LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 Class 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT 
 
 ==: FROM 
 
 MUNICIPALS WASTE 
 
 WRITTEN FOR 
 MUNICIPALITIES AND ENGINEERS 
 
 BY 
 
 Joseph G. Branch, B. S., M. E. 
 
 Chief of the Department of Inspection Boilers and Elevators. 
 Member of the Board of Examining Engineers 
 
 for the City of St. Louis. 
 Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Etc. 
 
 WITH FIFTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PUBLISHED B'! 
 
 WM. H. O'BRIEN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO. 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 

 
 Copyrighted 1906 
 
 by 
 JOSEPH G. BRANCH. 
 
CONTENTS m 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter. Page. 
 
 I. Introductory Remarks 1 
 
 II. - Municipal and Other Waste 4 
 
 III. Incineration and Reduction 7 
 
 IV. British and Other Foreign Destructors and In- 
 
 cinerators 16 
 
 V. American Incinerators 29 
 
 VI. The Branch Incinerator and Wagon Washer and 
 
 Disinfector . 75 
 
 VII. . Steam and Hot Water Heating 108 
 
 VIII. Incinerators Combined with Central Heating 
 
 Plants 120 
 
 IX. Elements of Electricity 170 
 
 X. Incinerators Combined with Electricity and Water 
 
 W T orks 196 
 
 XI. Incinerator Sites and Buildings 203 
 
 XII. Natural and Mechanical Draft 210 
 
 XIII. The Comparative Advantages of Various Types of 
 
 Steam Boilers for Incinerating and Central Heat- 
 ing Plants 225 
 
 XIV. Classes of Engines and Pumps 250 
 
 XV. Gas and Oil Installations, and the Comparative 
 
 Value of Fuels 269 
 
 XVI. Forms of Franchises and Ordinances . . 275 
 
iv FRANCHISES 
 
 FRANCHISES AND ORDINANCES. 
 
 LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Collection, Removal and Disposal of Refuse, Contract for 295 
 
 Construction Incinerating Plant 279 
 
 Disposal of Garbage, Contract for 283 
 
 Gas Works, Franchise for 281 
 
 Heating System Central, Franchise for 276 
 
 Lighting Electric, Franchise for 289 
 
 Lighting Electric, Heating and Power, Franchise for. . . . 294 
 
 Railway Electric Street, Franchise for . . . . 286 
 
 Statute Prohibiting Dumping of Refuse in Navigable 
 
 Waters of the United States. . 275 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Figure. Page. 
 
 1. Transverse Section of Garbage Incinerator 74 
 
 2. Side Elevation and Vertical Section of Incinerator. . 77 
 
 3. Horizontal and Vertical Sections of Incinerator, 
 
 without Boiler Attachment 78 
 
 4. Horizontal and Vertical Sections of Incinerator, 
 
 with Boiler Attachment. 79 
 
 5. Detail Front Elevation of the Branch Garbage In- 
 
 cinerator 82 
 
 6. Tank Steel Casing Enclosing Incinerator 82 
 
 7. Detail Top Plan View of Incinerator 83 
 
 8. The Branch Water Grates 90 
 
 9. View Showing Tanks and Connections of the Branch 
 
 Garbage Wagon Washer and Disinfector 93 
 
 10. The Branch Wagon Washer and Disinfector, used 
 
 by the City of St. Louis 94 
 
 11. Animal Wagon used by the City of St. Louis 96 
 
 12. 225-Foot Stack, Iron Lined with Brick. 200-ton In- 
 
 cinerator 100 
 
 13. 125-Foot Brick Stack with Dimensions. 50-100-ton 
 
 Incinerator 101 
 
 14. One Pipe and Two Pipe Heating Systems 110 
 
 15. Back Pressure System, Steam Heating Ill 
 
 16. Webster Vacuum System 116 
 
 17. Sectional Boiler for Heating 117 
 
 18. The Branch Steam Trap " 124 
 
 19. Radiator for Steam Heating 126 
 
 20. Central Station Heating Plant 127 
 
 21. Central Station Heating, Two Pipe Insulation lt>5 
 
 22. Type of Electric Generator 176 
 
 23. Series wound, Shunt wound, Compound wound, 
 
 Class of Electric Generators 179 
 
 24. Winding for Separately Excited Dynamo 181 
 
 25. Cells in Parallel, Cells in Series, Connection of 
 
 Cells and Lights in Series and Parallel . 185 
 
vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Figure. Page. 
 
 26. Two-Wire System, Three-Wire System, Alternating 
 
 System, 'System of Connecting Lights 18G 
 
 27. Shunt Dynamos in Series 188 
 
 28. Shunt Dynamos in Parallel 190 
 
 29. Series Dynamos in Series 191 
 
 30. Series Dynamos in Parallel 192 
 
 31. Type of a Compound Dynamo, showing Fields and 
 
 Armature 193 
 
 32. Compound Dynamo in Parallel 194 
 
 33. Connection o'i Voltmeter and Ammeter 195 
 
 34. Incinerator Euilding, Brick Enclosure for same.... 206 
 
 35. Front Elevation of Incinerator Building 208 
 
 36. Cross Section of Incinerator Building, Boiler House 
 
 and Engine Room 209 
 
 37. Forced Draft System, with Blower 214 
 
 38. Induced Draft System 215 
 
 39. Draft Gauges 218 
 
 40. Type of Water Tube Boiler 224 
 
 41. The Sterling Water Tune Boiler, the Babcock & Wil- 
 
 cox Boiler . . . 227 
 
 42. Setting Plan for Horizontal Tubular Boilers with 
 
 full front 229 
 
 43. Upright Submerged Tubular Boiler 231 
 
 11. T\pe OL Internal Furnace Boiler 235 
 
 45. The Springfield Internal Furnace Boiler 237 
 
 46. Cornish Boiler, a Type of an English Boiler 233 
 
 47. Type of Corliss Engine 249 
 
 48. Type of Slide Valve Engine 251 
 
 19. Slide Valve Gear 254 
 
 50. Valves and Eccentric 255 
 
 51. Hamilton Corliss High Speed Engine 257 
 
 52. The Harrisburg Four Valve Eng.'ne 259 
 
 515. Type of Duplex Pump 264 
 
 54. The Cameron Pump 266 
 
 55. Oil Burner Installation 268 
 
 56. The Branch Oil Burner . . 274 
 
LIST OF TABLES vii 
 
 LIST OF TABLES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Boilers, Water Tube, Average Dimensions of 234 
 
 Bids for Installing Incinerators from Leading American 
 
 Companies 66 
 
 Central Heating Stations, with Reports on their Opera- 
 tion 128 
 
 Central Heating Plant, Cost of Operation of 141 
 
 Central Heating System, Physical Value of a Two-Pipe Hot 
 
 Water System 156 
 
 Chimneys, Height and Horse Power of 105 
 
 Chimnevs, Weights with Gauge and Prices of 106 
 
 Draft, Relative Cost of Chimney and Induced 222 
 
 Draft, Fan Tests with English Destructors 213 
 
 Draft, Mechanical, Standard Test for CO2 with 212 
 
 Evaporation Tests with English Destructors 28 
 
 Electric T T nits Generated per Ton of Refuse Destroyed in 24 
 
 Hours 197 
 
 Electric Plant, Cost of Operation 118 
 
 Fuel, Comparative Value of Coal as 271 
 
 Fuel, Value of Petroleum as 272 
 
 Fuel, Value of Refuse as 272 
 
 Garbage Kitchen, Analysis of 13 
 
 Horse Power from English Destructors 27 
 
 Insulating 12-inch Main, Cost Per Foot for 154 
 
 Insulating and Laving Pipe per Foot for Central Heating. . 15G 
 Lighting Plant, 300 Arc Lights, 150 K. W., Cost of In- 
 stalling and Operating, with Cost Per Lamp .... 201 
 
 Light and Power from a 150-Ton Incinerator, with Cost of 
 
 same 198 
 
 Refuse Disposal, Cost Per Capita of 2 
 
 Refuse, Analysis of 12 
 
 Refuse Disposal in American Cities 32 
 
 Rochdale Destructor Tests 221 
 
 Steam Heating Plant, Cost of Operation of 118 
 
 Steam Jets, Tests Showing Percentage of CO2 with 212 
 
 Traps, Steam, Sizes and Capacities of 124 
 
 Waste Heat, Utilization by Foreign Incinerators of . 17 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT 
 
 -FROM - 
 
 MUNICIPAL O SR WASTE 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 The first consideration with all municipalities should 
 be the safety and health of its citizens, and next, to secure 
 for them at a reasonable cost those necessities controlled 
 by public grants. 
 
 There is no more serious menace to the health of any 
 community than its refuse, nor a greater necessity to the 
 comfort and welfare of its citizens than plenty of heat 
 and light at a moderate cost. 
 
 For the last twenty-five years this country, like all other 
 countries, has been trying to meet these requirements of 
 its citizens, by a better system of garbage disposal, and 
 by more heat and light at less cost. 
 
 What has been the result of these efforts, I have at- 
 tempted to set out in this work, without bias, and -with 
 but one purpose in view, that of calling the attention of 
 our public officials and engineers to the success that has 
 been made in this line in other countries, and how little 
 success has been made by us. 
 
2 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Not only has the disposal of refuse not as yet been 
 made sanitary in this country, but the enormous amount 
 of public money which is annually spent for this work, 
 can be seen by a comparison of the cost of refuse dis- 
 posal per capita of American and foreign cities. 
 
 While the cost of refuse disposal rarely exceeds 1 cent 
 per capita in any foreign city, it cost Philadelphia for the 
 year of 1903, $514,875.00, or 38 cents per capita; Chi- 
 cago $683,665, or 37 cents per capita; St. Louis $266,937,. 
 or 44 cents per capita; Boston $651,000, or $1.09 per 
 capita; New York $78,144, or 2 cents per capita. 
 
 For 14 cities with a population above 300,000 the aver- 
 age cost per capita is 28 cents. The average of 23 cities 
 between 100,000 and 300,000 population, is 23 cents per 
 capita, \vhile the average of 41 cities, between 50 and 100 
 thousand population is 26 cents per capita. 
 
 It will be seen from this that New York City alone 
 compares favorably with foreign cities in cost of dis- 
 posing of its refuse. This city is also the equal of any 
 city in Europe in its system of collecting its waste. 
 
 The reason for this enormous discrepancy is that all 
 refuse in foreign cities is incinerated, and the waste heat 
 therefrom utilized for some public works, such as electric 
 lighting, water works, sewerage pumping or mortar mills. 
 With the single exception of New York City, which has 
 recently installed an incinerating plant from which electric 
 current is generated for the surrounding district, there is 
 not another American city utilizing this waste heat in 
 any form. 
 
 But, far more valuable than for any purpose that this 
 heat has yet been utilized, is its future value to the modern 
 central heating plants, permitting them to supply heat for 
 large districts at a small cost. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 The system of central heating is distinctly of American 
 origin, and the official data collected by me from those 
 cities in which such systems have been installed, show 
 the general satisfaction that they are giving to the public. 
 
 For the official data throughout this book, I am in- 
 debted to the public officials of the different cities, who I 
 found not only willing to assist, in every way in their 
 power, but anxious to secure any information which 
 might be of service in securing for their cities a more 
 satisfactory and economical solution of these problems. 
 
 JOSEPH G. BRANCH. 
 St. Louis, March, 1906. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 MUNICIPAL AND OTHER WASTE. 
 
 The two forms of waste treated in this work include 
 only public waste in the form of refuse matter, and the 
 private waste of exhaust steam from the power plants 
 of citizens. 
 
 While both these forms of waste possess great value, 
 the first, or the waste of the city's refuse, is by far the 
 most important, for not only has it a much greater value, 
 but is the source of constant danger to the health of every 
 community. 
 
 Its value consists in its use as a fuel in incinerating 
 furnaces, and the clinker therefrom, and the further valu- 
 able products derived by the reduction of its ingredients 
 for grease and fertilizing purposes. Its danger lies in the 
 noxious odors given off from the time that it becomes 
 a refuse or waste until it is finally incinerated in high 
 temperature furnaces, or reduced by proper reduction 
 methods. 
 
 The term refuse includes all garbage, both from the 
 kitchen or market, dead animals, miscellaneous refuse, 
 street sweepings, and "night soil." 
 
 As the proper wording of contracts for disposal of 
 refuse will depend not only upon what the term refuse 
 includes, but upon its technical subdivisions, the follow- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 5 
 
 ing definitions will be of service not only in drawing con- 
 tracts for refuse disposal, but for city ordinances, which 
 will legally cover the subject. 
 
 By the term "garbage" is meant all refuse of animal 
 and vegetable matter which has been used as food for 
 man, and all refuse animal and vegetable matter which 
 was intended to be so used, and includes food condemned 
 by the proper public officials. 
 
 The term "dead animals" means all dead animals or 
 parts thereof, not intended to be used as food for man. 
 The term "night soil" means the contents of box privies, 
 except such as are established by contractors for tempo- 
 rary construction work, and human fecal matter deposited 
 on streets, alleys, avenues, roads and open lots. 
 
 The term "miscellaneous refuse" means all refuse from 
 places of residence and business except garbage, dead 
 animals, night soil and ashes. Household rubbish does 
 not include any material whatever in the nature of loom 
 or sand, wall paper, lumber, bricks, stone, plaster, or other 
 substance that may accumulate as the result of repairs to 
 yards and dwellings, or other building operations. Ma- 
 nure is not included under any of the above classes of 
 material. 
 
 The term "ashes" means ashes from coal and other 
 fuels, including such mineral substances as fallen plaster- 
 ing, etc., as may accumulate in connection with the ordi- 
 nary conduct of dwellings and places of business, but not 
 such as may accumulate as the result of building opera- 
 tions. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF INCINERATION. 
 
 The only valuable product of incineration is the clinker, 
 which is formed from the organic ingredients of the 
 refuse burned. 
 
6 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 The vapors and gases given off during incineration, 
 are not only of no value whatever, but injurious to health 
 unless completely consumed before being discharged into 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 EXHAUST STEAM WASTE. 
 
 The discharge of exhaust steam from non-condensing 
 engines and pumps, is the source of constant waste, as 
 steam in this form retains a great number of heat units. 
 
 While there is no danger to health, or injury other than 
 financial in its waste, if it cannot be utilized by the plant 
 itself for heating purposes, or, used again as condensation, 
 it should be sold to central heating plants at rates which 
 will make it a source of mutual profit. 
 
 VALUE OF REFUSE AND EXHAUST STEAM. 
 
 The value of refuse and its products, and that of ex- 
 haust steam for our many modern requirements, will 
 be gone fully into by me in the succeeding chapters, with 
 the hope that it will call public attention to the rich com- 
 mercial field hardly as yet entered by capital, and by so 
 doing afford luxuries to many which are now enjoyed by 
 but a few. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 INCINERATION AND REDUCTION. 
 
 Both the incinerating and reduction methods of refuse 
 disposal have been on trial in this country for the last 
 twenty years, and both methods to a large extent have 
 proved failures. This is not due to any defects in the 
 methods themselves, but alone due to the gross ignorance 
 displayed in their application and operation. To attempt 
 the incineration of refuse in a low temperature furnace 
 is as absurd as to expect any method of garbage reduc- 
 tion to be a success, without requiring the proper sorting 
 of all waste by the householder, and the hauling to the 
 reduction works of only such refuse as is capable of sani- 
 tary and economical reduction. 
 
 But it must be admitted that irrespective of what 
 method of reduction is adopted or how carefully the re- 
 fuse may be sorted, that reduction works have always 
 been, and will continue to be, a nuisance in any neigh- 
 borhood in which they are located. The very character 
 of the refuse which must be delivered to the works for 
 reduction, being dead animals and kitchen and market 
 garbage, must make it such, even with the most recent 
 improved methods of destroying the noxious odors by 
 passing them over live coals, or through high tempera- 
 ture furnaces. 
 
 But as such refuse has a greater value for the produc- 
 tion of grease or a fertilizer, than it has as a fuel, it should 
 
8 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 be sold, or properly reduced, and not destroyed by inciner- 
 ation. It is for this reason that at least one reduction 
 plant should be operated by the city, but located without 
 the city limits, or, in a locality where it cannot cause 
 complaint. As only 23 per cent of the refuse can be so 
 reduced, the remaining 77 per cent of the refuse should 
 be incinerated at plants conveniently located in different 
 sections of the city. 
 
 When dead animals and kitchen garbage is reduced by 
 private companies, as is now done in most cities, it is not 
 only a source of constant complaint, but of injury to the 
 health of all the citizens within its locality. 
 
 Unless incinerating plants can be made self-supporting, 
 companies operating reduction works will continue to 
 offer to municipalities the seemingly more advantageous 
 offer of reducing all the refuse for a term of years at 
 no expense to the city, but such offers always carry a 
 provision that the city must deliver all refuse to their 
 reduction works. 
 
 Public officials deem it necessary to protect themselves 
 by favoring any proposition which seemingly gives the 
 city something for nothing. In fact, ordinances in most 
 cities require that all contracts above a small amount shall 
 be awarded to the lowest bidder, regardless of merit, or 
 the ultimate cost or damages which may result. So long 
 as such laws remain in force, just so long will American 
 cities continue to be defrauded, and all public works be 
 botched and retarded. While it is possible for proposi- 
 tions to be made in all fairness to reduce all refuse at a 
 lower cost than can be offered by incinerating companies, 
 the actual cost to the city can never be as small, for the 
 reason that the length of the haul necessary to reach the 
 reduction works can never be one-half as short as that 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 to the incinerating plant. As the cost of collection con- 
 stitutes about 70 per cent of the total cost, the cost of 
 disposal necessarily becomes secondary to the cost of col- 
 lection. A reduction plant has always been and will 
 always be a source of complaint in any neghborhood, and 
 must therefore be removed to a locality distant from the 
 city, thereby requiring a long haul to it. As a garbage 
 wagon collects not more than \]/2 tons of refuse on a 
 trip, and as only, one trip can probably be made each day 
 from certain sections of the city to the reduction works, 
 . allowing $3.00 a day for a team, the great cost of collec- 
 tion, where reduction is employed, can be seen. While 
 under the contract, the disposal would cost nothing, its 
 collection would cost $2.00 per ton. 
 
 On the contrary, an incinerating plant, or plants, being 
 located in convenient sections of the city, would permit 
 the wagon to make six or eight trips per day, thereby 
 reducing the cost of collection to not more than 35 cents 
 per ton. 
 
 No reduction method will ever be devised which will 
 enable a company or city to make a profit out of the 
 refuse alone, for the analysis of the refuse of different 
 cities shows that it cannot be of sufficient value to pay 
 more than the expense of extracting those ingredients 
 which have any value. Such companies must therefore 
 rely upon a bonus paid by the city for their profit. 
 
 It is equally as true no incinerating plant can ever be 
 made a financial success without utilizing the waste heat 
 for some useful and profitable work. 
 
 There is hardly a civilized country on the globe, except 
 America, which has not incinerating plants in successful 
 operation, but they all utilize the waste heat for supplying 
 light and power, and in this way succeed in disposing of 
 
10 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 their refuse in both a sanitary and economical way. 
 
 Our country alone is just beginning to realize that there 
 is nothing which affects the health of a community more 
 than the sanitary disposal of its refuse, and that to do 
 this, incinerating plants must be installed by competent 
 engineers, and not by those whose only interest is a per- 
 sonal one. Incinerators of approved design must be in- 
 stalled by sanitary engineers who have made the subject 
 not a study of a few months, but of many years. 
 
 The 187 incinerators in successful operation in Great 
 Britain were built by high-class engineers, while not one 
 of the hundred of failures in this country were designed 
 or installed by an engineer of more than local reputation 
 with the one notable exception of W. F. Morse, whose 
 ability as a sanitary engineer is universally recognized. 
 
 The following report made by me contains the result 
 of my investigation of this most important subject to all 
 citizens alike : 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 Honorable Sanitary Committee, City Council, St. Louis. 
 
 GENTLEMAN : I respectfully submit for your consid- 
 eration the following official statistics collected by me of 
 garbage and refuse disposal in the different cities of this 
 country and Europe and Asia, together with a com- 
 parison of the reduction and incineration methods, both 
 as to their sanitation and cost. It is admitted by all en- 
 gineers, that England is at least fifty years in advance of 
 this country both in the collection and the disposal of its 
 garbage and refuse. It is further admitted that until 
 recently both the reduction and incineration methods 
 were in an experimental stage in this country. It was 
 only after the reduction method had been tried and failed 
 
AND LIGHT. 11 
 
 in England, was incineration adopted there, and to-day 
 there is not one municipal reduction plant in England, so 
 far as I have been able to ascertain, while there are 143 
 municipal incinerating plants in successful operation, 120 
 of which plants supply, without extra cost, their different 
 cities with electric lights, or power for their street rail- 
 ways, water works, or sewerage systems. In addition 
 to the above number of incinerating plants in England 
 alone, the three principal cities of Scotland, and the eight 
 large cities of Ireland, dispose of their entire refuse by 
 incineration. There is not a large city in Europe, South 
 America, Africa, India, or Australia, which does not do 
 likewise, and in every one of these different cities and 
 countries the waste heat from the incinerating furnaces is 
 utilized for municipal purposes of some description, 
 usually for electric lighting, pumping or mortar mills. 
 Owing to the prevalence of cholera in the far Eastern 
 countries, the question of the collection and disposal of 
 garbage w r as given for years their most careful consid- 
 eration, and the incinerating method finally adopted. Both 
 Calcutta and Bombay, India, employ incineration for 
 the disposal of their garbage with perfect satisfaction, 
 as well as Singapore, and even Shanghai, China, has an 
 incinerator now under course of construction. The adop- 
 tion of incineration for garbage disposal throughout the 
 world can be seen from the appended list prepared by me. 
 It will be further seen from the official data collected 
 by me, and which is also appended to this report, that 
 the average cost per ton for disposal of the refuse in the 
 English cities herein named is 26 cents, and in only six 
 of these cities does the cost of disposal exceed 40 cents 
 per ton. In Vienna, where the system of garbage reduc- 
 tion or utilization originated, it is not at present used, 
 
12 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 and I can ascertain no city in Europe which is at present 
 using the reduction method. 
 
 Official reports show conclusively, that the reduction 
 process has been a failure in every city in this country 
 which has tried same, and especially so in Denver, St. 
 Paul, Buffalo, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, New Bed- 
 ford, Reading, Pittsburg, Syracuse, Paterson and New 
 Orleans. 
 
 There is but one municipal reduction plant in operation 
 in this country, being the one at Cleveland, Ohio, and as 
 to what success this city is having, it is sufficient to say 
 that her sister city, Columbus, Ohio, is now having esti- 
 mates prepared for an incinerating plant, after having 
 tried the reduction method. 
 
 It has been repeatedly stated that the success of incin- 
 eration in England and foreign countries was no criterion 
 for American cities, as the composition of the refuse of 
 this country is entirely different, it being more moist, and 
 not having the same calorifc value. THIS IS INCOR- 
 RECT. Official analysis shows but little difference 
 where the WHOLE refuse is collected, which includes all 
 ashes, street sweepings and combustible waste, as is clone 
 in England and in other foreign countries. The refuse 
 of the average American cities is of the following com- 
 position : 
 
 By Weight. By Volume. 
 
 Garbage 13 per cent 18 per cent 
 
 Ashes . . 80 per cent 57 per cent 
 
 Rubbish 7 per cent 25 per cent 
 
 100 per cent 100 per cent 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 13 
 
 Ordinary kitchen garbage consists approximately of : 
 
 By Weight. 
 
 Animal and vegetable 20 per cent 
 
 Rubbish, cans, rags, etc 7 per cent 
 
 Grease 3 per cent 
 
 Water 70 per cent 
 
 100 per cent 
 
 To cook the raw garbage and separate it into the four 
 ingredients, i. e., rubbish, water, grease and fertilizer 
 material, is the object .of all reduction systems. The 
 rubbish itself, being tin cans, rags, etc., has scarcely 
 enough value to repay its separation, while the water has 
 no value at all. These two ingredients. compose 77 per 
 cent of all garbage, and the expense of their separation 
 constitutes the chief expense of all reduction plants. The 
 remaining 23 per cent is of value, and should not be de- 
 stroyed without some financial return, but it is equally as 
 true that the high temperature necessary for the com- 
 plete incineration of refuse should not be wasted up the 
 stack, but utilized for power or heating purposes. This is 
 apparent from repeated demonstrations that the waste 
 heat from a 150-ton incinerator will develop 1,200 horse- 
 power, the equivalent of 895 kilowatts of electric cur- 
 rent, and smaller incinerators in like proportions. The 
 loss from the failure to utilize this power would be greater 
 than the loss from attempting to reduce the entire city 
 refuse. The clinker which is left as a residuum forms 30 
 per cent of all the garbage and refuse incinerated, and this 
 by-product has a ready sale and is especially valuable for 
 street and paving purposes. The city of Memphis, Tenn., 
 
14 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 has twenty miles of her streets made from this clinker. 
 It makes a high-grade mortar, and is otherwise exten- 
 sively used. 
 
 Should this city collect all its refuse, including its 
 ashes and combustible waste, as can be done by ordinance, 
 there is not the slightest doubt but incineration will be a 
 complete success, the same as in all the above-named 
 cities, and at a cost not exceeding 15 cents per ton for its 
 disposal, provided the waste heat is utilized. But, to 
 attempt incineration without making use of the ashes, 
 which contain at least 20 per cent of coal, and conse- 
 quently of a high calorific value, and the further use 
 of all combustible waste, consisting of street sweepings, 
 boxes, etc., will render the cost excessive, and, indeed, 
 prohibitive, if the waste heat is not utilized. The per 
 cent of coal in the ashes in this country is much greater 
 than in foreign countries, making such waste more than 
 ordinarily valuable. 
 
 It has been clearly shown that where incineration failed 
 in this country, that it was due to improperly constructed 
 furnaces, and attempting to burn the wet garbage alone, 
 without the aid of the combustible refuse. This is as 
 great a mistake as to employ the reduction method, with- 
 out requiring a sorting of all refuse by the householder. 
 As only 23 per cent of the refuse of a city is capable of 
 reduction, it leaves the remaining 77 per cent to be dis- 
 posed of by incineration. Whether the city can best dis- 
 pose of this 23 per cent by selling the same outright, as 
 it is partially now doing, or by reducing it at its own 
 municipal plant, or by incinerating it with the other 
 refuse, is a question for the decision of your Honorable 
 Committee. Should the incinerating method be adopted, 
 either in part or for the entire refuse of the city, no 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 15 
 
 incinerator should be accepted, in my opinion, which does 
 not provide for the utilization of the waste heat under 
 boilers, should, at any time, it be desired to use same, and 
 I base my opinion upon the fact that of the 184 incinerat- 
 ing plants in successful operation, that there is not one 
 which DOES NOT UTILIZE THE WASTE HEAT in 
 this manner. I know of no method other than the use of 
 boilers, separate and distinct from the incinerator, which 
 is either practical, or will develop more power than is 
 merely necessary for the operation of the incinerator itself. 
 For such power purposes the use of water-jacketed fur- 
 naces is impractical, while the use of an auxiliary fur- 
 nace, as a stench destroyer, renders the use of boilers for 
 such purposes impossible, and is also antiquated. I know 
 of only three plants, out of the above number of 184 
 plants, employing such a stench destroyer, it being entirely 
 unnecessary in a properly built furnace. 
 
 As the cost of collecting the garbage and refuse con- 
 stitutes 70 per cent of the total cost, there should be at 
 least four incinerators located in different sections of the 
 city, or three incinerators and one reduction plant for the 
 animal and grease matter alone, thereby reducing as far 
 as possible the length of the haul. At present some of 
 the wagons are able to make only two trips a day, and 
 several only one trip. As the city at present is paying 
 about $40,000 annually for its lighting, in addition to 
 the expense of its own municipal plants, I would advise 
 the saving of this by having built properly constructed 
 furnaces, and utilizing the waste heat therefrom for 
 boiler power. 
 
16 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 BRITISH AND FOREIGN DESTRUCTORS AND 
 INCINERATORS. 
 
 As it was in England that the incinerator was first made 
 a complete success, it is to the English incinerator or 
 destructor, as it is there called, that we should look for 
 information and reasons for our numerous failures. 
 
 The first successful English incinerator was erected in 
 1876, at Manchester, by Mr. Alfred Fryer, and during 
 the thirty years intervening, this incinerator has been in 
 daily use and giving such perfect satisfaction, that there 
 is hardly a town or city in England, Scotland or Ireland 
 that has not now in successful operation, or in course of 
 erection, some type of an incinerator patterned after this 
 one. 
 
 In 1886, only ten years after the installation of the 
 Fryer iffcinerator, the Engle incinerator was installed in 
 this country, and yet today incineration here is not as 
 far advanced as it was thirty years ago in England. 
 We are still working with low temperature furnaces, 
 using natural draft and operating the plant with cheap 
 labor, all of which was discarded as improper by English 
 engineers at least fifteen years ago. The success of incin- 
 eration in England is due largely to the high class of the 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 17 
 
 engineers who have devoted their time and talents to what 
 has long been recognized the world over as a problem 
 requiring the highest class of engineering skill for its 
 solution. 
 
 The designor of the modern incinerating plant must 
 not only be a competent sanitary and mechanical engineer, 
 but an electric and steam engineer as well. 
 
 The trouble with us has been, not that we have no com- 
 petent engineers, but that they have not been called upon 
 by our cities for this class of work. 
 
 Following the successful test of the Fryer incinerator 
 at Manchester, other successful types were rapidly pro- 
 duced, and at present there are a dozen high-class com- 
 panies installing and remodeling incinerators throughout 
 the British islands. 
 
 Among the leading types of British incinerators which 
 are now in successful operation, are the Beaman & Deas, 
 the Fryer, the Heenan, the Horsfall, the Meldrum and 
 the Warner. 
 
 The following list of English and foreign cities employ- 
 ing incineration for the disposal of all refuse, with the 
 purposes for which the waste heat therefrom is utilized, 
 was compiled by me from the official data given in that 
 most thorough English work of W. F. Goodrich on 
 "Refuse Disposal and Power Production." 
 
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS 
 
 for 
 GARBAGE DISPOSAL AND POWER PRODUCTION. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Daily Cost 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Accrington 43,122 60 31 cts.Electric Lighting. 
 
 Aldershot 14,248 11 25 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Daily 
 
 City. Population Tons. 
 
 Ashton-imder-Lyne.. 43,890 30 
 Aston . . 77,310 75 
 
 Bangor 11,770 9% 
 
 Barry 27,000 25 
 
 Bath 49,821 45 
 
 Beckenham : 26,000 24 
 
 Batley 30,321 15 
 
 Birkenhead . ..111,102 180 
 
 Birmingham 522,204 400 
 
 Blackburn 129,216 130 
 
 Blackpool 50,330 . . . 
 
 Bolton 171,082 ... 
 
 Bootle 58,566 ... 
 
 Bournemouth 47,000 30 
 
 Bradford 279,767 240 
 
 Brentford . 15,613 14 
 
 Cost 
 
 per ton. Power Purposes. 
 23 cts. Electric Traction. 
 22 " Two Installations. 
 
 Mortar Mills and 
 
 Clinker Crusher 
 
 and Lighting. 
 32 " Electric Lighting. 
 28 " Mortar Mills. 
 27 " Mortar Mills 
 
 and Crusher. 
 42 " Electric Lighting. 
 30 " Electric Lighting. 
 21 " Two Installations. 
 
 Mortar Mills. 
 
 90 tons each. 
 
 19 " Four Installations. 
 
 Mortar Mills, Work 
 Shop, Machinery and 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 21 " Four Installations. 
 (1) 40-ton Mortar 
 Mills; (2) 15 ton 
 Work Shop; (3) 30- 
 ton Gas Works; (4) 
 45-ton Water Pump'g 
 
 30% " Four Installations. 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 20 " Four Installations. 
 
 Mortar Mills and 
 Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 22% " Mortar Mills and 
 Crusher. 
 
 18 ' No power available. 
 
 18 Four Installations. 
 
 Electric Lighting 
 and Works Purposes 
 " Sewerage Pumping 
 and Lighting. 
 
AND LIGHT. 
 
 19 
 
 Daily Cost 
 
 City. Population. Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Brighton ........... 124,539 72 31 cts. Mortar Mills. 
 
 Bristol ............ 328,842 108 22%" Mortar Mills. 
 
 Burnley ........... 97,044 70 . . " Two Installations. 
 
 Electric Lighting, 
 
 Fan Engine only. 
 Burstem ........... 38,766 25 29 " Two Installations. 
 
 Burton-onTrent ..... 50,386 45 32 " Works Purposes and 
 
 Water Pumping. 
 Bury .............. 58,028 ... 23 " Two Installations. 
 
 Buxton ............ 10,181 12 22 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Cambridge ......... 38,398 35 27 " No power available. 
 
 Canterbury ........ 24,868 20 26 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Cheltenham ....... 49,439 40 15 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Chesterfield ........ 27,185 25 15 " Mortar Mills. 
 
 Cleckheaton ....... 15,250 12 . . Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Colne ............ 23,000 18 21 " Electric Traction. 
 
 Croydon ........... 137,000 ..... Electric Lighting. 
 
 Three Incinerators 
 
 in course of con- 
 
 struction. 
 Dartford ........... 18,643 20 .. Electric Lighting 
 
 and Pumping. 
 Darwen ............ 40,000 35 24 " Electric Traction 
 
 and Lighting. 
 Derby ..... . ....... 113,863 ..... Two Installations. 
 
 Dewsbury ......... 28,060 28 28 " Mortar Mills. 
 
 Ealing ........ ..... 33,040 ..... 79-H.P. Sewerage 
 
 Pumping and Sludge 
 Eastbourne ........ 43,337 35 . . Natural draft, 
 
 3 B & W boilers. 
 Eastham .......... 100,000 ..... Sewerage Pump'g. 
 
 Experimental Power 
 
 Plant. 
 . Sewerage pumping 
 
 and Clinker Crushers 
 . Electric Lighting . 
 
 . Just completed. 
 
 Eccles ............ 34,369 30 
 
 Elland ............ . 10,412 
 
 Epson ............ . 10,915 
 
 10 
 10 
 
20 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Daily Cost 
 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 Fleetwood 12,082 12 .. cts. In course of erection 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 200-h.p. 600 amp. hrs. 
 
 Folkstone 30,G90 ... . . In course of erection 
 
 Garston, Electric Traction. 
 
 (City of Liverpool) . 18,710 25 . . 140-h.p. 400 amp. hrs. 
 
 Glancester 47,955 25 20 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Gosport 28,887 ... . . In course of erection 
 
 Gorton 28,000 ... . . In course of erection 
 
 Grantham 17,598 No data. 
 
 Grays 15,834 8 20 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Grovesend 27,196 25 . . Electric Lighting. 
 
 Great Grinsley 63,318 30 .. Mortar Mills and 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 Great Yarmouth 51,250 78 .. Natural Draft. 
 
 Handsworth 52,921 50 21 " Fans only. 
 
 Henley 61,599 60 . . Electric Works. 
 
 Hartle Pool 22,737 20 .. Fan Engine only. 
 
 Hastings 65,528 36 38 " Pumping Salt Water 
 
 Heckmondwike .... 11,000 ... 24 " Two Installations. 
 
 Works Purposes only 
 
 Hereford 21,328 10 18 " Sewerage Pumping 
 
 Heywood 25,461 25 . . Sewerage Pumping 
 
 Holyhead 10,079 10 . . Electric Light, not 
 
 complete. 
 Hornsbury 6,736 6 .. Sewerage Pumping 
 
 Not complete. 
 Hornsey 77,938 75 18 " Mortar Mills, 
 
 Clinker Crusher. 
 Huddersfield 95,047 70 .. Two Installations. 
 
 (1) 50 ton Works 
 
 Purposes. (2) 20-ton 
 
 Sewerage Pump. 
 Hall 240,739 135 30 " Two Installations. 
 
 (1) 45-ton Works 
 
 Purposes. (2) 20-ton 
 
 Lighting. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 21 
 
 Daily Cost 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Hunstanton 1,893 SVs 24 cts. Water Pumping. 
 
 (Smallest known Produces sufficient 
 
 power installation) steam to operate 
 
 modern pumping pit. 
 
 Hyde 32,766 30 28 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Ipswick 66,630 40 .. Electric Lighting. 
 
 Kettering 300,000 30 . . Electric Lighting. 
 
 Kingston 34,375 30 . . Work Purposes only. 
 
 Not yet in operation. 
 
 Lancaster 40,329 30 32 " Electric Traction. 
 
 Leamington 26,888 25 .. Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Lee'ds 428,968 ... 21 " Four Installations. 
 
 Works Purposes. 
 Leecester 211,581 180 17 " Four Installations. 
 
 Works Purposes. 
 
 Mortar Mills. 
 Levensulme 11,435 ... . . Now in course of 
 
 Construction. 
 Liverpool 710,737 Four Installations. 
 
 (1) Mortar Mills and 
 Works Purposes. 
 
 (2) Works Purposes. 
 
 (3) Works Purposes. 
 
 (4) Elec. Lighting. 
 
 Liversodge 13,980 13 . . Works Purposes. 
 
 Llandudno 9,310 15 31 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Longton 35,815 70 44 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Two Installations. 
 
 Lowesroft 29,850 28 23 " Mortar Mills. 
 
 Loughborough 21,508 40 28 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Two Installations. 
 
 Luytham 7,185 10 16 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Manchester 543,872 ... .. Mortar Mills and 
 
 Works Purposes. 
 
 Mansfield 21,445 21 .. Electric Lighting. 
 
 Mexborough 10,430 20 22 " Electric Lighting. 
 
22 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Daily Cost 
 City. Population. Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Morecambe 11,798 11 25 cts. Mortar Mills and 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 Moss Side 26,677 26 16 " Mortar Mills, 
 
 Works Purposes. 
 
 Nelson 32,816 30 24 " Electric Traction. 
 
 Newcastle 215,328 150 17 " Two Installations. 
 
 No power available. 
 
 Newmarket 10,686 9 22 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Northampton 87,021 80 . . Electric Traction. 
 
 Nottingham 239,753 ... .. Three Installations 
 
 Electricity. 
 
 Nuniation 15,246 15 20 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Oldham 137,238 120 57 " (1) Works Pur- 
 poses; (2) Clinker 
 Crusher, Mortar 
 Mills. (3) Public 
 Baths and Wash- 
 houses. 
 
 Padiham 12,005 12 44 " Works, Power and 
 
 Electric Purposes. 
 
 Pantypridd ........ 32,319 ... . . Power and Elec. 
 
 Purposes. 
 
 Plymouth 107,509 100 .. Three Installations 
 
 (1), (2), no 'data. 
 25 " (3) Elec. Traction. 
 
 Preston 112,989 108 23 " Three Installations. 
 
 Radcliff 25,368 26 20 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Ramsgate 27,686 26 . . Works Purposes. 
 
 Rawtenstall 31,053 28 .. Works Purposes. 
 
 Rhyl 8,473 16 32 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Rochdale 83,114 40 15 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Rhonda 117,000 16 62 " No power available. 
 
 Rotherham 54,348 40 25 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Royton 14,881 20 19 " Works Purposes. 
 
 St. Annes-on-Sea . . . . 6,807 6 32 " Works Lighting. 
 
 St. Helens 87,385 32 28 " Electric Traction. 
 
 St. Heliers 15 . . Forced Draught. 
 
AND LIGHT. 
 
 23 
 
 Daily Cost 
 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 Salford 220,957 ... .. cts. Five Installations. 
 
 No. data 1, 2, 3, & 4. 
 
 (5) Works Purposes. 
 
 Salisbury 17,117 16 30 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Shierness 14,492 10 24 " Water Pumping. 
 
 Sheffield 410,991 200 46 " Two Installations. 
 
 Works Purposes. 
 Shipley 26,000 25 21 " Electric Light, 
 
 Sewerage. 
 
 Smethwick 54,537 55 .. Not yet decided. 
 
 Southampton 107,833 70 59 " Two Installations. 
 
 Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Southport 48,083 40 28 " Gas Works. 
 
 Southwold 2,800 2 . . No power available. 
 
 Stafford 20,894 20 32 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Stockton on-Tees 51,478 20 18 " Mortar Mills. 
 
 Stoke-onTrent 30,800 30 .. Electric Lighting. 
 
 Stowbridge 16,302 No data. 
 
 Stretford 30,436 18 32 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Sudbury 7,109 5 . . Sewerage Purposes. 
 
 Swansea 94,615 No data. 
 
 Taunton 21,078 20 . . Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Taequay 33,625 25 19 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Tottenham 106,800 80 . . Electric Lighting. 
 
 Wakefield 51,544 40 .. Two Installations. 
 
 Electric Lighting, 
 
 Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Wallasey 55,000 40 22 " No power available. 
 
 Walker-onTyne 13,335 30 14 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Watford 29,023 40 . . Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Warrington 64,242 64 55 " Two Installations. 
 
 (1) Elec. Lighting. 
 
 (2) Sanitary Manure 
 Works. 
 
 Wellingborough .... 18,142 12 .. Electricity. 
 
 Wess Bridgeford 7,018 7 .. Sewerage Pumping. 
 
24 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Daily 
 
 City. Population Tons. 
 West Hartlepool 62,627 60 
 
 Cost 
 
 per ton. Power Purposes. 
 21 cts. Electric Light and 
 Works Purposes. 
 Two Installations. 
 
 Weymouth 19,831 16 .. Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Wimbledon 45,000 54 40 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Winchester 20,919 19 20 " No data. 
 
 Withington 36,032 36 16 " Sewerage Pumping. 
 
 Wolverhampton 94,187 ... .. Works Purposes. 
 
 Worthing 22,617 ... . . No data. 
 
 Wrexham 14,966 35 .. Electric Lighting. 
 
 York 77,914 Works Purposes. 
 
 SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 
 
 Ayr 28,697 30 . . Electric Lighting. 
 
 Edinburgh 316,793 60 59 " Forced Draught. 
 
 Glasgow 781,000 400 .. Six Installations. 
 
 No data 1, 2, 3. 
 
 (4) Works Purposes. 
 
 (5) Forced Draught. 
 
 (6) Works Purposes. 
 
 Gourock 5,261 5 20 " Fan Engine. 
 
 Govan 82,174 80 24 " Works Purposes. 
 
 Paisley 79,363 62 19 " Mortar Mills, Two 
 
 Forced Draught. 
 
 Partick 54,298 42 39 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 Port Glasgow 16,857 25 .. Not yet determined. 
 
 Belfast 348,965 100 18 " Fan Engine. 
 
 Dublin 265,000 25 19 " Mortar Mill, 12-h.p. 
 
 Pembroke 25,524 12 23 " Electric Lighting. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Montreal . 
 
 267,516 
 
 No data. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 25 
 
 Daily Cost 
 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Bahia . . cts. No data. 
 
 Buenos Ayres .. No data. 
 
 (Argentine) 
 
 Georgetown .. No data. 
 
 (British Guinea) 
 
 Manaos . . No data. 
 
 (State of Amazonas) 
 
 Para (Brazil) No data. 
 
 Pernambucco 26 .. Mortar Mills. 
 
 (Brazil) 
 
 Peru . . No data. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 Brussels . . Work Purposes. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Copenhagen .. Lighting Purposes. 
 
 Gibraltar 15 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Berlin . . No data. 
 
 Hamburg 30 .. Forced Draught. 
 
 Monaco 30 .. Forced Draught. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 Paris No data. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 Zurich . . Electric Power. 
 
 The incinerating plant recently installed in this city contains 
 two boilers supplying steam at high pressure. Forced draft is 
 used. The refuse contains from 30 to 40 per cent incombustibles. 
 
26 
 
 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Daily Cost 
 
 City. Population Tons, per ton. Power Purposes. 
 
 Durban (Natal) .. cts. No data. 
 
 Bloemfontein . . No data. 
 
 (Orange River Colony) 
 
 East London . . No data. 
 
 (Natal) 
 
 Johannesburg 120 . . No data. 
 
 (Transvaal) 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Melbourne (South) .. No data. 
 
 Melbourne . . No data. 
 
 (Victoria) 
 Toowoomba No data. 
 
 (Queensland) 
 Sydney . . No data. 
 
 (New South Wales) 
 Ammandale & Leichard . . No data. 
 
 (Sidney) 
 
 (New South Wales) 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Christchurch .. Electric Lighting. 
 
 Wellington . . No data. 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Calcutta . . No data. 
 
 Bombay j . . No data. 
 
 Karachi . . No data. 
 
 Madras .. No data. 
 
 THE FAR EAST. 
 
 Singapore . . No data. 
 
 (Straits Settlements.) 
 
 CHINA. 
 Shanghai No data. 
 
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HEAT AND LIGHT. 29 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 AMERICAN INCINERATORS. 
 
 During the last twenty years there has been installed 
 in American cities about twenty different types of incin- 
 erators, and it must be admitted that not one has proved 
 a complete success. 
 
 One of the first types of incinerators installed was the 
 Engle, which was installed at Des Homes, Iowa, as an 
 experiment in 1886, and subsequently installed in some 
 dozen or more American cities with varying success. 
 
 During the succeeding twenty years, the following are 
 some of the types installed, with their principal installa- 
 tion, viz. : the 
 
 Brown incinerator at Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Brownlee incinerator at Terre Haute, Ind. 
 
 Burns incinerator at Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Ainderson incinerator at Chicago, 111. 
 
 Dixon incinerator at Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 McKey incinerator at Yonkers, N. J. 
 
 McGiehan incinerator at Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Reder incinerator at Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Smith-Siemens incinerator at Atlantic City, N. J. 
 
 Smith-Vivarttas incinerator at Scranton, Pa. 
 
 The failure of these and other types was due to their 
 improperly constructed furnaces and the lack of sufficient 
 draft, rendering it impossible to maintain the necessaiv 
 high temperature for the complete incineration of refuse 
 
30 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 In none of these furnaces could a temperature much above 
 1000 degrees F. be obtained, while the complete in- 
 cineration of refuse requires a constant temperature of 
 2000 degrees, owing to mixed refuse containing from 
 70 to 80 per cent moisture. 
 
 The construction of all these incinerators was imperfect 
 in requiring the wet refuse to be charged direct into the 
 furnaces without first drying same, either upon a drying 
 hearth, or in an intermediary furnace. The result was 
 that the heated fire-brick were quickly cooled off by each 
 successive charge, thus keeping the temperature of the 
 furnace too low for perfect combustion, and soon causing 
 the incinerator to be declared a nuisance. The charging 
 of the dripping refuse on the highly heated brick further 
 soon cracked them, requiring constant repairs and mak- 
 ing the incinerator a most expensive and unsatisfactory 
 method of disposing of the refuse. 
 
 Natural draft was alone employed in all these incinera- 
 tors, and, in fact, is still being exclusively used by the 
 American incinerator constructors, they having failed to 
 profit by their numerous failures. 
 
