t /3SJ b<.3 UC-NRLF $B 31fl 7flb P A 6519 T8 A3. 6 1893 MAIN OVID TRISTIA BOOK III IF/ TH A N INTR ODUC TIO N A ND N OTES BY S. G. OWEN, M.A. STUDENT AND TUTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH Second Edition Bevised OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1893 HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE • • • ^ PREFACE. 1 n 'oo I I mm The text, with the exception of a few trifling changes in punctuation, is reprinted from my recently published critical edition (P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristium Libri V recensuit S. G. Owen, A. M. Clarendon Press, 1889), where the materials are fully given. No notice has been taken of varieties of reading in an edition intended for school use. Besides the commentaries mentioned in the preface to my edition of Book I (Clarendon Press, 1885), I have found the notes of Verpoorten (Coburg, 1712) and the German selections of K. P. Schulze (Berlin, Weidmann, 1884) and W. Gross (Bamberg, 1870) especially helpful. Manchester: Ju/jy, 1889. Some changes have been made in this edition, in preparing which I have received much help from a paper by Mr. Robinson Ellis on the Tristia in the Dublin Hermathena, vol. 7. pp. 183 foil. Ch. Ch. : January^ i893» 396964 CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction v Text . i Notes 29 Index 75 INTRODUCTION. -♦-♦- PUBLIUS OVIDIUS Naso vvas bom at Sulmo, in the hills of the Paeligni, on March 20th, B.C. 43. His parents, of a respect- able equestrian family, though not wealthy, were in easy circum- stances. His brother, one year his senior, together with whom he was educated at Rome, died in his twenty-first year. Ovid attended the rhetorical schools of two chief teachers of the day, Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro ; to which influence is due the strong rhetorical colouring of his poems. Early in life he travelled with his friend and fellow-poet Macer to Greece and Asia Minor, staying in the course of his return for nearly a year in Sicily. Having thus finished his education after the approved mode, he entered public life, and held some of the minor judicial posts which preceded the quaestorship ; but having no liking for the law or politics, he gave himself up entirely to literature, and occupied no inconsiderable position among the literary men of the day. He had only one child, a daughter, though three times married : of his third wife, whom he frequently addresses in the Tristia, he speaks in terms of aflfection which it is gratuitous to suppose are insincere, as some have done. In his fifty-first year, B.C. 9, he incurred the displeasure of the emperor, and was banished to Tomi or Tomis, now Anadol-koi near Kostendje, in Moesia, on the dreary western coast of the Black Sea. Here he lived in misery, far from the cultured capital so dear to him ; and here he died in A.D. 17, all his own and his friends' prayers to Augustus and his successor Tiberius for the recall of the sen- tence having proved unavailing. The cause of his exile is un- kno^vn : Ovid himself speaks of it as due to a mistake {error) of conduct, which led him to conceal something painful to Augustus which he had unintentionally witnessed, and which he ought to have disclosed. Probably the disaster was connected with VI INTRODUCTION. an intrigue between the younger lulia and Silanus ; though it is not impossible, as a writer in the Gtmrdian (Sept. 14, 1887) has maintained, that Ovid had somehow offended Livia, who no doubt had many ' skeletons in her cupboard,' and whose influence with Tiberius was strong, which would explain why Tiberius never revoked the sentence. (Huber, Die Ursachen der Ver- bannung des Ovid, thinks that Ovid was concerned in a cabal whose object was to prevent the banishment of Julia, and that this was the nominal, the republication of his amatory poems the real ground of offence. See Classical Review, III, p. 311.) The following is a list of the works of Ovid : — 1. Amoru7}i Libri III. Love-poems. 2. Herozdes. A collection of letters in elegiac verse, purport- ing to have been written by ladies of heroic renown to their absent lovers. 3. Medicamina formae. A fragment on the use of cosmetics. 4. Artis Ainatoriae Libri III. Two books of rules for men as to how to gain the affections of girls, and one book for girls, as to how to gain those of men. This work, ac- cording to Ovid, contributed to bring upon him the emperor's displeasure. 5. Reniedia Amor is, on the means of escaping from love : intended perhaps as an antidote to the Ars Amatoria. 6. Metamorphoseo7i Libri XV. A collection in hexameter verse of the chief fables of antiquity, which involved a trans- formation of shape, from the creation of the world out of chaos down to the transmutation of lulius Caesar into a star. The poem had not received its writer's last polish when he was exiled ; and in his disgust he burnt it. But fortunately friends had received copies of it, from one of which it was published. 7. Fastorum Libj^i VI. In elegiac verse, describing the cere- monies and legends connected with the Roman calendar. It was originally intended to be in twelve books, a book dealing with each month ; but it was broken off at his exile, and never completed \ ^ Knoegel, De retractione Fastorum ab Ovidio Tomis instituta, Montaborini 1885, shows that the Fasti was not finished by Ovid at the INTR OD UCTION. VI 1 8. Tristiiim Libri V. A collection of elegies, in the form of letters, chiefly consisting of lamentations on his exile. 9. Ibis. An invective in 644 elegiac lines, against an unknown enemy, whom Ovid accuses of having procured his disfavour with the emperor, and having tried to obtain an increase of the exile's sentence, so as to include beyond mere relegatio the deprivation of his civic rights and property (Wartenberg, Q. O. p. 21). 10. Ex Ponto Epistidantm Libri IV. Letters in elegiac verse, written during his exile to different persons at Rome, who, in contradistinction to the Tristia, are addressed by name. 11. Halieuticojt Liber. A fragment on the natural history of the fishes of the Black Sea, written in hexameter verse. (Its genuineness has been assailed by Birt, De Halieuticis Ovidio poetae falso adscriptis, Berol. 1878.) Chronology of the Tristia. (From Wartenberg, Quaestiones Ovidianae, quibus agitur de Tristium, Ibidis, Epistolarumque, quae 'Ex Ponto' inscribuntur, temporibus. Berolini, 1884.) Ovid must have reached Tomis in the spring of A. D. 10. He left Italy and crossed the Hadriatic in the December of a.d. 9, and as there is no real evidence to show that he received letters from home in the course of his journey, or that he stayed by the way at Corinth, he probably went as quickly as possible, and reached Tomis in January or February of A.D. 10 ; or possibly, if he stayed for a short time at some of the more interesting places on the way, he may have arrived in March at the latest. The individual letters of the different books of the Tristia (Book II is a continuous epistle addressed to Augustus) would seem to have been sent by the poet to Rome not singly, but col- lected in the form of complete books, as they now exist. The order of the poems in each book is not strictly chronological, but artistic to a certain extent. Thus poems on similar subjects are time of his exile; that he kept it, intending to dedicate it to the offended Augustus, if he relented ; that on the death of Augustus he proceeded to revise it with a view to dedicating it to Germanicus, but was sur- prised by death after completing the first book only of the revision. VI 11 INTR OD UCTION. separated by one on a different topic. But generally, in the ab- sence of any particular reason to the contrary, the arrangement is chronological. Book I appears to have been written on the journey, but pro- bably to have been finished off at Tomis, and sent, soon after Ovid's arrival, from thence to Rome. Some slight additions, which seem to show personal experience of the country, would appear to have been made at Tomis before the book was despatched, notably I. viii. 37-40 ; I. xi. 31-34. Book II was written at Tomis during a.d. 10, and probably finished before Book III was completed; though some poems in Book III may have been written before the completion of Book II. In Book III it is evident that III. i was not written first in order of time, for its language implies that the poet had already been for some time at Tomis, and it is clearly intended as a general introduction to the book, such as would probably have been composed after some at any rate of the other poems had been written. III. ii and iii seem to belong to the period of his first arrival in his inclement place of exile. The poems which follow are in chronological order. With regard to III. x it has been maintained that the winter which it describes was the winter when Ovid reached Tomis. But, especially as he tells us that he had been already ill since his arrival, it seems impos- sible that he could have written so many verses, as by this sup- position he would be obliged to have done, in so short a time. And the 'longa mora ' (III. vii. 8), of which he speaks in writing to Perilla, implies that a longer time had elapsed since his exile than would be thus allowed. Again, it is clear from III. x. 7 that he had already passed a winter in Tomis. Thus III. x must have been written in the winter of A.D. 10 to A.D. 11, III. xii in the spring of A.D. 11, and all the poems of Book III fall between the end of the winter preceding the spring of A.D. 10 and the spring of A.D. il. Book IV must have been written between the springs of A.D. II and A.D. 12 ; Book V between the springs of A.D. 12 and A.D. 13. TRISTI VM LIBER TERTIVS. I. * Missvs in banc venio timide liber exulis urbem : da placidam fesso, lector amice, manum. neve reformida ne sim tibi forte pudori : nullus in hac charta versus amare docet. haec domini fortuna mei est, ut debeat illam 5 infelix nullis dissimulare iocis. id quoque, quod viridi quondam male lusit in aevo, heu nimium sero damnat et odit opus, inspice quid portem, nihil hie nisi triste videbis, carmine temporibus conveniente suis. 10 clauda quod alterno subsidunt carmina versu, vel pedis hoc ratio vel via longa facit : quod neque sum cedro fulvus nee pumice levis, erubui domino cultior esse meo : littera sufFusas quod habet maculosa lituras, 15 laesit opus lacrimis ipse poeta suum. si qua videbuntur casu non dicta Latine, in qua scribebat, barbara terra fuit. dicite, lectores, si non grave, qua sit eundum, quasque petam sedes hospes in urbe liber/ 20 haec ubi sum furtim lingua titubante locutus, qui mihi monstraret vix fuit unus iter. B OVIDI . TRISTIVM ' di tibi dent, nostro quod non tribuere poetae, molliter in patria vivere posse tua. due age, namque sequar, quamvis terraque marique 25 longinquo referam lassus ab orbe pedem/ paruit et ducens ' haec sunt fora Caesaris ' inquit, ' haec est, a sacris quae via nomen habet, hie locus est Vestae, qui Pallada servat et ignem, haec fuit antiqui regia parva Numae/ 30 inde petens dextram ' porta est ' ait ' ista Palati : hie Stator, hoc primum condita Roma loco est/ singula dum miror, video fulgentibus armis conspicuos postes tectaque digna deo. 'et lovis haec' dixi 'domus est?' quod ut esse putarem, 35 augurium menti querna corona dabat. cuius ut accepi dominum, * non fallimur ' inquam, ' et magni verum est hanc lovis esse domum. cur tamen opposita velatur ianua lauro, cingit et augustas arbor opaca comas ? 40 num quia perpetuos meruit domus ista triumphos ? an quia Leucadio semper amata deo est ? ipsane quod festa est, an quod facit omnia festa ? quam tribuit terris, pacis an ista nota est? utque viret semper laurus nee fronde caduca 45 carpitur, aeternum sic habet ilia decus ? causa superpositast, scripto testante, coronae : servatos cives indicat huius ope. adice servatis unum, pater optime, civem, qui procul extremo pulsus in orbe latet: 50 in quo poenarum, quas se meruisse fatetur, non facinus causam, sed suus error habet. LIBER III, i. 23-82. 3 me miserum ! vereorque locum vereorque potentem, et quatitur rapido littera nostra metu. aspicis exsangui chartam pallere colore ? 