma radicans. A vigorous climb- ing shrub with long, pinnate leaves and terminal clusters of orange-scarlet flowers. The Japanese trumpet-flower (T. grandiflora) climbs less freely, has narrower leaflets and large bell-shaped flowers with spreading limbs of a scarlet- crimson color. The former is fine on walls, fences, and en- closures, the latter in the rockery, or, if kept low as a speci- men plant, on the lawn. Rich and moderately moist ground. Bignonia, Bignonia capreolata. A very beautiful native climbing shrub growing on fences and trees in open and sunny positions. Leaves pinnate consisting of a single pair of oblong-lanceolate leaflets, and orange-scarlet flowers in axillary clusters. Stem, slender, climbing by means of ten- drils. Planted beside trees of light foliage or in hedge- rows. THE CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Morning Glory, Ipomcea purpurea. A beautiful annual with funnel-shaped flowers of different colors from white to blue and crimson, freely produced in summer. Grown on fences or in hedgerows and shrubberies. Propagated by means of seeds sown in early spring. Hedge-Bindweed, Calystegia sepium. A slender, per- ennial climber, fine for hedgerows or shrubberies. Flowers are mostly pure white, showy ; throughout the summer. 262 Creepers anfc Dines. THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Matrimony Vine, Lycium Barbarum. An old-fashioned, somewhat thorny, climbing shrub with obovate or spathu- late leaves and axillary clusters of pale purplish flowers. Chinese matrimony vine (L. Ghinense) is a much more slender plant producing numerous oblong, scarlet ber- ries in pairs from the axils of the leaves. They are neat and ornamental plants for steep banks or rockeries. The more vigorous kinds may be grown on stone enclosures, to cover bare hillsides, or among shrubs and trees on the shores of rivulets or lakes. THE DOGBANE FAMILY. Periwinkle, Vinca minor. A dwarf, trailing plant for growing in shrubberies, or for covering bare ground under shade trees, and also in rockeries. Leaves ovate, shining green, opposite. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, beautiful blue or white. The large periwinkle ( V. major) is very much larger in all its parts, differing but slighly in habit. Leaves sometimes variegated white or reticulated golden-yellow veins. Both grow best in a moderately rich soil. The last one is not hardy in the North. THE MILKWEED FAMILY. Silk Vine, Periploca Grceca. This is a slender, rapid- growing twining shrub, with opposite, ovate-acute leaves and inconspicuous flowers. It may be used with advantage for almost any purpose. Creepers anfc Dines. 263 THE BIRTHWOET FAMILY. Pipe Vine, AristolocJiia Sipho. This is a very rapid- growing twining vine, with large, cordate leaves and incon- spicuous greenish-brown flowers. Grown for the sake of its luxuriant foliage, which gives ample shade for bowers and verandas. May also be planted with excellent effect among shrubs, near the margin of water, and to cover large rocks or trunks of deciduous trees. THE SMIL AX FAMILY. Greenbriar, Smilax rotundifolia. This handsome climber well deserves cultivation for the sake of its beautiful leaves. In moderately good soil it grows to a considerable height and looks very ornamental, especially in the crowns of ever- green trees. The leaves assume beautiful autumn tints. VI. HERBACEOUS PLANTS. all temperate countries, the herbaceous flora forms a very important part of the natural scenery. The ground is closely carpeted with grass and flowers, forests and fields vie with each other in variety and color. Along rivu- lets and streams a hundred forms of the daintiest flowers make their home ; and water plants abound in ponds and lakes. Even the rocks and cliffs and dry, sterile sandfields produce a flora as beautiful as it is characteristic. These plants are just as important factors in landscape gardening as in nature itself; but it is necessary to understand fully their nature and habit in order to use them rightly and with the most pleasing effects. Most herbaceous plants will grow well in light and moderately rich garden soil, whether they are natives of dry and sunny fields or of moist and shady woods. But it is necessary to bear in mind the character and habit of each and every species and use it only in the position for which it is best adapted by nature. The following selection contains only choice and orna- mental plants, and, as it is sufficiently rich in number and va- 264 Iberbaceous plants, 265 riety to be useful for every purpose, the most beautiful results may be obtained by using these alone in a proper manner. A great number of species, each represented by small and insignificant individuals, are not desirable in landscape gar- dening. Broad masses of one kind are more effective than an incongruous mixture of a great many contrasting forms. In a previous chapter the more important classes of her- baceous plants have been treated as to their nature, habit, habitat, and correct use in ornamental gardening, and sug- gestions of the same nature will also be given in the following descriptions : THE CROWFOOT FAMILY. Anemones and Windflowers, Anemone. The anemones are very important woodland- and hillside-plants, generally FIQ. 19. PASQUE-FLOWER (ANEMONE PULSATILLA), GROWING IN STONY SOIL ON A HILLSIDE. found in great numbers throughout the north temperate zone. The pasque-flower (A. PidsatiUa) is one of the earliest flowering plants, with large, nodding flowers of a pale blue or purple color, springing from a tuft of much 266 ifoerbaceous plants. divided leaves ; grows on sunny hillsides among the grass, often in sterile soil. A. patens and the American pasque- flower (A. p. Nuttalliana) are equally desirable plants with purplish, sometimes creamy-white flowers, two inches across These are fine for planting among the grass on a sunny, sloping lawn, in light or moderately good soil. Among species found in woods and forests the best are : the com- mon wind-flower (A. nemorosd), a well-known dwarf species with white flowers, purplish on the outside; and the large wood anemone (A. sylvestris) with pure white flowers on slender stalks a foot high or more, and ternate or palmately divided leaves. These are excellent for naturalizing in shrub- beries and thickets or in shady places on the lawn, the larger kind in smaller patches, the smaller to cover the ground uni- formly. A species useful for the same purpose and common in woods in North- ern Europe is the golden wind-flower (A. ranuncu- loides), a dwarf but very showy plant flowering in June. The Japanese wind-flower (A. Japonica) is one of the most useful border plants, opening its buds in August or even later. The numerous, rosy-purple flowers are borne FIQ. 120. JAPANESE WIND-FLOWER (ANEMONE JAPONICA). Iberbaceous plants* 267 on scapes two feet in height or more. The foliage is very ornamental. A white variety (A. j. alba), has pure white flowers three inches in diameter, and elegant ternate or palinately divided leaves. These exceptionally beautiful plants may be used in rockeries, in sunny borders of a shrubbery and similar positions, with the most pleasing result. They thrive best in a rich and moist soil. The numerous forms of the garden anemone (A. Jiortensis) and the poppy anemone (A. coronaria) are useful in beds and borders in early summer. The flowers of these dwarf tuberous-rooted plants are generally double or semi-double, varying in color from white to scarlet, pale blue and crim- son. They must be planted and treated in the same way as bulbs for summer bedding, and do best in moist, sandy loam and half -shady positions. Hence they are excellent for planting in shrubberies or in suitable places in the rockery. The scarlet anemone (A. fulgens) is a nearly re- lated form, with flowers of the most vivid scarlet color a very floriferous kind with ternately divided leaves and of a tufted habit, growing to the height of a foot or more. One of the finest species for rock-gardens is the Apennine ane- mone (A. Apennina), an exceedingly handsome plant with large, bright blue flowers and twice pinnately divided leaves, growing six or eight inches high and producing a quantity of flowers late in the spring. For the same purpose the hepatica (A. Hepatica) is equally desirable and easier to obtain. This is a very dwarf plant with three-lobed, leathery leaves, growing in small tufts close to the roots of trees in woods and forests, and producing numerous bright blue flowers early in spring. This is also 268 Iberbaceous plants, fine for naturalizing on shady hillsides, in thickets and shrubberies. Meadow-Rue, Thalictrum. Several of the plants belong- ing to this genus have exceedingly beautiful foliage and grow to a considerable height ; they are chiefly woodland and meadow plants. The rue anemone (T. anennonoides) closely resembles the common wind-flower in habit and size. The flowers are similar but of a purer white, appearing in early spring in woods and thickets. The early meadow-rue (T. dioicum) is a plant a foot or two high, with glaucous leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers in compound panicles. It grows in rocky woods and may easily be naturalized. The tall meadow-rue (T. Cornuti) is the most important one from an ornamental point of view. It grows to a heightof six or eight feet, producing immense compound panicles of white flowers, and is found in masses on the borders of rivers or lakes, or in moist ground generally, where it is very effec- tive. This species may be used with good effect in sunny positions in beds and borders or in a low and moist place in the rockery. Spring Adonis, Adonis vernalis. An early spring flower with finely divided leaves and large yellow flowers. Habit dwarf, tufted. Stems single. Beautiful in rockeries, in open places in the shrubbery, and as a border plant. Should be grown in masses in rich garden soil. The pheasant's eye (A. cestivalis and A. autumnalis) flowers in summer and autumn, grows about a foot high, has numerous, finely cut leaves and small flowers of an intense scarlet-crimson color. Should be sown early in spring in borders or rockeries. Crowfoot, Buttercup, Ranunculus. There are numerous Herbaceous plants. 269 handsome plants of this genus. Most common in gardens are the so-called bachelor's buttons, double forms of several species. The garden ranunculus (H. Asiaticus) is a very dwarf plant with double flowers of a more or less intense yellow, scarlet, or crimson color. It is a tuberous plant fine for moist places in the rockery or in a border. Maybe treated in the same manner as bulbs for spring bedding where it is not perfectly hardy. The buttercup (H. acris) is of a very variable habit, generally growing a couple of feet high with rather large, golden-yellow flowers, and palmately divided leaves consisting of from three to seven segments. The pretty border plant known as yellow bachelor's button is a double form of this. The species itself is too weedy for general use. The white buttercup (JR. aconitifolius) is a much more useful and ornamental plant of a close, tufted habit, with five-parted leaves, and numerous pure white flowers with yellow stamens. The white bachelor's button is a double variety of this species and a very fine border plant. Both may be used with good effect in a rockery. The heart-leaved ranunculus (jff. amplexicaulis) is a dwarf Alpine plant with smooth, heart-shaped, stem-clasping leaves and pure white flowers. Fine for rockeries in moist places among boulders and stones. The Parnassia-leaved ranun- culus (12. pamassifolius) is a still dwarfer plant with rounded foliage and large white flowers. A beautiful rock- plant. The marsh crowfoot (It. Lingua) is one of the largest plants of the genus, growing in moist places on the shores of tarns and lakes. The flowers are bright yellow, two inches across, on tall scapes from the axils of the upper leaves. Stem three or more feet high with long 270 Herbaceous plants. halbert-shaped leaves. A fine plant for naturalizing on the shores of rivers and lakes ; grows in masses and is very effective. The water anemone (jff. aquatUis) is a charming little water-plant plentiful in ditches and shallow waters gener- ally. Forms nice masses of floating, three-lobed leaves, and numerous pure white flowers with yellow anthers. This is one of the most beautiful water-plants for shallow lakes and ponds. The lesser celandine (JR. Ficarici) grows in rich woods and thickets and flowers early in spring. It forms small tufts of shining, heart- shaped leaves and nu- merous golden-yellow flowers. Very dwarf in habit, hardy, and 111 FIQ. 121.-LESSER CELANDINE (RANUNCULUS FICARIA). shrubberies. The Baneberry (Actcea) and Bugbane (Oimicifugd) are well known plants with ample, thrice ternate leaves and long spikes or racemes of white flowers in spring. They grow from two to eight feet high according to variety and are common in rich woodlands. They are useful for plant- ing in moist places in rockeries or for producing woodland scenery in the shrubbery. Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris. A common plant in moist meadows and on the shores of low-land streams growing as single plants and in small groups. The large, bright yel. low, cup-shaped flowers appear early in spring and form a feature of the landscape for a considerable time. Planted Herbaceous (Mauts. 271 on the border of a lake or pond in rich masses close to the water's edge this is a very effective plant. Globe-flower, Trollius Europeus. This is one of our most beautiful garden plants. The plants grow singly among the grass in meadows, and sometimes in rich open woodlands, and, like the preceding kind, form quite a feature of the scen- ery. The globular, yellow flowers are borne on erect, leafy stems a foot or more high. Leaves on long petioles pal- mately parted with deeply cut edges, handsome. The Asiatic globe-flower (T. Asiaticus) and the American globe-flower (T. laxus), the former with orange-yellow flowers, are also fine meadow plants. All are excellent for moist positions in a rockery or on a lawn and especially on a low river shore. FIG. 122. CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORUS NIGER ALTIFOLIUS). Christmas Rose, Helleborm niger. While the snow is still on the ground the Christmas rose opens its chaste and beautiful flowers, earlier or later in the season, according to the locality where it is grown. The flowers measure several inches across and are slightly suffused with purple 272 Iberbaceous plants, in the typical form. The broad-leaved variety, altifolius, has very large, pure white flowers. The leaves are large, pedate, of a leathery texture and deep green. A moist and sheltered position in a rockery or under evergreen shrubs is the best. The flowers develop fully only when the buds and foliage are kept moist and cool. Broad masses of this plant early in the season are exceptionally beautiful, espe- cially among evergreen shrubs and trees. Several species of helleborus flow r er later in the season and are generally known as Lenten roses. Most beautiful among these are H. Colchicus, bright purple, H. Olympicus, purple, and H. orientalis with rose-colored flowers. These flower in March and April and are useful for the same purpose as the Christ- mas rose. All do best in a rich, sandy loam mixed with plenty of leaf mold and well-decayed manure. Winter Aconite, Erantliis liyemalis. This is a very attractive, dwarf perennial, flowering in the earliest spring. It grows about six inches high, producing numerous bright yellow flowers on single stems. The winter aconite is de- sirable for naturalizing in light and rich loamy soil in half- shady positions or in rich, open, rocky woods. It may also be grown in shrubberies and hedgerows with the most beautiful effect. Fennel Flower, Nigella Damacena. An annual with finely cut leaves and bluish-white flowers surrounded by foliage. A neat, erect-growing herb eight inches or more high, readily increased by seeds ; fine in borders or rockeries. Moderately good garden soil. Columbine, Aquilegia. A family of very ornamental plants of open woodlands and mountain regions, grown in 274 Iberbaceous plants. beds and borders and especially in rockeries. The common columbine (A. vulgaris) is a well known border plant with many beautiful varieties, single or double, varying from pure white to pale blue and purple. It is a very floriferous plant with fine masses of foliage of biternate leaves. Height about two feet. The golden columbine (A. clvrysantha) is an ex- ceptionally fine border plant about as large as the preceding kind but of a more elegant habit! Flowers are of a pale yellow on the outside, brighter within. The following are all rock-plants growing in high moun- tain regions or in rocky woods : Alpine columbine (A. al- pina). A very fine plant about a foot high, with biternate leaves and linear leaflets. Flowers are very large blue or blue and white, borne on erect stems. Canadian columbine (A. Canadensis). Flowers red and yellow, borne in loose panicles on leafy stems, about eighteen inches high. Common in the crevices of rocks on the borders of woods. Long- spurred columbine (A. cceruled). Flowers large, extremely beautiful, blue and white. Habit elegant. Leaves biter- nate, comparatively small, not numerous. One of the best rock-plants, a native of the Rocky Mountains. Glandular columbine (A. glandulosa). A very beautiful species sel- dom a foot high. Flowers large and showy with deep blue or lilac sepals and pure white petals. Spurs very much shorter than in the preceding kind. Siberian colum- bine (A. Sibericd). A species nearly related to the former but larger and of a denser habit with lilac or white and lilac flowers. There is also a very handsome, pure white variety. These are very fine in rockeries but may also be grown sucessfully in borders if the soil is not too heavy. They are Herbaceous plants* 275 roost appropriate in the crevices of calcareous rocks in open and sunny positions. Larkspur, Delphinium. Large perennial, biennial, or annual herbs from one to six feet high, with palmately divided foliage, and racemes or panicles of showy blue, white, or scarlet flowers. Some of the species are very old border plants. All are valuable. The common larkspur (Z^. exaltatum) is most popular as a border plant. It grows to a height of five or six feet, producing masses of blue or white flowers in large and dense racemes. Leaves palmately parted, all along the tall stems. The large-flowered larkspur (D. grandiflorum) is of a dwarf er, more elegant and spreading habit. Flowers are large, intensely blue and in some varieties white. The Chinese larkspur (D. cJiinense) is a new variety of this species ; a more profuse bloomer with loose panicles of the most intensely blue flowers late in the season. The showy larkspur (I), formosum) is also one of the most valu- able kinds with sky-blue flowers, earlier than the preceding kind. Added to these the hybrid larkspur (I), hylridum), which in size and habit resembles the com- FIQ. 124. COMMON LARKSPUR (DELPHINIUM EXALTATUM). 276 Iberbaceous BMants. raon larkspur, brings a profusion of deep blue flowers in July or August. The following are very handsome annuals : field larkspur (D. eonsolided), common in fields, a loose and straggling plant with few-flowered racemes. Flowers blue, white, or pink, showy. Rocket larkspur (D. Ajacis), a com- mon garden plant with single or double flowers of many colors. Both are excellent border plants. The red-flowered larkspur (D. nudicaide)^ a dwarf plant with peltate leaves and upright, almost leafless racemes of beautiful scarlet-red flowers, and the dwarf larkspur (I), tricorne), a plant seldom a foot high, with five-parted leaves and showy blue flow- ers ; are best grown in rockeries. All the Delphiniums do best in a rich and light sandy loam. The taller forms are fine on the border of shrubberies or in the common border. All are readily increased by means of seeds. Monkshood, Aconitum Napellus. An elegant butpoison- ous perennial with dark, pedately lobed leaves, leafy stems three to four feet high, and single racemes of hooded flowers, blue with a metallic lustre. The variegated monkshood (A. variegatum) is a still more elegant plant with branched racemes of white and blue flowers. Both flower in June or July ; they are among the old standard border plants. The roots are poisonous and must never be left in the hand of a child. Thrive well in any rich garden soil. Peony, Pceonia officinalis, albiflora, and tenuifolia. The various species of peony are our most showy garden plants, valuable for borders, rockeries, and as specimen plants on the lawn. They are of a very graceful habit with beau- tiful foliage and bright or sometimes delicately colored flowers. The double-flowered forms are special favorites; Iberbaceous plants. 