 With natural draft it has been repeatedly demonstrated 
 that it is impossible to maintain a sufficiently high temper- 
 ature in any character of furnace for refuse disposal, how- 
 ever perfect may be the construction of the furnace itself. 
 For complete combustion a high temperature must be 
 used, that is, a temperature of 2000 degrees F., and to 
 maintain this high temperature a mechanical draft must 
 be employed, either forced or induced, or both. Only 
 when the present designor or constructor of incinerators 
 in this country recognizes this well-known fact, will in- 
 cineration cease to be an experiment with us. 
 
 .The American engineer leads the world in whatsoever 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 31 
 
 he undertakes, and when the task of installing properly 
 constructed incinerating plants is placed entirely in his 
 hands by municipalities, then only will the health of the 
 citizens and the interest of the taxpayers be protected, the 
 same as is done in all other countries. 
 
 Incineration in this country has now passed through 
 those stages through which it was forced to pass in other 
 countries before it became the only successful method of 
 refuse disposal, and with our many past failures as a 
 lesson the time has arrived when it can be likewise made 
 a success in this country. 
 
 A great deal of work and money has been and is now 
 being expended with this object in view, and for a city 
 to now consider any other method of refuse disposal is 
 to invite further delays, and the waste of public money. 
 The following are some of the leading American com- 
 panies who have, or will ultimately produce a successful 
 incinerator for the disposal of American refuse: 
 
 Decarie Manufacturing Co., of Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Dixon Garbage Crematory Company, of Toledo, Ohio. 
 
 Engle Crematory Co., of Des Moines, Iowa. 
 
 Lester-Vanderlip Furnace Co., of New York City. 
 
 Lewis & Kitchen, of Chicago, 111. 
 
 Morse-Boulger Destructor Co., New York City. 
 
 National Equipment Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering Co., New York City. 
 
 The following official reports from leading American 
 cities give the present method adopted by them for dis- 
 posing of their waste, and with what success. 
 
 From these reports it can be seen that the future suc- 
 cess of waste disposal in this country depends upon the 
 incineration of all the combustible waste, and the reduc- 
 tion of the remainder. 
 
32 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 LIST OF AMERICAN CITIES REPORTING 
 
 THEIR PRESENT METHOD OF 
 
 REFUSE DISPOSAL. 
 
 Akron, Ohio. 
 Alton, 111. 
 Apalachicola, Fla. 
 Allegheny City, Pa. 
 Antigo, Wis. 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 Atlantic City, N. J. 
 Allentown, Pa. 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Brunswick, Ga. 
 Boulder, Colo. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Brownsville, Tex. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Corsicana, Tex. 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Champaign, 111. 
 Cleveland, O. 
 Covington, Ky. 
 Concord, N. H. 
 Danbury, Conn. 
 Deadwood, S. D. 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Evansville, Ind. 
 Evanston, 111. 
 Fort Dodge, la. 
 Fort Wayne, Ind, 
 
 Houston, Tex. 
 Hornellsville, N. Y. 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Joliet, 111. 
 Keokuk, la. 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 McKeesport, Pa. 
 Memphis, Tenn. 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 New Castle, Del. 
 New York, City of. 
 .Oskaloosa, la. 
 Pensacola, Fla. 
 Prescott, Ariz. 
 Paterson, N. J. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Portland, Ore. 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 Raleigh, N. C. 
 Richmond, Va. 
 Reading, Pa. 
 Skowhegan, Me. 
 Santa Rosa, Calif. 
 South Bend, Ind. 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 33 
 
 CITIES REPORTING METHOD OF REFUSE DISPOSAL,. 
 (Continued.) 
 
 Salem, O. Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Tyrone, Pa. 
 
 South Framingham, Mass. Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Staunton, Va. Vincennes, Ind. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. Washington, D. C. 
 
 Troy, N. Y. Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Tampa, Fla. Waterbury, Conn. 
 
 Two Harbors, Minn. Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 AI/TON, ILL. Population, 14,210 
 
 All garbage is sewered into the Mississippi river. 
 
 ALLENTOWN, PA. Population. 35,416 
 
 A Dixon garbage crematory was installed in this city 
 in 1892, guaranteed to consume 25 tons of garbage every 
 24 hours. It is claimed that it will only consume about 
 18 tons in that length of time, and it is stated that there 
 is a law suit pending relative to its inefficiency. 
 
 ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY. Population. 27,838 
 
 All garbage is disposed of by incineration, the plant 
 being operated by the Atlantic Products Co., which com- 
 pany has a contract with the city both for the collection 
 and disposal of all garbage, and it is stated is giving sat- 
 isfaction. 
 
 ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. Population, 129,896 
 
 All garbage disposed of by the reduction method, the 
 plant being operated by the Allegheny Garbage Co. un- 
 der contract with the city, and it is stated is giving satis- 
 faction. 
 
34 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 AKRON, OHIO. Population, 42,728 
 
 Uses neither incineration or reduction, but all garbage 
 collected and disposed of by private company. 
 
 ATLANTA, GA. Population, 115,000 
 
 This city disposes of all its refuse by incineration, hav- 
 ing tried in the past 15 years several types of incinerators 
 with more or less success. 
 
 The first incinerator erected by the Dixon Crematory 
 Company was erected in this city in 1896, under a con- 
 tract with the city by which the plant was to be operated 
 one year before payment by the city. 
 
 While it is reported to have rendered excellent service 
 during the year, the cost of its operation was considered 
 excessive by the city. 
 
 In 1905 the city installed a Decarie Incinerator, which 
 is reported to be giving satisfaction during the short time 
 it has been in operation. 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. Population, 560,892 
 
 Under a contract with the New England Sanitary Pro- 
 duct Co., which has a reduction plant on Spectacle Island. 
 Boston Harbor, all garbage is collected by city teams and 
 dumped at the water front into scows, which are towed 
 by this company to its plant. During the year 1904 the 
 city delivered 48,373 loads, averaging 2,500 Ibs. per load, 
 to this company. 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. Population, 352,219 
 
 This city disposes of its garbage proper by reduction 
 and its waste by incineration. The garbage is collected 
 and disposed of by the reduction process under a contract 
 calling for the payment of $2.19 per ton. The Buffalo 
 Sanitary Co. reduces all the garbage by the so-called 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 35 
 
 "Merz" system. For the fiscal year ending July 1, 1905, 
 there was collected a total of 6,599 loads, weighing 23,- 
 701.7 tons, at a cost to the city of $51,905.32, or 13 cents 
 per capita, for the collection alone. (U. S. Census, 1900.) 
 
 REFUSE DESTRUCTION. 
 
 On the other hand, the city collects miscellaneous refuse 
 and has installed a refuse destroyer of the crematory 
 type. The refuse is hauled to this destroyer, sorted, such 
 recovery made as is possible, and then run on the belt 
 into the furnace. The heat produced is used to operate 
 a sewage pumping plant. The city has decided to erect 
 two other destroyer plants. As the heat from these 
 plants will not be taken for power, garbage will be de- 
 stroyed in them. When these plants are in operation, 
 the garbage will be collected and hauled to the municipal ' 
 destroyers under contract at $1.55 per ton. During the 
 year ending July 1, 1905, the city collected 181,000 cubic 
 yards of refuse at a cost of $67,986.68. 
 
 COST OF COLLECTING ASHES. 
 
 The city collects all ashes. The cost of hauling, dur- 
 ing the last year, was 31 cents per cubic yard. The 
 amount collected was 184,000 cubic yards and the total 
 cost $57,159.21. Commissioner Ward states that this 
 item of ash collection is causing the city considerable 
 worry because of the expense of hauling the ashes from 
 apartment houses, office buildings, hotels, etc. The Com- 
 mon Council has decided that, after January 1, 1906, the 
 municipal collection shall be "a civic domestic collection 
 and is not intended to be extended to commercial trades 
 or manufacturing institutions." 
 
36 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 The total expense for the year ending July 1st for 
 ashes, rubbish and garbage was $177,051.21, or, ap- 
 proximately, 44 cents per capita. 
 
 CREMATION FAVORED. 
 
 Commissioner Ward thinks that Buffalo will have 
 adopted the best system when it has established its own 
 destroyers and provided for collection under the contract 
 system. 
 
 Mr. Ward also states that in Buffalo they^ consider 
 cremation a better system than reduction because the re- 
 duction system creates a nuisance and requires the loca- 
 tion of a plant in the suburbs. This, in turn, adds very 
 greatly to the cost of the hauling. 
 
 THE MODEL CITY. 
 
 As I consider that the city of Buffalo has at present the 
 best system of collection and disposal of all its refuse of 
 any city in this country, I give the report of the Hon. 
 Francis G. Ward, Commissioner, verbatim, viz. : 
 
 "Garbage is hauled to the Baynes Garbage Crematory 
 at Cheektowaga, and reduced under the 'Merz' system. 
 
 Refuse is hauled to the City Destroyer on Main and 
 Hamburg Canal site, and, after recovery of the valuable 
 portion, destroyed in furnace. 
 
 Cost of collection, haulage and disposal of garbage, 
 $2.19 per ton. 
 
 Three separate collections are required : Ashes, Refuse 
 and Garbage. 
 
 Total cost of collection and disposal of garbage alone, 
 $60.000.00, equal to 15 cents per head (400,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Census, 1906). 
 
 This work is done under contract with the Buffalo San- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 37 
 
 itary Company, who have a contract for a period of five 
 years, ending July, 1908, at the following rates : 31c. cubic 
 yard for collection and disposal of ashes, 37j^c cubic 
 yard for collection and disposal of refuse, $2.19 per ton 
 for collection and disposal of garbage." 
 
 BRUNSWICK, GA. Population, 9,681 
 
 The city uses an incinerator for the disposal of dead 
 animals and excrement from water closets which are out- 
 side of the sewerage limits. The plant was installed by 
 the Engle Sanitary & Cremating Co. in 1889. Garbage 
 and waste is burned in the open air on low places and 
 the ashes are used for filling in same. All destructible 
 matter being burned, the tin cans, broken glass, etc., be- 
 come heated red hot and so purified, before being used 
 for filling in purposes. The incinerator is giving satis- 
 faction for the purpose it is used. 
 
 BOISE CITY, IDAHO. Population, 5,957 
 
 The city disposes of its garbage principally by dump- 
 ing it into the river. 
 
 BALTIMORE;, MD. Population, 508,957 
 
 All garbage disposed of under a contract with the Bal- 
 timore Sanitary Contracting Co., which company employs 
 the Arnold-Edgerton reduction process, using 28 digest- 
 ors of 10-ton capacity each, and seven steam roller presses. 
 The contract with this company includes the collection 
 of ashes, miscellaneous refuse, dead animals and garbage, 
 as well as the reduction of the latter, for which they get 
 a lump sum of $200,000 per annum. 
 
 From the sanitary point of view, it is claimed that their 
 reduction plant has given perfect satisfaction to the mu- 
 nicipal authorities, but when separated from the collec- 
 
38 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 tion part of the contract, that it is not financially profitable, 
 as the cost of reduction is out of proportion to the value 
 of the tankage. 
 
 Under their contract this company handles about 30,- 
 000 tons of garbage per annum which costs to reduce 
 $1.15 per ton. As this cost of disposal is included in that 
 of collection, it is therefore claimed that the contract is 
 not profitable. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. Population, 1,698,575 
 
 This city has not yet been able to introduce the incin- 
 eration system of disposing of its garbage. Sometime 
 ago a small reduction plant was built at the Chicago 
 House of Correction, as an experiment. Only a small 
 amount of garbage was disposed of at same. The city 
 dumps all refuse into a drainage canal, which discharges 
 into Des Plaines river; 1,500 tons daily. 
 
 BOULDER, COLO. Population, 6,150 
 
 All garbage disposed of by dumping and then burning 
 same. Other methods too expensive. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, ILL. Population, 9,098 
 
 All garbage conveyed by the city to a dumping ground, 
 where it is burned. Other methods too expensive. 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. Population, 325,902 
 
 All garbage reduced by the Cincinnati Reduction Co.,- 
 under a five-year contract w f ith the city. 
 
 The Cincinnati Reduction Co. have the contract for 
 the collection and disposal of all garbage, the system used 
 being the Detroit Liquid Separation system. The com- 
 pany claims that they are satisfied with their contract, 
 and from reports received they are giving satisfaction 
 to the city. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 39 
 
 , OHIO. Population, 381,768 
 
 On Jan. 1, 1905, the city purchased from the Newburg 
 Reduction Co. its entire plant and collection equipment, 
 and since that time has been engaged in collecting and dis- 
 posing of its own garbage. The price paid was $87,500, 
 including fifty acres of land surrounding the plant. 
 
 Collections in the down-town or business section of the 
 city are made daily, and in the outlying districts from two 
 to three times per week. Householders are required to 
 put the garbage in water-tight metal cans and place the 
 same at a convenient point in the back yards, from which 
 the collector takes it and empties it into iron water-tight 
 wagon boxes. It is then hauled to a central loading sta- 
 tion on the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, where by means 
 of an electric crane the box is lifted from the wagon and 
 placed upon a specially constructed railroad car and ship- 
 ped to the plant located at Willow, Ohio, a distance of 
 eight miles from the city. It is then hoisted from the car 
 and dumped upon the receiving floor of the plant, after 
 which it is shoveled into the digestors (of which there are 
 14), each holding five tons to a charge. Steam is then 
 turned on, and when the garbage is cooked it is removed 
 from the bottom of the digester, and by means of a belt 
 conveyor placed upon small cars and taken to the hy- 
 draulic presses where the liquids are squeezed out. This 
 is then pumped to a vat and the grease skimmed off the 
 top. The solids are conveyed to the dryer, and when 
 dried and screened, are placed in sacks for shipment to 
 fertilizing companies. This material brings about $7.00 
 per ton. The grease is sold to soap manufacturers at 
 about 3c per pound. 
 
 Prior to 1905 the city paid the contractor $69,400 per 
 
40 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 year for the collection and disposal of garbage. This 
 year the council appropriated but $60,000 for this work. 
 The sale of by-products have netted the city about $5,000 
 per month. The city has spent about $10,000 for addi- 
 tional equipment and increase of plant, and are erecting 
 an addition to the present plant of 60 tons per day capac- 
 ity, which addition was designed and is being erected by 
 the Edson Reduction Machinery Co. 
 
 CORSICANA, TEX. Population, 9,313 
 
 The city has had in operation for the last 10 or 12 years 
 an incinerator with complete success. All night soil, 
 carcasses and garbage is consumed in it without odor, 
 and at a most moderate cost. 
 
 COVINGTON, KY. Population, 42,938 
 
 All garbage is disposed of in an incinerator built by 
 the Dixon Crematory Co. It is stated that the process 
 is fairly satisfactory, 
 
 DAU.AS, TEX. Population, 42,638 
 
 The city operates a Dixon incinerating plant for the in- 
 cineration of dead animals and all refuse which would be 
 objectionable on their dumping grounds. No night soil 
 is incinerated. For the purposes used, it is stated that 
 the plant is satisfactory. 
 
 EVANSVII^E, IND. Population, 59,007 
 
 The city has operated since 1896 an incinerator built 
 'by the Eagle Sanitary and Crematory Co. at a cost of 
 $9,000. The furnace is an extra No. 4, with a capacity 
 of 45,000 cubic yards per day. It is used solely for com- 
 bustible refuse from stores and residences, consuming 
 about eight tons per day. The plant has proved entirely 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 41 
 
 satisfactory. It is stated that only when the atmosphere 
 is heavy is there any smell from the plant, and then not 
 to an extent to cause objection. 
 
 EVANSTON, IivL. Population, 19,259 
 
 The city formerly operated an incinerating plant built 
 by the John Pearce Co. as an experimental plant, in which 
 only garbage and kitchen waste was destroyed. It is 
 stated that while the above garbage was destroyed with- 
 out any complaint as to odors, that the city found the 
 cost of operation was too high, as the heat was not util- 
 ized. The city has now all waste removed four miles 
 from city limits and plowed under, using part of same as 
 feed for swine. 
 
 FORT DODGE, IOWA. Population, 12,162 
 
 The city uses a dumping ground for its waste, as the 
 
 expense of any other method was found to be prohibitive. 
 
 FORT WAYNE, IND. Population, 45,115 
 
 The city operates an incinerating plant which was built 
 by the Dixon Crematory Co. in 1896 at a cost of $8,000. 
 In 1903 the building was partially destroyed by fire and 
 was rebuilt and its capacity increased, at a cost of $2,600. 
 Formerly natural gas was used for fuel, but owing to 
 the failure of same, for the past two years coal has been 
 used, which has increased the cost of operation. Only 
 what is strictly classed as garbage is so destroyed, and 
 it is stated that the plant has met all the requirements 
 guaranteed, and is giving satisfaction. 
 
 The city makes a contract once a year for the collection 
 and delivery of all garbage (except hotels, restaurants, 
 public boarding houses and saloons) at the incinerating 
 plant. The householder is required to provide proper re- 
 ceptacles for the garbage. 
 
42 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 No attempt has been made to utilize the waste heat. 
 The following report shows the cost of collection and dis- 
 posal for the year of 1904 : 
 
 Total number of loads collected 2,481 
 
 Number of working days 306 
 
 Average loads per day 8.11 
 
 Number of tons hauled by city wagons 4,953 
 
 Number of tons hauled by other wagons 2,216 
 
 Total number of tons incinerated 7,169 
 
 Average tons per day 23.44 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Salaries, attendants $1,713.33 
 
 Salaries, collectors 4,300.00 
 
 Salaries, scavenger 576.00 
 
 Coal 1,584.31 
 
 Repairs to wagons and tools 194.02 
 
 Fire brick, clay, lime, etc 366.73 
 
 Castings 113.05 
 
 Grate bars 138.28 
 
 Horse for scavenger 110.00 
 
 Horse feed 25.00 
 
 Gas 11.36 
 
 Repairs to building 10.95 
 
 Hose 10.50 
 
 Chain . 4.95 
 
 Miscellaneous 17.65 
 
 Total $9,176.13 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 43 
 
 INDIANAPOLJS, IND. Population, 169,164 
 
 The reduction method is used in this city. The plant 
 was installed in 1897 by the Chamberlain Co. and is 
 located at Seller's farm. A local company known as 
 the Indianapolis Dessicating Co. has charge of the haul- 
 ing of the garbage. It is stated that the reduction method 
 has given satisfaction to the city, though both incinerator 
 and reduction have recently been under consideration. 
 
 JouET, Iiviv. Population, 29, 353 
 
 All refuse is disposed of by incineration, the plant be- 
 ing erected by the Dixon Crematory Co. in 1900. Since 
 that time it has been run continuously with the exception 
 of three or four days' shut-down each year for the purpose 
 of making repairs of fire-clay brick. For operating the 
 plant two men are employed for the entire year at $1.75 
 per day each. The city appropriates $300.00 per annum 
 for coal and a like amount for repairs for furnace. The 
 average cost of collecting and delivering the garbage to 
 the incinerating plant is 71 cents. It is estimated this 
 could be reduced one-half if the plant was more centrally 
 located, instead of outside the city limits. An average 
 of eight tons of garbage per day, which is half the capac- 
 ity of the furnace, is destroyed, about 100 pounds of coal 
 being used to a ton of garbage. 
 
 Report for December, 1905, shows average cost of 
 operation of this plant as follows : 
 
 Garbage hauled by city carts 173 J4 tons 
 
 Rubbish hauled by merchants and pkg. house 22^ " 
 
 Total amount consumed 195 J4 " 
 
 Ashes hauled to near-by dumps 969 " 
 
 Total amount of tons handled 1164 J4 " 
 
 Amount of coal consumed. , 5 1-3 " 
 
44 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Average amount coal per ton garbage 54J4 Ibs. 
 
 Loads of paper, collected and destroyed (one 
 
 cart only) 148 Ids. 
 
 Loads of street sweepings collected 367 
 
 Cats cremated 3 
 
 Dogs cremated 55 
 
 Horses cremated 7 
 
 Los ANGERS, CAL. Population, 102,497 
 
 This city is at present installing a Decarie incinerating 
 
 plant which is expected to be in operation by Feb. 1, 1906. 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. Population, 41,497 
 
 This city disposes of all its garbage by the Davis in- 
 cinerator, which is reported to be giving satisfaction. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY. Population, 204,731 
 
 An incinerating plant was installed by the Dixon Cre- 
 matory Co., but was closed by injunction upon the claim 
 that it was a nuisance before the plant was operated suf- 
 ficiently long to determine anything as to its merits. 
 
 Judgment was rendered for the plaintiff in the lower 
 court and affirmed by the Court of Appeals. 
 
 It was claimed that the contractor guaranteed to dis- 
 pose of 80 tons per day, but actually disposed of only 
 about 30 tons at a cost of about $35.00, or $1.16 per ton. 
 
 By some it was claimed that the process itself was at 
 fault, while others contended that the entire trouble was 
 due to the fact that the householders would not separate 
 the ashes, etc., from the garbage, though there was an 
 ordinance compelling proper separation. It was stated 
 that the contractor operated the plant for six months and 
 then discontinued it, the city purchasing the plant for 
 $22,000, and after ten days' trial, compelled to shut it 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 45 
 
 down by order of the court. It was claimed that the 
 odors emanated from the plant were noxious and offen- 
 sive, so that the city lost a suit for damages. 
 
 It is generally believed that the process of separation 
 \vas largely responsible for the odors and not due to any 
 defect in the plant itself, but the plant was finally aban- 
 doned in April, 1891, and the city since that time has been 
 dumping its garbage in the low lands. Individuals may, 
 if they so desire, haul away their own garbage, but gar- 
 bage must be brought to one of the regular city "dumps." 
 
 The hauling of garbage, ashes, rubbish, etc., is done by 
 the Street Cleaning Department, the total cost for hauling 
 being about 53 cents per load. 
 
 The carcasses of dead animals are sold to a contractor, 
 who buys same outright from the owner, the average 
 price paid for horses being about $3.00. 
 
 MILWAUKEE, Wis. Population, 285,315 
 
 This city disposes of its garbage by incineration; the 
 plant being erected by the Engle Sanitary and Cremation 
 Co. 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Population, 202,718 
 
 This city uses the Decarie incinerating system, and 
 reports that it is disposing of its garbage in a sanitary 
 manner. 
 
 McKEESPORT, PA. Population, 34,227 
 
 The city operates its own incinerating plant, which is 
 giving satisfaction. The incinerator was installed by 
 the Clinton Foundry & Machine Co. 
 
 MEMPHIS, TENN. Population, 102,320 
 
 For some time past all garbage has been incinerated, 
 while it is reported to have been a very satisfactory 
 
46 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 disposition of the garbage, the cost of keeping the incin- 
 erators in repair has been so great that the city is now 
 considering the question of dumping the garbage into the 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 The incinerators now in use were installed by the 
 Dixon Crematory Co. and it is stated, except for the fact 
 that they are so much injured by the heat that they are 
 very satisfactory. 
 
 NEW YORK, N. Y. Population, 3,437,202 
 
 There are two incinerators at work in this city for the 
 disposal of light refuse, by which is meant waste paper, 
 old furniture, etc., etc. At the largest plant 150 loads 
 are disposed of daily, while at the smaller plant, there 
 are about 100 loads. 
 
 The Sanitary Utilization Company disposes of about 
 880 tons of garbage or food waste per day. This is done 
 by means of digesters and compressors. The grease or 
 fatty substance is extracted and the residue utilized for 
 fertilizing purposes. The incinerating plant is located at 
 Forty-seventh street, North river, furnishing light for the 
 new Williamsburg bridge. This plant cost $31,000 and 
 the electric lighting station $50,000. The incinerator has 
 a capacity of 350 cart loads of 7 cubic yards every 24 
 hours, each load weighing about 1,000 Ibs., and the heat 
 derived therefrom operates the 400 h. p. installation of 
 boilers. 
 
 The incinerator is housed in a one-story building 70x 
 150 feet with a front space where the rubbish carts dis- 
 charge their loads on a metallic conveyor. This carries 
 forward the rubbish between sorting boxes, where the 
 material is trimmed or sorted by hand as it passes. The 
 unmarketable rubbish remaining on the conveyor is car- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 47 
 
 ried over the cross wall and discharged from the con- 
 veyor upon a fire-proof platform, above the furnaces. 
 
 The street sweepings carts drive up a roadway on the 
 outside of the building at the rear to a fire-proof plat- 
 form and there deposit their load. The material depos- 
 ited on the platform by the conveyors and the street- 
 sweeping carts is pushed into hoppers which empty into 
 the furnaces. The hot gases of combustion pass through 
 a horizontal flue into the stack, the rubbush burning with- 
 out the aid of any other combustible. When steam is to 
 be generated the gases are sent through the boilers, and 
 thence to the stack. 
 
 Steam from the boilers is carried through an 8-inch 
 main steam line to the electric lighting station, a building 
 20 feet away, with outside dimensions of 50x60 feet, 
 in which is installed three engines, each engine direct 
 connected to a generator supplying 240 volts current. 
 There is one feeder for station building lighting, one for 
 incinerator building lighting, and five feeders for bridge 
 service, with the probability of other feeders being added, 
 all of the feeders carrying light to some part of Greater 
 New York. 
 
 The incinerator is constructed of red brick lined with 
 fire brick, in which a temperature of 2,000 degrees Fahr. 
 is maintained. Natural draft is used, the stack being 
 114 feet in height. From a test, it was found that one 
 pound of refuse Would evaporate 1.5 pounds of water, 
 producing 232.7 h. p. per hour. 
 
 The city bears the entire expense of the collection of 
 all refuse. 
 
 The driver of a garbage wagon is assigned to a sped- 
 
48 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 fied route, the average length of which is approximately 
 one mile. He is required to remove all ashes, garbage 
 and street sweepings on his route. The garbage is col- 
 lected between certain hours in the morning, and the 
 ashes and street sweepings are gathered during the re- 
 mainder of the day. His hours are from 6 :30 a. m. 
 until his route is cleaned. If he gets through before 4 
 p. m. his route is increased. 
 
 The ashes are put outside the house in one can, and 
 the garbage placed outside in another can. 
 
 The paper cart driver collects the light rubbish along 
 his route. Each house is supplied with a "P. and R." 
 card, which is displayed in a place where it may be easily 
 seen by the driver. The displaying of this card means 
 that there is light rubbish in the house for which the 
 driver is to call. 
 
 There are 1,316 drivers in Manhattan, the Bronx and 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 The horses travel an average distance of 20 miles each 
 day. The driver is not allowed to trot his horse. 
 
 GARBAGE; CART. 
 
 The ideal style of ash and garbage cart is one that 
 will hold a proper size load; that is water-tight on sides 
 and bottom; that is strong and light; that will tip at the 
 dumping boards ; that will prevent the ashes from blow- 
 ing about the streets when loading and going to the 
 dumping place. Every wagon should be thoroughly 
 cleaned and disinfected with hot water each trip. 
 
 The apparatus used by the city of St. Louis, described 
 in this work, is giving perfect satisfaction for such work. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 49 
 
 THE SALABLE ARTICLES RECOVERED AT A 
 
 NEW YORK REFUSE DISPOSAL STATION. 
 
 Material Sold from 18th Street Yard in 1899. 
 
 Manila paper, pounds 461,385 
 
 Newspaper, pounds 905,301 
 
 Mixed paper, pounds 442,866 
 
 Strawboard, pounds 587,208 
 
 Mixed wrapping paper, pounds 635,136 
 
 Books, pounds 18,620 
 
 Woolen rags, pounds 18,617 
 
 White rags, pounds 41,450 
 
 Mixed rags, pounds 116,550 
 
 Black rags, pounds 200,495 
 
 Bagging, pounds 48,055 
 
 Twine, pounds 21,070 
 
 Soft back carpet, pounds 18,795 
 
 Hard back carpet, pounds 79,820 
 
 Wool carpet, pounds 3,915 
 
 Linsey carpet, pounds 7,180 
 
 Rough cloth and old coats, pounds 20,945 
 
 Stockings, pounds 4,600 
 
 Shoes (bulk), pounds 38,160 
 
 Shoes, pairs 1,435 
 
 Siphons . . 603 
 
 Siphon heads 21 
 
 Quarts 1,995 
 
 Lagers 18,759 
 
 Sodas 7,751 
 
 Weiss 104 
 
 Iron (scrap), pounds 80,800 
 
 Mixed bottles, barrels 350 
 
 Hats 2,100 
 
50 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SALABLE ARTICLES RECOVERED. (Continued.) 
 
 Curled hair, pounds 765 
 
 Copper, pounds 4-94. 
 
 Zinc, pounds 2,090 
 
 Brass, pounds 1,607 
 
 Lead, pounds 303 
 
 Rubber shoes, pounds 4,712 
 
 Rubber mats, pounds 2,712 
 
 Rubber hose, pounds 1,255 
 
 Rubber (white), pounds 1,090 
 
 Hair cloth, pounds 400 
 
 Large bottles, pounds 64 
 
 Tin cans, loads 12 
 
 Excelsior, pounds 260 
 
 Bed springs 16 
 
 Mattresses 36 
 
 Brushes, dozen 1 
 
 There were 116,000 persons in this district, including 
 the occupants of all classes of city buildings, dwellings, 
 tenement houses, department stores, shops, factories, etc. 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA. Population, 321,616 
 
 The city, lets a contract annually to the American Re- 
 duction Co. for the removal of all garbage, the cost ap- 
 proximating $160,000 annually. 
 
 PORTLAND, OREGON. Population, 90,426 
 
 The city operates an incinerating plant for the destruc- 
 tion of all garbage, which was installed seven years ago 
 by the Engle Co., but it is reported not to be giving sat- 
 isfaction, being too wasteful of fuel. The cost is checked 
 daily by use of a pair of platform scales, and will average 
 not less than $1.60 per ton to destroy. Between twenty 
 and thirty tons are destroyed daily. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 51 
 
 The city has now under consideration the purchase of 
 a more economical incinerator. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. Population, 1,293,697 
 
 All garbage is disposed of by reduction, under a con- 
 tract with the American Product Co., which company 
 employs the "Arnold system improved" process of reduc- 
 tion. It is reported that the process is giving satisfaction. 
 The cost for removal and disposal of garbage for the 
 year 1905 was $560.000. For 1904 the contract price 
 was $536,700, and 224,256 tons were handled. 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. Population, 85,000 
 
 This city has in operation an incinerator installed by 
 the Eagle Sanitary Co., guaranteed to destroy 75 cubic 
 yards of miscellaneous garbage, refuse and dead animals 
 each day, which capacity is 15 loads of one cubic yard 
 each at one time, and the daily capacity is calculated to 
 be sufficient to destroy all the present daily collection of 
 the city, including summer, when the quantity is greater 
 than the above amount. 
 
 RALEIGH, N. C. Population, 13,643 
 
 The city owns a farm of 200 acres near the city, on 
 which it has sanitary headquarters, as well as stables. 
 All garbage waste is dumped on this farm, which is car- 
 ried on as a farm on a small scale. There is sufficient 
 grain raised on same to provide feed for the stock. 
 
 READING, PA. Population, 78,961 
 
 All garbage is disposed of by reduction, which plant 
 was installed three years ago by the Reading Sanitary 
 Reduction Co., employing the Eddgerton system. The 
 plant is located three miles outside the city limits, and is 
 reported to be a profitable investment. This company 
 both collect and reduce the garbage for $2.24 per 
 
52 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 net ton, the city paying the expense of the weighmaster 
 and furnishing the scales. This work comes directly 
 under the supervision of the Department of Garbage and 
 the Citv Engineer. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAI^. Population, 450,000 
 
 The Sanitary Reduction Co. have been operating an 
 incinerating plant under a contract with this city since 
 1896. By city ordinance all character of refuse is re- 
 quired to be delivered at this plant, the company under 
 their contract receiving 20 cents per cubic yard for the 
 incineration of same, and the city and county receiving 
 2 per cent rebate. 
 
 The ordinances under which this contract was let, and 
 those providing for the collection and delivery of all 
 refuse at this plant, and prohibiting the dumping of gar- 
 bage on the streets, highways, empty lots and waterways, 
 were the subject of litigation for several years, being 
 tried in U. S. Circuit Court, approved by the U. S. Court 
 of Appeals, and finally affirmed by the U. S. Supreme 
 Court, fully sustaining the legality of the ordinances. 
 
 The franchise of this company grants to it the exclusive 
 right of cremating and disposing of all garbage produced 
 in San Francisco, with the privilege of charging the above 
 named price of 20 cents per cubic yard, which means a 
 charge of 60 cents per year for every household, business 
 house or hotel in that city, or about 15 cents per capita, 
 allowing- four persons to a family, as can be seen from 
 the following data : 
 
 In the year 1894 there were by statistics in San Fran- 
 cisco 99,659 houses, 17,660 of these houses being one 
 story, the balance two, three, four, five and higher story 
 houses, and there were 23,591 stores, saloons, factories, 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 53 
 
 laundries, hotels, shops, mills, etc. This would make the 
 cost of entire refuse disposal 4J4 cents per month for 
 each, or 57 cents per annum. For the year 1905, the num- 
 ber of residences had increased to 198,865, making for 
 that year 60 cents per annum, the price paid for the burn- 
 ing of all garbage from the smallest cottage to the largest 
 hotel. 
 
 For the year 1905 the total cost of refuse disposal was 
 as follows, viz. : 
 
 For burning all refuse $46,388.26 
 
 City and county for taxes 564.21 
 
 Legal expenses defending suit in U. S. Supreme 
 
 Court 1,516.20 
 
 City and county 2 per cent of gross receipts 
 
 for burning garbage 1,175.76 
 
 Office expenses and directors' fee 1,780.00 
 
 Depreciation of plant 10,000.00 
 
 Total $61,424.43 
 
 Leaving net earnings 2,365.87 
 
 Total $63,700.30 
 
 At 20c per cubic yard, and allowing 3.87 cubic yards 
 to a wagon holding \]/ 2 tons, this would make the cost 
 of incineration about 51 cents per ton. 
 
 In spite of the violent opposition, this company has 
 disposed of all waste, irrespective of its character, with 
 satisfaction to the citizens and the approval of the city 
 officials. 
 
 The company has never paid a dividend upon the capi- 
 tal of $500,000 invested. For ten years, it is stated, that 
 these stockholders have been without any interest for their 
 
64 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 money, but it is generally admitted that this company has 
 not only been the means of giving the city a good sanitary 
 system, but also of providing work for several hundred 
 laborers. 
 
 The company is so well satisfied with the success of 
 incineration that they have now under consideration the 
 building of a more modern incinerating plant, in order 
 to utilize the waste heat therefrom, for power and electric 
 lighting. When this is done, there can be no doubt but 
 that this company will meet with the financial success it 
 evidently deserves. 
 
 SAVANNAH, GA. Population, 54,244 
 
 The Engle system of incineration was used for quite 
 a time. It is reported that the results were not thoroughly 
 satisfactory, and after the plant was fairly worn out, it 
 was abandoned. 
 
 The city garbage and waste is now taken out of the 
 city on special cars by the electric railway, to the poor 
 farm of the county, where it is handled by convict labor. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, CAT,. Population, 6,673 
 
 The city incinerates its garbage in a plant built by 
 itself, in which only the dry garbage is burned. They 
 do not attempt to burn the kitchen garbage, and the plant 
 in a small way is reported to be satisfactory. 
 
 SOUTH, BEND, I ND . Population, 35,999 
 
 The city disposes of its garbage by incineration in a 
 plant built by the Dixon Crematory Co. It is reported to 
 be satisfactory to date. 
 
 STAUNTON, VA. Population, 7,289 
 
 Staunton does not dispose of its garbage by reduction 
 
 or incineration. The matter as to what is the best dis- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 55 
 
 position to make of garbage and waste has given the city 
 officials no little trouble of late. 
 
 ST. Louis, Mo. Population, 700,000 
 
 At present the city is disposing of all its refuse by 
 dumping it on Chesley Island, which is an island in the 
 Mississippi River, 15 miles below the city, where it is 
 fed to swine. 
 
 The present cost of collection and disposal is estimated 
 as follows : 
 
 Amount of refuse collected per annum 70,000 tons. 
 
 Cost of collection at $1.67 per ton $116,900.00 
 
 Cost of disposal at one dollar per ton $ 70,000.00 
 
 Total annual cost for handling refuse $186,900.00 
 
 An ordinance providing for the incineration of all 
 refuse has been approved by the Board of Public Im- 
 provements, and is now pending in the City Council. 
 
 Until 1902 the city disposed of all its refuse under a 
 contract with the St. Louis Sanitary Co., which company 
 employed the Merz process of reduction. 
 
 This contract was annulled by the courts. 
 The reduction works of this company, it is stated, origi- 
 nally cost $275,000, including the land. The daily aver- 
 age capacity of the plant was 226 tons. It contained the 
 following machinery: 
 
 Twelve 125 horse power horizontal tubular boilers ; 
 One 250 horse power Corliss engine; 
 One 36 horse power engine and one 250 three c. p. light 
 
 dynamo ; 
 
 One 60 horse power fan engine; 
 
 One 75 horse power engine for bone mill and screens ; 
 Three duplex pumps, capacity 525,000 gallons; 
 
56 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Two small pumps, capacity 225,000 gallons; 
 Five No. 8 Garden City fans ; 
 Sixteen Eureka driers ; 
 
 Four Preston digesters, 8^ feet diameter by 14 feet high ; 
 Eight garbage receiving tanks ; 
 
 One Otis engine and elevator; mill screens, conveyors, 
 elevators, rectifying tanks, oil pumps, etc. 
 
 The city paid this company for the disposal of all its 
 refuse at a stipulated price per 100 Ibs. irrespective of the 
 character of the same. 
 
 It is claimed that with the best business management, 
 and no expense spared in its operation, that the company 
 could barely make expenses. 
 
 SYRACUSE, N. Y. Population, 108,374 
 
 For almost ten years the green garbage collected in the 
 city has been treated by a reduction process known, as the 
 Holthaus system. The plant is operated by the Syracuse 
 Reduction Co., a private corporation, which is under con- 
 tract to reduce all of the garbage delivered at the plant 
 by the city for an annual charge of $26,000,00. It is 
 stated that the plant successfully disposes of all of the 
 garbage produced in the city, the collection varying from 
 35 tons daily in the winter, to upwards of 50 tons in the 
 summer. 
 
 TAMPA, FI<A. Population, 15,839 
 
 The city has in operation an incinerating plant of 25 
 tons capacity, erected by the Decarie Mfg. Co. 
 
 TRENTON, N. J. Population, 73,307 
 
 The city is operating at the present time an incinerating 
 plant installed by the Davis Garbage Furnace Co., which 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 57 
 
 consists of two furnaces of 25 tons capacity each, which 
 plant has been in operation five years, and it is stated giv- 
 ing entire satisfaction. 
 
 TROY, N. Y. Population, 60,651 
 
 The city has disposed of its garbage for the past twelve 
 years, using the Brown furnace. It is still in good re- 
 pair, and it is stated that the work is satisfactory in every 
 way. 
 
 TYRONE, PA. Population, 5,847 
 
 The city sewers all garbage into the river, and it is re- 
 ported they will continue to do so until stopped, which is 
 not feared for some time to come. 
 
 UTICA, N. Y. Population, 56,383 
 
 The reduction system is operated by a contractor, 
 Henry Stappenback, the Arnold system being used, and 
 it is reported has always given good satisfaction. 
 
 VINCENNES, IND. Population, 10,249 
 
 The city uses a reduction plant installed by Kellersohn 
 & Wirth, which plant is operated by a private company. 
 All garbage, including animal matter, is reduced. Night 
 soil is not reduced. The plant is working satisfactorily. 
 
 WHEELING, W. VA. Population, 38,878 
 
 The city owns and operates an incinerating plant, 
 which was originally installed by the Dixon Crematory 
 Co., but it has been remodeled on different lines several 
 times since. 
 
 WATERBURY, CONN. Population, 45,859 
 
 The city disposes of its garbage, etc., by means of an 
 incinerating plant, which was installed by the Bridgeport 
 Boiler Co., using the Smith furnace. 
 
58 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 WILMINGTON, DEX. Population, 76,508 
 
 The city operates an incinerating plant for the disposal 
 of its garbage, which was built at a cost of about $20,000 ; 
 the maintainance of which is about $15,000 per annum. 
 
 A Brown incinerator is used, and the evident source 
 of this great expense is the brick lining of the furnace 
 and the use of an auxiliary furnace. 
 
 The city has now under consideration the abandonment 
 of the incineration method, and the installation of a re- 
 duction plant. 
 
 The city is operating the incinerating plant, but has 
 in contemplation the letting out of the reduction proposi- 
 tion on contract. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. Population, 278,718 
 
 The city has tried various methods and systems for 
 disposing of its garbage. The first incinerator installed 
 was the Brown incinerator. This one burned down and 
 a Smith incinerator was installed. Both of these it is 
 stated failed to give satisfaction and w r ere discontinued. 
 
 The city then dumped into the Potomac river until 
 stopped by the City of Alexandria. For four years the 
 garbage was then dumped on a farm and used as a fer- 
 tilizer, until the State of Maryland prohibited same. 
 
 At present all garbage is disposed of by the Chamber- 
 lain process of reduction under a contract with the Wash- 
 ington Fertilizer Co. Ashes and other waste are depos- 
 ited on the public dumps described below. 
 
 Paper and other saleable refuse is disposed of at the 
 picking plant recently erected by the contractor for the 
 collection and disposal of that class of waste, while the 
 non-saleable waste material, other than ashes, is burned 
 at the above picking plant. The cost and method of op- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 59 
 
 eration can be seen from the following extracts taken 
 from the annual report of the superintendent, for the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1905 : 
 
 Statistical Summary. 
 
 PUBLIC DUMPS. 
 
 Number, maximum to minimum 11-8 
 
 Street sweepings received, loads 25,845 
 
 Ashes received, loads 72,680 
 
 Earth received, loads . . . '. 42,937 
 
 Total loads received 141,462 
 
 Total cost $4,876.72 
 
 Cost per load of material received 0.0345 
 
 The dumps controlled by this department decreased 
 from 16 to 11 in 1904, and from 11 to 8 in 1905. Even 
 with the limited number now in use there is almost con- 
 stant opposition manifested on the part of neighboring 
 property owners, and a recurring agitation for the re- 
 moval of all department dumps to points distant from the 
 city. This has heightened, and will continue to do so, 
 the contract price for the removal of ashes, as well as, 
 directly, our own cost of street and alley cleaning. With 
 the marked outward spread taken by Washington's pop- 
 ulation in the past ten years our hauls have been corre- 
 spondingly increased, and within another five years it 
 may be necessary to use street railway transportation to 
 outlying parts of the District from temporary storage sta- 
 tions within the city proper. 
 
 To overcome, so far as is possible, our manifest disad- 
 vantages over the excavation contractors who offer clean 
 earth to owners of low lands, I am restricting the dump- 
 ing privileges to such private carters only as bring in 
 ashes reasonably free from paper and other rubbish. The 
 
60 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 new ash-removal contract also provides, on the part of 
 householders, for a strict separation from the ashes of 
 tin cans, old kitchen ware, boxes, and the like, all of 
 which in the past have constituted the chief cause of the 
 unsightly appearance of our clumps and the unpopularity 
 of ashes as a good filling material. In addition, an at- 
 tempt has been made to improve the appearance of the 
 present dumps by covering unsightly slopes so that veg- 
 etation could secure a start, and by burying objectionable 
 material under fresh deposits of clean ashes smoothly 
 leveled off. 
 
 CITY REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL. 
 
 This estimate is made up as follows, the amounts set 
 opposite the five different classes of refuse being the 
 actual rates of the contracts entered into under authority 
 of the act approved January 27, 1905 : 
 
 Collection and disposal of garbage $78,400.00 
 
 Collection and disposal of dead animals 2,360.80 
 
 Collection and disposal of ashes 54,000.00 
 
 Collection and disposal of miscellaneous refuse 16,500.00 
 Collection and disposal of night soil 16,500.00 
 
 Incidental expenses : 
 
 Livery 2 horses and buggies for inspectors. 480.00 
 Repairs to bicycles, stationery and printing 100.00 
 
 Total $168,340.80 
 
 The lowest bids received were much higher than the 
 old contract prices. Compared with the expenditures in 
 the past fiscal year they show an increase of $69,270, or 
 about 70 per cent. Of this sum, $14,000 represents in- 
 creasing the ash collections from once to twice weekly 
 
AND LIGHT. 61 
 
 during the winter months. A detailed comparison with 
 the old contract prices is shown by the following table : 
 
 Increase 
 
 Classes. 1905. 1906. (_|_) or de- 
 
 crease ( ). 
 
 Miscellaneous refuse 
 
 Ashes 
 
 Night soil 
 
 Garbage and dead animals 
 
 Total 
 
 $8,000.00 $16,500.00 
 
 29,979.00 
 
 17,000.00 
 
 a43,511.00 
 
 54,000.00 
 16,500.00 
 80,760.80 
 
 98,490.00 167,760.80 
 
 4_$8,500.00 
 _f_24,021.00 
 
 500.00 
 
 _)_37,249.80 
 _|_69,270.80 
 
 (a) Contract price of $51,600, less $8.089 in rebates to June 30, 1905. 
 
 Over $37,000 of the total increase is for garbage and 
 dead animals. The present contractor has unquestionably 
 lost money, and, whether because of this or of poor man- 
 agement, the service rendered during the five years of the 
 contract has been notably poor. The bidders on the col- 
 lection and disposal of ashes had to face the ever-growing 
 scarcity of dumps and the much greater hauls necessi- 
 tated. It is estimated that at the end of five years there 
 will not be a piece of ground left nearer than Bennings 
 on which ashes will be permitted by the owners or by 
 the organized bodies of citizens in the neighborhood. It 
 is also a fact that about 25 per cent of the householders 
 have not availed themselves of the ash service. This in- 
 crease is liable at any time to be thrown upon the con- 
 tractor as prices for private collection rise and as the con- 
 tractor's service under the new specifications is made reg- 
 ular and efficient. Other reasons applying to all the in- 
 creases are : The normal growth in population in the 
 five years since the present contracts were let and a 
 marked spreading out of this population to parts of the 
 District of Columbia outside the old boundary ; the higher 
 prices for labor and the greater cost of feed and supplies ; 
 the fact that the former contracts for ashes and rubbish 
 are the first ever entered into by the District, and that the 
 
62 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 householders in general were slow in availing themselves 
 of the public service; and, finally, that the new specifica- 
 tions were advisedly made more rigid in the determina- 
 tion to secure a better character of service throughout. 
 The following is the form of notice used : 
 NOTICE TO HOUSEKEEPERS. 
 
 GARBAGE, ASH AND REFUSE COLLECTIONS. 
 
 Street Cleaning Department, 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 SIR : In order to secure and maintain a satisfactory 
 collection service, it is necessary that you comply strictly 
 with the following synopsis of article 14 of the police 
 regulations. Thereafter, please report promptly to this 
 office any failure on the part of the contractor. 
 