55 aspicis alternos intremuisse pedes t quandocumque, precor, nostro placere parent isdem et sub dominis aspiciare domus!' inde tenore pari gradibus sublimia celsis ducor ad intonsi Candida templa dei, 6o signa peregrinis ubi sunt alterna columnis Belides et stricto barbarus ense pater, quaeque viri docto veteres cepere novique pectore, lecturis inspicienda patent, quaerebam fratres, exceptis scilicet illis, 65 quos suus optaret non genuisse pater, quaerentem fi-ustra custos e sedibus illis praepositus sancto iussit abire loco, altera templa peto, vicino iuncta theatro : haec quoque erant pedibus non adeunda meis. 70 nee me, quae doctis patuerunt prima libellis, atria Libertas tangere passa sua est. in genus auctoris miseri fortuna redundat, et patimur nati, quam tulit ipse, fugam. forsitan et nobis olim minus asper et illi 75 evictus longo tempore Caesar erit. di, precor, atque adeo — neque enim mihi turba roganda est — Caesar, ades voto, maxime dive, meo. interea, quoniam statio mihi publica clausa est, privato liceat delituisse loco. 80 vos quoque, si fas est, confusa pudore repulsae sumite, plebeiae, carmina nostra, manus. B 2 OVID I TRISTIVM II. Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam quoque visere nostris, quaeque Lycaonio terra sub axe iacet ; nee vos, Pierides, nee stirps Letoia, vestro docta sacerdoti turba tulistis opem. nee si quid lusi vero sine crimine, prodest, 5 quodque magis vita Musa iocata mea est: plurima sed pelago terraque pericula passum ustus ab assiduo frigore Pontus habet. quique, fugax rerum securaque in otia natus, mollis et inpatiens ante laboris eram, 10 ultima nunc patior, nee me mare portibus orbum i perdere, diversae nee potuere viae sufficit atque malis animus, nam corpus ab illo accepit vires vixque ferenda tulit. dum tamen et terris dubius iactabar et undis, 15 .j fallebat curas aegraque corda labor : I ut via finita est et opus requievit eundi, j et poenae tellus est mihi tacta meae, j nil nisi flere libet, nee nostro parcior imber lumine, de verna quam nive manat aqua. 20 ; Roma domusque subit desideriumque locorum, quicquid et amissa restat in urbe mei. ei mihi, quo totiens nostri pulsata sepulcri ianua, sed nullo tempore aperta fuit? ; cur ego tot gladios fugi, totiensque minata 25 ' obruit infelix nulla procella caput? ' di, quos experior nimium constanter iniquos, ' participes irae quos deus unus habet, LIBER III, ii. 1-iii. 26. 5 exstimulate, precor, cessantia tata meique interitus clausas esse vetate fores. 30 III. Haec mea si casu miraris epistula quare alterius digitis scripta sit, aeger eram. aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis incertusque meae paene salutis eram. quem mihi nunc animum dira regione lacenti 5 inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes? nee caelum patior nee aquis adsuevimus istis, terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro, nullus Apoilinea qui levet arte malum, 10 non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde tempora narrando fallat amicus adest. lassus in externis iaceo populisque locisque, et subit adfecto nunc mihi quicquid abest. omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, coniunx, 15 et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam : nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies, quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20 si iam deficiam suppressaque lingua palate vix instillato restituenda mero, nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic 25 iucundum nostri nescia tempus agis. OVID I TRISTIVM non agis, adfirmo. liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi. si tamen inplevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos, et mihi vivendi tarn cito finis adest, 30 quantum erat, o magni, morituro parcere, divi, ut saltem patria contumularer humo! vel poena in tempus mortis dilata fuisset, vel praecepisset mors properata fugam. integer banc potui nuper bene reddere lucem: 35 exul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est. tam procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris, et fient ipso tristia fata loco; nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto, depositum nee me qui fleat ullus erit ; 40 nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora accedent animae tempora parva meae; nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo labentes oculos condet arnica manus; sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45 indeploratum barbara terra teget. ecquid, ubi audieris, tota turbabere mente et feries pavida pectora fida manu? ecquid in has frustra tendens tua brachia partes clamabis miseri nomen inane viri ? 50 parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos : non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero. cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato : et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi. nunc, si forte potes, — sed non potes, optima coniunx — 55 finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis. LIBER III, iii. 27-86. 7 quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo, ad quae iam pridem non rude pectus habes. atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae, effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos. 60 nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis, inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras perque feros manes hospita semper erit. ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna: 65 sic ego non etiam mortuus exul ero. non vetat hoc quisquam: fratrem Thebana peremptum supposuit tumulo, rege vetante, soror. atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce, inque suburbano condita pone solo. 70 quosque legat versus oculo properante viator, grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis : HIC • EGO • QVI • lACEO • TENERORVM • LVSOR • AMORVM INGENIO • PERU • NASO • POETA • MEO AT • TIBI • QVI • TRANSIS • NE • SIT • GRAVE • QVISQVIS * AMASTI 75 DICERE . NASONIS • MOLLITER • OSSA • CVBEXT hoc satis in titulo est. etenim maiora libelli et diuturna magis sunt monimenta mihi, quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos nomen et auctori tempora longa suo. 80 tu tamen extincto feralia munera semper deque tuis lacrimis umida serta dato. quamvis in cineres corpus mutaverit ignis, sentiet officium maesta favilla pium. scribere plura libet: sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85 dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat. -8 OVID I TRISTIVM accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore, quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, 'vale/ IV. O mihi care quidem semper, sed tempore dure cognite, res postquam procubuere meae, usibus edocto si quicquam credis amico, vive tibi et longe nomina magna fuge. vive tibi, quantumque potes, praelustria vita : 5 saevum praelustri fulmen ab igne venit. nam quamquam soli possunt prodesse potentes, non prosit potius, si quis obesse potest, effugit hibernas demissa antemna procellas, lataque plus parvis vela timoris habent. 10 aspicis ut summa cortex levis innatet unda, cum grave nexa simul retia mergat onus, haec ego si monitor monitus prius ipse fuissem, in qua debebam forsitan urbe forem. dum tecum vixi, dum me levis aura ferebat, 15 haec mea per placidas cumba cucurrit aquas, qui cadit in piano, — vix hoc tamen evenit ipsum,— sic cadit, ut tacta surgere possit humo: at miser Elpenor tecto delapsus ab alto occurrit regi debilis umbra suo. 20 quid fuit, ut tutas agitaret Daedalus alas, Icarus inmensas nomine signet aquas? nempe quod hie alte, demissius ille volabat: nam pennas ambo non habuere suas. crede mihi, bene qui latuit, bene vixit, et intra 25 fortunam debet quisque manere suam. LIBER III, iii. 87-iv<5. 54. 9 non foret Eumedes orbus, si filius eius stultus Achilleos non adamasset equos : nee natum in flamma vidisset, in arbore natas, cepisset genitor si Phaethonta Merops. 30 tu quoque formida nimium sublimia semper, propositique, precor, contrahe vela tui. nam pede inoflfenso spatium decurrere vitae dignus es et fato candidiore frui. quae pro te ut voveam, miti pietate mereris 35 haesuraque fide tempus in omne mihi. vidi ego te tali vultu mea fata gementem, qualem credibile est ore fuisse meo. nostra tuas vidi lacrimas super ora cadentes, tempore quas uno fidaque verba bibi. 40 nunc quoque summotum studio defendis amicum, et mala vix ulla parte levanda levas. vive sine invidia mollesque inglorius annos exige, amicitias et tibi iunge pares, Nasonisque tui, quod adhuc non exulat unum, 45 nomen ama: Scythicus cetera Pontus habet. IV 3. Proxima sideribus tellus Erymanthidos ursae me tenet, adstricto terra perusta gelu. Bosphoros et Tanais superant Scythiaeque paludes vix satis et noti nomina pauca loci. 50 ulterius nihil est nisi non habitabile frigus. heu quam vicina est ultima terra mihi ! at longe patria est, longe carissima coniunx : quicquid et haec nobis post duo dulce fuit. lO OVID I TRISTIVM sic lamen haec adsunt, ut quae contingere non est 55 corpore : sunt animo cuncta videnda meo. ante oculos errant domus, urbs, fora, forma locorum, acceduntque suis singula facta locis. coniugis ante oculos, sicut praesentis, imago, ilia meos casus ingravat, ilia levat: 60 ingravat hoc, quod abest : levat hoc, quod praestat amorem inpositumque sibi firma tuetur onus, vos quoque pectoribus nostris haeretis, amici, dicere quos cupio nomine quemque suo. sed timor officium cautus compescit, et ipsos 65 in nostro poni carmine nolle puto. ante volebatis, gratique erat instar honoris, versibus in nostris nomina vestra legi. quod quoniam est anceps, intra mea pectora quemque alloquar et nulli causa timoris ero. 70 nee mens indicio latitantes versus amicos protrahit : occulte, si quis amabat, amet. scite tamen, quamvis longe regione remotus absim, vos animo semper adesse meo ; et qua quisque potest, aliqua mala nostra levate, 75 fidam proiecto neve negate manum. prospera sic maneat vobis fortuna, nee umquam contacti simi'' sorte rogetis idem. V. Vsus amicitiae tecum mihi parvus ut illam non aegre posses dissimulare fuit, LIBER III, \vb. SS-V. 32. II nee me conplexus vinclis propioribus esses, nave mea vento forsan eunte suo. ut cecidi cunctique metu fugere ruinam 5 versaque amicitiae terga dedere meae, ausus es igne lovis percussum tangere corpus et deploratae limen adire domus : idque recens praestas nee longo cognitus usu, quod veterum misero vix duo tresve mihi. 10 vidi ego confusos vultus visosque notavi, osque madens fletu pallidiusque meo ; et lacrimas eernens in singula verba cadentes ore meo lacrimas, auribus ilia bibi ; braehiaque aceepi presso pendentia coUo, 15 et singultantis oscula mixta sonis. sum quoque, care, tuis defensus viribus absens : — scis ' carum ' veri nominis esse loco, — multaque praeterea manifestaque signa favoris pectoribus teneo non abitura meis. 20 di tibi, posse tuos tribuant defendere semper, quos in materia prosperiore iuves. si tamen interea, quid in his ego perditus oris — quod te credibile est quaerere — quaeris, agam: spe trahor exigua, quam tu mihi demere noli, 25 tristia leniri numina posse dei. seu temere expecto sive id contingere fas est, tu mihi, quod cupio, fas, precor, esse proba, quaeque tibi est linguae facundia, confer in illud, ut doceas votum posse valere meum. 30 quo quisque est maior, magis est placabilis irae, et faciles motus mens generosa capit. 12 OVIDI TRISTIVM corpora magnanimo satis est prostrasse leoni, pugna suum finem, cum iacet hostis, habet: at lupus et turpes instant morientibus ursi 35 et quaecumque minor nobilitate fera, mains apud Troiam forti quid habemus Achille? Dardanii lacrimas non tulit ille senis. quae ducis Emathii fuerit dementia, Porus Dareique docent funeris exequiae. 40 neve hominum referam flexas ad mitius iras, lunonis gener est, qui prius hostis erat. denique non possum nullam sperare salutem, cum poenae non sit causa cruenta meae. non mihi quaerenti pessumdare cuncta petitum 45 Caesareum caput est, quod caput orbis erat : non aliquid dixive, elatave lingua loquendo est, lapsaque sunt nimio verba profana mero : inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 50 non equidem totam possum defendere culpam: sed partem nostri criminis error habet. spes igitur superest facturum ut molliat ipse mutati poenam condicione loci, hos utinam nitidi Solis praenuntius ortus 55 afferat admisso Lucifer albus equo. VI. Foedus amicitiae nee vis, carissime, nostrae, nee si forte velis, dissimulare potes. donee enim licuit, nee te mihi carior alter, nee tibi me tota iunctior urbe fuit. LIBER III, V. 33-vi. 34. 