277 they vary in color from pure white to rose and deep crim- son. The Chinese peony (P. alb iflora) flowers in summer; it grows to a height of three feet, with bright green pin- natifid leaves, and, originally, had white, single, fragrant flowers. The varieties now grown are all double, white- or rose-colored. The common peony (P. officinalis) has coarser pinnatifid leaves, a more upright habit, and large red flowers, seldom single, mostly semi-double or double, varying from white to deep crimson. The cut-leaved pe- ony (P. tenuifolia) has bipinnate leaves with deeply cut divisions. Foliage feathery, light and elegant. Flowers bright crimson, single or double. Most garden varieties are propagated by means of division or grafting, and thrive best in a rich, sandy loam. THE BERBERIS FAMILY. Barren Wort, Epimedium. Graceful herbs, with light biternate or pinnate leaves, and terminal racemes of flow- ers. E. alpinum is most common in cultivation ; it has biternate leaves on tall stalks, and loose racemes of dull crimson flowers with yellow anthers. E. macranihum is a very handsome species with white flowers and tall, graceful biternate leaves with ovate leaflets. Both are exception- ally fine plants for a moist, shady place in the rockery. They thrive in a sandy loam enriched with well-decayed leaf-mold, and increase by means of creeping root-stocks. Twin-Leaf, Jeffersonia diphylla. A beautiful wood- land plant with bilobed leaves and white flowers, singly on slender scapes. Height six or eight inches. Flowers ane- mone-like with eight petals and yellow stamens. Fine for 278 Ifoerbaceous plants. naturalizing in rich soil in shrubberies, or in a moist, shady position in the rockery. Sandy loam and leaf-mold. May Apple, Podopliyllum peltatum. This is the most important hardy herbaceous plant of the family. The leaves are umbrella-shaped, with from seven to nine lobes. Stems erect, with two leaves and ending in a single large white flow- er. Found in scattered masses in rich deciduous F.Q. 125.-MAY APPLE (PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM). very ornamental with well-marked veins and a glossy sur- face reflecting the sun. One of the best woodland plants, worth introducing in every garden among shrubs and trees, and also in more secluded lawns. It grows well, especially in sandy loam enriched by decayed leaves. THE WATER-LILY FAMILY. Water- Lily, Nymphcea. Well known, beautiful plants in lakes and ponds, with rounded floating leaves and soli- tary flowers on long fleshy foot-stalks. The white water- lily (N. alba) has large, scentless flowers, six inches or more across, milky white. The variety rosea has beautiful bright rose-colored flowers of the same size and shape. N. odorata, the sweet-scented pond lily, is somewhat smaller, white, with the outer petals tinted green. These are the best and hardiest for naturalizing. The red water- erbaceous plants* 323 Europe. Leaves lanceolate, mostly tufted at the root. Flowers on almost leafless scapes seldom a foot high. Heads large, golden-yellow or orange, several together. Fine for rockeries or on high banks. Will grow well in light or gravelly soil. Flowers in summer. Leopard's Bane, Doronicum Caucasicum. A very pretty spring-flowering plant, fine for rockeries. Leaves on long petioles, cordate. Stems mostly simple, with a few large heads of bright yellow flowers. Desirable for grow- ing in sunny positions. Goldenrod, Solidago. There are many showy species of goldenrod, but as they are so common all over the country there is little need of their cultivation. The most beautiful are : 8. Canadense, with ample panicles on stems several feet high ; 8. lanceolata, a bushy, branching plant with flat corymbs of small yellow heads ; 8. serotina flowers in pyramidal panicles on stems two or three feet high ; 8. speciosa, with large flower-heads in thyrsoid pani- cles, stems from three to six feet high ; 8. virga-aurea, somewhat branched, heads racemose. Chinese Aster, Gallistephus Ohinensis. Favorite border or bedding plants, of which there are many strains, some tall, others very dwarf, some bushy, others slender, bearing only a few large heads of flowers. All cultivated kinds are double ; some unite two colors in one head, white and blue, white and purple or lilac, and so on ; others are one- colored, white, pale rose, purple-crimson, and purplish-blue. They should be raised in boxes or pots in a cool frame and planted out late in spring. They require frequent water- ings in dry summers in order to prevent them from flower- 3 2 4 Herbaceous plants* ing prematurely. As a rule China-asters do best in high alti- tudes, or in countries where the summer is cool and pleasant. Aster, A$tei\ These, like the goldenrods, are common hillside- and field-plants, flowering late in the season ; they are as yet too common to be culti- vated, and the glorious panorama they spread out before us could not be excelled in the gar- 5/3 ^ den. It is to be hoped it RQ.-142. ALPINE ASTER (ASTER ALPINUS). w j]] always be so. There are however many exotic kinds of great beauty that may be grown together with the most attractive of the native species. Some are dwarf and entirely different from any American species. The best are : A. alpinus, leaves lan- ceolate-spathulate forming tufts close to the ground ; flower- ing stems, single, a few inches high, bearing a single large head with purple ray-florets and yellow disk. A pretty plant for rockeries. A. Amellus, leaves broadly lanceolate, stems two feet high, simple at the base, branched above and bearing large solitary heads of purple flowers. A very floriferous and showy kind, fine for borders. A. Bessarabicus, a larger and showier variety of the last. The following are exceedingly no. -143. TURBI- -,- NATE ASTER (ASTER fine American species : A. graiidiflorus, TURBINELLUS). height two feet, leaves small linear, rigid stem branching at the top, bearing numerous large purple heads. A. Novce- Anglice, most common species, leaves linear-lanceolate, heads large, purple, height six feet. A. Novce-Helgice, leaves lanceolate, stem clasping or nearly so ; stem branch- Ifoerbaceous plants* 325 ing, four feet high, flower-heads pale blue. A. spectabilis, height two feet ; leaves lanceolate, nearly amplexicaul, heads beautiful blue. A. turbinellus, leaves small, lanceolate, stem slender, graceful, two or three feet high, heads mauve. Besides these the little white flowering A. eri- coides is sometimes grown. Fleabane, Erigeron. Generally inferior to the asters as ornamental plants. E. alpinum is a neat and attractive rock-plant with bluish flowers. E. aurantiacus, showy; leaves oblong, flower-heads large, of a bright orange-color. Height seldom a foot. E. speciosum, a pretty American plant a foot high, with oblong leaves and large heads of lilac flowers; disk yellow. In rockeries or borders. Or- dinary, garden soil. Swan-River Daisy, Brachychome iberidifolia. A very handsome annual cultivated in beds and borders. It forms a nice and compact bushy plant about a foot high and equally broad, covered all summer with innumerable deep blue flower-heads; leaves pinnately parted, small. Raised from seeds. Sown on the spot in early spring. Daisy, Bellis perennis. The true European daisy is a very small plant with mats of obovate-spathulate leaves close to the ground, and simple leafless scapes four or five inches high, bearing one solitary head of white flowers suffused with rose. The double white or pink varieties are the most desirable for edging beds and borders. They, are very floriferous and should -be grown in every garden. They may also be naturalized in lawns, but the single form should be excluded as it spreads and becomes a weed. Increased by means of seeds or division. 326 tberbaceous plants. Yarrow or Sneeze-wort, Achillea. The double sneeze- worts (A. Ptarmica plenissima and A. serrata plena) are very fine and floriferous subjects for a border ; they grow one or two feet high, with single stems, narrow lanceolate leaves, and heads in terminal corymbs. The variety known as the pearl is the best. Few other plants of this family deserve consideration. The following are attractive in rockeries : A. Clavennce, leaves all radical, crowded, bipin- natifid ; flower-heads corymbose, pretty, white ; height from six to ten inches. A. tomentosa, leaves bipinnatifid, finely divided, woolly ; flower-heads bright yellow, corymbose. Yellow Chamomile, Antliemis tiiictoria. A desirable summer flowering plant about a foot high forming broad masses; leaves bipinnatifid ; stems slender, bearing numerous golden-yellow heads of flowers. In rockeries or borders. Ordinary, garden soil. Double white Chamomile, Matricaria inodora fl. pleno. A pretty spreading, much-branched annual border- plant with doubly pinnate leaves and very double heads of pure white flowers. Florifierous and ornamental. Flowers in summer. Propagated by means of seeds. Fever-few, Pyreihrum partJienifolium. A fine annual with double white flowers and pinnate, much-divided leaves. The variety aureum is generally used for summer-bedding in mosaic-groups. Raised from seeds in a greenhouse or frame, or by means of cuttings. P. roseum is a perennial with simple, erect stems, feathery, doubly pinnate leaves and large showy heads of mostly rosy-purple flowers with many varieties. Must be grown in a moist and rich ground to develop fully. Very handsome. fberbaceous plants. 327 Great Oxeye Daisy, Pyrethrum uliginosum. This is a tall and graceful plant about three feet high, with lanceolate, coarsely dentate leaves, and heads of large white ray-florets and yellow disk. Fine for margins of streams and lakes in rich ground. Gaillardia, Gaillardia aristata. A very floriferous plant about a foot high, with lanceolate leaves and large yellow flower-heads. The variety grandiflora is the most common in gardens ; it has the lower half of the ray-florets of a reddish color. G. pulcliella is a very showy annual of a similar habit but with bright crimson ray-florets tipped with yellow. Both are excellent for dry ground in sunny positions where they flower all summer. Marigold, Calendula officinalis. A com- pact, floriferous annual with oblong-obovate leaves and bright yellow heads of flowers, single or double, all summer. FIG. 144.- Compass-Plant^ SilpJiium laciniatum A. GAILLARDIA. rather coarse perennial, with pinnatifid leaves and tall leafy flowering stems bearing a few large heads of yellow flowers. Dahlia, Dahlia variabilis. Well known border plant with fleshy roots and pinnate leaves. Flowers double or single, of all colors. There are some dwarf and small flow- ering varieties. The cactus dahlia (D. Juarezii) is one of the most desirable kinds, with bright scarlet-crimson flowers similar in shape to some kinds of cactus. Planted in beds or borders in spring. Roots stored in winter. Thickweed, Coreopsis. Exceedingly showy and florifer- ous annual or perennial plants for sunny positions in borders 328 Herbaceous [Plants* or naturalized in gravelly soil. C. tinctoria is an annual a couple of feet high, branched and spreading, leaves bipinnat- ifid ; heads numerous, ray-florets deep crimson on the lower half, the rest yellow. C. Drummondii, resembling the last, ray -florets yellow with a dark spot at the base. C. lanceolata is a perennial ; leaves lanceolate, flowers pure yellow ; very desirable. Flowers all summer. Sunflower, Helianthus. All the species are very large and coarse but showy plants. The common annual species hardly deserves culture except for economic use. The most desirable are H. decapetalus, a tall plant common on sunny shores of rivers ; heads three inches across, showy, bright yellow. H. angustifolius, leaves linear, a medium-sized or small species about three or four feet high ; ray -florets bright yellow, disk purple. H. Maximilianus, leaves long, linear- lanceolate ; stems six feet, more or less ; flower-heads very numerous golden, yellow. A most desirable species. All are perennial. On the margins of water ; in borders or shrubberies. Oxeye, Heliopsis Icevis. A kind of sunflower on a smaller scale, leaves ovate ; flower-heads terminal on numer- ous lateral branches ; H. Pitcher ianus, a recently introduced kind, is of a very spreading and branching habit, about three feet high, with numerous heads of golden-yellow flow- ers late in summer. A beautiful and very floriferous kind. Fine in borders ; ordinary soil. Cone-flower, Rudbeckia. A genus of very attractive perennial plants flowering all summer. It. speciosa has coarsely toothed, lanceolate leaves and terminal heads of yellow flowers ; disk conical ; habit branching, height less Ifoerbaceous plants, 329 than two feet. R. liirta, the popular yellow daisy, is a very showy plant of sandy fields and barren hillsides ; stem simple, erect, about a foot high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; ray-florets orange-yellow, disk brown. H. fulgida, flowers smaller than in the preceding species ; the plant is twice as tall; same color. All the Rudbeckias are very handsome plants for use in wild gardening, for natural groups in sandy and gravelly soil, in rockeries and borders. Purple Cone-flower, Echinacea purpurea. A simple, erect plant, one or two feet high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, heads several inches across, ray-florets rosy-purple, disk conical or columnar, brown. Fine in borders or for planting in sunny positions on the margin of water. Flow- ers in summer. Sanvitalia, Sanvitalia procumbent. A dwarf, trailing plant growing a few inches high only, and covered in sum- mer with numerous small yellow flower-heads with a purple disk ; leaves ovate. Fine for covering the ground in groups of taller plants such as eucalyptus or silk oak, or on sunny banks to cover the ground. Increased by means of seeds annually. Zinnia, Zinnia elegans. One of the most popular late- flowering annuals with single or double flowers of the most intense and brilliant colors. Used in beds or borders with good effect. Seeds may be sown in flat boxes in a green- house or frame and the plants should be kept ready to take the place of spring- or early summer-flowers. French Marigold, Tagetes patula. A very floriferous, strongly scented annual with pinnate leaves, and mostly double flowers of rich and effective colors, chiefly pale yel- 330 Iberbaceous plants* low, deep yellow, and brown. The African marigold (T. erectd) is considerably larger in all parts, growing as high as two feet. It is also more varied in coloring. T. sigtiata pumila is a dwarf and floriferous kind with numerous bright yellow flowers all summer. The marigolds are easily raised by means of seeds sown in the open border. THE LOBELIA FAMILY. Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis. A very showy American plant growing in moist places along streams and rivulets, and flowering in June or July. The stems are sim- ple, a foot or eighteen inches high, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and long terminal racemes of bright scarlet flowers. Grows in small tufts on grassy banks close to the water. The Mexican cardinal flower (L. fulgens) is a more robust plant with broader leaves tinted red ; petals wider than in the preceding kind and of a still deeper scarlet. These are suitable for moist places in a rockery, along a rill of water, or by the side of a stream or lake. Thrive well in a rich, sandy loam. THE BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Venus's Looking-Glass, Specularia Speculum. A pretty annual with numerous blue flowers all summer. Sown in beds or borders early in spring. Bellflower, Campanula. There are many very attractive summer-flowering plants belonging to this genus, some of which are tall, robust-growing subjects, excellent for bor- ders ; others are dwarf, tufted, and compact Alpine plants, with slender, delicate stems and pretty blue or white Ifeerbaceous plants* 331 flowers. The best are : The Canterbury bell (<7. medium), stems erect, branching, two or three feet high, with ovate- lanceolate, crenate leaves ; flowers in leafy panicles, large, bell-shaped, blue- purple, or white. One of the best ; flowers in July. Clustered bell-flower. (<7. glomerata), stems simple, one or two feet high ; leaves ovate, upper ones some- what stem-clasping ; flowers in close heads, violet-blue, pale blue, or white, flower- ing all summer. A desir- able plant for naturalizing in glades and open woods, F1Q . 145> _ PALE BELL-FLOWER (CAMPANULA or on grassy banks. Pale LACTIFLORA). bell-flower (<7. lactiflora), stems two or more feet high, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers in loose racemes, pale blue or white. Nice border plant, forming large tufts and flowering all summer. Chimney bell-flower (C. pyramidalis), stem almost simple, forming many flower- ing branches at the top, about four feet high ; leaves ovate or sometimes cordate, petiolate ; flowers in pyramidal racemes, very numerous, deep blue or white, flowering in June or July. Border plant. Peach-leaved bell-flower (<7. persicce^ folia), stem simple, one foot high or more ; root leaves like the leaves of the peach, stem leaves few, linear-lanceo^ late ; flowers very large, racemose, deep blue to pure white? 