GIFT OF
ADELLE MASSON
UNIVERSITY FARM
#'KUM Ofh'lUfcJ
CONGRESSMAN A- M. FREE
8th DIBT, QAUJPOEIU
STATUE OF COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
From the Southeast
MONUMENT OF ROCHAMBEAU
From the southeast
ROCHAMBEAU
A COMMEMORATION by the CONGRESS
of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA of
the SERVICES of the FRENCH AUXILIARY
FORCES in tne WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Prepared by authority of Congress under direction of
the Joint Committee on the Library
By
DEB. RANDOLPH KEIM
Life Member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society
"I join to this letter a copy of my instructions and even of my
secret instructions also, as I do not choose to have any secrets with
my general." (Letter Count de Rochambeau to General Wash
ington upon the arrival of the French Allies at Newport, R.I.)
WASHINGTON : : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : : 1907
n
AUTHORITY TO PRINT
[Fifty-eighth Congress, first session.]
1903, NOVEMBER n. Mr. WETMORE, of Rhode Island, submitted to the
Senate a concurrent resolution for printing and binding the proceed
ings upon the unveiling of the statue of the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU,
which was referred to the Committee on Printing.
[Fifty-eighth Congress, second session.]
1903, DECEMBER 4. Mr. Pi,ATT, of New York, reported the concurrent
resolution favorably with amendments. The amendments were agreed
to and the concurrent resolution as amended was agreed to.
1904, JANUARY 26. Mr. CHARGES B. LANDIS, of Indiana, from the House
Committee on Printing, reported the concurrent resolution. The
concurrent resolution as amended was' agreed to.
1904, FEBRUARY 2. The PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE laid before the Sen
ate the amendments of the House of Representatives to Senate Con
current Resolution No. 4 * * * so as to make the concurrent
resolution read:
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring}, That there be printed,
and bound in the form such as is customary in the case of eulogies, with accompanying
illustrations, ten thousand copies of the proceedings upon the unveiling of the statue
of the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, of which two thousand shall be for the use of the
Senate, seven thousand for the use of the Hoxise of Representatives, five hundred to be
delivered to the ambassador of the Republic of France, for such distribution as he shall
think fit, the remaining five hundred of which two hundred shall be bound in full
Morocco, to be distributed, under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Committee
on the library, to the guests invited from the French Republic and the speakers who
took part in said celebration.
Mr. PLATT moved concurrence in the amendments of the House of
Representatives. The motion was agreed to.
[Fifty-ninth Congress, first session.]
1905, DECEMBER 13. Mr. WETMORE, of Rhode Island, submitted to the
Senate the following concurrent resolution :
Resolved by the Senate (the+House of Representatives concurring}, That the concurrent
resolution passed February 2, 1904, providing for the publication of the proceedings on
the occasion of the unveiling of the ROCHAMBEAU statue is hereby continued in force
and excepted from the limitation of one year as provided in section 80 of the act of
January 12, 1895, providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution
of public documents.
1906, JANUARY 25. Mr. PI<ATT of New York, from the Committee on
Printing, reported the same, which was agreed to.
1906, APRII, 7. Mr. LANDIS, of Indiana, from the Committee on Printing
of the House of Representatives, asked unanimous consent and the
concurrent resolution was agreed to. (See text above.)
2
CONTENTS
PREFATORY : p age .
General comment 5
Introduction n
I. PREPARATORY :
Legislation 15
Commission 23
II. COMMEMORATIVE :
Salutatory 49
Dedicatory 75
Itinerary . . . : . . 135
III. RETROSPECTIVE:
The Alliance 226
The States 227
La France 228
D'Estaing Expeditionary 229
Auxiliary
De Rochambeau 261
DeTernay 276
DeGrasse CoopeVant 423
IV. CONTRIBUTORY :
A Character sketch: Rochambeau 502
Man of the emergency.
Soldier of relief.
Friend of liberty.
Companion of the Chief.
Comrades in arms 504
Men of the sword.
Men of the musket.
V. IN LITERATURE, Retold by the pen 607
1778 In the name of the King 1783
A la gloire de France
1902 By the Government and people 1902
3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Rochanibeau monument from southeast ........... t ........ Frontispiece.
Arms and bookplate of Rochanibeau ..... ......... . .............. 14
Members of the Congressional Commission ....................... 15
M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor French embassy at Washington ...... 20
M. Delcasse, minister of foreign affairs, France ................... 31
Site of the Rochanibeau monument, Lafayette Park .............. 35
Rochambeau monument from the southwest ...................... 37
M. Fernand Hamar, sculptor .................................... 39
Rochambeau (Rene) Comte de, representing the Rochambeau
family ........................................................ 43
Lafayette, Paul Marie Joseph de Pourqet de Sahune Du Mottier,
Comte de, representing the La Fayette family .................. 45
Le Cuirasse d'Escadre Le Gaulois ....... ......................... 49
President's commission ......................................... 53
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc, aid de camp and personal represent
ative of the President of France ......... ..................... 55
Members of the Rochambeau mission, by Falk, New York ........ 59
Arms of the United States and France ........................... 59
Vice- Admiral Fournier .......................................... 65
Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States (unveiling) ... 75
Stands occupied during the unveiling ............................ 80
General view of the scene of unveiling (assembly) ................ 82
Emile Loubet, President of France ................... . .......... 88
Comtesse de Rochambeau ..................... . ................. 89
M. Jules Cambon, French ambassador to the United States. _. ...... 90
Gen. Horace Porter, American ambassador to France ............. 94
Henry Cabot Lodge, Senator from Massachusetts ................. 96
General Brugere, chief of the Rochambeau mission ............... 103
General Chalendar .............................................. 108
French and American seamen and American troops in review ..... no
Art in Good Will, presented by the Government of France ........ 120
Comte d'Estaing ................................... . ........... 227
French troops (uniforms) ................ ....................... 421
Comte de Grasse .................................... ............ 425
Rochanibeau and staff, Yorktown, Va., Trumbull ................. 436
Plan of Yorktown circumvallations and troops ............... ..... 439
Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette in the trenches- ....... . . - 447
Surrender of the British Army at Yorktown, Va .................. 453
Rochambeau as marshal of France .............................. 517
Chateau de Rochambeau at There" near Vendome ................. 519
Chateau de Rochambeau, facade toward the Loire ................. 519
Apartment in which Marshal de Rochambeau died ................ 526
Tomb of Marshal de Rochambeau near Thore, Vendome .......... 528
4
PREFATORY
*
In delving into the chronicles of the military and naval succor
sent to the American States under the terms of the treaty of
alliance of 1778, of the many thoughts which rise inquisitively,
not the least difficult to meet concerns the subsidiary place
accorded by the writers of United States history to France at
that momentous crisis in the struggle of the British colonies
of North America for the sovereignty of the citizen and the
autonomy of the state.
It is indeed painful to contemplate in this era of primacy in
the family of nations the devoted Washington bearing the bur
dens of a friendless cause and an impoverished people.
In the evolutiofa of the tragedy imminently confronting him
he vows, rather than yield, to retreat beyond the Susquehanna
with the remnant of his army and there continue the struggle.
At this crisis does France come upon the scene. Hope
revives; the conflict is renewed; victory is assured.
The following pages will doubtless figure in the nature of a
surprise to those otherwise widely read, and a wonder to the
many, not so well informed on Franco- American lines, consid
ering how little has been done in the past to keep aglow the
sense of grateful remembrance of the helping hand from across
the sea.
In respect to the historical features of the work, the sources
of original information in our own tongue were limited almost
wholly to the correspondence of Washington; parliamentary
procedure and enactments of Congress to meet certain conditions,
requirements, and emergencies ; the contemporary press, Whig
and Tory; military reports incidentally, and allusions in individ
ual memoires; the contemporary historians apparently failing to
5
6 Prefatory
fully appreciate the extent of the service rendered by France
and the timeliness of its occurrence.
This fact is sustained by Mr. Thomas Balch in his carefully
collated and arranged work "Les Francais en Amerique
pendant la Guerre de 1'Independance des fitats-Unis. "
His chief object, he tells us from Paris, in undertaking this
valuable contribution to* the American literature of the war of
Independence was to correct this flaw.
The " Magazine of American History" is also entitled to
recognition for much original and edited information.
In French the supply of data is large, especially the
admirable compilations of Donoilr-"The List of Ships and
Crews and Rosters of Regiments and Men that Served in
America;" writings of D'Estaing, Chastellux, Noailles, and
publications of other actors in the scenes.
As a fountain source, must be mentioned the interesting and
valuable "Memoires Militaires, Historiques et Politiques de
ROCHAMBEAU, Ancien Marechal de France et Grand Officier de
la Legion d'Honneur." Paris, MDCCCIX. The two volumes
cover the life of the gallant soldier through its long and varied
experiences in two great nation-building wars one lasting:
seven years against Frederick the Great, resulting in the
foundation of the Prussian monarchy; the other against Eng
land in America two and one-half years, terminating in the
birth of the United States of America. Also the manuscript
papers of Count DK ROCHAMBEAU, purchased by the United
States Government, in the archives of the Library of Congress.
In the immediate prosecution of the work most valuable aid
was had from Mr. George Peabody Wetmore, Senator from
Rhode Island, chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library,
in charge of the measure in the Senate, whose study of the
subject had taken a wide range of inquiry, and whose collection
of material particularly relating to the events associated with
the presence of the mission was both exhaustive and valuable.
Much assistance was also rendered by Mr. James T. McCleary,
Representative from Minnesota, chairman of the House Com
mittee on the Library, through whom the commemoration
Prefatory 7
reached the success of its parliamentary stage in the House of
Representatives, his report from the Committee on the Library
having not only attracted marked attention, but was convincing.
A deep sense of appreciation is felt toward M. Jusserand, the
ambassador of France at Washington, for his active interest in
securing the portraits of the President of France and of the
military and naval chiefs of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission. Also
of the representatives of the families of ROCHAMBEAU and
Lafayette.
The ambassador reflects in the highest degree the traditional
feeling of affectionate friendship for the ' ' Government and people
of the United States" conceived In the treaty of "Alliance,"
Recognition, and Amity, sealed in the blood of Frenchmen and
Americans in battle array on land and sea and born of independ
ence won by the valor of American and French arms on the
field of Yorktown.
To extend to the GOVERNMENT and PEOPLE of FRANCE
and the FAMILIES of ROCHAMBEAU and LAFAYETTE
A CORDIAL INVITATION to unite with the GOVERN
MENT and PEOPLE of THE UNITED STATES in the
INAUGURATION of the MONUMENT to MARSHAL
ROCHAMBEAU
*
THE PRESIDENT :::::: THEODORE ROOSEVELT
iRiirhumhrmi ittumtmrut dmuuuuumt
Created by Act of Congress
attb !Er*rttnn o
JOHN HAY, Secretary of State ELIHU ROOT, Secretary of War
GEORGE PEABODY WETMORE
Chainnan Committee on the Library, Senate
JAMES T. McCLEARY
Chairman Committee on the Library, House
?Ettt*riatttm*ttt nf Jfamgtt (toata
May 24, 1902
JOHN HAY, Secretary of State
Colonel THEODORE A. BINGHAM, U. S. A.
Aid to the President, Master of Ceremonies
Authorized by the Monument Commission
HERBERT H. D. PEIRCE, Third Assistant Secretary of State
THEODORE A. BINGHAM RAYMOND P. RODGERS
Colonel, U. S. A. Commander, U. S. N.
In attendance upon the Rochambeau Mission during their sojourn in the United States
HERBERT H. D. PEIRCE, Third Assistant Secretary of State
Colonel THEODORE A. BINGHAM, U. S. A.
Commander RAYMOND P. RODGERS, U. S. N.
