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OVID 
 
 TRISTIA BOOK III 
 
 IF/ TH A N INTR ODUC TIO N A ND N OTES 
 
 BY 
 
 S. G. OWEN, M.A. 
 
 STUDENT AND TUTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 Second Edition Bevised 
 
 OXFORD 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 1893 
 
HENRY FROWDE, M.A. 
 
 PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK 
 
 TORONTO AND MELBOURNE 
 
 • • • ^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 1 n 'oo I I 
 
 mm 
 
 The text, with the exception of a few trifling changes in 
 punctuation, is reprinted from my recently published critical 
 edition (P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristium Libri V recensuit S. G. 
 Owen, A. M. Clarendon Press, 1889), where the materials 
 are fully given. No notice has been taken of varieties of 
 reading in an edition intended for school use. Besides the 
 commentaries mentioned in the preface to my edition of 
 Book I (Clarendon Press, 1885), I have found the notes of 
 Verpoorten (Coburg, 1712) and the German selections of 
 K. P. Schulze (Berlin, Weidmann, 1884) and W. Gross 
 (Bamberg, 1870) especially helpful. 
 
 Manchester: Ju/jy, 1889. 
 
 Some changes have been made in this edition, in preparing 
 which I have received much help from a paper by Mr. 
 Robinson Ellis on the Tristia in the Dublin Hermathena, 
 vol. 7. pp. 183 foil. 
 
 Ch. Ch. : January^ i893» 
 
 396964 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction v 
 
 Text . i 
 
 Notes 29 
 
 Index 75 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 -♦-♦- 
 
 PUBLIUS OVIDIUS Naso vvas bom at Sulmo, in the hills of 
 the Paeligni, on March 20th, B.C. 43. His parents, of a respect- 
 able equestrian family, though not wealthy, were in easy circum- 
 stances. His brother, one year his senior, together with whom 
 he was educated at Rome, died in his twenty-first year. Ovid 
 attended the rhetorical schools of two chief teachers of the day, 
 Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro ; to which influence is due the 
 strong rhetorical colouring of his poems. Early in life he travelled 
 with his friend and fellow-poet Macer to Greece and Asia 
 Minor, staying in the course of his return for nearly a year in 
 Sicily. Having thus finished his education after the approved 
 mode, he entered public life, and held some of the minor judicial 
 posts which preceded the quaestorship ; but having no liking 
 for the law or politics, he gave himself up entirely to literature, 
 and occupied no inconsiderable position among the literary men 
 of the day. He had only one child, a daughter, though three times 
 married : of his third wife, whom he frequently addresses in the 
 Tristia, he speaks in terms of aflfection which it is gratuitous to 
 suppose are insincere, as some have done. In his fifty-first year, 
 B.C. 9, he incurred the displeasure of the emperor, and was 
 banished to Tomi or Tomis, now Anadol-koi near Kostendje, in 
 Moesia, on the dreary western coast of the Black Sea. Here 
 he lived in misery, far from the cultured capital so dear to him ; 
 and here he died in A.D. 17, all his own and his friends' prayers 
 to Augustus and his successor Tiberius for the recall of the sen- 
 tence having proved unavailing. The cause of his exile is un- 
 kno^vn : Ovid himself speaks of it as due to a mistake {error) of 
 conduct, which led him to conceal something painful to Augustus 
 which he had unintentionally witnessed, and which he ought 
 to have disclosed. Probably the disaster was connected with 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 an intrigue between the younger lulia and Silanus ; though 
 it is not impossible, as a writer in the Gtmrdian (Sept. 14, 1887) 
 has maintained, that Ovid had somehow offended Livia, who no 
 doubt had many ' skeletons in her cupboard,' and whose influence 
 with Tiberius was strong, which would explain why Tiberius 
 never revoked the sentence. (Huber, Die Ursachen der Ver- 
 bannung des Ovid, thinks that Ovid was concerned in a cabal 
 whose object was to prevent the banishment of Julia, and that 
 this was the nominal, the republication of his amatory poems the 
 real ground of offence. See Classical Review, III, p. 311.) 
 The following is a list of the works of Ovid : — 
 
 1. Amoru7}i Libri III. Love-poems. 
 
 2. Herozdes. A collection of letters in elegiac verse, purport- 
 ing to have been written by ladies of heroic renown to their 
 absent lovers. 
 
 3. Medicamina formae. A fragment on the use of cosmetics. 
 
 4. Artis Ainatoriae Libri III. Two books of rules for 
 men as to how to gain the affections of girls, and one book 
 for girls, as to how to gain those of men. This work, ac- 
 cording to Ovid, contributed to bring upon him the emperor's 
 displeasure. 
 
 5. Reniedia Amor is, on the means of escaping from love : 
 intended perhaps as an antidote to the Ars Amatoria. 
 
 6. Metamorphoseo7i Libri XV. A collection in hexameter 
 verse of the chief fables of antiquity, which involved a trans- 
 formation of shape, from the creation of the world out of chaos 
 down to the transmutation of lulius Caesar into a star. The poem 
 had not received its writer's last polish when he was exiled ; and 
 in his disgust he burnt it. But fortunately friends had received 
 copies of it, from one of which it was published. 
 
 7. Fastorum Libj^i VI. In elegiac verse, describing the cere- 
 monies and legends connected with the Roman calendar. It 
 was originally intended to be in twelve books, a book dealing 
 with each month ; but it was broken off at his exile, and never 
 completed \ 
 
 ^ Knoegel, De retractione Fastorum ab Ovidio Tomis instituta, 
 Montaborini 1885, shows that the Fasti was not finished by Ovid at the 
 
INTR OD UCTION. VI 1 
 
 8. Tristiiim Libri V. A collection of elegies, in the form of 
 letters, chiefly consisting of lamentations on his exile. 
 
 9. Ibis. An invective in 644 elegiac lines, against an unknown 
 enemy, whom Ovid accuses of having procured his disfavour 
 with the emperor, and having tried to obtain an increase of 
 the exile's sentence, so as to include beyond mere relegatio 
 the deprivation of his civic rights and property (Wartenberg, Q. 
 O. p. 21). 
 
 10. Ex Ponto Epistidantm Libri IV. Letters in elegiac 
 verse, written during his exile to different persons at Rome, who, 
 in contradistinction to the Tristia, are addressed by name. 
 
 11. Halieuticojt Liber. A fragment on the natural history of 
 the fishes of the Black Sea, written in hexameter verse. (Its 
 genuineness has been assailed by Birt, De Halieuticis Ovidio 
 poetae falso adscriptis, Berol. 1878.) 
 
 Chronology of the Tristia. (From Wartenberg, Quaestiones 
 Ovidianae, quibus agitur de Tristium, Ibidis, Epistolarumque, 
 quae 'Ex Ponto' inscribuntur, temporibus. Berolini, 1884.) 
 
 Ovid must have reached Tomis in the spring of A. D. 10. He 
 left Italy and crossed the Hadriatic in the December of a.d. 9, 
 and as there is no real evidence to show that he received 
 letters from home in the course of his journey, or that he 
 stayed by the way at Corinth, he probably went as quickly as 
 possible, and reached Tomis in January or February of A.D. 10 ; 
 or possibly, if he stayed for a short time at some of the 
 more interesting places on the way, he may have arrived in 
 March at the latest. 
 
 The individual letters of the different books of the Tristia 
 (Book II is a continuous epistle addressed to Augustus) would 
 seem to have been sent by the poet to Rome not singly, but col- 
 lected in the form of complete books, as they now exist. The 
 order of the poems in each book is not strictly chronological, but 
 artistic to a certain extent. Thus poems on similar subjects are 
 
 time of his exile; that he kept it, intending to dedicate it to the offended 
 Augustus, if he relented ; that on the death of Augustus he proceeded 
 to revise it with a view to dedicating it to Germanicus, but was sur- 
 prised by death after completing the first book only of the revision. 
 
VI 11 INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 separated by one on a different topic. But generally, in the ab- 
 sence of any particular reason to the contrary, the arrangement 
 is chronological. 
 
 Book I appears to have been written on the journey, but pro- 
 bably to have been finished off at Tomis, and sent, soon after 
 Ovid's arrival, from thence to Rome. Some slight additions, 
 which seem to show personal experience of the country, would 
 appear to have been made at Tomis before the book was 
 despatched, notably I. viii. 37-40 ; I. xi. 31-34. 
 
 Book II was written at Tomis during a.d. 10, and probably 
 finished before Book III was completed; though some poems 
 in Book III may have been written before the completion of 
 Book II. 
 
 In Book III it is evident that III. i was not written first in 
 order of time, for its language implies that the poet had already 
 been for some time at Tomis, and it is clearly intended as a 
 general introduction to the book, such as would probably have 
 been composed after some at any rate of the other poems had 
 been written. III. ii and iii seem to belong to the period of 
 his first arrival in his inclement place of exile. The poems 
 which follow are in chronological order. With regard to III. x 
 it has been maintained that the winter which it describes was 
 the winter when Ovid reached Tomis. But, especially as he tells 
 us that he had been already ill since his arrival, it seems impos- 
 sible that he could have written so many verses, as by this sup- 
 position he would be obliged to have done, in so short a time. 
 And the 'longa mora ' (III. vii. 8), of which he speaks in writing 
 to Perilla, implies that a longer time had elapsed since his exile 
 than would be thus allowed. Again, it is clear from III. x. 7 
 that he had already passed a winter in Tomis. Thus III. x 
 must have been written in the winter of A.D. 10 to A.D. 11, III. 
 xii in the spring of A.D. 11, and all the poems of Book III fall 
 between the end of the winter preceding the spring of A.D. 10 
 and the spring of A.D. il. 
 
 Book IV must have been written between the springs of 
 A.D. II and A.D. 12 ; Book V between the springs of A.D. 12 
 and A.D. 13. 
 
TRISTI VM 
 
 LIBER TERTIVS. 
 
 I. 
 
 * Missvs in banc venio timide liber exulis urbem : 
 
 da placidam fesso, lector amice, manum. 
 neve reformida ne sim tibi forte pudori : 
 
 nullus in hac charta versus amare docet. 
 haec domini fortuna mei est, ut debeat illam 5 
 
 infelix nullis dissimulare iocis. 
 id quoque, quod viridi quondam male lusit in aevo, 
 
 heu nimium sero damnat et odit opus, 
 inspice quid portem, nihil hie nisi triste videbis, 
 
 carmine temporibus conveniente suis. 10 
 
 clauda quod alterno subsidunt carmina versu, 
 
 vel pedis hoc ratio vel via longa facit : 
 quod neque sum cedro fulvus nee pumice levis, 
 
 erubui domino cultior esse meo : 
 littera sufFusas quod habet maculosa lituras, 15 
 
 laesit opus lacrimis ipse poeta suum. 
 si qua videbuntur casu non dicta Latine, 
 
 in qua scribebat, barbara terra fuit. 
 dicite, lectores, si non grave, qua sit eundum, 
 
 quasque petam sedes hospes in urbe liber/ 20 
 
 haec ubi sum furtim lingua titubante locutus, 
 
 qui mihi monstraret vix fuit unus iter. 
 
 B 
 
OVIDI . TRISTIVM 
 
 ' di tibi dent, nostro quod non tribuere poetae, 
 
 molliter in patria vivere posse tua. 
 due age, namque sequar, quamvis terraque marique 25 
 
 longinquo referam lassus ab orbe pedem/ 
 paruit et ducens ' haec sunt fora Caesaris ' inquit, 
 
 ' haec est, a sacris quae via nomen habet, 
 hie locus est Vestae, qui Pallada servat et ignem, 
 
 haec fuit antiqui regia parva Numae/ 30 
 
 inde petens dextram ' porta est ' ait ' ista Palati : 
 
 hie Stator, hoc primum condita Roma loco est/ 
 singula dum miror, video fulgentibus armis 
 
 conspicuos postes tectaque digna deo. 
 'et lovis haec' dixi 'domus est?' quod ut esse 
 
 putarem, 35 
 
 augurium menti querna corona dabat. 
 cuius ut accepi dominum, * non fallimur ' inquam, 
 
 ' et magni verum est hanc lovis esse domum. 
 cur tamen opposita velatur ianua lauro, 
 
 cingit et augustas arbor opaca comas ? 40 
 
 num quia perpetuos meruit domus ista triumphos ? 
 
 an quia Leucadio semper amata deo est ? 
 ipsane quod festa est, an quod facit omnia festa ? 
 
 quam tribuit terris, pacis an ista nota est? 
 utque viret semper laurus nee fronde caduca 45 
 
 carpitur, aeternum sic habet ilia decus ? 
 causa superpositast, scripto testante, coronae : 
 
 servatos cives indicat huius ope. 
 adice servatis unum, pater optime, civem, 
 
 qui procul extremo pulsus in orbe latet: 50 
 
 in quo poenarum, quas se meruisse fatetur, 
 
 non facinus causam, sed suus error habet. 
 
LIBER III, i. 23-82. 3 
 
 me miserum ! vereorque locum vereorque potentem, 
 
 et quatitur rapido littera nostra metu. 
 aspicis exsangui chartam pallere colore ? 55 
 
 aspicis alternos intremuisse pedes t 
 quandocumque, precor, nostro placere parent 
 
 isdem et sub dominis aspiciare domus!' 
 inde tenore pari gradibus sublimia celsis 
 
 ducor ad intonsi Candida templa dei, 6o 
 
 signa peregrinis ubi sunt alterna columnis 
 
 Belides et stricto barbarus ense pater, 
 quaeque viri docto veteres cepere novique 
 
 pectore, lecturis inspicienda patent, 
 quaerebam fratres, exceptis scilicet illis, 65 
 
 quos suus optaret non genuisse pater, 
 quaerentem fi-ustra custos e sedibus illis 
 
 praepositus sancto iussit abire loco, 
 altera templa peto, vicino iuncta theatro : 
 
 haec quoque erant pedibus non adeunda meis. 70 
 nee me, quae doctis patuerunt prima libellis, 
 
 atria Libertas tangere passa sua est. 
 in genus auctoris miseri fortuna redundat, 
 
 et patimur nati, quam tulit ipse, fugam. 
 forsitan et nobis olim minus asper et illi 75 
 
 evictus longo tempore Caesar erit. 
 di, precor, atque adeo — neque enim mihi turba 
 roganda est — 
 
 Caesar, ades voto, maxime dive, meo. 
 interea, quoniam statio mihi publica clausa est, 
 
 privato liceat delituisse loco. 80 
 
 vos quoque, si fas est, confusa pudore repulsae 
 
 sumite, plebeiae, carmina nostra, manus. 
 
 B 2 
 
OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 II. 
 
 Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam quoque visere nostris, 
 
 quaeque Lycaonio terra sub axe iacet ; 
 nee vos, Pierides, nee stirps Letoia, vestro 
 
 docta sacerdoti turba tulistis opem. 
 nee si quid lusi vero sine crimine, prodest, 5 
 
 quodque magis vita Musa iocata mea est: 
 plurima sed pelago terraque pericula passum 
 
 ustus ab assiduo frigore Pontus habet. 
 quique, fugax rerum securaque in otia natus, 
 
 mollis et inpatiens ante laboris eram, 10 
 
 ultima nunc patior, nee me mare portibus orbum i 
 
 perdere, diversae nee potuere viae 
 sufficit atque malis animus, nam corpus ab illo 
 
 accepit vires vixque ferenda tulit. 
 dum tamen et terris dubius iactabar et undis, 15 .j 
 
 fallebat curas aegraque corda labor : I 
 
 ut via finita est et opus requievit eundi, j 
 
 et poenae tellus est mihi tacta meae, j 
 
 nil nisi flere libet, nee nostro parcior imber 
 
 lumine, de verna quam nive manat aqua. 20 ; 
 
 Roma domusque subit desideriumque locorum, 
 
 quicquid et amissa restat in urbe mei. 
 ei mihi, quo totiens nostri pulsata sepulcri 
 
 ianua, sed nullo tempore aperta fuit? ; 
 
 cur ego tot gladios fugi, totiensque minata 25 ' 
 
 obruit infelix nulla procella caput? ' 
 
 di, quos experior nimium constanter iniquos, ' 
 
 participes irae quos deus unus habet, 
 
LIBER III, ii. 1-iii. 26. 5 
 
 exstimulate, precor, cessantia tata meique 
 
 interitus clausas esse vetate fores. 30 
 
 III. 
 
 Haec mea si casu miraris epistula quare 
 
 alterius digitis scripta sit, aeger eram. 
 aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis 
 
 incertusque meae paene salutis eram. 
 quem mihi nunc animum dira regione lacenti 5 
 
 inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes? 
 nee caelum patior nee aquis adsuevimus istis, 
 
 terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
 non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro, 
 
 nullus Apoilinea qui levet arte malum, 10 
 
 non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde 
 
 tempora narrando fallat amicus adest. 
 lassus in externis iaceo populisque locisque, 
 
 et subit adfecto nunc mihi quicquid abest. 
 omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, coniunx, 15 
 
 et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. 
 te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam : 
 
 nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies, 
 quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, 
 
 ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20 
 
 si iam deficiam suppressaque lingua palate 
 
 vix instillato restituenda mero, 
 nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam 
 
 spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. 
 ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic 25 
 
 iucundum nostri nescia tempus agis. 
 
OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 non agis, adfirmo. liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, 
 
 tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi. 
 si tamen inplevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos, 
 
 et mihi vivendi tarn cito finis adest, 30 
 
 quantum erat, o magni, morituro parcere, divi, 
 
 ut saltem patria contumularer humo! 
 vel poena in tempus mortis dilata fuisset, 
 
 vel praecepisset mors properata fugam. 
 integer banc potui nuper bene reddere lucem: 35 
 
 exul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est. 
 tam procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris, 
 
 et fient ipso tristia fata loco; 
 nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto, 
 
 depositum nee me qui fleat ullus erit ; 40 
 
 nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora 
 
 accedent animae tempora parva meae; 
 nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo 
 
 labentes oculos condet arnica manus; 
 sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45 
 
 indeploratum barbara terra teget. 
 ecquid, ubi audieris, tota turbabere mente 
 
 et feries pavida pectora fida manu? 
 ecquid in has frustra tendens tua brachia partes 
 
 clamabis miseri nomen inane viri ? 50 
 
 parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos : 
 
 non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero. 
 cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato : 
 
 et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi. 
 nunc, si forte potes, — sed non potes, optima 
 
 coniunx — 55 
 
 finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis. 
 
LIBER III, iii. 27-86. 7 
 
 quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo, 
 
 ad quae iam pridem non rude pectus habes. 
 atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae, 
 
 effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos. 60 
 
 nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura 
 
 spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis, 
 inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras 
 
 perque feros manes hospita semper erit. 
 ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna: 65 
 
 sic ego non etiam mortuus exul ero. 
 non vetat hoc quisquam: fratrem Thebana peremptum 
 
 supposuit tumulo, rege vetante, soror. 
 atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce, 
 
 inque suburbano condita pone solo. 70 
 
 quosque legat versus oculo properante viator, 
 
 grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis : 
 
 HIC • EGO • QVI • lACEO • TENERORVM • LVSOR • AMORVM 
 
 INGENIO • PERU • NASO • POETA • MEO 
 AT • TIBI • QVI • TRANSIS • NE • SIT • GRAVE • QVISQVIS * 
 
 AMASTI 75 
 
 DICERE . NASONIS • MOLLITER • OSSA • CVBEXT 
 
 hoc satis in titulo est. etenim maiora libelli 
 
 et diuturna magis sunt monimenta mihi, 
 quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos 
 
 nomen et auctori tempora longa suo. 80 
 
 tu tamen extincto feralia munera semper 
 
 deque tuis lacrimis umida serta dato. 
 quamvis in cineres corpus mutaverit ignis, 
 
 sentiet officium maesta favilla pium. 
 scribere plura libet: sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85 
 
 dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat. 
 
-8 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore, 
 quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, 'vale/ 
 
 IV. 
 
 O mihi care quidem semper, sed tempore dure 
 
 cognite, res postquam procubuere meae, 
 usibus edocto si quicquam credis amico, 
 
 vive tibi et longe nomina magna fuge. 
 vive tibi, quantumque potes, praelustria vita : 5 
 
 saevum praelustri fulmen ab igne venit. 
 nam quamquam soli possunt prodesse potentes, 
 
 non prosit potius, si quis obesse potest, 
 effugit hibernas demissa antemna procellas, 
 
 lataque plus parvis vela timoris habent. 10 
 
 aspicis ut summa cortex levis innatet unda, 
 
 cum grave nexa simul retia mergat onus, 
 haec ego si monitor monitus prius ipse fuissem, 
 
 in qua debebam forsitan urbe forem. 
 dum tecum vixi, dum me levis aura ferebat, 15 
 
 haec mea per placidas cumba cucurrit aquas, 
 qui cadit in piano, — vix hoc tamen evenit ipsum,— 
 
 sic cadit, ut tacta surgere possit humo: 
 at miser Elpenor tecto delapsus ab alto 
 
 occurrit regi debilis umbra suo. 20 
 
 quid fuit, ut tutas agitaret Daedalus alas, 
 
 Icarus inmensas nomine signet aquas? 
 nempe quod hie alte, demissius ille volabat: 
 
 nam pennas ambo non habuere suas. 
 crede mihi, bene qui latuit, bene vixit, et intra 25 
 
 fortunam debet quisque manere suam. 
 
LIBER III, iii. 87-iv<5. 54. 9 
 
 non foret Eumedes orbus, si filius eius 
 
 stultus Achilleos non adamasset equos : 
 nee natum in flamma vidisset, in arbore natas, 
 
 cepisset genitor si Phaethonta Merops. 30 
 
 tu quoque formida nimium sublimia semper, 
 
 propositique, precor, contrahe vela tui. 
 nam pede inoflfenso spatium decurrere vitae 
 
 dignus es et fato candidiore frui. 
 quae pro te ut voveam, miti pietate mereris 35 
 
 haesuraque fide tempus in omne mihi. 
 vidi ego te tali vultu mea fata gementem, 
 
 qualem credibile est ore fuisse meo. 
 nostra tuas vidi lacrimas super ora cadentes, 
 
 tempore quas uno fidaque verba bibi. 40 
 
 nunc quoque summotum studio defendis amicum, 
 
 et mala vix ulla parte levanda levas. 
 vive sine invidia mollesque inglorius annos 
 
 exige, amicitias et tibi iunge pares, 
 Nasonisque tui, quod adhuc non exulat unum, 45 
 
 nomen ama: Scythicus cetera Pontus habet. 
 
 IV 3. 
 