13 isque erat usque adeo populo testatus, ut esset 5 paene magis quam lu quamque ego notus amor: quique est in caris animi tibi candor amicis, cognitus est ipsi, quern colis, iste viro. nil ita celabas ut non ego conscius essem, pectoribusque dabas multa tegenda meis : 10 cuique ego narrabam secreti quicquid habebam, excepto quod me perdidit unus eras, id quoque si scisses, salvo fruerere sodali, consilioque forem sospes, amice, tuo. sed mea me in poenam nimirum fata trahebant: 15 omne bonae claudent utilitatis iter? sive malum potui tamen hoc vitare cavendo seu ratio fatum vincere nulla valet: tu tamen, o nobis usu iunctissime longo, pars desiderii maxima paene mei, 20 sis memor, et si quas fecit tibi gratia vires, illas pro nobis experiare rogo, numinis ut laesi fiat mansuetior ira, mutatoque minor sit mea poena loco; idque ita, si nullum scelus est in pectore nostro, 25 principiumve mei criminis error habet. nee breve nee tutum quo sint mea dicere casu lumina funesti conscia facta mali : mensque reformidat, veluti sua vulnera, tempus illud, et admonitu fit novus ipse pudor: 30 sed quaecumque adeo possunt afferre pudorem, ilia tegi caeca condita nocte decet. nil igitur referam nisi me peccasse, sed illo praemia peccato nulla petita mihi, 14 OVIDI TRISTIVM stultitiamque meum crimen debere vocari, 35 nomina si facto reddere vera velis. quae si non ita sunt, alium, quo longius absim, quaere : suburbana est hie mihi terra locus. VII. I Vade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam, littera, sermonis fida ministra mei. aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem, aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet, 5 \ nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. 1 vivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim, • nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora, | et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, j aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10 1 tu quoque die studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres? \ doctaque nunc patrio carmina more canis ? i nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos j et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15 ne male fecundae vena periret aquae, primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis ! utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, ; sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20 ^ sed vereor ne te mea nunc fortuna retardet, postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. | dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam : saepe tui index, saepe magister eram : LIBER in, vi. 35-vii. 54. 1.5 aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, 25 aut, ubi cessares, causa ruboris eram. forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, tu quoque sis poenae facta soluta meae. pone, Perilla, metum : tantummodo femina nulla neve vir a scriptis discat amare tuis. 30 ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas, inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi. ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annis, rugaque in antiqua fronte senilis erit, inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35 quae strepitus passu non faciente venit. cumque aliquis dicet ' fuit haec formosa' dolebis et speculum mendax esse querere tuum. sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis : finge sed inmensis censibus esse pares. 40 nempe dat id quodcumque libet fortuna rapitque, Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat. singula ne referam, nil non mortale tenemus pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis, en ego, cum caream patria vobisque domoque, 45 raptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi, ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque fruorque: Caesar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil, quilibet banc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense, me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50 dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar. tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus, efFuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos. 1 6 OVID I TRISTIVM VIII. Nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem consistere curru, misit in ignotam qui rude semen humum : nunc ego Medeae mallem frenare dracones, quos habuit fugiens arce, Corinthe, tua : nunc ego iactandas optarem sumere pennas, 5 sive tuas, Perseu, Daedale, sive tuas : ut tenera nostris cedente volatibus aura aspicerem patriae duke repente solum, desertaeque domus vultus memoresque sodales caraque praecipue coniugis ora meae. 10 stulte, quid haec frustra votis puerilibus optas, quae non ulla tibi fertque feretque dies? si semel optandum est, Augusti numen adora, et quem sensisti, rite precare, deum. ille tibi pennasque potest currusque volucres 15 tradere. det reditum, protinus ales eris. si precer hoc, — neque enim possum maiora rogare, — ne mea sint timeo vota modesta parum. forsitan hoc olim, cum iam satiaverit iram, tum quoque sollicita mente rogandus erit. 20 quod minus interea est, instar mihi muneris ampli, ex his me iubeat quolibet ire locis. nee caelum nee aquae faciunt nee terra nee aurae : et mihi perpetuus corpora languor habet, seu vitiant artus aegrae contagia mentis, 25 sive mei causa est in regione mali. ut tetigi Pontum, vexant insomnia vixque ossa tegit macies nee iuvat ora cibus. LIBER in, viii. I-ix. J 2. 17 quique per autumnum percussis frigore primo est color in foliis, quae nova laesit hiemps, 30 is mea membra tenet, nee viribus allevor ullis, et numquam queruli causa doloris abest. nee melius valeo quam corpore mente, sed aegra est utraque pars aequo, binaque damna fero. liaeret et ante oculos veluti spectabile corpus 35 astat fortunae forma legenda meae : cumque locum moresque hominum cultusque sonum- que cernimus, et qui sim qui fuerimque subit, tantus amor necis est, querar ut cum Caesaris ira, quod non offensas vindicet ense suas. 40 at quoniam semel est odio civiliter usus, mutato levior sit fuga nostra loco. IX. Hie quoque sunt igitur Graiae — quis crederet? — urbes inter inhumanae nomina barbariae: hue quoque Mileto missi venere coloni, inque Getis Graias constituere domos. sed vetus huic nomen positaque antiquius urbe 5 constat ab Absyrti caede fuisse loco, nam rate, quae cura pugnacis facta Minervae per non temptatas prima cucurrit aquas, impia desertum fugiens Medea parentem dicitur his remos applicuisse vadis. 10 quem procul ut vidit tumulo speculator ab alto, ' hospes,' ait ' nosco, Colchide vela, venit.* c 1 8 OVID I TRISTIVM dum trepidant Minyae, dum solvitur aggere funis, dum sequitur celeres anchora tracta manus, conscia percussit meritorum pectora Colchis 15 ansa atque ausura multa nefanda manu ; et quamquam superest ingens audacia menti pallor in attonitae virginis ore fuit. ergo ubi prospexit venientia vela ' tenemur, et pater est aliqua fraude morandus' ait. 20 dum quid agat quaerit, dum versat in omnia vultus, ad fratrem casu lumina flexa tulit. cuius ut oblata est praesentia 'vicimus' inquit: * hie mihi morte sua causa salutis erit.' protinus ignari nee quicquam tale timentis 25 innocuum rigido perforat ense latus, atque ita divellit divulsaque membra per agros dissipat in mullis invenienda locis. neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alto pallentesque manus sanguineumque caput, 30 ut genitor luctuque novo tardetur et artus dum legit extinctos triste moretur iter, inde Tomis dictus locus hie, quia fertur in illo membra soror fratris consecuisse sui. X. : Si quis adhuc istic meminit Nasonis adempti, et superest sine me nomen in urbe meum, suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor i me sciat in media vivere barbaria. \ Sauromatae cingunt, fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, 5 quam non ingenio nomina digna meo. | LIBER III, ix. 13-X. 'ifi, 19 dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro : ille suis liquidis bella repellit aquis. at cum tristis hiemps squalentia protulit ora, terraque marmoreo est Candida facta gelu, 10 dum parat et Boreas et nix habitare sub arcto, tum patet has gentes axe tremente premi. nix iacet, et iactam ne sol pluviaeque resolvant indurat Boreas perpetuamque facit. ergo ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit, 15 et solet in multis bima manere locis ; tantaque commoti vis est aquilonis, ut altas aequet humo turres tectaque rapta ferat. pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora bracis, oraque de toto corpore sola patent. 20 saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu : nudaque consistunt formam servantia testae vina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. quid loquar ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25 deque lacu fragiles efifodiantur aquae? ipse papyrifero qui non angustior amne miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister congelat et tectis in mare serpit aquis; 30 quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi; perque novos pontes, subter labentibus undis, ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. vix equidem credar, sed cum sint praemia falsi 35 nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem: C 2 20 OVID I TRISTIVM vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas, nee vidisse sat est : durum calcavimus aequor, undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 40 si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset, non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae, tum neque se pandi possunt delpliines in auras tollere, conantes dura cohercet hiemps; et quamvis Boreas iactatis insonet alis, 45 fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit, inclusaeque gelu stabunt in margine puppes, nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas, vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos, sed pars ex illis tum quoque viva fuit. 50 sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas, sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas : protinus aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta 55 vicinam late depopulatur humum. diffugiunt alii, nuUisque tuentibus agros incustoditae diripiuntur opes, ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra, et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60 pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, respiciens frustra rura laremque suum : pars cadit hamatis misere confixa sagittis, nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest. quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, per- dunt, 65 et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. LIBER I 11^ X. 37-xi. \A. 21 turn quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. aut videt aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, hostem : cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 70 non hie pampinea duleis latet uva sub umbra, nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus. poma negat regio, nee haberet Acontius, in quo scriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae : aspiceret nudos sine fronde, sine arbore campos : 75 heu loca felici non adeunda viro ! ergo tarn late pateat cum maximus orbis, haec est in poenas terra reperta meas. XL Si quis es insultes qui casibus, inprobe, nostris, meque reum dempto fine cruentus agas, natus es e scopulis et pastus lacte ferino, et dicam silices pectus habere tuum. quis gradus ulterior, quo se tua porrigat ira, 5 restat ? quidve meis cernis abesse malis ? barbara me tellus et inhospita litora Ponti cumque suo Borea Maenalis ursa videt. nulla mihi cum gente fera commercia linguae: omnia solliciti sunt loca plena metus. 10 utque fugax avidis cervus deprensus ab ursis, cinctave montanis ut pavet agna lupis, sic ego belligeris a gentibus undique saeptus terreor hoste meum paene premente latus. 22 OVID I TRISTIVM utque sit exiguum poenae, quod coniuge cara, 15 quod patria careo pigneribusque meis, ut mala nulla feram nisi nudam Caesaris iram, nuda parum est nobis Caesaris ira mali? et tamen est aliquis qui vulnera cruda retractet, solvat et in mores ora diserta meos. 20 in causa facili cuivis licet esse diserto et minimae vires frangere quassa valent. subruere est arces et stantia moenia virtus quilibet ignavi praecipitata premunt. non sum ego quod fueram : quid inanem proteris umbram ? 