EDWIN MORGAN, Secretary
on tty Hibrarg
A UTHORITY TO PURCHASE
Senate
GEORGE P. WETMORE, Chairman
Rhode Island
HENRY C. HANSBROUGH
North Dakota
FRANCIS M. COCKRELL
Missouri
HENRY AMBLER VALE, Clerk
House of Representatives
JAMES T. MCCLEARY, Chairman
Minnesota
H. H. POWERS
Vermont
AMOS J. CUMMINGS
New York
LESLIE T. MCCLEARY, Clerk
SITE AND DEDICA TION
GEORGE P. WETMORE, Chairman
Rhode Island
HENRY C. HANSBROUGH
North Dakota
GEORGE G. VEST
Missouri
HENRY AMBLER VALE, Clerk
GEORGE P. WETMORE, Chairman
Rhode Island
HENRY C. HANSBROUGH
North Dakota
JOHN F. DRYDEN
New Jersey
WILLIAM A. CLARK
Montana
ARTHUR P. GORMAN
Maryland
HENRY AMBLER VALE, Clerk
PUB LIC A TION
JAMES T. MCCLEARY, Chairman
Minnesota
SAMUEL W. MCCALL
Massachusetts
AMOS J. CUMMINGS
New York
LESLIE T. MCCLEARY, Clerk
JAMES T. MCCLEARY, Chairman
Minnesota
SAMUEL W. MCCALL
Massach usetts
JAMES P. CONNER
Iowa
WILLIAM M. HOWARD
Georgia
CHARLES R. THOMAS
North Carolina
LESLIE T. MCCLEARY, Clerk
on printing
A UTHORITY TO PRINT
THOMAS C. PLATT, Chairman
New York '
STEPHEN B. ELKINS
West Virginia
ARTHUR P. GORMAN
Maryland
ALBERT H. HOWE, Clerk
CHARLES B. I^ANDIS, Chairman
Indiana
JAMES B. PERKINS
New York
PARISH C. TATE
Georgia
VICTOR I,. RICKETTS, Clerk
jmtg-tttttilj
RENEWAL OF AUTHORITY TO PRINT
THOMAS C. PLATT, Chairman
New York
STEPHEN B. ELKINS
IVest Virginia
ARTHUR P. GORMAN
Maryland
ALBERT H. HOWE, Clerk
IO
CHARLES B. I^ANDIS, Chairman
Indiana
JAMES B. PERKINS
New York
JAMES M. GRIGGS
Georgia
VICTOR I y . RICKETTS, Clerk
INTRODUCTION
The duration of time and the casualties of nations alone shall
fill the limit of the obligation of the Federal Commonwealth of
the United Sovereign States of America to the ' ' Government
and people" of France. Whatever was, is, or may be the form
of their respective autonomous existences, amid the mutations
of human activities, the American people during their politico-
corporate life must always revert to the participation of France
as a potential factor in the coordination and sequence of events
which upheld and carried to fruition the contention of the British
colonies of North America for independence.
It was not an issue during the fateful experiences of 1778-
1783, nor is it at this momentous period of governmental, insti
tutional, social, and racial development necessary to scrutinize
abstractly nor concretely the underlying motive, if any, aside
from the beneficent results of his succor, of the part taken by
Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre, in American affairs.
We are dealing with events as they transpired in obedience to
orders in the field and conclusions as they assumed organic
form in the treaty of Paris.
This much is patent to anyone specifically familiar with the
natal struggles of the North American States. The capture of
the last British army on American soil was possible at that crisis
only with the cooperation of the forces of ROCHAMBKAU and
St. Simon ashore and the naval army of De Grasse afloat.
The encircling trenches at Yorktown, Va., were occupied arid
pushed to the front by 7,000 French, auxiliary to 5,500 Amer
icans of the Continental Line. The only avenue of escape by
sea was cut off by 36 French ships of war. As a contingent
1 2 Introduction
on land were 3,500 Virginia militia. The enemy surrendered
7,251 officers and men and 840 seamen, total 8,091. This was
but 909 men less than the combined strength of Continentals
and militia, a weight of numbers it must be conceded totally
inadequate for siege or assault of the "bottled up" British and
Hessians, pending relief from the fleet of Graves, at New York,
frustrated by the victory of the ships of De Grasse before the
lines of investment were fairly set, and their presence and coop
eration during the nineteen days of beleaguerment. Nor does
this, great as it is, approach the magnitude of the physical
succor placed by the King of ^ France at the disposal of the
American States. To Yorktown must be prefaced the earlier
operations of d'Hstaing at Newport and Savannah. Only then
do we begin to comprehend with a sense of wonder its colossal
proportions. Ergo, we have the recount: 63 French ships of
war, mounting 3,668 guns and manned by 32,600 officers and
seamen, and 35 battalions of grenadiers and infantry, 7 com
panies of artillery, 2 companies of lancers, and 2 companies
of hussars, mustering 12,680 officers and soldiers, footing up
45,280 Frenchmen, available during three and one-half years,
for warlike purposes on sea and land.
Nor does this include a costly war in which France became
involved with Great Britain in consequence of the capitulations
of alliance and recognition of the independence of the rebelling
States; nor does it bring to count the vast sums of money
advanced by secret subvention and public convention to cash
an empty exchequer, bolster a fiat currency, and honor bills
for material and munitions of war; nor does it enter into the
recital the ships, men, and supplies conveyed and convoyed
across a stretch of intervening ocean, patrolled by fleets and
cruisers of the enemy, 4,000 miles, as the gull did fly, and many
more as the fickle winds did determine.
Whether we look backward or forward from the point d'appuy
of Yorktown to consider out of the past the interests or instru
ments exploited through French priestly or lay explorers or
Canadian voyageurs or contemplate the acquisition of vast
territories, we find the power and people of France during the
Introduction 13
seventeenth and eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
centuries, more than of any other nation, distinctively and
cooperatively impressed upon the present conterminous domain
of the United .States of America.
These are some of the realities of coincident happenings and
contemporaneous commemoration symbolized by the monument
umeiled on the 24th day of May in the year of grace 1902 at
the Capital of the Greater United States of America to the
services of JEAN BAPTISTE DONATION DE VIMKURK COMTK DK
ROCHAMBEAU and his countrymen in the war of the American
Revolution, the story of whom now to be told is replete with
object lessons of instruction and deduction to every youth in
the years of educational probation and adult in the fullest
enjoyment of every right, title, and opportunity embraced in
American citizenship.
ROCHAMBEAU'S
BOOK PLATE
HOiaeiMMOD JAMOI83HOMOD 3HT 3O 2fl3aM3M
faffi.
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.83i&r to ^.tootf^. :j ^(f boJaattB 8BW aiiow a
BW aH .noiJBiooA lr,itoiJ/oirb;I BloaanniM arfj lo Jnabiaaiq naaorlo ^BT? 3d 1981
sbiw aiH .miai ignibssoona HOBS iol briB aasisnoO biirfi-^JliH 3rfJ oj
lo insi inoil srtt ntirt TO! no-// afiri aiifi^B YiBinsniBiliBq ni gonaitgqxs
MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION
JOHN HAY ELIHU ROOT
Secretary of State Secretary of War
GEORGE PEABODY WETMORE, of Rhode Island JAMES T. MCCLEARY, of Minnesota
U. S. Senate House of Representatives
Chairmen of the Committees on the Library.
JOHN HAY, a native of Salem, Ind., born 1838, received his graduate education at
Brown University, Providence, R. I., and acquired his knowledge of law at Springfield,
111. ; immediately after he came to Washington as assistant secretary to President I^in-
coln. He was commissioned in the Army and detailed as adjutant and aid-de-camp.
Upon the installation of Andrew Johnson he was made secretary of legation to France,
He was transferred as secretary of legation to Austria-Hungary, where he acted as
charg^ d'affaires. In June, 1869, he was, sent to Spain as secretary of legation. The
following year he left the diplomatic service and became an editorial writer on the
New York Tribune. In November, 1879, he became Assistant Secretary of State, but
retired May 3, 1881. On March 9, 1897, President McKinley appointed him ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Great Britain, from which he retired September
19, 1898. The next day he was appointed Secretary of State and was invited by Presi
dent Roosevelt (1901) to continue in that office.
EUHU ROOT, born in Clinton, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1845, graduated from Hamilton
College in 1864. After a short term as an educator at Rome young Root two years later
graduated with high honors from the University of I^aw of the City of New York. He
was immediately admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in the great metrop
olis. His first great opportunity was as United States attorney for the southern dis
trict of New York. In this field he labored with great advantage to the Government
until the summer of 1885, when he returned to the practice of his profession. He was
a delegate at large to the State constitutional convention of 1894, being chairman of
the judiciary committee; was a member of the Alaskan Boundary Commission, Sec
retary of War, August i, 1899, retired January 31, 1904; Secretary of State, July 7, 1905.
GEORGE PEABODY WETMORE, whose resident city is Newport, the headquarters
for nearly a year of the French auxiliary army in the States, was born in I,ondon,
England, in 1846, during a visit of his parents abroad. His education was American,
graduating at Yale in 1867 and in the profession of law at Columbia College in 1869,
in the former receiving the degrees of A. B. and A. M. and in the latter 1,1,. B. He was
admitted to the bar of Rhode Island and New York the same year. His knowledge
of affairs early placed him in many positions of high responsibility, among them
trustee of the Peabody Museum of Natural History in Yale University and of the Pea body
Educational Fund. His career in national Republican politics began in 1880 as first
Presidential elector of Rhode Island, which was repeated in 1884. He was member of
the committee authorized by the general assembly to receive the representatives of
France during their visit to Rhode Island in 1881, the centennial of Yorktown. In State
affairs he was governor 1885-1887. His choice to the Senate of the United States in 1894
was by a unanimous vote. In 1900 he was again chosen.
JAMES THOMPSON McCI,EARY, Representative in Congress from the Second
district of Minnesota, a constituency comprising n counties, with a population of
175,174 inhabitants, was born in Ontario, Dominion of Canada, in 1853. He received
his education at his native town, graduating with honors at the high school, and took a
course of higher learning at the McGill University, Montreal, where he again received
the highest recognition of scholarship. For some years he taught school in Wisconsin,
resigning in 1881 the superintendency of the Pierce County schools to become State
institute conductor of Minnesota and professor of history and civics in the State
Normal School at Mankato, his present residence, until June, 1892. During the sum
mer vacations he conducted institutes in Wisconsin, Dakota, Virginia, Tennessee, and
Colorado. In 1888 he published studies in civics, and in 1894 a Manual of Civics. The
value of these works was attested by their use in the best schools of the United States.
In 1891 he was chosen president of the Minnesota Educational Association. He was
elected to the Fifty-third Congress and for each succeeding term. His wide learning
and experience in parliamentary affairs has won for him the front rank of national
legislators.
DN'EIMHU ROOT: SEC.OFWAR A
A ROMANCE IN LEGISLATION
The idea of erecting a statue of ROCHAMBKAU at the Ameri
can capital in commemoration of the timely aid rendered by
France to the American States struggling for independence
grew out of a visit by M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the
French embassy at Washington, to the Marquise de Rocham-
beau at her country seat near Vendome, the birthplace of the
French general of the American Revolution.
It occurred to him there were six or seven statues in the
United States of Marquis de Lafayette, which personified the
part taken in the movement to free the American colonies by
himself as an individual, and by other liberty-loving French
noblemen also as individuals.
On the other hand, ROCHAMBKAU, commander in chief of
the French auxiliary army, typifying the official intervention
of the King, representing the Government of France, which
assured the success of the conflict, was without any testimony
whatever.
Therefore, upon returning to Paris, M. Bceufve had an inter
view with General Porter, the American ambassador, who was
present and delivered an address at the dedication of the original
statue of Count DK ROCHAMBKAU at Vendome. On October 3,
the ambassador wrote to Mr. Cannon, chairman of the House
Committee oil Appropriations, favoring the project. The untir
ing efforts of M. Bceufve, upon -resuming his duties at Washing
ton, took shape, through the cooperation of friends in and out
ofCongress, and the potential efforts of M. Jules Cambon, the
ambassador of France.
15
1 6 A Romance in Legislation
The lead in the Congressional proceedings and enactments
was taken by Representative James T. MeCleary, of Minnesota,
in the House, and Senator George Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode
Island, in the Senate, respectively chairmen of the committees on
the Library. To the favorable attention of these gentlemen the
subject in all its details was brought by M. Bceufve.
BILI, To PURCHASE
On February 18, 1901, Mr. McCleary introduced in the
House a bill for the purchase of a " replica of the bronze
statue of ROCHAMBKAU, by Fernand Hamar, and pedestal, for
$7,500," which was referred to the Committee 011 the Library.
Two days later Mr. McCleary, from that committee, reported
the same without amendment, accomp'anied by a report.
.ROCHAMBKAU IN PARLIAMENTARY PHRASE
In his report Mr. McCleary paid the following tribute to the
subject of commemoration :
[House Report No. 2928, Fifty- sixth Congress, second session.]
The Committee on the Library, to whom was referred the bill (H. R.
14217) for the purchase of a bronze replica of the Vendome statue of
General ROCHAMBKAU, beg leave to submit the following report and
recommend that said bill do pass:
This is a bill enacting that $7,500 be appropriated to be expended under
the direction of the Joint Committee on the Library in the purchase of a
replica of the bronze statue by Ferdinand Hamar, lately erected at Ven
dome, France, of JEAN BAPTISTS DONATIEN, Comte r>E ROCHAMBEAU,
who commanded the forces sent by Louis XVI of France to the assistance
of this country during our war for Independence.
The subject of this statue, which it is proposed, at an insignificant cost,
to add to the historical art treasures of the capital, was a great and noble
man. His deeds deserve to be remembered by all generations of our
countrymen, and his heroic personality ever recalled to us and our children
forever in enduring bronze; for to him and his military ability, as well
as to the brave and willing sons of France he commanded, in an impor
tant degree, we owe the fact of our independence as a nation and t^ie
institutions and liberties which have come down to us from the Revolu
tion a glorious heritage.