 HARRISON STIDHAM, Superintendent. 
 
 Definitions. "The word 'garbage,' wherever it occurs 
 in these regulations, shall be held to mean the refuse of 
 animal and vegetable food stuffs, except oyster and clam 
 shells from business places." 
 
 "The term 'ashes' shall be held to mean ashes from coal 
 and other fuels, and will include such mineral substances 
 as fallen plastering, etc., as may accumulate in connec- 
 tion with the ordinary conduct of dwellings, but not such 
 as may result from building operations." 
 
 "The term 'miscellaneous refuse,' under these regula- 
 tions, means all rubbish and refuse (other than ashes, 
 garbage, dead animals, and night soil) incident to the 
 ordinary conduct of the household. It will be held to 
 include discarded floral decorations, Christmas greens, 
 and small branches from shrubs and vines, but not any 
 cut grass ; nor does it include loam, wall paper, or other 
 
AND LIGHT. 63 
 
 substance that may accumulate as the result of repairs to 
 yards and dwellings or of other building operations." 
 
 Receptacles. Garbage shall be placed in tight metal re- 
 ceptacles, having a cover and handle, of a capacity of not 
 less than 3 nor more than 10 gallons. 
 
 Ashes shall not be placed in receptacles other than 
 metal, of a capacity of not less than 10 nor more than 24 
 gallons, nor in more than one receptacle containing less 
 than 20 gallons. 
 
 Miscellaneous refuse shall be placed in suitable recep- 
 tacles that can be easily handled by one man. Paper and 
 other light refuse, likely to be scattered or blown about, 
 if bundled, tied, sacked, or otherwise properly secured, 
 need not be placed in receptacles. 
 
 Garbage, ashes, and refuse must be kept dry. 
 
 Accessibility. Receptacles containing garbage, ashes, 
 and refuse shall be made easily accessible to the collect- 
 ors on collection days between the hours of 7 a. m. and 
 6 p. m. The term "easily accessible," as herein used, 
 means that receptacles shall be placed on the premises at 
 or near the rear or side gate, if collections are made from 
 the rear or side, and in front areaway or other convenient 
 place near to the front entrance, if collections are made 
 from the front. 
 
 General instructions. "Owners and occupants of 
 premises having street and alley entrances, and from 
 which material is to be removed, shall place and cause 
 to be kept placed conspicuously at the side and rear alley 
 entrance thereof, the street and number designations in 
 letters and figures, respectively, not less than 2 inches in 
 height, so as to be easily read." 
 
64 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 "No person shall alter, deface, remove, or destroy, any 
 name of any street or number required to be displayed 
 J>y these regulations." 
 
 "Receptacles containing garbage, dead animals, ashes, 
 or miscellaneous refuse shall not be placed or left for col- 
 lection upon any sidewalk, street, avenue, alley, or public 
 place in the District of Columbia." 
 
 "It shall be unlawful to place or cause to be placed to- 
 gether in the same receptacle two or more of the above 
 classes of material, and where such mixture results it 
 shall be properly separated by the occupant of the prem- 
 ises." 
 
 "Any person violating any of the provisions of this ar- 
 ticle shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine 
 of not less than one nor more than forty dollars." 
 
 
 1905. 
 
 1904. 
 
 Garbage and dead animals: 
 Garbage collected and disposed of, tons. . 
 Dead animals collected and disposed of, 
 number 
 
 36,417 
 9 593 
 
 32,282 
 9 432 
 
 Contract price, collection and disposal. . . 
 Extra services 
 
 $51,600.00 
 $120 00 
 
 $51,600.00 
 $88 00 
 
 Deductions 
 For neglect 
 
 $3 692 00 
 
 $723 00 
 
 For rebate, at 50 cents per ton 
 
 $8 208 68 
 
 $6 141 00 
 
 
 
 
 Total deduction . . 
 
 $11 900 68 
 
 $6 864 00 
 
 
 
 
 Net cost to District 
 
 $39 819 32 
 
 $44 824 00 
 
 Cost per ton, removal of dead animals 
 included 
 
 $1 09 
 
 n39 
 
 Ashes: 
 Loads by District contractor only .... 
 
 22 794 
 
 17 257 
 
 Cubic yards ditto 
 
 91 176 
 
 69 028 
 
 Contract price, collection and disposal. . . 
 Deduclions for neglect 
 
 $29,979.00 
 $591 00 
 
 $29,979.00 
 $176 00 
 
 Net cost to District 
 
 $29,388 00 
 
 $29,803.00 
 
 Cost per cubic yard, collection and dis- 
 posal 
 
 $0.32 
 
 $0.43 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 1905 
 
 | 1904 
 
 Miscellaneous refuse: 
 Bags of paper by District contractor. . . . 
 Cubic yards of trash received from pri- 
 vate haulers 
 
 155,416 
 14 294 
 
 139,215 
 (a) 
 
 Contract price, collection and disposal.. 
 Deductions for neglect 
 
 $8,000.00 
 $89 00 
 
 $8,000.00 
 $17 00 
 
 Net cost to District 
 
 $7 91100 
 
 $7 983 00 
 
 Cost per bag of paper collected an'd dis- 
 posed of 
 
 $0 051 
 
 $0 057 
 
 Night soil: 
 Privies cleaned . ... 
 
 26 483 
 
 20 819 
 
 Contract price, collection and disposal. . . 
 Deductions for neglect 
 
 $17,000.00 
 $24 00 
 
 $17,000.00 
 None 
 
 Net Cost to District 
 
 $16,976.00 
 
 $17,000 00 
 
 Cost per privy cleaned 
 
 $060 
 
 $0 82 
 
 Ashes and rubbish from District buildings : 
 Loads removed 
 
 3 378 
 
 2 427 
 
 Cubic yards 
 
 6 756 
 
 4 854 
 
 Contract rate per cubic yard 
 
 $0 38 
 
 $0 34 
 
 Total cost, distributed among the Dis- 
 trict departments availing themselves 
 of this service. . 
 
 $2.567.00 
 
 $1.650.00 
 
66 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SOME RECENT INCINERATOR BIDS WITH 
 ACCOMPANYING GUARANTEES. 
 
 GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. Bids opened Nov. 27. 1905. 
 
 DECARIE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 Mil i n cap o Us, Mil i n . 
 
 (1) New steel building, with one Double Decarie 
 Patent Garbage Incinerator, of 80 tons capac- 
 ity per day of 24 hours, together with a down- 
 draft furnace with steam-producing appliances, 
 guaranteed to develop 600 horse power $45,000 
 
 (2) Old building, with one Double Decarie Pat- 
 ent Garbage Incinerator, of 80 tons capacity 
 
 per day of 24 hours $40,000 
 
 Guaranteed to dispose of "kitchen garbage, combusti- 
 ble refuse and rubbish and dead animals * * * with- 
 out emitting from the smoke stack or incinerator any 
 noxious odors or gases, and at a cost per ton not to ex- 
 ceed fifty (50) cents, including labor and fuel." 
 City must pay on contract : 
 
 50 per cent within 8 days after delivery of material. 
 40 per cent when plant is completed and ready to op- 
 erate. 
 10 per cent when plant is accepted. 
 
 THE: DIXON CREMATORY COMPANY, of Toledo. O. 
 
 (1) Remodeled present crematory, installing a 
 Dixon Direct Draft Garbage and Refuse Cre- 
 mator, of 40 tons capacity per day of 24 hours. .$16,398 
 
 (2) Remodeled present crematory, installing a 
 Dixon Forced Draft Steam-producing Garbage 
 
 and Refuse Cremator, of capacity as above. . . . 25,100 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 67 
 
 (3) A new fire-proof building, installing a Dixon 
 Forced Draft, Steam-producing Garbage and 
 Refuse Cremator, of capacity as above 36,480 
 
 (4) A new building, installing a Dixon Direct 
 Draft Garbage and Refuse Cremator, of capac- 
 ity as above 19,824 
 
 Guaranteed to dispose of "mixed miscellaneous gar- 
 bage, kitchen offal, refuse, slops, dead animals, animal and 
 vegetable matter, condemned fruits, combustible waste, 
 etc., etc., in a sanitary and inoffensive manner." 
 City must pay on contract : 
 
 50 per cent upon delivery of the material. 
 
 40 per cent upon completion of plant. 
 
 10 per cent after test and acceptance. 
 
 LESTER- VANDERUP FURNACE Co v of New York City. 
 
 Three Lester- Vanderlip garbage destructors, 
 of capacity of 80 to 120 tons per day of 12 
 hours, with three 150 h. p. water tube boilers, 
 with flues, blowers, fans, etc., for producing 
 4,000 net h. p. per day, at actual cost, plus 
 $5,055.19, the actual cost guaranteed to be 
 within 5 per cent of estimate, $20,217.95. 
 Total estimate $25,273.14 
 
 New building to be constructed by city accord- 
 ing to plans furnished, at estimate cost of. . 20,000.00 
 
 Engines, dynamos and building to be con- 
 structed by city for generation of electric 
 current for 250 lamps of 350 watts each for 
 12 hours per day, at estimated cost of 22,000.00 
 
 Total cost of plant estimated at $67,273.14 
 
68 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Guaranteed "to incinerate 80 tons of house refuse 
 garbage, trash and dead animals in 12 hours * * * * 
 without the use of any fuel other than the garbage and 
 refuse, and to accomplish this without odor or smoke at 
 a labor cost not to exceed 38 cents per ton." 
 
 Every thirty days city must draw warrant for money 
 expended, and pay the $5,055.19 final payment within 
 thirty days after the plant is completed. 
 
 LEWIS & KITCHEN, of Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 New fire-proof building, with one garbage crematory of 
 capacity of 80 to 100 tons per day : 
 
 "S" type, proposal "A" $18, GOO 
 
 "S" type, proposal "B" 21,000 
 
 "B" type, proposal "C" 19,533 
 
 "B" type, proposal "D" 21,933 
 
 Series burning type, proposal "E" 21,140 
 
 Series burning type, proposal "F" 23,540 
 
 Cost of incineration per ton, "A," 45 cents; "B," 35 
 cents; "C," 45 cents; "D," 35 cents; "E," 40 cents; "F," 
 30 cents. 
 
 The crematories are arranged so that while one division 
 is being operated for combustion at high temperatures, 
 one or two others are used for drying. 
 
 SANITARY ENGINEERING COMPANY, of New York City. 
 
 A new building, with crematory of 80 tons capac- 
 ity per day of 16 hours $35,000 
 
 "The cost of operation shall not exceed 50 cents a ton 
 for garbage and swill incinerated," when crematory, or 
 one pair of cells, is burning at full capacity. If sewer con- 
 nection is provided, cost will be reduced by 30 cents per 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 69 
 
 ton of fluid drained off. "The cost of incinerating mis- 
 cellaneous refuse shall be less than that of incinerating 
 igarbage." 
 
 City must provide for "payments of reasonable 
 amounts" during the progress of the work, and the bal- 
 ance within thirty days after the tests have been com- 
 pleted. 
 
 RACINE, Wis. Bids opened Jan. 13, 1906. 
 For a 2 5 -ton incinerator. 
 
 Morse-Boulger Co., New York, N. Y., $9,900. 
 
 Smead & Co., Cincinnati, O., $5,650. 
 
 Decarie Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. (2 bids), $14,- 
 128 and $13,464. 
 
 Lester- Vanderlip Furnace Co., New York, N. Y., 
 $12,000. 
 
 Dixon Garbage Crematory Co., Toledo, O. (5 bids), 
 $9,860, $9,905, $8,830, $8,758 and $6,998. 
 
 Lewis & Kitchen, Chicago, 111. (4 bids), $6,450.. $7,650, 
 $7,460 and $8,020. 
 
 Sanitary Eng. Co., New York, N. Y. (3 bids), $9,127, 
 $7,150 and $10,630. 
 
 LEXINGTON, KY. Bids opened Jan. 4, 1906. 
 For a 50-ton incinerator. 
 
 Dixon Garbage Crematory Co., Toledo O. (4 bids), 
 $12,610, $11,644, $11,999 and $11,036. 
 
 Decarie Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. (4 bids), $20,- 
 600, $21,960, $19,640 and $20,842. 
 
 Lewis & Kitchen, Chicago, 111. (4 bids), $12,870, $13,- 
 785, $18,750 and $19,875. 
 
 Lester-Vanderlip Furnace Co., New York, N. Y., 
 $16,000. 
 
70 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Morse-Boulger Destructor Co., New York, N. Y., 
 $15,800. 
 
 Geo. H. Pierson, New York, N. Y, $18.000. 
 
 National Equipment Company, St. Louis, Mo., $22,000. 
 
 Smead & Co., Cincinnati, O., $5,650. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering Co., New York, N. Y., $14,217. 
 
 Sanitary Reduction & Constr. Co., Boston, Mass., 
 $35,000. 
 
 Engle Crematory Co., Des Moines, la. Royalty. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH. Bids opened Dec. 11, 1905. 
 For a 200-ton incinerator. 
 
 Report of the Hon. Controller to City Council on same. 
 To the Honorable the Common Council : 
 
 Gentlemen In response to advertisements from this 
 office inviting proposals for furnishing the City of De- 
 troit with a municipal garbage disposal plant or plants 
 having an aggregate capacity of 200 tons per day, the 
 following were received : 
 
 Dixon Garbage Crematory Co., Toledo, Ohio Four 
 50-ton plants, $80,000. 
 
 Detroit Sanitary Works Plant at French Landing, 
 Mich., increased to 200-ton capacity, including 13 acres 
 of land and seven 2-story workmen's houses, $100,000. 
 
 Lewis & Kitchen, Chicago, 111. Plants of 100-ton ca- 
 pacity : 
 
 Proposal A Storage capacity 50 tons, one plant, $26,- 
 540; two plants, $51,600; cost of cremation, 45c per ton. 
 
 Proposal B Storage capacity 60 tons, one plant, $31,- 
 860; two plants, $59,800; cost of cremation, 40c per ton. 
 
 Proposal C Storage capacity 100 tons, one plant, 
 $35,650; two plants, $68,400; cost of cremation, 30c per 
 ton. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 71 
 
 Proposal D Storage capacity 120 tons, one plant, 
 $41,080; two plants, $77,800; cost of cremation, 30c per 
 ton. 
 
 Plants of 200-ton capacity : 
 
 Proposal E Storage capacity 100 tons, $52,590; cost 
 of cremation, 45c per ton. 
 
 Proposal F Storage capacity, 120 tons, $61,680; cost 
 of cremation, 35c per ton. 
 
 Proposal G Storage capacity, 200 tons, $69,875 ; cost 
 of cremation, 25c per ton. 
 
 The following bids for disposal plants being more or 
 less irregular and not in accordance with specifications, 
 were not read : 
 
 Decarie Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. One 
 200-ton plant, $81,750; two 100-ton plants, $85,000. 
 
 The bids were construed by me to be irregular in that 
 they provided for the incineration of "combustible refuse 
 and rubbish" as well as "garbage," a provision not in the 
 advertisement. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering Co., New York City One 200- 
 ton plant, $75,000. 
 
 The bid was irregular in that the proposal was accom- 
 panied by a bond instead of a certified check as called for 
 by the advertisement. 
 ************** 
 
 The following bid of the Engle Crematory Co., of Des 
 Moines, la., did not in any respect comply with the terms 
 of the advertisement. 
 
 First. Offer to furnish the city the right to use the 
 "Engle Fuel and Process for Making" for disposal of 
 night soil, garbage and manure during life of the patent, 
 the city to furnish and own the necessary machinery for 
 
72 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 preparing the same for fuel and to pay the company as 
 compensation therefor one-half of the net profits derived 
 from the use of said fuel and process. 
 
 Second. Offer to furnish the right to use the com- 
 pany's crematory, patents, the city to pay as compensa- 
 tion therefor for the services and expenses of a superin- 
 tendent of construction to be designated by the com- 
 pany, whose services and expenses shall not exceed $10 
 per day. 
 
 A letter was also received from the American Exchange 
 Co., of Providence, R. L, who recommended two 100-ton 
 plants, and stated that the company's apparatus with 
 license for life of the patent would not exceed $75,000 for 
 each 100-ton plant. The machinery necessary to com- 
 plete plant, piping, fittings, shafting, setting up of ma- 
 chinery and the erection of a building to contain the same 
 would add to the cost of each plant not to exceed $80,000, 
 making the estimated cost of each plant, exclusive of site, 
 $155,000. Neither this proposition nor that of the Engle 
 Crematory Co. were accompanied by any certified check. 
 
 In response to an advertisement inviting proposals for 
 the disposal of garbage for terms of one, three, five and 
 ten years, the following were received : 
 
 Detroit Sanitary Works, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 One year contract $24,600 per year 
 
 Three year contract $14,600 per year 
 
 Five year contract $13,600 per year 
 
 Ten year contract $12,000 per year 
 
 Detroit Reduction Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Ten year contract, no compensation. 
 If this proposal is accepted the company agrees if de- 
 sired to dispose of all household and shop waste, office and 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 73 
 
 street sweepings and ashes, and all other rubbish, at 25c 
 per ton ; and if ashes is kept separate from above, for 20c 
 per ton. Disposal of night soil, 25c per barrel. The com- 
 pany agrees to sell its plant to the city at an appraised 
 valuation at any time prior to the termination of the con- 
 tract. 
 
 Nearly all of the bids for disposal plants were accom- 
 panied by more or less elaborate blue prints and plans 
 showing the character of the plant proposed to be erected. 
 
 I recommend the reference of all of the above named 
 bids, together with the plans and specifications therefor 
 to the Committee on Health. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 F. A. BLADES, 
 
 Controller. 
 
 On Jan. 20. 1906, the Council confirmed the award of 
 the contract to the Detroit Reduction Co. for the free dis- 
 posal of the city garbage for a period of ten years from 
 and after July 1, 1906. 
 
 It is reported that legal action will be taken to restrain 
 further proceedings. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 75 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE BRANCH GARBAGE INCINERATOR. 
 (Patented Nov. 21, 1905.) 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 (Figs, land 2.) 
 
 The incinerator is composed of two separate units or 
 furnaces, set at right angles to each other and so con- 
 nected by a by-pass that either one or both can be fired, 
 and the waste gases therefrom led under a battery of 
 boilers before escaping into the stack. 
 
 The first furnace, or "A," is so connected with the sec- 
 ond furnace, or "B," that the heat and gases therefrom 
 are fed into the second furnace at a point immediately 
 in the rear of the bridge wall, before passing into the 
 boiler furnaces and out through stack. 
 
 This not only insures complete combustion and destruc- 
 tion of all offensive gases, but gives an even distribution 
 of heat throughout the entire furnace, thus insuring the 
 complete destruction of all garbage dumped into rear end 
 of furnace, the same as nearer the fire. 
 
 The two furnaces "A" and "B" are provided each with 
 two separate sets of grate bars, one immediately above 
 the other. The garbage is dumped through hoppers upon 
 hollow garbage supporting grates, which run transversely 
 from side to side, being inclined downwardly. 
 
76 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 These water grates are connected on the sides to two 
 headers, and in the center to a single larger header. 
 Through these headers and connecting water grates the 
 feed water is pumped to the boilers, thereby securing a 
 positive circulation, and preventing the grate bars from 
 burning out. This also does away with the necessity 
 of a feed water heater, delivering the feed water at boil- 
 ing temperature to the boilers. 
 
 The advantage of having these grates downwardly in- 
 clined is to bring the garbage to the center of furnace, 
 which is the hottest point, and at the same time prevent 
 the clinkers from coming in contact with the sides of the 
 highly heated furnace to which they will adhere. 
 
 The two upper headers are connected in the rear of 
 each furnace by a "T" from which connection is made 
 direct to the boilers. 
 
 To the lower header the pump connection is made, into 
 which the cold water from the city main, or other source 
 of feed, is pumped. 
 
 The water grates are expanded into the upper headers, 
 having first been threaded into the lower or middle 
 header, thus exposing only one threaded joint of each 
 grate to the direct heat of the gases. 
 
 The fire grates are of the ordinary kind used for firing 
 coal, all made interchangeable throughout. On the sides 
 of the garbage furnaces are openings for stoking the 
 garbage. In the ash pit under the lower garbage grates 
 swill pans are inserted into which the liquid garbage 
 thrown in the hopper above is run, and which is evap- 
 orated by the heat of the furnace itself, passing out with 
 the other gases. 
 
 There is an offset, or break, in the rear of each furnace, 
 thereby forcing the gases from the upper garbage grates 
 
THE BRANCH 
 GARBAGE INCINERATOR 
 
 St Z..UI 
 
 Side Elevation and Vertical Section of Branch Incinerator. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
CD 
 
SO HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 to pass down into the lower furnace before passing out. 
 By this means the unconsumed gases from the upper, 
 cooler and shorter garbage furnace are forced down into 
 the hotter and longer furnace below, where the two are 
 mingled and entirely consumed before being discharged 
 from the first furnace into the second, or from the second 
 furnace into the boiler furnaces, thus insuring more per- 
 fect combustion and greatly aiding the draft. By intro- 
 ducing the heated gases immediately in rear of bridge 
 walls, both the combustion and draft are greatly in- 
 creased. 
 
 Either natural or mechanical draft can be used, though 
 the latter is preferred, using steam jets for small plants. 
 
 The entire structure is enclosed in a tank steel casing, 
 using angle irons as show r n in small sketch on cut. 
 
 A platform extends over the furnaces on to which the 
 garbage carts are driven, and the garbage dumped direct 
 into the furnaces. 
 
 This incinerator can be built in single or double units, 
 of any capacity desired, and insures the incineration of 
 garbage of every character, including dead animals and 
 night soil. 
 
 All parts are interchangeable and can be bought in the 
 open market. 
 
 Any type of boiler can be used, the headers and water 
 grates being similar to those used in the ordinary down 
 draft furnaces. 
 
 The incinerator can be built with or without boiler at- 
 tachment, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. 
 
 PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGES CLAIMED. 
 
 No odor or dust, but complete sanitation. 
 No sorting or handling of garbage at plant. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 81 
 
 No garbage dumped on the fire or on fire brick. 
 
 No auxiliary furnace or checker work necessary. 
 
 No fire brick or tile used for garbage grates, as the 
 liquid garbage soon cracks the highly heated tiles. 
 
 No uneven distribution of heat in furnace. 
 
 Fewest number of threaded joints exposed to fire and 
 heated gases. 
 
 No clinkers brought in contact with the highly heated 
 walls of the furnace, to which they will adhere. 
 
 All garbage within sight and easy reach of stokers. 
 
 No water jackets or stay bolts used. 
 
 Complete and positive circulation through water grates, 
 and ease of access to same at all times. 
 
 WASTE HEAT UTILIZED FOR POWER OR HEATING 
 PURPOSES. 
 
 Refuse consumed per square foot grate per hour, 67 Ibs. 
 
 Water evaporated per pound of refuse from and at 212 
 degrees Fahr., 1.8 1'bs., average temperature of feed water 
 being 63.4 Fahr. I. H. P. per ton of garbage burnt in 24 
 hours, 8. 
 
 Coal consumed per ton of garbage, 90 Ibs. 
 
 Average temperature of furnace, 1,800 degrees Fahr. 
 
 Lowest temperature, 1,500 degrees Fahr. 
 
 Average steam pressure, 115 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 Forced draft pressure, 1.8 inches water. 
 
 Steam consumption of jets, 12 per cent. 
 
 DETAIL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 (Figs. 5, 6 and 7.) 
 
 The incinerating furnaces or crematories 5 and 6 are 
 duplicate in construction and arrangement, and the fur- 
 nace 5 is disposed in a plane at right angles to the furnace 
 
Detail Front Elevation of the Branch Garbage Incinerator. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Tank Steek Casing Enclosing Incinerator. 
 Fig. 6. 
 
84 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 6, the rear extremity of the said furnace 5 being formed 
 as a part of the side wall of the furnace 6, as at 7. Each 
 furnace 5 and 6 has an inclosing wall 8 of suitable thick- 
 ness and material and of sufficient strength to permit 
 garbage and other vehicles or receptacles to be moved on 
 or over the top thereof for clumping or deposit purposes. 
 The top of each furnace at an intermediate point has 
 garbage-receiving hoppers 9 adjacent to one side and 
 at the opposite side a dead-animal-receiving hopper 10 
 of greater diameter, the several hoppers 9 and 10 being 
 normally closed by tight-fitting caps or covers 11. In 
 the front extremity of each furnace is a suitably-arched 
 bridge wall 12, and below the plane of the same is a fire 
 grate 13 of any preferred form and accessible by doors 
 14. Below the fire grate 13 the usual ash pit 15 is pro- 
 vided, and also rendered accessible by doors 16. Imme- 
 diately in advance of the bridge wall 12 and at an ele- 
 vation above the plane of the fire grate 13 is a garbage or 
 refuse-receiving grate composed of a series of down- 
 wardly-inclined tubular members 17, connected at their 
 outer ends to tubular headers 18, held in the side walls 
 of the furnace, and at their inner ends to a depressed 
 header 19, having a greater diameter than the headers 
 18. The tubular members or grate bars 17 and the 
 headers 18 and 19 constitute a tubular grate, through 
 which water circulates. The tubular garbage or refuse- 
 receiving grate is disposed under the hoppers 9 and 10 
 and is accessible for cleaning purposes through the me- 
 dium of a rear door 20. The tubular garbage or refuse- 
 receiving grate can also be readily reached for cleaning 
 and other purposes by a series of doors 21 in the rear 
 end of the furnace, As clearly shown by Fig. 7, the 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 85 
 
 front extremities of the central and one side header are 
 connected to a feed-water inlet 22, which may be attached 
 to a city main or any other source of supply, and secured 
 to the rear terminal of the remaining side header and its 
 companion header at the opposite portion of the furnace 
 is a feed-water outlet 23 adapted to be connected to the 
 battery of boilers in any suitable manner to supply the 
 said boilers with' heated water and by this means dis- 
 pensing with the necessity of a feed-water heater for the 
 boilers. A suitable pump may be used for forcing the 
 water into the boilers from the outlet connection 23, 
 Each furnace also has a series of liquid-hoppers 24 at one 
 side, which communicate at their lower terminals with 
 removable swill-pans 25, disposed transversely under the 
 garbage or refuse-receiving grate or resting on the bot- 
 tom of the furnace. The swill or liquid which is deposited 
 in the hoppers 24 and passes into the pans 25 is evapo- 
 rated by the heat of the furnace itself, and the gases gen- 
 erated by such evaporation of the swill or liquid pass out 
 with the remaining gases. It is also frequently necessary 
 to stoke the garbage or refuse on the tubular grates, and 
 for this purpose openings 26, having suitable covers, are 
 formed in the sides of each furnace. 
 
 The fire-grates of the furnaces are of the ordinary type 
 used for firing coal and all made interchangeable through- 
 out. In the construction of the tubular grates, including 
 the members 17 and the headers 18 and 19, the said tu- 
 bular members are first threaded into the rower or central 
 header 19 and then expanded into the upper side headers 
 18, thus exposing only two threaded joints to the direct 
 heat of the gases. The advantage of having the tubular 
 grates for receiving the garbage and other refuse down- 
 wardly inclined toward the center of the furnace is to 
 
86 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 bring the garbage nearest to the greatest point of heat 
 and at the same time prevent clinkers from coming in 
 contact with the sides of the highly-heated furnace, to 
 which under other conditions they would adhere. 
 
 As before noted, either one or both incinerating fur- 
 naces 5 and 6 may be operated, and when both furnaces 
 are in use the gases and products of combustion pass from 
 the rear of the furnace 5 through an opening 27 into the 
 furnace 6 immediately in rear of the bridge-wall 12 of 
 the latter and under the tubular garbage or refuse receiv- 
 ing grate of the said furnace 6. By this means the gases 
 and products of combustion from the furnace 5 are more 
 intensely heated and taken up in the furnace 6 and pass, 
 with the gases from the latter, through an opening 28 
 into the adjacent furnace 2 under the first boiler 1 of the 
 battery of boilers and circulate under the said battery of 
 boilers for heating the water in the latter to produce steam 
 and power and finally escape into the main conduit 
 or breeching 4 and then pass into the stack 4a. Be- 
 tween the rear portion of the inner side of the fur- 
 nace 5 and the rear extremity of the adjacent side 
 of the furnace 6 is a by-pass conduit or flue 29, hav- 
 ing a damper 30 near the wall of the furnace 5. The 
 opening 27, forming communication between the rear 
 of the furnace 5 and the furnace 6, is also provided 
 with a suitable damper 31 at times to control the joint 
 operation of the two incinerating furnaces. When the 
 two incinerating furnaces are in operation, the damper 
 30 of the by-pass 29 is closed, thereby forcing the gas and 
 products of combustion from the furnace 5 to pass into 
 the furnace 6 directly in rear of the bridge-wall 12 of the 
 latter furnace, as heretofore explained. If the furnace 5 
 alone is in operation, communication with the furnace 6 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 87 
 
 through the medium of the opening 27 is closed and the 
 damper 30 opened, and under such arrangement the gases 
 and products of combustion are liberated from the rear 
 of the furnace 5 through the by-pass 29 and pass into the 
 rear of the furnace 6 and then escape through the open- 
 ing 28 into the adjacent furnace of the battery of boilers. 
 The furnace 6 can be used alone without operating the 
 furnace 5, and under these conditions the dampers 30 and 
 31 will be closed. When both furnaces are in operation, 
 it will be obvious that the incinerating capacity of the 
 plant is materially increased and the gases and products 
 of combustion passing into the furnaces 2 of the battery 
 of boilers 1 have a considerable volume, with increased 
 effectiveness as a heating means for said battery of boil- 
 ers. At the rear of each furnace, as clearly shown by 
 Figs. 1 and 2, an offset or break 32 is provided which 
 forces the gases from the upper garbage or refuse-re- 
 ceiving grates to pass down into the lower portion of the 
 furnaces before escaping from the latter. By this means 
 the unconsumed gases from the upper cooler and shorter 
 furnace are forced down into the hotter and larger furnace 
 below where all gases are mingled and entirely consumed 
 before being discharged from the first furnace into the 
 second or from the second furnace into the boiler-fur- 
 naces, thus insuring more perfect combustion and aiding 
 the draft. Furthermore, by introducing the heated gases 
 immediately in rear of the bridge-wall of the furnace 6 
 both the combustion and draft are greatly increased. This 
 same point of introduction of the gases is also carried 
 out with respect to the furnace 2 under the first boiler 1. 
 Either natural or mechanical draft is used in connec- 
 tion with the furnaces, it being preferred to employ me- 
 chanical draft established by the usual means or through 
 
88 HAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 the medium of steam- jets. It is also preferable to have 
 a platform structure over the top of the furnaces, onto 
 which the garbage-carts are driven to permit the garbage 
 to be directly dumped into the incinerating furnaces. 
 
 The entire incinerating structure, including both fur- 
 naces, is inclosed by a tank steel casing 33 (see Fig. 6), 
 having the parts thereof connected by angle-irons 34. 
 
 Ash-doors 25a are also provided on both sides of the 
 incinerating furnaces in line with the swill-pans, as clearly 
 shown by Fig. 6. The breeching 4 at regular intervals 
 between the connections 3 are provided with dampers 4b 
 to permit the use of one or more of the boilers 1, as may 
 be desired. The opening 28 in the rear wall of the fur- 
 nace is connected by a flue or conduit 28a with the boilers, 
 said conduit continuing under the boilers, and through the 
 furnaces of the latter, as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 
 3, to deliver the products of combustion and gases from 
 either one or both of the incinerating furnaces to the most 
 advantageous points within the said boiler furnaces, and 
 to entirely cut off the incinerating furnaces from the 
 boiler furnaces or battery of boilers and permit the latter 
 to be used independently of the said incinerating furnaces 
 a damper 28b is suitably arranged in the opening 28 or in 
 the flue 28a and exteriorly operative. 
 
 One of the most essential advantages in the operation 
 just explained is complete combustion and destruction of 
 all offensive gases with an even distribution of heat 
 throughout the entire area of each of the furnaces 5 and 
 6, thus insuring the destruction of all garbage dumped 
 into the rear end of each furnace as fully as the garbage 
 deposited near the fire. Convenience in arrangement and 
 economy in expense of installment are also material points 
 in view of the fact that any type of boiler in the battery 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 of boilers may be used. The headers and water grates or 
 members 17 are similar to those used in the ordinary 
 down-draft furnaces, and the remaining elements can all 
 be bought in the open market and do not require a specific 
 construction to adapt them for use in the furnaces. No 
 firebrick or tile is used in connection with the garbage- 
 receiving grates, and the inconvenience resulting from the 
 liquid or moist garbage contacting with highly-heated 
 brick or tile is obviated. 
 
 As before described, the tubular members or grate- 
 bars 17 are threaded into the intermediate or central en- 
 larged header 19, and in applying the said tubular mem- 
 bers or grate-bars they are inserted through openings 35 
 and 36 at diametrically opposite points in the outer head- 
 ers 18, the upper ends of the said grate-bars being ex- 
 panded into the lower openings 36 of said outer headers. 
 The outer openings 35 have closing-nipples 37 and are of 
 such diameter that the grate members 17 can be inserted 
 therethrough and also through the openings 36, and after 
 assemblage of the grate-bars in the manner set forth the 
 nipples are applied to the said outer openings. 
 
 The most essential feature of this apparatus is the right- 
 angular arrangement of the incinerating furnaces 5 and 
 6, and the advantage gained by such disposition of the 
 furnaces is the increased length of travel given the heated 
 gases, permitting the incinerating furnace 6, or second 
 unit, to not only consume the unburned gases from the 
 first furnace 5, but also to assist the draft and permit an 
 easy firing of all the furnaces of both units. Another im- 
 portant advantage is the arrangement of the incinerating 
 furnaces in operative relation to the battery of boilers and 
 their furnaces for practical employment or utilization of 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 91 
 
 the waste gases for steam-raising purposes, yet have the 
 parts so constructed that the battery of boilers is used 
 alone at times when the incinerating furnaces are not in 
 operation. It has been found that no incinerating plant 
 can be successful if it does not provide for a utilization 
 of the waste gases and of the disposition of the inciner- 
 ating furnaces in angular relation as specified, whereby 
 waste gases are given a greater range of travel and 
 cumulative in the second incinerating furnace or the lat- 
 ter nearest to the battery of boilers. Outer water jackets 
 are also dispensed with, and the disadvantages incident to 
 such jackets are overcome in the present incinerating 
 furnace structure by non-use of such devices. The use. 
 of an auxiliary furnace is not required in the present 
 structure, and consequently the expense in this direction 
 is further avoided, as well as the unsatisfactory operation 
 of auxiliary furnaces. 
 
92 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 BRANCH WAGON WASHER AND DISINFEC- 
 TOR. 
 
 (Patents Allowed.) 
 
 The object of this apparatus is to furnish an unlimited 
 quantity of hot water, or water having a disinfectant com- 
 bined therewith, which may be discharged at any desired 
 pressure and temperature into the garbage wagons, 
 whereby the same may be quickly and thoroughly cleaned, 
 and if desired also disinfected. In order to accomplish 
 this two tanks are used in conjunction with a boiler so 
 that while the hot water is being discharged from one 
 tank, the other tank is being filled with water and heated. 
 
 DETAIL DESCRIPTION. 
 (Fig. 9.) 
 
 Referring to the Fig. 9(1) indicates a vertical boiler in 
 which the steam used in the apparatus for heating pur- 
 poses and for supplying pressure, is generated, (2) and 
 (3) indicate respectively, two steel tanks for contain- 
 ing water, or water and the disinfectant to be employed, 
 and (4) indicates a tank containing the disinfectant. 
 
 This apparatus as installed by the City of St. Louis, 
 consists of one 40 h. p. vertical boiler, 48x120 inches, 
 constructed by the Brownell Company of Dayton, Ohio, 
 and two high-pressure steel tanks, 3 feet in diameter by 
 6 feet long, each of a capacity of 318 gallons. When 
 burning 2 1-3 bushels of coal per hour, 2,500 gallons of 
 water at 60 degrees can be heated to 150 degrees and 
 discharged under 90-pounds steam pressure per square 
 inch per hour. It was put in operation April 1, 1905, and 
 has since been in continuous service, cleaning and disin- 
 
View Showing Tanks and Connections of the Branch Garbage 
 Wagon Washer and Disinfector. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 95 
 
 f acting on an average of seventy-five wagons per day, 
 and without costing one cent for repairs. 
 
 Fig. 10 shows this apparatus in operation. 
 
 Fig. 11 is a type of animal wagon used by that city. 
 
 The following letter from the former Street Commis- 
 sioner sets out fully the capacity and merits of this ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 CITY OF ST. LOUIS 
 
 Street Department, 
 Commissioner's Office. 
 
 May 31, 1905. 
 MR. Jos. G. BRANCH, 
 
 Chief Inspector, Boilers and Elevators, 
 
 City Hall. 
 MY DEAR SIR : 
 
 The Garbage Wagon Washer and Disinfector designed 
 by you for the use of this Department has been in opera- 
 tion since April 1st, 1905, and giving perfect satisfaction. 
 With the Washer we can heat 300 gallons of water to 
 200 degrees Fahrenheit in seven minutes, and by using 
 the two tanks alternately we always have an abundant 
 supply of water. It cleanses and disinfects the wagons 
 perfectly, requiring about 30 seconds to a wagon. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 (Signed) CHAS. VARREXMANN, 
 
 Street Commissioner. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 97 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 (Figs. 3 and 4.) 
 
 Covering the Construction of the Branch Garbage Incin- 
 erator of 50 Tons Daily Capacity, of 24 Hours. 
 
 Same to be built in accordance with the accompanying 
 plan and following specifications : 
 
 The' drawings and explanations herewith submitted are 
 to be considered as illustrations and parts of these specifi- 
 cations. General plans drawn to a scale of 1J4 inches to 
 the foot, and detailed drawings to a scale of 1 inch, y 2 
 inch and 1-3 inch to the foot shall be furnished if de- 
 sired. 
 
 GENERAL, CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 The incinerator as shown upon drawings shall be of 
 brick and steel construction, outside dimensions 8 feet by 
 7 feet 2 inches by 12 feet 6 inches, the outer shell of the 
 incinerator being %-inch steel plates, securely held in 
 place by angle-iron supports at the four corners, with 
 angle-iron stifreners around top and bottom of the shell, 
 of the size and dimensions shown upon drawings. Longi- 
 tudinal and traverse tie rods shall be used for the pur- 
 pose of tieing brick walls and steel shell firmly to- 
 gether. 
 
 The upper garbage furnaces shall contain one central 
 drum in each, which drum shall be 10 inches outside 
 diameter, made of special lap-welded steel tubing with 
 walls Y-2 inch thick, and tested to 150 Ibs. per square inch 
 hydrostatic pressure. The two lateral drums in each 
 furnace shall be made of 8-inch extra heavy pipe, and 
 also tested to 150 Ibs. per square inch hydrostatic pres- 
 
98 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 sure. The central drums shall be each equipped with 
 one complete hand hole, with cover arch, bolt and gas- 
 ket; the lateral drums shall each be fitted with one o 1 /? 
 by 5^ -inch hand hole, complete, with cover arch, bolt 
 and gasket. 
 
 The incinerator shall be provided with one steel drum 
 7 feet by 30 inches, tested to 150 Ibs. hydrostatic pres- 
 sure, and fitted with one hand hole, complete. Each 
 drum shall be further provided with proper water glass 
 and gauge cocks. 
 
 The garbage water tube grates shall be made of 2-inch 
 special cold drawn seamless steel tubing, spaced as 
 shown on the drawings from which these specifications 
 are made. 
 
 In the 8-inch drums, directly opposite each of the 
 water tube grates, there shall be located an opening of 
 sufficient size to allow the tube to pass through same, and 
 be threaded into central drum and expanded into lateral 
 drums. 
 
 These openings shall be provided with brass plugs of 
 the proper dimensions. All drums and water grates shall 
 be provided with all necessary connections, same to be 
 of extra heavy pipe. The water inlet and outlet pipes 
 shall be 2J4 inches, and the connections between the 
 8-inch drums shall be 2 inches. All fittings through- 
 out shall be extra heavy, and all valves used be of the 
 best standard make. The incinerator shall be provided 
 with double firing furnaces, each furnace 5 feet wide 
 by 6 feet long, and provided with standard double grate 
 bars, 6 feet long, with the necessary front and back bear- 
 ing bars for supporting same. The firing furnaces shall 
 be provided with tw r o cast iron fire doors, fitted with 
 draught shutters and perforated liners. The firing doors 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 99 
 
 shall be attached to furnaces by means of cast iron frames, 
 and each firing door shall be provided with a liner box 
 9 inches deep. The ash doors shall be made of 14-inch 
 tank steel, properly hinged to furnace. The sides of the 
 incinerator shall be provided with the proper number of 
 cleaning-out doors, as shown in plans. On top of the 
 incinerator, directly over the water tube grates, shall be 
 located two garbage chutes 18 inches inside diameter, 
 made of cast iron, and one animal chute 30 inches inside 
 diameter, all made of cast iron, and all of which chutes 
 shall be fitted with heavy cast iron covers provided with 
 rings for lifting same. On either side of the incinerator, 
 and in line with the circular openings for garbage and 
 dead animals, shall be located one side hopper for liquid 
 garbage, fitted with sliding valves held in place with 
 angle-iron guides, and fitted with counter-weights and 
 wire cables for opening and closing same. 
 
 In the bottom of the side hoppers shall be placed 3-16- 
 inch steel perforated drain plates ; these drain plates to 
 allow the discharge of all liquids from the garbage to 
 be conducted directly to the evaporating pan through 
 vertical drain pipes, which connect with flanges on the 
 bottom of the hoppers as shown. These drain pipes pass 
 through the shell of the furnace at points indicated on 
 drawings, and shall discharge all liquids as before men- 
 tioned, directly into the evaporating pan. 
 
 This evaporating pan, which is located beneath the 
 lower garbage furnace, shall be constructed of 5-16-inch 
 steel plates with a 4-inch live steam space properly stayed 
 to withstand a steam pressure of 150 Ibs. to the square 
 inch. Outside dimensions being 24 inches by IT inches. A 
 live steam connection from the steam and water space to 
 the evaporating pan shall be made of 1^-inch piping, fitted 
 
225-foot Stack, Iron Lined with Brick. 200-ton Incinerator. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
125-foot Stack Dimensions for 50-100-ton Incinerator. 
 Fig. 13. 
 
102 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 with necessary valves for opening same. This evaporat- 
 ing pan shall also answer the purpose, and shall be used, 
 as an ashpan, receiving the ashes which pass through 
 the cast iron lower grates. At the under side of the 
 evaporating pan a connection shall be taken from the 
 live steam space, and by suitable piping the condensa- 
 tion from the evaporating pan shall be led to a steam 
 trap, and from there discharged into a hot well. 
 
 At the front end of the firing furnace, and securely 
 fastened to the shell of same, shall be a combustion chute 
 for waste paper, boxes, etc., fitted with suitable cast iron 
 valve. The valve shall be constructed and operated in 
 the same manner as those in the side hoppers. This 
 combustion chute shall be constructed of j4~ mcn steel 
 plates, firmly riveted to corner angles, as shown, and ex- 
 tending from the front end of the furnace to the line of 
 unloading floor, \vhere it shall be fitted with heavy angle- 
 iron stiffeners, and also provided with wrought iron 
 handles for opening and closing same. There shall 
 be NO WATER JACKETS OR STAY BOLTS USED 
 THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION, 
 EXCEPT FOR THE EVAPORATING PANS AS 
 ABOVE SET OUT. NO THREADED JOINTS 
 SHALL BE EXPOSED TO THE FIRE, OR HEAT- 
 ED GASES, OTHER THAN ABOVE SET OUT. 
 
 FIRE DOORS AND STOKING DOORS. 
 
 At the sides of the incinerating furnaces shall be lo- 
 cated suitable firing and stoking doors. The upper, or 
 stoking doors, shall give free access to the "V"-shaped 
 grates, and admit of the free stoking of the material. The 
 lower, or fire doors, open directly to the lower grates. 
 These garbage fire doors and stoking doors shall be fitted 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 103 
 
 with wrought iron latches, so arranged as to guard 
 against any possibility of doors being opened other than 
 when necessary for stoking, and other purposes. 
 
 Proper ash doors shall permit of easy access to the 
 evaporating pan located as above set out. 
 
 INTERIOR FIRE BRICK AND FIRE TILE LINING. 
 
 The interior walls of the incinerator shall be of the 
 best quality of fire brick and tile. Suitable steel or 
 wrought iron anchors shall be used for securely holding 
 the brick and tile in place. No part of the walls shall be 
 less than 13 inches in thickness, and same shall be built 
 in strict accordance with plans and drawings attached. 
 
 SMOKE STACK. 
 
 (Fig. 13.) 
 
 The smoke stack shall be of brick construction, 125 
 feet in height and 4 feet in diameter, and constructed as 
 shown in detailed blue print herewith submitted. There 
 shall be a steel ladder constructed and attached to the 
 stack, running the full length from roof to top of stack. 
 
 DUST CATCHER. 
 
 There shall be a dust catcher chamber, constructed ac- 
 cording to the plans accompanying these specifications. 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAFT. 
 
 The incinerator shall be equipped with steam jets under 
 each firing furnace, which jets shall not consume more 
 than 12% of all steam generated at a boiler pressure of 
 110 Ibs. to the square inch, and which jets shall give an 
 ashpit pressure of at least 1^ inches. 
 
104 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 POWER OR HEAT. 
 
 The incinerator shall be provided with proper by-pass 
 connections, fire-brick lined, of the dimensions shown on 
 the drawings, so as to permit of the utilization of all the 
 waste heat therefrom for boiler power or heating, should 
 it at any time be desired to so utilize such heat. 
 
 The average temperature of the garbage furnaces shall 
 be at least 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit, when the same are 
 charged to their full capacity, and the waste heat there- 
 from shall show an evaporation of at least one pound of 
 water from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, for each 
 pound of refuse burned. 
 
 For larger size incinerators steel stacks lined with fire 
 brick are much less costly than brick stacks and give good 
 service. 
 
 Fig. 12 shows a steel stack for a 200-ton incinerator, 
 for which the following are proper specifications, viz. : 
 
 The smoke stack shall be of steel construction 225 feet 
 in height, the first 50 feet to be 7 feet in diameter, and the 
 balance to be 6 feet in diameter, and of the weight and con- 
 struction as shown in detailed drawings of stack, and fully 
 described in separate stack specifications. Stack shall be 
 properly held in place by suitable bands and guy wires 
 fastened to anchors as shown upon drawings. There shall 
 be also a steel ladder constructed and attached to the stack, 
 running the full length from the roof to the top of the 
 stack. Stack shall also be lined with circular fire brick 
 for the first 50 feet from the base. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 105 
 
 HEIGHT OF CHIMNEYS. 
 
