SEWALl'S SKETCHES OF ST.AUGISTINE. / THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ,' rather a glimpse at, than a full history of, the place, though it gives such a connected view of the course of events, as to satisfy the curiosity of such as come among O us, (and which every sojourner feels the want of,) so far *j as the lights we now have can aid us in a knowledge of the past. *i I have availed myself of such helps, in the few il works written, as I could find, which speak of the "* place. 461451 INTRODUCTION. But the field of historical research upon which I have entered, I find too extensive to be compressed in all its interesting particulars into a work of this sort. The gleanings, therefore, must for the present suffice. THE AUTHOR. St. Augustine, June 20, 1848. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. Location Description Antiquity Distant Appearance Public Places Public Works of the City 7 CHAPTER II. Early Settlement Founder The Objects of his Voyage from Spain Character Entrance into the Harbor Name Mas- sacre of the Huguenot Protestants Slaughter at Matanzas Drake's Attack Indian Assault Contribution laid on the City by Davis, the Bucanier The Bucaniers Expedition of Gov. Moore of South Carolina Causes of the same Col. Palmer's Attack Oglethorp's Invasion Minorcan Inhabi- tants Patriot War Purchase of Florida by the United States Change of Flags Frost of 1835 Orange Trade and Groves Fruit Growing in East Florida Tropical Lux- uries produced Inducements to Agriculturists from the North . 18 CHAPTER III. Climate of Florida Testimony of Physicians Coast Climate- Its Advantages Class of Diseases favorably affected by a CONTENTS. PAGE. Residence in the Climate St. Augustine as a Place of Resort for Invalids Accommodations Society Tables of Temperature of the Climate, exhibiting the Degree of Changes during the Month and Year, as compared with Foreign Places of Resort Customs Conveyances to the City 49 SKETCHES. CHAPTER I. LOCATION. THIS city, the ancient metropolis of the Spanish Province of East Florida, is situated near the Atlantic coast, little south of the 30th parallel of north latitude. The southenf point of a narrow peninsula, formed by the confluence of the waters of the St. Sebastian River and the sea, which here is backed in behind Anastatia Island, through the inlets of North River and Matanzas bar, is the site on which the city stands. The island, behind which takes place an expansion of these waters into a beautiful harbor, accessible to all classes of vessels drawing nine feet, which is the depth on the bar at low water, is a long, low, and narrow body of sand and coquina, or shell rock, which is covered with various shrubbery ; and though it affords a barrier to the surf of the Atlantic, it does not obstruct the cooling sea- breeze, nor indeed a prospect of the ocean from elevated stations. SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. PECULIARITIES. The town is nearly surrounded with salt water. The face of the country, skirting on the seaboard, from Cape Hatteras hither, is low, level, and sandy. This feature prevails southward to near Cape Florida ; when the rock-bound shore, the rudiments of which begin with the coquina formation opposite the city, again is made the barrier against the encroachments of the sea, and continues until it is broken up among the keys of the Florida archipelago. The country around the city, is a plain of sandy shell soil, termed " pine barren." With this the city is joined, on the west, by a substantial bridge over the St. Sebastian River ; and on the north, in a neck of land over a stone causeway. Egress at this point is made from the city by a thoroughfare, once commanded by a fortified trench and gateway. On the east, are the harbor and bay, which open in a beautiful sheet of water, over which, towering above the sand hills, on the adjacent island, is seen the light-house, originally a fortified " look-out," where the Spanish sentry watched against danger. The peninsula on which the city stands is said to have been originally a " shell hammock." The soil consists of shell and sand, with an intermixture of vegetable mould. The surface has but a slight elevation above the level of the surrounding water. Both these circum- stances are favorable. In wet weather, the texture of the soil is favorable to a rapid extraction of the super- abundant moisture from the surface ; and in dry weather, DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. 9 the slight elevation of the land above the sea, enables it to withstand drought, the waters percolating through the soil, refresh vegetation. These things conspire to promote the health of the city, inclosed as it is by the arms of the sea, to whose salubrious and refreshing breezes it is entirely open. DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. The city of St. Augustine is built in the style of an ancient Spanish military town. The plan of the city is a parallelogram, traversed longitudinally by two principal streets the whole length. These are inter- sected at right angles, transversely, by several cross streets, which divide the city into squares. Though not larger than many of our New England villages, the city is nevertheless regularly laid out, as it was intended to be compactly built, each square having more or less space, once occupied with groves of the orange, which a few years since were the glory and wealth of the place. Indeed, it was once a forest of sturdy orange trees, in whose rich foliage of deep green, variegated with golden fruit, the buildings of tho city were embosomed ; and whose fragrance filled the body of the surrounding atmosphere so as to attract the notice of passers by on the sea ; and whose delicious fruit was the great staple of export. The harbor fronts on the east, and is furnished with good wharves. The sandy beach of the St. Sebastian brings up the rear on the west, affording space for a delightful drive around the city ; while a once thrifty 10 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. i but now ruinous suburb the bubble of a speculation in " morus multicaulus " times called the North City, fills the background on the north. BUILDINGS. The coquina rock, a concretion of sand and shell formed on the neighboring sea-beach on the south side of the bar and on the island the upper extremity of which opens in sheets, ready for quarrying, and on which quarries are now extensively worked is the principal building material. The streets are excessively narrow, and are furnished with neither side-walks nor pavements. The houses are usually two-story buildings, generally crowded into the streets ; and are built without much regard to architectural style or ornamental beauties. Not unfrequently a piazza projects from the base of the second story, which in some cases is inclosed with movable Venetian shutters, so as to control the draft of air, and increase or abate it at pleasure. These appendages, though they add greatly to the comfort of the occupants, nevertheless disfigure the buildings by impairing their symmetrical proportions. The piazza, especially, awakens a sensation of peril, as one passes for the first time on horseback through the streets, particularly if he has been accustomed to the broad thoroughfares and elevated structures of a northern Anglo-American city. The contrast is great. APPEARANCE. 11 GREAT ANTIQUITY OF THE CITY. In alf its outlines and main features, this city is deeply traced with the furrows of age. It also wears a foreign aspect to the eye of an American. Ruinous buildings, of antique and foreign model, vacant lots, bro- ken inclosures, and a rough, tasteless exterior, scarred by the ravages of fire and time, awaken a sense of dis- comfort and desolation in the mind of a stranger. APPEARANCE. From the sea, as you enter the inlet from the harbor, the city presents a fine view. Any distant prospect is decidedly pleasing. Its deformities the narrow streets dilapidated buildings, with their projecting piazzas are lost to the eye in the distance ; in which, also, unity of effect is produced by the regularity of the plan on which the city is built ; which effect is heightened greatly by the ornamental trees, whose foliage screens many of the houses the overshadowing pride of India and the vigorous " morus multicaulus." There is, however, much to relieve the first unfavorable impressions of a stranger. Its comfortless appearance is the effect of first impressions, which of course are superficial, and often delusive. The blighted stocks of desolate orange groves the tokens of decay the obvious lack of industry and taste, and the consequent want of thrift on a close in- spection, are relieved by a constant succession of images of the past, illustrative of the character of Caslilian mind in a heroic and barbarous age. Moreover, there is 12 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. a rapid transition in progress. This ancient city is being transformed into American features, both in its external appearance, and in the habits and customs of the people. Many of its recent edifices are in the neat, attractive style of American village architecture. Especially is this the case in the neighborhood of the Magnolia House. PUBLIC PLACES. The city has a public square, or inclosed common. In the centre, a monument some sixteen or eighteen feet high, has been erected. It commemorates the giving of a constitutional basis to the Spanish government. On its fronts, the following Spanish sentence is engraved : " Plaza de la Constitution." The three sides of this square, or plaza, are now bounded by as many streets, fronting on which are the public buildings. The Government House, now used as a hall of justice, and for public offices, stands on the west front. On the east, near to the water, are the market buildings. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, sur- mounted with the vertical section of a bell-shaped pyra- mid, which supports a chime of bells, and which termi- nates in a small cross, stands on the north ; and on thf opposite south front is the Episcopal Church, a neat, well- proportioned Gothic edifice, having a spire and bell. The Presbyterian and Methodist Churches, the former north and the latter south from the common, on the same street, are well-built, substantial houses of worship, of rs r-^ ^ - 1=1 PUBLIC WORKS. 13 simple Grecian style of architecture and neat American finish. PUBLIC WORKS. St. Francis Barracks, on the southern extreme of the city ; Fort Marion, on the north, with its water-battery and the sea-wall, are among the objects of historical and military interest within the city. The sea-wall is erected of the native coquina rock. The upper stratum is granite flagging stone. This im- portant work is more than a mile in extent, and of suffi- cient width for two to walk on it abreast. As a public promenade, as well as a fortification against the encroach- ments of the sea, it is of great use ; and it is also a place of universal and of delightful resort. This wall incloses two beautiful basins, furnished also with stone steps. These are the points of embarkation and of debarkation for the numerous boatmen who navi- gate the neighboring waters for pleasure and for profit. The Castle is a fortress of great strength, covering several acres, and built entirely of stone from the neigh- boring coquina quarries, and according to the most ap- proved principles of military science. It is said to be.a "good specimen of military architecture." Its walls are twenty-one feet high, terminating in four bastioned angles, at the several corners, each of which is surmounted with towers corresponding. " The whole is casemated and bomb-proof." This work is in- closed in a wide and deep ditch, with perpendicular walls 14 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. of mason-work, over which is thrown a bridge, originally protected by a draw. Within its massive walls are numerous cells. On the north side, opposite the main entrance, is one fitted up as a Romish church. It has now become converted into a storehouse for military fixtures. These rooms are at best dark, dungeon-like abodes ; and, by natural associa- tion, they revive the recollection of scenes characteristic of a dark and cruel age. Some of these gloomy retreats, though like Bunyan's giant Despair they now can only grin in ghastly silence at the Pilgrim stranger, yet look as if they were once the strong-holds of despotic power. With this character the gossip of common fame also charges them. The Castle commands the entrance to the harbor. Its water battery is furnished with a complement of Paixhan guns of heavy caliber. These are in a state of readi- ness to be mounted. The Castle is a place of chief and universal attraction to the curious stranger. On approaching the main en- trance, through the principal gateway, the first object of interest is a Spanish inscription, engraved on 'the solid rock immediately over head, and under the arms of Spain, and is as follows, viz. :* " Rcynando en Espana * TRANSLATION. " Don Ferdinand the Sixth being King of Spain, and the Field Marshal, Don Alonzo Fernandos de Herida being Governor and Captain General of this place, St. Augustine of Florida and its province, this fortress was finished in the year 1756. The works were directed by the Capt. Engineer, Don Pedro de Brazas y Garay." See Williamtfs Hist. Flor. PUBLIC WORKS. 15 el son Don Fernando Sexto y Sierdo Governador y Capi- tan General di esta Plaza de San Augustine de Florida y su Provincia el Moriscal de Campo Dn. Alonzo Fer- nandez de He rid a. se conduyo este Castello el ano de 1756 dirigendo las abras et Capitan ynginero Don Pedro de Brazas y Garay." On reaching the interior of the Fort, the several apart- ments may be explored, except those where the magazine is found, and those which are used as cells for prisoners the State being permitted to confine its prisoners therein. Within the bastion of the northeast angle, far under ground, is a dark, dungeon-like recess, constructed of solid mason-work. Before entering here, the guide will furnish himself with a torchlight of pitch- wood. This place was accidentally discovered soon after the work fell into the hands of the American army. It was then walled up, and was not before known to have had an existence. Of this concealed retreat, Rumor has whispered strange things. A human skeleton, with the fragments of a pair of boots and an empty mug for water, it is alleged were discovered within. A.S to the history of the place whether it was once an inquisitorial chamber, or the scene of vengeance, where bigotry invoked the secular arm to silence heretical tongues, and suppress heretical thoughts; and as to the name, character, standing, guilt or innocence, pleasures or pains, of the poor unfortunate to whom the boots and bones belonged, there is silence. Either Fame has been unable to catch the echo through 16 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. the lapse of time, or shame bids her be silent, or horror has paralyzed her tongue. By these, and like rumors, either truth or fiction has succeeded in investing this place with mysterious and melancholy interest to an American citizen. The Barracks occupy a spot on which were the ruins of an ancient monkish retreat, near the south end. The main building is a substantial structure, of large dimen- sions and neat appearance. The prospect from it, of the harbor, bar, ocean, and neighboring country, is delight- ful. Its location is one of the most eligible in the city. A large space is inclosed in rear of the main building, for a garden ; the southern extremity of which is occupied as a military burial ground, where repose the ashes of the major part of the regular force of the United States, who fell in battle during the recent bloody Seminole war. Chaste and beautiful monuments with appropriate inscriptions, mark the spot where sleep the gory dead. Here, beneath two pyramids, together in one bed repose the ashes of one hundred and seven men the gallant Major Bade and his intrepid warriors a sacri- fice to the vengeance of the brave and warlike Seminole, who with the Indian agent were the first fruits of the terrible threat of Osceola, who having indignantly rejected all overtures on the part of the government to leave the graves of his fathers, on closing his intercourse with the government agent, being refused the right of purchasing powder, thus addressed himself to Geu. Thompson : " Am I a negro ? a slave ? My skin is dark, but not black. I am an Indian a Seminole. The 1 22 i PUBLIC WORKS. 17 white man shall not make me black ! I will make the white man red with blood ; and then blacken him in the sun and rain, where the wolf shall smell his bones, and the buzzard live upon his flesh !" * The extreme point of the peninsula, south, on which the city is located, is occupied with the outlines of an ancient breastwork, in a ruinous condition, and the United States Arsenal build- ings. On the whole, it will be seen, from the facts above stated, that this city is not without its interest to the anti- quary and to the historian. If not old Spain in miniature, it is a chip of the block of the old in the new world, a relic of the past interwoven with the texture of the pre- sent age. * Sprague's Hist. War in Florida. 