A Romance in Legislation 17
In his oration at the unveiling of Bartlett's statue of Lafayette in the
court of the Tuileries Gardens on the Fourth of July, 1900, Archbishop
Ireland, of St. Paul, said:
" 'It was the participation of France in the war of Independence which
rendered liberty possible in America in the eighteenth century.' Such
is the verdict of history as expressed by the learned historian of Lafayette,
the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, our present ambassador at the Court of St.
Petersburg. The colonies were determined to become free; their spirit
of sacrifice was so burning, their methods were so practical, that sooner
or later their independence would have been conquered; but that they
should have gained their independence in the war begun in 1776 without
the assistance of France we can not believe."
With a depleted treasury and with his annual budgets showing increasing
deficits, King Louis XVI nevertheless found means to supply the Conti
nental Congress with money and with arms, ammunition, troops, and war
ships with which to carry on the struggle. His young nobility, stirred
by the example of the heroic Marquis de Lafayette, flocked to our stand
ard. Without depreciating in the smallest degree the sources or the fame
of others, it may be truthfully said that among all the benefits showered
upon us by that virtuous and worthy but unfortunate prince, none was
more important, none more conducive to the final victory, than his
personal gift of the brave, tried, and distinguished soldier the Comte
DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Here we can only with extreme brevity recall hfc career and his splendid
achievements in behalf of American liberty:
JEAN BAPTISTS DONATIEN DE VIMEUR, Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, was
born in 1725. He was intended for the church, but preferred to follow
in the footsteps of his father, and therefore he adopted the military
profession, entering the French army in 1742. After thirty -eight years
of varied and arduous service, in March, 1780, he reached the grade of
lieutenant-general and, in the same year, was assigned to command the
expedition in aid of the colonies. With 6,000 troops, which were followed
by reenforcements, he sailed from Brest in May, 1780, landing at Newport,
R. I., in July.
With great skill and address Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU thwarted a con
templated attack upon Newport by the British commanders Clinton and
Arbuthnot. In September, 1780, he held a conference with General Wash
ington, and proposed to the latter a plan of campaign for the ensuing
summer. Circumstances interposed to change the character and objec
tive of their joint operations, but under a wise dispensation of Providence
they were able to cooperate in 1781, and in that year to conduct to a suc
cessful issue the decisive campaign of the war.
The operations of the British in the Carolinas and Virginia had been
proceeding with varying fortune under Lord Cornwallis, when his superior,
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 -2
1 8 A Romance in Legislation
General Clinton, fearing an attack upon New York by the allied forces,
ordered him to detach 3,000 men to that place, and to seek and fortify a
defensible position and hold it with the 7,000 left him. Cornwallis there
upon established himself at Yorktown.
Washington was at Dobbs Ferry planning a campaign against Clinton
at New York when the happy news reached him that Comte de Grasse, in
command of the French West Indian fleet, who had been urged to hasten
to our aid by Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, was prepared to cooperate.
The objective of our operations was immediately changed. ROCHAM
BEAU hurried to join Washington at Dobbs Ferry, where he arrived July 6,
1781, and then the two great comrades in arms began that series of stra
tegical and tactical movements which has rilled students of military science
with admiration ever since. By a number of feints, cleverly planned and
executed, Clinton was made certain that he was to be attacked, and
assembled all his forces and resources for the contest. While he was held
perfectly in play the allies passed from the west bank of the Hudson into
New Jersey and began their historic march to Virginia.
When the allied armies had reached Chester, Pa., on September 5,
Washington learned th#t De Grasse, with his ships and troops, had entered
the Chesapeake. ,
Three days later Washington, ROCHAMBEAU, and the Marquis de Chas-
tellux started from Baltimore for a two days' visit to Mount Vernon,
which the Father of his Country had not seen for six years. On the 25th
of September the last division of the allied forces reached Williamsburg,
12 miles distant from Yorktown, and advanced in force upon Lord Corn
wallis on the 28th, under Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, the French fleet
meantime covering the British position from York River. By the 3oth
the investment was complete. From all sides the siege was pressed with
vigor and friendly emulation by the allies. Help failing him, the desper
ate efforts at sortie proving disastrous, and an epidemic breaking out in
his camp prostrating 2,000 of his troops, the British general was in despair.
After a terrible cannonade from the American and French lines on the
afternoon and night of October 9 and the morning of October 10, his
position became no longer tenable.
Satisfied that neither squadrons nor any other reenforcements were
coming to his rescue, Lord Cornwallis capitulated on October 18. The
surrender included 7,000 British regulars, 2,000 sailors and marines, 1,500
Tories, and a large number of negroes. The French contingent partici
pating in the victory consisted of 7,000 troops under Comte DE ROCHAM
BEAU and 37 ships under Comte de Grasse. The American force with
Washington aggregated 9,000 men, of which 5,500 were regulars. After
the triumph of the allied arms at Yorktown, Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU
went to the South to assist GeneraJ Greene in the.Carolinas. His service
ended in America, he sailed for France in January, 1783, the year of the
A Romance in Legislation 19
peace. He received the thanks of Congress, and after his return to- his
native country was honored with the baton of field marshal.
Under the revolution Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU commanded the Army
of the North for some time, but, being suspected of disloyalty, was re
moved. He disproved the charges against him before the legislative assem
bly, but did not rejoin the army. He was arrested under Rqbespierre,
and but for the timely death of that leader, in the reign of terror, would
have been executed as' an aristocrat. He was released'and spent the even
ing of his days in peace. In 1805 Napoleon I conferred upon him the
grand cross of the Legion of Honor.
He died at Thore, in France, in 1807, full of years and honor.
The record shows that while this important, perhaps vitally important,
contributor to our independence and to the foundations of our national
greatness and prosperity did much for us, this country has done little for
him or for his memory. For himself the hero is past the praise or blame of
man: "The good knight is dust, and his good sword is rust." But for his
memory, which should be ever sweet and dear to the people of America, we
can do the little contemplated in the bill which has been introduced.
PASSAGE IN BOTH HOUSES
The item incorporated in the sundry civil bill, having passed
in the House, through the interest of Mr. Wetmore was agreed
to in the Senate, and approved March 3, 1901.
CONTRACT FOR THE STATUE
The Joint Committee on the Library, on April 30,. 1901,
entered into a contract with M. Jules Bceufve for furnishing
and delivering the pedestal and statue.
COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU'S APPRECIATION
Count de Rochambeau, in reply to a notification of the action
of the two Houses of the American Congress, sent the following:
It is with great pleasure that I heard of the vote of Congress. I thanked
General Porter in the name of the Rochambeaus, and asked him to con
vey to the members of the American Parliament the expression of our
gratitude. Would it be indiscreet, sir, to beg you to fulfill the same
request?
2o A Romance in Legislation
M. CAMBON TO MR. M'CLEARY
In a communication of May 17, 1901, to Mr. McCleary, the
French ambassador expressed his appreciation of "his kind
initiative" in "having Congress provide for the purchase of
a replica'of the statue of ROCHAMBKAU, to be erected in Wash
ington," and his "earnest wish that this statue might be dedi
cated in the spring of 1902."
On the 22d ensuing Mr. McCleary acknowledged the kind
observations of the ambassador, and mentioned the pleasure it
afforded him to bring the matter to the attention of the Com
mittee on Appropriations.
SCULPTOR'S SUGGESTIONS
M. Cambon, the French ambassador, and M. Boeufve, during
the summer had had frequent interviews with M. Fernand
Hamar, the sculptor, in Paris, and in the autumn with members
of the ROCHAMBEAU Commission in Washington. It was found
advisable to recommend the enlargement of the ROCHAMBEAU
monument, so as to make it correspond in height with that of
Lafayette in the same park, adding:
The very simple pedestal of the ROCHAMBEAU statue in Vendome (the
Marshal's birthplace, being a small town of but 5,000 inhabitants)
would be altogether out of place in a capital of Washington's beauty and
importance.
It was therefore proposed to make the new pedestal of dimen
sions similar to those of the pedestal supporting the Lafayette
monument, and particularly to embrace the entire conception of
the sculptor, to include a pedestal bearing the harmonious alle
gorical group in bronze, a woman holding aloft the standard of
France,, her feet resting on the prow of a ship at the moment of
touching the shores of America, typical of the succor brought
across the sea in aid of the struggling States, and other relevant
features, including the American eagle, the shield of the States,
and the arms of the Bourbons and ROCHAMBEAU.
the
Mis kind
'
; :
,<-nest wi-
g of 1902."
suing Mr. ;\
.lie ambassa- e pleasn
g the m; Attention of the Com-
iations.
M. JULES BCEUFVE
M . Chancellor of the French embassy at Washington
M. JULES BCETTFVE, born in Liverpool, England, September 8, 1857, where his father
was French vice-consul, was educated in Germany. He entered the French consular
service in 1878 at Frankfort on the Main ; was transferred to lyisbon, and sent to Wash
ington in 1882 as secretary of the French and American claims commission. In 1884
he was appointed vice-consul at New Orleans, and in 1886 was transferred to Washing
ton as chancellor of the French embassy. He is perfect master of the American
tongue and has a wide acquaintance with men and affairs.
"p - (>!c pefU^'.
. . . ...
: out ol *
};. . fore pro J.KV. -
tr to those oi -ing the Lafayette
and particu* option of
to include alle-
:p in brtm/e. , .uidard of
feet restitij^
te shores of A LypicaJ
:>e sea in air.
including the .*
s of the ;
A Romance in Legislation 21
PEDESTAL ELABORATED CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION '
In order to carry out this plan Mr. McCleary, through the
regular channels of the War and Treasury Departments, requested
certain estimates, which took the form of an appropriation of
$15,000 for the "preparation of a site and the erection of a
pedestal" under the "supervision of the Secretary of State, the
Secretary of War, and the chairmen of the committees on the
Library of the Fifty-seventh Congress ' ' and also ' ' to defray
the expenses attending the unveiling of the said statue," which
was made an item in the urgent deficiency bill then under
consideration in the House. Having passed in that body it
received the special attention in the Senate of the chairman of
the Committee on the Library, Mr. Wetmore, and was approved
February 14, 1902.
THE STATUE COMMISSION
Referring to the ' ' desire of the French ambassador and of all
concerned ' ' to have the statue dedicated in Washington on Sat
urday, May 24, 1902, the fact was brought out that the occa
sion would commemorate the anniversary of the day on which
the Marshal, at the age of 17, entered the French army as a
"cornette" in the cavalry regiment of St. Simon.
It was also mentioned that the Marquise de Rochambeau with
her late husband were the guests of the American Government
during the Yorktown centennial ceremonies of 1 88 1 , and remem
bered with the greatest pleasure the enthusiastic reception
accorded the delegates which France sent on that occasion to
the United States.
GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE OF FRANCE AND FAMILIES" OF
ROCHAMBEAU AND LAFAYETTE INVITED
The Marquise was also desirous her sons should participate
in the unveiling of the statue of their ancestor in Washington.
It was further intimated that the departments of foreign
affairs, war, and navy were disposed to send officers of high
rank to represent the French Government officially, and the
French ambassador's intention was to request that a man-of-
war be ordered to the United States for the purpose of detail
ing detachment of French sailors and marines to take part in
the ceremonies.
In this aspect of the subject, Mr. Robert R. Hitt, of Illinois,
chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, introduced in .
the House of Representatives on March 7, 1902, a joint resolu
tion, which was referred to the Committee on Appropriations,
23
24 The Statue Commission
1 ' authorizing and requesting the President to extend to the
Government and people of France and the family of General
DK ROCHAMBEAU" an invitation to join the Government
and people of the United States in the dedication of the
monument of General DE ROCHAMBEAU to be unveiled in
the city of Washington. This was amended to include the
family of Marquis de Lafayette. The resolution, carrying an
appropriation of $ 10,000, passed both Houses and was approved
March 21, 1902.
The French Government, recognizing the international phase
of a commemoration of the aid rendered in freeing the North
American colonies from the sovereignty of Great Britain, in
reply to the invitation of the President made prompt acceptance
of the invitation and benefited by the occasion, to designate
one of the best types of ships of the French navy and repre
sentative officers of the army and navy, and of diplomacy,
letters, and arts to participate in the ceremonies.
During these proceedings in Congress and the interchange
of international correspondence of invitation and acceptance,
the Commission were engaged in carrying out the duties imposed
upon them by the provisions of the act of February 14, 1902.
COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU ON THE PLANS
When the Count de Rochambeau was informed of the nature
of the plans for the statue, he replied:
You (M. BcEUFVE) are a thousand times kind to think, in the midst of
your occupations, of sending me these most interesting articles concerning
the project of the ROCHAMBEAU statue, and I thank you in my name and
in the name of my mother, the Marquise de Rochambeau.
We have all been happy over the success of your efforts, because if the
Marshal will be represented in the capital of the United States it is surely
to you that we shall owe it. May his statue recall, some day or other, to
the American people that across the ocean another people exists which
reached out to them a helpful hand in a moment of danger.
