THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 PAPERS RELATING 
 
 TO 
 
 THE RESiaNATION 
 
 BY 
 
 MR. J. TROUNSELL GILBERT 
 
 OF THE OFFICES 
 OF 
 
 Si^J^SriTOlS-CIEXEIlAIi & JU3>GE-Al>VOCAT]K,- 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXPLANATORY BE3IAEKS, 
 
 C-iEORGETOWX, DEMERAKA : 
 Pr.iXXED AT TUB " CREOLE" OFiaCE, AJIEIIICA.3TREEI. 
 
 ]8G3.
 
 ¥ 
 
 F 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Explanatory Eemarks ... t. ... Pages v to xxi. 
 
 Conversation between the Governor and Mr. Gilbert ... xxii. to xxv. 
 
 In the pages 3 to 93 — 
 
 The Papers numbered 1 to 56 are Correspondence between the Governor and 
 Mr. Gilbert. 
 
 Those marked A to L are Correspt)ndence between t!ie Governor and the Se- 
 cretary of State, and the former and Mr. Smith, then Attorney-General. 
 
 Tliose marked lA to 7 A are Mr. Gilbert's letters to the Secretary of State. 
 
 Letter a is a letter from Mr. Walker, when Lieutenant Governor in 1857, to 
 Mr. Gilbert. 
 
 Letter b is an Extract Minute of the Court of Policy dated 22nd Oct., 1857. 
 
 Letter c is a letter dated 25th November, 1862, fi-om Mr. Gilbert to Mr. 
 Smith, then Atto ney-General. 
 
 Letter d is the answer of Mr. Smith. 
 
 Letter e is a letter dated 29th April, 1863, from Mr. Gilbert to Mr. Winter. 
 
 Letter f is Mr. ^Villter's answer, dated 30th April. 
 
 The order in which these Papers come in pages 3 to 93, is as follow*.— 
 
 No.s. 1 to 16 ... ... ... ... Pages 3 to 28. 
 
 Letters c and d ... ... ... ... 29 
 
 Letters A to L .. ... ... ... 30 to 35. 
 
 Nos. 17 to 20 ... ... ... ... 35 to 38. 
 
 1 A ... ... ... ... ... 38-9. 
 
 Nos. 21to23 ... .. ... .. 39-40. 
 
 2 A ... .. ... ... ... 40 to 53. 
 
 Nos. 24, 25 ... ... ... — 53 to 55. 
 
 3 A .. ... ... . • •.. 55-6. 
 
 Nos. 26 to 31 ... .. ... .. 56 to 02. 
 
 4 A .. ... .. ... ••• 63 
 
 Nos. 32, 33 ... .. ... ... 63-4. 
 
 5 A 64. 
 
 K)S. 34, 35 .. ... ... ... 65. 
 
 6 A .. ... ... ... •• 65 to 70. 
 
 Nos. 36 to 51 .. .. .. ... 70 to 87. 
 
 7 A ... .. ... •• ••• S'^-^- 
 
 Nos. 52 to 56 ... ... ... ... 88 to 90. 
 
 Letters a, b, e, and f... .. .... .. 90 to 93- 
 
 48.3685
 
 E?.SATA» 
 
 la page vii, line 13, for "leaderness of point," read "tendernesi o.'ik^ 
 point " 
 line 37, for " two" read " fen." 
 vlii, line 10, for "attached" read '' attacV 
 
 X, last line, after " confidence" add " to my brother.'* 
 xvii, line 37, for "fact" read "truth." 
 xviij, line 31, after " recurred" insert " <o." 
 xxiii, line 29, after " struck" insert " him.'* 
 xxiv, line 26, for " as" read "or " 
 
 last line of not© for "as" read "or."! 
 4, line 30, for "individual" read "individuals.-' 
 51, line 2, for " His" read " your.'" 
 C2, line 36, for " held" read " hyld.' 
 66j line 2, for "as removal" read "as a renioval." 
 
 line 37, between "His Excellency" and "the GoveiiiraoiU 
 Secretary" insert '' through " 
 The nuraber of eiTata is owing, not to any carelessness of the printer, bn( 
 })vst\y to the illegibility of the manuscript, and partly to hurry in the correc- 
 tion of the press, 
 
 J. T. G. 
 iith May, 1863,
 
 
 EXPLANATORY REMARKS, 
 
 Fon the information of many friends to whom I am greatly 
 indcldcd for tijcir kindness and contidencp, I publish the following 
 papors, shewinj^ the circumstances which led to my reeignaiion of 
 the ofKces of Solicitor-Gt^neral and Judge Advocate of the 
 (jleorgetown Militia, which 1 lately held. 
 
 Tlje first paper — which should be read at once, and before 
 poin^ any furiher into (hepe Remarks — is a memorandum of a con- 
 versation between His Excellency the Governor and myself on the 
 5(h of November, 1862. I had good reasons for adopting rhe 
 precaution of makiiifj this memorandum 5 and the prudence of ilie 
 proceeding was subsequently verified. 
 
 The other papers — shortly described in the Table of Contents, 
 and consisiinri; almost entirely of Correspondence — may be read 
 either before, or as reference to them occurs in the course of, these 
 Reniarks. 
 
 I shall commence with some observaiions on certain parts of 
 the conversation which are not noticed in the Correspondence. 
 
 First, I will veiy briefly advert to His Excellency's inference 
 of my hostiliiy to him. Comment on this is needless. If the 
 subject could be treated seriously, I might say, that the adoption 
 ot His Excellenry's mode of reasoning would have the effect of 
 debarring a public ofHoer from all intercourse with any of his pri- 
 vate friends witii whom His Excellency might be pleased to get 
 up a difference. Such a result, under existing circumstance?, 
 would have a curious effect on social relations in this Colony. 
 The ludicrous aspect of the question is too striking to require il- 
 lusiraiion. 
 
 The second and only other point not mentioned in the Cor- 
 respondence, to which I will direct attention, is His Excellency's 
 statement, that be had heard that I had drafted a letter signed by 
 three of the partners in the firm of S. A. Harvey and Co., and 
 addressed to the Court of Policy. I did not choose to have my 
 aileiiiion diverted from the inquiries which I was pressing on the
 
 G(^' oinor, and I made no reply to liis allusion to the letter. But 
 ihe facts refjarding this letter are as fullo^vs: — 
 
 On lhe5;h of Jnno, a Report of the Comptroller of Customs 
 relative to the seizure of some smuj^led herrings wliicli had been 
 concealed in a hack store of Messrs. Uarvey and Co.'s premises, 
 was hroaglit before the Court of Policy for consideration. The 
 Governor, who was the only person in the Court not well ac- 
 quainted with the gentlemen who then composed that firm, chose 
 lo open the discussion by sayinj; — " He thought it a desir- 
 ♦* able thing to know what Messrs. Harvey had to say in de- 
 " fence of ihemselvcp, for it was a very suspicious circumstance, 
 " and from what ho had heard strong suspicion attached to tiirm." 
 He subsequently, and after some observations from Mr, B.is- 
 com, used some modifying expressions ; but it was impossible to 
 get over this, that he staieJ, ihal from what he had heard, strong 
 sus{)icion aitnched to Messrs. Flarvey and Co. Tiu'ce members 
 of that firm were then in the Colony ; one is a brother of mine, 
 the other two are my very intimate friends. The senior partner 
 in the firm, who was then absent, is the oldest and most intimate 
 friend that I have in the Colony. To all of these men, the in?uU- 
 inor and reckless imputation of the Governor would have been in- 
 tolerdble, if iliey had considered that any body would have be- 
 lieved it. I drafted the letter which tliey sent in when the matter 
 was referred to them. Doing it, of course I never thought of 
 concealing it, and I was always prepared tojusiify it. To my 
 mind, the letter was extremely moderate. They said in reference 
 10 the Governor's observations: — " We have entered into this long 
 '* explanation n^erely for tlie purpose of clearing our wharfinger, 
 •* and of exposing the oneuidedness of the staiemtnts made against 
 •' him, for we cannot suppose that anything that has occurred has 
 *' in any way afTected our own characters. And this we say, not- 
 " withstanding that we observe, that by the newspaper accounts of 
 •• what took place in the Court when tlie report of the Comptroller 
 " was brought forward, His Excellency the Governor appears to 
 "have S'tid— * I!i» thought it a dt'sira')'e thing to know what 
 " ' Messrs. S. A, Harvey had to say in defence of themselves, for 
 *' 'it was a very suspicious circumstance, and from what he had 
 *' * heard, strong suspicion attached to them.* We do not believe 
 ** that such remarks can do us any injury ; but we must lake leave 
 *' to affirm, that any information that His Excellency may have 
 •' received, on whioli such an imputation could have been founded, 
 " is false. As th.e information is avowedly hearsay, the particii- 
 " lars of which are not dtsclosed, we have no other meaus of con*
 
 " Iradiciing (lie stalemenls wliich may have been made to His 
 " Excellency." 
 
 If ilie Governor liail heard anytiiitig, llie falsehood of iho in- 
 formation adaclicd to liis infunnant. Uiifurtunately fjr IJis Ex- 
 cellency, the ficiion was in his statement liiat ho had licard any- 
 thing on wliicii to found liis remarks, for he subsfqaenily, on the 
 9ih July, admiiled that he had never /tea/'c? anyihing at all, and 
 that he knew noihinoj of the circumstances except from the Report 
 of ilio Comptroller of Customs and the papers attached to it. He 
 endeavoured at tlie same time to deny the correctness of iho News- 
 paper Report as to what he had said on theSih of June, But the 
 attempt was of no avail, Jt was no acuieness of point in the let'- 
 (er, but the tenderness of point touched, that was the cause of His 
 Excellency's soreness. 
 
 I come now to that part of the conversation which afterwards 
 became a subject of Correspondence between the Governor and 
 wyself. 
 
 The persons who were purveyors to His Excellency of the 
 unfounded statement against me relating to Mr. Winter's Memo- 
 rial, are Mr. J. P. Cuckosv, who in October last was a Clerk in 
 the office of the Auditor General, and Mr. VV. B. Pollard, the 
 Auditor-General, fwho from the 23rd of August to the 7ih of De- 
 cember acted as Government Secretary also.) The former was 
 the originator of the statement ; the latter conveyed it to His Ex- 
 cellency. Information which reached me, wiihout any inquiry on 
 niy part, and entirely by accident, about the middle of December, 
 was the source of my knowledge as to the identity of these per- 
 sons ; and I have since received absolute assurance on the point. 
 His Excellency in his conversation with me spoke of thera as oc- 
 cupying very different positions ; in his euloginra on them in his 
 letter of the 15th of November, and subsequently in our Corres- 
 pondeuce, he somewhat inconsistently awards them equal merit. I 
 leave the readers of these papers to form their own opinions as to 
 the credit attaching to thera respectively. 
 
 I shall not dwell on the details of the Correspondence. I 
 shall give a meir^ sketch exhibiting the mgst prominent points of 
 it. I wailed )sax days after the conversation, and I then wrote 
 to the Governor, (No. 1,) asking for the names of his informantg. 
 They were refused (No. 2.) I stated that I deemed myself at 
 liberty to m.ake known what had passed, especially for the purpose 
 of obtaining the information that I sought (No, 3) The reply 
 (No. 4) contained these words, " His Excellency is of opinion 
 *♦ that you are not justified in making known what passed between
 
 Tin. 
 
 *• lil«i and you Juilng a private conveisalion, wiiliont lii^^rxpress 
 ** permission, which he is unable to grant you." Tliis apfieajs to 
 assume that what liad passed would be made known by me, and 
 to be a mere protest on his Excellency's part; and I could ficarccly 
 infer from this communication that His Excellency intended to- 
 adopt the peremptory lone which marked the next communication 
 thai I received from him. 
 
 My rejoinder (No. 5) was as follows* — "I must very res- 
 "pectfully state that in my judgement none of tlie chaiacterisiics 
 ••of a private communication attachcdtto what has passed between 
 *• Your Excellency and myself on the subject in question; and iliis- 
 " is the reason why I have not asked permission, and vvj»y I must 
 *' still assert the right, to make the matter known as I may consi- 
 *'der necessary." The Governor's next communication (No. G) 
 contains this passage: — *' But your remarks with refeirence to the 
 ''conversation which His Excellency held with }ou on the 5th 
 "instant, leave him no option but to lay his commands on you 
 "formally not to make any use of what pa^^sed during that con- 
 *' versation." T quote these passages at length for the purposes— 
 Istly, of showing — as the further Correspondence also shows — ihat 
 the Governor placed his olijeclion to my disclosure of what had 
 passed between us on the ground that the conversation was a pri- 
 Tate one ; and 2ndly, of pointing out that I never asked any leave 
 or sanction whatever of the Governor to pursue the course that 
 I announced my intention of pursuing; but that on the contrary I 
 asserted my right, in direct opposition to the opinion which he ex- 
 pressed. A comparison of the passages quoted above with his 
 secnd communication to me on the 23fd February, 1863, (No. 
 43,) vvill demonstrate how completely he afterwards shifted his 
 ground, and how utterly unfounded are the sugsestions which he 
 makes and the inferences which he seeks toestablish in that letter. 
 In my letter, No. 7, while declining to obey the Governor's com- 
 mands, I endeavoured to induce him lo recede from the position 
 which he had taken up. In his next communication, (No. 8,) the 
 Governor proposed on certain terms " lo lay the whole matter be^ 
 " fore ihe Secretary of State." What construction hft subsequently 
 chose to put on his own expression "the whole matter," will ap- 
 pear further on. He also made a statement with respect to what 
 had passed between us in conversation, the incorrectness of which is 
 pointed out in my letter No. 12. It was at this point that I. found: 
 the advantage of having made a memorandum of the conversation. 
 
 Of Ihe Governor's " most confidential advisert<," referred 
 to in the letter No. 8, one was Mr. Pollard— the impariiality of
 
 whose ail vice mn^lil cprlainly urulii' iNe circiim?lances he consi- 
 dered open to sojue slight suspie-ion — arid I know that another 
 was Mr. Smith, iho Atlorney-Gencral, of wliom I t-hall say nn- 
 thin;;. I am not aware whether any other persons were ineludcd 
 under this lerm. 
 
 The proposal lo submit the matter to the Seore'iiiy of Siaii*^ 
 was one to which I cou'd not oiherwise liian accede. At ihiij 
 stage of the Correspondence, I determined to as^k from the Go- 
 vernor an explanatiim, the propriety of demanding which I had 
 been revolving in ray mind ever since our conversation on the&ih. 
 I had heard that His Excellency liad expre'^s^'d an opinion, and 
 in writing, that eiilier the Attorney-General or myself must have 
 furnished information to serve for the foundation of some part or 
 parts of one or both of Mr. Winter's Memorials. My intelli- 
 gence was merely to this vague effect. But from the way in 
 which I lieard it, I fell sure that something of the sort had been 
 slated by the Governor ; and the profession of frankness and 
 candour which be made at our interview entitled me to expect a 
 straightforward answer to any enquiry that I might make. It 
 will be seen that I got no answer at all, unless a covert insinuation, 
 can be considered an answer to an open inquiry. On the 18ih of 
 November 1 had, with a view to making the inquiry, borrowed 
 fiom Mr- Winter a copy of each of his Memorials; and in my 
 letter No. 9. I made the inquiry. The Governor's communica- 
 lijon ia reply (No. 10) conveyed wliat I could only construe as an. 
 insinuation of coojieration on my part wiiii Mr. Winter in the 
 framing of his Memorials But I was unwilling to accept it as such, 
 feeling sure that the Governor did not iri reality believe anything of 
 the kind, and I accoidingly wrote the letter, (No. 11,) in wnich I 
 asked for an explanation. His Excellency, by nay of reply to my 
 request, refused me all explanation (No. 13) In the same commu- 
 nication, he announced his intention not to com|ily with my request 
 for a copy of his Despatch to the Secretary of Stale ; and as he 
 was aware that in approaching the discussion of Mr. Winter's 
 Memorials I was advancing on ground that it would not be safe 
 for him to tread, he expressed an opinion that the Correspondence 
 should be brought to a close. The close of the Correspondence 
 at this point was not more agreeaiile to me than was the expres-. 
 sion of his inieniion to conceal from me his Despatch to the Se- 
 cretary of Stale. I both subsequently persisted in my request for 
 a copy of the Despatch, and immediately insisted on going into 
 this matter relating to Mr. Winter's Memorial?, for these reasons:. 
 —I had a perfect recolleciion of a letter of the Goverjior to the
 
 X, 
 
 AUornry Gt'iirral, (l.tteJ llie 7ih of July, and makinn; tlie most 
 candid professioii t>f ihe Icinis in uhich IJis Excellency proposed 
 to wriie to (lie Secretary of Slato on a certain subject, and a vivid 
 I'empmbrfiiico of the wi Itly diffiient, ilie almost entirely opposite, 
 teiuisin wliicli H is Excellency, without giving any warning to 
 iho AlioitK y-Gi neral, did write to His Grace the next day. Ac- 
 cordiijji'y, on the 29ih of November, I wrote to the Governor my 
 litter No. ]G, selling forth at length certain particulars relating to 
 Wr. Winter's Memorials', to which it occurred to me as possible 
 that His Excellency might, in what 1 had heard that he had stated, 
 have intended to refer. To the matters contained in this letter^ 
 and to the copies of the Correspondence (Letters A to L) imme- 
 diately following, I would draw especial attention, as showing 
 what His Excellency considers fair and candid dealing uiih pub- 
 lic officers, even with one in the confidential posiiion of Attorney- 
 General, The peculiar moral obliquity of His Excellency's con- 
 duct, as displayed in these proceedings, certainly made me appre- 
 hend, that he was capable of broadening into a charge against mo 
 to the Secretary of State the insinuations which he had put forward 
 in his letter? to me, and that he might do this while professing to 
 pu.bmit only an aliogelher different matter to Mis Grace. No 
 touches of mine could heighten the efl'ect of the views which His 
 Excellency himself displays of his own double-dealing and the 
 coercion which he assumes a right to exercise over public officers*— 
 even in cases where their characters would be compromised hy 
 their submission to his diciaiion — or could bring out in stronger 
 relief the very stiiking features, of the alliance between himself 
 and Mr. Short. 
 
 My letter No. 16 shows beyond all doubt that the Governor's 
 insinuation against me — which I am quite sure he himself did 
 not believe— is utterly witlumt foundation. I had never breathed 
 a word (excppt in consulaiion with the Attorney-General 
 and Mr. Campbell) to anybody but my brother, on the sub- 
 jf-cls to which I referred as the only possible ones to which the 
 Governor, in imputing it to the Attorney-General or myself that 
 one or the other of us must have given some informaiion, could 
 have meant to point. And my mention of them to my bro- 
 ther was made under the circumstances staled, and before the 
 occurrence of the events out of which Mr. Winter's Memorials 
 arose. I may observe here, ihat the Attorney-General, who con- 
 fided in me — and not ihe Governor, \wth whom I had nothing to 
 do in (he matter — was the only person who had any riuht to ob- 
 jcct to my extending the confidenc/ j and that I had excellent rea.-
 
 sons for knowing- that (lie Ailorney (Ufnoral would have no sncli 
 ol)jeclion. My broilier not only sissukJ nie — wliioli was utmo- 
 ccssary — hut in copying (as the Governur know iliat iie copiocl) 
 my letter to His ExcL'll*!ricy,ther('l)y viiUially iiflnincci, ihal he never 
 gave Mr. Winter or any oilier person nny inkling wlialever of wli.it 
 he knew, and ijiat all ihat apprari d in ihe iMpn)orials nap what lie 
 was instructed Iiy Mr. Winter to state csacily as it is sliorfcin set 
 forth. And indopotidenily of all assertion, llio staiemer.ls in the 
 Memorials, when compared wiih ihe real details, show that my 
 brother, in pettin<; down what was tc Id him by Mr. Winter, most 
 carefully abstained from slatmg anything within his private know- 
 ledge. 
 
 This is all tlia*, and more than, ii is neces?ary for me to say 
 on this point, for the satisfaciion of ihe jiersons to whom I shiiH 
 distribute copies oftiipse paper* ; but as ihey may fall into the 
 hands of siranpers, and as the version (ibontrh I doubt iis correct- 
 ness) which the Governor communicates to me on the 9ih of 
 March (INo. 51)ofa Despatch which he stales that he had re- 
 Cfcivcd from the Secretary ofSiaie, contains an insinuation that 
 Mr. Winter knew sumethinir eiiher from me or my broiher, and a 
 stalomcni — v\hieli the author ofi', wlioever he may have been, 
 must iiave known to be unfounded — to iho tficcl, that my brother 
 did make use of information which he had derived from me, I ap- 
 pend iierelo a letter whieb [ wrote to INIr. Wititrr, and Mr. Win- 
 ter's answer (letters e and f). And on tliis subjtcl I shall say no 
 more at present. 
 
 After meeting voluntarily, openly, and boldly, as I had done, 
 a charge at first pi ivately made, and afterwards persisted in by a 
 coveri insinuation, and afier giving the frankest exposition of the 
 matter, and conclusively showing that I had been treated witli 
 gross indignity, I had a right to expect, and from most men I 
 should have confidently expected, some reparation. From Mr. 
 llincks I received none ; and I candidly confess, that from pre- 
 vioiis knowledge and experience, I scarcely entertained any very 
 sanguine hope of reetiving any ; and that the main o'ject of ray 
 writing so fully and clearly was to invalidate the » flVot, oi'ai.y mis- 
 represmiation of the matier that might bo made to the Secretary 
 of State in the Governor's statement of the differences between 
 himself and me. 
 
 From the letters Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21, it will appear 
 that I persisted in not taking the initiative with the Secretary of 
 State, and that the Governor forwarded to His Grace a De^paIch 
 and a ponion of the Correspondence between us on the Sih of De-
 
 XII. 
 
 ceml)er. On llie 8ili,I also addressed to Mis Grace a leder (1 A), 
 reqiipsiiii": him lo ?usprnd his jiulwment until die receipt of a re- 
 presciiiaiion from me, tu be forwarded by ihe next Mail. 
 
 On llie 19i!i of Doeember I fnrwarded a ropresmtation to the 
 Secretary of Siaie (2 A), anti on ihe 22nd, I sent for Jrans» 
 mission ilie papers therein mentioned, namely, the Correspondence 
 Nos. 1 lo 22, and letters A to L, and the papers a, b, c, d ; and on 
 ibe latter datrt I also forwarded another letltr to the t»tcreiary of 
 Slate (3 A), and the Correspondence Nos. 23, 24, and 25. In 
 my letter of the 19ih, I could not avoid dwelling on the fact ihi,t 
 the Governor had n fused nie a copy>of bis representation against 
 me. Tbere can be no doubt ofiIi« anfairness in the abstract of 
 tuch a rr-fus.il, and I felt the disadvantage r.f it, especially when I 
 reuicmbi-red the course pursued by the Governor in relation to the 
 Attorney-General in July last. The versions, such as they are, 
 which the Governor has since furnished tome of the Duke of 
 Newcastle's Dpspatches, confirm the suspicions that ( always en- 
 tertained of (he unfairness of the representations against me, which 
 I bad no opportunity of answering^ and ibey would, supposing 
 tbrm to be correct, furnish convincing proof that His Grace had 
 trusted to tlie Governor's representations and had not read the 
 whole of the papers. 
 
 Tlie next point in the Correspondence be'ween the Governor 
 and myself to wbicb I shall advert, is the question as to wbeiher 
 Mr. Smith, having l)cen provisionally appointed Chief Justice, 
 was still AtlorneyGenoral as well; but only in a state of 
 inability lo act ; so that I, or any other Barrister specially 
 apiioiiited, might, on the score of suth inability, under Sec- 
 tion 92 of Ordinance No. 27 of 1846, and for all the pur- 
 poses of that Ordinance, discbarge tlie duties of his (that is, 
 jMr. Smith the AtlorneyGeneral's) office. This question is fully 
 discussed in the Correspondence Nos. 29.. 30, and 31, and I shall 
 sav no more about it here. It will be observed that on a purely 
 legal question the Governor is pleased to express a most assurrd 
 and auihoriiaiive opiuion in opposition to mine. And as regards 
 a former occurrence, be writes in the following terms: — "His 
 ** Kxctliency finds on inquiry that in the year 1856 the Governor 
 " issued a specia'I commission to you to act for the Attorney -Ge- 
 " ncral, who was then employed on other duty by direction of the 
 *' Governor, who apparently considired hinvself the proper antlio- 
 ♦* rity to decide as to the quostion of * inability to act.' " I under- 
 stand what was meint by this. He sou^jbt to have it implied that 
 I would submit to the dictation of Sir Philip \V odehouse on a
 
 question of il.is serf, but not to IjIs. I notice lliis attempt at an 
 implication against me as cI);n'aGtrristic of Uis Excellency, wlio, 
 ihougli lie chose lo put il forth, could not possiMy have doubted, 
 that, fldmitiing the ofti'e of the Altorn<?y-General to be occupied— 
 as it was on the occasion to which he referred — T should have ac- 
 cepted his iniiniaiion of the officer's " inability lo act" with the 
 same acquiescence as I had received a similar intimation from 
 Sir Philip Wodehouse. 
 
 My letters to the Duke of Newcastle on the 5th, 7th, and 
 soil cf January, 1863, (4 A, 5 A, and G A,) and the Correspond- 
 ence Nos. 32, 33, 34, 35, 33, 37, 38, and 39, require no comment, 
 
 I come now to a part of the Correspondence, the Governor's 
 perversions of i'act in which are so easily exposed, that it is won- 
 derful that he should have ven'uied ot* them. 
 
 The Mail arrived on the 22ad of February. On tiie morn, 
 ing of the 23rd, 1 wrote to ask the Governor if he had received 
 any Desjjatch from the Secretary of State on the subject of the 
 papers transmitted on tlie 22nd of December. I might have made 
 my enquiry more exact ; but the Governor — by subsequently re- 
 Benting, as an imputation on himself, my inference that the con- 
 tradiction between his two confiiciing answers to that letter arose 
 from the inexactness of my enqiiiry — showed that he perfectly un- 
 clcrsiood my meaning. As I have said, I received two conflicnng 
 answers. 
 
 The first (No. 41) readied me about 11 o'clock ; the second 
 (No. 42) an hour later. The first stated that no such Despatch 
 as I had specified had been received; llie second, that a Despatch 
 l»ad bren received conveying theopii.ion of the Duke of Newcastle 
 on a point raised in one oi the most im|)oriant of these papers^ 
 namely, my letter of the20ih of November (No. 7). The first letter 
 j)as8ed through the Government Secretary's Office in the usual official 
 way, and was numbered and addressed by a clerk. Any casual in- 
 inqiiiry addressed to a person in the office, as to whetlicr a Dispatch 
 relating to my diiFcrences with the Governor had been received 
 from the Secretary of State, might, without any breach of confi- 
 dence on the part of such person, have been answered in the nega- 
 tive. This letter contained a misstatement of fact, intend<'d, I 
 believe, to yo abroad. The second was written and addressed by 
 the Government Secretary himself, and was not nnmhered. Of it 
 nobody but the Government Secretary knew anything — hikI Mr. 
 Wulktr having returned to the Colony, the Government Secretary 
 was a person to be relied on. One part of the second letter di«
 
 31V. 
 
 recily contradicts llic first. It is true that iri tiio siib>(cquent Cor* 
 respondence ihe Governor endeavours to make out that I was ask- 
 ing whether there had been any rejily to my letter to the Secre- 
 tary of State, and that what he meant by the first communication 
 was, to answer that inquiry in the negative; and that th(; second 
 referred to the Duke of Newcastle's reply to the Governor's Des- 
 patch forwarded on theSlh of December. But my inquiry was 
 •whether any Despatch had been received "on the subject of the 
 " papers transmitted on the 22nd of December ;" one of the most 
 prominent of those papers was the letter containing tlie refusal to 
 obey His Excellency's commands J the firs.t answer followed the 
 express terms of the inquiry, and was in the negative ; and it was 
 only after the discrepancy between the two letters was exposed, 
 that it was pretended that I had asked whether there was any re- 
 2)ly to my letter to the Secretary of State, dated Uie 19th of De- 
 cember. But the second letter itself is full of statements directly 
 opposed to the real facts. It appears by subseqtjent communica- 
 tions from the Governor, that he considered this particular one 
 conciliatory. That is, if I had chosen to fall in with suggestions, 
 acquiescence in which on my part would not only have put me 
 altogether in the wrong, but would have amounted to admitting 
 that I had pursued a course directly opposiie to the one which in 
 reality I had adopted, the Governor would not have been averse 
 to a reconciliation, lie designates as " insiruciions" the com- 
 mands whicli in his letter of the 19ih of November he had laid on 
 rae in the most offensively authoritative manner; he professes a 
 desire to avail himself of the first suitable opjiortunity afi^urded 
 l)im of disclaiming the slightest wish to interfere with any inqui- 
 ries which I, on my own responsibility, and in the exercise of my 
 own discretion, might think proper to insiiiute on the subject of 
 his conversation with me on the oih of November; and he ex- 
 presses a hope that I will yet perceive that the difficulty arose 
 from my inviting his sanction to my inquiries at a lime when I 
 was aware that he had decided on refusing me all aid in obtaining 
 information on llie subject. And the Governor deliberately writes 
 all this to me, when the facts, as shown in the early part of the 
 Correspondence, are — that I asked for the information as a mat- 
 ter of right ; that he refused it ; that I, from mere candour, stated 
 that I deemed myself at liberty to make known what had passed 
 on the subject, especially for the purpose of obtaining the infor- 
 luaJon; that he, on tlie express and single ground that the con- 
 versation was a private one, stated his opinion that I sliould not 
 be justified in making known wliat had passed at it wiihout his
 
 express permission, which lie declared himself unable lo grant 
 me ; that I denied that any of (he characteristics of a private con- 
 versation aifached to what had papeed beiwccn him and myself, 
 and gHve tiiis as the reason why I had 7iot asked permission^ and 
 why I asserted the right, to make the matter known aa I might 
 consider necessary J that lliereupon he laid his commands on me 
 formally not to make any use whatever of what had passed during 
 our conversation ; pnd that in a r ramunication of the 21st of No- 
 vember (No, 8), he stated that my knowledge of the matter was 
 derived from him alone, and that be felt it his duty to maintain 
 his right to require that communications made by him to the offi- 
 cers serving under him should be deemed confidential. It seems 
 to me that broad facts — such as appear by the Correspondence 
 quoted — and naked statements — such as are to be found in the 
 Governor's second communication of the 23rd ef February — can 
 not more essentially differ. 
 
 But he further states that he had never been able to recon- 
 cile the expression in my letter of the 17th November, " I deem 
 " myself at liberty to make known what has passed on the subject," 
 with my subsequent refusal to acknowledge his authority to give 
 any instructions in the matter. 
 
 Now, this is a garbling of extracts, and keeps out of view the 
 express disavowal in my next letter of any request for permission ; 
 but, moreiivcrr, it seems to me that any one but a person deter- 
 mined wilfully to distort the plain meaning of words must admit 
 that the natural consequence of a man's asserting that he deemed 
 himself at liberty to do a thin^, would be resistance to a command 
 not to do it. 
 
 The rest of this communication is of a piece with what I have 
 quoted. Near the conclusion, the Governor assumes that I would 
 have taken ** proceedings" against his informants. This assump- 
 tion is not only unwarranted, but is contradicted by what I had 
 said to him on the subject, and is only put forward as a founda- 
 tion for the inference which he seeks to draw, namely, that as ha 
 could not sanction '* such* proceedings," he was therefore very 
 reluctantly compelled to assume the position of prohibiting inqui- 
 ries of wliicL he would have desired to hear nothing. The dif- 
 ferent stages of opinion of the Governor in this matter are as fol- 
 lows : — First, he says our conversation was a private one, and that 
 for Ibis reason T have no right to make known any thing relating to 
 it without his express perrv-^sion, which he refuses me. Next, on 
 
 '* Wlatracanhig has "such?"'
 
 XVI. 
 
 my Jisscntiiig from ihi?, he luys liis conimands on me not (o make 
 any ii8e wiiatever of w iial passed during (hat conversation — which, 
 as he aTterwards necessarily admiis, is a prohiljiiion of al! iriqiiiry ; 
 f?ubsequeritly he maintains hi?" rif^ht to nquire the coiii!7)unicaiion 
 to be coiifidontial ; and, last of all, afier the lapse of three months, 
 His Excellency iniimates that I might have insti'.uted ii/quiries 
 that must have had the effect of niaki.'.g public this communiea' 
 tion so private and confidential, and fenced round not only v^vh 
 his opinion but his command — if only I had on my part adopted 
 the privacy of concealing my proceedings from him. 
 
 To my letter of the 24ih, (No. 43,) in reply to the Governor's 
 communication of the 23rd, (No. 42,) I would direct particular 
 attention. The subject of it requires no furtlier comment. 
 
 Ttie conciliatory meaning which the Governor attached to the 
 letter No. 42 appears from his next commiinicaiion (No. 44.) 
 There are some passages in this wliich I must quote. One is — 
 ** His Excellency, in the hope that you would ai)preciate the con- 
 *'ciliatory spirit in which he wished to act, directed me to point 
 "out to you, that he had never entertained any wish to obstruct 
 "your inquiries on the subject of his conversation with you, but 
 *' that by voIunteerin<^ to acquaint him wiih your intentions, yon 
 ** had placed him in a false position, and had compelled him to re- 
 " fu.«e permission to you to make use of your conversation with 
 «' him." 
 
 Now, the Governor lias undoubtedly several times in the 
 course of our Correspondence been placed in a " false position;" 
 l>ut by himself, not by me. Without adverting to others, one false 
 position was, insisting that our conversation was private and issu« 
 ing his commands on that ground ; another was, ignoring this po- 
 fiition, and assuming another, almost more untenable fortius rea- 
 son, that the former, though it might be supported by no opinion 
 but his own, was still matter of opinion, while the latter could 
 not possibly withstand the force of the facts opposed to it. Then, 
 as to my volunteering to acquaint him wiih my intentions, who 
 can doubt — whatever the Governor may have chosen latterly to 
 say — that, bearing in mind the opinions which heat first professed 
 as to the private character of the conversation, and looking at his 
 mode of dealing with me throughout, he would have made it a 
 grave charge against me if after his refusal to give me the infor- 
 mation, I had, without acquain'ing him with ray intentions, sought 
 for it myself in the manner indicated ? 
 
 TJie other passages which I shall quote from this letter are 
 tb« following: — '• The Governor had hoped that you would have
 
 " upicuvcil iliat the I rue solulion of ilic difficully, assiiminn;, as ha 
 •' VVU3 hound to do, thai yoii sliil disired lo f'uilow out your or'gi- 
 * iial de>'gn of tnakiiic: use of lliis conversaiion, was lo wiihdiaw 
 ''your li'tter of ihe 17(ii NovemiuT, or sucli portion of it as Hi^ 
 " Excellency considered olijeclionable. Sucli a wiilulrawal would 
 " Iiave cnai)led His Excellency likewlsa to wiihdiaw ilie ins^truc- 
 *■ liun or command wliich lie laid on you not lo make use of iliat 
 *' conversaiion. 
 
 *' There is one other passage in your Icitcr to which the Go- 
 '* vernor has directed me lo reply. Ii is thai wliere you remark, 
 *' thai if instead of refusing you permission on llie I7iii Novcrabor 
 " to do wiiatyou had claimed a right to do, the Governor had re- 
 " piied in the terms of iny letter of the 23rd instant, no difficnliy 
 " would have arisen The Governor does not venture to hope 
 " from the tone of yonr Correspondence that he shall be able to 
 "convince you tliat you could have comniitied an error; but he 
 "directs me lo point ont to you, that you rendered all explanation 
 " en his part impossible to hiui when you adopied tlie line of in-^ 
 " subordination to the authority of the Crown with which he is in- 
 •' vested. You did not remonstrate against the Governor's refusal 
 " of permission lo make use of his conversation with you, but you 
 " brosdly asserted your right to do so in disregard of his opinion, 
 " and you then took the erroneous ground that His Excellency 
 *' had exceeded the scope of his authority." 
 
 How nugatory this seems ! I was to withdraw the second 
 letter which I wrote to tlie Governor, and ho was to withdraw his 
 prohibition, and in fact the whole correspondence on the point of 
 my right to find out lbs names of the Governor's informant, was 
 to be as if it had never been! If these persons were ''jusily 
 "entitled to his" protection" on the 21st of November, (I quote 
 from the Governor's communication, (No. 8,) of that date) what 
 have they since done to forfeit it ? If it was rijiht on ihe 19ih of 
 November to command me not to attempt to discover who they 
 were, can it be right on the 23rd and 25ih of February to give 
 me full permission to find out ? There is no reason whatever 
 stated for jhe Qovcrrinr^s wjllintiness to cancel his prohibition. 
 But the ^S IS that early in January he knew from a friend of' 
 mine — with wliom ho opened communications on ihe sui'ject, who 
 mentioned the matter to my brother, and to whom my brother, 
 therefore feeling no difficulty as to discussing the subject, disclosed 
 the fact — that I was aware that Mr. Cuckowand Mr. Pollard were 
 his inrormanls. Then, what candour is there in his elating that he 
 aBsumed, as he was bound lo do, that I sliil desired to follow out
 
 XVIU, 
 
 my original design of making: use of the conversation? or why 
 should It be so conciliatory on lus part to give me leave to find out 
 what he was conscious tliat I already knew ? Again, what was 
 there oljeciionable in my letter of the 17th of November? or what 
 insubordination in my then avowing that I deemed myself at li- 
 beriy 10 do what lie in i-'ebruary admits that I might very well have 
 done vriihoat any such avowal? He piofesses to consider that 
 my letter of tl»e 17ih of November invited his sanction — that wa» 
 not insubordinalion. Tiien, why should that itjiter, or any part 
 of it, be wiiiidrann ? When did the insubordination begin? Was 
 it when he refused permission on the ground, which he h^s since 
 virtually abandoned, of the privacy of the conversation? And 
 did he, by putiing forward a reason to the fallacy of which lie 
 knew I must object, intend to "invite" insubordination, which wa» 
 immediately to be repressed by a command ? But I did not adopt 
 the course of remonstrating, and I thus rendered all explanation 
 impossible! I leave any man to conceive, if he can, the happy 
 position of a public officer in this Colony remonstrating with Mr, 
 Hincks with a view to explanation of peremiiiory treatment. Still, 
 I must point out that in my letter of the 20(h of November, (No. 
 7,) I did endeavour to induce His Excellency to reconsider his de- 
 cision. My efforts certainly had not the result of producing the 
 explanation, which only came three months later. 
 
 I am afraid iliat I may weary my readers, and I Bhall pass 
 as lightly as possible over the rest of the Correspondence. 
 
 I wrote to the Governor on the 25th of February fNo. 45) 
 I received a communication from him on the 2Gth (No. 46 ) 
 I wrote to him on the 27th (No. 47), pointing out some 
 errors in his last previous communicaiion. By way of reply 
 on one point — though how it was any answer to my comments on 
 a posiiive misstatement, I could not understand — he recurred^ 
 my letter of the 24,th, which he prof( ssed to consider offei sive. 
 And on the other point he added a few words which did not in 
 any way meet what I had written. 
 
 On the same day I wrote, (No. 49,) explaining that the con- 
 tradiction helween his two communications of the 23rd (of which 
 I have already shown that one was intended to be public and (he 
 other privatp) was the cause of my writing as I did on the 24ih. 
 I did not choose to notice certain expressions in his letter of the 
 27th, nor did I consider any apology necessary. 
 
 On the 28th I reeeived the communication, No. 50, whick 
 req^uired no reply.
 
 XIX. 
 
 Tlie next letter in llie Coirfspondcnce is from (lie Governor 
 to nie, and is dalctl the 9ih of March, (No. 51), I received ihis 
 on cornliig out of Court, at ahout two o'clock in iho aflenioon. 
 Tiie Mail was to close at six. I iinmcdialely wrote my huier of 
 resignaiion. I took the precaution of enclosing a copy of the letter 
 letter No 51, because I really doubted, and I siill doiihf, that, the 
 Governor's Idler gave a perfectly correct version of the Despatch. 
 
 The phraseology of llie first part of the letter is somewhat 
 singular; but in so far as it is intelligiblfc, it purports to convey 
 on the part of the v^ecretary of State, first, an insinuation tha^ 
 either directly myself, or indirectly ihrouy;h my brother, I liad fur- 
 nished Mr. Winter with information, and next, an asscrlion that 
 my bro her had used information communicated to him by me. 
 As regards the afsertion, the documentary evidence, without refer- 
 ence to any statement of mine or my brother's, completely relates it. 
 
 And with respect to both the insinuation and the assertion, 
 as they purported to have been made, notwithstanding the posi- 
 tive declarations of my brother and myself negativing what they 
 imputed, I had only this alternative, either to sacrifice all honor 
 and self-respect, or to resign Without any hesitation I adopted 
 the latter course, taking at the same time the precaution of send- 
 ing to the Secretary of State a copy of the Governor's letter. Any 
 rejirel that I might have felt at leaving the pubiic service^in w hicli 
 I certainly had some riohi to expect promotion — was mitigated by 
 two corisideraiions. One is, that the last part of the Governor's 
 lel'er purportingr to give the substance in this repect of the Dnke 
 of Newcagt'e's Despatch lays down in effect these doctrines — 1st, 
 That it is the '* positive duty" of public officers in this Colony to 
 play the part of private and virtually anonymous informers 2nd, 
 That they are entitled to cloak their meanness under the mantle 
 of the Governor's authority. And 3rd, That the Governor does 
 right in affording them that protection. Tiie oilier is, that al- 
 though if I had continued Solicitor-General, or been appointed 
 Attorney-General, I should have endeavour<d to perform my 
 duty under Mr. Hincks as Governor, my knowledge of him, 
 and my acquaintance with the necessary closeness of the re- 
 lation between the Governor and the Attorney-General in this 
 cjlony, leave no doubt on my mind, that no man with a pro- 
 per sense of honor and self-respect can for any length of time con- 
 tinue Attorney General under him. 
 
 On the subsequent letters, 7 A, and 52 to 56 inclusive, it is 
 not necessary to make any observation. 
 
 After the letter No. 56 come in the two papers a and b, one
 
 XX. 
 
 a leltor from Mr. U'alkor when Lieulenant Governor in 1857, 
 and tlie oUicr an Extract Minute of the Court of Policy, both 
 tnoniiotieil in n \ 1( Iter to liie Stcrelary of Slate daloil the 19ih of 
 December 1862 (2 A.) I have previon«ly stated my reasons for 
 puliljjiliinj tlie hturs maiked e and f. Ii is difiicult for me to be- 
 lieve ihal, notwithstanding ihe positive staternents of my brother 
 and myecir, and in =piie of the intrinsic evidence of ihe papers 
 before him, the Duke of Newcastle conid have made the insinua- 
 tion conveyed in such a round about style, or have ventured on 
 the assertion iniimaled, in the Governor's ic-iter of the 9th iMarch 
 (No. 51) But I cannot |)rove that the Governor has incorrectly 
 rendered the Despatch; and though it is not necesfarj for me to 
 jjive any corri/boraiion of iny statemnnts in order that they may be 
 believed by those to whom I shall distribute these papers, still a3 
 some copies of tliem will no doubt fall into the hands of persons 
 un^icquainted with me, I have thought it desirable to disprove by 
 other evidence than my own the calamnies which the Governor 
 puis forth as the contents of the Des^pa'ch. 
 
 And now for a very few concl-iding observations on points 
 not sufif^ested by comments on the Correppondence. 
 
 I am inclined to believe — of coursp, I cannot condescend to 
 make any inqoiri' s of either of t!ie Governor's informants — that 
 Mr Cuckovv was awnre that my brother had drawn Mr. VS'inter's 
 Memorial", and ?poke to Mr. Pollard of the handwriting as " Mr. 
 Giil)erL's," mcatiin<j; my brother's; and th^it Mr. Pollard chose to 
 jump at the conclusion that he referred to me, and hurried off to 
 the Governor at once with liis tale. There can be no doubt of his 
 fitness for the performance of that '* positive duty" in the way of 
 secret tale-bearing to the Governor wliich would appear to be in- 
 cumbent on public officers in this Colony, and I may add, wiiliout 
 wishing to do the class any injury, that most men in the public ser- 
 vice here are so lax as legards this particular duty, that he is not 
 likely to be ousJed by competition from any pre-eminent favour 
 which he may enj'iy en this score. 
 
 My recurrence on this point of *' positive duty" to the Go- 
 vernor's letter of the 9ih of March, suggests to me to point out, 
 vk'ith whrit a peculiar kind of consideration I have been treated. 
 I am told that two persons have put forward a charge a^iainst me 
 of" cot^duct which would have been dishonorable in me as a 
 public ofncer, atid tliat because ihey believed it — which in itself 
 was an insult to me, and a reason therefore why I should know 
 who bad ir.sultcd me — they are onii'.led to all respect and credit ; 
 the stigma attempted to be cast on my honor is a mat'er of no
 
 eonscqiienco, and iho iJca of my feeling any rescntmeiU i.^ not 
 to be tolerated ! 
 
 I can account for the Governor's animosity against r.ie 
 as shown tI)iou<;hont ihese proceedings, only by supposing that 
 it arose from my having been Mr. Sniitii's aJviser in the suit 
 for lil)e! broajjlit by liiin against Mr. Short, and in the df- 
 fence of an action brought by Mr. Short against Mr. Smith, 
 referred to in my letter No. J6, «nd in wiiich I found it necessary 
 to expose the falsehood of Mr. Sliorf ; and that the warmth of 
 the Governor's partisansln|) in favour of that person, as sliown in 
 the Correspondence A. to L., produced in his mind propoi tionaro 
 cxei'emoiit against me. Whatever ilie cause, tlie papers whicii I 
 publish show that the Governor deliberately got up with me one of 
 tiinse jieraonal contentions, somany of which he has contrived to rai.-o 
 with various persons since his arrival in theC'dony ; that he tieated 
 me ill the most ofiVnsive and oyerb(aring manner Ihrougbout ; 
 and that liis objVct was to induce me to resign. I was deter- 
 mined that I would not resign in consequence of anything 
 that Mr. Ilincks might say or do; but that if the unfair and un- 
 worthy treatm.fnt which I received at his hands should be sanc- 
 tioned and adopted by the Secretary of State, I would then 
 through him send my resignation to the Queen. The time arrived 
 when I was informed by the Governor — whose slaieraenf, though 
 I might doubt it I could not di5provc,_that the Secretary of Stale 
 sanctioned all his injurious conduct towards me ; and the resolu- 
 tion which I had formed was instantly carried into effect. 
 
 But, from the treatment which I have received at official 
 bands, I turn with satisfaction and gratitude, to that which has 
 been e.'itended to me by the community. I have had the cordial 
 support, in every way in which it could be given, of the most 
 honorable and influential men. And immediately after my con- 
 nection with the Government service was known to be at an end, 
 the representation in the Combined Court of the constituency ot 
 Georgetown was cflPered to me, and I was elected without anv 
 show of opposition. 
 
 The confidence whicli has been so largely sliown to me wiib 
 but a slight knowledge of the circumstances in which I have been 
 j)laccd, has been my chief inducement to publish these papers to 
 j)rove that the confidence was not misplaced. In distributing them 
 among those whose opinions I chiefly value, I lay no rc-trictiop. 
 on the communication of ihem to others. 
 
 5th May,.lSC3, J. T. Q.
 
 xxn. 
 
 While the last sheet of these remarks was in the press, the 
 sul'joined letter was received : — 
 
 No. 577. 1th May, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed hy the Governor (o acquaint you that 
 hi; has received from the Secretary of State a Dpspatch in wliich 
 His Grace desires you to be informed that Her Majesty lias been 
 pleased to accept your rtsignation of the office of Solicitor-Gene- 
 ral of this colony : and further that my letter to you of which 
 you enclosed a copy is a correct communication of tlie >\hoie 
 contents of His Grace's Despatch No. 574 of the 14ih February. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient Servant, 
 
 VV. \V ALKER. 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq, 
 &c. &;c. Sec, 
 
 British Guiana. 
 
 As the Secretary of State verifips the correctness of the 
 Governor's letter of the 9ih of March, he takes upon himeelf 
 the insinuation and the misstatement of fact in that letter. 
 
 J. T. G. 
 
 MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN GO- 
 VERNOR HINCK-i, AND MR. J. TROUNSELL GIL- 
 BERT, ON 5th NOVEMBER, 1862. 
 
 November 6th, 1862. 
 Yesterday I received a message from the Governor, stating 
 that he wished to see me on the subject of the claim of the sailors 
 of the Savinea D Nora. I accordingly went to see him at his 
 office at the Public Buildings ; and after that matter had been dis- 
 cussed, we had a conversation to the following effect: — He said that 
 various things which had been communicated to him had led him 
 to suppose that I was acting in hostility to ibe Government, and 
 that just before his leaviiig town to go to Berbice (which was on 
 the 24ih of Octobej) he had been told by a person, who said that 
 he had it from another person who was aware of the fact, that the 
 original manuscript of Mr. Winter's Memorial to the Secretary of 
 State, about which so much has been said, was in my hand-writ- 
 ing, (and I understood him to say that the originator of this state*
 
 XXIU. 
 
 mcni had seen the original manuscript) ; ihal lie Iiad mentioned the 
 matter lo ilie Attorney General, who liad appeared very much 
 startled, hut had expresi^ed his disbelief of the story; that while 
 in Eerbice he had reciived a communication to the effect, that 
 the person who had furnished his informant with the statement was 
 mistaken, and that ihe hand-writing was not mine, but my bro- 
 ther's ; that he had not since had an opportunity to montion this 
 to the Attorney-General,* but that in frankness and candour, he 
 had mentioned the matter to me, as he had mentioned if to the 
 Attorney-General ; he put it in this way, in faci, that his reason for 
 mentioning it to me was, that he had mentioned it to tlie Attorney. 
 General. He also stated in the course of his observations that he 
 considered that a person in my position ought to support the Go- 
 vernor, or Government — lam not sure which word he used — or 
 that if ho had anything to say in oj)pi)siiion to the Governor he 
 should come to hiva and state it. This is the substance of what 
 the Governor said before coming to a pause. When he paused, 
 I said by way of answer, that I understood 1 im losta'e, thai he was 
 now quite satisfied as to the incorrectness of the information which 
 had been given to him on the subject of ray hand-writing, and that 
 he should not have mentioned the ma'ter, but that hehad spoken of 
 it to the Attorney Genf^ral; he assented to this; and I then went on 
 to say that he had referred to other matters as evincing hostill;y 
 on my part, and I inquirrd what those other matters were; he 
 said that he Iiad not noticed those other matters, and that he should 
 not have mentioned them but lor the circumstance of his consid- 
 eiing it only candid to open the subjtrci fur the purpose of telling 
 me what hehad iieard about the handwriting, and his comraunica- ,^ 
 lion of it to the Attorney General; that one thing which had sirack A/^^ 
 was, that Mr. Winter in his memorial had spoken of the hos- 
 tility of officials ; th?.t he considered this unfair, because, even if 
 it was the fact, Mr. Winter could only have gathered this from 
 private conversations which it was unfair to repeat ; and that my 
 iniin^acy with Mr. Winter and others opposed to him (the Gover- 
 nor) made him infer, and that these things would be talked about, 
 and thritit was inferred, that Mr. Winter knew of my hostility and 
 meant to refer to me. At this point he paused, and I said that I 
 could not admit that any body had any rijiht to infer from the fact 
 that I had for a long time been, and ttill wa?, intimate with Mr. 
 
 * Note, — The Governor returned from Berbice in the Steamer on the 
 evening of the 30tb, and the Attorney General started the same evening on 
 an expedition, from which he has not yet returned. 
 
 J. T. G. 
 
 NoTember 6, 1862.
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Winter and Mr. PeroJ, that I was llierefore lioslile, or had ex- 
 pressed any hostility to him ; thai if there was any fjeneral expres- 
 sion in the memorial as to general hnsiiliiy to him on the part 
 of officials, it seemed to m« much more likely to inean that 
 there was a general imprfssion abroad as in ihe general hos* 
 tilily of the officials ; and I asked him if 1 had ever shown 
 any want of respect to him, or if he was aware of my having 
 exhibited any hostiliiy to liim in any way; he answered in 
 liie negative ; I repealed my denial that any inft-rcnce could bo 
 drawn from the fact of my intimacy wiih i\Ir. Winicr, or from 
 any expressions (hat there might he in his Memorial; and I said 
 that I presumed that the fact of the Memojial being in my bro- 
 ther's handwriting could not be taken in any way against me; to 
 this he imitliciily assented ; I then asked him to tell mo who iho 
 persons were llirough whom the information had come lo him as 
 to the handwriting ; he declined ; I then pointed out to him that 
 the only positive statement as to a fact, which had been reported 
 to him for the purpose of injuring me, had proved unfounded, 
 and I said that I thought it was a great pily that ihfre were per- 
 sons who carried such stoiies lo the Governor; he admitted that 
 it was a pity, but said that such things would always he; he ad- 
 ded, with respect to the parlies ihrough whom this particular in- 
 formation came, that he believed that the originator of the state- 
 ment did not mean for it to be used against me, and that iha 
 person who told him (the Governor) was so circumstanced that, 
 liearing it, he ought, •& it was his duly, (I ihink he used the latier 
 expression,) lo communicate it ; lie mentioned that he had also 
 lie&iu that I had written S. A. Harvey & Co.'s letter to the Court 
 of I'ol'cy : I made no comment on thi.*,* but I reverted to my rc- 
 f;uesl for the names, saying that I considered that I had a right 
 to them if only for this reason, that he had mentioned the mailer 
 to a tliird party ; he then said that he had mentioned it only to 
 one whom he knew to be my friend, but that lie would consider 
 whether he would give them, and intimated that possibly he might 
 give the name of his immediate informant, but that he was mora 
 doubtful about the oilier; I said tliat I did nt I want one without 
 the other; ihat I did not press the matter, as to a person in hi^ 
 
 * Note. — I was determined not lo be diverted from my main object by 
 the discussion of a matter eutirely unimportant, as far as my position as a 
 public olficer was concerned. I had written that letter. I of course took no 
 plains to make known, but I never thought of concealing, the fact. I had 
 vindicated my brother and two of my most intimate friends from imputations 
 cast on them ; but in doing so, 1 had written nothing in any way disrespect- ■ 
 ful to the Governor dw-evincing hostilitv to the Governuient.
 
 XXV. 
 
 jiosition all I could say "wae, tliai I considered that I had the rifjht 
 lo know ; he repealed that the remote informant had ni) inteniioa 
 of the statement being used against me j 1 then said," Then it is 
 *• the bus) body who reported it to Your Excellency that is desirous 
 " of damaging me;" he apain said some-thing to the eflccfc 
 lliat it was the duty of the person who conimnn'caied wiili 
 liim to inform him of anything of that sort that came to the 
 knowledge of that person ; 1 rrj)lied that of course I could not 
 tell who that person might he, but that I had a ri»ht to know, 
 Ihat I admitted that liie conduct imputed to me would have 
 been very improper in me as a public ofliccr; and that 1 must add, 
 viihont meaning any disrespect to His Exce!ltncy, that I consi- 
 dered that he ought ntit to receive any such infotmation unless the 
 percon giving it was willing that his name should be disclosed ; he 
 said il\!it ho did not see how he could help receiving information ; 
 I told him, that in a similar position I should ignore anything 
 that I heard, unless, and step any mtormation being given to me 
 until, my inrormanis crnsfnttd that their names should be made 
 known ; ho seemed Sdmewhat moved by thif, an-l again said thai; 
 lie would consider the matter, and I understood him to intimate 
 that he would consult the Attorney General on his return to town; 
 I finally said that I did not intend to (or I proltably t-hould not) 
 say or do anything to either of these persons, but should treat 
 them with perfect conttmpt (I distinctly remember using the words 
 " treat them with perfect contempt ;") but that I considered I 
 was entitled to know who they were. He made no rejoinder to 
 this, and sctrcely another word — indeed I do not recollect that any 
 other words at all except the ordinary f •rm of leave-taking — passed 
 between us. I have summed up as well as it was possible for me 
 to do if, what pased between us, and I have given it as correctly 
 as I can and in its proper sequence. I am sure that I have not 
 cmiiied anything material on either side. 
 
 J. T. G.
 
 No. 1. Georgetown, Saturdai/, 
 
 Novemher I6th, 1862. 
 
 His Excellen'ct Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 
 Governor of British Guiana, 
 
 Si«, — At tlm termination of our interview on Wednefday, Ih^ 
 5tli, Your Excellency remained in doubt as to whether you would 
 disclose to me the names of two persons through whom a state- 
 ment — afterwards admitted by your immediate informant to be 
 unfounded — had reached Your Excellency, to the effect that the 
 original draft of a Memorial of Mr. Winter to His Grnce tlia 
 Duke of Newcastle was in my hand-wriiinjj. I have hitherto 
 waited in expectation of a definitive answer, but not having re- 
 ceived one, I now venture very respci'tfiilly to submit to YoHr 
 Excellency the reasons on which I mainly rely in support of ray 
 right to a disclosure. I assume, of course, that the objection to u 
 disclnsure originates with the persons themselves, or, at least, with 
 Your Exceilency'R immediate informant, us I can see no reason 
 why the objection should be a spontaneous one on Your Excel- 
 lency's part. To my mind, the maker of such a statement cannot 
 dispute the right of liie recipient, and the recipient incurs the obli« 
 gation, to disclose to the person against whom the statement h 
 made the name of every one responsible for it. In this case 
 Your Excellency not only received the statement, but imparted it 
 lo the A-ttornoy- General — which strengthens my position as re- 
 gards Your Escellenoy's obligation in the matter. Again, persona 
 who choose to place themselves in the position which these per- 
 sons occuj)y, are scarcely entitled on the score of personal con- 
 sideration, to be guarded from any unpleasantness which may 
 possibly result from an exposure of their names or their motives. 
 These reasons would be sufficiently cogent in a case between pri- 
 vate individuals, to ( ne of whom something had been told for the 
 purpose of injuring the otluir, and which the person receiving the 
 information would be entitled to notice. But with how much 
 greater force do they apply to the respective official relations of 
 Your Excellency and myself. For if, on the one hand, my posi- 
 tion as in officer of the Crown would have made (as I fully admit 
 that it would) such an act as was imputed to me altogether unjus- 
 tifiable, so, on the other, it shouldeniitle me to ask from Your Ex- 
 cellency, as the Representative of Her Majesty ihg Queen, the
 
 names of ihe authors of .1 statement ma<.le to you, and intonfK^tl to 
 affect me injuriously in my official position. A contrary doctrine 
 would expose jtublic officers in this Colony to a system of accu- 
 sation wliicb, 80 far as the accused were concerned, would be vir- 
 tually anonymous. It seems to me that a subsequent admission 
 that a charge of this sort is without foundation only strengtiiens 
 the claim of the person against whom it has been made to know 
 the names of its authors, whose eagerness to injure him h&s made 
 them hazard a charge which could not be verified. In my inter- 
 view with Your Excellency, I stated that I did not, and I admit 
 that I cannot, press this matter on Your Excellency as I should 
 on any other person ; but, after careful consideration, and on the 
 presumption that I shall otherwise receive no further communica- 
 tion on the subject, J have thought it right, with all respect, to lay 
 before Your Excellency reasons which appear to me conclusive, 
 and some of which may perhaps not have occurred to Your Ex- 
 cellency. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-Goneral. 
 
 3^0. 2. Government Secretari/'s Office, 
 
 Novemher loth, I8G2. 
 
 Sir,- — T am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the re- 
 ceipt of your letter of this day's date, andtoacquai nt you, in reply, 
 that in declining to furnish you wiih the names of the individuals 
 from whom he received the information that Mr. Winter's Me- 
 morial to the Secretary of Slate was in your handwriting, rlis 
 Excellency was guided enlirely by iiis own judgment, and had had 
 no communication on the subject with the individuabin question. 
 
 His Excellency has no doubt that these individuals acted in 
 perfect good faiih, and that believing you to be the author of the 
 document referred to, they performed their duty to the Queen and 
 to Her Representative in this Coloiiv in apprizing him of what 
 they doubtless believed to be a grobs breach of duty on the part 
 of a servant of the Crown.
 
 Under all ilie circumstances of this case, (lie Governor feels 
 it ills duly to decline giving the information asked for in your 
 letter. 
 
 1 have the honor to be^ 
 Sir, 
 
 Your most obt. servt., 
 
 WM. BRANCH POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Govt. Secy. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &,c. &c. See. 
 
 "No. 9t. GeorgetoTvn, Novemher 17tlt, 1862. 
 
 To His Excellency Francis Hincks, Enquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — After the positive terms of Your Excellency's reply to 
 my letter of the loth, I should not again address you on the sub- 
 ject to which it refers, but that I consider it only candid to state^ 
 that, as the matter has now been communicated to the Acting 
 Government Secretary — in addition to the Attorney-General, to 
 whom alone I understood Your Excellency at our interview to say 
 that you had previously to that time mentioned it — and as the 
 originators of the statement against me may have spread it much 
 more widely than the contradiction, I deem myself at liberty to 
 make known what has passed on the subject ; especially for the 
 purpose of procuring, if possible, the information which Your 
 Excellency declines to give me. 
 
 And, as I am writing on this topic, I will add, that I venture 
 very respectfully to dissent from Your Excellency's estimate of 
 the conduct of the persons who made the statement. I admit that 
 if either of the two gentlemen in this Colony who are connected 
 with Your Excellency by marriage, receiving such intelligence^ 
 communicated it to you, he would be simply performing a duty 
 incumbent on him, and acticg in a perfectly proper and honora- 
 ble manner. I have no reason whatever for supposing it at all 
 probable that either of these gentlemen did communicate the state- 
 ment to Your Excellency, but the possibility of it makes me 
 adopt the caution of excepting them. And, excepting them, I 
 must say, that, in my opinion, such conduct in any man, official or 
 non-official, was not meritorious, but mean. 
 
 In our interview, Your Excellency slated that you were ac- 
 tuated by a wish to be frank and candid with me. In using equal
 
 frankness in the expression of my opinion as lo ihird person*, I 
 trust that Your Excellency will not impute to me, what I entirely 
 disclaim, any the elightest intention of disrespect to Your Ex- 
 cellency. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 ■^0 '^' Government Secretary s Office, 
 
 November \lth, 1862. 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of this day's date, and to acquaint you, in 
 reply, that flis Excellency is of opinion that you are not justified 
 in making known what passed between him and you during a 
 private conversation, without his express permission, which he is 
 unable lo grant you. 
 
 His Excellency regrets to notice that, while disclaiming the 
 slightest intention of disrespect to him, you have nevertheless in- 
 timated a dissent from his opinion in terms scarcely courteoug. 
 The Governor desires me furtlier to remark, that wlien you thought 
 proper to address him officially on this subject, you might fairly 
 have anticipated an official reply. While His Excellency regrets 
 that there should be any difference of opinion with you on the 
 subjects referred to in his letter, he has no doubt that the proper 
 mode of appealing from his decision is by addressing the Secre- 
 tary of State. 
 
 I hare the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your most obt. servt., 
 WM. BRANCH POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Governmt. Secretary. 
 
 To J. Tkounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 ^^- ^' Georgetown^ November IQtk, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I must apologise for putting Your Excellency to the 
 ttoablc of reading another letter from me j but if I were not to re-
 
 )tl}' to Your Kxcellencj''6 last cominuuicailon, llio oniitsion miglit 
 be construed into assent to the terms of it. 
 
 I must very respectfully siatp, that, in m_v judgment, none of 
 llie cliaracieristics of a private communication attach lo what has 
 passed between Your Excellency and myself on the subject in 
 ijiiesiion ; and this is the reason why I have not asked permis- 
 sion, and wliy I must still assert the right, to make the matter 
 known, as I may consider necessary. 
 
 I have carefully looked over my last loiter to your Excel- 
 lency, and I cannot discover anything which warrants the sugjjes- 
 tion, 80 disagreeable lo a gentleman, of a want of courtesy. All 
 the expressions relating to Your Excellency are, to the best of my 
 judgment, perfectly respectful. I have made a careful distinction 
 between my contempt for your informants and the resiiccl with 
 which I am bound to treat Your Excellency. 
 
 I have respectfully mainiained my riglit to a disclosure of the 
 names of ilie persons who conveyed a statement lo Your Excel- 
 lency intended to injure me in my official position ; but the ques- 
 tion as to the disclosure is not of sufBcieni importance to me to 
 induce me to appeal to the Secretary of State from Your Excel- 
 lency's decision refusing me the information. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sii', very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 Ko. tJ. Government Secretary/' i Office, 
 
 November 19, 1S62. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Gorernor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of yesterday's date, and to make the follow- 
 ing observations in reply thereto. 
 
 There is nothing in thai letter to induce the Governor to mo« 
 dify the expression of his regret that you have intimated a dissent 
 from his opinion in terms scarcely courteous. His Excel ency 
 obviously referred U your remarks as to the conduct of indivi- 
 duals who you were informed had, in the opinion of His Excel' 
 jency, simply performed their duty to the Queen and to Her 
 Repreienlative in the Colony. The Governor trusts that he is 
 correct in assuming that you did not intend to convey to His Ex- 
 cellencj an inlimation that it was yo«r determinatien to act in
 
 8 
 
 opposiiion to liis view?, but your remarks wiili reference to the 
 conversation which His Excellency held with you on the 5ih 
 instant, lefive liiin no option but to lay his commands on you for- 
 mally not to make any use whatever of what passed daring that 
 conversation. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 
 Your mo. obt. servt., 
 
 WM. BRANCH POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Govt. Seety. 
 
 To J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 Solicitor- General, &c. &c. &cc. 
 
 27o. 7. 6eo7'geiown, November 2Qth, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — In Your Excellency's communication to me of yester- 
 day's date. Your Exrellency has been pleased to lay your com- 
 mands on me formally not to make any use whatever of what passed 
 during our conversation of the 5ih. 
 
 I wish to avoid writing a single unnecessary word on the 
 subject; but in justice to myself I must state what is the real 
 question bet\v«en us. 
 
 Your Excellency opened the matter by saying that you were 
 actuated by a wish to be perfectly frank and candid with me, and 
 as regards the topic to which alone our present correspondence 
 refers, you proceeded to say, that you had been told by a person 
 who bad heard it from another person, that the draft of a Memo- 
 rial of Mr. Winter to the Secretary of Slate was in my hand- 
 writing ; that you had mentioned this to the Attorney- General ;^ 
 that your immediate informant had afterwards admitted that the 
 handwriting was not mine; and that as you had spoken of it in 
 the first instance to the Attorney-General, you considered it right 
 to let me know it. I have not entered, and I will not now enter, 
 into other topics introduced by Your Excellency into the conver- 
 sation. Nor will I go into long details on this particular one. I 
 requested from Your Excellency the names of the two persona 
 through whom the statement had come to you. You at first de- 
 clined to give them, but afterwards said you would take time to 
 consider. I clearly remember saying to Your Excellency, that
 
 though I asserted my riglit to know the names, I slioulJ prol/ahly 
 take no notice of ilie persons, but should treat them with perfect 
 contempt. Thpse were my very words; and T certainly did not 
 then gather from speech or manner of Your Excellency that you 
 considered the expression iincourteous to you by reflection from 
 the persons to whom it was meant to apply. I mention this only 
 because Your Excellency has since taken exception to similar 
 expressions in my letters. I waited ten days, and having received 
 no communication, I applied by letter for the inforinaiinn that I 
 required, and it was refus-ed. 1 stated that I considered myself 
 at liberty to mak« known what had passed on the sut>jpct. Your 
 Excellency expressed the opinion that I wo'ild not be jusiified in 
 doing this without your permis^sion, which you declined to grant, 
 I asserted my right to do it. Your Excellency has thereupon been 
 pleased to lay on me your commands as above stated. I respect- 
 fully regret that I cannot comply with such con'mand:?. Any 
 order within the 6Cope of Your Excellency's authority and of my 
 duly I should cheerfully obey, but this goes beyond both. I do 
 not wish to be misunderstood as to the intention that I have ex- 
 pressed. It is — to make known, as I may consider necessary, 
 that Your Excellency told me that the statement against me to 
 which I have referred, had been made, and had been admitted to 
 be unfounded ; but that you had refused to give me the names of 
 the persons through whom it reached you ; — and to procure, if poa- 
 siblc, the information from some other source. I by no means see 
 my way clear to the carrying out of the latter part of the inten- 
 tion, but in any case I cannot do it without reference to (he I'ormer. 
 Your Excellency's prolubiiion would preclude me from making 
 any allusion to the subject. My present position is this: — Your 
 Excellency tells me that a charge has been made to you against 
 me of conduct which would have cost me my official situation, and 
 would have disg''accd me as a gentleman, because it would have 
 amounted to clandestinely doing what I could not openly avow, 
 and that the charge has aftei wards been admitted to be unfound- 
 ed ; I re«pccifully request to be furnished with the names of the 
 persons who have attempted to stab me in the dark; they are re- 
 fused; I state that I will make known these facts, and endeavour 
 to procure the information otherwise ; lam forbidden by Your 
 Excellency to make any use whatever of what Your Excellency 
 has told me, and this on the ground that the conversation between 
 U8 was a private one. Even if the conversation on this point 
 could otherwise have been considered private or in any way con- 
 fidential, the fact that the confidence was partial would have
 
 10 
 
 ctanged its cliaracfer, and entitled ine to say, tliat I would use thd 
 part whiclj had l)ecn disclosed, to find out tlie rest which I had a 
 light to know. But there was nothing in any way privale or 
 coiifidcntia! about (he comn:unication on this etihject — the facts 
 had been communicated to the Attorney-General, ond were in tha 
 power of two persons, unknown to me, wlio might then, and may 
 siill, disclose them as they please ; and, moreover, in the nature 
 of the communicaiion, there was nothing privateer confidential. 
 If it had related to any private matter of Your Excellency, or of 
 any third person, or to any public business, the ca?e would have 
 been entirely different ; but it relates entirely to myself, and is at 
 my disposal — especially for the purpose of enabling me to disco- 
 ver the names of persons who virtually slandered me in the first 
 instance, and which Your Excellency, while informing me of their 
 underhand dealing, thinks it right to conceal. 
 
 Your Excellency will, I am sure, excuse my having written 
 at such length. I have done so in the hope that the reasons which 
 I have offered will induce Your Excellency even now to acknow- 
 ledge thUl I am right in the resolution which I have formed, and 
 to which, with all respect to Your Excellency, I must adhere. 
 
 I have ihe honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J, TROUiNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 Y^ g^ Government Secretary's Office, 
 
 2lst November, 18G2. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge ihe 
 receipt of your letter of } csterday's dale, in which you inform His 
 Excellency that you cannot comply with the commands laid upon 
 you in my letter of the 19ih inst. The Governor directs me to 
 point out to you that the course which you have taken is both 
 unusual and incoiivoi.iont. No subordinate officc^r of the Crown 
 is justifiable in refusing to obey the commands of his official supe- 
 rior without accompanying that refusal with a tender of l!/e resig- 
 nation of his appointment. You maintain that the command 
 which the Governor instructed me to lay upon you is not wiihin 
 the scope of His Excellency's authority. Even if you are correct in 
 this opinion, you must be aware that you have an appeal on t!)at 
 ground from the decision of the Governor to Her Majesty's Prin- 
 cipal Secretary of Slate for the Colonies. The Governor, acting
 
 11 
 
 under a strict sense of bis responsibility, i'sued a command, which, 
 you may be correct in supposing was beyond liie scope of liis 
 authority, but, reserving your right of appeal, it seems clear to His 
 Excellency that your duty as an officer of the Crown was to obey 
 it, and that such an act of insubordination as that which yeu have 
 committed, must, if tolerated, be highly prejudicial ttt the interests 
 of Her Majesty's service. The Governor is nevertheless most un- 
 willing to adopt any proceeding which would render further offi- 
 cial connectio:) between His Excellency and yourself disagreeable, 
 if not impossible. While he liaH deemed it proper to point out to 
 you the two courses, one of which in his opinion yon were bound 
 to adopt, if you felt the point at issue of sufficient importance to 
 induce you to resist the wishes of the Governor, he is nevertheless 
 of opinion that, under all the circumstances of the case, he will 
 best consult the interests of the public service by lading the whole 
 matter before the Secretary of State. If you are satisfied to abide 
 the decision of the Secretary of State on the point at issue between 
 the Governor and yourself, His Excellency has only to observe, 
 that he will he happy to transmit any representation of the case 
 which you may desire to make on your own Luhalf. If, on the 
 other hand, you should detcrniine, without wailing for such deci- 
 sion, to act in opposition to His Excellency's commands, it will be 
 bis painful duty to accompany the representation which he will 
 make on the subject with a recommendation tiiat you be removed 
 from office. 
 
 The Governor directs me further to obserre, that, without de- 
 siring \o enter into a discussion of non-es^seniial points, and espe- 
 cially of what passed during a private cunversation, he cannot 
 admit the correctness of ilic inference which you have assumed in 
 your letter, that there was any inconsistency betvveen the remarks 
 which I have made by bis direction on certain epithets applied to 
 the gentlemen through wliom he received the information which 
 has led to this correspondence, and the course which he took at 
 the interview which he had wiih you on the oth instant. His 
 Excellency admits that you have stated with sufficient accuracy a 
 lemark made by you during tiiat interview, but he does not believe 
 that when you did so, he bad been called on to express any opinion 
 as to the conduct of his informants. He disiincily recollects that 
 after you had spoken in the terms s'ated by yourself, he informed 
 you in the very words, as well as he can remember them, em- 
 ployed in my letter of the 15th instant, that the gentlemen in quei- 
 tion had acted in perfect good faith, and had performed a duty 
 which they owed to the Queen and to Her Represejitative in ap-
 
 1-i 
 
 prising liie Governor of what they believed to be a gross breach 
 of duty on the part of a servant of the Crown. The Governor 
 does not recollect that after that expression of his opinion you 
 repeated the remark which he conaiflered wanting in courtesy. 
 Being well aware of the Governor's opinion, respect for his office 
 should, he thinks, have restrained you from unnecessarily obtrud- 
 ing on him oflPensive remarks on persons who are justly eniiilcd 
 to his protection. 
 
 The conduct attributed to you, you have yourself in your 
 letter characterized as most improper, and yet you impute mean- 
 ness to persons who made it known to the Governor, fully believ- 
 ing it to be trne. It is granted that an unfortunate error was 
 committed, and that an act done by your brother was attributed to 
 your^•elf. It is not pretended that any injury was suffered by you. 
 Nothing can be more improHable than that a person who promptly 
 and spontaneously corrected an error into which he had inadvert- 
 ently fallen would renew the charge; and beyond the Governor's 
 most confidential advisers the matter has not transpired. 
 
 Your knowledge of it was derived from the Governor alone, 
 who feels it his doty to maintain his right to require that commu- 
 nications made by him to the officers serving under him shall be 
 deemed confidential. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 5four mo. obt. servf., 
 
 \VM. BRANCri POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Govt. Sectj. 
 
 To J. Thounscll Gilbert, E«q , 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. &c. ko. 
 
 No. 9. Saturday, November 22nd, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B , 
 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — To day is a busy day wiih me, and I have very re- 
 spectfully to request that Your Excellency will be pleassd to allow 
 me until Monday to reply to your communication received last 
 night. I will only say now, that I am prepared to accede to the 
 terms on which Your Excellency proposes to lay the whole matter 
 before the Secretary of State. But 1 have not time to-day to state 
 in full my understanding of those tcrraf, and to give a well con-
 
 13 
 
 eiilercJ, or even a hasty, rpplj lo oilicr parts of Your Excellcncj'i 
 communicaiion. I rcspeclfully conceive that this can niukc no 
 ilifFerencc, 33 it is too iale for anytiiing on the subject lo goon to 
 tlie Secrelary of Slate by this Mail. 
 
 In the meantime, I have to slate to Your Excellency, that 
 I have been informed — and lam prepared, if required, to state 
 how the information reached me — ihat Your Excellency has 
 expressed an ojiinion that eiiher the Attorney-General or my- 
 self must have furnished information on which some part or 
 parts of one or both of Mr. Winter's Memorials — my intelli- 
 gence is not more precise liian this — is or sre founded. I heard 
 lhi8 some time ago, but did not consider there was any riCces- 
 sity to notice it. Within the last few days, however, I have 
 thought it mny be advisable to ascertain whether the infor- 
 mation given to me was well fouu'ied. I have borrowed from 
 Mr. Winter copies of his Memorials; and I have very respect- 
 fully to request that if Your Excellency has coupled my name in 
 any such manner with those Memorials, or either of ihero, you 
 vfill be pleased to specify to me to what portion or portions yoa 
 intended to refer. 
 
 I have the honor (o be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 10. Goveryiment Secretary's Office, 
 
 November 24, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of the 22nd instant, intimating your acqui- 
 escence in the terms on which the Governor proposes to lay before 
 the Secretary of State the subject now under discussion, and re- 
 questing that, if His Excellency has coupled your name in any 
 manner with Mr. Winter's Memorials, he will be pleased to epe- 
 ti'y to what portions of them he intended to refer. 
 
 I have to state, in reply, that ihe Governor will be happy to 
 transmit to the Secretary of State any representations that you 
 may think it expedient to submit to His Grace, eitl^erin explana- 
 tion of your refusal to obey His Excellency's commands, or of any 
 portions of Mr. Wintrr's Memorials; but as the subject last re- 
 ferred to is one (n which he has consulted with the Attornry Gc. 
 neral and myself alone, and as it would be not only highly irirgular 
 but m.Obt prejudicial (o Her Mrijc>t\'3 service for the Gcvrrror i«
 
 14 
 
 admit the propriety ofsaclia request as that contained in your 
 letter, His Excellency has directed me to acquaint you, that he 
 must decline to comply wiih it. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 
 Your mo. obt. servt., 
 WxM. BRANCH POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Govt. Secretary. 
 To J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 No. 11. Georgetown f November 24, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — Your Excellency's communicaiion, this minute receiv- 
 ed, requires immediate notice. It contains the following passage: 
 "J have Instate, in reply, that the Governor will be happy to 
 " transmit to the Secretary of State any representations that you 
 " may think it expedient to submit to His Grace, either in expla- 
 ** nation of your refusal to obey His Excellency's commands, or 
 "of any portions of Mr. Winter's Memorials." I do not under- 
 stand this passage; and I have very respectfully to ask that Your 
 Excellency will be pleased to stale what is meant hy the assump- 
 tion that I have any explanation to offer, or that I am in a position 
 to give any explanation, of any portions of Mr. Winter's Memo- 
 rials. Because nothing that I have said or written warrants any 
 approach to such an assumption ; and because it insinuates aeainst 
 me a charge that I am in some way a co-operator with Mr. Winter 
 in these INIeraorials. 
 
 Requesting an answer at Your Excellency's earliest conve- 
 nience, 
 
 I have the honor to be, ?ir, 
 
 "iour Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor- General. 
 
 No. 12. Georgeton-n, Is'ovcmber 24th, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Fkancis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sii^, — After careful consideration, I have come to the con- 
 elusion that it is better not to reply to your Excellency's remarks
 
 \ 
 
 15 
 
 on the course tl>at I have pursued, except by saying llial I very 
 respectfully differ in opinion Irom Your Excellency. 
 
 I understand Your Excellency to propose that you shall lay 
 the whole matter before the Secretary of State, to whom I shall 
 have an opportunity, at the same time, of making a representation j 
 and that, pending the reference to Uis Grace, matters siiall remain 
 as they are. I presume that the communications to His Grace 
 will be forwarded hy the Mail to leave here on the 8ih of De- 
 cember, and that Your Excellency will in the meantime furnish 
 me with a copy of your letter to him, and a memorandum of the 
 documents which you will transmit, so that I may know to what 
 points particularly to direct my observations, and what pspcr?, if 
 any, it may be desirable for me to send. On this undorstanding 1 
 will undertake, that, pending the reference, I will disclose nothing 
 Ihat has passed on the subject between Your Excellency and my- 
 self. The only person to whom I have hitherto confided the 
 matter is my brother. He lias not hitherto spoken to any third 
 person on the subject, and I enter into the same undertaking for 
 him as myself. 1 speak advisedly when 1 say I have confided 
 the matter to nobody but my brother. I have spoken to the At- 
 torney-General on the subject, but it has been only to discuss what 
 he has opened to me as having heard it from Your Excellency. 
 While willingly giving this undertaking, I would, however, pro- 
 pose to print all the papers which I may send on, it is so much 
 easier to read, and to grasp the meaning of, print than writing. 
 I will take the precaution of employing for the purpose only one 
 man who may be recommended to me as trustworthy, and on 
 whom I will impose the condition of secrecy. But if Your Ex- 
 cellency objects that this proposal goes beyond the terms to which 
 I have acceded, I viaive it at once. 
 
 At the present stage of this matter, I certainly have no wish 
 to enter on a discussion of the new points of diflference raised by 
 Your Excellency in your communication of the 2Ist, but I do not 
 see how I can avoid it. My recollection of what passed at our 
 interriew on the subject of the expression of my opinion of your 
 informants, difTers materially from that of Your Excellency, and 
 is as follows: — I asked Your Excellency for the names of these 
 persons; you declined to give them; 1 then said that the only 
 positive statement of a fact which you had mentioned, and which 
 was reported to you for ihe purpose of injuring me, had proved 
 unfounded, and that I thought it was a pity that there were per- 
 sons who carried such stories to the Governor; Your Excellency 
 admitted (hat it was a pity, but said that each things would be.
 
 16 
 
 Yon liien added, thai you believed tliat tlie otii;iiialor of iha slalo- 
 inciU did not mean for it to be told against me, and that lije person 
 w ho told you was so situated that hearing it he ought, or it was 
 his duty, (I think you used the latter expression,) to communicate 
 it to you. The cotiversaiion then diverged for a very short time 
 to ot|)er topics ; hut in a minute or two T reverted to my request 
 for the names, saving that I considered I had a right to them, if 
 only for the reason that you hud mentioned llie matter to a third 
 party (moaning the Attorney-General). You then said that you 
 had only meniionetl it to one whom you knew to be my friend, but 
 that you would consider the qiiesiion ; and you intimated that pos- 
 sibly you might c;ive the name of your immediate informant, but 
 that you were more doubtful about the other. I attributed this 
 difference to the distinction tliat you had originally made between 
 (hem. I said that I did not wish to be informed of the name of 
 one without being told that of the other; that I did not press the 
 matter, as to a person in Your Excellency's position, I could only 
 say, that I considered that I had a right to know. You repeated 
 that the originator of the statement had no intention of its being 
 used against me; I replied as nearly as possible in these words : — 
 *' Then, it is the busy-body that reported it to Your Excellency, 
 " who is desirous of damaging me;" you then repeated what you 
 had said, to the eflfecf, that it was the duty of the person who com- 
 municated the statement to yau, to iiiform you of anything of that 
 sort which came to his knowledge; I then said that I could not 
 tell who that person was, but that I had a right to know ; that I 
 admitted, of course, that the conduct imputed to me would have 
 been very improper in • me as a public officer, and that without 
 meaning any disrespect to Your Excellency, I considered that you 
 ought not to receive any such information unless your informant 
 was willing that his name should be given up ; you answered that 
 you did not see how you could avoid receiving information ; I 
 ventured to reply, that in a similar position, I should ignore any- 
 thing that I hrard, unless, and should slop any iiiformaiion being 
 given to me until, my informants consented that their names 
 should be made known. It appeared to ma — though I may have 
 been mistaken in this — that Your Excellency was somewhat moved 
 by this mode of putting ihe maiter, and you again said that you 
 would consider what you would do, and I understood you to inti- 
 mate that you would consult the Attorney-General on his return 
 to town. It was then that I told Your Excellency that it was not 
 ray intention to treat these persons otherwise than wiih peifect 
 coutcmpf. Your Excellency recollects the words, and I remember
 
 17 
 
 quiie clearly that ihey were uttered just tlio moment before ray 
 lehving you. I do not believe that any words except iliose of 
 formal leave-taking passed between us afterwards; and I say, 
 without the slightest doubt, as far as my own recollection is con- 
 cerned, lh.it Your Excellency did not at our interview, either be- 
 fore or after this last (.bservation of mine, u^e the words "that 
 '* the gentlemen in question had acted in perfect good faith, and 
 " had performed a duty which they owed to the Queen and to Her 
 " Representative, in apprizing the Governor of what thf'y believed 
 " to be a gross breach of duty on the part of a servant of the 
 "Crown," or any words to the same effecf, or that went at all 
 further than the expressions which I have given above as used by 
 Your Excellency. If I am wrong my memory is more treacher- 
 ous on this occasion than I have ever found it on any other. 
 