25 quid cinerem saxis bustaque nostra petis? Hector erat tum cum bello certaret: at idem vinctus ad Haemonios non erat Hector equos. me quoque, quem noras olim, non esse memento : ex illo superant haec simulacra viro, 30 quid simulacra, ferox, dictis incessis amaris? parce, precor, manes sollicitare meos. omnia vera puta mea crimina, nil sit in illis, quod magis errorem quam scelus esse putes : pendimus en profugi — satia tua pectora 1 — poenas 35 exilioque graves exiliique loco, carnifici fortuna potest mea flenda videri : et tamen est uno iudice mersa parum. saevior es tristi Busiride, saevior illo, qui falsum lento torruit igne bovem, 40 quique bovem Siculo fertur donasse tyranno et dictis artes conciliasse suas : *munere in hoc, rex, est usus, sed imagine maior, nee sola est operis forma probanda mei. LIBER in, xi. 15-74. 23 aspicis a dextra latus hoc adaperdle tauri? 45 hac tibi, quern perdes, coniciendus erit. protinus inclusum lends carbonibus ure : mugiet, et veri vox erit ilia bovis. pro quibus inventis, ut munus munere penses, da, precor, ingenio praemia digna meo.' 50 dixerat. at Phalaris 'poenae mirande repertor, ipse tuum praesens imbue ' dixit ' opus.' nee mora, monstratis crudeliter ignibus ustus exhibuit geminos ore tremente sonos. quid mihi cum Siculis inter Scythiamque Getas- que ? 65 ad te, quisquis is es, nostra querela redit. utque sitim nostro possis explere cruore, quantaque vis, avido gaudia corde feras, tot mala sum fugiens tellure, tot aequore passus, te quoque ut auditis posse dolere putem. 60 crede mihi, si sit nobis collatus Vlixes, Neptunine minor quam lovis ira fuit ? ergo quicumque es, rescindere crimina noli, deque gravi duras vulnere tolle manus : utque meae famam tenuent oblivia culpae, 65 facta cicatricem ducere nostra sine, humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem et premit, incertas ipse verere vices. et quoniam, fieri quod numquam posse putavi, est tibi de rebus maxima cura meis, 70 non est quod timeas : fortuna miserrima nostra est, omne trahit secum Caesaris ira malum, quod magis ut liqueat, neve hoc ego fingere credar, ipse velim poenas experiare meas. 24 OVID I TRISTIVM XII. Frigora iam Zephyri minuunt, annoque peracto longior abscedit vix Tanaitis hiemps : impositamque sibi qui non bene pertulit Hellen tempora nocturnis aequa diurna facit. iam violam puerique legunt hilaresque puellae, 5 rustica quae nullo nata serente venit ; prataque pubescunt variorum flore colorum, indocilique loquax gulture vernat avis ; utque malae matris crimen deponat, hirundo sub trabibus cunas tectaque parva facit ; 10 herbaque, quae latuit Cerealibus obruta sulcis, exit et expandit molle cacumen humo ; quoque loco est vitis, de palmite gemma movetur: nam procul a Getico litore vitis abest , quoque loco est arbor, turgescit in arbore ramus: 15 nam procul a Geticis finibus arbor abest. otia nunc istic, iunctisque ex ordine ludis cedunt verbosi garrula bella fori, usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, nunc pila, nunc celeri vertitur orbe trochus, 20 nunc ubi perfusa est oleo labente inventus, defessos artus Virgine tingit aqua, scaena viget studiisque favor distantibus ardet proque tribus resonant terna theatra foris. o quantum et quotiens non est numerare beatum, 25 non interdicta cui licet urbe frui ! at mihi sentitur nix verno sole soluta, quaeque lacu durae non fodiantur aquae: LIBER III, xii. i-xiii. 2. 25 nee mare concrescit glacie, nee ut ante, per Histrum stridula Sauromates plaustra bubuleus agit. 30 ineipient aliquae tamen hue adnare earinae, hospitaque in Ponli litore puppis erit: sedulus oceurram nautae, dictaque salute quid veniat quaeram quisve quibusve loeis. ille quidem mirum ni de regione propinqua 35 non nisi vicinas tutus ararit aquas, rams ab Italia tantum mare navita transit, litora rarus in haee porlibus orba venit. sive tamen Graeca seierit, sive ille Latina voee loqui, — eerte gratior huius erit ; 40 fas quoque ab ore freti longaeque Propontidos undis hue aliquem certo vela dedisse noto : — quisquis is est, memori rumorem voce referre et fieri famae parsque gradusque potest, is, precor, auditos possit narrare triumphos 45 Caesaris et Latio reddita vota lovi, teque rebellatrix, tandem, Germania, magni triste caput pedibus subposuisse duels, haee mihi qui referet, quae non vidisse dolebo, ille meae domui protinus hospes erit. 50 ei mihi ! iamne domus Soythico Nasonis in orbe est.? iamque suum mihi dat pro lare poena locum .? di facite ut Caesar non hie penetrale domumque, hospitium poenae sed velit esse meae. XIII. Ecce supervacuus — quid enim fuit utile gigni? — ad sua natalis lempora noster adest. 26 OVID I TRISTIVM \ \ dure, quid ad miseros veniebas exulis annos ? debueras illis inposuisse modum ; si tibi cura mei, vel si pudor ullus inesset, 5 1 i non ultra patriam me sequerere meam : quoque loco primum ubi sum male cognitus infans, illo temptasses ultimus esse mihi : ' inque relinquendo, quod idem fecere sodales, tu quoque dixisses trisds in urbe vale. 10 j quid tibi cum Ponto ? num te quoque Caesaris ira extremam gelidi misit in orbis humum ? I scilicet expectas solitum tibi moris honorem, ! pendeat ex umeris vestis ut alba meis, \ fumida cingatur florentibus ara coronis, 15 ' micaque sollemni turis in igne sonet, j libaque dem proprie genitale notantia tempus, j concipiamque bonas ore favente preces. 1 non ita sum positus, nee sunt ea tempora nobis, i adventu possim laetus ut esse tuo. 20 ; funeris ara mihi, ferali cincta cupresso, 1 convenit et structis flamma parata rogis. ] nee dare tura libet nil exorantia divos, i in tantis subeunt nee bona verba malis. si tamen est aliquid nobis hac luce petendum, 25 \ in loca ne redeas amplius ista precor, I dum me terrarum pars paene novissima, Pontus Euxinus false nomine dictus habet. XIV. Cultor et antistes doctorum sancte virorum, quid facis, ingenio semper amice meo ? LIBER HI, xiii. 3-xiv. 32. 27 ecquid, ut incolumem quondam celebrare solebas, nunc quoque ne videar totus abesse caves ? conficis exceptis ecquid mea carmina solis 5 Artibus, artifici quae nocuere suo? immo ita fac, quaeso, vatum studiose novorum, quaque potes retine corpus in urbe meum. est fuga dicta mihi, non est fuga dicta libellis, qui domini poenam non meruere sui. 10 saepe per externas profugus pater exulat oras, urbe tamen natis exulis esse licet. Palladis exemplo de me sine matre creata carmina sunt, stirps haec progeniesque mea est. hanc tibi commendo, quae quo magis orba parente est, 15 hoc tibi tutori sarcina maior erit. tres mihi sunt nati contagia nostra secuti : cetera fac curae sit tibi turba palam. sunt quoque mutatae, ter quinque volumina, formae, carmina de domini funere rapta sui. 20 illud opus potuit, si non prius ipse perissem, certius a summa nomen habere manu. nunc incorrectum populi pervenit in ora, in populi quicquam si tamen ore meum est. hoc quoque nescio quid nostris appone libellis, 25 diverso missum quod tibi ab orbe venit. quod quicumque leget — si quis leget — aestimet ante, compositum quo sit tempore quoque loco, aequus erit scriptis, quorum cognoverit esse exilium tempus barbariamque locum : 30 inque tot adversis carmen mirabitur ullum ducere me tristi sustinuisse manu. 28 OVIDI TRISTIA. ingenium fregere meum mala, cuius et ante \ fons infecundus parvaque vena fuit. sed quaecumque fuit, nullo exercente refugit, 35 et longo periit arida facta situ, non hie librorum per quos inviter alarque j copia: pro libris arcus et arma sonant, nullus in hac terra, recitem si carmina, cuius j intellecturis auribus utar adest. 40 { non quo secedam locus est : custodia muri J summovet infestos clausaque porta Getas. I saepe aliquod quaero verbum nomenque locumque, ! nee quisquam est a quo certior esse queam. ^ dicere saepe aliquid conanti — turpe fateri ! — 45 \ verba mihi desunt dedidicique loqui. Threicio Scythicoque fere circumsonor ore, ; et videor Geticis scribere posse modis. ] crede mihi, timeo ne sint inmixta Latinis j inque meis scriptis Pontica verba legas. 50 j qualemcumque igitur venia dignare libellum sortis et excusa condicione meae. NOTES. -♦-♦- The following abbreviations are used : — R. = Roby's Latin Grammar for Schools. R. L. Gr. = Roby's Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius. (These two grammars are referred to by the sections.) Intr. = The introduction to my edition of Book I of the Tristia (Clarendon Press, 1885). I. This introductory poem describes the arrival of the Book in Rome. In form it resembles I. i. It is addressed to the friendly reader (Intr. p. xxix). At the beginning the book speaks. Summary.—' I come to Rome, the book of an exile. But though my master has offended by writing upon love, I contain nothing on that topic, which he has now abjured. My subject is mournful. If my lan- guage is at fault, remember I was written in a barbarian land. Direct me to some spot in Rome where I may stay' (1-20). So I spoke, but scarce could find any one to receive me. ' Lead me,' I said, * to some retreat, for I am weary of travel.' I found a conductor who showed me the sights of Rome (21-32). We reached the palace of Augustus, which seemed to me the dwelling of a veritable god. ' But what,' I said, ' mean these bay trees planted here, and the civic crown of oak before the door ? Surely it shows that the master has saved the lives of citizens. May he save my poor master too, pining in exile ' (32-58). Then we visited the public libraries, that of the Palatine Apollo, of Octavia, and of the Temple of Liberty ; but none would open its doors to me, the outcast offspring of an exiled parent (59-74)- Per- haps some day Caesar will relent. Meantime I must seek a humble circle of readers (73-82). 3© OVIDI TRISTIA. 1. 2. ' give me a kindly helping hand ' : cp. iv b. 76. 1. 4 refers, as 11. 7, 65, 66, to the Ars Amatoria, which, according to the poet's frequent assertions, had contributed to bring upon him the Emperor's displeasure. 1, 6. iocis. Often applied to love poetry. 1. 10. temporibus, * circumstances.' 1. II. The ingenuity with which Ov. frequently describes the elegiac couplet is noticeable; cp. inf. 55 n. Am. I. i. 17-18 'cum bene surrexit versu nova pagina primo, | attenuat nervos proximus ille meos.' P. III. iv. 85 ' ferre etiam molles elegi tam vasta triumph! [ pondera disparibus non potuere rotis.' 1. 12. pedis, the metre, not the foot in our sense (though pedes = * feet,' P. III. iii. 30 ' apposui senis te duce quinque pedes ') : see on I. i. 16, cp. inf. vii. 10. Am. III. i. 7 ' venit odoratos Elegeia nexacapillos \ et, puto, pes (line) illi longior alter erat.' P. IV. xii. 5, 1. 13. see appendix to Book I, p. 103. 1. 15. littera = * litterae,' see on inf. vii. 2. 1. 17. In the poems of his exile Ovid often expresses a fear that the purity of his Latin may have deteriorated through almost exclusive intercourse with barbarians, a fear which does not seem to have been realized : cp. inf. xiv. 27 ff. ; IV. i. i * siqua meis fuerint, ut erunt, vitiosa libellis, I excusata suo tempore, lector, habe.' V. xii. 21, 35, 55 ; P.I. v. 7. si casu for the more common ' si forte,' as inf. iii. i. 1.24. moUiter, *at ease,' 'in luxury': cp. IV. viii. 8 'in studiis molliter esse meis.' Prop. I. xiv. i ; Sail. Catil. xvii. 6 ' quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat.' See inf. ii. 10; iv. 43. 1. 26. referam. The book comes back to the home of its author. 1. 27 fF. The places in Rome here mentioned occur in the order in which they would present themselves to a person walking southwards through the city starting from the forum lulium. 1. 27. haec sunt fora Caesaris (cp. xii. 24), 'these are the two Caesar's fora.' The reference is to (i) the forum lulium, begun and partially completed by lulius Caesar, the first of the additional fora by which it was sought to supplement the inadequacy of the forum Ro- manum : (2) the forum Augusti, built by Augustus on the north-eastern side of the forum lulium, in fulfilment of a vow made in 42 B.C., before the battle of Philippi. See Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 252 ff., Burn's Rome and the Campagna, pp. 1 29 ff. For Caesaris we should have expected Caesamm, but the singular may be explained (i) by the metrical impossibility of Caesarum, cp. NOTES. III. i. 2-32. 31 Monro on II. XX. 362 ; (2) by the use of sing, for pi. in poetry, the converse of the use of pi. for sing., cp. 1. 40, Prop. IV. vi. 72 'blan- ditiaeqne fluant per mea colla rosae,' where we should expect ' rosarum'; (3) these two fora of the two Caesars were probably called each loosely ' forum Caesaris ' as opposed to the forum Romanum. 1. 28. The Sacra Via ran southwards from the Arx of the Capitoline hill through the forum Romanum, past the Palatine, to the Sacellum Streniae, an unknown point on the Esquiline : Middleton's Ancient Rome, p. 138 ; Burn's Rome and the Campagna, p. 77. 