 Proxima sideribus tellus Erymanthidos ursae 
 
 me tenet, adstricto terra perusta gelu. 
 Bosphoros et Tanais superant Scythiaeque paludes 
 
 vix satis et noti nomina pauca loci. 50 
 
 ulterius nihil est nisi non habitabile frigus. 
 
 heu quam vicina est ultima terra mihi ! 
 at longe patria est, longe carissima coniunx : 
 
 quicquid et haec nobis post duo dulce fuit. 
 
lO OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 sic lamen haec adsunt, ut quae contingere non est 55 
 
 corpore : sunt animo cuncta videnda meo. 
 ante oculos errant domus, urbs, fora, forma locorum, 
 
 acceduntque suis singula facta locis. 
 coniugis ante oculos, sicut praesentis, imago, 
 
 ilia meos casus ingravat, ilia levat: 60 
 
 ingravat hoc, quod abest : levat hoc, quod praestat 
 amorem 
 
 inpositumque sibi firma tuetur onus, 
 vos quoque pectoribus nostris haeretis, amici, 
 
 dicere quos cupio nomine quemque suo. 
 sed timor officium cautus compescit, et ipsos 65 
 
 in nostro poni carmine nolle puto. 
 ante volebatis, gratique erat instar honoris, 
 
 versibus in nostris nomina vestra legi. 
 quod quoniam est anceps, intra mea pectora 
 quemque 
 
 alloquar et nulli causa timoris ero. 70 
 
 nee mens indicio latitantes versus amicos 
 
 protrahit : occulte, si quis amabat, amet. 
 scite tamen, quamvis longe regione remotus 
 
 absim, vos animo semper adesse meo ; 
 et qua quisque potest, aliqua mala nostra levate, 75 
 
 fidam proiecto neve negate manum. 
 prospera sic maneat vobis fortuna, nee umquam 
 
 contacti simi'' sorte rogetis idem. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vsus amicitiae tecum mihi parvus ut illam 
 non aegre posses dissimulare fuit, 
 
LIBER III, \vb. SS-V. 32. II 
 
 nee me conplexus vinclis propioribus esses, 
 
 nave mea vento forsan eunte suo. 
 ut cecidi cunctique metu fugere ruinam 5 
 
 versaque amicitiae terga dedere meae, 
 ausus es igne lovis percussum tangere corpus 
 
 et deploratae limen adire domus : 
 idque recens praestas nee longo cognitus usu, 
 
 quod veterum misero vix duo tresve mihi. 10 
 
 vidi ego confusos vultus visosque notavi, 
 
 osque madens fletu pallidiusque meo ; 
 et lacrimas eernens in singula verba cadentes 
 
 ore meo lacrimas, auribus ilia bibi ; 
 braehiaque aceepi presso pendentia coUo, 15 
 
 et singultantis oscula mixta sonis. 
 sum quoque, care, tuis defensus viribus absens : — 
 
 scis ' carum ' veri nominis esse loco, — 
 multaque praeterea manifestaque signa favoris 
 
 pectoribus teneo non abitura meis. 20 
 
 di tibi, posse tuos tribuant defendere semper, 
 
 quos in materia prosperiore iuves. 
 si tamen interea, quid in his ego perditus 
 oris — 
 
 quod te credibile est quaerere — quaeris, agam: 
 spe trahor exigua, quam tu mihi demere noli, 25 
 
 tristia leniri numina posse dei. 
 seu temere expecto sive id contingere fas est, 
 
 tu mihi, quod cupio, fas, precor, esse proba, 
 quaeque tibi est linguae facundia, confer in illud, 
 
 ut doceas votum posse valere meum. 30 
 
 quo quisque est maior, magis est placabilis irae, 
 
 et faciles motus mens generosa capit. 
 
12 OVIDI TRISTIVM 
 
 corpora magnanimo satis est prostrasse leoni, 
 
 pugna suum finem, cum iacet hostis, habet: 
 at lupus et turpes instant morientibus ursi 35 
 
 et quaecumque minor nobilitate fera, 
 mains apud Troiam forti quid habemus Achille? 
 
 Dardanii lacrimas non tulit ille senis. 
 quae ducis Emathii fuerit dementia, Porus 
 
 Dareique docent funeris exequiae. 40 
 
 neve hominum referam flexas ad mitius iras, 
 
 lunonis gener est, qui prius hostis erat. 
 denique non possum nullam sperare salutem, 
 
 cum poenae non sit causa cruenta meae. 
 non mihi quaerenti pessumdare cuncta petitum 45 
 
 Caesareum caput est, quod caput orbis erat : 
 non aliquid dixive, elatave lingua loquendo est, 
 
 lapsaque sunt nimio verba profana mero : 
 inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, 
 
 peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 50 
 
 non equidem totam possum defendere culpam: 
 
 sed partem nostri criminis error habet. 
 spes igitur superest facturum ut molliat ipse 
 
 mutati poenam condicione loci, 
 hos utinam nitidi Solis praenuntius ortus 55 
 
 afferat admisso Lucifer albus equo. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Foedus amicitiae nee vis, carissime, nostrae, 
 nee si forte velis, dissimulare potes. 
 
 donee enim licuit, nee te mihi carior alter, 
 nee tibi me tota iunctior urbe fuit. 
 
LIBER III, V. 33-vi. 34. 13 
 
 isque erat usque adeo populo testatus, ut esset 5 
 
 paene magis quam lu quamque ego notus 
 amor: 
 quique est in caris animi tibi candor amicis, 
 
 cognitus est ipsi, quern colis, iste viro. 
 nil ita celabas ut non ego conscius essem, 
 
 pectoribusque dabas multa tegenda meis : 10 
 
 cuique ego narrabam secreti quicquid habebam, 
 
 excepto quod me perdidit unus eras, 
 id quoque si scisses, salvo fruerere sodali, 
 
 consilioque forem sospes, amice, tuo. 
 sed mea me in poenam nimirum fata trahebant: 15 
 
 omne bonae claudent utilitatis iter? 
 sive malum potui tamen hoc vitare cavendo 
 
 seu ratio fatum vincere nulla valet: 
 tu tamen, o nobis usu iunctissime longo, 
 
 pars desiderii maxima paene mei, 20 
 
 sis memor, et si quas fecit tibi gratia vires, 
 
 illas pro nobis experiare rogo, 
 numinis ut laesi fiat mansuetior ira, 
 
 mutatoque minor sit mea poena loco; 
 idque ita, si nullum scelus est in pectore nostro, 25 
 
 principiumve mei criminis error habet. 
 nee breve nee tutum quo sint mea dicere casu 
 
 lumina funesti conscia facta mali : 
 mensque reformidat, veluti sua vulnera, tempus 
 
 illud, et admonitu fit novus ipse pudor: 30 
 
 sed quaecumque adeo possunt afferre pudorem, 
 
 ilia tegi caeca condita nocte decet. 
 nil igitur referam nisi me peccasse, sed illo 
 
 praemia peccato nulla petita mihi, 
 
14 OVIDI TRISTIVM 
 
 stultitiamque meum crimen debere vocari, 35 
 
 nomina si facto reddere vera velis. 
 quae si non ita sunt, alium, quo longius absim, 
 
 quaere : suburbana est hie mihi terra locus. 
 
 VII. 
 
 I 
 
 Vade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam, 
 
 littera, sermonis fida ministra mei. 
 aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem, 
 
 aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. 
 quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet, 5 \ 
 
 nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. 1 
 
 vivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim, • 
 
 nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora, | 
 
 et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, j 
 
 aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10 1 
 
 tu quoque die studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres? \ 
 
 doctaque nunc patrio carmina more canis ? i 
 
 nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos j 
 
 et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. 
 hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15 
 
 ne male fecundae vena periret aquae, 
 primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis ! 
 
 utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. 
 ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, ; 
 
 sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20 ^ 
 
 sed vereor ne te mea nunc fortuna retardet, 
 
 postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. | 
 
 dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam : 
 
 saepe tui index, saepe magister eram : 
 
LIBER in, vi. 35-vii. 54. 1.5 
 
 aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, 25 
 
 aut, ubi cessares, causa ruboris eram. 
 forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, 
 
 tu quoque sis poenae facta soluta meae. 
 pone, Perilla, metum : tantummodo femina nulla 
 
 neve vir a scriptis discat amare tuis. 30 
 
 ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas, 
 
 inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi. 
 ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annis, 
 
 rugaque in antiqua fronte senilis erit, 
 inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35 
 
 quae strepitus passu non faciente venit. 
 cumque aliquis dicet ' fuit haec formosa' dolebis 
 
 et speculum mendax esse querere tuum. 
 sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis : 
 
 finge sed inmensis censibus esse pares. 40 
 
 nempe dat id quodcumque libet fortuna rapitque, 
 
 Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat. 
 singula ne referam, nil non mortale tenemus 
 
 pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis, 
 en ego, cum caream patria vobisque domoque, 45 
 
 raptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi, 
 ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque fruorque: 
 
 Caesar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil, 
 quilibet banc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense, 
 
 me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50 
 
 dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem 
 
 prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar. 
 tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus, 
 
 efFuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos. 
 
1 6 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem consistere curru, 
 
 misit in ignotam qui rude semen humum : 
 nunc ego Medeae mallem frenare dracones, 
 
 quos habuit fugiens arce, Corinthe, tua : 
 nunc ego iactandas optarem sumere pennas, 5 
 
 sive tuas, Perseu, Daedale, sive tuas : 
 ut tenera nostris cedente volatibus aura 
 
 aspicerem patriae duke repente solum, 
 desertaeque domus vultus memoresque sodales 
 
 caraque praecipue coniugis ora meae. 10 
 
 stulte, quid haec frustra votis puerilibus optas, 
 
 quae non ulla tibi fertque feretque dies? 
 si semel optandum est, Augusti numen adora, 
 
 et quem sensisti, rite precare, deum. 
 ille tibi pennasque potest currusque volucres 15 
 
 tradere. det reditum, protinus ales eris. 
 si precer hoc, — neque enim possum maiora rogare, — 
 
 ne mea sint timeo vota modesta parum. 
 forsitan hoc olim, cum iam satiaverit iram, 
 
 tum quoque sollicita mente rogandus erit. 20 
 
 quod minus interea est, instar mihi muneris ampli, 
 
 ex his me iubeat quolibet ire locis. 
 nee caelum nee aquae faciunt nee terra nee aurae : 
 
 et mihi perpetuus corpora languor habet, 
 seu vitiant artus aegrae contagia mentis, 25 
 
 sive mei causa est in regione mali. 
 ut tetigi Pontum, vexant insomnia vixque 
 
 ossa tegit macies nee iuvat ora cibus. 
 
LIBER in, viii. I-ix. J 2. 17 
 
 quique per autumnum percussis frigore primo 
 
 est color in foliis, quae nova laesit hiemps, 30 
 
 is mea membra tenet, nee viribus allevor ullis, 
 
 et numquam queruli causa doloris abest. 
 nee melius valeo quam corpore mente, sed aegra est 
 
 utraque pars aequo, binaque damna fero. 
 liaeret et ante oculos veluti spectabile corpus 35 
 
 astat fortunae forma legenda meae : 
 cumque locum moresque hominum cultusque sonum- 
 que 
 
 cernimus, et qui sim qui fuerimque subit, 
 tantus amor necis est, querar ut cum Caesaris ira, 
 
 quod non offensas vindicet ense suas. 40 
 
 at quoniam semel est odio civiliter usus, 
 
 mutato levior sit fuga nostra loco. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Hie quoque sunt igitur Graiae — quis crederet? — 
 urbes 
 
 inter inhumanae nomina barbariae: 
 hue quoque Mileto missi venere coloni, 
 
 inque Getis Graias constituere domos. 
 sed vetus huic nomen positaque antiquius urbe 5 
 
 constat ab Absyrti caede fuisse loco, 
 nam rate, quae cura pugnacis facta Minervae 
 
 per non temptatas prima cucurrit aquas, 
 impia desertum fugiens Medea parentem 
 
 dicitur his remos applicuisse vadis. 10 
 
 quem procul ut vidit tumulo speculator ab alto, 
 
 ' hospes,' ait ' nosco, Colchide vela, venit.* 
 
 c 
 
1 8 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 dum trepidant Minyae, dum solvitur aggere funis, 
 
 dum sequitur celeres anchora tracta manus, 
 conscia percussit meritorum pectora Colchis 15 
 
 ansa atque ausura multa nefanda manu ; 
 et quamquam superest ingens audacia menti 
 
 pallor in attonitae virginis ore fuit. 
 ergo ubi prospexit venientia vela ' tenemur, 
 
 et pater est aliqua fraude morandus' ait. 20 
 
 dum quid agat quaerit, dum versat in omnia vultus, 
 
 ad fratrem casu lumina flexa tulit. 
 cuius ut oblata est praesentia 'vicimus' inquit: 
 
 * hie mihi morte sua causa salutis erit.' 
 protinus ignari nee quicquam tale timentis 25 
 
 innocuum rigido perforat ense latus, 
 atque ita divellit divulsaque membra per agros 
 
 dissipat in mullis invenienda locis. 
 neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alto 
 
 pallentesque manus sanguineumque caput, 30 
 
 ut genitor luctuque novo tardetur et artus 
 
 dum legit extinctos triste moretur iter, 
 inde Tomis dictus locus hie, quia fertur in illo 
 
 membra soror fratris consecuisse sui. 
 
 X. : 
 
 Si quis adhuc istic meminit Nasonis adempti, 
 et superest sine me nomen in urbe meum, 
 
 suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor i 
 
 me sciat in media vivere barbaria. \ 
 
 Sauromatae cingunt, fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, 5 
 
 quam non ingenio nomina digna meo. | 
 
LIBER III, ix. 13-X. 'ifi, 19 
 
 dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro : 
 
 ille suis liquidis bella repellit aquis. 
 at cum tristis hiemps squalentia protulit ora, 
 
 terraque marmoreo est Candida facta gelu, 10 
 
 dum parat et Boreas et nix habitare sub arcto, 
 
 tum patet has gentes axe tremente premi. 
 nix iacet, et iactam ne sol pluviaeque resolvant 
 
 indurat Boreas perpetuamque facit. 
 ergo ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit, 15 
 
 et solet in multis bima manere locis ; 
 tantaque commoti vis est aquilonis, ut altas 
 
 aequet humo turres tectaque rapta ferat. 
 pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora bracis, 
 
 oraque de toto corpore sola patent. 20 
 
 saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, 
 
 et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu : 
 nudaque consistunt formam servantia testae 
 
 vina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. 
 quid loquar ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25 
 
 deque lacu fragiles efifodiantur aquae? 
 ipse papyrifero qui non angustior amne 
 
 miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, 
 caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister 
 
 congelat et tectis in mare serpit aquis; 30 
 
 quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas 
 
 frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi; 
 perque novos pontes, subter labentibus undis, 
 
 ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. 
 vix equidem credar, sed cum sint praemia falsi 35 
 
 nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem: 
 
 C 2 
 
20 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, 
 
 lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas, 
 nee vidisse sat est : durum calcavimus aequor, 
 
 undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 40 
 
 si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset, 
 
 non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae, 
 tum neque se pandi possunt delpliines in auras 
 
 tollere, conantes dura cohercet hiemps; 
 et quamvis Boreas iactatis insonet alis, 45 
 
 fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit, 
 inclusaeque gelu stabunt in margine puppes, 
 
 nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas, 
 vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos, 
 
 sed pars ex illis tum quoque viva fuit. 50 
 
 sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas, 
 
 sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas : 
 protinus aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro 
 
 invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : 
 hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta 55 
 
 vicinam late depopulatur humum. 
 diffugiunt alii, nuUisque tuentibus agros 
 
 incustoditae diripiuntur opes, 
 ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra, 
 
 et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60 
 
 pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, 
 
 respiciens frustra rura laremque suum : 
 pars cadit hamatis misere confixa sagittis, 
 
 nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest. 
 quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, per- 
 
 dunt, 65 
 
 et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. 
 
LIBER I 11^ X. 37-xi. \A. 21 
 
 turn quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, 
 
 nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. 
 aut videt aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, 
 hostem : 
 
 cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 70 
 
 non hie pampinea duleis latet uva sub umbra, 
 
 nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus. 
 poma negat regio, nee haberet Acontius, in quo 
 
 scriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae : 
 aspiceret nudos sine fronde, sine arbore campos : 75 
 
 heu loca felici non adeunda viro ! 
 ergo tarn late pateat cum maximus orbis, 
 
 haec est in poenas terra reperta meas. 
 
 XL 
 
 Si quis es insultes qui casibus, inprobe, nostris, 
 
 meque reum dempto fine cruentus agas, 
 natus es e scopulis et pastus lacte ferino, 
 
 et dicam silices pectus habere tuum. 
 quis gradus ulterior, quo se tua porrigat ira, 5 
 
 restat ? quidve meis cernis abesse malis ? 
 barbara me tellus et inhospita litora Ponti 
 
 cumque suo Borea Maenalis ursa videt. 
 nulla mihi cum gente fera commercia linguae: 
 
 omnia solliciti sunt loca plena metus. 10 
 
 utque fugax avidis cervus deprensus ab ursis, 
 
 cinctave montanis ut pavet agna lupis, 
 sic ego belligeris a gentibus undique saeptus 
 
 terreor hoste meum paene premente latus. 
 
22 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 utque sit exiguum poenae, quod coniuge cara, 15 
 
 quod patria careo pigneribusque meis, 
 ut mala nulla feram nisi nudam Caesaris iram, 
 
 nuda parum est nobis Caesaris ira mali? 
 et tamen est aliquis qui vulnera cruda retractet, 
 
 solvat et in mores ora diserta meos. 20 
 
 in causa facili cuivis licet esse diserto 
 
 et minimae vires frangere quassa valent. 
 subruere est arces et stantia moenia virtus 
 
 quilibet ignavi praecipitata premunt. 
 non sum ego quod fueram : quid inanem proteris 
 
 umbram ? 25 
 
 quid cinerem saxis bustaque nostra petis? 
 Hector erat tum cum bello certaret: at idem 
 
 vinctus ad Haemonios non erat Hector equos. 
 me quoque, quem noras olim, non esse memento : 
 
 ex illo superant haec simulacra viro, 30 
 
 quid simulacra, ferox, dictis incessis amaris? 
 
 parce, precor, manes sollicitare meos. 
 omnia vera puta mea crimina, nil sit in illis, 
 
 quod magis errorem quam scelus esse putes : 
 pendimus en profugi — satia tua pectora 1 — poenas 35 
 
 exilioque graves exiliique loco, 
 carnifici fortuna potest mea flenda videri : 
 
 et tamen est uno iudice mersa parum. 
 saevior es tristi Busiride, saevior illo, 
 
 qui falsum lento torruit igne bovem, 40 
 
 quique bovem Siculo fertur donasse tyranno 
 
 et dictis artes conciliasse suas : 
 *munere in hoc, rex, est usus, sed imagine maior, 
 
 nee sola est operis forma probanda mei. 
 
LIBER in, xi. 15-74. 23 
 
 aspicis a dextra latus hoc adaperdle tauri? 45 
 
 hac tibi, quern perdes, coniciendus erit. 
 protinus inclusum lends carbonibus ure : 
 
 mugiet, et veri vox erit ilia bovis. 
 pro quibus inventis, ut munus munere penses, 
 
 da, precor, ingenio praemia digna meo.' 50 
 
 dixerat. at Phalaris 'poenae mirande repertor, 
 
 ipse tuum praesens imbue ' dixit ' opus.' 
 nee mora, monstratis crudeliter ignibus ustus 
 
 exhibuit geminos ore tremente sonos. 
 quid mihi cum Siculis inter Scythiamque Getas- 
 
 que ? 65 
 
 ad te, quisquis is es, nostra querela redit. 
 utque sitim nostro possis explere cruore, 
 
 quantaque vis, avido gaudia corde feras, 
 tot mala sum fugiens tellure, tot aequore passus, 
 
 te quoque ut auditis posse dolere putem. 60 
 
 crede mihi, si sit nobis collatus Vlixes, 
 
 Neptunine minor quam lovis ira fuit ? 
 ergo quicumque es, rescindere crimina noli, 
 
 deque gravi duras vulnere tolle manus : 
 utque meae famam tenuent oblivia culpae, 65 
 
 facta cicatricem ducere nostra sine, 
 humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem 
 
 et premit, incertas ipse verere vices. 
 et quoniam, fieri quod numquam posse putavi, 
 
 est tibi de rebus maxima cura meis, 70 
 
 non est quod timeas : fortuna miserrima nostra est, 
 
 omne trahit secum Caesaris ira malum, 
 quod magis ut liqueat, neve hoc ego fingere credar, 
 
 ipse velim poenas experiare meas. 
 
24 OVID I TRISTIVM 
 
 XII. 
 
 Frigora iam Zephyri minuunt, annoque peracto 
 
 longior abscedit vix Tanaitis hiemps : 
 impositamque sibi qui non bene pertulit Hellen 
 
 tempora nocturnis aequa diurna facit. 
 iam violam puerique legunt hilaresque puellae, 5 
 
 rustica quae nullo nata serente venit ; 
 prataque pubescunt variorum flore colorum, 
 
 indocilique loquax gulture vernat avis ; 
 utque malae matris crimen deponat, hirundo 
 
 sub trabibus cunas tectaque parva facit ; 10 
 
 herbaque, quae latuit Cerealibus obruta sulcis, 
 
 exit et expandit molle cacumen humo ; 
 quoque loco est vitis, de palmite gemma movetur: 
 
 nam procul a Getico litore vitis abest , 
 quoque loco est arbor, turgescit in arbore ramus: 15 
 
 nam procul a Geticis finibus arbor abest. 
 otia nunc istic, iunctisque ex ordine ludis 
 
 cedunt verbosi garrula bella fori, 
 usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, 
 
 nunc pila, nunc celeri vertitur orbe trochus, 20 
 nunc ubi perfusa est oleo labente inventus, 
 
 defessos artus Virgine tingit aqua, 
 scaena viget studiisque favor distantibus ardet 
 
 proque tribus resonant terna theatra foris. 
 o quantum et quotiens non est numerare beatum, 25 
 
 non interdicta cui licet urbe frui ! 
 at mihi sentitur nix verno sole soluta, 
 
 quaeque lacu durae non fodiantur aquae: 
 
LIBER III, xii. i-xiii. 2. 25 
 
 nee mare concrescit glacie, nee ut ante, per Histrum 
 
 stridula Sauromates plaustra bubuleus agit. 30 
 
 ineipient aliquae tamen hue adnare earinae, 
 
 hospitaque in Ponli litore puppis erit: 
 sedulus oceurram nautae, dictaque salute 
 
 quid veniat quaeram quisve quibusve loeis. 
 ille quidem mirum ni de regione propinqua 35 
 
 non nisi vicinas tutus ararit aquas, 
 rams ab Italia tantum mare navita transit, 
 
 litora rarus in haee porlibus orba venit. 
 sive tamen Graeca seierit, sive ille Latina 
 
 voee loqui, — eerte gratior huius erit ; 40 
 
 fas quoque ab ore freti longaeque Propontidos undis 
 
 hue aliquem certo vela dedisse noto : — 
 quisquis is est, memori rumorem voce referre 
 
 et fieri famae parsque gradusque potest, 
 is, precor, auditos possit narrare triumphos 45 
 
 Caesaris et Latio reddita vota lovi, 
 teque rebellatrix, tandem, Germania, magni 
 
 triste caput pedibus subposuisse duels, 
 haee mihi qui referet, quae non vidisse dolebo, 
 
 ille meae domui protinus hospes erit. 50 
 
 ei mihi ! iamne domus Soythico Nasonis in orbe est.? 
 
 iamque suum mihi dat pro lare poena locum .? 
 di facite ut Caesar non hie penetrale domumque, 
 
 hospitium poenae sed velit esse meae. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Ecce supervacuus — quid enim fuit utile gigni? — 
 ad sua natalis lempora noster adest. 
 