 Your Excellency must not suppose that I have the slightest 
 intention of disrespectfully contradicting you. I merely very re- 
 spectfully submit that Your Excellency's memory is at fault. 
 Where our respective recollections difF(;r, I can only rely on my 
 own, and I am confirmed as to its correctness by a memorandum 
 of the conversaiion which I made the morning after its occur- 
 rence, and on which I have since made notes, of any the slighiesl 
 doubts that have subsequently occurred to me as to the substance 
 of what was said. 
 
 I have the honor fo be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 13. Government Secretari/s Office, 
 
 November 25t/i, 1862. 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor (o acknowledge the re- 
 Ciipi of your (wo letters dated yesterday, tnd I am to acquaint you 
 in reply to that first received, that the Governor is of opinion that 
 my lettf-r of the S-lih instant does not require elucidation, and he 
 must therefore dtcline further correspondence on the subject. 
 
 In the letter subsequently received, you have entered at con- 
 fiderable length into the discussion of a point which the Governor 
 considers of li;lle importance. 'J'he real qae^ition at i>sue is, whe- 
 ther adverting to the relative positions of the Governor and your- 
 f elf you treated His Excellency with the courtesy which he might 
 fairly have expected from you, in applying certain offwnsire epi-
 
 18 
 
 thets to persons whose conduct you had been made awaro wag 
 approved of by His Excellency. Your reply was, that you had 
 already, in the course of a private conversation, expressed similar 
 sentiments, and that the Governor did not make any complaint, 
 although His Excellency's impression as to the course of his con- 
 versation witli you on the 5ih instant would lead him to doubt iho 
 accuracy of your statement, yet as he did not adopt the precaution 
 of aiding his memory by a written memorandum at the time, and 
 as in iiis opinion the point you desire to establish does not tend to 
 weaken the force of my former remarks, His Excellency is willing 
 to assume that iu private conversation, as subsequently in corre- 
 spondence, you applied offensive expressions with regard to con- 
 duct which you were aware was considered meritorious by hira. 
 
 With reference to other points raised in the letter under con- 
 eideraiion, the Governor desires me to observe, that he dec'mes 
 entering into any stipulations that would fetter the perfect f.ieedom 
 of his aciion. To prevent misunderstanding, I am to acquaint you 
 with what the Governor conceives to be the slate of the case. It 
 is the opinion of His Excellency that you have assumed a position 
 towards him which you should not have done without tendering 
 your resignation of office, and tiiat official relations between him 
 and you have been rendered undesirable by your own proceed- 
 ings. You, on the other hand, are of opinion thai you Tvere justi- 
 fied in disobeying a command which you hold to have been beyond 
 the scope of the Governor's authority. His Excellency expressed 
 H readiness under the circumstances to refer to the Secretary of 
 State the question at issue, but, at the same time, lie wished you 
 to understand, that if you rendered such an appeal nugatory, by 
 taking action in the matter without waiiing for the decision of the 
 Secretary of Stale, he should consider your removal from office 
 necessary on that ground alone, and without reference to the pro- 
 priety or impropriety of the command laid on you by His Ex- 
 cellency. 
 
 The Governor directs me furtlier to observe, that your de- 
 mand for a copy of his Despatch to the Secretary of Stale is 
 wholly inadmissible. That Despatch will be a report on your re- 
 presentation, and it will depend on the time when the representa- 
 tion is sent to him for transmission whether he will be able to 
 forward it by the next Mail. It is His Excellency's intemion to 
 transmit to the Secretary of Stale a complete copy of the corre- 
 spondence which has taken place on the subject. 
 
 I have already explained that the Governor cannot enter into 
 any siivmlalion or understanding with vou as a condition on which
 
 19 
 
 you were to observe secrecy. You must yourself be aware, tbat 
 it cannot be fur tlie interest of Her Majesty's service tbat it sbould 
 become known ibat so serious a difFerence sbould exist between 
 tbc Governor and one of tlie law advisers of tbe Crown. Tl)e 
 Governor lias taken every possible precaution to guard against 
 disclosure, and lie relies on 3'our adopting similar measures. It 
 is tlie opinion of His Excellency Ibat it wonid be biglily obiec- 
 lionable to print your letter or Memorial to ihe Secretary of Slate. 
 It i;!, of course, iiiipocsible for His Excellency to form any opinion 
 as to the lenuib of the representations which you propose to make, 
 but as the Governor's Despatch will not be printed, and as His 
 Excellency will nansmit certified copies of the correspondence 
 which has taken place, the printed ra Utcr would probably form a 
 email portion of the papers. 
 
 The Governor directs mo to observe, in conclusion, that he is 
 of opinion that ibis correspondence should be brought to a close. 
 If you desire to make any further objections to the decisions ar- 
 rived at by His Excellency, it will, under all the circumstances, 
 be more convenient that yen should do so to the Secretary of State. 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your most obt. servt., 
 VVM. BRANCH POLLARD, 
 
 Acfg. Governmt. Secretary. 
 To J. Trounsi;ll Gilbeut, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, kc. Sec. &cc. 
 
 No. 14. Georgetown, November 26fh, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of J3ritish Guiana. 
 Sir, — I respectfully assure Your Excellency that I have no 
 more wish than yourself unnecessarily to prolong our present cor- 
 respondence ; but resfiect Air myself, and a desire to place the 
 questions between us in as clear a light as possible, require me to 
 reply to your cominunication received last nigiit. I will do so as 
 soon as possible; but it is scarcely practicable today, and to- 
 morrow I shall be engaged in Court. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor-General.
 
 20 
 
 No. 15. Georgetown, November 29t!i, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Fhancis Hincks, Enquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — Both iiiysclf, and my brother, who is the only person 
 that I trust wiih the copying of this correspondence, have been so 
 much engaged, and subject to so "lany interruption!!, that I can- 
 not get my reply to Your Excellency's last communicaiion com- 
 ^pleted in lime to send it in to-day. Your Excellency shall receive 
 it early on Monday. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 16. Georgetoicn, November 2dlh, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Fiiancis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — In rfplying (o Your Excellency's comraunication of the 
 25lh of Novc, I must first advert to the special subject of my 
 letter of the 22nd, of your answer of the 24ih, which, while it de- 
 clines to give me any satisfaction whatever, broadly insinuates, 
 ■without any reason given, and without any apparent grounds, co- 
 operaiion on my part with Mr. Winter in his Memorials, of my 
 reply of the 24ih asking for some explanation of this, and to tlie 
 reference to the same sul ject in your communicaiion of the 2otb, 
 in which you positively refuse nie all explanation, and point your 
 refusal in such a way as to make it a reiteration of the insinuation. 
 
 On the absence of all consideration for me, which charac- 
 terizes Your Excellency's part of this portion of our correspond- 
 ence, I make no comment. 
 
 I certainly have no explanation to offer of any portion of Mr. 
 Winter's Memorials; but as an af-sumption has been already made 
 against me without any foundation, I must guard agimist any at- 
 tempt which might be made to support this assumption on the 
 ground of silence on my part. 
 
 On the 23rd and 24th of September the whole town was talk- 
 ing of the publication of certain papers in the Colonist of the 22nd. 
 In the Creole of the 24lh appeared a letter sit^ned •• Fred. Winter," 
 stating, amorg other things, Mr. Winter's intention to make that 
 jiublication, in so far as related to some papers in which he was 
 interested, the subject of a Memorial to the Secretary of State.
 
 21 
 
 For a nionili or more, llie matter formed a common (oj)ic of con- 
 versation. A few days after the 24ili, my brother informed me 
 that he had been professionally retained by Mr. Winter to draft a 
 Memorial on the subject. We live together, and he mentioned it 
 to me as he would any other ordinary fact. I cautioned him to 
 remember that it was a matter about which I must know noihtng; 
 and neither he nor Mr. Winter received any more assistance, or 
 got any more information, towards the framing of this Memorial, 
 or of the subsequent one, from me than from Your Excellency. 
 I from time to time heard, as everybody else official or non»offi- 
 cial heard, constant general allusions, in conversation, to the sub- 
 jects of both Memorials; but 1 was so guarded against knowing 
 anything of the particulars of their contents, that when my brother 
 once verbally referred to a part of the first, I stopped him imme- 
 diately ; and I did the same thing when he once inadvertently 
 commenced reading a passage from the second. As regards the 
 second Memorial, until after the draft of it was made, I was not 
 aware that my brother had undertaken to frame it. It was after 
 his return from a visit to Berbice that he mentioned the fact to 
 me, slating that he had drafted the Wemorial in Berbice, and it 
 was at home one evening when ho was correcting the draft that he 
 commenced reading from it, and I stopped him. Until Tuesday,, 
 the 18th of November, when Mr. Winter, at my request, lent mc 
 printed copies of the Memorials, I had not read a word of either, 
 and I could not have told a word that was in them, except that I 
 knew — what I had heard generally in common with most intelli- 
 gent people in Georgetown — that Your Excellency, Mr. Short, 
 and certain newspapers and other papers, were mentioned in them. 
 I stopped my brother so quickly that what he said about the first, 
 and what he read of the second, made no impression whatever on 
 my mind. 
 
 Since procuring the copies, I have very carefully read them, 
 I can find only two passages, one in each Memorial, with respect 
 to which it is possible to conjecture that Your Excellency may, 
 at first sight, hastily hare stated your opinion that the information 
 came from the Attorney-General or myself, though very Utile re- 
 flection should have led to a diffVrent conclusion. 
 
 The passage in the first Memorial, which is on the third 
 printed pane of it, is as follows : — " Your Grace will remember, 
 " that in November or December last, Mr. Short addressed to 
 " you a Memorial complaining of the conduct of the Attorney- 
 " General, Mr. John Lucie Smith, in connection with the intro* 
 " duction bv him of an OrJinanco constituting a Mayor and Town
 
 22 
 
 " Council, nnd ihat Mr. Smith reported upon tliis Memorial ; but 
 *' Your Grace will loam with something more than surprise, tiiat 
 ** the substance of Your Grace's answer to the Memorial was not 
 *' communicated to Mr. Smith ujitil more than two vionths after 
 " his Excellency had received it, and not even then, until after 
 " he had commnnicated to Mr. Short himself." Now, Your 
 Excellency knows that I was aavisirijr the Attorney-General in 
 relation to a liKel on him published by Mr. Short, that I was 
 made aware of all that look place relating to this matter, and that 
 the facts respecting this Despatch were as follows: — On some 
 day between the 23rd and the 28ih of April, the Attorney-Gene- 
 ral was announcing to Your Excellency his intention to take pro- 
 ceedings against Mr. Short, unless he made proper amends. Your 
 Excellency then incidenlally told the Attorney- General, that some 
 lime before you had received a Despatch, the purport of which 
 you mentioned, from the Secretary of State on the subject of Mr. 
 Short's Memorial, and that you had sent for Mr. Short and told 
 liim the purport of the Despatch, and intimated to him that he 
 might as well let the matter drop. On the 28ih of April the 
 Attorney-General received through the Government Secretary a 
 formal letter setting forth the result of the Memorial — intelligence 
 of which, it was slated, had been received in the Colony some 
 Mails before. I beg leave to say, that I am expressing no opinion 
 on this passage when I suggest, that it is quite clear that if it had 
 been founded on any information got from persons acquainted 
 ■wiih these particular.*, it might have been made much stronger 
 for the purpose which it was intended to serve. But a day or 
 two after the date of the Government Secretary's letter, nearly 
 four months before the occurrence out of which Mr. Winter's first 
 Memorial arose, when I had never confided what I knew to any 
 person, that gentleman accidentally meeting me one morning, ob- 
 served that it was currently reported that Your Excellency, shortly 
 after your arrival here, had received the Duke of Newcastle's 
 reply to Mr. Short's Memorial against the Attorney-General, and 
 Lad communicated it to Mr. Short, but that you had kept back the 
 intelligence from the Attorney-General until within a few days 
 before. I did not wish to discuss the subject, and my only an- 
 swer was, " Is it reported ?" He jokingly replied, " Oh ! you 
 know all about it," and I rejoined, " Anything that I know about 
 " it, I do not know from report, and therefore I shall eay nothing 
 " about it." Afterwards, on the same day, I mentioned rhe mat- 
 ter to my brother, but I have never disclosed the particulars to 
 any other person; moreover, it is quite clear, as I have said above,
 
 28 
 
 thai the slatement in the Memorial is not fouiidi'd on iho particu- 
 Idrs, and my bioilier inforirs me that what there appeai'3 is simply 
 what was told to l)im by Mr. Winter, and he never communicated 
 anyiliiiig iliat he knew on the subject to Mr. Winter or to any 
 other person. Beside?, I presume that the mere terms of the 
 Despatch would scarcely be conbidertd a secret by anybody, and 
 in July last, on the trial of the suii in which i\Ir. Short attempted 
 to recover from the Attorney-General a sum of One Hundred and 
 Seventy Dollars for the printing of the Town Council Ordinance, 
 it became desirable to expose Mr. Siiort's falsehoods in his Me- 
 morial ; and in showing the result of the Memorial, I put in the 
 Government Secretary's letter, by wliich everybody present at the 
 trial who noticed it might have become awiireof the fiict that in- 
 telii^ence of tiie re^^lt was in the Colony for some time before it 
 was communicated to the Attorney-Gencial. 
 
 The passage in the second Memorial to which 1 have referred, 
 is on the second prmted page of that Memorial, and in the following 
 words: — " And I have understood, not from any jirivate source, 
 "but by public rumour, thai Your Grace has in your hands a 
 "communication from His Excellency upon the subject of the 
 "action for libel brouglit by the Attorney-General, Mr. John 
 " Lucie Smiib, against Mr. Short, which gives the strongest pos- 
 " sible proof of his wish to obtain t^is support, even at the sacri- 
 " fice to Mr. Smith of his character, which would inevitably result 
 " from the adoption by Your Grace of His Excellency's sngges- 
 " tion for an order on P»Ir. Smith to discontinue the action." As 
 regards this passage, without expressing any opinion of it, I may 
 say, that it is quite evident that it does not rest on information 
 derived from any one acquainted with the details of what had 
 taken place, which are as follows: — On the 7th of July, the At- 
 torney-General bavint: announced to Your Excellency his inten- 
 tion to write to the !?ecretary of State on tl;e suiiject of a condensed 
 resume of Mr. Short's libel which had appeared in some English 
 papers, and of some reference to ihem in'a letter received by the 
 Administrator-Getieral, you wrote to him slating, among tiome 
 unim|)ortant matters, that you 'would forward his letter to the 
 Secretary of Slate, and addii^, " I shall probably express my re- 
 " gret that you have felt it expedient to prosecute or (o notice 
 " these attacks which, in my opinion, can do you no harm ; and 
 *' I can't but think that the Secretary of State will be of the samo 
 *' opinion. It would be uncandid in ire not to mention this to 
 " you, but, of course, the matter is entirely personal, and you aro 
 " the best judge of your own affairs."
 
 24 
 
 On lliG 81I1 of July, your Excellency wrote lo llie Strretary 
 of State to the efTect, tliaf, in your opinion, the Attorney-General 
 liad not suffered in the slightest degree from the attack of which 
 he complained ; tliat you regretted that he should have taken any 
 proceedings against tlie press; that the Editor of the " Colonist'* 
 appeared to lauour under tlie conviction that he had not been well 
 treated by the Government ; and that, of course, the action brought 
 against him by the Altorney-General would tend to perpetuate 
 the unfortunate bad feeling which existed j that as the Attorney- 
 General avowed that he had taken legal proceedings not on per- 
 sonal grounds, but because the administration of justice was openly 
 impugned, you thought it would have been only fair to have con- 
 sulted you before commencing proceedings against the *' Colonist,'* 
 and that you thought there could be liitle doubt that an officer in 
 the position of Attorney General could not bring an action for 
 libel against a leading public journal without the Governor bx^ing 
 more or less compromised by it. 
 
 The reply of His Grace, dated the 9th of August, and re- 
 ceived by Your Excellency on the 6ili of September, was merely 
 to this effect, that His Grace concurred with you in opinion that 
 if the Altorney-General took the proceedings on public and not 
 on personal grounds, he would have done better to confer with yoa 
 and be guided by your views. 
 
 On the lOih of'September, Your Excellency, through your 
 Private Secretary, forwarded to the Attorney-General copies of 
 your Despatch and of His Grace's answer to it. 
 
 On the llih of September, the Attorney-General wrote to 
 the Private Secretary, stating in substance, that although the at- 
 tacks made on hira, and wliich openly impugned the administra- 
 tion of Justice, had exclusive reference to his conduct as public 
 prosecutor, he sought no advantage from his position, and re- 
 frained from any official prosecution, being desirous that there 
 should be no ground for imputing to him the least unwillingness 
 to meet the accusation on perfectly equal terms; that he brought 
 the action in a private shape, and that he submitted that under 
 these circumstances he was under no obligation to consult Your 
 Excellency, but that he begged leave to remind you that about 
 the 24lh of April last, before any steps were commenced, he did 
 intimate to you that he intended taking proceedings and bad placed 
 the matter in the hands of Mr. Campbell and myself; that on that 
 occasion he did not understand Your Excellency to express dis- 
 sent nor yet assent, but to remain neutral; and that when he in- 
 formed you in July last of his intention to address the Secretary
 
 25 
 
 of State, Your Excellency in your answer gave liim no reason to 
 suppose thai yon took exception to his not consuliing you in ilie 
 iirst instance. That with reference to the concluding paragraph 
 of Your Excellency's Despatch, he was much pained to find that 
 Y'^our Excellency should consider yourself in the slijjhtest d(^gree 
 compromised by his having brought iho action, and that wiih all 
 submission he was unable to see thai it liad that effect ; but that 
 on the trial of the cause he should take care to have it clearly and 
 explicitly understood, that he alone was responsible fwr the pro- 
 ceedings, and that Your Excellency was in no way concerned ia 
 them. 
 
 In Your Excellency's reply through your Piivate Secretary 
 on the 12ih of September, it is stated — that you deeply regretted 
 that anything should have occurred to impair oven in the slightest 
 degree the cordiality which had up to that time marked the At- 
 torney-General's intercourse with you ; that you did not clearly 
 gather from the Attorney-General's letter whether he was of opi- 
 nion that in the conversation of about the 24tli of April, the pro- 
 priety of commencing a prosecution of the '* Colonist" was broughl 
 before you for your opinion ; tiiat if so, you must admit that you 
 had been under a misapprehension ; that without pretending to 
 any accurate recollection of a conversalion to which you attached 
 no particular importance at the time, your impression was that 
 during the course of that conversation he told you that he had 
 requested Mr. Campbell to call on Mr. Short for an explanation; 
 that you had never entertained any feeling but one of regret that 
 the action against the *' Colonist" should have been commenced, 
 and that that feeling would be much enhanced if it should appear 
 to him that you had omitted taking any step to prevent it that it 
 was your duty under the circumstances to take ; that you assured 
 liira that your reticence on the pubj( ct was to he attributed solely 
 to an unwillingness to rit^k being involved in a controversial dis- 
 cussion with an officer whose cordial support to the Government 
 you felt (0 be essentially necessary ; that in writing lo the Secre- 
 tary of Slate as you did, you were influenced by a desire to put a 
 stop to proceedings which in your own judgment were prejudicial 
 to the interests of the Government of the Colony, and that you 
 liad ventured to hope that if the opinion of the Secretary of State 
 was in accordance with your own, the Attorney-General would 
 have been convinced of the expediency of abandoning the pro- 
 ceedings against the Proprietor of the " Colonist;^' that you had 
 not failed to notice the distinction which the Attorney-General 
 had drawn between different forniB of action, but thai on full con-
 
 26 
 
 BlJ<Mati<>ii you must adlicre to the opinion wliich you had expressed 
 to the Secretary of State, and in which His Grace had concurred, 
 that the (ground for aciion havinfj been an attack on liie character 
 of the Allorney-Gerieral as a public pr( &ecwt(tr, no aciion sliould 
 have been commenced except with y()ur full concurrence; that 
 you inferred from the remark in the concluding para£ra[)h of his 
 letter that he had not fully appreciated the meanin<; which you 
 had intended to convey in your Despatch to the Secretary of Slate, 
 that the subject was too im()ortant to be discussed in a corre- 
 spondence of that nature, and that you would therefore confine 
 yourself to a simple expression of opinion, that irrespective of the 
 stronj; objections to [irosecniions against the pre.ss for strictures 
 on the conduct of public officers, there were special objections in 
 the circumstances of ihis Colony to the prosecution bv an officer 
 of the Govirnment of the only public journal which had supported 
 the peneral policy and measures of Your Excellency. 
 
 The reply Co be made to this letter required very serious con- 
 sideration. The Attorney General and myself consulted on the 
 subject. It is not necessary to enter info the particulars of what 
 the reply would liave contained. I will only say this, that it was 
 considered desirable to direct Your Excellency's attention most 
 particularly to your letter of the 7ih of July, which I have quoted 
 above. But the necessity for further correspondence was ob- 
 viated by the result of an interview which the Attorney-General 
 liad with Your Excellency on the 13tl), and at which Your Ex- 
 cellency, after having your alteniion drawn to this letter, ulti- 
 maiely told (he Atlorney-Genpral that you did not wish him to do 
 anything which he mi^iht consider to be inconsistent with his 
 honor. The tfr<?ct of what passed at that interview, was in reality 
 to leave the Attorney-General to act entirely as he mijiht think 
 jiroper with re?pect to the proceedin'js apjainst Mr. Short. The 
 corres|)ondence was then closed by a letter from the Attorney- 
 General to the Private Secretary, referring to the understandinpr 
 which had been come to at this interview as satisfactory, and a 
 reply of Your Excellency through the Private Secretary accent- 
 ing ibis conclusion of the nialt'^r as satisfactor}'. There can be 
 no doubt, thai if this passage had been founded on intrdlij^ence 
 acquired from those who were well informed on the subject, it 
 mijiht have been largely amplified, and in a manner which the 
 memorialist would probably have considered important to his pur- 
 pose. I have set forih these facts in my own defence against an 
 imputation which Your Excellency has cast upon me. I wish to 
 be understood as carefully avoiding (he expression of any opinion
 
 27 
 
 on Mr. Winter's Memorials, or any portion of ilicm ; and wlieiber 
 the dcails which I havp given would or would not have nfFectcd 
 iho case which Mr. Wimer endeavoured to make out, is now a 
 matter of no oonscqui-nce ; Iiecauso if the corre3|iondencG which 
 has passed l)etwe('n Your Excellency and myselT should he trnn?- 
 iiiitied to the Secrnary of Sia'e, iliis letter cannot reach him unlil 
 long afirr his decision on the Memorials, the Despatch relating i^ 
 which should, in the ordinary course of business, leave the Colo- 
 nial Office to-day.* 
 
 Tlius, it is manifest, that the passage in the (second) Memo* 
 rial is founded on rumour, arisinfr from the leakino; out of some 
 of the facts; and on liiis point I have to add tlia following state- 
 ment: — 
 
 Almost immediately afier the close of the correspondence 
 fjeiween Your Excellency and the Attorney General, and cer- 
 tainly before the 22nd of SeptfMnher, I was told by Mr. Winter 
 that a re|)ori was afloat to the cfFpct, that Your Excellency had 
 staled to the Secretary of Slate that you were compromised by the 
 Attorney. General's procpedings against Mr. Short, and had en- 
 deavoured lo induce His Grace to order the Attorney-General to 
 Slop the j)rocpediiig3. I made no answer, not choosin^ to be drawn 
 into finy discussion on the matter; and I have since heard in va- 
 rious "Hyp, that this report wa.«, at that lime, a subject of common 
 conveisa ion. Wiih the exception of the Attorney-General, and 
 of Mr. Canipbrll as his legal adviser. I have never spoken to any- 
 body but my brother on the subject of wlial I knew. I did, as I 
 have since informed the Attorney General, tell my brother what 
 was gi>inj; un hs it happenc d, and before the occurrence out of 
 wl)ich Mr. Winter's Memorials arose. I was placed in a posiiion 
 of some responsibility ; I knew that if his i)pinion differed from 
 mine as to the course to be pursued by the AltorneyGeneial he 
 would not oi:ly stale if, but honestly urge it tome; I bold his 
 judgment in resp' cr, and bavepcrf.ct confidincein his honiur. 
 Of what he heard from me he has never disclosed a word to Mr. 
 Wmter i^r to any other person. He tells me — as in reality it is 
 perfectly manifest — that what appears in these two passages ii 
 simply an embodiment of Mr. Winter's instructions to him, and 
 has no reference to anything that he knew himself. This is a 
 mere slatrmHnt of the fact, and implies no arrogation of any cre- 
 dit to him ; (or no honourable man couM have ?.C'0>] otb rwiga 
 
 * This Letter was commenced on 29th November, but vt-as not conolud«d 
 until the Ist December.
 
 28 
 
 tlmn he ha.?. And now I conceivfl iliat I may rospecifuliy sub- 
 mit that I havo diijiposeil of this subject. 
 
 Wi'h respect to the mode in which llie quosiions between 
 Your Excellency and myself are to be referred U) liie Spcroiary of 
 State, I have very respeeifiiily to observe, that I liave always de- 
 clined to initiate any appeal to His Grace ; and that in Your Ex- 
 cellency's comnmnicalion of the 2ls', after a siat^ment of certain 
 objections to the course which I had pursued, there is the foUovr- 
 in;^ passa'/e : — " The Governor is nevertheless most unwilling; to 
 ^' adopt any proceeding which would render further official con- 
 " nection between Mis Excellency and yourself disagreeable, if 
 " not im[)ossible. While he has deemed it proper to [xiint out lo 
 " you the two courses, one of wliich in his opinion you were bound 
 " to adopt, if you felt ilie point al issue of sufficient importance to 
 " induce you to resist the wishes of the Governor, he is neverihe* 
 <' less of opinion, thai under all the circumstances of the case, he 
 *' will best consult the interests of the puldic sprvico by Iftyinp: the 
 " whole matter before the Secretary of State. If you are saiisfied 
 " lo abide (he decision of the Secretary of Siate on the point at 
 *' issue between the Governor and yourself, His Excellency has 
 *' only to observe, that he will be h:ippy to transmit any represen* 
 " talion ofthe case which you may desire to make on your own 
 "behalf. If, on the other hand, you should determine without 
 "wailing: for such decision to act in opposition to Mis Excfl- 
 " lency's commands, it will be his painful duty to accompany the 
 " representation which he will niiiko on liie sui'ject wjili a reoom- 
 " mendaiion that you be removed from office." I very respect- 
 fully submit that the plain construction of this proposal is, that 
 Your Excellency sbould take the initiative, that my represenlation 
 should be consequent on yours, and that both should bo forwarded 
 at the same time. I certainly considered that Your Excellency 
 meant, what seem? to mo only fair, that I should have a copy of 
 Your Excellency's statement to liie Secretary of State, so as to 
 know what I should be called on to answer in my representation 
 to him. I know that Your Excellericy would have the ri^ht, as 
 von would have the power, to com.men*, by way of reply, on my 
 representation which must be sent through you. 
 
 I have the honor (o be. Sir, very respectfully. 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 - • J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General.
 
 2!) 
 
 Letter c. Georijetoivn, Novr. 2otli, 1862. 
 
 Dear Smith, — From enquiry made of you, I am aware that 
 tlio Governor knows that [, as your adviser, was made acquainted 
 with all that passed between Hi8 Excellency and yourself relative 
 to your suit against Mr- Short, at least up to ilie close of a cor- 
 respundcnco orioinaiing oui of a Despatch received Ly the Go- 
 vernor from His Grace the Doke of Newcastle. Something has 
 occurred between His Excellency and myself which may render it 
 necessary for me to recall to His Excellency's mind what 1 did 
 know, and to point out lo him the position in which I was and am 
 placed ; and I should be obliged if you would let me have copic* 
 of all papers which were shown to me, as I should wish to avoid 
 the sii^hteat inaccuracy in referring to any of them. I am parti- 
 cularly anxious that you should not in the smallest degree com- 
 promise yourself by appearing lo assist me in any way, and I 
 therefore do not expect you to do this without obtaiciny leave from 
 the Govf rnor. But as 1 am aware of all the facts already, and ss 
 I only wish for ihe copies, in order that in setting myself right, if 
 it should be necessary, in a communication to the Governor, I may 
 not make the most trifling misiake, 1 presume that His Excel- 
 lency will not object to my being furnished with the copies. 
 
 Faithfully your^s, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT. 
 
 J. Lucie Smith, Esq. 
 
 Letter d. GeorgetoKn, 2QtK I^ov)'., 1862". 
 
 Dear Gilbert, — I shewed your note to me of yesterday's- 
 date to the flovernor, and His Excellency at once accorded to me 
 his permission to furnish you with all the papers asked for. As 
 I have no one in my office whom I would like lo entrust with do- 
 cuments of this description to copy, I think the best plan will he 
 to lend you the origiuiils, which are herewith enclosed. I think 
 you will find them complete, with the exception of the draft of 
 ray letter to the Duke of Newcasile of July last, which I have 
 unfortunately mislaid. 
 
 Believe me, your'g faithfully, 
 
 J. LUCIE SMITH. 
 
 J. T. Gilbert, Esq., 
 &:c. &c. &c.
 
 30 
 
 LtTTKR A.— No. 687. 28th April, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor lo acquaint yoa, that 
 some Mails a^o His Excellency received an answer to the Des- 
 patch of the Liet)i(nanl-Govcrnor then administering the Go- 
 vernmpnf, forwarding to the Secretary of State a com|»laint from 
 Mr. Short, the^ Contract Printer, against yourself and Mr Iminch, 
 then Mayor of G'^orsetown, in reference to the exclugive ri^ht 
 claimed ^y Mr. Short to print and sell copies of the Ordinance 
 No. 25 of 1860. 
 
 In his reply, the Secretary of State is pleased to direct, that 
 Mr. Short he informed His Gruce sees no ground for interfering 
 in the matter to which the Memorial relate*. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 Your moat obdt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 Honble. J. Lucie Smith, 
 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 I 
 
 Letter B. Government House, 7th Jnly, 1862. 
 
 My Dear Attorney General, — I return the letter whid 
 you sent me, the ol»ject of which is transparent, viz., to spur on 
 the Administrator General. The remarks about a Commission 
 are simply absurd. Of course I will take (care) to forward your 
 letter, which I hope to get in time. I shall probably exprens my 
 regrei that you have felt it expedient to prosecute or to notice 
 these attacks wliich, in my opinion, can do you no harm ; and I 
 can't but think that the Secretary of State will be of ilie same 
 opinion. It would be uncandid in me not to mention this to yen, 
 but, of course, the matter is entirely personal, and you are the 
 best judge of your own aflfairs. 
 
 Faithfully your's, 
 
 F. HINCKS. 
 The Honble. Attorney-General. 
 
 Letter C. Government House, IQth Septr., 18B2. 
 
 My Dear Attorney General, — I ihink it only right tltat 
 you should be in possession of my corre?pnnJenee with the Secre- 
 tary of Stale on the subject of your letter lo His Grace. 
 
 Faithfully vour'f, 
 
 F. HINCKS. 
 
 The Hon. Attornay-General.
 
 31 
 
 I.UTTER D. Oovernment House, lOth S(ptr., 18G2, 
 
 Sin, — Tlie Governor has dirocled me to transmit lor your 
 informaiion copies of ilie Despaicli «!)icl» he a(l<lrc8Sij:I to ihc 
 Spcreiary oi State enclosing your letter to His Graco on ihf sub- 
 jpci of your proceedings against iho Colonist nevrgpapt r, and of 
 tiic reply thereto. 
 
 I remain, Sir, 
 
 Yoiir'a very obediently, 
 
 C. READY, P.S. 
 The Honblc. the Attornev-General. 
 
 litTTER E. Government Honse, 
 
 Dcmeraro, 8ih Jnhj^ 1662. 
 British Guiana. 
 No. 124. 
 Executive. 
 
 My Lord Duke, — The Attorney- General has requested n",o 
 to transmit the enclosed letier to Your Grace. Having received 
 it at a lato hour on Mail-day, it is out of my power to enter at any 
 length imo the subject, but I may express my oj)iriion, that the 
 Attorney GenerftI has not suffered in the sliglUest degree from 
 the attacks of which he comj.lains, and I tnust add, that I regret 
 tliai he should have taken any proceedings against tliC press. 
 
 Tiie Editor of the " Coionisi" appears to labour under Uio 
 conviction that iie basnet been well treated by tlie Governmenf, 
 and, of course, the action to which the Attorney-General alludes 
 will tend to perpetuate the unfortunate liad feeling v/hich exists. 
 1 must also remark, that as the Attorney-General avows that he 
 has taken legal proceedings not on personal grounds, but " because 
 " the administration of justice was openly impugned," I think 
 that it would have been only fair to liave consuUed me befoite 
 comrccncing proceedings against the " Colonist.^' There can, I 
 think, be little doubt that an officer in the position of Attorney. 
 General cannot bring an action for libel against a leading public 
 journal without the Governor being more or loss compromised 
 by it. 
 
 I bavcj Sec, 
 
 F. HINCKS. 
 
 His Graco the Duko of Newcastle, K,G.
 
 32 
 
 Letter F. Donninfj- Street, 9th August, 1862. 
 
 B. Guiana.— No 470. 
 Sir, — I have 10 arUnnwIeilo^p the receipt of your Degpatch 
 No. 124 of the 8:li of July, forwarding a letter from the Attor- 
 ney-General of IJrili^Il Guiana, haviny reference to the rircum- 
 stances under-whlch he had taken proceedings against the Editor 
 of the " Colon iat, '' & newsjiaper publishf:d in the Colony. 1 con- 
 cur wiih you in oitinion that if ihe Attorney-General took ihe 
 proce<!dings on pultiic, and not on personal grounds, he wouKl have 
 done belter to confer *riUj you and be guided by your views. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 NEWCASTLE. 
 Governor IIincks, C.B. 
 
 Letter G. GeorgeloKn, 10th Septr., 1862. 
 
 My Dear Sir, — -I am much oldiged to Your Excellency for 
 your note of this day's date, and for favoving me with copies of 
 your Despatch lo III3 Grace, and of his reply thereto. I ehall 
 eend an official reply to Ccl. Ready's letter to-n:orro\v, having 
 been too much c-njingcd to-day to be able lo do so. 
 I remain, my dear sir, 
 
 Your Excellency's faithfnl servant, 
 
 J. LUCIE SMITH. 
 To His Excellencv the Governor. 
 
 Letter H, Georrjetcn-n, llth Septr.,l86i. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of yesterday's date, transniiuing, by direction of ihe Go- 
 vernor, copies of the Despsich which His E.xcelleucy had ad- 
 dressed to the Secretary of State when forwarding my letter lo 
 His Grace, and of the reply thereto. 
 
 I am much obliged to the Governor for sending me these 
 documents, and beg that you will be good enoujih to convey my 
 thanks to His Excellency. As some misapprehension appears lo 
 exist with respect to the proceedings which I thought it my duty 
 to adopt against llie Editor of the " Colonist,'" I very reipeclfully 
 take this opportunity of stating, that ahhongh the attacks made 
 upon me which o|)eniy impugned the administration of Justice 
 bad efclui=ive reference to my conduct as public proiecutor, I
 
 33 
 
 sought no advantage from my position, anJ refraincJ from any 
 oflicial [jiosecuiion, beiiig desirous lliai liure should be no ground 
 fuJQipuliijg the least unwillingness on my part to meet tlje accu- 
 sation on perfectly equal terms'. I brought llje aciiun in a privalo 
 iliapc, and I submit that under ihese circunislances I wn» under 
 no ohlijiation to consult iho G'tvoinor ; but I beg leave lo remind 
 Ilia Excellency tiiat ai)ouf, the 24ih of A.piil last, belure any sups 
 were commenced, I did intimate to him that I intended lakinj; 
 procoediiigs and hitd placed llic matter in the iiands of my legal 
 advisers, iho Solicitor General and Mr. Campliell. Upon that 
 occasion I did not undersiand His Excellency lo exprefis di-sent 
 nor yet assent, but to remain neutral ; and when I informed him 
 in July last of my intention to address the Secreta y ofSiate, 1 1 in 
 Excelhncy in his reply gave me no reason to suppose that he 
 took excefilion to my not consuiling him in the first instance. £ 
 exceedingly regret iliat any miscuncepiion should have arisen on 
 this |)oint, and I beg leave to assure His Excellency that it is my 
 earnest desire to do my duty to him on all occasions fully, faith- 
 fully, and to the best of my ability- 
 
 Will) reference to the concluding para^i'^ph of the Governor's 
 Des|)alc!j, I am much pained to find that His Excellency slinniil 
 contider hirnseil in the slightest degree compronii.^ed by my bring- 
 ing ih» action, and with all submission, I am unable to see that ii; 
 has that efFect ; but I sliall take care to have it clearly and expli- 
 citly understood at the trial of the cau«e, that I alone am respori- 
 sible for (he proceedings, and tliat the Governor is in no way 
 concerned in them. 
 
 I have the honor (o I>c, ?ir, 
 
 \our most obcdt. scrvt,, 
 
 J. LUCIE SMITH. 
 To Lieui. Col. RiUDY, 
 
 Private Scjcretary, Government House. 
 
 I 
 
 Lrtter I. Gove->-nmmt House, 
 
 Demenira, Wtk Sci^tcviher, 1862. 
 
 Sii?, — I havi! the honor in acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of vssterdav's date, which I have laid before tire Governor. 
 who has directed me to assure ycu that he deeply regrets that any 
 tircamstance should have arisen to impair even in the »ilii;hies(; 
 degree that cordiality which has hitherto marked vour iniercourse
 
 s4 
 
 with Hi.-* EHColUmcy. The Govprnor does not clearly gailier 
 from your leiier wheilier you are of opinion tiiat in tiie converaa- 
 ti'sn wliich toi'k phice al>ont the 2-l;h April last bptwpen His Ex- 
 cellency and yourself, the propriety of commfncing a prosecution 
 of the " Colonist'^ mnvspiipcr was hroujili' before inni for his opi- 
 nion. If go, he must at once admit (hat lie has been under a mia* 
 si]i[irehi nsion. Wiihout pre'eriding to any accurate rpooliection 
 of a conversaiion to which lie aitaclied no particular importance 
 at the lime, hi" imprecision is that diirin^j the course of that con- 
 versmion y«u informed him that you had requested Mr. Catnp* 
 bell to call on Mr. Short for an explanation on the subject of an 
 article of which you comphuned The Governor has never en- 
 tertained any fcelinfr but one of regret, that the action acrainst iho 
 " ColonisC^ was commenced, and that feeling would be much en* 
 hanced if it should appear to you that he had omitted taking any 
 step to prevent it that it waa his duty under the circuinstrinccs to 
 fake. He desires me to assure you that his reticence on the sub- 
 ject is to bo attiihiJled solely io an unwillingness to risk beinij in- 
 volved in a comroversial discussion with an officer whoso cordial 
 suf>port to the Government he feels to be essentially necessary. 
 In wriiin<>- to the Secretary of State as lie did, he was influenced 
 by a desire to put a stop to proccedincrs which in his ju'lgfneni arc 
 prejudicial to the intpri'Sts of ih(? Government of l!»e Colony, and 
 1)0 had ventured to hope that if the opinion of (he Secretary of 
 State were in accindance with his own, you would have been con- 
 vinced of the expediency of abandoning the proceediniis which 
 you have taken against the Propiict'.'r of the " Colonist'" The 
 Governor has not fiuitd to noiice the distinction which you have 
 drawn betweoi dilRrent forms of action, but on fill! consideration 
 he must adhere to the opinion which he expressed (o the Secretary 
 of Slate, and in which His Grace has concurred, that the grofiiid 
 for action having been an attack on your conduct as a public pro- 
 secutor, no action should have been commenced e.\cej)t witjj the 
 full concurrence of the Governor. The Governor infers from the 
 remarks in the concluding paragra])h <Tf your letter, that you have 
 not fully appreciated ilio meaning which ho intended to ci'nvey in 
 liis Dt^spateh to the Secreiaiy of State. The subject is too im- 
 portant to be diseosscd in a correspondence of this nature, and 
 the Governor will therefore confine himself at present to a simple 
 expression of npuiiun, that irrespective of jhe strong objections 
 which exist to prosecutions a<4ain8t (he press for strictures on the 
 conduct of puldic officers, (lure are special ohjectijns in tiie cir- 
 curaslaBces of this Colony lo l!ie prosecution by an officer of [hr
 
 Government of the only public journal which has supported Iha 
 general policy anil moasurcs of the Governor. 
 
 I have the honi)r to b(>, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedi^ iii servant, 
 
 C. READY, P. Sec, Lt.-Co!. 
 The Houble. the Aitornfv-General. 
 
 Letter K. Georgcto/cn^ l^tk September, 1862. 
 
 Monday morning. 
 
 Siu, — I hog to aoknovvlcdtiG the receipt of your leiter of tl»e 
 12ih in«tant, and as it may be desirable that this correspondence, 
 being of an official character, should cluse in a fc>rma! glmpp, I 
 liave the honor to state, liiat in the interview wiih which Mis Ex- 
 c . Uency favored mc on Saturday afternoon, a perfectly satisfactory 
 understanding was come to which renders it unnecessary for tae 
 to trouble you with any further reply. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. LUCII^: SMITfT, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 To Lieut. -Col. Ready, 
 
 Private Secretary, Government House. 
 
 Lettch L. Government Home, Sept. l-jth, 1862. 
 
 Sin. — 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 leiter oC this day's date, and I am directed by ibe Governor to 
 assure \ou that it is entirely saust"actory to him. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 C. READY,Lt..Col. &P. g. 
 To the Ilonblc. the Altorncv-Geneial. 
 
 No, 17. Government Sccretnnjs Office, 
 
 December 2nd, 1862 
 
 Sii^, — I am directed by the Governor f<> acknowledge tlie 
 receipt during ycsierdciy of your kller of the 29;li ultimo, and to
 
 36 
 
 acquaint you ihat Hia Excellency declines to reopen the corre- 
 spondence which, 33 I informed you in my letter of ihe25ih ulto., 
 lie was of opinion should be brought to a close. The Governor 
 cannot but regret the introduction of matter into this correspond- 
 ence which is not only irrelevant to the point at issue, but which 
 •cannot properly be made the subject of discussion between His 
 Excellency and yourself. 
 
 In order to prevent misundersiandinpr, the Governor has di- 
 rected me to acquaint you, that it is his intention, in bringing be- 
 fore the Secretary of Slate your refusal to obey the command 
 which he felt it his duty to lay upon you, to transmit to His Grace 
 copies of your letters of the ISth, 17th, 18th, 20ih, and 24ih (No. 
 2) of November, and of my letters of the 15ih, 17ih, 19ih, and 
 21st of same month. With regard to the oihrr letters which furra 
 R portion of the correspondence, viz., yours of the 22nd and 24th 
 (No. 1) of November, and mine of the 24ih and 25lh of the same 
 month, the Governor considers their transmission unnecessary, but 
 will not object to include copies of them with the others, if you de- 
 sire that he should do so. Although it is not the intention of the 
 Governor to raise any collateral issues, he will of course be ready 
 to transmit to the Secretary of State any representations which 
 you on your responsibility may think yourself warranted by cir- 
 cumstances in submitting for the consideration of His Grace. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 Sir, 
 Your mo. oht. servt,, 
 
 WM. BRANCFr POLLARD, 
 
 Actg. Govt. Secty. 
 
 To J. TaoUNSELL GiLBRUT, Esq , 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. kc. &c. 
 
 No. 18. December eth,lSG2. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B , 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I respectfully assure Your Excellency, that I do not 
 mean, in writing to you, to re-open the correspondence which 
 Your Excellency has declared to be closed, but I have very re- 
 gpeclfully to request that Your Excellency will be pleased to in- 
 form me, wliellier, by the Mail to leave here on Monday next, 
 you propose to carry out the intention announced in your commu"
 
 37 
 
 nicalion of the 2l6t of November, of laying the "whole matte» 
 " before the Secretary of State." 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELl GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 19. Government Secretary's Office, 
 
 December Qth, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt this afternoon of your letter of this day's date, in which 
 you inquire whetlier His Excellency proposps to carry out the in- 
 tention announced in his communication of the 21st ultimo of 
 "laying the whole matter before the Secretary of Slate," and to 
 acquaint you in reply, that I informed you in a letter dated the 
 2nd inst. and sent to you on that day, but the receipt of which 
 has not been acknowledged, that His Exeellency would transmit 
 to the Secretary of State certain letters, the dates of which I spe- 
 cified. His Excellency offered to transmit the remaining letters 
 forming the entire correspondence up to the lime when he arrived 
 at the opinion that it ought to be closed, if you desired that he 
 should do so, but after affording you ample time to communicate 
 your wishes. His Excellency has closed his Despatch, and has only 
 transmitted that portion of the correspondence which relates to 
 the point on which alone His Excellency is at issue with yon. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your most obt. servt., 
 * WM. BRANCH POLLARD* 
 
 r No. 20. GeorgetoTvn, December Sth, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Enquire, C.B.» 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 SiH, — In reply to Your Excellency's last communication 
 dated the 6ih and received this morning, I have very respectfully 
 te state, that I did not reply to Your Excellency's commanication
 
 38 
 
 of llie 2nd for ihtisc reasons — that I liad not been able to nsccrlain 
 from Yoiir Excellency w'Uel her or not you intended (o take theiniiia- 
 tive v.'iili Ills Grace the S(cretary of State; that Your lixcellcncy 
 declared our corrtspondence to be closed ; and that I thought it 
 would behest to wait until just previously to the departure of the 
 Mail, and then ascertain from Your Excellency the course which you 
 intended to pursue. Having now learned from Your Excellency 
 that you have closed your Despatch, and have transmitted to the 
 Secretary of Slate a portion of the correspondence, I have very 
 respectfully to request that Your Excellency will be pleased to 
 give me a copy of your Despatch, my representation in answer to 
 which shall be forwarded in ample time to give Your Excellency 
 an opportunity of commcntin<i on it, and of transmitting it by the 
 next mail. 1 consider it importatit to transmit with my represen- 
 tation copies of the entire correspondence between Your Excel- 
 lency and myself from the 15ih of November to the present dale. 
 In ll)e meantime, that I may not semi to be wantinii in deference 
 for His Grace the Secretary of State cr for Y^our Excellency, I 
 ■very respecii\illy request that Your Excellency will be pleased to 
 forward to His Grace by Ibis Alail the enclosed letter. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Y^our Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor- General. 
 
 1. — A. Georgetorv)], Demerary, 
 
 Becemler 8th, 1862. 
 
 To His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, K.G., 
 
 Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. 
 
 My Lord Duke, — I have been inform.ed by His Excellency 
 the Governor, that he has closed a Despatch to Your Grace, and 
 has transmitted a portion of a correspondence between His Excel- 
 lency and myself on the subject of sonie differences which, I re- 
 gret to say, have arisen between us. Cireumsiances, which I 
 shall hereafter explain, prevent me from forwarding my represen- 
 tation on the subject to Your Grace by the present Mail; but I 
 have requested His Excellency topiveme a copy of his Despatch, 
 and I will forward, through His Excellency, by the next Mail, 
 Bnch a representation and suci' documents as I may consider it
 
 89 
 
 neccssnry (o siil)mit fo Yor.r Grace. Humbly (riisling ihiU \u ilic 
 meantime Your Grace will be iileatcd to suspend yuur judguienl 
 ill llie nialtcr, 
 
 I have ilie honor to be, 
 
 My Lord Duke, wiih vcr\ groat respect, 
 
 Your Grace's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solieitor-Gencral of Briiish Guiana. 
 
 No. 2L Government Secretary s Office, 
 
 December Qi'h, 18C2. 
 
 Siu, — I am directed by liie Governor to acknowledge liio re- 
 ceipt of your letter of this day's dale, enclosinf; an crij^ina! letter 
 to His Grace the Seereiary of Slate, but without ihe dujlicate 
 required by the rules of llie service. In the expectaiion lliat a 
 dupiicaie will be delivered to His Excellency in sufficient lime, 
 he vriil prepare to transmit the original. 
 
 His Excellency learns with surprise from your letter, that 
 you did not reply to the Acting Govornment Secretary's leilcr of 
 the 2nd instant, because you had nut been able to ssccrir.in whe- 
 ther His Excellency intended to take the iniiiative wiih His Grace 
 the Secretary of State. Y'ou were disiincily informed in that let- 
 ter, that His Excellency would transmit copies of certain letters 
 (whicii were specified) to the Secretary of State, and that he 
 would add others if you desired that he should do so; he cannot, 
 therefore, admit that there was any ground for uncertainty on 
 your part. 
 
 His Excellency has directed me further to express his sur- 
 prise, tliat you should again apply to him for a copy of his Des- 
 patch to the Secretary of State, after having been informed by the 
 Acting Governmeni Secretary that such a demand was "wholly 
 V inadmissible." 
 
 I have the honor to be, ?ir, 
 
 Your mo. obt.servf., 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secre'.arv. 
 
 To J. Troun'Sell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. &c. &c.
 
 40 
 
 No. 22. GeorgeiowUf 8th December, 1 862. 
 
 Sir, — Beinf; somewhat hurried to day, the necessity of send- 
 ing a duplicate of my letter to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle 
 escaped my atteDlion. I have the iionor now to enclose one* 
 With all renpect for His Excellency, I think it better not to enter 
 into any discussion at present on the subject of the rest of the 
 communication just received. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 Honorable William Walker, 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 
 No. 23. Georgetown, December 18/ A, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hingis, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I herewith enclose a representation on my part to His 
 Grace the Duke of Newcastle, which I very respectfully request 
 that Your Excellency will be pleased to forward by the next Mail, 
 The duplicate Your Excellency shall receive as soon as I can get 
 the copy made — certs»inly before the departure of the Mail j and 
 I will send to-morrow, if possible, the copies mentioned in my 
 letter to His Grace. I further very respectfull^r request, that 
 Your Excellency will be pleased to inform me whether it will be 
 necessary for me to send duplicate copies of papers of which Your 
 Excellency has already in your possession either the originals or 
 copies. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor*GenerftL 
 
 2. — A. Georgetown, British Guiana, 
 
 December 19, 1862. 
 
 To Hia Grace the Duke of Newcastle, K,G., 
 
 Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. 
 
 My Lord Duke, — I am informed by His Excellency the 
 
 Governor, that he has sent to Your Grace by the last Mail Sk 
 
 Despatch relating to certain differences between His Excellency
 
 41 
 
 and mjpelf, and a portion of a correspondence wliich has been 
 going on betiveen us. Copies of the same portion of our corre- 
 spondence are nlso sent lierewiih, — as I have thought best thai 
 mv series of it should be complete, — and are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7, 
 12, 2, 4, 6, 8, and the copies of the entire remainder up to the 8ih 
 of December, wbich I also send, are numbered 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 
 15, 16, 17, 18. 19, 20, 21, and 22. In addition to the copies of 
 this particular correspondence, there are tacked together, in erpa- 
 rate forms, copies of a correspondence lettered A, B, C, D, E, F, 
 G, H, I, K, and L, between His Excellency and the Attorney- 
 General, to which I have found it necessary to refer in my letter 
 of the29ih of November (No. 16) to His Excellency, and copies 
 of two documents (letters a and b) relating to my official services. 
 In discuSvsins: my present position with His Excellency, 1 shall 
 limit myself to the subjects of the correspondence which has taken 
 place between His Excellency and myself. If His Excellency 
 has brought before Your Grace any complaint against me on any 
 other ground than those on which he relies in our correspondence, 
 I trust wiih perfect confidence to Your Grace's fairness to give 
 mo an opportunity of answering such complaint. I shall advert* 
 further on to my request for a copy of His Excellency's despatch, 
 and to hi* refusal. The differences between us originally arose 
 out of a certain portion of our conversation at an interview on the 
 5th of November. No allusion has been made in our correspond- 
 ence to any oilier portion of this conversation. In referr- 
 ing to the conversation, I shall confine myself to this par- 
 ticular part of it, which is set forth in that part of my let- 
 ter of the 24ih of November (No. 12), which is written in 
 red ink.* I would very respectfully suggest to Your Grace, 
 before reading this present communication any furtjier, to read all 
 the correspondence, and lo begin with that portion of my letter 
 (No. 12) which is written in red ink. Supposing that Your 
 Grace has done this, I will now proceed without any further re- 
 feronce to the conversation than will naturally arise in the discus- 
 sion of points in the letters. Your Grace will observe that I made 
 a memorandum of the conversation immediately after its occur- 
 rence. My reason was that I ihoucht it probable that some ques- 
 tion might at some time arise as to its exact purport ; and the 
 prudence of such a course has been proved by the fact that in his 
 letter of the 2oih, His Excelleney admiis the accuracy of my ver- 
 
 * The part of letter No. 12 referred to as \vritten in red ink, is from the 
 words, " My recollection of what passed at our interTiew/' to the end of the 
 letter.
 
 42 
 
 sion of ilie nmtior in tny l(;iter of the 2-i!h, ns compaved wiili what 
 he had stafinl in liis'comimiriicalion of lho2I:^t (No. 8) as to his 
 own recollection on a ]iarlicuhu' point. His Excellency havinoj st 
 Ihe close of our interview left it in doubt whether he would dis- 
 close the names of his informants, I expected some communica- 
 tion from him, 'bat having waited t(n days and received none, I 
 wrote the letter (No. 1) which is the commencement of the cor- 
 respondence. In this letter I respectfully stated the reasons wiiy 
 I considered myself entitled to the information which I sought, 
 and I assumed, as I had assumed in conversation, without any 
 contradiction fVoni His Excelienoy, that the objection (o llie dis- 
 closure originated with his immediaie informant, between whom 
 and the originator of the statement — as His Excellency in con- 
 versaiion made out their posiiions to be very difTerent with respect 
 to me — I was willinij to admit some distinctior, though I asserted 
 ir.y rijiht to know the names of both. From His Excellency's 
 ansiver (No. 2), and from passayjes from his subsequent comrau- 
 nicaiiorjs, it appears that the objection is His Excellency's own, 
 and puiely spontaneous, and that he considers tiicse persons en- 
 titled to his protection, and cxGreiscs that prolection I.iy withhold- 
 ing their names ; and by this answer also, liiese two persons are 
 placed in the same oalcoory as having both done their duty ** to 
 *' the Queen and to Her liejjiesentalise in this Colony in ap- 
 " prizing him ofwhat they doubtless believed to be a very gross 
 " breach of duty on the part of a servant of the Crown." In my 
 letter of liie iTtli I announced, and in my letter of ihe2isl I fully 
 explained, the course which I conceived that I bad a right to 
 pursue; and I also respectfully intimated my dissent from Hii^ 
 ExcclIeKoy's appreeiaiion of the conduct of his informants, whom- 
 soever t!)ey might have been — excepting only His Excellency's 
 two sons-in-law, in case of liibir of them having been one. 
 
 In His Excelbncy's communication of ilie 17ih November, 
 (No. 4) he calls the conversalion of the t)'A\ a *' private conversa- 
 " lion," and expresses an opinion lliat I should not be justified 
 wishonl permiision from him in making known what passed at it, 
 (meaning, of course, on the particular subject to which I bad 
 referred, and which was all ibat I bad stated my intention 
 of maki[)g known,) and he refuses me that permission. Now, 
 on this point us to the privacy of the conversation, I very 
 respeclfullj reftr Your Gri;co to my correspondence v\iihlli3 
 Excellency; and here I will say no more than lhi-~, (hat iho 
 only thing private between His Excellency and ni^Silf "as 
 the altogether nniniportaiit fact that His Excellency had spoken
 
 45 
 
 lo me on (lio subject. Tlie mailer of his sfalcmcnls was Lnown 
 10 three other persons at Io;ist — perluips to many more — and 
 on two out of lln-se throe there was no ohhjjation lo kocp 
 secret the fact, ihal iliry had plated about rae ^vhtit they had afler- 
 vards admitted lo he unfounded ; and, moreover, the msitter wa« 
 of importance only to myself, and to these two persons whom His 
 ExC(dlency had been pleased to take into Ids confidence and pro- 
 tection, while denying to me the most ordinary right, namely, 
 that of knowing the names of men who had charged me with 
 conduct which would have been, to use His Excellency's own 
 words', *' a very gross breach of duty." 
 
 In the same letter His Excellency intimates an opinion, that 
 the expressions vvhich I applied to his informants are scarcely 
 courteous to himself. I was somewhat s^irprised at this. In the 
 course of our coiiversati in — as will appear on reference to the 
 siaiemen; of it in my letter (No. 12) — I had used more forcible 
 expressions without any comment from His Excellency ; and he- 
 Bides, in writing I was careful, while expressing my disdain for 
 tliem, to guard against any the slightest implication of disrespect 
 to His Excellency. I regret that His Excellency's view of a 
 question like this should differ so widely from mine, but according 
 to my opinion of what is respectable and honorable and gentle- 
 manly — "^ use the last word, because His Excellency in his com- 
 munication lo me of the 21st of November (No. 8) for the fiisf, 
 lime calls these persons " genllemen" — the carrying of a lale like 
 lhi<:, even if instead of being altogether nnfounded it had been 
 perfectly true, was not the part of a respectable or honorable man, 
 or of a gentleman, but iho tiick of an iniormer or a busy-bodj'. 
 In this reiteration of my opinion, I mean not the slightest dis- 
 respect lo His Excellency, it is the opinion which I expressed 
 from the first — and at the first without any comment from His Ex- 
 cellency — and I cannot recede from it. His Excellency, at the 
 conclusion of the letter oi' the 17ih, suggests that I .-hould a[)peal 
 to Your Grace. In my letter of "be iSth fNo. 5) I declined lo 
 act on this suggestion, but I respectfully asserted my right, the 
 exercise of which I never supposed that His Excellency would 
 positively |)r<dubit, to use the information which I possessed, for 
 ihe purpose of obtaining that «hich I wanted. In a letter of tho 
 19 h (No. 6), His Excellency lays bis commands on rae formally 
 not to make any use whatever of what passed during our conver- 
 sation. Compliance with this command would have |)revented 
 me not only from making any allusion whatever lo the con versa- 
 Won, but from making any erquiry for the purpose of ascertaining
 
 4i 
 
 \f\xo were His Excellency's informarit? ; because for the laltcf 
 purpose — even ihouph I phould not refer to the circumstance that 
 such a conversation had taken place — I must make use of facta 
 that 1 knew only from the conversation. I conceiveJ that obedi- 
 ence to such a command would have involved an abandonment of 
 all independence of cliaraeter and self-respect; and in my letter 
 of the 20th (No. 7) I declined, in terms, I trust, of proper re- 
 spect, to comply wiih it ; and beintj anxious to avoid actual con- 
 flict with His Excellency, I entered at some length into a revie\Y 
 of the question, in the hope that an accommodation might still 
 take place. To this last letter I received an answer dated the 
 21st (No. 8). In this answer His Excellency complains thai ihe 
 course taken by me is unusual and inconvenient; he intimates 
 that my refusal to obey any command of his ought to have been 
 accompanied by a tender of my resignation; and he proceeds fur- 
 ther to point out, that I might appeal to Your Grace. On ihi« 
 last point I will only say, that from the first snggesiion by His 
 Excellency of an appeal to Your Grace, I determined not to ini- 
 tiate any such appeal. As to the inconvenience of the course 
 pursued by me, with all respect I must say, I do not see it ; as to 
 its being unusual, so are the circumstances in which I am placed ; 
 and tVom the doclrinc as (o the propriety of resignation on n7y 
 part, T must very respectfully dissent. About my appointment 
 and service I shall say something fuitheron; here I have to ob- 
 perve, that in this Colony we have no parly Government; that 
 my duties are professional, not poliiical — though even if these 
 points vvere reversed and unanimity of opiiiion between the Go- 
 vernor and subordinate officers were more essentially necessary, 
 subserviency such m is required of me could scarcely be deemed 
 a condition of it ; — and that the dictum of His Excellency goes to 
 this extent, that I am bound to obey any order that he may give, 
 wliethcr it relates to my ofiicial duties or not, or to tender ray 
 resignation — a conclusion which, I think, can scarcely be main- 
 tained. On the other hand, I respectfully maintain, that without 
 reference to the merits of the case, commands of this sort, relating 
 to mailers out of the range of my official duties, cannot be im- 
 posed on me, so as to subject me to the aliernative of compliance 
 or resignation ; and that as regards the merits of the case — which 
 I sh;ill sum up a« sborily as possible further on — if I am right, I 
 am entitled to maintain my ground, leaving His Excellency, if he 
 fehould think fit, to submit the matter to Your Grace. His Ex- 
 cellency then proposes that he shall lay the whole mailer before 
 Your Grace J that I shall make a representation on the subject j
 
 45 
 
 nnd tliat I shall t.ike no ftnllier sUps pending Your Grace's Je- 
 cisiOD. The rest of His Excellency's coinmuiiicalion relates to 
 the terms which I had applied to the conduct of his iiifoinianls, 
 about which I think it unnecessary to add anyihing to what I 
 Iiave written lierp, and in my correspondence with His Excellencr. 
 In my ieiler of the 22nd (No. 9) I announced in general terms 
 my acceptance of Ilis Excellency's proposal, rcsci virg a nsore 
 particular statement of my understanding of it; and in this letter 
 I put a question to His Excellency on another point. Someda^s 
 hcfore my interview with Ilia Excellency, I had been informed 
 that lie had expressed an opinion in writing, that either the Attor- 
 ney-General or myself must have furnished information to serra 
 for the foundation ofsomo part or parts of one or both of Mr.. 
 Winter's Memorials. At the time of hearing this, I did not con- 
 sider it necessary to notice it ; but after some reflection, on tho 
 22nd I came to the conclusion that as so much discussion had 
 taken place between His Excellency and myself on the subject of 
 a charge relative to one of these Memorials which had been made 
 against me, it would be better to come to an explanation with him 
 on this particular point. I had in the meantime borrowed from 
 Mr. Winter copies of both his Memorials. I staled this to His 
 Excellency, and respectfully requested that if he had coupled my 
 name with these Memorials, or either of them, in any such man- 
 ner as above mentioned, he would be pleased to specify to me to 
 what portion or portions he intended to refer. In his answer, 
 dated the 24ih, (No. 10) he declines to give me any information,, 
 on the ground that he had consulted ;.v iih the Attorney-General 
 end the Acting Government Secretary alone on the sul>ject, and 
 that it would be irregular and prejudicial to Her Majesty's service 
 to admit the propriety of any such request. With all respect for 
 His Excellency, I cannot see the force of this reasoning. If tho 
 information given me was incorrect. His Excellency might at 
 once have said so, and there would have been an end of the mat' 
 ter ; if it was correct — and the natural inference now is that it was 
 so — certainly I was not asking too much in requesting to be al- 
 lowed an opporluniiy of removing from His Excellency's mind 
 an erroneous impression, injurious to me. I cannot perceive what 
 irregularity or detriment to the Queen's service would have been 
 involved in doing what would have been simple justice to rae. 
 But in addition to this refusal, this letter of the 24th clearly con- 
 veys an imputation against me of co-operation with Blr. Winter 
 in his Memorials. I could only ptU this construction on it, but I 
 «va« willing to believe that lomething clee than lh« naluial iispli-
 
 calion from llic words was intended. I iinmediattly vrvoie my 
 first lelter of the 24 ii (No. II), in which I drew aitcMition lo the 
 ncceg^ary iiiCerenco from the ^vordpJ and asked for an explanation. 
 On the same day I wrote, in reply to His Excellency'is lelter of 
 Ihe 21sl, my letter containinrj a fall stiitement of my uiidcr^tand- 
 injj;oflhe (crais proposed hy His Excellency fur sulniiiiiing the 
 mailer to Your Grace, and for the purposes mentioned in my 
 letter, I added a statement of the conversation wlrch had taken 
 place at our interview on the 5'h. As to the reference to Your 
 Grace, His Excellency had proposed himself to lay the whole 
 matter before Your Grace, and send on any reprt Sinlalion that I 
 mifiht wish to make. 1 res|)ectfully asked for a copy of any state- 
 ment that His Excellency mi-^ht make to Your Grace, in order 
 that I might clearly see what would be the best way of t'raminpj 
 my answer (o it. I knew, of course, that His Excellency would 
 beat libeity to comment fully on wy answer; hut His Excel- 
 lency, in his communicalion of lhe25ili (Nu. 13), declares this 
 request to be wholly inadmissible, and informs nie that his Des- 
 patch to Your Giace would be a report ou my representation to 
 Tou. On the other subject, namely, my lequesl for some explana- 
 tion of the passage in His Excellency's communication of ih« 
 24ih,all explanation is refused, and in a manner which conveys a 
 riitcation of the impuiaiion on me. In this letter of the 25ih, 
 His Excellency is also pleased to observe, that J have assumed a 
 position which I should not have assumed wiihoui tendering my 
 resignation, and that by my own proceedings, official relations be> 
 tween His Excellency and myself have been rendered undesii'able. 
 If by this His Excellency means that he intends to recommend my 
 removal from oflice, such a proceeding would be inconsistent 
 ■with l! e terms of his letter of the 21st with which I have 
 compiud. As to the undesirableness (jf lurlhcr official connection 
 between Mis Excellency and myself, I ask only for justice at your 
 Grace's hands. That the present relation between His Excellen- 
 cy and myself is the result of my own proceedings, I cannot ad^ 
 mit. I must observe that His Excellency chose lo imparl lo me 
 a portion of a matter relaiinw to myself alone, and v. hieh it con- 
 cerned me lo know the whole ofj that but for his partial disclosure 
 of the matter I mi-ht probably never have heard of it; as the 
 Attorney-General is not likely to have spoken of it, and his J-.x- 
 cellenoy might have endeavoured lo impose silence on his infor- 
 mants ; but that as he had voluntarily disclosed so much, I was 
 entitled to ask for the ri st, which alone was of consequence to 
 mej and that, my request being refuisedj I then became enlilkd
 
 47 
 
 (0 use llie iDfornia'Iim wliicli I pojspsFecI, for llie purpose of fcb- 
 taiiiinir a coniplete knovTlid^o of ilie mailer. His lixcellrncr 
 oii^infued llio pofiiion. I have only acted in self-doftmce and 
 ill projicr self-asscrlion. I will add liore all ibat I iliink it ne- 
 ces^sary fiiiibcr to say on the suijcct of my riuliis, first to knovr 
 from His Excellency liic names of liis iiiformanis, and next, 
 on his refusal of the inforinaiioH, to seek for it otherwise. In- 
 formers in Criminal Cases are protected by liavinii llieir names 
 Cfineea'ed ; liecaupe, however infamous, they aro oonsid(re<l ne- 
 cc^scry ; and one cliief reason for siieii proteciion i?, thai the vile 
 csiiinHtion in wliicii they are hold, rtni.'ers it needlul. Eut no 
 siieh necessiiy for a Governor to receive s^ecret informaticn of the 
 acis of OfficialrJ, who phou!d enjoy the benefit of bein^f sn|)p(iscd 
 to tie bon()rai)le men, can be adduced as an argument for conceal- 
 \r\^ the names of the Governoi'h informants. IJesides, whatcrer 
 my o[iinion of ihera, ihey are called by His Excellency: "gen- 
 tlemen ' and " meiiiorions ;*' and if hi? view of iheir con(Juet were 
 correef, my in<ii\i(iual csiimaie of it could not tarnish the credit 
 which ibey would acquire Ijy publicity. And to follow out ibis 
 reasoning — if ibey lia*e acted the part of meritorious gentlemen ; 
 ami if His Excellency has done what is right in telling me of 
 their acts, fiut concealing their names, 7.'hat barm could result to 
 any body — unless indeed discredit should aitacb to me — from my 
 makinjj inquiries which on this supposiiion I ought lo refrain from 
 m;.kitiyj! Another aignment in favour of my right to know the 
 namps of lh(se persons is founded on social reasons. If these 
 prrson are gentlemen by position in life, I may be constantly 
 broufilil in contact with them in a small society like ours, and I 
 conceive that I ousiht to be placed in a position which would en- 
 able me lo guard against sucli contact, 
 
 Tiiere are other tests specially applicable to this qnoPlion and 
 conclusive to my mind, but apparently unappreciated l)y IJis Ex- 
 celb'ney. I believe it (o be universally admitted, thai a subordi- 
 nate ufSccr, called upon by his superior lo answer a charge, has a 
 right to know vrho is his accuser. Siill he has no better right, 
 than the subordinate who is informed by bis superior, that a, 
 charge has been made against him, which he, ihe siifierior, 
 has received and entertained, and has not proceeded with only 
 because it has bet n adniiued lo be unfiMinded. The original 
 want of foundaiion, as indicating impatience to do injury, if not 
 reckless malevobnee, strengthens the cldim to disclosure. If 
 His Exc(dlency"s vii w were correct in prinei!)le, it wiuLl f<dlovr 
 that « subordinalt officer niiykl be citlled upon to aiiiwcr achargt,
 
 48 
 
 the name of Iiis accuser being concealed. And it nould not be 
 carrying the process any furl her, to bold that he might be called 
 upon to answer a charge altogoilier anonymous; for a charge tiie 
 name of the maker of which is concealed lias, as rejrards the jjer- 
 8on to be affecied by if, the odious cliaiactcr of an anonymous 
 charge. 
 
 Hig Excellency too lias lost Fi|:;;!it of this necessary conse- 
 quence, namfely, that if he is jusiificd in having dealt with me as 
 he has, Your Grace as His Excellency's superior officer would be 
 justified in dctiling in a similar manner with him. I am as perfect- 
 ly sure that Your Grace is incapable of so dealing wiih His Ex> 
 cellenc)', as I am that lie would strenuously object to being so 
 dealt with. 
 
 The manner in which Hi* E.'^cellency bad closed our corres- 
 pondence on the subject which I had opened on the 22nd, and 
 my allusion to which, while refusing me all informaiion and ex> 
 planaiion, he made the ground for insinuating a charge against 
 me as injurious as that originally made by his Isro informants, re- 
 quired to be answered. On the 28ih and 29ib, I wrote two letters 
 (No3. 14 and 15) explaining why I had not been able to send an 
 answer. And on the 1st December I forwarded my letter dated 
 the 29Lh Nov. (No. 16.) I had carefully read both Mr. Wmter's 
 Memorials, and it seemed to me that there were only two pas- 
 sages, one in each of ihem, with respect to which it was possible 
 that his Escellency might — and then only without reflection — 
 have expressed such an opinion as I have mentioned. As an as- 
 sumption had been already made against me, I resolved that 
 anoiher should not be founded on my silence. I respectfully refer 
 Your Grace to this letter, and (o the correspondence (Letters A 
 to L) between His Excelleney and the Attorney-General, the sub- 
 stance of which is set forth in it, for the purpose of showing that 
 I most conclusively demonstrated to His Excellency, not only 
 that I had not given the informaiion on which these two passages 
 were founded, and that I had had nothing to do vrith either of 
 the Memorials; but that my Brother, who acted professionally for 
 Mr. Winter in drafting the Memorials, would not use the iiifor- 
 mation which he had acquired from me, (under circumstances 
 •which I state in the letter, and long before the occurrences out 
 of which the Memorials arose) and strictly confined himself in 
 these two passages, as in the rest of the Memorials, to the in- 
 structions which he received from Mr. Winter, who derived his 
 knowledge of them from rumours — correct as far as (hey want. 
 In my letter of the 29ih; 1 *Iio submitted to His Exe«lleney,
 
 49 
 
 my consfnict'on of liis ofTor to Liy i!io wliolc matter Icfore Your 
 Grace, and my view as to the Tairness of my being furiiislied 
 wiih a copy of Ilia Excellency's despatch to Your Grace. Oa 
 the 2iid December, I received a c> mmunication (No, 17) from 
 His Excellency. From (his last letter I could not gather, whether 
 IJis Excellency accep'cd my construction of his proposal, or 
 whether ho adhered to his intention of waiting until I should 
 make a represenlalion and reporting on it ; and I thought it 
 best to do nothing more until just previously lo the departure 
 of the Mail, and then to endeavour lo ascertain what course 
 His Excellency intended to pursue. With regard to the main 
 subject of my letter of the 29th — namely the imputation on me 
 of cooperation with Mr. Winter in his Memorials and on which 
 liis Excellency in his letter of the 2nd December declines further 
 correspondence — I think, that without making any complaint, and 
 without trenching in the slightest degree on the respect due to 
 His Excellency, I may be permitted lo stale my opinion, that I 
 have been treated without any of the consideration due to me not 
 merely on the score of my official position, but which I n'ay fair- 
 ly claim as a gentleman of come character and standing in this 
 community. Notwithstanding the tone of IJ ia Excellency's pre- 
 vious communication*, I could not but expect that my letter dated 
 the 29ih would produce some explanation and amends from His 
 Excellency, and I humbly trust that Your Grace will consider 
 that I am fairly entitled to botii. In the letter of llie 2iid of Do- 
 cember, His Excellency states his intention to transmit to Your 
 Grace copies of ray letters of the loth, 17th, I8ih, 20th and 24lh 
 of November and of his communications lo me of the loth, 17lh, 
 IQih, and 2l5t of the same month, and adds, that if I desire it, he 
 will also send copies of my leUers of the 22iid and 24 h, (Nos. 
 and 11,) and of his communications of the 24lh and 25lh, (Nos. 
 10 and 13.) His Excellency makes no mention of my letter dated 
 the 29th of November, or of his answer to it of ihe 2nd of De- 
 cember. 
 
 On the 6ih of December, two dats before the departure of 
 the Mail, I wrote (No. 18) to His Excellency, requesting to be 
 informed whether by the Mail about to leave, he proposed lo carry 
 out the intention announced in his communication of the 21?t, of 
 lanng the whole matter before Your Grace. On the morning of 
 the 8ih, I received the letter (No. 19) da'ed the 6lh, Ihc impor- 
 tant part of which is in the following: — " His Excellency has 
 " closed his despatch and has only transmitted that portion of iho 
 ''correspondence >vljich rthdes to the point on rrhieh alona Hia
 
 " Excellency i? at i*9ue wiih you." By '' that portion of llie cor- 
 res|»onfl(MiC'(' &c.," I presiimo iljnl UU Excellency means my let- 
 ters of tlie 15 li, 17ili, 18ili,20 li and 24111 and liisconnnunicationa 
 of the 15ili, 17il), 19ili and Slsi. 
 
 Finding that His lilxcellency hail so far admitted the corrcct- 
 of my cotistiuciion of his communicaiion of ilie 21st, as to take 
 the iniiiaiive by writing a dcspateh and forwardinp; certain |>ai)ers 
 to Your Grace, insicad of .wjiiiing for a represeniaiion from me 
 and reporting on it, I hoped that he miglit possihiy now be dis- 
 jiosod to go furllier and to admit the fairness of my claim to have 
 a coj>y of his despatch ; and I immediately re[)lied (No. 20) to his 
 oommunictiiion received on the 8lh, enclosing a leiter to Y<nu" 
 Grace which you will have received, and requesting a copy of Ilia 
 Excellency's despatch to you. Your Grace will see that i was 
 not in a pofeition to make a repre^entaii0n on the meriis of the 
 case by the last Mail. 
 
 On thf! same day I rrceired a communication from hi? Ex- 
 cellency, noticing an omission which I had made through haste 
 and which I at once supplied, expressing surprise at my uncer- 
 tainty — altont which I will only say that I do not see how I eouhl 
 be otherwise than uncertain — and expressing surprise also at my 
 application for a cojjy of his despatch, when I iiad been told that 
 such i> demand was " wholly inadmissahle." I have already 
 stated that I hoped th.at Mis Kxcelleiiey might be disposed to mo- 
 dify his previous determination, and T had very string reasons for 
 desiring to know in what manner His Excellency rni^hi represent 
 my conduct, and what particular slatemtnis he might make lo 
 Yoiir Grace I should suppose from the ktier of ihe 21st that 
 my request for the names of his informants, and the (act of my 
 declining lo obey the commands laid on me in the leiter of the 
 19ih, ought simply to be submitted to Your Grace. But the cor- 
 respondence bptween His Excellency and the Attornpy General 
 (Letters A to L) shows, that His b'scellency may change his in- 
 tentions on a ixiiiit of thii sort, wiiliout deeming it neeessary lo 
 give any no'ico of tbe change to the per-^on whose interests may 
 be afiTi cted by it. On the 7lh of July His Excellency wrcte 
 a note (Letter B) to the Atiorney General expressing certain views 
 and intentions, and on the 8ih, having entirely changed his views 
 "and purposes, ho wrote to Your Grace a despatch (Letter K) alto- 
 gether different in its tenor and the sequel to which (as shown by 
 the subsequent correspondence) might, lui for the circumstance 
 of the preservation of ihe t.-oie of the 7lh July, have proved most 
 cnbarriissing lo the Atternry General. It is impossible for me
 
 51 
 
 to say wliellxT Tlia Exceliency^may not have chanfjed his views 
 as lo what he would suhmit raJBB^ Grace in my case, and intro* 
 diioed topics of which I ha^e no warnincr. I am not aware that 
 fli» Excellency has any real cause of complaint against nie; I 
 am quite sure ihal [ have never intended lo give hirn any ; f iii it 
 19 fiosvihlo tijat stories as unfoainled as llie one relaiinjj to my 
 hanilwiitirifi; may iiave heen tnld to His Kxc<dlcricy, and that ho 
 mny Iiavo nicnlionHd ihctn to Y"ur Grace wiiliout communicaiing 
 ihcui to me. I disolaiiii all ioiention of ( asiinjr ilie slightest re- 
 fl(!Ciion on His Ex<-tdleiicy, !)Ut as His Kxct-llcniy has in some 
 ri'sp(-c's maiiii;iim>d a reserve to nie wtiieli, lli<iui;h he may deem 
 it proper, ill my opitMon ojieiatcs unfi irly i)fj;iiiist me, I have con- 
 sidered it ri<iht to eiulcjivour lo ynard a^aiiisi the clfect of lii3 
 possilily Ccirryinj^ his reserve to the point of making re|>r«'senia« 
 lions au;aiiist me, wiihoiit yiving me an opportunity of answering 
 them. 1 have heen ohiioed lo address Your Grace wiihonl know- 
 ing exactly what I have to answer. I have contented n)ysplf with 
 fitatiog facts and reasoning on them, avoiding all comments fo 
 whicli atiy exception could be taken ; and I trust iliat Your Grace 
 will consider that in the circumstances in which I have been 
 placed, I have acted witli moderation, and with proper respect to 
 His Excellency and due deference to Your Grace. I humbly but 
 confidently submit, that I am entitled to Your Grace's decision in 
 my favour, as to my right to know the names of the persons vho 
 accused me to His Excellency; as to my right, on these names 
 being refused, to make enquiries for the purpose of discovering 
 them ; and, lastly, as to my claim for some exiilanalion and aniends 
 in relation lo the mailer first brought by me under His ExceU 
 lency's notice in my letter of the 22nd November, and to the im- 
 putation cast on me in His Excellency's reply to that letter ou 
 the 24ili. 
 
 In conclusion, as Your Grace knows nothing more of me 
 than the fact that I am Solicitor-General, I humbly conceive that 
 I may be excused for adding a few words about myself, my posi- 
 tion in this community, and my appointment to, and services in, 
 office. I have practised at the Bar of this Colony since A.u2"8t 
 1844, and since August 1856, I have been Solicitor General, and 
 during the whole period I have been somewhat conspicuously be- 
 fore the public. Until the charge made against me by His Ex- 
 cellency's informants, which was so closely followed by Kia 
 Excellency's insinuaiion of misconduct as grave, nothing like an 
 imputation has ever been cast on me as a pui)lic officer or as a 
 gentleman. In Feliruary 1856, Mr. Craig, then Attorney-Gene»
 
 52 
 
 Tal, being absent on leave, and Mr. Smlih being the acting Attor- 
 ney-General, the place of acting Solicitor General was offered to 
 me by Sir Philip Wodehouse, who alwaye from the commence- 
 ment of our acquaintance honored me wlih his friendship, and 
 treated me with great kindness. For reasons into which it is not 
 necessary now to enter, I very respecifuliy declined the offer. I 
 am happy to say, that my non-acceptance of it in no way impaired 
 the good understanding between His Excellency and myself. The 
 entire criminal business of the Colony being, in consequence of 
 the riots of that year, too heavy for the Attorney-General alone, I 
 received special commissions to conduct the prosecutions at the 
 Sessions of Berbice in March, and of Essequebo in April. In- 
 telligence of Mr. Craig's death arrived here in April, and Mr, 
 Smith was appointed Attorney-General, subject to confirmation. 
 In May, or early in June, Sir Philip offered me the appointment 
 of Solicitor-General, subject to confirmation by Her Majesty the 
 Queen. With all gratitude and deference to him, I told him that 
 in my position at the Bar and in this community, it would be very 
 unpleasant for me if I should be appointed by him, and Her Ma- 
 jesty's Government, knowing nothing of this, should in the mean- 
 time send out a man to fill the place, and that I should prefer 
 being appointed by Her Majesty. He assented to this view, and 
 communicated with the Home Government, and I was appointed 
 by Mandamus of the 15th July, under the Sign Manual and Signet 
 of Her Majesty, and was gazetted in this Colony on the 27th Aug. 
 During the absence on leave of Mr. Smith for three months in 1857, 
 I acted as Attorney-General, and I received a satisfactory letter 
 from Mr. Walker, then Lieut.-Governor, and a vote of approval 
 from the Elective Members of the Court of Policy (Letters a & b.) 
 
 Throughout my intercourse with Mr. Walker as Lieutenant- 
 Governor, I have been honored with his kindness and friendship. 
 I accepted the office of Judge Advocate when offered to me by 
 Sir Philip Wodehouse, on the re-establishment of the Militia in 
 1856, and have ever since held it. I have never made an appli- 
 cation for any office; but the resignation of either of those that I 
 h^Id would involve one of these two implications, either that I 
 am wrong and know it, or that being right, I have no means of ! 
 redress; and I have perfect con6dence that Your Grace's opinion 
 will not sanction any such conclusion as is involved in either im- 
 plication. 
 
 I have omitted to state how I came into possession of copies 
 of the correspondence letters A lo L. For the purposes of my 
 letter of the 29tb, it was necessary for me to refer to this corre-
 
 53 
 
 ipondence ; I lecollected the substance of it, but vrishing to be 
 perfectly accurate, 1 wrote to the Ailorney-General (letter c) staU 
 ing why I required copies, and asking for tbeno, subject to His 
 Excellency's permission to him to give them. My letter was 
 shewn to His Excellency, and the permission was granted, as ap- 
 pears by ihe Attorney-General's answer (letter d.) 
 
 I humbly apologise to Your Grace for the length at which I 
 have written, but the importance of this matter, not only to m; 
 present position, but to my future prospectSi must be my excuse. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 
 My Lord Duke, very respectfully, 
 Your Grace's most obedient humble servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General of British Guiana. 
 
 No. 24. Government Secretary's Office, 
 
 December 20th, 18Q2. 
 