I have written tohis excellency Monsieur Cambon to thank him for
having given the project his assistance, and, as I have already told you,
I have asked General Porter to convey to Congress our most heartfelt
sentiments of gratitude.
The Statue Commission 25
Our young sculptor is at work . He is studying his pedestal and will soon ,
I believe, begin his model, unless it is already done, because I have not
seen him these last few days. I believe his conception will be beautiful,
and will produce an excellent effect.
Please, sir, believe in my warm gratitude for what you are doing and
have already done for the glory of our name, and accept the assurance of
my most distinguished sentiments.
AMBASSADOR PORTER'S VIEWS
The American ambassador at Paris, in a letter to the same
person, referring to the excellent relations established by the
erection of monuments of this international character, said:
The pedestal which M. Hamar has prepared for the statue in Washing
ton is very artistic and appropriate. I examined the marquette with great
interest.
I am sure, from previous experience in inaugurating our several inter
national monuments, that much is accomplished thereby in drawing still
closer the sympathies which happily exist between our sister Republics.
There is a great deal of interest manifested in France in the project, in
relation to which you have labored so zealously and successfully.
SITE SELECTED AND PEDESTAL COMMENCED
On April 2, at a meeting of the ROCHAMBEAU Commission,
called by the Secretary of State, consisting of John Hay, Secre
tary of State ; Klihu Root, Secretary of War ; George Peabody
Wetmore, of Rhode Island, chairman of the Committee on
the Library of the Senate, and James T. McCleary, of Min
nesota, chairman of the House Committee on the Library,
formal action was taken on the selection of the southwestern
corner of Lafayette square as the most suitable location for the
monument.
*
It was decided that Colonel Bingham should proceed with
the preparation of a site at the southwest corner of Lafayette
square, to be arranged in a manner similar to the site occupied
by the statue of Lafayette at the southeast corner of the same
square.
The invitations extended to the Government and people of
France, and to the families of Marquis de Rochambeau and
26 The Statue Commission
Marquis de L,afayette, to attend the ceremonies to be held in
connection with the unveiling of the statue on May 24, 1902,
were read and placed on record.
ORDER OF CEREMONIES DETERMINED
The programme determined upon by the Commission was as
follows:
The unveiling of the statue to take place at n a. m., May 24,
1902.
A battalion of French seamen with their band, a battalion of
United States engineers, and a battalion of United States marines
and sailors, with the Marine Band ,> to be present at the unveiling.
After the ceremony these troops, together with a battalion of
cavalry, a battalion of field artillery, and a brigade of the Dis
trict of Columbia militia to pass in review before the President.
Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young, U. S. Army to be in command
of the troops.
The order of exercises for the unveiling to be as follows:
1. Invocation by Cardinal Gibbons.
2. Welcome by the President of the United States.
3. Unveiling of the statue by the Countess de Rochambeau.
Music: "The Marseillaise," by the Marine Band.
4. Presentation of the sculptor, M. Hamar.
5. Remarks by the French ambassador.
6. Selection by the French band.
7. Remarks by Gen. Horace Porter, United States ambassador to
France.
8. Selections by the Marine Band.
9. Address by Senator L,odge.
10. " Star Spangled Banner," by the French band.
1 1. Remarks by General Brugere.
12. Benediction by Bishop Satterlee.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PROCEEDINGS
A meeting of the executive committee in charge of the details
was held in the office of the Third Assistant Secretary of State
on April 3, 1902, at 10 o'clock.
Present: Mr. Herbert H. D. Peirce, chairman; Col. Theodore
A. Bingham, Commander Raymond P. Rodgers.
The Statue Commission 27
After completing their organization, the minutes of the. meet
ing called by the Secretary of State on April 2 were read,
and ^arrangements perfected to push the work with all possible
rapfdity. M. Boeufve was in consultation with the committee.
After deciding that nothing would be done in regard to the
reception of the invited guests until a definite reply was received
to the invitations which had been issued, the committee ad
journed at 10.50 o'clock subject to the call of the chairman.
The next day the Secretary of State requested the Secretary
of War to order Col. T. A. Bingham, U. S. Army, Engineer of
Public Buildings and Grounds,
to cause a suitable foundation for the pedestal of the statue of ROCHAM-
BEAU to be constructed on * * * the site selected * * * and to
cause the erection of the pedestal for the statue and to perform such other
acts as may be necessary in connection therewith * * *
It was so ordered.
Advertisements and specifications were issued the day after,
asking sealed proposals for materials for the foundation, receiv
able until 2 p. m., April 10, 1902, and to be delivered by the
successful bidder for use between April 10 and 30 in quantities
and at times called for. A number of responses were received
and later the necessary permits were granted to occupy the
surrounding ground for material and proceed with the work.
On April 3, Colonel Bingham, by direction of the Statue Com
mission, was designated disbursing officer of the appropriation
provided by the act.
ADMITTED FREE OF DUTY
On April 17, 1902, Mr. Sereno E. Payne, of New York, in
troduced in the House of Representatives a joint resolution
' ' authorizing the entry free of duty of a replica of the bronze
statue of ROCHAMBEAU, by Fernand Hamar, and pedestal for
the same," which was passed and approved April 29, 1902.
The amount of duty remitted was about $3,500, that being a
stipulation of the contract.
On April 19 the necessary permits required by the build
ing regulations to occupy the sidewalks on Jackson place and
28 The Statue Commission
Pennsylvania avenue for the construction of stands during the
unveiling ceremonies and closing Jackson place to traffic for a
few hours 011 the day of unveiling were issued.
On a request from the Secretary of State to Mr. Joseph G.
Cannon, chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, "for
an additional appropriation of $10,000 on account of the dedi
cation of the statue of ROCHAMBKAU," Mr. James A. Hem-
enway, of Indiana, on May 5, 1902, from the Committee on
Appropriations, introduced a joint resolution carrying that sum
for the purpose set forth, which was passed, concurred in by the
Senate, and approved May 15, 1902.
STATUE PAID 'FOR
On May 20, 1902, M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the
French embassy, handed to the Department of the Treasury, at
Washington, the voucher under which the sum of $7,500
was paid, reciting "in payment for the replica of the bronze
statue of ROCHAMBKAU, by Fernand Hamar, as authorized by
the Joint Committee of the Library of Congress under the act
of March 3, 1901."
With these preliminary arrangements the work proceeded
rapidly. On the day set apart for the ceremonies the pedestal and
.statue were in place, the latter veiled in flags of the two Repub->
lies. The stands for the accommodation of the distinguished
assemblage were ready for use and appropriately decorated.
REPORT TO CONGRESS MONUMENT AWAITS UNVEIUNG
The President pro tempore on May 21, 1902, presented the
following letter to the Senate:
WASHINGTON, May 77, 1902.
SIR: The undersigned, to whom was committed, by the act of Congress
approved February 14, 1902, the selection of a site and the supervision of
the erection thereon of a statue of Marshal DE ROCHAMBEAU, commander
in chitf of the French forces in America during the war of Independence,
and of the unveiling of said statue, respectfully report that they have dis
charged the duty imposed upon them; that the site selected is the south
west corner of Lafayette square, where the pedestal has been erected, and
that on the 24th day of May, instant, at n o'clock a. m., the statue of
The Statue Commission 29
Marshal DE ROCHAMBEAU will be unveiled with appropriate ceremonial,
Senator Henry C. Lodge delivering the address. Seats have been reserved
for the Senators and Representatives in Congress.
We remain, sir, very respectfully, yours,
JOHN HAY
Secretary of State
EUHU ROOT
Secretary of War
GEO. PEABODY WETMORE
Chairman Committee on the Library, Senate
J. T. McCXEARY
Chairman Committee on the Library, House
Hon. WILLIAM P. FRYE
President pro tempore, United States Senate
Accompanying this letter was a copy of the order of exer
cises arranged by the Congressional Commission.
On the same day the report in the same terms was submitted
to the House.
COMMISSION CONCLUDES ITS OFFICIAL DUTIES
The Commission, under the act of February 14, 1902, held
a meeting on July 2, 1902, for the purpose of passing upon the
accounts of Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, disburs
ing officer under the appropriation of $15,000 provided for by
the said act.
Present: Mr. Hay, Secretary of State; Mr. Wetmore, chair
man of the Committee on the Library, Senate; Mr. McCleary,
chairman of the Committee on the Library, House of Repre
sentatives.
The accounts were approved.
The Commission then took up the final settlement for the
pedestal and statue under the act of February 14, 1902, which
reads as follows:
That any part of this sum not required for preparation of the site and'
erection of said pedestal and for the expense attending the unveiling of
said statue may be used and expended for the completion of said statue
and pedestal.
The chairman of the Committee on the Library of the House
of Representatives, Mr. James T. McCleary, said that this
30 The Statue Commission
proviso was specifically inserted and agreed to by the Commit
tee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives to pro
vide and pay for the additional expense incurred over and
above the price stipulated in the contract of purchase of said
statue and pedestal, dated April 30, 1901, in enlarging this
statue beyond the original statue inaugurated in Vendome
(France) on June 4, 1900, in order to adapt it to the site on
Lafayette square Washington, D. C., and make it in keeping,
as a companion piece, with the monument of Lafayette, already
situated in the same park; in designing and executing a larger
and more suitable pedestal;' also in designing and executing on
the front of said pedestal the bronze allegorical figure which
was necessary to suit this replica of the original statue to its
purpose in the United States.
to ditto
lo i3ilBV3riD
oi x 1Bi;rtB l
' i.ia .M
j rtt ,873imjsI JB ,sg8i ntoS
. fitu ci
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ited in the
riginal -
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.
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ore suitable
>nt of said
xsary to M - DELCASSE (Th,phil e )
: 1 the Ull 3 Minuter of Foreign Affairs
Born 1852, at Pamiers, in the Department of Ariege, in the south of France, at the
foot of the Pyrenees, 12 miles north of Foix. Licentiate of letters; chevalier of the
L/egion of Honor, 1887; counselor-general of Ariege, Canton of Viedessos, August, 1888;
deputy of Foix in 1889, reelected in 1893, 1898, 1902; August 22, 1894, president of the
general council of Ariege; under secretary of state for the colonies from January to
December 3, 1893; minister of the colonies May 30, 1894, to January 26, 1895; minister
of foreign affairs, June 28, 1898, to June 6, 1905.
INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE
In compliance with a joint resolution of Congress of March
21, 1902, on the 2yth ensuing, the President of the United States
transmitted, through John Hay, Secretary of State, to Horace
Porter, ambassador of the United States to France, to be handed
to the President of France in person, the following autograph
letter:'
LETTER OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, to His
Excellency, Entile Lonbet, President of the Republic of France
GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND: I have the honor to inform you that the
Congress of the United States has adopted a concurrent resolution,
authorizing and directing me to address to the Government and people
of France a cordial invitation to unite with the people and Government of
the United States in order to proceed in a manner dignified and suitable
to the inauguration of the monument of Marshal ROCHAMBEAU, in the
city of Washington, the 24th day of the month of May, 1902. I find
myself, in consequence, charged with the agreeable duty of transmitting
this invitation to the Government and to the French people in the name
of the Government and of the people of the United States.
I am persuaded that Your Excellency will see in this act a new proof
of the enduring gratitude of the Government and of the American people
for the inestimable services of France during the war of our Revolution,
and that this circumstance will serve again to renew more closely the ties
\\ hicn since that period have united the two countries.
I take this occasion to assure Your Excellency of the ardent wish that
I entertain for your health and prosperity, also for the happiness and
prosperity of the Government and French people.
Written at Washington, the 2yth of March, 1902.
Your Good Friend,
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
By the President
JOHN HAY
The Secretary of State
32 International Correspondence
[Translation]
IvETTRE DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVEI/T
Theodore Roosevelt, President des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, a son Excel
lence Emile Loubet, President de la Republique Fran$aise
GRAND ET BON AMI: J'ai 1'honneur de vous informer que le Congres
des Etats-Unis a adopte" une resolution conjointe m'autorisant et m'enga
geant a adresser au Gouvernement et au peuple francais une invitation
cordiale a s'unir au peuple et au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis en vue de
proce"der, d'une faon digne et convenable, a 1' inauguration du monument
du Marechal DE ROCHAMBEAU, dans la ville de Washington, le 24* jour
du mois de mai 1902. Je me trouve, en consequence, charge" de l'agre"able
devoir de transmettre cette invitation au Gouvernement et au peuple fran-
ais, au nom du Gouvernement et du peuple des Etats-Unis.
Je suis persuade que Votre Excellence verra dans cette demarche une
nouvelle preuve de la gratitude persistante du Gouvernement et du peuple
ame"ricains pour les services inappreciables de la France pendant la guerre
de notre Revolution, et que cette circonstance servira a resserrer plus
etroitement encore les liens qui, depuis cette epoque, ont uni les deux
pays.
Je saisis cette occasion pour assurer Votre Excellence des voeux ardents
que je forme pour son bonheur et sa prosperite, ainsi que pour le bonheur
et la prosperite du Gouvernement et du peuple francais.