1. 29. At the southern comer of the Forum Romanum, close to where the Sacra Via leaves it, and between it and the Palatine, stood the Aedes Vestae, the Temple of Vesta, the most sacred of all the shrines of Rome, where was preserved the ever-burning fire, symbol of the family hearth, the centre of home life. Close by was the original Regia, said to have been built by Numa as his palace ; which until the time of Augustus was the official dwelling of the Pontifex Maximus. When Augustus took up his residence on the Palatine, he presented the Regia to the Vestal Virgins, because it adjoined their house, the Atrium Vestae; they seem to have pulled down the Regia and rebuilt their own house, the Atrium Vestae, on a larger scale, partly covering the site of the Regia. The Palladium, saved by Aeneas from the sack of Troy, with some other sacred relics, were preserved probably not in the temple but in the Atrium Vestae. Thus in locus Vestae are included the Aedes and Atrium Vestae, and the Regia. Cp. F. VI. 263, 264 * hie locus exiguus, qui sustinet Atria Vestae, | tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae.' See Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 181-206; Bum's Rome and the Campagna, p. 102. 1. 31. The porta Palati,also called 'porta Mugionis' or ' Mugionia,' led from the Sacra Via into the Palatine. It appears to have been one of the original gates of the fortress of Romulus on that hill ; and is probably the 'vetus porta Palati ' through which the Romans fled when repulsed by the Sabines of the Capitol, Liv. I. xii. 3. Middleton, 1. c. p. 54; Burn, 1. c. pp. 34, 162. 1. 32, Stator. The temple of luppiter the Stayer or Supporter (^.TTjaios, Romulus in his prayer to luppiter in Livy quoted below says, ' fugam foedam szs/e^) was built by Romulus in fulfilment of a vow made during the repulse of the Romans by the Sabines, when the Romans M^ere driven through the ' porta Mugionia,' Liv. I. xii. 4 ; Mid- dleton, I.e. p. 92 ; Burn, I.e. p. 162. Cp. F. VI. 793, 794 'tempus idem Stator aedis habet, quam Romulus olim | ante Palatini condidit ora iugi.' 32 OVID I TRISTIA. primum condita. The original city of Rome embraced the Pala- tine only, Mommsen, R. H. I. 51, Merivale I. i ; cp. Verg. Geor. I. 499 ' quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas.' 1. 33 ff. The book is now conducted to the Palace of Augustus, which stood near the edge of the cliff of the Palatine towards the Circus Maximus. Middleton, 1. c. p. 105 ; Bum, I.e. p. 174. On the door- posts of the palace were hung up, according to the custom common in antiquity, arms, spoils of war. Vergil refers to this custom, Aen. VII. 183, where the sacred temple, the 'Laurentis regia Pici,' in which the Latins receive the ambassadors, is adorned in the same way ; cp. Aen. VIII. 721. 1. 35. lovis. On the flattery which identified the emperor with luppiter see Intr. p. xx, and Verrall in the Universal Review, no, i, p. 127. As the oak was sacred to luppiter (Phaedrus III. xvii. 2), an additional point is added to the identification here. For in front of the doorposts of the emperor's palace were planted two bay trees (1. 39), and over the door was hung a ' civica corona ' (querna corona, cp. F. I. 614), a chaplet of oak leaves, such as was presented to the Roman citizen who had saved the life of a comrade in battle, the bay being typical of Augustus as the ever victorious general (Plin. Nat. Hist, XV. 127 ' laurus triumphis proprie dicatur, vel gratissima domibus, ianitrix Caesarum pontificumque. sola et domos exornat et ante limina excubat.), the oak, which is the symbol of strength, as the saviour of his people. Dio Cassius LIII. xvi. 4 koX -yap to re Ta$ Zcupvas vpo tSjv ^aaiXeioov avTov (sc. of Augustus) TrpoTiOeaOai, Kal to rbv artcpavov roy hpvivov vnep avrwv apraaOai, tuT€ 01 dis Kal dfi tovs t6 iro\eiJ.iovs vikwvti Kal Tuls iroXiTas au^ovTi kiprjcpiaOrj. There is a coin bearing a ' civica corona ' and the legend OB civis servatos in Akerman's Catalogue of rare and unedited Roman coins, I. 136, n. 69 : cp. 1. 48, 1, 39. opposita, 'which fronts you': cp. H. VI. 26 'ille pudore | haesit in opposita lumina fixus humo.' 1. 40. arbor opaca. for the sing, where pi. might be expected see sup. 27 n. opaea refers to the ' shady ' nature of the evergreen bays, which overhang the foliage (comas) of the oak sacred (augustas, cp. F. I. 609 ' sancta vocant augusta patres : augusta vocantur | templa sacerdotum rite dicata manu ') to luppiter. Similarly these bay trees and the oak chaplet are referred to F. IV. 953 ' state Palatinae laurus, praetextaque quercu | stet domus ' ; M. I. 562 (where Apollo is addressing Daphne) * postibus augustis eadem fidissima custos | ante fores stabis mediamque tuebere quercum.' NOTES. III. i. '>,o^--:,^. '>,'>, I. 41 num is used rhetorically implying surprise : * No you do not really mean that it is because this house has earned a constant succession of triumphs ? ' the expected answer being of course affirmative. Where there are two or more questions introduced by ' num ' ... * an ' they are not equivalent to a disjunctive double question introduced by 'utrum' . . . *an.' Where 'num' is used in the first of a series of questions, as here, the questions must be regarded as a series of parallel questions. Thus in Cic. ad Fam. II. 5 for *unum illud nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam' it would be impossible to write *num gratuler an timeam' (Madvig, opusc. acad. altera, pp. 230-232). I. 42. Leucadio dec, Apollo (V. ii. 76), so called from a well-known temple to him in the island Leucas, near the spot where Sappho threw herself into the sea (Strabo X. ii. 9 ; Verg. Aen. III. 274). Leucas is opposite to and just south of Actium, where Augustus defeated Antony and Cleopatra, chiefly, as he loved it to be believed, through the help of his patron Apollo (Prop. IV. vi. 27 ff.), whose temple upon Actium he restored on that account in a splendid fashion (Merivale III. 317 ff.). 1. 43. the laurus, with its beautiful shining leaves (cp. M. I. 552), was the apt accompaniment of triumphal festivity : M. XIV. 720 'laetos molire triumphos | et Paeana voca nitidaque incingere lauru.' 1. 47. see supr. 35, n. superpositast = * superposita est ;' this aphaeresis of ' est ' is com- mon in older Latin, and, if we are to trust the latest editor, Dr. Ehwald, is found in Ovid's 'carmina amatoria.' scripto, ' inscription,' as in M. X. 206. 1. 52. Ovid frequently asserts that the fault for which he was exiled was not a crime of malice prepense (^/acinus), but an error of judgment [error), consisting apparently in concealing something which he ought to have revealed ; see Intr. p. 1. 1- 53- potentem, sc. * loci,' supplied from locum (so Ceres is called *diva potens frugum,' mistress of the crops. Am. III. x. 35 ; cp. 'mentis potens' master of one's faculties, T. II. 139), 'the master of the spot.' Similarly in Hor. epp. I. iv. 7 * di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi ' we must supply * eis ' out of * divitias.' 1. 55. The book is not sumptuously got up, the blank back of the page is not, as was usual, stained yellow with oil of juniper {cedro, 1. 13, Appendix to bk. I. p. 103), but retains its natural white colour, which paleness the fertile imagination of the poet regards as due to fear; the halting of the second line of the distich, which is shorter than the first, he attributes to the sam.e cause. 1- 57- quandocumque, ' some day,' be it sooner or later. Two 34 OVID I TRISTIA, wishes are expressed, (i) that the poet may be pardoned, (2) that when he returns Augustus and his family, Livia, Tiberius, etc., may be still alive. 1. 59. tenore pari (cp. ' tenore uno ' Liv. XXII. xlvii. 6), continuing my course through the city. The book is now conducted to the magTiificent temple of Apollo, which occupied a large part of the centre of the Palatine. It was begun by Augustus in B.C. 37, and dedicated B.C. 28, as a mark of the em- peror's gratitude to Apollo, who had given him the victory at Actium. The entrance led into a peristyle adorned with Corinthian columns of the highly prized Numidian brown red-veined marble (peregrinis columnis, 1. 61, Prop. II. xxxi. 3 'tanta erat in speciem Poenis digesta columnis,' see Mayor luv. VII. 182) ; the rest of the building was of white marble (1. 60) from Luna. Between the columns of the peristyle (cp. Cic. II in Verr. I § 51) (alterna, 1. 61, i.e. alternately with the columns) stood statues of the fifty Danaids and their father Danaus (11. 61, 62), and opposite each Danaid an equestrian statue of her mur- dered bridegroom. The sides of the great peristyle were flanked by two large halls used as libraries, one for Greek, the other for Roman books (11, 63, 64) ; this was one of the most important public libraries in Rome, and had a staff of librarians of various grades (Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 105-108 ; Merivale, IV. 72 ; Wilkins on Hor. epp. I. iii. 17 ; Mayor on luv. VII. 37). There is a description of the temple in Prop. II. 31, cp. Hor. c. I, 31. 1. 60. intonsi, Apollo was represented with long hair, II. XX. 39 ^ofiSos dKfpcreKo/xTjs, Hor, c. I. xxi. 2 ' intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium,' 1, 62. Danaus and Aegyptus were the two sons of Belus, king of Aegypt. Aegyptus had fifty sons, Danaus fifty daughters : Aegyptus wished his fifty sons to marry the daughters of Danaus, but as Danaus had been warned by an oracle that he would be killed by his own son- in-law, he fled with his family to Argos, whither the sons of Aegyptus pursued him. Here Danaus at last consented to the marriage, but gave to each of his daughters a sword, with orders to kill their respective husbands on the bridal night. Here he is represented as standing over them himself with a sword, enforcing his order with threats (A, A. I. 73, 74 * quaque parare necem miseris patruelibus ansae | Belides et stricto stat ferus ense pater '). All obeyed except Hypermnestra, who spared her husband Lynceus. I. 6^. quaeque, i.e. 'et (ubi"; patent lecturis inspicienda (ea) quae,' etc. cepere, * have imagined ' or * conceived ' : Mart. VII. Ivi. i ' astra polumque pia cepisti mente, Rabiri.' The compound 'concipio' (P. II. vii. 16) is commoner in this sense. NOTES, III. i. 59-ii. 35 docto (cp. 1. 71, inf. ii. 4) probably refers to poets only (I. v. 57 n.). The library contained all the poets of Greece and Rome. 11. 65-70. it is not necessarily implied that on his exile all Ovid's works had been excluded from the public libraries, but probably merely that having fallen under the emperor's displeasure, the door is shut upon his books by the courtier librarian. 11. 65, 67. note the homoeoteleuton, which is not uncommon in Ov, (See Tolkiehn, Quaestt. ad Heroides, p. 123.) 1. 65. fratres, his other works personified as in I. i. 107. 1. 67. custos, the librarian. 1. 69. altera templa, the temples of luppiter Stator and Inno Regina, which were restored by Augustus, stood within a large quad- rangle with a colonnade around it, called the Porticus Liviae et Oc- taviae, built by Augustus, and named after his wife and sister. Near was the theatre of Marcellus (vicino theatre), and close to it was built the library, Bibliotheca Octaviae, referred to here. (Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 383, 384; Burn's Rome and the Campagna, p. 310; Meri- vale II. 403.) 1. 72. The first public library founded in Rome, by Asinius Polio B.C. 39, was in the Atrium of the temple of Liberty on the Aventine. 1. 77. adeo, 'especially' (inf. vi. 31), Verg. ec. IV. 11 * teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te consule, inibit | Polio ' ; Geor. I. 24 ; Sail. Catil. xxxvii. 2. turba, cp. I. ii. 60 ; IV. i. 54. 1. 79. static . . . publica, a place on the shelves of the public libraries. 1. 80. private . . . loco, in the library of some private individual, some friend : cp. P. I. i. 9, 10 ' non tamen accedunt, sed, ut aspicis ipse, latere | sub lare private tutius esse putant.' 1. 81. cenfusa, 'dismayed,' inf. v. 11. 1. 82. plebeiae, of ordinary people, as opposed to the great: cp. I.L 88 and note. II. This poem describes the miseries of his exile, and seems to embody his feelings on first settling in Tomi. It is addressed to the friendly reader, intr. p. xxix. Summary. — So I a poet have been banished to Scythia, and the Muses and Apollo have not prevented it (1-6). My delicate body has D 2 36 OVID I TRISTIA, been sustained by my spirit (7-14). Excitement snpported me during my journey ; now nothing but tears and regrets is my portion (15-20). Why did I not die before? May my death be not long protracted (21-30). 