 Sib, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of the 18ih instant, enclosing a communica- 
 tion to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and promising to send, 
 if possible, on the next day, the copies of certain documents which 
 are to form part of that communication. 
 
 However inconvenient it may be to reply to an incomplete 
 communication, yet as the time for the departure of the next Mail 
 is drawing near. His Excellency thinks it desirable that you 
 should be made aware of his opinion on certain points. He has 
 accordingly directed me to acquaint you, that he considers that 
 you have not been furnished with any authority to communicate 
 copies of a correspondence between him and the Attorney- Gene- 
 ral, of which you were originally made aware as the professional 
 adviser of the latter. The Governor understands that a copy of 
 your letter to the Attorney-General, asking for copies of this cer- 
 pespondence, and of the reply thereto, will be transmitted to the 
 Secretary of State, who will thus be able to determine whether 
 His Excellency's opinion is correct. 
 
 The Qovernor has directed me further to convey to you his 
 opinion, that it was improper to communicate to your brother, 
 Mr. Anglim Gilbert, any information whatever with reference to 
 the correspondence between His Excellency and his Attorney* 
 Oeneral, without having previously obtained permission to do eo. 
 
 His Excellency has likewise directed me to state, that in bis
 
 54 
 
 opinion, tlie versions which you have given of conversations he- 
 twien him and the Attorney-General, and at whicii you were not 
 present, are calculated to produce an erroneous impres-ion, owing 
 to various oraissionp, but as he does not admit tiie propriety of 
 your referring to sucli conversations at ail, he has nut instructed 
 me to make any explanation on the suhjoct. 
 
 With reward to your inquiry as to the necessity of sending 
 duplicate copies of enclosures, I am directed to inform you, that 
 no duplicates «iii be required of your ofBcial corresiiondence wiiU 
 the Governor; hut as you firopose serdino; copies of h-tters of an 
 unofBciai cliaracter, and some of wliich are private notes Itelween 
 the Attorney-General and yourself. His Excellency nunt r« quest 
 copies of the papers marked A to L, omitting any official De« 
 iBpalches that may be included in that series. 
 I have the honor to be, ?ir, 
 
 "Xour most obt. servt., 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq , «^ 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 i 
 
 No. 25. Georgetoivn, 22nd December, 1862. 
 
 His Excellency Fhancis Hiwcks, Es-quire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — I consider it only respectful to Your Excellency (o re- 
 ply to your commuriiuaii'jn of the 20ih. 
 
 Oil the suliject of the correspondence between Your Excel- 
 lency and the Attorney General, I have wijji all sul>mission to 
 make the followinir observations: — I was acquainted wiih the 
 fact and ihe pariiculrfrs of ibe correspcndeeice ; I was desirous of 
 referring to it in a eoir.muniealion to Your Excellency ; 1 asked 
 the Attorney General for copies, subject to Yonr Excellency's 
 permist-ion ; the permi^sion was granted; I used the correspond- 
 ence for the [lurposes of my letter of the 29ih November to Your 
 Excellency ; it lias become necesiparv for mo to forward that letter 
 to His Grace the Secretary ofSiate; with the utmost deference 
 to Your Escelhncy I cannot see that there is anylhinof wronor in 
 my thus making the Secretary of State acquainted with what has 
 passed between Your Excellency and the Attorney -General. I 
 menfiimtd in my letter of the 29tli November thai, and why, my 
 broiher bad been informed of the correspondence. Y'ur Excel- 
 huvy took no exception to thii in your euswer of the Sod D«-
 
 ^5 
 
 cemlier ; my brother has not conimnnicafed his knowlfd^e of the 
 mailer to any other person ; and, 1 may add, lliat if he had not 
 kn<»wn of it uefore, it would have been necessary for him to have 
 been made aware of it witliin the Ia3t fevv vvet'ivs for the purjiose of 
 assis!ing me in copying my corresporitlence with Your Lxcellency. 
 
 I have furiher very respecifully to remark, as regards two 
 interviews between Your li^xceilency and the Atiorney-General iu 
 April and on the 13;h.of September, which are referred to in mj 
 letter of llie 29th November, that Your Excellency in your com- 
 municatiou of the 2nd December took no exception to what 1 had 
 stated with respect to the conversations at these interviews, and 
 that I cannot gather now that there is any inaccuracy in the state- 
 ments confided tome by the Attorney-General ofihe points in 
 those conversations which I specified. These are the only con* 
 versations between Your Excellency and the Attorney-General to 
 which 1 have made any allusion. I'^p to the 15ih September I 
 was informed exactly of the correspondence, and generally of these 
 two conversations, between Your Excellency and the Attorney- 
 General on the subject of his suit against Mr. Short. If anything 
 'sulisequently passed between Your Excellency and the Attorney- 
 General on the sul»j'?ct, I have not been informed of it. 
 
 I send herewith copies of tny letter of the ISih, of Your Ex- 
 cellency's communication of the 20th, and of this letter (Nos. 23, 
 24, and 25,) which I very respectfully request that Your Excel- 
 lency will be pleased to forward, with the letter covering them, to 
 the Secretary of Stale by this Mail ; and according to Your Ex- 
 celleiicy's permi.-gion with nspect lo the rest of the correspond- 
 ence, I do nut consider it ntce^sary to send duplicates of ihese 
 coj)ie8. 
 
 I also send, for transmission to His Grace, the copies men« 
 lioned in my letter of the 19 !i to him, namely, Nos. 1 lo 22, let* 
 ters A to L, and letters a to d. 
 
 1 have the honor to bo, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most ohedient servant, 
 
 J. TKOUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor General. 
 
 3. — A. GeorgetOTvn, British GuianOf 
 
 22nd Dectmber, 18fj2. 
 To His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, K.G., 
 ITer Majesty's Prmr.ipal Secretary of State for the Coloniea. 
 My Lord Duke, — I have ijie honor to ench se for Your 
 Grac«'f considsralion copies of a correinondence of the 18ih, 20(h,
 
 66 
 
 and 22n(l of iliis monlh (Nos. 23, 24, and 25), which has passed 
 between His Excellency ihe Governor and myself subsequently to 
 the writing of my letter of the 19ih to Your Grace, I would not 
 trouble Your Grace to read ibis correspondence, but that I sup" 
 pose that His Excellency may, in his report on my letter of the 
 ]9ib, touch on some of the topics of his cummunication to roe of 
 the 20ih. 
 
 I have the honor to be, I 
 
 My Lord Duke, very respectfully, 1 
 
 Jfour Grace's most obedient humble servant, * 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General of British Guiana. 
 
 I 
 
 No. 26. 2drd December 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter dated yesterday, and to acquaint you that 
 your letters to the Secretary of State with their enclosures shall be 
 transmitted to His Grace by the JVlail which closes this evening. 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 No. 27.— No. 1646. 31st December, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acquaint you, that 
 as the Attorney-General has accepted the office of Chief Justice 
 provisionally, and will consequently be unable to discharge the 
 professional duties of the former office, the Crown Solicitor has 
 been instructed to place in your bands all business of the Crown 
 that may require attention. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor- General, &c. &c. &e»
 
 57 
 
 No. 28. Georgetorvn, December 3\sl, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — In answer to your letier of this clay's daip, I have very 
 respectfully to state for the information of His Excellency the 
 Governor, that h'\» inlimaiion to me conveyed in thai letter shall 
 be duly complied with. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 Honorable W. Walker, 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 
 No. 29. Qeorgetorvn, 3rd January, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — I have very respectfully to state for the information of 
 His Excellency the Governor, that the Crown Solicitor has placed 
 himself in communication with me with respect to the Indictments 
 to be preferred at the next Session of the Supreme Criminal 
 Court; that according to our Criminal Manner of Proceeding, 
 the framing and preferring of Indictments, and the conduct of the 
 business of the Crown at the Supreme Criminal Court, are duties 
 pertaining to the office of At'orney-General, and that as it is only 
 in case of the absence or inability to act of the Attorney-General 
 that the Solicitor-General is authorised to perform the duties of 
 the Attorney-General under the Manner of Proceeding, and aa 
 there is now no Attorney-General, I am not in a position to do 
 anything in the matter. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor-General. 
 The Honble. W. Walker, 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 
 No. 30.— No. 51. 5th January, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 Feceipt of your letter of the 13th instant, in which you state that 
 according to the Criminal Manner of Proceeding in this Colony 
 the framing and preferring of Indictments, and the conduct of the 
 business of the Crown at the Supreme Criminal Court, are duties 
 pertaining to the office of Attorney-General, and that a* it is only
 
 3S 
 
 in tljpcnso of aJ»sence or inahiliiy to act on thft part of ifio Attow 
 n(n'-Gf'iipraI ihal the Solicittir General is" aiitlioriseil Jo perform 
 the flulies of il.'e Aitornfy-Gcneral under llie Marmer of Proceed- 
 injT, atid there is now no Atiorney-GenerHl, you are not in a p(»>.i- 
 lion lo do anything wiih rp^urd to ilie Indictments to lie preferred 
 at the next Session of the Supreme Ciiminal Court on witicli the 
 Crown Solicitor lias placed himself in communication with you. 
 The Governor had, presinus to ih^^ receipt of your le'ier, 
 piven'his hest consideration to tlri- 92ii(l clause of Ordinance No. 
 27 of 1846, which provides that " in case of (he ah*ence or inahi- 
 •' lily to act of ihe Attorney-General, the duties of hi'^ office may 
 *' for all the piirp.vpes of this Grdinance bo dischiir^ed hy the So- 
 *• lieitor-General for the time heino:, or hy any otiier person duly 
 " appointed i»y tiie Goveriior." His Kxceliency has no doubt In 
 Ills own mind that notwithsiandinor bis provisionsil appoinim< lit of 
 Mr. J Lucie Smiih to be Chief Jnsiice of Briiisli Guinna, the 
 Leiierp Pattnt to that fjenlleman wliicli have been issued under 
 the Royal Mandamus, coi'sliiuiinp: him Altoroey-GenerHl, are in 
 full force and eff ct, and will continue so until revoked by Royal 
 auihoriiy. I f this were not "he ease, Mr. Smith, in the event of 
 the non-ronfirmaiion by the Crown of the appointment provi- 
 pioiially conferred upon bim, would have to be re. appointed At- 
 torney-General under the authority of a new Mandamus. More- 
 over, in the Colonial Office Hejinlations, cap. 3, sec. 3, el. 92, it i« 
 provided, that •' if an ofB'e be vaca'ed in any Colony l)y the doth 
 " or removal of the holder, or by his temporary absence, the per- 
 " son appointed by the Governor to act in his stead, if holdinoj an 
 *' inferior situation, may receive half the salary attached to the 
 " superior ofBce logeiber with half the salary of his own office." 
 
 Under this Regulation Mr. Smith will, pending the signifi- 
 cation of Her Majesty's pleasure, be entitled to draw only half 
 the salary attaciied to his provisional office of Chief Jiisiice toge- 
 ther with one half of that of Attorney- General, which he could 
 not do if the latter office were vacant. 
 
 It seems clear to the Governor, that in Mr. Smith's case the 
 expression *♦ his own office" in the Regulation applies to that of 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 Assuming that the office of Altornpy-Gcneral is not vacant, 
 the Governor has had to consider whether Mr. Smi'h's provisional 
 appointment as (^hief Justice is a case contemplated by tbe Ordi* 
 nance 27 of 1846, sec 92. His Kxcellency finds on enqtiiry that 
 in the year l!?56 the Governor issued a special commission to you 
 to act for the Attorney-General, who was then employed on other
 
 59 
 
 duty by direction of the Governor, who apparent';- consuleretl 
 liimself llie proper aulhorily to decide as to the question of 
 ♦' inaliili'y to act." It must, however, be fcufficiently obviou?, 
 tliat if (he office of Attornej-Gencral be not vacant tiiere is " an 
 " inability to act'' caused liy the acceptance by that officer of the 
 provisional appointment of Chief Justice. 
 
 Tlie Governor has thought it desirable that you should be 
 put in possession of the views which he entertains on the suTiject 
 referred to in your letter ; but however confident he may he in the 
 correctness of his own opinions, he readily admits that the exist- 
 ence even of a doubt, on such a point renders fresh legislation 
 desirable ; and as he is farther of opinion that provision should be 
 made lo meet the possible contingency of an actual vacancy in the 
 office of Attorney- General, he has requested the Chief Jcslice to 
 prepare a Bill, which it is proposed to introduce into the Court of 
 Policy at a meeting to be held to-morrow. 
 
 I am directed to enclose a draft of the Bill which it is con- 
 templated to introduce, and to request thai you will acquaint me 
 whether it will fully meet the diffi nlty which you find m con- 
 ducting as Solicitor General the legal business of the Crown. 
 
 As it will be the duty of the Governor to explain to the Se- 
 cretary of State his reasons for recommending fresh legislation on 
 the subjects His Excellency trusts that you will favo'ar him with 
 the grounds on which you maintain that the office of Attorney- 
 General is vacant. The point is one of considerable importance, 
 as instances frequently occur in which officers holding their ap- 
 pointments under vvarrant from the Crown accept provisional and 
 acting appointments from Governors without imagining that the 
 validity of their former appointments is affected thereby. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. &c. kc. 
 
 Enclosure in No, 30. 
 4- BUI to -provide for the discharge of certain of the duties of the 
 Attorney 'General in certain cases. 
 
 Whereas ihe office of Chief Justice of this Colony having 
 become vacant by the death of the late incumbent thereof, His
 
 GO 
 
 Excellency the Governor hns been pleased to appoint ilie Attor- 
 ney-General of this Colony to fill up such vacancy until Fler 
 Majesty's pleasure shall be known, pursuant to the provisions of 
 the Order in Cuuncil in that behalf; and whereas doubis have 
 arisen as to the authority of the Solicitor- General of this Colony 
 to discharge, pending the signification of Her Majesty's pleasure 
 in the premises, the duties of the office of Attorney-General re- 
 lating to the legal business of the Crown in this Colony : And 
 ■whereas it in expedient to remove such doubis and also to provide 
 in all cases for the diseharge of the aforesaid duties in the event 
 of the absence or inabilily to act from whatever cause of the At« 
 lorney-General, or in the event of a vacancy in the office : Be it 
 therefore enacted by His Excellency the Governor of British 
 Guiana, with the advice and consent of the Court of Policy 
 thereof, as follows : — 
 
 1. Until Her Majesty's pleasure shall be signified in the 
 premises by Proclamation by the Governor in the Official Gu' 
 zette, and in the event of no person being appointed in the mean- 
 time to act as Attorney General, it shall be lawful for the Soli- 
 citor-General for the time being, or for any Barrister-at-Law or 
 Advocate specially appointed to act in that behalf by the Go- 
 vernor, to discharge all and every of the duties, and to exercise 
 all and every of the powers, of the office of Attorney-General for 
 all the purposes of the Ordinances Numbers 27 of 1846, 2, 3, and 
 17 of 1847. 29 of 1850, 17 of 1851, 1 of 1853, 26 of 1855, 2 of 
 1856, 25 of 1860, 13, 22, and 25 of 1861, and also of every other 
 Ordinance relating to the Administration of Criminal or Civil 
 Justice in this Colony, and further to discharge all and every of 
 ihe duties of the said office of Attorney-General, in so far as the 
 same relate to the legal business of the Crown in this Colony, 
 Civil and Criminal. 
 
 2. During the abf^ence of tlie Attorney-General from the Co- 
 lony, or in the event of his being unable from whatever cause to 
 discharge the duties of his office, or in the event of his employ- 
 ment upon other service wiihin the Colony or elsewhere, or in the 
 event of there being a vacancy in the said office, and no person in 
 any such case being appointed to act as Altoiney-General, the 
 Solicitor-General for the time being, or any Barrister-at Law or 
 Advocate specially appointed to act in that behalf by the Go- 
 vernor, may discharge and exercise all and every of the duties and 
 powers of the office of Attorney-General in so far as the same are 
 specified a'hd set forth in the last preceding section 
 
 3. Every Indictment or other Proceeding, Civil or Criminal, 
 
 1
 
 61 
 
 preferretl or filed on belialf of Her Majesty, under the provisions 
 of this Ordinance, may be in the name of ihe Attorney-Genera), 
 but the same shall be signed by the Solicitor-General for the time 
 being, or by any Barristcr-al-Law or Advocate specially appoint- 
 ed as aforesaid. 
 
 4. This Ordinance shall come into operation and take effect 
 on the publication thereof. 
 
 No. 31. Georgetown, 6th January, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — In answer to the communication from His Excellency 
 the Governor of yesterday's date made tlirough you — before sub- 
 mitting the grounds on which I maintain that " the office of At- 
 " toriu-y-Gcneral is vacant," or, to use my own word?, that 
 " there is now no Attorney-General" — I have to state, that, sup- 
 poi^ing for the sake of argument that Mr. Smith is Attorney- 
 General as well as Chief Justice, the words "absence or inability 
 " to act" are not applicable to ihe position. The question is 
 clearly not as to "absence," and there is no " inability fo act." 
 What precludes Mr. Smith from acting as Attorney-^General is a 
 dlsalility, arising from the incompatibility of the performance by 
 one man of the duties of the offices of Chief Justice and Attorney- 
 General. 
 
 The grounds to which I have referred above are as follows : 
 
 1.— -The appointment of IMr. Smith is absolute for the time 
 being ; there is no other representative of the office of Chief Jus- 
 tice ; if the appuitument is confirmed he will remain Chief Justice, 
 and he must remain Chief Justice at least until the appointment 
 is in some way cancelled j and as a man cannot be Chief Justice 
 ond Attorney General at the same time, the peifoiraance of the 
 duties of the two offices by the same person being impracticable, 
 it follows that the office of Attorney-General is now vacant, or, in 
 other words, " there is now no Attorney-General." 
 
 2. — The appointment of Mr. Smith to the office of Chief 
 Justice is a removal of him from the office of Attorney-General,, 
 and therefore creates a vacancy. The removal may prove to be 
 temporary, and in that case the vacancy will be of no longer du- 
 ration ; but still there is a vacancy for the time being. 
 
 3. — The Letters Patent appointing Mr. Smith Attorney-Ge- 
 neral, though not expressly revoked, (and, I presume, that if his 
 appointment of Chief Justice were confirmed, the Letters Patent 
 appointing him Attorney-General would ecarcely be revoked ex-
 
 62 
 
 pressly,) are not in full force and effect, and, in fact, have now no 
 operation wliatever, as Ihcir effect and operation are simply to 
 authorise him to perform the duties of Attorney 'General, whicli 
 by his acceptance of the office of Chief Justice, he is precluded 
 from perforniino;. It is true that if Mr. Smith should not be con- 
 firmed as Chief Justice, there wiil be no necessity for a new Man- 
 damus or fresh Letters Patent, but in the meantime the suspen- 
 sion of the force and effect of both, though, perhaps, 'omporary, is 
 complete. 
 
 4, — The office of Attorney- General is now vacant, because so 
 long as Mr. Smith remains Chief Justice, nobody can perform 
 the duties of it without being appointed to it. 
 
 6. — An ofiice to whieh an appointment can be made subject 
 to confirmation, and in which a person so appointed to it could 
 act until the cancelment of his appointment, must be vacant. 
 
 His Excellency has referred to a Colonial Office Regulation 
 for the purpose of deducing from it an argument that the office of 
 Attorney-General is not vacant, because by the Regulation Mr. 
 Smith may draw half the salary of the office of Chief Justice and 
 half of that of Attorney-General. The wording of Regulations of 
 this sort is seldom very exact ; but I would very respectfully point 
 out to His Excellency, that, according to the words of the Regu- 
 lation quoted, an office may be " vacated" by temporary absence 
 of the holder, and that in almost all cases of temporary absence, 
 the absent officer draws half his pay; so that the fact that a man 
 draws half the pay of an office is no argument to prove that he 
 has not " vacated" it. 
 
 With respect to His Excellency's request that I will acquaint 
 him whether the Bill of which a draft has been sent to me will 
 meet ihf difficulty which I find in conducting as Solicitor Gene- 
 ral the legal business of the Crown, I must very respectfully beg 
 to be excused from giving an opinion on a draft of a Bill framed 
 by His Honor the Chief Justice, and at the discussion of which I 
 shall not have an opportunity to support any opinion which I may 
 entertain. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 The Honblc. William Walker, 
 
 Government Secretary.
 
 63 
 
 4. — A. Gcorgeforvn, Demerar;/, 
 
 5th January y 1863. 
 
 To His Grace llic Duke of Newcastle, K.G., 
 Her Majr'siy's Principal Secretary of Stale for the Colonies. 
 
 My Lord Dukr, — The death of Sir William Anindell Iiav- 
 ing made a vacancy in the ofFioe c-f Chief Justice of this Colony, 
 and Mr. Siniih,the Attorney General, having been provisionally 
 appointed to fill the vacancy, I beg leave very humbly to offer 
 myself as a Candidate for appointment by Her Most Gracious 
 Majesty the Quten to tlie office of Attorney-General, in case of 
 the confirmation of JMr. Smith as Chief Justice. In a letter ad- 
 dressed to Your Grace, dated 19ih Dccen^.ber, 1862, and for- 
 warded through His Excellency the Governor by the last Mail, I 
 had ihe honor to lay befoie Your Grace a statement of my official 
 pervicfs; and I enclosed at the same time copies of a letter dated 
 the 24th October, 1857, from Mr. Walker, then Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor administering the Government of the Colony, and of a vote 
 of thanks of the 22nd of the same month of the Elective Members 
 of the Court of Policy, both relating to my performance of my 
 duties as acting Attorney-Genera! during three mon;hs of (hat year. 
 
 To this statement and these documents I now very respect- 
 fully refer Yoiir Grace, and 
 
 I have the honor to remain, My Lord Duke, 
 
 Your Grace's most obedient humble servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General of British Guiana. 
 
 No. 32. Georgetown, 6lh Jamiary, 1863. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I have the honor to enclose (in duplicate) a letter ad- 
 dressed to His Grace the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 
 which I very respectfully request that Your Excellency will be 
 pleased to Iracsmit to His Grace by the next Mail. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General.
 
 64 
 
 No. 33.— No. 50. 5th Jmmarrj, 18G3. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by ifie GoveriiOr to acknowledge llie 
 receipt of jour letter of this day's date accompanying an applica- 
 tion (in duplicate) to His Grace the Secretary of State for the 
 appoiniment of Attorney-General of this Colony, and to acquaint 
 you that the same shall be duly transmitted to His Grace. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor- General, &c. &e. Sec. 
 
 5. — A. Georgetown, Demerary, 
 
 1th January, 1863. 
 
 To His Grace the "Duke of Newcastle, K.G., 
 
 Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. 
 
 My Loed Duke, — I had the lionor to address Your Grace 
 on the 5ih, making application for the place of Attorney-General 
 of this Colony in case of Mr. Smiih's confirmation in that of Chief 
 Justice. 
 
 Since then there have been certain occurrences — and espe.*' 
 cially the appoiniment of Mr. Norton as Attorney. General — on 
 which I am desirons of addressing Your Grace, but as Mr. Nor- 
 ton's appointment was gazetted only last night, and as the Mail 
 closes to-day, Your Grace will perceive that there is not suflicient 
 time for me to send in a representation, and for His Excellency 
 the Governor to report on it, so that the papers may go on by this 
 Mail ; and I have therefore very respectfully to request that Your 
 Grace will be pleased not to come to any decision on the subject 
 of the appointment to the oflice of Attoiney-Gentral until after 
 the receipt of a communication which T shall transmit to Your 
 Grace through His Excellency by the next Mail, 
 
 I have the honor to be, My Lord Duke, 
 
 Your Grace's most obedient humble servant, 
 
 J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General of British Guiana.
 
 65 
 
 No. 34. Georgetown, 7th Jannari/, 1863. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I have the honor to enclose (in duplica(o) a letter of 
 this day's date, addressed (o His Grace the Secretary of Slate for 
 the Colonies, which I very rcspoctfuUy request that Your Excel- 
 lency will be pleased to forward to His Grace by to-day's Mail. 
 
 I have (he honor to be, Sir, very respectfully. 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor General. 
 
 No. 35.— No. 56. 1th January, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governoi- to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of this day's date accompanying a commu- 
 nication in duplicate addressed to the Secretary of State for the 
 Cohmies, and to inform you that the same will be duly forwarded 
 to His Grace by this day's Mail. 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 6. — A. Georfjetoivn, Demerary, 
 
 20th January, 1863. 
 To His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, K.G., 
 Her Majesty's Piincijjal Secretary of Slate for the Colonies. 
 My Lord Duke, — I have now the honor to address Your 
 Grace on the subjects to wliich I referred in my leittr of the 7th. 
 I shall state as shortly as possible the course that has been pur- 
 sued with respect to the appointment of an Allorney-General, ren- 
 dered necessary by the provisional appointment of Mr. Smith as 
 Chief Justice. 
 
 Sir William Arrindell died on the 27ih of December. On 
 the 29ih Mr. Smith was gazetted as Chief Justice, subject to the 
 approval of Her Majesty, and until Her Majesty's pleasure should
 
 G6 ' 
 
 lie known^ Mr. Smith's acceptance of llie Chief Justiceship ope* 
 laled asjemoval of liim from Ihe office of Aitorney-Ger'eral to 
 thatofCliief Justice — the duties of the two offices being utterly 
 incompijlible — and left the office of Attorney-General vftcant. 
 Whether the vacancy would be rendered permanent, or should 
 })rove only temporary, was of no importance to the question. 
 There was a vacancy for tlie time being. Dejiire, as well as de 
 facto, there was no Attorney-General. 
 
 Qn the 31st I received an official communication from His 
 Excellency the Governor to the effect, that as the Attorney-Get 
 neral had accepted the office of Chief Justice provisionally, and 
 would consequently be unable lo discharge the professional duties 
 cf the former office, the Crown Solicitor had been instructed to 
 place in my hands all business of the Crown that might require 
 attention. 
 
 I may say, without intending any disrespect, that I did not 
 consider the phraseology of this communication to be legall/ ac- 
 curate in relation to the circumstances; but I accepted it as inti- 
 mating to me that I was to advise and (o act with the Crown 
 Solicitor in any legal business of the Crown which he might sub- 
 mit to me, and in which it was competent to me to act, and in that 
 sense I on the same day answered the cotnmunication. I knew 
 that there were many matters connected with the legal business of 
 the Crown in which I could bo of use; and, of course, it was my 
 duty as regarded such matters to comply with the intimation of 
 His Excellency. I knew, at the same lime, that there being no 
 Attorney-General, I had no authority to prepare or to sign indict- 
 ments, or to conduct the business of the Crown in the Supreme 
 Criminal Court ; but it was not for me to assume, and to raise a 
 discussion on the assumption, that I should le expected to do any 
 of these things. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 2nd of January, the Crown Solicitor 
 brought to me (he depositions on which the indictments to be pre- 
 ferred at the Session of the Supreme Court to be held on the 27th 
 were to be framed. I was absent from my office, and did not 
 receive them until thePrd^m] on receiving them I immediately 
 wrote to His ExcelJcncy^the'Government Secre'ary stating why I 
 was not in a position to act in the matter. In this Colony the 
 Criminai business of the Crown in connection with the Supreme 
 Criminal Court is regulated entirely by Ordinance No. 27 of 1846, 
 and Cfitain Ordinances amending it. In section 92 of Ordinance 
 No, 27 of 1846, is to be found the only provision for the perform- 
 ance l>y the Soligitor-General of the duties oflhe Attorney-Gone-
 
 67 
 
 ral in relation to such biisiness. It is not necessary to enter intd 
 any discussion as to the effect of that section. It seems to be ad- 
 mitted — as, indeed, it cannot be for a nioment doubted — that the 
 section api'Iies only when there is an Attorney-General, and not 
 when the office is vacant. And in addition to what I have said at 
 the commencement of tljis letter on the subject of the vacancy of 
 the office, I refer Your Grace to my communication of the Gih to 
 His Excellency. 
 
 On the 6ih I received a communicaiion from His Excellency, 
 slating certain reasons why His Excellency considered that the 
 office of Attorney-General was not vacant, referring to an occa» 
 eion on which I acted by sjiecial appointment of the Governor in 
 1856, and requesting my opinion on a Bill, a draft of which was 
 enclosed. 
 
 On the 6ili, I sent an answer pointing out, in the first place^ 
 that if, for the sake of argument, Mr. Smith were admitted (o be 
 Attorney-General as well as Chief Justice, the provisions of the 
 92nd section of Ordinance No. 27 of 1846 would still not apply— 
 ehowing, in the second place, that the office of Attorney-General 
 was vacant ; and, lastly, respectfully begging to be excused from 
 giving any opinion on the draft of the Bill. 
 
 1 did not make any reply to that part of His Excellency's 
 letter where he observes that I acted under a special commission 
 in 1856, and that ihe Governor then apparently considered him- 
 self the proper authority to decide as to the question of " inability 
 " to act" on the part of the Attorney General ; but it is as wellj 
 perhaps, that I should now say, that in 185(5, on three occasions 
 previous to my appointment as Solicitor-General, I performed 
 the duties of the Attorney-General in the Supreme Criminal 
 Court, under special commissions from the Governor, stating the 
 inability of the Attorney-General to discharge such duties, and 
 that since my appointment as Solicitor-General, I have on various 
 occasions performed the duties of the Attorney-General in the 
 Criminal Court, on his statement thai being required to do legis- 
 lative business, he was unable on those occasions to attend the 
 Criminal Court. The fact of the Attorney-General's inability to 
 act, I of course never thought of questioning. But the poiu' oa 
 which it was necessary for me to come to a conclusion on the 3rd 
 January was purely one of public law, with respect to which I 
 must rely on my own opinion as a professional man. 
 
 On the 6ih of January, the Bill of which His Excellency 
 Bent me the draft, was introduced into the Court of Policy. If it
 
 68 J 
 
 !iad been passed, I sliould, of course, have peiTormed any duties 
 that might in conpequenco have devolved on me. It was not 
 passed. It is not necf ssary for me to say anything ahoui its pro- 
 visions, as from His ExceHcncy's comnumicaiion to me of the 
 5th, it appears that he intended to address Yonr Grace on the 
 5uhject. On the evening of tlie 6th, IMr. Norton was friizeitcd as 
 Attorney-General. I will only say of Mr. Norton, ihat he has 
 been in this Colony for a liitle more than two years. Bly own 
 standing at the Bar, and my official service, I have sufficiently 
 referred to in a former letter to Your Grace. It may be inferred 
 from the observations of His Excellency in the Court of Policy 
 on the 6tb, as reported in the local newspapers, that but for the 
 difTirences between us which have been submiited to Your Grace, 
 I should have been appointed Attorney-General, subject to Fler 
 -Majesty's approval, and until Her Afajesty's pleasure should be 
 known. If, then, I may assume, for this, as well as for other 
 reasons, that these differences apart, my position would have given 
 me a claim to the appointment, I humbly submit to Your Grace, 
 with all respect for His Excellency, that, pending Yonr Grace's 
 decision, I was entilled to all the advantages of my position, and 
 ihat if it was necessary provisionally to appoint an Aitorney-Ge- 
 neral, I ought to have been appointed. 
 
 As His Excellency, according to his reported observations in 
 the Court of Policy, appears at first to have considered it inexpe- 
 dient to appoint an Attorney-General, the fact of such an appoin;-* 
 ment would show that l)e must afterwards have considered ilie 
 necessity for it lo exist j and from his having uliimateh' done 
 through necessity what he had at one time considered inexpedient, 
 it must further be inferred that His Excellency had come lo admit 
 the correctness of my opinion as to the vacancy in the office of 
 Attorney-General, for otherwise it may be presumed that he 
 would have endeavoured to procure an unoffieiul member of the 
 Bar to act by special appointment under section 92 of Ordinance 
 No. 27 of 184G, in the same way as he had proposed that I should 
 act ex officio under that section. 
 
 His Excellency is reported to have stated in the discussion in 
 the Court of Policy, thai there were weighty objections to my 
 being appointed Attorney-General, and to have intimated, not 
 directly, but by implication, that there was a want of cordiality 
 between us — hut to have added, that he did not mean to say that 
 il was impossible for me to act cordially with the Governor. 
 
 From these remarks, it would seem that His Excellency 
 meant that be considered that pending Yuur Grace's decision on
 
 69 
 
 llie difFi^ronces bo!\Yoeri II is Excellencj' and myself, lie ought net 
 to ap|ioirii me Allorney-Gcneral, nolwiilisUmditig that tliore might 
 prove to bono acUial dilficuiiics in ihe way of my ading \\u\i 
 Iiim. I have already submiilcd to Your Grace how the mere fact 
 of my not beiug appointed makes an actual change in my position 
 in the moanlime ; and I could wish that as no explanation relative 
 to our differences could be given, any such reference tothom had 
 not been made ; but as I have always respectfully abstained from 
 any comments on such views of His Excellency as I could not 
 avoid differing from, I will only say now, that if His Excellcney 
 liad been pleased to offer me ihe appointment, 1 should most 
 readily have accented it ; and the matters between us which have 
 been submitted to Your Grace would have made no difference as 
 to the perforn'ance of my duiics, or as to my conduct in my new 
 relation with His Excellency. I know the obligations attaching 
 to the post, and should have accepted them. I did not ap))ly to 
 His Excellency for the place, because, all things considered, I 
 thought that it would be ra^re becoming that I should not do so, 
 and because, as regards an appointment of this class, the mere 
 fact of an application wo\i!d never influence the decis^ion of any 
 Goveinor. 
 
 It is true that in 1856 I declined an acting appointment as 
 Solicitor General, while Mr. Smith was acting as Attorney-Ge- 
 neral in the room of JNIr. Craig, absent on leave. I had special 
 reasons for not desiring a temporary acting appointment, and I 
 knew that the Government would not be embarrassed by my de- 
 clining it. I gave all the assistance that was required of me acting 
 under special appointmentg. 
 
 Later in the year when, after Mr. Craig's death, the provi- 
 sional appointment was offered to me, I preferred waiting for the 
 appointment from the Home Government. My reasons were, 
 that Mr. Craig had died in England," and that Mr. Smith's ap^. 
 pointment had been already confirmed before the Solicitor-Ge- 
 neralship was offered to me^ so that it was by no means improba- 
 ble, if I accepted the provisional appointment here, that before the 
 Governor's recommendation of me could arrive in England, some 
 one might be sent out. I should have had no such motives re- 
 cently for not accepting the appointment of Attorney-General, 
 because there would have been no knowledge of a vacancy before 
 the receipt of the intelligence of the appointment; and I should 
 have presumed that if Mr. Smith were confirmed as Chief Jus- 
 tice, 1 should also be confirmed as Attorney-General. 
 
 In conclusion, I have only to add, that humbly conceiving
 
 70 
 
 myself to be in the right as regards the differences which, to my 
 regret, have arisen between His Excellency and myself, and vvhioli 
 are before Your Grace for decision, I truat iliat Your Grace will 
 not consider that my conduct in respect of those differences has in 
 any way disqualified me for the appointment for which I have 
 made applicaiion to Your Grace. 
 
 I bave the honor to be, My Lord Duke, 
 
 Y^our Grace's most obedient humble servant, 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor-General of British Guiana. 
 
 No. 36. Georgetown, 20lh January, 1863. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sib, — I have the honor to submit to Your Excellency du- 
 plicate original of a letter to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle. 
 The original, wiih the copies to which I have referred, shall he 
 sent to Your Excellency either to-morrow or the next day. An 
 Your Excellency has in your possession eiiher the originals or 
 copies of these documents, I presume that it will not be necessary 
 for tne to send duplicate copies. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitof'Generat. 
 
 No. 37.— No. 116. 2\st January, 18G3. 
 
 Sib, — I am directed by the Governor to acKnowledga the 
 receipt of your letter of yesterday's date, enclosing duplicate ori- 
 ginal of a letter to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, the original 
 whereof, when received, will be duly transmitted to His Grace. 
 
 I am to add, that it is unnecessary to trouble you to furnish 
 copies of the documents acconapanying the letter to the Secretary 
 of State. 
 
 I am, Sii^ 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. Trounsbll Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-Geaeral; &e* fee* &c.
 
 71 
 
 N§. 38. Georgetown, '22nil January, ISQ-^. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Enquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Siti, — I have the lionor to enclose original (duplicate sont on 
 20tl)) of a letter to His Grace the Duke of Newcastlo, and cer- 
 tain copies mentioneJ in that letter; and I very respectfully re- 
 quest that Your Exc<=lle-ncy will be pleased to transmit this original 
 and these copies to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle by this Mail. 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respecifully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 39.— No. 129. Q3rd Jayiuary, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of yesterday's dale enclosing a communica- 
 tion in original — duplicate whereof has been already acknow- 
 ledged — addressed to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and to 
 acquaint you that the same shall be forwarded as requested. 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J . Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor- General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 No. 40. Georgetown, 2Zrd Felruary, 1863. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B, 
 Uovernor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — If Your Excellency has received by this Mail any 
 Despatch from His Grace the Duke of Newcastle on the subject 
 of the papers transmitted on the 22nd of December, I have very 
 respectfully to request that Your Excellency will be pleased to 
 communicate it to me, so that I may be aware of its contents be* 
 fore closing my letters for the return Mail. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, very reepectfully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 Solicitor- General.
 
 72 ' 
 
 No. 41.— No. 274. 2drd Fehrvary, 18G3. 
 
 Sill, — I am direcleJ by the Governor to acknowledge llie 
 receipt of j'oiir letter of this day's date, enquiiing wheiher His 
 Excellency lias received by ihis Mail any Despatcb from His 
 Grace the Duke of Newcastle on the subject of the papers trans- 
 mitted on the 22nd December labt ; and, in reply, I am to acqtiaint 
 you, ihdt no such Despatch has been received by His Excellency. 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obcdt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, E?q , 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 No. 42. 2Zrd February, 18G3. 
 
 Sir, — 1 am directed by the Governor to acquaint you, that 
 having referred to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for 
 the Colonies for his decision, the question raised by you in your 
 Jettcr to Mr. Acting Government Secretary Pollard of the 20(Ii 
 November last, as to the right of the Governor to lay an injunc- 
 tion on you not to institute certain inquiries. His Grace has stated 
 in reply, that there is no doubt that such an injunction is wiihin 
 His Excellency's authority; but His Grace has neither fettered 
 His Excellency's discretion by any instruciion», nor has he di- 
 rected any communication to be made to you. 
 
 The Governor does not allow himself to doubt (hat you will 
 now be guided by his instructions on the subject which gave rise 
 to this reference to the Secretary of State ; but His Excellency 
 desires to avail himself of the first suitable opportunity which has 
 been afforded him of disclaiming the slightest wish to interfere 
 with any enquiries which you on your own responsibility, and in 
 the exercise of your own discretion, may think proper to inatilute 
 on the subject of His Excellency's conversation with you on the 
 5th November last. The difficulty arose, as the Governor cannot 
 but hope you will yet perceive, from your inviting the Governor's 
 sanction to your enquiries at a time when you were aware that 
 he had decided on refusing you all aid in obtaining information 
 on the subject. 
 
 The Governor has never been able to reconcile the expres- 
 sion in your letter of the 17th November, " I deem myself at 
 " liberty to make known what hae passed on the subject," mih 
 
 i
 
 73 
 
 your subsequent refusal to acknowledge h'\i authoril\- to f>ivo any 
 instructions in the matter. Had the Governor allowed sucli an 
 expression to pass unnoticed, it must, he thinks, be admitted that 
 he would thereby have given a tacit assent to any proceedings 
 whicli you mij^ht have felt it proper to lake. His Excellency, 
 with the views which he entertains, could not, directly or indi- 
 rectly sanction such proceedings, and he wa?, therefore, very re- 
 luctantly compelled to assume the position of prohibiting enquiries 
 of which he would have desired to hear nothing. 
 
 In communicating to yon <he decision of (he Secretary of 
 State, the Governor has ihouglit it due as W( 11 as to himself as to 
 you, that you should be made fully aware of the ground on wiiich 
 he felt ii necessary to lay the command on you which you appear 
 to have felt a difficulty in obeying. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Government Secretary. 
 
 J. TroUNSELL GiLBliRT, Esq , 
 
 Solicitor-General, Sec. &c. kc. 
 
 No. 43. Georgetown, 24tk February, 18G3. 
 
 His Esecllency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — Writing yesterday morning wiihout the papers to refer 
 to, T made a mistake in mentioning only those transmitted on the 
 22nd of December. I find that my representation to His Grace 
 the Secretary of State was transmitted on the 19th, and that the 
 copies referred to in it, some duplicates, and some correspondence 
 subsequent to the draft of my representation, were transmitted on 
 the 22iid. In order, therefore, that there may be no misappre- 
 hension on the subject, I have now very respectfully to request, 
 that if Your Excellency has received by the last Mail, or the Alail 
 before the last, any Despatch relating to any of the papers sent by 
 me to Your Excellency on the 19th and 22ud of Decembrr, and 
 all of which Your Excellency slated that you would forward on 
 the 23rJ, Your Excellency will be pleased to give me a copy of 
 that Despatch. 
 
 With respect to Your Excellency's second communication to 
 me of yesterday's date, I have very respectfully to request that 
 Your Excellency will be pleased to inform me when the Despatch
 
 I 
 
 74 
 
 of Your Excellency to wlilch Ilia Grace's Despatcl), referred to 
 in that communicaiion, was an answer, was forwarded, and when 
 the Despatch of His Grace was received by Your Excellency ; and 
 also that Your Excellency will be pleased to give me a copy of 
 this last Despatch. Your Excellency has communicated to me 
 some reference made by Hie Grace the Secretary of State to the 
 commands which Your Excellency was pleased to lay on me on 
 the, 9th of November. I would very respectfully request to be 
 informed, whetlur His Grace, at the lime of writing his Despatch, 
 had before him all the correspondence bt-tween Your Excellency 
 and myself up to, and inclusive of, the 22nd of November, when 
 I acceded to the terms on which Your Excellency proposed to lay 
 the whole matter before the Secretary of State; and if he had, 
 whether Your Excellency has received any Despatch from His 
 Grace referring to the two poin's raised by me previously to Your 
 Excellencj's command to me, namely, my right to know from 
 Your Excellency the names of Your Excellency's informants, and 
 my right, on Your Excellency's refusal to give me the names, to 
 make enquiries myself for the purpose of ascertaining them. And 
 if Your Excellency has received any such Despatch, I would very 
 respectfully request to be furnished with a copy of it. 
 
 I am aware that I cannot ask for copies of these Despatches 
 as 3 matter of right, bull venture to make the request, being 
 aware that Your Excellency was pleased in September last to for- 
 ward to the then Attorney-Generel a copy of a Despatch relating 
 to him. If, however. Your Excellency should not be pleased to 
 give me tlie copies, then I would very respectfully request to be 
 made acquainted with the contents of all Despatches which Your 
 Excellency may have received relating to the correspondence be- 
 tween Your Excellency and myself In November and December 
 last. 
 
 I must beg leave, with the utmost respect, to be permitted 
 to say, that I do not understand the following passage in Your 
 Excellency's communication of yesterday : — "The Governor does 
 '* not allow himself to doubt that you will now be gtiided by his 
 *• instructions on the subject which gave rise to this reference to 
 " the Secretary of State, but His Excellency desires to avail him- 
 *' self of the first suitable opportunity which has been afforded hira 
 ** of disclaiming the slightest wish to interfere with any enquiries 
 *' which you, on your own responsibility, and in the exercise of 
 " your own discretion, may think proper to institute on the sub- 
 ** ject of His Excellency's conversation with you on the 5th No« 
 " vember last." 
 
 <
 
 75 
 
 y"oHr Excellency was pleased lo lay certain commaiul? on me 
 formally. I never received any insirtjclions from Your ExcpI- 
 knoy. I now gather, that, with respect lo those comniande, and 
 my refusal to oljey tlietn, tiie Secretary of State has expressed an 
 opinion; but that he has not given Your Excellency any insiruc- 
 tions, or desired Your Excellency to make any commuiiicalicn tij 
 me, on the subject. It would also appear that Your Excellency 
 now leaves it to me to make any iiiquiries that I may think pro- 
 per. No such inquiries on my part are necessary. I have learnt— 
 purely liy actident, and without any inquiry on my part, and I 
 now know, beyond all doubt — ^^ihat Mr. t'uckow and Mr. VV^ B. 
 Pollard were the two persons ihroufih whom the unfounded state- 
 ment relating to me reached Your Excellency, I glate this merely 
 as a fact, and without any view of eliciiing any confirmation, or 
 any observation, from Your Excellency. 
 
 With respect to that part of Your Excellency's coinmimica- 
 lion, which is subsequent to the passage above quoted, I must very 
 res]>eelfu!ly, but at ihe same lime very firmly, disclaim having 
 ever invited Your Excellency's sanction lo any inquiries of mine ; 
 nor dul I ever ask, nor therefore could I have ever understood 
 Your Excellency to refuse me, any aid in obtaining information. 
 
 Verbally, on the 5:h of November, I askid Your Excellency 
 for the names of the two persons through whom whatam(>unud to 
 a charge atiaitist me had been made to Your Excellency. On iltat 
 occasion, Your Excellency at first refui^ed to give me the names, 
 but subsequently modified the refusal I'y saying you v^fould con- 
 Fider the question. 
 
 On the 15; h, having received no communication from Your 
 Excellency in the meantime, I renewed my request in writing-, 
 and was met with a positive refusal, 
 
 Ori the 17ih, 1 wrote to Your Excellency as follows : — " Aftfr 
 *' the positive terms of Your Excellency's rcjly to my litter of the 
 " 15ih, I should not again address you on the subject to which it 
 " refers, but that I consider it only candid to state, that, as tho 
 " mailer has now been communicated to ilie Acting Govciumcnt 
 " Secteiary in addiiion to the Attorney-General — to whom alcna 
 " I understood Yonr Excellency at our itiierview to say that you 
 " had previously to that lime mentioned it — and as the originators 
 " of the statement against me may have spread it much more 
 " widely than the contradiction, I deem myself at liberty to make 
 " known what has passed on the subject, especially for the pur- 
 " pose of procuring, if possible, the infyrraation wiiicli Your Ex- 
 " cellenev declines lo give me."
 
 ^our Excellency's answer of tlie same tlate, (Iirou^h iho llien 
 Acting Government Secretary, contains the following passage:— 
 " I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the receipt of 
 " your letter of this day's date, and to acquaint you, in reply, that 
 " His Excellency is of opinion that you are not justified in making 
 " knojvn what passed between him and you during a private c n- 
 " versation, without his express permission, which he is unable to 
 " grant you." 
 
 On the 18ih T wrote to Your Escellency a leifcr containing 
 the following passage : — " I must apologise for pulling Your Ex- 
 " callency to the trouble of reading another letter from me; but if 
 *' I were not to reply to Your Excellency's last communicaiion, 
 " the omission might be construed into assent to the terms of it. 
 ^' 1 must very respectfully state, that, in my judgment, none of the 
 '* characteristics of a private communicaiion attach to what has 
 " passed between Your Excellency and myself on the subject in 
 " question ; and this is the reason why I have not asked permis- 
 " sion, and why I must still assert the right, to make the mailer 
 *' known as I may consider necessary." 
 
 It is not necessary to quote any m<^re of the correspondence. 
 Not only so inv, but throughout, my ex|)ressed determination was 
 to act willio\it Your Excellency's pern-ission or sanction, which I 
 held that I did not require, and, certainly, wilhout Your Excel- 
 lency's aid, which I never thought of hinting at ; and neither in 
 your communicaiion of the 17ih, nor in any subsequent one, did 
 Your Excellency intimate to me lliat you considered ihat I was 
 inviting your sanction, or asking your aid, towards the procuring 
 of the information which I wanted, but you seemed to understand 
 what I meant to express, namely, that I was determined to obtain 
 in some other way the inforniation which Your Excelieney refused 
 to give me. And throughout. Your Excellency's position was 
 simply this, that I had no right to make any use whatever of what 
 liad passed belwer n us in ihe conversation of the 5th of November.* 
 
 That the difficulty to which Your Excellency refers aros3 
 from any conduct of mine, it is impossiltle for me, with all defer- 
 ence to Your Excellency, to admit. K, instead of refusing me 
 on ihe 17ih of November permission which I did not ask for, 
 and which ©n the 18ih I disclaimed asking for, and of command- 
 
 * Up to the 23rcl of Februarj' I had been commanded not to make in- 
 quh'ies, on the ground that the conversation was a private one, and that the 
 Governor had a r'ght to consider it confidential. On the 23rd February the 
 "commands" were toned down to "instructions," and entire] j dificrent rea- 
 sons were given for haying imposed them.
 
 77 
 
 infi; nie on the lOih not to do what I had claimed a light to do>. 
 Your Excellency had referred to my letter of the 17th in the terma- 
 of your letter of yesterday, do difBctilfy would ever have arisen 
 hetween us; because to such a communicaiion, at that stoge of 
 the proceedings, I should at once have replied, that I was prepared 
 to act on my own rcspon&iLilily, and in the exercise of my own 
 discretion; ihnl I required no permission or sanction, and desired 
 no aid, from Ycur Exocllciicy ; and that as it was merely fronj a 
 wish to 1)6 p< 1 fecily candid that I had slated my intention to Your 
 Excellency, if Your Excellency desired to know nothing of my 
 inquiries, you should hear no more on the subject from rae.. 
 Towards the close of Your ExcelloJicy's communication, I UrA- 
 \ho espression "proceedings" used apparently in a different sense 
 from " inquiiies." If by this cxpresbion Your Ex-ceilency means 
 to refer to auy possible proceedings on my part in relation to Mr. 
 Cuclcow cr Mr. Poilard, I Lave only to say, that my expressions- 
 both in ccnversatiun and in wriiinji with respect to Your Excel- 
 lency's informants, before I had any clue to their identity, are 
 pufficieni to show that while I claimed to know who they were, I. 
 held tliem beneath my notice. 
 
 In conclusion, I regret thcit it sliould have been ncces?ary 
 for mo to address Y'<;ur Excellency at such Itngih, but it was im- 
 possible for me to admit the correctness of the inferences in Your 
 Excellency's last communivniion ; and I consider that it was in- 
 cumbent on me to show that they were not dedncible from any-* 
 thing that had emanated from me, and that they had never before 
 been suggested. 
 
 I am happy to believe that when I get the information for,- 
 which I have asked, there will be no necessity for any further 
 correspondtnce. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Y'our Excellericy's most obedient se^van^, 
 
 J. TROUNJ?ELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General, 
 
 No. 44. 25ih Felruarv, 1803. 
 
 Sif^,— I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of the 24th instant, applying for certain in- 
 formation regarding His Excellency's correspondence with the 
 Secretary of State, and stating your views on the subject of my 
 letter of the 23rd instant, and I am to make the following reply 
 thereto : — 
 
 With reference to your entiuiries regarding the correspond--
 
 78 
 
 ence adverted to, the Governor directs me to observe — 1st. Tliat ■ 
 he must df^cline furnisjiiajx you with copies of any Despatches un- ■ 
 til insirucied to do so hy the Secretary of State. 2tid. That when- ^ 
 ever His Excellency shall be instructed by llie Secretary of Stafe 
 10 make any communication to you, his inst ructions will be obeyed 
 without unnecefcsary dflay. 3id. I'hat Mis Excellencj will ex- 
 ercise his own discretion in making communications to yon, when 
 not instructed to do so. but must decline replying^ to any interro- 
 gatories on the subji^ct of his correspondence wiih the Secretary 
 of Slate. 
 
 The Governor regrets to perceive from yotir letter of the 
 24:th, that my letter to which it is a reply, appear? to have hern 
 misunderstood both in letter and spirit. As, iiowever, His Ex- 
 cellency learns that the prriciical difficulty is at an end, owing to 
 your no longer feeling any desire to institute inquiries on the sub- 
 ject of your conversation with him on the 5ih November, be has 
 directed me to confine my reply to the correction of the misun- 
 derstanding. 
 
 It was not the Governor's intention to recede in the slij);htest 
 degree from the position which he felt himself compelled to as« 
 8ume in November last- hut after receiving the Secretary of 
 State's decision that the injunction whinh he laid on you was 
 within his authority. His Excellency, in the hope that you would 
 appreciate the conciliatory spirit in which he wished to act, di- 
 rected me to point out to you, that he had never entertained any 
 wish to obs'rnct your inquiries on the subject of his conversation 
 ■with you, but that by volunteering to acquaint him with your in- 
 tentions, you had placed him in a false position, and had com- 
 pelled him to refuse permission to you to make use of your con« 
 versation with liim. 
 
 The Governor had hoped that you wonld liave perceived that 
 the true solution of the difficulty, assuming, as he was bound to 
 do, that you still desired to follow out your original design of 
 making use of this conversation, was to withdraw your letter of 
 the 17ih November, or such portion of it as Hl< Excellency con- 
 eidered objectionable. Such a withdrawal would have enabled 
 His Excellency likewise to withdraw the instruction or command 
 which he laid on you not Co make use of that conversation. 
 
 There is one other passage in your letter to which the Go- 
 Ternor has directed me to reply. It is that where you remark, 
 that if instead of refusing you permission on the 17th November 
 to do wffat you had claimed a right to do, the Governor had re^ 
 plied in the ttrrae of my letter of the 23rd instant, no difficulty
 
 79 
 
 would have arisen. The Governor does not venture lo hope from 
 the lone ot your correspondence thai he shall l>e able to convince 
 you that you could have committed an error ; but he directs mo 
 to point out to you, that you rtn'lercd all explanation on his part 
 impossible to iiim when you adopted the line of insubordination to 
 the authority of ihe Crown willi which he is invested. You did 
 not remonstrate against ihe Governor's refusal of permission lo 
 make use of liis conversation wi'h you, but you broadly asserted 
 your right to do so in disregnrd of his opinion, and you then took 
 the erroneous ground that His Excellency had exceeded the scope 
 of his authority. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obeditjnl servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Governmenc Secretary. 
 
 ■ J. TuouNSELL Gilbkut, Esq , 
 
 Solicitor-General, &ic. &c. &.c. 
 
 No. 45. Georgetown, 25th February/, 18C3. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hingks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sib, — I must very respoeiruUy fubmii to Your Excellency, 
 that I am placed in a very unpleasant position, by having it stated 
 to me by Your Excellency thai His Grace the Secretary of Stale 
 l)a8 expressed an opinion on one point arising in my correspond- 
 ence with Your Excellency, which opinion Your Excellency is 
 pleased to communicate to me, though you have received no in.- 
 Btructions on the subject, and have not been desired to make any 
 communicaiion to me, while to my very respectful rpquesl for in- 
 formation, especially in relation to two points which arose pre- 
 viously to the point above referred to. Your Excillency gives a 
 decided refusal. I merely slate this by way of a very respectful 
 protest (if I may be allowed, with all deference, to use the ex- 
 pression) ajjainst Your Excellency's refusal. Presuming that 
 Your Excellency will adhere to it, I have not the slightest wish to 
 put you to the trouble of a further rejily. 
 
 Beyond my reference to this refusal, I shall not say anything 
 on the subject of Your Excellency 'b last coramunieaiioi); as I am
 
 80 
 
 afraid iliat any furilier coirespoiidenco might have an appearance 
 of controversy, which I atn exlremely desirous of avoiding, 
 I have tlie honor to be, Sir, very rcs|)ecifully, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 46. 2Gth Fehrmry, 1803. 
 
 Sill, — However unuilling ihe Governor feels to protract an 
 unnecessary and painful correspondence, he cannot allow to pass 
 unnoticed your leller of yesterday's date, in which you describe 
 yourself as having been placed in a very unpleasant position by a 
 coramunicalion from His Excellency, and add ihat you feel it ne- 
 cessary to enter a protest against his refusal to furnish you with 
 certain infornaation. The Governor has therefore directed me to 
 j)lace on record the exact circumstances of ihe case. 
 
 On the 19ih December last, you addressed a letter to His 
 Grace the Duke of Newcastle, transmiiting certain correspond- 
 ence, and subniilting certain points, for the decision of His Grace. 
 You were informed that your letter would be duly transmitted by 
 the firht Mail, and it was so transmitled. 
 
 On ihe morning of the 23/d instant, you addressed a leiter to 
 the Governor enquiring whtiher there had been any answer to 
 that leitej', and you were promptly informed that there had not. 
 You were subsequenily informed by me, that if the Governor 
 should he instructed by the Secretary of State to make any com- 
 munication to you, it would be made without any unnces^ary delay. 
 
 Such are the facts with reference to your letter to the Secre- 
 tary of State of the 19ih December last. You were, however,, 
 well aware that by the Mail of the 8ih December the Governor 
 liad felt it neC' ssary to submit to the Secretary of State a corre- 
 spondence between the Acting Government Secretary and yourself, 
 which had resulted in a refusal on your part to obey a command 
 of the Governor, on the ground that in laying it he had exceeded 
 the scope of his authority. You had slated that you considered 
 yourself at liberty to make use of information communicated to 
 you by the Governor. You were informed, in reply, that you 
 were not nt liberty to do so without the permission ©f His Excel- 
 lency, which he could not grant. You re affirmed your right to- 
 make use of that information ; the Governor then formally laid a 
 command on you not to do so. You then distinctly refused to 
 obey such a command, on the ground that the Governor had ex-
 
 81 
 
 CPfiJetl llie scope of Iiis authorily. You weve then informed, tliat 
 under all llie circumstances of ihe case, the Governor liad deter- 
 mined to refer for the decision of ihe Secretiiry of Siale ihe point 
 raised by you, that he had exceeded the scope of his authority, 
 and it was suggfsied to you, that pending such reference, you 
 ehould lake no further action in the mailer- To this you assented. 
 
 When, therefore, the Governor received ilie decision of the 
 Secretary of Slate on the point sultmiited hy him to His Grace, 
 it was necessary for hiin to communicate it to you, and in doing 
 so he adopted ihe most conciliatory course tiiat it was possible for 
 him to take. Mean\^hile circumstances had altered. 
 
 You have admitted that you have no longer any objict in 
 instlluiing the inquiries which you desired to make in November 
 last, and the question submitted to the Secretary of State by the 
 Governor has conseqnenily ceased to be of any practical im- 
 portance. 
 
 In view of the facts, which the Governor hopes liave been 
 accurately though concisely stated, His Excellency Ciinnot admit 
 that you have been placed in an unpleasant position by any act of 
 his, or that you have any just cause of complaint. 
 
 '1 he Governor is not char whether in your protest against his 
 refusal lo give you certain information you had reference to your 
 application for copies of Despatches. You seem to be aware that 
 you have no right to claim such copies; but the Governor pre- 
 sumes that you are acquainted wiih the regulations of the Colonial 
 Service, by the 178ih paragraph of which, " Governors are also 
 •' forbidden to give copies of ihe Secretary of State's Despatches, 
 " or instructions, or lo allow them to be taken, unless by desire of 
 " the Secretary of Stale." 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt, Secretary. 
 J. Tuounsi:;ll Gilbert, E'^q , 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 No. 47. Georgetown, 27th February, 1863. 
 
 Ilia Excellency pRAiNcis IiiNCK9> Esquire, C.B, 
 Uovernor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — T observe that Your Excellency characterizes our cor- 
 respondence as *' unnecessary," I respectfully admit ihat it is 
 quite unnecessary to prolong it. 
 
 k
 
 82 
 
 Eui Your Excellency will, I am sure, excuse my pointing out 
 two prrors in your last communicatidn. The first is, where it is 
 Hated, that on the mi)rnin<; of the 23r(l I enquired whether there 
 Ijiid heen any answer lo my lotier addressed to His Grace ihe 
 Secretary of Slate on the 19ih of December last. IMy enquiry 
 was vvlieiher Your Excellency had received by the last Mail any 
 respa'ch from His Grace on the subject of the papers transmitted 
 on !he22iid of December, (I should liave said the 19ih and 22nd 
 of Decci7iber, and I subsequently amended the enquiry,) and these 
 papers compri--ed all the correspondence between Your Kxceliency 
 aufl myself, including my letter in which I had declined to obey 
 a certain command of Your Exctliency. 
 
 The second is in the following passage'. — ''You were then 
 " informed, that under all the circumsianct-s of the case, the Go- 
 •• vcrnor had determined to refer for the decision of the Secretary 
 •• of Stale the point raised by you that he had exceeded the scope 
 " of his aiulioriiy," that is, in imposing that command on me. 
 Your Excellency here means to refer lo your communication lo 
 me of the 21si of November. 
 
 The passage on this subject in that communication is as fol- 
 lows: — " While he has deemed it proper to point out to you llic 
 '• two courses, one of which, in his; opinion, you were bound to 
 "adopt, if you fell the point at issue of sufficient importance to 
 " induce you to resist the wishes of the Governor, he is neverthe- 
 " less of opinion, that under all the circumstances of the case, he 
 " will but consult the interests of the public service by lnung (he 
 " whole matter before the Secretary of Stale." This quotat-on 
 shows that it was not this single point mentioned above which 
 Your Excellency then announced your intention to submit (o the 
 Secretary of State. The " point at issue" here referred lo as that 
 which induced me to resist the wishes of Your Excellency, could 
 not have been my refusal lo obey Your Excellency's command 
 which was imposed on me subsequently to my resistance lo Your 
 Excellency's wishes, which, I |)resume, are lo be found in the ex- 
 pression of your 0|)iriion as to the necessity of your permission, 
 and in the iniimalion of your refusal of that permission. 'J he ex- 
 pression " the whole matter" is manifestly inteiidcd to include, 
 and docs include, not only the question as to my right to refuse to 
 obey the command of Your Excellency, but the previous " point 
 " at issue" lo which Your Excellency refers; and nropcly, it in- 
 cluded two previous points, for there was ono as to my right to 
 the infarmation from Your Escel'ency, and another as to my riglit, 
 on Your E.\ccllency'8 refusal, lo seek fur it myself.
 
 83 
 
 I have not a copy of ilie Regulalions of ilie Coloniiil Office, 
 and was unacquainted ^\itb the reojulaiinn qnoiid hy Yonr Et- 
 cellency. If I had been acquainted with if, I ehraild of conrse 
 iiave presumed that Your Excellency, in givi.-.j^ the Attorney- 
 General a copy of a Despatch in September last, was aciin"' by 
 drsire of the Secretary of State, and I should not have made any 
 request for cojiies of Despatchce. 
 
 My very respectful protest is not against being reTused copies 
 of Despatches, but against being denied all informaiitin. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully. 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBEIIT, 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 48. 21th Fehruanj, 18C3. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to ackno^ledfje tlie 
 receipt of your letter of this day's date, from which he perceives 
 that you are of opinion there were two errors in my K tter of yes- 
 terday's date. Witii regard to liie fir.^t point adverted to, the Go- 
 vernor regrets that your remaik? should call for an explanation 
 which, in his anxioUs desire to act in a conciliatory spirit, he had 
 wished to avidd. 
 
 }]Js Excellency desires me to observe, that he considered the 
 first portion of your letter of the 24ih instant offen>ive. There 
 could have been no room for doubt as to the meaning of your first 
 letter written after the arrival of the last English mail. Your ob- 
 ject was to ascertain wl'.eiher the Governor had received a reply 
 to your letter to the Secretary of State, submitting certain points 
 for His Grace's decision, and the answer might have satisfied you 
 that no such reply had been received. Bui you apparently ima- 
 gined tliat the Governor was capable of quibbling as to the pre- 
 cipe date of your letter, or as to the ]iarticu!ar Mail by which a 
 reply might have been received. And 3 ou adopted a mode of 
 interrogating His Excellency that he could not but feci was more 
 suitable for the cross examination of a prevaricating witness in a 
 Court of Justice than for a comrnunicatii)n to the Hepres-i Dtative 
 of the Crown. The Governor did not condescend to notice the 
 insinuation which your letter conveyed, but in general terras he 
 gave you an assurance that there would be no delay on his t»art to 
 communicate to you any reply which the Secretary of State might 
 direct hira lo make to vou.
 
 84 
 
 Wiih regard to ll)e second point adpcrtcd to in your letter, 
 the Governor in of opinion that I lie meaning of the expression 
 " laving the whole matter Ixfore the Secretary of State" is suffi- 
 ciently obvioup, namely, that His Excellenc}' would transmit the 
 entirt correspondence on the snhject. His Excellency, however, 
 must continue to maintain, that (here was but one point in which 
 he was interested, namely, the mainienance of his authority. 
 
 The Governor would have deemed it unnecessary to notice 
 the last paragraph of your let(er, but that Lis omi-sion to do so 
 niighi lead you to ituagine that he had been instructed to give the 
 Attorney-General a copy of the Despatch referred lo. His Ex- 
 cellency was not so instructed, but on that occasion betook a re- 
 sponsibility which is very frequently assumed by Colonial Go- 
 vernors, of deviating from the strict letter of the Regulations. 
 Fur such deviation, His Excellency is responsible to the Secretary 
 of Slate, but they can form no precedent for such demands as yours. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. TuoUNsnrx Gilbkrt, E«;q , 
 
 Solicitor General, &c. Sec. kc. 
 
 No. 49. Georgetown, 27th Fehriiary, 1863. 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B , 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — I respectfully conceive that it is better for me not to 
 innke any observations on the epithets which Your Excdlency in 
 70ur communication to me, dated to day, is pleased to apply to my 
 letter of the 24ih. But I will, by way of explanation, very shortly 
 state why I made the particular requests for information contain- 
 ed in that letter. 
 
 On the morning of the 23rd of this month, I wrote lo Your 
 Excellency requesting to have communicated to me any Despatch 
 which you may have received from His Grace the Secretary of 
 State by ihe Mail of the 22nd, on the subject of the papers trans- 
 milted by me on the 22nd of December. 
 
 Between 11 and 12 o'clock, I received a communication 
 written by the Government Secretary bv Your Excellency's direc- 
 tion, numbered 274, and stating that no such Despatch had been
 
 85 
 
 received by Your Excellency. About an liour laler, I received 
 anotlicr coinimiiiicalion wriiten by ihc Governnienl Secretary by 
 Your Excellenoy's direction, not numbered, and in which I was 
 informed that His Grace bad ox[)ressed an opinion iiaving refer- 
 ence to my letter of the 20ili of November, which was one of the 
 pa[)ers transmitted by me on the 22nd of December * I could 
 only reconcile the former of these two communications with the 
 latter, by presuming that the former was the consequence of a want 
 of accuracy and particularity in my leUerof the 23rd of January. 
 And I accordingly considered it desirable to be very exact in my 
 letter of the 24ih. 
 
 I have the honor to bo, Sir, very respectfully, 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, - 
 
 Solicitor-General. 
 
 No. 50. 28th February, IS6'3. 
 
 Siu, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge the re- 
 ceipt of your letter of yesterday's date, and to observe, in repdy, 
 tliat while His Excellency is ready to believe that when your let- 
 ter of the 24th instant was written, you were labouring under a 
 Miisconoeption, he cannot admit that any difficulty should have 
 been exj)crienced in reconciling the statements made in the two 
 letters which I addressed to you on the 23rd instant. 
 
 It is perfectly true that reference was made in my second let- 
 ter to a letter of your's dated 20ih November, and that a copy of 
 that letter was transmitted to il^e Secretary of State witli the lolfcr 
 to wbich I had informed you there was no rej)ly. But it is equally 
 true that a copy of the same leticr (20ih November) had been 
 transmitted by the Governor to the Secretary of Stale by the pre- 
 ceding Mail, and ihat Mr. Acting Government Secretary Pollard 
 had, in a letter to you dated the 2nd of December, used the fol- 
 lowing language: — "In order to prevent misunderstanding, the 
 " Governor has directed me to acquaint you, that it is his inten- 
 
 * The first letter was numbered ; the address on the envelope was in the 
 handwriting of a Clerk in the Government Secretary's OQkc, and it passed 
 through the office in the usual way. Any one employed there, and seeing 
 it, if asked whether the Mail had broiisht any intelligence on the subject of 
 my difterences with the Governor, might, without any breach of confidence, 
 have felt himself at liberty to answer— No. The second was not numbered, 
 was addressed in the handwriting of the Government Secretary, and, being a 
 contradiction of the firsts was intended by the Governor to bo private.
 
 86 
 
 " lion, ia bringing before the Secretary of State your refusal to 
 •' obey the command which lie felt it his duty to lay upon you, to 
 " transmit to His Grace copies of yi»ur letters of the ISiii, 17ih, 
 «' 18t.li, 20ih,and24ih (No. 2) November, and of my letters of 
 *« the 15th, 17th, 19ih, and 21st of the same month." You were 
 thus distinctly informed oftlie Governor's intention to transmit 
 a copy of your letter of the 20ih November to the Secretary of 
 Stale by the Mail of the 8ih December, and of ihe precise point 
 which His Excellency considered it necessary to refer for H'n 
 Grace's decision. 
 
 Advertinc; to the terms of my second letter of the 23rd inst., 
 it is clearly indicated that the Secretary of State's opinion was 
 given in answer to a reference made by the Governor, and not ia 
 reply to your lelrter. 
 
 Whatever misconception may have existed on the subject, 
 the Governor cannot doubt that you now fully comprehend, that 
 alihoutrh he has received a reply to his Despatch transmitted by 
 the Muil of the 8ih December, he lias not yet received one to that 
 transmitted by the subsequent Mail, and in which your letter to the 
 Secretary of State was forwarded. 
 
 I have tlie honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq , 
 
 Solicitor-General, &c. <Scc. Scc. 
 
 No. 51. 9th March, 1803. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acquaint you, that 
 he has received a Despatch from Her Majesty's principal Secre- 
 tary of State for the Colonies, acknowledging the receipt of the 
 Despatch in which His Excellency transmitted to His Grace youit 
 letter of the 19ih December last. 
 
 The Secretary of State has directed that it should be inti- 
 mated to you that he had received, and had fully considered your 
 Jetter with the enclosures ; and that taking into account your dis- 
 closure to your brother of His Excellency's correspondence, and 
 the fact that a portion of that correspondence was alluded to in a 
 document drafted by your brother for Mr. Winter, whilst it seems 
 highly improbable that the knowledge of it could have reached 
 Mr, Winter or Mr. Anglim Gilbert from any other source, Hia
 
 87 
 
 Grace is of opinion that tlie circiinislances of ilio case taken allo- 
 pellier are such as cannot but inii)oir Mis Excellency's confiiliMice 
 in you, iliough at the same lime neiiher His Grace nor ilie Go- 
 vernor may impute to you any inton'ion tjjat the knowloilije wliich 
 you had Gomiiiunicattd to Mr. Anglinj Gilbert 6lioi;l(J be used as 
 it was. 
 
 The Secretary of Sta'e has further dirpcled ihat you tliould 
 be informed, that it is not expected of the Governor of a Colony 
 to retain the services of a law officer from \vhom he has reasona- 
 ble grounds for withdrawing his confidence. 
 
 Wiih regard to your allej^jed right to demand the names of 
 those who iiad communicated to the Governor certain erroneous 
 information which had reached them to your prejudice, the Go- 
 vernor has been directed to state, that as the int^ormaiion had been 
 communicated to His Excellency in good faith, and in the dis- 
 cliarge of a positive duty, and as the eirur (which was merely in- 
 advertent) had fortunately been discovered, so that no prejudice 
 accrued to you from it, His Grace sees no reason why ihe niirnes 
 should be communicated to you, especially as you seemed inclined 
 to resent an accidental error as if it had been deliberate and ma- 
 licious. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 Your n*ost obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary.. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbeut, Esq., 
 
 Solicitor-General, iScc. &C' &.c. 
 
 7. — A. Georgeioivn, British Gztiana, 
 
 {)th March, 18C3: 
 
 To His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, 
 
 Her Majesty's Principal S-ecrelary of Stale for the Colonies. 
 
 My Lord Duke, — I have just received from His Excel- 
 lency the Governor a letter, copy of which is enclosed. How 
 much of this letter is warranted by Your Grace's Despatch, I 
 liave no means of ascertaining. It is useless for me to ask for a 
 copy of the Despatch, because I am sure of its being refused. I 
 must assume the substantial correctness of those parts of His 
 Excellency's letter which purport to give Your Grace's opinions 
 as to my right to know the names of the two persons who gave,
 
 88 
 
 Mis Kxcc'lloncy certsiin unfounded informatidn rdiiting lo wo, and 
 as to the sul)ject of ilie letter whicli I wrote to 11 is Excellency on 
 tliG 29ih of November last in refuialion of liis insinuation thai I 
 had co-operated with Air. Winter in one or boili of liis Memorials ; 
 l!ioup;ii a statement (« lielfier of Your Grace or His Excellency, 
 does not by liis letter clearly appear) which implies that Mr. An- 
 glim Gilbert used information that he received from me, is a 
 misstatement of fact. But on the assumption of ihe sabslaniial 
 correctness of Ills Excellency's letter — as I cannot submit to the 
 imputations and ihe treatment involved in the expression of such 
 opinions — I have the hi>nor to lender lo Her Most Gracious Ma- 
 jesty the Queen, through Your Grace, my resignation of the offices 
 of Solicitor General and Judge Advocate of the Georgetown Mi- 
 jitia, which I now hold ; and I must request that my rcsignciiion 
 of the former may be considered as dating 'from the first day of 
 this year. 
 
 I have the honor to be, My Lord Duke, 
 
 Your Grace's most obedient servant, 
 
 J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor-GcneraL 
 
 Wo. 52. Georfjeton-n, 9th 31 arch, 186a 
 
 His Excellency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B., 
 Governor of British Guiana. 
 Sir, — I have the honor to enclose for Your Excellency's in- 
 formation, and to request that you will transmit to the Secretary 
 of State, by this evening's jMail, a letter to His Grace, (of which 
 I send duplicate,) and ihe copy of Your ExcellcHcy's letter with 
 it. I presume that the regulation requirintj a communication to 
 the Secretary of Slate to be sent in at least two days before the 
 departure of the Mail will not be held to apply to one like the 
 I>resent. 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 
 Solicitor General, 
 
 No. £3. lU/i il/arc7*,1863. 
 
 Sir, — I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge tha 
 receipt of your letter of the 9ih instant, and to acquaint you, that
 
 89 
 
 in accoitlancc wiili the request ihercin contained, His Excollency 
 duly transmitted your letter with i(s enclosures to the Duke of 
 Newcastle l)y tlie ftlail of that day. 
 
 The Governor has ohscrvrd with repret an observation in 
 your letter to tlie Secretary of Siatc to the ffftcf, lliat it docs not 
 clearly appear from my letter of the Oih instant whether a portion 
 of the communication made by me to you on thai day was the 
 opinion of the Secreiary of Stale or his own. '1 lie Governor has 
 re-considored that communicaliun attentively, and he must own 
 himself at a loss to conceive iiow it could be more clearly con^ 
 veyed to you than was done in that lelKn', that he was directed 
 by the Secretary of State to communicate to you His Grace's 
 opinions on the refereiice which you had ntade to him. 
 
 The Governor is of course responsible for having faithfully 
 •conveyed to you the rejdy which he was instructed to make, but 
 in doing so, he did not presume to add any opinion of his own. 
 
 I have tiie honor to be, ?ir, 
 
 \our most obt. servt., 
 
 VV. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secreiary. 
 J. Trounskll Gilbeht, Esq., 
 &;c. (Sec. Sic. 
 
 No. 54. Georgeion-n, IQtk March, 18G3. 
 
 His Escoliency Francis Hincks, Esquire, C.B,, 
 
 Governor of Briiisii Guiana. 
 
 Sir, — After some consideration, I have come to the conclu- 
 sion to request that Your Excellency will be pleased to give me a 
 copy of the i)espa(ch of His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, which 
 is referred to in Your Excellency's communications to me of tl)e 
 9ih and llih of this month. 1 ask this neiiher as a matter of 
 right, nor as a matter of favour, but I simftly make the request 
 as one with which Your Excellency may comply it you choose to 
 assume the responsibility referred to in your communication to 
 rae of the 27ih of last month. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 Your Excellency's most oiiedient servant, 
 
 J. TROUNSELL GILBERT.
 
 90 
 
 No. 55. IGth March, 1863. 
 
 Sin, — I am dirpctod l»y llie Govprnor to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of lliis day's date, and in reply, to inform 
 you, lliat you have been already turnislied with the substance of 
 the Secretary of State's Despatch lo which you refer, and that 
 •His Excellency mu«t decline communiciiting a copy of it to you. 
 I have the honor to i)o, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. WALKER, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 To J. Trounskll Gilbert, tlsq., 
 &c. &c. &;c. 
 
 No. 56. 2Qtli 3Iarch, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — T am directed by the Governor to acquaint yon that 
 he has received a Despalcli from Flis Grace the Duke of New- 
 castle, Her Majesty's Principal Secrerary of Slate for ihe Colo- 
 nies, acknowledging the receipt of a Despatch in which His Ex- 
 ceMency transmitted your letter urging your claims lo ihe office 
 of Acting Attorney-General of British Guiana. 
 
 His Grace had received and h;ul duly considered your letter, 
 hut referred His Excellency to liis recent Despatches, iti which 
 lie has acquainted him that it is nat expected of the Govcnor of 
 a Colony to retain the services of a law officer from whom he has 
 reasonable grounds for wiihdraAing his confidence. 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient fcervant, 
 
 W. WALKRR, 
 
 Govt. Secretary. 
 J. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 Letter a. Govey^ment House, 
 
 Defncrara,24th October, 1857. 
 My Dear Sir, — The return of the Aitornf y-G-neral to the 
 C(dony having relieved you from the performance of his duties, I 
 hasten to offer yoti the assurance of my cordial appreciation of the 
 assistance you have afforded me, both as Law Adviser of the Go- 
 vernment and in your place as an Official Member of the Court 
 of Poiicv.
 
 or 
 
 I sliall have much jjlGasuro in expressing to the Secretary of 
 Slate iny sense of vour services, and if at any future time it should 
 be in my power to promote your vietvs in connection with tlic 
 Government, I shall be highly gratified to do so. 
 Believe me, niy dear Sir, 
 
 Yours very faithfully, 
 
 W. WALKER. 
 
 J. T. GiLBEKT, Esq., 
 
 Soliciior-General. 
 
 Letter b. 
 
 Extract from the Minutes of the Proceedings of 
 the Honorable the Court of Policy of the 
 Colony of British Guiana, at its adjourned 
 Assembly, held at the Guiana Public- 
 Buildings, Georgetown, Demerara, 
 Thursday, 22nd October, 1857. 
 (After Prayers.) 
 On the motion of the Honorable Mr. Rose, seconded by the 
 Honorable Mr. Clementson, the thanks of the Elective Merabera 
 were tendered to Mr. Gilbert for his services as Acting Attorney- 
 General. 
 
 True Extract, 
 
 J. GARDINER AUSTIN, 
 
 Ass. Sccretarv. 
 
 Letter e. Georgetown, 29//i April, 1863. 
 
 My Dear Sir, — Will you oblige me by reading the copies 
 which I send you of two letters — one from myself to Governor 
 Hincks, numbered 10, and dated 29ih November, 1862, ihe other 
 from Governor Hincks to myself numbered 51, dated 9ih March, 
 1863, and purporting to give ihe contents of a Despatch from His 
 Grace the Duke of Newcastle to the Governor. You will observe, 
 in the former of these, what is stated by me as to your sources of 
 information in relation to particular passages, one in each, of your 
 Memorials to the Secretary of Stale; and in the latter, the asper- 
 sions which His Grace, if the Governor's vtrsion of his Despatch 
 is correct, casts — firstly, on my brother and myself, by the un- 
 founded insinuation that your very imperfect information on a cer- 
 tain point could scarcely have reached you or my brother in any
 
 92 
 
 other way tlian (lirongli mc — and, eecondly, on my brotber, by 
 the as unfounded assertion, that in drafting your Memorials, he 
 used information which had been communicated to him by mc. 
 No one knows better than you how unwarranted by facts are these 
 aspersions ; and I must beg that after having read the letters, you 
 will further oblige me by answering the following questions:— 
 
 1st. Whether you ever derived from me, directly or indirectly, 
 any information on which any part of either of your Memorials is 
 founded ? 
 
 2n(I. Whether what is staled in your IMemorials on the two 
 points referred to in my letter No. 16, is not simply an embodi- 
 ment of your instructions to my brother? 
 
 3rd. Whether you ever derived from my brother, directly or 
 indirectly, any information whatever on either of these points ? 
 
 4lh. Whether your information on both points — the one in 
 the first as well as the one in the second Memorial — was not de- 
 rived from general rumour? 
 
 5th. Whether in my Jotter No, 16 you observe any inaccu- 
 racy in the statement of any fact within your knowledge? 
 
 I put these questions with the view of printing this letter and 
 your reply along with some other papers for distribution among 
 my friends. 
 
 I am, my dear Sir, 
 
 Very truly your's, 
 
 J, TROUNSELL GILBERT, 
 F. A. R. Winter, Esq. 
 
 Letter f. Georrjetomi, April ZOth,\mZ. 
 
 My Dear Sir,-— Your letter of yesterday's date I duly re- 
 teivcd, and I have carefully read the letters, giving special atten- 
 tion to the passages in my Memorials to which you refer. 
 
 I have not the slightest hesitation in saying, that the insinua- 
 tion that the knowledge of certain transactions alluded to in my 
 Memorials could scarcely have reached your brother and myself 
 from any other source than you, is utterly unfounded ; and the 
 assertion that your brother, in framing these Memorials, used ip»- 
 formation derived from you, is positively untrue. 
 
 I have much pleasure in replying to the questions you put t© 
 me, and shall answer ihcm seriatim.
 
 93 
 
 l?t. To lliis my reply is, that I never derived from yoii, di- 
 rectly or indirecily, any infurmaiion on wlilch any part of either of 
 my Memorials was founded. 
 
 You detail the only conversations \;»l)icli I believe we over 
 had on the subject, and you give th'^ very words used by each of 
 us, which prove that I was already in possession of current reports. 
 
 2nd. The statement referred to in each of my Memorials is 
 only the embodiment of my instructions to Mr. O. A. Gilbert. 
 
 3rd. I never, directly or indirectly, received any information 
 whatever on either of these points froni your brother. 
 
 4ih. The information on both points, one in the first, and the 
 other in the second Memorial, was derived from general rumour — • 
 there was no secrecy about the matter — it was commonly talked of, 
 
 5ih. I have carefully read your letter No. 16, and there is not 
 any inaccuracy in any statement of any fact therein of which I 
 have any knowledge. 
 
 I have given precise and categorical answers to your ques- 
 tions, that there may be no mistake about the matter, so as to re« 
 move at once all suspicion of the possibility of the existence of any 
 foundation for the aspersions which have been cast upon you and 
 your brother in connection with the Memorials which he prepared 
 at my request, and solely from instructions fornishedto hiju by me. 
 I am, my dear Sir, 
 
 Your's truly, 
 
 FRED. WINTER. 
 d. Trounsell Gilbert, Esq., 
 &c. &c. &c.
 
 GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA : 
 
 rrjJfTED AT THE " CREOLE" OFFICE, AilERIGA.STHEEr, 
 
 1863.
 
 r 
 
 u 
 
 ■> \
 
 IP
 
 BRITISH GUIANA CATALOGUE. 
 
 N^OTE. — From the late period at which a considerable portion of the specimens 
 for exhibition was received, many of the numbers in this Catalogue have un- 
 avoidably been repeated, with a distinguishing letter. 
 
 SECTION L— RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCE, 
 
 (A.) MINERAL KINGDOM. 
 
 Substances Used in the Manufacture of Glass, Pottery, and 
 Earthenware. 
 
 1. WHITE SAND.* Contributed by T. M. Pollard. 
 
 From Mount Pleasant, Waratilla Creek, River Demerary. This Sand has 
 been exported to the United States of America for the purpose of elass- 
 makmg. 
 
 2. RED SAND. Contributed by T. M. Pollard. 
 
 From Waratilla Creek, River Demerara. 
 
 3. WHITE SAND. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From Motite Video, River Berbice, about 200 miles above its estuary. 
 
 4. OBEALA. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 A Decomposed Rock, believed to be valuable in the manufacture of 
 Pottery. From the River Berbice. 
 