 Area 
 Square 
 Feet. 
 
 Diameter, 
 Inches. 
 
 75 
 
 Heights in Feet. 
 80| 85| 90| 95|100|110| 120| 130| 140| 150| 175| 200 
 Commercial Horse Power. 
 
 3.14 
 3.69 
 
 4.28 
 4.91 
 5.59 
 6.31 
 7.07 
 8 . 73 
 10. 5G 
 12.57 
 15.90 
 19 . 63 
 23.76 
 28.27 
 38.48 
 50.27 
 63.62 
 78.54 
 
 24 
 26 
 28 
 30 
 32 
 34 
 36 
 40 
 44 
 48 
 54 
 60 
 66 
 72 
 84 
 96 
 108 
 120 
 
 75 
 
 | 90 
 
 78 
 92 
 106 
 122 
 
 81 
 95 
 
 127 
 144 
 162 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 130 
 149 
 168 
 188 
 
 ...... 
 
 ... i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 133 
 152 
 171 
 192 
 237 
 287 
 
 120 
 137 
 156 
 176 
 198 
 244 
 296 
 352 
 445 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 185 
 208 
 257 
 310 
 370 
 468 
 577 
 697 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' ' ' 
 i . . 
 
 
 215 
 267 
 322 
 384 
 484 
 600 
 725 
 862 
 1173 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 279 
 337 
 
 400 
 507 
 627 
 758 
 902 
 1229 
 1584 
 2058 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 526 
 650 
 784 
 932 
 1270 
 1660 
 2102 
 2596 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 " " 
 
 
 
 
 
 672 
 
 815 
 969 
 1319 
 1725 
 2181 
 2693 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1044| 
 1422J 
 18591983 
 2352|2511 
 290413100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following heights are recommended for chimneys, 
 with the coals mentioned : 75 feet for free burning 
 bituminous coal, 100 feet for slow-burning bituminous 
 slack, 115 feet for slow-burning bituminous coal, 125 feet 
 for anthracite pea coal, 150 feet for anthracite buckwheat 
 coal. With such coal as Mt. Olive, a 150-foot stack is 
 recommended. With plants operating 600 or more 
 horse-power of boilers, 180 feet is the minimum height, 
 irrespective of the kind of coal that is to be burned. For 
 large plants a 200-foot stack is not excessive. 
 
106 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 co 
 O 
 
 I I 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 K 
 
 I-H 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 ffi 
 
 O 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 oooooooc>oooooooooooo 
 
 OOCOCOCOOLOCOOOOU5OCOOO<MlOOiLOOOCOOO 
 
 i IT It OiCOi IOOO 
 
 ooooe>o>oooooooooooo>oo 
 
 OO 0-3 CO CO O LO (TO O OO IO O CO OO CM IO Oi IO OO CO OO 
 
 CO OO t CO CO t -<ti i I OO **< OO i?i C^I CO l^ 
 
 ooooooooo-oooooooo 
 
 OOooOOOiOOOoO 
 
 LO LO LOLOIO^LO LOLOK3 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 107 
 
 The gauge and price are determined by the diameter of 
 the stack. For a stack 10 inches, to 18 inches in diameter, 
 use a No. 18 gauge iron, which will cosf about 5 cents 
 per Ib. From 18 inches to 40 inches diameter, use 18-inch, 
 16-inch and 14-inch gauge; which will cost 5 cents per Ib., 
 and for larger diameters, use 10-inch and 12-inch gauge, 
 costing for No. 12 gauge 3^ cents and No. 10 gauge 
 cents per Ib. 
 
108 HSAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING. 
 
 No branch of engineering has made as rapid strides 
 in the last few years as sanitary engineering. 
 
 The steam and hot-air furnace, with their expense, dirt 
 and inconveniences, have given way to steam and hot- 
 water systems of heating, affording a luxury to the rich 
 and poor alike which was formerly unknown. 
 
 The various systems of heating by steam may be 
 classed : ( 1 ) high-pressure systems ; ( 2 ) low-pressure 
 systems; (3) vacuum or exhaust systems. 
 
 Under the class of high-pressure systems are all systems 
 that require for heating a greater boiler pressure than 
 15 pounds per square inch; in the second class are those 
 that operate between 15 pounds boiler pressure and the 
 atmospheric pressure, while in the third class are all sys- 
 tems that work at a lower pressure than the atmosphere; 
 that is, require a partial vacuum for their successful opera- 
 tion. Each of these systems in turn may be subdivided 
 into: (1) the one-pipe system; (2) the two-pipe system; 
 (3) the two-pipe system, with separate return risers; (4) 
 the overhead main, or drop-supply system. 
 
 These subdivisions are further subdivided into gravity 
 return systems and forced return systems. 
 
 In the gravity return system the condensation flows 
 back to the boiler by gravity. To operate this system it 
 is therefore necessary that the full boiler pressure be 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 109 
 
 carried on the entire heating system, which is unsafe 
 and impractical, and it therefore is not much in use. 
 
 In the forced return system the condensation is forced 
 back into the boiler from the return mains of the system 
 by the use of a pump, steam trap or steam loop. To 
 operate this system a reducing valve is necessary, which 
 valve is placed on the steam supply pipe to the system. 
 This system is most generally used, having the avdantage 
 of both safety and economy. 
 
 The main difference therefore between steam-heating 
 systems, is the method of returning the condensation to 
 the boiler. 
 
 ONE-PIPE SYSTEM. 
 
 This system, as shown in Fig. 14, is the simplest form 
 of heating systems, and the system now universally used, 
 when the building or the space to be heated is not too 
 large. The steam from the boiler is carried to the risers 
 through one pipe, the condensation flowing back through 
 the same pipes, thereby causing the steam and condensa- 
 tion to move in opposite directions, which is a disad- 
 vantage, as the steam becoming wet, may cause a water 
 "hammer." With proper installation, and by keeping all 
 valves wide open, this can be avoided. 
 
 TWO-PIPE SYSTEM. 
 
 This system, as shown in Fig. 14, has two connections 
 for each radiator, one serving as an inlet for the steam 
 and the other as an outlet for the water of condensation, 
 the steam passing through one pipe and the water flowing 
 back to the boiler through the return pipes. In this sys- 
 tem the steam and water are carefully separated, and the 
 
Q. 
 
 D. 
 
 c 
 O 
 
112 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 circulation is therefore much better in this system than 
 in the one-pipe system. The principal objection to it i? 
 its first cost. 
 
 THE SEPARATE-RETURN SYSTEM. 
 
 The only difference in this system from the ordinary 
 two-pipe system is that each radiator is provided with 
 its own separate return pipe. 
 
 THE DROP-PIPE SYSTEM. 
 
 In this system the steam supply passes through a riser 
 direct from the boiler to the highest point of the system. 
 The radiators are connected to the steam supply pipe 
 with single pipes, the same as in the one-pipe system, but 
 in this system the steam and condensation move in the 
 same direction. 
 
 EXHAUST OR BACK-PRESSURE SYSTEM. 
 
 This system, as shown in Fig. 15, is a low-pressure 
 system, having the great economical advantage of per- 
 mitting of the utilization of the exhaust steam from 
 engines and pumps, which would otherwise go to waste. 
 
 The steam-heating main is connected to the exhaust 
 pipe from the engine or pump, also to a live steam pipe 
 from the boiler. This live steam when used is made to 
 pass through a pressure reducing valve, which reduces 
 the pressure to the amount required for the heating sys- 
 tem. Should the supply of exhaust steam become ex- 
 cessive, the excess will escape by the opening of the back 
 pressure valve and its discharge into the atmosphere. 
 When the engines or pumps are stopped the steam in the 
 heating system is prevented from passing backwards and 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 113 
 
 filling the same with water by the use of a check valve. 
 The relief valve is set to blow off at a pressure of about 
 one or two pounds higher than that maintained by the 
 reducing valve. The safety of the system depends on 
 the proper working of this relief valve. 
 
 As exhaust steam at five pounds gauge pressure con- 
 tains 971 B. T. U., the merit of this system can at once 
 be seen. 
 
 This system is in universal use for heating large office 
 buildings and entire business districts where access can 
 be had to steam power plants. 
 
 THE VACUUM SYSTEM. 
 
 This system differs from the exhaust system just 
 described in that its operation causes no additional back 
 pressure on the engine or pump, but removes at least 
 a part of the back pressure from same, as a vacuum is 
 constantly maintained on the returns. This farther permits 
 this system to be operated either as a high or low pressure 
 system, and to secure its steam supply from any source, 
 either as exhaust or live steam. 
 
 Generally the system is operated with exhaust steam, a 
 two-pipe system being used. The returns are connected 
 to a receiver, which collects the air and water in the 
 system. To this receiver is connected a vacuum pump, 
 which removes all the air and water in the system, 
 and maintains a vacuum at any desired degree. This 
 pump only removes the air and water from the system, 
 which are discharged into an open tank, permitting the 
 air to escape, and the water remaining is pumped back 
 into the boiler, using an ordinary feed pump for this pur- 
 pose. 
 
114 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 The thermostatic valves which are placed on the return 
 end of each radiator to open automatically when water 
 or air passes, are made to close when steam begins to 
 pass. 
 
 With this system steam can be used at a temperature 
 as low as 140 deg. F., and at the same time the capacity 
 of the engine to do work is increased. As the tempera- 
 ture of the steam used in this system is lower than in 
 other systems, the radiators must be proportionately 
 larger. 
 
 The Webster vacuum system, which is shown in Fig. 
 1C), is one of the best vacuum systems on the market. 
 
 HOT-W r ATER HEATING. 
 
 Hot-water systems are very similar to the steam sys- 
 tems described, except that hot water flows through the 
 pipes and radiators, instead of steam. The hot-water 
 system has the great advantage, though, of the ease of 
 regulation of the temperature. With a steam system, it 
 is necessary to regulate the temperature by turning on or 
 off the steam entirely, which causes either too high or 
 too low a temperature, unless operated carefully. 
 
 With a hot-water system the radiators can be kept 
 turned on at all times, the regulation of temperature being 
 secured by varying the temperature of the water flowing 
 through them. There are two distinct hot-water systems 
 of circulation employed, one depending on the difference 
 in temperature of the water in the outlet and return pipes, 
 called gravity circulation, and the other called the forced 
 circulation system, in which a pump is employed to force 
 the water through the mains. The first, or "gravity circu- 
 lation" system, is used for dwellings and buildings, and 
 the latter system for large buildings, and wherever there 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 are a long run of mains. For the first system usually a 
 sectional cast iron boiler is employed, although any type of 
 boiler may be employed. In the second or "forced circula- 
 tion" system, a heater to warm the water, and a centrifu- 
 gal or rotary pump is used. Fig. 17 is type of a sectional 
 cast iron boiler. 
 
 A system for hot-water heating costs more to install 
 than a steam-heating system, owing to the difference in 
 the expense of the radiators, and the larger piping that 
 is required but is more economical. 
 
 INDIRECT HOT-WATER SYSTEM. 
 
 In this system the air to be heated is taken from a cold 
 air box in connection with the space beneath the heater. 
 This air in passing through the spaces between the sec- 
 tions of the heater, and becoming warmer, rises to the 
 rooms above through registers placed in the floors or 
 \valls, as most convenient. 
 
 FORCED-BLAST HEATING. 
 
 This system of heating is used for the warming 
 of factories, schools, churches, or any large building 
 where good ventilation is also desired. The air to be 
 used for warming is either drawn or forced through a 
 heater of special design by a fan or blower and discharged 
 into ducts which lead to registers placed in the halls to be 
 heated. By means of a by-pass damper, so placed that 
 only part of the air will pass through the heater and part 
 around and over it, the proportions of cold and heated 
 air may be so adjusted as to give the desired temperature 
 to the air entering the halls. 
 
Sectional Boiler for Steam Heating. 
 Fig. 17. 
 
118 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 COST OF OPERATION OF THE COLONIAL 
 SECURITY PLANT. 
 
 An Office Building in St. Louis. 
 -^ William Toevs, Engineer. 
 
 Coal 260 tons at $1.84 per ton $478.40 
 
 Wages for engine room 315.00. 
 
 Washing boilers on Sunday 10.00 
 
 Packing, oils and waste. . . 25.00 
 
 Repairs 25.00 
 
 Hauling ashes 35.00 
 
 Total $888.40 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Heat and steam sold $471.00 
 
 Electric lights, 13,795 K. W. at 3c per Killo hour. 413.85 
 
 HEAT FOR BUILDING. 
 
 734,400 cu, ft. of air, for which is required 
 
 12,240 sq. ft. radiation, at lOc per sq. ft $204.00 
 
 ELEVATORS FOR BUILDING. 
 
 30 h. p. per day of 10 hours, 80 Ibs. water 
 
 per h. p. hour 2,400 Ibs 
 
 10 h. p. for G hours at night, 80 Ibs, water 
 
 per h. p. hour 4,800 " 
 
 Total Ibs. water used per day 28,800 " 
 
 Per month of 26 days 748,800 " 
 
 10 h. p. for 48 hours on Sundays 38,400 " 
 
 Total water used for elevators 787,200 Ibs. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. U9 
 
 COAL CONSUMED. 
 
 Evaporation 1 Ib. of coal to 5 Ibs. of water, 787,200 Ibs. 
 water divided by 5, equals 157,440 Ibs of coal burned, or 
 73 tons at $1.84 per ton equals $134.32. Adding 35% 
 loss from friction pumping 12,000 to 14,000 gals, of water 
 for building daily, $40.90. Total, $181.20. 
 
 6 h. p. for 12 hours at 100 Ibs. per hour, or 7,200 
 Ibs. per day, or 21,600 per month; 21,600 Ibs. 
 water requires 43,200 Ibs. of coal, costing. . . $28.64 
 
 Cost for heating 6,000 gals, daily, raising tem- 
 perature from 60 to 140 degrees, requiring 
 1 Ib. of coal for each 2 gals, of water, or 3,000 
 Ibs. coal daily, or 90,000 Ibs. monthly, cost. . $82.80 
 
 Income $1,380.40 
 
 Expense 888.40 
 
 Cr. to building $492.00 
 
 The wages for one of the engine room employes should 
 be charged to house expense, being $60.00 per month,, for 
 electric work, plumbing and care of radiators. 
 
120 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 INCINERATORS COMBINED WITH CENTRAL 
 HEATING PLANTS. 
 
 The success of incineration depends upon the utiliza- 
 tion of the waste heat from the furnaces, and the success 
 of central heating plants depend upon their ability to ob- 
 tain heat for their requirements at a much less cost than 
 now paid for coal, or the exhaust steam from neighboring 
 power plants. 
 
 Therefore the two are to a great extent mutually de- 
 pendent upon each other, and especially is this true as to 
 the heating plant, for the waste heat from incineration 
 can be utilized for electric lighting, water works, sewer- 
 age, or other power purposes. 
 
 Of the 190 central heating plants at present in operation 
 in this country, there is not a half-dozen of such plants 
 making a dividend, which is due alone to the necessity of 
 supplementing the exhaust steam with coal, and this ap- 
 plies alike to both hot-water and steam-heating systems. 
 With coal at $2.00 per ton and exhaust steam at 3^ cents 
 per 1000 pounds, no heating plant can be operated at a 
 profit when charging the usual price of 18 cents per square 
 foot for radiation, unless the plant can obtain a sufficient 
 supply of exhaust steam to do their entire work, with the 
 system well loaded. 
 
 As it is usually impossible to get such a supply of ex- 
 haust steam from neighboring power plants, except when 
 
HEAT A^D LIGHT. 121 
 
 the system is very small, it becomes necessary to use a 
 good grade of coal for the additional heat required, which 
 makes it only a question of time before the plant will go 
 into the hands of a receiver. While central heating plants 
 have proved almost without exception financial failures, 
 they have given universal satisfaction to their patrons, 
 and the extent of their business has been limited only by 
 the heating company's refusal to make further extensions, 
 or accept more business. In many cities the service has 
 been so satisfactory that the patrons have volunteered to 
 assist in increasing the rates permitted by the ordinance 
 under which the company obtained its franchise, while 
 others seeking to obtain its service, have advanced to the 
 company the necessary amount to have it installed in 
 their residences. There can be no question as to the 
 popularity and the general demand for central heating at 
 reasonable rates. The present difficulty is to so reduce 
 the expense of operation of the plant so as to permit of 
 such rates. This can be done only by obtaining waste 
 heat in large quantities at a small cost. The heat from 
 coal is too expensive, for there is just so many heat units 
 in coal, varying with the grade of the coal, and the num- 
 ber of these heat units can neither be increased nor 
 diminished by any means in our power, and the price, 
 therefore, necessary to charge for same in order to operate 
 the plant with a profit, makes its service in most instances 
 prohibitive to the general public. The heat units in ex- 
 haust steam can be obtained at a must less cost, as they 
 have assisted in performing work before being allowed to 
 escape as waste from the exhaust of an engine or pump. 
 These heat units are not again available for power, but 
 retain their value for heating purposes, and it is on them 
 the present heating plants must rely for their success. 
 
122 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 But such supply is necessarily limited. The waste heat 
 from an incinerator is ample and the cost low enough to 
 make it almost priceless in value to heating companies. 
 
 As the heat from one ton of refuse in incineration will 
 develop 8 H. P., at a cost of 19 cents, or 2.4 cents per 
 H. P., and as one H. P. will supply from 150 to 200 
 square feet of radiation, which can be sold at least for 18 
 cents per square foot, the profit which therefore can be 
 derived from the combination of an incinerator with a 
 central heating plant, is amply sufficient to enable heating 
 companies to give satisfaction not only to their patrons, 
 but also to their stockholders. 
 
 In order for heating plants to utilize this waste heat, 
 it is only necessary that they install their boilers between 
 the incinerator and the chimney, and the waste heat to 
 be properly conducted under same before being allowed 
 to escape. This, of course, means that the heating plant, 
 with its pumps, and necessary machinery, must be installed 
 within close proximity to the incinerating plant, but this 
 is no objection ; on the contrary, it is an advantage, for 
 the same labor can then operate both plants at a con- 
 siderable saving. Should the city operate the incinerat- 
 ing plant, then the waste heat can be purchased outright 
 by a company paying an agreed price per boiler H. P. 
 developed ; or, for the steam generated per 1000 Ibs., using 
 a steam or condensation meter for measuring same. 
 
 As incinerating plants must be operated continuously 
 night and day the entire year, for at least seven months 
 in the year it makes this heat especially adaptable for 
 heating purposes. During those months when no heat 
 is required by the heating company, the heating system 
 can be thoroughly overhauled and made ready for the 
 next season's work. During this period the waste heat 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 in part can be utilized for the works purposes and the 
 balance either sold for other purposes, or allowed to go 
 to waste, for there certainly should be sufficient profit 
 made during the heating season alone to satisfy any 
 company. 
 
 RADIATORS. 
 
 Fig. 19 shows the general form of a radiator for direct 
 heating which is similar for steam and hot water, the 
 one difference being that the sections are connected at 
 the top, as well as the bottom, for hot water, but con- 
 nected only at the bottom for steam. A cap is used to 
 close the ends of the top connection, and by this the dif- 
 ference in the two radiators can be seen at a glance. 
 Radiators for indirect heating differ in construction so 
 as to permit the cold air to be heated, to be freely drawn 
 or forced around or through them. 
 
 RADIATION SURFACE. 
 
 The following will show the proportionate radiation 
 surface to the cubical contents of the room to be warmed, 
 where direct radiation is used : 
 
 Bathrooms and living-rooms with three exposed walls 
 and a large amount of glass surface require an allowance 
 of 1 square foot for each 40 cubic feet. 
 
 Bathrooms and living-rooms with two exposed walls 
 and a large amount of glass surface require an allowance 
 of 1 square foot for each 50 cubic feet. 
 
 Bathrooms and living-rooms with one exposed wall and 
 an ordinary amount of glass surface require an allowance 
 of 1 square foot for each 60 cubic feet. 
 
 Sleeping rooms require an allowance of I square foot 
 for each 60 to 70 cubic feet. 
 
124 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Halls require an allowance of 1 square foot for each 
 50 to TO cubic feet. 
 
 School rooms require an allowance of 1 square foot for 
 each 60 to 80 cubic feet. 
 
 Churches and auditoriums having large cubical contents 
 and high ceilings require an allowance of 1 square foot 
 for each 65 to 100 cubic feet. 
 
 L,ofts, workshops arid factories require an allowance, of 
 1 square foot for each 75 to 150 cubic feet. 
 
 SIZES AND CAPACITY OF THE BRANCH STEAM TRAPS. 
 
 No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 
 
 Height over all 48 in. 38 in. 27 in. 18 in. 12 in. 
 
 Size of pipe connection 2% in. l 1 ^ in. 1*4 in. 1 in. % in. 
 
 Weight 800 Ibs. 300 Ibs,. 130 Ibs. 90 Ibs. 30 Ibs. 
 
 Kineal ft. 1-inch pipe 
 
 trap will drain 60,000 27,COO 13,500 G,000 2,300 
 
 Capacity in sq. ft. of 
 
 radiation 22,000 8,500 4,800 2,000 850 
 
 Capacity in Ibs. water 
 
 per hour 7,100 3,000 1,800 725 225 
 
 The Branch Steam Trap. 
 Fig. 18. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 125 
 
 For indirect radiators allow at least 50 per cent more 
 surface. 
 
 As no heating system can be successfully operated with- 
 out steam traps of sufficient capacity to remove all the 
 condensation, opposite is given the proper sizes and capac- 
 ities of traps for this class of work. 
 
 CENTRAL STATION HEATING. 
 
 \Yhere large districts are to be heated, a central heating 
 station becomes necessary, the steam or hot-water mains 
 from same being laid underground through the streets. 
 Both steam and hot water are used for this character of 
 heating, but it is generally admitted that where the district 
 is large that the hot-water systems are the best, as there 
 is much less loss from condensation in the mains, and the 
 temperature can be much better regulated. A's the exhaust 
 steam from some large plants is generally used in connec- 
 tion with either of these systems, the central heating plant 
 should be located as near as possible to it, and the exhaust 
 steam conveyed through an underground duct in as direct 
 a path as possible. The equipment of the station depends 
 largely upon the extent of the district to be heated, it 
 being usual to allow for steam heating 1 square foot of 
 boiler heating surface for supplying 10 square feet of 
 radiating surface, or one boiler horse power to each 120 
 to 200 square feet of radiating surface, depending upon 
 whether steam or hot water is used. 
 
Radiator for Steam Heating. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
coaoiniicr 11600 Ft. 
 
 Contract Station Heating Plant. 
 Fig. 20. 
 
128 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS IN PLACES OF 
 
 3,000 POPULATION AND UPWARDS, WITH REPORTS 
 
 ON OPERATION OF SAME. 
 
 (The Municipal Year Book.) 
 I!ity or Town. Population. Owner. Ind. or Comb. 
 
 ^aconia, N. H, ... 8,042 Belknap El. Power Co Independent. 
 
 springfield, Mass. 62,059 Springfield Gas Lt Co Gas Wks. 
 
 ?awtucket, R. I.. . 39,231 Pawtucket El. Co El. Lts. & Ry. 
 
 ^ew Haven, Conn. 108,027 New Haven Ht. Sup. Co Independent. 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 30,345 Auburn El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Dunkirk, N. Y 11,616 A. W. Cummings Independent. 
 
 ^redonia, N. Y.... 4,127 Dunkirk & Fredonia R. R. Co.. El. Lt. & Rys. 
 
 lornellsville, N. Y. 11,918 American 111. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Geneva, N. Y 10,433 Geneva Steam Heating Co. .. .Independent. 
 
 .ockport, N. Y 16,581 Economy Lt, Ht. & Pr. Co Lt. & Pr. 
 
 Newark, N. Y 4,578 Newark Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 STewburgh, N. Y.. 24,943 Newburgh Lt, Ht. & Pr. Co.. El. Lts. 
 
 ^ew York City. . .3,437,202 New York Steam Co Independent 
 
 SJ.Tonawanda,N.Y. 9,069 The Fidelity Co Independent 
 
 Penn Yan, N. Y.. . 4,650 Penn Yan Heating Co Independent. 
 
 Ulentown, Pa.... 35,416 Allentown Ht. & Pr. Co Independent. 
 
 Bellefonte, Pa 4,216 Bellefonte Gas Wks Gas Wks. 
 
 31oomsburg, Pa... 6,170 Bloomsburg St., Ht. & El.Lt.Co.El. Lts. 
 
 31earfield, Pa 5,081 Clearfield Steam Heating Co. .Independent. 
 
 rie, Pa 52,733 Home Htg. Co Independent. 
 
 Greenville, Pa 4,814 Peoples El. Lt, Ht & Pr. Co. El. Lt. Gas Wks. 
 
 larrisburg, Pa... 50,167 Harrisburg St., Ht. & Pr. Co. Independent. 
 
 rlazelton, Pa 14,230 Hazelton Steam Co Independent. 
 
 Fohnstown, Pa.... 35,936 Citizen Lt, Ht & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 ^ebanon, Pa 17,628 Lebanon Steam Htg. Co Independent. 
 
 Lock Haven, Pa.. 7,210 111. Power & Heat Co Independent. 
 
 Vtahoney City, Pa. 13,504 Charles D. Kaier Co Independent. 
 
 Mt. Pleasant, Pa.. 4,745 Peoples' Htg. Co Independent. 
 
 Phillipsburg, Pa... 3,266 Phillipsburg Steam Htg. Co. . .Independent. 
 3 hiladelphia, Pa. .1,293,697 Independent 
 
 Pottsville, Pa 15,710 Pottsville St., Ht & Pr. Co. . .Independent. 
 
 Reading, Pa 78,961 Reading St. Ht. & Pr. Co Independent. 
 
 Scranton, Pa 102,260 Economy Ht., Lt. & Pr. Co. . . .Independent. 
 
 Shenandoah, Pa... 20,321 Shenandoah Ht & Pr. Co Independent 
 
AND LIGHT. 129 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS (Continued). 
 
 City or Town. Population. Owner. Ind. or Comb. 
 
 Towanda, Pa 4,663 Towanda El. 111. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Washington, Pa... 7,670 Washington El. Lt. & Pr. Co.. El. Lts. 
 
 Wilkes Barre, Pa. 51,721 Wilkes Barre Ht, Lt. & Pr. Co.Independent, 
 
 Wilkinsburg, Pa.. 11,866 Pennsylvania Ht & Pr. Co. .. .Independent. 
 
 York, Pa 33,708 York Haven Traction Co El. Ry. 
 
 Cumberland, Md. . 17,128 Edison El. 111. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 89,872 Atlanta Ry. & Pr. Co El. Ry. 
 
 Columbus, 125,560 Indianola Land & Pr. Co Independent. 
 
 Cochocton, O 6,473 Merchants El. Lt. & Pr. Co... Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 Delaware, 7,940 Delaware El. Lt. & Pr. Co.... El. Lts. 
 
 Tiffin, 10,989 Edison El. Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Toledo, 131,822 Yaryan Htg. & Ltg Co El. Lts. 
 
 Van Wert, O 6,422 
 
 Washington, C. H. 5,751 Washmgt'n-Smea'd Ht. Watr Colndependent. 
 
 Youngstown, O... 44,885 Youngstown St. Heating Co. . .Independent. 
 
 Bedford, Ind 6,115 Heat, Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lt. El. Ry. 
 
 Bloomington, Ind.. 6,460 Peoples Lt. Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lt. Gas Wks. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind.. 169,164 Home Htg. & Ltg. Co Independent. 
 
 La Porte, Ind 7,113 La Porte El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Marion, Ind 17,337 
 
 Muncie, Ind 20,942 Muncie El. Lt. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Princeton, Ind.... 3,118 
 
 Sullivan, Ind 6,041 
 
 Terre Haute, In'd. 36,6 Y3 Terre Haute El. Co El. Lts., El. Ry. 
 
 Vincennes, Ind. . . 10,249 John Hartigan Co Independent. 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 87,565 Edison El. Lt. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Houghton, Mich.. 3,259 Peninsula El. Lt. & Pr. Co... El. Lts. 
 
 Lansing, Mich 16,485 A. A. & F. B. Piatt El. Lts. 
 
 Alton, Ills 14,210 Alton Ry. El. Lt. Co. & Gas. . .Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 Belvidere, Ills 6,937 Belvidere Heating Co El. Lts. 
 
 Bloomington, 111. . 23,286 City Dist. Heating Co Independent. 
 
 Champaign, 111 9,098 Champaign & Urbana Gas & El. 
 
 Ry. Co Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 Charleston, 111 5,488 Charleston Lt., Ht & Pr. Co..Jtil. Lts. 
 
 Danville, 111 16,354 Danville Gas, El. Lt. & St. Ry.Gas Wks.E.L.,Ry. 
 
 Decatur, 111 20,754 
 
 DeKalb, 111.. 5,904 DeKalk El. Co. . . .El. Lts. 
 
130 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS (Continued). 
 
 City or Town. Population. 
 
 Evanston, 111 19,259 
 
 Jerseyville, 111 3,517 
 
 LaSalle, 111 10,446 
 
 Mattoon, 111 9,622 
 
 Paris, 111 6,105 
 
 Paxton, 111 3,036 
 
 Pontiac, 111 4,266 
 
 Quincy, 111 36,252 
 
 Springfield, 111 34,159 
 
 Sycamore, 111 3,653 
 
 Taylorville, 111 4,248 
 
 Urbana, 111 5,728 
 
 Janesville, Wis. . . 13,185 
 
 Kenosha, Wis 11,606 
 
 La Crosse, Wis .... 28,895 
 
 Marinette, Wis... 16,195 
 
 Boone, la 8,860 
 
 Burlington, la 23,201 
 
 Cedar Rapids, la. . 25,656 
 
 Davenport, la 35,254 
 
 Des Moines, la. . . 62,139 
 
 Grinnell, la. 3,860 
 
 Marion, la 4,102 
 
 Mason City, la.... 6,746 
 
 Missouri Valley, la 4,010 
 
 Muscatine, la 14,073 
 
 Ottumwa, la 18,197 
 
 Perry, la 3,986 
 
 Red Oak, la 4,355 
 
 Webster City, la. . 4,613 
 
 Albert Lea, Minn. 4,500 
 
 Crookston, Minn . . 5,359 
 
 Owatonna, Minn.. 5,561 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn. . 8,663 
 
 St. Paul, Minn.. 163,065 
 
 Fort Scott, Kan.. 10,332 
 
 Topeka, Kan 33,608 
 
 Owner. Ind. or Comb. 
 
 Evanston Yaryan Co El. Lts. 
 
 Jerseyville Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.. El. Lts. 
 
 Marquette Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Mattoon Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Paris Gas., Lt. & Coke Co Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 Electric Lt. Plant El. Lts. 
 
 Pontiac El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 J. C. Hubinger Independent. 
 
 Utilities Co. El. Lt. & Pr. Co.. El. Lts. 
 
 E. Hall El. Lts. 
 
 Taylorville El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Urbana Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Janesville El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Kenosha Gas. & El. Co Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 La Crosse Gas & El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Marinette Gas, El. Lt. & St. Ry.Gas, El. Lts. S. R. 
 
 John Reynolds Co 
 
 Burlington Ry. & Lt. Co El. Lts. Ry. Gas. 
 
 Cedar Rapids El. Lt. & Pr. Co. El. Lts. 
 
 Davenport Gas & El. Co Gas Wks. El. Lts. 
 
 Des Moines St. Htg. Co Independent. 
 
 Carney & Hammond El. Lts. 
 
 Marion Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Brice Gas & El. Co Gas Wks. El. Lls. 
 
 Muscatine El. Ry. Co Gas El. Lts. Ry. 
 
 Ottumwa E. & St. Co El. Lts. Ry. 
 
 Perry El. Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lts. Ry. 
 
 Red Oak El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Municipal Plant El. Lts., W. Wks. 
 
 Albert Lea Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Crookston W. Wks., Pr.& Lt.Co.W. Wks., El. Lts. 
 Owatonna Gas, El. & Htg. Co. El. Lts. 
 
 St. Cloud W., Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Manhattan Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co. .El. Lts, 
 
 Fort Scott Consol. Sup. Co El. Lts., Ry. 
 
 Edison Ilium, Co......... El, Lts, 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 131 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS (Continued). 
 
 City or Town. Population. Owner. Ind. or Comb. 
 
 Bismarck, N. Dak. 3,319 Hughes El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Grd Forks, N.Dak. 7,G52 Grand Forks Gas & El. Co Gas Wks., El. Lts. 
 
 Butte, Mont 30,470 Phoenix El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. . 163,752 Kansas City El. Lt. Co El. Lts. 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo. . . 102,979 St. Joseph Ry. Lt., Ht. & Pr.Co.El. Lts., Ry. 
 
 Sedalia, Mo 15,231 Economy St. Htg. & El. Co Independent (?) 
 
 Waxahachie, Tex. 4,215 Waxahachie El. Lt. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Colorado Spgs. Colo 21,085 Colo. El. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Denver, Colo 133,859 Denver St. Htg. Co In-dependent. 
 
 Seattle, Wash 80,671 Seattle Pr. & Ht. Co Independent. 
 
 Salt Lake City,Utah 53,531 Utah Lt. & Pr. Co El. Lts. 
 
 Boise, Idaho 5,957 Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co.Water Works. 
 
 ALBERT LEA, MINN. Population, 4,500 
 
 The Albert Lea Light & Power Co. are operating a 
 central heating system in connection with their central 
 station. They use the Evans, Almirall Co/s hot water 
 system, and it is giving practically no trouble, being 
 operated nine months out of the twelve. They charge 
 iT^c per square foot of radiation. They are giving 
 satisfaction to their patrons. Single pipe system. 
 
 ALTON, ILL. Population, 14,210 
 
 The Electric Street Railway Co. operate a central heat- 
 ing system which furnishes heat for certain portions of 
 the city. 
 
 The service is reported to be only fairly satisfactory, 
 owing to the mains being in need of constant repairs. 
 
 ALLENTOWN, PA. Population, 35,416 
 
 The central heating plant in this city is reported to 
 have never been a success, due it is claimed to its original 
 
132 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 faulty construction, and the defective installation of the 
 mains. 
 
 The pipes were merely encased in wood, without other 
 insulation. The failure of this heating system is one of 
 the many due to such defective insulation, and demon- 
 strates the necessity of proper insulation of all mains, 
 both for economy and satisfactory service. Without such 
 insulation, the system necessarily must be a failure. 
 
 AUBURN, N. Y. Population, 30,345 
 
 Auburn Lt. Ht. & Pr. Co. operate a central heating 
 plant, under a franchise granted by the city. They use 
 live steam from 10 to 20 Ibs. pressure, using steam traps 
 which discharge into the sewers. 
 
 They have about 200 customers and furnish heat only 
 in business portions of the city. This company has been 
 in existence a number of years, but is reported never to 
 have been a financial success, not making over expenses 
 and repairs. 
 
 ATLANTA, GA. Population, 89,872 
 
 The Georgia Railway & Elec. Co. operate a central 
 heating plant, which furnishes heat to the office buildings 
 and main business districts of the city. This plant is op- 
 erated in connection with their street railway and electric 
 lighting plant. 
 
 The service is entirely satisfactory. 
 
 BURLINGTON, IOWA. Population, 23,201 
 
 The Peoples Gas & Elec. Co. are operating a central 
 heating plant in this city. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 133 
 
 BISMARCK, N. D. Population, 4,500 
 
 The Hughes Elec. Co. furnish heat for the N. Pacific 
 Depot and Northwest Hotel. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, IND. Population, 6,460 
 
 The Peoples' Gas, Electric & Heating Co. have been 
 operating for the past five years a central heating hot- 
 water system installed by the Schott Specialty Co., having 
 a capacity of 125,000 square feet of radiation. The plant 
 is fully loaded, and the company is preparing to extend 
 the street mains during this year. 
 
 A rate of 1 5 cents per square foot radiation is charged, 
 which is admitted to be too low, although the company has 
 been enabled by the operation of their heating plant, in 
 connection with their gas and electric plants, to earn a 
 small dividend. 
 
 The service given their patrons is entirely satisfactory. 
 
 BOISE CITY, IDAHO. Population, 5,957 
 
 A private corporation operates a natural artesian hot 
 water system, heating a number of the residences and 
 business houses of this city. 
 
 BuTTE, MONT. Population, 30,470 
 
 The Phoenix Electric Co. are operating a small heat- 
 ing system in conjunction with their electric lighting- 
 plant. They heat about twenty buildings, with 45,000 
 square feet of radiation, for which they receive 60c per 
 square foot for the entire year, 24 hours to the day, and 
 every day in the year when temperature is below 65 de- 
 grees. They carry from five to ten pounds pressure, 
 
134 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 using slack coal at $4.50 per ton in bins. The engineers 
 work in three shifts of eight hours each, two receiving 
 $4 per clay, and fireman $3.50. They furnish some steam 
 at 25-lbs. pressure, for cooking and heating water, for 
 which they receive 60c per 1,000 Ibs., measuring the con- 
 densation with meter. 
 
 BOONK, IOWA. Population, 8,800 
 
 The L,. W. Reynolds Estate operate a heating plant 
 in this city. For the first year or two the plant did not 
 give satisfaction, but for the last two years the service 
 has been entirely satisfactory. 
 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. Population, 25,650 
 
 The C. R. & Iowa City Ry. and Lt. Co. operate a cen- 
 tral heating station in this city, which is a success, both 
 in its service and financial operation. 
 
 BOROUGH OF CI.EARFIEXD, PA. Population, 5,081 
 
 The Clearfield Steam Heating Co. operate a central 
 heating station in this city, w r hich is giving excellent sat- 
 isfaction both in the public building and in private resi- 
 dences. 
 
 COLORADO SPRINGS, Coi.o. Population, 21,085 
 
 The Colorado Springs Electric Co. operate a heating 
 plant in a limited way, supplying steam heat to buildings, 
 being approximately 5,000,000 cubic feet. They have used 
 both live steam and exhaust, and are at present using the 
 latter. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. * 35 
 
 The system is entirely satisfactory. They base their 
 rates at 50c per 1,000 Ibs. of steam condensed, and use 
 condensation meters. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, ILL. Population, 9,098 
 
 The U. & C. Ry., Gas & Electric Co. have been operat- 
 ing a central heating plant in this city since 1901, and 
 furnishing heat to most all business houses in the city. 
 The system does not extend out of the business district, 
 except in a few instances. 
 
 The service has been entirely satisfactory. 
 
 DAVENPORT, IOWA. Population, 35,254 
 
 The American District Co. have been operating a cen- 
 tral heating system for about five years, with entire sat- 
 isfaction to its patrons and is reported to be also a financial 
 success. 
 
 DE>KALB, ILLS. Population, 5,904 
 
 The DeKalb-Sycamore Electric Co. operate a central 
 heating system which was installed. by the Consolidated 
 Engineering Company. The company has 30,000 square 
 feet of radiation in successful opration, for which they 
 receive 35 cents per square foot. 
 
 DANVILLE ILL. Population, 16,354 
 
 The Danville Street Railway & Light Co. operate a 
 central heating system, using steam heat, which is re- 
 ported to have been fairly successful. They charge the 
 following rates for the heating season : 
 
136 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Residence rates Per 1,000 cubic feet 
 
 Frame houses, less than 20,000 cubic feet contents. $6. 00 
 Frame houses, more than 20,000 cubic feet contents. 5.75 
 Brick houses, less than 20,000 cubic feet contents. 5.50 
 Brick houses, more than 20,000 cubic feet contents. 5.25 
 
 Business house rates 
 
 Front rooms only, on upper floors 5.00 
 
 Any room, side, back and front exposure, less than 
 
 70 feet deep 4.00 
 
 Any room, side, back and front exposure, more than 
 
 70 feet deep 3.75 
 
 Rooms, back and front exposure, less than 70 feet 
 
 deep 3.50 
 
 Rooms, back and front exposure, more than 70 feet 
 
 deep 3.00 
 
 Any building, more than 150,000 cubic feet contents 2.50 
 
 The above rates are about the average rates charged 
 throughout the country for steam heating. Where ex- 
 haust steam can be used entirely, with these rates a heat- 
 ing system can be made a profitable investment, but if 
 it becomes necessary to supplement same with live steam, 
 it then becomes a question of proper insulation. 
 
 DUNKIRK, N. Y. Population, 11,016 
 
 A. W. Cummings is operating a central heating plant 
 in this city, furnishing steam heat to the public buildings, 
 post office, business houses and schools. It is satisfactory 
 in every respect. Rates for service, 40c per 1,000 Ibs. 
 
 DENVER, Coux Population, 133,859 
 
 The Denver City Steam Heating Co. are operating :i 
 central heating plant in this city, which is entirely satis- 
 factory. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 137 
 
 ERIE, PA. Population, 52,733 
 
 The Erie Co. have been operating a central heating 
 plant in this city for the past six years, and its operation 
 is entirely satisfactory. 
 
 EVANSTON, Ii.iv. Population, 19,259 
 
 The Yaryan Co. installed a central heating plant in 
 this city, but it is now owned and operated by the North 
 Shore Electric Co. The service is liked very much, the 
 only objection reported being the price charged. 
 
 FORT SCOTT, KAN. Population, 10,322 
 
 Mr. Grant Hornaday is president of the Gas & Electric 
 Co., which company operates the only heating plant in 
 this city. 
 
 BOROUGH OF GREENVIIJ^E, PA. Population, 2,800 
 
 A private corporation has been operating a central 
 heating plant in this city several years, and its service 
 is very satisfactory. 
 
 The live steam from the Electric Light Plant is used 
 to operate the same. 
 
 Mains are not more than J/ mile in length. 
 
 HoRNEiJ,sviUvE, N. Y. Population, 11,918 
 
 The American Illuminating Co. are running a central 
 steam heating plant in connection with their electric light 
 plant. It has been in operation seven years and heats more 
 than 100 of the largest buildings, using exhaust steam, to- 
 gether with live steam. The company has about two 
 
138 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 miles of line, consisting of 10-inch, 8-inch, 6-inch, 5-inch 
 and 4-inch mains. The loss in the lines is slight. The 
 service is very satisfactory to all. 
 
 HARRISBURG, PA. Population, 50,167 
 
 The Harrisburg Steam Heat & Power Co. operate a 
 central heating station, which is very successful, and 
 covers quite an extent of territory. 
 
 JANESVIU.E, Wis. Population, 13,185 
 
 The Janesville Electric Co. heat several buildings in 
 this city, near and adjoining their own, and are giving 
 good satisfaction. 
 
 JERSEYVIU.E, Iix. Population, 3,800 
 
 Plant was installed last year by a private corporation 
 and is operated in connection with the electric lighting 
 plant and water works. Is financially successful, and giv- 
 ing. satisfaction to its patrons. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, PA. ' Population, 35,936 
 
 The Citizens' Light, Heat & Power Co. operate a cen- 
 tral heating system known as the Holly system, which 
 was installed by the American District Steam Co. Ex- 
 haust steam is used, which is supplemented with live 
 steam. They carry five pounds on their mains at the 
 plant, and two pounds at their most distant point, which 
 is one-half of a mile from the plant. The system is giv- 
 ing satisfaction to its patrons. 
 
 This company considers the central heating system a 
 financial success, provided the rates charged are in propor- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 139 
 
 tion to the cost and when most of the business can be 
 taken care of by exhaust steam. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, Mo. Population, 163,752 
 
 The Metropolitan Street Railway Co. are now install- 
 ing a central heating system. There is a general desire 
 for its service, as it will supply a great need. 
 
 KENOSHA, Wis. Population, 11,606 
 
 The Kenosha Gas & Electric Co. are operating a cen- 
 tral heating station. It was one of the first plants in- 
 stalled in that part of the country. It is giving satisfac- 
 tion to patrons, and is financially successful. 
 
 LEBANON, PA. Population, 17,628 
 
 The Lebanon Steam Co. have been operating a steam 
 heating plant in this place since 1888. Is very satisfac- 
 tory as to heat, but is reported not a success financially, 
 owing to the rate charged being too low, and the patrons 
 being much scattered over the city. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. Population 60,000 
 
 The Litle Rock Heating Company operate a central 
 heating plant, using the Schott hot-water system. This 
 plant was installed in 1904 at a cost of $206,864, and 
 while it has not proved a financial success, it has given 
 entire satisfaction to its patrons. The company is now 
 being operated by a Receiver. 
 
 The net cost of the plant was as follows : 
 
 Site $ 3,000.00 
 
 Materials 110,006.30 
 
140 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Pay Rolls 38,771.20 
 
 Interest and Discount , 7,822.52 
 
 Management 9, 274.30 
 
 Supervision -1,125.00 
 
 Engineer's Fees 12 ; COO.OO 
 
 Expenses of Engineer and Assistants 1,750.00 
 
 Freight 4,385.51 
 
 Drayage 3,504,57 
 
 Office and Ground Rents 480.00 
 
 Miscellaneous Expenses 945.10 
 
 Cash, Little Rock Heating Co 10,000.00 
 
 Total $206,864.50 
 
 The company has 175,000 feet of radiation in opera- 
 tion, and contracts offered for about 100,000 feet more, 
 had it been in a position to suply the demand. The 
 prices charged are 17c per square foot for radiation, and 
 for hot water, $1.00 per thousand gallons. 
 
 The company uses the exhaust steam from the Little 
 Rock Railway and Electric Company, paying 3.85 cents 
 per 1,000 pounds of steam received, which is supple- 
 mented by coal. 
 
 The estimated income for the heating year 1905 -U is 
 as follows : 
 
 175,000 feet of radiation, at 18c. $31,500.00 
 1,500,000 gals, hot water, at $1 . . 1,500.00 
 Profit on installing 50,000 feet of 
 
 radiation 6,250.00 $39,250.00 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 141 
 
 Estimated cost of operating plant during season of 
 1905-06: 
 
 Exhaust steam $ 2,100.00 
 
 5,000 tons slack, at $2 10,000.00 
 
 Superintendence, 7 months 875.00 
 
 2 Engineers, 7 months 945.00 
 
 4 Firemen, 5 months 1,000.00 
 
 Oil and waste 200.00 
 
 Water ' 350.00 
 
 Electric lights 175.00 
 
 Office rent 300.00 
 
 Office man 720.00 
 
 Printing, stamps and stationery. 300.00 
 
 Trouble man, 7 months at $75 . . . 525.00 
 
 Taxes and insurance 800.00 
 
 Maintenance 750.00 
 
 Interest on bonds . 12,500.00 $31,540.00 
 
 Income $39,250.00 
 
 Operating expenses 31,540.00 
 
 Net income $7,710.00 
 
 LANSING, MICH. Population, 16,485 
 
 The Piatt Heating & Power Co. own and control the 
 central heating .plant and also furnish electric power for 
 the Street Railway Co. This company has only lately 
 been granted a franchise for general heating purposes, 
 though it has been heating the state capitol and several 
 large buildings near their plant for some time, with en- 
 tire satisfaction. The company is now extending its 
 mains so as to include residence heating throughout the 
 city. 
 