26 OVID I TRISTIVM \ 
 
 \ 
 
 dure, quid ad miseros veniebas exulis annos ?   
 
 debueras illis inposuisse modum ; 
 
 si tibi cura mei, vel si pudor ullus inesset, 5 1 
 
 i 
 
 non ultra patriam me sequerere meam : 
 quoque loco primum ubi sum male cognitus infans, 
 
 illo temptasses ultimus esse mihi : ' 
 inque relinquendo, quod idem fecere sodales, 
 
 tu quoque dixisses trisds in urbe vale. 10 j 
 
 quid tibi cum Ponto ? num te quoque Caesaris ira   
 
 extremam gelidi misit in orbis humum ? I 
 
 scilicet expectas solitum tibi moris honorem, ! 
 
 pendeat ex umeris vestis ut alba meis, \ 
 
 fumida cingatur florentibus ara coronis, 15 ' 
 
 micaque sollemni turis in igne sonet, j 
 
 libaque dem proprie genitale notantia tempus, j 
 
 concipiamque bonas ore favente preces. 1 
 
 non ita sum positus, nee sunt ea tempora nobis, i 
 
 adventu possim laetus ut esse tuo. 20 ; 
 
 funeris ara mihi, ferali cincta cupresso, 1 
 
 convenit et structis flamma parata rogis. ] 
 
 nee dare tura libet nil exorantia divos, i 
 
 in tantis subeunt nee bona verba malis. 
 
 si tamen est aliquid nobis hac luce petendum, 25 \ 
 
 in loca ne redeas amplius ista precor, I 
 dum me terrarum pars paene novissima, Pontus 
 
 Euxinus false nomine dictus habet. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Cultor et antistes doctorum sancte virorum, 
 quid facis, ingenio semper amice meo ? 
 
LIBER HI, xiii. 3-xiv. 32. 27 
 
 ecquid, ut incolumem quondam celebrare solebas, 
 
 nunc quoque ne videar totus abesse caves ? 
 conficis exceptis ecquid mea carmina solis 5 
 
 Artibus, artifici quae nocuere suo? 
 immo ita fac, quaeso, vatum studiose novorum, 
 
 quaque potes retine corpus in urbe meum. 
 est fuga dicta mihi, non est fuga dicta libellis, 
 
 qui domini poenam non meruere sui. 10 
 
 saepe per externas profugus pater exulat oras, 
 
 urbe tamen natis exulis esse licet. 
 Palladis exemplo de me sine matre creata 
 
 carmina sunt, stirps haec progeniesque mea est. 
 hanc tibi commendo, quae quo magis orba parente 
 
 est, 15 
 
 hoc tibi tutori sarcina maior erit. 
 tres mihi sunt nati contagia nostra secuti : 
 
 cetera fac curae sit tibi turba palam. 
 sunt quoque mutatae, ter quinque volumina, formae, 
 
 carmina de domini funere rapta sui. 20 
 
 illud opus potuit, si non prius ipse perissem, 
 
 certius a summa nomen habere manu. 
 nunc incorrectum populi pervenit in ora, 
 
 in populi quicquam si tamen ore meum est. 
 hoc quoque nescio quid nostris appone libellis, 25 
 
 diverso missum quod tibi ab orbe venit. 
 quod quicumque leget — si quis leget — aestimet ante, 
 
 compositum quo sit tempore quoque loco, 
 aequus erit scriptis, quorum cognoverit esse 
 
 exilium tempus barbariamque locum : 30 
 
 inque tot adversis carmen mirabitur ullum 
 
 ducere me tristi sustinuisse manu. 
 
28 OVIDI TRISTIA. 
 
 ingenium fregere meum mala, cuius et ante \ 
 
 fons infecundus parvaque vena fuit. 
 sed quaecumque fuit, nullo exercente refugit, 35 
 
 et longo periit arida facta situ, 
 non hie librorum per quos inviter alarque j 
 
 copia: pro libris arcus et arma sonant, 
 nullus in hac terra, recitem si carmina, cuius j 
 
 intellecturis auribus utar adest. 40 { 
 
 non quo secedam locus est : custodia muri J 
 
 summovet infestos clausaque porta Getas. I 
 
 saepe aliquod quaero verbum nomenque locumque, ! 
 
 nee quisquam est a quo certior esse queam. ^ 
 
 dicere saepe aliquid conanti — turpe fateri ! — 45 \ 
 
 verba mihi desunt dedidicique loqui. 
 Threicio Scythicoque fere circumsonor ore, ; 
 
 et videor Geticis scribere posse modis. ] 
 
 crede mihi, timeo ne sint inmixta Latinis j 
 
 inque meis scriptis Pontica verba legas. 50 j 
 
 qualemcumque igitur venia dignare libellum 
 
 sortis et excusa condicione meae. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 -♦-♦- 
 
 The following abbreviations are used : — 
 R. = Roby's Latin Grammar for Schools. 
 R. L. Gr. = Roby's Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to 
 
 Suetonius. (These two grammars are referred to by the 
 
 sections.) 
 Intr. = The introduction to my edition of Book I of the Tristia 
 
 (Clarendon Press, 1885). 
 
 I. 
 
 This introductory poem describes the arrival of the Book in Rome. 
 In form it resembles I. i. It is addressed to the friendly reader (Intr. 
 p. xxix). At the beginning the book speaks. 
 
 Summary.—' I come to Rome, the book of an exile. But though my 
 master has offended by writing upon love, I contain nothing on that 
 topic, which he has now abjured. My subject is mournful. If my lan- 
 guage is at fault, remember I was written in a barbarian land. Direct 
 me to some spot in Rome where I may stay' (1-20). So I spoke, 
 but scarce could find any one to receive me. ' Lead me,' I said, * to 
 some retreat, for I am weary of travel.' I found a conductor who 
 showed me the sights of Rome (21-32). We reached the palace of 
 Augustus, which seemed to me the dwelling of a veritable god. ' But 
 what,' I said, ' mean these bay trees planted here, and the civic crown 
 of oak before the door ? Surely it shows that the master has saved the 
 lives of citizens. May he save my poor master too, pining in exile ' 
 (32-58). Then we visited the public libraries, that of the Palatine 
 Apollo, of Octavia, and of the Temple of Liberty ; but none would open 
 its doors to me, the outcast offspring of an exiled parent (59-74)- Per- 
 haps some day Caesar will relent. Meantime I must seek a humble 
 circle of readers (73-82). 
 
3© OVIDI TRISTIA. 
 
 1. 2. ' give me a kindly helping hand ' : cp. iv b. 76. 
 
 1. 4 refers, as 11. 7, 65, 66, to the Ars Amatoria, which, according to 
 the poet's frequent assertions, had contributed to bring upon him the 
 Emperor's displeasure. 
 
 1, 6. iocis. Often applied to love poetry. 
 
 1. 10. temporibus, * circumstances.' 
 
 1. II. The ingenuity with which Ov. frequently describes the elegiac 
 couplet is noticeable; cp. inf. 55 n. Am. I. i. 17-18 'cum bene 
 surrexit versu nova pagina primo, | attenuat nervos proximus ille meos.' 
 P. III. iv. 85 ' ferre etiam molles elegi tam vasta triumph! [ pondera 
 disparibus non potuere rotis.' 
 
 1. 12. pedis, the metre, not the foot in our sense (though pedes = 
 * feet,' P. III. iii. 30 ' apposui senis te duce quinque pedes ') : see on I. i. 
 16, cp. inf. vii. 10. Am. III. i. 7 ' venit odoratos Elegeia nexacapillos \ 
 et, puto, pes (line) illi longior alter erat.' P. IV. xii. 5, 
 
 1. 13. see appendix to Book I, p. 103. 
 
 1. 15. littera = * litterae,' see on inf. vii. 2. 
 
 1. 17. In the poems of his exile Ovid often expresses a fear that the 
 purity of his Latin may have deteriorated through almost exclusive 
 intercourse with barbarians, a fear which does not seem to have been 
 realized : cp. inf. xiv. 27 ff. ; IV. i. i * siqua meis fuerint, ut erunt, vitiosa 
 libellis, I excusata suo tempore, lector, habe.' V. xii. 21, 35, 55 ; P.I. v. 7. 
 si casu for the more common ' si forte,' as inf. iii. i. 
 
 1.24. moUiter, *at ease,' 'in luxury': cp. IV. viii. 8 'in studiis 
 molliter esse meis.' Prop. I. xiv. i ; Sail. Catil. xvii. 6 ' quibus 
 in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat.' See inf. ii. 10; 
 iv. 43. 
 
 1. 26. referam. The book comes back to the home of its author. 
 
 1. 27 fF. The places in Rome here mentioned occur in the order in 
 which they would present themselves to a person walking southwards 
 through the city starting from the forum lulium. 
 
 1. 27. haec sunt fora Caesaris (cp. xii. 24), 'these are the two 
 Caesar's fora.' The reference is to (i) the forum lulium, begun and 
 partially completed by lulius Caesar, the first of the additional fora by 
 which it was sought to supplement the inadequacy of the forum Ro- 
 manum : (2) the forum Augusti, built by Augustus on the north-eastern 
 side of the forum lulium, in fulfilment of a vow made in 42 B.C., before 
 the battle of Philippi. See Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 252 ff., 
 Burn's Rome and the Campagna, pp. 1 29 ff. 
 
 For Caesaris we should have expected Caesamm, but the singular 
 may be explained (i) by the metrical impossibility of Caesarum, cp. 
 
NOTES. III. i. 2-32. 31 
 
 Monro on II. XX. 362 ; (2) by the use of sing, for pi. in poetry, the 
 converse of the use of pi. for sing., cp. 1. 40, Prop. IV. vi. 72 'blan- 
 ditiaeqne fluant per mea colla rosae,' where we should expect ' rosarum'; 
 (3) these two fora of the two Caesars were probably called each loosely 
 ' forum Caesaris ' as opposed to the forum Romanum. 
 
 1. 28. The Sacra Via ran southwards from the Arx of the Capitoline 
 hill through the forum Romanum, past the Palatine, to the Sacellum 
 Streniae, an unknown point on the Esquiline : Middleton's Ancient 
 Rome, p. 138 ; Burn's Rome and the Campagna, p. 77. 
 
 1. 29. At the southern comer of the Forum Romanum, close to where 
 the Sacra Via leaves it, and between it and the Palatine, stood the 
 Aedes Vestae, the Temple of Vesta, the most sacred of all the shrines 
 of Rome, where was preserved the ever-burning fire, symbol of the 
 family hearth, the centre of home life. Close by was the original 
 Regia, said to have been built by Numa as his palace ; which until the 
 time of Augustus was the official dwelling of the Pontifex Maximus. 
 When Augustus took up his residence on the Palatine, he presented the 
 Regia to the Vestal Virgins, because it adjoined their house, the Atrium 
 Vestae; they seem to have pulled down the Regia and rebuilt their 
 own house, the Atrium Vestae, on a larger scale, partly covering the 
 site of the Regia. The Palladium, saved by Aeneas from the sack of 
 Troy, with some other sacred relics, were preserved probably not in the 
 temple but in the Atrium Vestae. Thus in locus Vestae are included 
 the Aedes and Atrium Vestae, and the Regia. Cp. F. VI. 263, 264 
 * hie locus exiguus, qui sustinet Atria Vestae, | tunc erat intonsi regia 
 magna Numae.' See Middleton's Ancient Rome, pp. 181-206; Bum's 
 Rome and the Campagna, p. 102. 
 
 1. 31. The porta Palati,also called 'porta Mugionis' or ' Mugionia,' 
 led from the Sacra Via into the Palatine. It appears to have been one 
 of the original gates of the fortress of Romulus on that hill ; and is 
 probably the 'vetus porta Palati ' through which the Romans fled when 
 repulsed by the Sabines of the Capitol, Liv. I. xii. 3. Middleton, 1. c. 
 p. 54; Burn, 1. c. pp. 34, 162. 
 
 1. 32, Stator. The temple of luppiter the Stayer or Supporter 
 (^.TTjaios, Romulus in his prayer to luppiter in Livy quoted below says, 
 ' fugam foedam szs/e^) was built by Romulus in fulfilment of a vow 
 made during the repulse of the Romans by the Sabines, when the 
 Romans M^ere driven through the ' porta Mugionia,' Liv. I. xii. 4 ; Mid- 
 dleton, I.e. p. 92 ; Burn, I.e. p. 162. Cp. F. VI. 793, 794 'tempus 
 idem Stator aedis habet, quam Romulus olim | ante Palatini condidit 
 ora iugi.' 
 
32 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 primum condita. The original city of Rome embraced the Pala- 
 tine only, Mommsen, R. H. I. 51, Merivale I. i ; cp. Verg. Geor. I. 499 
 ' quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas.' 
 
 1. 33 ff. The book is now conducted to the Palace of Augustus, which 
 stood near the edge of the cliff of the Palatine towards the Circus 
 Maximus. Middleton, 1. c. p. 105 ; Bum, I.e. p. 174. On the door- 
 posts of the palace were hung up, according to the custom common in 
 antiquity, arms, spoils of war. Vergil refers to this custom, Aen. VII. 
 183, where the sacred temple, the 'Laurentis regia Pici,' in which the 
 Latins receive the ambassadors, is adorned in the same way ; cp. Aen. 
 VIII. 721. 
 
 1. 35. lovis. On the flattery which identified the emperor with 
 luppiter see Intr. p. xx, and Verrall in the Universal Review, no, i, 
 p. 127. As the oak was sacred to luppiter (Phaedrus III. xvii. 2), an 
 additional point is added to the identification here. For in front of the 
 doorposts of the emperor's palace were planted two bay trees (1. 39), 
 and over the door was hung a ' civica corona ' (querna corona, cp. F. 
 I. 614), a chaplet of oak leaves, such as was presented to the Roman 
 citizen who had saved the life of a comrade in battle, the bay being 
 typical of Augustus as the ever victorious general (Plin. Nat. Hist, 
 XV. 127 ' laurus triumphis proprie dicatur, vel gratissima domibus, 
 ianitrix Caesarum pontificumque. sola et domos exornat et ante limina 
 excubat.), the oak, which is the symbol of strength, as the saviour of 
 his people. Dio Cassius LIII. xvi. 4 koX -yap to re Ta$ Zcupvas vpo tSjv 
 ^aaiXeioov avTov (sc. of Augustus) TrpoTiOeaOai, Kal to rbv artcpavov roy 
 hpvivov vnep avrwv apraaOai, tuT€ 01 dis Kal dfi tovs t6 iro\eiJ.iovs vikwvti 
 Kal Tuls iroXiTas au^ovTi kiprjcpiaOrj. There is a coin bearing a ' civica 
 corona ' and the legend OB civis servatos in Akerman's Catalogue of 
 rare and unedited Roman coins, I. 136, n. 69 : cp. 1. 48, 
 
 1, 39. opposita, 'which fronts you': cp. H. VI. 26 'ille pudore | 
 haesit in opposita lumina fixus humo.' 
 
 1. 40. arbor opaca. for the sing, where pi. might be expected see 
 sup. 27 n. 
 
 opaea refers to the ' shady ' nature of the evergreen bays, which 
 overhang the foliage (comas) of the oak sacred (augustas, cp. F. I. 609 
 ' sancta vocant augusta patres : augusta vocantur | templa sacerdotum 
 rite dicata manu ') to luppiter. Similarly these bay trees and the oak 
 chaplet are referred to F. IV. 953 ' state Palatinae laurus, praetextaque 
 quercu | stet domus ' ; M. I. 562 (where Apollo is addressing Daphne) 
 * postibus augustis eadem fidissima custos | ante fores stabis mediamque 
 tuebere quercum.' 
 
NOTES. III. i. '>,o^--:,^. '>,'>, 
 
 I. 41 num is used rhetorically implying surprise : * No you do not 
 really mean that it is because this house has earned a constant succession 
 of triumphs ? ' the expected answer being of course affirmative. Where 
 there are two or more questions introduced by ' num ' ... * an ' they are 
 not equivalent to a disjunctive double question introduced by 'utrum' 
 . . . *an.' Where 'num' is used in the first of a series of questions, as 
 here, the questions must be regarded as a series of parallel questions. 
 Thus in Cic. ad Fam. II. 5 for *unum illud nescio, gratulerne tibi an 
 timeam' it would be impossible to write *num gratuler an timeam' 
 (Madvig, opusc. acad. altera, pp. 230-232). 
 
 I. 42. Leucadio dec, Apollo (V. ii. 76), so called from a well-known 
 temple to him in the island Leucas, near the spot where Sappho threw 
 herself into the sea (Strabo X. ii. 9 ; Verg. Aen. III. 274). Leucas is 
 opposite to and just south of Actium, where Augustus defeated Antony 
 and Cleopatra, chiefly, as he loved it to be believed, through the help of 
 his patron Apollo (Prop. IV. vi. 27 ff.), whose temple upon Actium he 
 restored on that account in a splendid fashion (Merivale III. 317 ff.). 
 
 1. 43. the laurus, with its beautiful shining leaves (cp. M. I. 552), 
 was the apt accompaniment of triumphal festivity : M. XIV. 720 'laetos 
 molire triumphos | et Paeana voca nitidaque incingere lauru.' 
 
 1. 47. see supr. 35, n. 
 
 superpositast = * superposita est ;' this aphaeresis of ' est ' is com- 
 mon in older Latin, and, if we are to trust the latest editor, Dr. Ehwald, 
 is found in Ovid's 'carmina amatoria.' 
 
 scripto, ' inscription,' as in M. X. 206. 
 
 1. 52. Ovid frequently asserts that the fault for which he was exiled 
 was not a crime of malice prepense (^/acinus), but an error of judgment 
 [error), consisting apparently in concealing something which he ought 
 to have revealed ; see Intr. p. 1. 
 
 1- 53- potentem, sc. * loci,' supplied from locum (so Ceres is called 
 *diva potens frugum,' mistress of the crops. Am. III. x. 35 ; cp. 'mentis 
 potens' master of one's faculties, T. II. 139), 'the master of the spot.' 
 Similarly in Hor. epp. I. iv. 7 * di tibi divitias dederunt artemque 
 fruendi ' we must supply * eis ' out of * divitias.' 
 
 1. 55. The book is not sumptuously got up, the blank back of the 
 page is not, as was usual, stained yellow with oil of juniper {cedro, 1. 13, 
 Appendix to bk. I. p. 103), but retains its natural white colour, which 
 paleness the fertile imagination of the poet regards as due to fear; the 
 halting of the second line of the distich, which is shorter than the first, 
 he attributes to the sam.e cause. 
 
 1- 57- quandocumque, ' some day,' be it sooner or later. Two 
 
34 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 wishes are expressed, (i) that the poet may be pardoned, (2) that when he 
 returns Augustus and his family, Livia, Tiberius, etc., may be still alive. 
 
 1. 59. tenore pari (cp. ' tenore uno ' Liv. XXII. xlvii. 6), continuing 
 my course through the city. 
 
 The book is now conducted to the magTiificent temple of Apollo, 
 which occupied a large part of the centre of the Palatine. It was begun 
 by Augustus in B.C. 37, and dedicated B.C. 28, as a mark of the em- 
 peror's gratitude to Apollo, who had given him the victory at Actium. 
 The entrance led into a peristyle adorned with Corinthian columns of 
 the highly prized Numidian brown red-veined marble (peregrinis 
 columnis, 1. 61, Prop. II. xxxi. 3 'tanta erat in speciem Poenis digesta 
 columnis,' see Mayor luv. VII. 182) ; the rest of the building was of 
 white marble (1. 60) from Luna. Between the columns of the peristyle 
 (cp. Cic. II in Verr. I § 51) (alterna, 1. 61, i.e. alternately with the 
 columns) stood statues of the fifty Danaids and their father Danaus 
 (11. 61, 62), and opposite each Danaid an equestrian statue of her mur- 
 dered bridegroom. The sides of the great peristyle were flanked by two 
 large halls used as libraries, one for Greek, the other for Roman books 
 (11, 63, 64) ; this was one of the most important public libraries in Rome, 
 and had a staff of librarians of various grades (Middleton's Ancient 
 Rome, pp. 105-108 ; Merivale, IV. 72 ; Wilkins on Hor. epp. I. iii. 17 ; 
 Mayor on luv. VII. 37). There is a description of the temple in Prop. II. 
 31, cp. Hor. c. I, 31. 
 
 1. 60. intonsi, Apollo was represented with long hair, II. XX. 39 
 ^ofiSos dKfpcreKo/xTjs, Hor, c. I. xxi. 2 ' intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium,' 
 
 1, 62. Danaus and Aegyptus were the two sons of Belus, king of 
 Aegypt. Aegyptus had fifty sons, Danaus fifty daughters : Aegyptus 
 wished his fifty sons to marry the daughters of Danaus, but as Danaus 
 had been warned by an oracle that he would be killed by his own son- 
 in-law, he fled with his family to Argos, whither the sons of Aegyptus 
 pursued him. Here Danaus at last consented to the marriage, but gave 
 to each of his daughters a sword, with orders to kill their respective 
 husbands on the bridal night. Here he is represented as standing over 
 them himself with a sword, enforcing his order with threats (A, A. 
 I. 73, 74 * quaque parare necem miseris patruelibus ansae | Belides et 
 stricto stat ferus ense pater '). All obeyed except Hypermnestra, who 
 spared her husband Lynceus. 
 
 I. 6^. quaeque, i.e. 'et (ubi"; patent lecturis inspicienda (ea) quae,' etc. 
 cepere, * have imagined ' or * conceived ' : Mart. VII. Ivi. i ' astra 
 polumque pia cepisti mente, Rabiri.' The compound 'concipio' (P. II. 
 vii. 16) is commoner in this sense. 
 
NOTES, III. i. 59-ii. 35 
 
 docto (cp. 1. 71, inf. ii. 4) probably refers to poets only (I. v. 57 n.). 
 The library contained all the poets of Greece and Rome. 
 
 11. 65-70. it is not necessarily implied that on his exile all Ovid's 
 works had been excluded from the public libraries, but probably merely 
 that having fallen under the emperor's displeasure, the door is shut upon 
 his books by the courtier librarian. 
 
 11. 65, 67. note the homoeoteleuton, which is not uncommon in Ov, 
 (See Tolkiehn, Quaestt. ad Heroides, p. 123.) 
 
 1. 65. fratres, his other works personified as in I. i. 107. 
 
 1. 67. custos, the librarian. 
 
 1. 69. altera templa, the temples of luppiter Stator and Inno 
 Regina, which were restored by Augustus, stood within a large quad- 
 rangle with a colonnade around it, called the Porticus Liviae et Oc- 
 taviae, built by Augustus, and named after his wife and sister. Near 
 was the theatre of Marcellus (vicino theatre), and close to it was built 
 the library, Bibliotheca Octaviae, referred to here. (Middleton's Ancient 
 Rome, pp. 383, 384; Burn's Rome and the Campagna, p. 310; Meri- 
 vale II. 403.) 
 
 1. 72. The first public library founded in Rome, by Asinius Polio 
 B.C. 39, was in the Atrium of the temple of Liberty on the Aventine. 
 
 1. 77. adeo, 'especially' (inf. vi. 31), Verg. ec. IV. 11 * teque adeo 
 decus hoc aevi, te consule, inibit | Polio ' ; Geor. I. 24 ; Sail. Catil. 
 xxxvii. 2. 
 
 turba, cp. I. ii. 60 ; IV. i. 54. 
 
 1. 79. static . . . publica, a place on the shelves of the public 
 libraries. 
 
 1. 80. private . . . loco, in the library of some private individual, 
 some friend : cp. P. I. i. 9, 10 ' non tamen accedunt, sed, ut aspicis ipse, 
 latere | sub lare private tutius esse putant.' 
 
 1. 81. cenfusa, 'dismayed,' inf. v. 11. 
 
 1. 82. plebeiae, of ordinary people, as opposed to the great: cp. I.L 
 88 and note. 
 
 II. 
 