 5. CLAYS and SAND. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Obtained at various depths from an Artesian Boring. This boring, four 
 inches in diameter and 118 feet in depth, on Plantation Woodlands, one 
 mile from the mouth of the Mahaica River, was executed between 6th and 
 22nd October, 1849, by Mr. John Allt. The water (much impregnated 
 with iron) is delivered eighteen inches above the surface of the soil, and 
 is greatly mcreased in quantity by the flood of spring tides, like all other 
 Artesian borings of the colony. The following memorandum was taken 
 during the process of boring: — 
 
 1 to 5 feet, surface soil; 6 feet, layer of caddy; 7 to 9 feet, blue clay; 
 
 9 to 39 feet, soft mud mixed with caddy, in which the auger went down 
 by its own weight; 39 to 53 feet, rotten wood and pegass, or decayed 
 vegetable matter; 53 to 55 feet, bluish grey clay, stiff; 55 to 57 feet, 
 clay, a little red and grey ; 57 to 70 feet, reddish clay; 70 to 82 feet 
 
 10 inches, yellowish grey clay, with a little sand and ochre, very stitf; 
 82 feet 10 inches to 86 feet 8 inches, bluish grey clay, streaked; 86 feet 
 8 inches to 92 feet, bluish grey clay, streaked, more yellow. 
 
 The bed of sand from which the water is obtained, was reached at a depth 
 of 118 feet, and the same stratum was found at a depth of 125 feet. The 
 numbers on the 31 specimens sent, indicate the depth in feet at which they 
 were obtained. 
 
 * White Sand may be had in any quantity by sending for. at about 30 
 to 40 miles up the Demerary Riv«r. 
 
 B
 
 10 
 
 (B.) VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 
 
 I. Substances Used chiefly as Food, or in its Preparation. 
 
 6. BICE. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon Netscher. 
 
 (Oryza sativa, Lin.) From Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, Eiver Demerary. 
 
 7. RICE. Contributed by T. B. Duogin. 
 
 From Monte Video, Eiver Berbice. The colony of British Guiana is emi- 
 nently favourable for the cultivation of Rice. It is worthy of remark, that 
 three crops can be obtained anniudhj in this colony from one sowing, the 
 new crop ratooning or springing up from the old roots after each reaping. 
 
 8. MAIZE or INDIAN CORN. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon Netscher. 
 
 (Zea Mays, Lin.) From Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, Eiver Demerary. The 
 Maize grown in British Guiana commands a higher price in the market 
 than that imported from the United States of America, from which the 
 chief supply is derived: three or four crops obtained a year. 
 
 9. MEAL from MAIZE or INDIAN CORN. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon 
 
 Netscher. , 
 
 From Pltn. Kleiti Pouderoyen, Eiver Demerary. Extensively used as food 
 
 and largely imported from the United States. 
 
 10. PLANTAINS. Contributed by A, D. Vander Gon Netscher. 
 
 (Musa paradisiaca, Lin.) Unripe, sliced, and dried in the sun. From 
 Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, Eiver Demerary. 
 
 11. PLANTAIN MEAL or CONQUIN TAY. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon 
 
 Netscher. 
 
 From Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, River Demerary. Eecommended as a food for 
 
 invalids. 
 
 12. PLANTAIN MEAL. Contributed by William Davison. 
 
 From Pltn. Vigilance, East Sea Coast Demerary. 
 
 13. PLANTAIN MEAL. Contributed by H. T. Garnett. 
 
 From Pltn. Herstelling, Eiver Demerary. The following account of Plan- 
 tain Meal is taken from the report of Dr. Shier, " On the Starch pro- 
 ducing plants of the Colony of British Guiana," page 16: — " The plan- 
 tain has frequently been suggested as an article of export. In its ripe state 
 no unexceptionable and sufficiently cheap method of preserving it has yet 
 been suggested. It is sometimes so abundant and cheap that it might, if 
 cut and dried in its green state, be exported with advantage. It is in this 
 unripe state that it is so largely used by the peasantry of this colony as an 
 article of food. It has always been believed to be highly nutritive, but 1 
 have not found in any sample of the dried plantain which I have analysed 
 a larger amount than 88 per cent of Nitrogen, which, as has already been 
 stated, corresponds with about 5^ per cent of proteine compounds. When 
 dried, and reduced to the state of meal, it cannot, like wheat flour, be 
 manufactured into macaroni or vermicelli, or at least the macaroni made 
 from it falls to powder when put into hot water. The fresh plantain, how- 
 ever, when boiled whole, forms a pretty dense firm mass of greater consis- 
 tency and toughness than the potato. This mass, beaton in a mortar, con- 
 stitutes the fon-foo of the negroes. The plantain meal cannot be got into 
 this state unless by mixing it up with water to form a stiff dough, and then 
 boiling it in shapes or bound in cloths. Plantain meal is prepared by 
 stripping off the husk of the plantain, slicing the core, and drying it in the 
 sun. When thoroughly dry, it is powdered and sifted. It is known among 
 the Creoles of the colony under the name of Conquin-tay. It has a fragrant 
 odour, acquii'ed in drying, somewhat resembling fresh hay or tea. It is 
 largely employed as the food of infants and invalids. As food for children
 
 11 
 
 and convalescents, it would probably be much esteemed in Europe, and it 
 deserves a trial on account of its fragrance, and its being exceedingly easy 
 of digestion. In respect of nutritiveaess, it deserves a preference over all 
 the pui-e starches on account of the protoine compounds it contains. The 
 plantain meal would probably be best and freshest were the sliced and dried 
 plantain cores exported, leaving the grinding and sifting to be done in 
 Europe. The flavour of the meal depends a good deal on the rapidity 
 with which the slices are dried; hence the operation is only fitted for dry 
 weather, unless, indeed, when there was occasion for it, recourse were had 
 to a kiln or stove. Above all, the plantain must not be allowed to approach 
 too closely to yellowness or ripeness, otherwise it becomes impossible to 
 drj' it. The colour of the meal is injured when steel knives are used in 
 husking or slicing, but silver or nickel blades do not injure the colour. On 
 the large scale a machine, on the principle of the turnip slicing machine, 
 would be employed. The husking could also be greatly facilitated by a 
 very simple machine. AVere the plantain meal to comeinto use in Eng- 
 land, and bear a price in any way approaching to that of Bermuda arrow- 
 root, it would become an extensive and ver}' profitable export. Full-sized 
 and well-filled bunches give 60 per cent of core to 40 of husk and top-stem, 
 but in general it would be found that the core did not much exceed 50 per 
 cent, and the fresh core will yield 40 per cent of dry meal, so that from 20 
 to 25 per cent of meal is obtained from the plantain; or 5lbs. from an aver- 
 age bunch of 2.5lbs. ; and an acre of plantain walk of average quality, pro- 
 ducing during the year 450 such bunches, would yield a ton and lOlbs. of 
 meal, which, at the price of arrowroot, namely, Is. per lb., would be a gross 
 return of .£]12 lOs. per acre. A new plantain walk would give twice as 
 much. Even supposing the meal not to command over half the price of 
 arrowroot, it would still form an excellent outlet for plantains whenever 
 from any cause the price in the colony sank unusually low. Specimens 
 have been transmitted from the Colonial Laboratory to some of the prin- 
 pal authorities on dietetics in England." 
 
 MEAL from the BITTEE CASSAVA. Contributed by H. T. Gaenett. 
 
 (Jatiipha Manihot, H. B.) Baked into Bread. From Pltn. Herstelling, 
 River Demerary. The following is taken from the Report of Dr. Shier, 
 above referred to, page 15:— " It may soon become an important question 
 whether the plantain or some of the edible roots grown in the tropics, 
 might not be sent to Europe in a fresh state as a substitute for the potato. 
 Many of them, the buck yam and the cassava for instance, ought to be 
 used when fresh dug; for every day thej' are out of the ground they de- 
 teriorate. This, however, is not so much the case with some of the larger 
 yams. It is worth trj-ing whether the finer sorts that deteriorate by keep- 
 ing, might not, after being sliced and dried in the sun, become articles of 
 export either in that state or when ground to meal. For this purpose the 
 bitter cassava, the plantain, and the buck-yam are the most promising. 
 Of the bitter cassava mention has already been made as a substance from 
 which starch and cassareep might be prepared. In this case, however, the 
 woody and cellular tissue, with the small quantity of starch left in it by 
 the ordinary starch process, would form far too poor an article of diet to 
 constitute part of the food of man. But the roots might be used as an 
 article from which to prepare cassava meal, cassareep, and the very small 
 quantity of starch which is expressed along with the juice, leaving all the 
 rest of the starch to form part of the meal. It is of such meal that the 
 cassava cakes of the Indians are prepared, and, although by no means so 
 nutritious as Indian corn-meal,* there can be little doubt that in the Scotch 
 
 * I have determined the amount of nitrogen contained in the meal made 
 from whole maize, the growth of the colony, as also from plantain-meal ; 
 I have also ascertained its amount in Cassava Meal, prepared in the man- 
 
 B 2
 
 12 
 
 and Irish markets the cassava meal would obtain a preference; and were it 
 exported in quantity it would probably come into extensive nse among all 
 classes. The process would be as follows :— After washing in a revolving 
 apparatus, by which means the adherent earth would be got quit of, and 
 almost the whole of the thin dark coloured cuticle would become detached, 
 the roots would be reduced to pulp in a rasping-mill without the use of 
 water; the pulp would be compressed in bags by hydraulic pressure, where- 
 by the juice, together with a small portion of the starch, would be ex- 
 pressed. After allowing the starch to subside, the juice would be concen- 
 trated to about the density of 1-4. The starch would be washed, purified, 
 and dried. The contents of the bags would then be broken up and dried 
 in the sun or in a current of air, after which the meal would be sifted 
 through a coarse sieve to separate the coarser parts, which, if their 
 amount was considerable, could be ground and added to the rest. In this 
 state of rough meal it is fit for making the cassava cakes.* If ground to 
 flour it might be used to mix with wheat, rye, or barley flour. If an acre of 
 well- tilled thorough-drained land, yield 10 tons of fresh roots, and I have 
 every reason to believe that such a return might be obtained, I have as- 
 certained that the produce would be 3| tons of meal, 593lbs. of casareep, 
 and 2 cwt. of starch; and estimating the meal at Id. per lb., the casareep at 
 Is. 5d. per lb., and the starch at 40s. per cwt., the gross amount would be 
 78/. 13s. 4d. per acre. In ascertaining these proportions, very simple 
 machinery was employed, and had the pulp been better pressed the quantity 
 of casareep would have been considerably greater. From the table given 
 in a former note it will be seen, tliat the cassava meal prepared in this way 
 contains but a very small proportion of matter nutritive, in the sense of 
 contributing to the formation of blood, and that the expressed juice car- 
 ries off fully one-half of the Proteine compounds contained in the plant. 
 But cassava might be sliced, dried in the sun, and sent to Europe in that 
 state. In this case it would be the sweet variety that would be employed. 
 In dry weather the process succeeds remarkably well, and the dried slices 
 keep well. I have ascertained that when these sliced and dried roots are 
 first steeped and then boiled, they return to very nearly their original con- 
 dition, and make an excellent substitute for the potato. 
 
 ner mentioned in the text, and in meal prepared from the Cassava sliced, 
 dried, and ground without expressing the juice. Assuming Liebig's For- 
 mula of Proteine, namely, j Jg -^ Jg ^} the results stand thus:— 
 
 Nitrogen. Proteine Compounds. 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Maize-meal (imhusked) ... 1*73 1072 
 
 Plantain-meal *88 5"4d 
 
 Cassava-meal (juice expressed) "36 2"23 
 
 Do. from the sliced and dried roots . . "78 4*83 
 
 * The process is usually conducted as follows:— The squeezed pulp is 
 broken up, sifted, and exposed to the sun on trays or mats till it is fully 
 more than half dry. An iron hoop of the size and thickness of the cake to 
 be made is then laid on a girdle or hot plate, and the space within the hoop 
 is filled evenly with the somewhat moist meal, no previous kneading or 
 rolling having been employed. As soon as the coarse meal coheres, the 
 ring is lifted and the cake "is turned and heated on the opposite side. The 
 heat should not be sufficient to brown the cake. The cakes are finally 
 dried by exposure to the sun. From the dry Cassava meal, cakes may be 
 prepared by sprinkling it with as much cold water as to moisten it to the 
 proper pijint, and then proceeding as above. Hot water cannot be em- 
 ployed, neither can kneading nor any considerable degree of compression 
 be used, otherwise the water does not evaporate readily enough, the starch 
 gets too much altered by the heat, and the cake becomes tough. 
 
 I
 
 13 
 
 15. 15a, 15b. BANANAS. Contributed by J. De Putron. 
 
 (Musa sapicntum, Lin.) I )i'ied without the aid of fire. From Pltn. Vigi- 
 lance, Ea.st Sea Coast Dcmerary. These specimens are sent in order to 
 ascertain the likelihood of their standing the voyage, and becoming an 
 article of export. They were prepared in the month of September, 18.50. 
 The following information regarding the Banana is extracted from the 
 "Library of Entertaining Knowledge," volume, Timber, Trees, Fruits, page 
 366: — " Eight or nine months after the sucker has been planted, the Ba- 
 nana begins to form its clusters; and the fruit may be collected in the 
 tenth or eleventh mc/nliis. When the stock is cut, the fruit of which has 
 ripened, a sprout is put forth, which again bears fruit in thi'ee months. 
 The whole labour of cultivation which is required for a plantation of Ba- 
 nanas, is to cut the stalks laden with the ripe fruit, and to give the plants a 
 slight nourishment once or twice a year by digging round the roots. A 
 spot of a little more than a thousand square feet will contain from 30 to 40 
 Banana plants. A cluster of Bananas produced on a single plant often 
 contains from 160 to 180 fruits, and weighs from 70 to 80lbs. But reck- 
 oning the weight of a cluster only at 40lbs., such a plantation would pro- 
 duce more than 4000lbs. of nutritive substance. Humboldt calculates 
 that as .33lbs. of Wheat and 99lbs. of Potatoes require the same space as 
 that in which 4000lbs. of Bananas are grown, the produce of Bananas is 
 consequently to that of Wheat as 133 to 1, and that of Potatoes as 44 to 1. 
 The Banana ripened in the hot-houses of Europe has an insipid taste, but 
 yet the natives of both Indies, to many millions of whom it supplies their 
 principal food, eat it with avidity, and are satisfied with the nourishment it 
 affords. This fruit is a very sugary substance; and in warm countries \he 
 natives find such food not only satisfj'ing for the moment, but permanently 
 nutritive. Yet weight for weight, the nutritive matter cannot at all be 
 compared with that of Wheat, or even Potatoes. At the same time, a much 
 greater number of individuals ma}^ be supported upon the produce of a 
 piece of ground planted with Bananas, compared with a piece of the same 
 size in Europe growing Wheat. Hujuboldt estimates the proportion as 
 25 to 1 ; and he illustrates the fact by remarking that a European newly 
 arrived in the torrid zone, is struck with nothing so much as the extreme 
 soiallness of the spots under cultivation round a cabin which contains a 
 numerous family of Indians." It may be proper here to notice that the 
 Banana is cultivated in this colony to a very limited extent, and used 
 solely as a fruit in its ripe state. The Plantain, on the other hand, is ex- 
 tensively cultivated, and in its unripe state is the staple and favourite food 
 of the Creole and African population of the colony. 
 
 16. COFFEE. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon Nktscher. 
 
 (Coffea Arabica, Lin.) From Pltn. Klein Pouderoi/en, River Demerary. 
 
 16a. PEARL COFFEE. Contributed by John Kennedy. 
 
 From Pltn. Nooit Gedacht, Canal No. 1, River Demerary. 
 
 16b. PEARL COFFEE. Contributed by John Kennedy. 
 
 From Pltn. Nooit Gedacht, Canal No. 1, River Demerary. 
 
 17. COFFEE. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 In the husk. From Georgetown, Demerary. 
 
 18. COFFEE. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 From Georgetown, Demerary. The quantity of Coffee, the produce of 
 British Guiana, returned for taxation in 1842, amounted to 1,21 4,01 Olbs. 
 Dutch. The cultivation is now almost extinct. Nos. 16a and 16b are 
 from one of the few Estates which have been and still continue to be culti- 
 vated solely as Coffee Plantations.
 
 14 
 
 19. C CAO or COCOA SEEDS. Contributed by A. D. Vandek Gon Netscher, 
 From Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, River Demerary. Cacao, or Cocoa, ( Theo- 
 broma Cacao, Lin.), was never extensively cultivated in this colony, al- 
 though the soil and climate are well adapted for its production. 
 
 0. SAOUAM NUTS, Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. Saouari Nuts (Pekea tuberculosa, AubL, or Caryocar 
 tomentosum, Dec.) The kernel of this nut is one of the most delicious fruits 
 of the nut kind known. It abounds in the forests on the banks of the 
 rivers of the colony. 
 
 Oa. MONKEY POT, SEED-VESSEL OF. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 From River Demerary. This very singular seed-vessel is the Pericarp of 
 Lecytliis grandijlora, Aubl. It contains a great number of oleaginous ker- 
 nels, larger than Almonds, which are much esteemed by the Indians. The 
 operculum has unfortunately been disfigured by the removal of its pointed 
 apex, and by having been slightly grooved in attempting to secure it by a 
 cord to the pericarp. 
 
 1. CAPSICUMS, Dried Capsules of. Contributed by Daa'id Shier. 
 
 From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea Coast Demerary. These Capsicums, known 
 in the colony under the name of Buckramanni Peppers, are the most pun- 
 gent and aromatic of the whole tribe. The seeds, which are inert, have 
 been removed, and the dried Capsules are sent in the expectation of their 
 being found to be a more piquant condiment than the article sold under the 
 name of Cayenne Pepper. 
 
 , CAPSICUMS. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Preserved in dilute acetic acid. From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea Coast 
 Demerary. 
 
 a. CAPSICUMS. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Preserved in dilute acetic acid. From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea Coast ^^ 
 Demerary, jM 
 
 b. CAPSICUMS. Contributed by David Shier. " 
 
 Known as Yellow Bonnet Peppers, preserved in dilute acetic acid. From 
 Pltn . Kitty, East Sea Coast Demerary. 
 
 c. CAPSICUMS. 
 
 Known as Yellow Bonnet Peppers. Another specimen of the same. 
 3. CAPSICUMS. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Active principles of, extracted by Olive Oil. From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea 
 Coast Demerary. 
 
 24. CAPSICUMS. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Active Principle of, extracted by Vinegar. From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea 
 Coast Demerary. 
 
 25. CAPSICUMS. Contributed by J, S. Stutchburt, 
 
 Preserved in dilute acetic acid. From Georgetown, Demerary. 
 
 26. BIRAMBI, FRUIT OF A SHRUB, called. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 Preserved in pickle. From the River Berbice. The fruit of this shrub 
 makes a pickle, and a delicious preserve. 
 
 27. LIMES. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon Netscher. 
 
 {Citrus Lima, Macfadyen.) Preserved in pickle. From Pltn. Klein Pou- 
 deroyen. 
 
 I
 
 15 
 
 28. K&.SAREEP. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbdry. 
 
 The inspissated juice of the Bitter Cassava. From Georgetown, Deraerary. 
 
 29. KASAEEEP. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 The inspissated juice of the Bitter Cassava. (Janipha Manihot, H. B.) 
 From Georgetown, Demerary. Kasareep is much used as the basis of 
 Sauces, and is used extensively in the colony in the preparation of Pepper- 
 pot, &c. Dr. Shier, in his Report above referred to, notices it as follows, 
 page 12: — "To those who have never visited the tropics, it may be proper 
 to notice that casareep is the concentrated juice of the roots of bitter 
 Cassava, and the basis of the West Indian dish Pepper-pot. One of its 
 most remarkable properties is its high antiseptic power, preserving any 
 meat that may be boiled in it for a much longer period than can be done by 
 any other culinary process. Casareep was originally a Buck or Indian 
 preparation, and has often been described with more or less accuracy." It 
 is well known that some of the Dutch planters of this colony have, by 
 means of the addition of a small quantity of casareep, from time to time, to 
 varieties of animal food, been enabled to keep up, in daily use, the same 
 Pepper-pot for many j-ears. 
 
 29a. SALINE ASH. Contributed by J. Outkidge. 
 
 Used by the Indians as a substitute for Salt. From River Demerary. 
 This Ash is obtained b^^ burning certain plants growing on the rocks near 
 the Rapids, about 1000 miles up the River Demerary. The Salt is ex- 
 tracted when required, by mixing water with the Ash, and. after the in- 
 soluble parts have subsided, pouring off the solution, and using it as Salt. 
 A similar Saline ash is also said to be obtained by burning the Ita Palm. 
 
 30. TURMERIC ROOT. Contributed by J. S. Stctchbury. 
 
 Preserved in dilute acetic acid. From Georgetown, Demerary. The 
 Turmeric (Curcunui loiiga, Lin.) grown in this colony is superior to any 
 imported. 
 
 31. ARROWROOT. Contributed by H. T. Gakxett. 
 
 From PItn. Herstelliny, River Demerary. The produce of Maranta arux- 
 dinacea, Lin, 
 
 32. STARCH. Contributed by H. T. Garnett. 
 
 From the Bitter Cassava. From Pltn. Herstelling, River Demerary. 
 
 33. STARCH Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From the Sweet Cassava. (Janipha Leoflingii, H. B.) From Pltn. A'i7<// 
 East Sea Coast Demerary. 
 
 34. STARCH. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From the Plantain. (Musa paradisiaca, Lin.) From Pltn. Kitty, East Sea 
 Coast Demerary. 
 
 35. STARCH. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From Buck Yam. (Dioscorea triphi/lla, Lin.) From Pltn. Kitfi/, East Sea 
 Coast Demerary. Persons desirous of obtaining further information re- 
 garding the Starches of this colony, and of their applicability to manufac- 
 turing and other purposes, are referred to the tabular i-esults contained in 
 the Report of Dr. Shier, on the Starch producing plants of the colony 
 above referred to, pp. 4 to 12. 
 
 36. SUGAR, VACUUM PAN. Contributed by George Anderson & Co. 
 
 From Pltn. Oyle, East Sea Coast Demerary. This sugar was manufac- 
 tured as follows : — The cane juice was clarified by lime, and the coagulum 
 separated by subsidence, by means of clay. The evaporation was con-
 
 16 
 
 ducted in the ordinary way, and finished in the Vacnum Pan. This Sugar 
 was washed by means of Inniss's Process. 
 
 37. SUGAR, VACUUM PAN. Contributed by John Jones. 
 
 Prom PItn. Hope, East Sea Coast Demerary. This Sugar was washed by 
 means of Inniss's Process. 
 
 38. SUGAR, VACUUM PAN. Contributed by John Jones. 
 
 From Pltn. Hope, East Sea Coast Demerary. This Sugar was cleaned by 
 means of Hardman and Finzel's Patent Centrifugal Machine. 
 
 39. SUGAR, VACUUM PAN. Contributed by J, S. Stutchbcry. 
 
 From Pltn. Enmore, East Sea Coast Demerary. In the manufacture of 
 this Sugar, the syrup was passed through animal charcoal, before being put 
 into the Vacuum Pan. 
 
 40. SUGAR. Contributed by James Laing. 
 
 From Pltn, Friends, Eiver Berbice. Manufactured in Gadsden and 
 Evans's Pan. This Sugar on being removed from the Pan was put into 
 Cones, and, after the Molasses were drained off, was syruped. 
 
 41. SUGAR, MUSCOVADO. Contributed by David Shier, 
 
 From the Colonial Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerary. This Muscovado 
 was made according to the plan recommended by Dr. Shier. Lime in 
 slight excess was used in clarification. The coagulum was got rid of by 
 subsidence. The excess of Lime was neutralised and the juice was con- 
 centrated on the open fire. No washing or syruping had recourse to. 
 
 43. MOLASSES. Contributed by David Shier, 
 
 From the Colonial Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerary, This specimen of 
 Molasses is from the Muscovado Sugar marked No. 41, 
 
 43. SUGAR, MUSCOVADO. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From the Colonial Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerary. This Muscovado 
 was made by a modification of Melsen's Process, No washing or syrup- 
 ing was used. 
 
 44. MOLASSES. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From the Colonial Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerary. This specimen of 
 Molasses is from the Muscovado Sugar marked No. 43. 
 
 45. SUGAR, MUSCOVADO. Contributed by J. S. Stutchburt. 
 
 From Pltn. Fellowship, Mahaicony, East Sea Coast Demerary. Manufac- 
 tured by the ordinary process in use on estates in this colony. 
 
 Note.— All of the above-mentioned Sugars are the produce of the Ota- 
 heite or Tahiti Cane ( Saccharum officinarum, Lin.), the variety uni- 
 versally cultivated in this colony. 
 
 II. Materials Used chiefly in the Chemical Arts, or in Medicine. 
 
 46. COPAIBA, BALSAM OF. Contributed by J. S. Stutchburt. 
 
 From River Pomeroon, Essequebo. There are several trees in this colony 
 supposed to yield the Balsam, not yet botanically determined. 
 
 47. CAOUTCHOUC. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 From River Demerary, near the Falls. Taken from the India Rubber Tree 
 by tapping, and formed into balls by the Indians, who climb the tree and, as 
 the gum exudes, rub it on their bodies till it assumes a sufficient consistency 
 to be formed into balls. 
 
 48. MILK FROM THE COW TREE. Contributed by J. Outridge, 
 
 From River Demerary. This fluid appears to contain Caoutchouc, It is
 
 17 
 
 supposed to be obtained from Tabernaniankaia utiKs, Arnot, or a species of 
 lirosimum. 
 
 49. GUM RESIN. Contributed by T. B. Ddggin. 
 
 From the Simiri or Locust Tree. From River Berbice. This Gum is ob- 
 tained by digging in the vicinity of the roots of the Tree ( Hymen cea Cour- 
 bai'd, Lin.) from which it exudes in a vertical direction in columns or piecea 
 upwards of a foot in length. It may also be obtained by tapping the tree, 
 when in the course of a few days a large solid mass is formed. It is said to 
 be the Gum Anime of commerce, and is occasionally used in this colony 
 for the same purposes as Gum Copal. It may be obtained in great abun- 
 dance in various parts of the colony. 
 
 50. KAEMAN. Contributed by G. R. Bontun. 
 
 From River Essequebo. Used by the Indians for waxing their nets and 
 other purposes, and is said to be the inspissated juice of a tree called the 
 ]\Ian or Mannee Tree. 
 
 51. HYAWA GTJM or INCENSE. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 From River Demerary. This Gum is very fragrant, and supposed to be 
 suitable for pastilles and similar purposes. It is said to be obtained from 
 the Idea heptaphi/lla, Aubl. 
 
 52. LAUREL OIL.* Contributed by J. S. Stutciiblrt. 
 
 From River Pomeroon, Essequebo. This Oil, supposed to be obtained 
 from Oreor/aphne opifera, Nees. is extensively used by the natives in affec- 
 tions of the joints. It is also an admirable solvent of India Rubber, 
 
 63. CRAB OIL. Contributed by J. S. Stutchburt. 
 
 From River Essequebo. This Oil is obtained from the seeds of the tree 
 yielding Crabwood, Xyhcarpus Carapa. Spr. or Carapa Guianensis, 
 Aubl. It is used in the colony for burning, and is highly esteemed as a 
 hair oil, preventing its turning grey, and curing scalpy eruptions. 
 
 64. DARI or DALI TREE, SEEDS OF. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 (Virola sebifera, Aubl.) From River Berbice. Candles are made from 
 these seeds, said to be equal to wax. The tree abounds throughout the 
 colony. 
 55. SAND BOX TREE, SEEDS OF. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Georgetown, Demerary. The seeds of Hura crepitans, Lin. They are a 
 drastic purgative, and contain a very limpid oil. 
 
 55a. LANA TREE, FRUIT OF. Contributed by H. A. Koch. 
 
 From River Berbice. This fruit is the produce of Genipa Americana, 
 Lin., a tree very abundant in the colony, and produces the Lana Dye. 
 
 65b. LANA DYE. Contributed by H. A. Koch. 
 
 From River Berbice. This Dye is the juice of the fruit of the Genipa 
 Americana, Lin. The colour produced is a beautiful bluish black. The 
 Indians use it in staining their faces and persons, and the effect lasts for 
 several days. 
 
 65c. INDIAN PAINT. Contributed by J. Odtridge. 
 
 From River Demerary. This pigment is prepared by mixing Arnotto, the 
 red viscous pulp surrounding the seeds of the Bixa Orellana, Lin., with 
 Crab Oil, the produce of the seed of Carapa Guianensis, Aubl. It is used 
 by the Indians for decorating their persons and other purposes. 
 
 * Laurel Oil is sudorific, diuretic, aperient ; useful in rheumatism, lues 
 venera, and gout ; imparts a peculiar odour to the perspiration and urine. 
 Dose 20 — 30 to 50 — 60 twice daily.
 
 18 
 
 56. MORA TREE, BARK OF. Contributed by T, B. Ddggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. Bark of Mora excelsa, Benth., used as a tanning 
 substance, and very plentiful. 
 
 57. HOG PLUM TREE, BARK OF. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. Bark of Spondias lutea, L in. Used as a tanning 
 substance, and very abundant. 
 
 58. COITRIDA TREE, BARK OF. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 From Pltn. Kitti/, East Sea Coast Demerary. Bark of Avicennia nitida, 
 Lin. Used as a tanning substance, and extremely abundant on the sea 
 coast. 
 
 59. HY-ARI, or HAI-ARI. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 Fish Poison. From River Demerary. Stem of Lonchocarpus Nicou, Dec. 
 Used by the natives to intoxicate fish for the purpose of capturing them, 
 
 59a. YARRIMARA, FRUIT OF. Contributed by H. A. Koch. 
 
 From River Berbice. This is stated by the contributor (Dr. Koch) to be 
 the fruit of a vine found in the interior of the colony, and which he claims 
 the merit of having discovered to be the chief ingredient of the celebrated 
 Wourali poison. 
 
 60. ANGOSTURA BARK. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 From River Pomeroon, Essequebo. Supposed to be obtained from Galipea 
 Cusparia. St. Hil. or G. officinuUs, Hunc. Used as a febrifuge. 
 
 61. RHIZOPHORA or MANGROVE BARK. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 From East Sea Coast Demerary. Bark of Rhizophora racemosa, Meyer. 
 Ascertained to be a very valuable remedy in cases of chylous urine. 
 
 62. TRYSLE BARK. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 River Demerary. Used as an emetic by the Indians. 
 
 63. GREENHEART TREE, BARK OF. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 From River Demerary. Bark of Nectandra Rodicei, Benth. Yields the 
 alkaloid known as Bibirine, a febrifuge. 
 
 64. GEEENHEART TREE, SEEDS OF. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. Used as a tonic and febrifuge. Occasionally, in 
 times of scarcity, these seeds are grated and mixed with decayed wallaba 
 (the wood of Epermi falcata, AuhV), and used by the Indians as food. 
 
 65. GUINEA PEPPER or GRAINS OF PARADISE. Contributed by J. S. 
 
 Stutchbury. 
 
 From River Demerary. Seeds of Amonmm Melegueta, Boxb. These seeds 
 
 are much superior to those imported from Africa. 
 
 66. ALPINIA or SHELL PLANT, SEEDS OF. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 From River Demerary. These seeds (Alpinia nutans, Rose.) resemble, and 
 in some respects possess, the properties of Cardamoms. 
 
 67. PHYSIC NUTS, SEEDS OF. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Georgetown, Demerary. 
 
 68. PHYSIC NUTS, SEEDS OF. Contributed by E. A. Manget. 
 
 Georgetown, Demerary. These Physic Nuts are the produce of different 
 trees, but are possessed of similar emetic and purgative properties, and are 
 frequently used as a domestic medicine by the black population of the 
 colony.
 
 19 
 
 69. QUASSIA BITTER. Contributed by Mrs. Akrixdell. 
 
 From Pltn. Zeelandia, Wakenaam, River Essequebo. This is the produce 
 of Quassia amara, Lin. It is distinct from the Quassia of the shops, and 
 is extensively and successfully used in the colony as a tonic and febrifuge. 
 It is very abundant. 
 
 70. BOEIARI, BUSH ROPE. Contributed by J. S. Stutchburt. 
 
 From River Demerary. This Bush Rope is plentiful in the interior of 
 the colony, and is a favourite remedy of the Indians in pectoral complaints. 
 It is exceedingly aromatic and forms an excellent ingredient in stomachic 
 bitters. 
 
 III. Materials for Building, Clothing, etc. 
 
 71. COTTON, Cleaned. Contributed by Daniel Blair. 
 
 From Pltn. Batavier, Mahaica River. 
 
 72. COTTON, Uncleaned. Contributed by Daniel Blair. 
 
 From Pltn. Batavier, Mahaica River. These specimens were obtained from 
 wild or self-sown plants, the remains of the Cotton cultivation on Pltn. 
 Bahivier, which was abandoned about 25 years ago. 
 
 73. COTTON, Uncleaned. Contributed by A. D. Vander Gon Netscher. 
 
 From Pltn. Klein Pouderotjen, River Demerary. 
 
 74. COTTON, Hard Seed, Cleaned. Contributed by J. F, Bee. 
 
 From Pltn. Woudlunds, River Mahaica, Demerary. 
 
 74a. COTTON, Mexican White Seed. Contributed by P. Hugues. 
 From Pltn. Anna Bec/ina, Essequebo. 
 
 74b. COTTON, Large Green Seed, "Buck." Native. Contributed by P. Hughes. 
 From Pltn. Anna Regiiia, Essequebo. 
 
 74c. COTTON, SmaU Green Seed, " Buck." Native. Contributed by P. Hughes. 
 From Pltn. Anna Begina, Essequebo. 
 
 74d. COTTON, Large Kidney. Contributed by P. Hughes. 
 From Pltn. Anna Begina, Essequebo. 
 
 74e. COTTON, Small Kidney, Contributed by P. Hughes. 
 From Pltn. Anna Begina, Essequebo. 
 
 74f. COTTON, Loose Black Seed. Contributed by P. Hughes. 
 From Pltn. Anna Begina, Essequebo. 
 
 75. COTTON, Loose Seed, Cleaned. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 From Pltn. Woodlands, River Mahaica. 
 
 76. COTTON, Loose Seed, Uncleaned. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 From Pltn. Woodlands, River Mahaica, Demerary. 
 
 The above specimens of Cotton are the produce of Gossypium arboreum, 
 Lin., and other arborescent species. Sir Robert Schomburgk, in his de- 
 scription of British Guiana, makes the following observations on the sub- 
 ject of the cultivation of Cotton, page 103 : - " The indigenous Cottons are 
 very numerous, and the Indian has generally a few shrubs of that useful 
 plant around his hut. However, I have seen the industrious jNIacusi culti- 
 vating it more extensively. The Hammocks which the Indians manufac- 
 ture of it are valued for their strength and durability, and are considered 
 superior to the European article. Like the staples before enumerated. 
 Cotton has been only cultivated by the colonists at the coast regions; but
 
 20 
 
 its cultivation has, in a great measure, been abandoned, because our Cot- 
 tons, raised by free labour, and in a British colony, were undersold by 
 those produced by slavery in the United States. If, with regard to the 
 abundance and cheapness of labour, British Guiana were put on the same 
 footing as the Slave States in America, an inexhaustible supply of Cotton 
 of every description might be produced. There is no doubt that all kinds 
 of Cotton from the best long staple down to the finest short staple, might 
 be cultivated in the colony, as the kind which does not thrive on one soil 
 or climate might be produced in another. An extent of sea-coast of 280 
 miles from the River Corentyne to the mouth of the Orinoko, would pro- 
 duce Cotton vying with the best in the world. I doubt the opinion that 
 the finest Cotton will not grow at a greater distance than 20 miles from the 
 sea. I have sent samples of the wild Cotton from the interior to the colony 
 which were admired by competent judges for their fine long staple and 
 silky appearance. No care whatever had been bestowed upon the cultiva- 
 tion of these plants wliich grew at a distance of 300 or 4U0 miles from the 
 coast. Although the i;rowth of the plant was not luxuriant, it was covered 
 abundantly with Cotton of the most excellent quality; indeed, it would be 
 highly advisable to the Cotton growers at the coast to exchange the 
 seeds." 
 
 76a. SILK COTTON. Contributed by E. C. Ross. 
 From Georgetown, Demerary. 
 
 76b. SILK COTTON, BALE OF. Contributed by E. C. Ross. 
 
 From Georgetown, Demerary. Obtained from the seed vessels of the silk 
 Cotton tree (Bombax Ceiba, Lin.) It has been exported to the United 
 States, and used in the manufacture of hats. 
 
 77. PLANTAIN FIBRE. Contributed by W. Davison. 
 
 From Fltn. Vigilance, East Sea Coast Demerary. 
 
 78. PLANTAIN FIBRE. Contributed by A. D. Vaxder Gon Netscher. 
 
 From Pltn. Klein Pouderoyen, River Demerary. This fibre is produced 
 from the stems of Plantain and Banana Trees, (Musa paradisiaca and 
 sapientum,) and might be obtained in very large quantities from the Plan- 
 tain cultivation of the colony. It is calculated that upwards of 600 lbs. 
 weight of fibre might be produced annually from each acre of Plantains, 
 after reaping the fruit crops. At present, the stems of the Plantain Trees, 
 when cut down, are allowed to rot on the ground. If a remunerative 
 price could be realized for this fibre, a new branch of industry would be 
 opened up to the colonists. 
 
 Note — In addition to the above-mentioned specimens, a barrel of the 
 fibre, contributed by W. Davison, has been sent for experimental pur- 
 poses. It may be proper to mention, that in 1846 a gentleman visited this 
 colony, and exhibited several specimens of cloth of a beautiful silky tex- 
 ture, and specimens of paper of superior quality, manufactured from the 
 fibre of Plantains grown in the Jardin des Plants. 
 
 79. SILK GRASS FIBRE. Contributed by J. De Putron. 
 
 From Pltn. Vigilance, East Sea Coast Demerary. This fibre is obtained 
 from Agave vivipara, Lin. 
 
 80. SILK GRASS FIBRE. Contributed by T. B. Dlggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. This fibre is obtained from a species of Bromelia. 
 It is very strong, and is used by the Indians to make bowstrings, nets, 
 cordage, &c. 
 
 81. TIBISIRI FIBRE. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. This fibre is derived from the Ita Palm (Mauriliu 
 
 J
 
 21 
 
 It is used by the Indians for making hammocks, 
 
 82. 
 
 83. 
 
 JJeruosa, Lin.) 
 cordage, Sec. 
 
 MOHOE, FIBRE OF. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 From River Demerary. Obtained from a tree of the Mallow tribe. (Thes- 
 pesia popahiea, Correu, or Hibiscus ekttus, ISwartz ?) It is very strong, and 
 used for making cordage, coft'ee-bags, &c. 
 
 TABLE TOP. 
 
 Exhibiting 84 specimens of woods, the growth of the colony, viz.: — 
 
 1. 
 
 Sand Mora 
 
 29. 
 
 Siridani 
 
 58. 
 
 Washiba 
 
 2. 
 
 Lana [younj 
 
 g 30. 
 
 Hooboballi 
 
 59. 
 
 Kimaasamasa 
 
 3. 
 
 Itikiribouraballi, 
 
 31. 
 
 Bannia 
 
 60. 
 
 Curbacalli 
 
 4. 
 
 Kretti or Bastard 
 
 32. 
 
 Hyawaballi 
 
 61. 
 
 Bartaballi 
 
 
 Silverballi 
 
 3,3. 
 
 Tatabo 
 
 62. 
 
 Acouri bi'oot 
 
 5. 
 
 Kurara 
 
 34. 
 
 JIasaranuni 
 
 63. 
 
 Wara couri 
 
 6. 
 
 Kakaralli 
 
 35. 
 
 Cabacalli 
 
 64. 
 
 Ducalli 
 
 7. 
 
 BrowTi Silverballi 
 
 36. 
 
 Pritti 
 
 65. 
 
 Arawica 
 
 8. 
 
 Yellow ditto 
 
 37. 
 
 Canuballi 
 
 66. 
 
 Bangeo or Ebony 
 
 9. 
 
 Youraballi 
 
 38. 
 
 Mora 
 
 67. 
 
 Hackia 
 
 10. 
 
 Saouari 
 
 39. 
 
 Letterwood 
 
 68. 
 
 Kurahara 
 
 11. 
 
 Crabwood 
 
 40. 
 
 Kucahara 
 
 69. 
 
 Calabash 
 
 12. 
 
 Yerara 
 
 41. 
 
 Wamara 
 
 70. 
 
 Kuracurara 
 
 13. 
 
 Purpleheart 
 
 42. 
 
 Kamakasa 
 
 71. 
 
 Towraneroo 
 
 14. 
 
 Simaruba 
 
 43. 
 
 HiabalU 
 
 72. 
 
 Greenheart 
 
 15. 
 
 Gom arrow 
 
 44. 
 
 Determa 
 
 73. 
 
 Hya-hya 
 
 16. 
 
 White Cedar 
 
 45. 
 
 Wadaduri 
 
 74. 
 
 Cabbage tree 
 
 17. 
 
 Locust 
 
 46. 
 
 Rosewood 
 
 75. 
 
 Wallaba 
 
 18. 
 
 Coutaballi 
 
 47. 
 
 Saka 
 
 76. 
 
 Yarri Yarri 
 
 19. 
 
 Caraharri 
 
 48. 
 
 Keria 
 
 77. 
 
 Waremia 
 
 20. 
 
 Huwassi 
 
 49. 
 
 Kamacusack 
 
 78. 
 
 Hooboballi 
 
 21. 
 
 Armiosi 
 
 50. 
 
 Red Cedar 
 
 79. 
 
 CanneUa 
 
 22. 
 
 Suradanni 
 
 51. 
 
 Wild Orange 
 
 80. 
 
 Itikiribouraballi, old 
 
 23. 
 
 Assepoca 
 
 52. 
 
 Guava 
 
 81. 
 
 Bully tree 
 
 24. 
 
 Akaraki 
 
 53. 
 
 Logwood 
 
 82. 
 
 Silberdani 
 
 25. 
 
 Hymakusi 
 
 54, 
 
 Tabiecushi 
 
 83. 
 
 Light Brown Silver- 
 
 26. 
 
 Ducalaballi 
 
 55. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 
 balli 
 
 27. 
 
 TuribaUi 
 
 56. 
 
 Murwaana 
 
 84. 
 
 Kofassa. 
 
 28. 
 
 Waiki 
 
 57. 
 
 Kartaballi 
 
 
 
 It will be seen from this table that British Guiana produces many Woods 
 highly ornamental and useful for cabinet-making and upholstery. 
 
 84. MORA.. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 84a. MORA. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical Section. From River Demerary. The tree {Mora excelsa, 
 Benth.) producing this wood frequently reaches a height of upwards of 100 
 feet. It grows abundantly on barren sand reefs. It is tough, close and 
 cross-grained, and is peculiarly adapted for ships' timbers and planks, for 
 which purpose it is extensively used. The trunk of this tree, when of the 
 height of from 40 to 50 feet, will square from 18 to 20 inches, but when 
 grown to that size it is generally faulty. The specimens sent are from a 
 tree supposed to be from 30 to 40 years old. 
 
 85. GREENHEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary.
 
 22 
 
 85a. GREENHEAET. Contributed bj J. S. Stutciibitrt. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Deinerary. The Greenheart tree (Nectan- 
 dra Itodioei, Benth.) is very abundant, and its timbers, squaring from 
 18 to 24 inches, can be procured without a knot from 60 to 70 feet long. 
 It is a fine grained hard wood, well adapted for the planking of vessels, 
 house frames, wharves, bridges, and other purposes, where great strength 
 and durability are required. Mr. Manifold, engineer of the Demerary 
 Railway, states that this is the best timber for resisting tensile and compres- 
 sive strains, and is therefore well adapted for kelsons for ships, and beams 
 of all kinds. 
 
 85b. BLACK GREENHEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 85c. BLACK GREENHEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. The timber of this tree is used 
 for ship building, planks, &c., and is considered more durable than the 
 common Greenheart. The specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be 
 about 50 years old. 
 
 86. PURPLEHEART. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Essequebo. 
 
 86a. PURPLEHEART. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Essequebo. The Purpleheart (Copaifera 
 pubiflora or bracteata ? ) yields a timber possessing great strength, dura- 
 bility, and elasticity, and is described by Lindley as " invaluable for 
 resisting the shock of artillery discharges, on which account it is employed 
 for mortar beds." It is used for windmill shafts, rollers, and machinery. 
 
 87. KAKARALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 87a. KAKARALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is vei'y plentiful, 
 and it has been proved that it is more durable than Greenheart in salt- 
 water, as it possesses the quality of resisting the depredations of the sea 
 worm and barnacle. It may be had from 6 to 14 inches square. The 
 specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be about 20 years old. 
 
 88. WAMARA, or BROWN EBONY. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 88a. WAMARA, or BROWN EBONY. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is hard and cross- 
 grained, consequently not apt to split; it would therefore answer various 
 purposes in naval architecture. It may be had from 6 to 12 inches square, 
 and from 40 to 60 feet long. The Indians make war clubs of it. The 
 specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be about 20 years old. 
 
 89. HOOBOBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 89a. HOOBOBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is very close and 
 fine grained, is easily worked, takes a high polish, and is much used in 
 the colony for furniture. It may be had from 15 to 20 inches square, 40 
 to 70 feet long. The specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be about 
 20 years old.
 
 23 
 
 90. WALLABA. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Essequebo. 
 90a. WALLABA. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Vertical section. From Kiver Essequebo. This wood is produced from 
 Eperua falcata, Aubi, a tree very abundant throughout the colony. It 
 is hard, splits freely, and is very durable from being impregnated with a 
 resinous oil. It is used for house frames, palings, shingles, staves, &c. It 
 has been ascertained that a roof well shingled with this wood, will last 
 upwards of 40 years. It may be had from 1.5 to 20 inches square, from 30 
 to 40 feet long. 
 
 90b. WALLABA, TACOUBA or HEART OF. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From Eiver Berbice. This wood is the heart of the upper portion of the 
 trunks of Wallaba Trees which have been felled in the forests, and from 
 which the sap wood has decayed. These are much used as paling posts 
 and for other outdoor purposes, being found to be so durable as to be almost 
 imperishable. They are about to be used as sleepers on the Demerary 
 Railway, for which purpose it is supposed they will prove to be peculiarly 
 well adapted. The defect of Wallaba and of its Tacouba is its inability to 
 bear great lateral strain. It therefore should not be used for beams longer 
 than 12 feet. 
 
 91. BULLY TREE. Contributed by J. Outbidge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 91a. BULLY TREE. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. The tree yielding this wood is 
 supposed to be a species of Mimusops. It is found throughout the colony, 
 but most abundantly in the County of Berbice. It is of great size, and 
 squares from 20 to 30 inches, and may be obtained from 20 to 30 feet long. 
 The weather has little effect upon it, and it is employed for house-frames, 
 posts, floors, &c. The upper poi tion of the trunk and branches are manu' 
 factured into shingles, wheel-spokes, palings, &c. 
 
 92. SILVERBALLI, YELLOW. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 92a. SILVERBALLI, YELLOW. Contributed by J. Outridge, 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This Wood is supposed to be 
 derived from a species of Nectandra. It is light and floats, and contains a 
 bitter principle, which protects it from the attacks of worms. Hence it is 
 much used for the outside planking of colony craft. It is also used for 
 booms and masts. It grows to a great size, but then is often hollow. It 
 will, however, square sound from 10 to 14 inches, from 40 to 50 feet long. 
 
 93. SILVERBALLI, BROWN. Contributed by T. Fauset. 
 
 Portion of the planking of a drogher. This specimen formed part of the 
 outside planking of a drogher employed in the conveyance of produce in 
 this colony, and is known to have been exposed to the action of salt water 
 during a period of 20 years. 
 
 94. SILVERBALLI, BROWN. Contributed by T. Fauset. 
 
 Portion of the planking of a punt. This specimen formed part of the bot- 
 tom of a punt, known to have been used in the Demerary River for a period 
 of 30 years and upwards. 
 
 95. CAMARA. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Essequebo. 
 95a. CAMARA. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Essequebo. This wood is obtained from
 
 24 
 
 Dipten/x odarata, Willd. ; the tree wliich produces the well-known Tonkin 
 Bean. It is hard, tough, and durable in an eminent degree, and it is said 
 that a portion of is timber, one inch square, and of a given length, bears 
 100 lbs. more weight than any other timber in Guiana of the same dimen- 
 sions. It is therefore peculiarly well adapted for any purpose where resist- 
 ance to great pressure is the object, and for shafts, mill wheels, or cogs. 
 It will square from 18 to 20 inches, from 40 to 50 feet long. This tree is, 
 however, not very plentiful in this colony. 
 
 96. SAOTTAM. Contributed by A. Buchajj an. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Essequebo. 
 
 96a. SAOTJAEI. Contributed by A. Buchanan. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Essequebo. This wood is obtained from 
 Caryocar tamerttosum,Dec., or Pekeu tuberculosa, Auhh; the tree which yields 
 the delicious nut known as the Saouari or Sewarri Nut. It greatly resem- 
 bles in its properties the Mora, being excellent for ship building, mill- 
 timbers, and plank, and may be had from 16 to 20 inches square, from 20 
 to 40 feet long. 
 
 97. YARURI or PADDLE WOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. 
 
 97a. YARTJm or PADDLE WOOD. Contributed by J. Outkidge. 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 971). YAETJEI or PADDLE WOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. This wood is obtained from 
 Aspidosperma excelsum, Bentli. The whole tree, from 5 to 6 feet in diam- 
 eter, and, to the first branches, about .50 feet in height, has the appearance 
 of being fluted, or as if it consisted of a fasciculus of numerous slender 
 trees. The fluted projections of the trunk are used by the Indians for the 
 construction of their paddles. The wood is light, elastic, and very strong, 
 and preferred to any other for Cotton Gin-Rollers, 
 
 98. HACKIA or LIGNUM Ylim. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 98a. HACKIA or LIGNITM VIT.ffi. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood, known in the 
 colony as Lignum vit(e, is said to be obtained from Guoicum officinale, Lin.; 
 but this seems doubtful, as the tree producing the wood attains a height of 
 from 50 to 60 feet, and squares 16 to 18 inches, whilst the Guaicum offici- 
 nale is described as a comparatively small tree, about 4 or 5 inches in diam- 
 eter. It is used for mill-cogs and shafts. The specimens sent are from a 
 tree supposed to be about 40 years old. 
 
 99. LANA. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Berbice. 
 
 99a. LANA. Contributed by T. B, Duggin, 
 
 Vertical section. From River Berbice. This wood is obtained from Genipa 
 Americana, Lin. ; the fruit of which yields the Indian pigment known as 
 Lana Dye. The tree is very high, and the trunk will frequeutly square 
 from 14 to 18 inches. The wood is close grained, and is not liable to split. 
 
 100. MATVnvnTR APPLE TREE, Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Berbice.
 
 100a. MAMBIEE APPLE TREE. Contributed by T. B, Duggik. 
 
 Vortical section. From River Berbice. This wood is obtained from the 
 Mammea mericana, Lin., which produces a Mainmee Apple, or Wild Apricot 
 of South America. 
 
 101. HYAWA. Contributed by T. B. Diggin. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Berbice, 
 
 lOla. HYAWA. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Berbice. This wood is obtained from the 
 Idea heptaphi/lla, Aubl., or Incense Tree, yielding the gum Hyawa. 
 
 102. CORKWOOD TREE. Contributed by T. B. Duggix. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Berbice. 
 102a. CORKWOOD TREE. Contributed by T. B. Duggix. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Berbice. 
 
 102b. CORKWOOD TREE. Contributed by Geokge Pomlfex. 
 
 Abutment from near the root. From Troolie Island, River Essequebo. 
 This wood is supposed to be obtained from Pterocarpus Draco, Lin., or 
 P. suberosus, Peis., and is used chiefly as floats for fishing nets. 
 
 103. COURIDA. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Transverse section. From PItn. Woodlands, River Mahaiea, 
 
 103a. COURIDA. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Vertical section. From Pltn. Woodlands. River Mahaiea. This wood is 
 obtained fi'om Avicennia nitida, Jac, — a tree of surprising rapidity of 
 growth. These specimens are from a tree five years old. The wood is 
 peri.shable when exposed to the atmosphere, but is very durable under 
 ground, and is therefore used as foundations for buildings. 
 
 104. rriKIRIBOTTRABALLI. Contributed by J. Octkidge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 104a. ITIKIRrBOTmABALLI. Contributed by J. Oltridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is supposed to be 
 obtained from Machcerium SchomburgkU, Benth. The trunk grows to the 
 length of fi'om .30 to 40 feet, and squares from 12 to 16 inches. It is used 
 chiefly for cabinet work. 
 
 105. WHITE CEDAR or WARRACOORI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 105a. WHITE CEDAR or WARRACOORI. Contributed by J. Octkidge. 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. 
 
 105b. WHITE CEDAR or WARRACOORI. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Mahaiea, East Sea Coast, Demerary. 
 
 105c. WHITE CEDAR or WARRACOORI. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Mahaiea, East Sea Coast, Demerary. This 
 wood is obtained from Icica-altissima, Aubl. It is light, easily worked, and 
 very aromatic. Sir Robert Schomburgk states that one of his canoes, 
 42 feet long, and 5^ feet wide, was made from a tree of this species. It is 
 used for oars and paddles, and for boards for inside work of houses. During 
 the American war it was used for staves of sugar hogsheads, 
 
 106. SURADANNL Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 c
 
 26 
 
 106a. SURADANNI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. It is mucli used for timbers, 
 rails, and covering boards for colony craft, and for naves and felloes of 
 wheels. It is also made into canoes by the Indians. It will square from 
 14 to 18 inches, from 30 to 40 feet long. 
 
 107. DETERMA. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 107a. DETERMA. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is used for masts, 
 booms, and planking for colony craft; and as insects do not infest it, it is 
 well adapted for chests, wardrobes, &c. It will square from 14 to 16 
 inches, from 40 to 60 feet in length. 
 
 108. CEABWOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 108a. CRABWOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is obtained from 
 XyhcarpuH Carapa, Spre?ig., or Carapa Guianensis. Aubl.,— the seeds of 
 which yield the Crab Oil. It is a light wood, and takes a high polish, and 
 is used for masts and spars, flooring, partitions, and doors of houses. There 
 are two varieties, the red and white. These specimens are the white. 
 It squares from 14 to 16 inches, from 40 to 60 feet long. 
 
 109. KOQUERETTEBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary, 
 109a. KOQUERETTEBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood forms excellent 
 rafters and beams for cottages. It grows from 20 to 30 feet long, aud 
 from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. 
 
 110. COXJTABALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 110a. COUTABALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. The tree which yields this 
 timber grows upon sand hills; the wood is very hard and durable if not 
 exposed to the weather; it is plentiful, and principally used for house 
 frames, and will square 12 inches, from 30 to 40 feet long. 
 
 111. BLACKHEART. Contributed by J. Outridge, 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 Ilia. BLACKHEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This is a good wood for house 
 frames, and for making furniture. It will square from 6 to 7 inches, from 
 20 to 30 feet long. 
 
 112. CABACALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 112a. CABACALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This wood is impregnated with 
 a bitter principle, which defends it against worms; it lasts well under water, 
 and is much used for planking colony craft. It must, however, be fastened 
 with copper nails. It will square from 1 2 to 16 inches, or even more, from 
 40 to 4.5 feet long.
 
 27 
 
 U3. YARRI-YASRI, or LANCEWOOD, Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 U3a. YAKRI-YARRI, or LANCEWOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This tree is stated by ScHOiVi- 
 BURGK to be Duguetia quitarensis, Lindl., a slender tree found in tolerable 
 abundance in the interior of the colony. The wood possesses much touj^h- 
 ness and elasticity, and is used for e;ig shafts, and, when small, for whip 
 handles and fishing rods. The Indians make their arrow points of it. It 
 grows from 4 to 6 inches in diameter at the lower end, and from 15 to 20 
 feet long. 
 
 114. TORCHWOOD. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 From River Demerary. Supposed to be obtained from a species of Amyris 
 or Idea. When beaten, so as to separate the fibre, the branches are used 
 as torches by the Indians. 
 
 115. TOOROO. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 115a. TOOROO. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This tree is a species of Palm. 
 It grows to the height of from 50 to 70 feet. Its woody outside is used by 
 the cabinet makers for inlaid work, walking sticks, billiard cues, &c. 
 
 116. COFFEE TREE. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Portion of Trunk, From Canal No. 2, River Demerary. 
 
 U6a, COFFEE TREE. Contributed by J. F. Bfe. 
 
 Vertical section. From Canal No. 2, River Demerary. 
 
 117. TIGERWOOD. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 117a. TIGERWOOD. Contributed by J. F. fesE. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. This is the heart of the wood 
 Itikiribouraballi, and is a valuable wood for cabinet making. 
 
 117b. LETTERWOOD. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbiiry. 
 Transverse section. From River Corentyne. 
 
 117c. LETTERWOOD. Contributed by J. S. Stutchburt. 
 
 Vertical section. From River Corentyne. This is obtained from Brosi- 
 mum Aubletii, Poep , or Piratinera guianensis, Aubl., and is one of the costliest 
 woods which Guiana possesses. It is of a beautiful brown colour with 
 black spots, which have been compared to hieroglyphics; the spotted part 
 being only peculiar to the heart, which is seldom more than 12 to 15 inches 
 in circumference. It is adapted for cabinet work of small size and for 
 veneering only. From its extreme hardness it is difficult to work, and 
 therefore little used. 
 
 117d. SAKA, or BASTARD PURPLE HEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 117e. SAZA, or BASTARD PURPLE HEART. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 Vertical section. From River Demerary. Used for furniture. 
 
 llTf. ITABALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Trausvei'se section. From River Demerary.
 
 28 
 
 117g. ITABALLI. Contributed by J. Oitridge. 
 
 Vortical siction. From Rirer Demerary. The tree which pnxlnees this 
 wfxid is Voc/it/sia Guianensis, AuhL, and is used by the Indians for making 
 Corials. 
 
 117Ti. WADADTJRI, or MONKEY POT TEEE. Contributed by J. Outkidge. 
 Transverse section. From Hiver Demerary. 
 
 117i. WADADTJKI, or MONKEY POT TREE. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 A''ortical section. From River Demerary. The tree which produces this 
 timber is the Lecythis cjrandi flora, Aubl, and is plentiful. The wood is 
 used for furniture, staves, &c. The specimens sent arc from a tree sup- 
 posed to be about 25 years old. 
 
 117j. HYAWABALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge, 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 117k. HYAWABALLI. Contributed by J. Outkidge. 
 
 Vertical section. From Kiver Demei-ary. This tree is scarce. This wood, 
 known as Zebra Wood, is used for furniture. The specimens sent are 
 from a tree supposed to be about 30 years old. 
 
 1171. SILBADANI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Transverse section. From the TJiver Demerary. 
 
 117m. SILBADANI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From the Elver Demerary. This wood is used for fur- 
 niture. The specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be about 20 years 
 old. 
 
 117n. SIMTEII, or LOCUST TEEE. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 
 117o. SIMIRI, or LOClJST TREE. Contributed by J. Outkidge. 
 
 Vertical section. From the River Demerary. The tree producing this 
 wood is Hymencea Couiheril, Lin., and is plentiful in various parts of the 
 colony. It often attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet, with a trunk from 
 7 to 8 feet in diameter. The wood is hard and compact, and its durability 
 recommends it for mill rollers and similar purposes. The Indians make 
 " Woodskins" out of the bark. The specimens sent are from a tree sup- 
 posed to be about 100 years old. 
 
 117p. TOWEANEROO, or EAGTAED BULLY TEEE. Contributed by J. Out- 
 ridge. 
 Transverse section. From River Demerary. 
 U7q. TOWEANEEOO, or BASTAED BULLY TEEE. Contributed by J. Out- 
 ridge. 
 Vertical section. From the River Demerary. It is very plentifid, and is 
 used for framiue timber, spokes, &c. It will square 2 inches, from 40 to 
 50 feet long. The specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be about 50 
 years old. 
 
 117r. MARISIBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 Transverse section. From the River Demerary. 
 
 117s. MAEISIBALLI. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 Vertical section. From the River Demerary. This tree is plentiful, and 
 is used chiefly for spars. It will square from 13 to 14 inches, from 30 to 
 40 feet in length. The specimens sent are from a tree supposed to be 
 
 about 20 years old.
 
 29 
 
 With reg^ard to the Timber Trees of this Colony, Sir Robert Sciiom- 
 miUGK, in his description of British Guiana, published in 1840, p. 116, 
 observes : — " I cannot conclude my observations on the capabilities of 
 British Guiana, without referring once more to the importance of its tim- 
 ber trade, and the source of wealth which might be derived if there were a 
 sufficient number of woodcutters. At present, if we make a few excep- 
 tions, it is only carried on by individuals who enter upon it with but 
 little capital and slender means ; and yet there are instances where the 
 industrious and sober have reaped riches. The fitness of the timbers for 
 Naval architecture is unparalleled, and in some instances is said to surpass 
 the teak. The green heart, the mora, and souari or sewarri, of all other 
 woods, are most unquestionably the best adapted for ship-building. Within 
 the last ten or twelve years a considerable quantity of brown greenheart 
 has been sent to Liverpool and Greenock ; and I have been told that 
 builders and others interested in shipping arc now of opinion, after about 
 ten years' trial of the wood, that in strength and durability it is superior 
 to any oak, and it actually commands a higher price. Had these woods been 
 introduced and extensively employed in the Royal Dock-j-ards fifteen or 
 twenty years ago, it is the opinion of competent judges that we should not 
 now hear much of dry-rot and Kyan's patent; and, not to mention that 
 rapid decay of vessels built of English and African Oak, and the consequent 
 frequent repairs, with what saving to government would it not have been 
 connected? If, therefore, the attention of the Navy Board could be drawn 
 to the important fact that British Guiana can furnish the finest and most 
 durable wood in the world, in sufficient quantities to supply all the ship- 
 building establishments in Great Britain, a double benefit would arise from 
 it, namely, the saving to Government and the increased demand for the 
 natural productions of the colony. The first experiment might be made 
 to establish a dock -yard f jr the repair of such of her Majesty's Cruisers on 
 the West India station as draw not more than 18 or 19 feet water. The 
 outlay of such an establishment would be trifling, if the importance of 
 ultimate success be considered. The woods, which are qualified for orna- 
 mental purposes, vie in elegance, if polished, with any in the world. The 
 want of labourers is the great cause that these treasures lie comparatively 
 hidden, and have scarcely excited attention. The demand in the colony 
 has been so great for native woods, that those who are present employed in 
 that trade are not able to meet it." It may be proper to add to this state- 
 ment from Sir Robert Schojibcrck's work, the fact, that in consequence 
 of British Guiana being so extensively intersected by navigable rivers, 
 ships of considerable burden may load in the immediate vicinity of most of 
 the wood-cutting establishments. 
 
 4. MrSCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. 
 
 118. TONKIN BEAN. Contributed by J. S. Stctchbury. 
 
 From River Demerary. 
 
 119a. TONKIN BEAN in Capsule. Contributed by J. S. Stctchbury. 
 
 From River Demerary. This bean is the fruit of Dt/ptert/.v odorata,Willd., 
 and is principally used to impart fragrance to snuff. 
 
 119. JOB'S TEARS. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. This very peculiar seed of a gi-ass is the fruit of 
 Coix Lachryma, Lin, and is used in Guiana for ornaments, such as neck- 
 laces. &c. 
 
 120. SOAP BERRIES. Contributed by George Ross. 
 
 From Pltn. Ruimvehl, River Demerary. This is the kernel of the fruit of 
 Sapiridioi Sapoiiaria. Lin., and is used for ornaments, necklaces, brace- 
 lets, &c.
 
 30 
 
 121. BARRICARRI, SEEDS called. Contributed by Mrs. Manget. 
 
 From Georgetown, Demerary. These are the seeds of Erythrina Corolla- 
 dendron, Lin., and are used for ornamental purposes. 
 
 122. BUCK SHOT, or SEEDS OF CANNA. Contributed by David Shier, 
 
 From Georgetown, De^tierary. This is the seed of an undetermined species 
 of Carina, variously supposed to be C. coccinia, C. lutea, C. occidentalis, and 
 C. Ochiras, and is used by the Indians for shot. From the rhizome of this 
 plant is obtained the Tous-les-Mois Starch of Commerce. It grows wild 
 in this colony, and could be cultivated to any extent. 
 
 (C.) ANIMAL KINGDOM. 
 
 123. ISINGLASS. Contributed by Morison and Knox. 
 
 From the Gilbagre or Gilbacker. This is the sound of the Siiunis ? 
 
 a fish very abundant in the estuaries of the rivers of this colony. 
 
 124. HONEY. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 From Pltn. Woodlands, River Mahaica. This is the produce of a small 
 wild bee, which is stingless, and easily domesticated. The honey is de- 
 posited in small separate pouches, and may be removed once every month 
 by making a puncture in the bottom of the pouch, from which it readily 
 flows, — which opening, the insect afterwards speedily closes up. 
 
 SECTION II,— MACHINERY. 
 
 No Articles in this Section have been contributed. 
 
 SECTION III— MANUFACTURES, ETC. 
 
 125. ORNAMENTED HAMMOCK. Contributed by Mrs. Barkly. 
 
 Made of silk grass, supposed to be the fibre of a species of Bromelia, or of 
 Agave vivipara, Lin., ornamented with the feathers of the Toucan, Macaw, 
 &c. 
 
 126. ITA or ETA PALM HAMMOCK. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 Made of the fibre of Mauritia Jlexuosa, Lin. 
 
 127" ROPES to Ditto. Contributed by J. S. Stutchbury. 
 
 Of silk grass. 
 
 128. HAT. Contributed by Mrs. Barkly. 
 
 Made of the bark of the Ita Palm. 
 
 129. INDIAN HEAD DRESSES. Contributed by Mrs. Barkly. 
 
 Head Dresses, ornamented with feathers, worn by the chiefs. 
 
 130. CASE of PAGALAS, or PACKALLS. Contributed by W. H. Holmes. 
 
 Made of the otlter rind of the Ita Palm, and much used in the colony as 
 baskets. 
 
 131. SHAAK-SHAAK. 
 
 From the River Demerary. A child's toy, and used by the Indians in their 
 dances.
 
 31 
 
 132. FANS. 
 
 Made from the Ita Palm. 
 
 133. MATAPI, or CASSAVA SQTJEEZEE. Contributed by David Shier. 
 
 Made of the Ita Palm. Used by the Indians for expressing the juice from 
 grated Cassava. Before being tilled, it is compressed as far as possible, so 
 as to increase its diameter; it is then filled and suspended from a beam, 
 and a lever is inserted into the lower loop, to the long end of which a 
 weight is applied, by which the Matapi becomes elongated. It will be ob- 
 served that the change of form in the vessel will tend to diminish its cubic 
 contents, and when stretched to its utmost length its capacity will oe 
 diminished by nearly one third: hence its applicability for effecting ex- 
 pression. 
 
 134. ETAMI, or CASSAVA SIFTZR. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 Used by the Indians. Made of the Ita Palm. 
 
 135. MODEL of INDIAN HOUSE. Contributed by Mrs. Barklt 
 
 This contains models of an Indian establishment of the Arrawaak tribe, 
 
 viz.: — 
 
 No. 1. Matapi, or Cassava Squeezer 14. Hammock and Indians 
 
 2. Marrowa, or Blunt Arrows, 15. Corialla, or Canoe 
 
 for shootirig small birds 16. Nahloe, or Paddles 
 
 3. Simarra, ordinary Arrows 17. Pagala, or Packall 
 
 4. Bow 18. Benches 
 
 5. Fishing Rods 19. Etami, or Sifter 
 
 6. Maquarri, whips made use of 20. Quaick, or Basket 
 
 in funeral dances 21. Cassava Bread Basket 
 
 7. Marakka, or Rattle, made use 22. Cassava Trough 
 
 of by Peaimen, or medicine 23. Metapi Lever 
 
 men, in their incantations 24. Plate for bakingCassavaBread 
 
 8. Shaak-shaak, or child's rattle 25. Cooking Rack 
 
 9. War Club 26. Goglets 
 
 10. Awiarri, or Flute 27. Bock or Buck Pots, in which 
 
 1 1 . Onolli, or species of Crane pepper-pot is made 
 
 12. Ditto ditto 28. Bouradi, or beak of Toucan, 
 
 13. Hammock and Indian used as an ornament. 
 
 136. COTTON HAMMOCK. Contributed by Miss Ross. 
 
 This is made of the wild cotton from the interior of the colony, referred to 
 in Sir R. Schomburgk's description of British Guiana as remarkable for 
 its fine long staple, silky appearance, and excellent quality. Full-sized 
 hammocks made of this material, command a price from three to four times 
 higher than those of English manufacture. 
 
 137. SPUN COTTON. Contributed by Bernhard Ries. 
 
 From River Pomeroon. This is also the wild cotton of the interior. 
 
 138. FISHING NETS, of SILK GRASS. Contributed by J. S. Stltchburt. 
 
 Of Indian Manufacture. 
 
 139. BASKET. Contributed by George Dennis. 
 
 Used by the Indians, when travelling, slung from their Shoulders. 
 
 140. ENTIRE WARDROBE of a Female Indian of the Warrow Tribe. Contributed 
 
 by George Dennis. 
 
 141. INDLAN "WAR CLUB. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice.
 
 32 
 
 142. INDIAN WAR CLUB. Contributed by I^obert Arnott. 
 
 From River Demerary. 
 
 143. INDIAN WAR CLUB. Contributed by Robert Arnott. 
 
 144. BLOW PIPE and QUIVER, with POISONED ARROWS, used by the Indians. 
 
 The inner tube of the Blow Pipe is a single internode of the Orundinaria 
 Schomburghkii. Benth. These internodes are sometimes 16 feet in length. 
 The arrow is inserted into the tube, having a dossil of cotton around its 
 lower end; aim is taken and the arrow projected by a sudden expiration. 
 Accompanying the quiver, there is the maxilla of a fish which is used for 
 partially cutting the poisoned end of the arrow, so that that portion may 
 break off and remain in the wound. This cutting is effected by rapidly 
 turning the arrow between the teeth of the maxilla. 
 
 145. BOW and ARROWS. 
 
 Bow made of Washiba, used by the Indians. 
 145a. BOW and ARROWS, 
 
 Bow made of Washiba, ditto. 
 
 146. WINNA. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. 
 
 From River Berbice. Used by the Indians for inclosing tobacco, in the 
 form of Cheroots for smoking; and said to be made of the rind of the fruit 
 of the Manicole Palm, Areca Manicot, Lodd. 
 
 147. BUCK POT. 
 
 Used in preparing pepper pot. 
 147a. BUCK POT. 
 
 Used in preparing pepper pot. These pots are made, by the Indians, of a 
 peculiar description of clay found on the banks of the rivers in various parts 
 of the colony. 
 
 148. INDLft.N FLY BRUSH. 
 
 148a. WALKING STICK of LETTER WOOD. 
 
 Carved by the Indians. 
 148b. ADADA, or WOOD-SKIN. Contributed by J. Outridge. 
 
 From the River Demerary. This is the bark of the Purple Heart Tree, 
 called by the Indians Mariwayana. Sir R. Schombukgic says — "They 
 take off the bark of this tree when fresh cut down, and, with very little 
 trouble, convert it into a Canoe, commonly called a 'AVood-skin;' some of 
 which are large enough to carry 20 to 25 persons with perfect safety on 
 smooth water." During the month of February, of the present year, the 
 Contributor and two other persons, weighing together not less than 500 lbs., 
 descended or " shot" the Rapids, about 100 miles above the estuary of the 
 River Demerary, in this Wood Skin, in perfect safety. The seats com- 
 monly made use of in Wood Skins consist of two or more light cj'lindrical 
 pieces of wood, the ends of which are notched and i-est upon the gunwale. 
 The wood skin sent measures ISj feet in length, and about 28 inches in 
 width. Accompanying it are two paddles made of Yaruri, or Paddle-wood. 
 
 149. QUAICK, or COVERED BASKET- Of Negro manufacture, made of a Palm, 
 
 called Moucourou. 
 
 150. BASKET, such as is used in Coifee Picking. Of Negro manufiicture, and 
 
 made of Moucourou. 
 
 151. HAND BASKET. Of Negro Manufacture.
 
 33 
 
 152. TWO BASKETS. Of Negro manufacture, made of the Cabbage Palm. 
 
 Arecu, monta.: i Lodd. 
 
 153. CALABASHES. The shell or rind of the fruit of Cr:scentia Cujete, Lin. 
 
 154. DOOR LOCK. Contributed by Maxtiiew Steele, 
 
 Made of Greenheart, and in use among the Creoles of this colony. 
 154a. DOOR-LOCK. Contributed by Matthew Steele. 
 Made of Greenheart. Another form. 
 
 155. DOOR-LOCK. Contributed by Matthew Steele. 
 
 Made of Crabwood, and in use among the Creoles of this colony. 
 155a. DOOR-LOCK. Contributed by Matthew Steele. 
 
 Made of Crabwood. Another form. 
 155b. DOOR-LOCK. Contributed by Matthew Steele. 
 
 Made of Crabwood. Another form. 
 
 156. WALKING-STICKS. Contributed by J. F. Bee. 
 
 From the Kiver Demerary. Made from the outer part or rind of tho 
 Tooroo Palm. 
 
 SECTION IV.-SCULPTURE, MODELS, AND THE 
 PLASTIC ARTS. 
 
 No Articles in this Section have been contributed. 
 
 The following DIAGRAMS are sent to indicate the Temperature of 
 the Climate in which the Vegetable Productions mentioned in this Cata- 
 logue have been produced. 
 
 157. DIAGRAM. Contributed by P. Sandeman. 
 
 Showing the course of Temperature at Georgetown, Demerary, during 
 part of the year 1845, and during the years 1846, '47, '48, '49, and '50, 
 constructed from Tables of Daily Mean Temperature, deduced from teu 
 Daily Observations, taken during the above period, at the Georgetown 
 Observatory. 
 
 157a. DIAGRAM. Contributed by P. Saxdeman. 
 
 Showing the Mean Course of Temperature at Georgetown, Demarary, of 
 five years, from 1st. of November, 1845, to 1st of November, 1850, from 
 Tables of Daily Mean Temperature, deduced from teu Daily Observations, 
 taken durmg the above period, at the Georgetown Observat^iry. 
 
 DANIEL BLAIR, 
 DAVID SHIER, 
 J. S. STUTCHBURY, 
 W. H. CAMPBELL, 
 Sub-Committee appointed to prepare the Catalogue. 
 
 By Order of the Central Committee of British Guiana, 
 
 W. H. CAMl'BELL, Hviwnui/ Secretary. 
 
 Georgetown, Demaary, March I2l/i, 1851.
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 TTiAXSMriTLD FnOM 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA, 
 
 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION 
 
 1807. 
 
 PRIINTTTt;!) FOR. 
 
 THE COMMITTEE OF COKRESPOXDEXCE 
 
 OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL A^'D COiDIERCUL SOCIETY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 W EDWAED STANFOED, 6, CHAEIXG CEOSS, S.W. 
 
 1867.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Maps of British Guiaka. From Surveys by the late Sib 
 Egbert Schomburgk. 
 
 Diagram of Temperature, Weight of Atmosphere, akd Fall 
 OF Rain, for a Period of Xine Years, commencing 1st 
 November, 1845. By the late P. Sandeman . 
 
 PAGE 
 COMSnXTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE V 
 
 Introduction vii 
 
 Preface, containing short Account of British Guiana and its 
 
 Productions xi 
 
 Note A. Monthly Fall of Eain at Georgetown, from 1846 
 
 to 1857 xciii 
 
 Note B. Memorandum of Exports at various periods, 
 
 from 1747 TO 1861 xciv 
 
 KoTE C. Table showing the Specific Gravity of 59 Spe- 
 cimens OF Woods xcv 
 
 Catalogue : — ■ 
 
 Section A. Sacchartn*e Products ant) Articles of Food . 1 
 
 Section B. Fibrous Substances 14 
 
 Section C. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Articles and 
 
 Products .17 
 
 Section D. Woods for Building and other purposes. . 25 
 
 Section E. Indian Mant^factures and Miscellaneous Ar- 
 ticles 34 
 
 Section F. Natural History 41 
 
 Section G. Miscellaneous 44 
 
 Index 47 
 
 List of Conteibutors 51
 
 1867. 
 
 GOVERNOR OF BRITISH GUIANA. 
 HIS EXCELLENCY FKANCIS HINCKS, Esq., C.B. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. 
 
 (Administering the Government during the absence of the Governor.) 
 HIS EXCELLENCY MAJOR EGBERT MILLER MUNDY. 
 
 COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 J. Trovnsell Gilbert, Chairman. 
 
 W. H. Campbell, LL.D., Vice-Chairman. 
 
 F. A. R. Winter, Treasurer. 
 
 H. 0. Whitlock, M.D., Honorary Secretary, 
 
 Rev. W. G. G. Austin. \ Sir W. H. Holmes. 
 
 Edward George Barr. 
 John Brumell. 
 Nicholas Cox. 
 H. G. Dalton, M.D. 
 R. T. A. Daly, 
 William Fresson. 
 Henry T. Garnett. 
 O. A. Gilbert. 
 John S. Hill. 
 
 K. W. Imlach. 
 C. M. Jones. 
 Willloi Knight. 
 George Lillle. 
 George H. Oliver. 
 
 W. B. POLLAED, Jltn. 
 
 David Shier, M.D. 
 
 W. F. H. Smith. 
 
 Rev. E. a. Wallbridge. 
 
 SUB-COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO PREPARE CATALOGUE. 
 
 J. Tbotjnsell Gilbert, Chairman, j William Walker. 
 
 W. H. Campbell, LL.D. Rev. E. A. Wallbridge. 
 
 Da^d Shiee, M.D. I H. C. Whitlock, M.D. 
 
 SPECIAL COMMISSIONER IN PARIS. 
 William Walker.
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 His Impeeial Majesty the Emperoe of the Feenoh having dcter- 
 iniuccl upon holding in Paris a second International Exhibition, upon 
 the plan so successfully initiated in London in 1851, and subsequently 
 followed up by similar Exhibitions in other cities, but upon a scale of 
 unprecedented magnitude and splendoui", Her Majesty's Government 
 undertook to convey and to recommend to her Colonial possessions 
 the invitation issued by His Imperial Majesty to them as well as to 
 every other civilized community, to assist in the perfecting and to 
 share in the honours of this great undertaking. 
 
 The Committee of Correspondence of the Eoyal Agricultural 
 and Commercial Society of British Guiana therefore readily agreed to 
 renew the efforts previously made to iUustrate the natural and manu- 
 factured products of this important b --^'^:V efforts which had been 
 rewarded, not merely by the approval be ^pved upon the Committee 
 for the manner in which theii- duties had been performed, but by the 
 yet more satisfactory evidence of a newly-awakened interest in the 
 Colony itself, on the part of those who, for the first time, became 
 aware of the value and diversity of the contributions it could offer in 
 aid of the wants and the enjoyments of society. 
 
 The aj)peals made to the various classes of the local community to 
 enable the Committee to fulfil their obligations, were found so practi- 
 cally beneficial to the people themselves, by exciting a spirit of emu- 
 lation and stimulating their appreciation of treasures which, although
 
 YIU INTEODUCTION. 
 
 familiar to them, had previously been regarded with indifference, that 
 Local Exliibitions, on the occasions of the Colony being represented 
 in London and in Paris, were instituted, and attended with the most 
 gi'atifying results. In conformity with the practice thus established, 
 a Local Exhibition of the articles collected for transmission to the 
 proposed Universal Exhibition at Paris was held on Thm-sday, the 
 27th of December, 1866, and was closed on the 1st of January 
 ensuing. The opening ceremonial was presided over by the Lieute- 
 nant-Governor, then administering the Government ; and the subjoined 
 Address was presented to His Excellency by the Chairman on behaK 
 of the Committee of Correspondence : 
 
 " To His Excellency Major Robert IMif^ler Muxdy, Lieutonant-Governor of 
 
 British Guiana. 
 
 " May it Please Yotjk Excellency : 
 
 " Ou behalf of the Committee of Correspondence of the Agricultural and Com- 
 mercial Society, I have to thank Your Excellency for your kindness in consenting 
 to preside on tliis occasion. 
 
 " The present is the tliird Exhibition of the kind that has taken place in this 
 Colony. The first was held in January, 1855, and the second in August, 1861. 
 These Exliibitions were not merely for local purposes, but were also respectively 
 snbbidiary to tlie representation of the Colony at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and 
 the London Exlubition of 18G2. 
 
 " The Exhibition now about to be opened has the same twofold purpose. In tho 
 first place, it is designed, locally, to promote among all classes of tlie community 
 competition in the development of the mdustrial resoiu-ces of the Colony. To this 
 end all classes, from the capitalist who em[)loys large means, and avails himself of 
 aU the scientific appliances at his command to increase and improve the staple 
 products, to the peasant who lives by Ids daily toil, have been invited to contribute. 
 It is gratifying to see that tlie invitation has been responded to in a manner credit- 
 able to all, and especially to those whose contributions are the result of their 
 individual labour. In tlie second place, we hope that among the numerous objects 
 of interest exhibited here, many wiU be found available for transmission to Paris ; 
 and that the liigh position among British Colonies, which was won by British 
 Guiana at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, will be at least equalled at that of 1867. 
 
 " Of course the main object of such an Exhibition as this is the production of 
 articles of solid use and profit, but other contributions have not been excluded 
 from the programme : and we are glad to observe m the present collection many 
 objects valuable chiefly for their beauty or as curiosities, and many rare specimens 
 illustrative of the Natural History of the Colony. And in addition to the use of 
 such an undertaking, in its industrial, commercial, and scientific points of view, we 
 feel that the meeting together in this manner, for a common purpose, of a large 
 number of persons representing those members of tlieu' respective classes who 
 desii-e to promote the advancement of the countiy in which they live, must.
 
 r 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 regarded in a moral and social asiiect, tend to foster good will, kindly feeling, 
 reciprocal respect, and a mutual sense of the mutual benefits to be derived from 
 energetic and enlightened co-operation. 
 
 " In conclusion, we trust that your Excellency's part in the proceedings of to- 
 day Avill be an act in yom* administration of this Government, whicli it will bo 
 agreeable to you to remember; and we respectfully beg that yom- Excellency 
 will be pleased now to declare tliis Exhibition opened. 
 
 ' For the Committee of Correspondence. 
 
 " J. Tkoinsell Gilbert, 
 
 " Chairman." 
 
 To whicli nis Excellency was pleased to reply as follows : — 
 
 " The Honourable the President and the Members of the Committee of Corre- 
 spondence of the Agricultural and Commercial Society. 
 
 " I thank you for the kind address you have now presented to me. I assure 
 you that uo more pleasing duty could have devolved on me dm-mg my short 
 administration of the Government of this Colony than presiding at the opening 
 of this the third Local Exhibition of the Products of British Guiana. 
 
 " I rejoice to hear that all classes have so freely and liberally responded to the 
 call made on them to become contributors to this Exhibition ; and thereby to 
 develop the resources of this magnificent Colony. The thanks of the community 
 at large are most justly due to all, but more especially are they due to that portion 
 of the population who, by tlie sacrifice of some portion of their time and daily 
 earnings, have contiibutcd the products of their ready and skilful labour. I trust 
 that the Committee will be able to mnke from the numerous objects of interest now 
 about to be exhibited, such a selection for the Paris Exhibition of 1807 as will 
 rival, if not excel, the contributions of British Guiana to the Exhibition of 1855. 
 Meetings like this are most valuable, not only in exliibiting the specimens of the 
 Natural History and Industrial Art of the country, to all comers, but by bringing 
 together a population spread over such a vast area, all classes freely interchanging 
 ideas, and being taught by the sight of the varied products of the Colony how 
 much its best interests and prosperity depend on then- mutual co-operation, good 
 will, and kindly feeling of and for one another. 
 