18 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. CHAPTER II. HISTORY EARLY SETTLEMENT. THIS city is by forty years the oldest town within the limits of the United States of America. It was the offspring of the religious bigotry, fanaticism, and jea- lousy, of a barbarous but heroic age. On the 8th of September, 1565, at noonday, on the celebration of a religious festival in honor of Mary, the virgin goddess of Papal homage and superstitious rever- ence, a creature of the Spanish government, Pedro Me- lendez by name, who had recently crossed from the old world, entered this harbor, debarked, and taking formal possession of the country, proclaimed Philip II king of North America, had the service of Mass performed, and the foundations of the town immediately laid. THE ORIGINAL FOUNDER. Pedro Melendez was a 1 ' man of blood. His bigotry had been nourished, says the historian, in the wars against the Protestants of Holland. He had also acquir- ed wealth and notoriety in the conquests of Spanish America. But there he had been guilty of such excesses, and pursued a course of such rapacity, that his conduct had THE ORIGINAL FOUNDER. 19 provoked inquiry. It ended in his arrest and conviction. The king confirmed sentence against him. To recover o MINORCAN POPULATION. 41 From the time of the retrocession of the Floridas, till the disturbances growing out of the late war with Eng- land, there was a state of comparative quiet in the border settlements. But ancient jealousies and the seeds of- former dissensions, differences of religion, and the re- membrance of past injuries, had not been altogether eradicated. Moreover, the occupants of lands on the line between the American and Spanish nations found those within the Spanish domain who strongly sympa- thized with the free and liberal spirit of American insti- tutions, as seen in contrast with the despotic features of a military government under the control of an intolerant and bigoted hierarchy. A patriot war ensued.* A neutral territory was erected. Spanish authority was rejected. Augustine was again invaded. But the American government in- terposed, restored quiet, and immediately entered upon negotiations with the king of Spain for the purchase of the Floridas. ^. These negotiations were at length crowned with suc- cess ; and on the 17th of June, 1821, the "stars and stripes" of the United States of America floated from the Castle, and St. Augustine became an Anglo-American town, under the government of the American general, Andrew Jackson. f Protected by the shadow of the * It is more than probable that the American government con- nived at, if it did not encourage, these transactions. EDITOR. t It is well known that the Spanish governor of West Florida attempted to withhold from the United States the public papers, and 42 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. American eagle, for the first time, the genius of the American institutions called together her sons and daugh- ters in the old Government House, for the exercise of a right which had been watered with Protestant blood in the soil of Florida centuries before "freedom to worship God." On Friday, the llth of June, 1824, was organ- ized the Presbyterian church. Subsequently, the Prot- estant and Methodist Episcopal churches were estab- lished. Thus Protestant influence and institutions gained a firm foothold in the ancient Spanish capital of East Florida. It is related,* that immediately on the exchange of flags a strange sight was seen in the city. A Methodist that Governor Jackson was under the necessity of resorting to com- pulsory measures to obtain them. The same disposition was exhibited by the governor of the East. Captain Hanham had been appointed sheriff of East Florida, and was dispatched for St. Augustine, and required to be there in seven- teen days. He arrived within the given time, and applied to Gov- ernor Coppinger for the public records. The governor declined, and gave him to understand that he should resist his authority. Under- standing that a vessel lay in the offing ready to receive the papers and -convey them to Cuba, Hanham forced his way into the govern- or's room. There he found the papers nearly all packed in eleven strong boxes. He seized them all, and delivered them over into the hands of the collector of the United States. It was afterwards found that the papers thus rescued were of the greatest importance to the United States. These summary proceedings created an excitement at the time, which however soon passed away. * This was told the author as coming from the lips of the man who was the subject of this anecdote, who still lives. MINORCAN POPULATION. 43 itinerant was observed, wending his way from street to street and from house to house on a religious mission, distributing Protestant religious books; and otherwise intruding himself among the sons and daughters of the mother church. The circumstance, so unusual, and the great presump- tion of the stranger, of course alarmed the Romish eccle- siastical authority. The priest could not brook such intrusion. He went in pursuit of the presumptuous man in black, and when he had overtaken him, menaced him with the indignation of his ghostly power if he did not at once desist. The itinerant surveyed him for a moment in silence, as if measuring with his eye the capacity of his power, and then, with the most imperturbable coolness, and an impudent though significant movement of the eye, pointed the wrathy shadow of the Pope to the " stars and stripes," which now proudly floated over the battlements of the Castle when it vanished, and left the Methodist minister to prosecute his favorite work among the people as he listed. This, undoubtedly, was the first time that prelacy had been taught a lesson of forbearance here, or to consider the nature of the change which had come over the scene of its former undisputed sway, and to understand, that under the flag of the United States of America man was protected in the enjoyment of his high prerogative " freedom to worship God." 44 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. DESTRUCTION OF THE ORANGE GROVES. Prior to February, 1835, groves of the sweet orange had for many years, and with great care, been brought into a thrifty and productive state. Then St. Augustine was one immense orange orchard, and appeared, says an eye-witness, " like a rustic village, with its white houses peeping from among the clustered boughs and golden fruit of the favorite tree, beneath whose shade the invalid cooled his fevered limbs and imbibed health from the fragrant air." Much attention was given to the rearing of orange orchards, and large investments had been made in planting out nurseries of fruit trees, which, indeed, could hardly supply the demand for the young trees. The season prior to February, 1835, was very pro- ductive. Some of the orange groves paid from one to three thousand dollars. I have been informed, that twelve years ago the income to the city was some $72,000 per annum. Mature, thrifty trees sometimes produced 6000 oranges ; and the average product per annum of a single tree was 500 oranges. In the vigor and thrift of the orange business, the annual export of oranges was between 2 and 3,000,000 per annum from this city. The trade was brisk, and a source of revenue and profit to the place of great value. In the orange season, the harbor was enlivened with a fleet of fruit vessels, that thronged the city for the purchase and transportation of oranges to the northern market. But on the night of the fatal month of February, 1835, TROPICAL FRUIT CULTURE. 