Fvcrit a Washington, le 27 mars 1902.
Votre bon ami,
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Par le President
JOHN HAY
Le Secretaire d> Etat
PRESIDENT LOUBET 'S REPLY.
The President of France replied to the invitation from the
President of the United States as follows:
Your Excellency has been pleased to inform me that, in virtue of a joint
resolution of Congress, you have been charged to invite the French Gov
ernment and people to join the Government and people of the United
States in inaugurating, on the 24th of May next, the monument erected
to the memory of Marshal DE ROCHAMBEAU.
I gladly accept this invitation in the name of the Government of the
Republic and in that of the entire French people.
In fraternally taking part in this solemnity the American nation once
more gives evidence of its remembrance of those French citizens who
International Correspondence 33
shared its dangers and glory in its struggle for independence; it has, fur
thermore, desired to confirm the friendship and draw still closer the bonds
which since that most memorable period have united our two countries.
France will hail this manifestation with deep emotion.
In tendering you, in her name, her sincerest thanks, I beg you to accept,
dear and great friend, the fervent wishes which I entertain for Your Excel
lency's own happiness and for the prosperity of the United States of
America.
ROCHAMBEAU AND LAFAYETTE
At the same time the Secretary of State transmitted under
the same authority, through Ambassador Porter, a letter in the
name of the President of the United States, extending to Count
Rene de Rochambeau, for the family of "Count de Rocham-
beau," a cordial invitation to unite with the Government and
people of the United States in a fit and appropriate dedication
of the monument of Marshal DE ROCHAMBEAU to be unveiled
in the city of Washington on May 24, 1902.
A similar letter with appropriate changes was sent at the
same time to M. Gaston de Sahune de Lafayette.
LOUBET ACCEPTS
Having complied with the directions of the Secretary of State
on April 16, Ambassador Porter cabled to Secretary Hay:
France decides to send to Washington a general and admiral, with couple
of aids each, two officers from foreign office who speak English, and a war
ship. Count Rochambeau and M. de Sahune de Lafayette and wives will
attend, arriving New York i8th (May).
ROCHAMBEAU AND LAFAYETTE REPRESENTED
With regard to the Lafayette family, M. Gaston de Sahune de
Lafayette and his wife not being able to proceed to the United
States, the invitation was accepted for M. Paul de Sahune de
Lafayette, then living in the United States, who spoke English,
and a brother of M. Gaston de Sahune de Lafayette.
S. Doc. 537, 59-i 3
SITE
The ground upon which the monument stands is the most
eligibly situated within the limits of the American capital. It
occupies the southwest angle of a park, on the corresponding
corner of which on the east is the bronze effigy of another
Frenchman, Lafayette, who did more than any other one man
to secure the presence of ROCHAMBKAU and his French troops
in America.
On the same angles on the north it is proposed to erect the
image in bronze of the brave Pulaski, the Pole, on the one
hand, and of Steuben, the Prussian, the ' ' drillmaster " of the
Continental Army, on the other.
Thus, when the number shall be complete, have we gathered
in scenic grouping, with the most picturesque surroundings of
nature and art and within sight of the home of the Executive
Authority of the Republic, the four typical men of our foreign
friends in the desperate struggle.
The park itself, named after the Frenchman, Lafayette, whom
all Americans revere, is the finest in the city in location, adorn
ment, and historic memories. On the south, upon which the
figure of ROCHAMBEAU faces, extends the broad sweep of Penn
sylvania avenue, planned for spectacular events of the Govern
ment, with the White House beyond, seen in glimpses among
beautiful trees of the choicest varieties and flanked on one side
by the classic seat of the money power of the Government and
on the other by the modern housing of the offices of State, War,
and Navy.
The memory of ROCHAMBEAU and of the officers and men
associated with him in execution of the duty which they were
.sent to perform, therefore finds in the location selected every
thing to commend.
35
STATUE OF COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
From the Southwest
Fr<
great a<' .
from thr
strea
and ' and
It compi f the commander in chief of the troops
MONUMENT OF ROCHAMBEAU
under From thesouthwest ur e is about 8 feet 8 inches
ef, repr< 'he "Army of Liberty," a
statue u
:W a<> feet.
IIIOIIUTIK-
Laf . -)site aiu ;
n arm?
woi '
emblem;;
the God
STATUE OF COMTE DE ROCH.
From the Southwest
MONUMENT
From its position the monument of ROCHAMBEAU shows to
great advantage in three directions, and therefore is constantly
from three points within the range of vision of the never-ending
stream of human life passing to and fro between the eastern
and western sections of the busiest quarters of the official and
mercantile portions of the city.
It comprises a statue of the commander in chief of the troops
of Louis XVI, sent to assist the forces of the American States
under General Washington. The figure is about 8 feet 8 inches
in height, in high relief, representing the "Army of Liberty," a
replica of the heioic statue unveiled at Vendome, France (the
birthplace of the ROCHAMBEAU of American fame), June 4, 1900,
and stands on a stone pedestal upon -a subbase of granite about
12 feet high, a total of 20 feet. The pedestal is different in
design from that at Vendome, owing to the importance of the
monument complete bearing symmetrical relations to that of
Lafayette in the opposite angle of the same park.
ROCHAMBEAU in the uniform of his rank, in heroic proportions,
is represented erect, in an attitude of action, his right arm
extended tow r ard the horizon, in gesture of command, and by a
happy coincidence toward the home and tomb of his friend,
companion in arms, arid chief, Washington. In his left hand
he holds a plan of the field of Yorktown. At his feet rests the
breech of a cannon on which lies a branch of laurel.
On the south or front of the cap of the base is the simple
word ' ' ROCHAMBEAU." At the base of the statue is the bronze
emblematical group, a subsidiary bronze figure which represents
the Goddess of Liberty stepping from a boat, touching sup
posedly on the shores of America. In her left hand she holds
37
38 The Monument
aloft a flagstaff displaying the Stars and Stripes and colors of
France, which she gathers in graceful folds near the top in the
act of landing. In her left hand she grasps a drawn sword
defending a war eagle with extended wings, which clutches in
its left talon a shield bearing the 13 stars and stripes of the
original States, thus typifying the "alliance" the only one
ever entered into by the United States.
On the east face of the die, on a fanciful shield oval in design,
is the. escutcheon of ROCHAMBKAU, three stars; two and one and
a chevron and crown for crest; on the west are the arms of the
Bourbon family, the lilies; two and one surmounted by a crown.
The north side of the pedestal bears these words
WE HAVE BEEN
CONTEMPORARIES AND FELLOW-WORKERS IN THE CAUSE
OF LIBERTY
AND WE HAVE LIVED TOGETHER
AS BROTHERS SHOULD DO
IN HARMONIOUS FRIENDSHIP
And beneath
BY THE CONGRESS, MAY XXIV, MDCCCCII
The original letter was discovered in the archives of the
Chateau Rochambeau and was brought to the United States by
the grand nephew of the Marshal. A copy of it is in possession
of the Government at Washington. The pedestal is the work of
L,. Laurent, architect. The casting by Val d'Osne.
The artist seeks to render, as much by the manner of the
person as by the expression of the face, the characteristic
traits of this interesting figure among the last marshals of the
ancient monarchy.
It was the sculptor's aim to represent ROCHAMBEAU as he
was, 'the full type of the soldier of the old regime.
Although his birth, accomplishments, and training appealed
to the brilliant indolence of court life, he always preferred the
rude hazard of distant campaigns.
Washington to ROCHAMBEAU, February i, 1784.
-
const d<
The
rnendati'
enlarged
the best
M. FERNAND HAMAR
of his ^-fjculptor of the Monument of Comte de Rochambeau
of fine arts, \\ ;
ited at the ^
distinguis! *>*fl erf
Vendome cha
of Marshal i;
years later the (rovernme! > him
to execute another after th .<r- to correspond in
t*^ in Lafayettr
The Monument 39
In the physiognomy of his hero the sculptor expresses also
the idea of loyalty, honesty, and regard for order and disci
pline, to which, as history records, the Congress at Philadelphia
rendered homage when the subject passed through that city.
The figure is also designed to give expression to the man
considered by the King best qualified to carry out his purposes
in sending aid to the ' ' insurgents ' ' in America.
WORK APPROVED
The original at Vendome was received with the highest com
mendation by the experts of the French world of art. The
enlarged reproduction receives the same favorable judgment of
the best authorities in America.
SCULPTOR
The author of the monument, a native of Vendome, the birth
place of his subject, was born in 1869. He entered the school
of fine arts, having Cavalier and Barras as masters. He exhib
ited at the Salon of the Champs Klysses, where he frequently
distinguished himself. In 1900 the committee of the town of
Vendome charged him to execute a monument to the memory
of Marshal DE ROCHAMBEAU, to adorn his native town. Two
years later the Government of the United States engaged him
to execute another after the same design, to correspond in
dimensions to that of Marquis de Lafayette in Lafayette Park
at Washington.
SCHEDULE OF EVENTS
CONNECTED WITH
THE UNVEILING OF THE MONUMENT OF
ROCHAMBEAU
HONORS TO THE FRENCH MISSION
HOSPITALITIES TO REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FAMILIES
OF ROCHAMBEAU AND LAFAYETTE
"GUESTS OF THE NATION"
41
EVENTS OF THE DAY
SATURDAY, MAY 17
ARRIVAL OF THE CIVIL "GUESTS
AT NEW YORK
42
/1AHOOH 3d 3TMCO .3M
RENE, COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
Born 1866, second son of Marquis and Marquise de Rochambeau, who in 1881 were the
guests of the Government of the United States during the celebration of the centennial
of the surrender of the British army at Yorktowri. He Is theTiead of the family through
the death of his elder brother and during the minority of his nephew. He has taken
the grades of the faculty of letters, sciences, and law of Paris. At one time he contem
plated a diplomatic career, which, however, was abandoned for letters and agriculture.
He married in 1894 Mademoiselle Rouxeh
ARRIVAL OF THE CIVIL "GUESTS"
The steamer Touraine, of La Compagnie Generale Trans-
Atlantique, which arrived at her pier in New York on Saturday,
May 17, 1902, had among her passengers
Comte Rene and Comtesse de Rochambeau, representing the family of
the commander in chief of the auxiliary army of France in the American
Revolution.
La Comtesse de Chambrun, formerly Miss Longworth, of Cincinnati,
wife of the older brother of Vicomte de Chambrun.
M. Croiset, member of the French Institute, dean of the Faculty of Letters
of Paris.
M. Lagrave, French commissioner-general to the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, representing the ministry of commerce.
M. Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign minister.
M. Renouard, painter and engraver, representing the ministry of public
instruction.
M. Robert de Billy, secretary of embassy.
M. Fernand Hamar, sculptor of the ROCHAMBEAU statue.
M. Hamar, pere.
Upon the signaling of the Touraine from the Highlands,
M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the French embassy at Wash
ington, and Mr. J. B. Reynolds, secretary to the mayor of New
York, proceeded down the bay, and going aboard the Touraine
extended first greetings to the incoming guests of the nation.
At the pier the distinguished party was met by M. Bruwaert,
French consul-general at New York, Comte Sahune de Lafayette,
and several others.
43
EVENTS OF THE DAY
MONDAY, MAY 19
COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBEAU AND THE
DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVO
LUTION A FESTIVE "ALLIANCE" AT
THE UNION LEAGUE
44
inrcet deSahune Du Motier
THE COUNTED
At 3 o'clock in the after,
tesse de Rochainoeau n
Society of the Daughters of
by Mrs. Charles W. FairhanV
Mrs. 8}'lvanus Reed, regt nt
Mrs. Althea R. Bedle, of N-
National COMTE DE LAFAYETTE
Paul-Marie Joseph de Pourci
'
Former officer of cavalry, Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, for campaigns in Senegal
and the French Sudan; great grandson of General I^afayette and brother of the Marquis
de lyafayette, actual head of the name and arms of the family of the General.
>f the Mi)
The ladies were met by i.h<e Comtc *k
soon after by the Comte :
Mrs. Sylvauus Reed, fo
said:
"iame la C
itne of th-i
century and a quarter pr<
American citi/
In the darkt-.st hour of
light and
Comte i>;
Rhode I si.-.
he joined.
We rejoie. :.he nation h
unveiled b .
whose friendsh
famous Octol >..
to the en I
THE COUNTESS AND "THE DAUGHTERS"
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon of Monday, May 19, the Com-
tesse de Rochambeau received a delegation from the National
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution appointed
by Mrs. Charles W. Fairbanks, president-general, consisting of
Mrs. Sylvanus Reed, regent of the Manhattan Chapter, New York.
Mrs. Althea R. Bedle, of New Jersey, vice president-general of the
National Society.
Mrs. J. Heron Grossman, of Tarrytown, N. Y., vice president-general.
Mrs. S. V. White, regent of the Fort Greene Chapter.
Miss Mary Van Buren Vanderpool, regent of the Mary Washington
Chapter.