 " I cannot conclude this answer to your address without thanking the Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence, both individually and collectively, for their labours on 
 this occasion, and I trust that the success of this Exhibition, as well as the high 
 position which British Guiana hopes to take at the Paris Exhibition in 18G7, may 
 reward them as they deserve. 
 
 " EOBEKT M. MUNUT, 
 
 " Lieut.-Governor." 
 His Excellency then declared the Exhibition opened. 
 
 It may not be out of place to state, in conclusion, that the Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence have come to the determination of holding
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 an annual Local Exhibition, wliicli, however, shall not be restricted to 
 specimens of local growth or manufacture, but be open to illustrative 
 articles from any quarter, so as to gratify the curiosity of those who 
 may not have the opportunity of visiting other countries, and to supply 
 suggestive hints to the industrious and ingenious for the cultivation 
 of their talents and the improvement of their tastes.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I 
 
 The name " Guiana " is given to that portion of the continent of South 
 America which lies between 8 cleg. 40 min. North and 3 dcg. 30 min. 
 South ; and 50 deg. and 68 deg. 30 min. West, an area calculated to 
 contain 690,000 square miles : the coast line extending from the 
 mouth of the Eiver Orinoco to that of the Kiver Amazon. It is 
 divided into — 
 
 I 1. Venezuelan Guiana, lying on both sides of the Orinoco and 
 extending S. and S.W. to the Eiver Negro and the Brazilian 
 settlements. Its north-eastern boimdary is at a point near 
 the mouth of the Eiver Barima, which empties itself at the 
 confluence of the Orinoco. 
 
 2. British Guiana, extending from the Venezuelan line of division 
 
 to the Eiver Corentyn. 
 
 3. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, extending from the Eiver Coren- 
 
 tyn to the Eiver Marawini in 54 deg. west long. 
 
 4. French Guiana, more commonly known as Cayenne, from the 
 
 island on which the capital stands, extending from the Eiver 
 Marawini to near Cape North. 
 
 5. Brazilian Guiana, extending from the southern boundaries of 
 
 French, Dutch, British, and part of Venezuelan Guiana, to 
 the Eivers Amazon and Negro. 
 
 The peculiarity of the hydi-ographic system of this vast territory is 
 well worthy of note, for the Eiver Orinoco sends a tributary stream to 
 the Eiver Negro, which flows into the Amazon, thus completing the 
 circuit of water communication — in other words, to adopt the illustra- 
 tion employed by Sir Eobebt Schombuegk, a person getting into a 
 canoe at Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, might, by coasting 
 to the west and ascending the Orinoco as far as the Cassiquiare, reach 
 the Eiver Negro, thence follow the Amazon to its mouth and return 
 to Paramaribo by the coast of Cayenne, without the necessity of 
 quitting his canoe. But the wonderful facilities possessed by this 
 region for inland navigation do not end here — for, mth a little trouble 
 it might be extended to Santa Fe do Bogota, and even, extraordinary as 
 it may seem, to the Pacific Ocean on the west, and to Buenos Ayres on
 
 Xll PEEPACE. 
 
 tlie south. The Eiver Napo oflfcrs communication with Quito; the 
 Ucayali (or Uaycali), with Cuzco ; and the Hucllaga, with Lima.* 
 
 The general impression produced by the examination of the country 
 is, that here we are in the last stage of a process that has been going on 
 during the whole period of the elevation of the Andes and the mountains 
 of Brazil and Guiana from the ocean. At the commencement of 
 this period, the greater portion of the valleys of the Amazon, Orinoco, 
 and La Plata must have formed a part of the ocean separating the 
 groups of islands (which those elevated lands formed on their first 
 apj)earance) from each other. At the point where the mountains of 
 Guiana apj)roach nearest to the chain of the Andes, the volcanic action 
 apj)ears to have been continued in the interval between them, throwing 
 up the sierras of Cm-ictiriari, Tunuhy, and the numerous smaller 
 granite mountains of the Uaupes, and it is here probably that dry land 
 fii'st appeared connecting Guiana and New Granada, and forming that 
 slightly elevated ridge which is now the watershed between the basins 
 of the Amazon and Orinoco. The same thing occurs in the southern 
 portion of the continent, for it is where the mountains of Brazil, and 
 the eastern range of the Bolivian Andes stretch out to meet each other 
 that the sedimentary deposits in that part appear to have been first 
 raised above the water, and thus to have determined the limits of the 
 basin of the Amazon on the south. The Amazon valley would then 
 have formed a great inland guK or sea about two thousand miles long 
 and seven or eight hundi'ed wide.! 
 
 The three Colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequebo, formerly 
 belonging to the Dutch, were captured in 1803, and finally ceded to 
 Great Britain in 1814, and constitute the present Colony of British 
 Guiana, thus fii'st designated in 1831. They are now termed counties : 
 of which, Berbice extends from the Corentyn to the Abari creek, or 
 about 95 miles ; Demerara, from the Abari to the Boerasiri creek, or 
 about 65 miles ; and Essequebo, from the Boerasiri to the site of the 
 military posts formerly maintained by the Dutch on the Barima Eiver, 
 
 * Cayenne may be also considered to be insulated ; the province is not, it is true, 
 surrounded on all sides by the sea, but the principal roadstead or Cayenne Eiver, 
 the Mahuri, and the Tour de I'lsle, a sort of canal which connects the two (perhaps 
 somewhat resembling the Cassiquiare), really separate it from what may be called 
 the mainland. It is related that a French brig, being chased by an English man- 
 of-war, took refuge in the Eiver Mahuri, preferring the risk of being lost to that of 
 capture : assisted by the tides and towed by her boats she ascended the Mahuri, 
 traversed the Tour de lisle, and at length reached the port, after a tedious and 
 difficult navigation, the pursuer being doubtless j^uzzled to conceive what had 
 become of her. — Jisselain : " C/ift deports a Cayenne." Paris, 1865. 
 
 t Wallace, Agassiz, &c.
 
 PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 01' about 120 miles ; thus making a sea facade of about 280 miles, by 
 an interior deptli, from north to south, varying from 300 to 450 miles. 
 It is, of course, difficult to determine with exactitude the area of the 
 Colony of British Guiana, since its boimdaries, not only on the 
 side of Venezuela but on that of Brazil, are undetermined. Assuming 
 its limits to be those which the geographical features of the territory 
 would indicate, the area would be equal to 76,000 square miles. 
 
 The Kepublic of Venezuela claims the country to the mouth of the 
 Eiver Moruca, from thence to the confluence of the Eivers Cuyuni and 
 Massaruni along the western bank of the Eiver Essequebo, to the 
 confluence of the Eiver Eupununi. The Brazilians having claimed as 
 for north as the mouth of the Siparunus, the area of the Colony would 
 then be reduced to about 12,300 square miles, and it would form the 
 smallest of the thi-ee Colonies in Guiana which are possessed by 
 European Powers.* 
 
 Indications are traceable of the interior of this great region having 
 been at some former period the bed of a series of lakes, of which the 
 waters, bursting their barriers, forced themselves passages to the 
 Atlantic. The interior is diversified by ranges of mountains, exten- 
 sive savannas, and dense forests. Of the former, the highest point 
 yet determined is stated to be the remarkable peak of Eoraima, in lat. 
 5 dog. 9 miu. 30 sec. north, long. 60 deg. 47 min. west, which ascends 
 to 7,500 feet above the level of the sea— the upper portion, about 
 1,500 feet, being simply a mural precipice of a peculiarly striking 
 character.-j- The moimtain ranges gradually approach the coast, until 
 at about 40 miles from the sea, we find the last lines of elevated ground, 
 consisting of a range of sandhills, and parallel with them, detached 
 groups of hillocks— the former ranging from 30 to 120 feet in height, 
 the latter seldom exceeding 200. No fossil remains whatever have 
 been discovered. 
 
 The mountain ranges consist, for the most part, of granite, | gneiss, 
 sandstone, &c., with their various modifications, all denoting a 
 primitive formation, and wherever they cross the rivers which flow 
 through the Colony, they form large cataracts extremely picturesque, 
 but interposing great obstacles to inland navigation. At about 30 
 
 * Schomburgk. 
 
 t Humboldt remarks that a precipice of 6,000 or 7,000 feet perpendiculur is 
 much rarer than is commonly supposed ; and tliat arock of 1,600 feet perpendicular 
 has been sought in vain in the Swiss Alps. 
 
 J On a savanna in 2 deg. 50 min. N. there is a mountain composed of ono 
 entire solid block of granite, 700 feet in height ; and about 40 miles N.E. is another 
 still higher. Granite seems to be more extensively developed in South America 
 than in any other part of the world.
 
 XIV PREFACE. 
 
 miles up the River Essequebo is an extensive bed of granite with 
 hornblende, trending in a S.W. direction. The huge masses of granitic 
 boulders accumulated in particular sj^ots with more or less profusion 
 constitute a peculiar feature of the rocky region, extending hence to 
 the mountain ranges. The coast lands and cultivated districts of the 
 Colony consist of an extensive mudfiat, or alluvial deposit, composed 
 chiefly of blue clay, impregnated with marine salt, and rich in decom- 
 posed vegetable matter. In the forest, or bush, bordering the culti- 
 vated lands, and occasionally in the savannas, extensive tracts of Pegass 
 (tropical peat), sometimes of considerable depth, occur. The same 
 formation has existed on great part of the cultivated lands, but from 
 long continued tillage has become exhausted. This alluvial flat, a 
 large proportion of the cultivated part of which is from three to four 
 feet below high water-mark of spring tides, extends from ten to twenty, 
 and in some instances, as between the Rivers Berbice and Corentyn, 
 even to forty miles inland, and is terminated by the range of sandhills 
 above mentioned. Its composition may be inferred from one of the 
 many borings made in the Colony for Artesian wells. This was 
 executed at Plantation Woodlands, one mile from the mouth of the 
 Mahaica creek ; and the following memorandum was taken diu'ing the 
 process of boring : — 1 to 5 feet, surface soil ; 6 feet, layer of " caddy " 
 or fine sand ; 7 to 9 feet, blue clay ; 9 to 39 feet, soft mud mixed with 
 caddy in which the auger went down by its own weight ; 39 to 53 feet, 
 rotten wood and pegass,* 53 to 55 feet, bluish gray clay, stiff; 55 to 
 57 feet, clay, a little red and gray ; 57 to 70 feet, reddish clay ; 70 to 
 82 feet 10 inches, yellowish gray clay with a little sand and ochre, 
 very stiff; 82 feet 10 inches to 86 feet 8 inches, bluish gray clay, 
 streaked ; 86 feet 8 inches to 92 feet bluish gray clay, streaked with 
 yellow. The bed of sand from which the water was obtained was 
 reached at a depth of 118 feet, and the same stratum was found at 125 
 feet. This water, much impregnated with iron, as are all such waters 
 in this Colony, is delivered eighteen inches above the surface of the 
 soil, and is greatly increased in quantity during the flood of spring tides. 
 The fact of the cultivated parts of the Colony consisting of an 
 alluvial soil of such enormous depth, might be considered as a suffi- 
 cient indication of its wonderful fertility. But aided by tropical heat 
 
 * It has been suggested by Mr. Hillhonse that the existence of tliese semi- 
 carbonized remains of trees of a kind [Cnrida: Avicennia nitida) still growing on 
 the coast, indicates the former snrface of tlie land, then covered by immense forests 
 which have been destroyed by fire, as appears by the ochrous substratum ; but the 
 correctness of this inference has been questioned.
 
 PREFACE. XV 
 
 and abundance of moisture, its productiveness surpasses anything that 
 European agriciilturists can imagine. The same land has been cropped 
 annually during upwards of half a century without rest, without change 
 of crop, aud without maniu'e, and to the last, yielding remunerative 
 returns. But this surprising vegetative power is not confined to the 
 coast regions only. Schomburgk transmitted to Georgetown speci- 
 mens of Cassava, Yams, and Indian corn, grown at the foot of the 
 Pacaraima moimtains, and they were acknowledged to exceed in size 
 and quality those produced on the coast lands. Bunches of Plantains 
 which he saw at the Canuku mountains, 3,000 feet above the level 
 of the sea, were of the very largest size ; and sugar-canes which he 
 met with on mountains 2,300 feet high, measured seven inches in 
 circumference, though they had received no weeding nor attention. 
 
 No active volcanoes are known to exist in British Guiana, and shocks 
 of earthquake are comparatively rare and almost uniformly slight. 
 
 The chief rivers of this Colony are the Essequebo, the Demerara, 
 the Bcrbice, and the Corentyn, the last mentioned dividing the British 
 and Dutch possessions. The Essequebo, having its origin in the 
 Acarai Mountains, 41 miles north of the Equator, has a coiu"se, in- 
 cluding its windings, of not less than 620 miles, exceeding in length 
 any river in France, and vying with the Vistula in Poland. After 
 receiving many large tributary rivers it continues its northern course, 
 growing gradually wider, until at its mouth it forms an estuary nearly 
 20 miles wide, with numerous fertile islands, several of which are from 
 12 to 15 miles in length, and under sugar-cane cultivation. In con- 
 sequence, however, of interruptions caused by the cataracts before 
 mentioned, it is navigable for large vessels for not more than fifty 
 miles from its mouth. In the Demerara, the upper course of which is 
 only known to the Indians, vessels of large burden have loaded timber 
 75 miles from its mouth. After a winding course, it gradually 
 widens, and when it enters the sea is fully a mile and three quarters 
 across. The Berbice in its upper coui'se, approaches within nine miles 
 of the Essequebo, in latitude 3 deg. 53 min. N. It occasionally 
 narrows to thirty feet, and at times spreads into lake-like exj)ansious. 
 About latitude 4 deg. 19 min. N. the cataracts commence. Vessels of 
 12 feet draft can ascend 105 miles, and of 7 feet 175 miles, from its 
 mouth, the influence of the tide being perceptible to nearly that dis- 
 tance. It is two and a quarter miles wide at its mouth. The 
 Corentyn takes its rise about 25 miles east of the source of the 
 Essequebo, probably in 1 deg. N. It is impeded in its course by the 
 same tract of boulders which crosses the Eivcrs Essequebo and
 
 XVI PrtEFACE. 
 
 Berbice, in latitude 4 deg. 20 min. N., forming a series of cataracts 
 which in grandeur surpass all others in British Guiana. It is navi- 
 gable for small vessels to about 150 miles from its mouth, which is 
 variously estimated to be from 10 to 18 miles in width. The Canje 
 Creek, as it is termed, falls into the Berbice River near its mouth. 
 The Abari Creek, the Mahaiconi Creek, and the Mahaica Creek, all 
 streams of considerable size, though inferior to the great Eivers, fall 
 directly into the Atlantic between the Berbice and the Demerara. 
 The Boerasiri Creek, as before mentioned, divides the Counties of 
 Demerara and Essequebo ; and between the Rivers Essequebo and 
 Barima are the Rivers, or Creeks, Pomeroon, Morucca, and Wai-ini. 
 
 Notwithstanding the position of this territory, so near the equator 
 it enjoys a comparatively more equable and more temperate climate 
 than other cotmtries under similar parallels. This arises from the 
 uniformly great length of night during which the earth has time to cool 
 by radiation ; from proximity to the ocean ; from the prevailing wind 
 being the N.E. Trade-wind, and from the favourable angle at which the 
 coast lies to it. It is usually assumed that the year is divided into two 
 wet and two dry seasons ; but latterly the periods of such changes have 
 not been well marked. In order to afford the most recent information on 
 this subject, we append to this preface Tables of Monthly Means of 
 Meteorological Observations made by the late Mr. P. Sandeiian, of tlie 
 Geoi'getown Observatory,* from one of which it will be seen that the 
 annual fall of rain, diu-ing a series of eleven years, varied from 7 to 
 11 feet ! It is, however, to be remarked, that although the amount of 
 rain is so great, it seldom rains for twelve hours consecutively, and that 
 a day rarely passes without fair weather and sunshine. The long dry 
 season extends from the end of August to the end of November ; the 
 short dry season from the middle of February to the middle of April ; 
 but even during these seasons there are occasional refreshing showers. 
 
 The months of February, October, and November are the most 
 delightful of the whole year. Thunder-storms sometimes occur at the 
 change of the seasons ; but fatal accidents from lightning are exceed- 
 ingly rare. Squalls are not unfrequent at certain seasons ; but 
 hurricanes, or destructive gales of wind, have never occurred. 
 
 * P. xcii. — The necessity for removing the Observatory from the Militia Paratle 
 Ground in 1857, and tlie subsequent illness and death of Mr. Sandoman, have nnfor- 
 tiinately caused the series of Magnetical and Meteorological Observations to be 
 discontinued. It seems well wortliy of consideration wliether it miglit nut be 
 practicable to resume the Eegisters through tlie instiumcntality of the stall' <,'mp]oyed 
 at the Public Hospitals in Demerara and Berbice, and at the Penal Settlement in 
 Essequebo.
 
 PREFACE. Xvii 
 
 The climate is commonly regarded as mihealthy, and prejudicial to 
 Europeans especially ; but experience demonstrates that it is, under 
 ordinary cu'cumstanccs, as favourable to human life as that of many 
 European countries. It is, nevertheless, true that the climate is not 
 well adapted to the constitution of white persons coming from tem- 
 perate regions to be employed in the cultivation of the low lauds. It 
 is unfortunately difficult to obtain exact data for calculations of the 
 expectation of hmnan life in the Colony, owing to the defective state 
 of the statistical records relating to the population ; but the experience 
 of the Life Assiu-ance Institutions doing business there, which, how- 
 ever, has reference chiefly to selected lives of persons in the middle 
 and upper ranks of society, is, on this point, highly satisfactory. The 
 unfavourable impression in regard to the insalubrity of the climate 
 has probably originated in the occasional occm-rence of epidemic yellow 
 fever, the subjects of which are almost exclusively fi'om the stranger 
 population, including especially seamen. These epidemics occur at 
 long intervals, but they are still sufficiently close to keep up the dis- 
 trust felt by persons unacquainted ^^ith the Colony. Such epidemics are 
 chiefly confined to the towns at the mouths of the rivers, and rarely 
 extend inland.* Sir E. Scho3ibuegk states, that " the salubrity of the 
 interior is proverbial, and there are many instances of longevity among 
 the settlers on the banks of the liivers Demerara, Berbice, and Esse- 
 quebo. The natui'al di-ainage is here so perfect, that all impiu'ities are 
 swept oif by the torrents of rain, and the pui'ity of the air is so great, 
 that the planets Venus and Jupiter may be seen in the daytime. 
 While descending the upper Essequebo in December, 1838, we saw, one 
 afternoon at three o'clock, the sun, the moon, and the planet Venus." 
 
 The diversified sm-face of this province presents the iitmcst 
 variety of indigenous productions, while many vegetable exotics have 
 been, fi-om time to time, introduced, and have readily adapted them- 
 selves to the climate and soil. Vegetation is perpetual, and the 
 never failing verdm-e is of surpassing brilliancy. The grandeur of 
 nature's gigantic efi'orts, displayed in the vast size, varied foi-ms, and 
 extraordinary rapidity of growth of the Vegetable Kingdom, strike 
 the stranger, accustomed only to the less luxuriant aspect of colder 
 regions, with astonishment and delight. The peculiar and distin- 
 guishing featm-e of the coast is a fringe or belt of mangi'ove and 
 ciu'ida trees, immediately behind which comes the cultivated strip 
 
 * Tide Table, p. xcii. — In Cayenne, tlie yellow fever is stated to have disap- 
 peared between 180i and 1850; it returned, however, in 1855, and was very fatal 
 for three years consecutively. — .Tisselain. 
 
 C
 
 XVlll PREFACE. 
 
 of land — for compared with the whole extent of available soil, it is 
 little more. In the interior, well watered savannas of great extent 
 and dense forests cover the intervening space to the base of the 
 mountain ridges. In these primitive scenes lofty trees tower to a 
 surprising height, their trunks and branches decorated with parasites, 
 and interlaced by lianes, or " bush ropes," which in some cases, after 
 surmounting the highest branches, again descend to the ground and 
 take root afresh. Palm trees of various kinds mingle their graceful 
 foliage with that of the forest trees, and even the waters ai'e covered 
 with appropriate floral treasures. Birds, insects, reptiles, in inex- 
 haustible variety, people the otherwise silent solitudes of these vast 
 domains — occupied only by scattered tribes of Indians, the repre- 
 sentatives of the aboriginal possessors. 
 
 The forests of Guiana, it is almost needless to say, are capable of 
 affording, to any extent, supplies of timber, unsurpassed in size and 
 durability, for house or ship building piu'poses ; and of woods suitable 
 for articles of household fui-nitui-e or fancy cabinet-work ; while 
 many of the trees and plants yield medicinal substances and products 
 of gi-eat commercial value in the arts, which have been as yet but 
 imperfectly investigated. Its waters, both salt and fresh, teem with 
 innumerable varieties of fish, many possessing dazzling brilliancy 
 of colour, and valuable as food ; but the habits and qualities of the 
 gi'cater portion of which are as yet unknown. Its mineral wealth is yet 
 untouched, though the precious metals are known to exist, with the pro- 
 bability, at least, of the existence of other crude materials of importance. 
 
 According to Schomburgk, the earliest accounts extant relative to 
 the coast of Guiana, state that in 1580 some inhabitants of Zealand, 
 one of the provinces of Holland, affected a settlement near the River 
 Pomeroon, and subsequently on the banks of the Essequebo. In 1C13 
 these settlers reported the Colony to be in a flourishing condition, and 
 in 1621 the Government undertook to supply the Colonists with negro 
 slaves from Africa. In 1G57 the Eivers Pomeroon and Morucca were 
 settled anew by Zealanders, and the towns of New Zealand and 
 New Middleburg were erected on their banks. About the same time 
 settlements had also been effected in the Berbice Eiver. In 1732 a 
 constitution appears to have been granted to Berbice, and in 1739 to 
 Demerara, by the States General. The colonization of Essequebo and 
 Demerara, in the mean time, proceeded very slowly, and no mention is 
 made of any settlement having been effected in the Demerara Eiver 
 till 1745, when the Directors of the Chamber of Zealand granted per- 
 mission to lay out a plantation on the uninhabited banks of that river. 
 
 k
 
 PKEFACE. xix 
 
 In 1781 tlie British took possession of the whole of the Dutch West 
 India Colonies, but at the peace of 1783 they were restored to Holland, 
 when they were almost immediately after taken possession of by 
 the French, who built forts on both sides of the River Demerara at 
 its mouth. In 1796 the Colonies of Demerara and Essequebo and of 
 Berbice, being again in the possession of the Dutch, were sm-rcndered 
 to the British, under whose protection their agricultiu-e and commerce 
 increased rapidly; and before they were restored at the peace of 
 Amiens, in 1802, to the Batavian Eepublic, the exports had risen to 
 nearly 20,000 hogsheads, equal to 35,840,000 lbs. of sugar, and about 
 10,000,000 lbs of coffee. On the breaking out of the wai- in 1803, 
 they were again surrendered to the British, in whose possession they 
 have ever since remained. 
 
 The cultivation was carried on by the labom* of slaves, imported 
 chiefly fi-om the coast of Africa. In 1808 the African slave trade 
 was partially abolished, but slaves continued to be introduced in 
 limited nmnbers, imtil the final abolition of the slave trade in 1814. It 
 is difficult to ascertain the numbers of these slaves at different periods ; 
 but when the fii'st registration was made in 1817 they then amounted 
 to 101,712. From this period to the 1st of AugiLst, 1834, when 
 slavery tkroughout the British possessions was entirely abolished, 
 their numbers had decreased to 82,824, being the total slave population 
 of the Colony on which compensation was claimed. This decrease, 
 generally attributed to the effects of the system of slavery itself, is 
 more correctly supposed to have arisen from the disparity between the 
 numbers of males and females imported. A few facts relative to the 
 progi-essive production of the Colony will be found subjoined. 
 
 By the census of 1841 the population was returned at 98,139. By 
 the census of 1851 it was classified as foUows : — 
 
 Natives of British Guiana .. .. .. .. 86,451 
 
 Natives of Barbados . . . . . . . . . . 4,925 
 
 Natives of other West India Islands 4,353 
 
 African Immigrants .. .. .. .. .. 7,1G8 
 
 Africans introduced prior to the Abolition of the Slave 
 
 Trade 7,083 
 
 Madeirans .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,928 
 
 English, Scotcli, Dutch, Americans, &c. . . . . . . 2,088 
 
 Coolies from IMadras . . . . . . . . . . 3,665 
 
 Coolies from Calcutta . . . . . . . . . . 4,017 
 
 Not stated 17 
 
 Total 127,695 
 
 Exclusive of Aborigines and Military and Seamen, esti- 
 mated at " 8.229 
 
 C 2
 
 .XX PIIEFACE. 
 
 The census of April, 1861, gives the subjoined results : — 
 
 Natives of British Guiana . . . . . . . . 93,861 
 
 Natives of West India Islands 
 
 .. 8,309 
 
 Natives of Madeira, Azores, or Cape de Verde . . 
 
 .. 9,859 
 
 Natives of Europe . . 
 
 .. 1,482 
 
 Natives of North America 
 
 147 
 
 Natives of Places not before mentioned . . 
 
 298 
 
 Immigrants from Africa . . 
 
 . . 9,299 
 
 Do. Madras 
 
 .. 3,664 
 
 Do. Calcutta 
 
 .. 18,416 
 
 Do. China 
 
 .. 2,629 
 
 Bom at Sea 
 
 28 
 
 Not known 
 
 34 
 
 Total 
 
 .. 148,026 
 
 Exclusive of Aborigines, estimated at . . 
 
 .. 7,000 
 
 Merchant Seamen and Military 
 
 881 
 
 Grand Total .. 
 
 .. 155,917 
 
 Immediately on the taking effect of the Emancipation Act, efforts 
 were made to supply the deficiency of labour consequent on the with- 
 di'awal of the predial slaves from the cultivation of the soil. In the first 
 instance, the West Indian islands were had recourse to, and shortly 
 afterwards Madeira, which has afforded a liberal supply of a class of most 
 useful people now permanently domiciled in the Colony. From the East 
 Indies systematic immigration commenced in 1845 (there had been 
 a tentative experiment on a small scale in 1838), and has been con- 
 tinued annually ever since, with the exception of 1849-1850, when the 
 arrangements were interrupted by political difiiculties in the Colony. 
 In 1853 two cargoes of Chinese were imported, and in 1859 immigra- 
 tion from China commenced under Government suj)erAnsion, and has 
 continued until now, when it has encountered a serious obstacle, 
 owing to a convention entered into between the Imperial Government 
 and the representatives at Pekin of Great Britain and France, one of 
 the stipulations of which is, that such immigrants shall, on the 
 expiration of theii' terms of service imder contract, become entitled 
 to be sent back to China at the expense of the Colony. Although 
 immigration from China has been carried on uninterruptedly for so 
 many years, such a condition is now, for the first time, insisted on ; 
 and while it is imcalled for in the interest of the immigrant, it creates 
 a burthen too onerous for the Colony to sustain. It is, therefore, 
 confidently hoped that, on reconsideration, it will be revoked.
 
 PREFACE. XXI 
 
 The total number of immigi-ants of all classes introduced into the 
 Colony of British Guiana from the 1st January, 1835, to the 31st 
 December, 186G, is as under : — 
 
 East Indians . . 
 
 55,795 
 
 Chinese 
 
 12,631 
 
 Africans 
 
 13,355 
 
 Madeirans 
 
 27,076 
 
 Cape de Verdes 
 
 819 
 
 Azores 
 
 164 
 
 West India Islands . . 
 
 20,533 
 
 
 130,373 
 
 to which may be added 208 Maltese, introduced in 1839 ; 70 from 
 the United States, in 1840; and 21 from England, in 1851 ; making a 
 grand total to the 31st December, 18G6, of 130,672. 
 
 Of these, immigi'ants fi'om the East Indies have, to some extent, 
 availed themselves of the privilege of return passages provided for 
 them at the public expense : on the 30th Jime, 1866, there were 
 located on estates under indentiu-e immigrants, chiefly if not alto- 
 gether Indians and Chinese, to the number of 28,619 males, and 
 9,860 females, making a total of 38,459 : the average mortality 
 amongst those people for the half-year was 2-34 per cent, throughout h 
 the Colony. Of course, the mortality had been greater in some j, 
 localities than in others ; and it is, as might be expected, always 
 greater in proportion amongst the newly-arrived immigrants ; but it is 
 gratifying to be able to state that there has been a gi-adual diminution 
 of immigrant mortality since 1861. It should be pointed out, more- 
 over, that the above total of 38,459 by no means represents the avail- 
 able labom--supply afforded by immigrants now in the Colony, a very 
 large number being free from contracts of service, and yet usefully 
 employed in various ways. 
 
 Having alluded to the right of returning to their native coimtry 
 exercised by the Indian immigrants, it may not be uninteresting to 
 quote one instance, by way of illustrating the real position of immi- 
 grant laboui-ers in the Colony : — The ' Clarence ' left Demerara in 
 September, 1865, with 469 immigi-ants, of whom 389 were adults. 
 The amount of savings they carried back with them was £11,235. 4s, 2d., 
 representing an average for each (excluding the children, who coidd 
 not be supposed to have earned much) of £31. 10s. Sid. for the 
 Calcutta immigrants, and of £10. 14s. 5d. for each Madras immigrant.
 
 XXll PREFACE. 
 
 I This was exclusive of jewellery and other valuables carried on their 
 persons. As an incidental proof of the general contentment of such 
 immigi'ants with their condition in the Colony, it may be stated that 
 dm-ing the year ending 30th Jime, 1865, nearly six thousand immi- 
 grants voluntarily renewed their contracts for a further term of five 
 years' service. 
 
 With regard to the Chinese, it may be asserted that, on the whole, 
 they have established their claim to be regarded as a most valuable 
 and important class of the population, although the cost of their in- 
 troduction has ranged much higher than for any other description of 
 immigrants. They have been in many instances difficult to acclimatize, 
 and a considerable number had never been accustomed to agricultural 
 pursuits. As permanent dwellers in the Colony, they are likely to con- 
 tribute essentially to its material prosperity, if we can form any 
 opinion from their influence elsewhere, and from the degree of success 
 which has thus far attended the experiment of a free settlement on the 
 Eiver Demerara, under the exclusive management of one of their own 
 race, Mr. O Tte Kim, a man of superior endowments and energy, who 
 has devoted himself to the furtherance of the spiritual and temporal 
 weKare of his countrymen in Guiana. The subjoined brief details 
 of the circumstances of the village alluded to, called Hope Town, in 
 compliment to the gallant Vice- Admiral Sir James Hope, late Naval 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Station, may not be uninteresting : — The 
 inhabitants have cleared about five miles on the banks of the river and 
 its tributary creeks; they have erected dwellings in uninterrupted 
 succession along the clearing ; they have built forty ovens, at a cost 
 of sixty dollars each, for burning charcoal, and have succeeded in re- 
 ducing the price of that indispensable cormnodity 30 per cent. The 
 trade had previously been monopolized by the Madeirans, who biu'n 
 their charcoal in pits. The ovens are considered to be a decided 
 improvement. The settlers have, moreover, planted ginger, sweet 
 potatoes, plantains, and other vegetable products. They have pigs 
 valued at ,^1,000 ; they have planted 150 acres in rice, calculated to 
 yield 600 bags valued at ^9 each ; the population is 170, of whom 40 
 are Christians ; they are well fed, well clothed, and comfortable ; they 
 have had but one death ; on the other hand, there has been but one birth. 
 They have erected a temporary chapel and school-house, of neat con- 
 struction, as might be expected from them. They possess three large 
 punts besides bateaux, and they keep up a constant trading intercourse 
 with the capital. The rej)ort concludes with this sigiiificant fact : there 
 has been as yet no case brought before the magistrate. The settle-
 
 PREFACE. xxiii 
 
 mcnt has been in existence little more than two years, and has had to 
 contend with many difficulties. 
 
 A few particulars of the distribution of immigrants in the Colony 
 may fitly wind up the foregoing observations. There are 128* estates 
 on which immigrants are located under indenture, namely, in tho 
 
 County of Berbice . . 
 
 19 
 
 County of Demerara, East Coast 
 
 33 
 
 „ „ River District 
 
 19 
 
 „ „ West Coast 
 
 18 
 
 
 — 70 
 
 County of Essequebo Islands 
 
 19 
 
 „ „ Arouabisoe t Coast 
 
 20 
 
 
 — 39 
 
 Hospitals, medical attendance, medicines, nourishment, and nurses 
 are by law provided on all these estates. In the great majority of 
 instances, each estate is so furnished, but in a few cases joint 
 hospitals for two or three estates are permitted under the express 
 sanction of the Governor and Coui't of Policy. Of the last mentioned, 
 two are on tho east coast of Demerara ; one is in the Eiver district, 
 one on the west coast, and two are in the Essequebo Islands. The 
 hospitals contain accommodation for from 10 to 80 beds each, there 
 being but few with less than 30 beds. The number of immigrants 
 allotted to estates varies, of com"se, according to the requirements of 
 each property. It may be stated to run from 50 to 600, few estates 
 having less than 100, whilst more than two-thirds of the estates have 
 200 and upwards. The number of medical men employed in charge 
 of these estates' hospitals is 23. 
 
 Assuming the rui-al population, according to the results of the latest 
 
 census, to stand thus — 
 
 County of Demerara . . . . . . . . . . 62,195 
 
 County of Essequebo . . . . . . . . . . 27,959 
 
 County of Berbice 24,119 
 
 Eepresentiug a total of .. 114,273 
 
 we find that upwards of 68,000 are retui-ned as inhabitants of villages, 
 so that even deducting women and children, there would apparently 
 remain labourers enough to raise the crop to considerably more than 
 its present largely increased return, if they only worked with ordinary 
 
 * In the year 1829, there were 230 sugar estates, and 174 coffee and cotton 
 estates ; in 1S49, there were but 180 of the former and IG of the latter; in 18G4, 
 167 sugar estates and 6 coftee estates are enmoerated in the local Directory. 
 
 t This is popularly known as the " Arabian " Coast.
 
 XXIV PREFACE. 
 
 assiduity ; but as regards the native or Creole peasantry, they scarcely 
 work at all on Saturday and Monday, very little on Friday, and seldom 
 more than from five to six hours on each of the other three days. 
 It is therefore evident that, failing any improved disposition on their 
 part towards industrial pui-suits, by which an adequate supply of 
 labour would be afforded, the sole dependence of the Colony for its 
 futui'e prosperity, and even its existence as a producing and exporting 
 countiy, is upon the maintenance of a constant stream of immigi'ation. 
 
 • The population of Georgetown amounted 
 
 In 1829 to 12,604 
 
 la 1841 to 18,585 
 
 In 1851 to 25,508 
 
 In 1861 to 29,174 
 
 The only other town of importance is New Amsterdam, near the 
 mouth of the Eiver Berbicc, formerly the seat of Government of 
 Berbice, when that country was a separate Colony. Its population in 
 1851 was 4,633, in 1861 it was returned at 4,579. 
 
 The seat of Government for Demerara and Essequebo, which had 
 previously been on Fort Island, in the Eiver Essequebo, was in 1812 
 transferred to Stabroek, now called Georgetown, on the Eiver Deme- 
 rara, which, on the union of Berbice with the other counties in 1831, 
 became the metropolis of British Guiana. 
 
 The positions of the light-house and of the light-ship, imme- 
 diately beyond the bar of the Demerara Eiver, about nine miles fi-om 
 the light-house, have been fixed by obervation, as follows : — 
 
 Lat. N. Loxg. W. 
 
 Space. Time. 
 
 Liglit-House .. fi deg. 49 min 54 sec. .. 56 deg. 6| min. .. 3h. 52m. 25 sec. 
 Liglit-Sliip . . 6 deg. 55 min. 33 sec. . . 58 deg. 1-| min. . . 3li. 52m. 6 sec. 
 
 Georgetown is situated at the mouth of the river, and being 
 originally established by the Dutch, resembles in arrangement the 
 maritime to\viis of Holland. The streets are wide, and laid out at 
 right angles to each other ; the principal of them have canals running 
 through them, and are generally lined with trees. The dwelling 
 houses, which are of wood, erected on pillars of brick, and commonly 
 two stories in height, are for the most part detached, and stand in the 
 centre of a garden. The effect therefore, when viewed from the gallery 
 of the Lighthouse or the dome of the Public Buildings, is very striking 
 and agreeable. " Water Street," a long street running along the 
 bank of the river, is the chief scat of commercial business, and owing 
 
 4
 
 PREFACE. XXV 
 
 to tlic occiUTcnce in 1864 of two extensive and destructive fires, the 
 o])i)ortunity has been seized to effect material improvements by- 
 widening it in the narrower portions. This street is usually a scene of 
 great bustle, the river being crowded with merchant vessels discharging 
 cargoes, either in the stream or alongside the stellings, as the wharves 
 are there called, or loading with produce. New Amsterdam, the chief 
 tovm of the county of Berbice, is situated on the east bank of the 
 river of that name, and is very neatly laid out, but is not nearly so 
 large as Georgetown. 
 
 It may be briefly stated here, that the political constitution of this y 
 important dependency of the British CrowTi is peculiar, having been 
 adopted -^vdth some gi'adual modifications from that established by its 
 Dutch possessors. The executive power is vested in the Governor. 
 The legislative authority is exercised by a body of ten, termed the 
 Court of Policy, including the Governor, the Attorney-General, the 
 Government Secretary, and the Administrator-General. The remain- 
 ing five members are selected by the Court from a double nomination 
 sent uj) by a body called the College of Electors, consisting of seven 
 members holding office for life, who are elected according to districts 
 by a duly qualified constituency. The Court of Policy has of itseK 
 no financial authority, the annual taxes being voted, and the annual 
 expenditure settled by it, only when combined with another body of 
 six members, termed the College of Financial Eepresentatives, elected 
 in the same way as the College of Electors, each member holding office 
 for two years only, but being eligible for re-election. 
 
 In this Colony the Eoman-Dutch law is in force in civil cases, 
 modified by Orders in Council and Local Ordinances, as the statutes 
 passed by the Legislature are called ; the Criminal Law is the same 
 as that of Great Britain, and is administered in the same manner, 
 except that there is not the intervention of a Grand Juiy. 
 
 The staple products of the Colony were formerly described as 
 sugar, rum, coffee, and cotton ; they may now be quoted as sugar, 
 rmn, molasses, and timber,- cotton having altogether ceased to be 
 exported for a long series of years, until the civil war in the United 
 States, by giving a stimulus to the production of cotton in other parts 
 of the world, induced some efforts to be made for its re-establishment 
 in this Colony ; the uncertainty as to the maintenance of remunerative 
 prices in the home markets, owing to the high cost of labom* in the 
 Colony, will probably prevent the attainment of any satisfactory 
 result in this respect ; and coffee no longer appears in the Custom- 
 house retui-ns of exports. 
 
 A
 
 XXVI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The quantities of the staples exported in the years 1851 to 1861, 
 both inclusive, were — 
 
 Year. 
 
 SOGAB. 
 
 Rum.* 
 
 MOLAS-SES. 
 
 TiMBRR. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 GiUls. Imp. 
 
 Galls. Imp. 
 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 1851 
 
 66,667,776 
 
 1,458,016 
 
 905,350 
 
 177,780 
 
 1852 
 
 94,851,680 
 
 2,255,840 
 
 957,125 
 
 127,356 
 
 1853 
 
 65,457,168 
 
 1,729,048 
 
 626,335 
 
 144,031 
 
 1854 
 
 83,738,368 
 
 2,651,808 
 
 241,585 
 
 206,962 
 
 1855 
 
 88,585,600 
 
 2.872,846 
 
 175,076 
 
 173 914 
 
 1S5G 
 
 82,571,200 
 
 2,387,075 
 
 556,048 
 
 297,354 
 
 1857 
 
 94,025,600 
 
 2,531,358 
 
 653,660 
 
 330,772 
 
 1858 
 
 94,267,200 
 
 2,587,895 
 
 314,272 
 
 257,508 
 
 1859 
 
 88,388,800 
 
 2,359,048 
 
 143,152 
 
 276,378 
 
 1860 
 
 99,513,800 
 
 2,602,035 
 
 258,888 
 
 493,922 
 
 1861 
 
 115,755,200 
 
 2,728,913 
 
 319,884 
 
 825,230 
 
 1862 
 
 104,000,400 
 
 2,491,000 
 
 310,684 
 
 652,112 
 
 1863 
 
 122,368,000 
 
 2,873.940 
 
 524,768 
 
 408,769 
 
 1864 
 
 117,300,000 
 
 2.475,082 
 
 1,162,788 
 
 816,812 
 
 1865 
 
 137,776,000 
 
 2,976,920 
 
 1,329,814 
 
 503,849 
 
 1866 
 
 146,528,000 
 
 2,908,187 
 
 1,396,606 
 
 249,614 
 
 Bags. 
 
 59 
 35 
 
 Of cotton there were exported in the — 
 
 Year Bales. 
 
 1863 52 .... 
 
 1864 239 
 
 1865 591 
 
 1866 515 
 
 The bales were calculated at 300 lbs., and the bags at 80 lbs. each. 
 
 Many of the more important products of the Colony have on occa- 
 sions of previous exhibitions been brought prominently before the notice 
 of the public, and it is confidently hoped that the list of exports may 
 speedily assume a more diversified character. The fibrous plants 
 of the Colony are well worthy of a more rigorous investigation than 
 they have as yet been subjected to. In section B several of the more 
 important fibres are alluded to, and the beauty and strength of some 
 of them may be judged of by an inspection of the hammocks and 
 other articles manufactured from them. Fibres applicable to the 
 manufacture of cordage and of various textile fabrics might be 
 furnished by this Colony to an extent practically without limit ; and 
 amongst the minor exports may be enumerated shingles, firewood, 
 charcoal, fish-glue, hides, and cocoanuts.t 
 
 As it is believed that the commercial importance of this Colony to 
 the mother-country is not generally understood, it may not be out of 
 
 * The sum is stated in liquid gallons. If computed according to strength ahove 
 proof, the results would be much higher — sny 20 or 25 per cent. more. 
 
 t In 1840 the exports from French Guiana represented a value of upwards of 
 four millions of francs; in 1857 they liad fallen to below a million; iu the same 
 ytar the exports of British Guiana reached tliirty-three millions of francs. — 
 
 JUSSELAIN.
 
 PREFACE. XXvii 
 
 place to introduce the siibjoined rough estimate of tlio amount of 
 duties contributed by its jjroduce to tbe Imperial Revenues under the 
 fiscal regulations of tlie Home Government, even at tbe recently re- 
 duced rates of duties levied in 1866 : — 
 
 Ou 90,000 hlids. Sugar .. .. .. £G75,000 
 
 30,000 puns. Eum .. .. .. l,7Gy,000 
 
 15,000 casks Molasses . . . . . . '20,250 
 
 £2,470.250* 
 
 an amount in tbe case of rum much beyond tbe market value of tbe 
 commodity. 
 
 Tbe imports into tbe Colony of goods from Great Britain again 
 exbibit a consumption wbieb mil, it is believed, bear a satisfactory 
 comi^arison witb tbat of otber customers of tbe Britisb manufacturer. 
 Taking tbe numbers of tbe population at tbe tbree epocbs of 1841, 
 1851, and 1861, tbe average annual consumj^tion per bead, according 
 to tbe tables of official values, would be about £5. 6s. 8d. sterling, a 
 proportion wbieb bas exbibited no tendency to decrease, seeing tbat 
 in tbe year 1864, making tbe most liberal allowance for increase of 
 poi)ulation, tbe amoimt would reacb at least £5. lis. per bead. 
 
 As an illustration of tbe progress of tbe Colony, we may also quote 
 tbe rapid development of its postal system witbin tbe last few years ; 
 tbe wbole cbarge of tbis department baving been assumed by tbe 
 Colonial Government in 1860. 
 
 Number of Letters Eeceived from and Dispatched to England 
 AND THE Islands. 
 
 Year. Letters. I°'^':*'ase 
 
 on previous year. 
 
 1859 100,040 1,984 
 
 1800 111,602 11,502 
 
 18G1 133,134 21,532 
 
 1802 144,245 11,111 
 
 1803 144,829 584 
 
 18()4 152,351 7,522 
 
 18G5 148,330 4,021 Decrease. 
 
 18GG 1G7,9G5 19,635 
 
 Number of Local Letters received at and Dispatched from the 
 Georgetown Post Office. 
 
 Year. Received. Dispatched. Total. 
 
 1859 14,633 17,070 31,708 
 
 1860 19,507 23,314 42,821 
 
 1861 23,234 26,701 49,932 
 
 1862 25,566 30,846 56.412 
 
 1863 27,065 38,689 65.754 
 
 1864 31,269 40,360 71,629 
 
 1865 37,303 49,417 86,720 
 
 1866 44.892 63,943 108,835 
 
 * This is of coiu-so subject to deduction for the quantifies of protUice which 
 may be re-exported from Great Britain. The Expendittire of the Imperial 
 Government in tliis Colony for 1861 was estimated at less than £40,000.
 
 XXVIU 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Monet-Order Business between Great Britain aj^d British 
 Guiana, commenced Decemeee, 1863. 
 
 Year. Issued. Amount. Paid. Amount. 
 
 1863 .. .. 61 .. .. £246 12 2 
 
 186-1 .... 1,060 .... .5,495 15 6 .... 33 ....£17114 8 
 
 1865 .... 1,110 .... 5,867 13 2 .... 46 .... 196 8 1 
 
 1866 .... 1,441 .... 8,980 GO .... 60 .... 338 12 1 
 
 Local Monet-Oedee Business, commenced July, 1866. 
 
 Issui-d. 
 95 
 
 Amount. 
 $2,236 99 = £446 
 
 9i 
 
 In 1859 the Colonial Post Office expenditure was ^^2,710, and the 
 revenue ^1,291. In 1860, expenditure, ,$'6,004 ; revenue, ^5,26766. 
 In 1861, the expenditure was ,^9,221 98 ; and the revenue, ^8,4 15 90. 
 
 Again, the Savings' Bank is an interesting proof of the prosperous 
 condition of the laboui'ing classes, when they are industrious, and dis- 
 posed to accumulate their earnings. 
 
 De3ieraea and Essequebo Branch. 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Total No. of 
 
 No. of 
 
 Balance of 
 
 Pekiods. 
 
 
 Depositors 
 
 Depositors 
 
 Depositors 
 
 Deposits 
 
 
 in each 
 
 since 
 
 at the end of 
 
 at the end of 
 
 
 
 year. 
 
 Establishment 
 
 each year. 
 
 each year. 
 
 From July 5 to 31st Dec. 
 
 , 1836 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 79 
 
 56,805 
 
 Jan. 1 to „ 
 
 1837 
 
 100 
 
 192 
 
 111 
 
 13,126 85 
 
 99 » 
 
 1838 
 
 106 
 
 298 
 
 160 
 
 16,475 88 
 
 >t 1» 
 
 1839 
 
 92 
 
 390 
 
 210 
 
 20,910 66 
 
 
 1840 
 
 128 
 
 518 
 
 266 
 
 25,170 66 
 
 >J » 
 
 1341 
 
 141 
 
 659 
 
 328 
 
 24,145 60 
 
 
 1842 
 
 130 
 
 789 
 
 315 
 
 21,665 18 
 
 „ ,, 
 
 1843 
 
 140 
 
 929 
 
 356 
 
 21,193 40 
 
 ■ > » 
 
 1844 
 
 116 
 
 1,045 
 
 344 
 
 23,096 21 
 
 » »I 
 
 1845 
 
 196 
 
 1,241 
 
 411 
 
 28,692 80 
 
 » ») 
 
 1846 
 
 254 
 
 1,495 
 
 504 
 
 33,025 73 
 
 „ »> 
 
 1847 
 
 333 
 
 1,828 
 
 615 
 
 45,165 90 
 
 » » 
 
 1848 
 
 299 
 
 2,127 
 
 637 
 
 46,218 91 
 
 » » 
 
 1849 
 
 405 
 
 2,532 
 
 778 
 
 56,078 90 
 
 
 1850 
 
 521 
 
 3,053 
 
 883 
 
 64 901 75 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1851 
 
 1,386 
 
 4,439 
 
 1,368 
 
 98,564 07 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1852 
 
 682 
 
 5.121 
 
 1,485 
 
 106,685 06 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1853 
 
 1,258 
 
 6,379 
 
 1,435 
 
 113,302 27 
 
 » » 
 
 1854 
 
 1,019 
 
 7,398 
 
 1,520 
 
 128,071 27 
 
 » „ 
 
 1855 
 
 485 
 
 7,883 
 
 1,395 
 
 122.813 34 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1856 
 
 601 
 
 8,484 
 
 1,364 
 
 116,600 85 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1857 
 
 941 
 
 9,425 
 
 1,612 
 
 150,757 07 
 
 » 9> 
 
 1858 
 
 730 
 
 10,155 
 
 1,628 
 
 147,060 52 
 
 » >» 
 
 1859 
 
 906 
 
 11,061 
 
 1,720' 
 
 156,607 89 
 
 )» ») 
 
 1860 
 
 892 
 
 11.953 
 
 1,925 
 
 179.869 12 
 
 » »> 
 
 1861 
 
 819 
 
 12,772 
 
 1,939 
 
 185,092 69 
 
 » » 
 
 1862 
 
 822 
 
 13,594 
 
 1,853 
 
 174,397 15 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1863 
 
 776 
 
 14,370 
 
 1,928 
 
 174,732 61 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1864 
 
 1,210 
 
 15,580 
 
 2,286 
 
 210,053 94 
 
 „ „ 
 
 1865 
 
 1,615 
 
 17,192 
 
 2,675 
 
 218,917 09 
 
 .. 
 
 1866 
 
 1,442 
 
 18,579 
 
 — 
 
 221,557 09
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Berbice Branch, from 1845 to 31st December, 1866. 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 No. of Depositors 
 
 Total No. of 
 
 Balance of 
 
 Peuiod. 
 
 Depositors 
 
 at the end of 
 
 Depositors since 
 
 Deposits at end 
 
 
 in each year. 
 
 each year. 
 
 Establishment. 
 
 of each year. 
 
 1845 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 $9,926 32 
 
 lSi6\ 
 
 
 75 
 
 — 
 
 9,079 80 
 
 1817 1 
 1848 f 
 
 Not stated. 
 
 97 
 91 
 
 — 
 
 10,180 53 
 10,145 41 
 
 1849J 
 
 
 109 
 
 — 
 
 11,697 20 
 
 1850 
 
 38 
 
 163 
 
 — 
 
 14,030 93 
 
 1851 
 
 182 
 
 203 
 
 — 
 
 17,445 35 
 
 1852 
 
 241 
 
 296 
 
 — 
 
 23,149 63 
 
 1853 
 
 106 
 
 304 
 
 — 
 
 2.3,185 67 
 
 1854 
 
 230 
 
 436 
 
 
 
 32,268 85 
 
 1855 
 
 224 
 
 531 
 
 — 
 
 41,076 35 
 
 1856 
 
 258 
 
 563 
 
 — 
 
 46,509 87 
 
 1857 
 
 355 
 
 685 
 
 — 
 
 56,489 68 
 
 1858 
 
 366 
 
 713 
 
 — 
 
 63,128 16 
 
 1859 
 
 321 
 
 737 
 
 
 
 67,270 71 
 
 1860 
 
 276 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 74,G06 53 
 
 1861 
 
 982 
 
 842 
 
 — 
 
 82.395 04 
 
 18G2 
 
 — 
 
 857 
 
 — 
 
 81,784 58 
 
 1863 
 
 — 
 
 829 
 
 — 
 
 84.112 40 
 
 1864 
 
 — 
 
 765 
 
 — 
 
 71,082 50 
 
 1865 
 
 — 
 
 793 
 
 
 
 66,762 42 
 
 186G 
 
 — 
 
 *739 
 
 — 
 
 60,956 65 
 
 Of the Educational Statistics of the Colony, the subjoined sum- 
 mary will afford a general idea, bearing in mind that it does not 
 comprise the operations of the religious denominations maintained 
 upon the voliuxtary principle : 
 
 
 Number of Children 
 
 Amount voted from 
 
 
 on the Books on 
 
 Colony Chest for Educa- 
 
 Year. 
 
 31st December. 
 
 tional purposes. 
 
 1861 
 
 7,713 
 
 $58,802 45 
 
 1862 
 
 7,627 
 
 56,809 81 
 
 1863 
 
 8,251 
 
 56,756 77 
 
 1864 
 
 9,246 
 
 59,413 16 
 
 1865 
 
 10,109 
 
 63,560 00 
 
 ISGGf 
 
 — 
 
 67,895 00 
 
 A few additional Statistical Tables are added to contribute to the 
 completeness of this summary. 
 
 * Of these 739, as nearly as possible one-half were natives, and one-half 
 immigrants. 
 
 t Keturn not received in tune.
 
 XXX 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Net General Eevenue and Net General Expenditure op the 
 Colony of British Guiana, for the Years commencing 1851 
 and ending 1866. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1851 
 1852 
 1853 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 
 $767,796 
 
 42 
 
 746,153 
 
 63 
 
 840,880 
 
 33 
 
 691,859 
 
 90 
 
 1,055,754 
 
 14 
 
 1.114,689 
 
 32 
 
 1,279,457 
 
 99 
 
 1,245,996 
 
 39 
 
 1.318,153 
 
 68 
 
 1,343,143 
 
 81 
 
 1,458,018 
 
 61 
 
 1,320,034 
 
 29 
 
 1,255.800 
 
 31 
 
 1,482,244 
 
 99 
 
 1,484,983 46 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 $792,061 
 989,456 
 1,050,959 
 875,373 
 1,064,307 
 1,041,801 
 1,206.211 
 1,209,017 
 1,177,045 
 1,452.159 
 1,466,131 
 1,425,407 
 1,205,691 
 1,198,599 
 1,444,293 
 
 93 
 75 
 93 
 33 
 17 
 51 
 94 
 22 
 51 
 17 
 69 
 20 
 91 
 83 
 24 
 
 The net annual receipts of the Colony, from the three principal 
 soui'ces of revenue, dm-ing the last ten years, were as under : 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Import Duties. 
 
 AYine and Spirit. 
 
 Rum. 
 
 
 1857 . 
 
 £106,907 14 51 . 
 
 £26,967 11 4i . 
 
 . £44,428 10 
 
 11 
 
 1858 . 
 
 107,108 11 11 
 
 26,350 12 Hi . 
 
 . 48,331 10 
 
 2 
 
 1859 . 
 
 130,006 8 lO.i . 
 
 27,348 19 5 
 
 . 52,297 10 
 
 
 
 1860 . 
 
 126,349 6 lOi . 
 
 35,851 6 1^ . 
 
 50,798 2 
 
 2 
 
 1861 . 
 
 144,027 1 Oi . 
 
 33,776 14 3 
 
 . 47,875 7 
 
 7 
 
 1862 . 
 
 121,699 2 8 
 
 31.488 7 4 . 
 
 . 55,839 13 
 
 6 
 
 1863 . 
 
 115,211 12 1 
 
 35,6.59 12 5 
 
 . 52,290 18 
 
 4 
 
 1864 . 
 
 153,745 18 7 
 
 37,747 11 2 
 
 57,957 6 
 
 11 
 
 1865 . 
 
 155,837 6 7 . 
 
 44,803 11 3 
 
 . 58,317 8 
 
 8 
 
 1866 . 
 
 144,724 4 
 
 45,461 10 3 
 
 . 57,410 13 
 
 6 
 
 The expenditure for the same period under the three heads of 
 Immigration, Public Works, and Hospitals and Poor, was as follows : 
 
 Year. 
 
 Immigration 
 
 
 Public Works. 
 
 Hospitals and Poor 
 
 1857 .. 
 
 £26,955 3 
 
 1 
 
 . £29,305 16 91 . 
 
 . £25,559 14 8.V 
 
 1858 .. 
 
 27,967 3 
 
 H 
 
 40,013 16 2 . 
 
 . 30,124 2 5| 
 
 1859 .. 
 
 24,358 17 
 
 4 
 
 34,265 9 li . 
 
 33,278 2 10 
 
 1800 .. 
 
 50,943 10 
 
 10 
 
 45,034 8 llA . 
 
 . 38,830 15 7 
 
 1861 .. 
 
 61,810 11 
 
 9 
 
 28,224 18 11 
 
 . 39,691 3 8 
 
 1862 .. 
 
 66,905 9 
 
 2 
 
 22,018 12 8 . 
 
 . 38,140 11 4 
 
 1863 .. 
 
 70,430 
 
 
 
 23,291 9 8 
 
 . 34,489 1 
 
 1864 .. 
 
 78,804 
 
 10 
 
 20,680 6 . 
 
 . 34,696 7 2 
 
 1805 .. 
 
 104,274 10 
 
 5 
 
 22,988 11 8 . 
 
 . 37,871 13 5 
 
 1866 .. 
 
 85,719 
 
 1 
 
 34,569 17 5 . 
 
 . 33,848 7 6
 
 PREFACE. XXXi 
 
 Tonnage Entered and Cleared at the Custom House, Demebaba, 
 FROM 1857 to 1866. 
 
 Year. EiUcrea. Cleared. 
 
 1857 155,192 126,435 
 
 1858 138,432 122,317 
 
 1859 141,705 126,664 
 
 1860 170,732 ' 136,572 
 
 1861 183,593 161,824 
 
 1862 150,014 133,652 
 
 1863 152,755 132,176 
 
 1864 171,861 145,082 
 
 1865 171,465 158,066 
 
 1866 175,021 161,962 
 
 Value of the Imports and Exports from 1855 to 1866. 
 
 Year. Imports. Exports. 
 
 1855 £886,016 £1,331,371 
 
 1856 893,897 1,378,153 
 
 1857 
 1858 
 
 1859 1,179,901 1,311,265 
 
 1860 1,145,959 1,513,452 
 
 1861 1,339,712 1,583,649 
 
 1862 1,107,181 6 1,365,295 6 
 
 1863 1,121,979 7 1,679,385 11 
 
 1864 1,508,500 3 1,845,35113 
 
 1865 1,359,292 3 2,083,639 
 
 1866 1,530,674 15 2,222,828 4 
 
 > Kettinis not compiled for these years. 
 
 It is by no means uncommon to hear statements made on public 
 occasions, or to read them in print, in which West India proprietors 
 are alluded to in terms of disparagement, as deficient in energy and 
 liberality in the management of their estates. The subjoined memo- 
 randum of the declared values of machinery imported for the use of 
 estates in this Colony alone, for the ten years ended with 1866, may 
 perhaps be admitted to weigh somewhat on the other side. It would 
 have been easy to extend the period to which the retm-u applies, with 
 equally satisfactory results.
 
 xxxn 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Statement of the Value of Machinery imported for Estates' 
 Use during the Years 1857 to 1866, and admitted Duty 
 
 Feee. 
 
 Year. 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 $124,564 39 
 
 167,758 41 
 
 191,863 31 
 
 188,529 60 
 
 159,492 72 
 
 162,008 38 
 
 137,916 42 
 
 225,231 44 
 
 257,905 56 
 
 248,916 22 
 
 $1,864,246 45 
 
 In conclusion, the Committee regard this as being a convenient 
 opportunity for placing on record a few suggestions as to objects 
 which it is desirable to keep in view in considering the means best 
 calculated to lead to the full development of the natural resources of 
 the Colony, 
 
 1. The boundaries should be once for all determined as between 
 the Colony and Venezuela on the one side, and Brazil on the other ; 
 and in doing this, we ought not lightly to be driven fi-om the limits 
 we claim geographically, and as assignees by right of conquest of the 
 possessions of the Dutch. The tracts lying between the lines claimed 
 by the first-named powers respectively, and the latter, are amongst the 
 most valuable portions of the territory. 
 
 2. An inquiry into the validity of the existing land claims even in 
 the cultivated tracts, but especially in the Crown lands in the interior, 
 is highly important, ■with a visw to the regulation of such as may be 
 admitted, many of which are supposed to have been extended beyond 
 their legitimate boundaries, and to the extinguishing of such as may 
 prove to have no validity, but the doubts in respect of which preclude 
 their being made available if required for public purposes. 
 
 3. Adverting to the gi'eatly increased demand for the timber of the 
 Colony, and to the fact that the wood-cutters are gradually tending 
 towards new locations, it is important to consider whether measui-es 
 ought not to be adopted to establish nurseries of such trees as are most 
 in demand, which would become valuable when the present som-ccs of
 
 PREFACE. XXXm 
 
 supply become more difficult to reach. There would seem to be no 
 hardshiji iu requiring the wood-cutters, as one of the conditions of 
 theii" licence, to plant and keep a due proportion of such trees on their 
 grants, subject to the supervision of the proper officers, or not to cut 
 growing timber of less than a specified diameter. The rendering the 
 navigation of the various falls less dangerous, or facilitating access to 
 the tracts beyond them, by means of tramways alongside the rapids, 
 are also matters worthy of consideration. 
 
 4. Observations on the phenomena of the operation of the tides 
 on the coast line of the Colony might yield, in time, interesting data 
 for calculating the periodicity or otherwise of their effects. 
 
 5. The natm-al apathy and timidity of the Indians renders it 
 far from certain that their instrumentality can be turned to any 
 useful account, in the collection and prejiaration of the products of the 
 forests and rivers, but the exj)eriment might be tried at the several 
 mission stations, where only the right influences can be directly 
 brought to bear upon them. 
 
 6. Oral instructions, by way of lectures, and printed instructions, 
 might be addressed to wood-cutters and others, pointing out the proper 
 times and most suitable methods of tm-ning to account the subordinate 
 products coming under their notice in the pursuit of their calling, for 
 example, barks of trees useful for tanning, gums or resins, fibrous 
 plants, &c., also explanatory of the simple machines and appliances 
 necessary for such pm"poses. 
 
 7. An agency might be established in the ports of Georgetown and 
 New Amsterdam for the purchase and shipment of all such products, 
 and especially of cotton and other fibres grown in small quantities by 
 the peasantry, so as to relieve the producer from risk and uncertainty 
 in carrying on his oj)erations, and such agency might be usefully 
 extended to the great emporiums in other parts of the world, especially 
 in Europe and North America, for the pm-pose of introducing to the 
 notice of consumers the immense variety of acceptable products which 
 the Colony could readily fm-nish. 
 
 8. Agi'icultm-al associations might be attempted with a reasonable 
 prospect of success, if based upon sound principles. 
 
 9. A conviction of the imj)ortance of more accurate and detailed 
 statistics of the population has become more general within the 
 last few years. Questions of the deepest interest in regard to the 
 condition of the people and the future of the Colony are involved in 
 the making effectual provision for this purpose. Such records would 
 perhaps not stipersede the necessity for a decennial census, but they 
 
 D
 
 XXXIV PREFACE. 
 
 would afford data for comparison with it by wliich tlie accm-acy of each 
 might he verified, and the chances of error materially diminished. 
 
 We now proceed to notice some of the principal articles contained 
 in the collection and described in the catalogue : — 
 
 SECTION A. 
 
 SACCHAEINE PEODUCTS AND AETICLES OF FOOD. 
 
 Sugar, Nos. 1 to 58. — The variety of sugar-cane, Saccharum 
 officinarum, Lin., cultivated in this Colony is what is usually termed 
 the " Tahiti Cane." 
 
 The plan on which a sugar estate in this Colony is laid out is 
 described in the first Eeport on Thorough Drainage by the late Dr. 
 Shier, agricultural chemist to the Colony, page 15 : — 
 
 " The plantations, laid out for the most part by the Dutch, are on 
 a uniform plan. They are generally narrow, rectangular strips of 
 land, with a facade or water frontage on the coast, the rivers, or canals. 
 The facade varies from 100 to 300 Ehynland rods.* Exceptional 
 cases occm* where, from an estate's being prevented from extending 
 far back, extra fa9ade has -been allowed, giving to the estate more of a 
 square form. 
 
 " Every estate is bounded by four dams. The front-dam, excluding 
 the sea, river, or canal ; the back-dam, parallel to the former and ex- 
 cluding the bush water, which, in heavy weather, is very considerable, 
 and would inimdate the cultivation. The clay thrown out in forming 
 the adjacent canals or trenches affords the material of which the dams 
 are formed. Along each of the remaining sides there runs a dam 
 from front to back. These are usually termed side-lines. They are 
 common to two contiguous estates, and prevent the influx of water 
 from the sides. Thus, the very long rectangular strij) of land is sur- 
 rounded with dams, which, when kept free from bush, answer the pur- 
 pose of a road round the estate ; but the produce is brought to the 
 buildings (often situated in front) by canals. In fact, water transport 
 of produce is universal. 
 
 " The arrangement of the navigation system is very simple. From 
 front to back, and right in the centre of the estate, there runs a dam 
 called the middle walk, with a canal on each side of it. These are 
 termed centre canals, and are wide enough to admit of two punts 
 
 * The Rhynland rod is equal to 12-32 feet.
 
 PREFACE, XXXV 
 
 passing eacli other. The dam forms a patli for tlio cattle that di-aw 
 the punts. At regular and comparatively short intervals branch canals 
 strike off at right angles from the centre canals, and proceed to within 
 a rod of the di-aining or side-line trenches, which are parallel to the 
 side dams before described, and adjacent to them. These branch canals 
 thus constitute the transverse boundaries of the fields ; and navigation 
 canals thus lie on thi'ee sides of every field, and admit of canes being 
 caiTied by a short path to the pimts. 
 
 " On some estates there is only a single centre navigation canal. 
 These canals are principally supplied by the rain, but in protracted 
 di'oughts, and especially when they are shallow, they are liable to rim 
 short of water ; hence, whenever access can be got to creek, lake, or 
 bush water, it is brought fi-om behind to supply the navigation system. 
 In other instances salt water has to be taken in from the front when 
 a cane crop cannot otherwise be got oft' the ground. 
 
 " The drainage of an estate is equally simple. From back to front 
 and immediately adjacent to the side-line dams rim the two main 
 draining trenches, generally dug considerably deeper than the naviga- 
 tion canals. The small di-ains, again, cut at distances of 2 to 3 rods 
 apart, commence within a bed of the middle-walk side of the field, 
 and terminate in the side-line draining trenches, being dug with a fall 
 in that direction. The small drains are thus at right angles with the 
 main draining trenches. In the front dam the sluices or kokers are 
 placed. Sometimes there is only one on an estate, but generally two, 
 one at the end of each draining trench. The main draining trenches 
 are generally connected together by a trench running along behind the 
 front dam. 
 
 " There is no such thing as general drainage or combination 
 among proprietors, unless it be that several adjacent estates sometimes 
 unite to cut a common canal to some lake or creek from which fresh 
 water can be obtained for navigation purposes. Up to the time of 
 emancipation there were company patlis, consisting of a dam and a 
 trench, the one forming a path into the interior of the country, the 
 other serving as an outlet seawards for bush water, when in rainy 
 seasons it accumulated behind the back dams. These trenches or 
 canals, however, from the lack of labour have, in most instances, been 
 allowed to silt up, so that in an unusually wet season there is now 
 greater pressure on the back-dams than formerly, and no compensa- 
 tion for the numerous small creeks which, when the land was in a state 
 of natm-e, delivered the excess of water, but which were necessarily- 
 obliterated when the land was empoldered and reclaimed. 
 
 D 2
 
 XXXVl PREFACE. 
 
 " Tlie estates are often of gi-eat depth. The original gi'ants ex- 
 tended backward 750 rods. No difficulty exists in obtaining the second 
 grant or emj)oldcr of another 750 rods, and when the proprietor can 
 show that two-thirds of the first and second enipolders are in cultiva- 
 tion he may obtain a third empolder, and so on, a merely nominal 
 ground rent, termed acre-money, having been formerly charged for all 
 the empolders beyond the first, but by the most recent land regula- 
 tions the price is fixed at £1 per acre. Estates that do not abut on 
 other estates are limited by the expense and inconvenience'of transport 
 when the depths become extreme." * 
 
 " Some idea may be formed," observes Montgomery Martin, " of 
 the labour required in drainage, and the capital required to establish 
 it, when it is stated that two hundred miles of di'ains, and thirty miles 
 oi private canals, twelve feet wide and five feet deep, are required for 
 the drainage and transportation of the canes to the mill of an estate 
 producing seven himdred hogsheads of sugar." Since the time this 
 was written, however, the proportionate productive power of many 
 estates has largely increased. 
 
 The implements in general use in the cultivation of the soil are 
 confined 'to the shovel, the hoe, and the cutlass, thus rendering all 
 operations of field culture dependent on human labour. Attempts 
 have been frequently made to introduce the plough, and several 
 instances might be adduced to show that tmder favourable circiun- 
 stances it may be used with advantage. The great obstacle, however, 
 to it, as well as to the use of many other agricultural implements, is 
 the open drains. By the present system, surface di'ainage only can be 
 effected, and to attain this, the open drains must be placed very near 
 each other, so as to admit of the water running off rapidly from the 
 surface. Hence it is only possible to plough in one direction, viz. 
 parallel with the small drains. Neither can tlie plough be used very 
 near the drains, for if so the sides are liable to be broken down, pre- 
 venting the drainage water from passing on, or entailing the expense 
 of removing all obstructions after the ploughing. Yet, in some cases, 
 even this imperfect tillage has been found cheaper and more efficient 
 than that by the shovel and hoe. 
 
 The steam-plough has within a few years been introduced, but it 
 is only within a few months that it has been made use of on any estate. 
 Some modification of the implement has been made by Mr. Eussell, 
 
 * This statement now requires some modification ; acre money is still cliargeable 
 for wood cutting licences, and grants of land to be occupied for cultivation or other 
 purposes. Land for absolute sale is exposed at an upset price of $10 per acre.
 
 PKEFACE. XXXvii 
 
 of Plantation Leonora, by attaching wheels, whereby he has succeeded 
 in ploughing, not merely iJarallcl with the small drains, but also in cross 
 ploughing, the wheels enabling the implement to pass over the small 
 drains without shock. The steam-plough has also been set to work on 
 another estate, viz. Plantation La Jalousie. In these oi^crations 
 nothing can prevent a certain amount of soil being carried into the 
 open di-ains and rendering necessary the clearing of them out after 
 the work is done. It is impossible at present to say whether this 
 mode of cultm-e can be effected at a cheaper rate than by the ordinary 
 methods in use. One thing is obvious, viz. that the tillage by the 
 steam-plough is incomj)arably more effective than by such manual 
 labour as can be generally ajiplied. The effort made to overcome 
 difficulties and to render the steam-plough serviceable imder peculiar 
 circumstances, deserves approbation and encouragement. Under the 
 present system of cultui'e the average yield of sugar has of late years 
 amounted to about two hogsheads per acre, while in some cases (in 
 particular fields) as much as 8,000 lbs., or more than foui* hogsheads, 
 have been obtained. The increase in the average yield per acre is 
 mainly attributable to a greater command of laboiu- ensiu'ing better 
 tillage and to the application of mauiu-cs to old lands. The manures 
 chiefly in use are suljihate of ammonia, guano, and superphosi)hates. 
 Several planters have also directed their attention to the utilizing of 
 cane ashes,* distillery lees, and other refuse as maniu-cs, which till 
 lately were wasted, partly from the want of labour in applying them to 
 the fields. 
 
 Within the last few years much attention has been paid to the sub- 
 ject of drainage. On various estates in different parts of the Colony, but 
 especially on the east sea-coast of Demerara, powerful steam machinery 
 has been erected for drainage purposes. The scoop-wheel, improved 
 pumps, and centrifugal pumping machines are now in use. The 
 advantages which estates derive from supplementing the deficiency of 
 natural drainage, by lifting or pumping engines, are very apparent, 
 and will doubtless ere long be followed by the adoption of a better 
 system of agricultiu-e. Several years ago an experiment on thorough 
 di'ainage was instituted which demonstrated that even on om- stitfest 
 soils the principle of thorough drainage was perfectly applicable. f 
 There can be little doubt that when the cultivation of the soil receives 
 an equal share of attention to what has been bestowed on oiu* best 
 
 * See Catalogue, C CO, 
 
 t See Dr. Shier's First aud Second Reports on Tliorough Drainage, 1847 
 and 1850.
 
 XXXVlll PREFACE. 
 
 estates to tlie manufacture of sugar, the greatest improvement will be 
 the introduction of thorough drainage, thus bringing within the power 
 of the planter the attainment of efficient culture by cattle labour, with 
 improved implements, and the employment of manures : it would 
 also remove the chief impediments to the introduction of steam 
 culture. Thus would our present high-priced, inefficient, and desultory 
 labour give place to a steady, profitable, and completely manageable 
 system. Perhaps one of the greatest - advantages of this system 
 would be its direct tendency to raise the field labourer in the scale 
 of civilization. 
 
 The subjoined sketch of the mode of cultivating a sugar plantation 
 is quoted from a publication entitled ' Demerara after Fifteen Years 
 of Freedom,' by a Land Owner : — ■ 
 
 " A sugar estate is divided into fields of from five to ten acres in 
 extent by the cross-canals above mentioned, and the method of plant- 
 ing the cane is simple and easy when labour is at command. The 
 brush-wood and grass having been cut down and weeded, are piled into 
 rows, six to eight feet apart, across the intended beds into which the 
 field is to be divided. These beds are formed by digging open small 
 drains two feet wide and two feet deep at intervals of every thirty or 
 thirty-six feet across the entire field, beginning within a few yards of 
 the canal, in the centre of the estate, and running to the side-draining 
 trenches into which they empty themselves. The soil from these 
 small drains having been carefully thrown upon the beds, so as to 
 raise and round them off in the middle, narrow banks or ridges of 
 earth are made across them from di'ain to drain — parallel to and 
 equi-distant between the rows of grass and brush-wood ; and in these 
 spaces, between the banks of earth and grass, the canes are planted in 
 line, each line being three or four feet apart, and each cane-j)lant nine 
 or ten inches from the next. The plants are procured by cutting off 
 the tops or upper joints of growing canes into lengths of ten or twelve 
 inches, which are thrust in a slanting direction into the well-stirred 
 ground, and in ten days or so the long grass-like leaves begin to spring 
 from the 'eyes' at every joint. These young canes require to be 
 kept well weeded, and moulded about the roots from the ridges of 
 earth or decaying grass on either side of them, which had been pre- 
 viously prepared for that purpose ; and this must be repeated as long 
 as there is room for the labourers to pass between the rows, which, 
 according to the season, will be until the plants have attained the age 
 of six or eight months, after which time the spreading of numerous
 
 PREFACE. XXXix 
 
 leaves from eacli stock will have covered the surface of the field with 
 so dense a jungle, as in a great measure to j)rcvcnt any fiu-ther growth 
 of weeds. 
 
 " When about nine months old, the cane throws out its ' arrow,' 
 a long reed-like stem, surmounted with a tuft of waving downy- 
 blossom. At this period the jilant is poor and weak, and little more 
 than a mass of water ; it soon, however, recovers, and in twelve or 
 thirteen months from the time of planting is considered at maturity, 
 having then, sometimes, attained a length of twenty to twenty-five 
 feet, but more frequently of ten or twelve feet, about as thick as the 
 wrist, and divided into joints like a bamboo. When ripe, the canes 
 are cut down to the very ground, in lengths of three or four feet, and 
 thrown into punts, which are towed along the canal by mules or oxen 
 to the wet dock, at the door of the sugar-mill. 
 
 " Immediately after cutting, the large quantity of ' trash ' or dry 
 leaves is rolled clear of the cane stumps, and heaped in rows, there to 
 decay and form a rich manure for the succeeding crop. In a few days 
 the stumps throw out their shoots, and the same routine of cultivation 
 is repeated for twelve months more, any vacant spaces where plants 
 may have missed, being carefully supplied. The canes of the first 
 year, are called 'plant canes,' those of the second and subsequent 
 years being distinguished as ' ratoons ; ' and these ratoons have been 
 known to be j)roduced from the first plant for twenty years and up- 
 wards, the canes having been annually cut down, and the stumps 
 allowed to shoot again. But this continued reproduction from the 
 same stocks, which is now compulsory on the planter from the 
 scarcity of labour, of course causes the canes to degenerate, and to 
 yield less abundantly. An acre of newly planted land will give two 
 tons of sugar for the first year, gradually falling off to not more than 
 one-fourth of that quantity as the stocks become old ; and were there 
 sufiicient labour in the Colony to admit of the land being re-planted 
 every third or fourth year, there can be little doubt that the present 
 crops would be nearly doubled. The productive power of the greater 
 part of the soil of British Guiana, indeed, appears to be unlimited. As 
 an instance, it may be mentioned that, on an estate in Essequebo, the 
 retm-n obtained in 1851 from certain lands, which had been properly 
 worked and perfectly drained, amoimted to a fraction within four tons 
 of sugar per acre." 
 
 The processes employed in this Colony in the manufacture of sugar 
 are the following : —
 
 xl PREFACE. 
 
 The cane-juice is received from tlie mill into cisterns or boxes, 
 wliere such a proportion of lime * is added as is considered necessary 
 for its proper defecation. It is thence run into a series of cast-iron 
 vessels called " coppers," which are built into brick-work, and heated 
 by the direct action of a single fire in the ordinary manner. In these 
 the juice is, as far as possible, cleansed by means of skimming, and 
 evaporated down until it has reached that degree of concentration 
 technically known as the " striking point," when it is transferred into 
 shallow wooden vessels, and allowed to crystallize. As an improve- 
 ment upon this rude jirocess, sej)arate defecating vessels or clarifiers, 
 heated either by steam or by the open fire, have been introduced on 
 the majority of estates, and in some instances vessels in which the 
 defecating liquor is allowed to subside previous to being rim into the 
 coppers, have also been used with advantage. 
 
 For upwards of thirty years vacuum-pans have been in use on some 
 plantations in this Colony, Of late years their use has been greatly 
 extended, and, from present appearances, it is likely that, at no 
 distant date, no important estate in the Colony will be without 
 one. The advantages attending the use of the vacuiun-pan are chiefly 
 these: — 
 
 1. A much more speedy manufacture of sugar than by the 
 ordinary process. 
 
 2. The production of a sugar (grocer quality) which goes 
 directly into consumption, without j)assing through the hands 
 of the refiner. 
 
 3. The avoidance of all loss from drainage on the homeward 
 voyage. The loss from drainage of molasses of common 
 process sugars is estimated at 10 per cent, of the original 
 weight. 
 
 On plantations where the vacuum-pan is used the j)rocess may be 
 thus stated : — Asthe cane-juice falls from the mill rollers it is mixed 
 with a certain proportion (half per cent.) of bisulphite of lime. It is 
 then thi-own up to the clarifiers, and boiled by means of steam. A 
 due amount of milk of lime is added, and the contents of the clarifier 
 allowed to remain at rest (half an hoin-) till the impurities have 
 settled, when the clear juice is run down to the copper wall. In some 
 cases filtration through bag-filters is practised as the juice leaves the 
 
 * For improved methods, see Dr. Shier's Report on the Clarificatiou of Cane 
 Juice. 1850.
 
 PREFACE. xli 
 
 clarifier. On some estates the contents of the clarifiers, at a boiling 
 temperature, are rim into subsiding vessels in which the sediment takes 
 place, from which the juice passes either through bag-filters, or at 
 once to the coi)per-wall. On the copper-wall the cane-juice is 
 evaporated to a density of from 25 to 80 degrees of Beaum^'s 
 saccharometer, when it is either taken directly 'into the vacuum-pan, 
 or is previously passed through bag-filters. When the syrup is suffi- 
 ciently concentrated in the vacuum-pan, i. e. when crystals are formed 
 to the satisfaction of the pan-boiler, the contents are run into shallow 
 wooden coolers, and after a short time transferred in portions to the 
 centrifugal machines, in which it is freed from molasses. In some 
 cases, while in the centrifugal machines, syrup is used to brighten the 
 colour, and in some cases a small quantity of water. The sugar is 
 then removed from the centrifugal machines, and at once packed into 
 hogsheads. The sugar thus manufactured in this Colony is of a pale 
 straw colour, uniform crystal (not too large) of great brilliancy, and 
 dry. A sugar perfectly white and brilliant could as easily be produced ; 
 but the action of the differential duties in England shuts the market 
 against it. 
 
 From the various improvements introduced the manufiicture of 
 sugar is now a very speedy process ; for instances are knowTi where, 
 from canes in the field in the morning, the sugar has been on ship- 
 board before night. 
 
 It has been stated above that bisulphite of lime is used in the 
 manufacture. This agent has been used for the last eight years, but at 
 the present time much more extensively than ever. It is in some cases 
 used even when the ordinary process is followed. There are now 
 thi'ee establishments in or near Georgetown for the manufacture of 
 bisulphite of lime, so great is the demand. The present price of the 
 bisulj^hite is sixteen cents (8d.) per imperial gallon. 
 
 The apparatus for the manufacture of sugar is now wonderfully 
 comj)act and perfect. The improvements likely to be made will, no 
 doubt, be in the substitution of shallow evaporating vessels for the 
 teaches at present in use.* 
 
 Rum, Nos. 59 to 94. — ^The quantity of rum manufactm-ed in this 
 
 * The invention of the ordinary process of sugar mamifacture, still in use in 
 most of the French colonies, is attributed to Pere Labat, a Dominican of consider- 
 able scientific attainments, who arrived in Martinique in 1693, and remained tiiere 
 for many years. Tbe negroes in Martinique are said to believe that the ghost of 
 the worthy Father, in the guise of a lambent flame, revisits at certain periods 
 the localities for which in his lifetime he had a special attachment. — Jcvsslain.
 
 xlii PEEFACE. 
 
 Colony is very considerable. Formerly it was estimated that, for every 
 hogshead of sugar produced by an estate, there should also be pro- 
 duced a puncheon of rmn. This estimate still holds good on estates 
 where the ordinary process of the manufacture of sugar is practised ; 
 but on estates where improved methods with the use of the vacuum- 
 pan are followed, the quantity of rum does not exceed one-half of the 
 old estimate. The great object of proprietors is to extract the largest 
 amoimt of sugar from the cane-juice, and diminish as much as possible 
 the production of rum and molasses. 
 
 The rum produced does not bring so high a price in the market as 
 that of Jamaica, not that less skill is employed in its manufacture, for 
 no expense has been spared to obtain the best machinery and make use 
 of the best methods. The reason of the inferiority arises chiefly from 
 two causes. 
 
 1. From the very impure cane-juice obtained from the [^ugar-cane 
 
 grown in this Colony. So much salt still remains in the 
 soil, that on many estates the presence of salt in the cane- 
 juice can readily be perceived by the taste. 
 
 2. From being unable to employ water for condensing the spirit 
 
 at a lower temperatm-e than 84 deg. Fahr. In Jamaica the 
 spring-water brought from the mountains is of a much lower 
 temperature. 
 
 On the best estates till recently the whole of the molasses was 
 manufactm-ed into rum, but now a good many estates reboil the 
 molasses in order to extract all the crystallizable sugar. This, how- 
 ever, can only be practised where the vacuum-pan is used. 
 
 Formerly the molasses was exported to Great Britain and piu-chased 
 by refiners, but lately, a great deal has been sent to the United States, 
 where a higher price has been obtained. It may also be stated that a 
 considerable proportion of the sugar of the Colony has gone to the 
 same market. 
 