 This poem describes the miseries of his exile, and seems to embody 
 his feelings on first settling in Tomi. It is addressed to the friendly 
 reader, intr. p. xxix. 
 
 Summary. — So I a poet have been banished to Scythia, and the 
 Muses and Apollo have not prevented it (1-6). My delicate body has 
 
 D 2 
 
36 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 been sustained by my spirit (7-14). Excitement snpported me during 
 my journey ; now nothing but tears and regrets is my portion (15-20). 
 Why did I not die before? May my death be not long protracted 
 (21-30). 
 
 1. I. ergo, 'can it be that?' cp. inf. iii. 25. 
 
 Scythiam is a poetical inaccuracy, as Tomis was really in Thrace. 
 
 1. 2. Lycaonio sub axe, the axis of the constellation the Bear, 
 Callisto, daughter of Lycaon ; see on I. iii. 48. 
 
 1. 3. stirps Letoia (cp. M. VIII, 15), Apollo, son of Leto or 
 Latona, was the special patron of poets. 
 
 1. 4. docta, sup. i. 63 n. 
 
 sacerdoti, the poets often represent themselves as the priests of 
 Apollo, and song as the sacrifice or worship which they pay to him 
 (inf. vii. 32; xiv. in.; IV. i. 28, 29; x. 19). Cp. Hon c. III. i. 3 
 ' carmina non prius | audita Musarum sacerdos | virginibus puerisque 
 canto.' 
 
 1. 5. the Ars Amatoria, Ovid frequently asserts, was a sportive effu- 
 sion and no real index to his life : cp. I. ix. 61. 
 
 1. 6. cp. II. 354 'vita verecunda est, Musa iocosa mea.' 
 
 1. 7. part of his journey to Tomi was performed by sea, the latter 
 part through Thrace by land, amid great dangers and hardships (inf. 
 1. 15 ; IV. i. 21 ; X. 107) ; see introduction to I. x. 
 
 1. 8. ustus, the pinching of extreme cold is often described in the 
 language of burning, cp. inf. iv*». 48 ; V. ii. 66 • glaebaque canenti semper 
 obusta gelu.' There is a problema on the cold in Pontus in Aristotle 
 probl. XXV. 6. 
 
 1. 9. fugax rerum, cp. IV. x. 38 ' sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis 
 eram.' 
 
 1. 10. mollis, sup. i. 24 n. 
 
 1. II. ultima, the extremities of hardship, cp. II. 187 * ultima per- 
 petior medios eiectus in hostes ' ; M. XIV. 483 * ultima iam passi comites 
 belloque fretoque | deficiunt.' 
 
 portibus orbum, * harbourless.' On the badness of the harbours 
 of the western Euxine see inf. xii. 38 and IV. iv. 58, where Ov. traces 
 the ancient name Axenus to this. The forms portibus (found also M. 
 XI. 474) zxiA portnbus both occur, Neue, Formenlehre, I. 365. 
 
 1. 13. diversae, in foreign lands, far from home: cp. inf. xiv. 26 
 IV. ii. 69; Verg. Aen. III. 4 'diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere 
 terras.' 
 
 1. 13. sufflcit, • bears up against,' used absolutely V. ii. 5. 
 
NOTES. III. ii. i-iii. 5. 37 
 
 atque in poetry is sometimes placed second word (Forbiger on 
 Verg. ec. VI. 38) ; cp. A. A. III. 282 * quaeritnr atque illis hac quoque 
 parte decor.* 
 
 1. 15. cp. Verg. Aen. I. 3 'multum ille et terris iactatus et alto.* 
 
 1. 19. nostro lumine, supply 'de' from the following clause: cp. 
 M. VII. 708 ' pectore Procris erat, Procris mihi semper in ore.' 
 
 1. 23. I have often knocked for admission at the gate of my tomb, but 
 have not yet been allowed to die. The idea is from Lucr. V. 373 ' haut 
 igitur leti praeclusa est ianua caelo.' 
 
 quo, * to what purpose?' see R. 213, L. Gr. p. xxx. n. 
 
 1. 28. deus, Augustus. 
 
 1. 30. let the gates of my tomb open to receive me. 
 
 IIL 
 To his wife (Intr. p. xxix), written in sickness. Cp. Tibullus I. 3. 
 
 Summary. — I am sick and like to die. The climate is cruel here, 
 and there is none to comfort me (1-12). I recall all that I have lost, 
 but above all, my wife, your image is ever before me, your name ever 
 on my lips (13-24). Can you be happy without me? surely I think 
 not (25-28). Oh that I had died in my own land before I was exiled 1 
 Must I die here, far from home and all I love ? I think of the wild 
 laments you will utter when you hear of my death. Still consider my 
 real death was then when exile removed me from you. Bear up against 
 trouble as you have done before (29-58). If I am to die, I pray for 
 complete extinction. I am tormented by the thought that a Roman 
 shade will wander unquietly amid the shades of this barbarous land 
 (59-64). When I am dead, let my bones be brought back to Italy and 
 buried near the city ; and let the epitaph which I enclose be set above 
 them (65-74). But my poems will be a more enduring epitaph. Bring 
 flowers to my grave ; my ashes will appreciate the pious service. And 
 now, farewell ; this is perhaps my latest wish (75-88). 
 
 1. I. si casu, sup. i. 17 n. 
 1. 2. eram, 1. 4 eram, epistolary tenses. 
 
 1. 3. cp. TibuU, I. iii. 3 ' me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terris.' 
 1. 5. iacenti,   prostrate,' cp. 1. 13 ; P. I. iii. 49 ' orbis in'extremi iaceo 
 desertus harenis.' 
 
38 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 1. 6. putes, hypothetical subj. R. 644. 
 
 1. 7. caelum, * climate.' Of the unhealthiness of the climate of Tomis 
 he complains again inf. viii. 23, and especially of its cold frequently, 
 e. g. inf. X. 47 : see Intr. p. xx. 
 
 patior . . . adsuevimus, the poets frequently pass from sing, to 
 pi. when speaking in the first person ; cp. inf. viii. 38 ; M. V. 494 ' Pisa 
 mihi patria est et ab Elide ducimus ortus' ; IX. 373 * patior sine crimine 
 poenam. | viximus innocuae.' 
 
 aquis istis, * the (bad) water here.* The water of Tomi was 
 brackish and stagnant (P. I. x. 35 ; II. vii. 74 ; III. i. 17 ; IV. x. 61) ; 
 and its badness was a special hardship to Ovid, who drank scarcely 
 anything but water (P. I. v. 45 ; x. 29 ; IV. ii. 41). 
 
 1. 10. Apollinea, medicine was under the patronage of Apollo ; cp. 
 M. I. 521. 
 
 1. 13. Note the sigmatism which is a favourite feature in Ovid's 
 verse : cp. inf. x. 8, 45 ; I. iii. 25 ; II. 538 ' bucolicis iuvenis luserat 
 ante modis ' (to imitate the whistling of the shepherd's pipe) ; M. 
 XIII. 397, 637, 638; XV. 169, 285, 293-295, 424, 683; F. V. 581, 
 582. 
 
 1. 14. adfecto, often of the visitation of disease, e.g. Am. II. ii. 21 
 ' ibis ad adfectam, quae non languebit, amicam.' 
 
 1. 19. aliena locutum, in delirium. 
 
 1. 21. suppressaque lingua palate, sc. deficiat. 'Should I now 
 faint and my tongue faint pressed close to my palate.* Cp. Am. II. vi. 
 47-48 ' nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato : | clamavit moriens 
 lingua " Corinna" vale.' 
 
 1. 22. cp. P. I. iii. 9-10 *et iam deficiens sic ad tua verba revixi, [ ut 
 solet infuso vena redire mero.' 
 
 1. 23. nuntiet, R. 627, inf. viii. 16. 
 
 1. 25. ergo, sup. il. i n. 
 
 dubius vitae, R. 525 (b) : cp. Am. II. xiii. a Mn dubio vitae 
 lassa Corinna iacet.' M. XV. 438 ' Priamides Helenus flenti dubioque 
 salutis.' The objective gen. after adjectives is used more freely by poets 
 than by prose writers ; e. g. after 'certus ' (M. VI. 268 ; XI. 415, 440 ; 
 XIII. 722). 
 
 1. 27. liquet hoc, the impersonal construction is usual with 'liquet,' 
 but with neut. pronouns it is often used personally, cp. inf. xi. 73. It 
 may be doubted whether in these cases the pronoims are not really ace. 
 cp. Aristoph. Nub. 1142 oXiyov yap fioi fiiXd. 
 
 1. 31. quantura erat, 'what a boon it would have been,' ironical. 
 cp. M. IV. 74 ' quantum erat ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi ? ' 
 
not^lS. III. iil. 6-^'^. 39 
 
 11. 33-34. you might have deferred my punishment until my death, or 
 have allowed me to die before my exile. 
 
 1. 35. lucem, ' life,' as light and life are identical : Horn. Od. IV. 
 540 iTi (wdv Kal updv cpaos ■q€\'ioio. Catull. V, 5 : cp. M. VI. 272 
 * finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.* 
 
 1. 38. ipso loco, abl. instr. The mere fact of dying here will em- 
 bitter my death. 
 
 1. 39. corpora, rhetorical pi., I. ii. 39 n. ; see Monro, Homeric 
 Grammar, § 171. 
 
 1. 40. depositum, 'despaired of,' so used because it was the custom 
 to lay the hopelessly sick on the ground at the house-door, that they 
 might yield up their last breath to earth the common mother, or that 
 some passer-by of superior skill might possibly be able to cure them 
 (Servius on Aen. XII. 395) : cp. P. II. ii. 47 * iam prope depositus, 
 certe iam frigidus aeger | servatus per te, si modo servor, ero.' Becker- 
 Goll, Gallus IIL p. 487. 
 
 I. 42. The weeping wife would endeavour by every art in her power 
 to prolong the fading life of her dying husband : cp. M. X. 187 ff. ; 
 XII. 424 ' inpositaque manu vulnus fovetoraque ad ora | admovet atque 
 animae fugienti obsistere temptat.' 
 
 1. 43, mandata, last instructions. I. ii. 55 n. 
 
 1. 44. labentes, 'glazing' of the eyes closing in death: Verg. Aen. 
 XL 818 ' labuntur frigida leto | lumina.' When any one died it was the 
 custom to call loudly upon him by name (' conclamare,' Liv. IV. xl. 
 3 = clamore supremo, Becker-GoU, Gallus IIL p. 486), no doubt to 
 awaken him in case he had fallen into a swoon ; the closing (condet) 
 of the eyes was the natural office of the nearest relatives: cp. H. I. 113. 
 Becker-Goll, 1. c. p. 485. 
 
 1. 45. funeribus, cp. IV. iv. 76 ; V. i. 48. 
 
 1. 46. indeploratum (aKkavrov kox dOavTov Horn. Od. XL 54, cp. 
 M. VII. 611) without the extravagant expressions of grief usual at a 
 Roman funeral, for which see Rich, s. v. Praeficae, Becker-Goll, Gallus 
 IIL p. 503 ff. ; for the Roman funeral see Mommsen R. H. II. 395. 
 
 1. 49. partes, sc. orbis, i. e. Tomis. 
 
 1. 50, inane, for the bearer of the name will be dead in a foreign 
 land. He wonders whether his wife, on hearing of his death, will, so 
 far as she can, perform in his honour the usual funeral rites, one of which 
 was the solemn calling three times on the name of the departed : cp. 
 Verg. Aen. IIL 68; VI. 506. 
 
 1- 53- C)v- often speaks of his exile, which was civic death (Appendix 
 to Bk. I on ii. 72), ia language applicable to real death : cp. I. vii. 38 n. 
 
40 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 I. 58. ad with rude as in P. III. vii. 18 'ad mala iam pridem non 
 sumus ulla rudes ' (the usual constructions are ' in ' with abl. or simple 
 genitive) : so 'capax ad' (M. VIII. 243), 'ingeniosus ad' (M. XI. 313). 
 
 1. 59. animae, my soul with all its constituent parts (hence pi.). The 
 doctrine of extinction was taught by the Epicureans; Zeller, Stoics 
 Epicureans and Sceptics, p. 430, E. Tr. 
 
 1. 61. vacua in aura, Cokain, Tragedy of Ovid, act 3, sc. 5, * your 
 words you scatter in the wind to give | counsel to me.' 
 
 Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher, who lived probably in the sixth 
 century B. c, left his home at Samos (Samii senis) and migrated to 
 Italy, where he lived at Crotona as the head of a school of disciples, 
 which formed a kind of religious and political society. He taught ' that 
 the soul on account of previous transgressions is sent into the body, and 
 that after death each soul, according to its deserts, enters [a state of 
 happiness or punishment], or is destined to fresh wanderings through 
 human or animal forms. . . . The souls, we are told, after departing from 
 the body, float about in the air ' (Zeller, Pre-Socratic Philosophy, I, 
 pp. 473-484). The Pythagorean doctrine of transmigration of souls is 
 described M. XV. 60 ff. 
 
 1.62. dicta = 5o7^aTa, the teachings of philosophers: P. I. iii. 86 ; 
 Lucr. III. 12 • omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta.' 
 
 1. 67. Thebana, Antigone, who buried the body of her brother 
 Polynices, in spite of a proclamation by Creon, King of Thebes, for- 
 bidding anyone to do so ; on account of which she was buried alive in 
 the tomb. 
 
 1. 69. The ashes of the dead were mingled in the urn with flowers 
 and perfumes and other precious things : cp. Tibull. I. iii. 7 ; III. ii. 
 23 ; Prop. I. xvii. 22. By foliis seems to be meant the * foliatum,' an 
 ointment made of the leaves of the spikenard {itardum, Becker-Goll, 
 Gallus III. 532 ; cp. Mark xiv. 3) ; thus the scholiast on luv. VI. 465 
 explains ' foliata ' as * unguenta foliis plena vel aliis aromatibus.' 
 
 amomi, a perfume prepared from the leaves of a shrub (Mayor on 
 luv. IV. 108). 
 
 1. 70. suburbano, the tombs stood usually by the side of the great 
 roads leading out of the city, especially the Via Flaminia, Aurelia, and 
 Latina ; where the inscriptions on them might be read by the passers-by, 
 and preserve the memory of the dead. 
 
 condita, the bones were collected after cremation, Becker-Goll, 
 Gallus, p. 532. 
 
 1. 72. tituli, the inscription containing the epitaph: luv. VI. 230 
 • titulo res digna sepulcri.' 
 
NOTES, in. iii. 58-iv. a. 4^ 
 
 notis {a-himra Horn. II. VI. 168) =* litteris ' : cp. H. IV. 6 'inspi- 
 cit acceptas hostis ab hoste notas'; M. VI. 577 ' purpureasque notas 
 fills intexuit albis.' 
 
 1. 74. Naso, see on I. i. 87, appendix, p. 104. 
 
 1. 76. molliter ossa cubent, a form of wishing repose to the dead : 
 H. VII. 162 ' et senis Anchisae molliter ossa cubent' Verg. ec. X. 33 
 * o mihi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant ' : more commonly expressed 
 by ' sit tibi terra levis.' See Mayor, luv. VII. 207. 
 
 1. 77. with the thought cp. Prop. III. ii. 17 ff. 
 
 1. 81. feralia munera, offerings to the dead made annually (hence 
 semper) at the Feralia, Feb. 21 (F. II. 533-57°) • cp. Varro, ling. Lat. 
 VI. 13 ' feralia ab inferis et ferendo, quod ferunt turn epulas ad sepul- 
 crum, quibus ius ibi parentare.' 
 
 1. 82. de, of the source : M. X. 49 * incessit passu de vulnere tardo.* 
 
 1. 84. sentiet oflacium, cp. M. VIII. 489 ' officium sentite meum ' ; 
 P. I. vii. 57 'ni claudum (?) officium sensit domus altera nostrum.' It was 
 popularly supposed that the ashes of the dead retained some measure of 
 consciousness : Prop. II. xiii. 41 (speaking of his own death) * interea 
 cave sis nos aspernata sepultos : j non nihil ad varum conscia terra 
 sapit.' 
 
 1. 88. vale, treated as an indeclinable subst., I. iii. 5711. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Addressed to Brutus, one of the two or three nearer friends (* vix duo 
 tresve amici,' Intr. p. xliii) who were faithful to the poet in his disgrace. 
 Brutus held some minor judicial post, and acted as the editor of P. I.- 
 III. Intr. p. xliv. With the poem compare Hor. c. II. 10. 
 
 Summary. — O friend, faithful in my adversity, learn from me to avoid 
 the friendships of the great. Though they have it in their power to 
 help, they more often injure their inferiors. Had I who advise only 
 followed such advice, I should probably be still at Rome (i-io). A 
 life of humble obscurity is the best ; therefore be not too ambitious. 
 For you deserve unbroken happiness, you whose loyal sympathy con- 
 soled me in the first bitterness of my sentence of exile, and who now are 
 jealous to further my interests. May you live happy amid friends of 
 your own station, and not forget your exiled Naso (11-46). 
 
 1. 3. cognite, cp. Ennius trag. 428 Vahleu ' amicus certus in re in- 
 certa cemitur.' 
 
42 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 procubuere, metaphor from a falling house: cp. I. vi. 5. ; ix. 19. 
 
 1. 3. usibus, * experience.* 
 
 1. 8. prosit, anyone who can do you harm would not be likely to do 
 you good. For the contrast of prodesse and obesse, cp. V. i. 65 ff. ' da 
 veniam potius, vel totos tolle libellos, | sic mihi quod prodest, si tibi, 
 lector, obest. | sed neque obesse potest, ulli nee scripta fuerunt [ nostra 
 nisi auctori pemiciosa suo.* 
 
 1. 10. lata, i. e. unreefed. 
 
 1. 12. nexa, twisted, netted, an appropriate adj. for a net. 
 
 grave . . . onus, the lead weight which sinks the net along with 
 itself. 
 
 1. 13. baec, R. 470. 
 
 1. 15. tecum, in company with you and those of your modest station. 
 
 dum vixi . . . dum ferebat . . . cucurrit, for the irregularity of 
 
 the tenses see on I. ix. 1 7, and cp. V. xii. 39 ' nominis et famae quondam 
 
 fulgore trahebar \ dum tulit antemnas aura secunda meas.' See inf. vii. 
 
 23. 
 
 1. t6. cumba, the metaphor of the bark of his fortunes is a favourite 
 one with Ov., cp. inf. v. 4, and I. i. 85, where cumba is used. The 
 dangers attending lofty station, a congenial theme to the Romans 
 under the Empire, have been finely enlarged upon by Juvenal, sat. X. 
 
 1. 17. piano, subst. A. A. II. 243 'si tibi per tutum planumque nega- 
 bitur ire.' M. VIII, 330 ; Verg. geor. II. 273. 
 
 1. 19. Elpenor, one of the comrades of Ulysses, was killed when 
 intoxicated by falling from the roof of the house of Circe : Od. X. 559 
 KO.ravri.Kpv reyeos ireaev, l« di ol avx^jv | aar payaXojv (ayrj, ^vx^l 8' 
 "AtSocrSe KarrjXOev. His ' strengthless ' spirit (debilis, cp. vckvoju dfie- 
 vTjvd KapT]va Od. X. 521) encountered Ulysses in Hades, and begged him 
 to bury him on his return to Aeea, Circe's isle (Od. XI. 51 ff.), which 
 Ulysses duly performed (Od. XII. 8 ff.). It is unnecessary (with Hein- 
 sius, Verpoorten, and Gross) to press the meaning of debilis so as to 
 refer to his broken neck. 
 
 1. 21. quid fuit, ut, ' what was the reason why ? ' 
 
 agitaret . . . signet, note the change of tense ; the historic tense 
 is used because Daedalus escaped, a fact which belongs to the past, and 
 the act to which it was due lasted for some time, hence the imperf ; the 
 primary because Icarus was killed, and the sea where he fell is still 
 called by his name, a fact which belongs to the present. See R. 623 ; 
 Madvig L. Gr. § 383. For the legend see I. i. 90. 
 
 1. 22. inmensas, cp. Hom. II. XIX. 61 aainrov ovha's. 
 
 1. 23. nempe, in reply to a question regularly introduces an obvious 
 
NOTES. III. iv. 3-27. 43 
 
 answer 'of course ' (V. v. 56), or, without a preceding question, a proposi- 
 tion of which the truth is obvious, ' you will know that' (inf vii. 41). 
 
 1. 24 logically precedes the answer given in 1. 23 to the question of 
 11. 21-22. The thought is. Why was Icarus killed while Daedalus was 
 saved, for Daedalus could fly no better than Icarus since the art was 
 equally foreign to both ? Of course it was because Icarus flew too near 
 the sun, and so melted the waxen fastenings of his wings, non is better 
 joined with suas (inf 73 n), the false order being due to metrical neces- 
 sity, i. e. ' unnatural to them,' cp. Verg. geor. II. 82 ' miraturque novas 
 frondes et non sua poma ' (of a grafted tree which bears fruits not its 
 own), H. XIV. 90 'comuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis' (of lo 
 turned into a heifer with horns not natural to her), M, III. 202 ' lacri- 
 maeque per ora | non sua fluxerunt' (of Actaeon turned into a stag), 
 than with habuere, in which case suas would mean ' natural to them.' 
 Cp. Hor. c. I. iii. 34 ' expertus vacuum Daedalus aeia | pennis non 
 homini datis.' 
 
 1. 25. A proverbial truth, the thought being apparently borrowed 
 from the saying ascribed to Epicurus, KaQi fiiwaas (Plutarch, de latenter 
 vivendo 4, see Zeller, Stoics, etc., p. 464, E. Tr.) : cp. Hor. epp. I. xvii. 
 10 *nec vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit.' Eur. Iph. A. 18 
 ^r}\u> 5' dvdpojv 05 aKivdwov \ plov k^ciripaa' dyvus, dKXcfjs' | tovs 5' ev 
 Tifxais rjoaov ^rjXu}. 
 
 latuit . . . vixit, the perfects are gnomic ; Madvig L. Gr. § 335, 
 obs. 3. 
 
 intra, cp. Prop. III. ix. 2 * intra fortunam qui cupis esse tuam.' 
 
 1. 27. Eumedes was the father of Dolon, who was sent by Hector to 
 spy out the Greek camp, with the promise of the horses and chariot of 
 Achilles as his reward, but being observed by Ulysses he was killed by 
 Diomede. II. X. 314 ff. ; A. A. II. 135. 
 
 eius, the canon, as usually laid down, that the oblique cases of is 
 are rarely used in the Augustan poets, though mainly true, requires 
 some modification : eiim, earn, eo, ed, eos, though not very common, are 
 not avoided, eas and eius are found occasionally ; the ace. pi. ed is of 
 course frequent. Thus in Ovid we find etim M, V. 223; IX. 412; 
 XIII. 307 ; F. IV. 551 ; earn M. V. 521 ; VIII. 793 ; P. III. vi. 25 ; 
 F. I. 721 ; II. 254; eius M. VIII. 16; XIX. 29, 240; P. IV. xv, 6 (in 
 both places in the middle of a line) ; eo H. XII. 69 ; M. III. 304 ; V. 
 593 ; XIII. 249 ; XIV. 293 ; P. I. ii. loi ; F. IV. 146 ; ed R. 301 ; T. II. 
 429 ; M. XIV. 641 ; eas M. XIV. 558 ; ep. Sapph. 182 ; in Vergil 
 eum G. IV. 89, 430 ; Aen. IV. 479 ; V. 239 ; VII. 757 ; VIII. 33, 576 ; 
 XI. 12; earn G. IV. 334; eo Aen. IV. 479; VIII. 705; X. loi ; 
 
44 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 ed Aen. VII. 63 ; VIII. 86; XII. 420 ; ^os G. III. 252 ; Aen. I. 413 ; 
 in Horace (Odes) eius c. III. xi. 18; IV. viii. 18 (in neither place 
 at the end of a line) ; TibuUus £ius I. vi. 25 (in the middle of a line) ; 
 Lygdamus eum [TibulL] III. vi. 12 ; Propertius eius IV. ii. 35 ; vi. 67 
 (in both places at the end of a line) ; etcm II. xxix. 8. 
 