45 a frost cut down the entire species of the orange tribe, some of the trees rivaling in stature the sturdy forest oak. At one fell stroke, the labor and profit of years of toil the inheritance of many generations the little all of many families, were swept away ! The resources of the city were dried up ! Many were hurled in a night from the seat of affluence, into the lap of poverty and distress ! To this day, the city has not recovered from the blight of that dire stroke. Shoots from the withered stocks of the old trees have indeed sprung up, and been struggling for life ever since, but under the pressure of disease ; and all efforts to resuscitate the tree have been rendered abortive by the ravages of insignificant animalculae, which prey on the life and vigor of the young shoots, and perpetuate the influence of the frost of 1835. TROPICAL FRUIT CULTURE OF EAST FLORIDA. There are important facts relative to these agricultural products and resources of East Florida, which ought to be better understood by those, who, on account of consti- tutional delicacy, consumptive habits, or other causes, at the north, are disposed to seek other and more congenial latitudes. On the east coast of South Florida the lands are productive, and healthy in location. On the St. Lu- cie River and Sound, the banks are high shell bluff, and exceedingly fertile for high lands. Though north of the tropical latitude, yet the climate is so genial, that it nour- ishes with luxuriance, in the open air, most of the fruits of tropical climes. The cocoa, orange, lemon, lime, guava, citron, pine-apple, banana, and other like pro- 46 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. ducts, together with the semi-tropical fruits, the grape, fig, olive, &c., and garden vegetables, the cabbage, po- tato, beet, onion, with various species of the melon kind, grow with great luxuriance. Orange orchards, pine- apple fields, banana and cocoa-nut groves, are now in process of cultivation by settlers, many of whom are from the north, and have begun to clear their lands with- in the last few years. Industry and perseverance are the chief investments of capital required, in order to reap ample remuneration. Northern men, with their own hands, are now thus en- gaged. It is no longer an experiment. On the banks of the Indian River and St. Lucie Sound fruiteries are being raised. Fruit groves and cane fields are being planted, which will probably ere long furnish for northern mar- kets the delicious products of tropical climes, in a more perfect condition and of better quality than can be else- where found. The lands of tropical Florida on the east coast, in the region of the Indian River, appear to be of an older for- mation, and are on a higher level above the sea, than those in this neighborhood. The landscape is finer. The climate is more salubrious. Its attractions for those who wish to make their own labor their capital, from which they shall be enabled to draw a support for themselves and families, are great. The orange, pine-apple, and sugar lands of South Florida are worthy more attention from agriculturists, capitalists, and emigrants, than they have received ; and the day is not far distant, when their rich resources will begin to be developed, and will excite interest. T.M. of J . TROPICAL FRUIT CULTURE. 47 The orange culture has been proved to be a source of great profit. It will be again, whenever in this country groves can be reared. The culture of the pine-apple will be found to be of equal worth with that of the orange. The pine is said to mature its fruit from the slips, when they are well set out, in about eighteen months, and their stocks will continue to bear for several years. One acre of land will produce some 40,000 pines, and the sale of this fruit is made in market at say from ten to eighteen dollars per hundred. Moreover, the fruit from the pine plants of South Flo- rida need not be plucked till it has matured on its stock. It will therefore come into market in a more mature con- dition, and of finer flavor than any that can elsewhere be grown. It will bring the highest market prices ; and the fruit of this kind that has already been grown, by competent judges is said to be of the best quality. The lands which are adapted to this culture are, in- deed, of limited extent; but there are sufficient to sup- ply the home market. These facts, together with the salubrity of the fruit- growing region, must ere long attract attention from the public. Thousands, in that mild and equable climate, might there live and labor, and enjoy a ripe old age, who must soon die, amid the vicissitudes of the climate in the north. Admitting that the pine-apple, on account of risks in transportation and cost in getting to market, should be worth only about one-half the market price in the field, 48 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. yet an acre of thrifty, well cultivated pines will yield from $1500 to $2000 per annum. At five cents each, the product of an acre of pine-fruit would be $2000. These calculations show the great value of the pine lands and other fruit soil of Tropical Florida. These facts have but to be known, to be understood and appre- ciated. They indicate the great resources of South Florida, in the soil of its tropical fruit lands, which is a region of country lying some forty miles south of Cape Carnavaral. ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE. 49 CHAPTER III. ST. AUGUSTINE AS A PLACE OF RESORT FOR INVALIDS. ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE. THIS city enjoys many advantages in respect to climate, which are peculiar. The same may be true of the cli- mate of the Florida peninsula in general. An intelligent correspondent of the Army and Navy Chronicle, in an interesting article, thus writes of the climate of Florida : " Florida, from its position, lying just north of the Tropic of Cancer, and being nearly surrounded by water, would be judged to possess one of the blandest and most equable climates in the world. And such, in fact, for several months in the year, is found to be the case. " In the interior and upper portions, the variations in the annual temperature are considerable 80 and 90 degrees. The diurnal variations are considerable. On the sea- coast and in the lower part of the territory, where regular trade-winds prevail, the temperature is so much less va- riable, that the islands about capes Florida and Sable are in this respect unexcelled perhaps by any other region of the globe." Dr. Forry,* U. S. A., thus writes of the climate of this region : " Among the various systems of climate * Author of a standard work on climate, and of the highest pro- fessional authority. 50 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. presented in the United States, that of the peninsula of Florida is wholly peculiar. Possessing an insular tem- perature, not less equable and salubrious in winter than that afforded by the south of Europe, it will be seen that invalids requiring a mild winter residence, have gone to foreign lands in search of what might have been found at home. Florida therefore merits the attention of phy- sicians at the north ; for here the pulmonary invalid may exchange for the inclement seasons of the north, or the deteriorated atmosphere of a room to which he may be confined, the mild, equable temperature, the soft, balmy breezes of an evergreen land." " For many years," says Dr. Wardeman, " afflicted with phthisis, and compelled to pass the last seven win- ters in the West Indies and the southern parts of Florida, we have been necessarily placed in communication with numerous invalids similarly affected, many of whom were under our professional care ; and from personal experience and the observation of others, we have had ample opportunities for comparing the effects of different climates on the disease. Premising that we have passed five winters in Cuba, one at Key West, and one at Enter- prise, East Florida. Florida has the advantage over Italy, in having no mountain ranges covered during win- ter with snows ; the cold blasts from the Apennines and the Jura mountains, rendering a large portion of Italy and southern France unfit for invalids unable to bear a sudden and great increase of temperature." Dr. Bernard Byrne thus writes of the climate of Flo- rida (see the National Intelligencer of May 18th, 1843) : ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE. 51 " Taking it the year round, the climate of East Florida is much more agreeable than any other in the United States, or even than that of Italy. In the southern por- tion of the peninsula frost is never (rarely) felt ; even so far north as the Suwanee River, there are generally but three or four nights in a. whole winter that ice as thick as a quarter of a dollar is formed. The winter weather is delightful in East Florida, beyond description. It very much resembles that season which in the Middle States is termed " Indian Summer ;" except that in Florida the sky is perfectly clear, and the atmosphere more dry and elastic. We now will consider the climate of St. Augustine in particular. There is circulated a sentiment prejudi- cial to the virtue of the climate of St. Augustine, as a resort for invalids in search of health. This may be all very natural, when the interest north of this city, served by the traveling public, is considered ; but it is not just. Experience usually contradicts this sentiment. It is en- countered under various exaggerated forms of statement, all along the southern inland route. In the face of de- clarations designed to forestall opinion against the place, however, many have persevered, and found experience the wisest counselor. Says a correspondent to the Florida Herald, 1848 : " I have occasionally been in the interior. In every instance, however, I have found the climate of this city preferable on the whole. The same is true of every place I have visited south, if I except the climate of south or tropical FldVida, which I believe to be without a parallel." 