Mrs. Frederick Hasbrouck, regent of the Knickerbocker Chapter.
Mrs. A. G. Mills, of the Mary Washington Chapter.
The ladies were met by the Comte de Lafayette, followed
soon after by the Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau.
Mrs. Sylvanus Reed, for the society, in words of greeting
said:
Madame la Comtesse: Mrs. Fairbanks, president-general of the National
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, has delegated us to
welcome, in the name of that society, one whose name has been for a
century and a quarter pronounced from childhood with gratitude by every
American citizen.
In the darkest hour of the war for American Independence a gleam of
light and hope cheered the heart of Washington and his army, when the
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU arrived and landed his troops on the shores of
Rhode Island, where he was welcomed by General Sullivan, whose forces
he joined.
We rejoice that the statue which the nation has erected should be
unveiled by a lady who bears his name and who represents the nation
whose friendship has been our pride and tower of strength since that
famous October day. May the two great Republics of the world be allied
to the end of time.
45
46 The Countess and "The Daughters"
The Comtesse de Rochambeau in response said :
My English may not be very understandable, but I hope my gratitude
and respect for my guests and the country they represent will be. I may
also thank you and your countrymen in behalf of my husband. We wish
we could stay longer in your delightful city. If any of you are ever in
France we shall be most pleased to see you at our home.
A delegation from the French Society of ROCHAMBEAU of New
York, in uniform, came in soon after to pay respects.
FESTIVE '/ALLIANCE" AT THE UNION LEAGUE
In the evening Cornelius N. Bliss, of the Cabinet of President
McKinley, president of the Union League, entertained at the
clubhouse Gen. Horace Porter, American ambassador to France,
and the French visitors as guests of honor at dinner.
In addition to the host and General Porter, there were
present
Comte Rene de Rochambeau Abram S. Hewitt
M. Croiset . Levi P. Morton
M. Michel Lagrave Mayor Low
M. Guillemin Whitelaw Reid
M. de Billy Morris K. Jessup
Vicomte de Chambrun Franklin Murphy
M. Edmund Bruwaert Nevada N. Stranahan
Commander Raymond Rodgers, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler
U. S. Navy J. Edward Simmons
Comte Sahune de Lafayette John Claflin
John W. Griggs John S. Kennedy
Thomas L. James Charles Stewart Smith
James W. Alexander Edward D. Adams
George G. Haven Robert W. De Forest
John A. McCall James G. Cannon
Herbert P. Brown George R. Sheldon
George W. Perkins L. C. Weir
Charles W. Gould John A. Sleicher
James W. Beekman F. C. Wagner
Thomas H. Wood George S. Terry
Louis Stern Cornelius N. Bliss
Charles A Moore
EVENTS OF THE DAY
TUESDAY, MAY 20
SALUT! "LE GAUIvOIS"
THE "GUESTS" AT WASHINGTON
48
SAIL AHOY!
On the m ; May 20, the French armored erv
Gaulois, v command!: a lx>ard the
members of and Naval Mission, sent by President
L/oubet in i to the invitation of the Government of
the United S resent the "French Government and
people'' at * < -!' the ROCTIAMBKAU monument, ap-
the offing off the capes of Virginia at the entrance to
ike Bay. The A irrican escorting squadron, in wait-
of the cruiser Olympia,
LE CUIRASSE D'ESCADRE "LE GAULOIS" ^ Q ^ ^^
Atlantic (/ S^Mf commun igu * epar M - Sf^^B&OR commanding,
steamed out in greo the Frenchman.
riONAJ. HONORS
The moment the ' *.r\\. the Olympia sent up to
the topmast the nati> ;s (n France and fired a national
21 gui: iri promptly sent op the col-
^ ::ii equal number
gun- Mjbama successively i
ir honors, ti u reciprocating.
B soon as the 6. / ^m- near enough K
Higginson, putting pi launch, boarded th
Fournier. the
officer, and sa -.s of the Mission.
The ied aboard his flagship and
the great in.; \\>^ inward at 7 a. lit
the cape ns leading, the A
S. i *
SAIL AHOY!
On the morning of May 20, the French armored cruiser
Gaulois, Captain de Surgy commanding, having on board the
members of the Military and Naval Mission, sent by President
L,oubet in response to the invitation of the Government of
the United States to represent the ' ' French Government and
people" at the unveiling of the ROCHAMBKAU monument, ap
peared in the offing off the capes of Virginia at the entrance to
Chesapeake Bay. The American escorting squadron, in wait
ing outside since Sunday, consisting of the cruiser Olympia,
flagship, and battle ships Kearsarge and Alabama, of the North
Atlantic Squadron, Rear- Admiral Higginson commanding,
steamed out in greeting to the Frenchman.
INTERNATIONAL HONORS
The moment the Gaulois was sighted, the Olympia sent up to
the topmast the national colors of France and fired a national
salute of 21 guns. The Frenchman promptly sent up the col
ors of the United States, firing an equal number of responsive
guns. The Kearsarge and Alabama successively extended
similar honors, the Frenchman reciprocating.
As soon as the Gaidois came near enough Rear-Admiral
Higginson, putting off in his launch, boarded the Gaulois, to
pay his respects to Vice- Admiral Fournier, the senior naval
officer, and salute the other members of the Mission.
The American Rear- Admiral returned aboard his flagship and
the great machines of war heading inward at 7 a. m. passed
the capes in single column, the Gaulois leading, the American
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - 4 49
50 On to Washington
squadron following in the order of their salute. Upon clearing
the entrance the ships in the same formation pointed up the bay
at moderate speed, plowing the very waters and in sight or the
very shores where De Grasse with his gallant men behind the
guns of France reached conclusions with Graves on the sea and
held Cornwallis bottled up in the bay.
At 4 p. m. the squadron and its charge anchored for the night
off Cove Point at the mouth of the Patuxent River, Maryland.
As a mark of recognition of the international character of
the event and as an evidence of appreciation of the significance
of the commemoration, the French Government sent its repre
sentatives to the shores of America in a vessel of the best type
of modern construction in a navy so celebrated for its partici
pation in American affairs a century and a quarter ago.
Aside from the ceremonial prestige of its presence, the Gaulois
constituted an object lesson in the naval architecture of the
Republic of France at the beginning of the twentieth, as Le
Languedoc, La Bourgogne, and La Ville de Paris stood for the
best types afloat toward the close of the eighteenth century.
ON TO WASHINGTON
The unofficial guests of the nation, who had been enjoy
ing many quiet hospitalities among their friends in New York,
departed from New York for Washington in a special car.
On the way they tarried a few hours at Philadelphia, the Comte
and Comtesse de Rochambeau to attend a luncheon in their
honor by personal friends, the others meanwhile to visit Inde
pendence Hall, the United States Mint, Fairmount Park, and
other points of interest, continuing the journey at 5.25 p. m.,
reaching their destination at 8.30 p. m.
As the party alighted at the Washington station, they were
met by M. Jules Boeufve, chancellor of the French embassy, and
Mr. Edwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission
who escorted them to their place of residence while in the city.
Almost simultaneously appeared M. Jules Cambon, ambas
sador, and suite of the French embassy staff to give cordial
greeting to their distinguished countrymen.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
WEDNESDAY, MAY 21
LE GAULOIS AT ANNAPOLIS NAVAL
HONORS PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION
WELCOMES THE FRENCH MISSION-
AUTHORITIES OF THE UNITED STATES
NAVAL ACADEMY TENDER THE COUR
TESIES OF THE STATION IN BEHALF
OF THE U. S. NAVY DEPUTATION
FROM THE FRENCH EMBASSY EXTEND
CORDIAL GREETINGS TO THEIR
COUNTRYMEN
(CoL.THEO.A.BINGHAMU.S.A
Tr
At 9 o'clock 01.
anchor and contim,
age, about 5 mi
Annapolis, Md
first mode^
American waters.
THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION
HERBERT H. D. PEJRCE Col. THEODORE A. BINGHAM
Third A ssista nt Secretary of State U. S. A rmy
'111 the Commander RAYMOND P. RODGERS
first-class battle ship IndF' S ' Navy
ing training ship Chesapca:
naval tug Standish, to'
boat (No. 54) Holland. +^
together with the escortir . carried
their main batteries ami .-<: ^bout 5
a^ ted horst
T): :n speri
it sunsl;: .;id wat<
In am of
sion, representing th<
9.15 a. m.:
Mr. Herbert II ];
Col. Tb
Commander
;:SIDENT
al of the
nt, arrive
THE "GAULOIS" AT ANNAPOLIS
At 9 o'clock on the following morning the vessels weighed
anchor and continued their voyage to their prearranged anchor
age, about 5 miles below the United States Naval Academy at
Annapolis, Md., which they reached at n a. m. This was the
first modern French battle ship of the first class ever seen in
American waters.
PRESTIGE OF THE STATES
At the time there was quite a representation of the American
Navy in the roads off the waters of the Severn, including the
first-class battle ship Indiana, auxiliary cruiser Gloucester, sail
ing training ship Chesapeake, double-turretted monitor Terror,
naval tug Standish, torpedo boat (No. 16) Gwin, submarine
boat (No. 54) Holland, and dispatch boat Dolphin. These,
together with the escorting squadron, carried 77 great guns in
their main batteries and represented about 50,000 tonnage and
as much indicated horsepower.
This warlike scene was enhanced in spectacular effect by the
bright sunshine above and the placid waters beneath.
ARRIVAL OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION
In anticipation of the arrival of the Gaulois, the commis
sion, representing the President, arrived from Washington at
9.15 a. m.:
Mr. Herbert H D. Peirce, Third Assistant Secretary of State, chairman;
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, aid to the President;
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy;
53
54 The " Gaulois " at Annapolis
who were accompanied by
M. Pierre de Margerie, counselor;
Capt. Paul Vignal, military attache";
Lieutenant-Commander Comte de Faramond, naval attache";
M. .Louis Hermite, attache;
all of the French embassy.
The party at once drove to the wharf, where they embarked
on the dispatch boat Dolphin, Capt. Albert Gleaves.
At 1 1 .30 a. m. the Dolphin, getting under way, steamed slowly
toward the Gaulois, which, with the escort ships, was off Green-
berry Point light-house, about 5 miles distant. Her jack at the
moment was fluttering at the bow, the signal of anchoring, let
ting go at 12.50 meridian as the Dolphin with her ceremonial
commission came up.
The escort anchored in position, the Olympia, flagship, 200
yards on the bow of the Gaulois, the Alabama and Kearsarge
taking berths below the Olympia at points equidistant.
NAVAL COURTESIES
The battle ship Indiana, which lay between Annapolis and
the light-house, opened the ceremonial function by hoisting a
signal. The Alabama responded with a signal, whereupon
the Gaulois fired a national salute of 2 1 guns, followed by her
band playing ' ' Le Marseillaise. ' '
At the conclusion of these preliminaries the President's com
mission, in a launch from the Dolphin, proceeded to the Gaulois,
which as they approached fired a salute of 15 guns.
As they stepped upon the deck of the Gaulois they w r ere
greeted by General Brugere, general of division, vice-president
of the supreme council of war, and Vice- Admiral Fournier,
inspector-general of the navy.
The other members of the Mission were then presented
General Chalendar, commander of the Fourth Infantry Brigade.
Captain de Surgy, commanding the armored cruiser Gaulois.
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative
of the President of the French Republic, M. Loubet.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite, commander of the Sixth Foot Artillery.
Major Berthelot, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
n
Lieut. Andre" Sauvaire-J<".
Lieu; e le Jay, ai
Lieut. I- vimilien d. k
Admiral !
Capt. dt de Saint- :\
Capt. Etienn ,u, aid-de-
Cap*. iche" of the ger
After an : greetin:
the ship's cabin, which was tastr
foliage, and fruits. Here more
Mr. Peirce, 9] for the !
said :
GENERAL: This commission now present ha*
Ro<>
UEUT. COL. MEAUX SAINT-MARC (PAUL HENRI FRANCIS)
country
Personal representative of the President of France
Born 1850, at lyivry, Department of Seine et Oise, in the north of France; lieutenant-
colonel of infantry (territorial); officer of ordnance to the President of the Republic,
and personal representative of the President of France to the unveiling of the
ROCHAMBRAU monument. ;1 Jd:
GENTLEMEN: I thank :h e name
French people for the I me which
is a very great pleasure .{ my colh .
occasion of internation is the u
monument, and I am sur
recollection of our stay in j ; dst.
Since our departu
1 henchman in
that
stricken fellow-countr\
i for your gent >me.
The commissior a plea,
departure,
etiquette to the
At a later hour
and their suite
commission, after which
Colonel
the events of ti
IHM3H JUAT) :>HAM-TV1IA8 XUA3M
KJHf
> . '
The " Gaulois" at Annapolis 55
Lieut. Andre" Sauvaire-Jourdain, aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier.
Lieut. Gustave le Jay, aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier.