 Thus it will appear that the forms ei, eorum, earum, eis are avoided ; 
 and the passages in Propertius show that eius, though usually avoided 
 at the end of a line, is occasionally admitted. 
 
 1. 30. cepisaet, ix'^P^^^ ' ^^^ been great enough for him ' ; capere 
 often means ' to be large enough to satisfy,' cp. I. iii. 83 (which is how- 
 ever slightly different) ; Verg. Aen. IX. 644 * nee te Troia capit ' ; luv. 
 X. 148 ' quem non capit Africa Mauro | percussa oceano.' 
 
 genitor, predicate. Phaethon was son of the Sun by the nymph 
 Clymene, who was married to Merops, Kmg of Aegypt, and thus was 
 Phaethon's putative father. Phaethon being insulted as to his parentage, 
 begged his father the Sun to acknowledge him openly by lending him 
 his horses and chariot, but being unable to control the horses he was 
 struck down by a thunderbolt by Jupiter (M. I. 748 — II. 366; T. I. i. 79). 
 natas, the sisters of Phaethon were changed into poplars, and the 
 tears that they shed, in excessive grief at his loss, into amber. 
 
 1. 32. contralxe vela, • take in, furl the sails of your purpose,' i. e. 
 put a check upon your ambitious aspirations. The same nautical meta- 
 phor in a similar context is found P. I. viii. 71-72 * a nimium est quod, 
 amice, petis : moderatius opta, | et voti quaeso contrahe vela tui.' Hor. 
 c. II. X. 22 'sapienter idem | contrahes vento nimium secundo ] turgida 
 vela ' : cp. Cic. ad Att. I, xvi. 2. 
 
 1. 33. inoffenso, I. ix. i n., cp. Varro, Marcopolis i Biicheler (Nonius 
 p. 199) ' nemini fortuna currum a carcere intimo missum [ labi inoffen- 
 sum per aequor candidum ad calcem sivit.' 
 
 1. 34. candidiore, brighter than my own : white was the lucky 
 colour, and so worn on festive occasions (V. v. 8), as black was the 
 colour of misfortune ; see Ellis, Catull. LXVIII. 148 ; thus candidus is 
 used of his wife's birthday, V. v. 14 ; cp. V. vii. 4 ; [TibulL] III, vi. 30. 
 
 I. 36. haesura, which I can never forget: cp. inf. d^^ ; viii. 35. 
 
 II. 37, 38. vultu . . . ore, cp. inf. v. n-12. M. V. 206   marmoreo- 
 que manet vultus mirantis in ore.' 
 
 1. 40. Order : * quas fidaque (i. e. et fida) verba tempore uno bibi * : 
 cp. inf. v. 13-14. 
 
 1. 41. summottun, a word frequently used by Ov. of his banishment ; 
 IV. ii. 57 ; ix. 17 ; P. III. iv. 91 ; IV. xvi. 47 ; Suet. Aug. 45 'Pyladen 
 urbe atque Italia submoverit.* 
 
NOTES, III. iv. 2J-wb. ^j, 45 
 
 1. 43. molles, sup. i. 2411. 
 
 inglorius, cp. Verg. G. II. 4S6 * flumina amem silvasque in- 
 glorius.' 
 
 1. 44. exige, cp. Verg. Aen. I. 75 ' omnes ut tecum meritis pro tali- 
 bus annos | exigat.' 
 
 IV ^. 
 
 Addressed to his well-wishers in Rome generally. This poem is 
 wrongly joined to the preceding in most MSS. : the request in iv. 45, 46 
 that his friend will continue to wish him well, resembles so nearly 
 the contents of iv^ in which he prays his friends to continue faithful, 
 that the copyists were led to fuse the two poems into one, overlook- 
 ing the obvious fact that iv is addressed to one person only, iv** to all 
 his friends. 
 
 Summary. — How near the chill north is my place of durance ! But 
 though thus remote, my fatherland and all the old familiar spots and 
 faces are ever in my thoughts. You, my friends, I would address by 
 name, but that I know you wish otherwise (47-64). Once you were 
 glad enough to be named in my verse ; now it is dangerous, therefore I 
 forbear. But be assured my affection for you remains unbroken, and 
 requite me by all good offices in your power (65-78). 
 
 1. 47. tellus Erymanthidos xirsae, I. iii. 48 n. ; I. iv. in.; I. v. 
 61 n. 
 
 1. 48. adstricto, 'nipping' by contracted cold frost is apparently meant. 
 perusta, sup. ii. 8 n. 
 
 1. 49. Bosphoros, sc. Cimmerius. 
 
 superant, extend beyond towards the north. 
 
 Scythiaeque paludes, cp. Ennius epigr. III. i (Vahlen p. 63) * a 
 sole exoriente supra Maeotis paludes | nemo est qui factis me aequi- 
 perare queat.' 
 
 1. 50. et, third word ; I. x. 2 n. 
 
 1. 5 1 . non habitabile frigus, the northern zone. Ovid fancied Tomis 
 far north of what it really is. 
 
 1. 55. est, * it is possible' : cp. inf. xii. 25. 
 
 1. 57. errant. The images pass at random through his mind as the 
 blows flicker at random round the heads of the boxers, Verg. Aen. 
 V. 435 ' erratque aures et tempora circum [ crebra manus/ or as the eye 
 
46 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 roves at random, Prop. III. xiv. 27 * non Tyriae vestes errantia lumina 
 fallunt.' 
 
 fora (sup. i. 27) here quite general referring both to the forum 
 Romanum, lulium, and Augusti, and to the numerous markets, the 
 forum boarium, olitorium, piscarium, etc. : cp. P. I. viii. 35 * nunc 
 fora, nunc aedes, nunc marmore tecta theatra, | nunc subit aequata 
 porticus omnis humo ;' II. iv. 19 *nos fora viderunt pariter, nos porti- 
 cus omnis, | nos via, nos iunctis curva theatra locis.' 
 
 1. 58. * with each place is conjured up the business that specially be- 
 longs to it.' 
 
 1. 59. imago, sc. 'est' (I. i. 17 n.). 
 
 1. 61. hoc, abl. 
 
 1. 63. haeretis, sup. 36 n. P. I. ix. 7 'ante meos oculos tamquam 
 praesentis imago | haeret, et extinctum vivere fingit amor.' 
 
 1. 65. oflacium, I. V. 8 n. ipsos, sc. 'vos.' 
 
 1. 67. grati instar honoris, cp. F. II. 633 'grati pignus honoris.' 
 instar, 'semblance,' inf. viii. 21; H. II. 30 *sed scelus hoc meriti 
 pondus et instar habet.' 
 
 1. 71. Indicio . . . protrahit, legal metaphor. My verse does not 
 turn evidence against you, and drag you like criminals from your 
 hiding. 
 
 1. 72. si quis, I. vii. i. n. amet, sc. * me.' 
 
 1. 73. longe with remotus, IV. ii. 67 'at mihi fingendo tantum longe- 
 que remotis | auribus hie fructus percipiendus erit.' For the misplace- 
 ment of the adverb cp. sup. 24 ; inf. vii. 16 ; x. 6 ; xii. 2 ; Verg. Aen. II. 
 384 ' ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos | sternimus ' ; Caes. 
 B. G. VI. 29 ' minime omnes Germani agriculturae student.' 
 
 regione, instr. abl. ' by the place in which I am ' : P. II. xi. 3 
 'quamquam longe toto sumus orbe remoti'; M. XV. 62 'licet caeli 
 regione remotos, | mente deos adiit.' 
 
 1. 76. proiecto, an outcast: cp. V. i. 13. 
 
 1. 77. sic, regular in adjurations always involving a condition, * on 
 condition that you do so may you be happy' ; cp. II. 159 ff.; IV, v. 
 25 ff. ; V. iii. 35 ff. ; and see Conington on Verg. ec. IX. 30, and note 
 on ' ita ' inf. vi. 25. 
 
 V. 
 
 To Carus, one of the poet's nearer circle of faithful friends. Carus 
 was a literary man, who wrote a poem on the achievements of Hercules, 
 
NOTES. III. \\b. S'j-w. 26. 47 
 
 which is praised by Ovid P. IV. xiii. 1 1 ; xvi. 7, cp. on 1. 42. He was 
 tutor to the children of Germanicus. Intr. p. xlv. 
 
 Summary. — O friend, but slightly known, whom had I been more for- 
 tunate perhaps I should never have known intimately, you have shown 
 yourself in my adversity faithful as my nearest friends only have been (i- 
 20). If you ask how I am in my exile, learn that I still cherish hopes of 
 pardon. Lend your help towards that end (21-30). Caesar is great, 
 and will surely show that magnanimity which is the mark of the great 
 (31-42). Besides I have done no treasonable act, spoken no treasonable 
 word. My only offence is that I witnessed unwittingly what I should 
 not. My guilt is unintentional in its origin. Therefore I hope for 
 pardon (43-56). 
 
 1. 4. the protasis to 1. 3, i. q. ' si forte navis mea vento suo isset. 
 suo, * favourable' : Verg. Aen. V. 832 ' ferunt sua flamina classem.' 
 
 1. 5. ruinam, my falling fortunes. 
 
 1. 7. lovis, Augustus. I. i. 72 : cp. sup. on i. 35. 
 
 1. 8. deploratae, I, iii. 46 n. 
 
 1. 10. the circle of his faithful friends was narrow : Intr. p. xliii. 
 
 1. II. confuses, i. 81 n. vnltus . . . osque, iv. 37 n. 
 
 1. 14. cp. iv. 40. 
 
 1. 15. presso . . . colic. For the abl. cp. H. V. 53 * aura levis rigido 
 pendentia lintea malo | suscitat.' M. IV. 179 ' summo quae pendet 
 aranea tigno.' X. 113 ' pendebant tereti gemmata monilia coUo.' ib. 
 265 'redimicula pectore pendent.' Verg. Aen. II. 546. 
 
 1. 16. singultantis . . . sonis, 'the words of you sobbing' : for the 
 genitive cp. Am. I. viii. 108 *ut mea defunctae molliter ossa cubent.' 
 H. V. 45 'nostros vidisti flentis ocellos.' A. A. II. 305. 
 
 1. 18. The fact that the cognomen Cams is also an adjective is 
 utilised by Ov. to throw dust in the eyes of the public ; though in this 
 case, and probably in many others, the veil under which he concealed his 
 friend was very thin. 
 
 1. 22. materia, may you have a more fortunate field for the exercise 
 of your benevolence: cp. 11. VIII. 51 'materia vellem fortis meliore 
 fuisses.' 
 
 1. 24. quid agam, * how I am,* an ordinary form of address : cp. I. i. 
 18; inf. vii. 6; V. vii. 5; Hor. sat. I. ix. 4 * quid agis, dulcissime 
 rerum ? ' epp. I. viii. 3 ' si quaeret, quid agam.* 
 
 1. 26. dei, Augustus. 
 
48 OVID I TRTSTIA. 
 
 1. 28. prove to me that what I wish may lawfully be fulfilled. 
 
 1. 31. magis = *eo magis,' a use frequent in Ov. : cp. M. IV. 64 
 'quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.' X. 460 * quoque 
 sue propior sceleri est, magis horret.' III. 372 ; XI. 437: see Lucr. 
 1. 536, Mayor luv. X. 14, Furneaux, Tacitus Annals I-VI. p. 51. 
 
 1.32. motus, 'impulses.' capit = 'concipit.' placabilis is genitive. 
 
 1. 33. cp. Plin. H. N. VIII. 19 'leoni tantum ex feris dementia in 
 supplices : prostratis parcit, et ubi saevit in viros potius quam in feminas 
 fremit, in infantes non nisi magna fame . . . eum vero qui telum quidem 
 miserit, sed tamen non vulneraverit, correptum rotatumque sternit nee 
 vulnerat.' 
 
 1. 35. turpes, 'ugly' on account of their size and clumsiness : Verg. G. 
 III. 247 'informes ursi.' 
 
 1. 36. fera (est) : sup. iv^. 59 n. 
 
 1. 38. Dardanii senis (AapSaviSr] Uplafxe II, XXIV, 171), Priam, who 
 after the indignities heaped upon the corpse of Hector went by night to 
 the Greek camp to supplicate Achilles, and induced that hero to accept 
 ransom for Hector's body. 
 
 tulit, 'withstood' : Prop. I. viii. 28 * assiduas non tulit ilia preces.' 
 
 1. 39. Emathii, Macedonian. Two examples of the clemency of 
 Alexander the Great are here adduced, (i) when he conquered and took 
 prisoner the Indian King Poms, he not only restored to him his domi- 
 nions but considerably enlarged them, (2) when Darius Codomannus, 
 King of Persia, was murdered by conspirators, Alexander ordered him to 
 be buried with royal pomp in the tomb of his ancestors. 
 
 I. 42. Gods as well as men show mercy ; witness Hercules reconciled 
 to luno at his death, and received into heaven, and married to Hebe the 
 daughter of luppiter and luno. Prop. IV. ix. 71 'sancte pater, salve, 
 cui iam favet aspera luno.' The line gains point when we remember 
 that Carus had written a poem on the deeds of Hercules, perhaps in 
 imitation of Pisander of Rhodes ; P. IV. xvi. 7-8. 
 
 II. 45, 46 refer probably both to support rendered to the opponents 
 of Augustus in the civil wars, and to taking part in conspiracies, of 
 which Suetonius (Aug. 19) says ' coniurationes complures, priusquam 
 invalescerent, indicio detectas compressit.' See on I. v. 41. 
 
 11. 47-48. I have neither said anything, nor has my tongue been 
 carried beyond bounds in speech. Cicero has 'elatus voluptate, dolore, 
 studio.' (See R. Ellis, Hermathena vol. 7. p. 199.) loquendo, 'in 
 point of speaking' R. L. Gr. 1384. Probably there is a reference to the 
 case of Cornelius Gallus, against whom many charges were made (Suet. 
 Aug. 66) ' Gallo quoque et arcu.satorum denunliationibus et senatus 
 
NOTES, III. V. 28-vi. 49 
 
 consultis ad necem compulse.' Dio Cass. LIII. 23. § 5 voWa ytlv -j/dp 
 Kat fiaraia h tuv Avyovarov aTreXrjpfi, ttoWol Se KOi (TTairia TrapinpaTre 
 . . . KaTT]yopri9T] re ovv tir' airoTs vtto OvaXepiov Adpyov,) one of which 
 appears to have been that he abused the emperor at a banquet, op. 11. 
 445 ' non fuit obprobrio celebrasse Lycorida Gallo, | sed linguam nimio 
 non tenuisse mero.' Cp. Prop. 11. xv. 47 *nos certe merito poterunt 
 laudare minores : | laeserunt nullos pocula nostra deos.' See Merivale 
 IV. 103 ; Becker's Callus, scene X; Hertzberg. Q. P. p. 21. 
 1. 49. see Intr. p. li. 
 
 plector, often used of undeserved punishment : cp. Hor. epp. I. ii. 
 14 * quicquid delirant rages, plectuntur Achivi.' See Palmer on H. 
 
 XI. TIO. 
 
 1, 53. facturum, sc. * Augustum,' supplied from ipse : cp. Cic. p. Sest. 
 § 15'hunc Cn. Pompeius devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me esse 
 facturum.' The periphrasis is quite in the Latin manner (cp. such phrases 
 as ' fac valeas ' for ' vale ') : Quintil. inst. orat. XII. i. 38 ' concedant mihi 
 omnes oportet . . . facturum aliquando virum bonum, ut mendacium dicat.' 
 Periphrasis is often used by Ov. with much force, as in the splendid 
 line H. V. 86 * sunt mihi, quas possint sceptra decere, manus.' 
 
 1. 54. Ov. constantly prays for a more tolerable place of banishment, 
 e.g. inf. vi. 24; viii. 22, 42 ; II. 185 ff., 575 ff. See on the severity of 
 the climate of Tomis, and its barbarous nature Intr. p. xx. 
 
 1. 55. hos ortus, 'that morn.' 
 
 1. 56. admisso, at full speed. H. I. 36 ' hie lacer admissos terruit 
 Hector equos.' With the whole couplet compare Am. II. xi. 55 * haec 
 mihi quamprimum caelo nitidissimus alto | Lucifer admisso tempora 
 portet equo.' TibuU. I. iii. 93 ' hoc precor, hunc ilium nobis Aurora 
 nitentem | Luciferum roseis Candida portet equis.* 
 
 VL 
 
 To Celsus, one of his nearer and faithful friends, and who, if Ov. is to 
 be believed, restrained him from committing suicide in his first despair 
 at his sentence. Intr. p. xliii. 
 
 Summary. — O friend, your affection for me is of long standing and 
 well known, you shared all my secrets, except my guilt, and had I in- 
 formed you of that, perhaps your advice would have saved me from the 
 punishment which Fate has inflicted (1-16). Remember me, and use 
 your endeavours on my behalf. I crave that at any rate a less dreary 
 
 £ 
 
so CVIDI TRISTIA, 
 
 place of exile may be assigned me (17-24). The guilt was not mine ; it 
 was my complicity in the guilt of others that undid me. My fault 
 deserves rather the name of folly. If this be not so, let me be banished 
 to some still more remote spot (25-38). 
 
 I. 5. testatus, passive, R. 340: as in M. II. 473; IX. 278 ; P. HI. i. 
 93; IV. vii. 53. 
 
 II. 7-8. Such is the sincerity of your friendship, that despite the fact 
 that I am under his displeasure you have not sought to conceal your 
 friendship for me from the emperor himself. 
 
 in, ' in the case of.' I. v. 39 n. ; ix. 24 n. ; Am. I. vii. 34 ' Tydides 
 saevus in hoste fuit.' 
 
 ipsi, this pronoun is often used of Augustus : cp. sup. v. 53. 
 1. 10. pectoribus, rhetorical pi. I. ii. 39 n. 
 
 I. 1 2. excepto, the subject of the abl. is the clause quod me perdidit 
 (R. 505) : this usage, which is rare before Livy, is frequent in the Annals 
 of Tacitus; see Furneaux Intr. § 31 (a), p. 39: cp. P. IV. xiv. 3 * in 
 quibus, excepto quod adhuc utcumque valemus, | nil . . . invenies.* 
 
 II. 15, 16. ' But alloiV that my fate was dragging me onto punishment, 
 as no doubt it did. Is it to close up every avenue to advantage for the 
 future ? ' Nimiiruin is concessive, ' no doubt,' ' admit the fact ' : Cic. 
 Legg. II. 2. 3 ' sed nimirum me alia quoque causa delectat, quae te non 
 attigit ita.' (R. Ellis, Hermathena, vol. 7. p. 200.) 
 
 utilitatis iter, an easy metaphor (as we might talk of the road to 
 success) : cp. M. II. 549 * non utile ' carpis | inquit ' iter.' For claudant 
 see P. I. i. 6 ' ne suus hoc illis clauserit auctor iter.' F. I. 272 * clauderet 
 ut Tatio fervidus umor iter.' For mala see H. VI. 5 1 ' me mala fata 
 trahebant.' 
 
 1. 20. *you who occupy nearly the foremost place in my affections.' 
 
 1. 23. numinis, Augustus. 
 
 laesi, it would appear that technically Ov.'s crime was 'laesa 
 maiestas,' treason: cp. 1. ii. 69; v. 84; II. 108, 123-124; IV. x. 98; 
 P. I. iv. 44 ; II. iii. 68. 
 
 1. 25. idque ita, sc. * fiat,' and only on the condition that : cp. V. iii. 
 53, and note on sup. iv^ 77. He is sure of his innocence of heart. 
 
 1. 27 ff. Intr. p. Ii. 
 
 1. 30. ipse distinguishes piidor, the feeling, from mens which feels it. 
 admonitu, this word, which is freq. in Ov., is used by him in the 
 abl. case only. 
 
NOTES. III. vi. 5-vii. 6. 51 
 
 pudor, 31 pudorem, Ov. is fond of such repetitions of words, so inf. 
 xi. 20, 21 ' diserta, diserto.' See Sedlmayer, Wiener Studien II. 293. 
 
 1, 31. adeo emphasises quaecumque : sup. i, 77 n. He breaks off 
 short saying ' But I must not speak further on this very shameful theme.' 
 
 I. 33. referam, plead in answer to the charge against me. 
 
 II. 37-38. If my protestations of innocence are false, let me be sent to 
 some more distant spot, in comparison with which this will appear a 
 city suburb. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Addressed to a young poetess Perilla, whose poetic studies he had 
 fostered. (That Perilla is not his daughter is clear from 1. 18, where 
 *ut pater ' = ' like a father.' Intr. p. xvii.) Intr. p. xxix. 
 
 Summary. — Go, letter, and salute Perilla. You will find the young 
 poetess, I am sure, anxious on my behalf. Tell her that I live still, 
 though time does not alleviate my misery ; and that I still write verse 
 (i-io). I wonder whether you, Perilla, whose young talent I fostered, 
 still write lyrics. Perhaps you have been deterred by the fate of me, 
 who was once your master and friendly critic. Fear not ; only shun for- 
 bidden topics. Return to the sacred art. Your beauty will fade with 
 time, but the divine products of poetry are immortal (n-44). 1 who in 
 exile am robbed of all that could be taken from me, still find com- 
 panionship and pleasure in verse. Of this Caesar cannot deprive me, 
 this will live for ever. Do you too seek injmortality (41-54). 
 
 1. 2. littera = *litterae,' as often in the poets, sup. i, 15 n. : cp. IV.vii. 
 23 ; H. III. I ; V. 2 ; A. A. I. 466, 483 ; M. IX. 517. This may be ex- 
 plained by the fact that the poets often use the sing, collectively, as con- 
 versely the pi. is used where we might expect the sing. ; thus ' impleri 
 remige puppes ' M. VIII. 103, means the ships to be filled with rowers ; 
 ' nudus arboris Othrys erat ' M. XII. 507, means Othrys was bare of 
 trees. See Postgate, Propertius p. xcvii. 
 
 ministra, Eur. supp. 203 dyyeXov \ yXwcraav \6yajv. 
 
 1. 3. cp. Hesiod opp. 519 /cat 5ia napdevifcrjs dnaXoxpoos ov Sidrjaiy, | rjre 
 Sopiojv €VToa6e <piKri irapd fiTjTepi pifivei. 
 
 dulci, * dear.' Verg. G. II. 523 ' dulces pendent circum osculanati.' 
 
 1. 4. Pieridas = ' Musa3'(sup. ii. 3), i.e. books of poetry : cp. V.vii. 32. 
 
 1.6. quid venias, cp. Verg. Aen. I. 518 ' classem quo litore lin- 
 quant, j quid veniant.' 
 
 E 2 
 
53 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 quid agam, sup. v. 24 n. 
 
 1. 8. mora, a little over a year, see introduction to this book, p. viii. 
 
 1. 9. quamvis nocuere, I. i. 25 n, 
 
 1. 10. pedes, lines in the distich : sup. i. li n. 
 