52 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. These remarks on the nature of the climate, exhibiting its advantages, are founded. on the experience and obser- vation of individuals who have thoroughly tested its vir- tues, and who were capable of forming and of expressing an intelligent opinion many of these writers being called, in the course of professional duty, to analyze and study the nature and effects of climate. Let me suggest certain peculiarities, which impart to the climate of St. Augustine peculiar advantages over any interior or more northern locality, and which are properties peculiarly favorable to a restoration of im- paired health. During the winter months, the extremes of temperature, though the transitions are somewhat more sudden, are nevertheless not so great here as in the interior. This peculiarity follows a law of climate, which, both north and south, causes it to be warmer in ifie neighborhood of the sea in winter, than in regions remote therefrom. It is also cooler in summer. The east winds here are far different from the east winds at the north. Though somewhat raw and gusty, they are nevertheless shorn of their intensity, and greatly modified, in their passage across and along the Gulf stream. They thus lose very much of their asperity, and would hardly be recognized by a New Englander, being usually unattended with rain. In summer, the air is neither so hot nor as sultry as it is inland, where respiration is attended with a suffocating sensation. The atmosphere of the sea-coast is not so highly rarefied. The process of evaporation, which is perpetually going on, ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE. 53 tends to equalize temperature, and so to adapt the atmos- phere to the action of the respiratory organs, that one breathes freely and easily. By the same process, the intensity of the heat is greatly abated. The afternoons and evenings are invariably cool and refreshing. The atmosphere exhilarates. On one's energies and spirits, it acts as a stimulus, so that one does not suffer from lassitude here, as is usual at the north. The nights are refreshing in the hottest season. This remark is true, I believe, only of the atmosphere in the neighbor- hood of the sea, amid the coast climate. Indeed, the whole body of the atmosphere on the coast is more pure and healthful than in the interior ; and is believed also to be medicinal in its effects. The various chemical in- gredients of the atmosphere on the coast, are powerful disinfecting agents, which are perpetually elaborated, from the prodigious evaporation and other chemical com- binations of the mineral waters of the sea, whose grand elements are soda and chlorine. These impart to the atmosphere healing power and medicinal virtue. The sea and the sun are laboratories of healthful energy and influence, which are projected into this atmosphere from natural resources, and which are taken into the system by the ordinary process of respiration. For these reasons, invalids have often experienced as great, if not greater benefit, from a summer residence here, than from a win- ter sojourn. Disease, taken in its incipient stages, may be eradicated, under the influence of the climate alone, aided by the " vis medicatrix natura." Air and exercise are the chief medicines required. 54 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. CLASS OF DISEASES REACHED AND FAVORABLY AFFECTED BY THIS CLIMATE. In relation to this interesting point of inquiry, the opinions and reasoning of Dr. Samuel Forry (in the Journal of Medical Science, in the year 1841) are full and explicit. Bronchitis. " The advantage of a winter residence in a more southern latitude, as respects this disease, becomes at once apparent. " If the invalid can avoid the transition of the seasons, that meteorological condition of the atmosphere which stands first among the causes that induce catarrhal lesions, he will do much towards controlling the malady. "As regards the change of climate, it will be observed that in the advantages enumerated, reference is made only to chronic bronchitis. " The climate of Florida has been found beneficial in cases of incipient pulmonary consumption, and those threatened with disease from hereditary or acquired indisposition. It is in chronic bronchial affections more particularly that it speedily manifests its salutary tend- ency. " But there are other forms of disease, in which such a climate as that of East Florida is not unfrequently of decided advantage. To this class belongs asthma. " In chronic disorders of the digestive organs, where no inflammation exists, or structural changes have superven- ed in viscera important to life, but the indication is merely to remove disease of a functional character, a winter's residence promises great benefit ; but exercise in the DISEASES AFFECTED BY THE CLIMATE. 55 open air, aided by a proper regimen, are indispensable adjuncts. " In many of those obscure affections called nervous, unconnected with inflammation, exercise and traveling in this climate, are frequently powerful and efficient re- medies. " Chronic rheumatism, though apparently much less under the influence of meteorological causes than pulmo- nic affections, will be often benefited by a winter residence in Florida. As these cases often resist the best directed efforts of medicines, it is the only remedy which the northern physician can recommend with a reasonable prospect of success. " When there exists a general delicacy of the constitu- tion in childhood, often the rubeola, or scarlatina mani- festing itself by symptoms indicative of a scrofulous disposition, a winter residence in a warm climate frequently produces the most salutary effects. " Another form of disease remains to be alluded to, in which change of climate promises healing power, viz. : premature decay of the constitution, characterized by general evidence of deteriorated health, whilst some tissue or organ important to life commonly mani- fests symptoms of abnormal action. This remarkable change occurs without any obvious cause, and is not unappropriately termed in common parlance, ' a breaking up of the constitution.' In treating of the climate of Florida, the primary object held in view, is to direct attention to its fitness as a winter residence for northern invalids. 56 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. " A comparison with the most favored situation on the continent of Europe and the islands held in the highest estimation for mildness and equability of climate, affords results in no way disparaging. A comparison of the mean temperature of winter and summer, that of the coldest and warmest months and seasons, furnishes results generally in favor of the Peninsula of Florida. " On the coast of Florida, the average number of fair days, is about 250 ; while in the Northern States, the average number of fair days per annum, is about 120. Though climate is one of the most powerful remedial agents, and one, too, which in many cases will admit no substitute, yet much permanent advantage will not result, either from traveling or change of climate, unless the invalid adheres strictly to such regimen as his case may require. "The attention of many persons suffering with pul- monary diseases having been directed to the southern section of the United States, as a temporary residence for the benefit of their health, and there being much diversity of sentiment as to the location most proper for attaining this desirable end, I propose to offer to the public some facts derived from personal observation. Having in the early part of last year been the subject of an attack, that threatened a rapid termination in consumption, the unanimous opinions of several of my medical friends concurred with my own judgment, to induce me to avoid the vicissitudes of the approaching winter in our varying climate ; and I felt compelled to make an effort, which to every appearance was to decide the event of my disease. DISEASES AFFECTED BY THE CLIMATE. 