 Eum when rectified is colourless, and possessed of a peculiar odour, 
 arising, it is said, from an essential oil contained in the rind of the 
 cane, and which finds its way, in the skimmings of the cane-juice, 
 during its evaporation, into the sweets used in setting up liquor for 
 fermentation. Eum is coloured in this Colony by caramel prepared 
 from good muscovado sugar. " The proper manufactiu-e of good 
 colouring matter for rum is very important. For this purpose, the 
 best sugar should be selected and placed in sufficient quantity in a pan 
 on an independent fire. The sugar must be constantly stirred with a 
 
 1
 
 PREFACE. xliii 
 
 wooden paddle diu'ing tlie action of tlic fire on the pan, in order to 
 prevent its getting a singed taste or flavour, and when it comes to a 
 consistency, making it difficult to keep it in motion with the paddlo, 
 the fire must be withdrawn, and high wines gradually added to it 
 under the agitation of the paddle, until it comes to a consistency of 
 thick cream, so that the whole will be perfectly dissolved. After this, 
 it should be put into a cask placed on end, with two cocks, one about 
 six inches from the bottom of the cask, the other about two inches 
 from the bottom, and allowed to remain imdisfciu'bed, in order to its 
 depositing the sediment left in it, until it runs off from the upper 
 cock entirely free of sediment. It may then be used for colouring 
 the rum, and about three pints of good colom-ing matter well concen- 
 trated ought to be sufficient for 100 gallons of spirit ; but different 
 markets require different shades of colour, and to regulate the shade of 
 colour must be left to the judgment of the person entrusted therewith. 
 Great care must always be taken that the colouring matter does not 
 impart any cloudiness to the rum, because when rum is cloudy, the 
 value of it is very greatly deteriorated. I would always recommend 
 colouring matter to be made in large quantity, because the longer it is 
 kept the purer it becomes."* The strength of the rum generally ex- 
 ported from this Colony is about 35 per cent O.P. 
 
 EicE, Nos. 173 TO 180. — Several experiments, on a considerable 
 scale, have been made with the view of introducing rice as an article 
 of cultivation in the Colony. The most important of these has been 
 that conducted, in 1853, by Mr. A. V. Colvin, on plantation Vive-la- 
 Force, where about 70 acres of land, in second growth " bush," were 
 cleared, and planted with seed brought from the State of Georgia. 
 The rice grew to great perfection, and was estimated to yield sixty 
 bushels per acre ; but, from damage sustained in the stacks, which 
 were exposed to four months of rainy weather, while awaiting the 
 arrival of a thrashing machine from the United States, the actual 
 return of good rice fell far short of that quantity. Part of the rice in 
 husk, or " jpaddy," was shipped to London, and when dressed sold for 
 30s. per hundredweight, being 5s. higher than the price of ordinary 
 Carolina at the time. The paddy shipped netted in Demerara ^1 10c. 
 per bushel. Some of the crop was used in the Colony for feeding 
 horses, being, when crushed, deemed equal to oats for that pm'pose, 
 and at the then prices considerably cheajier. While a bushel of oats 
 weighs from 40 lbs. to io lbs., a bushel of paddy weighs 54 lbs. 
 
 * MacKae's Pluukrs' Manual.
 
 xliv PREFACE. 
 
 At the Georgetown Exhibition, in 1854, a sample of rice from De 
 Kinderen obtained the prize ; and its superiority would seem to have 
 been derived from the circumstance that the water used in irrigating 
 the crop was the muddy water of the Demerara Eiver ; while other 
 crops appear to have been dependent on the rain or bush water from 
 the interior. Although these experiments have not been followed up 
 by any systematic attempt to establish rice as a staple, in consequence 
 of the starved condition of our labour market, they have demonstrated 
 that even under ordinary circumstances as to the supply of water, and 
 without any peculiar advantge of locality, one hundred bushels of 
 paddy may be obtained annually, per acre, at a cost of ^40 ; a sum 
 which includes the expense of preparing the land, of seed, of sowing, 
 weeding, reaping, and thrashing, all the work being done by manual 
 labour. But when a command of water can be obtained, a much larger 
 return may be expected ; and if cattle labour were applied to the 
 stirring and levelling of the land, and machinery used for thrashing 
 and husking the grain, the expenses would be materially reduced. It 
 has also been established by the De Kinderen experiment that water, 
 slightly brackish, may be used successfully in the cultivation of rice. 
 
 Of late, rice has been cultivated in several districts of the Colony 
 to a small extent by the immigrants from India, and it is likely that 
 others will follow the example. It is also cultivated by the inhabitants 
 of the Chinese village in the Waratilla Creek, and it is said that it will 
 form their chief staple of cultivation.* It is to be hoped that at no 
 distant date a sufficiency of rice may be produced for meeting the con- 
 sumption of that article which forms so great a portion of the food of 
 the immigi-ants. 
 
 The subjoined observations on the culture of rice in this Colony, 
 extracted from a paper communicated by Mr. Colvin, will probably be 
 found interesting : — 
 
 " The best site for a rice plantation would be where the river-water 
 could be used for irrigating pui'poses, as the warm river-water, with a 
 little mixtm^e of brackish sediment, would be far better than the cold 
 poor bush-water. 
 
 " To prepare land for rice requires much the same process as for 
 any other plant ; dig your small drains deep, and round up your beds 
 slightly but not too much, or tlieij will not he covered evenly loitli water 
 when you put it on ; plough your land and harrow it level, then sow 
 your seed broad cast ; one bushel and a half or two bushels of seed 
 will sow an acre of land, then brush it over with a light harrow, and 
 
 * See p. xxii. 

 
 PREFACE. ; xlv 
 
 tlien ailmit tlie water, covering the whole surface about three or four 
 inches deep ; this is called the sijrout flow ; four days will be sufficient 
 for this water to be held, draw it off", and you will now sec the effect 
 of your deep drains, the surface will dry almost immediately, and on 
 looking very closely you will see thousands of points just coming 
 through ; this is called by rice planters ' in the needle : ' water it 
 carefully and daily, and as soon as it begins to unfold the leaf, put on 
 the water again, just barely covering it, and hold it three or four days, 
 not more, as rice ^dll not stand the water here so well as where the 
 climate is cool, and the land from having been exposed to a cold 
 winter, requires a covering of water to keep off the cold winds : turn 
 off the water and let the land remain dry till jour plants have attained 
 a good stout appearance. Now put on the water the third time, and 
 leave the tops just barely out of the water, keep the water there and 
 stretch it up ; this we call the stretch flow, and it will make the rice 
 grow tall and kill all the grass that is covered with the water ; at tho 
 next spring-tides turn off this water, open all youi- kokers, let the tide 
 run in and out at pleasure to wash out your trenches, drains, &c., and 
 then close your kokers, keeping in as much water as the rice will bear, 
 that is not to cover it ; the rice vdll now grow up rapidly, and at every 
 spring tide you must make an entire change, adding water as much as 
 you can, till you have two feet deep of water, if you can get so much. 
 When the rice is in belly (a term used by rice planters), if the tides 
 are good, draw oft' the water for a day or two to give the roots air ; 
 when the ear is forming, and before it bursts out, wash out your 
 trenches and hold the water carefully, so as not to waste, till the crop 
 is ready for the harvest, which will be in fom* months from the day 
 of planting or thereabouts. 
 
 " Now draw off the water, and put in a reaping machine worked 
 by two mules or horses, and two men will cut twenty acres per day ; 
 have it tied up in sheaves and put in shock the same as wheat ; then 
 if you wish to thrash your rice in the field, have a thrashing machine 
 placed on a convenient spot under a troolie * shed ; thrash yom' rice 
 with the same animals you cut it with, and winnow with a winnowing 
 machine, put it in bags and bring it to the buildings, where you can 
 stamp it by a wind-mill. If you prefer bringing it home in the 
 straw, have your punts the same as for canes, and all can be done at 
 the buildings. As early as possible after harvest start your ploughs 
 and tm-n the stubble under, before the grass and weeds spring up to 
 
 * Mancaria saccifera : produces leaves tliirty feet long by three broad, which 
 are used for thatching.
 
 Xlvi PEEFACE. 
 
 interfere, and so you may continue to plant and reap till two or 
 three crops are made in the year. I have repeatedly made two, and 
 think this quite enough, as it would not answer to be harvesting in the 
 heavy rainy season. Fifty bushels of rough rice or paddy I find the 
 average yield per acre, though I have made more, and quite equal to 
 the Carolina rice if properly watered and attended to in the way directed 
 herein." 
 
 That the lands of the interior are also peculiarly suitable for the 
 production of rice is shown by the following remark of Sir K. 
 
 ScHOMBtJRGK : 
 
 " There is a tract between the Elvers Berbice and Essequebo, in 
 4 deg. 20 min. N. latitude, which natui'e itself appears to have designed 
 for the growth of that article. It possesses the means of constant 
 irrigation, and at the first subsiding of the periodical inundations, 
 when the soil is left like soft mud, the seed might be put in. The 
 banks of the Eiver Berbice are here so low that irrigation might be 
 easily procured even in times of great drought. I am fully persuaded 
 that two crojjs of rice might be produced annually ; indeed, it is on 
 record that a Mr. Bielstein, who cultivated this article on a small 
 scale at the lower Essequebo, raised repeatedly three crops in a year. 
 The cultivation of rice would thus cover thousands of acres which 
 are at present a perfect wilderness ; and food for the lower classes 
 would be j)rovided, which at present is mostly imported fi"om a foreign 
 coimtry." 
 
 Coffee, Nos. 181 to 186. — The quantity of coffee, the produce of 
 British Guiana, exported in 1830, was 9,472,756 lbs.; in 1840, 
 3,357,300 lbs. ; and in 1849, 100,500 lbs, : since which it has almost 
 ceased to be exported, scarcely sufficient being produced to supply the 
 demand of the Colony. In alluding to this once important export, 
 Sir E. ScHOMBUEGK makes the following observations : — 
 
 " Coffee was, for a length of time, almost the only staple of 
 Berbice and Demerara ; it has since been much neglected, the cultiva- 
 tion of sugar being substituted for it. The consumption in the United 
 Kingdom amounted in 1831 to 9.865 tons, or upwards of twenty-two 
 millions of pounds. Its cultivation must, therefore, be an object of 
 great interest to the Colony. At present it is restricted to the coast 
 regions, where the soil is very rich, and the trees are often luxuriant 
 without ensuring fruit of a good quality ; the most favoiu-able situation 
 is undoubtedly the side of the hill, where soil is springy. There is,
 
 PREFACE. Xlvii 
 
 perhaps, in British Guiana, no tract better qualified for the cultiva- 
 tion of that bean than the central ridge of mountains. If an increased 
 population should permit the interior to be cultivated, this tract would 
 produce coffee equal in quality to that from Jamaica and Martinique, 
 which is considered the best in the West Indies, and would soon sur- 
 pass Jamaica in quantity of export, though it is estimated at 
 20,000,000 lbs. The outlay of capital for the establishment of a coffee 
 plantation being small, this circumstance would offer gi-eater induce- 
 ments to settlers ; and if in the selection of the soil and situation 
 some care were bestowed, I see no reason why it should not equal the 
 Mocha bean." 
 
 " For the cultivation of coffee, it is first necessary to establish a 
 nursery of young plants by so'O'ing the seeds. At the age of some 
 six months these may be transplanted into your already di-ained field, 
 in squares of eight to nine feet apart. Beyond keeping the field clean 
 weeded, and giving the plants a slight moulding, and keeping them 
 free of water sprouts, they do not require any other attention for the 
 fii'st three years. At the expiry of this time they commence to bear 
 fruit, which, when ripe, assumes the appearance of a small cherry. In 
 each of these cherries is contained two coffee beans ; and the coffee is 
 cured or di-ied either by drying the entire fruit in the sun, or by 
 passing the fruit through what is called a pulping mill, which sepa- 
 rates the outer pulp or covering from the beans. The beans are then 
 subjected to a washing in a tank full of water, in order to free them 
 of the glutinous substance which adheres to them ; this causes them 
 to ciu'e or diy more rapidly. They are then left in what is called the 
 parchment husk, and exposed to the action of the sun on tiled 
 drogheries or platforms laid with tiles, until they are perfectly dried ; 
 and from this they are, during crop time, spread on the wooden floors 
 of a building called a Logic, to the depth, in a heavy crop, of 12 to 
 18 inches. "Whilst thus spread, great attention is necessary to prevent 
 the coffee getting heated and its coloiu' destroyed, by constantly 
 turning it up, and by the use of some dry lime or ashes sprinkled 
 over it. After this, the beans are subjected to the operation of what 
 is called a stamping mill, which separates the parchment husk from 
 the beans. This stamping mill is merely two large solid wheels fixed 
 on each end of a beam on an axle, and worked by mules moving 
 round in a circle^the wooden wheels working in a circular trough 
 filled with the coffee beans. After this the whole is submitted to the 
 action of a winnowing machine, which separates the chaff from the 
 beans, and subsequently the beans are passed through copper sieves to
 
 Xlviii PREFACE. 
 
 separate the whole from tlio broken coffee, and finally hand-picked, 
 and put in bags or casks for shipment. 
 
 " After the coffee-tree comes into bearing it merely requires to be 
 kept clean and free of grass and weeds, to be kept clear of water- 
 sprouts and cross-branches, and to be kept trimmed to a height of 
 about five feet. The coffee jjlant strikes a deep tap-root, and deep 
 drainage is essential to its fruitfulness." * 
 
 Banana, No. 1G9, and Plantain, No. 168. — " The cultivation of 
 Plantains is a very simple process ; the land, after being drained, 
 being merely prepared for the reception of the plants by digging 
 holes about 18 to 20 inches deep, in squares of 9 to 12 feet apart, for 
 the recei^tion of the plants. The i^lants consist of the root of the 
 plantain tree with some two feet of the stem. After the plants are 
 placed in these holes vertically, stem even with the surface, they 
 ought to be tightly rammed all round with earth, so as to prevent 
 water lodging round and rotting them. They generally jircduce from 
 five to ten suckers, the most forward of which will bear in nine months 
 from the period of planting in rich land ; in a poorer soil they will 
 take twelve months to come to maturity. Plantains, to be produced 
 in perfection, require a rich soil ; and in such I have kno'^Ti bunches 
 to be cut weighing as much as 80 lbs,, with stem, skins, &c, ; perhaps 
 about one-half of that weight would be fit for food, of a very nutritive 
 quality, 
 
 " When it is considered that each plant, from its suckers, will 
 probably produce an average of fom* branches of jjlantairis per annum, 
 it will be seen how valuable it is as an article of food, and that in this 
 Colony it is justly termed the staff of life," * 
 
 The following account of plantain meal is taken from the report 
 of Dr. Shier on the starch-producing plants of the Colony of British 
 Guiana, 1847 :— 
 
 " The plantain has frequently been suggested as an article of 
 export. In its ripe state no unexceptionable and sufficiently cheap 
 method of preserving it has yet been suggested. It is sometimes so 
 abundant and cheap that it might, if cut and dried in its green state, 
 be exported with advantage. It is in this unrij)e state that it is so 
 largely used by the peasantry of this Colony as an article of food. 
 It has always been believed to be highly nutritive ; but I have not 
 found in any sample of the dried plantain which I have analysed a 
 
 * MacRae's Planters" Manual.
 
 mEFACE. xlix 
 
 larger amount tlaan '81 per cent, of nitrogen, which, as has been 
 already stated, corresponds witli about 5^ per cent, of proteinc com- 
 pounds. When dried and reduced to the state of meal, it cannot, like 
 wheat flour, be manufactured into maccaroni or vermicelli, or, at least, 
 the maccaroni made from it falls to powder when put into hot water. 
 The fresh plantain, however, when boiled whole, forms a pretty dense 
 firm mass of greater consistency and toughness than the potato. This 
 mass, beaten -in a mortar, constitutes the foo-foo of the negroes. The 
 plantain meal cannot be got into this state unless by mixing it up 
 with water to form a stiff dough, and then boiling it in shapes or 
 bound in cloths. Plantain meal is j)reparcd by stripping off the husk 
 of the plantain, slicing the core, and drying it in the sun. When 
 thoroughly dry it is powdered and sifted. It is known among the 
 Creoles of the Colony under the name of conquin-tay . It has a 
 fragrant odour, acquired in drying, somewhat resembling fresh hay or 
 tea. It is largely employed as the food of infants and invalids. As 
 food for children and convalescents it would probably be much 
 esteemed in Europe, and it deserves a trial on account of its fra- 
 grance, and its being exceedingly easy of digestion. In respect to 
 nutritiveness, it deserves a preference over all the pm'e starches, on 
 account of the proteine compounds it contains. The Plantain meal 
 would pi'obably be best and freshest were the sliced and dried plan- 
 tain cores exported, leaving the grinding and sifting to be done in 
 Eiu'ope. The flavour of the meal depends a good deal on the rapidity 
 with which the slices are dried ; hence the operation is only fitted for 
 dry weather, unless, indeed, when there was occasion for it, recoui'se 
 were had to a kiln or stove. Above all, the plantain must not 1)e 
 allowed to approach too closely to yellowness or ripeness, otherwise 
 it becomes impossible to di"y it. The colour of the meal is injured 
 when steel knives are used in husking or slicing, but silver or nickel 
 blades do not injure the colour. On the large scale a machine, on 
 the principle of the turnip-slicing machine, could be employed. The 
 husking could also bo greatly facilitated by a very simple machine. 
 Were the plantain meal to come into use in England, and bear a price 
 in any way approaching to that of the Bermuda arrowroot,* it would 
 become an extensive and very profitable export. Full-sized and well- 
 filled bunches give 60 per cent, of core to 40 of husk and top-stem ; 
 but in general it would be found that the core did not much exceed 
 50 per cent., and the fresh core will yield 40 per cent, of dry meal, so 
 
 * Arrowroot. Aroo — starch; Aroo-aroo, -'starcli of starch;' litnce probably 
 " arrowroot." — Ililllw^ise. 
 
 E
 
 1 PREFACE. 
 
 that from 20 to 25 per cent, of meal is obtained from the plantain ; or 
 5 lbs. fi'om an average bmich of 25 lbs. ; and an acre of plantain-walk 
 of average quality, producing dui-ing the year 450 such bunches, would 
 yield a ton and 10 lbs. of meal, which, at the price of arrowi'oot — 
 namely. Is. per lb., woidd be a gross retui-n of 112/. 10s. per acre. 
 A new plantain-walk would give twice as much. Even supposing the 
 meal not to command over half the price of arrowroot, it would still 
 form an excellent outlet for plantains whenever, from any cause, the 
 price in the Colony sank unusually low." 
 
 When the plantain is ripe, the green colour of the rind becomes 
 yellow. Then a great part of the starch contained in the fruit has 
 been converted into grape-sugar. In this state it is eaten as a dessert 
 fruit. It was supposed by the Society of Arts that the di-ied yellow 
 plantain might corns into competition with figs, and the sample exhi- 
 bited at the Great London Exhibition of 1851, which had been pre- 
 pared in Mexico many years before, proved the gi-eat superiority of 
 the Plantano passado over figs in keeping properties, and in immimity 
 from insect ravages. In Mexico, the simple exposure of perfectly 
 ripe plantains or bananas to the sim's rays is sufiicient to prepare them 
 for the market in an exportable form, as may be seen by the " MetJiod 
 of Drying the Plantain," described by Mr. Percy W. Doyle in a com- 
 munication to the Earl of Malmesbuey, and a copy of which was 
 transmitted to this Colony on 2nd August, 1852, by Sir John Paking- 
 TON. But whether from the greater moisture of this climate, or a 
 gi'cater proportion of nitrogenous elements in our plantains and 
 bananas, it is found in practice that, here, simple solar exposiu'c is 
 not adequate to the preparation of this dried fruit. There are three 
 modes, however, by which the object can be attained : — 
 
 1st. By exposing the fully ripe fruit to an atmosphere of sul- 
 phurous acid gas, previous to the drying process being 
 commenced. 
 
 2nd. By a hasty boil of the fidly ripe fruit in water containing 
 sulphate of lime (hard water) ; and 
 
 3rd. By a similar parboil in syrup. 
 
 By either of these processes the albumen and caseine of the fruit 
 become sufficiently coagulated, and the tendency to fermentation and 
 decay is arrested tiU the proper di'yness is obtained. Without this 
 preliminary process the ripe fruit is found to deliquesce instead of 
 dry in this climate. The second process is found, after experiment, 
 to be the easiest and cheapest.
 
 PREFACE. U 
 
 Whether they arc to be dried with or without the rind should bo 
 determined before they have undergone the parboiling. There is 
 some nicety required in knowing the best degree of ripeness of the 
 fruit. It should be full and beginning to tiu'n yellow before the 
 plantain tree is cut down and the bunch gathered. The fruit, then, 
 should be kei)t either on the stalk, or separated in a close dry place 
 as recommended in the Mexican plan, till the yellow of the rind has 
 become black at the ends, with large spots over the surface ; till on 
 some of those black spots " blue mould " has begun to appear, and 
 swarms of small grey flies hover over the heap, attracted no doubt by 
 the saccharine odour ; and till the fruit yields to a slight pressm-e of 
 the finger, and is somewhat supple in the hand. At this time, if some 
 of the rind be removed, portions of the opaque yellow sui-face will 
 appear as if melting. There should be no delay then in parboiling, 
 or the fruit will be lost. If, on the other hand, the diying process 
 is commenced too soon, a portion of the starch is still imconvertcd, 
 and the dried fruit will be hard and want sweetness. This condition 
 is easily discovered after the diying is comideted, by the absence of a 
 due amount of shrinJcage in the fruit. Where the full ripening of the 
 fruit, which seldom happens, is unequal, a slight bruise by pressure of 
 the finger and thmnb on those that are backward will accelerate the 
 maturation by ruptui-ing the intercellular tissue. Before the fruit is 
 consigned to the boiling caldi'on, useless or rotten paiiis may be 
 trimmed off both ends of the fruit, if the rind be retained. If, how- 
 ever, in any case the apex of the core requires to be removed on 
 account of rottenness, that individual fruit should be rejected, for in 
 the di'ying the gum and grape sugar will escape from its centre in 
 clear amber-coloui'ed drops. To spread the parboiled fruit in the 
 simshine, the bamboo frame used in Mexico, or a net, or any other 
 contrivance by which the sun and air can play on them, is suitable. 
 They must be removed to shelter on the approach of rain or evening 
 dews. In rainy weather the heat of an oven is requisite, but the oven 
 should be left open at the mouth, else the fruit will be baked instead 
 of dried, and the heat should be comfortably bearable by the hand, 
 else the grape sugar will be carmelized, and the core of the fruit 
 blackened and rendered bitterish. Tight close packing, in di'imis 
 imder considerable pressure, as with figs, would no doubt contribute 
 materially to the preservation of dried ripe plantains and bananas. 
 
 The following information regarding the banana is extracted from 
 the Library of Entertaining Knowledge — " Timber, Trees, Fruits," 
 
 e2
 
 Hi PREFACE. 
 
 page 366 : — " Eight or nine months after the sucker has been planted, 
 the banana begins to form its clusters ; and the fruit may be collected 
 in the tenth or eleventh month. When the stock is cut, the fruit of 
 which has ripened, a sprout is put forth, which again bears fruit in 
 three months. The whole labour of cultivation which is required for 
 a plantation of bananas, is to cut the stalks laden with the ripe fruit, 
 and to give the plants a slight nourishment once or twice a year by 
 digging roimd the roots. A spot of little more than a thousand square 
 feet will contain from thirty to forty banana plants. A cluster of 
 bananas produced on a single plant often contains from one hundred 
 and sixty to one hundred and eighty fruits, and weighs from 70 to 
 80 lbs. But reckoning the weight of a cluster only at 40 lbs., such a 
 plantation would produce more than 4,000 lbs. of nutritive substance. 
 Humboldt calculates that as 33 lbs. of wheat and 99 lbs. of potatoes 
 require the same space as that in which 4,000 lbs. of bananas are 
 grown, the produce of bananas is, consequently, to that of wheat as 
 133 to 1, and to that of potatoes as 44 to 1. The banana ripened in 
 the hothouses of Eiu'ope has an insipid taste, but yet the natives of 
 both Indies, to many of whom it supplies their principal food, eat 
 it with avidity, and are satisfied with the nourishment it affords. 
 This fruit is a very sugary substance ; and in warm countries the 
 natives find such fruit not only satisfying for the moment, but nutri- 
 tive. Yet weight for weight, the nutritive matter cannot at all be 
 compared with that of wheat, or even of potatoes. At the same time 
 a much greater number of individuals may be supported upon the pro- 
 duce of a piece of ground planted with bananas, compared with a piece 
 of the same size in Europe growing wheat. Humboxdt estimates the 
 proportion as twenty-five to one ; and he illustrates the fact by re- 
 marking that a European newly arrived in the torrid zone is struck 
 with nothing so much as the extreme smallness of the spots under 
 cultivation rotmd a cabin which contains a numerous family of 
 Indians." 
 
 It may be proper to notice here, that the banana is cultivated in 
 this Colony but to a very limited extent, and is solely used as a fruit 
 in its ripe state. The plantain, on the other hand, is extensively cul- 
 tivated, and in its unripe state is the staple and favoiU"ite food of the 
 Creole and African population of the Colony. 
 
 Starch, Nos. 95 to 130. — The som*ccs from which starch may be 
 obtained are numerous. Many trees produce seeds containing it in 
 considerable quantity, such as the Mora. Many fruits which in their
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 liil 
 
 ripe state abound in grape sugar, yield starcli in tlieir unripe state, 
 sucli as the Mango, Plantain, &c. But it is from various roots and 
 corms that it is obtained in the greatest abundance, such as bitter and 
 sweet cassava, sweet potato, arrow-root, tous-les-mois, tannia, yams of 
 different kinds, &c. These roots are almost all of them in extensive 
 use in their fi-esh state as articles of food. For domestic purposes, 
 starch is made in this Colony from the arrow-root, there existing a pre- 
 judice against the cassava starch, as it is said to rot the articles of 
 clothing to which it may be applied. This may be true of that ob- 
 tained from bitter cassava, especially if it has not been thoroughly 
 washed in the preparation, as that root contains a juice of a very acrid 
 and poisonous nature. 
 
 In the following table will be found the per centage of starch ob- 
 tained from the fresh roots :* — 
 
 Xames of Plants. 
 
 Sweet Cassava 
 Bitter Cassava 
 Common Yam 
 Arrowroot 
 Tauuia 
 
 Percentage of 
 Starch. 
 
 26-92 
 24-84 
 24-47 
 21-43 
 17-05 
 
 Names of Plants. 
 
 Guinea Yam 
 Plantain . . 
 Sweet Potato 
 Buck Yam 
 
 Percentage of 
 Starch. 
 
 17-03 
 lG-99 
 16-31 
 1607 
 
 When a given weight of each sort of starch is boiled in an eo[ual 
 quantity of water, and allowed to cool, jellies are formed, but of very 
 different degrees of tenacity. In the following table are given the 
 weights necessary to break such jellies : — 
 
 
 Weight in grains 
 
 
 Weight in grains 
 
 Names of Starches. 
 
 required to break 
 
 Names of Starches 
 
 required to break 
 
 
 the Jelly. 
 
 
 the Jelly. 
 
 Tous-les-Mois, commercial 
 
 1742 
 
 Arrowroot 
 
 303 
 
 Tannia 
 
 630 
 
 Sweet Potato 
 
 368 
 
 Common Yam 
 
 617 
 
 Buck Yam 
 
 151 
 
 Guinea Yam 
 
 571 
 
 Bitter Cassava 
 
 150 
 
 Plantain 
 
 467 
 
 Sweet Cassava 
 
 78 
 
 It may be inferred, when used as an article of diet, that that starch 
 will be most economical which produces a jelly of suitable consistency 
 from the smallest amount of the dry material. The translucency of 
 the jellies, however, is almost in the inverse order of their tenacity. 
 It may, therefore, be inferred that the cassava starches, which stand at 
 the top of the list for translucency, might be advantageously employed 
 for glazing calicoes, &c. 
 
 The starch globide varies very much in size and form in the 
 
 * Dr. Shier 'a Report on the Sttu-ch-proJucing Plants of tlic Colony.
 
 liv 
 
 PPiEFACE. 
 
 Btarches obtained from different plants. A few examples are given in 
 tlie subjoined table : — 
 
 Names of Plants. 
 
 Size of Globlxes. 
 
 Range. 
 
 From 
 of an 
 inch. 
 
 To 
 of an 
 
 inch. 
 
 Form, &c., of Globules. 
 
 Tous-les-Moia . 
 Buck Yam . . . 
 
 Common Yam . 
 Guinea Yam . . . 
 
 flantain 
 
 Sweet Potato . . . 
 
 Arrowroot 
 
 Bitter Cassava . 
 
 Sweet Cassava . 
 Tannia 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 2000 
 
 500 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 800 
 
 600 
 
 2000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 2000 
 
 1000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 2000 
 
 1000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 1400 
 
 800 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1000 
 
 4000 
 
 2400 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 800 
 
 2400 
 
 1400 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2000 
 
 8000 
 
 4000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2000 
 
 8000 
 
 4000 
 
 Large, elliptical, and ovate, remark- 
 ably transparent. 
 
 Elliptical, often tnmcated at one end 
 so as to be mullar shaped ; some 
 pear-shaped. Length twice the 
 width. 
 
 Elliptical, some long-elliptical. 
 
 Larger globules elliptical, smaller 
 globules spherical, often truncated, 
 some shortly ovate, with the appear- 
 ance of being flattened. 
 
 Globules long and narrow, generally 
 long elliptical, often more acute at 
 the ends than in any other species, 
 some linear ending abruptly ; length 
 often 3 times the width. 
 
 Spherical, aggregated. 
 
 Ovate and elliptical, length in the 
 larger globules twice the width. 
 
 A few globules occur as large as the 
 one-thousandth of an inch. These 
 are ovate, the rest are spherical. 
 
 Same as former. 
 
 Not so truly spherical as the former. 
 
 The starch from tlie plantain (unripe friiit) cannot be advantage- 
 ously manufactured, in consequence of being associated witb a colour- 
 ing matter from wbicb it is almost impossible to separate it. Tbis 
 coloui'ing matter resists the action of tbe most powerful bleaching 
 re-agents. 
 
 Tbe " Tous-les-mois," or " Buck Shot," a species of Canna, is 
 little cultivated in this Colony. Tbe j)lant, however, grows wild, and 
 although in that state the corms are small, yielding but a small quan- 
 tity of starch, the globules of which are smaller than in the Bermuda
 
 PREFACE. Iv 
 
 Tous-les-mois, yet it was ascertained several years ago by the late Mr. 
 T. M. PoLLAED, of Plautatiou Glasgow, that by cultivation the corms 
 increased much in size, yielding a mucb gi-eater retui-n of starch, and 
 that in the third generation the starch globule had attained as great a 
 size as that of the best commercial Tous-les-mois starch imported into 
 the Colony, The plants in Mr. Pollard's experiments were propa- 
 gated by suckers, and the flowering stems were carefully eradicated. 
 There can be little doubt that several starch-producing plants might be 
 much improved by judicious cultm'c. 
 
 The suitability of this Colony for producing starch is apparent 
 when it is stated that two, even three, and in a few instances, four 
 crops of roots could be produced annually. On this subject, see Dr. 
 Shier's Report on the Starch-producing plants of the Colony above 
 referred to. 
 
 Cassava, Nos. 164 and 165 ; and Cassareep, No. 170. — The fol- 
 lowing is also taken fi-om the Report of Dr. Shier on the Starch- 
 producing plants of the Colony : — 
 
 " It may soon become an important question whether some of the 
 edible roots grown in the tropics might not be sent to Europe in a 
 fresh state as a substitute for the potato. Many of them, the Buck 
 Yam and the Cassava for instance, ought to be used when fresh dug ; 
 for every day they are out of the ground they deteriorate. This, how- 
 ever, is not so much the case with some of the larger Yams. It is 
 worth trying whether the finer sorts, that deteriorate by keeping, might 
 not, after being sliced and di'ied in the sun, become articles of export, 
 either in that state or when ground to meal. For this purpose the 
 Bitter Cassava, the Plantain, and the Buck Yam, are the most 
 promising. Of the Bitter Cassava mention has already been made as 
 a substance from which Starch and Cassareep might be prepared. In 
 this case, however, the woody and cellular tissue, with the small 
 quantity of starch left in it by the ordinary starch process, would foi-m 
 far too poor an article of diet to constitute part of the food of man. 
 But the roots might be used as an article from which to prepare 
 cassava-meal, cassareep, and the very small quantity of starch which 
 is expressed along with the juice, leaving all the rest of the starch to 
 form jmrt of the meal. It is of such meal that the cassava cakes of 
 the Indians are prepared, and although by no means so nutritive as 
 Indian-corn meal,* there can be little doubt that in the Scotch and 
 
 * 1 have cletcmiiiiccl the amount of iiitrogca contaiueJ in the meal miule from 
 whole maize, the growth of the Ci'lony, as also from plautahi-mcal ; I have also
 
 Ivi niEFACE. 
 
 Irisli markets tlie cassava-meal would obtain a preference ; and were 
 it exported in quantity it would probably come into extensive use 
 among all classes. The process would be as follows : — After wasting 
 in a revolving apparatus, by which means the adherent earth would be 
 got quit of, and almost the whole of the thin dark-coloured cuticle 
 would become detached, the roots woxdd be reduced to pulp in a rasp- 
 ing-mill without the use of water ; the pulp would be compressed in 
 bag5 by hydraulic pressure, whereby the juice, together with a small 
 portion of the starch would be expressed. After allowing the starch 
 to subside, the juice would be concentrated to about the density of 
 1-4. The stai-ch woidd be washed, pui'ified, and dried. The contents 
 of the bag would then be broken up and dried in the sun or in a 
 current of air, after which the meal would be sifted through a coarse 
 sieve to separate the coarser parts, which if their amount was con- 
 siderable, could be ground and added to the rest. In this state of 
 rough meal it is fit for making the cassava cakes.* If ground to flour 
 it might be used to mix with wheat, rye, or barley-flour. If an acre 
 of well-tilled, thorough-drained land yield 10 tons of fresh roots, and 
 I have every reason to believe that such a retm-n might be obtained, I 
 have ascertained that the produce would be 3 j tons of meal, 593 lbs. of 
 cassareej), and 2 cwt. of starch ; and estimating the meal at Id. per lb., 
 the cassareep at Is, 5cZ, per lb., and the starch at 40s. per cwt., the 
 
 ascertained its amount in cassava meal, prepared in the manner mentioned in the 
 text, and in meal prejjared from the cassava sliced, dried, and ground without 
 expressing the juice. Assuming Liebig's Formula of Proteine, namely C48NgH3504, 
 the result stands thus : — 
 
 Nitrogen. Proteine Compounds. 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Maize-meal (unhusked) .. .. 1*73 .. .. 10"72 
 
 Plantain-meal -88 .. .. 545 
 
 Cassava-meal (juice expressed) . . -oQ . . . . 2'23 
 
 Ditto from the sliced and dried roots "78 . , . . 4,83 
 
 * The process is usually conducted as follows : — The squeezed pulp is broken 
 up, sifted, and exposed to the sun on trays or mats, till it is fully more than lialf 
 dry. An iron hoop of the size and thickness of the cake to be made is then laid on 
 a girdle or hot plate, and the space within the hoop is filled evenly with the some- 
 what moist meal, no previous kneading or rolling having been employed. As soon 
 as the coarse meal coheres, the ring is lifted, and the cake is turned and heated on 
 the opposite side. The heat should not be sufhcieiit to brown the cake. The cakes 
 are finally dried by exposure to the sun. From the dry cassava-meal cakes may be 
 prei>ared by sprinkling it with as much cold water as to moisten it to the proper 
 point, and then proceeding as above. Hot water cannot be employed, neither can 
 kneading nor any considerable degree of compression be used, otherwise the water 
 does not evaporate readily enough, the starch gets too much altered by the heat, 
 and the cake beeomes tough.
 
 PREFACE. Ivii 
 
 gross amount would be 78/. l?>s. 4f?. per acre. In ascertaining these 
 proportions, very simple machinery was employed, and had the pulp 
 been better pressed, the quantity of cassareep would have been con- 
 siderably greater. From the table given in a former note it will be 
 seen that the cassava-meal prepared in this way contains but a very 
 small proportion of matter nutritive in the sense of contributing to the 
 formation of blood, and that the expressed juice carries off fidly one- 
 half of the proteine compounds contained in the plant. But cassava 
 might be sliced, dried in the sim, and sent to Europe in that state. In 
 this case it would be the sweet variety that would be employed. In 
 di-y weather the process succeeds remarkably well, and the dried slices 
 keep well. I have ascertained that when these sliced and dried roots 
 are first steeped and then boiled, they return to very nearly their 
 original condition, and make an excellent substitute for the potato." 
 
 SECTION B. 
 
 FIBEOUS SUBSTANCES. 
 
 CoTiroN, Nos. 8 to 14. — Up to the year 1820 Cotton was the 
 principal export of this Colony. In 1803 the Counties of Demerara 
 and Essequebo shipped 46,435 bales, of an average weight of 300 
 pounds each. After the American war the enormous increase of that 
 crop in the northeJTi continent, together with the lowering of the 
 duties on Foreign Cotton, without a corresponding decrease in the 
 duties on Foreign Sugar, placed Cotton in so unfavoiu-able a position 
 with regard to Sugar, that between the years 1819 and 1823 more than 
 two-thirds of the hands employed in cultivating the one were trans- 
 ferred to the other ; and this is easily accounted for by the following 
 list of prices : — In 1817 cotton was worth 20d. per pound ; in 1819, 
 iZld. ; in 1820, ll^d. ; in 1821, 8M. ; at which price it ceased to be 
 remunerative in comparison with coffee and sugar, which were then 
 highly protected, and from that date the extent of land in cotton culti- 
 vation gradually diminished, until for some years the Colony ceased 
 to export a single bale. 
 
 In 1863, on account of the rise in price occasioned by the war in 
 the United States of North America, an impulse was given to the cul- 
 tivation of cotton in this Colony, and sevcra Iprojirietors entered into 
 the speculation, but it was manifest that so soon as the prices of cotton
 
 lyiii PEEFACE. 
 
 in the English market should faU below a certain price, the continua- 
 tion of production would cease on account of the high price of labour. 
 This result has taken place, and it is only in a few localities that the 
 cultivation is still continued, the present price of cotton, Is. 6d. per 
 pound, yielding but a very small profit to the grower. Under the 
 present circumstances the extension of cotton cultivation cannot be 
 looked for unless the finest varieties of cotton were cidtivated, and 
 even these improved on. 
 
 Sir EoBERT ScHOMBUBGK makes the following observations on the 
 subject of the cultivation of cotton : — " The indigenous cottons are 
 very numerous, and the Indian has generally a few shrubs of that 
 useful plant around his hut. However, I have seen the industrious 
 Macusi cultivating it more extensively. The Hammocks which the 
 Indians manufacture of it are valued for their strength and dm-ability, 
 and are considered superior to the Em'opean article. Like the staples 
 before enumerated, cotton has been only cultivated by the colonists in 
 the coast regions ; but its cultivation has, in a great measiu*e, been 
 abandoned because om' cottons, raised by free labour- and in a British 
 Colony, were undersold by those produced by slavery in the United 
 States. If, with regard to the abundance and cheapness of labour, 
 British Guiana were put on the same footing as the Slave States in 
 America, an inexhaustible supply of cotton of every descrijition might 
 be produced. There is no doubt that all kinds of cotton, from the 
 best long staple down to the finest short staple, might be cultivated in 
 the Colony, as the kind which does not thrive in one soil or climate 
 might be produced in another. An extent of sea-coast of two hundred 
 and eighty miles, from the Eiver Corentyne to the mouth of the 
 Orinoco, would produce cotton vying with the best in the world. I 
 doubt the opinion that the finest cotton will not grow at a gi'eater dis- 
 tance than twenty miles from the sea. I have sent samjdes of the wild 
 cotton from the interior to the Colony, which were admired by com- 
 petent judges for theii- fine long staple and silky appearance. No 
 care whatever had been bestowed upon the cultivation of these plants, 
 which grew at a distance of fom- hundred miles from the coast. 
 Although the growth of the plant was not luxuriant, it was covered 
 abundantly with cotton of the most excellent quality ; indeed, it would 
 be highly advisable for the cotton growers on the coast to exchange 
 seeds." 
 
 The Committee avail themselves of the opportunity to quote the 
 subjoined account of cotton cultivation in this Colony, as contributed 
 by theii- esteemed colleague, Mr. J. Brujiell, to the pamphlet entitled
 
 PREFACE. lix 
 
 ' Free Cotton,' published in London, by Sir W. H. Holmes, in 
 1862 :— 
 
 " I need not trouble the reader with any attempt at a scientific 
 disquisition on the ' Gossypium,' as botanists call the cotton plant. 
 Its varieties are many, diifcring from each other in the length of the 
 wool or staple, and in the appearance of the seed. My opinion is, 
 that much, if not everything, in the production of good cotton, 
 depends on suitable soil and climate. You may plant the finest long 
 stai^le black-seed Sea-Island cotton ; but if the soil and climate are 
 not favourable, it will gradually degenerate into a short-wooled gi'cen- 
 seed variety ; so that, although cotton grows all over the globe, along 
 that very extensive belt which reaches from forty degrees north to 
 forty degrees south of the equator, it by no means follows that eveiy 
 place within those latitudes will i)roduce a good article. Sea air, salt 
 lands, and a combination of heat and moisture, seem absolutely 
 requisite to form a good cotton-growing country. All these qualifica- 
 tions Demerara possesses in a remarkable degree, and her cotton 
 ranked only second to the sea-island variety, and was of so rare and 
 valuable a description, that it was scarcely ever spim alone, but was 
 mixed up with the inferior short staple cottons of India and other 
 countries, to give them body or length of fibre. 
 
 "As a practical account of the operations on a cotton estate may 
 be useful, and not altogether uninteresting, I will tell you how we 
 grew it in Demarara five-and-twenty years ago. Oiu* lands, like those 
 of most other estates in the Colony, are perfectly flat, and about a 
 couple of feet below high water-mark of the Atlantic, by which they 
 are bordei'cd, and against which they are of course embanked. 
 When a new field of cotton was to be planted, it was customary to 
 ' warj),' or to put the land under sea-water, which could be done in a 
 few minutes, by making a small cut in the sea-dam, or by opening 
 the sluices as the tide rose. After a time, as soon as the rich alluvial 
 deposit with which our sea-water is charged, had settled down on the 
 land, the water was allowed to run off, and another sui)ply taken in. 
 This was repeated occasionally ; so that, at the end of three or four 
 months, when the water was finally drawn off, not only were all the 
 weeds and underwood destroyed, but there was a fine rich loam left 
 on the land to the depth of two or three inches, and fit to grow 
 anything. 
 
 " The drains and water-courses having been cleared out, the next 
 thing was to sow the seed. This was usually done early in April,
 
 Ix PREFACE. 
 
 SO as to get tlie slio^vers of that montli on the young plants, and to 
 have them sufficiently strong to bear the rains in June. The way we 
 planted was this :— A piece of rope, about one hundred feet long, was 
 laid down at one end of the field ; along this rope, at regular distances 
 of six feet, small bits of coloured rag were tied, and at each piece of 
 rag stood a woman with her apron full of cotton-seed, and armed with 
 a hoe. Two men then each took an end of the rope, and stretching 
 it across the field, marched forward exactly six feet, and stopped, 
 when the women, each opposite her own rag, made one dig at the 
 groxmd vnth her hoe, dropped in about a dozen seeds, and lightly 
 covered them over. The two men went on with their line six feet 
 further, the women followed — and so they planted away till the field 
 was completed — the result being, that when the plants came up, they 
 were six feet apart fi-om each other either way, and as regularly and 
 beautifully set as if they had been put in by rule and square. They 
 grew very fast, and in about three weeks or a month were five or six 
 inches high, and thickly clustered together, as nearly every seed had 
 come up. 
 
 " The women then went back again and ' singled ' the young plants 
 — that is, they pulled up and threw away all except two or three of 
 the strongest-looking. In another month these were twelve to 
 eighteen inches high, when the singling process was repeated ; but 
 this time only one plant was allowed to remain in the spot where it 
 was fii'st planted. They were carefully moulded up and kept clear of 
 weeds, and all bottom shoots or ' water sprouts ' were broken off till 
 the end of July, when the shi'ubs being about five feet high, became 
 covered with bright yellow blossoms, not xmlike those of the hollyhock. 
 After this, it was not allowable to go through the fields for any pur- 
 pose, as the buds and blossoms might be broken off. The cotton 
 flower soon faded and was succeeded by the pod or fruit, about the 
 size of a small apricot, and somewhat pointed in shape. By the middle 
 of September the fine diy weather had ripened these, and the shell 
 burst into three parts, from which hung the white wool. This it was 
 necessary to gather at once, before even a shower had wet it, or before 
 the wind had blown it out, and scattered it over the ground. This 
 'blow of cotton,' which was called the first crop, continued in suc- 
 cession till Chi'istmas — the harvest time — when everybody turned out 
 to gather the crop. A little before sunset, the people came into the 
 logics or store-houses, where each person's cotton was weighed. The 
 men were generally bad and clumsy pickers, and brought only 30 or 
 40 lbs., but the more quick-fingered women, particularly those who
 
 PREFACE. Ixi 
 
 could take two or three cHldren into the field to help them, came 
 bending along imder the weight of 100 lbs. or more of cotton. 
 
 " I may here mention that cotton, as it comes from the tree, is cal- 
 culated to give one-third its weight in merchantable cotton— that is, 
 100 lbs. of cotton will yield 33^^ lbs. of clean cotton, after all the 
 seeds have been separated from it. Close to the logics or store-houses, 
 were the drogheries or drying-places, formed of tiles laid on the 
 groimd, on which the cotton was exposed to the sim. This was done 
 by children ; and it took three or four days thoroughly to dry a batch 
 of cotton, the point of perfection being when the seed was dry enough 
 to crack crisply between the teeth. The cotton might then be safely 
 stowed away to await the ' gin-men ; ' but if packed up without this 
 preparatory process, it would heat and spoil, with the chance of 
 spontaneous combustion. 
 
 " Up to this point, the work of the estate might have been carried 
 on entirely by women and children. But now came the hard work, 
 viz. the separating the seed fi'om the cotton, or ' ginning,' as it is 
 called. The ' gin-house ' was a large shed open at the sides ; and on 
 entering it, the visitor saw what he would probably imagine to be 
 many knife -giinders working away at their wheels, while they turned 
 them with their feet — for so was the foot-gin worked. Only, in place 
 of the grindstone there were two rollers about 18 inches long, and as 
 thick as an office ruler, tmTiing in opposite dii'ections, one above the 
 other, and almost touching — one being made of brass, and the other of 
 a peculiarly tough wood (Yaruri or paddle wood). In front of these 
 rollers was a small feeding-board, at which the gin-man stood, and 
 fi'om which he fed the rollers with cotton, all the time causing them to 
 turn at a quick, steady rate, by pressing with the foot on , the treddle 
 of his gin. The cotton wool passed thi'ough the rollers into a bag, 
 and the seed, being too large to pass, went its way through a slit 
 in the feeding-board. A good gin-man finished about 50 lbs. of 
 clean cotton a-day, that is, 150 lbs. of seed cotton. But the cotton was 
 not even yet ready for shipping, for a few seeds might have been 
 crushed by the rollers in the process of ginning, and not only mingled 
 little particles of theii' black husks with the wool, but also stained it 
 with the oil which they contained. A few di'y leaves also might have 
 escaped the sharp eyes of the children when drying the cotton, and 
 these crushed by the rollers, sullied the otherwise vii'gin pm'ity of the 
 wool. It was, therefore, handed over to women, about 60 lbs. to each, 
 who picked out every particle of impuiity before giving it over to 
 be ' baled.' Very much of the mai'kot value of the cotton depends
 
 Ixii PEEFACE. 
 
 on this hand-cleaning. It is light, easy work, and may be done 
 in a drawing-room, and, I daresay, would give employment to hun- 
 dreds of women and children who are now imaccustomed to out-door 
 work. 
 
 " The cotton was now packed by means of a press and a powerful 
 screw into bales about 30 inches square, each containing 330 lbs., so 
 tight that they might be floated out to boats in the offing without 
 being penetrated by the water. Having got our cotton ready for 
 market, I must now go back to the field, where we kej^t all hands busy 
 picking the first crop, which lasted till Christmas, and sometimes 
 later. In January, showers generally fell and produced a new bloom 
 on the trees ; in February and March the second crop was gathered. 
 This second picking, indeed, might have been in some degree con- 
 tinued all the year roimd ; but it was necessary to prune the trees 
 down early in April, so as to prepare them for the crop in the Sep- 
 tember following. This was very rapidly done, a couple of men to one 
 acre, armed with sharp bills er cutlasses, trimmed down everything to 
 about breast height, and left the field as level as a billiard table. This 
 process of pruning might be continued annually for as many years as 
 you liked, for the trees never died ; but after five or six years they got 
 ' woody ; ' and it was then always well to plant anew. 
 
 " It is not easy to give very exact information on an important 
 point in cotton-growing, viz. the yield per acre. One year we got 
 600 lbs. of clean merchantable cotton from every acre in cultivation, 
 on an estate of 500 acres; but this was considered something good. 
 I do not think in the worst years the yield ever fell below 200 lbs. an 
 acre ; and, perhaps, it would be safe to estimate the average yield of 
 an acre of cotton in Demerara at 900 lbs. of seed cotton, or 300 lbs. 
 of clean cotton. This was the way things were done five-and- twenty 
 years ago ; but should cotton cidtivation be re-introduced, of course 
 it would be accompanied by horse husbandry and steam, and all the 
 other appliances which modern science has devised to save human 
 labour. With the aid of the hand-gin, the fibre might be brought 
 to market without the laboiu* of a single able-bodied man. No crop 
 could be so easily raised and prepared by om- cottage farmers, for 
 every member of a household, down to children of eight or nine years 
 of age, might perform some part of the process." 
 
 Plantain Fibre, Nos. 1 and 2. — The plantain is an annual 
 herbaceous tree, the stem of which averages about 30 inches in cir- 
 cumference and 10 feet in height. It contains upwards of 90 per
 
 PREFACE. Ixiii 
 
 cent, of water, holding salts and tannin in solittion. Its solid parts 
 consist of fibre and connecting cellular tissue. Tlio fibre of tbousands 
 of acres of plantains is lost annually in this Colony fi-om the want of 
 a simple and inexpensive machine for separating it. The tree must 
 always be cut down to obtain the fruit, and the stem containing the 
 fibre is allowed to rot on the gi'oimd. Coidd an efficient and cheap 
 machine be invented, the fibre would be almost entirely profit to the 
 planter. The banana" yields less fibre than the plantain tree, and its 
 fibre is generally tinted. 
 
 Various attemj^ts have been recently made to construct machinery 
 for mamrfactiu-ing the plantain fibre. Subsequently to the Exhibition 
 at Paris, in 1855, strenuous efforts were made to establish the produc- 
 tion of fibre in this Colony as an article of export, and the Messrs. 
 Watson had fibre-making machinery put up and tried on their estate, 
 Haagshosch, but it was not found well adapted for the pui-pose, the 
 stems in their natui-al state being so much more bulky than was 
 allowed for in constructing the machines. 
 
 Mr. A. D. Van der Gon Netschek, when proprietor of plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen, on the west bank of the River Demerara, in 1855, 
 furnished the following interesting particulars relative to the cultiva- 
 tion of the plantain : — 
 
 " The experience of ten years on a cultivation of from 400 to 480 
 acres in plantains has shown that — 
 
 " 1st. On a well-kept cultivation every acre will give 300 good 
 and 50 inferior bunches of plantains per annum. 
 
 " 2nd. On every acre from 700 to 800 stems are cut per anniun, 
 either for the fruit, or in consequence of having been blown 
 down by high winds, or from disease or other reasons. 
 
 " 3rd. On every acre only 400 suckers are planted at intervals of 
 12 feet, in rows 9 feet apart, a closer planting having proved 
 to be injui'ious to the growth of the fruit and the develop- 
 ment of the stem. 
 
 " 4th. Of the suckers planted, not more than 75 out of 100 suc- 
 ceed, and the deficiencies require to be supplied. The cul- 
 tivation will give on an average 5 good crops of fruit in two 
 years. 
 
 " 5. The planting of the suckers at distances of 8 feet apart has 
 never been tried ; but I am of opinion that if so planted and 
 cut down every eight months for the stem alone, an acre 
 would give fi-om 1,400 to 1,500 good stems every cutting, or
 
 Ixiv PREFACE. 
 
 about 4,500 in two years. The cutting down the half-grown 
 trees would force more stems to grow than is the case when 
 the trees are allowed to attain matm-ity. 
 
 " 6th. The keeping up of a plantain estate, on a large scale, costs 
 j^30 per acre per annum, supposing the estate to be already 
 in good working order. 
 
 " 7th. On plantation Klein Pouderoyen, after repeated trials the 
 plantain stem on an average has been found to give 2^ lbs. 
 clean, and 1 J lb. discoloured and broken fibre, the latter only 
 fit for coarse paper. This result, however, has been obtained 
 by very imperfect machinery. 
 
 " 8th. The average weight of the plantain stem is 80 lbs. 
 
 " 9th. The stems can be transported from the field to the build- 
 ings for one dollar per hundred." 
 
 SECTION C. 
 
 CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ARTICLES AND 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 " Gtiiana," writes Malte Brun, " is famed for its medicinal plants. 
 It supplies Europe with Quassia, or the wood of Sm-inam, The 
 Doliclios pruriens, the Palma Christi, a species of Ipecacuanha, Gentian, 
 the Costus arahicus, the Copaiba balsam, and many others are men- 
 tioned in the memoirs of Bajon and Aublet." Although this field of 
 observation is comparatively unknown and uninvestigated, yet in 
 addition to the simples or remedies familiar only to the Indians, the 
 following dregs and materials used in the arts, some of well-known 
 commercial value, may be enumerated, as a few among the products of 
 the Colony. The Greenheart, whose bark and seeds yield Bibirine ; 
 Angostura bark, so efficacious in the milder forms of fever ; Simaruba, 
 the reputation of which is established in the cure of dysentery ; the 
 well-known Sarsaparilla ; Spigelia ; Eryngium fceiidum, a new uterine 
 specific ; BhizopJiora racemosa, found remedial in chylous urine ; laurel 
 oil, useful in chronic rheumatism, and an admirable solvent of India- 
 rubber ; tobacco, physic-nuts, wild cinnamon, ginger, guinea-pepper, 
 capsicums, pimento, nutmegs, blackpepper, toyo, lemon-grass, wild 
 honey, the fragrant tonka bean, and the odoriferous vanilla. The vege- 
 table treasures of the mountainous regions have not yet been explored ; 
 but Dr. Hancock is of opinion that cinchona will be found on the
 
 PREFACE. JXY 
 
 Makerapan range of mountains. Over the whole settled parts of the 
 Colony is to be seen the papaw, with its wonderful property of intene- 
 rating fresh animal fibre ; and in the remote creeks and recesses (f 
 the interior gi'ows the Strychnos toxifera, one of the constituents of 
 the famous Woui*ali poison. 
 
 After the close of the Exhibition of 1862, several of the medicinal 
 barks contributed by the Committee of Correspondence were, at the 
 instance of Miss Burdett-Coutts, subjected to the test of actual 
 experiment in the treatment of disease by Mr. Charles Hunter, 
 surgeon to the Eoyal Pimlico Dispensary. Of the decoction of the 
 bark of the Greenheart, that gentleman reports : " The effects of the 
 Sipiri seemed to be to remove feverishness and strengthen both the 
 stomach and system generally ; the proportion of tonic principle in a 
 given amount of this bark is much less than in the case of cinchona." 
 Of the decoction of Bibirine he says : " This I have given in three cr 
 four cases, two being slight fever, with enlargement of the tonsils in 
 children. Benefit followed in each case. The decoction was much 
 more bitter than the ordinary decoction of Greenheart bark." Mr. 
 Hunter, moreover, instituted a series of experiments with the Wourali 
 poison, leading to the subjoined, amongst other conclusions : — That the 
 Woiu-ali is a most powerful poison ; that the hypodermical injection 
 of a liqxud solution places it in our power to regulate the dose to a 
 nicety ; that the muscles of the body and extremities may for days be 
 more or less convulsed and paralysed, whilst the brain is unaffected 
 and digestion remains perfect ; that death aj)pears to result from 
 paralytic apnoea — apuoea accompanied by a loss of power in the respira- 
 tory muscles and not from coma, or a cessation of cardiac action. Mr. 
 HuKTER adds, the expression of his full belief that both nicotine (with 
 the action of which it has a marked similarity) and the Wom-ali have 
 remarkable powers in them well adapted for combating severe spas- 
 modic affections, of which tetanus is but one example ; and he suggests 
 the desirableness of obtaining and fm-nishiug good samples of each of 
 the active ingredients of the Wourali, for they separately, and being 
 pm-e, may prove more valuable than the Wourali does itself, in a 
 medical point of view. 
 
 The forests also yield their contribxitions to the Arts. Gums 
 from the Locust-tree, from the Maui, from the Hyawa, from the 
 Kurakai, and from the Wallaba ; oils from the Crab-tree, from the 
 Cocoanut, the Monkey-Pot, the Wangala, the Souari, the Acuyuri 
 palm and the Cucm'it palm, are abundant. Arnatto, Fustic, Lana, 
 Turmeric, Indigo, Logwood, and Brazil-wood, furnish materials for 
 
 p
 
 Ixvi PREFACE. 
 
 dyeing, and barks suitable for tanning are innumerable. Eeferring to 
 some of the vegetable products of tbis Colony, Dr. Hancock makes 
 the following observations : " Tbe Acqueru (Acuyuri) is a palm of 
 moderate size, tbe fruit of wbicb aifords an abundance of a sweet 
 bland oil, of a golden yellow colour, and of tbe finest quality. Tbe 
 large, sweet, and juicy fruit of tbe Ubudi affords a delicious wine, and 
 its bark is of great use as an application to foul ulcers. Altbougli 
 tbis country bas been but little explored, it is ratber extraordinary 
 tbat tbis fruit, one of tbe finest of tbe American Continent, sbould 
 still remain totally unknown in Europe. Tbe Dali, or Wild Nutmeg, 
 a species of Myristica, abounds in tbe interior, and furnisbes a vege- 
 table tallow, wbicb forms excellent candles, and, witb an alkali, a soap 
 of tbe finest balsamic quality. Here are numerous species of Cassia ; 
 tbe caoutcbouc wbicb gives tbe valuable elastic resin, and a multitude 
 of gum-resins. Tbe Hyawa, or Incense tree, perfumes tbe forest witb 
 its salutiferous balsam : and tbe great Siruba tree not only furnisbes 
 tbe finest timber in tbe world for sbip-building, but also, by incision, 
 a campboraceous etbereal fluid, a product wbicb, so far as we know, is 
 witbout parallel in nature." 
 
 Tbe forests yield caoutcbouc, and a variety of gums of allied 
 nature. One of tbese, recently known as ' Balata,' possesses properties 
 intermediate between tbose of caoutcbouc and gutta percba. Altbough 
 several of tbis class of gums differ but slightly in chemical composi- 
 tion, it is well known tbat they are possessed of very different proper- 
 ties. For example, gutta percba becomes plastic when immersed in 
 hot water, a property not possessed by caoutchouc. Again, while the 
 latter can be extended with facility in all directions, the former admits 
 of extension only in the direction of the fibre or grain. Caoutcbouc 
 seems impermeable to water even under great jiressiu^e and elevated 
 temperature, while gutta percba is of a somewhat porous nature, and 
 not so well adapted to tbe purposes of insidation in the construction of 
 submarine telegi-apbs. This fact appears to have been established by 
 the experimental researches of the Messrs. Silver and Co., of London. 
 WhUe it is desirable that a more extensive knowledge sbould be 
 obtained of the various gums yielded, by the forest trees and plants 
 of this Colony, attention shoidd be strongly dii'ccted to the im- 
 portance of extending and improving the preparation of caoutcbouc, 
 as being likely to be attended with benefit in a commercial point of 
 view. The numerous samples brought from the Upper Essequebo, 
 although of fair value, indicate tbat the process of prejxaration admits 
 of great improvement.
 
 • rriEFACE. Ixvii 
 
 Balata, Nos. 4 AND 5. — This substance, first discovered in Suri- 
 nam, is the inspissated juice of tlie Bully Tree (Scqjota Mullerl f or 
 Mhmisops Balata, Gaert., Achnis Balata, Aubl. ?) The tree was well 
 known to abound in this Colony, and Dr. Van Holst, who had visiteil 
 Surinam, on his return to Berbice, collected a quantity of the gum, 
 with the view of bringing it into notice. It appears that Mr. D. 
 Melville, of Berbice, without being aware of its discovery in Suri- 
 nam, had directed his attention to the milky juice of the Bully Tree, 
 in his exertions to fulfil a promise made to Messrs. Silver in 1859, 
 to search the forests of this country for a substitute for India-rubber. 
 
 The following remarks on the subject, well worthy of consideration' 
 are from a paper communicated by Mr. Melville to the Corresj)ond- 
 ence Committee of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society : — • 
 
 " The Bully-tree, from which this gum, or gum elastic is ob- 
 tained, is found throughout the colonies of British, iJutch, and French 
 Guiana ; and although known from the earliest history of this Colony 
 as furnishing one of the most durable materials for house building, 
 &c., it is strange that the abundant secretions of milk in its bark 
 should until very recently have escaped attention. 
 
 " The first attcmj^t to introduce this material to the notice of British 
 capitalists as an article possessing some j)robable commercial value, 
 was made by the writer early in the year 1860, when a small quantity 
 of the gum sufficient for experimental purj^oses was sent to the house 
 of Messrs. Silver & Co., of London. This was sent in consequence 
 of a promise made to Mr. Silver in 1850, when visiting their fac- 
 tory at Silver-Town, to search the forests of Guiana on my return for 
 a substitute for India-rubber, Mr. S. having expressed his apprehen- 
 sions of the supply ( f that material failing them. The rej)ort on the 
 article was then hardly satisfactory ; but at the Exhibition of 1862, 
 Sir William Holmes actively interested himself in bringing the speci- 
 mens with which he was provided into furtlier and more prominent 
 notice. Towards the end of that year an application was made by the 
 Messrs. Silver, urging that a few pounds of the dried material should 
 be forwarded by return mail, if possible, to enable them to make 
 certain experiments that might lead to satisfactory results. It so 
 happened, that this communication was received just a day or two 
 previous to the disj)atching of a boat and crew which had been pre- 
 pared for the Canje Ci'cek for the purpose of collecting a quantity of 
 the gnim meant to be submitted to the Gutta Percha Company of 
 London. No delay was therefore experienced in the matter. The 
 
 p 2
 
 Ixviii PREFx^>CE. 
 
 quantity of Balata asked for by tlie Messrs. Silver was promptly for- 
 warded, and this, followed by larger shipments, formed the initiatory 
 of a new trade in the Canje Creek. 
 
 • "In Berbice the tree is found most abundantly on the low reefs of 
 the swampy Cauje, and of sizes varying from 6 to 30 inches in dia- 
 meter, and 20 to 60 feet of stem, clear of branches. There are two 
 varieties, differing from each other mainly in the shape of the fruit 
 and colour of the leaf. In one, the fruit is oval ; in the other it is 
 nearly round, being slightly depressed at the iipex, and about the size 
 of a large cherry. The crust-like rind encloses a sweet pulp and 
 large seed, similar in every respect to the sapodilla. The leaves are 
 oblong ; the upper surface of a dark green, while the under is of a 
 brownish tint, and glossy, but in the oval-fruited tree the shade of 
 brown is much deeper ; the milk, also, is of a redder hue than that 
 procm-ed from the roimd-fi-uited tree, due to the presence of a larger 
 amount of tannin. 
 
 " The milk of the Bully-tree is perfectly wholesome, and is some- 
 times used in the ' bush,' as a substitute for cow's milk in coffee or tea. 
 
 " In tapping for Balata, the cutlass is the instrument chiefly em- 
 ployed. The rough and woody outer bark is first scraped off, then a 
 number of slanting gashes are made as high up the tree as the arm of 
 the tapper will reach ; in some cases double cuts are made, and the 
 intermediate bark removed. The milk flowing from these cuts on 
 each side, trickles down the centre to the foot of the tree, where 
 it is conducted into a calabash, or other receptacle, by means of a leaf, 
 one end of which is inserted under the bark of the tree, forming a sort 
 of shoot. The quantity of milk thus obtainable from an average-sized 
 tree, varies from 15 to 20 ounces, which, when dried, will give from three- 
 quarters of a pound to a poimd weight of solid Balata. This process 
 does not injure the tree ; those that have been tapped a year or two 
 ago, may now be seen with a new bark filling up the old incisions. 
 
 " From some of the trees the milk flows freely for a few minutes, 
 after which it only di'ips, and in two or thi'ee hours after stops alto- 
 gether. 
 
 " Another mode of obtaining the milk is by felling the tree and 
 ringing or making circular cuts along the whole length of it about a 
 foot apart from each other ; these cuts are made about an inch wide, 
 and a calabash is placed on the ground under each of them to receive 
 the exuding milk, which will continue to flow for several hom'S, pro- 
 vided the tree is not exposed to the sun. An average sized tree will 
 tlius yield from one to five gallons of milk (or 5i to 11 lbs. of dry 
 
 I
 
 PREFACE, Isix 
 
 glim). Hollow trees yield much more milk than sonnd ones. The 
 gum obtained by this process is mueh less coloured with tannin than 
 that collected by tapjiiug the standing trees, but the method is a most 
 improvident and wasteful one, as apart from the destruction of the tree, 
 which is seldom utilized, it is but a small proportion of the milk it 
 contains that is thus secured. The branches, although capable of 
 yielding the milk, in all cases, much more copiously than the trunk, 
 are never bled, being more troublesome to deal with. To prevent this 
 waste, and at the same time secure the large and continuous supply 
 of Balata which they were anxious and m-gent to procm-e, the i)ro- 
 moters of the euterin-ise in England incurred heavy expenses in adopt- 
 ing and sending out machinery for extracting the juice from the bark, 
 and a mill di'iven by steam power was erected and worked both in the 
 Mahaiconi Creek and Berbice ; but after large shipments of the gum 
 thus procured had gone forward, it was only a short while ago pro- 
 nounced to be almost unmerchantable fi-om the excessive amoimt of im- 
 piu-ities it contained ; at the same time, owing to a decline in the price of 
 gutta percha, a check was given to all Balata operations. The gum 
 procured by means of the bark-crushing machines can, however, with 
 little trouble be rendered quite as merchantable as that obtained by 
 tapping, only the process hitherto adopted of boiling the juice must 
 not be resorted to. The simplest method is to dry the material in 
 clay pits, and afterwards remove the impui-ities by washing them out 
 in hot water, Eennet also is most likely to have the effect of coagu- 
 lating the pure milk and separating it from all impiu-ities, 
 
 " The Bully-tree yields its milk most abundantly dui-ing the rainy 
 season (to which the foregoing remarks apply), and the best time for 
 tapping the trees is at early morning, and a day or two after the full 
 moon, from which time operations can be carried on without interrup- 
 tion until the next new moon appears, when the yield rapidly abates 
 and the tappers can hardly earn a day's pay. Be the influence what 
 it may that acts on the trees, the moon certainly marks the fluctuations 
 of it. In low swampy lands tapping can be carried on even in dry 
 weather, but it is necessary for the tappers to be at their work by day- 
 break, for as soon as the sun gets well uj) the milk ceases to flow. 
 
 " The material dries readily on exposure to the air, and much 
 better out of the sun than in it. In diy weather the exjwsed surface, 
 Avhich in two or three days hardens and assumes the coloiu- and con- 
 sistence of sole-leather, may be lifted off, and the under side exposed 
 to be hardened in its tui-n. This process is continued imtil the whole 
 mass of milk in the vessel is dried, when it is put up for shipment in
 
 IXX PREFACE. 
 
 sheets or moulded into blocks by means of hot water. It dries with 
 difficulty in rainy weather, often remaining for \^'eek8 without forming 
 a skin hard enough to be handled; but the whole body of litjuid 
 gradually thickens to the bottom of the recej)tacle. It is very sus- 
 ceptible to changes in the weather, and is constantly alternating from 
 thick to thin as the weather changes from wet to dry. This may 
 continue for six or eight weeks, by which time the whole mass has 
 thickened to the consistence of cream, the exposed sm-face being now 
 about dry enough to be lifted and turned. ■■ 
 
 " The milk dries best in wooden vessels, which from the absorbent 
 nature of the material hastens the process. It is cui-ious and interest- 
 ing to observe when peeling off the last layer of Balata, how beautifully 
 every vein, grain, or knot of the wood is dejiicted on the side that 
 was in contact with the bottom of the box. This peculiar property of 
 the gum led me to make experiments with it on engravings. The 
 specimen submitted is only a transfer of the picture from a paj)er to a 
 Balata surface ; but in a previous experiment I succeeded in obtaining 
 a perfect copy of the picture, without injmy to the original, true in 
 every minutias, but it was rather faint, and resembles a negative photo- 
 graph, the lights and shades being reversed. 
 
 " If the gum is dried in tin, zinc, or iron vessels, it becomes per- 
 fectly black, having a bright metallic appeai-ance. 
 
 " It coagulates instantly in alcohol or other spirits, but the gum is 
 said to be injured by this process. 
 
 " Balata is leathery in colour and appearance. It is heavier than 
 water ; a piece selected as clean, dense, solid and dry, showed a specific 
 gravity of 1"0422, It ignites and burns freely, evolving an odoiu- like 
 bm'nt cheese. 
 
 " It is soluble in chloroform, also in coal-oil, naphtha, and bisul- 
 phide of carbon, but only so long as these solvents are hot. Upon 
 cooling, the gum sejiarates, and dej)Osits in a granular and disinte- 
 grated state. At a temperature of 120' Fahi-enheit, in common ^dth 
 gutta percha, it softens and becomes plastic. After some days' mace- 
 ration in water, it gives out a colouring matter, and absorbs. A week's 
 maceration showed an absorption of 5 per cent. Exposed to a tem- 
 peratm'e of 300^ Fahrenheit, in common with gutta percha, it melts ; 
 and uj)on cooling recovers its former hardness. It resembles both 
 gutta percha and caoutchouc in its deportment, with excess of sulphur 
 and heat, viz. conversion into a hard or horny material. ' 
 
 " Balata resembles caoutchouc with adm'.xtui'cs of smaller propor-
 
 PREFACE. Ixxi 
 
 tions of sulphur and treatment by heat, yielding an elastic and soft 
 vulcanized substance. 
 
 " It has been tested as an insulator, and found to be far superior 
 to gutta percha, and second only to India-rubber. 
 
 " The glim is applicable for all pm-poses to which gutta percha 
 has been applied ; and, at the present moment, the following manufac- 
 tui-od articles are to be procui-ed from the " India-rubber, Gutta 
 Percha, and Telegraph Works Company of London," viz. : — 
 
 Sheet Balata of all thicknesses. 
 
 Shoe soles and heels. 
 
 Cord, tubing, buckets. 
 
 Bed pans, basins, ewers (coloured and plain). 
 
 Carboys, syphons, funnels. 
 
 Acid scoops and pouvers. 
 
 Chamber bowls, life buoys, &c., &c., &c. 
 " The material seems peculiarly adapted for making artificial 
 flowers (see Specimens exhibited).* It combines readily with coloui-s, 
 and can easily be formed into thin sheets, and as regards dm-ability 
 it stands imrivalled. 
 
 " It has recently been used by Dr. Watkins as a splint for a 
 broken arm, and was found to answer the pui'pose admirably, adapting 
 itself, after immersion in hot water, exactly to the shape required, and 
 hardening again soon after ; while a manufactiu-ed gutta percha splint 
 was found to be perfectly useless from being old and brittle. Pure 
 Balata never becomes brittle. 
 
 " The following is a statement of the principal shipments of Balata 
 from Berbice : — 
 
 lbs. 
 
 In 1863 3,654 
 
 „ 1864 16,595 
 
 „ 1865 20,000 
 
 Enough, however, has been said on this and other occasions to 
 indicate the unlimited field v.'hich the Colony ofiers for scientific, 
 patient, and systematic investigation, and to establish the practical 
 benefits to which such investigation would lead. The great drawback 
 hitherto to a fuller recognition of its importance apparently consists 
 in the want of sufficient and continuous supplies, to enable manufac- 
 turers and scientific men to introduce its products into the general 
 markets for consumption. 
 
 * Catalogue ; Section G.
 
 Ixxii PREFACE. 
 
 SECTION D. 
 
 WOODS FOE BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 In treating of the timber and furniture woods of the Colony, we 
 may observe tliat the descriptive particulars embodied in the Catalogue 
 itself, supply all material information connected with their qualities 
 and relative usefulness. It may be asserted, without reservation, 
 that in this branch the natural productions of this Colony vie with 
 those of any other part of the world. Two prizes were awarded 
 to our timbers by the juries of the Great Exhibition in London, in 
 1851 ; and the excellence of two of them, namely, Mora and Green- 
 heart, is acknowledged at Lloyd's, where they rank among the Eicjht 
 first-class woods for shipbuilding. 
 
 It is a matter of much regi'et to the Committee that the collection 
 is deficient in many specimens of great interest and value, owing to 
 accidental causes which could not have been anticipated, and which 
 there is, imhaj^pily, no time to remedy. It would, however, be easy to 
 procure samples of most of them, should any person desire to have 
 them, with a view to bringing them into use. 
 
 It has been already intimated that vessels of large draft of water 
 can ascend the rivers to a considerable distance, and load timber from 
 the wood-cutting establishments. Extensive tracts of primitive forests 
 are yet vmtouched, especially beyond the Rapids, the difficulty of 
 floating the timber over, operating at present against theii' full 
 development. We cannot better wind up our remai'ks under this head, 
 than by quoting the following paragi-aphs from the work published by 
 Sir Robert Schombuegk, twenty-five years ago, while we have to 
 express om- regret, that notwithstanding specimens of om" shipbuilding 
 woods have been furnished to the naval yards at Bermuda and in 
 England, no effectual step has hitherto been taken, so far as we know, 
 towards the practical realization of the suggestions therein contained. 
 By reference to the tables of exports in page xxv, however, it will be 
 seen that the demand for our timber has largely increased since the 
 Exhibition of 1851, though it fluctuates considerably according to 
 the condition of the home markets : — 
 
 " The fitness of the timbers for naval architecture is remarkable, 
 and in some instances is said to surpass that of Teak, The Green- 
 heart, the Mora, and Souari or Sewari, of all other woods, are most 
 unquestionably the best adapted for shipbuilding. Within the last
 
 PREFACE. Ixxiii 
 
 ten or twelve years a considerable quantity of brown Greenheart has 
 been sent to Liverpool and Greenock; and I have been told that 
 builders and others interested in shipping ai'e now of opinion, after 
 about ten years' trial of the wood, that in strength and durability it is 
 superior to any Oak, and it actually commands a higher price. 
 
 "Had these woods been introduced and extensively employed in 
 the Eoyal Dockyards fifteen or twenty ycai's ago, it is the opinion of 
 competent judges that we should not now hear much of dry-rot and 
 ExAif's patent ; and not to mention the rapid decay of vessels built 
 of English and African Oak, and the consequent fi'equent repairs, 
 ^■ith what saving to Government would it not have been connected ! 
 If, therefore, the attention of the Navy Board could be drawn to the 
 important fact that British Guiana can furnish the finest and most 
 dui'able Moods in the world, in sufficient quantities to supply all the 
 shipbuilding establishments in Great Britain, a double benefit wordd 
 arise from it — namely, the saving to Government, and the increased 
 demand for this important production of the Colony. The first 
 experiment might be to establish a dockyard for the repair of such 
 of her Majesty's cruisers on the West India station as di-aw not 
 more than eighteen or nineteen feet of water. The outlay of such an 
 establishment would be trifling, if the importance of ultimate success 
 be considered." 
 
 We are informed by Wallace that when Brazil aiid Venezuela were 
 under the Portuguese and Spanish governments respectively, building 
 yards were established in several places where good timber was to be 
 found, and the Indians were emj)loyed under naval architects from 
 Spain and Portugal in the construction of vessels for the coasting and 
 inland trade. These are still carried on, and the Indians form the 
 framework and fit on the planks of fine little vessels of 100 tons and 
 iipwards, with no other tools than axe, adze, and hammer. On an 
 average these craft do not last more than six or eight years — many not 
 more than two or three — though there are woods which will stand for 
 thirty years perfectly sound. 
 
 The Committee bog to call attention to the table of specific gravities 
 of fifty-nine specimens of native woods prepared for the International 
 Exhibition in London in 1862, by their late colleague, Mr. J. T. Bouexe, 
 formerly Colonial Civil Engineer.* In a few instances, with a view 
 to facilitate comparison, Mr. Bouene has added the specific gi-avities 
 of some European woods, and, in addition, it will not be irrelevant to 
 
 * See Note C, p. xcv.
 
 Ixxiv 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 reproduce in tliis form the results of tlie inquiries instituted and tests 
 ajjplied by the late Captain Fowke, E.E., to ascertain the comparative 
 value for piu-poses of construction of some of the specimens of forest 
 timbers supplied by British Guiana to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, 
 which will also be found in the present collection. 
 
 The fii'st experiment made was to ascertain the breaking weight, 
 the specimen being supported at the ends, and the strain being 
 applied at right angles to its length midway between the points of 
 support. The other experiments were directed to ascertain the power 
 of the woods to bear a crushing strain, applied both in the direction 
 of the grain (1), and also in a transverse direction (2), forming two dis- 
 tinct series of experiments, of which the testimony, as indicating the 
 valuable qualities of the Guiana woods, must be considered highly 
 satisfactory. It has been suggested by one of the most intelligent 
 and experienced wood-cutters in the Colony, that it would be very 
 desirable to have the series of exjjeriments above alluded to renewed ; 
 and that the wood named " Piu'pleheart " (CojKiifera puhijiora, Benth.) 
 might, amongst others, probably be found well adapted for the inner 
 lining or skin of armour-plated ships : — 
 
 Name of Specimen. 
 
 Size of Specimen. 
 
 Bvpaking 
 Weitilit. 
 
 Crashing 
 Weight t(l) 
 
 Crushing 
 W^eightt (2) 
 
 Amount 
 Yielded. 
 
 *5Cabacam .. .. 
 
 
 2^ by 2 in. sq. 
 
 71630 lbs. 
 
 9920-7 lbs. 
 
 8818-4 lbs. 
 
 0-45 
 
 20 Mora 
 
 
 2 ., 
 
 9697-6 „ 
 
 9920-7 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-50 
 
 3 Houbaballi . . 
 
 
 2 
 
 4518-2 „ 
 
 5411-5 „ 
 
 8818-4 ., 
 
 0-60 
 
 10 Wadachxri .... 
 
 
 2 
 
 10689-4 „ 
 
 12125-3 „ 
 
 88184 „ 
 
 0-62 
 
 30 Purpleheait . . 
 
 
 2 
 
 6391-0 „ 
 
 9920-7 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-56 
 
 16 Wamara 
 
 
 2 
 
 12122-0 „ 
 
 12566-2 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-55 
 
 14 Sipiri or Greeu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heart (yellow) 
 
 
 
 lU „ 
 
 145280 „ 
 
 12125-3 „ 
 
 6613-8 „ 
 
 0-11 
 
 Do. (black).. 
 
 
 
 13224-0 „ 
 
 15432-2 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-51 
 
 36 Cuamara 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Tonka) .. .. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10469-0 „ 
 
 11463-9 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-34 
 
 25 Ducal abaUi . . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9367-0 „ 
 
 13227-6 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-57 
 
 35Wallaba .. .. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5510-0 „ 
 
 6613-8 „ 
 
 3306-9 „ 
 
 0-49 
 
 17 SUverballi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (yellow) .. .. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 4297-8 „ 
 
 7716-1 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-62 
 
 26 Carapa 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5510-0 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-54 
 
 19 iSimiri 
 
 1 
 
 15 ,. 
 
 6171-2 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 8818-4 „ 
 
 0-GO 
 
 * Tliese numbers refer to the numbers of the specimens in the Catalogue, 
 Section D. 
 
 t Direct and transverse straius.
 
 PREFACE. kxv 
 
 SECTION E. 
 
 i:n^dian manufactuees and miscellaneous 
 aeticles. 
 
 The specimens of the products of the ingenuity of the native trihes 
 of Indians wiU, doubtless, attract much attention. The condition of 
 this singular race cannot but excite interest in the minds of all who 
 have an opportunity of studying their character, and reflecting on the 
 little that is authentically known of their histoiy. 
 
 It is, of com-se, difficult to arrive at anything like the exact 
 numbers of a wandering timid people, who shrink fiom contact with 
 strangers, and who are almost unapproachable in the interior ; the 
 access to which — when the rivers, the great highways of internal 
 communication, are left behind — is knowTi to but themselves. The 
 late census assumed the total nimiber resident within the limits 
 claimed for the British territory at 7,000 ; but Mi-. M'CiiixxocK, the 
 SujDerintendent of the Elvers and Creeks for Pomeroon, who resides 
 entirely amongst Indians, and takes an active and earnest interest in 
 advocating their claims to assistance in religious and educational in- 
 struction, carries this estimate much higher. He gives the Indian 
 population of his own district at nearly 6,000 ; and from his knowledge 
 of the Indian population generally throughout the Colony, he thinks 
 the total number cannot be less than from twenty to twenty-fom* thou- 
 sand. He assumes that since 1851 there has been a considerable 
 increase o^^ing to the missions having led to the adoption of more 
 settled habits, and he strenuously advocates the augmentation of those 
 means of civilization. The Eev. Mr. Lobscheid, a chm-ch missionai-y 
 in China, who visited British Guiana in 1857-58, with the view of 
 forming his own opinion as to the condition of the Chinese immigrants, 
 records his opinion that were Christian Chinese families brought into 
 the ncighbom-hood of the Indian mission stations, they would soon 
 intermarry ^ith the Indians, and thus absorb the remainder of those 
 interesting people. 
 
 It would appear, moreover, as if within the last few years some 
 progress had been made in overcoming the tendency of the Indians to 
 wander over the coimtry. At the latest visitation of the Bishop of 
 Guiana to the Pomeroon Missions, there were present between 800
 
 \xxvi PHEFACE. 
 
 and IjOOO of tliem, including representatives of the following ti-ibes : 
 Arawaaks, Caribs, Waraus, Accawais, and some half-dozen of a tribe 
 almost unknown to Europeans, called Mai-ong-kong, from the Upper 
 Orinoco. The Eiver Corentyn is now the only river in which no pro- 
 vision exists for the si3i ritual instruction of the Indian tribes, of whom, 
 we are informed by the Eev. Mr. Veness, a clergyman who visited the 
 river in 1866, for the purpose of acquainting himself mth their actual 
 position, there are in the lower district about 250, partly Arawaaks 
 and partly Warraus, mth a few Caribs. Mr. Veness remarks that the 
 different tribes are less scnipulous there than in other parts of the 
 Colony as to intermarriage, there being several instances of Arawaaks 
 taking Warrau wives, and vice versa ; whilst, especially amongst the 
 'Caribs, there are evident traces of the admixture of negro blood. 
 Polygamy exists to some extent, and on an average there is only one 
 child to every couple of adults. 
 
 The following are the names of the different tribes known in the 
 Colony : — Arawaak, Warrau, Caribi or Caribisi, Accawai or Wacca- 
 wai, Taruma, Macusi, Arecuna, Wapisiana, Atorai, Woyawai, of which 
 the last six are found only far in the interior. Of these, the most 
 powerful are the Macusis and Arecunas, who occupy the tracts on the 
 southern and south-western boimdary ; but of the Caribs, once widely 
 spread over the West India Islands, and a terror to all who attemj)ted 
 to settle in their territories, comparatively few remain in this province. 
 In statm'e and featm'es, in customs and modes of life, the tribes gene- 
 rally resemble each other, yet there are striking differences in their 
 languages. Sir E. Schomburgk is of opinion, judging from the afdnities 
 of the roots of their dialects, that the Caribi, the Macusi, the Ai-ecima, 
 and the Wapisiana tribes, are descended from a common stock ; the 
 Accawai language is merely a dialect of the Caribi ; the others differ, 
 more or less, in their composition. 
 