 1. II. tu, he suddenly turns to Perilla, and addresses her, * Now 
 Perilla tell me in your turn, are you still devoted to poetry ? ' 
 
 1.12. docta . . . carmina, lyric poetry, after the manner of the 
 Greeks : see on I. v. 57. 
 
 nunc patrio . . . more, after a mode which has now become 
 Roman ; probably an implied compliment to the Odes of Horace, who 
 had naturalised the Greek measures (c. III. xxx. 14) : the first three 
 books of the Odes had been published either in B.C. 24 or 23, or B.C. 19. 
 Thus it appears that Perilla, like Horace and to some extent Catullus, 
 wrote Latin lyric poetry in Greek metres. For nunc with the adj. cp. 
 luv. XI. 77 *iam luxuriosa . . . cena'; for patrio Hor. A. P. 57 ' cum 
 lingua Catonis et Enni | sermonem patrium ditaverit.' 
 
 1. 1 3. cum fatis . . . natura = ' natura et fata.' 
 
 1. 14. raras, ' matchless,' seldom found, especially in women ; cp. Am. 
 II. iv. 17 ' sive es docta, places raras dotata per artes.' M. XIV. 337 
 ' rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi.' Prop. I. viii. 42 ' Cynthia 
 rara mea est.' 
 
 1. 15. Pegasidas ... ad undas, to conduct to the spring of the 
 Muses, 'the sisters of the sacred well,' is to urge to the composition of 
 poetry: for the spring Hippocrene (iTrn-ov Kp-qvr]) on Mount Helicon in 
 Boeotia, sacred to the Muses, gushed forth from the foot-prints of 
 Pegasus the winged horse of the Muses. M. V. 256 ff. F. V. 7-8. 
 
 1. 16. join male . . . periret; see sup. iv*'. 73 n. 
 
 vena, a vein of talent ; cp. Hor. c. II. xviii. 9 * at fides et in- 
 geni I benigna vena est ' ; A. P. 409 ' ego nee studium sine divite 
 vena | nee rude quid prosit video ingenium ' ; luv. VII. 53 * vatem 
 egregium, cui non sit publica vena ' in which passages (as the com- 
 mentators say) the metaphor may be from a vein of ore ; but it is clear 
 that in Ov. the idea is of a thin rill, cp. inf. xiv. 34 ; P. II. v. 21 'in- 
 genioque meo, vena quod paupere manat, | plaudis ' ; and I am inclined 
 to explain the other passages in the same way. 
 
 1. 19. ignes, the heavenly fire of poetic inspiration : F. I. 473 ' quae 
 simul aetherios animo conceperat ignes, | ore dabat pleno carmina vera 
 dei ' ; VI. 5 ' est deus in nobis, agitante calescimus illo : | impetus hie 
 sacrae semina mentis habet.' 
 
 1. 20. vates Lesbia, Sappho : probably Perilla wrote sapphics. 
 
 1. 23. dura licuit . . . legebam, sup. iv. 15 n. 
 
NOTES. III. vii. d-ZS' ^Z 
 
 It was the custom for the poets, and other literary men, to recite their 
 compositions to a circle of friends, patrons, authors, etc., in order espe- 
 cially to elicit their criticism, with a view to improvement, and with 
 young authors as an advertisement, functions now discharged by the 
 press. See Mayor luv. Ill, 9 : op. inf. xiv. 39 ; IV. i. 89 ; x. 45 (of 
 Propertius), 49-50 (of Horace). 
 
 I. 26. cessares, the verb means to be at a standstill : cp. Cic. Acad. I. 
 i. § 2 * silent enim diutius Musae Varronis quam solebant, nee tamen 
 cessare, sed celare, quae scribat, existimo ' : see T. IV. vii. 5. The 
 imperfect subj. is iterative, see Weissenbom on Liv. I. xxxii. 13. R. 
 720, L. G. 1716. Hor. c. III. vi. 41 'sol ubi montium | mutaret 
 umbras et iuga demeret | bobus fatigatis.' 
 
 II. 27-28. join exemplo . . . poenae meae, 'perhaps warned by the 
 punishment that has overtaken me you too have become idle,' have 
 ceased to write verse. For the subj. sis see R. 754 : for soluta Cic. ad 
 fam. XIII. Ixiii, 2 * itaque te rogo, ut eum solutum, liberum, confectis 
 eius negotiis per te, quam primum ad me remittas.' Cic. de lege 
 agraria II § 91 ' urbem ipsam solutam ac debilitatam reliquerunt.' 
 
 11, 29-30. you need not fear to write verse, only avoid topics that 
 should be shunned. 
 
 a scriptis . . . tuis, the otiose use of * a, ab ' with an abl, of the 
 agent where an instrumental abl, would be usual, is frequent in Ov,, not 
 only after passive verbs (T. II. 28 ; Am. II. iv. 31 ; M. VIII. 515), but 
 also by an extension of that construction after intransitive verbs equiva- 
 lent to passives (discat = * doceatur') as here (cp. IV. v. 3 'cuius ab 
 alloquiis anima haec moribunda revixit,' where * revixit ' = * relevata est ' ; 
 M. XIII, 597 ' occidit ( = occisus est) a forti . . . Achille' ; II. IX. 36 ; 
 Am. I. xiii. 41), and after adjectives equivalent to passive participles 
 (cp. T. IV. x. 16 * imus ad insignes ( = insignitos) urbis ab arte viros ' ; 
 H. X. 9, 138 ; Am, II. xv. 14.) In all these cases the inanimate objects 
 are conceived of as feeling and acting: cp. Cic, Cluent. §110 'locum 
 ilium a tribunicia voce desertum,' R. L. Gr. 1812. 
 
 1, 31. doctissinia, I. v, 57 n. 
 
 1. 32. sacra, sup, ii. 4n. 
 
 1. 33. cp. M. XV. 232 'flet quoque, ut in speculo rugas adspexit 
 aniles, | Tyndaris.' 
 
 1. 34. antiqua, past its prime : cp. IV. x. 94 ; Am. I. xiv. 53 ' sus- 
 tinet antiquos gremio spectatque capillos.' 
 
 1. 35, inicietque manum. The ' manus iniectio ' was a recognised 
 mode of taking formal possession, which set up a legal claim to pro- 
 perty in dispute. Am. I. iv. 40 ' et dicam " mea sunt " iniciamque 
 
54 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 manum'; III. ix. 19 'scilicet omne sacrum mors inportuna profanat, [ 
 omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus.' Verg. Aen. X. 419 ' iniecere manum 
 Parcae' (of the death of Halaesus). Callimachus epigr, II. 3 at h\ real 
 ^duovcriv drjSoves, rjcriv 6 TrdvTOJV | dpiraKTrjp 'AiSrjs ov/c km x^'^P^ /SaAef. 
 
 1. 40. censibus, in pi. of vast property, as in M. VII. 739 ' census 
 dare me pro nocte.' 
 
 1. 41. nempe, sup. iv. 23 n. 
 
 1. 42. Irus, the beggar of the Odyssey, and Croesus, king of Lydia, are 
 proverbial examples of poverty and wealth. 
 
 1. 43. (hoc dico) ne. This elliptical use is common : cp. M. XIII. 
 656 ' ne non ex aliqua vestram sensisse procellam | nos quoque parte 
 putes, armorum viribus usus | abstrahit invitas.' See my critical edition, 
 prolegomena p. ci. 
 
 1. 47. ingenio, joined both with comitor here passive (Am. I. vi. 33 ; 
 H. III. 29), from the verb ' comito * frequent in Ov., and with the depo- 
 nent fruor. 
 
 1. 50. Like the other Augustan poets, Ov. often expresses his certainty 
 of his own immortality : cp. IV. x. 129 ; Am. I. xv. 41 * ergo etiam cum 
 me supremus adederit ignis, | vivam parsque mei multa superstes erit.' 
 M. XV. 871 ff. 'iamque opus exegi, quod nee lovis ira nee ignis | nee 
 poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. | cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil 
 nisi corporis huius | ius habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi : | parte 
 tamen meliore mei super alta perennis | astra ferar nomenque erit in- 
 delebile nostrum. | quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, | ore 
 legar populi perque omnia saecula fama, | si quid habent veri vatum 
 praesagia, vivam.' A le?s certain note is struck P. 11. vi. 33 ' crede 
 mihi, nostrum si non mortale futurum est | carmen, in ore frequens pos- 
 teritatis eris.' In A. A. III. 403 there is a naive confession that poets 
 write for fame only, ' quid petitur sacris nisi tantum fama poetis ? j hoc 
 votum nostri summa laboris habet.' 
 
 1. 54. qua potes, by your verse. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 This poem is really, though not personally, addressed to Augustus. 
 Intr. p. xxix. 
 
 Summary. — Would that I had the wings of a bird to fly back to my 
 own country (i-io) ! The wish is vain and foolish : it is to Augustus 
 that I must make my prayer, he alone can grant it. Recall to Rome is 
 too much to ask; at any rate perhaps he will move me from this 
 
NOTES, III. vii. 35-viii. 27. 55 
 
 dreadful spot, whose pestilential climate is wearing out my sick and 
 exhausted frame (11-32). My very mind is affected. The spectre of 
 my past haunts me. O that Caesar would punish me with death, or 
 change the place of my exile (33-42) ! 
 
 1. I. Ceres entrusted to Triptolemus, the son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, 
 her chariot drawn by winged snakes, and ordered him to ride through 
 the air and scatter the seeds of com throughout the world, that so corn 
 might be known to men. M. V. 642 ff . ; F. IV. 507 ff. 
 
 1. 2. ignotam, sc. ' semini.* 
 
 1. 3. mallem, I should have preferred to do so rather than not to do 
 so. Cp. TibuU. III. vii. 200 'posse Meleteas nee mallem vincere 
 chartas.' Claud, de Manl. Theod. cons. 302 * Herculei mallent fugisse 
 lacerti.' After the murder of her children and burning of Creusa, 
 Medea fled to Athens from Corinth in a chariot drawn by winged ser- 
 pents (Hor. ep. III. 14 ' serpente fugit alite '). 
 
 1. 5. iactandas, ' fluttering ' : inf. x. 45. 
 
 1. 6. note the chiasmus. 
 
 1. 7. tenera implies what is soft, yielding, elastic (Munro on Lucr. I. 
 207). The same epithet is used of the air by Ennius 21 (Vahlen), 
 Lucretius 1. c. and II. 146, Verg. Aen. IX. 699, and Ov. M. IV. 616. 
 
 1. 9. vultus, the house is personified : cp. V. x. 47. 
 
 1. 13. semel, if you have once for all to make your prayer, pray not 
 for impossibilities, but beseech the emperor, who is able, to pardon you. 
 
 1. 14. sensisti, ' have felt to your cost.' Cp. I. i. 81 ; II. 229 ; H. IX. 
 46 ' arbiter Eurystheus . . . | sentitur nobis iraque longa deae.' M. 
 XIII. 864 ' modo copia detur, | sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpora 
 vires.' F. II. 135 ' te Tatius parvique Cures Caeninaque sensit.' 
 
 1. 16. det, sup. iii. 23 n. 
 
 1. 21. instar, sup. iv''. 67 n. 
 
 1. 23. see V. 54 n. 
 
 faciunt, 'suit' I. x. 44. n. ; Prop. III. i. 20 'non faciet capiti dura 
 corona meo.' 
 
 1. 24. corpora, I. ii. 39 n. 
 
 1. 26. regione, cp. I. ii. 90. 
 
 1. 27. ut = *ex quo tempore,' since: cp. IV. vi. 19; V. x. I ; P. I. 
 ix. 6 ' nee quicquam ad nostras pervenit acerbius aures | ut sumus in 
 Ponto.' Cic. ad Att. I. xv. 2 * ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs 
 te sunt redditae litterae.' R. L. Gr. 1719. 
 
 insomnia, ' dreams ' (not ' sleeplessness ' (Verpoorten, Lors) which 
 
^6 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 is usually 'insomnia, -ae,' ist decl.) cp. Verg. Aen. IV. 9 'quae me 
 suspensam insomnia terrent ! ' ; the same complaint occurs P. I. ii. 45 
 * somnia me terrent veros imitantia casus, | et vigilant sensus in mea 
 damna mei.' 
 
 1. 28. cp. IV. vi. 42 ; Theocr, II. 89 eppew 8' Ik KecpaXds naoai 
 Tpix^s, avTOL 8^ AotTrd | oari ct' rjs koi Sepfxa. 
 
 1. 29. per, in the course of: R. L. Gr. 1183, 2034. 
 
 1. 30. nova . . . hiemps, the beginning of winter. 
 
 1. 32. queruli doloris, cp. Ibis 115 'nee corpus querulo nee mens 
 vacet aegra dolore.' 
 
 1. 35. ' The fashion of my fate as it were a body that may be seen 
 haunts and stands by me before my eyes to be conned over.' The nervous 
 strength of this fine imagery may be compared with Blake's poem 
 beginning 'My Spectre around me night and day | like a wild beast 
 guards my way.' The poet pores over the idea of his shattered fortunes, 
 and passes it in continual review before his mind. The somewhat bold 
 metaphor inlegenda (Ov, is not averse to bold metaphors, I. iii. 13 n.) is 
 helped out by such a usage as Verg. Aen. VI. 754 ' et tumulum capit, unde 
 omnes longo ordine posset | adversos legere et venientum discere vul- 
 tus' (cp. ibid. 34\ 'he mounts a hillock from which he might be able 
 to scan them all as they fronted him in long array, and learn each 
 comer's look.' 
 
 1. 37. cultus, the outward characteristics of a people, their dress, 
 habits of life, etc. 
 
 1. 38. cernimus . . . sim, for the change of number see iii. 7 "• 
 
 1. 39. querar . . . cum . . . ira, ' complain of Caesar's anger,' M. I. 
 733 ' cum love visa queri.' X. 724 ' questaque cum fatis.' Cic. Verr. II. 
 23 * queri cum multis, ita ut fit, incipiunt.' 
 
 1. 41. civiliter, i.e. mercifully; he has used such powers only as one 
 citizen might against another, viz. the legitimate punishment of exile, and 
 not deprived me of life, as his despotic authority enables him to do : cp. 
 IV. iv. 13; M. XII. 577 ' saevumque perosus Achillem | exercet me- 
 mores plus quam civiliter iras.' By the moderation of his demeanour 
 Augustus tried to conceal as much as possible from the Romans the fact 
 that he was their master ; it was his special pride to be regarded as a 
 mere ' civis Romanus.' See Merivale IV. 100 ff. 
 
 odio . . . usus, cp. Nepos Alcib. 5 * in captos dementia fuerant 
 usi.' 
 
 IX. 
 
 The origin of the name Tomis. Addressed to the friendly reader : 
 Intr, p. xxix. 
 
AZOTES. III. viii. 27-ix. 12,' SI 
 
 Tomis, the form used by Ovid (see 1. 33 and Heinsius' n., P. IV. xiv. 
 59) or Tomi, in later times Constantiana, called after the sister of Con- 
 stantius, is the modern Anadol-Koi, near Kostendje, south of the mouth 
 ot the Danube. It was originally a Greek colony from Miletus (I. x. 
 41 n.), but in the time of Ov. slight traces only of the Greek language 
 and culture remained (V. vii. 51), and its population, who were fii^ik- 
 \r]v(s, spoke mainly the Getic tongue. Latin was even less understood 
 than Greek (V. vii. 53). Ovid here derives the name from Greek t^iuvcv, 
 as it was supposed that here Medea in her flight from Aeetes cut up the 
 body of her brother Absyrtus (Intr. p. xix). 
 
 Summary. — This place was once a Greek colony of Miletus (1-4). 
 But its name is more ancient, and bears record of the murder of Absyr- 
 tus. For here Medea put in when fleeing from her father Aeetes, and to 
 check his pursuit cut up the limbs of her murdered brother and scattered 
 them around the neighbourhood. Hence the name Tomis (5-34). 
 
 1. 3. hue, even to Tomis, the remotest, except Istros, of the Milesian 
 colonies in this part of the Euxine, which were Apollonia, Anchialus, 
 Odesus, Dionysupolis, Callatis, Istros. Kiepert, Ancient Geography, 
 § 184. Bunbury, Hist. Anc. Geogr. II. 149, see my ed. of Bk. I. 
 p. 90 ff. 
 
 1. 5. posita, 'to found' is frequently expressed by *pono': F. IV. 
 72, 812 ; Hor. c. II. vi. 5 ; Verg. Aen. VIII. 53, cp. I. 264. 
 
 1. 7. rate, the Argo. 
 
 pugnacis . . . Minervae, 'AOrjva 'Apua (I. v. 76 n.) ; M. II. 752 
 *dei bellica,' 765 'belli metuenda virago'; F. III. 681 'armiferae 
 Minervae.' The Argo was built by Argus, Tiphys, and Athene (Ap. 
 Rhod. I. 109). * A well-known terra-cotta relief in the British Museum 
 represents Argus, Athene, and Tiphys building the Argo (see Birch, 
 Ancient Poetry, p. 492).' Ellis on Catull. LXIV. 9. 
 
 1. 8. Hyginus fab. 9 (of the Argo) ' primum in pelagus deducta est 
 haec navis.' Catull. LXIV. 11 'ilia rudem cursu prima imbuit Am- 
 phitriten.' M. VI. 720 ' vellera cum Minyis nitido radiantia villo | per 
 mare non notum prima petiere carina.' 
 
 1. 12. hospes, the stranger, 6 ^dvos (i.e. Aeetes), as the Greek sentry 
 calls him. The consternation of the sentry is well represented in the 
 broken periods of the line. 
 Colchide, R. 509, 
 
 1. 13. Minyae, the Argonauts, probably so called after an ancient 
 
58 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 Greek race who lived in the south of Thessaly near lolcos, whence 
 Jason started on his voyage. The race afterwards wandered to the 
 north of Boeotia, and founded the powerful state of which the Minyan 
 Orchomenus was the chief town. Grote I. 124. 
 
 solvitur aggere funis, the ship is anchored at the bow, and made 
 fast to the shore by a cable (yif/«w==* retinaculum') from the stern. 
 M. XIV. 445 ' solvitur herboso religatus ab aggere funis.' Verg. Aen. 
 VII. 106 * gramineo ripae religavit ab aggere classem.' 
 
 1. 15. conscia with pectora. 
 meritorum, * her deserts.' 
 
 1. 16. ausura, i.e. the murder of her children, burning of Creusa, and 
 boiling of Pelias. 
 
 1. 17. superest = 'abundat.' Cp. II. 69 ' fama lovi superest.' 
 
 1. 19. tenemur, ' we are caught.' 
 
 1. 23. vicimus, we have as good as conquered, so certain is the suc- 
 cess that it is spoken of as realised. Cp. M. IV. 356 * " vicimus et mens 
 est " exclamat Nais.' 
 
 1. 31. que . . . et, tK . . Kai, M. XV. 455 'tellusque et quicquid in 
 ilia est.' Verg. G. II. 119 ' balsamaque et bacas . . . acanthi.' 
 
 novo, the fresh sorrow caused by the horrible death of his son will 
 stop the father from further pursuit, as his first sorrow occasioned by the 
 flight of Medea and Jason had started him. 
 
 1. 32. moretur, cp. H. XVIII. (XIX.) 20 (an imitation of this line) 
 'quaeque tuum miror causa moretur iter.* A. A. II. 226 *nec inceptum 
 turba moretur iter.' 
 
 X. 
 
 Tomis in winter. Addressed to his friends in Rome generally : Intr. 
 p. xxix. On the date see Introduction to this book. 
 
 Summary. — I live in the midst of wild barbarian tribes. In summer 
 the Danube keeps them off: but in winter vast fields of snow and ice 
 cover the face of the country, the winds blow bitter and boisterous, the 
 great Danube itself freezes so firmly that carts can cross it, even the sea 
 is a mass of ice-fields which I myself have trodden, the ships, nay the 
 very fishes are frozen up (1-50) : — then the barbarian nomad hordes 
 cross the river on the ice and carry desolation far and wide. Some they 
 lead into captivity, others they slay with poisoned arrows, what remains 
 they burn (51-66). We live in constant fear of war. The cultivation 
 
NOTES. III. ix. I3-X. 13. 59 
 
 of the soil is at a standstill. Such is the place chosen for my banish- 
 ment (67-78). 
 
 1. I. istic, in Rome. 
 
 1. 3. stellis numquam tangentibus aequor, stars that never set, 
 the greater and lesser Bear ; I. ii. 29 n. 
 
 1. 5. Sauroraatae, ^avpoyiarai, "Xvpixarai, or "SapudTat, a Sclavonic 
 race north of the Danube ; Kiepert, Anc. Geog. § 189, 
 
 Bessi, Beo-ffot or Brjaaoi, a Thracian people, reduced by M. Lici- 
 nius Lucullus, after the subjugation of Macedonia. 
 
 1. 6. join non . . . digna : cp. iv^. 73 n. 
 
 1. 7. medio, that lies between ns. Tomis lay south of the Danube, 
 the wild tribes were north of it: cp. II. 191 ff. This line shows that 
 Ov. had already passed a winter at Tomis. 
 
 1. 8. note the effective sigmatism intended to imitate the hissing sound 
 of the flowing waters of the rapid Danube, (sup. iii. 13 n.) 
 
 1. 10. marmoreo . . . gelu, its marble covering of frost : cp. inf. 
 32, 47 ; V. ii. 66; F. IV, 91S * nee sic marmoreo pallet adusta gelu.' 
 
 1. II. 'While north- wind and snow are preparing to take up their 
 quarters in the North, then it is clear that these races are close upon 
 the shivering pole.' dum indicates that it is in consequence of what is 
 stated in this clause that the proposition in the following clause is 
 obvious: R. L. Gr. 1665: cp. IV. iii. 23 'tunc subeunt curae, dum te 
 lectusque locusque | tangit ? ' Tac. H. I. xxii. I * urgentibus etiam 
 mathematicis, dum novos motus et clarum Othoni annum observatione 
 siderum adfirmant.' 
 
 habitare, to become a constant inhabitant, like KaOrjaOai in Greek 
 (Moschus II. 18): cp. Prop. II. xii. 17 'quid tibi iucundum est siccis 
 habitare medullis ? ' luv. XIV. 26S ' Cor}'cia semper qui puppe moraris [ 
 atque habitas.' 
 
 1. 12. 'axis tremens* appears to mean the pole which makes all 
 shiver, the effect being put for the cause, a mode of expression which 
 sounds less harsh in English. Similar bold uses of adjectives are M. I. 
 147 ' lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae' (where aconite is called 
 pale because it produces paleness); M. XIV. 198 *me luridus occupat 
 horror' (Gk. x^^P^^ Se'os) : M. VII. 529 ' ignavos . . . aestus ' (heat 
 which makes drowsy) : so ' gelida formido, pallida mors ' etc., and in 
 Sen. H. F. 694 among the train of human ills is mentioned ' morbus 
 tremens,' disease that makes men tremble. Cp. inf. 44 n. 
 
 Of cold a similar expression is used II. 190 'Parrhasiae gelido vir- 
 ginis axe premor.' 
 
 1. 13. lactam, the piled, lying snow : cp. A. A. II. 231 *nec grave 
 
60 OVIDI TRISTIA, 
 
 te tempus sitiensqne Canicula tardet | nee via per iactas Candida facta 
 nives': Am. I. vii. 58 'qualiter abiecta de nive manat aqua' (rightly 
 explained as lying snow by Rappold, Zeitschr. f, d. osterr. Gymn. XL 
 p. 802). Additional point is gained if we remember that in central and 
 southern Italy snow hardly ever lies (except o» the mountains) but melts 
 generally on the same day that it has fallen. 
 