1. I. ergo, 'can it be that?' cp. inf. iii. 25. Scythiam is a poetical inaccuracy, as Tomis was really in Thrace. 1. 2. Lycaonio sub axe, the axis of the constellation the Bear, Callisto, daughter of Lycaon ; see on I. iii. 48. 1. 3. stirps Letoia (cp. M. VIII, 15), Apollo, son of Leto or Latona, was the special patron of poets. 1. 4. docta, sup. i. 63 n. sacerdoti, the poets often represent themselves as the priests of Apollo, and song as the sacrifice or worship which they pay to him (inf. vii. 32; xiv. in.; IV. i. 28, 29; x. 19). Cp. Hon c. III. i. 3 ' carmina non prius | audita Musarum sacerdos | virginibus puerisque canto.' 1. 5. the Ars Amatoria, Ovid frequently asserts, was a sportive effu- sion and no real index to his life : cp. I. ix. 61. 1. 6. cp. II. 354 'vita verecunda est, Musa iocosa mea.' 1. 7. part of his journey to Tomi was performed by sea, the latter part through Thrace by land, amid great dangers and hardships (inf. 1. 15 ; IV. i. 21 ; X. 107) ; see introduction to I. x. 1. 8. ustus, the pinching of extreme cold is often described in the language of burning, cp. inf. iv*». 48 ; V. ii. 66 • glaebaque canenti semper obusta gelu.' There is a problema on the cold in Pontus in Aristotle probl. XXV. 6. 1. 9. fugax rerum, cp. IV. x. 38 ' sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram.' 1. 10. mollis, sup. i. 24 n. 1. II. ultima, the extremities of hardship, cp. II. 187 * ultima per- petior medios eiectus in hostes ' ; M. XIV. 483 * ultima iam passi comites belloque fretoque | deficiunt.' portibus orbum, * harbourless.' On the badness of the harbours of the western Euxine see inf. xii. 38 and IV. iv. 58, where Ov. traces the ancient name Axenus to this. The forms portibus (found also M. XI. 474) zxiA portnbus both occur, Neue, Formenlehre, I. 365. 1. 13. diversae, in foreign lands, far from home: cp. inf. xiv. 26 IV. ii. 69; Verg. Aen. III. 4 'diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras.' 1. 13. sufflcit, • bears up against,' used absolutely V. ii. 5. NOTES. III. ii. i-iii. 5. 37 atque in poetry is sometimes placed second word (Forbiger on Verg. ec. VI. 38) ; cp. A. A. III. 282 * quaeritnr atque illis hac quoque parte decor.* 1. 15. cp. Verg. Aen. I. 3 'multum ille et terris iactatus et alto.* 1. 19. nostro lumine, supply 'de' from the following clause: cp. M. VII. 708 ' pectore Procris erat, Procris mihi semper in ore.' 1. 23. I have often knocked for admission at the gate of my tomb, but have not yet been allowed to die. The idea is from Lucr. V. 373 ' haut igitur leti praeclusa est ianua caelo.' quo, * to what purpose?' see R. 213, L. Gr. p. xxx. n. 1. 28. deus, Augustus. 1. 30. let the gates of my tomb open to receive me. IIL To his wife (Intr. p. xxix), written in sickness. Cp. Tibullus I. 3. Summary. — I am sick and like to die. The climate is cruel here, and there is none to comfort me (1-12). I recall all that I have lost, but above all, my wife, your image is ever before me, your name ever on my lips (13-24). Can you be happy without me? surely I think not (25-28). Oh that I had died in my own land before I was exiled 1 Must I die here, far from home and all I love ? I think of the wild laments you will utter when you hear of my death. Still consider my real death was then when exile removed me from you. Bear up against trouble as you have done before (29-58). If I am to die, I pray for complete extinction. I am tormented by the thought that a Roman shade will wander unquietly amid the shades of this barbarous land (59-64). When I am dead, let my bones be brought back to Italy and buried near the city ; and let the epitaph which I enclose be set above them (65-74). But my poems will be a more enduring epitaph. Bring flowers to my grave ; my ashes will appreciate the pious service. And now, farewell ; this is perhaps my latest wish (75-88). 1. I. si casu, sup. i. 17 n. 1. 2. eram, 1. 4 eram, epistolary tenses. 1. 3. cp. TibuU, I. iii. 3 ' me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terris.' 1. 5. iacenti, prostrate,' cp. 1. 13 ; P. I. iii. 49 ' orbis in'extremi iaceo desertus harenis.' 38 OVID I TRISTIA, 1. 6. putes, hypothetical subj. R. 644. 1. 7. caelum, * climate.' Of the unhealthiness of the climate of Tomis he complains again inf. viii. 23, and especially of its cold frequently, e. g. inf. X. 47 : see Intr. p. xx. patior . . . adsuevimus, the poets frequently pass from sing, to pi. when speaking in the first person ; cp. inf. viii. 38 ; M. V. 494 ' Pisa mihi patria est et ab Elide ducimus ortus' ; IX. 373 * patior sine crimine poenam. | viximus innocuae.' aquis istis, * the (bad) water here.* The water of Tomi was brackish and stagnant (P. I. x. 35 ; II. vii. 74 ; III. i. 17 ; IV. x. 61) ; and its badness was a special hardship to Ovid, who drank scarcely anything but water (P. I. v. 45 ; x. 29 ; IV. ii. 41). 1. 10. Apollinea, medicine was under the patronage of Apollo ; cp. M. I. 521. 1. 13. Note the sigmatism which is a favourite feature in Ovid's verse : cp. inf. x. 8, 45 ; I. iii. 25 ; II. 538 ' bucolicis iuvenis luserat ante modis ' (to imitate the whistling of the shepherd's pipe) ; M. XIII. 397, 637, 638; XV. 169, 285, 293-295, 424, 683; F. V. 581, 582. 1. 14. adfecto, often of the visitation of disease, e.g. Am. II. ii. 21 ' ibis ad adfectam, quae non languebit, amicam.' 1. 19. aliena locutum, in delirium. 1. 21. suppressaque lingua palate, sc. deficiat. 'Should I now faint and my tongue faint pressed close to my palate.* Cp. Am. II. vi. 47-48 ' nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato : | clamavit moriens lingua " Corinna" vale.' 1. 22. cp. P. I. iii. 9-10 *et iam deficiens sic ad tua verba revixi, [ ut solet infuso vena redire mero.' 1. 23. nuntiet, R. 627, inf. viii. 16. 1. 25. ergo, sup. il. i n. dubius vitae, R. 525 (b) : cp. Am. II. xiii. a Mn dubio vitae lassa Corinna iacet.' M. XV. 438 ' Priamides Helenus flenti dubioque salutis.' The objective gen. after adjectives is used more freely by poets than by prose writers ; e. g. after 'certus ' (M. VI. 268 ; XI. 415, 440 ; XIII. 722). 1. 27. liquet hoc, the impersonal construction is usual with 'liquet,' but with neut. pronouns it is often used personally, cp. inf. xi. 73. It may be doubted whether in these cases the pronoims are not really ace. cp. Aristoph. Nub. 1142 oXiyov yap fioi fiiXd. 1. 31. quantura erat, 'what a boon it would have been,' ironical. cp. M. IV. 74 ' quantum erat ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi ? ' not^lS. III. iil. 6-^'^. 39 11. 33-34. you might have deferred my punishment until my death, or have allowed me to die before my exile. 1. 35. lucem, ' life,' as light and life are identical : Horn. Od. IV. 540 iTi (wdv Kal updv cpaos ■q€\'ioio. Catull. V, 5 : cp. M. VI. 272 * finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.* 1. 38. ipso loco, abl. instr. The mere fact of dying here will em- bitter my death. 1. 39. corpora, rhetorical pi., I. ii. 39 n. ; see Monro, Homeric Grammar, § 171. 1. 40. depositum, 'despaired of,' so used because it was the custom to lay the hopelessly sick on the ground at the house-door, that they might yield up their last breath to earth the common mother, or that some passer-by of superior skill might possibly be able to cure them (Servius on Aen. XII. 395) : cp. P. II. ii. 47 * iam prope depositus, certe iam frigidus aeger | servatus per te, si modo servor, ero.' Becker- Goll, Gallus IIL p. 487. I. 42. The weeping wife would endeavour by every art in her power to prolong the fading life of her dying husband : cp. M. X. 187 ff. ; XII. 424 ' inpositaque manu vulnus fovetoraque ad ora | admovet atque animae fugienti obsistere temptat.' 1. 43, mandata, last instructions. I. ii. 55 n. 1. 44. labentes, 'glazing' of the eyes closing in death: Verg. Aen. XL 818 ' labuntur frigida leto | lumina.' When any one died it was the custom to call loudly upon him by name (' conclamare,' Liv. IV. xl. 3 = clamore supremo, Becker-GoU, Gallus IIL p. 486), no doubt to awaken him in case he had fallen into a swoon ; the closing (condet) of the eyes was the natural office of the nearest relatives: cp. H. I. 113. Becker-Goll, 1. c. p. 485. 1. 45. funeribus, cp. IV. iv. 76 ; V. i. 48. 1. 46. indeploratum (aKkavrov kox dOavTov Horn. Od. XL 54, cp. M. VII. 611) without the extravagant expressions of grief usual at a Roman funeral, for which see Rich, s. v. Praeficae, Becker-Goll, Gallus IIL p. 503 ff. ; for the Roman funeral see Mommsen R. H. II. 395. 1. 49. partes, sc. orbis, i. e. Tomis. 1. 50, inane, for the bearer of the name will be dead in a foreign land. He wonders whether his wife, on hearing of his death, will, so far as she can, perform in his honour the usual funeral rites, one of which was the solemn calling three times on the name of the departed : cp. Verg. Aen. IIL 68; VI. 506. 1- 53- C)v- often speaks of his exile, which was civic death (Appendix to Bk. I on ii. 72), ia language applicable to real death : cp. I. vii. 38 n. 40 OVID I TRISTIA, I. 58. ad with rude as in P. III. vii. 18 'ad mala iam pridem non sumus ulla rudes ' (the usual constructions are ' in ' with abl. or simple genitive) : so 'capax ad' (M. VIII. 243), 'ingeniosus ad' (M. XI. 313). 1. 59. animae, my soul with all its constituent parts (hence pi.). The doctrine of extinction was taught by the Epicureans; Zeller, Stoics Epicureans and Sceptics, p. 430, E. Tr. 1. 61. vacua in aura, Cokain, Tragedy of Ovid, act 3, sc. 5, * your words you scatter in the wind to give | counsel to me.' Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher, who lived probably in the sixth century B. c, left his home at Samos (Samii senis) and migrated to Italy, where he lived at Crotona as the head of a school of disciples, which formed a kind of religious and political society. He taught ' that the soul on account of previous transgressions is sent into the body, and that after death each soul, according to its deserts, enters [a state of happiness or punishment], or is destined to fresh wanderings through human or animal forms. . . . The souls, we are told, after departing from the body, float about in the air ' (Zeller, Pre-Socratic Philosophy, I, pp. 473-484). The Pythagorean doctrine of transmigration of souls is described M. XV. 60 ff. 1.62. dicta = 5o7^aTa, the teachings of philosophers: P. I. iii. 86 ; Lucr. III. 12 • omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta.' 1. 67. Thebana, Antigone, who buried the body of her brother Polynices, in spite of a proclamation by Creon, King of Thebes, for- bidding anyone to do so ; on account of which she was buried alive in the tomb. 1. 69. The ashes of the dead were mingled in the urn with flowers and perfumes and other precious things : cp. Tibull. I. iii. 7 ; III. ii. 23 ; Prop. I. xvii. 22. By foliis seems to be meant the * foliatum,' an ointment made of the leaves of the spikenard {itardum, Becker-Goll, Gallus III. 532 ; cp. Mark xiv. 3) ; thus the scholiast on luv. VI. 465 explains ' foliata ' as * unguenta foliis plena vel aliis aromatibus.' amomi, a perfume prepared from the leaves of a shrub (Mayor on luv. IV. 108). 1. 70. suburbano, the tombs stood usually by the side of the great roads leading out of the city, especially the Via Flaminia, Aurelia, and Latina ; where the inscriptions on them might be read by the passers-by, and preserve the memory of the dead. condita, the bones were collected after cremation, Becker-Goll, Gallus, p. 532. 1. 72. tituli, the inscription containing the epitaph: luv. VI. 230 • titulo res digna sepulcri.' NOTES, in. iii. 58-iv. a. 4^ notis {a-himra Horn. II. VI. 168) =* litteris ' : cp. H. IV. 6 'inspi- cit acceptas hostis ab hoste notas'; M. VI. 577 ' purpureasque notas fills intexuit albis.' 1. 74. Naso, see on I. i. 87, appendix, p. 104. 1. 76. molliter ossa cubent, a form of wishing repose to the dead : H. VII. 162 ' et senis Anchisae molliter ossa cubent' Verg. ec. X. 33 * o mihi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant ' : more commonly expressed by ' sit tibi terra levis.' See Mayor, luv. VII. 207. 1. 77. with the thought cp. Prop. III. ii. 17 ff. 1. 81. feralia munera, offerings to the dead made annually (hence semper) at the Feralia, Feb. 21 (F. II. 533-57°) • cp. Varro, ling. Lat. VI. 13 ' feralia ab inferis et ferendo, quod ferunt turn epulas ad sepul- crum, quibus ius ibi parentare.' 