 That the numbers of these people are gi-adually diminishing is the 
 concurrent opinion of all wi-iters upon the subject.* Among the causes 
 assigned for this result have been mentioned their contact with what 
 are termed civilized nations, who have tyrannized over, instead of 
 cherishing them, and who have imparted to them the vices and diseases 
 without the vii'tues of civilized life. This, however, is most assuredly 
 not applicable to the Aborigines of this Colony, who have for many 
 years past enjoyed peculiar privileges, entitling them to roam undis- 
 
 * IIumLolclt would appear to have beeu of a different opiuiou when lie visited 
 the couutrj', wliieli however was upwards of sixty j-ears ago.
 
 PREFACE. Ixxvii 
 
 tiirbed through a v.ast territory, to settle and occupy the land wherever 
 they pleased, and to cut timber on all lands not actually granted. In 
 fact, luitil a recent period, Magistrates, entitled " Protectors of Indians," 
 were charged with the duty of looking after and preserving intact 
 their rights and privileges, and more especially in protecting them 
 from imposition and oppression : and, under the superintendence of 
 these officers, a distribution was periodically made of articles supposed 
 to be useful or necessary for their comfort or support. It is known 
 that in the neighbouring territory of Venezuela the Indians are still sub- 
 jected to much opiu-ession, and it is alleged that, at the present day, the 
 Brazilian authorities have recourse to slave-himting expeditions amongst 
 them, even in the disj)uted territory ; in confirmation of which Sir 
 EoBERT ScHOMBURGK givcs thc following particulars of what he himself 
 witnessed : — " The system of the Brazilians of hunting the Indians foi" 
 slaves exists to this day in all its atrocities. These slaving expeditions, 
 or descimentos, from political motives, are always directed towards the 
 contested boundaries ; and their practice is, when arrived at a populous 
 Indian village, to await the mantle of night in ambush, and to fall upon 
 their Tinsuspecting victims when enjoying their first sleep. By set- 
 ting the cabins on fire and discharging their muskets they create con- 
 sternation, and succeed in securing the gi-eater part of the former 
 peaceful inhabitants. I had thus the grief, while at the Brazilian 
 boundary. Fort San Joaquim on the Rio Branco, in August, 1838, 
 to witness the arrival of a similar expedition, which surprised an 
 Indian village near the Ursato mountains, on the eastern bank of 
 the River Takutu, on the contested boundary of British Guiana, and 
 carried forty individuals, namely, eighteen children under twelve 
 years of ago, thirteen women, and nine men, of whom only foiu* were 
 under thirty years of age, and two above fifty, into slavery. These 
 abominable proceedings were carried on xmder the warrant of the 
 district authorities." 
 
 The Indians are reluctant to submit to European medical treat- 
 ment, and when fever or small-jiox prevails many die from neglect or 
 want of medical aid. Infanticide is believed not to exist, at all events 
 as a practice, among the Indian tribes. The law of retaliation has 
 also its effect in reducing their numbers, although the Indians are moi"C 
 amenable in this respect than they formerly were to the influence of 
 authority, whether that of the Government or of Ministers of Reli- 
 gion. Cases have even recently occurred where the kinsman of the 
 party whose blood had been shed, has intimated to the local Magistrate 
 that if the homicide were arrested and dealt with according to English
 
 Ixxviii . TEEFACE. 
 
 law, lie would waive his right to revenge ; but otherwise, sooner or 
 later, the life of the mui'derer would be taken for that of his victim. 
 Yet all these causes combined seem inadec[uate to account for the 
 gradual disappearance of this race. 
 
 There are various settlements in charge of Ministers of the Churches 
 of England and Scotland, and one connected with the Eoman Catholic 
 Church, established for the especial benefit of the Indians. These 
 efforts have been attended with considerable success ; but so strong is 
 the tendency in the Indian character to revert to the savage and no- 
 madic habits of their race, that such attempts at civilization are rarely- 
 attended with permanent results. 
 
 Though Indians are averse to labour, and apt to procrastinate, yet 
 if they once engage to execute any work, they are faithful to their 
 promise. In some districts they are of great assistance to the wood- 
 cutters, though unfortunately the associations to which they are thci*e 
 exj)osed are anything but beneficial. 
 
 The Warraus are peculiarly expert in the manufacture of corials 
 or canoes, which are made by fccooping out the trunks of trees, such 
 as the Eed Cedar, Curahuri, Itabelli, Kiirakai, &c., some of which are 
 of such dimensions as to carry a hundred people. They occupy the 
 alluvial coast flats, which would be uninhabitable but by such a race. 
 Their houses are erected over the water, and remind us of the " lake 
 dwellings" of primitive peoples elsewhere, whose remains have given 
 rise to so much interesting and ingenious speculation.* Dr. Hancock 
 
 * Herodotus, speaking of the iuliabitants of Lake Prasias amongst those wlio 
 were not conquered by Megabaziis, one of the generals of Darius, thus describos^their 
 dwellings : — " Platforms supported upon tall piles stand in the middle of the lake, 
 whicli are approached from the land by a single narrow bridge. At the iirst, tlie 
 piles which bear up the platforms were fixed in their places by the whole body of 
 the citizens, but since that time the custom wliich has prevailed about fixing them 
 is this : — they are brought from a hill called OrbGlus, and eveiy man drives in three 
 for each wife that he marries. Now the men have all many wives a-piece, and this 
 is the way in -which they live. Each has his own hub wherein he dwells, upon one 
 of the platforms, and each has also a trap-door giving access to the lake beneath ; 
 and their wont is to tie their baby childi-en by tLe foot with a string, to save them 
 from rolling into the water. They feed their horses and their other beasts ujion fish, 
 which abound in the lake to such a degree that a man has only to open his trap- 
 door and to let down a basket by a rope into the water, and tlien to wait a veiy 
 short time, wlieu he draws it up quite full of them." To this the Editor appends 
 the subjoined note :— " Eecent discoveries in the lakes of Central Europe, particu- 
 larly those of Switzerland, have confirmed in the most remarkable way this whole 
 descrijjtion of Herodotus. It appears that at an ancient date, probably anterior to 
 that of the immigration of the Celts, there lived on most of these lakes a race, or 
 races, who formed for themselves liabitalioiis almost exactly like those which He-
 
 PKEFACE. Ixxix 
 
 remarks that they exactly resemble thjc tribes on the shores of the 
 Amazon, in Brazil; their feet are splay, or what is termed "duck- 
 footed," with the toes spread out to facilitate their walking on the 
 mud. The Macusis manufactm-e the celebrated Urari, or Wourali 
 poison. This poison is in use among all the South American Indians, 
 from the Amazon to the Orinoco ; but the Macusis concoct it in the 
 greatest perfection.* For information concerning its preparation and 
 use, the reader is referred to the interesting narrative of Waterton 
 ('Wanderings in South America '), whose first journey into the interior 
 was undertaken chiefly to obtain a choice specimen from the Macusi 
 country. In the same amusing volume will be found an excellent 
 description of the blow-pipe, arrows, and quiver referred to in the 
 Catalogue, by means of which the Wourali poison is practically ap- 
 plied by the Indians in the pm'suit of game. 
 
 In consequence of the scarcity of salt among the Indians, they 
 have recourse to a mode of preserving fish and game, termed " barba- 
 cuing," which is, by suspending the meat on a frame over a wood-fire, 
 and exposing it to the smoke for about twelve hours ; it will then 
 
 roflotus here describes. At a short distance from the shore, rows of wooden piles 
 were driven into the mudJy bottom, generally disposed in lines parallel to the bank, 
 but not at regular intervals, upon which there can be no doubt that platforms were 
 placed and habitations raised. Within the area occupied by the piles, and over the 
 space immediately adjoining, are found at the bottom, often occupying a depth of 
 several feet, objects of human industry, consisting of rude pottery and various im- 
 plements in stone, bone, and bronze. Everything marks the high antiquity of 
 these remains. The potteiy is coarse in character, and shaped by the hand ; it 
 has scarcely a trace of ornament. The implements in stone and bone indicate 
 a nation in the most primitive condition. The complete, or almost complete 
 absence of iron is most significant. Also, it must be observed, that there is iu most 
 places a deposit of mud, the growth of centuries, covering the remains, in the whole 
 of which there are no implements. Bones of animals which had apparently been 
 killed for food, appear throughout the whole stratiun of mud in which the imple- 
 ments are found. In one case, at least, a remnant of the bridge has been dis- 
 covered by which the inhabitants communicated with the laud. * * * * 
 Antiquaries seem fully agreed that these are amongst the most primitive remains 
 in Europe, belonging either to the early Celtic, or, perhaps more probably, to a 
 pre-Celtic period. * * ♦ ^ similar mode of life to tliat here de- 
 
 scribed by Herodotus, and apparently practised by the early inhabitants of Switzer- 
 land, is found among the Papons of New Guinea." — Herod, etl. Huidinson, 18G2, 
 iii., p. 1S5 . 
 
 * Bates {vide ' Naturalist on the Amazon') says: — "The natives of the Upper 
 Amazons procure the coaitd when full-grown by shooting it with the blow-pipe 
 poisoned darts, and restoring life by putting a little salt 'the antidote to the Urari 
 poison with which the dai-ts are tipped) in its mouth. The animals thus caught 
 become tame forthwith." — Vol. i., p. 247.
 
 IXXX PREFACE. 
 
 keep perfectly sweet for many weeks, the smoke acting as pyrolig- 
 neous acid upon the fish ; and this method is more effectual than if 
 the fish had been simply moistened with the acid, as it combines the 
 complete exsiccation of the animal substance with the effect of the 
 pyroligneous acid. 
 
 The implements used in the manufacture of cassava-bread display 
 considerable ingenuity. The " Simarri," or grater, is made of a flat, 
 thin board, one side of which is covered with particles of broken 
 quartz, fixed in a coating of resin, put on while hot. When the cas- 
 sava root is converted into pidp by this process, it is put into a long, 
 tube-like basket, called " matapi," where it is compressed, as described 
 in the Catalogue. (See Section E., No. 31.) 
 
 The weapons, hammocks, and basket-work of the Indians, espe- 
 cially the nests of what are called " Pegalls," evince a good deal of 
 natural taste in design, as well as of skill in manufactm-e. It is a 
 remarkable fact that some of the patterns on their basket-work bear a 
 strong resemblance to the architectm-al frets of the ancients ; one, in 
 j)articular, often seen on the "Pegalls," is identical with the "Meander 
 pattern " of the Greek and Etruscan vases, which is also found in 
 Egyptian and Assyrian ornamentation. 
 
 Amongst the miscellaneous objects contained in the collection of 
 which we are now treating, will be found a few specimens of bones and 
 shells, from a tumulus or mound at the Indian Mission Station of 
 Waramuri, on the Eiver Moruca. For the loan of these the Committee 
 are indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum through the inter- 
 position of Professor Owen, by whom they had been examined and 
 arranged. It had long been the opinion of the Eev. W. H. Brett, now 
 Eector of the parish of the Holy Trinity, in Essequebo, under whose 
 charge the Pomeroon Missions were originally established, that this 
 mound either resembled the " kitchen middens " (Jcjokken modelings) of 
 Denmark, or was an ancient sepulchi'al barrow, and in the latter part 
 of the year 1865, he commenced an excavation mth the view of deter- 
 mining the question. Having transmitted an account of the operation, 
 together mth samples of the remains, discovered to a friend in George- 
 town, so much interest was excited that the Governor, attended by some 
 of the leading gentlemen of the Colony, proceeded to the mission in 
 the month of February following, and a fm-ther exploration took place 
 imder his personal auspices. The section opened was cut down to its 
 base upon the sand, and quantities of human remains were found reach- 
 ing to the very bottom of the mound. Their being discovered at this 
 distance from the sm-face, upwards of twenty feet below the top of the
 
 PREFACE. IXXXl 
 
 moiind, would seem to negative the idea tliat these skeletons could have 
 been interred in the ordinary course of sepulture. It was remarkable 
 that in many instances the thigh-bones and those of the leg, and also 
 the bones of the fore-arm and arm were doubled up on each other, and 
 in no single case did a hand or portion of a hand remain attached to 
 the fore-arm, although finger-bones were found scattered about in all 
 directions.* The whole mass of the moimd consisted chiefly of black 
 and white striped periwinkle shells, similar to those found on the sur- 
 face, Avith those of crabs, mussels, clams, whelks, &c., in infinite 
 quantity and variety, the first named (i.e. the periwinkle) greatly 
 predominating ; mingled with these are the remains of vertebrate fishes 
 and land animals, the whole presenting the appearance of being the 
 refuse of innumerable meals of some race of former days, when those 
 shell-fish (many kinds of which are now scarcely known on the muddy 
 shore) must have abounded, and Waramuri ridge, now separated by ten 
 or twelve miles of alluvial deposit from the sea, was probably a pro- 
 montory or an island. f In addition to the remains above indicated, 
 Mr. Beett precluded specimens of the human remains, two lumps of 
 hardened red paint (called by the Indians Sereh), four or five heads of 
 stone hatchets, or rather ancient tomahawks, which must have been 
 inserted in handles of heavy wood, a broken stone with sharp edge, 
 which may have been used as a knife, and a strange rod, or petrifaction, 
 of a substance heavier than the bones, which was unfortunately broken 
 into foiu: pieces in being dug up. No bead nor any kind of ornament 
 were found, neither gold, nor any other kind of metal, but some small 
 fragments of granite and other stones. The existing Indians have a 
 tradition that the cannibal tribes always broke the bones of the victims 
 to extract the marrow ; but none of them knew anything of the history 
 of this mound. Similar remains, it is thought, may be found where the 
 alluvial deposits join the higher lands which seem to have been the 
 original shores of the Atlantic, f Professor Owen has stated his 
 opinion that such explorations are highly desirable, and should be 
 continued, as affording valuable additional testimony to the similarity 
 of the habits and procedures of the earliest known races of mankind in 
 different and remote parts of the world. On the remains now alluded 
 to, Professor Owen has been so obliging as to furnish the following 
 memorandum : — " These remains belong to : — human species ; a rumi- 
 nant, apparently a small deer ; an alligator ; fish (freshwater), includ- 
 
 * The Governor's vibit to Waramuri, Demerara, 1866. 
 t Kev. W. H. Brett. 
 t Ibid.
 
 Ixxxii PREFACE. 
 
 ing tlie Suclis gigas, a large South American species ;* Neritina Uneolata, 
 a freshwater South American shell ; Purpura coronata ; Lucina Jamai- 
 ciensis; all shell species now living in the sea or estuaries of the 
 north coast of South America. As these shells might have been 
 brought from the sea shore to the mounds, I cannot hazard an infer- 
 ence as to any important change of coast-line since the period of the 
 deposition of the above organic remains in the mounds." 
 
 Allusions to the existence of cannibal tribes in the remote interior 
 of Guiana are occasionally, though not commonly, met with, in the 
 writings of modern travellers. They seem to have been fully brought 
 together by Mr. Bennett, a gentleman in the Colonial Civil Service, 
 who has recently published a handsome volume,f embodying a general 
 description of the province, illustrated by photographs taken by him- 
 self. Humboldt records the account given by an Indian chief or cap- 
 tain, Javita, in whose veracity the missionaries placed great confidence, 
 and Captain (now Sir James E.) Alexander, in a communication 
 inserted in the Joiu'nal of the Eoyal Geographical Society, quotes 
 from the MS. notes of a deceased traveller. Lieutenant Gullifer, to 
 which ho had access in the Colony, but which have not, we believe, 
 ever been published, the story of an adventure with a tribe of anthro- 
 pophagi, high up the Essequebo Eiver, who were said to be Caribs ; 
 and from the testimony of Wallace, Bates, and others familiar from 
 long residence with the tribes of the Amazon, there can be no doubt 
 that some of them are cannibals. 
 
 In Mr. Bennett's volume. Sir Robert Schomburgk is quoted as 
 authority for the statement that the Caribs still believe in the exist- 
 ence of a republic of females beyond the great cataracts of the Eiver 
 Corentyn : " and if," he remarks, " the tradition originated with the 
 Europeans, it is extraordinary that it has not only remained biit is 
 even now adopted by several Indian tribes in Guiana, and the Caribs 
 of the Eivers Corentyn, Essequebo, and Eupununi ; they, in the gravest 
 manner, declare that these separate bodies of females, or Worisamacos, 
 still exist at the upper part of the Corentyn, in a country called Mara- 
 worine."! The explanation suggested by Wallace and some other 
 
 * The Sudis gigns is mentioned by Seliombm-gk as amongst the fishes con- 
 sidered unclean by tlic Macusis and Caribs. 
 
 t An Illustrated History of British Guiana, compiled from various autliorities, 
 by G.W. Bennett. Eoyal 8vo. Demerara, 1866. 
 
 J It has been thouglit fabulous that such people existed, or even that women 
 enjoyed equality with men, yet Livingstone reports (pp. 622-623) that such a 
 position is occupied by the female sex m some parts of South Africa at this day.
 
 PREFACE. Ixxxiii 
 
 writers of authority is, that the personal appearance of certain 
 tribes of Indians has given rise to the misconception. The men have 
 the hair carefully parted and combed on each side, and tied in a queue 
 behind ; in the young men, it hangs in long locks down their necks, 
 and with the comb, which is invariably carried stuck in the top of the 
 head, gives them a most feminine expression, increased by the use of 
 large necklaces and bracelets of seeds, and the careful extirpation of 
 every symptom of beard. 
 
 The " picture writings," described by Schombuegk as having been 
 traced by him over an area of 350,000 square miles, and specially 
 noticed also by Wallace, in his travels in the Valley of the Amazon, pos- 
 sess a peculiar interest in connection with researches into the history 
 of the races by whom this vast region was originally peopled. Hum- 
 boldt says that when the natives are asked how the figures could have 
 been made at such a height, on rocks now inaccessible but by scaffold- 
 ing, they reply, with a smile at the ignorance of the inquirer, that at 
 the period of the Great Waters their fathers went to that height in boats. 
 It would be impossible, however, on this occasion, to do more than 
 indicate the existence of a few amongst the numerous points deserving 
 of investigation, and we shall therefore only add that it is the belief 
 of well-informed observers, that such inscriptions were executed by a 
 civilized people at a very remote period of antiquity.* 
 
 Among the Nairs of Malabar each woman has several husbands, and property- 
 passes through the female line in preference to the male. And it is also certain 
 that some nations have aifected the Government of Queens, as the Idumcan Arabs 
 and perhaps the Ethiopians. (Note to Eawlinson's ' Herodotus,' vol. iii., p. 19, 18G2.) 
 Humboldt seems disposed to believe the existence of Amazons not merely imaginary. 
 Schomburgk incidentally mentions that the Indian chieftain derives his hereditary 
 dignity from the mother. 
 
 * Two interesting works on the Indians in British Guiana have been published, 
 one by the Rev. J. H. Bernau, formerly in charge of the Indian Missions in the 
 Essequebo River, intitutled ' Missionary Labours in British Guiana,' 8vo, London, 
 1847 ; the other by the Rev. W. H. Brett, tlie first missionary to the Pomeroon, 
 intituled ' Indian Missions in British Guiana,' 12mo, London, 1851: of this last- 
 named work the Committee believe a new edition is preparing by the autlior. The 
 Rev. "W. Vencss is the author of a recent work, on a very important question, in- 
 tituled El Dorado, or ' British Guiana a Field for Colonisation,' Svo, London, 
 1866, which, like that of Mr. Bennett, above noticed, embodies copious extracts 
 from most, if not all, accessible authoiities who have written on the Colony. The 
 Rev. R. Dufif has also published some notes on British Guiana. 
 
 G 2
 
 Ixxxiv PREFACE. 
 
 SECTION F. ' 
 NATURAL HISTOEY. 
 
 The profuse liberality with which nature, in all her departments, 
 has endowed this province, has been already the subject of remark. 
 It may be, indeed, literally said that earth, air, and water alike 
 teem with living organizations worthy of study and suggestive of 
 admiration. "A confused noise issues from every bush, from the 
 decayed trunks of the trees, the fissures of the rocks, and from the 
 ground, which is undermined by lizards, millipedes, and blindworms. 
 It is a voice proclaiming to us that all nature breathes ; that, imder a 
 thousand different forms, life is diffused in the cracked and dusty soil 
 as in the bosom of the waters, and in the air that circulates around 
 us."* 
 
 It is believed that the following sketch of the " Animal Kingdom " 
 of this Colony, as given by Sir E. Schombubgk, will be found to be 
 interesting and instructive : — 
 
 "The quadrupeds of the Western Hemisphere do not equal in 
 number nor in size those of Asia and Africa. The jaguar, or South 
 American tiger, the puma, or American lion, and several others of 
 the cat species, are the most ferocious; nevertheless, there are but 
 few instances known where they have attacked men ; and they are 
 only feared as depredators on the flocks of cattle and sheep of the 
 Colonists. 
 
 "It is not my intention to enter in this work, the extent of 
 which is limited, into a description of the animals which are indi- 
 genous to Guiana ; I shall content myself with enumerating such as 
 contribute to the wants of man, affording a wholesome and delicate 
 food. To this belong the tapir or maipui-i, the caj)ibara, or water- 
 haas, the labba, the aguti, the acuchi, the cairuni or wild hog, the 
 peccari or Mexican hog, and deer of different species ; other animals 
 are the ant-eater, armadillo, sloth, otters, several species of pole- 
 cats and opossums. Niunerous herds and varieties of monkeys people 
 the otherwise solitary forests, and serve as food to the natives. The 
 manati, lamantine and sea-cow, is from time to time met with in the 
 larger rivers : its flesh is white and delicate, and has been compared in 
 taste to veal. 
 
 * Humboldt.
 
 PREFACE. IxXXV 
 
 " Not less numerous arc birds : and while some astonish us by 
 tlieii' magnificent plumage, others fully make up for their deficiency 
 in this respect by their delicate and nutritioiis flesh. To the latter 
 belong divers sj)ecies of wild ducks, * the powis, the marudi, tho 
 hannaqua, resembling a pheasant, the duraqua and maam, both 
 resembling the EiU'opean partridge, wild pigeons, &c. Among divers 
 others, I have yet to mention the jabiru or tararamu, a large bird 
 which frequents tho savannas, and the flesh of which is not unlike 
 beef in taste — j^arrots, macaws, the plumage of which glows with the 
 most vivid taints of blue, scarlet, purple, and yellow ; the numerous 
 sj)ccies of humming-birds covered with the most gorgeous plumage, 
 and glittering with metallic lustre when winging their way from flower 
 to flower; the toucan, the bright yellow and black mocking birds, 
 which construct their pendant nests on the same branch with the wild 
 bees or wasps, with which it appears they have entered into alliance, 
 and receive their protection. The most courageous of the monkeys, 
 or the wariest of the cats would not attempt a depredation on their 
 eggs as long as under the respected protection of these insects. The 
 bell-bird, or campanero, white as snow, with a leathery excrescence on 
 its head, the cry of which has been resembled to the tolling of a 
 convent bell ; the magnificent cock-of-the-rock, with its bright orange 
 plumage, and its head sm-mounted by a semicircular erect crest, 
 convey an idea of the splendoui- with which nature has decked its 
 ofispring under the tropics. 
 
 " Of the Saurian tribe the caiman and alligator are perhaps the 
 most formidable. The latter is too small to become dangerous ; fre- 
 quently, however, as I have met with the former, I never observed any 
 disposition in them to attack us, unless we had provoked them. The 
 alligator inhabits the coast regions ; the caiman is only found in the 
 iuterior.f The guana, which has the appearance of an overgrown 
 lizard, is from foiu- to six feet long, including the tail ; it is entirely 
 harmless, and its flesh is declared very delicate by every one who has 
 overcome the prejudice which its aj)pearance generally creates. 
 
 " Land tortoises and fresh-water tiu-tles are very abimdant, the 
 
 * Hillhouse states that tlic Blusk ( imiiroperly Muscovy) duck aud Vicissi duck, 
 which are excellent eating, roost on trees ; and that he has seen at the top of a 
 decayed Ita palm the nest of the Musk duck, with the parents bringing singly by 
 the neck a brood of fourteen ducklings to the water — a feat whicli was accom- 
 plished in five minutes; and that he failed to catch a single duckling, althougli 
 they then for the first time tried their skill in swimming and diving. 
 
 t Humboldt speaks of real crocodiles on the Eio Apure, not caimans or alliga- 
 tors, with feet deutated on the outer edge like those of the Nile.
 
 Ixxxvi PREFACE. 
 
 latter cliiefly in the Eiver Essequebo and its tributaries. Tbey assem- 
 ble in large numbers during the time tliat the female deposits ber eggs 
 on tbe sandy sbore or banks of the rivers. Tbe eggs are very deli- 
 cate, and are eaten fresli and smoked by tbe Indians ; or tbey prepare 
 from tbem a sweet-tasted oil, wbicb is much used for culinary purposes 
 by tbe Brazilians, 
 
 " Several of tbe serpents of Guiana are poisonous ; but as if in 
 some measure to guard against tbeir formidable quality, nature has 
 rendered tbem less dangerous by making tbem sluggisb and lotb to 
 bite, unless irritated. Tbe conocushi or busb-master, tbe rattle- 
 snake, tbe labari, tbe parrot, and guana snake, tbe capairu and scarlet 
 snake are among tbe most dangerous. Tbe camudi and colixkunaru 
 belong to tbe genus hoa ; but tbe instances wbere tbey are known to 
 have attacked man are very few ; tbey satisfy tbemselves with sur- 
 prising deer and otber smaller animals. 
 
 " Tbe rivers of tbe interior teem witb delicious fisb in great variety. 
 Tbe arapaima or pirarucu (Sudis gigas), and a species of Silurus, tbe 
 lau-lau, are from ten to twelve feet long, and weigb from two to tbreo 
 hundred j)ounds. Tbe lucanani or sun-fish, tbe hiamara, bashaw, 
 cartabac, gilbagrc, tbe delicious pacu, tbe arouan, the paiara, pirai, tbe 
 morocoto or osibu, the laukidi, the parrau, &c., vie in delicacy with 
 any of our European fresh-water fishes, while numerous others con- 
 tribute equally to tbe nutriment of man. 
 
 " Among insects, some species of ants prove destructive to vegeta- 
 tion ; and the Termites, or white ants, are known to have become 
 injurious to tbe frame-work of houses, or to furniture, if they are 
 allowed to take up their residence in a dwelling. The sting of the 
 scorpion and the bite of tbe centipede are painful, but not dangerous. 
 They are chiefly confined to rubbish and old houses. Tbe bite of tbe 
 bush-spider, and what is here called tbe tarantula, produces inflam- 
 mation of the part wbere tbe bite has been inflicted, yet has never 
 endangered life. The tshiko or chigo, a small species of flea which 
 penetrates into the skin of the feet, proves frequently very troiiblc- 
 some ; it infests abandoned huts, chiefly where there is a sandy soil ; 
 cleanliness in great measm'e banishes it." 
 
 Professor Agassiz, in a course of lectures recently delivered by 
 him in New York, states that be found tbe Amazon had not one fisb 
 in common witb any other fresh-water basin ; that difierent parts of 
 the Amazon have fishes peculiar to themselves, and in a small lake or 
 l)ool of only a few hundred square yards in extent he found 200 different
 
 PREFACE. IxXXvii 
 
 kinds of fishes, wliich is tlircc times as many as are found in tlie 
 Mississippi River. In tlic Amazon itself he found 2,000 different 
 kinds, and when he began his researches only 150 were known; and 
 in proportion as he found the larger number the differences between 
 them seem to grow. He instanced one that might be called a peculiar 
 fish, having the power of creeping or walking on dry land, one having 
 been found five miles from the water. Professor Agassiz had himseK 
 kept one out of water for half-a-day, and on returning it, it was as 
 active and lively as if it had never been removed. Its agility is re- 
 markable, working its way up the inclined plane of a tree and amongst 
 the branches, until a single shot has sometimes brought down bird 
 and fish together. The Amazon, with turbid waters and a tempera- 
 ture of 80^, supplies an extraordinary number of delicious fish for 
 table use. 
 
 We shall find, by reference to Schomburgk's contributions to the 
 Naturalists' Library, " Fishes of British Guiana," 1860, that the above 
 description is far from being inapplicable to the waters of British 
 Guiana, whilst Wallace and Bates have anticipated the j)rofessor in 
 calling attention to the wonderful productiveness of the Amazon and 
 its tributaries in this respect. " Such of the Guiana fresh-water fishes 
 as might prove of economical use to mankind are exceedingly numerous. 
 The many noble streams of those fertile regions are in general stocked 
 with fish, although at present they profit only a few. * * * * If 
 the fisheries were carried on in a more active way, and not as pastime 
 or merely on a toiu" of pleasure to give some change to a monotonous 
 and indolent life, it would not only become productive of considerable 
 benefits to those who embark in it, but open another resource of the 
 Colony which at present lies entirely neglected. * * * * Jf 
 we consider that pilchards alone are exported from Great Britain to 
 the annual amount of £50,000, principally to the West Indies, along 
 with herrings and mackerels to a much larger amount. For the use of 
 the labouring population, it forms rather an important point to one of 
 those colonies which contribute to the consumption of that kind of 
 nourishment, that its own rivers abound, if not in the same, at least in 
 similar articles of food. Again, with especial reference to Professor 
 Agassiz's " peculiar fish," we may quote Schombui-gk's remarks : " A 
 species of fish which belongs to the same division as the caUicJtthys, 
 namely, the Doras HancocMi of Cuvier and Valenciennes, possesses the 
 singular property, as we are told already by Margrave of his Tamoata, 
 of travelling over land. I have been informed by eye-witnesses that 
 they have met sometimes whole droves during the dry season when
 
 IxXXviii PREFACE. 
 
 those pools of water wliich liad remained from the last inundation wero 
 about to dry up. They then march overland in search of water, and 
 the shields with which their body is armed, as well as the strong 
 spring ray of their pectoral fins, serve to help them forward. It is 
 thought that they have the power of retaining a portion of water in a 
 membraneous bag surrounding the gills, which keeps the filamentous 
 structm'e moist, and enables the animal to continue the respiratory 
 action. So numerous are these droves that the negroes have some- 
 times filled whole baskets during the terrestrial excui'sions of the 
 droves in search of their natural element," 
 
 We shall now glance at one or two particulars without which the 
 capabilities of this Colony could not be adequately appreciated. 
 
 Allusion has been made to the extensive savannas, or, as they 
 would be termed in North America, prairies. These are at present 
 almost untenanted, while they afford ample means for maintaining the 
 largest herds of cattle and horses. The Colony is, to a great extent, 
 dependent upon Venezuela for its supplies of cattle, and not unfre- 
 quently indebted to the United States for a seasonable addition to its 
 slender stock of sheep. The Brazilian Government, towards the close 
 of last century, established some cattle farms in the neighbom-hood of 
 Fort San Joaquim. During the revolutionary disorders, these were 
 abandoned, and the cattle disj)crsed over the adjacent plains, where 
 they have multiplied. It is alleged that the savannas of the Berbice 
 and Demerara Rivers are much superior to those of the Eupununi as 
 grazing grounds ; hence an opening for the enterprise of those who 
 may have neither the means nor the inclination to ventui-e upon so 
 imcertain a speculation as that of the cultivation of sugar. 
 
 Although the waters of the Colony abound with the utmost variety 
 of fish, yet, as an industrial pm'suit, fishing may be said to be com- 
 paratively neglected. Fishing, indeed, is a favoui-ite resource of the 
 idle, who, in the course of an hour or two, provide themselves not only 
 with fish enough for their own subsistence, but with a surplus which 
 they dispose of at exorbitant rates. Isinglass or glue, prepared from 
 the sound of the gilbagre or gllbacker (Silurus Parkerii), is exported 
 to some extent. Some of the river fish, especially the pacu {Myletes 
 pacu), the cartabac (Tretragonojjterus latus), and others, are excellent 
 food when dried and smoked ; and, doubtless, even in this department, 
 there is much which might be turned to profitable account by the 
 exercise of a little enterprise and ingenuity. 
 
 We may here direct attention to the circumstance that perhaps in 
 no branch of the natural history of this large temtory is our knowledge
 
 PREFACE. Ixxxix 
 
 more defective than with respect to its mineral wealth. The water of 
 the various artesian wells throughout the Colony, as well as that of 
 many natural springs, is strongly impregnated with iron. Thermal 
 springs have not been found in any part of the Colony. Vast tracts 
 of brown iron ore are met with in the mountains and the flats between 
 the rivers ; rock crystals, embedded in sandstone, are' to be procured 
 in the vicinity of Roraima ; veins of quartz frcqixcntly traverse the 
 great masses of granite ; but there is a total absence of limestone and 
 its modifications. 
 
 That the precious metals exist there is abundant evidence to show, 
 although hitherto the discoveries made have not been of sufficient 
 extent to induce what may be termed a "rush" of gold -seekers. In 
 the latter part of the year 1857, in consequence of popular feeling 
 having been unusually excited by reports of successful operations at 
 the Venezuelan gold fields of Caratal, some exploring parties were 
 sent out in various directions, and amongst them one which, selecting 
 the route of the Eiver Cuyuni, reached the Caratal diggings ; and on 
 its return discovered specimens of gold in the bed of one of the creeks 
 tributary to that river, at no gi'eat distance from its confluence with 
 the River Massaruni. 
 
 A company was formed and incorporated by an ordinance of 
 the Legislature in the year 1864, for the purj)Ose of exploring the 
 locality and of satisfactorily testing whether mining for gold could be 
 profitably carried on. After surmounting many difficulties and dis- 
 com'agements, the fact was established that gold was procurable in 
 remunerative quantities, but in order to the full development of the 
 necessary operations, additional capital was called for, and this, unfor- 
 tunately, happened in the course of last year, when the commercial 
 panic was at its height. Meanwhile the Venezuelan Government, 
 through their representative in London, called the attention of her 
 Majesty's Government to a rumour alleged to be prevalent in Vene- 
 zuela to the effect that British subjects were engaged in working gold 
 mines within the territory of the Republic ; and a notification or 
 warning was forthwith conveyed to the Company by order of the 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies, to the effect that they must con- 
 sider themselves merely on the footing of adventurers, working at 
 their own risk, and without any claim to the protection of the Govern- 
 ment in case they should be interfered with. The official promul- 
 gation of this decision has been, of course, most injurious to the 
 prospects of the Company, and already have acts, of lawless violence 
 been committed on their property with the boldest claim to immunity
 
 XC PREFACE. 
 
 — while it is quite possible tliat such an impression may yet operate 
 in a manner to embarrass tbe local Government. And the question 
 as to wliat are the rightful boundaries of the British possessions, which 
 has been in abeyance for something like half a century, seems as far 
 as ever removed from a satisfactory solution. The importance of a 
 prompt and permanent settlement can hardly be over-estimated when it 
 is considered that the alleged assertion of the Venezuelan authorities, 
 that the works of the Comjiany are " thirty leagues " within their 
 territory, implies a claim to the whole of the counties of Demerara 
 and Essequebo, and a portion of the county of Berbice, comprising 
 more than three-fourths of the population, and more than five-sixths 
 of the property of the province, which has for upwards of thirty- 
 five years been ofiicially designated and recognized as " British 
 Guiana," consisting of the imited Colonies of Demerara, Essequebo, 
 and Berbice. 
 
 Attention has been recently specially directed to the suitableness 
 of the Brazilian Empire for the settlement of Europeans. Of this 
 there seems no reasonable ground to doubt ; but it is not unfair to 
 point out that British Guiana, assuming its territorial limits to be once 
 satisfactorily defined, has claims for consideration similar in kind if 
 unequal in degree. Of Brazil it is written : " not a fiftieth part of the 
 region has hitherto been surveyed— not a twentieth has been explored 
 — the boundaries have never been determined, and civilization inhabits 
 no more than a narrow strip along the coast." This is literally true 
 also of British Guiana — Brazil requires population — so does our own 
 province ; no question affecting its future career is of more urgent 
 importance or of greater magnitude than that of offering adequate 
 inducements to colonization upon a sound and practical basis. Much 
 misplaced and groundless criticism has been applied to the existing 
 restrictions upon the sale of the Crown Lands, but, without entering 
 here upon their explanation or defence, it may be sufficient to remark 
 that they have been hitherto fully justified by the actual circumstances 
 of society ; and that whenever the Government shall see its way to the 
 introduction of colonists qualified to contribute to the material and 
 moral prosperity of the community, nothing will be easier than to 
 readjust the arrangements upon which land can bo set free for their 
 occupation. An able and independent member of the local legislatm-o 
 is about to bring the subject before the Combined court, in a series of 
 resolutions of which notice has been given ; and without offering any 
 opinion upon the particular scheme of which the outline is therein 
 embraced, it cannot bo irrelevant to express the hope that they may
 
 PKEFACE. Xci 
 
 be discussed vrith all the deliberation and tbc earnestness to which 
 their object is so well entitled.* 
 
 * It may be convenient to subjoin a copy of the resolutions alluded to : — 
 
 " 1. — Tliat, from the siiarsencss of its present population, the productive capa- 
 bilities of British Guiana are not sufBciently developed, and any project having 
 for its object the increase of the population and the supply of the great want of the 
 country — labour — deserves the encoiuagement of this court. 
 
 "2.— That such a wide area of fertile land, which a bountiful Providence has 
 placed at the disposal of the British Crown, would present an attractive colonizing 
 field to many who now inhabit densely i3opidated coimtries, were the advantages 
 afforded by British Guiana made known, and encom-agement held out to free 
 settlers. 
 
 " 3. — TJiat no colony offers a more lirofitahle investment for capital, and were the 
 Cro^vn lauds thus settled, a wider scope would be afibrded for its beneficial 
 employment in tlie formation or extension of Canals, Tramways, Steam Communi- 
 cation, the Electric Telegraph, &c., and this comt therefore recommends to the 
 Government the consideration of the question of having the Crown Lands (in 
 certain localities to be hereafter determined on) surveyed and laid out in plots, 
 due regard being had to highways and roads, with the view of making free grants 
 of them to settlers, upon considerations which will insure their cultivation within 
 a given period. 
 
 " 4. — That, in anticipation of the revenues that must arise from the increased 
 population giving increased production, in the opinion of the court, it is sound 
 policy to foster and aid all undertakings which, although at the first tending ap- 
 parently only to the advantages of the few, yet eventually and really contribute to 
 the wellbeing of the many ; and this court, therefore, will authorise advances of 
 money (upon moderate interest, and repayable by easy instalments) to the free 
 settlers ui^on Crown lands for the erection of houses, and for draining and bringing 
 into cultivation the lands so allotted to them, such advances to be expended under 
 official inspection, and to form a fir-st lien upon the land and buildings until repaid 
 witli interest 
 
 " 5. — That the principle of raising loans of a reproductive character having 
 been already affirmed, and for the purpose of enabhng the Government to carry out 
 the objects indicated, this court authorises the issue, from time to time, in such 
 sums as occasion may require, but not in tlie whole to exceed £1,000,000 sterling 
 of Government Debentures, bearing interest payable half-yearly at or under the 
 rate of six per cent, per annum, to be secured upon the revenues of the Colony, 
 not akoady pledged in security for existing loans."
 
 XCll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Eeturn of Interments in Georgetown. 
 Population (1851), 25,508. Population (18G1), 29,174, 
 
 Month. 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 January . . 
 
 159a 
 
 207 
 
 107 
 
 114 
 
 109 
 
 300 
 
 79 
 
 February . . 
 
 225 
 
 125 
 
 77 
 
 93 
 
 129 
 
 373e 
 
 72 
 
 March 
 
 213 
 
 144 
 
 101 
 
 99 
 
 142 
 
 171 
 
 81 
 
 April . . 
 
 150 
 
 119 
 
 92 
 
 81 
 
 143 
 
 88 
 
 83 
 
 May . . . . 
 
 149 
 
 94 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 158 
 
 116 
 
 78 
 
 June . . . . 
 
 109 
 
 107 
 
 57 
 
 81 
 
 186 
 
 108 
 
 91 
 
 July .. .. 
 
 180 
 
 135 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 122 
 
 163 
 
 94 
 
 August 
 
 159 
 
 105 
 
 83 
 
 94 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
 106 
 
 S(;ptember 
 
 149 
 
 139 
 
 89 
 
 72 
 
 124 
 
 96 
 
 110 
 
 October 
 
 136 
 
 157 
 
 76 
 
 91 
 
 104 
 
 90 
 
 111 
 
 November . . 
 
 145 
 
 1106 
 
 G5 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 110 
 
 December . . 
 
 203 
 
 97 
 
 88 
 
 102c 
 
 119c? 
 
 79 
 
 111 
 
 a to 6 Yellow fever prevalent. c Yellow fever. d to e Cbolera. 
 
 Monthly Means of Temperature in British Guiana, from 
 1816 to 1857. 
 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 1848 
 
 1 
 1849.1850 
 
 1 
 
 18511852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 1857 
 
 ! 
 
 January 
 
 79-2 
 
 77-8: 77-7 
 
 78-4 77-4 
 
 78-2 78-7 
 
 79-1 
 
 77-5 
 
 80-1 
 
 1 
 
 79-0 77-9 
 
 February . . 
 
 79-0 
 
 77-4 77-7 
 
 78-0 78-2 
 
 780 78-5 
 
 79-61 77-8 
 
 78-7 
 
 790 77-5 
 
 March 
 
 79-8 
 
 77-9 78-1 
 
 78-6 78-9 
 
 78-8, 78'3 
 
 80-0 
 
 79-1 
 
 78-5 
 
 79-6 77-9 
 
 April 
 
 80-6 
 
 78-4 79-4 
 
 78-5 79-1 
 
 79-2 79-8 
 
 80-5 
 
 79-5 
 
 79-6 
 
 80-0, 79-2 
 
 May 
 
 80-7 
 
 78-4' 78-6 
 
 78-7 78-8 
 
 78-8 79-7 
 
 79-7 
 
 79-7 
 
 80-0 
 
 79-31 78-7 
 
 June 
 
 79-8 
 
 78-2 78-4 
 
 77-9 79-4 
 
 78-1 78-7 
 
 79-2 
 
 79-4 
 
 79-2 
 
 78-6' 78-8 
 
 July 
 
 79-3 
 
 78-8 79-0 
 
 77-7 79-5 
 
 80-0 79-2 
 
 79-0 
 
 78-9 
 
 79-8 
 
 78-3. 78-4 
 
 August 
 
 79-3 
 
 80-1 80-0 
 
 79 2 79-8 
 
 79-9 80-6 
 
 811 
 
 80-3 
 
 80-9 
 
 79-4 
 
 79-6 
 
 September . . 
 
 81-5 
 
 80-6, 80-3 
 
 80-7 82-1 
 
 80-7, 81-7 
 
 79-9 81-3 
 
 81-5 
 
 80-7 
 
 — 
 
 October 
 
 80-0 
 
 80-5 81-4 
 
 80-9! 82-3 
 
 81-0 82-0 
 
 81-4 81-5 
 
 810 
 
 80-5 
 
 
 
 November .. 
 
 80-3 
 
 80-3 80-7 
 
 79-6 81-5 
 
 80-0 80-8 
 
 80 4 80-7 
 
 81-2 
 
 79-5 
 
 
 
 December .. 
 
 79-0 
 
 78-9 78-4 
 
 78-5 79-9 
 
 79-4 78-2 
 
 79-9 78-6 
 
 79-8 
 
 78-1 
 
 —
 
 TDEFACE. 
 
 XCIU 
 
 Note A. 
 
 Monthly Fall of Kain at Georgetown, Desiekara, from 
 1846 TO 1857. 
 
 1S4G 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 January 
 
 2-07 
 
 9-29 
 
 6-65 
 
 5-60 
 
 15-17 
 
 3-93 
 
 February 
 
 
 
 0-87 
 
 3-23 
 
 6-91 
 
 7-44 
 
 3-86 
 
 6-06 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 2-06 
 
 6-15 
 
 7 68 
 
 12-59 
 
 14-60 
 
 8-08 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 5-93 
 
 11-48 
 
 7-24 
 
 7-55 
 
 5-94 
 
 1015 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 14-98 
 
 12-88 
 
 20-28 
 
 17-94 
 
 15-60 
 
 11-23 
 
 June . . 
 
 
 
 14-92 
 
 14-29 
 
 11-45 
 
 20-44 
 
 7-94 
 
 19-83 
 
 July .. 
 
 
 
 1328 
 
 10-21 
 
 5-55 
 
 20-38 
 
 9-88 
 
 8-70 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 8-80 
 
 3-82 
 
 6-54 
 
 10-80 
 
 10-41 
 
 7-52 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 0-61 
 
 1-12 
 
 6-42 
 
 1-16 
 
 0-63 
 
 2-90 
 
 October 
 
 
 
 5-89 
 
 3-29 
 
 0-60 
 
 3-55 
 
 1-87 
 
 2-71 
 
 November 
 
 
 
 5-57 
 
 7-33 
 
 3-49 
 
 10-36 
 
 5-15 
 
 12-07 
 
 December 
 
 
 
 11-23 
 
 10-29 
 
 18-82 
 
 14-40 
 
 6-31 
 
 3-66 
 
 Total 
 
 8621 
 
 93-35 
 
 101-63 
 
 132-21 
 
 97-36 
 
 102-84 
 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 January 
 
 6-07 
 
 6-78 
 
 15-88 
 
 2-18 
 
 2-02 
 
 516 
 
 February 
 
 
 
 8-41 
 
 5-42 
 
 5-53 
 
 15-39 
 
 0-96 
 
 6-27 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 8-76- 
 
 1-25 
 
 4-68 
 
 12-82 
 
 1-65 
 
 675 
 
 April ., 
 
 
 
 5-28 
 
 5-51 
 
 6-58 
 
 6-82 
 
 305 
 
 2 48 
 
 May .. 
 
 
 
 16-50 
 
 1572 
 
 9-24 
 
 10-86 
 
 10-23 
 
 13-24 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 11-67 
 
 13-22 
 
 10-05 
 
 12-76 
 
 16-70 
 
 16-67 
 
 July .. 
 
 
 
 8-83 
 
 9-82 
 
 1214 
 
 14-00 
 
 13-24 
 
 10-92 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 10-11 
 
 4-95 
 
 9-76 
 
 6-28 
 
 7-81 
 
 13-94 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 1-18 
 
 411 
 
 384 
 
 1-12 
 
 5-80 
 
 — 
 
 Octoljer 
 
 
 
 0-52 
 
 1-23 
 
 0-03 
 
 4-26 
 
 3-14 
 
 
 
 November 
 
 
 
 5-03 
 
 2-39 
 
 3-59 
 
 0-93 
 
 5-78 
 
 
 
 December 
 
 
 
 12-18 
 
 4-45 
 
 13-57 
 
 5-89 
 
 17-34 
 
 — 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 
 
 
 94 54 
 
 74-85 
 
 94-89 
 
 93-31 
 
 87-72 

 
 XC17 PREFACE. 
 
 Note B. 
 
 Memorandum of Exports at Various Periods from 
 1747 to 1861. 
 
 In 1747 the exports from Demerara and Essequebo were 559 
 tierces of sugar, which were carried to Europe in two schooners. 
 
 In 1748 (owing probably to large importations of slaves) the ex- 
 ports rose to 2,292 hogsheads of sugar. 
 
 In 1752 the cultivation of cotton and coffee was commenced, but 
 only one bale of the former and one bag of the latter were exported. 
 
 In 1761 the exports were 878 hhds. sugar, 28 bales cotton, 45 
 tierces coffee. 
 
 In 1764 there were on the Eivers Demerara and Essequebo, 130 
 estates in cultivation, which loaded eight ships with the following 
 produce :— 2,956i hhds sugar, 2 bales of cotton, 211 bags coffee. 
 
 In 1773 the exports were 3,775 hhds. sugar, 8,613 bags and 181 
 bales cotton, 1,001 tierces coffee. 
 
 In 1775 they were 4,939 hhds. sugar, 19,090 bags and 189 bales 
 cotton, 2,317 tierces coffee. 
 
 In 1796 the Colony was taken possession of by the British, and in 
 1803 the exports were— 19,638 hhds. 213 tierces, 161 barrels sugar, 
 4,887 puncheons rum, 46,435 bales cotton, 9,954,610 lbs. coffee, 311 
 casks molasses. 
 
 In 1823 the exports amounted to 51,360 hhds., 449 tierces, 2,470 
 barrels sugar; 15,781 puns, and 2,568 hhds. rum ; 9,587 bales cotton; 
 8,084,729 lbs. coffee ; 19,634 hhds. 230 tierces, and 269 brls. molasses. 
 
 After this, however, the cultivation of cotton and coffee began to 
 fall off, and even that of sugar experienced an alarming reverse. 
 Comparing 1829 with 1849 there was a gross deficiency, in the retm-n 
 for the last mentioned year, of 43,086,763 lbs. sugar, 2,139,430 lbs. 
 coffee, or nearly the wliole crop of coffee ; while cotton, of which 
 1,596,171 lbs. were exported in 1829, was not an article of export at 
 all in 1849 ! 
 
 During the years 1851, 1852, 1853, owing chiefly to the resump- 
 tion of immigration from India, the exports of sugar were again im- 
 proved in quantity; but the average prices of muscovado sugar in 
 London, as quoted from the London Gazette for those years, show that
 
 r 
 
 PREFACE. XCV 
 
 tte returns to tlio proprietors of estates had not improved in tlic like 
 
 ratio. 
 
 1851 25s. 6d. per cwt. — Ex. duty. 
 
 1852 223. 5d. 
 
 1853 24s. 6d. 
 
 In the year 1848 the exports were 46,610 hhds. of sugar, 23,890 
 pnns. of nun, 10,716 casks of molasses, and 181,709 lbs. coflfce. In 
 1858 the exi:»orts of sugar and rum had increased respectively to 
 58,917 hhds. and 26,653 puns., with 3,416 casks of molasses, and no 
 coffee. 
 
 In 1861, they stood at 72,347 hhds. sugar, 30,264 puns, rum, 
 3,477 casks molasses, and 825,023 cubic feet timber. 
 
 In 1866 they had increased to 91,580 hhds. sugar, 30,612 puns, 
 rum, and 15,180 casks molasses. The export of timber, owing to an 
 unprecedented fall in price, had decreased to 249,614 cubic feet. 
 
 Note C. 
 Table showing the Specific Gravity op 59 Specimens op Woods. 
 
 Demeeara, February 27i1i, 1862. 
 
 J. Brumell, Esquire, Secretary to the Committee for the Exhi- 
 bition of 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I beg to send to you, herewith, 59 small specimens of dif- 
 ferent kinds of timber, the produce of this Colony ; and on the other 
 side you have a list of them with their specific gravities, as ascertained 
 by me. Mr. Hunter was good enough to procm-e them and name 
 them for me for this piu'pose. 
 
 The specific gi'avities can, of course, only be approximations ; so 
 much depends upon whether the wood be green or well-cured ; or 
 whether the specimen be cut from the heart or near the sap. These 
 specimens are well-cured ; but some are very much older than others. 
 
 All the specimens classified above the word " Water," on the list, 
 should sink; bi;t I have seen well-cm'ed mora float. And all the 
 specimens following the word " Water " on the list should float. But
 
 XCVl 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 " Yellow Greenheart " and " Wallaba," when first brouglit to town by 
 the timber-cutters, almost invariably sink. 
 
 I am, Sir, yours most obediently, 
 
 JOHN FEED. BOUENE, 
 
 Colonial Civil Engineer. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 1 
 
 Letter Wood 
 
 1-333 
 
 30 
 
 Bartaballi 
 
 
 •893 
 
 
 Same sp. gr. aa Lignum 
 
 
 31 
 
 Houbaballi 
 
 
 •890 
 
 
 Vitx. 
 
 
 32 
 
 Kirica 
 
 
 •889 
 
 
 Dutch Box .. 1-328 
 
 
 33 
 
 Tryssil 
 
 
 -888 
 
 2 
 
 Tibicusi 
 
 1-325 
 
 34 
 
 Fustic 
 
 
 •884 
 
 3 
 
 Banya 
 
 1-280 
 
 35 
 
 Sun wood . . 
 
 
 •863 
 
 4 
 
 Greenheart, Black 
 
 Heart of Oah .. 1-170 
 
 1-210 
 
 
 Beech 
 Ash 
 
 •852 
 •845 
 
 
 5 
 
 Washiba .. 
 
 1-162 
 
 36 
 
 Locust, White 
 
 
 -838 
 
 G 
 
 Cabacalli .. 
 
 1-154 
 
 37 
 
 Itiku-ibouraballi . . 
 
 
 •836 
 
 7 
 
 Ducalaballi 
 
 1-138 
 
 38 
 
 Suradani . . 
 
 
 •836 
 
 8 
 
 Hackia 
 
 1-132 
 
 39 
 
 Hyraballi, Brown 
 
 
 •836 
 
 9 
 
 Moraballi ^ 
 
 1-128 
 
 40 
 
 Purpleheart 
 
 
 •827 
 
 10 
 
 Eleeteweira 
 
 1-122 
 
 41 
 
 Wild Cashew 
 
 
 •812 
 
 11 
 
 Waraara 
 
 Ebony .. .. 1-117 
 
 1-122 
 
 42 
 
 Mammee . . 
 Alder 
 
 •800 
 
 •809 
 
 12 
 
 Tooroo 
 
 1-110 
 
 43 
 
 Coffee 
 
 
 •783 
 
 13 
 
 Coutaballi 
 
 1-087 
 
 44 
 
 Lancewood 
 
 
 •782 
 
 14 
 
 Couraballi 
 
 1-082 
 
 45 
 
 Cherry 
 
 
 •767 
 
 15 
 
 Sibbadani 
 
 1-06G 
 
 
 Maple .. 
 
 •755 
 
 
 16 
 
 Silbadani 
 
 1-066 
 
 46 
 
 Duca 
 
 
 -746 
 
 17 
 
 Awasurali 
 
 1-058 
 
 47 
 
 Euraballi . . 
 
 
 •744 
 
 18 
 
 Hyawaballi 
 
 1-032 
 
 48 
 
 Yellow Sanders .. 
 
 
 •734 
 
 
 Bed Brazil-wood 1-031 
 
 
 49 
 
 Arumata . . 
 
 
 •727 
 
 19 
 
 Mora 
 
 1-029 
 
 50 
 
 Arawadani 
 
 
 •724 
 
 20 
 
 Curumburari 
 
 1021 
 
 51 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 •706 
 
 21 
 
 Baramali .. 
 
 Water, 1,000. 
 
 1-007 
 
 52 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 Guava 
 Arracudoccu 
 
 Walnid and Elm 
 Crabwood .. 
 
 •671 
 
 •682 
 •678 
 
 •667 
 
 22 
 
 Hicka 
 
 •994 
 
 55 
 
 Doui-u 
 
 
 •652 
 
 2!5 
 
 Logwood .. 
 
 -982 
 
 56 
 
 Silverballi, Yellow 
 
 
 •610 
 
 24 
 
 Touranero 
 
 •967 
 
 57 
 
 Courucuralli 
 
 
 •592 
 
 25 
 
 Greenheart, Yellow 
 
 •951 
 
 
 waiow .. 
 
 •585 
 
 
 26 
 
 Wallaba 
 
 •945 
 
 58 
 
 Silverballi, Grey .. 
 
 
 •564 
 
 27 
 
 Locust, Red 
 
 -942 
 
 
 Fir . . .498 to 
 
 -550 
 
 
 28 
 
 Souari 
 
 Dry Oak . . -925 
 
 •932 
 
 59 
 
 Silverballi, Pale . . 
 Corkwood 
 
 •240 
 
 •483 
 
 29 
 
 Culiseri 
 
 •923 
 
 
 

 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 SECTION A.* 
 
 SACCHARINE PRODUCTS AND ARTICLES OF FOOD. 
 
 Note, — The samples of sugar from No. 1 to 36 are all Vacuum-pan Sugars, 
 and in no case has animal charcoal been used in the manufacture. 
 
 1, — SUGAE, V. P. Average sample of crop of 1,500 tons, from 
 Plantation Sclioon-Oord. Contributed by Heirs of Samuel 
 Baebee, and E, G. Bakb. 
 
 2.— DITTO, DITTO. Average sample of crop of 1,500 tons, from 
 Plantation Schoon Oord. Contributed by Heii'S of Samuel 
 Barber, and E. G. Babr. 
 
 3,— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Cuming's Lodge. Con- 
 tributed by Henry Clementson. 
 
 4.— DITTO, DITTO, As exported. From Plantation Cuming's Lodge. 
 Contributed by Henby Clementson. 
 
 5.— DITTO, DITTO. Washed in Centrifugals. From Plantation 
 Albion. Contributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 6,— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Albion. Con- 
 tributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 7.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Haarlem. 
 Contributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 * In all cases where the name of the contributor is not stated, the articles have 
 been collected for, and are exhibited by. the " Committee of Correspondence of 
 
 THE EOYAL ACRia'LTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH GriANA." 
 
 H
 
 2 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 8. — SUGAE, V. P. As exported. From Plantation Haarlem. Con- 
 tributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 9.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. Cured without liquoring. From 
 Plantation Peters' Hall. Contributed by The Colonial Com- 
 PAirr. 
 
 10. — DITTO, DITTO. As exported. Cured without liquoring. 
 From Plantation Peters' Hall. Contributed by The Colonial 
 
 Company. 
 
 11. — DITTO, DITTO. As exported. Cured without liquoring. 
 From Plantation Peters' Hall. Contributed by The Colonial 
 Company. 
 
 12.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Success. Contributed by 
 The Colonial Company. 
 
 13.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Success. 
 Contributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 14._DITT0, DITTO. From Plantation Bee Hive. Contributed 
 by Thos. Daniel. 
 
 15.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Bee Hive. 
 Contributed by Thos. Daniel. 
 
 16.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation CMteau Margot. Con- 
 tributed by Thos. Daniel. 
 
 17.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Chateau 
 Margot. Contributed by Thos. Daniel. 
 
 18.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. Cm-ed without liquoring. 
 From Plantation Chateau Margot. Contributed by Thos. 
 Daniel. 
 
 19.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Montrose. Contributed by 
 Jas. Ewinq and Co. 
 
 20.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Montrose. 
 Contributed by Jas. Ewing and Co. 
 
 21.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Enterprise. 
 Contributed by A. and H. T. Gaenett. 
 
 22.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Enterp-ise. 
 Contributed by A. and H. T. Garnett.
 
 Sect. A.] CATALOGUE. 3 
 
 23.— SUGAR, V. P. From Plantation iZope. Contributed by 
 John Jones. 
 
 24.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Hope, 
 Contributed by John Jones. 
 
 25.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Enmore. Contributed by 
 the Heirs of H. Poetee. 
 
 2G.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Enmore. 
 Contributed by tbe Heirs of H. Poetek. 
 
 27.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Enmore. Contributed by 
 the Heirs of H. Poetee. 
 
 28.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Enmore. 
 Contributed by the Heirs of H. Poetee. 
 
 29.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Anna CkitMrina. Con- 
 tributed by Sandbach and Tinne. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this sugar obtained the prize at the Local Exhibi- 
 tion as the best sugar that could be made. 
 
 30.— DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Anna 
 Catharina. Contributed by Sanbach and Tinne. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this sugar obtained the second prize at the Local 
 hibition in December, 18GG, for sugars as exported. 
 
 31.— DITTO, DITTO. Cured without liquoring. From Plantation 
 Anna Catharina. Contributed by Sanbach and Tinne. 
 
 32 —DITTO, DITTO. As exported. From Plantation Gi-eat Dia- 
 mond. Contributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this sugar* obtained the first prize at the Local 
 Exhibition in December, 18G6, for sugars as exported. 
 
 33.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 34.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Ch-eat Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heii'S of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 35.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 36.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 n2
 
 4 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 Muscovado. Note. — The samples of sugar from No. 37 to 58 
 are all (with the exception of Nos. 55 and 56) common 
 process sugars. It is, however, to be stated that in the first 
 nine bisulphite of lime was used in the manufactui-e. 
 
 37._SXJGAE, C. P. From the Plantation Goldstone Hall. Con- 
 tributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 38. DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Tiischen de Vrienden. Con- 
 tributed by John McConnell. 
 
 39. — DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Tuschen de Vrienden. Con- 
 tributed by John McConnell. 
 
 40._DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation AdelpM. Contributed by 
 the Eepresentatives of P. Nicholson. 
 
 41.— DITTO, DITTO. FvomTlantsitionBuimveldt. Contributed by 
 C. J. Van der Oudekmeulen. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this sugar obtained the second prize at the Ijocal 
 Exhibition in December, 1866, for common process sugars, treated 
 ■with bisulphite of lime in the manufacture. 
 
 42.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation SmytJifield. Contributed 
 by William M. Koss. 
 
 4.3._DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Vergenoegen. Contributed 
 by E. Smith and David Vyfhuis. 
 
 44.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Cornelia Ida. Contributed 
 by the Proprietors of the Estate. 
 
 45.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Cornelia Ida. Contributed 
 by the Proprietors of the Estate. 
 
 Note. — A sami^le of this sugar obtained the first prize at the Local 
 Exhibition in December, 1866, for common process sugars, treated 
 with bisulphite of lime in the manufacture. 
 
 46.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Blairmont. Contributed 
 by H. S. Blair. 
 
 47.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Taymouth Manor. Con- 
 tributed by Thos. Daniel. 
 
 48.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Bose Hall. Contributed 
 by H. and W. Davidson. 
 
 49.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Bose Hall. Contributed 
 by H. and W. Davidson.
 
 Sect. A.J CATALOGUE. 5 
 
 50.— SUGAR, C. P. From Plantation Nismcs. Contributed by 
 W. D, Elliot and R. Loroieu. 
 
 Note. — A .sample of this sugar obtained the first prize at the Local 
 Exliibition in December, 1866, for sugars made entirely by the 
 common process. 
 
 51.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Nismes. Contributed by 
 W. D. Elliot and R. Lorimer. 
 
 52.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Nismes. Contributed by 
 W. D. Elliot and R. Lorimer. 
 
 53.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Hoj^e and Experiment. 
 Contributed by McCalmont. 
 
 54.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation BuimveMt. Contributed 
 by C. J. Van der Oudbrmeulen. 
 
 55.— DITTO, DITTO. Sugar made from Molasses mtli the use of 
 tbe Vacuum-pan. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 56.— DITTO, DITTO. Sugar made from Molasses with the use of 
 the Vacuum-pan. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 57.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Zeehurg. Contributed by 
 P. M. Watson and A. McLaren. 
 
 58.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation De Willem. Contributed 
 by the Heirs of J. Laurie. 
 
 59.— RUM, COLOURED. From Plantation Schoon Oord. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Samuel Barber, and E. G. Barr. 
 
 60.— DITTO, UNCOLOURED. From Plantation Schoon Oord. 
 Contributed by the Heirs of Samuel Barber, and E. G. Bare. 
 
 61.— DITTO, COLOURED. 48 per cent, over proof. From Plan- 
 tation La Grange. Contributed by H. S. Bascom. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this rum obtained the first prize at the Local 
 Exhibition in December, 18G6. 
 
 62.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Blairmont. Contributed by 
 H. S. Blair. 
 
 63.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Blairmont. Contributed 
 by H. S. Blair. 
 
 64.— DITTO, UNCOLOURED. From Plantation Blairmont, Con- 
 tributed by H. S. Blair.
 
 6 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 65.— EUM, COLOUEED. From Plantation Cuming's Lodge. Con- 
 tributed by Henry Clejientson. 
 
 66.— DITTO, DITTO. 40 per cent, over proof. From Plantation 
 
 Goldstone Hall. Contributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 67.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. From Plantation Goldstone Hall. 
 Contributed by The Colonial Company. 
 
 68.— DITTO, COLOUEED. From Plantation Bee Hive. Con- 
 tributed by Thomas Daniel. 
 
 69.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. From Plantation Bee Hive. Con- 
 tributed by Thomas Daniel. 
 
 70.— DITTO, COLOUEED. From Plantation Taymouih Manor. 
 Contributed by Thomas Daniel. 
 
 71.— DITTO, DITTO. 40 per cent, over proof. From Plantation 
 Hose Hall. Contributed by H. and W. Davidson. 
 
 72.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. 45 per cent, over proof. From 
 Plantation Hose Hall. Contributed by H. and W. Davidson. 
 
 73.— DITTO, COLOUEED. From Plantation J^ismes. Conti-ibuted 
 by W. D. Elliot and E. Lorimer. 
 
 74._DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. From Plantation Nismes. Con- 
 tributed by W. D. Elliot and E. Lorimer. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this rum obtained the second prize at the Local 
 Exhibition in December, 18G6. 
 
 75.— DITTO, COLOUEED. 48 per cent, over proof. From Planta- 
 tion Montrose. Contributed J. Ewing and Co. 
 
 76.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. 44 per cent, over proof. From 
 Plantation Montrose. Contributed by J. Ewing and Co. 
 
 77.— DITTO, COLOUEED. From Plantation 3Ion Bepoa. Con- 
 tributed by the Eepresentative of J, IIamer. 
 
 78.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Hope. Contributed by 
 
 John Jones. 
 
 79.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. From Plantation Hope. Con- 
 tributed by John Jones. 
 
 80.— DITTO, COLOUEED. 42 per cent, over proof. From Plan- 
 tation Hope and Experiment. Contributed by H. McCalmont, 
 
 81.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. 42 per cent, over proof. From 
 Plantation Hope and Experiment. Contributed by H. McCal- 
 mont.
 
 Sect. A.] CATALOGUE. 7 
 
 82.— EUM, COLOUEED. 48 per cent, over proof. From Planta- 
 tion Adelphi Contributed by tlio Ecpresentative of P. 
 Nicholson. 
 
 83.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. 53 per cent, over proof. From 
 Plantation AcIcIjjM. Contributed by the Eepreseutative of P. 
 Nicholson. 
 
 84.— DITTO, COLOUEED. Contributed by S. E. Pontifex, 
 Georgetown. 
 
 85.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. Contributed by S. E. Pontifex, 
 Georgetown. 
 
 86.— DITTO, COLOUEED. From Plantation Anna CatJiarina. 
 Contributed by Sandbach and Tinne. 
 
 87.— DITTO, UNCOLOUEED. From Plantation Anna CatJiarina. 
 
 Contributed by Sandbach and Tinne. 
 
 88.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by tlie Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 89.— DITTO, DITTO. Nine years old. From Plantation Great 
 Diamond. Contributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 90.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 91. —DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 92.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 93.— DITTO, DITTO. From Plantation Great Diamond. Con- 
 tributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 94.— DITTO, DITTO. Nine years old. From Plantation Great 
 Diamond. Contributed by the Heirs of Steele and Loxdale. 
 
 95.— STAECH, AEEOW-EOOT {Maranta arundinacea, Lin.), from 
 root of. Contributed by Mrs. F. Claek, Berbice. 
 
 96.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Chaeles Geant, Berbice. 
 
 97.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Eobt. Gaerat, Demerara 
 Eiver. 
 
 98.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs Jansen, Berbice.
 
 8 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 99.— STAECH, AEROWEOOT. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. John- 
 son, Mahaiconi. 
 
 100.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Maegaret Innis, Berbice. 
 
 101.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. Mereiman, Berbice. 
 
 102.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by J. A. Eussell, Berbice. 
 
 103.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 104.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 105.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Alex. Winter. Plantation 
 Hojye and Experiment. 
 
 106.— DITTO, CASSAVA (BITTEE) (Janipha ManiJiot, H. B.), 
 from corm, or root of. Contributed by Louisa Innis, Berbice. 
 
 107.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Maeiann Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 108.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Ma- 
 haiconi. 
 
 109.— DITTO, DITTO. Conti-ibuted by Miss E. Eeiss. Plantation 
 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 110.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 111.— DITTO, DITTO (SWEET) (Janipha Loeflingii, H. B.). 
 From corm, or root of. Contributed by Mrs. Clark, Berbice. 
 
 112.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Ma- 
 haiconi. 
 
 113.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 114.— DITTO, TANNIA (Caladium, or Colocasia, S^y. ?), from roots 
 of. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mahaiconi. 
 
 115. DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by J. J. Leps, Berbice. 
 
 116— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 117. — DITTO, YAM, Common (Dioscorea saliva, Lin.), from root of. 
 Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mahaiconi. 
 
 118.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 1 19.— DITTO, DITTO (Guinea) (Dioscorea Sp ?), from i-oot of. Con- 
 tributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown,
 
 Sect. A.] CATALOGUE. 9 
 
 120.— STAECH, YAM, BUCK {Dioscorea triphjlla, Lin. ?), from root 
 of. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgeto\vn. 
 
 121.— DITTO, SWEET POTATO (Batatas edulis, Chois.), fr-om root 
 of. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 122.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, 
 Mabaiconi. 
 
 123.— DITTO, TOUS LES MOIS, or "BUCK SHOT" (Canna 
 Sp. ?), fr"om roots of. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 124.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Eobt. Smith, Plantation 
 Cornelia Ida. 
 
 125.— DITTO, PLANTAIN {Musa Paradisiaca, Lin.), from uni-ipe 
 fruit of. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mabaiconi. 
 
 126.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 127. — DITTO, BANANA (Mitsa sapientnm, Lin.), fi-om imripe fr'uit 
 of. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mabaiconi. 
 
 128.— DITTO, BREAD FliUIT (Artocarpus incisa, Lin.), from tbe 
 uuiipe Sorosis or fruit. Contributed by B. W. Leps, 
 Bcrbice. 
 
 129.— DITTO, MANGO {Mangifera indica, Lin.), from unripe fruit 
 of. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mabaiconi. 
 
 130.— DITTO, V'UM.FKIN (Oucurhita Pipo, Lin.), from uni-ipe fruit 
 of. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, Mabaiconi. 
 
 131.— ELOUE, CASSAVA, BITTEE (Janipha Manilwt, E.B.), from 
 dried roots of. Contributed by Charles Innis, Berbice. 
 
 132.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by John Tnnis, Berbice. 
 
 133. —DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Louisa Innis, Berbice. 
 
 134.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Michael Innis, Berbice. 
 
 135. DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Margaret Innis, Berbice. 
 
 136.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Paris Innis, Berbice. 
 
 137._DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Eichard Innis, Berbice. 
 
 138.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mis. Jansen, Berbice.
 
 10 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 139.— FLOUE, CASSAVA. Contributed by William Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 140.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Peecival Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 141._DITT0, DITTO. Contributed by Egbert Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 142.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 143.— DITTO, DITTO, SWEET {JanipTia Lceflingii, H. B.), from tlie 
 dried roots of. Contributed by Dr. Shiee, Georgetown. 
 
 144._DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss E. J. Johnson, 
 Mabaiconi. 
 
 145._DITTO, DITTO. Conti-ibuted by William Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 146.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Elizabeth Meredith, 
 Berbice. 
 
 147._DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 148.~-DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Sarah Dunvin. 
 
 149.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Emmaline Goring. 
 
 150.— DITTO, HOG TANNIA (Caladium, or Colocasia, Sj). ?), from 
 dried roots of. Contributed by Dr, Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 151.— MEAL, CASSAVA, bitter, {Janiplia Manilwt, H. B.), from 
 dried roots of. Contributed by Louisa Innis, Berbice. 
 
 152.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Margaret Innis, Berbice. 
 
 153.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Harriet Innis, Berbice. 
 
 154.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by William Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 155.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Maeiann Innis, Berbice. 
 
 156 —DITTO, DITTO, SWEET (Janiplia Lceflingii, H. B.), from 
 dried roots of. Contributed by Harriet Innis, Berbice. 
 
 157.— MEAL, PLANTAIN, or " Conquintay," from the sliced and 
 diied unrij^e fruit of Musa Paradisiaca. Contributed by Dr. 
 Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 158.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson, 
 
 Mabaiconi, 
 
 159.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Elizabeth Meredith, 
 Berbice.
 
 Sect, A.] CATALOGUE. 11 
 
 IGO.— MEAL, PLANTAIN. Contributed by Peecival Jansen, 
 Berbicc. 
 
 161.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Louisa Innis, Berbice. 
 
 162.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Joh.v Innis, Berbice. 
 
 163.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyn. 
 
 164.— CASSAVA, BITTEE, corms or roots of. Sliced and dried. 
 Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. 
 
 165.— DITTO, SWEET, corms or roots of. Sliced and di-ied. 
 Contributed by Dr. Shiek, Georgetown. 
 
 166. — PLANTAIN (3Iusa Paradisica), unripe fruit of. Sliced and 
 dried. 
 
 167. — TAPIOCA, from tbe corms or roots of the Bitter Cassava. 
 Contributed by J. A. Eussell, Berbice. 
 
 16S.— PLANTAINS, EIPE. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 169.— BANANAS, EIPE, dried. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Planta- 
 tion Klein Pouderoyen. 
 NoTK. — For information regarding starches, &c. See Preface, p. 11. : et seq, 
 
 170.— CASSAEEEP, the inspissated juice of tbe roots of Bitter 
 Cassava. Contributed by The Correspondence Committee of 
 the Eoya] Agi'icultiu-al and Commercial Society : — Cassareep 
 is much used as the basis of sauces, and in this Colony in 
 the preparation of pepper-pot, &c. The late Dr. Shier, in his 
 report ' On the Stai-ch producing Plants of British Guiana,' 
 notices it as foUows : — " To those who have never visited the 
 " tropics it may be proper to notice that Cassareep is the 
 "concentrated juice of the roots of Bitter Cassava, and the 
 " basis of the West Indian dish, Pepper-pot. One of its most 
 " remarkable properties is its high antiseptic power, preserving 
 " any meat that may be boiled in it for a much longer period 
 " than can be done by any other culinary process, Cassareep 
 " was originally a ' Buck ' or Indian preparation, and has often 
 " been described with more or less accuracy." It is well 
 known that some of the Dutch planters of this Colony have, 
 by means of the addition of a small quantity of Cassareep, 
 from time to time, to varieties of animal food, been enabled to 
 keep up, in daily use, the same pepjier-pot for several years. 
 
 Il
 
 12 CATALOGUE. [Sect. A. 
 
 171.— CACAO, or COCOA SEEDS (TJieohroma Cacao, Lin.), from 
 wliich Cliocolate is prepared. Contributed by Miss Eeiss. 
 Plantation Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 172. — CHOCOLATE. Contributed by Alexander Winter, Berbice. 
 
 173.— EICE, in busk, or "PADDY" {Oryza saliva, Lin.). Con- 
 tributed by WiLiiiAM EussELL, Plantation Leonora. 
 
 174._DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by William Grey, Plantation 
 
 Montrose. 
 
 175.— DITTO, DITTO, (in bunches). Contributed by A. Beckwith, 
 
 Mabaiconi. 
 
 176.— DITTO, Husked. Contributed by Williaji Eussell, Planta- 
 tion Leonora. 
 
 177._r)ITTO, DITTO. Contributed by William Grey, Plantation 
 
 Montrose. 
 
 178.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Elizabeth Meredith, Ber- 
 bice. 
 
 179._DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by William Jansen, Berbice. 
 180.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Charles Grant, Berbice, 
 
 181.— COFFEE BEANS (Coffea Arahica, Lin.). Contributed by 
 Williaji Fresson, Georgetown. 
 
 182.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by William Fkesson, 
 Georgetown. 
 
 183.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by The Correspondence 
 Committee. 
 
 184.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, Plantation 
 
 Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 i85.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Benjamin Simon, Berbice. 
 
 186.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. C^sar, Demerara 
 Eiver. 
 
 187. — OCHEO SEEDS (Hibiscus esculentus, Lin.). Used in soups. 
 Contributed by J. A. Eussell, Berbice. 
 
 188.— DITTO, DITTO, Parched. Used as a substitute for Coffee. 
 Contributed by J. A. Eussell, Berbice.
 
 Sect. A.] CATALOGUE. 13 
 
 189.— SOEEEL SEEDS (Hibiscus Sahdariffa, Lin.). Contributed 
 by J. A. EussELL, Berbice. 
 
 190.— SOREEL CAPSULES, Dried Contributed by J. A. Eussell. 
 Berbice. Infusion used as an acid drink. 
 
 191.— PEASE, PIGEON {Cajanus flavus, De Cand.). Contributed by 
 J. A. Eussell, Berbice. Extensively used as an ai-ticle of 
 food. 
 
 192. — PEASE, Increase (DoUcJws sesquipedalis, Lin.). Contributed 
 by J. A. Eussell, Berbice. Used as an article of food. 
 
 193. — PEASE, Black Eye (Dolichos sphaerospermis, Be Cand.'). Con- 
 tributed by J. A. Eussell, Berbice. Used as an article of 
 food. 
 
 Note. — Subsequently to the close of the Local Exhibition, and unfor- 
 tunately too late for the purpose intended, two samples of meal 
 were received from Mr. Stevenson, a teacher among the Indians 
 on the River Berbice. One was prepared from Colony-grown rice, 
 the other from Colony-grown com in its imripe state, and both 
 specimens have been much admired ; the com flour was con- 
 sidered equal to " Brown and Pol.son's," largely imported into the 
 Colony as food ; tlie rice flour had as fine a grain as arrow-root. — 
 Local paper.
 
 14 CATALOGUE. [Sect. B. 
 
 SECTION B. 
 
 FIBROUS SUBSTANCES. 
 
 1. PLANTAIN FIBRE (Musa Paradisiaca, Lin.). Contributed by 
 
 A. Beckwith, Mabaiconi. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 held in Georgetown in December, 1866. 
 
 2.— DITTO, DITTO. Collected by W. C. McClintock for tbe Cor- 
 respondence Committee of tbe Eoyal Agricultural and Com- 
 mercial Society. From tbe neigbbourbood of tbe Pomeroon 
 Eiver. 
 
 3.— SILK GEASS, or COEAWA FIBEE {Bromelia Karatas, Lin.). 
 Contributed by W. S. Eutherford. It is very strong, and is 
 used by tbe Indians for bow-strings, nets, fisbing-lines, 
 ropes, &c. 
 
 Note. — A sample ,of this fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 in December, 1866. 
 
 4.— TIBISIEI FIBEE (Mauritia flexuosa, Lin.). CoUected by W. 
 C. McClintock for tbe Correspondence Committee. It is 
 obained from tbe inner sm-face of tbe spiral leaves of tbe Ita 
 Palm, and is used by tbe Indians for making bammocks, &c. 
 It is very dm-able except in damp situations, and can be 
 obtained in large quantities all tbe year round. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 in December, 1866. 
 
 5. — MAHOE FIBEE (Thespesia populnea, Correa, or Hibiscus elatus, 
 Lin.). Contributed by tbe Correspondence Committee. 
 
 6. — MOEA HAIE (Tillandsia usneoides, Lin.). From tbe Canje 
 Creek. Contributed by Dr. Shier, Georgetown. Tbis epipbyte 
 is abundant in many of tbe creeks of tbe Colony. It is pre- 
 pared by steeping in water till tbe epidermis can be readily 
 separated. Tbe fibre is black and resembles borse-baii", and is 
 used for stufiing sofas, mattresses, &c. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 in December, 1866.
 
 Sect. B.] CATALOGUE. 15 
 
 7. — MORA HAIE (Tillandsia usneoides). Contributed by E. J. 
 Johnson, Mabaiconi. 
 
 8.— COTTON (CREOLE) {Gossypimi arhoreum, Lin.). Contributed 
 by W. Jansen, Berbice. 
 
 9.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by P. P. Faieburn, and grown 
 at Plantation Wliiin, Corentyn Coast, Berbice. 
 
 10— DITTO (SEA ISLAND). Contributed by Alex. Winter, and 
 grown at Plantation Hope and Experiment, West Coast, 
 Berbice. 
 
 11.— DITTO (CREOLE). Contributed by Alex. Winter, and grown 
 at Plantation Hope and Experiment, Berbice. 
 
 12.— DITTO (INDIAN). CoUected by W. C. McClintock for the 
 Correspondence Committee, and grown on tbe high lands nt 
 the Upper Barama Creek, River Wai-ini, about 150 miles from 
 tbe sea. Cultivated hy Acawai Indians, 
 
 Note. — A sample of this Cotton obtained a prize at the Local Exhibi- 
 tion in December, 1866. 
 
 13.— DITTO, DITTO. Collected by W. C. McClintock for tbe 
 Correspondence Committee, and grown by the Indians on tbe 
 high lands, River Wai-ini, distant from tbe sea about 200 miles. 
 
 14.— DITTO (CREOLE). Contributed by the Correspondence Com- 
 
 3IITTEE. 
 
 15.— CUCURIT, or KOQUERIT PALM EIBRE {Maximiliana 
 regia, Mart.). Collected by W. C. McClintock for the Cor- 
 respondence Committee. This ornamental Palm is to be 
 found in large numbers in almost all parts of Guiana. Some 
 Indian tribes extract fi-om this Palm a kind of flour which has 
 a saline taste, and vdth. which they season their food. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this Fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 in Decemljer, 1866. 
 
 16. — WINNA FIBRE, the inner bark of the Cacaralli tree {Lecythis 
 Ollaria, Lin.). Collected by W. C. McClintock for the Cor- 
 respondence Committee. It is used by the Indians to wrap 
 their cigars. 
 
 17.— HORSE-EYE BUSH ROPE FIBRE. Contributed by the Rev. 
 J. Ketley, Georgetown. This fibre is valuable because of its 
 length and strength. The fibre made from the bark is remark- 
 able for its silken fineness. 
 
 ^
 
 16 CATALOGUE. [Sect. B. 
 
 18.— DITTO, STEM. Contributed by the Rev. J. Ketlby, George- 
 town. From this the fibre (No. 17) is made. 
 
 19._C0IL OF ROPE. Contributed by Alex. Wintee, Berbice, and 
 made from the fibre of the Wild Ochro, sometimes called 
 " jumby ochro " ( Urena, /Sijx ?) This rope was made at Plantation 
 Hope and Experiment, where it is used in packing bales of 
 cotton. The Wild Ochro is found in abundance all over the 
 Colony, and the process for preparing the fibre is simple and 
 inexpensive. 
 
 Note. —This obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition in December, 
 1866. 
 
 20.— JUMBY OCHRO, or WILD OCHRO FIBRE {Urena Sp.f). 
 Contributed by A. Beckwith, Mahaiconi. 
 
 Note. — A sample of this Fibre obtained a prize at the Local Exhibition 
 in December, 1866. 
 
 21.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by E. J. Johnson, Mahaiconi. 
 
 22.— MAHOE FIBRE. See No. 5. Contributed by E. J. Johnson, 
 Mahaiconi. 
 
 23. — FIBRE, from the Ita Palm (Mauritia flexuosa, Lin.). Con- 
 tributed by W. C. MoClintock, Pomeroou. It has been stated 
 (see No. 4) that Tibisiri Fibre is obtained from the inner 
 sui'face of the spiral leaves of this palm. After its removal a 
 large quantity of refuse fibre remains, which at present is allowed 
 to rot on the ground. It is in the hope that some usefid appK- 
 cation may bo found, such as paper-making, or textile fabric, 
 for the rendering useful of this abundant material, that the 
 specimen is now forwarded.
 
 Sect. C] CATALOGUE. 17 
 
 SECTION C. 
 
 CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ARTICLES AND 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 1. — CEAB OIL. Contributed by William Fresson, Georgetown. 
 Obtained from tlie seeds of tlie tree yielding crab wood {Carapa 
 Guianensis, Auhl.). It is used in tlie Colony for burning, and is 
 highly esteemed as an oil for the hair. It is also used with 
 great effect in certain skin-diseases of horses, cattle, and dogs. 
 