Lieut. Baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, aid-de-camp to Vice-
Admiral Fournier.
Capt. de Pouilloiie de Saint-Marc, captain of artillery.
Capt. Etienne Filloneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
Captain Lasson, attache" of the general staff of the governor of Paris.
After an exchange of greetings the entire party withdrew to
the ship's cabin, which was tastefully decorated with flowers,
foliage, and fruits. Here more formal ceremonies were had.
Mr. Peirce, speaking for the President of the United States,
said:
GENERAL: This commission now present has been charged by President
Roosevelt to welcome you and your colleagues to the United States in his
name and to express to you his hope that you will enjoy your stay in our
country and carry away with you an agreeable impression of the United
States, its institutions, and people. On behalf of our President I bid you
welcome.
General Brugere, speaking for the President of France, in
response, in his own tongue, said:
GENTUSMEN: I thank you in the name of President Loubet and the
French people for the kind welcome which you have accorded to us. It
is a very great pleasure to me and my colleagues to visit you on such an
occasion of international esteem as the unveiling of the ROCHAMBEAU
monument, and I am sure we will carry back to France the most agreeable
recollection of our stay in your midst.
Since our departure one incident has occurred which will stir the heart
of every Frenchman in grateful recognition of American friendship, and
that is the immediate and munificent aid which was extended to our
stricken fellow-countrymen on the island of Martinique. Gentlemen, I
thank you for your generous welcome.
The commission after a pleasant half hour took their
departure. On their return to the Dolphin they paid visits of
etiquette to the Olympia and Alabama.
At a later hour General Brugere, Vice- Admiral Fournier,
and their suites made their return call upon the President's
commission, after which the Dolphin returned to Annapolis.
Colonel Bingham departed at once for Washington to report
the events of the day to the President. Assistant Secretary
56 The " Gaulois" at Annapolis
Peirce and Commander Rodgers remained to escort the French
Mission the next morning to Washington for their formal
presentation to the President.
y
LOUBET'S PARTING WORDS TO THE MISSION.
The French commission, before departing on the armored
cruiser Gaulois from Toulon for the port of New York, officially
called upon President L,oubet in Paris, who, in addressing them,
said:
The bonds which so long united the Governments of the two Republics,
as well as the peoples of the United States and France, render the mission
which you are about to accomplish particularly important. President
Roosevelt has been good enough to become, at every opportunity, the
mouthpiece of the sympathy uniting the two nations, and I am extremely
pleased to let him know, through you, how much I share these senti
ments.
You will respond fully to the sentiments which impel me to send this
mission, representing worthily, as you will, the army, the navy, and the
universities of our dear country. You are young and energetic men,
invested with very high state functions, and you are going to a country
where energy is a religion and where youth is loved. I anticipate for you
the good welcome which that enthusiastic and mighty people beyond
the ocean has ever reserved for those who have gone there to represent
France.
PRELIMINARY ATTENTIONS TO CIVIL GUESTS
On the following morning the civil members, as suited their
inclinations, took an informal tour of the city in carriages or
automobiles at their disposal.
Ambassador Cambon meanwhile called at the White House
to ascertain the wishes of the President with regard to certain
features of the proposed events leading up to the exercises of
the unveiling.
At i p. m. Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau and the civil
members of the Mission were entertained at luncheon by M. and
Mme. Cambon. The only other guests were attaches of the
embassy. The affair was informal, having for its object a better
personal acquaintance and understanding between the ambas
sador and his staff and the specially delegated representatives
of the " Government and people of France," present at the
invitation of the Congress of the United States, to participate
in the ceremonies arranged for the 24th.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
THURSDAY, MAY 22
ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH MISSION AT
WASHINGTON RECEPTION BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES-
CEREMONIAL CALLS VISIT TO THE
TOMB OF WASHINGTON STATE DIN
NER AT THE WHITE HOUSE
ITINERARY
Miles
o I<v. Annapolis, Md. .
15 Ar. Odenton, Md. . .
o I,v. Odenton, Md. . .
24 Ar. Washington, D. C.
. 8.45 a. m.
. 9.15 a. m.
. 9.20 a. m.
. 10.00 a. m.
MEMBERS OF THE ROCHAMBEAU MISSION
Key to the group of members of the Rochambeau Mission
[Read from left of the picture]
First row : Ladies seated (5)
1. Mme. de Margerie. \j^ 3. Comtesse de Rochambeau.
2. Mme. Cambon. $ >53 4- Mrs. Peirce.
5. Mme. Vignal.
Second row: Chief military and naval members of the Mission and the President's
commission (7)
1. General de Chalendar, commander Fourteenth Infantry Brigade.
2. Vice-Admiral Fournier, inspector-general, of the French navy.
3. General Brug&re, general of division, vice-president of the supreme council of war.
4. H. K. M. Cambon, French ambassador.
5. Mr. Herbert H. D. Peirce, Third Assistant Secretary of State, chairman of
President's commission.
6. Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, aid to the President of the United States,
member of the President's commission.
7. Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy, member of the President's
commission.
Third row : Officers and civil members (7)
1. Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite, commander of the Sixth Foot Artillery.
2. M. Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign minister.
3. M. Croiset, minister of the French Institute, dean of Faculty of Letters of Paris.
4. Lieut. Col. Meaux SaintrMarc, aid-de-camp and personal representative of Emil
Loubet, President of the French Republic.
5. M. Michel Lagrave, representing the ministry of commerce.
6. Cointe de Sahune de Lafayette, representing the family of General Marquis de
Lafayette.
7. Comte de Rochambeau, representing the family of Lieutenant-General Comte DE
ROCHAMBEAU.
Fourth row , Officers and civil members (7)
1. Capitaine Pouilloue de Saint-Mars, of the French artillery.
2. M. Robert de Billy, secretary of embassy.
3. Major Berthelot, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
4. M. Jules Boeufv, chancellor French embassy, Washington.
5. Lieutenant Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan, aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier.
6. Mr. Edwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission.
7. Captain Etienne Fillonneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
pMarC, Fifth and i ast row ( 8 )
Lieutenau t - Colonel
1. Capitaine Vignal, military attach^, French embassy at Washington.
2. M. de Breda, French ensign.
3. Vicomte Charles de Chambrun, attach^ of the French embassy at Berlin. (Great
grandson of Marquis de Lafayette.)
4. M. Louis Hermite.
5. Capitaine Lasson, attache of the general staff of the governor of Paris.
6. M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy at Washington.
7. Baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier.
8. M. Aiguesparsse, attach^.
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MISSION DEPARTS FOR THE CAPITAL
At an early hour on the morning of the 22d the Standish
proceeded to the anchorage of the vessels of war and took
aboard from the Gaulois the members of the French Mission.
Upon the arrival of the Standish at the wharf of the Acad
emy the midshipmen were drawn up at dress parade, extending
to the Mission full military honors. At the same time a battery
stationed near by fired a salute of 15 guns.
After the battalion of midshipmen had passed in review, the
members of the Mission, attended by Mr. Peirce and Com
mander Rodgers, took carriages for the station, where a train
was in waiting to convey them to Washington.
Those present were General Brugere, chief of the Mission;
Vice- Admiral Fournier; General Chalendar, whose ancestor
was a lieutenant under ROCHAMBEAU; Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-
Marc, of the military household of the President of France;
Lieutenant- Colonel Hermite. of the Artillery; Major Berthelot,
aid-de-camp to General Brugere; Captains Pouiloiie de Saint-
Mars, Artillery; Filloneau, aid to General Brugere, and Las-
son, of the general staff of the governor of Paris; Lieutenants
Sauvaire- Jordan, Le Jay, and Reinach le Werth, aids to Vice-
Admiral Fournier.
59
60 Mission Departs for the Capital
ARRIVAL IN WASHINGTON
Upon their arrival at Washington at 10 a. m., the members of
the Mission were received with military formalities by a squadron
of the Second U. S. Cavalry, drawn up opposite the station.
About a dozen open carriages were also ranged at the main door.
The first of these was that of the President, which was placed at
the service of General Brugere, Admiral Fournier, and General
Chalendar, who occupied it, accompanied by Assistant Secretary
Peirce.
The cortege, preceded by a detachment of horse and bicycle
police, followed by the cavalry and the line of carriages, pro
ceeded to the White House by Pennsylvania avenue.
In expectation 6f their arrival, M. Cambon, ambassador of
France; Mme. Cambon; M. de Margerie; Counselor and Mme.
de Margerie; Captain and Mme. Vignal; Lieutenant Comte de
Faramond, and M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the French
embassy, reached the White House earlier and were shown to
the Red Parlor. A few minutes after Comte and Comtesse de
Rochambeau ; Comte Sahune de Lafayette; M. Croiset, of the
French Institute; M. Lagrave, of the ministry of commerce;
M. Guillemin, of the cabinet of the foreign minister ; M. Re-
nouard, painter and engraver ; M. de Billy, secretary of embassy,
and Vicomte de Chambrun reached the White House and were
shown to the Red Parlor, where they joined the ambassador
and suite.
At the same time the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy and
other members of the Cabinet were gathered in the Hast Room
to assist the President in welcoming the French envoys and
guests of the nation. Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral
Dewey, General Porter, ambassador of the United States to
France, Senators and Representatives and a number of specially
invited ladies in official life were present.
AT THE WHITE HOUSE
Upon entering the grounds the cavalry rapidly advanced and,
forming in line fronting the north facade of the White House,
presented sabers as the members of the Mission drove up.
Mission Departs for the Capital 61
At the steps of the north portico Colonel Bingham, repre
senting the President, and several members of the embassy of
France met the Mission and conducted them to the Red Parlor.
The moment they alighted, a salute of artillery was fired from
a battery on the Ellipse south of the Mansion.
At 10.30 a. m. , the hour appointed, the entire personnel of the
French embassy, Military Mission, and civil guests thus assem
bled in the Red Parlor were escorted by Colonel Bingham to
the Hast Room, where the President, the members of his official
household, the heads of the Army and Navy, and a few invited
to be present, was ready to give them audience and greeting.'
As the distinguished strangers entered the salon from the
grand corridor, the officers in the uniforms of high rank in
the French army, the ambassador wearing radiant decorations,
and the personnel of the embassy in court dress, the civil mem
bers in full dress, and ladies in suitable toilet, the scene was
particularly brilliant and impressive.
In the group of which the President was the central figure
the civil dress dominated, relieved, however, by the uniforms of
the admiral and general officers, and rich toilets of the ladies.
PRESIDENTIAL WELCOME
When M. Cambon, ambassador of France, presented General
Brugere, the President advanced his hand and gave him a most
hearty welcome as the envoy of President Loubet. He made
greeting equally cordial to Admiral Fournier and to the other
members of the Mission as they were introduced by Ambassador
Cambon. The ceremony of presentation extended some time
beyond the prearranged schedule, owing to the President being
engaged in an earnest conversation with General Brugere and
Admiral Fournier which lasted nearly three-quarters of an hour.
Upon leaving the White House, the ladies of the party re
turning to the hotel, General Brugere and the members of the
Mission made calls of etiquette upon the Secretaries of State,
War, and Navy, Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral Dewey,
and the ambassadors accredited to Washington.
6s Mission Departs for the Capital
IN MEMORY OF WASHINGTON
In the afternoon the naval yacht Sylph conveyed the mem
bers of the Mission, who were attended by Assistant Secretary
Peirce, to Mount Vernon.
The mausoleum was opened in honor of the distinguished vis
itors. Ambassador Cambon, General Brugere, Vice- Admiral
Fournier, and a few others entered the sacred precincts. Gen
eral Brugere, in the name of the French Government, deposited
upon the tomb of Washington a magnificent wreath of laurel
adorned with tricolor ribbons.
The Comte de Rochambeau planted a young maple tree,
which sprung upon the field of Yorktown where RGCHAMBKAU
fought by the side of Washington. General Brugere and the
other French officers put the finishing touches to the com
memorative act by taking up the spade and casting earth
around the foot of the tree.
The entire party were then shown through the mansion by
the superintendent, who pointed out and explained the relics
associated with the name of ROCHAMBKAU.
At the conclusion of these tributes of remembrance, the party
again boarding the Sylph, returned to Washington.
DINNER OF STATE
In the evening at the usual ceremonial hour, 8 o'clock, took
place the state dinner, given at the White House in honor of
the guests.
The President sat at the head of the table, with Mme.
Cambon at his right and the Comtesse de Rochambeau on
his left.
THE GUESTS
The guests, which numbered 58, were
The Secretary of State The Secretary of the Navy
The Secretary of War and, Mrs. The Secretary of Agriculture and
Root Miss Wilson
The Postmaster-General and Mrs. Miss Roosevelt
Payne Miss Carow
Mission Departs for the Capital
The Secretary to the President
Col. Theodore A. Bingham
The French Ambassador and Mme.