332 Herbaceous plants, sometimes semi-double or double. Excellent border plant; fine for naturalizing in grassy and half-shady positions. Carpatian bell-flower (C. carpatica), a very graceful plant, with slender branched stems about a foot high and more or less cordate leaves on long stalks ; flowers in loose racemes, cup-shaped, deep blue or, in one variety, white. This is a very fine plant for borders or rockeries, flowering in summer for several months. It forms broad masses of leaves and flowers. There are a few very dwarf varieties of this spe- cies fine for rock-gar- O dens, such as turbinata, leaves all radical, ovate, on long stalks ; flowers solitary, erect, on slen- der stalks six inches high, color purple ; pel- viformis, taller, with FIG. 146. DWARF CARPATIAN BELL-FLOWER (CAMPA- * NULA CARPATICA TURBiNATA PALLIDA). loosely racemose flowers of a bright lilac color, two inches across. The following are chiefly dwarf and trailing plants, inhabitants of alpine meadows or stony banks of mountain streams : C. ccespitosa, stems short, tufted ; leaves ovate, crowded ; flowers ter- minal, blue or white, numerous. On rocky shores of rivu- lets or in moist ground near a stream in a rockery. C. garganica, stems trailing, leaves reniform or heart-shaped, downy ; flowers at the end of the shoots, axillary, blue, or sometimes white. Charming rock plants for growing in a compost of leaf soil, sand and brick rubbish, or old mortar. Protected in winter by a covering of leaves. C. pusilla, very dwarf ; leaves tufted ; flowers on slender Iberbaceous plants* 333 leafy sterns, pendulous, almost cylindrical, blue. Neat in moist places in rockeries. C. Rainerii, dwarf, two or three inches ; leaves ovate, hairy ; flowers mostly solitary, erect. O. Waldsteiniana, dwarf ; leaves small, cordate ; stems four or five inches high, bearing one or more erect, violet-blue flowers. All these are suitable for rockeries, but enjoy half shade and moisture and a light, well-drained soil. The common harebell (C. rotundifolia) is one of the prettiest of all bell-flowers. The stems are nearly always simple, but it often forms rich tufted masses ; flowers solitary, drooping, blue or white. Grows in rocky, open woodlands, and is especially desirable for naturalizing in lawns and grassy openings among trees and shrubs. Another fine species for naturalizing is C. rapunculoides. Chinese Bell-flower, Platycodon grandiflorum. This is the largest flowering species of the family ; stems somewhat branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, large and handsome; flowers blue, several inches across, solitary or in small clus- ters at the top of the branches. Height about two feet ; flowers late in summer. There is a white variety. P. Mariesii is a dwarf and very floriferous form. Both are very fine plants for borders and rockeries ; the best bell- flowers for small gardens. THE PYKOLA FAMILY. Wintergreen, Pyrola. A genus of several small ever- green woodland flowers. They grow in partial shade in leaf soil, chiefly in sandy ground, and are excellent for planting in thickets and shrubberies among other wood- land flowers. Most common are: P. chlorantlia, flowers greenish- white, scented, borne in umbels on simple scapes 334 Herbaceous plants* a few inches high; leaves reniform or rounded on slender stalks. P. rotundifolia, taller and showier, with petiolate, shining green leaves; flowers rather large, ten to twenty in terminal racemes on slender scapes, pure white, fragrant. The pipsissewa (ChimapJiila umbellatd) is an equally desira- ble plant ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate in a whorl on the middle of the slender stem ; flowers umbellate, white, waxy, with violet anthers. Where they are rare and can be obtained only in a limited number these may be used for moist, half-shady positions in a rockery or for small patches among choice evergreen shrubs. THE LEADWOET FAMILY. Thrift or Sea Pink, Armeria vulgaris. A very hand- some seaside plant covering acres of sandy shores, with tufts of small, linear, bright green leaves and rosy-red flowers. The flowers are borne on scapes five or six inches high in close heads. There is a pretty white variety. A . Lauclieana has bright pink flowers. Excellent for seaside gardening or for naturalizing on sandy ground or here and there in lawns. It is also fine in rockeries or for edging beds or borders. A. CepJialotes is a larger growing species with a scape a foot high bearing a head of crimson flowers ; leaves lanceolate, tufted. A. plantaginea, leaves lanceolate w r ith several longitudinal nerves; flowers rose-colored, on scapes eight inches high. These two are best for rockeries in a light, sandy soil. All require a sunny position. Sea Lavender, Statice. A genus of plants common in the Steppes of Eastern Europe, in salt marshes and on sea- shores. They have small flowers in immense panicles, which look very elegant and feathery. Nice for rockeries Iberbaceous plants, 335 and open sandy ground. The best are: $. Tartarica, leaves all radical, more or less spade-like, six inches long; flowers crimson, in small spikes collected in ample panicles a foot or more wide. 8. elata, leaves radical obovate, blunt, in crowded tufts ; flowers blue in spikelets forming oblique panicles. Flowering stems many, forming a dense mass of flowers in summer. &.. Limonium, common sea-lavender, American species with lavender-colored flowers all summer. Leadwort, Plumbago Larpentce (Ceratostigma). A very showy trailing or procumbent plant, with obovate leaves, and heads of violet or bright blue flowers late in summer. Exceptionally fine for rockeries; will grow on high and dry ground almost anywhere. May be planted to cover barren slopes or in similar positions. THE PRIMROSE FAMILY. Common Primrose, Primula vulgaris. A small but handsome European plant common in open grassy woods and on moist hillsides, chiefly in the Northern countries. Leaves wrinkled and veiny, spade-like ; flowers on short axillary peduncles, very numerous in early spring^ pale sul- phur-yellow or in cultivated varieties white or more or less deep yellow, single or double. Fine for naturalizing in moist, grassy woods or for rockeries. Thrives best in a moist, sandy loam. Cowslip (P. veris). This is another very attractive spring flower growing abundantly in meadows and moist, open woodlands ; the yellow flowers are borne in many- flowered umbels on scapes six or eight inches tall; leaves similar to those of the primrose. Fine for planting in sim- jlar positions in parks or gardens. 336 Iberbaceous plants. The Oxlip (P. elatior) resembles the cowslip in habit, the flowers are, however, larger and of many different colors, from yellow and white to deep crimson. It is a very desir- able border plant with tufted leaves, and numerous showy flowers in spring. Will grow in sunny positions in any mod- erately good garden soil. It is essentially a plant for small gardens. Also cultivated under the name of polyanthus. Bird's-eye Primrose (P.farinosa). A pretty little plant of woodland meadows and grassy fields, with small spade- like leaves and rnany-flowered umbels of rosy-purple flow- el's with yellow eyes, borne on slender scapes about six inches high. It covers acres of ground in many places in Northern Europe and makes quite a feature of the scenery about midsummer. For moist places in rockeries or among low grass in lawns or shrubberies. Auricula (P. Auricula). A beautiful alpine plant of a dwarf and compact habit, much used for summer bedding in half -shady positions. It is also a very desirable plant for a rockery. Flowers pale yellow, darker around the centre, fragrant. There are many garden varieties with white, yellow, rose-colored or lilac flowers. Leaves generally powdered, grayish, obovate. The scape is only a few inches high bearing a many-flowered umbel. Should be wintered in a cool frame where it is not fully hardy. Rich and moist loam. Of the numerous other species of Primula, few have been tried in American gardens and some are probably tender. All deserve cultivation ; many are exceedingly beautiful rock-plants. Fairy Primrose, Androsace. A genus of very dwarf and tufted primrose-like plants, mostly alpine. Exceed- ingly pretty, of delicate colors and very floriferous. Prob- Herbaceous plants* 337 ably none have been tried in American gardens. The following are most likely to succeed : A. alpina, two or three inches high, with very crowded, tongue-shaped leaves in rosettes. Flowers numerous, from the axils of the leaves, rosy-purple. On moist, mossy rocks near water, rooting in crevices. A. earned, leaves awl-shaped, forming tufts or cushions three inches high ; flowers rose-colored, umbellate on short peduncles. In crevices of rocks. Pretty. A. Laggeri, leaves small, awl-shaped, flowers terminal, rose- colored, very numerous in spring. In crevices of moist and shady rocks. A. lanuginosa, foliage covered with silken hairs ; flower rose, with a yellow eye, umbellate, on scapes five or six inches high. Summer. In the crevices of sunny rocks. A very beautiful species. Shooting Star, Dodecafheon Meadia. A well-known, beautiful woodland plant grow- ing in half-shady positions in rich soil. Leaves six inches or more, oblong or spade-like, in rosettes. Scape commonly a foot high, bearing an umbel of pretty large, rosy -purple or white flowers in early summer. D. integrifolium is a smaller, not less desirable species. There are also some well- marked varieties of the com- mon shooting star. For planting in moist and half-shady positions in a rockery or in patches in grassy shrubberies or thickets. FIQ. 147. SHOOTING STAR (DODECATHEON MEADIA). 338 Iberbaceous plants. Alp Violet, Cyclamen Europeum. A charming florifer- ous plant of high, rich, cliciduous woods in central Europe. Flowers solitary on single scapes, bright rose-colored, fra- grant, appearing with the heart-shaped, petioled leaves in August or September and forming quite a feature of the scenery. The stem is globular and tuberous, half buried in the ground. Hardy in the partial shade of trees and ever- green shrubs. One of the most desirable plants for woodland FIG. 148. ALP VIOLET (CYCLAMEN EUROPEUM). scenery late in summer. Should be planted in open woods or thickets in a sandy loam made light and rich by the addi- tion of leaf mold. There are several other species, probably not quite hardy. The finest are : C. Grcecum, white ; C. Neapolitanicum, white and pink ; C. repandum, with ivy- like leaves, rosy -red. Loosestrife, Lysimacliia vulgaris. This is a robust per- ennial two or three feet high, with single stems and whorled ovate-lanceolate leaves, rather hairy or downy. Flowers showy, bright yellow, in large terminal panicles. A fine Ifoerbaceous plants. 339 plant for riversides and margins of water generally or in grassy woods. The moneywort (Ij. num- mularia) is a small trailer growing in moist meadows or on grassy banks ; leaves opposite, rounded ; flowers large yellow, axillary. Of- ten used in vases and window-boxes. Fine in damp places in a rockery, or on moist banks. Water Violet, Hottonia palustris. A handsome water plant with simple leafy stems one or two feet high ; leaves pectinate, feath- ery ; flowers white or lilac with a yellow eye, in whorls forming a long terminal ra- ceme. Flowers in June. Pretty in shallow FIQ. 149. WATER water or 111 bogs. VIOLET (HOTTONIA PALUSTRIS). THE BLADDERWOKT FAMILY. Bladderwort, Utricularia. A genus of very handsome water plants common in pools and ditches and nice for growing in cisterns and small artificial waters. The follow- ing are common : U. vulgaris, leaves pinnate, divided into thread-like segments. The stems floating by means of bladders formed on the leaves ; flowers several in a raceme, inflated, yellow. U. purpurea, flowers three or four in a raceme, violet-purple. THE BIGNO1STA FAMILY. Dwarf Trumpet Flower, Incarvittea Olgcz. A very or- namental perennial three or four feet high, has pinnate, opposite leaves with pinnatifid segments. Stems very 340 Iberbaceous plants* leafy, ending in a loose raceme of a few large, rose-colored, trumpet-like flowers rather late in summer. This is a very desirable border plant, when well grown forming a bushy specimen with very handsome foliage and flowers. It seems to thrive best in a rich, sandy loam and a sunny position. THE FIGWOKT FAMILY. Salpiglossis, Salpiglossis sinuata. A very pretty annual known in gardens under the name of variabilis. The stem is slender and graceful, two feet high, more or less, according to variety ; leaves, lower ones pinnatifid or sinuate, stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, entire. Flowers at the end of the lateral branches large and showy, of all colors, from pale yellow to deep crimson. Propagated from seeds sown in a border in spring. Mullein, Verbascum. These are chiefly coarse weeds of dry and barren fields and roadsides. None deserve culti- vation in this country with the possible exception of V. Phceniceum, a tall and rather graceful plant with long racemes of violet or red flowers, a weed in gravelly soil. Dwarf Mullein, Ramondia pyrenaica. This exquisite alpine plant grows in the crevices of moist, mossy rocks near running water in half-shady positions. It is of a very dwarf and compact habit, with coarsely dentate and hairy, ovate, rosulate leaves, and axillary scapes bearing several purple, purplish-blue or whitish-blue flowers in great pro- fusion. It grows best in moderate shade near the margin of a rocky stream, in crevices. Speedwell, Veronica. Few of these are of any import- ance as ornamental plants. The best are : V. longifolia, Herbaceous plants* 341 a very handsome plant with opposite, ovate leaves and long racemes of lilac flowers late in summer. The Japanese vari- ety subsessilis is a much superior plant of a very compact habit growing a foot high, with very long terminal, cylin- drical racemes of bright blue flowers. This variety deserves general cultivation in borders or rockeries. The german- der speedwell or angel's eyes ( V. chamcedrys) is a small and slender herb of grassy fields and meadows. It is one of the prettiest wild flowers in Europe, with bright green leaves and terminal racemes of large sky-blue flowers all summer. Deserves to be naturalized in grassy woods and thickets or in moist lawns. Toad-Flax, Linaria vulgaris. A showy but weedy plant that may be used to produce good effects on very poor soil. It had better be excluded from choice gardens as it spreads too readily. Flowers bright yellow, in long terminal racemes ; leaves linear or nearly so, alternate^ crowded on the stems which are mostly simple. Height one or two feet ; flowers all summer. L. macrocana is a pretty annual less than a foot high, with linear leaves and numerous racemes of deep lilac flowers. Well worth grow- ing in a border. The following two species are very desira- ble alpine plants of neat habit ; they are very fine for rock- eries : L. alpina, stem slender, forming tufted masses of small, linear leaves ; flowers in head -like racemes in summer and autumn, bright bluish-purple with a yellow centre. L. cymbalaria, leaves on slender, trailing stems, reniform ; flowers mostly axillary, lilac. Both are perennials, but may be treated as annuals. They look well in crevices of rocks in half-shady positions. 342 Iberbaceous plants* Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. This perennial is often grown as an annual for summer bedding. There are many beautiful varieties of which some are quite dwarf and compact, forming dense masses of deep green foliage ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, opposite ; flowers large, in terminal racemes, varying in color from pure white to bright crimson and purple. It may be propagated annually from seeds sown in a frame or greenhouse. It forms nice beds and is also very desirable in borders and rockeries. Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea. A very showy plant with simple, erect stems from three to five feet high, lanceolate or oblong wrinkled leaves and a long dense raceme of thimble- like flowers varying in color from purple to pale rose and pure white, the corolla being more or less spotted inside. A desirable biennial or peren- nial plant for sunny positions, easily raised from seeds. Large-flowered foxglove (D. ambigua) is less tall and has larger, creamy-white flow- ers veined with brown. Both flower in summer, sometimes quite late. Thrive in any moder- ately good soil. They are fine in borders and shrub- f\Q. 150. FOXGLOVE (DIGITALIS PURPUREA). bei'ieS. Monkey-Flower, Mimulus cardinalis. A handsome riverside plant of an erect, branching habit, with opposite, ovate, stem-clasping leaves and very showy axillary flowers of Iberbaceous plants. 343 a bright orange-scarlet color. Flowers freely in summer and is desirable both in borders and for planting on the margins of water or in moist places in a rockery. Height two feet. More common is the winged monkey-flower (M. alatus), with winged, erect stems, lanceolate, stalked leaves, and attractive blue flowers in early summer. Fine for naturalizing on moist, grassy shores. Both are perennial but may be propa- gated freely by means of seeds. Musk (M. moschatus) is a small trailing plant with numerous yellow flowers all sum- mer. It is fine for rockeries, window boxes, and vases, and may be raised annually from seeds. Shell Flower, Pentstemon bargains. One of our most beautiful native plants, of an erect but slender and graceful habit, with bright flowers late in summer. Stem three or four feet high with smooth, lanceolate leaves ; flowers bright scarlet, tubular, with a bearded lip, collected in loose racemes or panicles. One of the best plants for a border or for moist places on the shores of rivulets or lakes or in open places in shrub- beries. Thrives best in a well-drained but moist and rich soil. The variety Torreyii is larger with deeper colored flowers. The hybrid pentstemons of European gardens may be grown with success in the South ; they are 1 , . FIQ. 151. BEARDED extremely beautitul and flonferous PENTSTEMON , . , (PENTSTEMON BARBATUS plants with flowers 01 many colors TORREYII). 344 Iberbaceous plants* and of a more compact habit than the shell flower. They must be grown in a well-drained, sandy soil, in beds that should be covered with leaves in winter. There are several showy and perfectly hardy American species that may be grown in shrubberies or borders in light, well-drained soil. The best are : P. Coboea, flowers two inches long, purple or sometimes white. Height one or two feet. P. grandiflorus, as tall as the preceding species ; flowers showy, lilac-purple. P. Hartwegii, a Southern spe- cies, somewhat tender ; may be wintered in a frame and planted out in beds in summer. Flowers very beautiful scarlet-crimson, panicled. Height two feet. THE ACANTHUS FAMILY. Acanthe, Acanthus mollis. An old-fashioned plant with pretty, large, heart-shaped, lobed leaves, forming a fine mass of foliage. Flowers insignificant, in whorls collected in long, erect spikes. For sheltered positions in shrubberies only, in good sandy loam protected with a covering of leaves in winter. THE MINT FAMILY. Lavender, Lavandula vera. A small, sweet-scented shrub used for edging borders and walks in kitchen gardens. Forms a bushy, grayish shrub one or two feet high with linear-lanceolate leaves and numerous slender spikes of pale blue flowers. Increased by means of seeds. When planted for edging it should be trimmed into a low, close hedge for which purpose it is very desirable. Peppermint, Meniha piperita. Cultivated on account of its fragrant leaves ; spreads readily by means of running Herbaceous plants. 345 underground shoots. May be naturalized on moist, grassy banks. Hyssop, Hyssopis officinalis. A bushy plant one or two feet high with linear-lanceolate leaves and numerous blue flowers in crowded terminal spikes in summer. Very sweet-scented. Used in the same way as lavender. Wild Thyme, Thymus Serpyllum. A creeping, tufted herb forming mats of small green leaves ; flowers rosy- purple or flesh-colored, very numerous. Tli. Cliamcedrys is an almost similar species. Both grow in poor, gravelly soil in open and sunny positions, and are quite showy when grown in large masses and covered with flowers. Fine for dry rock- eries or when naturalized in sunny, barren lawns. Propagated by means of seeds or division. Stem somewhat woody. Sage, Salvia officinalis. A very sweet-scented herb with oblong-lanceolate, hoary leaves in tufted masses ; flow- ers blue in spiked whorls. Grown in borders for its fra- grant leaves. The meadow sage (8. pratensis) is a fine hardy plant growing about two feet high, with ovate leaves three or more inches long; flowers in whorls col- lected in long bracteate spikes ; blue, purple, bright rose, or sometimes two-colored ; bracts colored. Habit graceful, slender. Fine for naturalizing on moist, grassy banks, or on the border of thickets or shrubberies. Flowers all sum- mer. 8. bicolor is a handsome plant for a border or rock- ery ; flowers blue and white dotted with yellow, whorled in long racemes ; root-leaves pinnatifid or palmately lobed ; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate. Hardy biennial, easily raised from seeds for summer flowering. The following are tender perennials that may be raised and treated as annuals 346 Iberbaceous plants. in the North : S. splendens, stem almost simple, three or four feet high, terminated by a long whorled raceme of bright scarlet bracts and flowers ; leaves bright green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate sometimes heart-shaped at the base. An exceedingly showy, bushy plant, forming masses of the most intense color. Exceptionally fine for summer- bedding. 8. coccinea, about half as large as the preceding kind ; flowers scarlet-red in loose, distant whorls, racemose. 8. fulgens, flowers two inches long, scarlet, in six-flowered whorls collected in long racemes. Stem branching, two or three feet high. 8. patens ; leaves petiolate, deltoid or cordate; stem slender, terminating in a few-flowered ra- ceme; flowers intense blue, very handsome. These may be propagated annually from seed in a frame or green- house for summer bedding, or stored in a cool place in winter. They are easy of culture, will do well in ordinary garden soil in sunny positions, and are ideal bedding plants for American gardens. Rosemary, Itownarinus officinalis. A sweet-scented, somewhat tender herb of old cottage gardens. Bee Balm, Monarda didyma. A beautiful native river- side plant of the greatest ornamental value, growing about two feet high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves and numerous heads of bright red flowers. Exceptionally fine for plant- ing by the margin of water or in moist places in a rockery. Wild bergamot (M. fistulosa) is of a nearly similar habit, but a native of rocky woods, generally growing in partial shade in rich soil. Flowers rose-colored in large heads. For planting in thickets and shrubberies in dense masses ; very effective. Both flower in June or July. fberbaceous plants* 347 Hedge Nettle, Stachys. Most of these are insignificant weeds ; a few are very showy, but tender. 