 2.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Charles Grant, Berbice. 
 
 3. — LAUEEL OIL. Contributed by "William Fresson, Georgetown. 
 This oil, sui)posed to be obtained from the Oreodaplme opifero, 
 Nees., is extensively used by natives in affections of the joints, 
 and in rheumatism. It is also an admirable solvent of india- 
 rubber. A section of the stem of the tree has been forwarded for 
 examination. See Section D, No. 29. A sample of the oil was 
 forwarded to the London International Exliibition of 1862, by 
 W. H. Campbell, LL.D., Georgetown, and was accompanied 
 wdth the subjoined information as to the mode of obtaining it 
 from the tree. Sefior Francisco Jose Silva, who has resided 
 for many years on the lower Orinoco, states that the Sassafi-as 
 or Laurel Oil is obtained fi'om the tree which yields it, by 
 boring an auger-hole to the heart. The operation must be per- 
 formed when the moon is on the increase. It is not every tree 
 that produces oil, but those which contain it begin to yield it 
 as soon as the auger reaches the vein (heart ?) The oil is 
 received in a basin and does not require any piuification or 
 prepai-ation, such as filtering, boiling, &e. The memorandum 
 in Spanish which accompanied this sj)ecimen is as follows : — A 
 solicitad del Seiior F. W. Behrens, vecino de Puerto de Tablas 
 en la provincia de Guayana, Kepublica de Venezuela, day los 
 informes siguientes. Para producir 6 ganar el Aceite de 
 Sassafras, se pica 6 barrena la mata, hastallegar a su corazon. 
 Esta operacion se hace en tiempe de la cresciente de la lima. 
 No todas las matas producen Aceite, peso los arboles que 
 tienen, empiezan echarlo, enando ha llegardo el barreno a la 
 vena. Este Aceite se recoje, y no necesita de otra operacion, 
 
 X
 
 18 CATALOGUE. [Sect. C. 
 
 no se cocina, ni se filtra. He vivido muclios anos en el bajo 
 Orinoco y me lie ocupado en estos trabajos ; y day los informes 
 asila dichoSj para los partes interesados, y firma la presente en 
 Cuidad Bolivar; Fcbrero 20 de 1861." — Francisco Jose 
 
 SiLVA. 
 
 4. — BALATA. Tbe inspissated juice of tbe Bully Bullet, or Burueh 
 
 tree (Sapota Mulleri or Mimusops Baldfa, Gaert. Acliras Balata, 
 
 Auhl.?) Contributed by David A. Melville, Berbice. For 
 
 full information relating to this substance, see Mr. Melville's 
 
 communication in the Preface, p. Ixvii. 
 
 4a.— BAEK of the BULLY TREE. Contributed by David A. 
 Melville, Berbice. From tliis specimen of Bark tbe milk has 
 not been allowed to flow, and in its solid state it may be seen in 
 the inner layers of Bark. 
 
 5. — BALATA. Contributed by E. J. Johnson, Mahaiconi. 
 
 6.— GUM ANIMI, or GUM RESIN, from the Simiri or Locust 
 Tree [Hymencca Coiirharil, Lin.). Contributed by David A. 
 Melville, Berbice. This gum is obtained by digging in the 
 vicinity of the roots of the tree, from which it exudes in a 
 vertical direction in columns or pieces upwards of a foot in 
 length. This explanation (generally received) is very doubt- 
 ful. The masses of gum-resin commonly seen have more 
 the appearance of a stalagmitic formation (so to sj)eak), arising 
 from exudations from the branches of the tree dropping in the 
 sand below. It is certain that leaves of trees and insects have 
 been observed enclosed in these masses. The subject, howevei', 
 is at present involved in obscurity. It may also be obtained by 
 tapping the tree, when, in the course of a few days, a large 
 solid mass is formed. It is said to be the Gum Animi of com- 
 merce, and is occasionally used in this Colony for the same 
 purposes as Gum-Copal. It may be obtained in great abund- 
 ance in various parts of the Colony. 
 
 7.— GUM, called CARMAN, CARAMAN, or BUCK WAX, from the 
 Mani Tree {Amyris, or Idea, S}).?). Contributed by the CoR- 
 RESPONDEKCE COMMITTEE. It is Said to be the inspissated 
 juice of the Mani Tree, called also Maniballi or Candlewood, 
 and is used by the Indians for preserving theii" nets and cord- 
 age, and for the same purposes as pitch.
 
 Sect. C.J ' CATALOGUE. 1 9 
 
 8.— GUM HYAWA, or RESIN of CONIMA, from the "Hyawa" or 
 Incense tree (Idea heptapliylla, Auhl.). Contributed by 
 William Fresson, Georgetown. This gum is very fragrant 
 and is supposed to be suitable for pastilles, &c. 
 
 9.— INDIA EUBBER Collected by W. C. McClintock, for tbe 
 CouRESPOXDENCE CoMMiTTEE. A Considerable number of 
 trees yield this commodity ; but, so far as relates to tbis 
 Colony, they have not been botanically determined with an 
 accuracy that would permit of their being here enumerated. 
 
 10.—" CAEAWEEEA." A rod paint used by the Caribisi Indians. 
 Contributed by "William Fresson, Georgetown.* 
 
 11.— HONEY. From MelUjJona, Sjh ? Contributed by William 
 Fressox, Georgetown. Used as a domestic remedy in coughs, 
 sore thi'oat, &c. It is slightly acid to the taste. 
 
 12. — DITTO. Contributed by the Correspondence Committee. 
 
 13._GUINEA PEPPEE, or GEAINS of PAEADISE (Amomum 
 Melegueta, Boxh.), Contributed by William Fresson, 
 Georgetown. These seeds are much superior to those imported 
 from Africa. 
 
 14.— BLACK PEPPEE (Pijjer nigrum, Lin.). From Monte Video, 
 Berbice Eiver. Contributed by T. B. Duggin. One vine 
 yielded the contributor in one season a crop of 10 lbs. weight. 
 
 15._W0UEALLI, UEALI, or OUEAEI POISON. Contributed by 
 the Correspondexce Committee. It has been ascertained 
 by Sir E. Schojiburgk that the basis of this celebrated poison 
 is obtained from the Strychios toxifera, Schotnb. 
 
 16.— SULPHATE OF BIBIEINE. Contributed by William 
 Fresson, Georgetown. This now well-known medicine, used 
 as an anti-periodic and febrifuge, is obtained from the bark 
 and seeds of the Bibiru or Greenheai-t tree (Nedandra Itodicei, 
 
 * Humboldt remarks that red paint is the ordinary decoration of the Indian 
 tribes ; the most common kind is obtained from the seeds of Bi.ra Orellana, and 
 is called roucou, or arnotto. Another, much more expensive, kind is extracted 
 from the leaves of Bignonia chica; a black ingredient is obtained from Genipa 
 Americana. Wallace states that the paint is very durable, for though they bathe 
 two or three times a-day, it lasts a week or a fortnight before it quite disappears. 
 Humboldt and Bonpland both tried it, and experienced this result to their great 
 annoyance. 
 
 I 2
 
 20 CATALOGUE. [Sect. C. 
 
 Schomh.). It was discovered by the late Dr. Hugh Eodie, 
 about tbe year 1814. 
 
 17. — STAECH from the seeds of tbe Greenbeart tree. Contributed by 
 tbe COERESPOXDEXCE CoJMMiTTEE. Tbe seeds of tbe Green- 
 heart contain a considerable quantity of starch. Occasionally, 
 in times of scarcity, these seeds are grated and mixed with 
 decayed Wallaba, tbe wood of Epenia falcata, AM., and used 
 by tbe Indians as food. The starch, from being imperfectly 
 separated, has a bitter taste, and is said to possess a febrifuge 
 and tonic action on the constitution. 
 
 18. — CASTOR OIL PLANT (Bicinus communis, Lin.), seeds of. 
 This plant grows abimdantly and spontaneously throughout 
 the Colony, and produces the well-kno^Ti medicinal oil. 
 
 19.— INDIAN, or BUCK SHOT. Contributed by the Coeeespon- 
 DENCE Committee. This is tbe seed of an undetermined 
 species of Canna, variously supposed to be C. coccinea, C. lutea, 
 G. occidentalis, and C. Acliiras, and is used by the Indians as 
 shot. From the rhizomes of the plant is obtained the Tous- 
 les-mois Starch of commerce. It grows wild in this Colony, 
 and could be cultivated to any extent. 
 
 20.— TOBACCO SEEDS. (Nicotiana Tahacum, Lin.) Contributed 
 by tbe Coekespondekce Committee. 
 
 21.— BAEA-CARA TEEE SEEDS. (Eryth-ina Corallodendron, Lin.) 
 Contributed by William Feesson, Georgeto^soi. 
 
 22. — MOEA BAEK, Powdered, (ilfom excelsa, Benth.) Contributed 
 by Dr. Goeing, Arouabisce Coast. It is used successfully in 
 cases of dysentery. 
 
 23.— CAYENNE PEPPER. Contributed by William Feesson, 
 Georgetown. 
 
 24.— CAYENNE PEPPEE, Soluble. Contributed by William 
 Feesson, Georgetown. This very elegant and useful condi- 
 ment was prepared by the contributor. 
 
 25.— CAYENNE PEPPEE, Active principle of, dissolved in olive 
 oil. Contributed by William Feesson, Georgetown. 
 
 26. — COFFEE, Leaves of, dried. Contributed by the Coeeespon- 
 dence Committee. It is said to contain the active principle of 
 coffee. A sample sent to tbe Local Exhibition in Georgetown,
 
 Sect. C] catalogue. 21 
 
 by Mr. T. A. Gbeen, of Albert Town, was accompanied by tbo 
 following statement : — " The best method of preparing the 
 " leaves is by baking, as they are not then so friable as when 
 " roasted. In this state they are fit for exportation, and may 
 " be kept without deterioration for a considerable length of 
 " time. I have kept them for six months exposed in the air, 
 " and at the end of that time they still retained their aromatic 
 " flavour when drawn. I have used nothing else as a morning 
 " and evening beverage for some time, and consider the quali- 
 " ties of the leaves to be equal to those of the berries." 
 
 27.— COFFEE, Leaves of, Dried. Contributed by Miss Eeiss, 
 Plantation Klein Pouderoyen. 
 
 28.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by John Henky. 
 
 29.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by Mrs. E. J. Johnson. 
 Mahaiconi. 
 
 30.— MEGASS SLAG, Pulverised. Contributed by Edmund 
 Field, Plantation Great Diamond. This slag is found in the 
 flues under the copper-walls of estates. It is a product of 
 the combustion of Megass.* It is rich in potash salts, and is 
 believed to be a valuable manure. 
 
 * •' Megass " is the sugar-cane after being squeezed by passing tlirough the 
 rollers of the mill : it is, when sufficiently drietl, used as fuel for boiling the cane- 
 juice. Dr. Dalton (the author of the ' History of British Guiana') has recently 
 called attention to the antiseptic and disinfectant properties of " Green " Megass. 
 From the experiments instituted, and from the results of the observations of himself 
 and of other medical practitioners, he deduces the subjoined conclusions : — 
 
 1. That animal matter in a state of decomposition, -when subjected to the 
 
 action of green megass, has the natm-e of that decomposition changed. 
 
 2. That the foetid and disagreeable effluvia resultiug from the decomposition 
 
 of animal b jdies, is arrested and obliterated by the action of fresh megass. 
 
 3. That the foul afr and unpleasant smell not unfrequently occiuring in the 
 
 wards of hospitals, is soon removed, and the atmosphere rendered sweet, 
 by the influence of fresh megass. 
 
 4. That ulcers having a tendency to slough, and actually in a sloughing state, 
 
 are improved, and in many cases cured, by the influence of fresh megass. 
 
 5. That green or fresh megass possesses in a high degree powerful antiseptic, 
 
 disinfecting, and sanative properties. 
 
 6. That the nature or cause of these properties is at present unknown, but 
 
 probably depends on sacchaiine fermentation or exhalation. 
 
 The subject is one eminently worthy of further iavestigation wherever the 
 agent or any cognate substance is procurable.
 
 22 CATALOGUE. [Sect. C. 
 
 31.— DITTO, DITTO, in Mass. Contributed by Edmund Field, 
 Plantation Great Diamond. 
 
 32. — OIL, from Liver of tlie Sword or Comb Fish [Pristis pecfinatus, 
 Latham). Contributed by Wallace Merriman, Berbice. 
 This oil is used by immigrants from India for anointing the 
 skin. It is also used in lamps. The contributor says that a 
 liver will yield from 15 to 20 gallons of oil. 
 
 33.— GLUE, from the " GILBACKEE," or " GILBAGEE " {Silurus 
 Parkerii). Contributed by Wallace Merriman, Berbice. 
 The fish which jyields this valuable glue is very abundant in 
 the estuaries of the rivers of this Colony. A considerable 
 quantity pf the glue is now exported. It is said to be used in 
 the manufactiu'e of isinglass. 
 
 34.— DITTO, DITTO. Contributed by T. M. Sargeant, George- 
 toAvn. 
 
 35._«GUTTA LUCUMA," or GUM from the BAETABALLI 
 TEEE {Lucuma Bonplandii, H. B.). Contributed by 
 David A. Melville, Berbice. The following remarks are 
 given by the contributor : — " This gum is obtained from the 
 " Bartaballi tree," which, like the Bully tree, yields a milky 
 "juice on being tapped. The Bartaballi also ranks as one of 
 " the wholesome milk-producing trees ; the fruit is edible, and 
 " of a most agreeable taste. The gum differs from Balata in 
 " becoming of a sticky and highly-elastic nature when slightly 
 " heated ; when cold, it is dry and brittle." 
 
 Like Balata it is insoluble in water, hot or cold, but becomes 
 plastic at a much lower temperature, when it acquires an 
 elasticity that enables it to be drawn out into the minutest 
 filaments. But its stickiness seems likely to operate against its 
 usefulness as a gum of the Gutta Percha tribe. The tree is 
 abundant in the Canje Creek, but is seldom foimd of large 
 dimensions. 
 
 36.— LOCUST BAEK {Eymencea Courharil, Lin.). Contributed by 
 the Correspondence Committee. It is used by the Indians in 
 cases of dysentery. 
 
 37.— MOEABALLI BAEK. Contributed by William Fresson, 
 Georgetown. It is used by the Indians as a fish poison, and 
 also as a dressing for sores. 
 
 38 —WALL ABA BAEK {Eperua falcata, Aubl). Contributed by
 
 bect. c] catalogue. 23 
 
 William Fresson, Georgetown. It is used by the Indians in 
 tootliaclie ; tlic cavity in the tooth being stuffed with the inner 
 bark. 
 
 39.— CUEUBALLI BAEK. Contributed by William Feesson, 
 Georgetown. A decoction of the bark is used by the Indians 
 as an emetic. 
 
 40.— SEEADA, or CEEEDA BAEK. Contributed by William 
 Fresson, Georgetown. A decoction of the bark is used by the 
 Indians as a bath in small pox. 
 
 41.— WILD GUAVA BAEK (Pisidium, Sjh ?). Contributed by Wil- 
 liam Fresson, Georgetown. It is used by the Indians in cases 
 of dysentery. 
 
 42.— MOEA BAEK {3Iora excefsa, Benth.). Contributed by William 
 Fresson, Georgetown. Used in cases of dysentery. 
 
 43. — CASHEW BAEK {Anacardium Occidentale, Lin.). Contributed 
 by William Fresson, Georgetown. It is used as an as- 
 tringent. 
 
 44.— BULLY TEEE BAEK (Sajwta Mullen ? or Mimusops Balata, 
 Gaert., Achras Balata, Auhl. ?). Contributed by William 
 Fresson, Georgetown. A decoction of the bark is used as an 
 emetic. 
 
 45.— BITTEE WOOD, or CUEUBUEANDA. Contributed by David 
 A, Melville, Berbice. It is used as a stomachic 
 
 46.— SIMAEUBA EOOT (Slmaruha officinalis, De Cand.). Con- 
 tributed by the Correspondence Committee. A decoction of 
 the bark is used in dysentery. 
 
 47.— SAESAPAEILLA BOOTS (Smilax officinalis, E. B. K). Col- 
 lected by W. C. McClintock for the Correspondence Com- 
 mittee. The decoction is used as an alterative. 
 
 48.— BUSH EOPE (popularly called " Pain " rope). Contributed by 
 the Correspondence Committee. It is used in rheumatism in 
 the form of decoction. 
 
 49.— BED MANGEOVE BAEK {Bhizophora racemosa, 3Ieyer). 
 Contributed by William Fresson, Georgetown. The decoction 
 of the bark has been found of great service in cases of chylous 
 m*ine.
 
 1 
 
 24 CATALOGUE. [Sect. C. 
 
 50— YELLOW SILVERBALLI BAEK (Nedandra, or Oreodaphne, 
 Sp. ?). Contributed by William Fbesson, Georgetown. It is 
 used in tanning. 
 
 51.— BROWN SILVERBALLI BARK {Nedandra, or Oreodaphne, 
 
 Sj). f). Contributed by Willl^m Feesson, Georgetowoi. Used ■ 
 in tanning. 
 
 52.— COMACOBALLI BARK. Contributed by William Feesson, 
 
 Georgetown. Used in tanning. ■ 
 
 K.3._SIMARUBA BARK {Simaruha officinalis, De Cand.). Con- 
 tributed by William Feesson, Georgetown. Used in tanning. 
 
 04, — MESS APPLE BARK {BlaJcea qiiinquenervia, Aubl.). Con- 
 tributed by William Feesso^i, Georgetown. Used in tan- 
 ning 
 
 55.— BLOOD WOOD BARK. Contributed by the Coeeespondence 
 Committee. Used in tanning.
 
 SiiCT. D.] CATALOGUE. 25 
 
 SECTION D. 
 
 WOODS FOR BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 From the Massaruui Kiver. Collected by Thomas Fauset, for the Committee of 
 Correspondence. Nos. 1 to 20. 
 
 1. — SURADANI. A hard wood mucli used for corials or canoes ; 
 also for timbers, rails, tlie naves and felloes of wheels, and for 
 planks and covering boards of Colony craft. It will square 
 from 14 to 20 inches, and from 30 to 40 feet long. Its rich 
 brown coloiu* would adapt it well for furniture. The tree is 
 plentiful, and of large size. 
 
 2. — BOEAHOVA. A tree of considerable size, but the timber is 
 little known and seldom used. 
 
 3. — HOUBABALLI. A light brownish wood, beautifully variegated 
 with black and brown streaks ; easily worked, takes a fine 
 polish, and makes beautiful furniture and cabinet ^vork of every 
 description. It may be had from 15 to 20 inches square, and 
 from 40 to 70 feet long. The tree grows to the height of about 
 100 feet, and is by no means scarce in some localities. 
 
 4.— SEEADA, or CEEEDA. A hard light-coloured wood. Squares 
 from 12 to 16 inches. 
 
 5. — CABACALLI. This tree grows tall and straight, and will square 
 from 12 to 18 inches for 40 or 50 feet in length. The wood is 
 heavy and close-gi'ained, and is considered very little inferior 
 to Silverballi for boat-building, as, like that wood, it possesses 
 a bitter principle which protects it against the attacks of worms, 
 and renders it durable imder water. It must^ however, bo 
 fastened with copper nails. Of the branches, timbers and 
 knees for every description of craft are made, which are quite 
 as lasting as those of Mora, No. 20. 
 
 6.— CEETTI, KEETTY, or BASTAED SILVEEBALLI. A light 
 and dm-able wood. It is sometimes used for planking vessels, 
 but chiefly for inside boarding. It is common, and may bo ob- 
 tained from 12 to 20 inches squai*e. 
 
 i
 
 26 CATALOGUE. [Sect. D. 
 
 7. — SIMAEUBA (Simaruha officinalis, Dec, Simariiba amara, Auhl.). 
 Tliis tree grows on liill sides to tlic height of 80 feet, branching 
 and somewhat crooked; its wood resembles white pine in 
 colour and quality. It is light and easily worked, and may be 
 had in boards 20 to 40 feet long and from 24 to 30 inches 
 wide. It is much used for partitions and other inside work of 
 houses, but will not bear exposui"e to the weather. 
 
 8. — DUCA, or DOOKA. A hard wood of large size, squaring from 
 12 to 18 inches. The tree yields a large quantity of gum. 
 
 9.— AEUMATA, or AEMATA. This wood is seldom foimd more 
 than 25 to 35 feet in length, and 7 inches in diameter. It is a 
 hard strong wood, excellent for planking vessels, but is chiefly 
 used for the rafters of cottages. The heart is pretty, and is 
 occasionally used for cabinet work. 
 
 10._WADADUEI, or MONKEY POT {Lecyfliis grandiflora, Auhl). 
 This tree is plentiful throughout the Colony. It grows tall, 
 straight, and to a large size. The wood is hard, close-grained, 
 and handsome. It is used for furnitm-e, and makes good staves 
 for hogsheads. Height of the tree, 106 feet ; diameter of the 
 trunk, 30 inches. 
 
 11. — KUEAKAI, or CUEAKI. This tree grows to an enormous size, 
 and yields a resin similar in properties to that of Hyawa, 
 Section C, No. 8. The wood is described as the most suitable 
 in the Colony for deals, to be proof against dry rot, and, when 
 not exposed to the weather, exceedingly durable. It is light, 
 open-grained, and highly odorous, and is much used for corials 
 and canoes. It is plentiful in all parts of the Colony, in low 
 swampy places. 
 
 12.— MANIBALLI, or CANDLE-WOOD {Apocynaceae ?). This 
 tree grows very straight ; the timber can be had from 30 to 40 
 feet long, and from 8 to 10 inches in diameter. It is hard, 
 close, and even-grained, and is excellent for the frames of 
 hoixses. It is from a variety of this tree that the Indians jiro- 
 cure the wax (Karman or Cari-mani) which they use in fasten- 
 ing their arrow-heads, hooks, &c. See Section C, No. 7. 
 
 13.— DACANABALLI. A hard wood of large size, squaring 20 
 inches and upwards.
 
 Sect. D.] CATALOGUE. 27 
 
 ll.-SIPIEI, BIBIBU, or GEEENHEART yellow variety {Nec- 
 tandra Bochv!, Schomh.). This tree is very abuudaut witliin 100 
 miles of the coast region, and its timber, squaring from 18 to 
 24 inches, may be had without a knot from 60 to 70 feet long. 
 It is a fine cven-gTained hard wood, well adapted for planking 
 of vessels, house-frames, wharves, bridges, and other purposes, 
 where great strength and dui-ability are required. As it is un- 
 surpassed in resistance to tensile and compressive strains, it is 
 admirable for kelsons and for ship timbers. Its excellence is 
 now acknowledged at Lloyd's, where, along with Mora (No. 20) 
 it ranks as one of the eight first-class woods for ship building. 
 From the bark and seeds the well-known " Bibirine " is ob- 
 tained. See Section C, No. 16. 
 
 15.— HURUWASSA, or SOAP-WOOD (Sajnndus Saponaria, Lin.). 
 Both the root and bark as well as the seeds are used by the 
 Indians as a substitute for soaj). The wood is hard and tough, 
 and may be obtained 20 inches square and upwards. 
 
 16.— WAMAEA, or BEOWN EBONY. A hard, cross-grained wood, 
 not apt to split, and therefore well adapted for ship-building. 
 It is also one of the handsomest woods of the Colony, and 
 would make beautiful fm-niture. Sir E. Schombourgk describes 
 it as a scarce tree, attaining a great height. The only part 
 used is the heart, which is dark-brown and often streaked. Its 
 hardness and weight cause it to be preferred by the Indians for 
 their war-clubs. It may be had from 6 to 12 inches square, 
 and from 20 to 40 feet long. 
 
 17.— SIEUABALLI, or SILVEEBALLI, yeUow variety {Nectandra 
 or Oreodapline, Sp.?). This tree gTows to a considerable size, 
 but is then often hollow. It will, however, square sound from 
 10 to 14 inches, and often from 40 to 50 feet long. The wood 
 is lighter than water, and contains a bitter principle, which 
 resists the attacks of worms. Hence it is much used in the 
 Colony for the outside planking of vessels and boats. It is 
 also used for masts and booms. There are foiu* varieties or 
 species of this tree, distinguished as black, brown, yellow, and 
 white Silverballi, possessing the same properties, but of these 
 the white is least esteemed. 
 
 18.— HOEOWAEY, or HUEUWAEY. A hard wood, squaring from 
 12 to 16 inches.
 
 28 CATALOGUE. [Sect. D. 
 
 19.— SIMIEI, or LOCUST TEEE {HpnencBa Courbaril, Lin.). This 
 tree, wliicli is abundant in tlie Colony, often attains the laeight 
 of 60 or 80 feet before it throws out a branch, and has a 
 diameter of 8 to 9 feet. The wood is close-gi*ained, hard, and 
 compact, of a fine bro^Mi, streaked with veins, and takes a beau- 
 tiful polish, which recommends it for furniture. As it does not 
 split or warp, it is well adapted for mill-timbers and engine- 
 beds. A good deal of it is sent to England to be used as 
 trenails in planking vessels, and in beams and planks for 
 fitting up steam engines. It has also been found to answer 
 well for the frames, wheels, &c., of spinning machines. The 
 Indians and Negroes are fond of the farinaceous saccharine 
 pulp enveloping the seeds. The Indians make " wood-skins " 
 or canoes, of the bark. The tree yields what is supposed to be 
 the Gum Animi of commerce. See Section C, No. 6. 
 
 20. — MOEA {Mora excelsa, BentJi). This, the most majestic tree of 
 the forests of Guiana, towers above every other, often attaining 
 a height of from 120 to 150 feet, and is frequently seen rising 
 to the height of GO feet without a branch. When of that 
 length it will square 18 or 20 inches, but is seldom then sound 
 throughout. The wood is extremely tough, close, and cross- 
 grained, so that it is difficult to sj)lit, which renders it pecu- 
 liarly adapted for shipbuilding. The trunk makes admirable 
 keels, timbers, and beams ; and the branches, having a natm-al 
 crookedness of growth, are unsui'passed as knees. Were men- 
 of-war ceiled with this wood, little mischief woidd be occasioned 
 by splinters dm-ing action. In most respects it is superior to 
 oak, particularly in its exemption from dry rot. This, as well 
 as Greenheart (No. 14), ranks as one of the eight first-class 
 woods at Lloyd's for shipbuilding. It is abundant along the 
 rivers of the coast region, and extends as far south as lat. 3° N. 
 It grows luxuriantly on sand reefs, and on tracts of barren 
 clay known as " Mora clay," a soil so sterile as not to admit 
 of profitable' cultui-e. Sir E. Schomburgk, referring to this 
 tree, states : — " In all my former travels in Guiana, I have 
 nowhere seen trees of this description so gigantic as on the 
 land adjoining the Barima at its upper coui-se. Indeed, fre- 
 quently when the boat rounded some point which the river 
 made in its course, and a long reach was before, these majestic 
 trees appeared in the background as hillocks clothed with
 
 Sect. D.] CATALOGUE. 29 
 
 vegetation, until a nearer approach ehowod our mistake, and 
 we foiuiil that what we considered to have been a hillock was a 
 single tree, rising to the enormous height of 130 to 150 feet, 
 forming by itself, as it were, a forest of vegetation. The im- 
 portance of the Mora in naval architecture is now fully recof- 
 nized in Great Britain, and a new export trade has been opened 
 to the Colony. On the upper Barima this tree is so abundant, 
 and grows to such a size, that the whole British navy might be 
 reconstructed merely from the trees which line its banks, a cir- 
 cumstance well worth consideration, for the river being navi- 
 gable to vessels of 12 feet draught, the craft intended for the 
 transport of the timber might load at the very spot where the 
 trees are cut down." The bark of the Mora is used for tan- 
 ning ; and in times of scarcity the seeds grated and mixed 
 with decayed Wallaba wood, are eaten by the Indians. The 
 seeds also are said to be beneficial in cases of diarrhoea or 
 dysentery. See Section C, Nos. 22 and 42. 
 
 21. — MAHOGANY {Hczmatoxxjlon Campechiannm). From Planta- 
 tion Bath, Berbice. Contributed by H. T. Gaenett. 
 
 22.— HOUBABALLI. See No. 3. Contributed by Andrew Htoter. 
 
 23. — HOUBABALLI, Black. Contributed by Committee op Corbe- 
 SPONDEKCE. A dark-coloured variety of No. 3, for fui-niture 
 and cabinet work. 
 
 24.— SIEUABALLI, or SILVEEBALLI, Bro^v-n variety. ( Ocotea, 
 Sp. ?) A hard wood, similar in quality to the yellow variety. 
 Height of the tree, 90 feet ; diameter of the tnmk, 18 inches. 
 It is not very plentiful. Contributed by Andrew Htjxter. 
 
 25. DUCALIBALLI. This tree is of large size, but not plentiful. 
 The timber may be had 40 feet long, but seldom more than 20 
 inches in diameter. It is a deep red, close-grained wood, more 
 even and compact than Mahogany, and takes a high polish ; it 
 is in great repute for cabinet and tiu-ning work. It resembles, 
 or perhaps is identical with, the Brazilian Beef-wood. Con- 
 tributed by ditto. 
 
 26.— CAEABA, or GEAB-WOOT> (Car apa guianensis, Auhl). This 
 tree is plentiful, grows tall and straight, and may be cut from 
 40 to 60 feet in length, with a square of 14 or 16 inches. Tho 
 wood is light, and, as it takes a high polish, makes excellent
 
 30 CATALOGUE. [Sect. D. 
 
 furniture. It is also much used for floors, partitions, and 
 doors in dwelling-liouses. Masts and spars are formed of it, 
 and it is sometimes employed for sugar hogsheads, and even 
 shingles, as it splits freely and smoothly. There are two 
 varieties, red and white. The seeds yield " Crab Oil," and the 
 bark is useful for tanning, so that this tree ranks among the 
 most useful in the Colony. Contributed by ditto. See Section C, 
 Nos. 1 and 2. 
 
 27. — HYAWABALLI {Omphalohium Lamherti, Dec). This tree 
 is not plentiful. Its timber, known as Zebra- wood, is in great 
 request for fui-nitm-e, on account of its beauty, and is easily 
 worked. The tree is of large size, but the heart seldom squares 
 more than 10 or 12 inches. Contributed by ditto. 
 
 28.— BUSH-EOPE. From the Demerara Eiver. Contributed by E. 
 Field. 
 
 29.— LAUREL OIL TREE {Oreodaphne Opifera, Nees.?). From 
 the lower part of the Orinoco Eiver, where the tree is 
 abundant. It yields the celebrated Laurel Oil (see Section C, 
 3), which is obtained by tapping the tree to its centre. The 
 wood is hard, and when recently cut highly odoriferous. Con- 
 tributed by W. C. McClintock, who states that he commissioned 
 an Indian to ascend the River Orinoco as far as the village of 
 Zacapana, about 400 miles from Mr. McClintock's post on the 
 Pomeroon, to procure this specimen. The Indian unfor- 
 tunately did not obtain either flowers or seeds. The seeds are 
 used medicinally, and with surprising effect in cases of ob- 
 stinate fevers. The oil, it is added by Mr. McClintock, is a 
 certain cure for liver complaint. 
 
 30.— MAEIWAYANA, or PUEPLEHEAET {Copaifera pnUlflora 
 and hradeata, Benth.), called by the Arawaks " Com'abaril." 
 Eather a scarce tree in the coast regions, being found chiefly 
 in the mountainous tracts above the cataracts. There are 
 several varieties or species, but all much alike, possessing great 
 strength and elasticity, and used for fui-nitm'e, on account both 
 of their colour and durability. Used also for mortar-beds, 
 being superior to any other wood in sustaining the shocks pro- 
 duced by the discharge of artillery. Sir E, Schombuegk was 
 assured by Colonel Moody, E.E., that the Black Greenheart 
 and the Purpleheart were the only woods that stood the test
 
 Sect. D.] CATALOGUE. 31 
 
 as mortar-beds at tlio siege of Fort Bourbon, in the Island of 
 Martiuic[ue. One variety (C. hradcata) is very common in tbo 
 savannas near tlie Eivers Rupununi, Takutu, and Branco, but 
 tliis is of small size comjiared witb. tbe others. It is used for 
 wiudmill-sbafts, rollers, and machinery. If better known, it 
 would be likely to take tbe place of Rosewood in tbe orna- 
 mental work of the cabinet-maker. It is of tbe bark of tbis 
 tree, when freshly cut down, that tbe Indians chiefly make 
 their " woodskins," or canoes, some of which are large enough 
 to carry 20 or 25 persons in smooth water. 
 
 31.— BUEUEH, BULLY, or BULLET TREE {Sapota Blulleri, 
 Mlq. ?). This tree is found throughout the Colony, but most 
 abundantly in Berbice. It is of tbe largest size, often 6 feet 
 in diameter, and having the trunk destitute of branches nearly 
 to the top. The leaves, branches, and trunk, produce a whitish 
 milk, forming the gum now known as " Balata " (Section 0, 
 Nos. 4, 4.a, 5), the properties of which appear to be intermediate 
 between Caoutchouc and Gutta-percha. The fruit is of the 
 size of a coffee berry, very delicious, and resembling the Sapo- 
 dilla. The wood is dark brown, variegated with small white 
 specks, and is extremely solid, heavy, close-grained, and durable. 
 It is chiefly used in house-framing, for posts, beams, and floors ; 
 and, as the weather has but little influence on it, is esteemed 
 the most valuable timber for the arms, shafts, and framework 
 of windmills. It squares from 20 to 30 inches, and may bo 
 obtained from 30 to 60 feet long. In salt or brackish water 
 it is sure to be attacked by the worms. A tree cut down by 
 ScHOMBURGK, near the Cuyimi, measured 67 feet to the first 
 branches, and thence to the top 49 feet — in all, 116 feet. The 
 ui)per portions of the trimk and branches are manufactured into 
 wbeel-spckes, palings, &c. A decoction of the bark is used, in 
 the form of clyster, and is said to be very efficacious in a disease 
 known to persons residing in the interior by the name of 
 " Quata " ( " Kaina-Kuku," Arawaak name), which is very pre- 
 valent among the Indian tribes at certain seasons of tbe year, 
 and more especially at the commencement of the dry season in 
 Sejitember. 
 
 32.— ETOORIE, or ITURI WALLABA. Has similar properties to 
 Wallaba, but is of smaller size and finer grain.
 
 32 CATALOGUE. [Sect. D. 
 
 33.— TATABOO, or TATABA. The tree is of largo size, growing 
 to the height of about 60 feet. The wood is hard and tough, 
 and well adapted for mill-timbers and planks, also for ship- 
 building, gun-carriages, coffee -stampers, &c. 
 
 34._CUEUBEEANDA, or BITTER-WOOD. Very hard, and 
 said to be valuable for ship or boat building. The wood is 
 light-coloui'ed, and has a bitter taste. It is plentiful in the 
 Essequebo and Massaruni Eivers. It ^squares from 14 to 20 
 inches. (See Section C, No. 45.) 
 
 35. — ^WALLABA {Eperua falcata, AubL). This wood is of a deep 
 red coloui", and is hard and heavy, but splits freely and 
 smoothly, and is much used for shingles, staves, palings, posts, 
 house-frames, &c. It is imjiregnated with a resinous oil, which 
 makes it very durable both in and out of water. A roof well 
 shingled with this wood will last more than 40 years. The 
 tree is very abimdant throughout the Colony, growing gene- 
 rally on the banks of rivers. It may be cut 30 or 40 feet long, 
 and 15 to 20 inches square. The tree yields an oil and a gum 
 resin, having medicinal properties. See Section C, No. 38. 
 
 36._CUAMAEA, or TONKA {Diptertjx odorafa, Willd.). This 
 tree is not very plentiful in the Colony. The timber may be 
 had from 40 to 50 feet long, and 18 to 20 inches square. It is 
 hard, tough, and durable in an eminent degree, and it is said 
 that a piece one inch square, and of a given length, will bear 
 100 lbs. more weight than any other timber in Gmana of the 
 same dimensions. It is, therefore, peculiarly adapted for any 
 purpose where resistance to great pressure is desired. It is 
 used for shafts, mill-wheels, and cogs. This tree yields the 
 well-known Tonka Bean. The bark and the leaves contain an 
 aromatic oil. 
 
 37.— TUEANIEA, TOUEANEEO, or BASTAED BULLY TEEE 
 
 {Humirium Jlorihunclum, Mart.). This tree is very abundant, 
 and grows to a large size. It will square 25 inches from 40 
 to 50 feet in length. It is a hard, even-gi-ained wood of a cedar 
 brown colour, and is used for framing timber, spokes, &c., and 
 is generally applicable to the same purposes as Bully Tree, 
 which it much resembles, except that it is not dm'able when 
 exposed to the weather. The fruit is delicious.
 
 Sect. D.] CATALOGUE, 315 
 
 38. — HACKIA. This wood is also known in the Colony as "Lignum 
 Vitae." The tree producing it attains a height of from 30 to 
 60 feet, squaring 16 to 18 inches. It is a valuable hard wood, 
 used for mill cogs and shafts, and occasionally for fiuniture. 
 
 Note. — For the loan of the specimens numbered from 30 to 38 both 
 inclusive, the Committee are indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Hookep, 
 of the Royal Gardens, Kew, who, under the sanction of the Eight 
 Honourable the First Commissioner of Works, &c., placed them at 
 their disposal for the Paris Exliibition ; having been formerly pre- 
 sented by the Committee to the Museum at Kew.
 
 34 ' CATALOGUE. [Sect. E. 
 
 SECTION E. 
 
 INDIAN MANUFACTURES AND MISCELLANEOUS 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 1. — BLOW-PIPE, covered with Pegall work, from tlie Pomeroon 
 Eiver. Collected by W. C. McClintock (65). The blo^v-pipe 
 of the Indians consists of an inner and outer tube, the latter 
 being sometimes covered with ornamental " pegall-work." The 
 inner tube is a single internode of the Arundinaria Schoni- 
 hurgkii, Benth. These internodes are sometimes 16 feet in 
 length. The arrow (see No. 3) is inserted into the tube, 
 having a dossil of cotton around the butt-end ; aim is then talien, 
 and the arrow projected by a sudden expii'ation. 
 
 2. — DITTO, from the Essequebo Eiver. Contributed by W. Fkesson. 
 
 3. — QUIVER, of Pegall work, containing arrows dipped in the 
 celebrated Wourali poison, a scratch from which, it is stated, 
 would produce almost instantaneous death. These arrows are 
 discharged by the blow-pipe. The quiver is generally accom- 
 panied by the maxilla of a fish, which is used for partially 
 cutting the poisoned part of the arrow, so that that portion may 
 break off and remain in the wound. The cutting is effected by 
 rapidly turning the arrow between the teeth of the maxilla. 
 Made by the Indians of the Pomeroon Eiver. Collected by 
 W. C. McClintock. (64) 
 
 4. — DITTO. Contributed by Committee of Correspondence. 
 
 5.—" PAGALA," or " PEGALL," large size, made from the Itm-ite 
 reed {Maranta ohliqna, Rudye), by the Arawak Indians of the 
 Pomeroon Eiver. Collected by W. C. McClintock. (1) 
 
 6.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 7.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. Made by Carabisi Indians. 
 
 8. — " PAGALA," Nest of, consisting of twelve. Made by Arawak 
 Indians. Collected by ditto. (15)
 
 Sect. E.] CATALOGUE. 35 
 
 9.— HAMMOCK, largo size. Made by the Warrau Indians of tho 
 Pomcroon River, from the fibre of the Ita Palm (3Iauritia 
 flexuosa^ Lin.). Collected by ditto. (2) 
 
 10.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. (63) 
 
 11.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. (13) 
 
 12.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. (14) 
 
 13.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 14. — DITTO. Made of the native Cotton. By Accawai Indians of 
 the Pomeroon Eiver. Collected by ditto. (GO) The native 
 cotton is remarkable for its fine long staple and silky aj^iiearancc. 
 Large hammocks of this material command a far higher price 
 in the Colony than those of English manufacture. 
 
 15.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. (61) 
 
 16.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. (62) 
 
 17.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 18.— DITTO, of small size. Made of the fibre of the Ita Palm. 
 Used by Accawai women to carry their infants. Collected by 
 ditto. (62) 
 
 19.— DITTO. Made by Warrau Indians. Collected by ditto. (45) 
 
 20.— DITTO. Made of native cotton. By Accawai Indians. Col- 
 lected by ditto. (3) 
 
 21.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 22.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 23.— CASTING NET, of silk grass, or fibre of Bromelia Karalas, 
 Lin. Made by Spanish Arawak Indians. Collected by ditto. 
 (53) 
 
 24.— WOEK BASKET, of Pegall work. Made by Indians of tho 
 Pomeroon River. Collected by ditto: (28) 
 
 25.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. (29) 
 
 26.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. (30) 
 
 27.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. (31) 
 
 28.— CIGAR CASES, of PegaU work. Made by Accawai Indians. 
 CoUected by ditto. (27) 
 
 K 2
 
 36 CATALOGUE. [Sect. E. 
 
 29.— « CUYUS," or « QUEYUS," Indian^bead ornaments. The only 
 covering of Arawak women. Collected by ditto. (7) 
 
 Note. — Queyus. In Eawlinson's ' Herodotus,' vol. iii., p. 137, note 9, 
 it is stated that the unmarried girls of Ethiopia now only wear an 
 apron of thongs, not unlike that on the nose of a charger. It is 
 called rahat, and is sometimes ornamented with cowries. The 
 representation given shows that it striMngly resembles the "queyus 
 of the Indian women . 
 
 30._«CO-MI-U," or STEAINER, of PegaU work. Made by Ara- 
 wak Indians, and used by tbem to strain their drinks, such as 
 Piwarri, Cassiri, Warapo, or the fermented juice of the sugar 
 cane, which is most intoxicating. Collected by ditto. (32) 
 
 31.— IVIATAPI, or CASSAVA SQUEEZER, of PegaU work. Made 
 by Ai"awak Indians. Collected by ditto. (60) This instru- 
 ment is used by the Indians for expressing the juice from the 
 Cassava root, after it has been grated on the Simarri.* It is 
 fii'st compressed and shortened as much as possible to increase 
 its diameter ; and is then filled with the grated root, and sus- 
 pended from one of the tie-beams of the benab, or hut. It is 
 then stretched by a lever passed thi'ough the lower loop, to the 
 long end of which a weight is attached. By this means the 
 capacity of the Matapi is diminished by nearly one-third ; the 
 juice is thus expressed, and is caught in vessels placed to 
 receive it. 
 
 32._"WAERI^WAEEI," or INDIAN FANS. Made of the leaves 
 of the Acayuru Palm (Astrocaryum Aculeatum, 3Ieer.). By 
 Arawak Indians. Collected by ditto. (50, 51, 52) 
 
 33.—" MATULI," or SIEVE. Made by Accawai Indians ; used to 
 sift Cassava meal, and hold Cassava bread. Collected by 
 ditto. (66) 
 
 34.— DITTO. [;^CoUected by ditto. (67) 
 
 85.— LETTER CASES, of PegaU work (sixteen). Made by Arawak 
 and Accawai Indians. CoUected by ditto. (17 to 26) 
 
 * A threshing instnunent was discovered in a vault at Tyre, consisting of a 
 large flat block of wood, 3 ft. by 4 ft. ; the imderside pierced with holes, in whicli 
 vrere inserted a nmnber of flints projecting about an inch beyond the surface. This 
 is the threshing instrument mentioned by the prophet Isaiah xli. 15. — Wilde's 
 Voyage to Madeira and tlie East. It seems from the description to bear some 
 resemblance to the '• simarri,'' or cassava grater of the Indians.
 
 Sect. E.] CATALOGUE. 37 
 
 36.— WOKK BASKET, of PegaU work, with letter-wood feet. Made 
 by Arawak Indians. Collected by ditto, (67) 
 
 37.— DITTO. Made by Carabisi Indians. Collected by ditto. (75) 
 
 38.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 39.— SHIET. Made of the bark of the ComacobaUi tree (Brown 
 variety). Collected by ditto. (9) 
 
 40.— TEOWSEKS, made of the bark of the ComacobaUi tree (White 
 variety). Collected by ditto. (8) 
 
 41.— HAIMMOCK EOPES. Made of silk grass, or fibre of Bromelia 
 Karatas, Lin. Collected by ditto. (6) 
 
 42.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 43.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 44.— AWIAREI, FLUTES, or WHISTLES (six). Made of Deer 
 bones by Caribisi Indians. CoUected by ditto. (64) 
 
 45.— " MACQUAEI " WHIP. Made of Nibbi, a bush rope. By 
 Indians of the Pomeroon Eiver. Collected by ditto. (12) 
 These whips are used by the Indians at their macquaris, or 
 funeral dances. This dance is a kind of single combat to test 
 the power of endm-ing pain. One of the combatants standing 
 fii'mly on one leg, puts forward the other, which his adversary 
 lashes with aU his might, stooping and springing at each blow 
 to add force to it, until the other can endui'e it no longer. 
 The combatants then change positions, and the whipper in his 
 tui'n oflfers his leg to the lash. 
 
 46. — NECKLACE, of the seeds of the Se-weu berry, made by the 
 Caribisi Indians. CoUected by ditto. (65) 
 
 47.— WAE CLUB, used by Caribisi Indians. CoUected by ditto. 
 (53) 
 
 48.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 49.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 50.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 51.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 52.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 53.— DITTO. CoUected by ditto. 
 
 i
 
 38 CATALOGUE. [Sect. E. 
 
 54.— DITTO. Used by Accawai Indians. Collected by ditto. (58) 
 
 55.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 56.— BOWS, INDIAN (eighteen). Made of Letter-wood and 
 Wasbiba Wood, by Indians of the Pomeroon Kiver. Collected 
 by ditto. (63) 
 
 57.— ARROWS, INDIAN. From the Pomeroon River. Collected 
 by ditto. These are of various kinds distinguished among the 
 Indians by different names. Those not barbed are called " A- 
 she-taku ; " those which are barbed are variously named 
 "Y-accas," " Siperari," " Sarapa," and "A-tum." Blunt 
 arrows, used for stunning birds, are named " Maruwaio." 
 
 58.— CONTRIVANCE FOR PUNISHING CHILDREN used by 
 the Indians. The frame is filled with stinging ants, and the 
 hands of the offender are then secured within it. Collected by 
 ditto. Schomburgk, however, enumerates this as one of the 
 means employed to test the juvenile Indian's capacity for the 
 endurance of pain on his arrival at the period of adolescence. 
 
 59.— WAR CLUB. From the Pomeroon River. Collected by ditto. 
 
 60.— "DIHAS," or BARK "LAPS," the only covering of Warrau 
 women. Collected by ditto. (10, 11.) 
 
 62.— CROWN, or CAP OF FEATHERS worn by Indians. Collected 
 by ditto. (69) Two Macaws' tail feathers are usually in- 
 serted at the back of each cap. 
 
 62.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. (70) 
 
 63.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 64.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 65.—" MASWAH," or INDIAN FISH-TRAP. From the Pomeroon 
 River. Collected by ditto. Used by Accawai Indians. 
 
 66.—" CORIAL," or INDIAN CANOE, of smaU size. From the 
 Pomeroon River. Collected by ditto. (74) E. 79. Canoes of 
 this description are much used by the Indians ; they are hol- 
 lowed out of the trunk of a single tree, and are sometimes of 
 great size. One of those emj^loyed by Schombukgk, during 
 an expedition into the interior, was 42 feet long and 5i feet 
 wide. 
 
 67.— DITTO. Collected by ditto.
 
 Sect. E.] CATALOGUE. 39 
 
 G8.— " WOODSKIN," or "BUCK-SHELL," of smaU size, from 
 ditto. Collected by W. C. McClintoch. Tlicse Ccanoes are 
 used by tbe Indians in the narrow creeks, where they can 
 easily be hauled across shallows, or over fallen trees ; but 
 when of larger size are used also in the great rivers, and even 
 for descending or " shooting " the rapids, their buoyancy car- 
 rying them safely through the boiling urge. The seats aro 
 formed of light pieces of wood, resting against the sides of the 
 craft. To open the one sent, it must be kept in water for a 
 week or ten days. 
 
 G9. -AETIFICIAL FLOWEES, made of Balata. (See Preface, 
 p. Ixxi, and Section C, 4.) Contributed by D. A. Melville, 
 Berbice. 
 
 70. -" BUCK HOUSE," or Model of the Huts of the Indians of 
 British Guiana, containing, in miniatm-e, most of the articles 
 usually found in Indian huts, or " Benaboos." Contributed by 
 Committee of Cokrespondenge. 
 
 71.— DITTO. Contributed by ditto. 
 
 72.— "HAHA," or INDIAN SHIELD, made from the Ita palm. 
 From the Pomeroon Kiver. Collected by W. C. McCliktock. 
 These shields are used by the Warrau Indians at one of their 
 games, " which is played," says Sir E. Schombuegk, " in parties 
 " two against two, and the champions, painted and dressed in the 
 " distinguishing mode of their tribes, show their athletic skill 
 " by attempting to push each other from a space of ground by 
 " means of the halm, which resembles a shield. It appeared to 
 " us an innocent pastime, which gave agility to their limbs, and 
 " displayed to the greatest advantage their muscular power and 
 " fine proportions." 
 
 73.— DITTO. Collected by ditto. 
 
 74.— NECKLACES, of TUSKS and TEETH of the WILD HOG, or 
 PECCAEY. Worn by Caribisi men. From the Pomeroon 
 Eiver. Collected by ditto. (42 to 49.) 
 
 75.— INDIAN HAT, made of Palm leaves. Collected by ditto. 
 
 76.— BEETLES WINGS {Buhrestis gigas). Used by the Indians 
 for bracelets. Collected by ditto. 
 
 77.—" MACQUAEI " WHIP. (Sec No. 45.) Collected by W. C. 
 McClintock.
 
 40 CATALOGUE. [Sect. E. 
 
 78.—" SHAAK SHAAK," or BATTLES. Used by Indians at their 
 dances. Collected by ditto. 
 
 79.— BOWS and AREOWS, Indian. (See Nos. 56, 57.) Collected 
 by ditto. 
 
 80.— INDIAN CAP, made of Sloth skin. Collected by W. C. 
 MoClintock. 
 
 81.— TOECHES, made from the Moraballi tree. Used by Indians. 
 Collected by ditto. 
 
 82. — DITTO, made from the Boohurada tree. Collected by ditto.
 
 Sect. F.] 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 41 
 
 SECTION F. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 1. — Falco Guianensis. 
 2. — Sarcoraniphus papa. 
 
 Eagle of Guiana 
 
 King Vulture. Contributed by 
 Hubert C. Whitlook. 
 
 3. — Dasypus novemcinctus. Armadillo. • 
 
 4. — Dasypus novemcinctus. Armadillo. 
 
 5. — Snout of Pristis pectinatus. Saw fish. 
 
 6. — Jaw-bone of Squalus carcha- Shark, 
 rias. 
 
 N.B.— The skin of the above is also sent. The fish was caught at the 
 mouth of the River Wai-ini. 
 
 7 & 8. — Two cases, each containing six drawers of insects, 
 by Hubert C. Whitlook, consisting of 
 
 Collected 
 
 Coleoptera. 
 
 Hymenoptera. 
 
 Lepidoptera. 
 
 Neuroptera. 
 
 Diptera. 
 
 Hemiptera. 
 
 Aptera. 
 
 Orthoptera. 
 
 Beetles. 
 
 Bees, wasps, ants, &c. 
 Moths, butterflies, sj)hinxos. 
 Pond-flies, or dragon-flies. 
 Two-winged insects. 
 Cicades and bugs. 
 Centipedes, scorpions. 
 Locusts, &c. 
 
 The greater part of these insects were collected up the Essequebo, 
 Massaruui, aud Cuyuni Kivers, beyond her Majesty's Penal Settlement. 
 Some were caught in the neighbourhood of New Amsterdam, and 
 up the Berbice Eiver; and others at Plantation Skeldou, on the 
 Corentyne Eiver.* 
 
 * Mr. Bates mentions that lie obtained 1,200 species of insects during his 
 bojom-n on the Amazon and its tributaries ; a wonderful collection to be made by 
 0110 person in a country without any variation of climate or of physical features, 
 aud no part of it elevated five huudi-ed feet above the level of the soa.— Wallace.
 
 42 CATALOGUE. [Sect. F. 
 
 9, — Six skins of rupicola crocea. Cock of tlic rock. Contributed by 
 
 P. A. J. GUANT. 
 
 10. — Felis on5a. Jaguar. 
 
 11. — Felis concolor. Puma. 
 12. — Marabunta's nest. 
 
 13. — Dasypus novemcinctus. Armadillo. 
 
 14. — Lutra Brasiliensis. Otter. 
 
 15. — Canis Azarae. Wild dog. 
 
 17. — Collection of 31 bird-skins. 
 
 1. — Phoenicocercus carmifex (two) v 
 
 2. — Cissopis major 
 
 3. — Trogon sulpbureus 
 
 4. — Gallula flavirostris 
 
 5. — Icterus xanthormus 
 
 6. — Coccygus helviventris 
 
 7. — Dunawlius Atricapillus 
 
 8. — lacamerops grandis 
 
 9. — Tankiornus icteroceplialus 
 10. — Maerocercus nobilis (two) 
 11. — Prionitis momota (two) 
 12 — Trogon Viridis 
 13. — Cloroenas rufiua 
 14. — Cryptui'no variegatus (two) 
 15. — Namenius Brasiliensis 
 16. — Psittacus xantbops 
 17. — Cassicus baemorrbous 
 18. — Pionus melanocepbalus 
 19. — Falco aurantius 
 20. — Ampelis carunculata 
 21. — Coronideus byacintbinus 
 22. — Dryocopus lineatus 
 23. — Tbamnopbilus doliatus 
 24. — Cbamaepelia talpacoti 
 25. — Conurus cajenneusis 
 26. — Elaenea spadicea 
 27. — Monaca tranquilla, 
 
 18. — Bii-d skins. Contributed by Henky Tinne Gaknett.
 
 Sect. F.] 
 
 19.— Boletus. 
 20.— Ditto. 
 
 21. — Chi-ysotrix sciureus 
 22.— Alligator. 
 23. — Canis Azarae 
 24. — Felis pardalis 
 25.— Sloth, skin of. 
 26. — Monkey, skin of. 
 27. — Ant-eater, skin of. 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 Sakawinki. 
 
 Wild dog. 
 Tiger cat. 
 
 43
 
 44 CATALOGUE, [Sect. G. 
 
 SECTION a. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. — SPECIMENS of human and otlier bones, shells, and other objects 
 found in a mound or tumulus at Waramuri, on the Kiver 
 Pomeroon. 
 
 2. — PEINT, transferred to sheet of Balata (see Preface, p. Ixx., 
 and Sec. C, No. 4). Contributed by D. A. Melville, Berbice. 
 
 3. — TWO SLABS of asphalte, and two sheets of fire-resisting roofing- 
 paper. Prepared and contributed by G. J. Blajtk. 
 
 4. — BOOTS. Made of the skin of the Camoudi snake (Boa, sp.). 
 Contributed by G. T. Blank. 
 
 5. — MODEL of Cottages for Immigrant Labourers on Plantation Great 
 Diamond, Demerara. Contributed by Edmund Field. 
 
 6. — SAMPLES of Agricultural Implements used in the Cultivation 
 of the Sugar Cane ; also of Coopers' Tools used in the manu- 
 facture of Sugar hogsheads, viz. : — 
 
 1 Demerara Mud Shovel, middle size. 
 
 1 „ „ „ ring inside socket. 
 
 1 „ „ „ No. inside ring. 
 
 1 „ „ „ „ outside ring. 
 
 1 „ Hoe, No. 2. 
 
 1 „ „ 5, 2 semper. 
 
 1 Wood Handled Matchet, 24 in. by 2 in. 
 
 1 Socket „ 20 in. by 2 in. 
 
 1 Cast Steel Bound Eye Buck Axe, No. 3. 
 
 1 Cooper's Adze, chequered and clawed. 
 
 1 Black Helved Hatchet, No. 2. 
 
 1 Bright Cane Bill, No. 2.
 
 Sect. G.] CATALOGUE, 45 
 
 1 Cooper's Hoe ea., 12 in. by 18 in. 
 
 1 „ Drawing Knife. ' 
 
 1 „ Driver. 
 
 1 „ Drawing Knife, 12 in. 
 
 1 „ Hoe, 9 in. 
 
 1 Cooper's Best Driver. 
 
 1 Cast Steel Capoose Cup and Ball, 21 in. 
 
 1 Cooper's Best Adze, No. 2. 
 
 J. TEOUNSELL GILBEET, Chairman; 
 
 W. H. CAMPBELL, 
 
 DAVID SHIER, 
 
 WILLIAM WALKER, 
 
 E. A. WALLBEIDGE, 
 
 H. C. WHITLOCK, 
 
 Sub-Committee appointed to prepare 
 the Catalogue
 
 p 
 
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 FROM 
 
 MARC^ 
 
 TABLES OF MEANS OF THE DAILY MEANS Oi THESE ELEMENTS 
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 PATRICK SANDEMAN. 
 
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 flu- Pn^rTtumx rmnmriun wlh tlu- Mrnlh ft 
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 INDEX TO THE CATALOGUE. 
 
 *^* Tlie letters A. B. C. D. E. F. and Q. he/ore tlie Numhers, refer to the 
 Sections in ichich they occur. 
 
 Acqueru Palm, Ixvi. 
 
 Agricultural Implements used in the 
 
 Culture of Sugar, G. 6. 
 Alligator, F. 22. 
 Alluvial Deposit, xiv. 
 Ampelis Caruuculata, F. 17 (No. 20). 
 Animals, F. 3, 4, 10, 11, 18, 14, 15, 
 
 21 to 24. 
 Animi Gum from Locust Tree, C. G. 
 Ants, F. 7, 8. 
 Ant Eater, F. 27. 
 Aptera Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 Armadillo, F. 3, 4, 13. 
 Arrows, Indian, E. 57, 79. 
 Arrow-root Starch, A. 95 to 105. 
 Artesian AYells, xiv. 
 Articles of Food, xxxiv. See Section A. 
 
 Indian Manufacture, Ixxv. See 
 
 Section E. 
 
 Artificial ii'Iuufrs, Inclian, E. 69. 
 Arumata, or Armata TftSG, P. 9. 
 Asphalte Slabs, G. 3. 
 Awiarri Flutes, or "Whistles, E. 44. 
 
 Balata, Ixvi., Ixviii., 0. 4, 5. 
 
 superior to Gutta-percha as In- 
 sulators, Ixxi. 
 
 for what purposes applicable, Ixxi. 
 
 Bananas, xlviii., li., A. 160. 
 Baracara Tree Seeds, C. 21. 
 
 Barks (marked m. used medicinally; 
 t. for tanning) : — 
 Blood Wood, O. 55, t. 
 Bully Tree, C. 44, m. 
 Cashew, C. 43, m. 
 Cereda, C. 40, m. 
 Comacoballi, C. 52, t. 
 Curuballi, C. 39, m. 
 G-Uava (Wild), C. 41, m. 
 Locust, C. 36, m. 
 Mangrove (Red), C. 49, m. 
 Mess Apple, C. 54, t. 
 Mora, C. 12, m. 
 Moraballi, C. 37, m. 
 Silverballi (Yellow), C. 50, t. 
 
 Brown), C. 51, t. 
 
 Simaruba, C. 46, m. 
 
 , C. 53, t. 
 
 Wallaba, C. 38, m. 
 
 Bartaballi Tree, Gum of, C. 35. 
 Baskets, Work-, Indian, E. 24 to 27. 
 Beetles, F. 7, 8. 
 
 • Wings for Bracelets, E. 7(5. 
 
 Bibiru Tree (Greeuhcart), D. 14. 
 Bibirine, Sulphate of, C. 16. 
 Bitter Wood, C. 45, D. 34. 
 Blow-pipe for projecting Arrows, E. 1, 
 
 2. 
 Boletus, F. 19, 20. 
 Bones, Human and other, G. 1. 
 Borahova Tree, D. 2. 
 Boots, from Skin of Camoudi Snake, 
 
 G. 4. 
 Bourne's Tables of the Gravity of the 
 
 Woods of Guiana, xcv. 
 Bows, Indian, E. 56, 79. 
 Buck House (Indian Hut), E. 70, 71. 
 Bugs, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Bully Tree, Ixvii., C. ia, D. 81. 
 Bush Rope, C. 48, D. 28. 
 Butterflies, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Cabacaili Tree, D. 5. 
 
 Cacao, or Cocoa Seeds, A. 171. 
 
 Camphoraceous Fluid, from the Sirulm 
 
 Tree, Ixvi. 
 C^ndlewood, D. 12. 
 Canis Azarae, F. 15, 23. 
 Caoutchouc, Ixvi. 
 Cap, Indian, E. 80. 
 Caraman (.Buck Wax) Gum, C. 7. 
 Caraweera (a Red Paint), C. 10. 
 Casareep, A. 170. 
 Cassava (Bitter), A. 164. 
 
 (Sweet), A. 165. 
 
 as Substitute for Potatoes, Iv. 
 
 Cassicus HaemoiThous, F. 17 (No. 17). 
 Casting Net, Indian, E. 23. 
 Castor Oil Plant, C. 18. 
 Cayenne Pepper, C. 23 to 25. 
 Census of Guiana, xix., xx., xxi. 
 Census, Indian Population, Ixxv. 
 Centipedes, F. 7, 8. 
 Chemical Ai'ticles and Products, Ixiv. 
 
 See Section C. 
 Cliocolate, A. 172. 
 
 Chamacpelia Talpacoti, F. 17 (No. 24). 
 Clirysotrix Sciurous, F. 21.
 
 48 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cicades Insects, F. 7, 8. 
 Cigar Cases, Indian, E. 28. 
 Cissopis Major, F.'l7 (No. 2). 
 Climate, xvi., xvii. 
 Cloroenas Knfina, F, 17 (No. 13). 
 Coccygus helviventris, F. 17 (No. 6). 
 Cock of the Rock's Skin, F. 9. 
 Coffee, its Culture, slvi. 
 
 Beans, A. 181 to 18G. 
 
 Leaves dried, C. 26 to 29, 
 
 Ooleoptera Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 Co-mi-u (Indian Strainer), E. 30. 
 Contrivance, Indian, for punishing 
 
 Children, E. 58. 
 Oonurus Oajcneusis, F. 17 (No. 25). 
 Coopers' Tools, G. 6. 
 Corawa Fibre, B. 3. 
 Corial (Indian Canoe), E.'66 to 68. 
 Coronideus hyacinthinus, F. 17 (No. 
 
 21). 
 Correspondence Committee, vii. See 
 
 also List of Contributors, 51. 
 Coruburanda, E. 45. 
 Cotton, Ivii, 
 
 Braraell on its Culture, Iviii. 
 
 Creole, B. 8, 9, 11, 14. 
 
 Sea Island, B. 10. 
 
 Indian, B. 12, 13. 
 
 Crab Oil, C. 1, 2. 
 Creeks, xvi. 
 
 Abari — Boerasiri — Canje. 
 
 Mahaica — Mahaiconi Morucca. 
 
 Fomeroon — Wai-ini. 
 
 Cretti Tree, D. 25. 
 
 Crowns of Feathe^"^. ndi-'^'' 
 
 64. 
 p.. 
 
 ^^^iiz r, ^iOre, B. 15. 
 ., uv Crabwood, D. 26. 
 ouruballi Bark, C. 39. 
 Curuberanda (Bitter-wood), D. 34. 
 Cuyus, or Queyus, Indian Bead orna- 
 ments, E. 29. 
 
 Dacanaballi Tree, D. 13. 
 
 Dasypus novcmcinctus, F. 3, 4, 13. 
 
 Dali (Wild Nutmeg), or Vegetable Tal- 
 low Tree, Candles and Soap made 
 from it, Ixvi. 
 
 Dihas, or Barklaps, E. 60. 
 
 Diptera, Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Dog, Wild, F, 15, 23. 
 
 Dragon Flies, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Dryocopus lincatus, F. 17 (No. 22). 
 
 Duca, or Dooka Tree, D. 8. 
 
 Ducaliballi Tree, D. 25. 
 
 Dunawliua AtricapoUus, F. 17 (No. 7). 
 
 Eagle of Guiana, F. 1. 
 
 Elaenea Spadicca, F. 17 (No. 26). 
 Entomology, F. 7, 8. 
 Etoorie Wallaba, D. 32. 
 Exports (1747 to 1861), xciv. 
 
 Falco Guianensis, F. 1. 
 
 Aurantius, F. 17 (No. 19). 
 
 Fans, Indian, E. 32. 
 Felis On^a, F. 10. 
 
 Concolor, F. 11. 
 
 Pardalis, F. 24. 
 
 Fibroiis Substances, Ivii. See Section B. 
 Fire-resisting Roofing-paper, G. 3. 
 Flour, Cassava (Bitter), A. 131 to 142. 
 
 (Sweet), A. 143 to 149. 
 
 (Hog Tannia), A. 150. 
 
 Flowers, Artificial, Indian, E. 69. 
 Food, Articles of. See Section A., also 
 
 xxxiv. 
 Forests, xviii. jjl 
 
 GUIANA. " 
 
 Berbice, Demerara, Essequebo, 
 
 xii. 
 Capabilities of the Colony, Ixxxviii. 
 Census, xix., xx., xxi. 
 Climate, xvi., xvii. 
 Commercial Importance of Col'"- 
 
 xxvi. 
 Customs, xxxi. 
 Earliest T*- ' 
 
 -, xvii. 
 ,^ Tree Barks, Ixv. 
 numerous Varieties, many 
 
 apparently unknown, xviii. 
 Geographical Position and Charac- 
 
 ter, xi. m 
 
 Divisions, xi. ^^ 
 
 Geological Impressions, Character, 
 
 and Features, xii. to xiv. 
 Geoi-getown, Capital, xxiv. 
 Hope Town, xxii. 
 Immigrants, xxi. 
 Light Houses and Ships, xxiv. 
 Medicinal Properties of Plants, 
 
 Ixiv. 
 Mineral Wealth Undeveloped, 
 
 xviii. 
 Mountains, xiii. 
 Natural Drainage, xvii. 
 Navigation, FaciUties inland, xi. 
 New Amsterdam, xxv. ■ 
 Political Constitution, xxv. 
 Postal System, xxvii. 
 Productiveness of Soil, xv. 
 Revenue Duties, &c., xxvi. 
 Expenditure J[and Receipts, 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Roman Dutch Law in Force, xxv.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 49 
 
 GUIANA — continued. 
 
 Siiviugs Bunk, xxviii. 
 
 Staple Commodities, xxv. 
 
 Suggestions for Ameliorating tbo 
 Condition of the Colony, xxxii. 
 
 Timber Trees, xviii. 
 
 Vegetation, Luxuriance of, xvii. 
 
 Zoology, xviii. 
 Guiana Pepper, C. 13. 
 Gallula FlaviroBtris, F. 17 (No. 4). 
 Glue from Galbacker Fish, C. 33, 
 
 34. 
 Greenheart Tree, C. 17, D. 14. 
 Gums, Animi, C. 6. 
 
 Balata, C. 4, 4a, 5. 
 
 Carman, C. 7. 
 
 Gutta lucuma, C. 35. 
 
 Hyawa, C. 8. 
 
 India Rubbec C. 9. 
 
 HacMa (Lignum Vitso), D. 38. 
 Haha, Indian Shield, E. 72, 73. 
 Hammocks, Indian, E. 9 to 22. 
 Hammock Ropes, E. 41 to 43. 
 Hat, Indian, E. 75. 
 Hemiptera Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 Honey, C. 11, 12. 
 
 Horowarj' or Huruwary Wood, D. 18. 
 Horse Eye Bush-rope Fibre, B. 7. 
 
 Stem, B. 18. 
 
 Houbaballi, D. 3, 22, 23. 
 Huruwassa (Soap Wood), D. 15. 
 Hyawa (Incense Tree), C. 8. 
 H3-awaballi (Zebra Wood), D. 27. 
 Hymenoptera Guianensis, F. 78. 
 
 Ictorus Xanthormus, F. 17 (No. 5). 
 
 Indian Manufactures and Miscellanies. 
 See Section E. 
 
 Buckshot, C. 19. 
 
 Canabalism, Ixxxli. 
 
 Implements and Weapons, Ixxx, 
 
 Native Tribes, Names of, Ixxvi. 
 
 Ditto oppressed in Brazilian and 
 
 Venezuelan Guiana, Ixxvii. 
 
 Privileges afforded in British 
 
 Colony, Ixxvii. 
 
 Peculiarities of Character, Ixxvii. 
 
 Population, Lxxv. 
 
 Republic, Female, Ixxxii. 
 
 Rubber, C. 9. 
 
 Paint, C. 10, 
 
 Insects of Guiana, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Introduction, vii. 
 
 Invitation to contribute to Paria Exhi- 
 bition, vii. 
 
 Ituri Wallaba, D. 32. 
 
 Jacamerops Grandis, F. 17 (No. 8.) J^ 
 
 Jaguar, P. 10. 
 
 Jumby Ochro, B. 20, 21. 
 
 Koquerit Pahn Fibre, E. 15. 
 Kurakai Tree, D. 11. 
 
 Laurel Oil Tree, D. 29. 
 
 Oil, C. 3. 
 
 Oil, certain Cure for Liver Com- 
 plaint, D. 29. 
 Lepidoptera Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 Letter Cases, Indian, E. 35. 
 Lime, Bisulphite of, xli. 
 Local Exhibitions, viii, 
 
 Annual ditto. Universal, x. 
 
 Address to Governor, viii. 
 
 His Reply, ix. 
 
 Locusts, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Tree, 0. 6, 36, D. 19. 
 
 Macquari 'WTiipg, E. 45, 77. 
 
 Maerocerus Nobilis (two), F. 17 'iVo. 
 10). 
 
 Mahoe Fibre, B. 5, 22. 
 
 Mahogany Wood and Tree, D. 21. 
 
 Mauiballi Tree (Candlewood), D. 12. 
 
 Mariwayana (Pmplelieart , D. 30. 
 
 Maswah (Fish Trap), E. 65. 
 
 Matapi (Cassava Squeezer), E. 31. 
 
 Matidi (Sieve), E. 33, 34. 
 
 Meal, Cassava (Bitter), A. 151 to 165. 
 
 Ditto (Sweets A. 156. 
 
 Plantain, A. 157 to 163. 
 
 Medicinal Barks and Plants, Ixiv. 
 
 Megas Slag, C. 30, 31. 
 
 Meteorology, xvi., xcii., xciii. 
 
 Metals, Precious, Ixxxix. 
 
 Minerals, xviii. 
 
 Mirabunta's Nest, F. 12. 
 
 Miscellaneous Specimens, &c.. See Sec- 
 tion G. 
 
 IModel of Immigrant's Cottages, G. 5. 
 
 Molasses, xlii. 
 
 Monaca Tranquillr., F. 17 (No. 27). 
 
 Monkey's Skin, F. 26. 
 
 Mora free and Wood, D. 20. 
 
 Bark, C. 42. 
 
 Hair, B. 6, 7. 
 
 Mortality Table, xciii. 
 
 Moths, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Mushrooms, F, 19, 20. 
 
 Namenius Brasiliensig, F. 17 (No. 15). 
 Natural History, Ixxxiv. to xci. See 
 
 also Section F. 
 Sir Robt. Schomburgk's Sketch of 
 
 the Animal Kingdom of the Colony, 
 
 Ixxxiv. 
 Navigation, Inland Facilities, xi. 
 Necklace, Indian, E. 46, 74. 
 Nests, F. 12. 
 Neuroptera Guianensis, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Ochro Seeds, A. 187, 188.
 
 50 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ochro Fibre, B. 20. 
 
 Kope, B. 19 
 
 Oils, Ixvi., C. 1. 
 Ortlioptera Gv' • 
 Otter, F. 14 
 Ourari Po^ ■: 
 
 PageUp 
 
 Palm 
 
 Pep 
 
 23 to 25. 
 i-eparations, Sec. C. 
 . warmifex (two), F. 17 
 
 ritings " on tke Amazon, 
 
 X ielanocephalus, F. 17 (No. 18). 
 
 Plai- m, xlviil., A. 166 to 168. 
 
 Fibre, B. 1, 2. 
 
 Meal Food for Infants, xlix. 
 
 as an Article of Export, xlviii. 
 
 Method of Preparing, 1., li. 
 
 Poisons, C. 15. 
 
 Pond Flies, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Print transferred to sheet of Balata, 
 
 G. 2. 
 Prionitis Momota (two), F. 17 (No. 11). 
 Pristis pectiuatus, F. 5. 
 Psittacus Xanthops, F. 17 (No. 16). 
 Puma, F. 11. 
 Purple Heart Tree, D. 30. 
 Wood, adapted for armour-plated 
 
 ships, Ixxiv. 
 
 Queyus, Indian Bead Ornaments, E. 29. 
 Quiver, Indian, E. 3, 4. 
 
 Rattles, Indian, E. 78. 
 Eice, xliii., A. 173 to 180. 
 
 Culture of, xliv. 
 
 Elvers : Amazon, Barima, Corentyn, 
 
 Itlarawini, Napo, Negro, Orinoco, 
 
 Quito, Ucayali, xi. 
 Essequebo, Demerara, and Ber- 
 
 bice, XV. 
 Eum, xli. 
 
 Wliy inferior to Jamaica, xHi. 
 
 Samples of Coloured, A. 59, 61 to 
 
 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 
 
 80, 82, 84, 86. 
 Samples of Uncoloural, A. 60, 64, 
 
 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 
 
 to 94. 
 Eupicola crocea, F. 9. 
 
 Saccharine Products, xxxiv. 
 tion A. 
 
 See Sec- 
 
 Sakawiuki Squirrel, F. 21. 
 Salubrity of Climate, xvii. 
 Sarcoraniphus Papa, F. 2. 
 Sarsaparilla Roots, C. 47. 
 Saw Fish's Snout, F. 5. 
 Schomburgk, Sir Eobert, xi. xiii. xv. 
 xvii. xlvi. Iviii. Ixxii. Ixxvi. Ixxxii. 
 Ixsxiii. 
 Scorpions, F. 7, 8. 
 Serada, D. 4. 
 Shaak Shaak, E. 78. 
 Shark's Jawbone, F. 6. 
 
 Skin, F. 6. 
 
 Shirt, Indian, E. 39. 
 Sieve, Indian, E. 33, 34. 
 Silk Grass, B. 3. 
 Silverballi,orSiruaballiTree, D. 17, 24. 
 
 Bastard, D. 6. 
 
 Barks, C. 50, 51. 
 
 Simaruba Eoot, C. 46. 
 Tree, D. 7. 
 
 Simu-i, or Locust Tree, D. 19. 
 
 Sipiri, or Bibiru, D. 14. 
 
 Siruaballi Tree, D. 24. 
 
 Skins of Birds, F. 17, 18. 
 
 Shark, F. 6. 
 
 Cock of the Eock, F. 9. 
 
 Sloth, F. 25. 
 
 Monkey, F. 26. 
 
 Ant-Eater, F. 27. 
 
 Sloth, F. 25. 
 
 Soapwood, D. 15. 
 
 Sorrel Seeds, A. 189. 
 
 Capsules, A. 190. 
 
 Sphinxes, F. 7, 8. 
 
 Squalus Carcharias, F. 6. 
 
 Starch, Sources of. Supply, Hi. 
 
 Statistical Tables of Weights, liii. 
 
 Globules of Size, liv. 
 
 Arrowroot, A. 95 to 105. 
 
 Banana, A. 127. 
 
 Bread Fruit, A. 128. 
 
 Cassava (Bitter), A. 106 to'llO. 
 
 (Sweet), A. Ill to 113. 
 
 Greenheart Tree, C. 17. 
 
 Blango, A. 129. 
 
 Plantain, A. 125, 126. 
 
 Potato, A. 121, 122. 
 
 Pumpkin, A. 130. 
 
 Taunia, A. 114 to 116. 
 
 Tons les Mois Buck Shot, A. 123, 
 
 124. 
 
 Yam, A. 117 to 120. 
 
 Strainer, Indian, E. 30. 
 Sugar, xxiv. 
 
 Qualities of, xli. 
 
 Culture of, xxvi., xxxvii., xxxviii. 
 
 Samples, A. 1 to 58. 
 
 Sulphate of Bibirine, C. 16. 
 Suradani Tree, D. 1. 
 Swordfish Oil, C. 32.
 
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 51 
 
 Tubisiri Fibre, B. 4. 
 
 Tallow Vegetable, Ixvi. 
 
 Tankiomus Ictcrccphalus, F. 17 (No. 
 9). 
 
 Tanning, Barks adapted for, Ixvi. 
 
 Tapioca, A. 107. 
 
 Tataboo, or Tataba, D. 33. 
 
 Tliamnophilus Doliatus, F. 17 (No. 23). 
 
 Tiger Oat, F. 24. 
 
 Timber remarkably fit for Ship Build- 
 ing, considered superior to Oak, 
 Ixxii. 
 
 Tables of Strain, Ixxiv. 
 
 Tobacco Seeds, C. 20. 
 
 Torches, E. 81, 82. 
 
 Trees and their Properties, Ixv. to 
 Ixvii. 
 
 Trogon Sulphurens, F. 17 (No. 3). 
 
 Yiridis, F. 17 (No. 12). 
 
 Trowsers, Indian, E. 40. 
 
 Turanira, Bastard Bully Tree, D. 37. 
 
 Two-winged Insects, F. 7, 8. 
 
 TJljudi Fruit and Wine, Ixvi 
 
 this fine Fruit unknown in Europe, 
 
 Ixvii. 
 
 Urali, Poisoi , C._15. 
 
 Vegetable Ti;llow, Ixvi. 
 Vulture, F. i. 
 
 Wadaduri Tr'-;e and Wood, D. 10. 
 Wallaba Trc nd Wood, D. 35. 
 
 Bark, C. S. 
 
 Wamura, or Brow.^''5bouy, D. 16. 
 War Chibs, Indian, i. 47 to 55, 59. 
 Warraus Indians, v loe Builders, 
 
 Ixxviii. 
 Warri Warri, Indian Fans, B. 32. 
 Wasp.s, F. 7, 8. 
 Weather, svi. ' 
 
 Winua Fibre, B. 16. 
 Woods for Building and other purj),ise.s, 
 
 Ixxii. to Ixxiv. See also Section 1^ 
 Woodskin, or Buckshell, E. OS. 
 Work Baskets of Indian Manufactui-e, ' 
 
 E. 24 to 27, 36 to 38. 
 Wouralli, Urali, or Ourari Poison, 
 
 Isxix. 
 Valuable as Antidote to Tetanus 
 
 and Spasmodic Affections, Ixv. 
 
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 ^* The Letters ond Numbers refer to the Sections in tchich the Contributions 
 
 are Catalogued. 
 
 Barber, S., and E. J. Barr, Heirs of, 
 
 A. 1, 2, 59, 00. 
 Bascomb, H. S. A. Gl. 
 Beckwith, A. A. 175, B. 1, 20, 
 Blair, H. S. A. 40, 62, 63, 64. 
 Blank, G. J. G. 3, 4. 
 
 Caesar, Mrs. A. ISO. 
 Clark, Mrs. F. A, 95, 111. 
 Clemcntson, Henry, A. 3, 4, 65. 
 Colonial Company, A. 5 to 13, 37, 66, 
 
 67. 
 Cornelia Ida Estate Proprietors, A. 44, 
 
 45. 
 Correspondence Committee, A. 170, 183, 
 
 B. 2, 4, 5, 12 to 10, C. 7, 8, 12, 15, 
 17 to 20, 20, 30, 46 to 48, 55, D. 1 to 
 20, 23, 30 to 38, E. 3, 70, 71, F. 1 to 
 6, 10 to 17, 19 to 27, G. 1, 6. 
 
 Daniel, Thos. A. 15 to 18, 47, 68 to 70. 
 Davidson, H. and W. A. 48, 49, 71, 72. 
 Duggin, T. B. C. 14. 
 Dunvin, Sarah, A. 148. 
 
 Elliot and Lorimer, Heirs of, A. 50, 
 
 73, 74 
 Ewing, James, and Co., A. 19, 20, 75, 
 
 76. 
 
 Fairbum, P. P. B. 9. 
 
 Fauset, Thomas, D. 1 to 20. 
 
 Field, Edmund, C. 30, 31, D. 28, G. 5. 
 
 Fresser, Wm. A. 182, C. 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 
 
 13, 16, 21, 23, 24, 25, 37 to 44, 49 to 
 
 54, E. 2. 
 
 Gamett, A. and II. T. A. 22. 
 H. Tinne, D. 21, F. 18.
 
 r,-? 
 
 .ilBUTOES. 
 
 Garrat, Kobt. 
 Goring, Emmr 
 
 Dr. C 
 
 Grant, Char' 
 
 P. A 
 
 Grey, W. 
 
 Hame' 
 
 Hear 
 
 Hur 
 
 27. 
 
 . 151, 161, 
 135, 152. 
 
 162. 
 134. 
 
 \. 137. 
 
 , A. 98, 138. 
 An, A. 107. 
 .val, A. 140, 160. 
 /ert, A. 141. 
 Ji. A. 139, 145, 154, 179, B. 8. 
 jn, Mrs. E. J. A. 99, 108, 112, 
 1, 117, 122, 125, 127, 129, 130, 158, 
 ,. 29. 
 — Miss E. J. A. 144. 
 
 E. J. B. 7, 21, 22, C. 5. 
 
 Jones, John, A. 24, 25, 78, 79. 
 
 Ketley, Eev. J. B. 17, 18. 
 
 Laurie, J., Heirs of, A. 58. 
 Leps, J. J. A. 115, 128. 
 Lorimer. See Elliot and Lorimer. 
 Loxdale. See Steele and Losdale. ^ 
 
 McCalmont, H. A. 53, 80, 81. 
 McOlintock, W. C. B. 4, 12, 13, 15, 16, 
 
 23, C. 8, 47, D. 29, E. 1, 3, 5 to 68, 
 
 72 to 82. 
 
 McConnell, John, A. 38, 39. 
 McLaren. See Watson and McLaren. 
 Melville, David A. C. 4, 4a, 6, 35, 45, 
 
 E. 69, G. 2. 
 Meredith, Elizabeth, A, 146, 159, 178. 
 Merriman, Mrs. A. 101. 
 Wallace, C. 32, 33. 
 
 Nicholson, P, A. 40, 82, 83. 
 
 Oudermeulen, C J. Van der, A. 41, 54. 
 
 Pontifex, S. E., A. 84, 85. 
 Porter, H., Heirs of, A. 26 to 28. 
 
 Keiss, Miss, A. 103. 123. 142, 147, 163, 
 
 168, 169, 171, 184, C. 27. 
 Eeiss, Miss E. A, 109. 
 Eoss, William M. A. 62. 
 Eussell, J. A. A. 102, 167, 187 to 193. 
 
 Wm. A. 173, 176. 
 
 Eutherford, W. S. B. 3. 
 
 Sandbach and Tinne, A. 29 to 31, 86 
 
 87. 
 Sargeant, T. M. 0. 34. 
 Shier, Dr. A. 104, 110, 113, 116, 118 to 
 
 121, 126, 143, 150, 157, 164, 165, B. 6. 
 Simon, Benjamin, A. 185. 
 Smith and Vyfhuis, A. 43. 
 Smith, E. A. 124. 
 Steele and Loxdale, Heirs of, A. 32 to 
 
 36. 
 Stevenson. See Note, page 13. 
 
 Tinne'. See Sandbach and Tinne. 
 
 Vyfhuis, David. See Smith and 
 Vyfhuis. 
 
 Watson, P. M., and A. McLaren, A. 57. 
 \Wiitlock, Hubert C. F. 7 and 8. 
 Winter, Alex. A. 105, 172, B. 10, 11, 
 19. 
 
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