142 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 LOCKPORT, N. Y. Population, 16,581 
 
 The Economy Light & Fuel Co. are operating about 
 six miles of mains from a central heating plant and giv- 
 ing perfect satisfaction to their patrons, which include 
 several hundred residences, business houses and public 
 buildings. Price is based upon meter rates. The oper- 
 ation of this plant has reduced to a great extent the 
 smoke nuisance, also the fire risk. 
 
 MARINETTE, Wis. Population, 16,195 
 
 The Watson Heating Co. own and operate the central 
 heating plant in this city. While it is giving satisfaction 
 to its patrons, it is reported not a financial success. 
 
 MUSCATINE, IOWA. Population, 14,07:3 
 
 The central heating station at this place is not now 
 being operated, nor has it been in operation for some 
 time. 
 
 It is reported not to have been a financial success, but 
 the service was satisfactory. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. Population, 108,027 
 
 The New Haven Heat Supply Co. operate a central 
 heating system, more or less limited to the central busi- 
 ness section of the city. They do a successful business, 
 and there is general satisfaction among their patrons. 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. Population, 3,437,202 
 
 New York has no central heating station in the main 
 sections, but there are several in the outlying districts, 
 owned and operated by private corporations. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 143 
 
 NEWBURGH, N. Y. Population, 24,943 
 
 Newburgh Light, Heat & Power Co. operate a cen- 
 tral heating system in connection with the lighting busi- 
 ness of the company, and supply a considerable portion 
 of the city with steam heat. The system is very popular 
 and gives entire satisfaction. It is contemplated extend- 
 ing the system so as to take in several streets not now 
 piped. 
 
 OTTUMWA, IOWA. Population, 18,197 
 
 The Ottumwa Traction & Light Co. operate a central 
 heating system in this city, using their exhaust steam for 
 this purpose, which plant it is stated is not giving com- 
 plete satisfaction to its patrons, but is a financial success. 
 
 OSKALOOSA, IOWA. Population, 9,212 
 
 The Oskaloosa Traction & Light Co. operate a central 
 heating system in this city.' It is a two-pipe hot water 
 system, and giving satisfaction to its patrons, and is re- 
 ported also financially successful. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. Population, 1,293,697 
 
 There are one or two heating stations in the suburbs 
 of the city. None in the central districts. 
 
 PAXTON, ILL. Population, 4,200 
 
 The electric light plant put in central hot water heat- 
 ing plant five years ago, which system is being used by 
 most of the business houses, private residences, some 
 schools and churches. 
 
 A great number of the residences desire the service, 
 but owing to lack of capacity they cannot be supplied. 
 An extension of the system is contemplated. 
 
144 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 PAWTUCKET, R. I. Population, 39,231 
 
 There is a central heating plant at this place. 
 
 PENN YAN, N. Y. Population, 39,231 
 
 The Penn Yan Steam Heating Co. are operating a 
 heating system at this place. 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA. Population, 321,610 
 
 The Penn Heat & Power Co. operate a central heat- 
 ing plant, supplying both business and residence houses. 
 Its patrons are well satisfied. 
 
 POTTSVIIXE, PA. Population, 15,710 
 
 The Pottsville Steam Heat & Power Co. operate a cen- 
 tral heating system in this city, using steam from a 
 central generating plant. The season extends eight 
 months, being from October 1st to June 1st. The plant 
 was installed in 1888, and consists of six horizontal re- 
 turn flue boilers, each 72 inches in diameter and 18 feet 
 in length, developing about 800 horse-power. 
 
 The fuel used is small-sized anthracite coal, known as 
 "rice" and "buckwheat," which averages about $1.25 per 
 ton delivered. Natural draft is used. A steam pressure 
 of 60 Ibs. square inch is carried, which is reduced to 15 
 Ibs. minimum and 30 Ibs. maximum pressure, according 
 to weather temperature. The obstacles to overcome are 
 leaks at expansion joints, about every 50 feet; loss by 
 radiation from mains and laterals ; also destruction of 
 same by corrosion and the waste electrical current from 
 trolley rails. The price made to their patrons is not any 
 higher than would be the cost of the operation of in- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 145 
 
 dividual house plants, considering the constant and 
 abundant supply of heat, as well as the convenience and 
 avoidance of dust from ashes and coal and the ease of 
 regulation of temperature. The service has been en- 
 tirely satisfactory to their patrons, and the plant is re- 
 ported also a financial success. 
 
 READING, PA. Population, 78,961 
 
 The Reading Steam Heat & Power Co. have been 
 operating a central station heating plant eighteen years. 
 The service furnished is very satisfactory to its patrons, 
 but is reported financially not to be a success. 
 
 ST. CLOUD, MINN. Population, 8,603 
 
 It is reported that the central heating plant was not a 
 success financially, and it is not now 7 in operation. 
 
 SCRANTON, PA. Population, 102,026 
 
 The Economy Light, Heat & Power Co. operate a 
 central heating plant, furnishing heat to the city insti- 
 tutions, fire engine houses, etc., and also to public build- 
 ings, residences, etc. The rate is $4.50 per 1,000 cubic 
 feet direct radiation, and $6 per 1,000 cubic feet indirect 
 radiation. They have been in business a number of years, 
 and giving general satisfaction. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. Population, 62,059 
 
 The Springfield Gas Light Co. formerly operated the 
 "Holly system" of steam heating, but discontinued it 
 some years ago. It is reported that the plant \vas not 
 profitable. 
 
 10 
 
146 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 ST. PAUL, MINN. Population, 163,065 
 
 The American District Steam Heating Co. are install- 
 ing a central heating plant at this place, but it is not yet 
 in operation. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, Mo. Population, 102,979 
 
 St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat & Power Co. operate 
 a central heating system, furnishing heat to the business 
 houses, public buildings, etc., in the business sections. 
 They use the exhaust system from the light plant for 
 heating, and it is giving satisfaction to its patrons. 
 
 SYCAMORE, ILLS. Population, 4,500 
 
 The DeKalb-Sycamore Electric Co. operate a central 
 heating system which was installed by the Consolidated 
 Engineering Company. The company has 30,000 square 
 feet of radiation in successful operation for which they 
 receive 35 cents per square foot. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. Population, 38,253 
 
 The Home Lighting, Power and Heating Co. are oper- 
 ating a central heating system installed by the American 
 District Steam Co. This plant was installed in the sum- 
 mer of 1905, heating the central part of the city with the 
 exhaust steam from their power plant which is located in 
 central part of the city. Their power plant furnishes 75 
 per cent of the commercial lighting of the city and their 
 income from heating the forty buildings to which they 
 furnish heat, pays their coal bill for the entire plant, leav- 
 ing a margin of 25 per cent. The company is preparing 
 to extend their system to about thirty more buildings. It 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 147 
 
 is stated that the system is an entire success and that in 
 zero weather they have never received a complaint. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, Iix. Population, 34,159 
 
 The Utilities Co. are operating both hot water and 
 steam heat service from their central plant, which also 
 furnishes power for street railway and commercial light- 
 ing. The service is reported to be both satisfactory and 
 profitable. 
 
 The Springfield Light, Heat and Power Company, of 
 Springfield, Illinois, has recently built a new power sta- 
 tion, for lighting, steam and hot water heating and rail- 
 way purposes. This power station is notable on account 
 of the size of the exhaust steam heating system supplied 
 from it. In the majority of cities where exhaust steam 
 or hot water heating is being done, the power stations 
 are of much smaller capacity. The heating system of the 
 company at Springfield is one of the largest operated by 
 any electric central station company in the country. About 
 200,000 square feet of hot water radiators and 150,000 
 square feet of steam radiators are connected to this sta- 
 tion. On account of the exhaust steam heating load, the 
 station is, of course, equipped with simple non-condens- 
 ing engines. 
 
 STATION PIPING FOR HEATING SYSTEM. 
 
 The apparatus for hot \vater and exhaust steam heating 
 occupies considerable space in the power house, and is of 
 much more importance than usual in a power house doing 
 this kind of work. There are two sets of condensers for 
 use in heating water for the heating system which are 
 supplemented by a bank of fuel economizers for utilizing 
 
148 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 the heat in the fuel gases. These three means of heating 
 are not sufficient in the coldest weather, and two of the 
 boilers in the station have been fitted up so that they can 
 be completely filled with water and used as hot water 
 heaters. The present arrangement of piping for hot 
 water heating in this station is of interest because it repre- 
 sents the result of the company's experiments and experi- 
 ence along this line. See Fig. 20. 
 
 The return water as it enters from the street, first goes 
 through the circulatingpumps, from which a 12-inch main 
 takes it to a header to which are connected the six Stahl 
 condensers in multiple. In multiple with these condensers 
 there are also three fuel economizers. After leaving the 
 economizers and first bank of condensers the water passes 
 to the two 3,000-foot Schott condensers. These latter 
 condensers are also connected in multiple. After leaving 
 the vSchott condensers, all the water must pass through 
 the water-tube boilers, which are connected in series, un- 
 less the by-pass on the boilers is open, in which case, of 
 course, the boilers would be out of use. After leaving 
 the boilers the water flows to the outgoing street main. 
 
 The important thing to notice in this piping arrange- 
 ment, is that the boilers are connected in series with the 
 rest of the heating apparatus. Attempts to operate the 
 boilers in multiple with the o<ther heating apparatus have 
 not resulted satisfactorily. 
 
 So far only the connections of the hot water circulating 
 system have been considered. The connections of the 
 condensers to the exhaust steam main which runs the 
 length of the engine room are very simple. These con- 
 densers are simply "dead-ended" onto the exhaust main. 
 That is, one end is connected to the exhaust main and 
 the other is closed. The condenser, therefore, takes ex- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 149 
 
 haust steam as fast as it can be condensed by water cir- 
 culating in the condenser. Precautions are taken to let 
 out whatever air that may accumulate in the condenser, 
 just as in a one-pipe steam radiator. The exhaust steam 
 main in the engine room basement is divided by valves 
 into two parts. 
 
 STATION PERFORMANCE. 
 
 The station was designed with simple non-condensing 
 Corliss engines, for the obvious reasons that the exhaust 
 steam was needed for heating purposes. There is also a 
 further reason that coal is so exceedingly cheap. The 
 economical performance at this station as regards coal 
 consumption is very interesting, because of the light it 
 throws on the question which always comes up in station 
 design where coal is very cheap, viz. : is the saving by 
 compounding and condensing sufficient to pay interest 
 and maintenance on the cost of the compounding and 
 condensing? The coal consumption of this station, during 
 those portions of the year when exhaust steam is not used 
 for heating is about 10 Ib. per kw-hour. 
 
 The maximum load on the station is now about 2,300 
 kw. 
 
 The hot water heating system is carried as far as one 
 mile from the station. The exhaust steam heating, of 
 course, does not cover so great a distance. The Powers 
 automatic temperature regulators are used on all hot 
 water services to prevent waste of heat. The company 
 find it economical to do this rather than to depend on cus- 
 tomers to shut off radiators; when the room gets above 
 a certain temperature the customers' regular method is 
 to open the windows wider. 
 
150 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Steam Rates Direct radiation, 25c. per square foot 
 per annum; indirect radiation, 30c. per square foot per 
 annum; economizing coil, 15c. per square foot per annum; 
 meter rate, 50c. per thousand pounds water, with dis- 
 counts for quantity. 
 
 Hot Water Rates Per square foot radiation, 15c. The 
 payments are made in eight installments as follows : Oc- 
 tober 1, 5 per cent; November 1, 10 per cent; December 
 1, 15 per cent; January 1, 20 per cent; February 1, 20 
 per cent; March 1, 15 per cent; April 1, 10 per cent; May 
 1, 5 per cent. Electric World. 
 
 TAYLORVIU.E, ILL. Population, 3,800 
 
 Plant in operation for about nine years in connection 
 with electric light plant. It is giving perfect satisfaction to 
 both patrons and the company, the plant being a paying 
 investment. The owners of this plant advocate a steam 
 system in preference to hot water, a plant of ample size 
 and the mains not run too great a distance. 
 
 TERRE HAUTE, IND. Population, 30,073 
 
 The Citizens Mutual Heating Co. have been operating 
 two seasons. The capacity of this plant as now com- 
 pleted is 250,000 square feet of radiation. It is probable 
 than an additional 100,000 square feet will be installed 
 for the winter of 190G-Y. 
 
 The company has at present 132 patrons. In its pres- 
 ent condition, after paying operating expenses, the com- 
 pany states that they will have an excess of $10,000, 
 which will leave a surplus after paying interest on the 
 bonds and per cent on the stock, and if fully loaded, 
 that they could pay 10 per cent or 12 per cent dividend. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 151 
 
 The rate charged is 17 cents per square foot of radia- 
 tion. The Schott two-pipe hot water system is used. 
 
 From reports the company is giving entire satisfac- 
 tion to all its patrons. 
 
 The Terre Haute Traction & Light Co. and the Citi- 
 zens' Mutual Heating Co. both operate central heating 
 systems. The former company only operate a small 
 steam heating system from the exhaust steam from one 
 of its engines. This small plant was one of the first of 
 its kind installed by the American District Steam Co. 
 For the last six years this heating plant has been operated 
 with more success than prior to its purchase by this com- 
 pany, 'and it is expected by them in the near future to 
 make it at least pay expenses. 
 
 The rates charged are as follows : 
 
 Business buildings, per season 
 For direct radiation ............. 22j/4c per square foot 
 
 For indirect radiation ........... 27j/^c per square foot 
 
 For cooling coils ............... ITj^c per square foot 
 
 Residences, dwellings, flats, stables, etc. 
 For direct radiation ............. 25c per square foot 
 
 For indirect radiation ........... 30c per square foot 
 
 For cooling coils ............... I7^>c per square foot 
 
 TOI^DO, OHIO. Population, 131,822 
 
 The Yaryan central heating station has been operating 
 in this city a number of years, and is reported to be giving 
 general satisfaction. 
 
 OHIO. Population, 10,989 
 
 The TifHn Edison Electric Illuminating Co; operate a 
 central heating plant in connection with their light plant, 
 
152 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 and it is considered a good investment, and giving general 
 satisfaction. 
 
 TOPEKA, KAN. Population, 33,608 
 
 The Topeka Edison Co. have been operating a central 
 heating system for about nine years. This company has 
 approximately $00,000 invested in their system, and 
 operate same in conjunction with their lighting and 
 power plant, utilizing the exhaust steam as far as possi- 
 ble, supplemented by live steam. They find it necessary 
 to carry from three to six pounds of back pressure on 
 their engines, which are cross-compound. 
 
 While this increases the steam consumption per horse- 
 power, this excess load on the engines is better than a cor- 
 responding electric road. In other words, with the same 
 boiler horse-power they cannot earn the same net money. 
 Their system is an underground system and was in- 
 stalled by the American District Steam Co. 
 
 They sell the steam by the meter system only, the 
 rates charged being as follows : 
 
 First 100,000 Ibs. water 60c per 1,000 Ibs. 
 
 Second 100,000 Ibs. water 50c per 1,000 Ibs. 
 
 Excess Ibs. water 45c per 1,000 Ibs. 
 
 The company insist on having supervision over the 
 consumers' piping and on the use of economy or cooling 
 coils, the water of condensation being discharged into 
 the sewer. They have 120,000 square feet of radiation, 
 which heats approximately 10,000,000 cubic feet of space. 
 The average temperature of their locality from October 
 1st to May 1st is 43.9 degrees. 
 
 The service is giving entire satisfaction. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 YORK, PA. Population, 38,708 
 
 The Edison Electric Light Co. are operating a central 
 heating plant in connection with their power plant, using 
 live steam from the New Haven Power Co. The plant is 
 giving satisfaction to their patrons, and doing a pros- 
 perous business. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Under ordinary conditions for steam heating one horse 
 power will heat in brick buildings 15,000 to 20,000 cubic 
 feet ; in brick stores, 10,000 to 15,000 cubic feet ; in brick 
 dwellings, 10,000 to 15,000 cubic feet; in brick churches, 
 brick shops, etc., 8,000 to 12,000 cubic feet; wooden 
 dwellings, 8,000 to 10,000 cubic feet 
 
 The water of condensation in a steam-heating system 
 is led into a steam trap and thence allowed to flow through 
 a "cooling coil," before being discharged into the drain- 
 age system. 
 
 Where the exhaust steam is used in connection with 
 a hot-water system, the water to be warmed is heated by 
 the steam in large heaters, similar to feed-water heaters, 
 and circulated through the mains by means of centrifugal 
 pumps. 
 
 INSULATION AND COST. 
 
 The underground distributing system mains in either 
 system must be properly insulated or the loss by condensa- 
 tion will be very great. 
 
 Fig. 21 shows a form of insulation which has proved 
 quite satisfactory. Using this insulation, the hot water 
 has been sent out through a two-pipe balanced system six 
 and one-half miles or thirteen miles out, and returning at 
 a loss of only 30 degrees, the water being sent out at a 
 temperature of 170 degrees, and returning at 140 degrees. 
 
154 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 This insulation as shown in the above figure, consists of 
 all mains and laterals being enclosed in two 2-inch cypress 
 boxes y* inch between each box, which space is filled with 
 hair felt and spaced for air. The inner space around the 
 two pipes is packed with pine shavings. All mains are 
 laid with a cover of at least 2 feet of earth, the mains 
 and laterals being standard full weight wrought iron pipe. 
 
 When compressed air is used for the closer regulation 
 of the thermostatic valves, the small air pipe should be 
 laid on top of the outer box, as shown in Fig. 21. 
 
 The following is the cost per foot for this insulation 
 for a 12-inch main : 
 
 Insulation $ 1.40 
 
 12-inch pipe double main 7.20 
 
 Air line 25 
 
 Shavings to fill main 15 
 
 Tar-paper and tar 15 
 
 Labor for excavating 50 
 
 Labor for filling in 50 
 
 Drayage and labor for laying . .75 
 
 Tees, expansion joints 2.00 
 
 Valves and tapping mains 1.50 
 
 Extra insulation for tees and manholes for valves 
 
 and expansion joints 1.50 
 
 Total $14.40 
 
 The cost of a 10-inch, 8-inch, 6-inch and 4-inch main is 
 smaller, but the difference in the cost of the pipe is the 
 main difference in the total cost of insulation. 
 
CENTRAL STATION HEATING. 
 
 Two Pipe Insulation. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
156 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 PHYSICAL VALUE OF A TWO-PIPE HOT 
 WATER SYSTEM. 
 
 12 inch line 2,350 ft $3,238.30 
 
 10 " " 580 " 653.23 
 
 8 " " 5,550 " 4,1.47.52 
 
 6 " " 6,340 " 2,582.63 
 
 5 . " " 1,720 " 536.21 
 
 4 " " 6,280 " 1,458.21 
 
 3 " " 4,730 " 722.15 
 
 %y 2 " " 1,750 " 216.30 
 
 2 " " 1,670 " 129.26 
 
 l*2 " " 550 " 31.96 
 
 Total 31,520 ft. single main $13,695.77 
 
 2 2 
 
 63,040 ft. double main $27,391.54 
 
 INSULATING AND LAYING PIPE PER FOOT. 
 
 Insulation, 20c per foot, 63,040 feet $12,608.00 
 
 Laying pipe, per foot $1.30, 31,520 feet 40,976.00 
 
 Valves and tapping mains, $1.00 per foot, 31,- 
 
 520 feet 31,520.00 
 
 Extra insulation for T's and manholes, for 
 valves and expansion joints, 50c per foot, 
 
 31,520 feet 15,760.00 
 
 Air line, 25c per foot, 31,520 feet 7,880.00 
 
 Freight and hauling pipe 7,890.08 
 
 Boilers, tools and equipments 12,750.00 
 
 Building and site 6,000.00 
 
 $162,775.62 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 157 
 
 RATES CHARGED BY CENTRAL HEATING 
 PLANTS. 
 
 In systems using STEAM for heating, the rates charged 
 are based (1) Upon the number of pounds of steam con- 
 densed per season; (2) Upon the cubical contents of 
 space to be heated, usually per 1000 cubic feet; (3) Upon 
 the square feet of heating surface installed. 
 
 In those systems using HOT WATER for heating, the 
 rates charged are based (1) Upon the number of square 
 feet of radiation installed; (2) Upon the cubic contents 
 of the space to be heated for the season, usually per 1000 
 cubic feet. 
 
 In estimating the amount of heat required to maintain 
 the constant temperature desired, the amount of air to 
 be heated per hour must first be determined, and the heat 
 loss due to glass and wall exposures per hour also deter- 
 mined. With this known, the total heat required can be 
 calculated, also, taking into consideration the average 
 velocity of the wind and the changes of the air each hour, 
 as the average building will have from two to six changes 
 per hour. 
 
 Among the leading companies installing central heating- 
 plants, is the American District Co., Evans, Almirall & 
 Co., Schott Specialty Co., and the Stahl Heaing Co. 
 
158 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR A COMPLETE HEATING 
 
 PLANT. 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 These specifications are intended to cover a complete 
 heating plant in all details, and if, in these specifications, 
 anything is needed to make the plant complete in accord- 
 ance with the intent hereof, then in that case it shall be 
 furnished by the contractor without any further charge 
 to the purchaser. 
 
 DEFINITION : Whenever the word "purchaser" is 
 hereinafter referred to, it shall be understood to mean 
 
 the Heating Company, of 
 
 Whenever a 
 
 "contractor" is hereinafter referred to, it shall be under- 
 stood to mean the 
 
 of Whenever a. classifica- 
 tion hereinunder is specified and no mention is made of 
 either the purchaser or contractor, it shall be understood 
 that the contractor is to do the described work. 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 A piece or parcel of land shall be furnished by the con- 
 tractor to the purchaser, the same to be located 
 
 POWER HOUSE. 
 
 Upon the above-described piece of real estate there 
 shall be installed a substantial brick power house by the 
 contractor, the same to be of neat design and suitable for 
 the purpose of building therein the necessary appurte- 
 nances for a complete central station heating plant, 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 159 
 
 BOILERS. 
 
 There shall be installed a sufficient amount of heating- 
 surface, the same to be divided into the number of units 
 adapted for the work, sufficient heating surface, together 
 with exhaust steam which is to be furnished to the plant 
 by the company from the power house of the railway and 
 electric company, sufficient capacity to handle at 10 de- 
 grees above zero square feet of radiation, the 
 
 same being operated with a hot water circulation. The 
 
 above-described boilers shall be of the 
 
 or some other water tube type equally as good. They 
 shall be equipped with shaking grates and the necessary 
 tools for the firing of the same. 
 
 SMOKE STACK. 
 
 A smoke stack of the proper diameter and height shall 
 be installed for each battery of two boilers. Same shall 
 be carried from the top of the boiler settings and main- 
 tained by a guy stub set in the proper position. 
 
 BOILER FEED PUMPS. 
 
 There shall be furnished two bronze-fitted boiler feed 
 pumps; each pump should have sufficient capacity to 
 handle the entire plant with a piston speed not to exceed 
 100 feet per minute. 
 
 FEED WATER HEATER. 
 
 There shall be furnished a feed water heater and puri- 
 fier of sufficient capacity to furnish boiler feed water for 
 the number of boilers that will be necessary for the opera- 
 tion of the plant in question. It shall also be of sufficient 
 size to purify the water used in the heating system. 
 
160 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CIRCULATING PUMP. 
 
 There shall be furnished two bronze-fitted special de-- 
 signed hot water circulating pumps, to be used for the 
 purpose of circulating the water in the heating system. 
 They shall have a capacity of not less than fifteen gal- 
 lons of water each per minute. They shall be erected 
 upon the proper foundations by the contractor and 
 equipped with automatic governors. 
 
 PLACING, REGULATING AND RECEIVING PUMPS. 
 
 There shall be furnished the necessary pumps, the 
 same erected upon foundations and equipped with an 
 automatic governor to relieve the apparatus from con- 
 densation, maintain the necessary vacuum on the system, 
 and to make the plant complete in all its details. 
 
 VACUUM PUMPS. 
 
 There shall be installed a vacuum pump of sufficient 
 capacity, the same to be bronze-fitted throughout, to 
 handle the exhaust steam which is to be received from 
 
 the plant. Same shall be erected 
 
 complete upon foundation to be furnished by the con- 
 tractor. 
 
 CONDENSERS. 
 
 There shall be furnished two condensers, one of 
 
 feet size, one of feet size. The same shall be de- 
 livered and erected complete upon foundations furnished 
 by the contractor. 
 
 PIPE CONNECTIONS. 
 
 The contractor shall furnish all necessary valves, fit- 
 tings, pipe, labor, etc., so as to connect up all the above 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 161 
 
 described apparatus so as to be complete in all its details 
 and in a good and workmanlike manner. 
 
 PIPE COVERING. 
 
 After all of the appartus has been installed and con- 
 nected, all pipe and fitting shall be covered with an ap- 
 proved pipe covering. 
 
 AIR COMPRESSOR. 
 
 There shall be furnished one air compressor, same hav- 
 ing a capacity of ... feet of free air per minute. The same 
 shall be equipped with the necessary regulators, storage 
 tanks, etc. 
 
 GAUGE BOARDS. 
 
 There shall be furnished one marble gauge board, the 
 same having mounted thereon all the necessary gauges, 
 thermometer, etc., for the indicating of the proper work- 
 ings of the system. 
 
 PIPE LINE. 
 
 The pipe line to be laid in the various streets in the 
 
 city of shall be laid by the 
 
 contractor and shall consist of the following pipe lines: 
 
 feet of 14-inch main. 
 
 feet of 12-inch main. 
 
 feet of 10-inch main. 
 
 feet of 8 inch main. 
 
 feet of main which shall be of such average 
 
 sizes so as to equal the cost of 6-inch main. 
 
 LOCATION OF MAINS. 
 
 The mains shall be located in such parts of the streets 
 as found convenient on account of construction condi- 
 tions. The mains shall be so laid as to have a cover of 
 earth of at least two feet, excepting in such places as 
 
 XI 
 
162 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 obstructions are encountered ; then, in that case, the mini- 
 mum depth from surface of street of top of insulation 
 shall be at least twelve inches. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 The materials to be used in the construction of the pipe 
 lines in question, shall consist of gum lumber of the 
 proper thickness and lengths, the same to be of a first- 
 class quality. 
 
 The pipe shall be of standard wrought full-weight 
 pipe, of the Crane or National Tube Company's manu- 
 facture, or something equally as good. All fittings shall 
 be of standard grey iron and true as to weights, etc. The 
 pipe lines shall be protected throughout with a system of 
 valves and expansion joints. Wherever valves or ex- 
 pansion joints are put into the system, they shall be sur- 
 rounded with a brick manhole with a cast iron top, so 
 as to permit of free access to the same. The expansion 
 joints shall be so arranged that there will not be any 
 undue strain on any of the fittings in the system. 
 
 SERVICE OPENINGS. 
 
 Service openings shall be made in the system as needed 
 to provide for the taking off of service connections. They 
 shall average at least one to every 100 feet of main. 
 
 TEST. 
 
 As the street work is installed, it shall be tested, so as 
 to be tight under a pressure of not less than 60 pounds. 
 
 RE-PAVING. 
 
 Whenever any of the lines are laid in streets which 
 have been paved, the pavement shall be replaced in as 
 good a condition as found, 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 163 
 
 TIME OF COMPLETION. 
 
 The work herein contemplated shall be completed and 
 
 in full running order by , in 
 
 accordance with the minimum terms of the franchise. 
 
 FINALLY. 
 
 During the construction of the plant the contractor 
 shall furnish all the engineers and superintendents neces- 
 sary for the complete building of the plant, together with 
 the measuring of the buildings and making of contracts 
 for the heating of the buildings. As soon as the plant 
 is ready for operation the purchaser shall measure all 
 buildings and make all heating contracts and shall pro- 
 vide the necessary attendants for the operation of the 
 plant, together with all the necessary fuels and materials 
 for the proper operation of the same. The contractors 
 shall furnish for a period of thirty (30) days, if neces- 
 sary, an expert to instruct the superintendent of the heat- 
 ing company in the proper management and operation of 
 the plant. 
 
 GUARANTEES. ' 
 
 The contractor guarantees the plant shall be complete 
 in all details and operate successfully as a central station 
 heating plant, and any defects developing in one year 
 shall be replaced by contractor without expense to pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 The system shall be what is known as 
 
 , and shall be built under the 
 
 direction of . 
 
164 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CONTRACT FOR SUPPLYING EXHAUST 
 STEAM FOR HEATING. 
 
 This contract and agreement between the 
 
 Company, the party 
 of the first part, and hereinafter designated the "Vendor," 
 and the ................. . ............... Heating 
 
 Company, the party of the second part, hereinafter desig- 
 nated the "Purchaser," witnesseth : 
 
 That the vendor does agree to sell to the purchaser the 
 use of the exhaust steam from its main engines for the 
 purpose only of heating water distributed by the pur- 
 chaser to buildings in and around the city of ........ . 
 
 ................ on the following conditions, each of 
 
 which is a part of the consideration in this agreement : 
 
 First That vendor shall supply an outlet from the 
 exhaust of each main engine in its power house on 
 ......................... , and from this point pur- 
 
 chaser shall install and maintain at its own expense all 
 pipe, valves, fittings and accessories, necessary to con- 
 duct the exhaust steam from the engines of the vendor 
 to the plant of the purchaser, and the condensed steam 
 from the plant of the purchaser to the hot well in the 
 power house of the vendor, according to plans approved 
 by the vendor and in a manner satisfactory to the ven- 
 dor, and in such a manner and at such times as, in the 
 opinion of the vendor, will not interfere with the oper- 
 ation of the vendor's plant, provided that the vendor shall 
 not impose conditions on the prosecution of the w r ork 
 such as to prevent the completion by the purchaser of its 
 work inside the power house in sixty (GO) working days. 
 
 Second That purchaser shall pass through its heaters 
 part, or all, of the exhaust steam delivered by the majn 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 engines of the vendor between November 1, 1906, and 
 May 1, 1907, and for the last three and first four months 
 of each succeeding year during the life of this contract, 
 and shall pay for the use of this steam three and eighty- 
 five one-hundredths (3.85) cents for each one thousand 
 (1,000) pounds of steam received. 
 
 It is further agreed by the purchaser that the total 
 payment between November 1, 1906, and May 10, 1907, 
 
 shall be not less than ; that the 
 
 total payment between October 1, 1907, and May 10, 
 
 . . . . , shall be not less than ; that 
 
 the total payment between October 1, . . . . , and May 
 
 10, . . . . , shall be not less than ; 
 
 that the total payment between October 1, . . . . , and 
 
 May 10, . . . . , shall be not less than : 
 
 and between October 1, . . . . , and May 10, . . . . , not 
 
 less than If the purchaser shall 
 
 fail to use between October 1 of each year and May 
 10 of the following year, seventy-five per cent (75%) or 
 more of the exhaust steam output of the main engines of 
 the vendor, then the vendor may terminate and cancel 
 this contract on thirty (30) days' notice to the purchaser, 
 unless the purchaser shall, upon receipt of said notice, pay 
 the vendor such an amount as, together with the previous 
 payments for steam furnished since the 1st of October 
 preceding, will make up the full value of seventy-five per 
 cent (75%) of the exhaust of the vendor's main engines 
 at the above mentioned price. 
 
 In case of dispute as to the amount of the output of 
 exhaust steam, this amount in pounds shall be considered 
 to be the number of kilowatt hours output of the vendor's 
 station during the time under dispute, multiplied by 
 thirty (30). 
 
166 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 The amount of steam furnished by the vendor shall 
 be measured by passing it, after condensation, through 
 two (2) water meters, one furnished by the vendor and 
 one by the purchaser. These meters shall each be read 
 jointly by a representative of the vendor and a repre- 
 sentative of the purchaser, on the first of each month dur- 
 ing the heating season, and payment at the above rate 
 shall be made by the purchaser to the vendor not later 
 than the tenth of each month or the number of pounds 
 of steam furnished the purchaser during the preceding 
 month, as shown by the average of the readings of the 
 two (2) meters. Either the purchaser or the vendor 
 may at any time cause either meter to be removed and 
 tested, provided that the expense of such removal and 
 test shall be borne by the party requesting it. In the ab- 
 sence of the second meter the reading of the remaining 
 meter alone shall be considered as the correct measure of 
 steam furnished. The accredited representative of the 
 vendor shall have the right at all .times to enter the plant 
 of the purchaser and to inspect same to insure the return 
 to the vendor of all steam delivered to the purchaser. 
 
 The representative of the purchaser shall have access 
 to the plant of the vendor at all times to inspect and re- 
 pair the pipes and accessories belonging to the purchaser, 
 provided, however, that no repairs on the premises of the 
 vendor shall be made except at such time and in such 
 manner as the engineer in charge of the vendor's station 
 shall specifically permit, and provided that no representa- 
 tive of the purchaser shall open, close, or tamper with any 
 valve or apparatus on the premises of the vendor without 
 the specific permission of said engineer in charge of the 
 v-endor's station. . 
 
AND LIGHT. 167 
 
 Third The exhaust from pumps, exciter, engines and 
 other auxiliaries connected with the power house of the 
 vendor shall not be considered as part of the above-men- 
 tioned exhaust steam from main engines. 
 
 Fourth The purchaser shall use all the exhaust from 
 the engine or engines at any given time connected to its 
 main, before demanding the connection of an additional 
 engine. 
 
 Fifth The purchaser shall give the engineer in charge 
 of the vendor's power house not less than thirty (30) 
 minutes' notice of its desire to have cut in or out each 
 engine to be connected to or disconnected from its main. 
 Sixth Nothing in this agreement shall require the 
 vendor to run more engines than it deems necessary for 
 its own purposes, and the vendor shall at all times be free 
 to run such engine or engines as in its own opinion are 
 most suited to its own purposes. 
 
 Seventh The purchaser shall return, condensed, to 
 the hot well of the vendor above mentioned, all of the 
 steam received from the vendor at a temperature not less 
 than 110 Fahrenheit, without having contaminated it 
 with oil or otherwise. 
 
 Eighth The purchaser shall maintain on the exhaust 
 of each and every engine connected to their main vacuums 
 not less than the following : 
 
 At no time less than 10 inches 
 
 When the tempera- 
 ture of the exter- 
 nal air is not less 
 
 than 10 F. vacuum not less than 11 inches 
 
 Same 20 F. vacuum not less than 12 inches 
 
 30 F. vacuum not less than 15 inches 
 40 F. vacuum not less than 16 inches 
 
168 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Same 50 F. vacuum not less than 18 inches 
 
 " 00 F. vacuum not less than 20 inches 
 
 " 05 F. vacuum not less than 24 inches 
 
 It is understood and agreed between the vendor and 
 purchaser that the above external temperature shall be 
 that reported by the U. S. weather bureau for the city 
 of 
 
 Ninth It shall be optional with the vendor to supply 
 at any time live steam at the pressures above enumerated 
 in place of part or all of the exhaust steam of its main en- 
 gines and in case the vendor elects to furnish live steam 
 the amount in pounds to be considered equivalent to the 
 exhaust steam produced during the time live steam is sub- 
 stituted, shall be the number of kilowatt hours produced 
 by the purchaser during the same hours of the same day 
 or days of the preceding year, plus fifteen per cent (15%) 
 and multiplied by thirty (30). 
 
 Tenth In case of break down or accident in the power 
 house or any part of the plant of the vendor, which break 
 down or accident shall partly or wholly prevent the ven- 
 dor from furnishing exhaust steam as herein agreed, the 
 vendor shall not be liable for any claim or claims for 
 damages arising from said failure to furnish steam. 
 
 Eleventh The purchaser hereby agrees not to gener- 
 ate electricity for any purpose whatever, and further not 
 to buy or use exhaust steam or waste heat in any form 
 from any plant, party partnership or corporation gener- 
 ating electricity, manufacturing gas, or using gas or 
 other hydro-carbon for power generation, or in any way 
 competing with the vendor. The purchaser further agrees 
 not to pass through its works, pipes, or mains any water 
 or other fluid heated by any plant other than its own, and 
 further to purchase no steam or heat in any form except 
 
AND LIGHT. 169 
 
 coal, oil, wood, or garbage for consumption in its own 
 plant until it shall have utilized all the exhaust steam from 
 the vendor's plant. 
 
 Twelfth It is understood and agreed, by and between 
 the vendor and purchaser that no charge other than those 
 above mentioned shall be made for the location of the pur- 
 vendor require the alteration of the location of said pipe 
 chaser's pipe lines on the property of the vendor or for 
 the attachment of the purchaser's water supply line to 
 the intake of the vendor, but that should the plans of the 
 lines of. the purchaser, the purchaser shall make such 
 alterations as may be specified by the vendor within 
 thirty (30) days from receipt of written notice to do so, 
 provided that the purchaser shall not be required to make 
 during the last three or first four months of any year any 
 alteration which will necessitate the total or partial shut 
 down of the plant. 
 
 Thirteenth The duration of this contract shall be 
 
 years from date of signature unless cancelled on 
 
 account of non-fulfillment of one or more of the above 
 conditions. 
 
170 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 As no incinerating plant can be made a financial suc- 
 cess unless the waste heat is utilized either for power or 
 heat, no city official or engineer can pass intelligently 
 upon the merits of any incinerator plant or system who 
 is not familiar with at least the elements of electricity, 
 which is the chief product from the utilization of such 
 heat. From electricity is produced light and power, light 
 for the streets and buildings, and power to operate the 
 motor mills, rock crushers, and the other municipal works. 
 
 What is electricity is not known. It is invisible and 
 impalpable. Our knowledge of it is confined to its gen- 
 eration and application, but this alone is of moment to 
 the official or engineer. Without this knowledge, all plans 
 and specifications for incinerating plants become unintel- 
 ligible, and place municipalities at the mercy of the con- 
 tractor. 
 
 The subject of electricity is divided into 
 
 (1) Static electricity, or electricity at rest. 
 
 (2) Current electricity, or electricity in motion. 
 
 (3) Magnetism, or electricity in rotation. 
 
 (4) Electricity in vibration or radiation. 
 
 But only current or dynamic electricity will be consid- 
 ered in this work, as it covers most of the field of the uses 
 of electricity in the utilization of waste heat. 
 
HKAT AND LIGHT. 171 
 
 The production of electricity is the transforming of 
 one form of energy into another, usually by mechanical 
 means, and a dynamo or generator is simply a device for 
 effecting such transformation. 
 
 An electric motor, on the contrary, is a device for 
 changing electrical into mechanical energy. 
 
 An electric current manifests itself by the heating of 
 the wire or the conductor through which it passes, or by 
 causing a magnetic field around the wire or conductor, or 
 lastly, by causing chemical changes in a liquid through 
 which it is made to pass. 
 
 All these manifestations indicate the character of use- 
 ful work capable of being performed by an electric cur- 
 rent. First, the heat caused by the resistence of the con- 
 ductor through which the current passes, is made to gen- 
 erate light and heat. Second, the magnetic field around 
 the wire or conductor is used to operate all character of 
 electrical machines and motors and also make high volt- 
 age currents safe and practical by the use of transformers. 
 Third, the chemical changes brought about in the liquid 
 by the passage through it of the current is used for the 
 storage of electricity to be later used, as needed. 
 
 STORAGE; RATTSRISS. 
 
 Storage and secondary batteries, also called accumu- 
 lators, consist of cells which are filled with the liquid in 
 which the chemical change is to be produced by the 
 passage of an electric current through it. 
 
 The current decomposes the liquid, or electrolyte, as 
 it is called, so that when the passage of the current ceases 
 there are two chemical elements separated, and with a 
 tendency to reunite, and during the process of again com- 
 
172 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 bining the energy evolved appears as an electric current, 
 but flowing in an opposite direction to that of the charg- 
 ing current. This flow of current continues until the ele- 
 ments are restored to their original condition, when it 
 ceases, and the cell is said to be discharged. 
 
 An electrolyte is a chemical compound which is capable 
 of acting as an electric conductor, and while so acting 
 undergoes chemical decomposition. This action is called 
 electrolysis. 
 
 A primary cell is one in which the electric energy is 
 produced by the chemical action on the plates of the cell, 
 and which, when the solutions or plates are exhausted, 
 are not restored to their original condition by the passage 
 of an electric current. Almost all primary cells will act 
 more or less perfectly as secondary or storage cells. 
 
 CIRCUIT. 
 
 A circuit is a path composed of a conductor, which is 
 usually copper wire, through which an electric current 
 flows from a given point around through the conductor 
 back again to the starting point. There is no actual flow 
 of the current, for there is no transfer of matter or parti- 
 cles. A conductor carrying a current presents the same 
 appearance as one not, the only manifestation being the 
 heating of the conductor, should the capacity of the wire 
 be too small for the current carried. The flow of the cur-- 
 rent is caused by the difference of potential, and the great- 
 er the amount of potential difference, the greater is said 
 to be the pressure or electromotive force, usually written 
 E. M. P., or voltage which causes the flow. The strength 
 of the current flowing through the conductor depends 
 directly upon the amount of this electromotive force and 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. I 73 
 
 also upon. the amount of the resistance to the flow. If 
 the circuit is short and composed of good conductors, 
 the current will be much stronger than if it were long and 
 composed of poor conductors. 
 
 The three principal units used in the measurement of 
 a current of electricity are : 
 
 The Ampere, or the unit denoting the rate of flow of 
 the current, or its strength. 
 
 The Volt, or the unit of electrical potential, or pressure. 
 
 The Ohm, or the unit of resistance. 
 
 The Watt, or the unit of power, and is obtained by 
 multiplying the current by the voltage, or by multiplying 
 the square of the current by the resistance. 
 
 For large units the term kilowatt is used, which is equal 
 to 1,000 watts, the abbreviation being K. W. The kilo- 
 watt hour is the energy expended in one hour when the 
 power is one kilowatt. 
 
 The relation of the first three units can be better under- 
 stood by the analogy often used of the flow of water 
 through a pipe. The force which causes the water to 
 flow through the pipe is called the head, or pressure; 
 that which resists the flow is the friction of the water 
 against the pipe, while the rate of flow, or current, may 
 be expressed in gallons per minute. Now as the pressure 
 or head increases, the rate of flow or current increases in 
 proportion, but as the resistance increases the current 
 diminishes. 
 
 In the case of electricity, the electromotive force, or 
 potential, corresponds to the head of water, or pressure ; 
 and the resistence of the conductor, to the friction of 
 the water against the pipe ; while the strength of the cur- 
 rent is the ratio of the electromotive force to the resist- 
 ance of the conductor. This ratio was discovered by Dr. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Ohm, and is therefore called Ohm's law, and is the foun- 
 dation of applied electricity, for there is hardly a problem 
 in electrical work that it does not enter. 
 
 This law is usually expressed algebraically, thus : 
 
 ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE 
 
 Strength of current ~ 
 
 or Amperes = 
 
 RESISTANCE. 
 
 voi/rs 
 
 OHMS. 
 
 or C = E, as it is commonly expressed, 
 
 RT 
 
 in which C equals current, E equals the electromotive 
 force expressed in volts, and R equals resistance, ex- 
 pressed in Ohms. 
 
 From this formula is derived E = CxR, orR^ E, 
 
 C 
 
 these terms all being dependent upon each other. For 
 watts we have the formula W = E x C. 
 
 With any two of these terms given, it can be seen that 
 the third term can readily be found. As seen, the current 
 varies directly as the voltage varies and indirectly as the 
 resistance varies. That is, the current increases when 
 the voltage increases and decreases when the resistance 
 increases. With the above four formulas any calculation 
 in electricity becomes most simple. For instance, suppose 
 you wish to find what current will flow through a resist- 
 ance of 3 Ohms, at a pressure of 6 volts. 
 
 Substituting in formula (1), we have C (amperes) 
 equals 6 equals 2 amperes. 
 3 
 
 Again, we have a lamp the resistance of which we 
 know to be 12 Ohms, and we are using 2 amperes of cur- 
 rent; what E, M, F, (volts) is necessary? 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 175 
 
 Using formula (2) we have E (volts) equal 2x12 
 equal 24 volts. 
 
 Suppose we wish to know the resistance of a wire coil 
 through which a current of 6 amperes will pass with 20 
 volts pressure? 
 
 Substituting in formula (3), we have R (Ohms) equal 20 
 
 6 
 
 equals 3 1-3 Ohms. Lastly, we have a small motor taking 
 2 amperes at 5 volt pressure to run it, how many watts of 
 current does it consume? 
 
 Substituting in formula (4), we have W (watts) equals 
 2x5 equals 10 watts. 
 
 ' ALTERNATING AND CONTINUOUS CURRENTS. 
 
 Two kinds of electricity are generated by a dynamo or 
 generator, distinguished by the direction of their flow. 
 The continuous or direct current flows continuously in 
 one direction, while the alternating current alternates 
 the direction of its flow back and forward the entire length 
 of the circuit. These alternations may be ten thousand 
 times a second or only a hundred a second, this being 
 called the frequency of the alternations. For lighting it 
 is necessary to have at least forty complete alterations per 
 second. The direct current is a constant and unvarying- 
 current, and the machines used for its generation are 
 divided in two types : 
 
 (1) Constant Potential Dynamos, in which machine, 
 although the pressure, or voltage may vary, the amount 
 of the current does not. 
 
 (2) Constant Current Dynamos, in which machine, al- 
 though the strength of the current may vary, the pressure, 
 or voltage, remains constant. 
 
 Each of these currents have their advantages and adap- 
 tability for their particular classes of work, as will be 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 177 
 
 shown later. All current when first produced by a dy- 
 namo or generator is alternating, and to send it out as 
 a direct current, it is necessary that it be changed upon 
 the machine before transmission, and the addition of the 
 commutator to make this change practically constitutes 
 .the only difference between a direct and an alternating 
 current dynamo or generator. 
 
 THE DYNAMO. 
 (Fig. 22.) 
 
 The dynamo is a machine driven by power, usually 
 steam or water, and producing the necessary pressure for 
 the production of an electric current. 
 
 A dynamo when in action is like a cistern at a high 
 level, or a pump, for it urges or forces the current through 
 the conductor. Without such force or pressure as pro- 
 duced by the dynamo, there would be no more flow of 
 an electrical current, than there would be of water from 
 one receptacle to another, when they are on the same 
 level. 
 
 Dynamos are classified into (1) Uni-polar, (2) Bi- 
 polar, (3) Multi-polar machines, according to the number 
 of pole pieces upon them, and they are used for three 
 principal purposes : 
 
 1. Incandescent lighting. 
 
 2. Arc lighting. 
 
 3. For distribution of power. 
 
 When used for power purposes, the machine is called 
 a generator, that is, when it generates electricity to be 
 used through motors. This machine in its simplest form 
 consists of two main parts: (1) an armature, which in 
 revolving induces electromotive forces in the conductor 
 wound upon it; (2) a field magnet, whose function is to 
 
 12 
 
1~ 8 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 provide a field of magnetic lines to be cut by the armature 
 conductors as they revolve. In all dynamos, whether for 
 direct or alternating currents, these two parts are the same. 
 Usually the field magnet remains stationary while the ar- 
 mature rotates, but in recent patterns of alternators, the 
 armature remains stationary, and the field magnets rotate. 
 