8. lanata is a procumbent plant with hairy, silvery-gray leaves of an ob- long outline ; flowers inconspicuous. Nice for rockeries or in carpet bedding. S. coccinea is a small bushy perennial almost as showy as the scarlet sage but not so large. May be treated in the same way and used for summer bedding or in rockeries. THE BOKAGE FAMILY. Lungwort, Pulmonaria officinalis. An attractive, small spring-flowering plant common in open, grassy woods in Europe. Leaves of the root ovate-heart-shaped, of the stem ovate-oblong ; stems simple about a foot high ending in a small cyme of red and violet flowers. The following are also very de- sirable : P. angustifolia, blue cowslip ; leaves narrower, downy ; flowers in twin racemes, pink, changing into a bright blue; habit and size like the first. P. saccharata, leaves spot- ted white ; flowers erect, pink. P. moltis, a nice little rock plant, spreading, eight to nine 152 - B LUE inches high ; flowers numerous, large, blue ; . COWSL|P (PULMONARIA leaves ovate-lanceolate. All but the last are ANGUSTIFOLIA). woodland plants ; they may be grown in shrubberies among other flowers, or in rockeries in light and rich soil. Virginian Cowslip, Mertensia Virginica. A pretty, rare American plant scattered in low woods in alluvial soil. Very ornamental, with stems a couple of feet high, smooth, almost glaucous, leaves obovate ; radical ones petioled. 348 Iberbaceous plants. Flowers handsome, in terminal clusters, pale blue or lilac, in early summer. Nice for moist and half-shady positions in rocky woods and shrubberies. Golden Drop, Onosma stellulatum. Somewhat like the preceding species, but with narrower linear-lanceolate or spatulate leaves ; stem only six or eight inches high ; flowers in curved racemes, tubular, bright yellow or white. A neat plant for rockeries, flowering in summer. The variety tauricum is larger with pure yellow flowers. Arnebia, A. echioides. A fine spreading plant for shady rockeries. Stem ascending, eight or nine inches high with oblong, ciliated leaves and terminal spikes of very showy yellow flowers ; corolla marked with five large, black spots in the angles of the segments. A. Griffitliii, smaller, with bright yellow flowers. May be treated as an annual. Both are very desirable. Thrive well in a rich, sandy soil. Hairy Puccoon, Lithospcrmum Mrtum. A pretty peren- nial about a foot high with linear-lanceolate leaves and showy, orange-yellow flowers in terminal cymes. L. Gas- toni, a European mountain plant, has bright sky-blue flowers in summer. Both are fine rock plants. Forget-me-not, Myosotis palustris. A very beautiful plant of the old world, growing in or near water on the margin of clear running streams or brooks, in sunny posi- tions. Leaves mostly tufted at the root, oblong, bright green ; flowering stems about eight inches high with a long, slightly curving raceme of sky-blue, yellow-eyed flowers. Grows in large masses and is very effective when flowering in summer. Very desirable, but should be grown under quite natural conditions in order to retain its freshness and Herbaceous plants. 349 beauty; planted on the water level or even in shallow water on the margin of a stream it will prove to be one of the most attractive of plants. M. dissitiflora is a nice flo- riferous border plant with looser racemes, and flowers earlier in spring. Alkanet, Aiichusa tiiwtoria. A low, diffuse herb with deep blue flowers in twin racemes, flowering in early sum- mer. Pretty in a rockery. A more desirable plant is A. Italica, which grows to the height of three feet, forming a broad mass. Flowers in panicled racemes bright bluish- purple. Border. A. myosotidifiora ; root-leaves reniform or cordate, quite large, stem-leaves ovate ; flowers deep blue in panicled racemes. Rockery. Navelwort, OmpJialodes verna. A dwarf tufted plant with ovate leaves ; flowers intensely blue, white-eyed, in loose axillary racemes early in spring; very useful for edging beds or borders. 0. LuciUce is one of the finest plants in the order ; the flowers are about half an inch across, lilac-blue, and appear in summer. A very beautiful plant for shrubberies, in rich soil and half-shady positions. Hound's Tongue, Cynoglossum linifolium. An annual with pretty white flowers in summer. Raised from seeds sown in a border in spring. Also nice in beds and rockeries. Comfrey, SympJiytum officinale. A plant with rather large, oblong-lanceolate root-leaves and white or yellowish flowers in curved racemes. Very floriferous, but not showy. S. asperrimum has more showy, blue-purple flowers. Both are best adapted to planting on grassy shores of rivulets or lakes in half-shady positions. Flower throughout summer. 35 Herbaceous plants. THE WATER-LEAF FAMILY. Blue Eyes, Nemophila insignia. A very beautiful an- nual with pinnate leaves, deeply cut leaflets, slender stems, and numerous sky-blue flowers in summer. The flowers measure an inch across. When sown in beds it forms dense masses of leaves and flowers about eight inches high. A T . atoma- ria, white with numerous purplish-blue clots. AC maculata, flowers large, white, with a deep FIQ. 153. SPOT- TIT TT '7 T TED NEMOPHILA violet blotch on each lobe. JN. discoidalis, (NEMOPHILA MAC- . ULATA). chocolate-brown with white border. All are charming summer flowers of the easiest culture. To be sown in a bed or border early in spring. THE POLEMONITJM FAMILY. Phlox. Very beautiful annual and perennial herbs of an erect or trailing habit, flowering in spring, summer, and autumn. The best spring- flowering kinds are : P. subulata, the moss pink; leaves awl-shaped; stems procumbent, forming FIQ. 154.-MOSS PINK (PHLOX SUBULATA). dense mats of foliage; flowers very numerous, pink or rosy- purple, sometimes white, in small clusters. Fine for dry ground, for naturalizing on barren hillsides. P. amcena, stems ascending, from six inches to a foot high, forming spreading masses ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers corymbose, purple, pink, or white. Rockeries or barren ground. P. reptans, stem less, spreading by runners forming rosettes of obovate leaves ; flowering stems nearly bare, with a large corymb of purple or violet flowers. Common in moist Herbaceous plants* 351 woods in the South. P. divaricata, very beautiful, larger than the last named ; leaves broadly lanceolate ; flowers large, pale blue, lilac, or white, in loose corymbs on pedun- cles six or eight inches high. A beautiful woodland plant. The last two are fine for naturalizing in woods and thick- ets. The following are tall, autumn-flowering perennials : P. paniculata, from two to four feet high, with ovate-lanceo- late leaves and large terminal panicles of highly colored flowers. The numerous garden varieties raised from this species and P. maculata, a similar but dwarfer species, vary in height, in the size of the inflorescence, and in color, which ranges from the purest white to the most intense crimson and purple tints. They are generally grown as bor- der plants but may also be used sparingly to produce beau- tiful effects in wild gardening and in shrubberies. Thrive best in sunny positions and in a light but rich soil. Phlox Drummondl is a valuable annual having flowers of all colors except blue and yellow. It is very floriferous, and useful for summer bedding. Seeds may be sown either in a frame or in the open ground. Jacob's Ladder, Polemonium cceruleum. An old- fashioned border plant with long, narrow, pinnate leaves forming a dense mass of foliage, and blue flow- ers in a long panicle. Flowers in early summer. May be grown in borders or rockeries or natur- FIQ. 155 PHLOX (PHLOX DRUMMONDD. alized on grassy banks. P. reptans forms a tufted mass of 352 Herbaceous plants. pinnate leaves ; flowers large, nodding, corymbose. A desirable woodland plant for shady rockeries and shrub- beries. THE CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Tricolored Bindweed, C. tricolor. An annual trailing plant useful for beds or rockeries. Leaves obovate, almost sessile, hairy; stem branching, ascending; flowers large, axillary, sky-blue, with white centre and yellow throat. Raised from seeds sown on the place in spring. Field bindweed (C. arvensis) is a perennial vine growing in bar- ren and sandy soil, and therefore useful in dry situations. Leaves ovate or slightly hastate. Flowers axillary, delicate rose with white centre, very numerous all summer. May be used in vases and window-boxes or to trail among rocks. THE POTATO FAMILY. Solanum. Many of the annual species have very orna- mental foliage, usually broad, sinuate, prickly leaves, form- ing handsome masses. They are used in foliage-groups and may easily be raised from seeds. Some of our own weeds like the horse nettle (8. Carolinense) may be used for this purpose with good effect. A few others are S. lacinia- tum, S. robustum, S. marginatum, and S. Warsewiczii. Ground Cherry, Physalis Alkekengi. A straggling weed from Southern Europe, one or two feet high, with trian- gular leaves and greenish flowers of which the calix devel- ops to inclose the fruit, and assumes a bright red color in late summer. Propagated by means of seeds. Petunia, Petunia nyctaginiflora. Annual, or cultivated as such, with ascending stems and oblong or spatulate, Herbaceous plants. 353 hairy leaves ; flowers originally white, now found in all colors. P. violacea ; leaves smaller, ovate-lanceolate, rosy-red or violet. The original species is seldom met ; the hybrid forms sold under the name of P. hybrida are the most common, and are much used for summer bedding. The finest strains of these are grandiflora, found in the following colors : white, white and rose, rose-crimson, car- mine, violet, and often two-colored ; grandiflora flore pleno, the double varieties of the above ; superbissima, fine out- line, wide throat, and brilliant colors. All are propagated by means of seeds sown in the open ground or in a cool frame or greenhouse. Tobacco, Nicotiana. The only species generally grown for ornament is the very handsome and desirable JST. affi- nis. As an annual, it may be propagated with ease. The leaves are comparatively small, six inches long, ovate, stem- leaves smaller ; stems two or three feet high, simple, bearing a loose panicle of creamy white flowers with a terete tube three inches long and a flat limb as much across. Forms very nice beds in summer. The ground between the plants may be covered with some low, constant-flowering species such as pansies or bedding violets, or even verbenas. THE GENTIAN FAMILY. Gentian, Gentiana. These are very attractive plants, but sometimes difficult to cultivate. They do best when introduced under natural conditions and left undisturbed afterwards. Some of the rarest and choicest of all herba- ceous plants belong to this genus. Most common are : 354 Iberbaceous plants. fringed gentian (G. crinita), a very beautiful American plant of moist ground on the outskirts of thickets and woods. Stem erect, eight inches or a foot high with broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers erect, solitary, terminat- ing the branches ; corolla intensely blue, tubular with four fringed lobes ; flowering late in the season. Annual or bi- ennial. Seeds to be collected and sown in a moist lawn or on a grassy bank. G. angustifolia is a perennial, from half a foot to a foot high, with linear leaves and sky-blue flow- ers. In moist sandy soil. G. Andrewsii, erect, with simple stems or branches, flowers blue, closed. G. Pneu- monanthe ; a European species of moist, peaty soil. Leaves almost linear, sterns simple,, eight inches or a foot high, bearing axillary and terminal clusters of deep blue flowers. The following are fine for moist places in rockeries : Gr. acaulis, a very handsome plant growing on the borders of alpine rivulets. Leaves all radical or nearly so, broadly ovate, crowded ; flowers erect, cam- pa nulate, solitary, on short stems ; corolla two inches long and nearly as broad, deep blue with five yellow bands down the throat. Flowering in spring. G. verna, the smallest of all the spe- cies, as large as or slightly larger than the common bluet. Stems much branched, form- FLOWER (QEN- [ U cf tufted masses three inches high ; leaves TIANAPNEUMO NANTHE). small, ovate ; flowers numerous, erect, corolla azure blue. Flowers in spring. This one may be grown among the grass in moist sandy lawns ; cannot be grown in a dry place. FIQ. 156. BLUE WIND- Ifoerbaceous plants. 355 Water-Trefoil, Menyanthes trifoliata. A very beauti- ful water plant with trifoliate leaves, somewhat fleshy, as is the creeping and rooting stem; flowers handsome, white tinged with bright rose, in a dense raceme on scapes about a foot high. May be grown as a water plant in open and sunny positions or in boggy ground on the margins of a stream. Flowers in spring. THE LOGANTA FAMILY. Indian Pink, Spigelia Marylandica. A showy native plant growing a foot high, more or less ; with simple stem and smooth, sessile, ovate-lanceolate leaves. Flowers in terminal clusters, large, of a delicate rosy -red with yellow throat and deep lanceolate lobes. In woods or sometimes on railroad embankments in moist ground ; very beautiful in masses when flowering. May be grown in moist places, in rockeries, or on the margins of water. THE DOGBANE FAMILY. Dogbane, Apocynum androscemifolium. A very loose and spreading plant growing several feet high ; leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers urn-like, small, white or tinted rose in terminal cymes. Common on the margins of woods and thickets. Will grow in any soil. Amsonia, A. Taberncemontana. A modest and attractive plant with simple, leafy stems growing eighteen inches or two feet high, with willow-like leaves and terminal clusters of pale blue flowers in summer. Fine for a rockery or for borders of shrubberies. 356 IfoerJbaceous plants* THE MILKWEED FAMILY. Silkweed, Asclepias. Mostly showy, sometimes coarse and weedy, American plants with opposite or whorled leaves and white, purple, or orange-yellow flowers. The most desirable are : The butterfly weed (A. tuberosa), a plant of dry hills and sandy fields with simple stems, narrow oblong leaves, and large compound corymbs of bright orange-colored flowers in summer. Fine for rockeries or naturalized in barren soil. A. rubra, leaves ovate-lanceolate, flowers umbellate, reddish purple ; on river banks or in moist, sandy ground. A. incarnata, stem branching, two feet high or more ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers rosy-purple, umbellate, collected into a large flat corymb. A handsome plant of low ground. A. quadrifolia, stem about a foot high, smooth, with several whorls of ovate or ovate-lanceo- late leaves, four in a whorl ; flowers of a delicate rosy-red or white. A very attractive plant of rocky woods suitable for similar places in the garden or park. THE BIRTH WORT FAMILY. Birthwort, Aristolochia dematitis. A bushy and orna- mental foliage-plant, with deep green, cordate leaves, and small, axillary, greenish-yellow flowers in summer. Height about two feet. As a foliage-plant in rockeries or on the margins of water. THE FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. Four-o'Clock, Mirabilis Jalapa. Generally grown as an annual in old gardens. A bushy, leafy, and showy plant with white, yellow, rose-colored, or crimson flowers in Herbaceous plants. 357 summer. Stems branching, two feet high or more ; leaves broadly ovate or heart-shaped. Very floriferous; ornamen- tal in beds or borders. Sand Vervain, Abronia umbellaia. A slender, trailing plant grown as an annual in rockeries or for filling vases and window-boxes; leaves ovate-lanceolate, flowers umbel- late, rosy-purple. May be grown for beds in sandy ground and can be sown on the place. THE AMARANTH FAMILY. Amaranth, Amaranthus. Many of these are coarse and weedy in appearance though rather showy. They fit in in no natural scenery that can be produced in a garden and are out of place except in a border. The following are the most common : A. caudatus, prince's feather, tall with red flowers in drooping panicles. A. melancholicus ruber, or love-lies-bleeding, almost similar, entirely red. Sown in the open ground early in spring. Cockscomb, Celosia cristata. Annual, with erect, close, pyramidal panicles of white, yellow, rosy-red or crimson flowers. There are many varieties of which some are dwarf, with an inflorescence widely differing from that of the original form. Often grown in beds and borders and raised annually from seeds. THE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Japanese Knot-weed, Polygonum cuspidatum. A tall and graceful perennial growing five or six feet high, more or less. Stems slender and very leafy, producing ample, feathery panicles of white flowers in the axils of the upper 358 Iberbaceous flMants. leaves ; leaves large, oval-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped, stalked. Forms a nice mass of foliage and flowers and is particularly attractive on the margins of water or as a back- ground in moist places of a rockery. It may also be grown as a specimen on the lawn. This species is better in every particular than the much larger P. SacJialiense which, al- though very ornamental, is apt to spread and become a weed. Both thrive best in a rich and moist soil and in half-shady positions. Rhubarb, Ulieum palmatum. This is a handsome foliage plant with large, palmately lobed leaves, and tall, leafy panicles of creamy-white flowers. It forms a nice specimen on the lawn, in or out of flower. Even the common rhu- barb may be employed for ornamental purposes, as very few foliage plants are more attractive. Rhubarbs should be grown in well worked and fertile soil in order to develop as large leaves as possible. THE SPURGE FAMILY. Flowering Spurge, Eupliorlna corollata. A branching, slender and graceful plant about two feet high, very light and airy in appearance. Leaves ovate or linear on the upper branches, few ; alternate below, opposite above ; the five bracts around the greenish flowers, white, petal-like, form- ing numerous corolla-like involucres. Floriferous and orna- mental, flowering late in the season. Will thrive well in rockeries in dry and gravelly soil in sunny and exposed positions. Palma-Christi, Ricinus communis. This well-known plant may be used for foliage groups with good effect. The Iberbaceous plants. 359 large, handsome leaves 'are very prnaniental in young plants. It will grow: to the height 'f six or eight feet when treated as an annual and should be used only as such. The seeds are sown in a greenhouse or frame early in spring. The young plants grow rapidly. Thrives best in a rich and well worked garden soil. THE ARUM FAMILY. f -' ^ - /-,..- ; - - Cuckoo-Pint, Arum maculatum.A. very ornamental plant nine inches high, forming handsome masses of foliage. Leaves sagitate or hastate, bright green with black-purple spots. Flowers whitish, spotted. Nice in moist places in a rockery or wood or on the margin of a stream. The evergreen Arum italicum is also useful for covering the ground beneath trees and shrubs in moist places. Arrow- Leaf, Peltandra Virginica. A common water- side plant from one to two feet high. Leaves large, has- tate, pale green, forming nice masses of foliage; flowers insignificant. In very shallow water or in moist places in a rockery. Wild Calla, Calla palustris. Very attractive; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, erect, bright green. Spotless white and showy, spadix yellow. Height six or eight inches. A handsome plant for very shallow water; may be grown in tubs for cisterns and small ponds. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. * ' " , '""''......., Water Plantain, Alisma Plantago. Leaves all radical, ovate or heart-shaped, on long petioles. Flowers small, white, in a large panicle two feet high. In shallow water, 3 6 Iberbaceous plants. naturalized. Desirable. The floating water-plantain (A. natans) is a very handsome plant of ponds and stagnant water ; flowers showy, white, solitary from the axils of the long-stalked, small, elliptical leaves. Arrow-Head, Sagittaria sagittifolia. A handsome plant 'for shallow water, growing less than two feet high. Leaves hastate, all radical. Flowers in a small raceme as tall as the leaves, half an inch across; petals three, pure white, stamens yellow. Fine in cis- terns or small ponds, planted in tubs. Water Poppy, Limnocharis Hiimboldtii. The showiest of the more common plants of the family, tender in the North but may be used anywhere for summer display. Leaves rounded, bright green, floating. FIG. 157. ARROW-HEAD . i i (SAGITTARIA sAGiTTi- Flowers solitary, large, with three sulphur- yellow petals. The plant flowers con- stantly in summer. It may be planted in shallow pans in rich soil and sunk a few inches below the surface of the water. Stored in a greenhouse in winter. THE PONTEDERIA FAMILY. Water Hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes. A floating plant with swollen leaf-stalks, rounded leaves in rosettes, and erect racemes of blue flowers in summer. Racemes of flow- ers resembling hyacinths. May be grown and treated in the same manner as water poppy, but needs no soil. Pick- erel-weed (Pontederia cordata) is of a similar habit but has smaller flowers. It is perfectly hardy. Ifoerbaceous plants. 361 A very interesting water plant belonging to another family is the water hawthorn (Aponageton distachiori). It has small flowers disposed in forked spikes, white, as are the rather fleshy bracts ; sweet-scented. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, bright green. Planted and treated as water poppy. THE ORCHIS FAMILY. Orchis. A genus of very showy meadow or woodland plants with a few more or less broadly lanceolate leaves in a, rosette disposed around a leafy, flowering stem bearing a raceme of white, yellow, or purple flowers in spring or sum- mer. It includes some of our rarest flowers, which are some- times difficult to cultivate. The secret of success lies in selecting quite natural positions and in transferring the plants without the least disturbance to the roots. The roots are sometimes tuberous, always brittle and tender. The best species for cultivation are : 0. maculata, leaves lanceo- late, spotted black, flowers purple in a short spike on stems a foot high. O. mascula, leaves spotted brown, flowers of richer purple in a long and loose spike, spring flowering. O. foliosa, leaves numerous, oblong, smooth and green ; flowers purple, in spikes eight or nine inches long, three inches in diameter on steins eighteen inches high or more ; very showy. O. spectabilis, American species ; leaves two, oblong-obovate ; flowers pink and white in bracted racemes five or six inches high. All are fine in woodland scenery. Beds of rich, well decayed leaf mold and sandy loam a foot deep should be prepared for these in a half-shady posi- tion. Plant in August or September and water thoroughly. 362 Iberbaceous plants. Purple Fringed Orchis, Habenaria JmMata. A tall meadow plant two or three feet high;- root-leaves oval, stem-leaves lanceolate, small; flowers large, violet-purple with a beautifully fringed lip; spikes loose, few-flowered. For planting in very moist places in a rockery in beds pre- pared as for orchis. The best orchid to cul- tivate is H. conopsea, a small but beautiful plant with rosy -purple flowers. The night violet (H. chloranthd) is a very handsome plant with large milky-white flowers in June. Spikes cylindrical, a foot high. Sweet-scented at night. Will succeed planted as orchis, the last one in deep shade among coniferous trees. Rattlesnake Plantain, Goodyem pubes- cens. Leaves in large tufts a couple of in- ches high, ovate, beautifully veined with silvery white. Spikes of white flowers in June, six or eight inches tall. Planted in sandy loam in shady shrubberies or among H. chloraniha. Moccasin Flower, Oypripedium. The showiest of all wild orchids, with large plaited leaves and mostly soli- tary flowers in spring or ^summer. Will succeed planted and treated as orchis among evergreen shrubs such FIG ISQ.-MOCCASIN FLOWER i - L ^ 1 rrn (CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS). as rose bay and mountain laurel. I he best are O. acaule, leaves in pairs, large, oblong ; flowers on a slender scape eight inches high or more, large, witty ARIA FIMBRIATA). Iberbaceous plants. 3 6 3 purplish sepals and rosy-purple lip. C. spectacle, fully two feet high, leafy ; leaves oblong, downy ; flowers white with a rosy-tinted lip. C. pubesctns, a foot high or more, leafy; flowers yellow ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate. All do best in rather moist ground in half-shady positions. Very showy when seen in masses. THE AMAKYLLIS FAMILY. Star-Grass, Hypoxis erecta. A modest little plant of grassy fields, especially on the outskirts of woods. Leaves long and narrow ; flowers yellow, half an inch across, sev- eral on a slender scape six inches high, more or less. For naturalizing on lawns. Very desirable. Daffodils, Narcissi, Narcissus. Some of the most at- tractive spring- and summer-flowering bulbs belong to this genus. All are white or yellow with linear leaves and simple scapes bearing one or more flowers. The daffodils proper have a large crown in addition to the six segments of the perianth, as long as, or even longer than these. In the JBulbocodium section the crown is much larger and more conspicuous than the narrow segments of the perianth, while in true narcissi the crown is very small as compared to the segments. -p. & -,.-, J' 1 T_ J.-J! 1 1 FIQ. 160. PEERLESS NARCIS- Dailodils are exceedingly beautiful sub- sus (NARCISSUS INCOM- -,. . . ,1 i PARABILIS). jects tor naturalizing in grassy thickets and shrubberies or in moist ground along streams and lakes. Once established they spread rapidly and need no 3 6 4 Herbaceous plants. attention. They thrive best in a good rich loam and need no prepared beds. The smaller species of the Bulbocodium section grow best in open positions in gravelly soil. They are fine for planting in barren lawns or in rockeries. The poet's nar- cissus may be grown on the margin of a stream among the grass, in half-shady positions, or in rockeries on the border of a small rill of water. The best daffodils are : JV. pseudo- 'narcissm, the Lenten lily. Leaves flat, erect, glaucous, several to a scape; flowers solitary, bright sulphur-yellow. The perianth is white in the variety princeps, pale yellow FIQ. 161. POET'S NARCISSUS (NARCISSUS POETICUS). in bicolor, while the crown is bright yellow; major has very large flowers, minor unusually small ones and grows only about six inches high. N. incomparalilis, peerless narcissus; larger than the preceding species but with a shorter crown ; flowers on simple scapes about a foot high, solitary, two inches and a half wide, with a deep yellow crown and somewhat paler perianth. In aurantius the crown is orange-yellow. N. odorus is similar in color and habit but bears two or three flowers on a scape. Iberbaceous plants* 365 The best species of the Bulbocodium section are: N. Bulbocodium, a dwarf species with few grass-like leaves and yellow trumpet-like flowers on slender scapes five or six inches high. N. monophyUus, leaves one to a scape ; flow- ers large, nearly white. N. nivalis is a very small variety three or four inches high ; flowers yellow. Species with small crowns are : N. poeticus, perhaps the most beautiful of all narcissi, with snowy white flowers late in spring; crown very short with a curled edge, saf- fron-yellow bordered with scarlet. Grown in masses this is very effective ; flowers fragrant. N. Tazetta, or polyan- thus narcissus, bears from four to eight flowers in an umbel on tall, slender scapes ; perianth white, crown rich yellow, very fragrant. Most of the species are fine border plants and are sometimes used for edging walks in kitchen gardens. Snowdrop, Galanihm nivalis. A well-known flower of early spring, growing four or five inches high ; perianth of three white, conspicuous segments, and the three in- ner ones smaller with green spots at the apex. There are several very handsome varieties with larger flow- . ^.-SNOWDROPS (QALANTHUS NIVALIS). ers. G. Elwesii is a stronger species with larger flowers. All are fine for naturalizing in shrubberies and half-shady lawns. They thrive well in ordinary garden soil. Snowflake, Leucoium vernum. This differs from the snowdrop in having all the segments of the perianth equally large. The flowers are white and appear late in spring. Very desirable for rockeries and borders. 366 Herbaceous plants* Peruvian Lily, Alstroemeria aurantiaca. A very beau- tiful plant with highly-colored flowers late in summer. Should be planted in a warm, sheltered position in light and rich soil and must be covered in winter in the North. Flowers of a rich orange color, ten to fifteen in an umbel on leafy stems three feet high; stem-leaves linear, ellipti- cal, radical ; lower ones larger and broader. Tuberose, Polianthes tuberosa. A tall, bulbous plant with simple stems two or three feet high with linear-lanceo- late leaves and long spikes of white fragrant flowers, mostly double. May be planted out in the border for the sake of the flowers which are useful for cutting. THE IBIS FAMILY. Flower de Luce or Flag, Iris. This is a genus of ex- tremely fine, often bulbous- or tuberous-rooted plants, with linear or sword -shaped leaves and highly col- ored flowers. Some, like the yellow flag and the Japanese iris, are very beautiful in low ground on the margin of a stream or lake, others are fine border plants. The following are among the most useful : German iris (I. Germanicd), leaves rather broad, sword-like ; flowers several inches wide; were orignally bright purple and yellow with brownish veins but are now found in a number of varieties. Height about two feet. Florentine Fl m.s 6 (ims Q QER^ iris (I. Florentine?) is of a similar habit but MANICA). j jag almost pure white and fragrant flowers. I. sambucina is much taller than the preceding kind ; the Iberbaceous plants. 361 outer segments of the flowera are violet-Jbliie with darker o veins, the inner ones yellowish-brown. I. variegata, smaller than the German iris but of a similar habit. The inner seg- ments of the flower are of a bright claret color, the outer and erect ones bright yellow with brownish veins. I. hy- brida is another very desirable kind, with the outer segments, white, veined and tipped with lilac-purple, inner ones white. These are the most desirable border plants of the genus. They may also be used in beds and rockeries with good effect. I. pumila is a very dwarf, spring-flowering species suitable for rockeries only; the flowers are deep blue or violet-purple on very short peduncles six or eight inches from the ground ; leaves very short and broad, sword-like. The following are best adapted for naturalizing on the shores of ponds and streams in rather moist and rich soil. Yellow flag (I. pseudoaeorus), leaves narrow, sword-shaped r glaucous green ; flowers bright yellow, large and clustered ; flowering stems two or three feet high. A very showy and desirable plant flowering in spring or early summer. I. Ice- vigata, Japanese iris, stem slender, tw r o feet high or less, leaves narrow, sword-shaped, small in comparison with the flow r ers, which measure five or six inches across and are of many rich and beautiful colors, mostly shades of blue and purple. This is one of the finest of all flags. American water-flag (I. versicolo?*) is a common but very handsome plant growing in or near shallow water. It grows about two feet high and forms large masses of leaves. Flowers purple-claret or purplish-blue veined with deep blue and white. I. Siberica is of a tufted habit with very narrow leaves ; flowers bright lilac-blue in great profusion in summer.. 368 Ifoerbaceous plants, These are only a few of the numerous species all of which are ornamental. Chinese Panther Lily, Pardanthus Chinensis. An ele- gant plant with sword-like, plaited leaves. Flowers bright orange-yellow, spotted crimson, in branched panicles on leafy stems three or four feet high. Fine for naturalizing in open woods where it spreads freely and flowers pro- fusely late in summer. Will grow in almost any light and gravelly soil. Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium Bermudiana. Common in grassy fields and fine for naturalizing in moist lawns. Stems slender, winged ; leaves long and narrow, ensiform. Flowers all summer, blue, in small 'umbels on scapes about eight inches high. Not showy but attractive. Tiger Flower, Tigridia pavonia. Flowers very large and showy, orange-yellow or white ; centre profusely blotched with crimson. Leaves sword-like, plaited, few in number. For summer display only, planted out in a border or rockery in light and rich soil. Treated like gladiolus. Corn Flag, Gladiolus. This is a genus of very beau- tiful plants, mostly tender. They are, however, largely grown in borders for the richly colored flowers which appeal late in summer or autumn. The following are the most common : G. communis, flowers bright rose or white, rather few in a one-sided spike. Flowers in summer; height two feet 'or less. G. Colvillei, a beautiful hybrid form about a foot high ; flowers red with deeper markings ; variety alba, pure white. G. cardinalis, stems three or four feet high ; flowers large, scarlet, in loose, branched spikes. G. Gandavensis, as tall as the, preceding, a garden hybrid Herbaceous plants. 369 with crimson flowers marked with yellow. There are many varieties of this gladiolus with white, scarlet, rosy-red and orange-colored flowers ; the most common in cultivation. G. psittacimis, as large as the preceding, with one-sided spikes of scarlet flowers spotted yellow with green tube. All are bulbous-rooted plants and must be taken up after flowering and kept in a cool, frost-free place in winter. They increase rapidly by means of offsets and are of ex- tremely easy culture. Require rich and moist ground. Crocus. The many varieties of Crocus vernus, as also those of C. aureuSj are exceedingly showy and floriferous spring flowers either for bedding or naturalized in the grass. They vary in color from pure white to deep violet in the first named species ; the varieties of aureus are of different shades of yellow. There are also several rare species suit- able for rockeries. Many species flower in autumn, such as the common C. sativus with its fragrant, violet flowers ; C. speciosus, bright lilac; C. nudiflorus, bright purple, of which last species the leaves appear in spring and die down before the time of flowering. When planted in a lawn there should be a sufficient number to make an attractive display in spring or autumn. Bulbs taken from beds may be used for this purpose and may be planted, by means of a dibbler, about two inches deep. THE LILY FAMILY. Meadow Saffron, Colchicum autumnale. This species resembles a large-flowered crocus in appearance. The flowers, which appear late in the season after the leaves have died down, are of a bright purple color, open, erect, 370 Iberbaceous plants* with a very long tube. The leaves are large, lanceolate, and appear in spring. There are several varieties with white, violet, purple, and double flowers. Besides this, which is the common species, there are several other very desirable kinds. C. speciosum is the largest of these; flowers crimson or purple with a white throat; leaves a couple of inches wide and a foot long. C. alpinum, a small species with rosy-red flowers, and C. montanum, a spring- flowering kind with lilac flowers, are nice plants for a rockery. The others delight in a rich and moist soil, may be naturalized on a lawn or in low places in a rockery or open woods. The corms which are quite large should be planted twice as deep as crocus. Wake Robin, Trillium. Dwarf, tuberous-rooted wood- land plants flowering in early spring. Leaves three in a whorl about the middle of the stem ; flow- ers solitary, erect or nodding. The best are : T. grandiflorum, stem a foot high or more ; leaves sessile, rhombic-ovate, four inches long, more or less ; flowers three inches across, pure white, changing into a faint rose-color. Very fine. T. erectum, purple birth wort ; smaller WOOD LILY (TRIL- than the preceding kind; flowers dark dull LIUM GRANDIFLO- , m ^ ^ f ' 1 RUM). purple. T. mvale, stem three to four inches high, leaves ovate-obtuse ; flowers pure white, two inches across. A fine early-flowering species of moist ground. T. eryikrocarpum, painted wood lily ; stem a foot high ; leaves large, ovate; flowers smaller, white, striped inside with pink. All grow in rather moist ground in shady posi- tions and prefer a rich vegetable soil. Very handsome for 372 Herbaceous flMants. woodland scenery ; may be planted and treated as Orchis in woods and shrubberies. Mariposa Lily, Calochortus Gunnisoni. Most of the mariposa lilies are too tender for general use. Gunnisoni is the only perfectly hardy species. It is a dwarf but showy plant, with flowers two or three inches wide ; petals three, lilac with yellow base marked with a purplish bar ; leaves few, sword-shaped. Bulbous. For sunny positions in a rockery in moderately moist, sandy loam. Bellwort, Uvularia grandiflora. Stems tall, erect, with oblong, smooth leaves; flowers an inch and a half long, yellow, one or more from the axils of the upper leaves. U. flava has brighter yellow flowers. For naturalizing in rich soil in open woods or shrubberies. Lily of the Valley, Convallaria majalis / radical leaves one or two, elliptic-oblong, glaucous green, erect; flowers pure white, urn-shaped, disposed in a one-sided raceme six or eight inches high. Fragrant woodland flower. Thrives best planted in prepared beds of sandy loam and leaf mold in half-shady positions in a shrubbery or wood. Early summer. Twin Leaf, Smilacina bifolia. A small, very common woodland plant with racemes of minute white flowers and two heart-shaped stem-leaves. Attractive, naturalized among lily of the valley, in the same bed or in the common soil. False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina racemosa. A tall and graceful plant two feet high, with oblong or ovate-lanceo- late leaves ; flowers small but numerous in a compound raceme or panicle. A very effective plant when seen in masses. Rich moist ground in rocky woods ; fine for similar positions in a rockery or in woods and shrubberies. Iberbaceoiis plants. 