57 " St. Augustine in East Florida, was the place to which my views had been directed, and I arrived there soon after the commencement of the present year. A few days' residence convinced me of the efficacy of the climate in promoting my own health ; and from the observations I was continually enabled to make, in re- ference to the invalids who had resorted there, from motives similar to my own, I became assured of the ex- cellent effects of the climate : and am fully satisfied, that although prudence would have dictated a removal two months earlier in the season, the present great improve- ment of my health is to be attributed almost wholly to having substituted for the variations of our own latitude, the mildness of that favored region. St. Augustine is the most southern location * on our extensive seaboard to which a valetudinarian can resort, with any prospect of obtaining the attentions and comforts requisite for the improvement of health. " The climate of St. Augustine, seems peculiarly adapted to the improvement of patients with consumptive chronic affections of the lungs, asthma, spitting of blood, rheumatism, and dyspepsia. It is a fact worthy of re- mark, that though it is universally acknowledged the advanced stages of pulmonary consumption are often beyond the power of medical skill to produce restoration, * There are now points in South Florida in a tropical climate, where preparations are being made for the accommodation of invalid strangers. The banks of the Indian River, St. Lucia Sound, and the Miami, possess advantages over any other place in this country. 3* SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. yet most of those who resort to a change of climate for cure, reject the advantages to be derived from the removal, until the disease shall have made such exten- sive ravages as to render hopeless every prospect of renovation. " Many cases of this nature I had an opportunity of ob- serving during the last winter ; and, in some instances, the patients seemed to have hastened from their homes whilst the last glimmerings of life only remained. "The benefit of the climate of St. Augustine will be particularly evident in the incipient stages of those affections, for the cure of which it has been celebrated ; and those invalids who contemplate a removal thither, ought not to allow the commencement of winter to sur- prise them whilst preparing for departure. " The glowing, and even exaggerated reports of this climate, that have been given by some persons of lively imagination, have occasioned disappointment to a few whose expectations had been greatly excited. Never- theless, I am persuaded, generally, a residence there during the winter season will contribute much to the advantage of every stage of pulmonary affections." Ex- tracts from a Circular published in Philadelphia, 1830, by James Cox, M. D, TEMPERATURE OF THE CITY. 59 TEMPERATURE. TABLES OF THE COMPARATIVE AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERA- TURE OF THIS CITY. TABLE I. Exhibiting a Comparison between the Mean Temperature of the most favorite Resorts for Health in other Countries and that of St. Augustine Fahrenheit's Thermometer. MEAN DIFFERENCE OF THE SUCCESSIVE MONTHS. Pisa, . Nice, Rome, Penzance, Eng., Madeira, 5.75 4.74 439 3.5 2.41 St. Augustine, Flor., 3.55 MEAN ANNUAL RANGE. Naples, . . Nice, .. Rome, .. Penzance, . Madeira, . St. Augustine, deg. 64 60 62 49 59 TABLE II. Exhibition of the Mean Temperature of each Month at St. Augus- tine, East Florida Years 1825, 1828, 1830. January, February, March, April, May, June, deg. 62.15 64.97 66.53 68.68 76.44 81.12 July, . August, . September, October, . November, December, 82.36 82.68 77.55 73.61 67.47 61.31 TABLE IIL Exhibition of the Mean Annual Monthly Range for the same Years. Annual range, 59. deg. deg. January, 35 July, . 14 February, 30 August, 12 March, . 25 September, . 14 April, . 31 October, 22 May, 20 November, . 22 June, 17 December, 36 60 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. TABLE IV. TROPICAL FLORIDA. Northern Limits of the Tropical Fruit-growing Region Fort Pierce. Indian River Inlet* C H S -E e -3 1 I 4J - a 3 g S $ g :i |- rf^^^^c.OT^-^ri.Ci; ^ * a N > [joo^t-j 2 ^ ^ - M ^ ^ fe i - c T. ed o O I-H N ?. HC1 -(-I i - "3 2 S .5 .- ~ '~_ H 1" N ^ I-^ 00 O !M 1 1 1 *"(?} I Ha 't p ? Z ci "3 o pi- j .H SSt- l t23S^t^:?;t - z n a s C2 o g i ^ "^^^i^-^CC-O^Q^SulS;; Fr i r^ 2 m B 52 ADVANTAGES OF ACCOMMODATION. 61 ADVANTAGES OF ACCOMMODATION. The accommodations for invalids, in this city, are comparable with any that can be furnished in this region, and will be ample. There are four public houses, two of which, in regard to style, convenience, and comfort, will compare well with any like establishments. The " Magnolia House," erected by B. E. Carr, is a spacious and attractive resort. Its style of architecture is neat ; its grounds are laid out with taste ; its location is eligible. Its host was trained in one of the best establish- ments of the city of New- York, and of course understands well how both to satisfy and please those who make his house the home of their sojourn. The Magnolia House, though recently opened for public accommodation, it has been found necessary considerably to enlarge. This work its enterprising proprietor is now engaged upon. It will be also modified so as to suit the convenience and meet the wants of the public, by affording many comforts and conveniences not generally attached to a hotel. Seven- teen additional rooms, with a new and spacious dining hall, are to be added, which in many respects will make it one of the most desirable places of sojourn for families and travelers in this city, as well as for invalids. The " Planters' Hotel " is a spacious and convenient public house, well adapted to the accommodation of the public. This large establishment is to be opened the ensuing fall, under the supervision of its present proprie- 62 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. tor, Mr. Loring. The "Florida House," on the side opposite, is a large, well-kept establishment, belonging to Mr. Cole ; the " City Hotel," under Mr. Bridier, is also open. There are several neat private residences, where strangers and sojourners can be accommodated, at rea- sonable prices. The boarding establishment of Mrs. Reid is an attractive establishment, capable of accommodating many persons, both families and single. The residence of Mrs. Dr. Anderson is conspicuous on the avenue leading over the bridge near the St. Sebas- tian River. It is built of the native coquina rock, and was embosomed in a grove of young orange trees, of which the decaying stumps and sickly shoots are all that remain, together with the hedge of_Spanish bayonet, which inclosed it. These suffice to designate " Mark- land," though shorn of its glory which is partially sup- plied by a grove of olive trees now in bearing. " Yallaha" is the neat cottage residence of P. B. Dun- nas. It is the Indian word for orange. Yallaha is situ- ated on the river St. Sebastian, and is distinguished for the beauty and healthfulness of its position, and also for the delicious strawberries which enrich its blushing gar- dens in the month of March. It was in orange times the site of a beautiful and ex- tensive grove of trees, variegated with green foliage and golden fruit and fragrant blossoms. It is the purpose of the proprietor to erect on his grounds commodious boarding establishments. RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. 63 RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. This city contains a small circle of intelligent and cultivated society. It is not as yet deformed with the arts and moral conveniences of more fashionable circles, in the higher walks of life. It needs not the blandish- ments it dreads not the encroachments which, if tolera- ted in higher circles, would dissipate the fictitious colors that glow to deceive around fashionable intercourse. Its very simplicity is at once its greatest charm and surest defence against impertinent intrusion. The city affords comfortable, if not elegant homes, to the invalid sojourner, both in public houses and private families, through which he will have a more or less direct connection with the avenues to the Anglo-American society. Excellent medical aid can here be commanded, from resident mem- bers of the profession ; and the institutions of religion can be enjoyed under the several forms of the Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches. The invalid will here find a home in his sojourn, where he will meet with some of the advantages which distin- guish the more cultivated circles of northern society. The sportsman, with his line and gun, can satisfy his largest desires in the way of game and angling. The boatman has a spacious harbor and the broad Atlantic open to him for health and pleasure, though it must be confessed