 It is always the field magnet which maintains its mag- 
 netism steady during the revolution, while the magnetism 
 of the armature alone regularly changes and this variation 
 of the magnetism determines the type of machine. It has 
 been found most convenient to supply incandescent light- 
 ing systems by the constant potential system, and arc 
 lighting systems by the constant current system. 
 
 The essential difference between a direct current ma- 
 chine and an alternator, as an alternating current machine 
 is called, is the use of a commutator upon the former 
 machine for rectifying the current, that is, to change it 
 from an alternating to a direct current. The commuta- 
 tor is attached to the armature and revolves with it. 
 
 In the case of an alternator there is no need of a com- 
 mutator, but metallic rings, known as collecting rings, 
 takes its place, the collecting brushes pressing against 
 them. 
 
 The dynamo, therefore, is seen to consist of five essen- 
 tial parts, viz. : 
 
 (1) The armature, or revolving part. 
 
 (2) The field magnets which produce the magnetic 
 field in which the armature rotates. 
 
 (3) The pole pieces. 
 
 (4) The commutator or collector. 
 
 (5) The collecting brushes. 
 
180 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 TYPES OF DYNAMOS. 
 
 There are two principal types of dynamos : ( 1 ) Direct 
 current, and the (2) Alternating current machine. 
 
 The direct current machines are divided into three 
 classes: (1) Series wound ; (2) Shunt wound; (3) Com- 
 pound wound, depending upon the manner the field mag- 
 nets are connected to the armature. 
 
 SERIES DYNAMO. 
 
 The manner in which the connections are made on this 
 type of machine can be seen from Fig. 23. In this 
 type, the whole of the current generated in the armature, 
 passes direct through the coils of the field magnet, which 
 is wound with several turns of heavy wire, and thence 
 out to the external circuit. The current in passing 
 through the coils of the field magnet energizes same, 
 creating a magnetic field between the N. & S. poles, in 
 which magnetic field the armature revolves as shown 
 clearly in the cut. 
 
 SHUNT WOUND DYNAMOS. 
 
 This type which is shown in Fig. 23, differs from the 
 series wound machine in that the whole of the current 
 does not pass through the field coils, but an independent 
 circuit is used for exciting its field magnet. This inde- 
 pendent circuit is composed of a large number of turns 
 of fine wire, which are wound around the field magnet 
 and connected direct to the brushes, so as to form a by- 
 pass or shunt to the brushes and external circuit, in addi- 
 tion to the main current, which is taken off direct from 
 the brushes. There are two paths presented to the current 
 as it leaves the armature, viz. : The external circuit and 
 
WINDING FOR SEPARATELY EXCITED DYNAMO 
 Fig. 24. 
 
182 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 the path through the field coils. Most of the current flows 
 through the external path, as it offers much less resistance 
 than the shunt path through the field coils, it being of much 
 larger wire. The resistance of the shunt circuit is always 
 made very great, as compared to the resistence of the 
 armature and external circuit, as this circuit is used alone 
 to secure a closer regulation of the machine than afforded 
 by the series type. The strength of the current through 
 the field coils rarely exceed 1 5 amperes, even in the largest 
 size machines. 
 
 COMPOUND WOUND DYNAMOS. 
 
 This type, as shown in Fig. 23, is a combination of 
 the series and shunt wound machines, the field magnet 
 being wound with two sets of coils, one set being con- 
 nected in series, and the other set in parallel with the 
 armature and external circuit. 
 
 This affords a much closer regulation than the shunt 
 type, and automatically maintaining a constant pressure, 
 and is therefore used almost exclusively for incandescent 
 lighting. 
 
 The above three types are what is known as self-excit- 
 ing machines, as they require no independent battery or 
 dynamo for exciting their field magnets, but excite their 
 fields themselves, as above described. 
 
 ALTERNATORS. 
 
 Ill order to operate this type of machine, which is 
 shown in Fig. 24, an independent direct current dynamo 
 or battery is necessary for exciting its field magnets, called 
 an exciter. It is therefore not in general use for small in- 
 stallations, being principally used where an alternating 
 current is required, as with an alternating current a self- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 183 
 
 exciting machine is impossible, owing to the fact that the 
 fields can not be magnetized with such a current. 
 
 The E. M. F. and current of this type of dynamo is 
 regulated by varying the strength of the magnetizing 
 current produced by the independent dynamo or battery 
 which is connected direct to the field coils. The strength 
 of this independent current is regulated by the regu- 
 lator R. 
 
 CONNECTING OF DYNAMOS. 
 
 In large installations, such as central generating sta- 
 tions, it is neither economical or desirable that the entire 
 current should be furnished from a single dynamo or 
 generator. As it is economy to always work a dynamo 
 at full load, or as near a full load as possible, it is mani- 
 fest that this would be impossible with only one machine, 
 o\ving to the fluctuation of the load. In order to secure 
 a maximum efficiency it is usual to divide up the plant 
 into a number of units, so that the load can be taken 
 care of at all times, irrespective of its fluctuations. At 
 the "peak" of the load all the units can be worked, and 
 as the load decreases the units can be cut out, so as to 
 always keep a full load on the machines kept running. 
 
 The output of a dynamo is composed of two factors, 
 the pressure, or voltage, and the current, or amperage. 
 Either or both of these can be increased by the addition 
 of more machines, the same as the boiler horse power of 
 a plant can be increased by the installing of more boilers. 
 The uses of electricity at the present time require the 
 maintenance of either a constant current, or a constant 
 pressure in a circuit, and to comply with these require- 
 ments it becomes necessary to connect the dynamos or 
 generators together in several different ways. 
 
184 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 In coupling two or more machines in parallel the 
 pressure or voltage of all the machines are kept constant, 
 and the current or amperage alone varies. 
 
 In the series connection the pressure or voltage of the 
 machines is increased, while the current, or amperage, 
 remains the same. 
 
 Fig. 25 shows the cells when completed in series and 
 also when connected in parallel. Also connection of lights 
 in series and parallel. 
 
 Fig. 26 shows the principal systems of connected lights. 
 
 When the machines are connected in parallel all the 
 positive terminals are connected together, and all the 
 negative terminals the same way; or the positive and 
 negative terminals of each machine can be connected 
 respectively to two insulated copper bars, called omnibus 
 or "bus" bars. When in series, the negative and positive 
 terminals are connected to each other. 
 
 SHUNT DYNAMOS IN SERIES. 
 
 This is the usual method of connecting up dynamos 
 so as to run either in parallel or series. To connect in 
 series the positive terminal of one machine is connected 
 to the negative terminal of the other. The ammeter, fuses 
 and switch are connected through the outer terminals, as 
 shown in Fig. 27. 
 
 SHUNT MACHINES IN PARALLEL. 
 
 To connect shunt machines in parallel, it is only nec- 
 essary to connect the positive and negative terminals of 
 each machine respectively to the positive and negative 
 "bus" bars, as shown in Fig. 28. 
 

 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 0) 
 CO = 
 
 ~ re 
 
 5 
 
 TJ 
 
 C 
 
 re 
 
 43 to 
 ^ (^ 
 
 03 . 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 187 
 
 SERIES DYNAMOS IN SERIES. 
 
 Series wound machines will run satisfactorily when 
 connected in series, as shown in Fig. 29. 
 
 SERIES DYNAMOS IN PARALLEL. 
 
 Series wound machines are not adapted to run in par- 
 allel, as machines of this type are not constructed for the 
 purpose of maintaining a constant pressure. In order to 
 operate such machines in parallel, an "equalizer" is nec- 
 essary, as shown in Fig. 30. This is a third connection 
 between the ends of all the series coils, where they join 
 the armature circuit. This causes the whole of the cur-- 
 rent generated by all the machines to be divided among 
 the series coils of the several machines. This maintains 
 constant the fields of the several machines, and maintains 
 an equality of pressure, thereby preventing reversal of 
 polarity, and keeping the machines together under all con- 
 ditions of load. 
 
 COMPOUND DYNAMOS IN SERIES. 
 
 It is only necessary to connect the series coil of each 
 together, as shown in Fig. 29. The shunt windings must 
 be connected as a single shunt. 
 
 COMPOUND DYNAMOS IN PARALLEL. 
 
 Such machines will not run together satisfactorily 
 unless the series coils are connected together by an equal- 
 izing connection, as shown in Fig. 32. The connection 
 is the same as when series dynamos are connected in par- 
 allel. 
 
UJ 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 189 
 
 COUPLING OF AIvTERATORS. 
 
 In order that the output of one alternator may be added 
 to another it is necessary that the E. M. F. of each ma- 
 chine shall be in exact agreement, so that they will have 
 equal frequencies, or be in phase, or in step with each 
 other. 
 
 METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 To ascertain the amount of current flowing in a circuit 
 an ammeter, which is designated in Fig. 33 as A, is 
 inserted in scries in one of the mains. The whole of the 
 current passing to the lamps L, therefore must pass 
 through it and be measured. 
 
 A voltmeter, designated as V, is connected across the 
 two main leads, or in shunt with the dynamo, and there- 
 fore measures the difference of potential between the two 
 mains in volts. 
 
 USE OF DIFFERENT TYPES. 
 
 The series wound machines are used almost exclusively 
 for street car motors, such a type being totally unfit for 
 constant potential work. The shunt and compound wound 
 machines are practically used for all power and incandes- 
 cent lighting circuits. The constant current type is 
 devoted mostly to arc lighting. Of the three types 
 described above, the compound wound machine is by far 
 the most used, owing to its close and automatic regula- 
 tion. 
 
CO 
 cr 
 < 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
+ I 
 

 TJ 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 13 
 
9MUMT COILS 
 
 vWVWAA- 1 
 
 COMPOUND DYNAMOS IN PARALLEL, 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
1 
 
 ,$ 
 
 . 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
196 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 INCINERATORS COMBINED WITH ELECTRIC- 
 ITY AND WATER WORKS. 
 
 Incineration can never become a success in this country 
 until the waste heat from a properly constructed furnace 
 is utilized for some useful power or heating purpose. Not 
 to so utilize this waste heat, is to lose the principal ad- 
 vantage of incineration over all other systems of garbage 
 disposal and to reduce it to as primitive a method of 
 garbage disposal as dumping and as costly as reduction. 
 In a properly constructed incinerating furnace, a tempera- 
 ture of 2000 degrees F. can be constantly maintained, 
 the gases leaving the furnace at a temperature not less 
 than 1500 degrees, which is the average temperature 
 maintained in a boiler furnace, and to waste this heat up 
 the chimney is to burn up money. In the modern incin- 
 erating plant, steam boilers are installed between the in- 
 cinerator and the chimney, and this waste heat made to 
 pass under them before being allowed to escape into the 
 atmosphere, thereby not only making this heat do useful 
 work, but removing from the gases in their long travel 
 all dust and noxious odors before being allowed to escape. 
 This heat is as constant as that obtained from coal-fired 
 furnaces under boilers, and just as high a steam pressure 
 can therefore be maintained in the boilers. As incinerat- 
 ing plants are operated continuously throughout the 
 twenty- four hours, their heavier work being at night when 
 the garbage can be delivered with less objection than 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 197 
 
 during the day, it makes their combination with electric 
 lighting plants especially advantageous. The great econ- 
 omy of such a combination can be seen at a glance, as 
 the waste heat which would be otherwise wasted is made 
 to operate the electric plant without one cent additional 
 cost. Such a combination as above described is no longer 
 an experiment, for there are now successfully operating 
 in England alone, over sixty such plants, while there has 
 been recently installed in New York City, an electric plant 
 in combination with their incinerating plant, which is 
 furnishing lights for the new Williamsburg Bridge and 
 the surrounding district. In Liverpool, where there are 
 four incinerator installations located in different sections 
 of the city, the waste heat from 300 tons of refuse is 
 utilized for traction purposes, while in London the re- 
 sultant power from 800 tons of refuse is used for electric 
 lighting. 
 
 From this can be seen the enormous waste of power 
 in our larger cities. In the City of St. Louis alone it 
 can be safely said that 3200 h. p. is thus daily wasted. 
 
 Comparative statement showing the number of elec- 
 trical units generated per ton of refuse destroyed at twenty 
 combined electricity and destructor works in England : 
 
 !& !-s . 
 
 H- 1 <U -T3 V) >" "* 
 
 xj v a-; M 
 
 i s mi *js 
 
 O o>o <3 .* 
 
 Q 
 
 Accrington ...... Lancashire .... 25 60 
 
 Bangor ......... Hornsby ...... 20 9 
 
 Cleckheaton ..... Lancashire .... 35 12 
 
!98 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 g ^S. OT> 
 
 5 111,; ill 
 
 1 * 1 85 1 525 
 
 o 3 s v j>v 
 
 s & H* 
 
 E- < < 
 
 Colne Babcock 20 18 
 
 Darwen . .Lancashire .... 33 35 
 
 Fulham Babcock 26-62 100 
 
 Gloucester Babcock 35 25 
 
 Grays Lancashire .... 33 8 
 
 Liverpool Babcock 29-5 97 
 
 Llandudno Babcock 32 15 
 
 Nelson Lancashire .... 40 30 
 
 Patrick Babcock 27 42 
 
 Rhyl Babcock 15 16 
 
 St. Helens Babcock 37.3 32 
 
 Shipley Lancashire 37.8 25 
 
 Shoreditch Babcock 20 80 
 
 Stepney Bal^cock 32 165 
 
 Warrington Babcock 80 50 
 
 Wimbledon Babcock 45 54 
 
 Wrexham Lancashire .... 38 35 
 
 ESTIMATE OF LIGHT AND POWER FROM A 
 150-TON INCINERATOR. 
 
 With a properly constructed incinerator using" mechan- 
 ical draft, 8 I. H. P. can be developed per ton of refuse 
 burned, or 1200 I. H. P. in 24 hours from a 150-ton in- 
 cinerator. This is equal to 895.2 K. W. Allowing 92 
 per cent efficiency and 11 per cent loss, this is equal to 
 603.55 K. W., or 150,889 candle power; which would 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 199 
 
 permit of 9430 lamps of 16 C. P. each, or 4716 lamps of 
 32 C. P. each, or 336 lamps of 2000 C. P. each. 
 
 With coal at $2.00 per ton and allowing 10 cents per 
 ton for labor, the cost of incineration per ton of refuse 
 should not exceed 19 cents, making a daily cost (24 
 hours) of a 150-ton incinerator $28.50, i. e., $1.19 per 
 hour. 
 
 Burning 6.25 tons of refuse per hour, would generate 
 50 H. P. per hour, or 37.3 K. W., costing $1.19 or 3.2 
 cents per K. W., requiring nothing for the cost of the in- 
 cineration, or $28.50 per day for the incineration, which 
 would give the above output of electric current at not 
 one cent cost. With three such incinerating plants in a 
 city of six hundred thousand inhabitants, all public build- 
 ings and the principal business streets could be lighted at 
 no expense whatever. Should the city have a term con- 
 tract for its lighting with some company, then these lights 
 could be distributed through the parks and other public 
 places to beautify the city. Light is the best protection 
 that can be given the public, better even than the most 
 efficient police force, then, why not collect and utilize 
 all refuse for this purpose. 
 
 While it is true that the calorific value of different re- 
 fuse will vary greatly, this is no serious objection, as that 
 of coal also varies greatly. No city should be misled by 
 statements that the garbage can be burned by itself alone. 
 During the summer months when the garbage will run 
 80 per cent moisture, at least 90 Ibs. of coal to every ton 
 of garbage must be burned; in fact, it would be safe to 
 estimate that an average of this amount of coal per ton 
 of refuse burned will be required throughout the entire 
 year. 
 
200 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Refuse at its best is a very poor fuel, but it has its 
 value, and this value is sufficient to make a plant operated 
 from its waste heat at least self-supporting-, which would 
 mean a saving of thousands of dollars to every American 
 city, besides affording a sanitary and economical method 
 of garbage disposal. 
 
 What has been said as to combining electrical works 
 with an incinerator, applies with equal advantages to such 
 a combination with water works, especially in the smaller 
 towns. There is only one exception and that is when 
 operated in connection with water works, a greater pre- 
 caution must be taken, in order to prevent any contamina- 
 tion from the refuse. This can be secured by a little 
 care, and using closing doors where the refuse is dis- 
 charged. 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 As over 50 per cent of the total cost of disposing of 
 refuse is for labor, it is evidently a most important factor, 
 but one which in this country has been given but slight 
 attention, owing to the mistaken belief that any class of 
 labor could do this character of work. No greater mistake 
 can be made than to employ unskilled labor for refuse 
 destruction. Should the incinerator be operated as such 
 alone, without a power or heat combination, there still 
 remains the most difficult work connected with proper 
 incineration, viz. : the clinkering of the furnace. Upon 
 this being properly done depends the character of the 
 clinker and its sale. With proper clinkering in a high 
 temperature furnace, the clinker is removed hard and 
 vitreous, and finds at all times a ready sale for mortar, 
 street or paving work. 
 
 If improperly clinkered, it is removed soft and full of 
 foul odors, making it not only a nuisance, but its removal 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 201 
 
 a source of expense, as it being worthless it then must 
 be hauled away. 
 
 When one considers how few good firemen can be had 
 for coal-fired furnaces, and how easily coal is stoked in 
 comparison with the clinker formed in an incinerating 
 furnace, there can be no question but that only skilled 
 firemen can be used successfully for this work. 
 
 When the incinerator is operated in combination with 
 a heating, electrical or water works plant, the necessity 
 of skilled labor is still more obvious. In such an incinerat- 
 ing plant not only should skilled engineers and firemen 
 alone be employed, but the chief engineer should be a 
 man capable not only of successfully operating the steam 
 plant, but also the incinerating furnaces under him, and 
 seeing that the entire plant is maintained at its highest 
 efficiency. 
 
 Irrespective of the make of the incinerator used, or 
 whether operated alone or in combination, only skilled 
 and well paid labor can be employed with profit. 
 
 COST OF INSTALLATION AND ESTIMATED 
 
 OPERATING EXPENSE OF A 300-ARC 
 
 LIGHT PLANT, 150 K. W. 
 
 Lamps 500 watts, on every night, all night. 
 
 Efficiency of dynamo and engine, 87%. 
 
 Efficiency of transformer, 95%. 
 
 1 Ib. coal evaporates 7^ Ibs. water. 
 
 26 Ibs. steam develops 1 h. p. 
 
 Requires 242 h. p. 4410 hrs. per year. 
 
 Cost of plant, $80.000. 
 
202 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 ESTIMATE OPERATING EXPENSES. 
 
 1,856 tons coal at $2.00 $3,712.00 
 
 Removal of ashes 175.00 
 
 Water 300.00 
 
 Carbons and globes 1,000.00 
 
 Oil, etc 600.00 
 
 2 engineers at $100 per mo 2,400.00 
 
 2 firemen at $60 per month 1,440.00 
 
 1 lineman . 720.00 
 
 1 lineman, cash 300.00 
 
 Interest 4% on $80,000 3,200.00 
 
 Depreciation and replacement 5% on $55,000. . 2,750.00 
 
 Depreciation and replacement 10% on $25,000. 2,500.00 
 
 Insurance 1% on $55,000.. 550.00 
 
 $19,647.00 
 COST LAMP, $65.50. 
 
 If 1 Ib. coal evaporates only 5 Ibs water. 
 
 Total cost $21,581.00 
 
 COST LAMP, $72.00. 
 
 By combining this plant with an incinerating plant, 
 the sum of $6,112.00 can be annually saved in the ex- 
 pense of coal and labor alone, which is about 33 per cent 
 of the total operating expenses of the plant. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 INCINERATOR SITE AND BUILDINGS. 
 
 Next in importance to the selection of the proper 
 method of disposing of the refuse, is the question of the 
 location of the plant to be used for that purpose. This is 
 not only a question affecting the health of a community, 
 but one of special interest to the taxpayer who must pay 
 the cost of long and useless hauls to such a plant, should 
 it be improperly located. Should incineration be adopted 
 as the method of disposal, a long haul to a plant located 
 at or near the city limits is not only an unnecessary ex- 
 pense, but a positive menace to health of the residents of 
 the streets through which it is hauled. . 
 
 With a properly constructed incinerating furnace, there 
 is no possibility of the escape of noxious odors or objec- 
 tionable smoke, for there must be complete combustion. 
 The plant itself would be less objectionable than a steam 
 power plant similarly located, for not only is there an 
 absence of all smoke, but also of the- noises which usually 
 accompany a manufacturing plant. 
 
 By locating the incinerating plant in the central section 
 of the city, not only is the great expense of the long hauls 
 avoided, but the unsanitary feature of hauling the drip- 
 ping garbage for a long distance through the streets re- 
 moved. No time should be lost in the rapid disposal of 
 the garbage after its collection, for it is during this period 
 of time that it becomes most objectionable, both to the 
 senses and to health. Its value for reduction purposes 
 also depends on dispatch in its handling. 
 
204 HSAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 It costs the city of St. Louis $70,000 annually to dis- 
 pose of its 70,000 tons of garbage and $116,900 to collect 
 same, this being about the average cost for the collection 
 and disposal of garbage in the different cities of this 
 country. 
 
 This cost of $1.67 per ton for the collection of the gar- 
 bage is due to the long hauls necessary under the present 
 system. Should there be three incinerators located in 
 central sections of the city, this cost of collection could 
 be reduced at least 75 per cent. 
 
 It has been repeatedly demonstrated that a well con- 
 structed incinerator is entirely unobjectionable. No less 
 than 94 per cent of all the incinerators in Great Britian 
 are located in or near the central sections of its cities, 
 and in the city of Sheerness, the combined incinerator and 
 water works plant is located only 8 feet from their prin- 
 cipal school. By locating the incinerator in a central 
 section of the city its waste heat can be utilized for useful 
 work, such as for electric lighting, and thereby make it 
 a self-supporting method of garbage disposal, instead of 
 the enormously expensive methods now adopted by all 
 American cities. 
 
 While a properly constructed incinerating plant can 
 never become objectionable, on the contrary, it is impossi- 
 ble to operate a reduction plant without it being a nui- 
 sance. 
 
 I have seen garbage cooked for days under a steam 
 pressure of 175 pounds to the square inch in the latest 
 and most improved form of digesters and at the end of 
 this time the odors were as foul, or worse, than at first. 
 These odors can only be destroyed by subjecting them to a 
 furnace temperature of at least 1500 degrees F. and to 
 do this would require an incinerator operated in conjunc- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 205 
 
 tion with every reduction plant. The prompt collection 
 and delivery of garbage would decrease this nuisance to 
 a great extent. 
 
 While admitting the value of the reduction process for 
 that portion of the refuse which can be utilized at a 
 profit, which is about 23 per cent, there can be no denying 
 the fact that the best location for any reduction plant is 
 just as far from the residence of any citizen as it is pos- 
 sible to get it. As dead animals and kitchen garbage 
 constitutes this 23 per cent of refuse for reduction, the 
 necessary accumulation of this refuse at the plant w r hile 
 being sorted and made ready for the digesters, etc., is 
 most offensive and unsanitary. For a city of six to seven 
 hundred thousand inhabitants, there should at least be 
 three incinerating plants, located in different sections of 
 the city and easy of access, and one reduction plant located 
 at or near the city limits, which can be reached without 
 requiring the refuse to be hauled through the principal 
 streets of the city. 
 
 INCINERATOR BUILDINGS. 
 
 The building should be two stories in height, and con- 
 structed of the best building brick throughout, with either 
 a slate or steel roof, properly supported by steel I beams 
 and cinder fire-proof throughout. The walls of the first 
 floor should be 18 inches in thickness, and of the second 
 floor 13 inches in thickness. All partitions should be of 
 brick and 13 inches in thickness. 
 
 All of the lower floor should be of the best concrete, 
 and the second floor laid with 3-inch plank. The height 
 of the first and second floors should be 16 feet. 
 
e. 
 
 BOIL 
 
 CR5. 
 
 
 INCINERATOR. 
 
 ENGINE 
 
 AND 
 
 CeiMERATOR 
 
 CLINKERS. 
 
 .APPROACH ROAD. 
 
 MEN-J ROOM'S BELOW. 
 
 -^r,Tn TIPPING FLOOR. 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 
 LINQTHB WIDTHHB 
 WALLS IST. FLOOR 18" 
 " ftw>. " 13" 
 
 PARTITIONS 13" 
 
 HEIQHT (ST. FLOOR |fa 
 HEIGHT a>to.FLOOR lfc 
 
 LOWER FLOOR L CONCRETE. 
 SECOND FLOOR 3" PLANK. 
 
 GROUND PLAN. 
 
 Cjratfe m 
 
 BRANCH GARBAGE INCINERATOR 
 
 BRICK ENCLOSURE TOR SAME. 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 207 
 
 APPROACH ROADWAY TO BUILDING. 
 
 The approach roadway to second floor should be not 
 more than 20 per cent grade, and 12 feet in width, with 
 the retaining walls of the best hard brick, laid on solid 
 rock foundation and supported by steel I beams, with the 
 best fire-proofing to be used between the beams. The 
 roadway to be laid with vitrified paving brick, or granite 
 blocks. 
 
 The building should be of ample dimensions to permit 
 of future power installations. For a 50 or 80-ton incin- 
 erator, the building should be at least 56 feet in length and 
 40 feet in width. 
 
 Figs. 34, 35 and 36 show plans of building suitable for 
 the Branch and other Incinerators. 
 
210 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 NATURAL AND MECHANICAL DRAFT. 
 
 The maintenance of proper draft at all times, irre- 
 spective of the nature or quantity of the furnace charge, or 
 the atmospheric conditions, is the first and most essential 
 requirement for the successful incineration of garbage. 
 
 Without sufficient draft, under positive and flexible 
 control, the high furnace temperature necessary for the 
 complete incineration of garbage, cannot be obtained, and 
 if obtained could not be maintained. 
 
 Combustion in all furnaces, is simply the combination 
 of the elements carbon and hydrogen in the garbage or 
 fuel used, with the oxygen in the air. 
 
 The supply of air is furnished by the draft, and the draft 
 is produced either by natural or mechanical means. 
 
 A NATURAL DRAFT is produced by a stack or chimney, 
 while a mechanical draft is produced by mechanical means, 
 such as a blower, a fan, or a steam jet. The draft pro- 
 duced by a blower or steam jet is called a FORCED OR 
 PLENUM draft, while that produced by a fan is an IN- 
 DUCED OR VACUUM DRAFT. 
 
 The natural draft is the oldest and the most primitive 
 method of producing a draft, but for a garbage incin- 
 erator it is insufficient and unsuitable. The constructors 
 of American incinerators alone have employed this 
 method for obtaining a draft, and it is partially due to 
 this fact that there has been such a great number of fail- 
 ures in this country. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 211 
 
 Of the 200 incinerators in successful operation in other 
 countries, not one uses other than a mechanical draft, 
 either forced or induced. 
 
 The reason for this is apparent when you consider that 
 1,700 pounds of every ton of garbage consumed is water, 
 and of such character that unless the furnace temperature 
 is maintained at a minimum of 1,500 degrees the garbage 
 cakes, and will choke any draft obtained by natural means. 
 Again, unless almost perfect combustion is maintained 
 the temperature of the furnace quickly falls to a point 
 where perfect incineration will no longer take place, thus 
 permitting noxious odors to escape unconsumed. 
 
 In order to obtain sufficient draft to maintain the de- 
 sired temperature of 2,000 degrees, it becomes necessary 
 to increase the height of the chimney, and in so doing 
 from 20 to 40 per cent of the heat of the fuel is dissipated 
 in the atmosphere without useful effect. 
 
 Any attempt to utilize a portion of this waste heat nec- 
 essarily reduces the temperature, and lessens the draft, 
 for draft is produced by the difference of heated air in 
 the chimney and cooler air outside, that is the unbalanced 
 pressure between the two. 
 
 A chimney of excessive height would afford no relief, 
 for a draft so produced is neither positive nor flexible, as 
 is necessary for the consuming of fuel the nature of the 
 ordinary garbage. 
 
 A high chimney also entails considerable expense for 
 its erection, in addition to this continual waste of useful 
 heat. 
 
 As compared with this insufficient and wasteful process 
 of air movement, an induction fan calls for an expendi- 
 ture of only about one-fourth of the heat required for 
 the chimney in order to produce the same results. 
 
212 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 With a mechanical draft the temperature of the fur- 
 nace is always under control, and without waste of heat. 
 Such a draft is both positive and flexible, and with it can 
 be obtained and maintained almost perfect combustion, 
 which means that all useful heat is utilized, and the com- 
 plete absence of all smoke and smell. 
 
 The standard test for determining- the efficiency of 
 combustion is the test for CO2 (Carbonic oxide). The 
 more perfect the combustion, the higher being the percent- 
 age of this gas. With 2 per cent only of CO2 in the gases 
 of combustion, the loss of heat would be as high as 60 per 
 cent, due to the heat being absorbed by the excessive 
 amount of the cold air admitted to the furnace. With 10 
 per cent of CO2, the loss of heat is reduced to 15 per cent, 
 while with 15 per cent of CO2, the loss becomes only about 
 10 per cent. 
 
 On the contrary, the greater the per cent of CO (Car- 
 bon Monoxide), the more imperfect the combustion, due 
 to the lack of sufficient air. The following tests show 
 how perfect is the combustion with a mechanical draft : 
 
 STEAM JET BLOWER DRAUGHT. 
 
 Table showing percentage of CO2 in the gases of com- 
 bustion : 
 
 Town. 
 Oldham 
 
 Rochdale 
 
 Rate of 
 Combustion. 
 
 ..29 Ibs. 
 
 50 Ibs. 
 
 Ashpit 
 Pressure. 
 
 1 1-G in. 
 
 IVs in. 
 
 Average c , 
 CO2. 
 
 Average c , 
 Oxygen. 
 
 5 samples 
 
 
 8. CO 
 
 10.90 
 
 15.50 
 
 3.90 
 
 18.10 
 
 1.40 
 
 8.50 
 
 10.70 
 
 13.30 
 
 6'. 30 
 
 18.90 
 
 .96 
 
 17.36 
 
 1.90 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 213 
 
 Town. 
 Lancaster 
 
 Rate of 
 Combustion. 
 . .59% Ibs. 
 
 Ashpit 
 Pressure. 
 1.75 in. 
 
 Average % 
 CO2. 
 15.5 
 
 Average % 
 Oxygen. 
 
 Nelson 
 
 ...29 Ibs. 
 
 1.50 in. 
 
 13.16 
 
 
 
 68% Ibs. 
 
 2% in. 
 
 14.40 
 
 
 
 57 Ibs. 
 
 1.85 in. 
 
 (30 readings) 
 12.21 
 
 
 Hereford 
 
 . . .54. 88 Ibs. 
 
 51.52 Ibs. 
 54.75 Ibs. 
 
 1.45 in. 
 
 1.37 in. 
 1.82 in. 
 
 15.56 
 14.92 
 16.84 
 16.83 
 16.27 
 16.38 
 
 (20 readings) 
 5.40 
 (16 readings) 
 3.54 
 (14 readings) 
 3.74 
 
 FAN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Table showing percentage of CO2 in the gases of com- 
 bustion : 
 
 Average 
 
 Rate of Ashpit 
 
 Combustion Pressure Average % Average % 
 
 Town. per sq.ft. of Water. of CO2. of Oxygen. 
 
 St. Helens 103 Ibs. 3.1 in. (21 readings) (20 readings) 
 
 10.4 9.16 
 
 Blackburn ... 34.66 Ibs. 11.87 
 
 Warrington .. 59 Ibs. 2 in. 7.2 11.8 
 
 Metropolitan 
 Borough of 
 Wandsworth 68.4 Ibs. 2.55 in. 7.93 12.25 
 
 One of the requirements of constructors of incinerators 
 should be 'that an analysis of the chimney gases should 
 show at least 15 per cent CO2 and not a trace of CO, for 
 it is only with such a high state of combustion can incin- 
 eration be made either financially satisfactory to the city, 
 or unobjectionable to the citizens. 
 
 All incinerators should be equipped both with steam 
 jets or blower, for a forced draft, and duplex fans for 
 an induced draft, but of the two, the induced draft is by 
 far the most essential and effective. With the forced draft 
 
Blower, Forced Draft System. 
 Fig. 37. 
 
Induced Draft System. 
 Fig. 38. 
 
216 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 the air is forced through the fires from the closed ash 
 pit, while with an induced draft, it is drawn through the 
 fires by creating a vacuum over the fires. In the induced 
 system the exhaust fan is used in place of the chimney, or 
 supplementary to it, the products of combustion being 
 drawn into the fan and exhausted into the chimney, which 
 needs to be merely high enough to carry the smoke and 
 gases clear of the roof of the building. The fan itself 
 maintains the partial vacuum that would exist with a 
 chimney of suitable height. Figs. 37 and 38 show these 
 two systems in operation. 
 
 With this system the maximum intensity 01 me draft 
 obtainable is greater and permits a much wider range 
 regulation than with the forced-draft system. The leak- 
 age of air is also inward, thus avoiding the constant out- 
 ward leakage, as in the forced-draft system. 
 
 The induced-draft system offers the additional advan- 
 tage that the supply of air above the fire can be nicely 
 adjusted to secure more perfect combustion. While the 
 maximum intensity of the draft of the chimney is largely 
 dependent upon atmospheric conditions, as well as height, 
 the intensity of the draft when produced mechanically is 
 limited only by the speed of the fan, which can be made 
 to cover a wide range of conditions. 
 
 When regenerators for heating the air for combina- 
 tion, or economizers, are used in connection with the in- 
 cinerator or boilers, mechanical draft then becomes almost 
 a necessity to provide some means of furnishing sufficient 
 air for combustion, in order that the gases may reach the 
 chimney, at a sufficiently high temperature to produce a 
 draft.* When a forced draft alone is used with a chim- 
 ney, the forced draft and the chimney pull should be so 
 regulated that a perfect balance of the gases is main- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 217 
 
 tained. When such a condition exists no cold air can be 
 drawn into the furnace, even when the fire doors are left 
 open. 
 
 The principal advantages claimed for mechanical draft 
 are as follows : 
 
 (1) The ability to control the rate of combustion. 
 
 (2) A close regulation of the air required for com 
 bustion, thus avoiding improper combustion. 
 
 (3) Reduction of the first cost for producing the draft 
 required. 
 
 . (4) Permits the installation of regenerators and econo- 
 mizers without the necessity of providing additional means 
 for maintaining the draft. 
 
 (5) Permits an absolutely uniform draft, regardless 
 of atmospheric conditions. 
 
 (6) For increasing the draft, where insufficient chim- 
 ney capacity exists. 
 
 (7) Permits the use of highly-heated air for combus- 
 tion without increasing the waste heat. 
 
 (8) With mechanical draft the draft is independent 
 of the condition of the fire, and consequently a banked 
 fire can be started up quickly. With a natural draft, the 
 intensity of the draft depends on the intensity of the fire, 
 and is therefore least when the fire is low and draft is 
 most needed. 
 
 DRAFT WATER GAUGE. 
 
 The intensity of the draft is measured by means of a 
 water gauge, as shown in Fig. 39. The gauge consists of 
 a glass tube open at both ends, bent to the shape of the 
 letter U. To use the gauge, the left leg is connected with 
 the chimney and the right leg left open to the outside air. 
 The air outside of the chimney being heavier, it presses on 
 
OjL- 
 P EE~ 
 05~ 
 
 lEE 
 
 
 6 
 
 fO 
 
 s-..<a> g.- 
 
 Draft Gages. 
 Fig. 39. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 219 
 
 the surface of the water in this leg and forces some of it 
 up higher in the left leg. The difference in the two water 
 levels in the legs, represents the intensity of the draft, 
 which is expressed not in ounces, but in inches. 
 
 Wood requires about one-half inch of draft; bituminous 
 coal requires less draft than anthracite. To burn ant lira- 
 cite or slack coal requires about one and one-fourth inches 
 of draft. Two inches is about as much draft as can be ob- 
 tained with a natural draft, but with a mechanical draft, 
 five inches, if necessary, can be easily obtained, the rate 
 at which it is necessary to run the fan depending upon 
 the temperature of the heated gases. 
 
 HOT AIR FOR COMBUSTION. 
 
 Owing to the moist nature of garbage, 70 to 80 per cent 
 being water, and the great absorbent properties of heated 
 air, no incinerator fills the modern requirements unless all 
 air which is forced into the furnace for combustion is first 
 heated by some economical means. 
 
 This is usually done in English destructors by utilizing 
 the heated gases for this purpose, after they have left the 
 boiler and before entering the stack. These heated gases 
 are passed through a nest of iron pipes, and the cold air 
 which is used for combustion is made to circulate around 
 these pipes as it passes to the furnace. This is done by 
 the use of an induced draft, using steam jets to draw the 
 heated air through a conduit, which connects direct with 
 the ash pit, from which the air is forced through the 
 fires with a blower. 
 
 RETENTION OF DUST. 
 
 As the weight of the dust produced forms about 5 per 
 cent, of the total weight of the garbage consumed, all 
 
220 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 constructors should be required to specify the method 
 adopted by them to prevent the escape of this dust from 
 the stack. Should no method be provided, in addition to 
 the nuisance which will result, the heating surface of the 
 boiler will be reduced, and the draft materially suffer. 
 The flues of the boiler should be large, never less than 
 6 inches, which will assist in causing a low velocity of 
 travel in the flues, and a dust-catcher or collecting cham- 
 ber be provided between the incinerator and boiler, so as 
 to prevent as much as possible this dust entering the 
 boiler. 
 
 The earlier this dust is deposited the better, and any 
 form of combustion chamber, dust-catcher or collecting 
 chamber which secures this result should be satisfactory. 
 
 Such chambers can be very simple of construction, one 
 of the most successful forms being in use at the Taunton 
 plant in England. It consists simply of two annular 
 chambers, one smaller and enclosed in the larger. The 
 gases enter the outer chamber and circulate around it, 
 thereby throwing the dust against the outer wall and 
 thence enter the inner chamber through an opening in 
 the top of same and flowing downward to escape into 
 the chimney. Cleaning doors are provided for removing 
 the dust which accumulates. 
 
 I have taken the Rochdale destructor as a model plant 
 of efficiency and economy. As can be seen from the 
 following analyses of the chimney gases, the percentage 
 of CO2 is extremely high, while not a trace of CO is 
 shown. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 221 
 
 ROCHDALE DESTRUCTOR. 
 
 ROCHDALE, ENGLAND. 
 
 Population, 83,114 
 
 Tests Made at the Corporation Sanitary Works. 
 
 CO NIL. 
 (W. F. Goodrich's "Refuse Disposal.") 
 
 Date of test Mar. 1/95. Nov. 14/95. Nov. 15/95 
 
 Duration of test 6 hours 6 ^ hours 6 % hours 
 
 Total refuse destroyed 11.4 tons 13.75 tons 14.3 tons 
 
 Refuse burnt per hour 4,256 Ibs. 4,738 Ibs. 4.945 Ibs. 
 
 Refuse burnt per hour, per sq. 
 
 ft. of grate 47.3 Ibs 52.6 Ibs. 54.9 Ibs. 
 
 Water evaporated per Ib. of 
 
 refuse 1.64 Ibs. 1.39 Ibs. 1.47 Ibs. 
 
 Equivalent evaporation, from 
 
 and at 212 degrees 1.97 Ibs. 1.68 Ibs. 1.78 Ibs. 
 
 Number of boilers used Two One One 
 
 Temperature of feed water 53 F. 52 F. 52 F. 
 
 Total water evaporated 42,072 Ibs. 42,900 Ibs. 47,400 Ibs. 
 
 Water evaporated per hour 7,012 Ibs. 6,600 Ibs. 7,290 Ibs. 
 
 Equivalent evap. from and at 
 
 212 degrees F 8,431 Ibs. 7,980 Ibs. 8,820 Ibs. 
 
 Average steam pressure per 
 
 sq. inch 113 Ibs. 113 Ibs. 114 Ibs. 
 
 Percentage of (CO2) in products 
 
 of combustion 15.9 Ibs. 
 
 Percentage of free oxygen 2.2 Ibs. 
 
 Labor cost per ton of refuse 
 
 destroyed l l / 2 d. 
 
 COMPARISON OF COSTS FIXED CHARGES FOR CHIMNEY 
 
 AND INDUCED DRAFT. 
 
 (Walter B. Snow.) 
 
 First Cost 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Method of Draft Production 
 
 Amount 
 
 Chimney $10,000 1.00 
 
 Induced Draft Plant (2 fans) 4,200 .42 
 
 Induced Draft Plant (1 fan) 2,670 .267 
 
 Forced Draft Plant (1 fan) 1,870 .187 
 
 Annual 
 Fixed Charges 
 Amount Ratio 
 
 $800 
 462 
 294 
 206 
 
 1.00 
 .58 
 .37 
 .26 
 
222 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 RELATIVE COSTS OF BOILER PLANT, WITH CHIMNEY AND 
 MECHANICAL DRAFT. 
 
 12 Boilers $37,000 
 
 2 Economizers 10,500 
 
 Boiler and economizer settings and by-passes 9,000 
 
 Automatic damper regulators and 'dampers 400 
 
 Chimney, including foundations 10,700 
 
 Boiler house 11,500 
 
 Total $79,100 
 
 RELATIVE COSTS. 
 Chimney Draft. Mechanical Draft. 
 
 Cost of chimney $10,700 Cost of mechanical draft 
 
 Cost of damper regu- plant, complete $4,700 
 
 lators and dampers . . . 400 Saving by using mechan- 
 ical draft 6,400 
 
 Total $11,100 Total $11,100 
 
 The costs of the chimney and the mechanical-draft 
 apparatus, which are also indicated, show a saving in 
 first cost of $6,400, as the result of using the mechanical- 
 draft method. 
 
 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ESTIMATE UPON MECHAN- 
 ICAL DRAFT APPARATUS. 
 
 Total number of boilers .... Type of boilers 
 
 Total square feet of grate surface Total square 
 
 feet of heating surface 
 
 Dimensions of Boilers: No. of each size 
 
 Diameter Length of tubes 
 
 No. of tubes Diameter of tubes 
 
 Rated horse-power of plan .... H. P. present output . . . 
 
 H. P. desired output. . . .H. P. steam pressure Ibs. 
 
 Rate of combustion per sq. ft. of grate per hour Ibs, 
 
 Kind of fuel to be burned Total amount to be 
 
 burned per hour Ibs. Size of present chimney. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 223 
 
 Height .... ft. Internal dimensions inches. Type 
 
 of grate Percentage of free area through 
 
 grate Kind of stoker, if any is used. , 
 
 Kind and size of economizer, if any is used 
 
 Intensity of draft at base of chimney. . . .inches of water. 
 Temp, of escaping gases .... degs. F. Is this estimate for 
 
 a proposed or an existing plant? 
 
 If for any interval the above conditions are exceeded, 
 state for how long and how much. 
 
HKAT AND LIGHT. 225 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF VARI- 
 OUS TYPES OF STEAM BOILERS FOR IN- 
 CINERATING AND CENTRAL HEATING 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Owing to the dust which is unavoidable in all incinerat- 
 ing plants, a water tube boiler is preferable to the ordinary 
 shell boiler, unless the flues of latter are at least 6 inches 
 in diameter. With flues of this size, either style of boiler 
 can be used to advantage. 
 
 For central heating plants water tube boilers are prefer- 
 able, owing to their quick steaming qualities. 
 
 As the question of the proper selection of boilers will 
 enter into all contracts for installing incinerating or heat- 
 ing plants, a few of the leading types of American boilers, 
 with proper specifications for same, are here given with 
 illustrations. 
 
 Fig. 40 illustrates a common type of a water-tube boiler. 
 In such a boiler the water circulates through a series of 
 tubes of comparatively small diameter, which communi- 
 cate with each other and with a common steam chamber. 
 The flames and hot gases are made to circulate between 
 them and are usually forced by baffle plates to be made to 
 act equally on all parts of the tubes before being allowed 
 to escape up the chimney. 
 
 While there are many varieties of this type of boiler, 
 the above description constitutes the essential principles 
 of them all. 
 
 15 
 
226 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 In the best forms of these boilers, they are suspended 
 entirely independent of the brick-work from wrought- 
 iron girders resting on iron columns. 
 
 The chief advantages claimed for this type of boiler 
 are: 
 
 (1) Safety from explosions, owing to the contents 
 of the boiler being divided up into small portions through- 
 out the water tubes, water legs and steam drums. Should 
 there be a rupture in the tubes, or any part of the boiler, 
 only the immediate contents w r ill be liberated, instead of 
 the entire mass of water and steam. 
 
 (2) The tubes being of much smaller diameter than 
 would be necessary if there were only a few in number, 
 they can be made much stronger, and therefore less likely 
 to rupture. 
 
 (3) Owing to their contents being held in small por- 
 tions, instead of in a large mass of water, they possess 
 quick steaming qualities. 
 
 The disadvantages of these boilers are as follows: 
 
 (1) They require more masonry for their setting, and 
 occupy more space than shell boilers. 
 
 (2) Owing to the water being held in small quanti- 
 ties, irregular firing is apt to cause a violent generation 
 of steam, producing sudden fluctuations of pressure, 
 which may result in priming and thereby overheating the 
 tubes. 
 
 (3) While this type of boiler is very susceptible for 
 cleaning, the scale which forms in the tubes at times be- 
 comes very difficult to remove. 
 
The Sterling Water Tube Boiler. 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Boiler. 
 
228 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Among the principal manufacturers of this type of 
 boiler in this country, are : 
 
 The Heine Safety Boiler Co., 
 The John O'Brien Boiler Works Co., 
 The Erie City Iron Works Co., 
 The Sterling Consolidated Boiler Co., 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Boiler Co. 
 
 SHELL, OR HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILERS. 
 
 This is the most popular form of boiler in use, possess- 
 ing many advantages over all other types, the first or 
 which is its cheapness. 
 
 Its principal advantages are its steady steaming quali- 
 ties, its durability and adaptability to any class of work. 
 
 In this type of boiler, as shown in Fig. 42, the shell 
 is filled with small tubes or flues varying in diameter from 
 2 inches to 6 inches, determined by the size of the boiler 
 and the work required, the products of combustion being 
 made to pass through the tubes or flues, instead of around 
 them as in the water-tube type of boiler. 
 
 The principal disadvantages of this type of boiler are : 
 
 (1) Its lack of safety. 
 
 (2) Its slow steaming qualities, owing to the large 
 body of water to be heated. 
 
 (3) The liability of the tubes or flues to rupture, ow- 
 ing to the large diameter necessary for same. 
 
 (4) The amount of space necessary for boiler setting. 
 