373 Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum multiflorum. A graceful plant with recurving, leafy stems two or three feet high, with oblong, stein-clasping leaves, alternate, in two rows ; flowers on slender pedicels, several in a bunch in the axils of the leaves, long cylindrical, milky white. Flowers early in summer. P. officinale is considerably smaller but equally desirable. The American P. giganteum sometimes grows to a height of five or six feet with axillary peduncles of from two to eight flowers. All are fine for naturalizing in thickets and shrubberies. They thrive best in rich veg- etable soil and may be treated in the same way as Orchis. May also be used with fine effect in moist places in a rockery. Lily, Lilium. Lilies are without exception the most beautiful of all bulbous-rooted plants. The flowers are large and showy, while the habit is graceful and elegant. Many are exceedingly fine border plants, while others may be grown in rockeries or naturalized in woods or on moist lawns to produce the most charming effects. The best are: White lily (L. candidum), stems simple with numer- ous lanceolate leaves ; flowers many in a thyrsoid raceme, pearly white, inclined ; summer. Bulb-bearing lily (L. bul- biferum), stems three or more feet high ; leaves lanceolate, scattered, very numerous ; flowers large, erect, reddish- orange with a few dark spots inside, disposed in large umbels ; one of the best for naturalizing in rich woodland soil in half-shady positions ; spreads rapidly. Orange lily (L. croceuni), similar in habit to the preceding kind, but more elegant ; leaves linear, scattered, slightly woolly, as is the slender terete stem ; flowers rich orange-yellow, erect in a large umbel. Tiger lily (L. tigrinuni), stem three feet 374 Iberbaceous plants. high or more ; leaves lanceolate, scattered ; flowers orange- red , spotted with black, segments of the peri- anth recurved ; one of the most popular and showy lilies with flowers in broad, loose panicles. Panther lily (L. pardalinum), tall and slender, from four to seven feet high, with several crowded whorls of large, lanceolate leaves, and a long ra- ceme of bright orange- colored , purpl e - spot- ted, nodding flowers ; segments of perianth rolled back. Scarlet lily (L. tenuifolium) is one of the smallest but not least elegant species, growing about a foot high, with very leafy stems bearing one or two bright scarlet flowers; leaves linear, very numerous. Grown in patches in rockeries or on the margins of shrubberies, it forms a glowing mass of flowers in July. Turk's-cap lily (L. Martagon), stems three or four feet high with distant whorls of oblong-lanceolate leaves ; flowers in a Jong panicle violet-purple, sometimes pure white, small, nodding; segments of the perianth rolled back. A woodland plant growing^ in deep shade ;- fine FIQ. 166. PANTHER LILY (LILIUM PARDALINUM). Iberbaceous plants* 375 for naturalizing ; flowers late in summer. Canada lily (L. Canadense), stem two or three feet high ; leaves lanceo- late whorled ; flowers bright yellow or pale scarlet, spotted, four or five on a stem, nodding on long peduncles ; segments of the perianth turned back at the tip. A charming plant of moist fields and meadows. Thrives in any soil ; excep- tionally fine for naturalizing in lawns. The numerous other species, less important from a landscape-gardener's point of view, all deserve cultivation. All the above thrive in a rich sandy loam and are perfectly hardy. Crown Imperial, Fritillaria imperialis. A showy, spring-flowering plant three or four feet high, with numer- ous closely whorled or scattered leaves ; flowers several in a whorl near the top of the stem, bell-shaped, large, crimson or orange-yellow. May easily be established in open woods in small patches here and there. A fine border plant. Thrives best in partial shade in this country. Checker lily (F. M.eleagris), an exceptionally fine plant of moist meadows in Northern Europe. Stems a foot high with a few scattered, linear leaves and a soli- tary, nodding flower checkered dark and light purple, or sometimes white and only faintly tessellated. Beautiful in spring or early sum- mer ; fine for naturalizing in moist, sandy lawns or in a rockery. Another attractive species is F.pallidiflora of Siberia, with stems nine inches high bearing several bell-shaped, pale yellow flowers. F. paUida is an American species with deep.;yellow flowers. Tulip, Tulipa. The tulip are beautiful plants for spring- bed ding, or planted permanently in a bor- 376 Herbaceous plants. der. Some of the species may be naturalized in shrubberies and woods ; others are exceptionally fine for rockeries. When left undisturbed for years in the same position, they are far more attractive than if they are taken up and planted annually. The flowers of the common tulip (T. Gesneri- and) are more or less bell-shaped, erect, and of bright and gorgeous colors ; two colors are frequently seen in one flower, as white and crimson or yellow and scarlet. There are single and double varieties ; for all landscape-work the single ones are best. The colors range from white, pale sulphur-yellow and yellow, to bright scarlet and dazzling crimson or carmine shades. The fragrant tulip (T. suaveo- leus) is another of the parent forms of our garden varieties which are earlier than the Gesnerianas ; flowers large, erect, red and yellow ; leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong ; much dwarf - er than the preceding species. The wood tulip (T. sylvestris) is a beautiful plant of deciduous woods in Europe; flowers sweet- scented, bright yellow ; leaves very long, linear-lanceolate ; scape almost leafless, a foot high or more. Fine for natural- izing ; the bulbs should be planted in irregular patches in a grassy copse or wood ; they will soon spread in a rich and light soil and cannot be excelled in beauty ; flower in late spring. Tulipa Greigi is one of the showiest of all tulips. The flowers measure three or four inches across; the color is of an intense crimson, each segment having a black, yellow-edged blotch extending Iberbaceous plants* 377 over half its length; leaves broadly lanceolate, flat with numerous linear, blackish spots. This is a fine plant for a sunny position in a rockery. Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium dens-canis Woodland plants with simple scapes from four to six inches high bearing solitary nodding flowers, white or rosy-red ; leaves oblong, pale green, blotched with brown-purple. E. Ameri- canum has pale yellow flowers. E. grandiflorum is a large- flowered species having one or more flowers to a scape, and E. albidum is a very pretty plant with white flowers. All are fine subjects for naturalizing in scattered masses in woods, copses, and shrubberies. Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum. Flowers white, greenish on the outside, large star-like, disposed in many-flowered umbels; leaves weak, grass-like. A summer- flowering plant ; may be naturalized in sandy lawns or planted in a rockery. Yellow star of Bethlehem (Gagea luted) is a dwarf bulbous plant with bright yellow blossoms flowering in early spring; it is fine for naturalizing in shrubberies. Golden Garlic, Allium Moly. A showy, summer-flow- ering plant with broad, lanceolate, tufted leaves, and masses of bright yellow flowers disposed in crowded umbels. Height about a foot. Naturalized on the borders of shrubberies or on grassy banks. Asphodel, AspJiodelus albus. A beautiful riverside or shore plant of Southern Europe, growing a foot high with linear, keeled leaves in large crowded tufts, and naked stems bearing a spike-like raceme of white flowers. A. Villarsii is a dwarfer, equally desirable kind. Both are fine for -378 Herbaceous plants. planting on grassy banks of streams and lakes, or in a somewhat moist position in. a rockery. Quamash, Camassia esculenta. Leaves narrow, almost grass-like, tufted ; flowers large, blue, in loose racemes a foot high. The wild hyacinth of western woods is C. Fraseri, a smaller species with whitish-blue flowers. Both are fine for planting in shrubberies. Cape Hyacinth, Galtonia candicans. A tall, bulbous plant with long racemes of milky- white flowers. Perianth campanulate, drooping; scape stout, two or three feet high ; leaves lanceolate, half as long as the inflorescence. Often used in summer-bedding; lasting and effective. Squill, Scilla. There are several dwarf and floriferous plants of this genus which are fine for naturalizing in shady lawns or for patches in rockeries. Some may be used with the nicest effect in covering the ground in shrubberies and woods. The most useful are : 8. lifolia, leaves two to a scape, opposite ; flowers blue or sometimes rosy-red or white from three to eight in a raceme ; scape four inches high or more. Beautiful for plant- ing in lawns in rich and light soil ; flowers early in spring. 8. Siberica, dwarf er than bifolia, leaves shorter and broader ; scapes several from a bulb, four inches high more FIG. 169. WILD HYA- or less, bearing one or more intensely blue CINTH (SCILLA NUTANS). flowers very early in spring. 8. amcena, larger than the preceding kinds ; flowers in loose racemes pale blue. All useful for the same purpose. The bluebell, or wild hyacinth of England (8. nutdns),& beautiful wood- Iberbaceous BMants. 379 land plant, resembles a hyacinth and is much larger than any of the preceding forms. It grows a foot high or more ; flowers many in a long raceme, bell-shaped, blue, rosy-red, or white ; leaves very long, several from a bulb. One of the best plants for naturalizing in woods and shrubberies. Flowers late in spring or early summer. Glory of the Snow, Chionodoxa Luciliw. Not less at- tractive and pei'haps more beautiful than the common squills; leaves several from a bulb, long and narrow; flow- ers nearly an inch across, bright blue, with a white centre, five or six in a spike six inches high. Thrives best in a sandy loam in open and sunny positions, as in a lawn. May also be used in a rockery. Grape Hyacinth, Mascari botryoides. Like a small hya- cinth in habit but with globular flowers in a dense cylindri- cal or oval raceme ; leaves linear, flowers blue or white in one variety. Height from six to ten inches. M. racemoswn is another common species ; flowers blue tipped with white, oval, in a dense raceme ; leaves linear, fleshy. Height six inches or less. M. Comosum is higher ; flowers violet, on short pedicels in a longer and looser raceme. M. moschatum is grown for its sweet-scented but insignificant flowers. These may be grown in a border or rockery or naturalized in shrubberies. They are easy to establish, and take care of themselves. Hyacinth, Hyacinthus orientalis. The common hya- cinth is only used for spring bedding, for which purpose 4he single varieties are best. They are planted in autumn six inches apart, in well-prepared beds. Varieties that .flower simultaneously should always be grown together. 380 Ifoerbaceous plants. Mixed bulbs are apt to flower at different times, thus spoiling the effect of an otherwise fine group. The colors are very varied, but the lighter tints of blue, purple, rosy- red, salmon, and white are preferable to others for our pur- pose. St. Bernard's Lily, Anther icum Liliago. A very hand- some summer-flowering plant growing about eighteen inches high, with tufts of narrow, grass-like leaves, and rather large white flowers in few-flowered spikes. St. Bruno's lily (A. Liliastrum) is a somewhat larger plant with flowers two inches long; perianth milky-white, fragrant. Flowers earlier than the preceding kind. Beautiful border plants, and may also be used on grassy banks of rivulets and lakes or in a moderately moist position in a rockery. There is a taller- growing species with branching, flowering stems (A. ramo- sum) growing to the height of two feet ; leaves grass-like, tufted ; a rapid grower, and best for naturalization. Plantain Lily, Fwnkia. A genus of very ornamental plants with more or less cordate leaves forming bold masses of foliage. The flowers are generally borne in one-sided, nodding racemes. The following are common in cultiva- tion : F. Fortunii, leaves ovate-heart-shaped on long stalks ; flowers funnel-shaped, lilac; F. ovata, leaves ovate, six or eight inches long; flowers lilac or white, in a long, loose, nodding raceme. The variety marginata has white-mar- gined leaves and is a very ornamental foliage plant. F. grandiflora, has very large pure- white flowers, ten to fifteen on a scape two feet high. Leaves ovate-cordate, long-peti- oled, with a blade eight inches long. A very beautiful late-flowering plant. F. sub-cordata, leaves ovate-cordate, Ifoerbaceous plants, 381 on long stalks ; flowers pure white, four inches long, many in a rather short, nodding raceme, above or among the leaves. These are all extremely beautiful for massing on rocky shores or in rockeries in deep and rich soil. All are per- fectly hardy ; they flower all summer. Day Lily, Hemerocallis. Two species nearly alike in habit : flava, with pure yellow, and fulva, with tawny or reddish-yellow flowers. Leaves long and narrow, keeled, forming very large tufts of foliage. Flowers freely pro- duced in summer in small corymbs disposed in loose pani- cles. H. minor is a much smaller species, less tufted; flowers bright yellow, slightly green outside, on scapes eight inches high ; leaves narrow, keeled, grass-like ; fine for good deep soil in rockeries. The larger forms are ex- cellent waterside plants, and are also commonly grown in borders. Both do well in ordinary garden soil. Flame Flower, Kniphofia aloides (Tritoma uvaria). A very showy plant in late summer and autumn, forming tufts of stiff grassy leaves of a dark shining green. Scape three or four feet high, bearing a crowded, cylindrical spike of bright coral-red flowers which change into orange and greenish-yellow. Excellent for dry soil in open and sunny positions ; very desirable as a lawn plant. It will thrive in almost any soil. Adam's Needle, Yucca filamentosa. This desirable plant, with several handsome varieties, is very useful for planting in rockeries and dry, gravelly soil on high knolls and in other exposed and sunny situations. The leaves are evergreen, stiff and leathery, short sword-like, with thread- like fibres on the margin, from thirty to forty or more, in 382 Iberbaceous plants. a dense rosette close to the ground. Flowers white, bell- shaped, more or less open, drooping, disposed in a crowded panicle rising several feet above the ground. Of the sev- eral varieties, the following are most beautiful : Maxima, flowers larger than in the type, of a purer white ; orcJiioides, FIG. 170. ADAM'S NEEDLE (YUCCA FILAMENTOSA). a small, large-flowering variety, with flowers disposed in a simple raceme two feet high or less ; flaccida, leaves shorter, with more fibres on the margin, panicles looser and more regular, flowers less open. The yuccas will thrive in any soil not too moist, and are among the most useful plants in the hand of a landscape-gardener. THE SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Day-Flower, Commelina Virginica. A very attractive little plant with bright sky-blue flowers ; petals two, con- fberbaceous BMants, 383 spicuous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; stem reclining, rooting at the swollen nodes. Fine for rockeries or in moist, light, or sandy soil in sunny positions, but must be seen in masses to be appreciated. Spiderwort, Tradescantia Virginica. A somewhat weedy plant with rather showy, violet-blue flowers. Stems erect, two feet high, more or less ; leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled ; flowers crowded in a terminal umbel and in clus- ters from the axils of the upper leaves. For planting on moist grassy banks. Sometimes planted in borders. GRASSES. Variegated Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata variegata. A tufted grass ; pale green, striped with white and faint red lines. Much used for edging beds and borders. Zebra Grass, Eulalia zebrina. Very ornamental, grow- ing about four feet high. The bright green leaves have bars of yellow. The original type of this variety is E.japon- ica, of the same size and habit, with deep green foliage. Flowers pale purple, in large feathery panicles. There is a form of this having a white stripe down the centre of the leaves. All are fine for specimens on a lawn, especially near water. Erianthus, Erianthus Havennce. Grows to a height of five or six feet, forming large masses of foliage. Pampas Grass, Gynerium argenteum. A very fine and stately grass with linear, arching leaves six feet long, rigid and glaucous, forming very large masses of foliage in a suit- able position. The feathery and silky panicle of flowers is silvery white, sometimes more than a foot longhand grows Iberbaceous plants. to a height of ten or twelve feet. The plant, with masses of these silky plumes, is very ornamental. Cultivated as a lawn plant, but requires protection in winter in the North- ern States. The various grasses employed in lawn-making cannot be described here. The list in the chapter on lawns must suffice. FIQ. 171. ZEBRA GRASS (EULALIA JAPONICA ZEBRINA). FERNS. Ferns are nearly always associated with rocks and water, and delight in the shade of deciduous woods. They are seldom found in the full glare of the sun and are then Iberbaceous plants* 385 often covered with a white or yellow farinaceous matter. The favorite haunts of the majority of the more delicate kinds are crevices of moist and shady rocks, where they grow into tufts of lace-like foliage. Some of the stronger and more robust kinds form quite a feature of woodland scenery. They are most abundant in marshy ground or on the shores of slow, shallow brooks. The delicate beauty of the mostly tender green foliage well compensates for the lack of flowers. In gardening, the favorite use of ferns is for the embellishment of rockeries, and species of all kinds are generally brought together there. While this is a very sensible practice and satisfactory from all points of view, it must still be remembered that there is a much wider scope for their use in natural or artificial scenery. Woods and shrubberies especially offer ideal places for growing a great variety of our most beautiful ferns, but even in the open lawns naturally formed groups of such species as the eagle fern are perfectly in keeping with their nature and habit. All ferns deserve cultivation, and the following list is only^an enumeration of some of the best : Common Polypody, Polypodium vulgare. A handsome evergreen of mossy rocks, especially in shady positions, but sometimes in the full glare of the sun. Frond simple pinnatifid, six or eight inches long, with a short stalk, dark green. Best for planting in crevices of rocks where there will be a constant supply of moisture ; in such places it will form large masses of leaves. Several varieties of this fern are grown in European gardens, such as elegantissimum, a form with bright green, finely divided and feathery leaves twice as large as those of the type ; cristatum, apex of the 386 Iberbaceous plants, leaf branched and cristed ; Cambricum, pinnae with finely and deeply cut edges. These have developed from plants growing in rich soil and should not be planted on rocks. Beech Fern (P. Phegopteris). A very tender and deli- cate plant. Leaves six inches long, triangular, pinnate, with the lower pair of pinnae long and deeply pinnatifid. Color pale green. Common in shade at the roots of trees mostly in rich soil. Fine for shady places. Oak Fern (P. Dryopteris), a similar form with more divided fronds. Maidenhair Fern, Adiantum pedatum. The most beau- tiful of American ferns, grows in rich, shady woods, fre- quently among the debris of eroded rocks. Leaves pedate, pinnules very numerous. Height one or two feet, forming masses of very light and elegant foliage. Fine for shady positions in a rockery or among trees and shrubs ; thrives best in a sandy loam mixed with leaf -mold. A. Capillm- Veneris may be grown in moist and shady rockeries planted in deep fissures. Eagle Fern, Pteris aquilina. A large, robust-growing fern common in barren fields and light, open woods. Fronds almost triangular, lower pinnae stalked and pinnate, upper ones pinnately parted or pinnatifid; blade from a foot to three feet long, more than half as broad ; leaf -stalk slender, one foot high, brown. This is an elegant species for naturalizing. Lomaria. Of this genus there are a few beautiful evergreen species, smaller or more slender than the common polypody. They are exceptionally fine plants for rockeries. L. alpina has fronds from four to eight inches long by Iberbaceous plants. 