1. 82. de, of the source : M. X. 49 * incessit passu de vulnere tardo.* 1. 84. sentiet oflacium, cp. M. VIII. 489 ' officium sentite meum ' ; P. I. vii. 57 'ni claudum (?) officium sensit domus altera nostrum.' It was popularly supposed that the ashes of the dead retained some measure of consciousness : Prop. II. xiii. 41 (speaking of his own death) * interea cave sis nos aspernata sepultos : j non nihil ad varum conscia terra sapit.' 1. 88. vale, treated as an indeclinable subst., I. iii. 5711. IV. Addressed to Brutus, one of the two or three nearer friends (* vix duo tresve amici,' Intr. p. xliii) who were faithful to the poet in his disgrace. Brutus held some minor judicial post, and acted as the editor of P. I.- III. Intr. p. xliv. With the poem compare Hor. c. II. 10. Summary. — O friend, faithful in my adversity, learn from me to avoid the friendships of the great. Though they have it in their power to help, they more often injure their inferiors. Had I who advise only followed such advice, I should probably be still at Rome (i-io). A life of humble obscurity is the best ; therefore be not too ambitious. For you deserve unbroken happiness, you whose loyal sympathy con- soled me in the first bitterness of my sentence of exile, and who now are jealous to further my interests. May you live happy amid friends of your own station, and not forget your exiled Naso (11-46). 1. 3. cognite, cp. Ennius trag. 428 Vahleu ' amicus certus in re in- certa cemitur.' 42 OVID I TRISTIA. procubuere, metaphor from a falling house: cp. I. vi. 5. ; ix. 19. 1. 3. usibus, * experience.* 1. 8. prosit, anyone who can do you harm would not be likely to do you good. For the contrast of prodesse and obesse, cp. V. i. 65 ff. ' da veniam potius, vel totos tolle libellos, | sic mihi quod prodest, si tibi, lector, obest. | sed neque obesse potest, ulli nee scripta fuerunt [ nostra nisi auctori pemiciosa suo.* 1. 10. lata, i. e. unreefed. 1. 12. nexa, twisted, netted, an appropriate adj. for a net. grave . . . onus, the lead weight which sinks the net along with itself. 1. 13. baec, R. 470. 1. 15. tecum, in company with you and those of your modest station. dum vixi . . . dum ferebat . . . cucurrit, for the irregularity of the tenses see on I. ix. 1 7, and cp. V. xii. 39 ' nominis et famae quondam fulgore trahebar \ dum tulit antemnas aura secunda meas.' See inf. vii. 23. 1. t6. cumba, the metaphor of the bark of his fortunes is a favourite one with Ov., cp. inf. v. 4, and I. i. 85, where cumba is used. The dangers attending lofty station, a congenial theme to the Romans under the Empire, have been finely enlarged upon by Juvenal, sat. X. 1. 17. piano, subst. A. A. II. 243 'si tibi per tutum planumque nega- bitur ire.' M. VIII, 330 ; Verg. geor. II. 273. 1. 19. Elpenor, one of the comrades of Ulysses, was killed when intoxicated by falling from the roof of the house of Circe : Od. X. 559 KO.ravri.Kpv reyeos ireaev, l« di ol avx^jv | aar payaXojv (ayrj, ^vx^l 8' "AtSocrSe KarrjXOev. His ' strengthless ' spirit (debilis, cp. vckvoju dfie- vTjvd KapT]va Od. X. 521) encountered Ulysses in Hades, and begged him to bury him on his return to Aeea, Circe's isle (Od. XI. 51 ff.), which Ulysses duly performed (Od. XII. 8 ff.). It is unnecessary (with Hein- sius, Verpoorten, and Gross) to press the meaning of debilis so as to refer to his broken neck. 1. 21. quid fuit, ut, ' what was the reason why ? ' agitaret . . . signet, note the change of tense ; the historic tense is used because Daedalus escaped, a fact which belongs to the past, and the act to which it was due lasted for some time, hence the imperf ; the primary because Icarus was killed, and the sea where he fell is still called by his name, a fact which belongs to the present. See R. 623 ; Madvig L. Gr. § 383. For the legend see I. i. 90. 1. 22. inmensas, cp. Hom. II. XIX. 61 aainrov ovha's. 1. 23. nempe, in reply to a question regularly introduces an obvious NOTES. III. iv. 3-27. 43 answer 'of course ' (V. v. 56), or, without a preceding question, a proposi- tion of which the truth is obvious, ' you will know that' (inf vii. 41). 1. 24 logically precedes the answer given in 1. 23 to the question of 11. 21-22. The thought is. Why was Icarus killed while Daedalus was saved, for Daedalus could fly no better than Icarus since the art was equally foreign to both ? Of course it was because Icarus flew too near the sun, and so melted the waxen fastenings of his wings, non is better joined with suas (inf 73 n), the false order being due to metrical neces- sity, i. e. ' unnatural to them,' cp. Verg. geor. II. 82 ' miraturque novas frondes et non sua poma ' (of a grafted tree which bears fruits not its own), H. XIV. 90 'comuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis' (of lo turned into a heifer with horns not natural to her), M, III. 202 ' lacri- maeque per ora | non sua fluxerunt' (of Actaeon turned into a stag), than with habuere, in which case suas would mean ' natural to them.' Cp. Hor. c. I. iii. 34 ' expertus vacuum Daedalus aeia | pennis non homini datis.' 1. 25. A proverbial truth, the thought being apparently borrowed from the saying ascribed to Epicurus, KaQi fiiwaas (Plutarch, de latenter vivendo 4, see Zeller, Stoics, etc., p. 464, E. Tr.) : cp. Hor. epp. I. xvii. 10 *nec vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit.' Eur. Iph. A. 18 ^r}\u> 5' dvdpojv 05 aKivdwov \ plov k^ciripaa' dyvus, dKXcfjs' | tovs 5' ev Tifxais rjoaov ^rjXu}. latuit . . . vixit, the perfects are gnomic ; Madvig L. Gr. § 335, obs. 3. intra, cp. Prop. III. ix. 2 * intra fortunam qui cupis esse tuam.' 1. 27. Eumedes was the father of Dolon, who was sent by Hector to spy out the Greek camp, with the promise of the horses and chariot of Achilles as his reward, but being observed by Ulysses he was killed by Diomede. II. X. 314 ff. ; A. A. II. 135. eius, the canon, as usually laid down, that the oblique cases of is are rarely used in the Augustan poets, though mainly true, requires some modification : eiim, earn, eo, ed, eos, though not very common, are not avoided, eas and eius are found occasionally ; the ace. pi. ed is of course frequent. Thus in Ovid we find etim M, V. 223; IX. 412; XIII. 307 ; F. IV. 551 ; earn M. V. 521 ; VIII. 793 ; P. III. vi. 25 ; F. I. 721 ; II. 254; eius M. VIII. 16; XIX. 29, 240; P. IV. xv, 6 (in both places in the middle of a line) ; eo H. XII. 69 ; M. III. 304 ; V. 593 ; XIII. 249 ; XIV. 293 ; P. I. ii. loi ; F. IV. 146 ; ed R. 301 ; T. II. 429 ; M. XIV. 641 ; eas M. XIV. 558 ; ep. Sapph. 182 ; in Vergil eum G. IV. 89, 430 ; Aen. IV. 479 ; V. 239 ; VII. 757 ; VIII. 33, 576 ; XI. 12; earn G. IV. 334; eo Aen. IV. 479; VIII. 705; X. loi ; 44 OVID I TRISTIA, ed Aen. VII. 63 ; VIII. 86; XII. 420 ; ^os G. III. 252 ; Aen. I. 413 ; in Horace (Odes) eius c. III. xi. 18; IV. viii. 18 (in neither place at the end of a line) ; TibuUus £ius I. vi. 25 (in the middle of a line) ; Lygdamus eum [TibulL] III. vi. 12 ; Propertius eius IV. ii. 35 ; vi. 67 (in both places at the end of a line) ; etcm II. xxix. 8. Thus it will appear that the forms ei, eorum, earum, eis are avoided ; and the passages in Propertius show that eius, though usually avoided at the end of a line, is occasionally admitted. 1. 30. cepisaet, ix'^P^^^ ' ^^^ been great enough for him ' ; capere often means ' to be large enough to satisfy,' cp. I. iii. 83 (which is how- ever slightly different) ; Verg. Aen. IX. 644 * nee te Troia capit ' ; luv. X. 148 ' quem non capit Africa Mauro | percussa oceano.' genitor, predicate. Phaethon was son of the Sun by the nymph Clymene, who was married to Merops, Kmg of Aegypt, and thus was Phaethon's putative father. Phaethon being insulted as to his parentage, begged his father the Sun to acknowledge him openly by lending him his horses and chariot, but being unable to control the horses he was struck down by a thunderbolt by Jupiter (M. I. 748 — II. 366; T. I. i. 79). natas, the sisters of Phaethon were changed into poplars, and the tears that they shed, in excessive grief at his loss, into amber. 1. 32. contralxe vela, • take in, furl the sails of your purpose,' i. e. put a check upon your ambitious aspirations. The same nautical meta- phor in a similar context is found P. I. viii. 71-72 * a nimium est quod, amice, petis : moderatius opta, | et voti quaeso contrahe vela tui.' Hor. c. II. X. 22 'sapienter idem | contrahes vento nimium secundo ] turgida vela ' : cp. Cic. ad Att. I, xvi. 2. 1. 33. inoffenso, I. ix. i n., cp. Varro, Marcopolis i Biicheler (Nonius p. 199) ' nemini fortuna currum a carcere intimo missum [ labi inoffen- sum per aequor candidum ad calcem sivit.' 1. 34. candidiore, brighter than my own : white was the lucky colour, and so worn on festive occasions (V. v. 8), as black was the colour of misfortune ; see Ellis, Catull. LXVIII. 148 ; thus candidus is used of his wife's birthday, V. v. 14 ; cp. V. vii. 4 ; [TibulL] III, vi. 30. I. 36. haesura, which I can never forget: cp. inf. d^^ ; viii. 35. II. 37, 38. vultu . . . ore, cp. inf. v. n-12. M. V. 206 marmoreo- que manet vultus mirantis in ore.' 1. 40. Order : * quas fidaque (i. e. et fida) verba tempore uno bibi * : cp. inf. v. 13-14. 1. 41. summottun, a word frequently used by Ov. of his banishment ; IV. ii. 57 ; ix. 17 ; P. III. iv. 91 ; IV. xvi. 47 ; Suet. Aug. 45 'Pyladen urbe atque Italia submoverit.* NOTES, III. iv. 2J-wb. ^j, 45 1. 43. molles, sup. i. 2411. inglorius, cp. Verg. G. II. 4S6 * flumina amem silvasque in- glorius.' 1. 44. exige, cp. Verg. Aen. I. 75 ' omnes ut tecum meritis pro tali- bus annos | exigat.' IV ^. Addressed to his well-wishers in Rome generally. This poem is wrongly joined to the preceding in most MSS. : the request in iv. 45, 46 that his friend will continue to wish him well, resembles so nearly the contents of iv^ in which he prays his friends to continue faithful, that the copyists were led to fuse the two poems into one, overlook- ing the obvious fact that iv is addressed to one person only, iv** to all his friends. Summary. — How near the chill north is my place of durance ! But though thus remote, my fatherland and all the old familiar spots and faces are ever in my thoughts. You, my friends, I would address by name, but that I know you wish otherwise (47-64). Once you were glad enough to be named in my verse ; now it is dangerous, therefore I forbear. But be assured my affection for you remains unbroken, and requite me by all good offices in your power (65-78). 1. 47. tellus Erymanthidos xirsae, I. iii. 48 n. ; I. iv. in.; I. v. 61 n. 1. 48. adstricto, 'nipping' by contracted cold frost is apparently meant. perusta, sup. ii. 8 n. 1. 49. Bosphoros, sc. Cimmerius. superant, extend beyond towards the north. Scythiaeque paludes, cp. Ennius epigr. III. i (Vahlen p. 63) * a sole exoriente supra Maeotis paludes | nemo est qui factis me aequi- perare queat.' 1. 50. et, third word ; I. x. 2 n. 1. 5 1 . non habitabile frigus, the northern zone. Ovid fancied Tomis far north of what it really is. 1. 55. est, * it is possible' : cp. inf. xii. 25. 1. 57. errant. The images pass at random through his mind as the blows flicker at random round the heads of the boxers, Verg. Aen. V. 435 ' erratque aures et tempora circum [ crebra manus/ or as the eye 46 OVID I TRISTIA. roves at random, Prop. III. xiv. 27 * non Tyriae vestes errantia lumina fallunt.' fora (sup. i. 27) here quite general referring both to the forum Romanum, lulium, and Augusti, and to the numerous markets, the forum boarium, olitorium, piscarium, etc. : cp. P. I. viii. 35 * nunc fora, nunc aedes, nunc marmore tecta theatra, | nunc subit aequata porticus omnis humo ;' II. iv. 19 *nos fora viderunt pariter, nos porti- cus omnis, | nos via, nos iunctis curva theatra locis.' 1. 58. * with each place is conjured up the business that specially be- longs to it.' 1. 59. imago, sc. 'est' (I. i. 17 n.). 1. 61. hoc, abl. 1. 63. haeretis, sup. 36 n. P. I. ix. 7 'ante meos oculos tamquam praesentis imago | haeret, et extinctum vivere fingit amor.' 1. 65. oflacium, I. V. 8 n. ipsos, sc. 'vos.' 1. 67. grati instar honoris, cp. F. II. 633 'grati pignus honoris.' instar, 'semblance,' inf. viii. 21; H. II. 30 *sed scelus hoc meriti pondus et instar habet.' 1. 71. Indicio . . . protrahit, legal metaphor. My verse does not turn evidence against you, and drag you like criminals from your hiding. 1. 72. si quis, I. vii. i. n. amet, sc. * me.' 1. 