 In both of the above types of boilers the chief consid- 
 erations are, proper circulation, and a sufficient length of 
 travel of the gases before escaping up the chimney. Ow- 
 ing to these two types possessing these two requirements 
 above all other types of boilers, they are recognized as the 
 standard boilers throughout the world. 
 
230 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Among the principal manufacturers of this type of 
 boiler, are: 
 
 The Joseph F. Wangler Boiler and Sheet Iron Works, 
 
 The Kewanee Boiler Co., 
 
 The John O'Brien Boiler Works Co., 
 
 John Rohan & Sons Boiler Works Co. 
 
 VERTICAL TUBULAR BOILERS. 
 
 This is one of the first types of boilers used, owing to 
 its extreme simplicity. 
 
 As shown in Fig. 43 this boiler consists of a casing or 
 shell, cylindrical in shape, composed of steel plates riveted 
 together. The top is made dome shape, in the center of 
 which is placed the chimney, which is formed of the usual 
 wrought-iron plates. The furnace, which is placed at the 
 bottom of this shell, is entirely surrounded by water, ex- 
 cept the bottom, in which is placed the grates. The tubes 
 pass through the boiler, connecting the furnace with the 
 top of the boiler. The connection of these tubes deter- 
 mines whether the boiler is (1) a through-tube boiler, or 
 (2) a submerged-tube boiler. The latter type is prefer- 
 able, but more expensive. 
 
 These boilers are used where floor space is valuable and 
 there is sufficient height. While in general they are not as 
 economical as other types of boilers, they are becoming 
 more universally used owing to their many other good 
 qualities. 
 
 Among their principal advantages are: 
 
 (1) Entirely self-contained. 
 
 (2) The small amount of floor space required. 
 
 (3) Ease of installation. 
 
 (4) Portable character, permitting them to be removed 
 from one place to another with ease and dispatch. 
 
Upright Submerged Tubular Boiler. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
232 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 (5) Their extreme simplicity. 
 
 (6) Their low cost, and durability. 
 
 Their principal disadvantages are: 
 
 (1) Their lack of safety. 
 
 (2) Waste of fuel owing to short travel of gases, and 
 lack of proper circulation. 
 
 While this boiler is largely manufactured throughout 
 the country, the Brown ell Engine Co. is one of the best 
 known manufacturers. 
 
 The above three types of boilers are the standard types 
 generally used, though there are many other types which 
 for their particular work are equally as good, or possibly 
 better. The character of the work required must largely 
 determine the nature of the boiler to be used. While the 
 safety of the boiler itself is naturally the first considera- 
 tion in all types of boilers, with the modern requirements 
 and the high class of men who are engaged in the con- 
 struction of boilers, it might be said that less attention 
 can be paid by the purchaser to this than to the many 
 requirements which are seemingly less important. The 
 American boiler leads all boilers in safety of construction 
 and efficiency, and the municipality or citizen who finds 
 it necessary to purchase a boiler, can do so with the assur- 
 ance that no advantage will be taken of him by any of the 
 leading boiler makers of this country. The safety of the 
 public depends to a large extent upon the honor of the 
 plate manufacturer and that of the boiler maker, for how- 
 ever strict inspections may be made, it is impossible to dis- 
 cover all hidden defects. I have never known it to be 
 abused by them. 
 
 Figure 46 represents a type of an English boiler, which 
 though one of the first types used, is still popular in that 
 country, and especially so for incinerating plants. 
 
234 
 
 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
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 r- o o 10 i 10 o o us <D o o o o 
 
 co co o o co co co 
 
 , 
 00 tH Oi -^ O O O5 OS W t- 00 O rH CO r-l C<I T-l ^* N O OS OO CO CQ IO 
 
 CiT-lr-!COCOlOOC5OSC5Cli-lT-lT-ICOCOCOeOCOHeOi-ltHCOeOeOCO 
 
 O<M<MU5LOt~t-O}OlOiC5 
 
 r-f^^^T^^r-l^rHiHr^r^rt*^ 
 
Sectional View. 
 
 Type of Internal Furnace Boiler. 
 Fig. 44. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 INTERNAL FURNACE BOILERS. 
 Figs. 44 and 45. 
 
 The types of the boilers heretofore described have all 
 been external furnace boilers, that is, the furnace is 
 outside of the boiler shell and distinct from same. 
 
 The internal furnace type of boiler, on the contrary, 
 has its furnace within the boiler shell. 
 
 The chief advantage of this type of boiler for ordinary 
 work is the economy of first cost, they being "self-con- 
 tained," that is, they are independent of any masonry 
 setting, cast iron fronts, buckstays, tie rods, etc., there- 
 fore they require but little foundation, and are suscepti- 
 ble of being easily removed from one location to another. 
 
 They are also capable of carrying an extremely high 
 steam pressure and are steady steamers. 
 
 Owing to the furnaces being entirely surrounded by 
 water, the heat of combustion is utilized to a greater ex- 
 tent than is practical with external furnace boilers. These 
 boilers are extremely economical in the consumption of 
 coal, not only for the above reasons, but owing to the 
 absence of all brick setting, which settings usually crack 
 and allow the heat to escape. 
 
 The principal disadvantages of this type of boiler is 
 the short travel of the gases, thereby permitting them to 
 escape at too high a temperature up the stack. 
 
 The circulation is also defective owing to faulty con- 
 struction, and the distribution of the heating surface. 
 
 The leading manufacturers of these boilers are : 
 
 The Continental Iron Works, 
 
 Springfield Boiler and Manufacturing Co., 
 
 Freeman & Sons Manufacturing Co., 
 
 Rhemmeli-Dawley Manufacturing Co. 
 
IO 
 
 15 
 
 E bJQ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
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 I 
 
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238 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR A SAFETY WATER 
 TUBE BOILER. 
 
 NUMBER, TYPE AND SIZE. 
 
 There shall be boiler. . of the horizontal in- 
 clined water tube type, rated at horse power; the 
 
 term horse power being understood to mean 30 pounds 
 of water evaporated per hour from feed water having 
 a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit into steam at 
 70 Ibs. gauge pressure. 
 
 GENERAL, DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The boiler in all its main parts is to be composed of 
 plate steel. It is to consist of two water legs of equal 
 size, approximately rectangular in shape, joined together 
 by means of a series of vertical and horizontal staggered 
 
 rows of tubes, and overhead circulating steam 
 
 and water drum . . . The drum . . and tubes are to be, 
 made parallel to each other, and the water legs made 
 perpendicular to both. When boiler is erected, same must 
 incline towards the rear a distance of 1 inch per lineal 
 foot. 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 All plates used in the construction of boilers . . 
 
 are to be of the best open hearth homogeneous flange 
 steel, having a tensile strength of 60,000 pounds per, 
 square inch of section. These plates are to be plainly 
 stamped with the name of the manufacturer, the tensile 
 strength and the quality; said stamps to be so located as 
 to be easily visible after the boiler . . has been completed. 
 
 The thicknesses required for these plates are given 
 under the various paragraphs relating to the specific parts 
 of the boiler herein described. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 239 
 
 TUBES. 
 
 boiler is to contain tubes, 
 
 each having an outside diameter of 3J^ inches, and a 
 
 length of feet. Each tube is to be of the best 
 
 lap-welded quality standard gauge in thickness, and made 
 of The ends of all tubes are to be thor- 
 oughly expanded into the tube plates of the water legs. 
 
 The distance from center to center horizontally of the 
 tubes is to be T*4 inches, and the distance vertically is to 
 be 5 inches, except that between the bottom row and 
 the" next row above, which is to be 8^/2 inches, so as to 
 permit the introduction of a course of tile on top of the 
 lower row. 
 
 WATER LEGS. 
 
 boiler is to be furnished with two water legs, 
 
 each consisting of a tube plate, and a hand hole plate 
 joined together by means of a strap riveted around the 
 outside. These plates are to be so arranged as to leave 
 a clear space of 10 inches between them on the inside. 
 
 The hand hole plate of each water leg is to be furnished 
 with a series of oval hand holes, each measuring 3^ 
 inches by 4% inches in size, and furnished with a heavy 
 cast iron cover plate, one four-prong arch, one bolt and 
 a lead gasket. A hand hole is located directly in front 
 of each end of each tube so as to permit easy access for 
 cleaning. 
 
 The water leg plates are to be thoroughly stay-bolted 
 together by means of hollow stays, each having a mini- 
 mum outside diameter of 1 9-16 inches, spaced a distance 
 of 7J4 inches center to center horizontally, 5 inches center 
 to center vertically. 
 
240 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CASTINGS. 
 
 boiler is to be furnished with one standard type 
 
 water tube boiler front, a sufficient number of cast iron 
 
 grate bars for covering a width of inches, and a 
 
 length of inches, one back grate bearing bar, two 
 
 (2) soot doors and frames, one set of back wall support- 
 ing plates, and one set of saddles for locating underneath 
 the rear water leg. 
 
 BOILER SUPPORTS. 
 
 The front water leg is intended to be supported by 
 means of cast iron columns located in the lower section 
 of the boiler front, and the rear water leg by means of a 
 low supporting wall. 
 
 TUBE TILE. 
 
 A full set of special fire clay tube tile is to 
 
 be furnished for covering the top and the bottom rows 
 of tubes. 
 
 TILE BARS. 
 
 Two tile bars made of l}4-inch square iron are to be 
 
 furnished for circulating drum. These bars are 
 
 to be held in place by means of wrought iron hangers 
 located at intervals of four feet, and securely bolted to the 
 shell; the purpose of the bars being to support the ends 
 of the tiling, closing in around the drum. 
 
 drum is to be furnished with a flange 
 
 having an internal diameter of .... inches, and riveted 
 to the top of the shell, a distance of .... inches between 
 the center of the same and the front edge of the shell 
 plate. 
 
 A inch feed pipe connection is to enter the front 
 
 head of drum as near the bottom as possible. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 241 
 
 extending towards the rear, and arranged to discharge 
 directly over the opening leading to the rear water leg. 
 All seams around the perimeters of the water legs are 
 to be furnished with single riveted lap joints with rivets 
 spaced a distance of 2 inches center to center, and having 
 a diameter, after being driven, of 13-16 inch. At the 
 throats, where the legs are attached to the circulating 
 drums, double riveted lap joints are used. 
 
 CIRCULATING DRUM. 
 
 boiler to be furnished with drum. . for 
 
 permitting the circulation of the water from the front 
 water leg to the rear water leg, and also affording a steam 
 space in the upper half drum is to have an in- 
 ternal diameter of inches, and a length of shell of 
 
 feet inches. The heads of drum . . 
 
 are to be dished to a radius equal to the diameter of the 
 shell, and the rear head is to be furnished with a manholq 
 of the Hercules pattern approximately 10x16 inches in 
 size. At the forward end of .... drum is to be located 
 a baffle plate extending towards the rear a distance of 
 about 6 feet and located directly underneath the steam 
 opening, so as to prevent any entrainment in the steam. 
 A sufficient opening is to be left between the top edge of 
 the baffle plate and the top of the shell to give an area 
 equal to at least one and one-half times the area of the 
 steam opening. 
 
 TRIMMINGS. 
 
 boiler is to be furnished with inch 
 
 pop safety valve set to blow at Ibs. per 
 
 square inch, one feed valve, one check 
 
 valve, 1% inch asbestos-packed blow-off cocks, 
 
 16 
 
242 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 one water column fitted with 1^-inch pipe connections 
 to boiler, three 24 -inch gauge cocks, one 24 -inch glass 
 water gauge with brass valves and guard rods, and one 
 steam gauge with syphon. 
 
 The shell plate of circulating drum is to be culj 
 
 away at the points where it joins to the water legs; this 
 
 opening to be reinforced by means of plate steel 
 
 throat stays made of ^2 -inch flange steel thoroughly 
 riveted to the same. 
 
 All shell plates are to have a thickness of ...... inch, 
 
 and the heads a thickness of inch. 
 
 The circumferential seams are to be furnished with 
 single riveted lap joints, and the longitudinal seams with 
 riveted joints. 
 
 BUCK STAYS. 
 
 ( ) buck stays are to be furnished with 
 
 boiler . . . Each buck stay is to consist of two 
 
 rolled steel angles, 3J^ inches by 3^ inches by ^ inch in 
 size, bolted together back to back at intervals of about 
 three feet and separated by means of thimbles placed on 
 the outsides of the bolts, a distance of 1 J4 inches through- 
 out the entire length tie rods made of 
 
 round iron, provided with all the necessary nuts ancj 
 washers, and of sufficient length to extend entirely across 
 the width of the setting, are to be furnished with the 
 buck stays. 
 
 FIRB TOOLS. 
 
 boiler to be furnished with a set of 
 
 fire tools, consisting of a scoop, hoe, rake and slice bar. 
 There is also to be furnished one 3^ -inch tube scraper 
 with handle. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 243 
 
 SMOKESTACK. 
 
 smokestack is to be furnished with 
 
 boiler . . having a diameter of inches, and a height 
 
 of . . feet . 
 
 TESTING AND INSPECTION. 
 
 A hydrostatic pressure of pounds per square 
 
 inch is to be applied to boiler before it leaves the 
 
 works, and a certificate of said test, together with a policy 
 
 of insurance for $ for one year, issued by any 
 
 reliable boiler insurance company, is to be furnished. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR A HORIZONTAL TUBU- 
 LAR BOILER. 
 
 NUMBER, TYPE AND SIZE. 
 
 There shall be boiler. ... of the Horizontal 
 
 Tubular Type, each having a diameter of inches 
 
 and a length, as measured from out to out of heads, 
 of feet inches. 
 
 TUBES, ARRANGEMENTS, ETC.. 
 
 boiler is to contain 
 
 tubes, each having an outside diameter of inches 
 
 and a length of feet. Each tube is to be of the 
 
 best lap-welded quality, standard gauge in thickness and 
 made of All tubes are to be thor- 
 oughly expanded into the tube holes of the heads, and 
 after this is done the ends are to be neatly beaded over by 
 means of round-nosed tools, driven by pneumatic pressure. 
 The tubes are to be arranged in vertical and horizontal 
 
244 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 rows, with a clear space of one inch between them, ver- 
 tically and horizontally, except the central vertical space, 
 where a distance of two inches shall be allowed. 
 
 PLATES, QUALITY, THICKNESS, ETC. 
 
 All plates used in the shell of boiler . . . are to be 
 
 made of the best steel, 
 
 having a tensile strength of not less than 60,000 pounds 
 
 per square inch, and a thickness of The heads 
 
 are to be made of the best open hearth homogeneous 
 flange steel, of the same tensile strength as that mentioned 
 for the shell plates and having a thickness of 
 
 All plates are to be plainly stamped with the name of 
 the manufacturer, the tensile strength and the quality, 
 said stamps to be so located as to be easily visible after 
 the boiler been completed. 
 
 RIVETING. 
 
 The longitudinal seams are to be furnished with 
 
 riveted joints, with all rivets so arranged as to 
 
 come well above the fire line. 
 
 BRACING. 
 
 The boiler heads are to be braced by means of weldless 
 
 steel crow-foot braces, having a diameter of inches, 
 
 so as to be of equal strength as the boiler shell. 
 
 DRY PIPE. 
 
 A dry pipe is to be located on the inside of boiler 
 
 shell and is to be connected to the steam opening 
 
 by means of a special tee, located in the center. This dry 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 245 
 
 pipe is to be closed at both ends and is to be furnished 
 with a sufficient number of J^-inch diameter holes located 
 on the upper side to give an area equal to twice that of 
 the steam opening. Both ends are to be closed and a 
 l /4 -inch diameter drip hole is to be located on the bottom 
 of the dry pipe near each end. 
 
 MANHOLES. 
 
 A manhole of the Hercules pattern is to be located 
 in the front head beneath the tubes, and another 
 
 CASTINGS. 
 
 .... boiler. . to be furnished with a fire front 
 
 of the pattern boiler is to be fur- 
 nished with a sufficient number of standard cast iron 
 
 grate bars to cover a width of inches and a length 
 
 of inches ; one back grate bearing bar ; one soot 
 
 door and frame ; skeleton arch plates 
 
 boiler . . to be furnished with buck staves, pro- 
 vided with tie rods, nuts and washers. 
 
 TRIMMINGS. 
 
 boiler is to be furnished with one 
 
 safety valve ; one blow-off valve ; one feed 
 
 valve; one check valve; one combination steam 
 
 and water column, with pipe connections to 
 
 boiler; three gauge cocks; one glass water gauge, with 
 brass valves and guard rods ; and one steam gauge, with 
 syphon. 
 
 BREECHING. 
 
246 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SMOKESTACK. 
 
 One smokestack is to be furnished for boiler, 
 
 having a diameter of inches and a height of . . . , 
 
 feet, made of sheet steel, and furnished with 
 
 feet of galvanized strand for guys. 
 
 BOILER SUPPORTS. 
 
 TESTING AND INSPECTION. 
 
 A hydrostatic pressure of pounds per square 
 
 inch is to be applied to boiler before it leaves our 
 
 works, and a certificate of said test, together with a policy 
 of insurance for for one year, issued by any re- 
 liable boiler insurance company, is to be furnished. 
 
 SMOKE CONSUMERS. 
 
 There should be no trouble from any objectionable 
 amount of smoke in the proper incineration of refuse, as 
 there can only be complete incineration with perfect 
 combustion, and a furnace constructed so as to secure 
 such combustion, cannot smoke. 
 
 The use of an auxiliary furnace as a smoke or a 
 stench consumer, is therefore not only most expensive, 
 but entirely unnecessary. 
 
 With boiler furnaces it is different, as perfect combus- 
 tion is not essential, and therefore smoke can only be 
 avoided in such classes of furnace by a good fireman. 
 
 As a rule, all mechanical smoke consumers are only a 
 waste of time and money, for while it is possible to cut 
 out as much as 80 per cent or 90 per cent of the smoke, 
 the amount of steam necessary to do this is exceedingly 
 
AND LIGHT. 247 
 
 large, and all such steam jets are a nuisance in themselves 
 from their most objectionable noise. 
 
 The principles upon which all these steam jets depend 
 for their operation are the same, being as follows : 
 
 (1) By passing the steam over the fire so as to strike 
 low on the bridge wall the hydrocarbons are not allowed 
 to pass higher than the steam, for the reason that as soon 
 as they come in contact with the moisture of the steam, 
 they are precipitated back into the fire and are consumed. 
 
 (2) In forcing a jet of steam into the furnace a 
 greater circulation of gases is produced, thereby securing 
 greater combustion and efficiency from the fuel. 
 
 (3) In passing steam over the fire a large amount of 
 oxygen is drawn into the furnace, both above and below 
 it, thereby burning all hydrocarbons before they strike 
 the boiler tubes, and consequently there is nothing to 
 pass off as smoke. 
 
 But at times it is necessary to use such mechanical de- 
 vices, and one of the best on the market is what is known 
 as the Hydrocarbon System. In this system for smoke 
 prevention a specially designed patented door apparatus 
 is substituted for the ordinary fire door, so arranged that 
 the air is heated first, and passed into the fire chamber 
 over the fire, and by a peculiar arrangement distributed 
 in proper proportions (suited to varying conditions of 
 fuel used or requirements), to form an induced draft, 
 supplying to the carbon from the coal the needed amount 
 of free oxygen to change the conditions of the combusti- 
 ble gases from carbonic oxide to dioxide and mon-oxide 
 gases. 
 
 In addition to this another element of heat is added 
 to the coal, by superheating a small amount of steam in 
 a heavy metal retort, and dis-associating the steam, there- 
 
248 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 by forming hydrogen gas which is ejected into the fire 
 chamber, in combination with the induced draft, thus 
 forming a valued adjunct and increasing the ratio of 
 evaporation, owing to less frequent firing and the use of 
 slicing bars, less deposit of soot in or on tubes and shell, 
 and less ash to remove. 
 
250 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 CLASSES OF ENGINES AND PUMPS. 
 
 ENGINES. 
 
 Engines are classified according to the work for which 
 they are built, as: (1) stationary, portable, etc.; (2) from 
 arrangement of the cylinders as, simple, compound, triple 
 expansion, etc. ; ( 3 ) according to the kind of valves to 
 control the distribution of the steam as, plain slide valve, 
 automatic cut-off, Corliss, etc. ; (4) according to thq 
 motion of the piston, as reciprocating and rotary. 
 
 The principal subdivisions of these types are: (1) con- 
 densing, (2) noncondensing. 
 
 In most engines the steam distributing valves receive 
 their motion from one or more eccentrics, and to have a 
 perfect understanding of any character of engine, the 
 first essential is to have a thorough understanding of its 
 valve gear, by which is meant the eccentric, eccentric 
 strap, eccentric rod, rocker, valve stem, and distributing 
 valve. (Figs. 49 and 50.) 
 
 The simplest valve gear is that of the slide valve type, 
 which is usually operated with only one eccentric, which 
 is fastened to the shaft of the engine. (Fig. 48.) 
 
 The principles involved in this type of engine are the 
 same as in the more complicated types, and its use and 
 operation are too well known to be described in a work of 
 this character. 
 
252 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 CORLISS ENGINE. 
 
 (Fig. 47.) 
 
 This type of engine is generally used in large plants, 
 being the most economical, owing to the close regulation 
 of the steam supply by the automatic changing of the 
 point in the stroke of the piston at which the steam supply 
 is cut off. 
 
 This is accompanied by using some form of trip gear 
 similar to the one first introduced by its inventor, Geo. 
 Corliss. 
 
 In the Corliss gear there is a separate admission valve 
 and a separate exhaust valve for each end of the cylinder, 
 entirely independent of each other. The admission valves 
 are operated by either one or more eccentrics, but they 
 are automatically closed by dash-pots or springs, when 
 the piston reaches a designated point of its stroke. This 
 point will vary with the position of the governor, which 
 position will vary with the speed of the engine, which is 
 controlled by the load on the engine. 
 
 The exhaust valves are opened and closed by the mo- 
 tion of a wrist plate to which these valves are directly 
 connected by rods or cranks. Both the admission and 
 exhaust valves are cylindrical in shape, turning in cylin- 
 drical seats which extend across the ends of the cylinder. 
 The \vrist plate which operates the exhaust valves alone 
 receiving its oscillating motion from the eccentric which 
 is fastened to the shaft of the engine. 
 
 When the piston reaches the point where the steam 
 should be shut off, the trip gear is held in such a position 
 by the governor that it releases the admission valve, 
 which is snapped shut by the action of the dash-pot, or 
 spring. The exhaust valve is made to open by the in- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 dependent action of the wrist plate which is operated by 
 its eccentric. 
 
 The advantage of the Corliss valve gear is the long 
 range of the stroke through which the cut-off can be 
 varied, depending only on whether one or more eccentrics 
 are used. 
 
 With one eccentric, the cut-off ranges from the begin- 
 ning of the stroke to one-half, at which point the eccem 
 trie starts on its return travel. With the use of two 
 eccentrics this range can be extended almost the entire 
 stroke, as the exhaust valves are operated entirely inde- 
 pendent. 
 
 The Corliss engine is not a high speed engine, owing 
 to the time it requires for the trip gear to act. 
 
 CONDENSING AND NONCONDENSING ENGINES. 
 
 All engines are run either (1) condensing, in which 
 the exhaust steam is condensed and used over again, or, 
 (2) noncondensing, in which the exhaust steam is dis- 
 charged into the atmosphere. 
 
 Unless this exhaust steam is used for heating or for 
 other purposes, it is manifestly a most extravagant way 
 to operate a plant of any size, for not only is there a waste 
 of valuable water of condensation or heat, but it forces 
 the engine to work against the back pressure of the at- 
 mosphere, which means more fuel necessary for steam to 
 overcome this useless work. 
 
 For the purpose of removing this pressure on the engine 
 by means of a partial vacuum, two principal methods of 
 condensing the steam are employed, viz: (1) by conden- 
 sers, either surface or jet, and (2) by the use of cooling 
 towers or tables. 
 
256 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 A surface condenser is one in which the steam passes 
 through pipes surrounded by cold water, or, the water 
 flows through the pipes, which are surrounded by the 
 steam. 
 
 In the jet condenser, the steam is condensed by coming 
 in contact with cold water, which is introduced into the 
 steam chamber as a spray. 
 
 Where it is impossible to get a sufficient supply of 
 water at an economical cost, then a cooling tower or 
 water table is used for the purpose of condensation. This 
 is done by locating same upon the roof, and allowing the 
 atmosphere to cool the condensation, by using a system 
 of mats or slats over the surface of which the water flows 
 in a thin film to a reservoir which is located at the bottom 
 of the cooling tower. 
 
 In this way the water from the condenser is used over 
 and over again. The loss of water by evaporation when 
 this method is used, is only from 5 per cent to 10 per cent, 
 which loss must be supplied with fresh water from some 
 outside source. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CORLISS ENGINE. 
 
 Gentlemen : We propose to furnish you 
 
 in accordance with the following specifica- 
 tions : 
 
 Type of Engine Engine to be of our 
 
 type; and to run at revolutions per minute with 
 
 pounds steam pressure hand. 
 
 Cylinder Dimensions Diameter of H. P. cylinder. . . . 
 
 inches. Diameter of L. P. cylinder inches. Length 
 
 of stroke . . inches. 
 
en 
 
 
 HI 
 
 TJ 
 
 <u 
 <u 
 Q. 
 CO 
 
 .2' US 
 
 1 * 
 
 8 S 
 
 ^ 
 
258 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Power I. H. P Ibs. steam pressure 
 
 cut-off I. H. P Ibs. steam pres- 
 sure cut-off I. H. P Ibs. steam 
 
 pressure cut-off I. H. P Ibs. 
 
 steam pressure cut-off. 
 
 Material The cylinders to be made of clean hard close^ 
 grained iron. Will be covered with sheet steel lagging 
 with polished corner irons. Space between jacket and 
 cylinder to be filled with asbestos or best quality mineral 
 
 wool. Steam pipe inch in diameter. Exhaust 
 
 pipe inches. 
 
 Frame The frame to be used for this engine to be our 
 
 and guaranteed to stand the severest strains 
 
 without showing any form of weakness. The guides to 
 
 be of the type, insuring perfect alignment with the 
 
 cylinder. 
 
 Wheel wheel ft. diameter, inch 
 
 face, and to weigh pounds. Made in and 
 
 accurately turned and bored. Wheel to be grooved for 
 inch ropes systems of grooves. 
 
 Shaft Shaft to be in diameter at bearing 
 
 between bearing. Bearings diameter long. 
 
 The main bearings to be provided with removable top, 
 bottom and quarter boxes, lined with best quality bab- 
 bitt metal, hammered in and accurately bored and scrapecl 
 to a true bearing surface. Quarter boxes are adjustable 
 with wedges fitted with adjusting screws, and of such 
 design that the wedges and boxes may be removed with- 
 out moving shaft. Cap to have a feel hole for examining 
 journal without disturbing adjustment of bearing. 
 
 Crank and Crank Pin The crank will be of our stand- 
 ard type, polished on the face, pressed on shaft and keyed 
 
260 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 in place. The crank pin will be inches diameter, 
 
 inches long, pressed in crank and riveted over. 
 
 Valve Gear Cylinder to be equipped with improved 
 valve gear of the hook releasing type, which is so designed 
 as to subject all parts to a minimum amount of strains. 
 Steam valve hooks and levers to be fitted with reversible 
 hardened steel catch plates. 
 
 Piston 
 
 Crosshead The crosshead is of the solid box form, 
 having shoes adjustable with wedges, having bearings the 
 entire length, which can be removed without disengaging 
 connecting or piston rods. The shoes are lined with best 
 quality antifriction metal scraped to fit guides. Piston 
 rod will be of open hearth steel, finished and polished and 
 secured to crosshead by a thread and jamb nut, so the 
 clearance space in cylinder can be equalized at any time. 
 
 Connecting Rod The connecting rod is made from a 
 single forging with solid ends. The brasses have large 
 wearing surfaces lined with best quality of babbitt metal, 
 and are adjustable with wedges. 
 
 Governor The governor will be of our standard type 
 and will control the variations in speed to the least possi- 
 ble range. An automatic stop will be provided, so in case 
 governor belt should break it would shut the engine 
 down. 
 
 Fixtures and Fittings The following fixtures and fit- 
 tings will be furnished : Nickel-plated sight feed oilers for 
 main journals, eccentrics and guides, stationary centrifu- 
 gal sight feed oilers for crank pins ; throttle valve, full set 
 of wrenches for the parts of engine that require adjust- 
 ment, automatic cylinder lubricators, foundation bolts and 
 washers and foundation plans. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 261 
 
 Material and Finish Shaft and connecting rods to be 
 of best quality hammered wrought iron, free from flaws 
 or other imperfections, and to be nicely finished. Pistons 
 and eccentric rods, crank and crosshead pins, also wrists 
 of valve gear to be of best quality forged steel. Great 
 care will be exercised in making the castings of best qual- 
 ity as regards strength, wearing qualities and smoothness. 
 All castings subject to wear will be poured from special 
 heats of charcoal iron mixture. All parts will be made to 
 gauge and interchangeable. Workmanship and finish 
 will be first-class in every particular. Engine to be primed, 
 rubbed down, painted and varnished. 
 
 Guarantee We guarantee the workmanship and mate-- 
 rial in the engine to be first-class, and we will furnish 
 without charge a duplicate of any part that may prove 
 defective in material or workmanship, provided an in- 
 spection proves the claim, within one year after engine 
 is started. We guarantee the engine to run smoothly and 
 in a proper manner, without undue heating or vibration, 
 
 Conditions of Operation (300 I. H. P. Noncondensing) 
 -The engine is to run noncondensing at 200 revolutions 
 per minute. Steam pressure 125 Ibs. above the atmos- 
 phere. Back pressure 15 Ibs. absolute. The maximum 
 load for which engine is intended equals 400 I. H. P. 
 The engine is to operate at highest efficiency with load 
 equal 300 I. H. P. The average load will equal 175-200 
 I. H. P. 
 
 Speed Regulations The speed regulation shall be 
 within 1.5 per cent above or below normal. 
 
 Piston Speed The piston speed regulation shall be not 
 less than 560 feet per minute, nor more than 600 feet. 
 
 Clearance The clearance shall not exceed 8 per cent. 
 
262 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Erection We will furnish the time of one man 
 
 days to superintend the erection and start engine, his trav- 
 eling expense and board to be paid by you. We con- 
 sider as legitimate traveling expenses, railroad fare and 
 transfer charges, sleeping cars (when traveling at night), 
 meals enroute, excess baggage or other transportation 
 charges on tools or materials. You are also to prepare 
 the foundations in accordance with our plans, do all pip- 
 ing, packing, belting, mason and carpenter work, and fur- 
 nish all laboring help and requirements to facilitate erec- 
 tion. When delays are caused to our man by material or 
 labor not furnished by us, you agree to pay his time at 
 $5.00 per clay and expenses while so delayed; our re- 
 sponsibility being limited to the engine proper and the 
 accuracy of our plans. 
 
 Price We propose to furnish the foregoing machinery 
 as specified for the sum of dollars ($...). 
 
 Terms of Payment Payment to be made as follows: 
 
 when engine is ready for shipment ; balance ( 
 
 days after shipment. 
 
 PUMPS. 
 
 Pumps vary greatly in design, depending on the char- 
 acter of work for which they are constructed. 
 
 They are now made to handle water, beer, molasses, 
 acids, oils, melted lead, and such gases as air, ammonia 
 and oxygen. 
 
 The different types used to cover this large field of 
 work are defined as chain, diaphragm, jet, centrifugal, ro- 
 tary and cylinder pumps. 
 
 It is only the last three types, viz. : rotary, centrifugal 
 and cylinder pumps that are used in the field covered by 
 this work. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 ROTARY PUMPS. 
 
 The action of these pumps depend upon the force given 
 to the water, or other liquid, by the action upon it of two 
 tooth wheels, which are made to revolve in an enclosed 
 chamber, each tooth of these wheels acting as a small 
 piston, and pushing the water or liquid ahead of it. The 
 Hat faces of these wheels should be made a snug fit be- 
 txveen them and the casing, and the edges of the teeth 
 also a good fit against the sides of the casing. These 
 pumps occupy but little space, and are light and inex- 
 pensive, but are of low efficiency. They are chiefly used 
 to pump heavy liquids, or \vater holding in suspension 
 large masses of soft material. 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. 
 
 Pumps of this type depend for their action upon the 
 pressure produced by the centrifugal force of the water 
 rotated rapidly by the vanes of the pump. As it is the 
 centrifugal force upon which these pumps must rely for 
 moving the water or other liquid, they are designated by 
 that name. 
 
 These pumps are only efficient when working under low 
 lifts, being limited to a lift not exceeding forty feet. 
 They are well adapted for pumping large volumes of 
 dirty water or sewerage, and are therefore much used foil 
 sewerage pumping and dredging. 
 
 CYLINDER PUMPS. 
 
 These are power pumps used principally for boiler feed, 
 compressed air, or vacuum purposes. 
 
re 
 
 s 
 
 X 
 
 Q) 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 265 
 
 Pumps of this class consist of the combination of a 
 steam engine forming one end of the pump, the other end 
 being for the pumping and discharge of the water or air. 
 The two ends are operated by a single piston rod which 
 extends through the pump from one end to the other, 
 thereby making their action direct, hence they are called 
 direct acting steam pumps. 
 
 DUPI^X PUMPS. 
 
 Such pumps consist of two steam pumps, as above de- 
 scribed, placed side by side, so that the slide valve of each 
 cylinder gets its motion from the opposite piston rod 
 acting upon a lever and a rocker arm. 
 
 The effect of this arrangement is to produce a steady 
 flow of the water, or liquid, without the usual strains pro- 
 duced vvhen the flow of the same is suddenly arrested, 
 and then started again, as is the case in single direct 
 acting pumps. 
 
 In duplex pumps the two pistons move in opposite di- 
 rection, making the action of the pump continuous. The 
 valve has neither outside nor inside lap and hence the 
 steam cannot be used expansively. The steam valve ia 
 carried along by coming in contact with check or lock 
 nuts placed on the valve stem. In order to arrest the 
 steam piston when it completes its stroke, and allow the 
 other pump to pick up the motion, thereby preventing the 
 pump stopping altogether, a certain amount of lost mo- 
 tion between these check or lock nuts must be allowed. 
 Should there not be sufficient lost motion, the pump will 
 short stroke, if too much lost motion, then it will stop. 
 The lost motion allowed or the auxiliary valve simply 
 take the place of a fly-wheel, to carry the pump over its 
 
The Cameron Pump. 
 Fig. 54. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 267 
 
 centers. The rule is to allow as much as one-half of the 
 width of the steam ports, for lost motion. 
 
 Pumps of this type are divided into two classes, viz. : 
 (1) those having their valve gear outside, and (2) those 
 having the valve gear on the inside, and hence having no 
 moving parts visible, except the piston rod. 
 
 The leading make of the first class of pumps is the 
 duplex pump, shown in Fig. 53, which pump is especially 
 adapted for central heating plants. 
 
 Of the second class is the Cameron pump, shown in 
 Fig. 54, and which is largely used for boiler feed pur- 
 poses. 
 
 HOT WATER PUMPING. 
 
 The pumping of hot water is much more difficult than 
 that of cold water, as the vapor from the hot water de- 
 stroys the vacuum as fast as it is formed. In actual prac- 
 tice it is not possible to lift water whose temperature ex- 
 ceeds 180 degrees. Above this temperature the pump must 
 be placed below the water supply, so that the water can 
 flow into the pump. Such an arrangement is not necessary 
 in central heatingplants, as the hot water which is pumped 
 through the mains rarely exceeds 170 degrees. Pumps 
 for handling hot water must be provided with special 
 valves of hard vulcanized rubber or be entirely of metal. 
 Soft rubber valves are entirely unsuitable for handling 
 hot water. The cylinder should also be brass lined 
 throughout. 
 
w 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 269 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 GAS AND OIL INSTALLATIONS AND COMPAR- 
 ATIVE VALUE OF FUELS. 
 
 It can no longer be contended that the refuse of a city has 
 no calorific value. While it is true that this value is very 
 small, varying from one to three thousand B. T. U. per 
 lb., it nevertheless is proportionately more valuable as a 
 fuel than those fuels of a higher calorific value which are 
 much more costly to obtain. While coal is the ordinary 
 fuel used for the incineration of refuse, both gas and oil 
 are frequently used for this purpose, and in view of the 
 rapidly increasing use of same for fuel purposes, the fol- 
 lowing table showing their comparative value will be of 
 interest : 
 
 Both gas and oil are ideal fuels for all character of 
 furnace work when properly installed. Fig. 55 shows 
 the proper installation of a Branch Oil Burner in a boiler 
 furnace, which installation is entirely similar to its in- 
 stallation in an incinerating furnace. The grate bars of 
 both firing furnaces must be covered over with fire-brick 
 or ashes to exclude the excess of air, the same as is done 
 when there is only one furnace. While either steam or 
 air can be used to atomize the oil, the use of steam is 
 preferable as it gives a much softer and more diffused 
 heat. 
 
 The installation of gas burners differ only from that of 
 oil burners in the requirement of a much less air or steam 
 pressure for their operation. 
 
270 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Both wood and shavings can also be used as a fuel; 
 in fact, the requirements of a successful incinerating fur- 
 nace are similar in every respect to those of a boiler fur- 
 nace, for a furnace which will develop the entire efficiency 
 of a boiler, will satisfactorily incinerate any class of 
 refuse, the requirements being in both cases, complete 
 combustion. 
 
OJ 
 
 
 
 c/i 
 
 ^ . 
 
 P | 
 
 fe 5 
 
 fe i 
 
 o ^ 
 
 en 
 
 = ^ 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 - bo 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 C P 
 < O 
 
 I 
 
 001 - aB, 
 
 punod 
 
 .s^iua 
 
 aeii?A\ 
 jo spunod ui 
 
 uj 
 
 i[sy jo 
 }ueo jod 
 
 OtOTHOC^L COOO < ^OSlOOOr-IC-<MOOCOO'*OU3THe; 
 
 LO CO CXI O Oi L O -^ CO T-H O Oi t~- SO -^ CO r-j O OO t-^ CD Tjn CO r 
 * * * *& CO CO CO' CO CO* CO CO* C^ <K1 C<i CXJ CJ C^ CXI II r-5 T-H r-i r- 1 r 
 
 Ot~-OOOOlOL--t-OOI>-OOO-^-iLOT-HCOOLOO>OOCO 
 * T^ CO Co' CO -*" ^' CA] Tjn tO CO Ci CO CO* CO* ^' -^' CO' Cxi Oi rjn TJH 
 
 10 co o co co c\ co <* co cx o co co 
 
 T-H Ol O LO L- .O O IO t O OO 
 
 IO LO O CD O5 O M LO 
 
 ujc^icj^o co' 10 oi ^' 
 
 .& 
 
 <D <D 
 O O 
 
 5-H ^ 
 
 = 5 O 
 
 o o 
 00 ^ 
 
 a u o of 
 
272 HKAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 Crude oil, fuel oil, or any distillate : 
 
 Per cent of ash, .0. 
 
 Heat units per pound, .20.746. 
 
 Pounds of water evaporation, 21.47. 
 
 Per cent incombustible matter, 25. 
 
 Heat units available for steam-making, 10.920. 
 
 Horse power per pound, 4.238. 
 
 Evaporation per pound from and at 212 deg. F., 11.25. 
 
 REFUSE. 
 
 This includes increased output refuse, garbage and all 
 character of municipal w r aste. Below is given the results 
 of official tests made in twenty-two English cities of the 
 fuel value of refuse, the evaporation being taken from 
 and at 212 deg. F. : 
 
 Accrington, 1.39 pounds. 
 
 Beckenhowe, 1.512 pounds. 
 
 Blackburn, 1.297 pounds. 
 
 Bolton, 0.8 pounds.. 
 
 Bradford, 0.882 pounds. 
 
 Bury, 1.58 pounds. 
 
 Colme, 1.00 pound. 
 
 Dorwen, 1.71 pounds. 
 
 Fleetwood, 1.191 pounds. 
 
 Grays, 1.22 pounds. 
 
 Hackney, 1.415 pounds. 
 
 Hereford, 1.65 pounds. 
 
 Lancaster, 1.63 pounds. 
 
 Liverpool, 1.173 pounds. 
 
 Nelson, 1.516 pounds. 
 
 Pembroke, 1.21 pounds. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 273 
 
 Rochdale, 1.72 pounds. 
 St. Helens, 1.54 pounds. 
 Salisbury, 1.10 pounds. 
 Wakefield, 1.4 pounds. 
 Wendsworth, 1.20 pounds. 
 West Hartlepool, 1.25 pounds. 
 
 18 
 
The Branch Oil Burner Sectional View. 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 275 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 FORMS OF FRANCHISE AND ORDINANCES. 
 
 Owing to the character of this work and the various 
 requirements of modern business methods, some forms 
 are here given to assist those who are engaged either in 
 work for public corporations, or endeavoring to secure 
 franchises or contracts from municipalities. 
 
 FORMS FOR FRANCHISES AND CITY ORDI- 
 NANCES. 
 
 Chapter 907, Section 6, Page 801, of the Revised Stat- 
 utes of the United States: 
 
 SEC. 6. That it shall not be lawful to cast, throw, 
 empty or unload, or cause, suffer or procure to be cast, 
 thrown, emptied or unloaded, either from or out of any 
 ship, vessel, lighter, barge, boat or other craft, or from 
 the shore, pier, wharf, furnace, manufacturing establish- 
 ments or mills of any kind whatever, any ballast, stone, 
 slate, gravel, earth, rubbish, wreck, filth, slabs, edgings, 
 sawdust, slag, cinders, ashes, refuse or other waste of any 
 kind, into any part, road, roadstead, harbor, haven, navi- 
 gable river or navigable water of the United States which 
 shall tend to impede or obstruct navigation, or to deposit 
 or place, or cause, suffer or procure to be deposited or 
 placed, any ballast, stone, slate, gravel earth, rubbish, 
 wreck, filth, slabs, edgings, sawdust, or other waste in 
 any place or situation on the bank of any navigable waters 
 where the same shall be liable to be washed into such 
 navigable waters, either by ordinary or high tides, or by 
 storms or floods, or otherwise, whereby navigation shall 
 or may be impeded or obstructed. 
 
276 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 AN ORDINANCE GRANTING A FRANCHISE 
 FOR A CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM. 
 
 An ordinance granting the right of way in and under 
 the streets and alleys and public grounds of the city 
 
 of , and the privilege 
 
 of constructing, maintaining and operating a plane 
 for the distribution of steam or heated water, or 
 both, for domestic, heating or power purposes. 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the city of .... 
 
 SECTION 1. That there is hereby granted to .... 
 
 , of , their 
 
 successors and assigns (who are hereafter in this ordi- 
 nance called the grantees), upon the terms and condi- 
 tions hereinafter set out, and for the period of fifty years 
 from the taking effect and acceptance of this ordinance, 
 the right of way for laying, constructing and maintain- 
 ing, in and under the streets, alleys and public grounds 
 of said city, the pipes and mains and all branches, cut- 
 offs and manholes, necessary for the distribution to public 
 and private consumers, of steam or heated water, or 
 both, for domestic heating or power purposes, and the 
 privilege of constructing, maintaining and operating in 
 said city the necessary power plant and machinery to 
 operate the same, and to make all necessary excavations 
 therefor. 
 
 SEC. 2. All pipes, pipe lines and appliances construct- 
 ed hereunder shall be, as far as possible, constructed, laid 
 and maintained in the alleys of said city, and only in 
 streets where no alley exists in the block adjacent, run- 
 ning in the direction the main is to be laid. During the 
 laying of the pipes and mains, or in repairs and exten- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 277 
 
 sions thereof, the grantees shall not unnecessarily obstruct 
 the streets, alleys and public grounds, and shall complete 
 each part of the work therein without unnecessary delay, 
 and shall restore such street, alley or public ground to as 
 good a condition as before the grantees entered thereon, 
 and to the satisfaction of the street and alley committee 
 of said council; and upon failure to make such repairs 
 the city may cause the same to be done ; and the grantees 
 hereby agree to reimburse the city for the cost thereof. 
 
 SEC. 3. The rights and privileges herein granted shall 
 be subject to such sanitary and police regulations as the 
 city council in its judgment may deem just and proper, in 
 the present construction of said plant or future operation 
 thereof ; and the right is hereby granted to said grantees 
 to make all needful rules and regulations for operating 
 and protecting said plant, tapping mains, size of service 
 orifices and all other appliances, supplying customers, 
 shutting off service for non-payment of rates by private 
 consumers, and preventing the waste or wrongful use of 
 heat. 
 
 SEC. 4. The grantees shall hold the city of 
 
 harmless from any injury to any per- 
 son, or the property of any person or corporation, which 
 may result from the negligence of the grantees while per- 
 forming the work of laying the pipes and mains, or other- 
 wise exercising the rights and privileges herein granted; 
 and should the city be sued therefor, the grantees shall, 
 upon notice from said city, appear and defend or settle 
 the same, and should judgment go against the city in 
 such case, the city shall recover the amount, with all costs, 
 from the grantees, and the record of such judgment 
 against said city shall be conclusive evidence in the cause 
 to entitle the city to recover from the grantees. 
 
278 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 And for the purpose of indemnifying the city against 
 any loss or damage by reason of the construction or 
 operation of said plant, and for the purpose of indemni- 
 fying the city for any loss growing out of the exercise 
 of any of the rights and privileges herein granted, and 
 for the prompt restoration of all streets, sidewalks and 
 alleys to the same condition they were in before the ex- 
 cavations provided for were made, the grantees shall, 
 within thirty days from the date fixed in this ordinance 
 for the beginning construction of the plant provided for 
 herein, file with the city clerk, a bond in the penal sum 
 of five thousand dollars, with good and sufficient sureties 
 thereon, subject to the approval of the mayor of said city; 
 and said bond shall be renewed whenever the council shall 
 deem the sureties thereon insufficient. 
 
 SEC. 5. Said grantees are authorized and empowered 
 to charge consumers for steam or hot water for heating 
 purposes, at all times when the outdoor temperature is 
 at or below 65 degrees Fahrenheit, not exceeding the fol- 
 lowing annual rates : For steam, per square 
 
 foot of radiating surface; for hot water, per 
 
 square foot of radiating surface; and for hot water for 
 bath or other purposes, where the water is removed from 
 the pipes, not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per 
 thousand gallons, to be measured to the consumer by a 
 meter to be furnished by the grantees without additional 
 charge. 
 
 The grantees shall build and maintain, free of charge 
 to consumers, all service pipes from any main of the 
 plant to the outside curb of the sidewalk of the street in 
 which said main may be laid, or if the main be laid in 
 an alley without sidewalks, then to the property line adja- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 279 
 
 cent to said alley; all other service and inside radiation 
 pipe to be built and maintained by the consumer. 
 