387 three-quarters of an inch wide, pinnate with closely set, oblong pinnae. Should be planted in a shady position be- low evergreens and covered in winter. L. spicant is a per- fectly hardy kind. The fronds are sometimes a foot long, but more often shorter, linear in outline, with closely set, narrow pinnae. There are a number of very beautiful vari- eties, some with divided or crested fronds. They are among the most desirable hardy evergreen ferns. Spleenwort, Asplenium. Of this genus there are sev- eral small ferns with very delicate foliage, mostly natives of rocky woods. Others are quite large with ample masses of very attractive foliage. The best of the smaller kinds are: A. Adiantum-nigrum, fronds three-angled, twice pin- nate, from six to twelve inches long, leaf-stalk six inches long or more. Of this handsome species there are many desirable forms. A. ebeneum, fronds delicate, a foot long or more, linear-lanceolate, pinnate. A slender plant, fre- quently growing in dry and exposed places, forming small tufts in crevices of rocks. A. Triclwmanes, fronds very slender, pinnate with rounded pinnae growing in large tufts in fissures of moist and shady rocks ; there is a handsome crested form of this. A. Ruta muraria, seldom more than three inches high ; fronds twice pinnate, pinnae wedge- shaped. Will grow on the surface of moderately moist rocks even in exposed positions. The most common as well as the most ornamental of the larger species is the lady fern (A. Filix-fcemmd). It grows several feet high ; the fronds are erect or arching, lower ones spreading, form- ing leafy rosettes of twice-pinnate fronds of a delicate green in summer. There are many more or less divided or 388 f>erbaceous plants. crested varieties of this species. It is fine for massing in woods and shrubberies or in a shady corner of the rockery. Thrives best in rich soil. Shield-Fern, Aspidium. Many of the shield-ferns re- semble the spleenworts in form and habit. The hard shield-fern (A. aculatum) is a very beautiful, erect-growing species with ovate-lanceolate pinnate leaves several feet long including the stalk ; pinnae deeply cut or pinnatifid. Very hardy ; fine for a rockery. The soft shield-fern (A. angulare) is an equally beautiful kind, with pinnate fronds of a softer texture. There are many varieties, some with crested fronds. A. acrostichoides is an evergreen species common in rocky woods. The leaves are pinnate, dark green, spreading, one or two feet long, forming low masses of foliage among stones and tree-roots. Beautiful for plant- ing as an undergrowth in shrubberies. Male-Fern, Nephrodium Filix-mas, resembles the lady- fern in habit, but has less finely divided leaves. Of this also there are many varieties. Ostrich Fern, Onoclea Germanica. Habit very regular, erect ; fronds pinnate, broadly lanceolate, two or three feet high, of a tender green color in spring and early summer. A beautiful fern for half-shady positions in rich woods or shrubberies. The sensitive fern ((9. sensibilis) is a very common species growing in moist open ground and spread- ing as a weed in moist pastures. Dicksonia, DicJcsonia pimctilobula. A very handsome fern with twice-pinnate leaves and finely cut leaflets. Height, one or two feet. Common by the side of woodland streams ; very ornamental for a rnoist place in a rockery. 390 Derbaceous (Plants. Flowering Ferns, Osmunda. These are generally found in very moist and rich ground, forming large imposing masses of pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves. The fertile fronds differ greatly from the sterile ones, and are generally crowded in the middle of the plant. O. cinnamomea grows three or four feet high ; the fronds are long, pinnate, arch- ing ; fertile ones tall ; all erect, with masses of yellow spore- cases. O. Claytoniana differs in having parts of the fertile fronds sterile, and developed like the rest of the sterile fronds. The royal fern (0. regalis) is more unique and characteristic. The leaves are twice pinnate, the leaflets being oblong and nearly entire. The spore-cases are borne at the apex of regularly developed fronds. Although flow- ering ferns prefer very moist positions in a wild state, they will grow well in any rich and moderately moist ground. THE END. INDEX OF COMMON NAMES. Acanthe, 344 Adam's needle, 381 After-treatment, 156 Alder, 182 white, 244 Alkanet, 349 Allspice, 232 family, 232 Almond, dwarf, 226 Alp violet, 84, 338 Alpine plants, 27 Alum root, 311 Amaranth, 354 family, 354 Amaryllis family, 363 American aloe, 146 chestnut, 178 crab-apple, 213 elm, 174 holly, 223 linden, 166 oaks, 176 thorns, 201 water-flag, 367 Andromeda, 240 Anemone, Apennine, 267 blue, 18, 267 garden, 267 rue, 268 scarlet, 267 water, 270 Angelica tree, 335 Angel's eyes, 341 Animal life, 13 Apples, 150, 151 crab, 212 Apricots, 152 Aralia family, 259, 335 Arbor-Vitae, 197 Arrow-head, 360 Arrow-leaf, 359 Arrow wood, 16 Arum family, 359 Ash, 171 flowering, 171 Aspen, 184 Asphalt walks, 78 Asphodel, 377 Aster, American, 324 Chinese, 323 Auricula, 336 Autumn colors, 88, 89 Axe, 45 Azalea, 18, 242 B Babes-in-the-wood, 18, 305 Bachelor's buttons, 269 Bald cypress, 15, 200 Baltimore Belle, 256 Barberry, 220 family, 220 Basswood, see American linden Bearberry, 245 Bedstraw, 318 Bee balm, 346 Beech, 19, 178 Beech fern, 386 Begonia, 132 Bell-flower, Carpatian, 332 chimney, 331 Chinese, 333 392 of Common mantes. Bell-flower, pale, 331 peach -leaved, 331 Bignonia family, 261, 339 Birch, cherry, 180 paper, 180 poplar-leaved, 180 weeping, 180 white, 1 80 Bird cherry, see Hagberry Bird's-eye primrose, n, 336 Bird's-foot trefoil, 307 violet, 21, 293 Birthwort, 356 family, 233, 356 Bitter-sweet, see Staff tree Blackberries, 153 Bladder Ketmia, 301 Bladder-nut, 224 Bladder senna, 225 Bladder wort, 339 family, 339 Blazing star, 321 Bleeding heart, 284 Blood-root, 284 Bluebells, 371 Blue bonnets, 320 Blue cowslips, 347 Blue-eyed grass, 368 Blue eyes, 350 Blue gum, 127 Bluet, 13, 318 Bog-plants, 12, 102 Bogs, ii Borage family, 345 Borders, 128 Border plants, 33 Borning-rods, 43 Boston ivy, 225 Bovvers, 138 Bowman's root, 308 Box, 250 Box elder, 170 Box thorn, see Lycium Bracken, 14, 388 Brambles, 16, 230 Bridges, 139, 140 Broom^ 224 Bryony, 259 Buckeye, dwarf, 205 family, 204 red, 205 yellow, 205 Buckthorn, 222 family, 222 Buckwheat family, 357 Bugbane, 270 Buildings, 137, 138 Bulbs, 113 Burning bush, see Spindle tree Bush honeysuckle, 236 Buttercup, 269 Butternut, 175 Button-snakeroot, 321 Cactus family, 316 Calla, wild, u, 359 Camellia, 94 Campion, red, 296 Siberian, 296 Candytuft, 290 Canterbury bell, 331 Cape Hyacinth, 378 jessamine, 94 Cardinal flower, 25, 330 Carnation, 294 Carpatian bell-flower, 332 Carpet bedding, 34, 131 Carts, 47 Catchfly, 296 Cedar, 194 Cement walks, 78 Chamomile, 13 Cherokee bean, 306 Cherry, 19, 151 Chestnut, 19, 178 Chimney bell-flower, 331 Chinese bell-flower, 333 aster, 323 panther lily, 368 Christmas rose, 271 Cinquefoil, 229, 310 Cisterns, 124 Clay, for walks, 75 Clematis, 253 of Common IRames. 393 Cliffs and rocks, 26 Climbers, 18, 85, 252 Clover, 306 Cockspur thorn, 212 Columbine, Alpine, 274 Canadian, 274 common, 274 glandular, 274 golden, 274 long-spurred, 274 Siberian, 274 Columnar trees, 92 Comfrey, 349 Common harebell, 333 polygala, 305 primrose, 335 wind-flower, 266 Compass-plant, 327 Coneflowers, 328 Congruity, 60 Coniferous trees, 185-200 Convolvulus family, 261, 352 Corchorus, 229 Cornel, dwarf, 16 Corn flag, 368 Cornflower, 13, 320 Coronilla, 306 Cotoneaster, 231 Cow parsnip, 13, 317 Cowslip, 18, 335 Coxcomb, 93, 357 Crab-apple, American, 213 Chinese, 212 Japanese, 92, 212 Siberian, 212 Cranesbill, 302 Crape myrtle, 94 Creepers, 85, 251 Crested mock orange, 234 Crocus, II, 113, 126, 369 Crossleaved heath, 244 Crowbars, 48 Crowberries, 8 Crowfoot family; 217, 252, 2" 5 buttercup, 268 Crown imperial, 375 Cuckoo pint, 359 Cucumber tree, 204 Currant, 150-153 flowering, 232 Cut-leaved trees, 92 Cycads, 93 D Daffodils, 10, n, 363 Dahlia, 327 Daisy, English, 325 ox-eye, 25, 327 yellow, 329 Dames rocket, 286 \ violet, 286 Dandelion, 159 Daphne, 249 Day-flower, 382 Day-lily, 381 Deerberry, 239 Deodar, 93, 194 Diadem flower, 17, 313 Dimorphanthus, 235 Docks, 159 Dogbane, 355 family, 355 Dog rose, 230 Dog's-tooth-violet, 377 Dogwood, 170, 235, 318 family, 170, 235, 318 flowering, 170, 213 red osier, 235 Double flowering plum, 225 Dovedale moss, 312 Drainage, 69-71 Drives and walks, 72-78 Dropwort, 308 Dutchman's breeches, 284 pipe, 263 Dwarf cornel, 318 mullein, 340 trumpet-flower, 351 Dyer's greenweed, 224 E Eagle fern, 16, 386 Ebony family, 170 Edging iron, 46 394 of Common IRames. Eglantine, see Rose Elder black, 239 Canadian, 239 Hart's, 239 Elm, American, 174 Scotch, 173 Enclosures, 32, 141-143 English rye-grass, 109 oak, 176 Evening primrose, 159, 314 family, 314 Evergreen trees, 93, 185-200 Everlasting pea, 307 Exochorda, 229 Fair maids of France, 312 Fairy primrose, 336 False indigo, 225 mitrewort, 313 Solomon's seal, 372 Farkleberry, 16, 239 Fastigiate trees, 92 Fences, 141 Fennel flower, 272 Ferns, 14, 384 Figwort, 215 family, 215 Fields, 13 Field flowers, 13, 14 plants, 99, 100 Field scabious, 13, 320 stonecrop, 14, 313 Filmy ferns, 28 Fir, balsam, 191 silver, 192 white, 192 Flag, Florentine, 366 German, 366 Japanese, 367 Siberian, 367 water, 367 Flame flower, 341 Fleabane, 325 Flower beds, 125-132 gardens, 129 Flower de Luce, 366 Flowering ash, 216 Flowering ferns, 390 raspberry 226 s P ur ge, 358 trees, 201 Forests, 18-22 Forget-me-not, 348 Forks, 45 Fothergilla, 234 Four o'clock, 356 family, 356 Foxgloves, 342 Fraxinella, 305 French marigold, 329 mulberry, 245 Fringe tree, 248 Fringed polygala, 305 Fumitory, 18, 86, 284 family, 284 Furze, 14, 225 Gaillardia, 327 Garden anemone, 267 Garden line, 44 ranunculus, 269 Gas plant, 305 Gates, 141, 142 Gentian, blue, 353 family, 353 fringed, 353 spring, 353 stemless, 353 Geranium, 131 family, 302 German iris, 366 Germander speedwell, 341 Ghent azalea, 249 Giant fennel, 317 Globe flowers, 271 Glory of the snow, 379 Goat's beard, 93, 308 Godetia, 315 Golden bedstraw, 14, 318 bells, 246 chain, 205 drop, 348 garlic, 377 of Common IRames* 395 Golden immortelle, 8, 321 rod, 323 saxifrage, 313 senecio, 9, 322 wind-flower, 266 Grade-stakes, 67 Grading, 63-71 Grape hyacinth, 379 vines, 19 Grass of Parnassus, 12, 310 Grasses, 109, no, 383 Gravel paths, 77 Great-leaved magnolia, 204 Great ox-eye daisy, 327 Green hellebore, 103 Groups, grouping, 79 Grubbing-hce, 45 Guava, 94 Gum trees, 15 Gutters, 78 H Hagberry, 209 Hair-grass, 109 Hairy puccoon, 348 Halesias, 19, 92, 215 Harebell, 14, 333 Harmony, 61 Harrows, 47 Hawthorn, 92, 210 Hazel, 250 Heath, 14 cross-leaved, 14, 242 family, 239 plants, 14, 239 Heather, 244 Hedge bindweed, 261 flowers, 135, 136 mustard, 288 nettle, 347 plants, 135 Hedges, 133, 160 Hemlock, 193 Herbaceous plants, 264390 Hickory, 19, 175 Hills, 74 Hillside plants, 99, 100 Holly, 18, 223 Hollyhock, 300 Honesty, 291 Honey locust, 208 Honeysuckle, common, 260 family, 235, 260 Japanese, 260 golden, 261 sweet-scented, 235 Tartarian, 235 trumpet, 260 Hop hornbeam, 180 Hop-tree, 222 Hornbeam, 180 Hound's tongue, 349 House-leek, 313 Hungarian lilac, 247 Hyacinth, 126, 379 Cape, 378 water, 360 wild, 378 Hydrangea, 234 Hypericum family, 221, 294 Hyssop, 345 I Indian pink, 355 Iris, 366 Iron wood, 179 Ivy, 259, 260 J Jack in the pulpit, iC Jacob's ladder, 351 Japanese cypress, 93, 195 lilac, 295 quince, 232 spindle tree, 145 wind-flower, 266 Jasmine, 245 Judas tree, 207 Juneberry, 231 Juniper, 14, 199 K Kentucky blue grass, 109 coffee tree, 208 39 6 Unt>e of Common IRames, Kitchen-garden, 149 plan of, 154 Knolls, 74 Kcelreuteria, 204 Lady fern, 387 Lady's slipper, 16, 362 Larch, 21, 194 Larkspur, Chinese, 275 common, 275 dwarf, 275 field, 276 hybrid, 275 large-flowered, 275 red-flowered, 276 rocket, 276 showy, 275 Laurel family, 172, 249 Lavatera, 300 Lavender, 344 Lawn flowers, no grass, 109, in trees, 92 Lawns, 105, 114 Leadwort, 335 family, 334 Lenten lily, 304 Lenten roses, 272 Leopard's bane, 323 Lesser celandine, 84, 270 Levelling, 43 Lilac, Chinese, 246 common, 246 Japanese, 246 Persian, 246 Lily, Canadian, 375 checker, 375 day, 381 family, 369 orange, 373 panther, 374 plantain, 380 St. Bernard's, 380 St. Bruno's, 380 scarlet, 374 tiger, 373 Turk's cap, 374 Turk's cap, white, 373 wood, 370 Limnanthes, 302 Linden, American, 166 European, 1 66 family, 166 silver, 166 Lobelia, 131, 330 Locust, yellow, 206 clammy, 207 Logania family, 355 Loosestrife, 316 family, 316 Lotus, 280 Love in a mist, 272 Lungwort, 347 Lupine, 20, 305 M Madder, 318 family, 318 Madwort, 220 Magnolia, 15 bay, 203 Chinese, 202 evergreen, 204 large-leaved, 204 purple, 2O2 Mahonia, 220 Maidenhair fern, 16, 386 tree, 200 Maiden pink, 295 Male fern, 388 Mallow family, 222, 300 marsh, 2, 301 musk, 300 rose, 301 tree, 222 Malope, 300 Maple, 19 Maple, field, 168 family, 167 Japanese, 168 large-leaved, 167 Norway, 167 scarlet or red, 168 silver or soft, 167 sugar, 1 68 of Common IRames, 397 Maple, sycamore, 167 Tartarian, 168 vine, 168 Marianna thistle, 320 Marigold, 327 marsh, 9, 270 Mariposa lily, 372 Marsh crowfoot, 269 valerian, 319 Marshes, 9 Marsh plants, 9, 10 May apple, 278 Meadow cress, 10, 291 foxtail, 109 grass, 109 plants, 10, n, 98, 99 rue, 10, 14, 268 rue, tall, 268 saffron, n, 369 saxifrage, 10, 312 sweet, 16, 18, 25, 226, 308 Meadows, 10 Mignonette, 292 Milkweed, 13 family, 356 - Milkwort, 305 Mint family, 344 Mock orange, 18, 233 Monkey-flower, 342 Monkshoocl, 276 Moonseed, 254 Moricandia, 288 Mountain ash, 213 currant, 233 fringe, 254 laurel, 18, 240 pine, 93 tobacco, 14, 322 Mourning bride, 319 Mouse ear, 14, 298 Mulberry, 175 Mullein, 340 dwarf, 340 Mustard family, 286 N Narcissus, peerless, 364 poet's, 365 New Jersey tea, 224 Night violet, 287 O Oak, chestnut, 176 English, 177 family, 250 fern, 386 , live, 177 pine, 177 scarlet, 177 white, 177 willow-leaved, 177 Oleaster, 249 family, 249 Olive family, 245 Orchard, 149 Orchids, 84, 361 Orchis, fringed, 363 spotted, 1 8, 362 Oriental poppy, 93, 281 Ornamental cherries, 208 shrubs, 2 1 7 Osage orange, 175 Ostrich fern, 388 Ox-eye daisy, 25, 328 Oxlip, 18, 336 Oyster shells, 76 Pagoda tree, 207 Palma Christi, 358 Palms, 93 Pampas grass, 383 Pansy, 292 Paper mulberry, 175 Parsley family, 317 Partridge berry, 318 Pasque flower, 14, 265 Peaches, 150, 152 Pea family, 224, 256, 305 tree, 225 Pearl bush, see Exochorda Pebbles, 76 Peerless narcissus, 363 Peony, Chinese, 277 common, 277 395 of Common IRames* Peony, cut-leaved, 277 tree, 219 Pepper idge, 170 Peppermint, 344 Periwinkle, 262 Persian lilac, 247 Persimmon, 170, 171 Peruvian lily, 366 Petunia, 352 Phlox, 16, 350 Pick-axe, 45 Pickerel weed, 360 Picotee, 294 Pincushion flower, 319 Pine, 8, 20 186 Austrian, 186 Bhotan, 188 mountain, 189 Scotch, 1 88 stone, 189 white, 1 88 Pine forests, 20 Pink, Chinese, 205 family, 294 Pipe vine, 363 Pipsissewa, 334 Pitcher-plants, 281 Plane tree, 175 family, 175 Plans, 48-59 Plantain, 14 Ploughs, 47 Plum, double flowering, 92, 210 red-leaved, 210 weeping, 210 Plums, 150, 152 Poet's narcissus, 365 Poke-berries, 13 Polemonium family, 352 Polyanthus narcissus, 365 Poplar, 184 Poppy, alpine, 282 California, 283 corn, 282 family, 281 Iceland, 282 Mexican, 283 opium, 283 Poppy, oriental, 281 plume, 284 water, 360 Welsh, 283 Prickly pear, 316 Privet, 248 Pruning, 144, 157 Purple clematis, 250 cytisus, 224 Purslane family, 297 showy, 299 Pyrola family, 333 Q Quamash, 378 Quassia family, 166 Queen of the Prairie, 256, 308 R Ragwort, 322 Ramanas rose, see Japanese rose Rammer, 47 Raspberries, 150, 153 Rattlesnake plantain, 362 Red bud, 92, 207 Red flowering currant, 232 Red-leaved plum, 93 Red maple, 167 Red osier dogwood, 235 Repose, 61 Rhododendrons, 241 Rhubarb, 358 Rivers and lakes, 23, 25 Riverside plants, 23, 101 Rocket, 286 Rock cress, 289 plants, 102 rose, 8, 221 rose family, 22 1 tunica, 295 Rocks, 26, 29, 115-119 erosion of, 27 Rocky Mountain bramble, 230 Rods, 43, 44 Rose acacia, 226, 266 bay, 241 bramble, 230 family, 225, 256, 308 of Sharon, 222 Unfcej of Common IRames. 399 Roses, 230 climbing, 256 Rosemary, 346 Royal fern, 390 Rue, 222 Rural scenery, 29 S Sainfoin, 306 St. John's wort, 221, 294 Sage, 345 Salpiglossis, 340 Sand, clover, 9 myrtle, 20, 245 pink, 295 vervain, 357 wort, 299 Sassafras laurel, 172 Saxifrage, 311 family, 310 Scarlet, lychnis, 296 oak, 177 runner, 256 thorn, 210 Scotch broom, 224 Sea, buckthorn, 249 holly, 317 kale, 292 lavender, 9, 334 pink, 8, 333 rocket, 292 Seaside plants, 8, 100 Seven barks, 226 Shad bush, 17, see Juneberry Shade trees, 165-183 Shell, flower, 343 walk, 77 Sheepberry, 239 Sheep laurel, 12 Shield fern, 388 Shooting star, 18, 337 Shovels, 45 Silk vine, 262 Silk weed, 366 Silver-bell tree, 215 Silver-berry, 262 Smilnx family, 263 Smoke tree, 222 Snapdragon, 342 Snow-ball, 237 Snowberry, 236 Snowdrop, 365 tree, 215 Snowflake, 365 Soapwort, 298 Sods, 107 Sod-cutters, 107 Solomon's seal, 17, 373 Sorrel-tree, 240 Spades, 44 Spanish silver fir, 93, 192 Speedwell, 340 germander, 341 Spice bush, 249 Spiderwort, 382 family, 382 Spindle-tree, 223 family, 223 Spleenwort, 387 Spring, adonis, 268 beauty, 299 bulbs, 125 Spruce, 20 black, 190 blue, 190 Himalayan, 190 Norway, 189 white, 190 Spurge family, 358 Spurred valerian, 319 Squills, 9, 378 Staff-tree family, 255 Stagger bush, 240 vStar-grass, 336 Star of Bethlehem, 377 Stone crop, 313 family, 313 Stone drains, 70 Storax family, 215 Storksbill, 304 Subsoiler, 47 Subsoiling, 69 Sumach family, 222 Sundews, II Sunflowers, 328 Sun-rose, see Rock rose 4QO of Common IRames Swamp honeysuckle, 16, 242 Swamps, 15 Swan River daisy, 325 Sweet, alyssum, 290 bay, 203 briar, 230 Cicely, 317 gale, 9 gum, 170 pea, 307 Sultan, 320 William, 295 Tamarisk family, 221 Tansy, 321 Tape-line, 35 Teasel family, 320 Ten-week stocks, 288 Terraces, ic8 Thermopsis, 307 Thickweed, 327 Thinning, 144, 158 Thistles, 159 Thorn, apples, 13 black, 2ii cockspur, 212 evergreen, 212 narrow-leaved, 21 1 scarlet, 212 Thorns, 210 Thrift, 334 Tiger flower, 368 Tiger lily, 373 Timothy grass, 109 Toad-flax, 341 Tcbacco, 253 Tools, 35 Toothwort, 291 Touch-me-not, 304 Trailing arbutus, 17, 245 Traveller's joy, 252 Tree mallow, see Rose of Sharon Tree of heaven, 166 Tree peony, 219 Trees, 166, 216 Trumpet-flower, 261 Trumpet-weed, 322 Tuberose, 366 Tufted hair-grass, 109 Tulip, common, 375 wood, 376 Tulip tree, 202 Turf beater, ^7 iron, 46 Turk's cap lily, 18, 274 Twin flower, 20 Twin-leaf, 277, 372 U Umbrella pine, 93, 199 tree, 204 Usefulness, Co V Valerian family, 319 Variegated, leaves, 93 orchard grass, 383 Variety, 60 Vegetable garden, see Kitchen-garden Venus' looking-glass, 330 Vervain family, 248 Viburnum, 237 Violets, 292, 293 Virginian, cowslip, 347 creeper, 255 Virginia stock, 288 Virgin's-bower, 16, 252 W Wake robin, 17, 370 Wallflower, 288 Walnut, 175 Water, 119-124 anemone, 270 avens, 309 flag, 367 hawthorn, 361 hyacinth, 360 lilies, 278, 279 -plantain, 360 family, 359 poppy, 360 trefoil, 355 violet, 339 of Common IRames 401 Water-leaf family, 350 Water-level, 39 Wayfaring tree, 239 Weeping trees, 92 Wheelbarrows, 47 White, alder, 244 beam, 213 cedars, 19, 195 clover, in corchorus, 229 silver fir, 93 Whitlow-grass, 289 Wild, black currant, 233 bergamot, 346 calla, 359 cucumber vine, 258 gardening, 31 hyacinth, 378 thyme, 8, 345 vines, 255 Willow, 183 herb, 314 Wind-flower, blue, 266 Wind-flowers, 84, 265-267 Window boxes, 146 Winter aconite, 272 Wintergreen, 333 Wood-anemone, 97 Woodbine, 260 Woodland, flowers, 95-98 scenery, 85 Wood meadow-grass, 109 Woodruff, 18, 318 Wood sorrel, 302 Wormwood, 13 Xanthorhiza, 217 Yellow, anemone, 18, 266 daisy, 329 flag, 367 root, 217 wood, 207 Yew, 200 Y-level, 42 Zebra, grass, 383 Zinnia, 329 \ INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. A Abies, balsamica, igi Cephalonica, 192 concolor, 192 grandis, 193 nobilis, 193 Nordmanniana, 193 pectin ata, 191 pichta, 191 Pinsapo, 93, 192 Abronia umbellata, 357 Abutilon, 130 Acacia lophanta, 130 Acalypha, 130 Acanthus mollis, 344 Acer, campestre, 168 circinatum, 168 dasycarpum, 167 Ginnala, 168 Japonicum, 168 macrophyllum, 167 palmatum, 168 Pennsylvanicum, 168 platanoides, 167 Schwedlerii, 167 variegatum, 167 pseudo-platanus, 167 laciniatum, 167 rubrum, 168 saccharinum, 168 spicatum, 1 68 Tartar icum, 168 Achillea, Clavennae, 326 Ptarmica, 326 serrata plena, 326 tomentosa, 326 Aconitum, Napellus, 276 variegatum, 276 Actsea, 270 Adiantum, Capillus Veneris, 386 pedatum, 386 Adlumia cirrhosa, 254 Adonis, sestivalis, 268 autumnalis, 268 vernalis, 268 ^sculus, hippocastanum, 204 rubicunda, 204 Agave, see American Aloe, 146 Ageratum, 130 Agrostis, stolonifera, 109 vulgaris, 109 Ailanthus glandulosa, 166 Aira Ccespitosa, 109 Akebia quinata, 254 Alisma, Plan tago, 359 natans, 360 Allium Moly, 377 Alnus, 182 Alopecurus pratensis, no Alstrcemeria, 366 Alternanthera, 130 Althaea rosea, 300 Alyssum, alpestris, 290 saxatile, 290 Amaranthus, 357 Amelanchier, alnifolia, 231 Botryapium, 231 Canadensis, 231 oblongifolia, 231 vulgaris, 231 Amorpha, 225 Ampelopsis, quinquefolia, 255 Veitchii (tricuspidata), 255 403 of JBctanical "names Amsonia Tabernaemontana, 355 Amygdalus nanus, 226 Anchusa, Ttalica, 349 myosotidiflora, 349 tinctoria, 349 Andromeda, floribunda, 290 Japonica, 290 Mariana, 290 speciosa, 290 Androsace, alpina, 337 carnea, 337 Laggeri, 337 lanuginosa, 337 Anemone, Apennina, 267 coronaria, 267 fulgens, 267 Hepatica, 267 Japonica, 