 1. 19. cp. V. vii. 49. 
 
 mala, cp. P. I. iii. 37 ' Scythico quid frigore peius?' 
 bracis, wide trousers worn only by barbarians, Orientals, Gauls, 
 Germans, and Sclavs. 
 
 1. 21. glacie pendente, cp. M. I. 120 * ventis glacies adstricta pe- 
 pendit.' 
 
 1. 23. nuda. The wine is frozen so hard that when taken out of the 
 vessel in which it is kept, it stands up preserving the shape of the vessel: 
 cp. P. IV. vii. 8 'ipse vides rigido stantia vina gelu.' 
 
 1. 24. liausta, agreeing with frusta : * haustus ' would rather be 
 expected. 
 
 bibunt, * people drink ' : the subject is indefinite as in I. viii. 7 ; 
 M. VIII. 732 *modo te iuvenem, modo te videre (people saw) leonem.' 
 
 1. 25. vincti frigore, * frost-bound,' cp. P. III. i. 15 *tu glacie freta 
 vincta tencs.' 
 
 1. 26. aquae fragiles, ice. 
 
 1. 27. papyrifero . . . amne, the Nile: cp, M. XV. 753 'papyriferi 
 septemflua flumina Nili' : Plin. H. N. XIII. 11 * papyrum nascitur in 
 palustribus Aegypti aut quiescentibus Nili aquis.' 
 
 1. 28. multa per ora. The Danube, like the Nile, had seven mouths : 
 II. 189 ; M. V. 187 ' septemplice Nilo '; Ammian. Marc. XXII. vii. § 44 
 ' amnis vero Danubius . . . septem ostiis per hoc Scythicum latus erum- 
 pit in mare.' ' Of these the Nile has now two, the Danube five, of 
 which two only are navigable ' (Taylor). 
 
 1. 30. tectis aquis, ' with covered stream,' 
 
 1. 33. novos pontes, strange, unusual bridges of ice : P. IV. vii. 9 
 'ipse vides onerata ferox ut ducat lazyx | per medias Histri plaustra 
 bubulcus aquas.' Cp. Hdt. IV. 28. 
 
 1. 35. credar, poetic construction; R. L. Gr. 1421. 
 
 1. 36. ratam . . , habere fidem, ' to hav^ established credit,' to be 
 believed. 
 
 1. 37. consistere, cp. P. I. ii. 81 *ubi frigore constitit Hister.' 
 
 1. 38. lubrica . . . testa, a slippery crust of ice, apparently a transla- 
 tion of 6r]ya\4ov rptxpos in a Greek epigram, Anth. Pal. VII. 542. See 
 my critical edition, prolegomena p. xcviii. 
 
NOTES. III. X. 13-47. 61 
 
 1. 41. Leandre. Greek vocative of Kiiavhpos found again A. A. II. 
 249. See Neue, Formenlehre, I. 78. The well-known story of how 
 Leander of Abydos having fallen in love with Hero, a maiden of 
 Sestos, fearing the anger of her parents, swam secretly across the Helles- 
 pont and was drowned (Verg. G. III. 258), has been retold by Byron, 
 Bride of Abydos, canto II. i. 
 
 1. 42. crimen, 'reproach'; IV. iv. 25; Am. II. xi. 35 * veslrum 
 crimen erit talis iactura puellae.' 
 
 1. 43. pandi, twisting as they swim. 
 
 1. 44. dura, because of its effect in hardening the water into ice : sup. i in. 
 
 1. 45. quamvis . . . insonet, I. i. 25 n. 
 iactatis, sup. viii. 5 n. 
 
 alia. The winds are represented with wings in ancient works of 
 art and by the poets : cp. P. I. v. 72 * quo Boreas pinna deficiente venit.' 
 M. VI. 702 ff. The sigmatism suggests the whistling of the north wind. 
 
 1- 47. inclusaeque gelu, cp. P. IV. vii. 7 * ipse vides certe glacie 
 concrescere Pontum.' Val. Flacc. IV. 721 ff. It is unnecessary with 
 Wartenberg (p. 37) to suppose that Ovid's accounts of the cold 
 of Tomis are rhetorical exaggerations. They have all the air of truth, 
 and though it may be that the Danube does not freeze sufficiently 
 every year to bear a horse and cart (xii. 30), the winters following 
 Ovid's arrival may have been exceptionally cold. The following 
 passage by the Odessa correspondent of the Daily News (copied in 
 the Manchester Guardian, Jan. 24, 1889) may remove the scepticism 
 of those who doubt the veracity of Ovid: *The same icefield which 
 imprisons all vessels in this port now extends unbrokenly on the 
 one side of the Danube and on the other to the Isthmus of Perekop. 
 Stretching out from the shore from five to thirty-five miles, it blocks 
 about 300 miles of the most important section of the northern Black 
 Sea littoral. The normal southern winter is only now at its commence- 
 ment, and there is no reasonable prospect of the large British merchant 
 fleet icebound here for the last month being released for many weeks to 
 come. It is now thirty-three days since the mercury finally fell below 
 zero, and there it steadily remains. It is a sheer loss of time for British 
 shipowners to send their vessels here for the present, as many of them 
 are doing. They cannot approach within many miles of the harbour, 
 and in cruising off the ice-line they run the danger of being caught by 
 drifting ice floes. When the thaw comes many of the outlying and ice- 
 bound British steamers may be carried helplessly for great distances out 
 to sea. A few of them are embedded in such dangerous positions near 
 the shore that if an untoward wind set in with the break up of the ice 
 
62 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 they may be helplessly driven aground. In some parts of the harbour 
 the ice is nine feet thick.' See Shakspere, Othello, act 3, sc. 3 ' the 
 Pontick sea, | whose icy current and compulsive course | ne'er keeps 
 retiring ebb'; cp. Prickard on Aesch. Pers. 472 ff. for the freezing of 
 the Strymon during the retreat of Xerxes. 
 
 in margine, sc. maris: cp. M. I. 14 *nec brachia longo ] margine 
 terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite.' 
 
 1. 49. Cp. Strabo VII. iv. 18 (of the v^inter cold of the Palus Maeo- 
 tis) dpvKToi T6 elciv l^Ovis 01 dTroXr}(p6(VT(s kv tc5 KpyaraWco rrj irpoaayo- 
 pivofxevrj yayya/xTf, Kal fxaXiara ol avraKaToi, ScKcpTcri Trapiaoi rb fxeyeOos. 
 
 1. 52. redundatas flumine, the waters that flow abundantly from 
 the river, ' the brimming waters of the river ' : cp. F. VI. 402 * amne 
 redundatis fossa madebat aquis.' 
 
 redundatas is a virtual deponent participle from the intrans. verb 
 'redundo,' R. 340, Madvig L. Gr. § no, obs. 3. 
 
 1. 54 ff. The predatory mode of warfare among the Sarmatians 
 described by Tacitus H. I. 79 is a good illustration of this passage. 
 
 1. 57. alii answers to pars (61) and pars (63) : cp. Sail. Cat. II. § i 
 * reges divorsi pars ingenium, alii corpus exercebant.' Verg. Aen. II. 
 399 ' diffugiimt alii ad naves et litora cursu 1 fida petunt ; pars ingentem 
 . . . scandunt rursus equum.' 
 
 1. 63. hamatis, * barbed.' 
 
 1. 64. tinctile virus, the poison with which they have been smeared, 
 R. 379. The poisoned arrows are mentioned again, IV. i. 77; V. vii. 
 16 ; P. I. ii. 1 7 ; III. i. 26 ; IV. ix. 83 ; x. 31. 
 
 1. 65. ferre, (pepeiv, of things; abducere, dyeiv, of cattle. 
 
 1. 70. rigido, of the stiff earth tinbroken by the spade, hence rigido 
 situ= 'unbroken neglect.' 
 
 1. 71. cp. inf. xii. 14. 
 
 1. 72. lacus (XuKKos), vats used in making wine into which the juice 
 flowed as it was squeezed out of the press-beam. From the ' lacus ' the 
 wine was next put into * dolia ' (casks), in which the fermentation took 
 place ; lastly it was bottled off into * amphorae,' in which it matured. 
 Cp. F. III. 558 * inque cavos ierant tertia musta lacus.' 
 
 1. 73. negat, cp. Verg. G. I. 149 'cum . . . victum Dodona negaret.' 
 Acontius, a youth of Ceos, when attending a festival at Delos, fell 
 in love with an Athenian maiden Cydippe. In order to win her he 
 threw in her way an apple on which he had written ' I swear by Diana 
 that I will be Acontius' wife.' She picked up the apple, and having 
 read the inscription, feeling herself bound by the obligation of the oath, 
 swore to marry him. The story is retold in Morris' Earthly Paradise. 
 
NOTES. III. X. 47-xi. 17. 6^ 
 
 XI. 
 
 To his detractor and relentless enemy at Rome, against whom the 
 Ibis was directed. Intr. pp. xxvi, xxix. 
 
 Summary. — Inveterate enemy, when will your hostility cease? Is 
 not my state wretched enough here in my bitter exile without the addi- 
 tion of your paltry enmity (1-20) ? It is ill trampling upon one fallen 
 thus low. I am but the shadow of my former self. Even the most 
 hard-hearted cannot but feel pity for my misery (21-38). Busiris and 
 Phalaris were not so cruel as you (39-54). Learn my tale of countless 
 woes that you may glut your savage ferocity, and when you have learned 
 it probe my wounds no more (55-64). Remember the fickleness of 
 human fortune, and tremble lest you suffer a similar fate (65-74). 
 
 1. I. si quis, a common way of mentioning a person anonymously: 
 cp. I. vii, I n. 
 
 I. 2. reum . . . agas, I. i. 24 n. 
 
 dempto fine, unceasingly : cp. H. I. 50 * virque mihi dempto fine 
 carendus abest.' 
 
 II. 3, 4. cp. I. viii. 39 ff. and notes. 
 
 1. 3. pastus, cp. V. viii. 14; H. IX. 68 *efferus humana qui dape 
 pavit equas.' Am. III. viii. 10 'praefertur nobis sanguine pastus eques.' 
 
 1. 5. se porrigat, cp. luv. VIII. 208 ' credamus tunicae de faucibus 
 aurea cum se | porrigat.' 
 
 1. 7. inhospita, d^fva, see inf. xiii. 28 n. 
 
 1. 8. sue, her attendant. 
 
 Maenalis, Arcadian, from ^laenalus, a mountain in Arcadia, 
 ursa, I. iii. 48 n. 
 
 1. 9. nulla . . . commercia linguae, inf. xiv. 47 ; V. x. 37. Later, 
 however, he learned the Getic language (V. xii. 58), and composed in it 
 a poem now lost in honour of the imperial family, P. IV. xiii. i9fF. 
 
 1. II. avidis, sc. 'caedis,' often used absolutely, e.g. H. IX. 37 of 
 lions, XI. 118 of wild beasts, M. XIV. 75 of Charybdis, Hor. c. III. 
 iv. 58 of Vulcan eager for battle. 
 
 1. 15. ut, concessive, R. 714 (d). 
 
 1. 16. pigneribus, his daughter and intimate friends (I. iii. 60 n.) ; 
 cp. Milton, Lycidas 107 * ah ! who hath reft, quoth he, my dearest 
 pledge ? ' 
 
 1. 17. nudam, 'mere'; cp. M. XIII. 159 'operum nudum certamen,' 
 a mere contest about achievements. 
 
64 OVIDT TRISTIA, 
 
 1. 18. Caesar's anger is an immeasurable misfortune, for 'longae 
 regibus manus' (H. XVI. (XVII.) i66\ 
 
 1. 19. cruda, unhealed because bleeding (cruor). 
 
 retractet = ' rescindere ' 1. 63, touches anew, re-opens: cp. P. I. 
 iii. 16 'horrent admotas vulnera cruda manus.' 
 
 I. 21. causa, lawsuit. 
 
 diserto, predicate attracted to cuivis, R. 537 {c) : cp. H. XIV. 64 
 (with Palmer's note) 'quo mihi commisso non licet esse piae ?' M. VIII. 
 406 'licet eminus esse | fortibus.' On 'disertus' =an accomplished 
 speaker (the word possibly containing the same element as 'ars' and 
 meaning properly accomplished in various directions), see Wilkins on 
 Cic. de Or. I. § 94. 
 
 1. 24. premunt, press hard upon, bear down before them : the mean- 
 ing is amplified in the next couplet. 
 
 1. 25. fueram, 'I once was,' see I. i. 80 n., H. Magnus in Philolo- 
 gische Wochenschrift, 1883, p. 273, Madvig's L. Gr. § 338 b, obs. 6. 
 
 umbram . . . cinerem. Ov. often in these poems speaks of him- 
 self in language appropriate to a dead person ; for exile, a form of civic 
 death, was death to him of all he cared for most : cp. 1. 32 ' manes,' 
 I. vii. 38 n. ; P. IV. xvi. 48 'desine, neu cineres sparge, cruente, meos.' 
 This graceful idea had been already used by Propertius, II. xii. 20 'non 
 ego sed tenuis vapulat umbra mei,' and by Cicero ad Quint, fratr. I. iii. I 
 'quandam effigiem spirantis mortui' : cp. Soph. Oed. Col. 109 olKTupar 
 duSpbs Oldlnov toS' aOXiov | ei5oj\ov' ov yap S^ to y apx^iov 5e/xas. 
 
 1. 26. Insult to the grave is the mark of the most inveterate malignity: 
 cp. Prop. IV. v. 77 'quisquis amas, scabris hoc bustum caedite saxis, | 
 mixtaque cum saxis addite verba mala.' 
 
 1. 27. certaret, R. 722, 724, 726. 
 
 1. 28. vinctus ad . . . equos, cp. M. XL 212 *quam dura ad saxa 
 revinctam | vindicat Alcides.' 
 
 Haemonios, Thessalian (I. x. 3on.) : Achilles was the son of Peleus, 
 king of Phthiotis in Thessaly. For the allusion see II. XXII. 395 ff. 
 
 1. 36. simulacra, * phantom,' poetic pi. I. ii. 39 n. 
 
 1. 33' puta . . . sit. Note the conditional sequence, imperative in 
 protasis (puta = ' si putes,' cp. on I. i. 47), pres. subj. in apodosis, cp. 
 Am. III. xiii. 8 * adspice : concedas numen inesse loco ' (where Ehwald 
 wrongly reads * concedes ' from the early printed editions). With 
 imperat. protasis are also found in the apodosis pres. indie. (A. A. III. 
 594), fut. perf. indie. (M. XII. 202), but most often fut. indie, (inf. 47; 
 H. VII. no; Am. II. ii. 40; A. A. I. 270, 477, 752; M. IX. 507, and 
 many other instances). 
 
NOTES. III. xi. 18-54. 65 
 
 1. 34. see Tntr. p. 1. 
 
 1. 35. satia tua pectora, cp. M. VI. 2S1 'satiaque meo tua pectora 
 luctu.' 
 
 1. 38. 'yet there is one in whose opinion it has not sunk low enough.' 
 
 1. 39. Busiris was a cruel king of Aegypt, who used to sacrifice all 
 strangers at the altar of luppiter, and was finally himself killed by 
 Hercules (M. IX. 183). Here there is a special reference to the sacri- 
 fice of Thrasius, see A. A. I. 647 ff. ' dicitur Aegyptos caraisse iuvantibus 
 arva | imbribus atque annos sicca fuisse novem, | cum Thrasius Busirin 
 adit monstratque piari | hospitis adfuso sanguine posse lovem. | illi 
 Busiris " fies lovis hostia primus " | in quit '* et Aegypto tu dabis hospes 
 aquam." ' 
 
 illo, Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum in Sicily. Perillus or Perilaus, 
 a craftsman, made a brazen bull for him, as a means of punishing his 
 enemies in the manner described here. Perillus became himself the first 
 victim of his own contrivance : cp. Ibis 437 ff. 
 
 Probably Busiris and Phalaris were stock examples of cruelty in 
 the rhetorical schools, whence Ovid got them: thus they are similarly 
 joined by Claudian in Rufin. I. 253 ff., cp. in Eutrop. I. 161, and 
 Dracontius (in a controversid) Baehrens, Poet. Lat. Min. V. 143, 1. 
 138 ff. : cp. Hor. epp. I. ii. 58; luv. VI. 486 ; Sen. Tro. 1106. 
 
 1. 41. quique, Perillus. 
 
 1. 42. conciliasse, * recommend,* here without the accompanying dat., 
 which is usual, as in IV. v. 14. 
 
 \. A^Z- imagine, than its appearance indicates: cp. M. VII. 6S1 
 ' usum I maiorem specie mirabere ' dixit * in isto.' 
 
 1. 46. hac, R. 490. 
 
 perdes, * you intend to slay.' 
 
 1. 47. lire, protasis, the apodosis beginning at mugiet (sup. 33 n.) ; 
 ' If immediately on shutting him in you burn him with a slow fire, he 
 will bellow.' 
 
 1. 52. praesens, *in person.* 
 
 imbue, 'initiate,' Callim. fr. 119 irpuiros eird rov ravpov iKaiviacv. 
 A. A. I. 653 * et Phalaris tauro violenti membra Perilli | torruit. infelix 
 inbuit auctor opus.' For the use of * imbue ' see P. II. i. 65 ' imbuero 
 Scythicas si non prius ipse sagittas.' 
 
 1. 54. geminos. The cries uttered were a mixture between the scream- 
 ing of a man and the roaring of a bull : so M. XII. 496 'quid membra 
 inmania prosunt? | quid geminae vires? ' of the Centaur, half man half 
 horse. The story points to human sacrifice to Moloch in Sicily. 
 
 ore tremente, cp. Am. III. vi. 72 'edidit indignos ore tremente sonos,' 
 
 F 
 
66 OVID I TRISTIA, 
 
 1. 56. quisquis is es, a formula found inf. xii. 43 ; Ibis 9 ; H. 
 XIII. 65 ; M. XIII. 468 ; F. VI. 731 ; Tibull. II. iii. 33. 
 
 1. 61. Supposing Ulixes were to have been compared with me, will 
 you find that the anger of Neptune was in the past less than that of 
 luppiter (Augustus) is at present towards me ? Cp. I, ii. 9 and v. 57. 
 
 1. 63. rescindere, *to break open again/ properly of wounds, to 
 which metaphor he returns (1. 19) : the word is used in the same way 
 metaphorically M. XII. 538 'quid me meminisse malorum | cogis et 
 obductos annis rescindere luctus.' Hot. epp. I. iii. 32 ' an male sarta | 
 gratia nequiquam coit et rescinditur ? * 
 
 1. 66. cicatricem ducere, to form a scar, heal over : P. I. iii. 15 
 ' tempore ducetur longo fortasse cicatrix ; j horrent admotas vulnera 
 cruda manus.* 
 
 !• 73' q.uod, sup. iii. 2711. 
 
 XII. 
 
 A description of spring at Tomis. Addressed to the friendly reader, 
 Intr. p. xxix. See Wartenberg, p. 40. 
 
 Summary. — The long Scythian winter ends, and spring with all her 
 joyous sights and sounds appears once more. Here in this desolate spot 
 there is little of the beauty of scene and stir of life renewed which in 
 Italy attend her (1-24). Happy who see spring at Rome! my sole 
 delight is that the breaking-up of winter's frost opens once more the sea 
 to mariners, so that haply I may hear news from my country (25-44). 
 With what joy shall I hear of Caesar's triumphs! who brings such 
 tidings shall find shelter in my home. May Caesar soon restore to me 
 my real home in Italy (45-54). 
 
 1. I. Zephyri. The west-winds which began to blow at the beginning 
 of February are referred to as the sign of spring's approach by Hor. 
 epp. I. vii. 13. 
 
 annoque peracto, *and now that the year has gone round the 
 winter of Tanais is slowly retiring long beyond parallel.* The old 
 Roman year began with March, Mommsen R. H. I. 218 j Peter's Fasti, 
 Einleitung, p. 19. 
 
 1. 2. abscedit vix = ' tarde abscedit,* the adverb misplaced, iv'*. 73 n. 
 Tanaitis. The Tanais flows into the palus Maeotis (sup. iv^ 49) ; 
 here the adj. is used loosely for Scythian, 
 
 1. 3. Aries, the ram from whose back Helle fell into the Hellespont, 
 became the constellation which the sun enters on March 22nd (xi kal. 
 
NOTES. III. xi. 56-xIi. 19. 6"] 
 
 April.), thus constituting the vernal equinox. The story is told F. III. 
 851 ff. 
 
 1.4. =F. III. 878. 
 
 1. 8. vernat. The word means to do anything in the spring, thus e.g. 
 it is used of serpents then putting off their slough (Plin. H. N. VIII. xli. 
 3), here of birds singing : cp. Sen. Oet. 380 * alta silvas fomaa vemantes 
 alit.' 
 
 1. 9. Progne killed her own son Itys and served him up to her hus- 
 band Tereus, for which she was turned into a swallow. 
 
 1. II. cp. M. I. 123 *semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis | ob- 
 ruta sunt.' 
 
 1. 13. movetiir, 'pushes forth.' Cp. F. I. 153 'et nova de gravido 
 palmite gemma tumet.' 
 
 1. 14. cp. sup. X. 71. With the arrangement of the words est vitis — 
 vitis abest, est arbor — arbor abest, cp. Am. I. ix. i * militat omnis 
 amans, et habet sua castra Cupido : | Attice, crede mihi, militat omnis 
 amans.' F. IV. 365 * qui bibit inde, furit : procul hinc discedite quis est | 
 cura bonae mentis : qui bibit inde, furit. 
 
 1. 1 7. istic, here in Rome where his thoughts are. 
 
 ludis. At the beginning of spring there were at Rome a succes- 
 sion of festivals following upon one another (ex ordine), such as the 
 Megalesia, Cerealia, Palilia, Floralia, during which legal business was 
 suspended (otia fori = ' iustitium ') : cp. F. IV. 187 'scaena sonat lu- 
 dique vocant. spectate, Quirites, | et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent.' 
 The Quinquatrus maiores, the great spring holiday, fell on March 19th; 
 see Mayor, luv. X. 115. 
 
 1. 18. verbosi . . . fori, cp. IV. x. 18. 
 
 1. 19 ff. Cp. A. A. III. 383 'sunt illis celeresque pilae iaculumque 
 trochique | armaque et in gyros ire coactus equus ; | nee vos Campus 
 habet, nee vos gelidissima Virgo, | nee Tuscus placida devehit amnis 
 aqua.' 
 
 1. 19. usus equi, though the abl. is commoner, the gen. with 'usus * 
 is found in Ovid, Livy, and later writers : cp. F. II. 297 ' nullus adhuc 
 erat usus equi ' ; ibid. 500 * nee facis usus erat ' ; other instances are 
 IV. 620, 657, 693; V. 592; VI. 657. See Scholl in Archiv fur lat. 
 Lexicographic II. 212. 
 
 The reference is to the exercises in riding and under arms which took 
 place in the Campus Martins, such as the Ludus Troiae described by 
 Verg. Aen. V. 545 ff,, and the Equina, which took place on March 14th 
 (F. III. 519). 
 
 levibus armis = • campestribus armis ' (Hor. A. P. 379), arms used 
 
 F 2 
 
58 OVIDI TRISTTA. 
 
 in sham fights, so ' leve proelium ' (Caes. B. G. VII. 36) means a 
 skirmish. 
 