 And in consideration of the grants herein made, the 
 grantees hereby agree to furnish the city, free of charge, 
 all heat required for the present or any future city hall, 
 calaboose, or hospital buildings; provided that the 
 amount of heat to be furnished to said city free of charge 
 for said buildings shall not exceed in value, according to 
 the maximum rates to consumers permitted herein, the 
 
 following amounts : $ per annum during the first 
 
 fifteen years of the life of this franchise, and $ there- 
 after, and for any excess of heat furnished for said build- 
 ings over said amounts during said periods respectively, 
 the city shall pay not exceeding two-thirds of the maxi- 
 mum rates permitted to be charged consumers herein; 
 the city in all cases to build and maintain all service and 
 inside radiation pipes necessary to heat said buildings as 
 hereinbefore provided to be done by consumers. 
 
 SEC. 6. None of the rights and privileges granted 
 herein shall vest or take effect until the filing and ap- 
 proval of the bond provided for herein, etc. 
 
 ORDINANCE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BRANCH 
 INCINERATOR. 
 
 An ordinance authorizing and directing the .... to pro- 
 vide by contract for the construction and erection 
 
 of one Branch Garbage Incinerating Plant for the de- 
 struction by fire of garbage, dead animals and other 
 refuse, and the utilization of all waste heat therefrom, 
 completely equipped and installed, including building to 
 enclose the same, and appropriating money therefor, and 
 designating the location of the site for same. 
 
\ 
 280 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of , 
 
 as follows : 
 
 SECTION 1. The is hereby au- 
 thorized and directed to provide by contract for the con- 
 struction and erection of one Branch Incinerating Plant 
 for the destruction by fire of garbage, dead animals and 
 other refuse, and the utilization of all waste heat there- 
 from, completely equipped and installed, including build- 
 ing to enclose same, and all necessary platforms, ap- 
 proaches, and appliances for cleansing carts and other 
 receptacles, in accordance with specifications now on file 
 in the office of 
 
 SEC. 2. The said incinerating plant shall have a capac- 
 ity of incinerating tons in twenty-four hours, 
 
 and developing the boiler power set out in said specifica- 
 tions, and said incinerator shall be of sufficient size to 
 hold at one time not less than two-thirds of the total 
 amount of garbage it is to destroy each day, and be capa- 
 ble of converting the same into a clean ash or clinker and 
 light smoke, within the time limit as above specified. 
 
 SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the to 
 
 advertise for bids for the construction and erection of 
 said incinerating plant, completely equipped and installed, 
 of the capacity named in Sec. 2 of this ordinance, in- 
 cluding the building to enclose same, which shall be of 
 brick construction, with a slate or steel roof, concrete fir- 
 ing floors, and steel tank plate flooring directly over the 
 incinerator, with hoppers so arranged that in operation 
 all garbage, or dead animals may be dumped directly into 
 said incinerator from carts or wagons. 
 
 The chimney for said plant shall be of hard burned 
 brick laid in cement mortar lined with fire brick, and 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 281 
 
 shall not be less than feet high. (If iron 
 
 stack desired insert specifications for such stack.) 
 
 SEC. 4. The terms of said contract shall provide for a 
 guaranteed efficiency of complete incineration and power 
 developed from the waste heat and gases, i. e., that the 
 successful bidder shall furnish a competent person to 
 direct the operation of said plant without cost to the city 
 for a period of thirty days after completion, and demon- 
 strate the results as specified in Sec. 2 of this ordinance, 
 and in said specifications. 
 
 SEC. 5. A bond in the penal sum of thousand 
 
 dollars, with two or more good and sufficient sureties 
 shall be given by the contractor, conditioned for the faith- 
 ful performance of each and all the terms and require- 
 ments of this ordinance, and the contract entered into 
 by authority hereof, and the said specifications which 
 are made a part of same. 
 
 SEC. 6. Payments under said contract shall be made 
 as provided in said specifications. 
 
 SEC. 7. The location of said garbage incinerating 
 plant shall be as follows : 
 ********* 
 
 SEC. 9. There is hereby appropriated and set apart 
 
 from Municipal Revenue the sum of dollars for 
 
 the construction and erection of said incinerating plant 
 completely equipped and installed, as herein provided for. 
 
 FRANCHISE FOR GAS WORKS. 
 
 An ordinance granting , their successors 
 
 and assigns, the right to construct, maintain, extend and 
 
 operate a system of works in the City of . . for 
 
 the purpose of generating gas with which to furnish light, 
 heat and power to the said city and its inhabitants. 
 
282 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of 
 
 SECTION 1. The , their successors 
 
 and assigns, be and is hereby granted a franchise for the 
 
 period of years from and after the date of the 
 
 passage and publication of this ordinance, with the full 
 right, power and authority to construct, maintain, ex- 
 tend and operate a gas plant, machinery, mines, pipes and 
 other apparatus and appliances within the corporate lim- 
 its of said City of , as they now exist, or if the 
 
 corporate limits of said city are hereafter extended, then 
 within the corporate limits as extended, for the purpose of 
 generating and furnishing to the said city and its inhabi- 
 tants, gas for light, heat and power, and for such pur- 
 poses to enter under, upon and use the streets, alleys, 
 'bridges and public places of the said city and lay and 
 maintain, therein and thereon such mains, pipes, con- 
 duits, apparatus and appliances as may be necessary and 
 proper, subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter 
 provided. 
 
 SEC. 2. That no mains, pipes, conduits or other appa- 
 ratus and appliances hereafter laid or constructed shall 
 be so laid or constructed so as to interfere with or in- 
 jure any of the water pipes or sewer pipes laid in the 
 
 streets, alleys or public places of the said City of ; 
 
 and that the same shall be placed and laid under the direc- 
 tion of the City Council or City Engineer. 
 
 SEC. 3. The said , their successors 
 
 or assigns, may charge a maximum rate of 
 
 per one thousand cubic feet of gas to be measured by a 
 gas meter and may make all needed rules and regulations 
 for the collection of such charges and the operation of 
 said system. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 283 
 
 SEC. 4. Nothing in this ordinance shall be so con- 
 strued as to prevent the said city from granting to other 
 persons, companies or corporation the right of using the 
 streets, avenues, alleys or other public places in said city 
 for any purposes like the grantee. 
 
 SEC. 5. Said , their successors or 
 
 assigns, shall have full right and power to assign to any 
 person or company all the rights conferred upon it by the 
 terms of this ordinance; provided that the assigns of such 
 rights by the acceptance of such assignment shall thereby 
 become subject to the terms and provisions of this ordi- 
 nance; and in the event of any assignment by said gran- 
 tee of the rights hereby conferred upon it such assign- 
 ment shall be in writing and a duly authenticated copy 
 
 thereof shall be filed in the office of the of said 
 
 City of 
 
 SEC. 6. The word "grantee" as used in this ordinance 
 
 shall denote the , their successors and 
 
 assigns. 
 
 SEC. 7. This ordinance shall be effective and in force 
 from and after its passage and publication as provided 
 by law. 
 
 AN ORDINANCE TO AUTHORIZE CITY TO EN- 
 TER INTO CONTRACT FOR DISPOSAL OF 
 GARBAGE BY BRANCH PROCESS. 
 
 An ordinance to authorize the of the 
 
 City of to enter into a contract for the 
 
 sanitary disposal of all slop, offal, garbage and animal 
 
 matter of the City of by the Branch 
 
 process. 
 
284 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of .... 
 as follows : 
 
 SECTION 1. The of the City of 
 
 is hereby authorized and directed to enter into a contract 
 for the sanitary disposal of all slops, offal, garbage and 
 
 animal matter of the City of by the Branch 
 
 process. Said contract shall be let within thirty days 
 from the date of the approval of this ordinance and shall 
 provide that the contractor shall commence work under 
 said contract not less than three months from the date 
 of said contract. And said contract shall further pro- 
 vide that the works of said contractors shall be located 
 at suitable and convenient points within the city limits, 
 to be approved by the Mayor, and that said works shall 
 at all times be subject to the inspection of the Health 
 Commissioner, and other city officials, as may be desig- 
 nated by the Mayor. 
 
 Said contract shall be made and entered into for a 
 period of not less than .... years, and the said contractor 
 
 shall enter into bond with the city of in the sum 
 
 of .thousand dollars, conditioned with proper 
 
 sureties, that said contractor shall dispose of all slop, 
 
 offal, garbage and animal matter of the City of , 
 
 in a sanitary manner, and the said City of shall 
 
 be obligated by said contract to collect and deliver, or 
 cause to be collected and delivered, at the works of said 
 contractor all the slop, offal, garbage and animal matter 
 
 of every description within the limits of the City of 
 
 And said bond shall cover the further condition 
 
 that said contractor shall at all times fully comply with 
 all the terms and conditions of this ordinance, and that 
 said contract and bond shall be subject to approval by 
 the Mayor and Council. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 285 
 
 SEC. 2. At the expiration of ten years from the date 
 of said contract, or at any time prior to said date of ex- 
 piration, the City of shall have the privilege 
 
 of purchasing the entire plant of said contractors at a 
 valuation to be fixed by arbitrators, one of said arbitrators 
 
 to be appointed by the Mayor of the City of 
 
 and one of said arbitrators to -be appointed by said con- 
 tractors, and if said two arbitrators cannot agree as to 
 the value of said plant then they shall, within ten days 
 after their appointment, agree on a third arbitrator whose 
 decision shall be final and binding to all parties. A strict 
 compliance with the terms of this section shall be the 
 essence of said contract. 
 
 SEC. 3. The contract for the disposal of said slops, 
 offal, garbage and animal matter shall be let at a fixed 
 price for each year of the term of ten years, not exceed- 
 ing thousand dollars for any one year, 
 
 and upon vouchers properly certified to by the 
 
 , said contractors shall be paid monthly by the 
 
 City Treasurer from a fund to be appropriated and set 
 aside for the purpose. 
 
 SEC. 4. The contractors for the disposal of the slops, 
 offal, garbage and animal matter are prohibited from 
 dumping or causing to be dumped any of said slops, offal, 
 garbage and animal matter into any public or private 
 sewer, or any sink hole, vacant lot, public or private 
 
 property, street or alley of the City of , 
 
 and said contractors or any person or persons acting for 
 them or at their instigation, or any other firm, person or 
 corporation shall not dispose of any of said slops, offal, 
 garbage or animal matter other than by the Branch 
 method from and after the date said contract goes into 
 effect, and the contract hereafter let for the collection 
 
286 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 and removal of said substance, shall provide for the de- 
 livery of all said garbage at the above works, at times 
 when the same are in operation. 
 
 Any person, firm or corporation convicted of a viola- 
 tion of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
 
 dollars nor more than dollars 
 
 for each offense. 
 
 SEC. 5. That all ordinances, or parts of ordinances in 
 conflict with this ordinance, be and the same are hereby 
 repealed. 
 
 SEC. 6. This ordinance shall take effect, and be in 
 force from and after its passage and publication. 
 
 FRANCHISE FOR ELECTRIC STREET RAIL- 
 WAY. 
 
 An ordinance granting to the , its 
 
 successors and assigns, the right to construct, maintain, 
 extend and operate an electric street railway in the City 
 
 of , and for that purpose to occupy and 
 
 use certain streets and alleys in the said city. 
 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of .... 
 
 SECTION 1. That the , its successors 
 
 and assigns, be and they are hereby granted a franchise 
 
 and right of way for a period of years from 
 
 and after the date of the passage and publication of this 
 ordinance to maintain, construct and operate a single or 
 double-track, electric street railway of standard gauge 
 with all necessary turn-outs, sidings, switches, wires and 
 poles upon and along the following streets, alleys, ave- 
 nues and' boulevards in the City of to 
 
 their present and future corporate limits, to-wit : 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 287 
 
 SEC. 2. Said , it suc- 
 cessors and assigns, are hereby granted the right to use 
 upon the whole or any portion of its tracks, as the same 
 are now or may hereafter be constructed, electricity as a 
 motive power supplied to the cars by means of a single 
 overhead trolley wire; the electric circuit being com- 
 pleted by the rails of the road, and for this purpose the 
 
 said , its successors and assigns, are 
 
 hereby expressly authorized and empowered to erect and 
 maintain in and along any and all public streets, high- 
 ways, avenues, alleys and boulevards upon which the 
 tracks of said company are now laid or which may here- 
 after be constructed, such posts, brackets, wires and fix- 
 tures as may be required to support and maintain the 
 overhead trolley wire. For such support and mainte- 
 nance either horizontal cross wires extending across the 
 street or bracket arms projecting over the track or by 
 poles in the center of the street between the tracks with 
 bracket arms thereon projecting over the tracks as said 
 company may deem more suitable may be employed. All 
 such posts, brackets, wires and fixtures shall be main- 
 tained by said company at all times in good order and 
 condition and in such manner as not unreasonably to 
 impede public travel. Excepting when it is deemed ad- 
 visable to place the poles for holding the wires in the 
 center of the street, the poles shall be erected on the side- 
 walk close to the curbing and said poles shall not be less 
 than 100 feet apart. 
 
 SEC. 3. The said street railway, with all cars thereon 
 and aH appurtenances belonging to the said Company, 
 shall be kept in good order and repair, and shall be oper- 
 ated at all reasonable hours for the use of the public. 
 
 SEC. 4. The said Company shall have the right to 
 carry mail, express and baggage. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SEC. 5. The said Company shall at all times have the 
 right to charge and collect a fare not to exceed five cents 
 from any passenger riding on said railway for one con- 
 tinuous ride from any point on the line to any other point 
 
 within the corporate limits in the City of , 
 
 providing that pupils in actual transit to and from school 
 shall only be required to pay one-half fare. 
 
 SEC. 6. The City shall have the power and reserves 
 the right to regulate by ordinance the rate of speed of 
 the cars to be run by such railway ; also to make any regu- 
 lation the City Council may deem necessary for the safety 
 of persons traveling on said railway. 
 
 SEC. 7. Said , its successors 
 
 and assigns, shall have full right and power to assign to 
 any person or company all the rights conferred upon it 
 by the terms of this ordinance, providing that the assignee 
 of such rights, by the acceptance of such assignment, shall 
 thereby become subject to the terms and provisions of 
 this ordinance, and in the event of any assignment by 
 the , its suc- 
 cessors or assigns, of the rights hereby conferred upon 
 it, such assignment shall be in writing, and the duly au- 
 thenticated copy thereof shall be filed in the office of 
 the 
 
 SEC. 8. This ordinance shall be accepted in writing 
 
 by the Company within four 
 
 months after the approval and passage hereof. 
 
 SEC. 9. This ordinance shall take effect and be in full 
 force from and after its passage and publication. 
 
 SEC. 10. That all ordinances or parts of ordinances 
 in conflict with this ordinance be, and the same are hereby 
 repealed. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 289 
 
 FORM OF ORDINANCE GRANTING AN ELEC- 
 TRIC LIGHTING CONTRACT AND 
 FRANCHISE. 
 
 An ordinance authorizing the Board of Public Affairs of 
 
 the City of to enter into a 
 
 contract with , their 
 
 successors and assigns, for the furnishing of elec- 
 tric lights to the city, and for other purposes. 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of .... 
 
 SECTION 1. That the Board of Public Affairs of the 
 
 City of be and it is hereby 
 
 directed and authorized to enter into a contract with 
 
 , their successors and 
 
 assigns, for the furnishing of electric street lights to the 
 
 City of , and for other 
 
 purposes, for the period of years, upon 
 
 the said , their 
 
 successors and assigns entering into substantially the fol- 
 lowing agreement, to-wit: 
 
 This agreement, made and entered into this day 
 
 of , 19 . . . , by and between 
 
 , their successors and assigns, 
 
 party of the first part, and the City of , 
 
 in the State of , party of the second 
 
 part, witnesseth : 
 
 That for and in consideration of the reduced price to 
 be paid for each arc light, now and hereafter installed, 
 and the installing of a modern and up-to-date plant, and 
 electric lamps, and the giving of an all-night service, and 
 the furnishing, without cost to the city, all electric lights 
 required for the lighting of the Mayor's office, the City 
 
 19 
 
290 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 Clerk's office, the reception room and council chamber, 
 and for and in consideration of the sums hereinafter set 
 
 out to be paid by the City of 
 
 to the said , their successors 
 
 and assigns, and of the mutual covenants, agreements and 
 stipulations hereinafter set forth, the parties hereto have 
 contracted and agreed, and do, by these presents, con- 
 tract and agree with each other as follows : 
 
 FIRST. 
 
 The party of the first part promises and agrees to fur- 
 nish, erect, maintain and keep lighted arc 
 
 lights in said City of , for 
 
 street lighting purposes, of the kind and quality herein- 
 after mentioned, and supply all the lamps, materials, ma- 
 chinery, attachments, appliances, fixtures, current, car- 
 bons, attendance and all things necessary for operating 
 and maintaining said lights for a period commencing on 
 
 the day of 19 . . . , and ending on the 
 
 day of , 19 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 All arc lamps to be furnished under this contract shall 
 be what is known as the alternating current enclosed arc 
 lamp, having a nominal rating of 2,000 eandle-power, 
 with an electrical energy of not less than 521 apparent 
 watts, 6.6 amperes and from 75 to 80 volts. The lamps 
 are to be provided with opal inner globes and clear out- 
 side globes, or both inner and outside globes to be of clear 
 glass, as the party of the first part may elect at the time 
 the said lamps are installed. Said lights are to burn with 
 a steady light and to be operated and burn all night upon 
 an every-night schedule. The lights shall begin to burn 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 291 
 
 every night one-half hour after sunset, and to burn one- 
 half hour before sunrise throughout the year during this 
 contract. The party of the first part agrees to furnish 
 said party of the second part such other and additional 
 lights, of like kind and quality, at the same rate and prices 
 mentioned hereinafter, as the party of the second part 
 may need and desire. 
 
 THIRD. 
 
 Said lamps shall be maintained and located where the 
 present street arc lights are now located, and said lamps 
 shall not be discontinued until the expiration of this con- 
 tract; that any one or all of them may be moved or re- 
 located to such places as the City Council may desig- 
 nate, provided always that same are located within the 
 
 city limits of the City of 
 
 No lamps shall be relocated and placed so as to require 
 
 an extension of the circuits of the said 
 
 , of more than six hundred 
 
 feet to reach it, and the cost of removal of such lamp 
 or lamps to the new location shall be paid by the City 
 of 
 
 FOURTH. 
 
 In consideration of the undertakings and agreements 
 as herein set forth, to be performed by the party of the 
 first part, the party of the second part agrees to take from 
 the said party of the first part two hundred arc lights, 
 and to pay to the party of the first part as follows : The 
 sum of $ .... per lamp per year for each and every lamp 
 installed, payable in twelve monthly installments on the 
 15th day of the next succeeding month in which said 
 lights are furnished. 
 
292 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 FIFTH. 
 
 It is further agreed that, in case of any accident or 
 temporary stoppage of the burning of said lights, not 
 involving the failure of the whole system of said lights, 
 a deduction of two cents per hour, where it exceeds one- 
 half hour, for the time each of said lights shall fail to 
 burn, it being understood and agreed that the city shall 
 notify the light company of the failure of any of its lamps 
 to burn, and the penalty shall accrue from one-half hour 
 after such notification. But this shall not apply where 
 the causes that occasion the said failures of said lights 
 to burn are unavoidable accidents to machinery, lights 
 or appliances whereby the same are disabled or pre- 
 vented from burning, on account of riots, strikes, fires 
 and other causes as are known by the term, "acts of 
 God," but in all such last-mentioned cases said lights, 
 shall be placed in repair and operated without unneces- 
 sary delay, and during the time the lights are out from 
 any of the causes herein last specified there shall be no 
 deductions made or penalties inflicted upon the party of 
 the first part by reason thereof, except that the City of 
 
 shall deduct from the 
 
 total amount which the city would have to pay the party 
 of the first part for such light or lights the pro rata 
 amount for the time during which said lights are out, 
 owing and arising from any of the causes herein last 
 specified. 
 
 SIXTH. 
 
 It is understood and agreed that the said parties of the 
 first part shall furnish said lights within six months from 
 the date of this contract, but if the party of the first part 
 is prevented from commencing the installation and erec- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 293 
 
 tion of the lamps and machinery on the dates aforesaid by 
 an unavoidable act not within its power to prevent, or by 
 riots, strikes, fires, and any other such causes as are known 
 by the term "acts of God," then the time for commencing 
 said work, or the completion thereof and furnishing light 
 with the new lamps, shall be extended for the time the 
 party of the first part is delayed in commencing such in- 
 stallation and completing the same. 
 
 SEVENTH. 
 
 It is further agreed, that the party of the first part 
 shall forever keep and save harmless the party of the 
 second part from any and all damages, judgments, cost 
 and expenses of same, including attorney's fees, which 
 it may suffer or which may be recovered against the party 
 of the second part, by reason of the carrying out of the 
 performance of this contract by the party of the first 
 part. 
 
 EIGHTH. 
 
 It is understood and agreed, that this contract shall 
 inure to the use and benefit of the successors and assigns 
 of the party of the first part. 
 
 NINTH. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the parties hereto have set their 
 hands and seals, acting by and through their officers and 
 agents, duly authorized, on the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
 Attest : 
 
 City of 
 
 Attest : 
 
 By... , 
 
 Members of Board of Public Affairs. 
 
294 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 SEC. 2. That all ordinances or parts of ordinances 
 in conflict with this ordinance be and the same are hereby 
 repealed. 
 
 SEC. 3. This ordinance shall take effect and be in 
 force from and after its passage and publication. 
 
 FORM OF ORDINANCE GRANTING A FRAN- 
 CHISE FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING, HEAT- 
 ING, POWER AND OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 An ordinance to grant a franchise to 
 
 and , their successors and 
 
 assigns, for electric lighting, heating, power and 
 other purposes. 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of. ... 
 
 , State of 
 
 SECTION 1. That and 
 
 , their successors and assigns, be and 
 
 are hereby granted permission and a franchise for the 
 erection, maintenance and placing of poles, wires and 
 cables, laying of pipes, conduits and the necessary con- 
 nections and appliances in, along, upon and over all the 
 streets, avenues, alleys, their present and future corporate 
 limits, bridges and other public places, in the City of 
 
 , State of , 
 
 for the purpose of transmitting and furnishing electricity 
 for light, heat and power, or either of these, for public, 
 commercial or domestic purposes and uses, together with 
 the right at any time to enter upon and use said streets, 
 avenues, alleys, their present and future corporate limits, 
 bridges and other public places, for the purpose of making 
 the necessary excavations and the placing, moving, re- 
 placing and maintaining their poles, wires, pipes, con- 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 295 
 
 duits, cables, appliances, and making the necessary con- 
 nections with private property, for a period of 
 
 years from the passage and approval of this ordinance. 
 
 SEC. 2. That the said and 
 
 , their successors and assigns, shall be 
 
 permitted to charge for commercial lighting at a rate not 
 
 exceeding cents per kilowatt hour, meas- 
 
 used by meter. 
 
 The rate to be charged for power service shall not 
 
 exceed cents per kilowatt hour, measured 
 
 by meter, but the said and 
 
 , their successors and assigns shall 
 
 have the right to charge such flat rates for power service 
 
 as may be agreed upon by the said and 
 
 . . . . , their successors and assigns, 
 
 and the consumer. 
 
 SEC. 3. That all sections of ordinances heretofore 
 passed, and all ordinances or parts thereof inconsistent 
 or in conflict herewith, be and the same are hereby re- 
 pealed. 
 
 SEC. 4. That this ordinance shall be in full force and 
 effect from and after its passage and publication. 
 
 FORM OF AN ORDINANCE FOR A CONTRACT 
 FOR THE COLLECTION, REMOVAL AND 
 DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND FIX- 
 ING THE AMOUNT TO BE 
 PAID BY THE CITY. 
 
 An ordinance authorizing the Board of Public Affairs of 
 
 the City of to enter 
 
 into a contract with and 
 
 , their successors and 
 
296 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 assigns, for the collection, removal and disposal of 
 
 all slop, offal, garbage and animal matter, and fixing 
 
 a maximum amount to be paid by the city for same. 
 
 Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of .... 
 
 SECTION 1. That the Board of Public Affairs of the 
 
 City of be and it is hereby 
 
 directed and authorized to enter into a contract with 
 
 and 
 
 their successors and assigns, for the collection, removal 
 and disposal of all slop, offal, garbage and animal matter 
 
 for a period of years, upon the said 
 
 and , 
 
 their successors and assigns, entering into substantially 
 the following agreement, to-wit : 
 
 This agreement made and entered into this .... day 
 
 of , 19 . . , by and between 
 
 and , their successors and as- 
 signs, party of the first part, and the City of 
 
 , in the State of , party 
 
 of the second part, witnesseth : 
 
 That for and in consideration of the sanitary collec- 
 tion, removal and disposal of all slop, offal, garbage and 
 animal matter, and the providing of a Branch garbage 
 incinerator, and all necessary modern equipments for the 
 sanitary collection and removal of all slop, offal, garbage 
 and animal matter, and for and in consideration of the 
 sums hereinafter set out to be paid by the City of .... 
 
 to the said and 
 
 , their successors and assigns, and of the 
 
 mutual covenants, agreements and stipulations herein- 
 after set forth, the parties hereto have contracted and do 
 by these presents contract and agree with each other as 
 follows : 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 297 
 
 * 
 
 FIRST. 
 
 The party of the first part promises and agrees to fur- 
 nish, erect, maintain and provide a Branch garbage in- 
 cinerator and all necessary carts, horses, mules and wash- 
 ing and disinfecting apparatus for the complete sanitary 
 collection, removal and disposal of all slop, offal, garbage 
 
 and animal matter for a term of 
 
 years, without cost to the party of the second part during 
 said term, other than hereinafter provided, and in con- 
 sideration of said agreement as above set forth to be per- 
 formed by the party of the first part, the party of the 
 second part agrees to pay the said party of the first part 
 
 a sum not to exceed dollars 
 
 for any one year of said term, said sum to be paid the 
 party of the first part in twelve monthly installments by 
 the said party of the second part on the 15th day of the 
 next succeeding month in which said work was done. 
 
 SEC. 2. The word garbage, wherever used herein, 
 shall be taken to mean all organic household waste, offal, 
 animal and vegetable matter, such as has been prepared 
 or intended to be used as food, or shall have arisen in the 
 preparation of food, and in addition shall be construed 
 to mean other organic industrial refuse, such as paper, 
 cans, bottles, discarded tinware and iron, and other simi- 
 lar material. The contract shall also be construed to 
 mean that the said parties shall collect, remove and dis- 
 pose of all garbage from commission houses, wholesale 
 and retail groceries, public markets, hotels, sanatoriums, 
 hospitals, fish stores, restaurants, eating houses and 
 apartment houses. 
 
 SEC. 3. Garbage shall be collected at all places in the 
 city from May 1st to November 1st, during each year of 
 the existence of this contract, three times a week ; from 
 
298 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 November 1st to May 1st, during each year of the exist- 
 ence of this contract, twice each week; provided, how- 
 ever, that collections from commission houses, hotels, 
 hospitals, fish stores, restaurants and eating houses shall 
 be made each day, and from public markets each market 
 day, immediately after market hours. 
 
 For the purpose of these ordinances, an apartment 
 house shall be understood to mean a building designed for 
 occupancy for, or occupied by, three (3) or more fami- 
 lies. It is further understood that collection of garbage 
 shall not be obligatory on the said parties unless the 
 owner shall provide and maintain garbage receptacles, 
 one for organic garbage, and another for inorganic garb- 
 age, which receptacles shall be water-tight and air-tight, 
 easy of access to the collector, and easy to empty, and 
 which shall be at all times kept free from all offense to 
 sight and smell, and from unsanitary conditions. 
 
 SEC. 4. The said parties, in the collection and re- 
 moval of the garbage under this ordinance, shall, for 
 said purpose, provide themselves \vith water-tight ves- 
 sels, tanks or boxes, mounted on two or four wheels, 
 which shall, when containing garbage or matter giving 
 off noxious odors, be securely and tightly covered on top 
 in a manner to be approved by the chief sanitary officer, 
 so as to prevent the contents or any odor escaping there- 
 from, and when unloaded, after the delivery of each load 
 to the city incinerating plant, each vessel, wagon or tank 
 shall be thoroughly washed with hot water and disin- 
 fected by the Branch Disinfector to the satisfaction of the 
 chief sanitary officer, and the vehicles drawing each ves- 
 sel, box or tank shall be at all times so loaded and driven 
 that none of the material shall fall upon the ground, run 
 out or spill therefrom. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 299 
 
 All vehicles drawing or carrying such vessels, tanks or 
 boxes shall have on both sides thereof a sign with the 
 words "City Garbage Cart" or, "City Garbage Wagon" 
 painted thereon, together with the number of the vehicle, 
 to be at all times plain and unobscured, in black letters 
 not less than four inches in height, on white background ; 
 the number of the wagon to be registered in the office of 
 the City Clerk. 
 
 SEC. 5. The said parties, before beginning collection 
 under this ordinance, shall divide the city into districts, 
 and shall deliver to the chief sanitary officer a list of the 
 boundaries of each district and the day of the week on 
 which they plan to make collections. The chief sanitary 
 officer may, within thirty (30) days after the beginning 
 of such collections according to such districts, make such 
 charges, alterations and additions thereto as may, in the 
 judgment of said officer, be necessary to insure the ef- 
 ficiency and thoroughness of collections. Thereafter, on 
 November 1st and May 1st in each year of this contract, 
 such contractor shall revise such districts and deliver such 
 revised list to the chief sanitary officer, who may, for 
 thirty (30) days, make such changes, alterations and ad- 
 ditions to such districts as, in the judgment of said offi- 
 cer, may be necessary to insure the efficiency and thor- 
 oughness of such collections. Nothing in this provision 
 shall be construed to mean that the said parties shall not 
 at all times furnish a sufficient equipment to collect and 
 remove all garbage and dead animals as herein provided 
 for. 
 
 The said parties shall not be permitted to depart from 
 the time fixed for collection, except by obtaining the writ- 
 ten consent of the chief sanitary officer, the object being 
 that all collections from houses in each district shall be 
 
300 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 made on certain days, and as nearly at the same hour of 
 the day as possible. 
 
 SEC. 6. The said parties shall furnish each house- 
 holder, on May 6th and November 6th of each year of 
 this contract, with a printed list of the days on which 
 they will make collections, stating in such list the time 
 of day, as nearly as possible, when such collections will 
 be made. The printed list shall be on cardboard not less 
 than eight inches by ten inches in dimensions, and shall 
 contain such extracts of the city ordinance governing the 
 responsibility of the producer of garbage, the responsi- 
 bility of the collector for removal, etc., and such recom- 
 mendations and rules as the Mayor and chief sanitary 
 officer may desire to place on said card. 
 
 SEC. 7. It will be the duty of every resident, house- 
 holder, tenant, hotel keeper, boarding house keeper, re- 
 tail dealer, and all parties of persons occupying dwellings 
 within the City of to pro- 
 vide, or cause to be provided, portable vessels, tanks or 
 receptacles for holding garbage, said vessels, tanks or re- 
 ceptacles to be perfectly water-tight, and so kept, with a 
 handle or handles on the outside, and provided with a 
 tightly fitting cover, which cover shall not be removed 
 except when absolutely necessary, or such other design 
 of vessel, tank or receptacle can be used as shall be ap- 
 proved by the chief sanitary officer. Said vessels, tanks 
 or receptacles shall be kept or placed in the rear of the 
 house, or in the basement areas or passageways most ac- 
 cessible to be collected, and never upon the street, alleys, 
 sidewalk or other public place, and shall be of a capacity 
 of not less than one bushel, or five gallons, and as much 
 larger as shall be deemed necessary. All such vessels, 
 tanks or receptacles shall be accessible to the said parties 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 when called for, and if removed by them shall be returned 
 by them to said place or places without unnecessary de- 
 lay, and no person, except for such purposes authorized, 
 shall in any manner interfere with said vessels, tanks or 
 receptacles or contents thereof. In case of dispute, the 
 chief sanitary officer shall decide as to the location to be 
 selected for the placing of vessels, tanks or receptacles by 
 the owner or tenant. 
 
 Should any of the above persons or parties fail to pro- 
 vide such described vessels, tanks or receptacles within 
 five (5) days after receiving written notice from said 
 parties, then the said parties are authorized to supply 
 same, and charge a price not exceeding the regular price 
 charged others for same. 
 
 SEC. 8. The said parties will be required to furnish 
 to the chief sanitary officer immediate notice of the fail- 
 ure of any householder to have garbage ready for col- 
 lection on the day set for such collection, or to provide 
 the required receptacle for same, or make any payment 
 due said parties. 
 
 SEC. 9. Upon complant or complaints having been 
 macle of a failure on the part of the said parties to prop- 
 erly collect and remove all garbage, it will be the duty 
 of the chief sanitary officer to investigate such complaint, 
 or complaints, and if, in his judgment, such failure to 
 collect was the fault of said parties, he shall report such 
 violation or violations of the ordinance to the Mayor. 
 
 SEC. 10. It shall be the duty of the chief sanitary of- 
 ficer to investigate all complaints made of failure on the 
 part of the householders, tenants, hotel keepers, boarding 
 house keepers and all parties or persons occupying dwell- 
 ings within the City of . . , com- 
 mission houses, wholesale and retail dealers, sanatoriums 
 hospitals, fish stores, restaurants, eating houses and own- 
 
302 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 ers of apartment houses to comply with the provisions of 
 the ordinances requiring the placing of vessels, tanks or 
 receptacles for emptying by the said parties, and to prose- 
 cute offenders under the provisions of this ordinance; or, 
 he failing to do so, the said parties themselves can at 
 once proceed to prosecute all violaters under this ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 SEC. 11. The said parties shall provide themselves 
 with an office, conveniently located, and furnished with a 
 telephone. A clerk shall be regularly employed to an- 
 swer all complaints and to promptly dispose of the same. 
 
 SEC. 12. Said parties shall file with the City Clerk, 
 within thirty days from the date of the approval of this 
 ordinance, their acceptance of its provisions, and shall 
 
 at the time enter into bond with the City of 
 
 , the sum of ten thousand dollars, with suf- 
 ficient security, to be approved by the Mayor or City 
 Council, conditioned that the said parties, or their suc- 
 cessors, shall faithfully comply with all the provisions of 
 this ordinance. 
 
 SEC. 13. The said parties shall pay any judgment 
 which may be taken against said city, either alone or 
 jointly with said parties, on account of any injury or 
 damage to persons or property by reason of the carrying- 
 out of this ordinance, caused by the fault of said parties ; 
 provided, that if the city is sued alone for such injury or 
 damages, due notice to the said parties to appear and de- 
 fend said action shall be given. 
 
 SEC. 14. The said parties shall give to the residents 
 of said city and county preference in the employment of 
 all labor necessary in performing the contract, and, failing 
 to do so, forfeit to said city the sum of five dollars for 
 each failure to observe this stipulation. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 303 
 
 SEC. 15. The said parties shall be required to haul, 
 so far as possible, all garbage collected, through the al- 
 leys in the city, not making use of the prominent busi- 
 ness or residence streets. In all cases of dispute regard- 
 ing the using of an alley or street as an avenue for the 
 hauling of garbage, or the place in any street or alley at 
 which the garbage wagon is stopped while garbage is 
 being collected from the neighborhood, the chief sanitary 
 officer shall decide which route to haul upon and at which 
 point the wagon shall be stopped to make collections. 
 Said officer shall notify the said parties in writing of 
 his decision, and said officer shall investigate and report 
 to the Mayor each case wherein the said parties, after the 
 above due notice in writing, repeat the offense ; and said 
 parties shall thereupon be liable for a fine of not less than 
 one dollar or more than five dollars for each and every 
 offense. 
 
 SEC. 16. Whenever there shall be annexed to the 
 City of any additional ter- 
 ritory, the Mayor or Council may order and direct the 
 said parties to begin and continue collections and re- 
 moval of garbage within such annexed territory, ac- 
 cording to the terms and conditions of the ordinance 
 above provided. 
 
 SEC. 17. The said parties shall deliver all slops, offal, 
 garbage and animal matter collected as provided in this 
 ordinance, to the city garbage incinerator works, or 
 some other place within the city limits as may be desig- 
 nated by the Mayor and Council. 
 
 SEC. 18. The said parties shall be required to observe 
 all city ordinances in relation to obstructing streets, keep- 
 ing open passageways and protecting the same where ex- 
 posed, maintaining signals, and generally to obey all laws 
 
304 HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 and ordinances ; and said parties shall agree to indemnify 
 
 and save harmless the City of 
 
 from all suits and actions of every 
 
 kind and description brought againts the city for or on 
 account of any injury or damage received or sustained by 
 any party or parties or by or from the said parties, their 
 servants or agents, in the carrying out of this ordinance. 
 
 SEC. 19. The said parties shall agree to complete all 
 equipments, vehicles and other equipments contemplated 
 in this ordinance, and begin the collection and removal 
 of all garbage as prescribed, within three months after 
 passage and publication of this ordinance. 
 
 SEC. 20. Should the said parties not be incorporated 
 at the time of the approval of this ordinance, they may 
 
 thereafter incorporate under the laws of 
 
 for the purposes herein contemplated. 
 
 SEC. 21. Any person, firm or corporation convicted 
 of a violation of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of 
 a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not less 
 than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for 
 each offense. 
 
 SEC. 22. This ordinance shall be and remain in force 
 
 and effect for a period of years from and 
 
 after its passage and publication. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the parties hereto have set their 
 hands and seals, acting by and through their officers and 
 agents, duly authorized, on the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
 Attest : 
 
 City of 
 
 Attest : 
 
 By , 
 
 Members of Board of Public Affairs. 
 
HEAT AND LIGHT. 
 
 305 
 
 SEC. 23. That all ordinances or parts of ordinances 
 in conflict with this ordinance be and the same are hereby 
 repealed. 
 
 SEC. 24. This ordinance shall take effect and be in 
 force from and after its passage and publication. 
 
 20 
 
Olagncr eiectric IWg, Co, 
 
 , U. $. 
 
 SINGLE PHASE MOTORS - - Bulletin 75-K 
 
 POLYPHASE MOTORS - - - Bulletin 74-K 
 
 TRANSFORMERS - Bulletin 72-K 
 
 SWITCHBOARD INSTRUMENTS - - Bulletin 67-K 
 
 PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS - - Bulletin 71-K 
 
 MOTOR GENERATOR SETS - - Bulletin 69-K 
 
 A Set of our bulletins should be in the hands of every Engineer. 
 If you do not have our printed matter on file write us :: :: :: :: 
 
 Your name should be on our mailing list :: :: :: :: :: :: :: 
 We solicit work requiring a high degree of Engineering skill. 
 We have offices in all the principal cities :: :: :: :: :: :: :: 
 
LARD, OIL, MALT AMD 
 CHEMICAL TANKS 
 
 John O'Brien Boiler 
 Works Company 
 
 MANUFACTURERS 
 ...OF... 
 
 STEAM BOILERS SHEET 
 IRON WORK 
 
 BUILDERS OF 
 
 STAND PIPES FOR WATER WORKS 
 
 Boiler Heads flanged to order on the O'Brien 
 Patent Flanging Machine and the Weaver Flue 
 Hole Machine. Repair Work executed by com- 
 petent workmen on short notice and at reasonable 
 rates. VVVVV^V**-^ 
 
 Eleventh, Twelfth, Mullanphy and Howard Sts, 
 
 SAINT LOUIS 
 
Heine 
 
 Water Tube 
 Boilers 
 
 Are as well adapted for the utili- 
 zation of the heat of waste gases 
 as for other purposes & & & & 
 Economical in the use of any fuel. 
 Built entirely of flange steel & & 
 
 MANUFACTURED ONLY 
 
 = BY == 
 
 Heine Safety Boiler Co 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
..THE.. 
 
 Brownell Company 
 
 MANUFACTURERS 
 
 OF 
 
 High Grade Boilers and Engines 
 
 Slide Valve and|Automatic Engines 
 Standard and High Pressure Boilers 
 Plain and Submerged'Vertical Boilers 
 Portable and Scotch Boilers 
 Feed Water Heaters 
 
 Catalogues and Estimates 
 Furnished on Application 
 
 811 NORTH SECOND STREET 
 ST. LOUIS, MO 
 
Manufactured Only 
 
 JOS. F. WANGLER 
 
 Boiler and Sheet Iron Works Co. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1864 
 
 1535-47 NORTH 9th STREET :: ST. LOUIS, MO, 
 
moor Iron Co. 
 
 EDGE MOOR, DELAWARE 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 mater Cube Boilers 
 
 SEND FOR CATALOGUE 
 
 Carge Units a Specialty 
 
 See Installations 
 
 20000 H. P. 
 
 Union Electric Light & Power Co., 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 IN ONE PLANT 
 
 22000 H. P. 
 
 Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co., 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
 
 IN FOUR PLANTS 
 
ENGINES 
 
 BOILERS 
 
 CHAS. W. McHOSE 
 
 CHEMICAL BUILDING 
 ST. LOUIS 
 
 Representing Erie City Iron Works 
 Ma 
 
 Bates Machine Works 
 
 HEATERS 
 
 SPECIALTIES 
 
E. H. ABADIE & COMPANY 
 
 ..ENGINEERS.. 
 
 STEAM GAS ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC 
 
 CONTRACTORS FOR GENERAL SERVICE PLANTS 
 
 DESIGNERS AND CONSTRUCTORS 
 
 OF 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANTS VENTILATING SYSTEMS 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS SEWERAGE SYSTKMS 
 
 ELECTRIC RAILWAY PLANTS IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 
 
 DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS WATERWORKS SYSTEMS 
 
 ISOLATED HEATING SYSTEMS UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS ELECTRICALLY EQUIPPED 
 EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS 
 
 DISTRICT DISTRIBUTERS 
 
 FLEMING ENGINES WILLIAMS STEAM SPECIALTIES 
 
 NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCE BUILDING 
 
 ST. LOUIS 
 
 FLEMING 
 
 (HARRISBURG) 
 
 ENGINES 
 
 BUILT IN 
 
 J6 DIFFERENT STYLES 
 and 900 SIZES 
 
 SEND FOR LATEST CATALOGUE 
 
 HflRRISBURG FOUNDRY & MflGfllNE WORKS 
 
 HARRISBURG, PA., U. S. A. 
 
 BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES 
 ST. LOUIS OFFICE - NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCE BUILDING 
 
Cbe, 
 
 fioovcn, Owens, Rentschlcr 
 Company 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio 
 
 / Hamilton Corliss Engines 
 BUILDERS OF) High Speed Four Valve Engines 
 
 \ Hamilton Holzwarth Steam Turbines 
 
 SALES OFFICES: 
 
 ALAINTA, 
 BOSTON, - 
 CHICAGO, 
 CHARLOTTE, 
 NEW YORK, - 
 PITTSBURG, 
 ST. LOUIS, - 
 SAN FRANCISCO, 
 HONOLULU, S. I. 
 JAPAN, > 
 KOREA, i 
 YUCATAN, 
 
 Equitable Bldg. 
 
 Rundlett, H. E. 
 
 Marquette Bldg. 
 
 Washburn, A. H. 
 
 - 39 CortlandtSt. 
 
 Empire Bldg. 
 
 Chemical Bldg. 
 
 Chas. Moore & Co. 
 
 Honolulu Iron Works 
 
 Mitsui & Co. 
 American Trading Co. 
 
The Hydro-Carbon System 
 
 This is the only device yet invented 
 :::: that can be guaranteed to :::: 
 
 Prevent Smoke, Increase Power 
 and Save Fuel 
 
 All of these things we guarantee and we accomplish more. 
 Our system keeps the tubes clean, reduces the labor of 
 firing, permits the use of inferior fuels and dispenses with 
 forced drafts, mechanical stokers, the complicated "Down 
 Draft" apparatus and all other costly and troublesome 
 appliances. It requires no special setting or equipment of 
 the boiler and can be applied to existing boiler plants 
 usually without interruption of their regular duty :: :: :: 
 
 We do not use a steam jet nor a forced draft. We do not disturb furnace 
 walls, nor change grate bars, nor interfere with steam pipes, nor 
 build any fire walls or ducts. We do not interfere with exist- 
 ing system In anyway. We do not require special firing. 
 We do not produce so much ash or cinder, nor 
 need to clean tubes or fire so often. We 
 reduce repairs to the furnace. We 
 have no incidentals nor 
 charges for "extras" 
 
 WE STOP THE SMOKE 
 
 It is Sold Under an Absolute Guarantee 
 
 both as to its performance and as to the cost of maintenance 
 We refer to many of the largest Steam Plants in the U. S. 
 and to steamship lines who have used our system with 
 remarkable results. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Address 
 
 HYDRO -CARBON FURNACE COMPANY Of Mo. 
 
 E. H. HQVEY, Superintendent. G. A. WELLS, Sales Manager 
 
 1012 CHEMICAL BUILDING ::::: SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI 
 
D. J. PINK .... PRESIDENT 
 W.J.KENNEDY . VICE-PRESIDENT 
 J. C. KNIGHT, SECRETARY AND TREASURER 
 
 Southwestern Electric 
 Company 
 
 24 and 26 S. Tenth St. SaintlLouis 
 
 Electric Machines and Supplies 
 
 Contractors and Electrical 
 = Engineers = 
 
 Complete Plans, Specifications and 
 Bids made for Electrical Work in 
 any section of the country. Write 
 us for information .-. /. .-. .-. 
 
Kupferle Bros. 
 
 Mfg. Co. 
 
 MISSOURI BRASS FOUNDRY 
 
 STEAM AND GAS PIPE 
 WORKS 
 
 600-2-4 North Second Street 
 
 CORNER WASHINGTON AVENUE, AND 
 
 ::: 119 Washington Avenue ::: 
 =ST. LOUI! 
 
 CAST AND MALLEABLE IRON FITTINGS 
 
 Jobbers of Wrought Iron Welded Tubes for Steam, 
 
 Gas and Water :::: Leather and Rubber 
 
 Belting, Packing and Hose 
 
 SOLE AGENTS FOR 
 
 CAMERON'S SPECIAL STEAM PUMP, Most Efficient, Durable and 
 Economical Steam Pump in Use 
 
The National Equipment 
 Company 
 
 CONTRACTORS AND EXPERT ENGINEERS 
 
 Complete Steam, Electric and Fuel 
 =Oil Equipments 
 
 EXPERT SANITARY ENGINEERS 
 
 Sole Manufacturers of the Branch 
 Steam Trap and the Branch Oil Burners 
 
 THE BRANCH GARBAGE INCINERATORS 
 
 Colonial Security Building ::: ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, 
 BERKELEY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 
 soccer volume after the third day overdue, increasing 
 ?o $1 00 perTolume after the sixth day.. Books not in 
 demand may be renewed if application is made before 
 expiration of loan period. 
 
 REC'D LD 
 
 JAN 10 1 
 
 
 (SEC 15 19^ 
 
 15m-4,'24