266 alba, 267 nemorosa, 266 patens, 266 Nuttalliana, 266 Pulsatilla, 265 ranunculoides, 266 sylvestris, 266 Anthemis tinctoria, 326 Anthericum, Liliago, 380 Liliastrum, 380 ramosum, 380 Anthoxanthum, odoratum, 109 Antirrhinum majus, 342 Apocynum an drosse mi folium, 355 Aponageton distachion, 361 Aquilegia, alpina, 274 Canadensis-, 273, 274 chrysantha, 274 coerulea, 274 glandulosa, 274 Siberica, 274 vulgaris, 274 Arabis, 289 Aralia, Chinensis, 130, 235 Mandschurica, see Diraorphanthus papyrifera, 130 spinosa, 235 Araucaria, 94 Arenaria, Balearica, 299 graminifolia, 299 Groenlandica, 299 laricifolia, 299 montana, 299 Argemone, 283 Aristolochia, clematitis, 356 Sipho, 263 Armeria, Cephalotus, 334 Laucheana, 334 plantaginea, 334 vulgaris, 334 Arnebia echioides, 348 Griffithii, 348 Arnica montana, 322 Artemisia, 130, 321 Arum, Italicum, 359 maculatum, 359 Asclepias, incarnata, 356 quadrifolia, 356 rubra, 356 tuberosa, 356 Asperula odorata, 358 Asphodelus, albus, 377 Villarsii, 377 Aspidium, aculatum, 388 acrostichoides, 388 angulare, 388 Asplenium, Adiantum-nigrum, 387 ebeneum, 387 Filix-fcemina, 387 Ruta-muraria, 387 Trichomanes, 387 Aster, alpinus, 324 Amellus, 324 Bessarabicus, 324 grandiflorus, 324 Novse-Angliae, 324 Novoe-Belgice, 324 Aubrietia, deltoidea, 289 Eyrei, 289 Grseca, 289 grandiflora, 289 Leichtlini, Azalea, amoena, 242 calendulacea, 242 mollis, 242 nudi flora, 242 Pontica, 242 viscosa, 242 ot Botanical IRames 405 B Begonia, 132 Bellis perennis, 325 Berberis, aquifolia, 220 Darwin ii, 220 repens, 220 Thunbergii, 220 vulgaris, 220 Betula, alba, 182 varieties, 182 lenta, 182 nigra, 182 papyracea, 182 populifolia, 182 Bignonia capreolata, 261 Bocconia, 93, 284 Brachychome, 325 Broussonetia, 174 Bryonia dioica, 259 Buxus sempervirens, 250 Cakile maritima, 292 Calceolaria, 130 Calla palustris, 359 Callicarpa purpuiea, 245 Callistephus, 323 Calluna, 244 Calochortus, 372 Caltha palustris, 270 Calycanthus, 232 Calystegia, 261 Camassia, 378 Campanula, caespitosa, 332 carpatica, 332 garganica, 332 glomerata, 331 grandiflora, see Platycodon lactiflora, 331 medium, 331 persic?efolia, 331 pusilla, 332 pyramidalis, 331 Kainerii, 333 rapunculoides, 333 rotundifolia, 333 Waldsteiniana, 333 Canna, 131 Caragana, arborescens, 225 frutescens, 225 spinosa, 225 Cardamine, 291 Carpinus betulus, 180 Carya, alba, 175 amara, 175 aquatica, 175 olivceformis, 175 sulcata, 175 Castanea, 178 Catalpa, 215 Ceanothus, 224 Cedrus, deodara, 194 Libanotica, 194 Celastrus, 255 Celosia, 357 Celtis, 175 Centaurea, ragusina, 130 candidissima, 320 Cyanus, 320 montana, 320 moschata, 320 suaveolens, 320 Centhranthus, 319 Cerastium, arvense, 298 Biebersteinii, 299 tomentosum, 298 Cerasus, avium, 209 Padus, 209 pendula, see Prunus Pennsylvanica, 209 semperflorens, 208 serotina, 209 serrulata, 208 Ceratostigma, 335 Cercis, 207 Chamaecyparis, Lawsoniana, 195 Nootkaensis, 196 obtusa, 196 thuyoides, 197 Chamapeuse, 131 Cheiranthus, 288 Chelone, see Pentstemon Chimaphila, 334 Chimonanthus, 232 406 of JBotanical IKtames Chionanthus, 248 Chionodoxa, 379 Chrysosplenium, 313 Cimicifuga, 270 Cineraria maritima, 130 Cladrastis, 207 Claytonia, 299 Clematis, coerulea, 253 patens, 253 Flammula, 252 florida, 253 Jackmanni, 252 Virginiana, 252 vitalha, 252 viticella, 252 Clethra alnifolia, 244 Colchicum, alpinum, 370 autumnale, 369 montanum, 370 speciosum, 370 Coleus, 130 Colutea, 225 Commelina, 382 Conoclinium, 322 Convallaria, 371 Convolvulus, 352 Cordyline, 130 Coreopsis, 327, 328 Cornus, Canadensis, 318 Florida, 214 sanguinea, 235 stolonifera, 235 Coronilla varia, 306 Corydalis, bracteata, 286 cava, 286 nobilis, 286 Corylus, 250 Cotoneaster, 231 Cotyledon, see Echeveria, 131 Crambe maritima, 292 Crataegus, coccinea, 211 Crus-galli, 212 Oxyacantha, 210 Fyracantha, 212 spathulata, 212 tomentosa, 21 1 Crocus, aureus, 369 nudiflorus, 369 Crocus, sativus, 369 speciosus, 369 vernus, 369 Cryptomeria, 195 Cuphea, 132 Cupressus, see Chamagcyparis Cyclamen, Europeum, 338 Graecum, 338 Neapolitanicum, 338 repandum, 338 Cydonia, Japonica, 232 Maulei, 232 Cynoglossum, 379 Cynosurus, 109 Cypripedium, acaule, 362 pubescens, 363 spectabile, 363 Cytisus alpinum, see Laburnum purpureus, 224 I) Dactylus, 109, 383 Dahlia, 327 Daphne mezereum, 249 Delphinium, Ajacis, 276 Chinense, 275 consolidea, 276 exaltatum, 275 formosum, 275 grandiflorum, 275 hybridum, 275 nudicaule, 276 tricorne, 276 Dentaria, 291 Deutzia, crenata, 234 gracilis, 234 scabra, 234 Dianthus, alpinus, 295 barbatus, 295 caryophyllus, 294 Chinensis, 295 deltoides, 295 plumarius, 294 Dicentra, cucullaria, 284, 285 eximia, 284 formosa, 284 spectabilis, 284 of Botanical IRames 407 Dicksonia punctilobula, 388 Dictamnus Fraxinella, 305 Diervilla, grandiflora, 236 hortensis, 237 hybrida, 237 rosea, 237 Digitalis, 342 Dimorphanthus Mandschuricus, 239 Diospyrus, 170, 171 Dodecatheon, integrifolium, 337 Meadia, 337 Doronicum, 323 Draba, Aizoon, 289 Aizoides, 289 Mawei, 289 pyrenaica, 289 Dracena, 131 Echinacea purpurea, 329 Echinocactus, 316 Echinocystis lobata, 258 Eichornia, 360 Elaeagnus, argentea, 249 hortensis, 249 angustifoliam, 249 Epigaea repens, 245 Epilobium, 314, 315 Epimedium, 277 Eranthis hyemalis, 272 Erianthus Ravennae, 383 Erica, carnea, 244 tetralix, 244 Erigeron, alpinum, 325 aurantiacum, 325 speciosum, 325 Ercdium, alpinum, 304 macradenum, 304 Manescavi, 304 Eryngium, 317 Erysimum, alpinum, 288 Perofskianum, 288 pulchellum, 288 Erythrina, 306 Erythronium, albidum, 377 Americanum, 377 dens-canis, 377 grandiflorum, 377 Eschschoitzia, 283 Eulalia, 383 Euonymus, Americanus, 223 atropurpureus, 223 Europeus, 223 Japonicus, 224 radicans, 224 Eupatorium, 322 Euphorbia corolata, 358 Exochorda, 229 Fagus, sylvatica, 179 varieties, 179 ferruginea, 179 Ferdinandia, 131 Ferula communis, 317 Festuca, 109 Ficus, 131 Forsythia, Fortunei, 246 suspensa, 246 viridissima, 246 Fothergilla alnifolia, 234 Fraxinus, excelsior, 171 Ornus, 216 Fritillaria, imperialis, 375 Meleagris, 375 pallida, 375 pallidiflora, 375 Funkia, Fortunii, 380 grandiflora, 380 marginata, 380 ovata, 380 sub-cordata, 380 Gagea lutea, 377 Gaillardia, 327 Galanthus, 365 Galium, 318 Galtonia, 378 Gaultheria, 245 Genista, tinctoria, 224 Gentiana, acaulis, 354 Andrewsii, 354 angusti folia, 354 408 of Botanical IRames Gentiana, crinita, 354 Pneumonanthe, 354 verna, 354 Geranium, argenteum, 302 maculatum (illustration), 303 pratense, 302 sanguineum, 302 sylvaticum, 302 Geum, coccineum, 309 montanum, 309 rivale, 309 ursinum, 309 Gillenia, 308 Gingko, 200 Gladiolus, cardinalis, 368 Colvillei, 368 communis, 368 Gandavensis, 368 psittacinus, 369 Gleditschia, 208 Gnaphalium, 130 Goodyera pubescens, 362 Grevillea, 131 Gymnocladus, 208 Gynerium, 383 Gypsophila, 298 H Habenaria, chlorantha, 362 conopsea, 362 fimbriata, 362 Halesia tetraptera, 215 Hamamelis, 234 Hedera, Helix, 259 Canariensis, 259 conglomerata, 260 Rcegneriana, 259 Helianthemum, 221 Helianthus, 228 Helichrysum, arenarium, 321 bracteatum, 321 Heliopsis, 328 Heliotropium, 131 Helleborus, colchicus, 272 niger, 271 altifolius, 272 Olympicus, 272 orientalis, 272 Hemerocallis, flava, 381 fulva, 381 minor, 381 Heracleum giganteum, 317 Hesperis, matronalis, 286 tristis, 286 Heuchera sanguinea, 311 Hibiscus, coccineus, 301 grandiflorus, 301 Moscheutus, 301 Syriacus, 222 Trionum, 301 Hippophse, 249 Hottonia palustris, 339 Houstonia crerulea, 318 Ilyacinthus, 379 Hydrangea, 234 Hypericum, 221 Hyssopis officinalis, 345 Iberis, amara, 290 coronaria, 290 saxatilis, 290 sempervirens, 290 umbellata, 290 Ilex opaca, 223 Impatiens, flava, 304 fulva, 304 Incarvillea Olgse, 339 Ipomoea, 261 Iris, Florentina, 366 Germanica, 366 hybrida, 367 laevigata, 367 pseudo-acorus, 367 pumila, 367 sambucina, 366 Siberica, 367 variegata, 367 versicolor, 367 J Jacaranda, 131 Jasminum nudiflorum, 245 Jeffersonia diphylla, 277 of Botanical IRames 409 Juglans, 175 Juniperus, Chinensis, 199 communis, 199 Sabina, 199 Virginiana, 199 K Kalmia, angustifolia, 241 latifolius, 240 Kerria Japonica, 229 Kniphofia, 381 Koelreuteria, 204 Koeniga, 291 Laburnum alpinum, 205 Larix Europaea, 194 Lathyrus, grandiflorus, 307 latifolius, 307 odoratus, 307 pratense, 307 rotundifolius, 307 sylvestris, 307 Lavandula vera, 344 Lavatera, 131 trimestris, 300 Lea amabilis, 131 Leiophyllum, 245 Leucoium, 365 Liatris, pychnostachia, 321 spicata, 321 squarosa, 321 Libonia, 132 Ligustrum, ovalifolium, 243 vulgare, 243 Lilium, bulbiferum, 373 Canadense, 375 candidum, 373 croceum, 373 Martagon, 574 pardalinum, 374 tenuifolium, 374 tigrinum, 373 Limnanthus, 302 Limnocharis, 360 Linaria, alpina, 341 cymbalaria, 341 macrocana, 341 vulgaris, 341 Lindera, 249 Linum, 301 Liquidambar, 170 Liriodendron, 202 Lithospermum, 348 Lobelia, erinus, 131 cardinalis, 330 fulgens, 330 Lolium perenne, 109 Lomaria, alpina, 386 spicant, 387 Lonicera, brachypoda, 261 Caprifolium, 260 coerulea, 236 fragrantissima, 236 Halleana, 260 Japonica, 260 Periclymenum, 260 sempervirens, 260 Standishii, 236 Tartarica, 236 grandiflora, 236 Xylosteum, 236 Lotus corniculatus, 307 Lunaria, 291 Lupinus mutabilis, 306 nan us, 306 perennis, 305 polyphyllus, 305 Lychnis, alpina, 296 Chalcedonica, 296 diurna, 296 fulgens, 296 varieties, 296 Lycium, 262 Lysimachia, nummularia, 339 vulgaris, 338 Lythrum Salicaria, 316 M Maclura, 174 Magnolia acuminata, 204 conspicua, 2O2 410 of Botanical IRames Magnolia, glauca, 203 grandiflora, 204 macrophylla, 204 purpurea, 202 stellata, 202 umbrella, 204 Malcolmia, 288 Malope, 300 Malva moschata, 300 Mamillaria, 316 Mathiola, 288 Matricaria, 326 Meconopsis, 283 Megasea, see Saxifraga crassifolia, Melianthus, 131 Menispermum, 254 Mentha, 344 Menyanthes, 355 Mertensia Virginica, 347 Mesembryanthemum, 130 M ilium effusum, in Mimulus, 342 Mirabilis, 356 Mitchella repens, 318 Mitella, 313 Monarda, 346 Moricandia, 288 Morus, 174 Musa, 130 Muscari, botryoides, 379 Comosum, 379 moschatum, 379 racemosum, 379 Myosotis dissitiflora, 348 palustris, 348 Myrrhis odorata, 317 N Narcissus, 363 bulbocodium, 365 incomparabilis, 364 monophyllus, 365 nivalis, 365 odorus, 364 poeticus, 365 pseudo-narcissus, 364 varieties, 364 Tazetta, 365 Negundo fraxinifolium, 170 Nelumbium, luteum, 280 speciosum, 280 Nemophila, 350 Nephrodium Filix-tnas, 388 Nicotiana affinis, 132 Nigella, 272 Nuphar, 280 Nymphaea, alba, 278 Devoniensis, 279 flava, 279 odorata, 278 Sturtevanti, 279 Zanzibarensis, 279 Nyssa multiflora, 170 O (Enothera, eximia, 315 Fraserii, 315 Missouriensis, 315 Omphalodes, Lucilise, 349 verna, 349 Onobrychis sativa, 306 Onoclea, Germanica, 388 sensibilis, 388 Onosma stellulatum, 348 Opuntia, 316 Orchis, foliosa, 361 maculata, 361 mascula, 361 spectabilis, 361 Ornithogalum, 377 Osmunda, cinnamomea, 389 Claytoniana, 390 regalis, 390 Ostrya Virginica, 180 Oxalis, 302 Oxydendron, 240 Poeonia, albiflora, 277 Moutan, 219 officinalis, 277 tenuifolia, 277 Papaver, alpinum, 282 Hookerii, 283 laevigatum, 283 of Botanical IRames 411 Papaver, nudicaule, 282 orientalis, 281 bracteatum, 281 Rhoeas, 282 somniferum, 283 Pardanthus, 368 Parnassia, Caroliniana, 311 palustris, 310 Paulownia imperialis, 215 Pavia, flava, 205 parviflora, 205 rubra, 205 Peltandra, 359 Pentstemon, barbatus, 343 Torreyii, 343 Coboea, 344 grandiflorus, 344 Hartwegii, 344 Perilla, 130 Periploca, 262 Petunia, 130, 353 Phaseolus, 256 Philadelphia, coronarius, 233 Gordonianus, 233 grandiflorus, 233 inodorus, 233 latifolius, 233 Phleum pratense, 109 Phlox, amcena, 350 divaricata, 351 Drummondi, 351 maculata, 351 paniculata, 351 reptans, 350 subulata, 350 Physalis, 352 Picea, alba, 190 excelsa, 189 Morinda, 190 nigra, 190 pungens, 190 Pinus, Austriaca, 188 cembra, 189 excelsa, 188 Mughus, 189 rigida, 188 Strobus, 1 88 sylvestris, 188 Platanus, 174 Platycodon, 333 Plumbago Larpentae, 335 Poa, in species, 109 Podophyllum, 278 Polemonium, coeruleum, 351 reptans, 351 Polianthes, 366 Polygala, 305 Polygonatum, in species, 373 Polygonum, 357 Polypodium, Dryopteris, 386 Phegopteris, 386 vulgare, 385 Pontederia, 360 Populus, alba, 184 balsamea, 184 dilatata, 184 monolifera, 184 Portulacca, 299 Potentilla, fruticosa, 229 Nepalensis, 310 nitida, 310 Hopwoodiana, 310 Russeliana, 310 Primula, Auricula, 336 elatior, 336 farinosa, 336 veris, 335 vulgaris, 335 Primus, Pissardii, 210 Simonii, 210 Sinensis, 210 subhirtella, 210 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, 193 Psidium, 94 Ptelea, 222 Pteris, 386 Pterocaria, 176 Pulmonaria, 347 Pyrethrum, 326 Pyrola, 334 Pyrus, Americana, 213 Aria, 213 aucuparia, 213 baccata, 212 coronaria, 213 floribunda, 212 412 of JBctanical Barnes Pyrus, sambucifolia, 213 spectabilis, 212 Quercus, alba, 177 coccinea, 177 palustris, 177 phellos, 177 prinos, 177 robur, 177 R Ramondia pyrenaica, 340 Ranunculus, aconitifolius, 269 acris fl. pi., 269 amplexicaulis, 269 Asiaticus, 269 aquatilis, 270 Ficaria, 270 Lingua, 269 parnassifolius, 269 Reseda, 292 Rhamnus, catharticus, 222 Frangula, 223 Rheum palmatum, 358 Rhododendron, Catawbiense, 241 maximum, 241 Ponticum, 241 Rhodotypus, 229 Khus, 222 Ribes, alpinum, 233 aureum, 233 floridum, 233 Gordonianum, 233 . sanguineum, 232 Ricinus, 131 Robinia, hispida, 206 Pseudacacia, 206 viscosa, 207 Rosa, alba, 230 canina, 230 lutea, 231 multiflora, 231 rugosa, 231 setigera, 256, 258 Rosmarinus officinalis, 346 Rubia, 318 Rubus, Canadensis, 230 deliciosus, 230 fruticosus, 230 Nutkanus, 230 occidentalis, 230 odoratus, 229 Rudbeckia, fulgida, 329 hirta, 329 speciosa, 328 Ruta graveolens, 304 Sagittaria, 360 Salix, alba, 184 vitellina, 184 Babylonica, 184 pentandra, 184 viminalis, 184 Salpiglossis, 340 Salvia bicolor, 345 coccinea, 346 fulgens, 346 officinalis, 345 patens, 346 pratensis, 345 splendens, 346 Sambucus, 239 Sanguinaria, 284 Santolina, 130 Sanvitalia, 329 Saponaria, ocymoides, 298 officinalis, 298 Sarothamnus, 224 Sarracenia, 281 Sassafras, 172 Saxifraga, aizoides, 311 Burseriana, 31 1 caesia, 311 Camposii, 311 Cotyledon, 312 crassifolia, 312 Fortunei, 312 granulata, 312 hypnoides, 312 longifolia, 312 nivalis, 312 lubes of ^Botanical IRames 413 Saxifraga, oppositifolia, 312 peltata, 313 Rocheliana, 312 Scabiosa, 319, 320 Sciadopytis, 199 Scilla, in species, 378 Sedum, acre, 313 Aizoon, 314 album, 314 Anglicum, 314 coeruleum, 314 glaucum, 314 Maximowiczii, 314 pulchellum, 314 spectabile, 314 Telephium, 314 Sempervivum, calcaratum, 313 soboliferum, 313 tectorum, 313 Senecio, 322 Silene, alpestris, 298 compatca, 296 pendula, 298 Pennsylvanica, 297 Schafta, 296 Virginica, 296 Silphium laciniatum, 327 Silybum, 320 Sisyrinchium, 368 Smilacina, 371, 372 Smilax rotundifolia, 263 Solanum, in species, 352 Solidago, Canadense, 323 lanceolata, 323 serotina, 323 speciosa, 323 virga-aurea, 323 Sophora Japonica, 207 Spigelia, 355 Spirea, arisefolia, 228 Aruncus, 308 Billardii, 228 Bumalda, 228 callosa, 228 Cantoniensis, 228 filipendula, 308 hypericifolia, 328 lobata, 308 Spirea, Opulifolia, 226 Reevesiana, see Cantoniensis salicifolia, 228 sorbifolia, 228 Thunbergii, 228 trilobata, 227, 228 Ulmaria, 308 ulmifolia, 228 Van Houttii, 228 Stachys, 347 Staphylea, 224 Statice, in species, 334, 335 Symphoricarpus, 236 Symphytum, 349 Syringa, Chinensis, 246 Japonica, 247 josikaea, 247 Persica, 247 vulgaris, 246 Tagetes, 329 Tamarix, 221 Tanacetum, 321 Taxodium, 200 Taxus, 200 Tecoma, grandiflora, 261 radicans, 261 Thalictrum, anemonoides, 268 Cornuti, 268 dioicum, 268 Thermopsis fabacea, 307 Thuya gigantea, 198 occidentalis, 197 orientalis, 198 Thuyopsis, dolabrata, 199 Thymus Chamsedrys, 345 Serpyllum, 345 Tiarella cordifolia, 313 Tigridia, 368 Tilia, Americana, 166 argentea, 166 Europea, 166 heterophylla, 166 Torenia, 132 Tradescantia Virginica, 383 Trifolium, 306 repens, 109 414 ot JBotanical IRames Trillium, erectum, 370 erythrocarpum, 370 grandiflorum, 370 nivale, 370 Tritoma, 381 Trollius, Asiaticus, 271 Europeus, 271 laxus, 271 Tropseolum, 304 Tsuga, Canadensis, 193 Hookeriana, 193 Tulipa, Gesneriana, 376 Greigi, 376 suaveolens, 376 sylvestris, 376 Tunica saxifraga, 295 U Ulex, Europeus, 225 nanus, 225 Ulmus, Americana, 173 campeslris, 173 montana, 173 Ultricularia, 339 Uvularia, flava, 371 grandiflora, 371 Vaccinium, arboreum, 239 stamineum, 239 Valeriana, dioica, 319 officinalis, 319 Veratpum viride, 103 Verbascum Phoeniceum, 340 Verbena, 130 Veronica, chamaedrys, 341 longifolia, 340 subsessilis, 341 Viburnum, Lantana, 239 Lentago, 239 molle, 238 Opulus, 237 plicatum, 237 prunifolium, 238 pubescens, 239 Vinca, major, 262 minor, 262 rosea, 132 Viola, Canadensis, 293 cornuta, 293 cucullata, 293 odorata, 292 pedata, 293 tricolor, 293 Vitis, 255 W Waldsteinia, 309 Weigelia, see Diervilla Wigandia, 130 Wistaria, Japonica, 256 multijuga, 256 Sinensis, 255 . X Xanthorhiza apiifolia, 219 Y Yucca, filamentosa, 381 flaccida, 382 maxima, 382 orchioides, 382 Zauschneria Californica, 315 Zinnia, 329 BOOKS FOR THE COUNTRY. Landscape Gardening. Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn- Planting, Laying Out and Arrange- ment of Country-Places, Large and Small Parks, Cemetery Plots, and Railway Station Lawns ; Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, The Hardy Border, Bedding Plants, Rockwork, etc., etc. By SAMUEL PARSONS, Jr., Superintendent of Parks, New York City. With nearly 200 illustrations. Large 8vo., $3.50. " Mr. Parsons proves himself a master of his art as a landscape gardener, and this superb book should be studied by all who are con- cerned in the making of parks in other cities." Philadelphia Btilletin. Wild Flowers of the Northeastern States. Drawn and carefully de- scribed from life, without undue use of scientific nomenclature, by ELLEN MILLER and MARGARET C. WHIT- ING. With 308 Illustrations the size of life, and Frontispiece. Large quarto, buckram, 8^ x 12% inches. In box. AW $4. 50. This work presents upwards of 308 drawings of American wild flowers, and careful descriptions of the flowers so depicted, and covers ground which has not been covered by any previous botani- cal publication. In every case great care has been taken to depict the peculiar traits, the average size, and all the details of each individual plant. Among the Moths and Butterflies. By JULIA P. BALLARD, author of " Building Stories," etc. 8vo., pp. xxxiv. + 237, $1.50. " The book, which is handsomely illustrated, s designed for young readers, relating some of the most curious facts of natural history in a singularly pleasant and instructive manner." jV. V. Tribune, The Trees of Northeastern Am- erica. By CHARLES S. NEWHALL. With an Introductory Note by NATH. L. BRITTON, E.M., Ph.D., of Co- 1 umbia College. With illustrations made from tracings of the leaves of the various trees. 8vo, pp. xiv. + 250, $2.50. 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By the aid of this volume, the charac- teristic leaves of the trees can be classi- fied and preserved, the illustrations and directions making it an easy task. " The idea of the book is so good and so simple as to recommend itself at a glance to everybody who cares to know our trees or to make for any purpose a collection of their leaves."^. Y, Critic. The Shrubs of Northeastern Amer- ica. By CHARLES S. NEWHALL, author of " The Trees of Northeast- ern America," etc., etc. Fully illus- trated. Large 8vo, $2.50. u This volume is beautifully printed on beau- tiful paper, and has a list of 116 illustrations calculated to explain the text. It has a mine of precious information, such as is seldom gathered within the covers of such a volume." Baltimore P'aruier. The Vines of Northeastern Amer- ica. By CHARLES S. NEWHALL. Fully illustrated. Large 8, $2.50. The Wonders of Plant Life. By Mrs. S. B. HERRICK. i6mo, beauti- fully illustrated, $1.50. The only thing aimed at is to give the more important types in a popular way, avoiding technicalities where ordinary language could be substituted, and, where it could not, giving clear expla- nations of the terms. " A dainty volume . . . opens up a whole world of fascination . . . full of informa- tion." Boston Advertiser. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 & 29 West 23d Street, N. Y. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY & 7 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED! Aj^culfcure This publication is due on the LAST DATE stamped below. Wfc=pS3i8i) 1 General Library RB 17-60m-8,'61 University of California (C1641slO)4188 Berkeley 024