that good boats are in great demand without a supply. The active, agile " Indian Pony," is a luxury to 64 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. those who seek health in horsemanship. In the neigh- borhood, on the estate of Capt. Hanham, of the ordnance department, are springs, which are alleged to contain mineral waters ; and to which invalids sometimes ride in a conveyance the proprietor has had fitted up, and runs for that purpose. And then pleasure excursions over the beach are frequent. A boatman with his crew are secured the day beforehand, a party having been made up for such an expedition. The boatman and crew are usually negroes. The party having provided themselves with a lunch, apparatus for making coffee, knives and forks, and other necessary and useful articles for an oyster pic-nic, embark in the morning. They wend their way across the harbor, de- bark, and arrange matters so as that, the scattered fragments of the expedition shall be gathered at the proper time and place, to partake of the refreshments, and then disperse, some for the light-house, and others for the quarry while the boat's crew are left to collect oysters, and gather fuel for the roast on the beach. When the repast has been finished, the party return, loaded with specimens of rocks and natural history, fatigued, indeed, but gratified and benefited. This ex- cursion is both pleasant and useful ; and should the resort to this watering place for health increase as it has been doing, there doubtless will be afforded greater facilities for more extended and healthful water excur- sions : such expeditions, whether for shell or fish, in this climate being healthful and pleasant. Ordinarily, ex- RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. 65 I posure does not induce colds, and may be taken without risk. The moonlight walks, are truly delightful beyond description. Those who reside at the north, and have never beheld, can have no adequate conception of a moonlight scene on the coast of Florida. A recent writer thus speaks of it : " The nocturnal aspect of the heavens differs from a northern one, in the same manner that two paintings may differ, the warmth and richness of the one contrasting with the coldness and poverty of the other." It is no unusual thing for ladies to appear abroad on the public promenade, in their light, loose, flowing dresses, without shawl or bonnet, with denuded neck and arms, till near midnight, and not suffer the least risk c r inconvenience. Nature, in silence, ma- jesty, and beauty, invites her children to enjoy her moonlight luxuries. She fans them with soft and fra- grant breezes. She allures them into the open air, and charms them with the gorgeous magnificence of the nocturnal scene, in which every object, earth, sea, and sky, are made to glow in rich and pure effulgence. Who can restrain himself from the enjoyment of health and exercise, amid such attractions? and that, too, without peril from evening dews and tainted atmos- phere ? The maiden and her lover, the matron and her spouse, the youth and children, alike participate in the enjoy- ment of these natural luxuries ; and make the welkin ring at midnight often, with the merry peal of joy and 66 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. life, or with the notes of music, accompanied with the soft mellifluous strains of the guitar and viol. There are various customs, relics of Popish supersti- tion and Spanish practice, yet prevalent in the city. CARNIVAL. Carnival is here observed, though not with its ancient excess of folly. This is a religious festival, observed in Roman Catholic countries, as a season of feasting, by which another religious festival called Lent is introduced. It is usually celebrated " by feasts, operas, balls, concerts, &c." In this city it is celebrated by masquerade dances by night, idle and frivolous street sport, in processions of vagrant men and boys, disguised in masks and grotesque array by daylight. A most ridiculous burlesque is exhibited in honor of St. Peter, the fisherman of Galilee, by which his pro- fessional skill in the use of the net is attempted to be illustrated. This is the closing farce of the feast of car- nival. The description of this, as it passed under the eye of the author at the very last carnival, may suffice to give a stranger some idea of its folly. As I passed along one of the narrow streets of the city, my attention was arrested by the various exclama- tions and boisterous cries of a motley crowd of black and white, who thronged the street, occasionally surging to the right hand and left.* I was at first at a loss to account for it. On a nearer approach, I perceived two half-grown men heading a SHERIVAREE. 67 rabble of boys and others, with the face masked and concealed, and the person attired in a coarse, shabby fisher's dress. Over the shoulder of each was flung a common Spanish net. Whenever a boy black or white came within range of a cast, the net was suddenly spread, and thrown over the lad's head so as to inclose his person. There was seldom more than one throw of the net ; and if it were not successful, it was seldom repeated on the same individual. Thus the streets were beset till the farce the solemn farce in illustra- tion of the call of Peter to become a " fisher of men " was ended. SHERIVAREE. On an evening after the celebration of the nuptials of an inhabitant of the city, who has been before mar- ried, and thus emerges from a state of widowhood, the welkin is made to ring with a most discordant concert of voices, horns, tin pans, and other boisterous sounds. It is an excessively annoying exhibition, to say nothing of its ill-manners, and gross violation of the peace and good order of society. The whole city is usually dis- turbed by such riot and confusion, as in any orderly community would consign the perpetrators to a guard- house, or prison, till they had taken some practical lessons in decency. This is what is here termed Sheri- varee. The residence of the newly married pair is beset by the rabble in some cases, till it is bought off with money, or whisky. There are some other customs and practices growing 68 SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. out of the foreign extraction of the city, and connected with religious festivals, and which are the relics of the past, that are now passing rapidly away. FACILITIES OF COMMUNICATION. There are two routes, by which invalid strangers from the north may reach this city. The one is direct by sea, from either Charleston or New-York ; the other is by the inland steam and stage route. The former is occasional ; the latter is always available, though there is some prospect that a direct communication will be opened, and sustained between this city and Charleston ere long. The voyage from New- York, by sailing or steam- packet, through to Charleston or Savannah, is the most reliable and expeditious. Twice a week, steamboats connect between Savannah and the St. John's River, at Picolata. The distance from Picolata to St. Augustine, is over land, and about eighteen miles. This distance is overcome by stage-coach, and a new and convenient omnibus the present proprietor of the line, Mr. Bridier, has just had completed for that route. Passengers are met by these conveyances, and usually reach St. Augus- tine by 4 o'clock P. M., and often about noon. There is an inland steam connection between Charleston, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., with which the Florida boats con- nect twice in a week. The most expeditious and economical route to Florida is that by which the traveler takes passage direct from New- York to Savannah, where he will be received by FACILITIES OF COMMUNICATION. 69 the steamer, with his baggage, and brought into Florida and landed within eighteen miles of St. Augustine ; the distance to which, from Savannah, is 218 miles. The passage from Savannah, especially over the wa- ters of the noble river of the St. John's, is pleasant and instructive. The lover of nature the curious stranger may each be gratified. In passing along this route, the traveler will get a " bird's-eye view " of a conside- rable portion of the southern country, on the seaboard. The plantations marshes and peculiar varieties of trees, among which the noted cabbage-tree will be con- spicuouscreeks inlets and the various specimens'of natural history the alligator and peculiar species of water-fowl met with and the various contrasts between northern and southern habits, as presented in agricultu- ral life will be novelties, more or less interesting and instructive to the curious traveler. Many preju- dices will be dissipated many errors will be corrected many contrasts will be presented. FINIS. 