 1. 20. pila . . . trochus, games of ball were popular among the 
 Romans, and of many kinds ; the hoop, which was said to be of Greek 
 origin, was also much in vogue ; cp. II. 486, and see Wilkins on Hon 
 A. P. 380. 
 
 vertitur, ' is sent spinning,' with both pila and troclius. 
 
 1. 21. oleo labente, oil drips or spreads over the bodies of those who 
 use it ; the expression is from Verg. Aen. III. 281 * exercent patrias oleo 
 labente palaestras.' Wrestlers anointed themselves with oil. 
 
 1. 22. after the exercises a bath was usually taken: see Wilkins, 
 Primer of Roman Antiquities, p. 37 ff. 
 
 The Aqua Virgo was an aqueduct which brought its water from a 
 source at the eighth milestone on the Via Collatina, and discharged it 
 at the Campus Martins. The origin of the name is said to have been 
 that the spring was pointed out by a girl to some thirsty soldiers 
 (Frontinus de aquaed. I. 10), * but it more probably came from the 
 supposed purity of its waters ' (Keightley on F. I. 464). See Middle- 
 ton's Ancient Rome p. 470, and cp. A. A. III. 385 (quoted on 1. 19 sup.). 
 
 1.23. scaena = ' theatrum.' viget, • is alive.' 
 favor ardet, * the applause waxes hot.' 
 
 1. 24. Business is forsaken for pleasure. The three theatres are those 
 of Pompeius (Middleton, p. 293), Marcellus (ibid. p. 296), and Corne- 
 lius Balbus (ibid. p. 298), the three fora the forum Romanum, lulium, 
 and Augusti (i. 27 n.) : cp. Mart. III. xxxviii. 4 'atque erit in triplici 
 par mihi nemo foro.' 
 
 1. 25. est, *it is possible,' sup; iv. 55. 
 
 1. 27. These are the pleasures of Rome in spring ; but I must be con- 
 tent with less delights, the thawing of the snow and ice, and the power 
 once more to drink water that has not to be dug out from the frozen 
 tank. 
 
 1. 28. durae, frozen. 
 
 fodiantvir, consecutive subj. denoting the characteristic of the water, 
 R. 704. Cp. sup. x. 26. 
 
 1. 29. concresoit, sup. x. 29. 
 
 1. 30. sup. X. 47 n. 
 
 1. 31. incipient, conditional, R. 651. 
 tamen, though Tomis is so remote. 
 
 adnare, cp. Verg. Aen. I. 538 ' hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris.' 
 The use is found also in prose, Cic. de rep. II. iv. 9 ' quod ubique 
 gentium est, ut ad earn urbem possit adnare.' 
 
NOTES, III. xii. i9-xiii. 9. 69 
 
 1. 34. These are the questions regularly put to strangers in Homer: 
 e.g. Od. I. 170; III. 71 ; IX. 252. 
 
 1. 35. mirum ni, R. 747. 
 
 1. 37. tantum, so vast a tract of sea as lies between Rome and 
 Tomi, 
 
 1. 38. portibus orba, cp. sup. ii. 1 1 ; IV. iv. 58. 
 
 1. 40. huius, i. e. * certe vox gratior erit huius qui Latine loqui 
 scierit.' 
 
 1. 41. fas, ' it is possible.' 
 
 ab ore freti, from the Thracian Bosporus. 
 
 1. 42. certo, * steady.' 
 
 1. 44. parsque gradusque, a factor in my news and a means of 
 communicating it to me. 
 
 1. 46. Caesaris, Tiberius, who had gone to Germany to avenge the 
 defeat in A. D. 9 of P. Quintilius Varus. See Wartenberg, p. 41. 
 Latio lovi = ' lovi Capitolino.' 
 
 1. 48. ducis, Augustus, under whose auspices Tiberius fought. 
 
 1. 49. non vidisse. Prose would require ' me non vidisse,' but the 
 poets, especially Ovid, often omit the ace. with the infin., in imitation of 
 the Greek idiom: cp. P. I. iii. 67 'non doluit patria Cynicus procul 
 esse Sinopeus/ and see Bucht, De usu infinitivi apud Ovidium, Vpsaliae, 
 1875, p. 19. 
 
 1. 51. The word 'home' in 1. 50 causes him to break out *is the 
 home of Naso now in Scythia, and does my punishment inflict upon 
 me a place of its own for dwelling instead of my rightful home ? ' 
 
 XIII. 
 
 On his own birthday, March 20th. Addressed to the friendly reader, 
 Intr. p. xxix. Cp. Hor. c. IV. 1 1 ; Tibull. I. 7 ; II. 2. 
 
 Summary. — Once more my birthday has come round. Shame that 
 it should have followed me into exile : rather I should have died before 
 (i-io). Must I greet it with the usual marks of joy? For joy now I 
 have no heart : signs of mourning rather befit me. May my birthday 
 never visit me again in Pontus (11-28). 
 
 1. 9. in relinquendo, ' at the time of my leaving the city ' : * in ' 
 with abl. of time is common (R. L. Gr. 1968, Hau, De casuum usu 
 
70 OVIDI TRISTIA. 
 
 Ovidiano p. no), but I know of no other instance where it is followed 
 by the gerund. 
 
 1. II. tibi cum Ponto, R. 479, L. Gr. 11 5 2. 
 
 1. 1 3. solitum moris honorem, ' the usual honour that custom pays 
 to you * : * mos ' is used specially of rites sanctioned by religious usage, 
 Festus, s. V. (Fontes iuris p. 246, ed. Bruns) * mos est institutum patrium, 
 i.e. memoria veterum pertinens maxime ad religiones caerimoniasque 
 antiquorum.' 
 
 1. 14. A white dress was worn on festivals. (Cp. sup. iv. 34 n.) 
 
 1. 16, sonet, the crackling of the incense was a good omen. 
 
 1. 17. liba, cakes of meal, honey, and oil or milk which were offered 
 to the Genius on the birthday : cp. IV. x. 1 2 ; Tibull. II. ii. 8 ' atque 
 satur libo sit (sc. the Genius) madeatque mero.' 
 
 Join proprie . . . notantia, * the special mark of (iv''. 73 n.). 
 
 1. 19. positus, * circumstanced.' 
 
 1. 21. funeris ara, not the sepulchral altar to the Di Manes, but the 
 pyre itself which in shape resembled an altar, as in Ibis 104 *iam stat, 
 ut ipse vides, funeris ara tui.' M. VIII. 480 * ante sepulcrales infelix 
 adstitit aras.' Verg. Aen. VI. 177 * aramque sepulcri | congerere arbo- 
 ribus caeloque educere certant.' 
 
 ferali cincta cupresso, the funeral piles were flanked or dressed 
 with C3rpress wood that its smell when burning might overpower that of 
 the corpse : Verg. Aen. VI. 215 * ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondi- 
 bus atris | intexunt latera, et feralis ante cupressos ] constituunt.' See 
 Becker-Goll, Gallus III. p. 526. 
 
 1. 22. rogis. 'Rogus' is the pure Latin, *pyra' the Greek word for 
 the pyre: the old distinction that 'rogus' is the pyre when burning, 
 which is *pyra' before ignition, is false. Becker-Goll, III. p. 525. 
 
 1. 28. false nomine, Euf€ij'os = kind to strangers, hospitable, whereas 
 this sea is really the reverse (sup. xi. 7) : "A^fvos, the original and more 
 appropriate name of the sea, is given IV. iv. 56 'dictus ab antiquis 
 Axenus ille fuit.' Cp. Find. P. IV. 361 avv N($tou 5' avpais kir* 'A^uvov 
 ffTo/xa neixn6{.i€voi i]\v9ov. See on I. x. 41, 
 
 XIV. 
 
 This poem is addressed to a literary friend, who seems to have under- 
 taken to supervise the publication of this book at any rate of the Tris- 
 tia, if not of the whole : it is very probable that he is the celebrated C. 
 lulius Hyginus, * praefectus ' of the Palatine Library, himself a man of 
 
NOTES. III. xiii. 9-xiv. 5. 71 
 
 letters, who is mentioned by Suetonius de illustr. gramm. 20 as * fami- 
 liarissimus Ovidii poetae ' (Graeber II. 13). In writing to such a man 
 the apologies for any possible faults of style are natural enough. 
 Further, as the poet begins this book (el. i) by regretting that his work 
 cannot hope to find a place in the public libraries, over the chief of 
 which Hyginus presided, so he closes it by giving reasons why his friend 
 may not fear to put it on his private shelves. 
 
 This poem cannot be assigned with Lorentz (p. 42) and Wartenberg 
 (p. 63) to Brutus, for it is not Ovid's practice in the Tristia to address 
 two poems in the same book to the same person. 
 
 Summary. — Patron of new poets, do you add my works still to your 
 library ? Take them in ; for though I am exiled, no sentence has gone 
 out against my verses. Through them a part of me at least can still 
 visit Rome (1-18). My Metamorphoses was left unfinished at my 
 departure ; and still wants the last touches (19-24). Receive this third 
 book of the Tristia, making allowance for the unfavourable circumstances 
 under which it was written. My misfortunes have checked the flow of 
 fancy (25-36). Books here I have none, and none to lend a sympathetic 
 ear. The enemy is at the gate while I write (37-42). The very purity 
 of my Latin I fear is becoming tainted by contact with foreigners*. 
 Receive then my book with all indulgence (43-52). 
 
 1. I. antistes, properly the overseer or high-priest of a temple, here 
 the guardian of poets, with special reference to the sacred character of 
 the art of poetry (ii. 4 n.). Cic. de or. I. § 202 'conquirimus eum 
 virum . . . qui primum sit eius artis (i. e. eloquence) antistes.' 
 
 1. 2 . quid facis. Before entering into particulars the poet begins with 
 a general question, as is done by Horace, epp. I. iv. i * Albi, nostrorum 
 sermonum candide index, | quid nunc te dicam facere in regione Pedanal' 
 
 1. 5. conficis = ' colligis.' Cic. ad Att. I. 7 'et velim cogites, id 
 quod mihi pollicitus es, quemadmodum bibliothecam nobis conficere (to 
 collect a library. — Boot) possis.' ibid, XII. 37 ' hortos mihi conficias 
 necesse est.' The friend, who is vatum studiose novorum a collector of 
 the works of new poets, is asked whether he is collecting the poems of 
 Ovid amongst others. 
 
 exceptis . . . solis, the Ars Amatoria : cp. sup, i. 65, and i, 4 n. 
 
 1. 6. cp. Ibis 5 * nee quemquam nostri nisi me laesere libelli, | artificis 
 periit cum caput Arte sua.* 
 
72 OVID I TRISTIA. 
 
 1. 7. immo always expresses dissent from what was said before (see 
 Ramsay, Plautus Mostellaria excursus iv) : thus it is found after ques- 
 tions introduced by 'numquid' (Cic. Rose. Am. xviii. § 52 *num quid 
 est aliud ? immo vero, inquit, est : nam istum exheredare in animo 
 habebat'), to which ecquid is here equivalent, hence the question is 
 really negative : cp. Plaut. Most. IV. iii. 4 * ecquid placeant, me rogas ? 
 immo hercule vero perplacent.' 
 
 1. 8. corpus, my person. The exiled and absent poet is still 
 present at Rome in the person of his poems, which are his offspring 
 (1. T4). 
 
 1. 9. dicta = 'indicta' : Liv. XXV. iii. 13 ' multam dicere.' 
 
 libellis, regularly used by Ovid of the separate books of his works 
 (Prolegomena to ed. crit. p. xi). 
 
 1. 12. urbe, R. 486. 
 
 1. 13. Pallas was fabled to have sprung in full armour from the brain 
 of Zeus : F. III. 841 * an quia de capitis fertur sine matre patemi | ver- 
 tice cum clipeo prosiluisse suo ? ' 
 
 1. 15. orba parente est, cp. I. vii. 35. Perhaps the idea is adapted 
 from Prop. IV. xi. 75 ' fungere maternis vicibus pater : ilia meorum | 
 omnis erit collo turba ferenda tuo.' 
 
 1. 17. tres . . . nati, the three books of the Ars Amatoria : cp. I. i. 
 Ill, and sup. 5 n. 
 
 contagia nostra secuti, ' that have contracted pollution from me.* 
 
 1. 18. turba, sc. 'librorum:' I. i. 109. 
 
 1. 19. mutatae . . . formae, 'the changes of shape' transformations, 
 IS Ovid's rendering of the Greek titles of works adapted by him, fiera- 
 fiopcpwcTiLs (Antonius Liberalis), and €T€poiovfj.(va (Nicander of Colo- 
 phon) : cp. M. I. I * in nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas | cor- 
 pora.' 
 
 1. 20. cp. I. vii. 38 n. Ovid's 'funus' was his departure from Rome 
 into exile. At that time his Metamorphoses was unfinished, and in his 
 disgust, if what he says in I. vii. 15 ff. is to be believed, he burnt his copy 
 of the work. Perhaps Vergil's dying wish that the Aeneid should be 
 burnt was before him. But as other copies survived, the poem was pre- 
 served, and thus he speaks of it as being saved from the burning. Warten- 
 berg (Quaestt. p. 22) supposes that the whole story of the burning is a 
 poetic fiction, since Ovid was not a man likely to defraud posterity of his 
 productions. 
 
 1. 22. oertius . . . nomen, * a surer reputation from its writer's finishing 
 touch.' The phrase ' nomen habere ' is frequent in Ovid (Tolkiehn, 
 Quaestt. ad Heroides, p. 96). 
 
NOTES. III. xlv. 7-48. "J^ 
 
 1. 23. incorrectum, a-na^ ilprjfxivov : see appendix to Bk. I, p. 106 on 
 I. V. 28. 
 
 in ora, cp. M. XV. 878 ' ore legar populi.* 
 1. 24. tamen, if in spite of Caesar's displeasure my works are still 
 read. 
 
 1. 25, hoc . . . nescio quid, ' this trifle/ i. e. this book of the Tristia. 
 * nescio quis' (R. 755) is often used in a depreciating or contemptuous 
 sense : cp. I. ii. 85 ; M. VII. 39 * prodamne ego regna parentis, | atque 
 ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra?' ; XIII. 844 ' nam vos narrare 
 soletis I nescio quem regnare lovem.' 
 
 1. 26. diverso, a remote part of the world : cp. sup. ii. 12. 
 1. 32. ducere, the metaphor is from drawing out the threads in spin- 
 ning; see on I. xi. 18. 
 
 1. 34. vena, sup. vii. 16 n. 
 
 1. 36. periit. Ovid lengthens the final -it of 3rd sing. perf. indie, of 
 compounds of * eo,' reviving a scansion often found in Plautus, and once 
 in Ennius (see Nettleship in Conington's Vergil, Vol. Ill on the 
 lengthening of short final syllables). This may have been the original 
 quantity, as the Oscan and Umbrian perfects ended in -eit (Mayor on 
 luv. X. II, Munro on Lucr. III. 1042), and inscriptions present such 
 forms as'redieit' (C. I. L. I. 541, Neue, Formenlehre II. 507). The 
 supposition that ' the 3rd sing, originally ended in -et ' (King and 
 Cookson, The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, p. 469) seems to me to 
 have little to recommend it. 
 situ, * disuse.' 
 1. 37. inviter, * be cheered.' Nettleship (Journal of Philology, V. 
 20-22) shows that to cheer is the older meaning of this word, sup- 
 posing that ' invitare ' is formed from ' vita ' as * informare ' from 
 'forma.' He quotes as good examples of this meaning Plant. Amph. 
 I. i. 130 * mira sunt, nisi invitavit sese in cena plusculum.' Verg. G. 
 I. 302 ' invitat genialis hiemps curasque resolvit.' 
 1. 39. recitem, sup. vii. 23 n. 
 1. 41. cp. I. i. 41 ; xi. 37. 
 
 1. 42. cp. IV. i. 69 ; V. ii. 70 for the state of siege in which the in- 
 habitants of Tomi lived. 
 1. 46. sup. i. 17 n. 
 
 1. 48. Geticis . . . modis, he did subsequently write a poem in the 
 Getic language in praise of the imperial house, P. IV. xiii. 19 ff. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ablative, absolute with clause as 
 subject, vi. 12 ; otiose with ab, 
 vii. 29 ; with pendeo, vi. 15. 
 
 Acontius, X. 73. 
 
 ad with adjectives, iii. 58 ; with 
 vincio, xi. 28. 
 
 adeo (' especially '), i. 77 ; (em- 
 phasising), vi. 31. 
 
 adjectives used absolutely, xi. 11 ; 
 bold uses of, x. 12. 
 
 adverb misplaced, iv**. 73 ; xii. 2. 
 
 ago, V. 24. 
 
 Alexander the Great, v. 39. 
 
 Antigone, iii, 67, 
 
 oTof iiprjjxivov (incorrectus), xiv. 
 
 23. , 
 Argo, ix. 7. 
 Aries, xii. 3. 
 
 atque, second word, ii. 1 3. 
 attraction of predicate, xi. 21. 
 Augustus, his moderation, viii. 
 
 41 ; regarded as divine, i. 35. 
 
 book ancient, i. 55. 
 Busiris, xi. 39. 
 
 Callimachus imitated, xi. 52. 
 capio (= concipio), i. 63; ( = 
 
 Xw/jw), iv. 30. 
 Carus, V. intr. to, and 11. 18, 42. 
 Celsus, vi. intr. to. 
 cesso, vii. 26. 
 civica corona, i. 35. 
 
 civiliter, viii. 41. 
 conclamo, iii. 44. 
 conditional sequence, xi. 33. 
 conficio (= colligo), xiv. 5. 
 credor (poetic), x. 35. 
 
 Danaides, i. 62. 
 
 Danube, its seven mouths, x. 28. 
 depositus, iii. 40. 
 dicta (= 5o7/faTa), iii. 62. 
 disertus, xi. 21. 
 Dolon, iv. 27. 
 
 dum construction, iv. 15 ; vii. 23 j 
 causal, X. II. 
 
 ellipsis with ne, vii. 43. 
 
 Elpenor, iv. 19, 
 
 Epicurus referred to, iv. 25. 
 
 et, third word, iv^ 50. 
 
 Euxine, origin of name, xiii. 28; 
 
 badness of its harbours, ii. 11; 
 
 cold climate of, ii. 8 ; x. 47. 
 
 facio (* I suit '), viii. 23. 
 
 feralia, iii. 81. 
 
 festivals in spring at Rome, xii. 
 
 foliatum, iii. 69. 
 
 fora, iv**. 57. 
 
 forum Augusti and lulium, i. 27. 
 
 funerals Roman, iii. 44, 46, 50, 69, 
 
 70, 72, 76 ; xiii, 21. 
 funeris ara, xiii. 21. 
 
76 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Gallus (Cornelius), v. 47. 
 genitive with adjectives, iii. 25 ; 
 
 with usus, xii. 1 7 : possessive, v. 
 
 16. 
 
 Hesiod imitated, vii. 3. 
 
 Hippocrene, vii. 15. 
 
 Homer, allusions to, iv. 19, 27 ; vii. 
 
 42 ; xi. 28. 
 Horace, allusions to, vii. 12. 
 Hyginus, xiv. intr. to. 
 
 Ibis, xi. intr. to. 
 
 imbuo, xi. 52. 
 
 immo, xiv. 7. 
 
 in with abl. of time, xiii. 9. 
 
 infinitive, poetic use of, xii. 49. 
 
 invito, etymology and meaning, 
 
 xiv. 37. 
 is, oblique cases of, in Augustan 
 
 poets, iv, 27. 
 luppiter Stator, i. 32. 
 
 lacus (vat), x. 72. 
 laurus, at gate of Palace, i. 40. 
 Leandre (Greek voc.) x. 41. 
 Leucadius deus (Apollo), i. 42. 
 libraries at Rome, i. 59, 69, 72. 
 liquet, construction of, iii. 27. 
 littera (= litterae), i. 15; vii. 2. 
 Lucretius imitated, ii. 23. 
 
 magis (=60 magis), v. 31. 
 manus iniectio, vii. 35. 
 Medea, viii. 3. 
 Metamorphoses burnt by Ovid, 
 
 xiv. 20 ; title of, xiv. 19. 
 metaphor, bold, viii. 35 ; from 
 
 death, xi. 25 ; legal, iv^ 71 ; 
 
 vii. 35 ; nautical, iv. 16, 32 ; 
 
 from path, vi. 16 ; from spinning, 
 
 xiv. 32 ; from wounds, xi. 63; 
 
 from vena, vii. 16. 
 Minerva bellatrix, ix. 7. 
 Minyae, ix. 13. 
 
 molliter, i. 24. 
 mos, xiii. 13. 
 
 nempe, iv. 23. 
 
 nescio quis (contemptuous), xiv. 
 
 num in double questions, i. 41. 
 number, change of, iii. 7 ; viii. 38. 
 
 Ovid, his birthday, xiii. intr. to ; 
 banished for laesa maiestas, vii. 
 23 ; cause of banishment, i. 52 ; 
 his certainty of immortality, vii. 
 50 ; learned Getic language, xi. 
 9 ; and wrote a poem in it, xiv. 
 46. Style — artificial arrange- 
 ment of words, xii. 14; re- 
 petitions of words, vi. 30 ; use 
 of periphrasis, v. 53 ; of rheto- 
 rical commonplaces, xi. 39. 
 
 Palatine Temple of Apollo, i. 59. 
 
 perfect, gnomic, iv. 25. 
 
 Perilla, vii. intr. to. 
 
 Phaethon, iv. 30. 
 
 Phalaris, xi. 39. 
 
 plecto, V. 49. 
 
 pluperfect indie in Ovid, xi. 25. 
 
 plural for sing. iii. 39. 
 
 poetry, its sacred character, ii. 4. 
 
 pono (' I found'), ix. 5. 
 
 porta Palati, i. 31. 
 
 portions Liviae et Octaviae, i. d'^. 
 
 potens (sc. loci), i. 53. 
 
 Propertius imitated, iv. 25; xiv. 15. 
 
 prosody (perilt), xiv. 36. 
 
 proverb, iv. 25. 
 
 Pythagoras, iii. 61. 
 
 -que 
 
 . et, ix. 31. 
 
 recitations, vii. 23. 
 redundatus, x. 52. 
 rogus, xiii. 22. 
 
 sacra via, i. 28. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 77 
 
 sentio, viii. 14. 
 sic in adjurations, iv^. 77. 
 sigmatism, iii. 13 ; x. 8, 45. 
 St ( = est), i. 47. 
 subject, indefinite, x. 24. 
 summotus, iv. 41. 
 suus (' favourable'), v. 4 ; (' natu- 
 ral '), iv. 24. 
 
 tener (of air), viii. 7. 
 
 tenses, change of, iv. 15, 21 ; vii. 
 
 23- 
 
 testatus, vi. 5, 
 
 theatres at Rome, xii. 24. 
 Theocritus imitated, viii. 28. 
 TibuUus imitated, iii. 3. 
 
 Tomis, origin and history, ix. intr. 
 to ; its unhealthiness, iii. 6 ; v. 
 54 ; its cold, X. passim ; not ex- 
 aggerated by Ovid, x. 47 ; its 
 bad water, iii. 7. 
 
 Triptolemus, viii. i. 
 
 uro (of cold), ii. 8. 
 
 ut ( = ex quo tempore), viii. 27. 
 
 Vergil imitated, iv. 43, 44. 
 verno, xii. 8. 
 Vesta, temple of, i. 29. 
 Virgo aqua, xii. 22. 
 
 white, fortunate colour, iv. 34. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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