73. longe with remotus, IV. ii. 67 'at mihi fingendo tantum longe- que remotis | auribus hie fructus percipiendus erit.' For the misplace- ment of the adverb cp. sup. 24 ; inf. vii. 16 ; x. 6 ; xii. 2 ; Verg. Aen. II. 384 ' ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos | sternimus ' ; Caes. B. G. VI. 29 ' minime omnes Germani agriculturae student.' regione, instr. abl. ' by the place in which I am ' : P. II. xi. 3 'quamquam longe toto sumus orbe remoti'; M. XV. 62 'licet caeli regione remotos, | mente deos adiit.' 1. 76. proiecto, an outcast: cp. V. i. 13. 1. 77. sic, regular in adjurations always involving a condition, * on condition that you do so may you be happy' ; cp. II. 159 ff.; IV, v. 25 ff. ; V. iii. 35 ff. ; and see Conington on Verg. ec. IX. 30, and note on ' ita ' inf. vi. 25. V. To Carus, one of the poet's nearer circle of faithful friends. Carus was a literary man, who wrote a poem on the achievements of Hercules, NOTES. III. \\b. S'j-w. 26. 47 which is praised by Ovid P. IV. xiii. 1 1 ; xvi. 7, cp. on 1. 42. He was tutor to the children of Germanicus. Intr. p. xlv. Summary. — O friend, but slightly known, whom had I been more for- tunate perhaps I should never have known intimately, you have shown yourself in my adversity faithful as my nearest friends only have been (i- 20). If you ask how I am in my exile, learn that I still cherish hopes of pardon. Lend your help towards that end (21-30). Caesar is great, and will surely show that magnanimity which is the mark of the great (31-42). Besides I have done no treasonable act, spoken no treasonable word. My only offence is that I witnessed unwittingly what I should not. My guilt is unintentional in its origin. Therefore I hope for pardon (43-56). 1. 4. the protasis to 1. 3, i. q. ' si forte navis mea vento suo isset. suo, * favourable' : Verg. Aen. V. 832 ' ferunt sua flamina classem.' 1. 5. ruinam, my falling fortunes. 1. 7. lovis, Augustus. I. i. 72 : cp. sup. on i. 35. 1. 8. deploratae, I, iii. 46 n. 1. 10. the circle of his faithful friends was narrow : Intr. p. xliii. 1. II. confuses, i. 81 n. vnltus . . . osque, iv. 37 n. 1. 14. cp. iv. 40. 1. 15. presso . . . colic. For the abl. cp. H. V. 53 * aura levis rigido pendentia lintea malo | suscitat.' M. IV. 179 ' summo quae pendet aranea tigno.' X. 113 ' pendebant tereti gemmata monilia coUo.' ib. 265 'redimicula pectore pendent.' Verg. Aen. II. 546. 1. 16. singultantis . . . sonis, 'the words of you sobbing' : for the genitive cp. Am. I. viii. 108 *ut mea defunctae molliter ossa cubent.' H. V. 45 'nostros vidisti flentis ocellos.' A. A. II. 305. 1. 18. The fact that the cognomen Cams is also an adjective is utilised by Ov. to throw dust in the eyes of the public ; though in this case, and probably in many others, the veil under which he concealed his friend was very thin. 1. 22. materia, may you have a more fortunate field for the exercise of your benevolence: cp. 11. VIII. 51 'materia vellem fortis meliore fuisses.' 1. 24. quid agam, * how I am,* an ordinary form of address : cp. I. i. 18; inf. vii. 6; V. vii. 5; Hor. sat. I. ix. 4 * quid agis, dulcissime rerum ? ' epp. I. viii. 3 ' si quaeret, quid agam.* 1. 26. dei, Augustus. 48 OVID I TRTSTIA. 1. 28. prove to me that what I wish may lawfully be fulfilled. 1. 31. magis = *eo magis,' a use frequent in Ov. : cp. M. IV. 64 'quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.' X. 460 * quoque sue propior sceleri est, magis horret.' III. 372 ; XI. 437: see Lucr. 1. 536, Mayor luv. X. 14, Furneaux, Tacitus Annals I-VI. p. 51. 1.32. motus, 'impulses.' capit = 'concipit.' placabilis is genitive. 1. 33. cp. Plin. H. N. VIII. 19 'leoni tantum ex feris dementia in supplices : prostratis parcit, et ubi saevit in viros potius quam in feminas fremit, in infantes non nisi magna fame . . . eum vero qui telum quidem miserit, sed tamen non vulneraverit, correptum rotatumque sternit nee vulnerat.' 1. 35. turpes, 'ugly' on account of their size and clumsiness : Verg. G. III. 247 'informes ursi.' 1. 36. fera (est) : sup. iv^. 59 n. 1. 38. Dardanii senis (AapSaviSr] Uplafxe II, XXIV, 171), Priam, who after the indignities heaped upon the corpse of Hector went by night to the Greek camp to supplicate Achilles, and induced that hero to accept ransom for Hector's body. tulit, 'withstood' : Prop. I. viii. 28 * assiduas non tulit ilia preces.' 1. 39. Emathii, Macedonian. Two examples of the clemency of Alexander the Great are here adduced, (i) when he conquered and took prisoner the Indian King Poms, he not only restored to him his domi- nions but considerably enlarged them, (2) when Darius Codomannus, King of Persia, was murdered by conspirators, Alexander ordered him to be buried with royal pomp in the tomb of his ancestors. I. 42. Gods as well as men show mercy ; witness Hercules reconciled to luno at his death, and received into heaven, and married to Hebe the daughter of luppiter and luno. Prop. IV. ix. 71 'sancte pater, salve, cui iam favet aspera luno.' The line gains point when we remember that Carus had written a poem on the deeds of Hercules, perhaps in imitation of Pisander of Rhodes ; P. IV. xvi. 7-8. II. 45, 46 refer probably both to support rendered to the opponents of Augustus in the civil wars, and to taking part in conspiracies, of which Suetonius (Aug. 19) says ' coniurationes complures, priusquam invalescerent, indicio detectas compressit.' See on I. v. 41. 11. 47-48. I have neither said anything, nor has my tongue been carried beyond bounds in speech. Cicero has 'elatus voluptate, dolore, studio.' (See R. Ellis, Hermathena vol. 7. p. 199.) loquendo, 'in point of speaking' R. L. Gr. 1384. Probably there is a reference to the case of Cornelius Gallus, against whom many charges were made (Suet. Aug. 66) ' Gallo quoque et arcu.satorum denunliationibus et senatus NOTES, III. V. 28-vi. 49 consultis ad necem compulse.' Dio Cass. LIII. 23. § 5 voWa ytlv -j/dp Kat fiaraia h tuv Avyovarov aTreXrjpfi, ttoWol Se KOi (TTairia TrapinpaTre . . . KaTT]yopri9T] re ovv tir' airoTs vtto OvaXepiov Adpyov,) one of which appears to have been that he abused the emperor at a banquet, op. 11. 445 ' non fuit obprobrio celebrasse Lycorida Gallo, | sed linguam nimio non tenuisse mero.' Cp. Prop. 11. xv. 47 *nos certe merito poterunt laudare minores : | laeserunt nullos pocula nostra deos.' See Merivale IV. 103 ; Becker's Callus, scene X; Hertzberg. Q. P. p. 21. 1. 49. see Intr. p. li. plector, often used of undeserved punishment : cp. Hor. epp. I. ii. 14 * quicquid delirant rages, plectuntur Achivi.' See Palmer on H. XI. TIO. 1, 53. facturum, sc. * Augustum,' supplied from ipse : cp. Cic. p. Sest. § 15'hunc Cn. Pompeius devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me esse facturum.' The periphrasis is quite in the Latin manner (cp. such phrases as ' fac valeas ' for ' vale ') : Quintil. inst. orat. XII. i. 38 ' concedant mihi omnes oportet . . . facturum aliquando virum bonum, ut mendacium dicat.' Periphrasis is often used by Ov. with much force, as in the splendid line H. V. 86 * sunt mihi, quas possint sceptra decere, manus.' 1. 54. Ov. constantly prays for a more tolerable place of banishment, e.g. inf. vi. 24; viii. 22, 42 ; II. 185 ff., 575 ff. See on the severity of the climate of Tomis, and its barbarous nature Intr. p. xx. 1. 55. hos ortus, 'that morn.' 1. 56. admisso, at full speed. H. I. 36 ' hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos.' With the whole couplet compare Am. II. xi. 55 * haec mihi quamprimum caelo nitidissimus alto | Lucifer admisso tempora portet equo.' TibuU. I. iii. 93 ' hoc precor, hunc ilium nobis Aurora nitentem | Luciferum roseis Candida portet equis.* VL To Celsus, one of his nearer and faithful friends, and who, if Ov. is to be believed, restrained him from committing suicide in his first despair at his sentence. Intr. p. xliii. Summary. — O friend, your affection for me is of long standing and well known, you shared all my secrets, except my guilt, and had I in- formed you of that, perhaps your advice would have saved me from the punishment which Fate has inflicted (1-16). Remember me, and use your endeavours on my behalf. I crave that at any rate a less dreary £ so CVIDI TRISTIA, place of exile may be assigned me (17-24). The guilt was not mine ; it was my complicity in the guilt of others that undid me. My fault deserves rather the name of folly. If this be not so, let me be banished to some still more remote spot (25-38). I. 5. testatus, passive, R. 340: as in M. II. 473; IX. 278 ; P. HI. i. 93; IV. vii. 53. II. 7-8. Such is the sincerity of your friendship, that despite the fact that I am under his displeasure you have not sought to conceal your friendship for me from the emperor himself. in, ' in the case of.' I. v. 39 n. ; ix. 24 n. ; Am. I. vii. 34 ' Tydides saevus in hoste fuit.' ipsi, this pronoun is often used of Augustus : cp. sup. v. 53. 1. 10. pectoribus, rhetorical pi. I. ii. 39 n. I. 1 2. excepto, the subject of the abl. is the clause quod me perdidit (R. 505) : this usage, which is rare before Livy, is frequent in the Annals of Tacitus; see Furneaux Intr. § 31 (a), p. 39: cp. P. IV. xiv. 3 * in quibus, excepto quod adhuc utcumque valemus, | nil . . . invenies.* II. 15, 16. ' But alloiV that my fate was dragging me onto punishment, as no doubt it did. Is it to close up every avenue to advantage for the future ? ' Nimiiruin is concessive, ' no doubt,' ' admit the fact ' : Cic. Legg. II. 2. 3 ' sed nimirum me alia quoque causa delectat, quae te non attigit ita.' (R. Ellis, Hermathena, vol. 7. p. 200.) utilitatis iter, an easy metaphor (as we might talk of the road to success) : cp. M. II. 549 * non utile ' carpis | inquit ' iter.' For claudant see P. I. i. 6 ' ne suus hoc illis clauserit auctor iter.' F. I. 272 * clauderet ut Tatio fervidus umor iter.' For mala see H. VI. 5 1 ' me mala fata trahebant.' 1. 20. *you who occupy nearly the foremost place in my affections.' 1. 23. numinis, Augustus. laesi, it would appear that technically Ov.'s crime was 'laesa maiestas,' treason: cp. 1. ii. 69; v. 84; II. 108, 123-124; IV. x. 98; P. I. iv. 44 ; II. iii. 68. 1. 25. idque ita, sc. * fiat,' and only on the condition that : cp. V. iii. 53, and note on sup. iv^ 77. He is sure of his innocence of heart. 1. 27 ff. Intr. p. Ii. 1. 30. ipse distinguishes piidor, the feeling, from mens which feels it. admonitu, this word, which is freq. in Ov., is used by him in the abl. case only. NOTES. III. vi. 5-vii. 6. 51 pudor, 31 pudorem, Ov. is fond of such repetitions of words, so inf. xi. 20, 21 ' diserta, diserto.' See Sedlmayer, Wiener Studien II. 293. 1, 31. adeo emphasises quaecumque : sup. i, 77 n. He breaks off short saying ' But I must not speak further on this very shameful theme.' I. 33. referam, plead in answer to the charge against me. II. 37-38. If my protestations of innocence are false, let me be sent to some more distant spot, in comparison with which this will appear a city suburb. VII. Addressed to a young poetess Perilla, whose poetic studies he had fostered. (That Perilla is not his daughter is clear from 1. 18, where *ut pater ' = ' like a father.' Intr. p. xvii.) Intr. p. xxix. Summary. — Go, letter, and salute Perilla. You will find the young poetess, I am sure, anxious on my behalf. Tell her that I live still, though time does not alleviate my misery ; and that I still write verse (i-io). I wonder whether you, Perilla, whose young talent I fostered, still write lyrics. Perhaps you have been deterred by the fate of me, who was once your master and friendly critic. Fear not ; only shun for- bidden topics. Return to the sacred art. Your beauty will fade with time, but the divine products of poetry are immortal (n-44). 1 who in exile am robbed of all that could be taken from me, still find com- panionship and pleasure in verse. Of this Caesar cannot deprive me, this will live for ever. Do you too seek injmortality (41-54). 1. 2. littera = *litterae,' as often in the poets, sup. i, 15 n. : cp. IV.vii. 23 ; H. III. I ; V. 2 ; A. A. I. 466, 483 ; M. IX. 517. This may be ex- plained by the fact that the poets often use the sing, collectively, as con- versely the pi. is used where we might expect the sing. ; thus ' impleri remige puppes ' M. VIII. 103, means the ships to be filled with rowers ; ' nudus arboris Othrys erat ' M. XII. 507, means Othrys was bare of trees. See Postgate, Propertius p. xcvii. ministra, Eur. supp. 203 dyyeXov \ yXwcraav \6yajv. 1. 3. cp. Hesiod opp. 519 /cat 5ia napdevifcrjs dnaXoxpoos ov Sidrjaiy, | rjre Sopiojv €VToa6e