153 Broadway, NEW YORK. 142 Strand, LOXDON. Of lata firm of WII.XT * POTJTAM. New Works in Press, Or recently published, by GEORGE P, PUTNAM, 155 Broadway, New York. G. P. PUTNAM has the pleasure of announcing that, agreeably to his contract with the distinguished author, he has now in the course of publication A new, uniform, and complete edition or THE Works of Washington Irving, Revised and enlarged by the Author, In Twelve Elegant Duodecimo Volumet, Beautifully printed with new type, and on superior paper, made expressly for the purpose. The first volume of the Series will be The Sketch-Book, complete in one volume, which will be ready on the first day of September. Knickerbocker's History of New York., with revisions and copious additions, will be published on the 1st of October. The Life and Voyages of Columbus, Vol. I. on the 1st of November, and the succeeding volumes will be issued on the first day of each month until com- pleted ; as follows : The Sketch-Book, in one volume. t The Crayon Miscellany, in one Knickerbocker's New York, in one volume. Tales of a Traveller, in one volume. Sracebridge Hall, in one volume. The Conquest of Grenada, in one volume. The Alhambra, in one volume. The Spanish Legends, in one vol. vol. Abbotsford, JVewstead, The Prairies, fc. Life and Voyages of Columbia, and The Companions of Co- lumbus, 2 vols. Adventures of Captain Bonnevillc, one vol. Astoria, one volume. The Illustrated Sketch-Book. In October will be published, The Sketch. Book. BY WASHINGTON IRVING. One volume, square octavo. Illustrated with a series of highly-finished Engravings on wood, from Designs by Dartey and others, engraved in the beat style by Childs, Herrick, &c. This edition will be printed on paper of the finest quality, similar in size and style t<> the new edition of Hallcck'* Poems." It is intended that the illustrations shall be superior to any engravings on wood yet produced in this country, and thnt ihe mechanical execution of the volume, altogether, shall he worthy of the author's reputation. It will form an elegant and appropriate gift- book for all seasons. New Works published by The Illustrated Knickerbocker, With a series of Original Designs, in one vol., octavo, is also in preparation. Mr. Putnam has also the honor to announce that he will publish at intervals (in con- Mxion, and uniform with the other collected writings), Mr. Irving' s New Works, now nearly ready for the press: including The Life of Mohammed ; The Life of Washington ; new volumes of Miscellanies, Biographies, &c. * f *This being the first uniform nnd complete edition of Mr. Irvmg's works, eilher in this country or In Europe, the publisher confidently believes that the undertaking will meet with a prompt and cordial response. To say this, is perhnps superfluous and impertinent'; for it is a truism that no American book-case (not to say library) can be well filled without the works of Washington Irving ; while the English language itself comprises no purer models of composition. G. P. Putnam has also made arrangements for the early commencement of new work? or new editions of the works of Miss C. M. Sedgewick, Prof. Jl. Gray, Leigh Hunt, Chas. Fenno Hoffman, Mrs E. Oakes Smith, Thomas Carlyle, George H. Calvert, Mrs. C. M. Kirkland, R Monckton Milnes, J. Bayard Taylor, Mary Howitt, Mrs. Jameson, 8. Wells Williams, W. M. Thackeray, Charles Lamb, A. J. Downing, Thos. Hood, Elliot Warburton. The following new works are now ready, or will be published this season : I. Sophisms of the Protective Policy, Translated from the French of F. Bastiat. With an introduction by Francis Lieber. LI,.D. Professor in South Carolina College, Editor of the Encyclopaedia Americana, &c. 12mo. 75 cents. " It is a book not for the million but for millions, and we believe if a copy could be put into the hands of every school-boy in the Union, the next generation would be inconceiv- ably wiser, richer, and happier than the present." Mirror. II. Grecian and Roman Mythology: With original illustrations. Adapted for the use of Universities and High Schools, and for popular reading. By M. A. Dwight. With an introduction by Tayler Lewis, Professor of Greek, University of New York. !2mo. (On 1st .September.) Also fine edition in octavo, with illustrations. %* This work has been prepared with great care, illustrated with 20 effective outline drawings, and is designed to treat the subject in an original, comprehensive, and unex- ceptionable manner, so as to fill the place as a text book which is yet misapplied ; while it will also be an attractive and readable table book for general use. It will be at once introduced as a text book in the University of New York and other colleges and schools III. Eureka: a Prose Poem. Or the Physical and Metaphysical Universe. By Edgar A. Poe, Esq. Handsomely printed, 12mo. Cloth, 75 cents. "A most extraordinary Essay. We shall be greatly surprised if this work does not create a moat profound sensation among the literary and scientific classes." JWio York Kxprett. IV. Oriental Life Illustrated. Being a new edition of Eothen, or Traces of Travel in the East. With fine illustration* on Steel. Uuio. elegantly bound, $1 50. Cr. P. Putnam, 155 Broadway, New York. 3 **This new and unique volume, superbly illuminated by Mapleson, and comprising original articles by distinguished writers, will be the most elegant and recherche book of i he kind ever produced in this country. It will be ready in October. A new and superior edition of the PEARLS OF AMERICAN POETRY will also te published this season. V. Book of In an elegant small folio volume. Lays of the Western World. VI. Dr. Klipstein's Anglo-Saxon Course of Study. In uniform 12mo. volumes, i. A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. By Louis F. KHpstein, AA. LL.M. and PH.D., of the University of Giessen. **This work recommends itself particularly to the attention of every American student who " glories in his A glo-Saxon descent " or Teutonic lineage, as weM as of all who desire an acquaintance wi h a language which lies as the foundation of the English, and throws a light upon its elements and structure, derivable from no other source Of he importance and interesting nature of the study there can be no doubt, and we agree with those who think that the time is coming when it will he considered " utterly disgrace- ful for any well-bred Englishman or American " to have neglected it. With regard to the merits of Dr. Klipstein's Grammar, we will only say, tha' it has been already adopted a* a text-book in some of the leading Institutions of our country. [The following are also in press.] H. Ar.alecta Anelo-Saxonica, with an Introductory Ethnographical Essay, Copious Notes, Cri- tical and Explanatory, and a Glossary in which are shown the Indo-Gerinanic and other Affinities of the Language. By the same. In this work appear the fruits of considerable research, and, we may add, learning. The Ethnology of Europe is succinctly, but clearly illustrated, the Anglo-Saxon language completely analysed, revealing the utmost harmony of combination from its elements, its forms and roots compared with those in kindred dialects and cognate tongues, its po-ition in the Teutonic family and Indo-Germanic range established, and the genuine relation of the English to its great parent properly set forth. To those who are fond of the comparative study of language, the Glossary will prove an invaluable aid, apart from its particular object. in. Natale Sancti Gregorii Papa. jElfric's Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory, and Col- lateral Extracts from King Alfred's version of Urdu's Ecclesiastical History and the Saxon Chronicle, with a full rendering into English, Notes Critical and Explanatory, and an Index of Words. By the same. IV. Extracts from the Anglo Saxon-Gospels, a Portion of the Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of th Book of Psalms, and other Selections of a Sacrrd Order in the same Language, with a Translation into English, and Noles Critical and Explanatory. By the name. These two works are prepired in such a way as in themselves, with the aid of the Grammar .to afford every facility to the Anglo-Saxon Student. ^Elfric's Homily is remark* We for beauty of -composition, and interesting as setting forth Augustine's Mission to th " Land of the Angles." v. Tha Halgan Godspel on Englisc the Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels. Edited by Benj imin Thorpe, F.S.A. Reprinted by the same. JVozo ready. 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