Cambon
General Brugere
Vice-Admiral Brnest Fournier
Comte and Comtesse de Rocham-
beau
Comte Paul de Sahune de Lafayette
M. Alfred Croiset
General of Brigade Ferdinand de
Chalendar
Captain de Surgy, Commander of
the Gaulois
Lieut. Col. Paul Meaux Saint-Marc.
M. Lagrave
M. and Mme. De Margerie
M. Jean Guillemin
Lieut. Col. Marcel Hermite
M. Renouard
M. Robert de Billy
Maj. Henri Berthelot
Lieut. Commander de Faramond de
Lafajolle
Captain and Mme. Vignal
M. Jules Bceufve"
Lieut. Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan
Lieut. Gustave Le Jay
Lieutenant Baron Maximilien de
Reinach de Werth
Capt. Pouilloiie de Saint-Mars
Capt. Btienne Filonneau
Capt. Henri Lasson
M. Louis Hermite
Vicomte Charles de Chambrun
M. Ferdinand Hamar
M. Henri E. Gourd (
Senator Wetmore
Senator Lodge
Senator Cullom
Senator Morgan
Representative McCleary
Representative Hitt
Representative Dinsmore
Assistant Secretary of State David
J. Hill
Herbert H. D. Peirce
Admiral Dewey
Lieutenant-General Miles
Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers
Gen. Horace Porter
Cardinal Gibbons
The Bishop of Washington
S. P. Langley
Edwin V. Morgan
TO THE HEALTH OF LOUBET
During the dinner the President rising, his guests following,
proposed the health of the President of the French Republic and
the people of France. The French ambassador responded in a
toast ' ' to the President of the United States, ' ' upon which
he uttered a few well-chosen sentiments addressed especially
to the President. Secretary Hay in turn offered a sentiment
"to the members of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission," to which
General Brugere responded.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
FRIDAY, MAY 23
ROOSEVELT - LOUBET
THE PRESIDENT ON " LE GAUUHS "
RETURNS TO WASHINGTON DIN
NER AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY
ITINERARY
ADVANCE SPECIAL
Miles i
o IyV. Washington, D. C. . ...... 9.30 a. m.
24 Ar. Odenton, Md .......... 10.05 a- m -
o L,v. Odenton, Md .......... 10.10 a. m.
15 Ar. Annapolis, Md .......... 10.40 a. m.
PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL
I,v. Washington, D. C ........ 10.30 a. m.
Ar. Annapolis, Md .......... 11.30 a. m.
RETURN
o IyV. Annapolis, Md ......... 4.00 p. m.
15 Ar. Odenton, Md. ... ...... 4.30 p. m.
o I^v. Odenton, Md .......... 4.35 p. m.
24 Ar. Washington, D. C ........ 5.15 p. m.
6 4
VICE ADMIRAL FOURNIER
France
NAVAL FETE
At 9.30 on the morning of May 23, in order to reach the
Ga ulois in advance of the Pn Veneral Brugere and the
other members of the KftfflW? FOURNIER > s ion left
for Annapolis. Chef ****** (chief f squadron)
VICE-ADMIRAL FOURNIER, inspector-general of movable defenses and submarine
stations, officer of the Legion of Honor, entered the naval school in 1859. Served exten
sively in the waters of Cochin China, Korea; Lieutenant de Vaisseau. In the Franco-
Prussian war commanded a company of marines and led the column of assault on
Bourget, the battalion losing 254 men and 10 officers killed and wounded; aid to the
commander in chief of the Mediterranean squadron; captain de frigate at 37 years;
aid to minister of marine; made a fourth voyage to China; in the operations off Ton
kin; arranged the basis of an agreement between France and China. At Peking drew
up and signed the treaty of May n, 1884; Capitan de Vaisseau; flag captain and chief of
staff during a cruise in the Pacific; rear-admiral and chief of the naval division of Indo-
China, later of the Atlantic, later of the marine in Algiers; organized and commanded
the division of cruisers constituting the first school of war of the navy of France; vice-
admiral maritime prefect .at Brest; commandant of the Mediterranean squadron
during the Fashoda affair; member of the supreme council of the marine; permanent
inspector-general of movable defenses and submarine stations; author of a number of
scientific works on maritime subjects, including Variations of the Compass (for which
he was made an officer of The Region of Honor), and Cyclones, The Forms of Less
Resistance on Keels, etc.
eral Brugere and his party aboar
S miles below.
The "President's special" left Washington an hour later.
tent, his daughter, and sister-in-law, Miss
Emily Tyler Carow, in this party were the French ambassador
and Mme. Cambon, the Secretary of War and Mrs. Root, the
Secretary of the Navy, Rear-Adn. Mr. Foss, Rep
resentative from Illinois, chairma-. tnittee
Affairs; Secretary and Mrs. Cortt
,tor from Massachusetts;
Bingham and Lieutenaiu
to the President, and Mr
5 65
KO jltl):
yp^^E^aem^iitmJHHm 1
^r.vov ;
-_>v,' ;_>< -.:: >'j i'- '
: i/----. i^r. : . ' 'n', .
' <\ : '
9rf
;
NAVAL FETE
At 9.30 on the morning of May 23, in order to reach the
Gaulois in advance of the President, General Brugere and the
other members of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission left Washington
for Annapolis.
Accompanying them were Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral
Dewey, Assistant Secretary Peirce, Captain Rodgers, and Mr.
Morgan, of the executive committee, representing the President;
General Corbin; General Porter, ambassador to France; Mr.
Gourd, president of the French Chamber of Commerce of New
York, and eight ladies.
Upon their arrival at Annapolis the members of the Mission
and those with them were received by two officers of marines
stationed at the naval school, who conducted them to the wharf,
where they were joined by the governor of Maryland, Mr. John
Walter Smith, also one of the invited guests.
From the landing the Gloucester and Standish carried Gen
eral Brugere and his party aboard the Gaulois, which lay about
S miles below.
The ''President's special" left Washington an hour later.
Besides the President, his daughter, and sister-in-law, Miss
Emily Tyler Carow, in this party were the French ambassador
and Mme. Cambon, the Secretary of War and Mrs. Root, the
Secretary of the Navy, Rear-Admiral Taylor, Mr. Foss, Rep
resentative from Illinois, chairman of the Committee on Naval
Affairs; Secretary and Mrs. Cortelyou, Mrs. Lodge, wife of the
Senator from Massachusetts; Surgeon- General Rixey, Colone.1
Bingham and Lieutenant-Commander Winston, U. S. Navy,
aids to the President, and Mrs. Winston.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - 5 65
66 Naval Fete
Arriving at Annapolis at 1 1 . 30, the President was received
by Commandant Wainwright, Superintendent of the Naval
Academy, and Lieutenant Seigenenmeier, his aid.
Along the streets traversed by the President and party were
stationed a double line of United States marines and National
Guard of Maryland, who stood at "present." The battalion of
naval cadets was in line on the parade. As the President and
party passed they presented arms, drums ruffled, and the corps
band played the ' ' Star-Spangled Banner. ' '
Arriving at the wharf the President and suite took seats in
the launches awaiting them, in which they were carried out to
the dispatch boat Dolphin.
The trip of 5 miles between the wharf and the Gaulois was
quickly covered, and although without incident the marine
scene presented was extremely enchanting.
When the Dolphin reached the anchorage of the ships of war
the three American escort vessels Olympia, Alabama, and
Kearsarge fired a Presidential salute of 21 guns.
ON BOARD THK " GAULOIS "
The small boats of the Dolphin transferred the President
and suite to the Gaulois. As the President reached the deck
of the French cruiser he was greeted by Ambassador Cambon,
General Brugere, and Vice- Admiral Fournier, the guard being
paraded and at "present. "
The President was at once conducted to the main cabin of
Vice- Admiral Fournier, where the other members of the Mis
sion were in waiting. After a brief interchange of courtesies
with the French officers, the President, having expressed a de
sire to be shown through the ship while awaiting breakfast,
which would be served in an hour, Vice-Admiral Fournier
performed that agreeable duty. The President took a lively
interest in the armament and arrangement of the Gaulois. Mr.
Foss, who was in company with the President in his tour of
observation, also manifested great interest in the design and
distribution of weights, economics, and metal. It was remarked
that the Alabama, one of the escort vessels anchored near by,
Naval Fte 67
the latest of the United States armored ships, resembled in cer
tain particulars the French cuirasse, having the same tonnage,
the same draft, and the same armament.
BREAKFAST TO THK PRESIDENT
The equipment for breakfast was improvised on the quarter
deck, under a pavilion formed of French and American flags, and
artistically decorated with plants and flowers, especially Ameri
can Beauty and Jacqueminot roses.
The service china, cut ware, and plate was brought from
the Palace of the Klysee at Paris, in charge of an officer of the
Gaulois, in anticipation of ceremonial and festive events grow
ing out of the interchange of hospitalities.
About 100 persons occupied seats at the table. The Presi
dent held the place of honor at the center, directly under the
muzzles of the two great 30 centimeters (i 2-inch guns), which
protruded from the after-turret of the Gaulois. Facing the
President was a grouping of American flags surrounding an
eagle with outspread wings and surmounting the escutcheon
of the United States in electric lights with a ribbon inscribed
' ' E pluribus unum. ' '
The President had at his right Mrs. Root, wife of the Secre
tary of War, and General Brugere, at his left Mrs. Lodge, wife
of the Senator from Massachusetts, and Vice- Admiral Fournier.
Mme. Cambon, wife of the French ambassador, sat facing the
President. A place of honor was also assigned to the governor
of Maryland, by the side of whom sat Admiral Dewey.
The ship's band, which was stationed on the lower deck,
performed choice selections from its. repertoire.
INTERNATIONAL FELICITATIONS
During the dessert Ambassador Cambon rose and in the name
of the President of the Republic of France extended a cordial
welcome to all present on the soil of France, represented by the
Gaulois. He was specially affable in his allusions to the Presi
dent, in whose hands he said the liberties so precious to the
68 Naval Fete
American people were a surety. The ambassador eloquently
recalled the object of the Mission of General Brugere, hoping
the close amity which for more than a century had united the
people of France to the people of the United States would be
perpetuated by future generations.
The ambassador concluded in drinking to the health
of the President of the glorious American Republic, which had given the
example of popular liberty not only to France but to the entire world.
In proposing the health of the President of the United States,
Ambassador Cambon said in the presence of the Chief Mag
istrate of the United States he desired to mention the fact of
being the direct and personal representative of M. I^oubet,
President of the French Republic.
The President happily responded, speaking with profound
deliberation. He apparently measured his words, realizing the
international character of the fete on the deck of the Gaulois.
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT
Mr. Ambassador, General Brugere, Admiral Fournier, and you who are
our hosts and guests to-day: I thank you with all my heart in the name
of our people for what this Mission means. We appreciate what France
did in sending it, and we appreciate what was implied in the choice of
those who were sent here. Through you, Monsieur Cambon, we thank
France for having chosen the General and the Admiral to come here to us.
One hundred and twenty years ago the valor of the soldiers and sailors
of France exerted what was perhaps the determining influence in making
this a free and independent nation, and because of that France must
necessarily always occupy a peculiar position in our hearts. [Great ap
plause.] I thank you for the courtesy extended to me personally to-day.
Admiral, it has been not only a pleasure but a source of profit to me to see
this magnificent battle ship, so perfect in all its details, and to see not
merely the perfection of the mechanism but the training of the men who
handle the mechanism. I am sure I speak for the men of our Navy who
are present to-day when I say that it has been not only a pleasure to be
here but a source of instruction as well.
Monsieur Cambon, I thank you also, because it has not only been an
honor to receive this embassy, but it has been a pleasure also, and some
times in this life the things of honor are not always the things of pleasure.
They both happen to coincide in this instance. And let me in return, on
behalf of all the people of the United States, and in the certainty that I
Naval Fete 69
am expressing their sincere feeling, drink to the health of Monsieur
Bmile L,oubet, President of the French Republic, and to that people,
mighty in peace and in war, of which he is President. [Great applause.]
The Secretary of War delivered a brief but happy reply. He
recalled that the Gaulois had cast anchor in the same waters
which bathed the shores of Yorktown. In closing he proposed
as a sentiment suitable to the occasion and its meaning, ' ' The
Army of France, ever faithful and tender in friendship, ever
intrepid and courageous in war. ' '
Admiral Fournier, following, made allusion to the reciprocal
esteem which existed between the navies of the two countries,
and proposed the health of President Roosevelt and the mem
bers of his official household.
The Secretary of the Navy delivered a brief address full of
vigor of expression and felicity of thought, remarking that the
French fleet had always come to the United States on a mission
of friendship, adding
When France came to our aid over a hundred years ago, she not only
rendered a great service to liberty, but imposed upon us a duty which
entailed the fulfillment of a great obligation. The American people can
say with pride that they were never deceived.
In closing his remarks Mr. Moody proposed the "French
navy." He was warmly applauded.
General Brugere followed in stirring words concerning the
Army of the United States.
General Brugere said:
I drink to the health of the Army and I welcome here the chiefs of the
Army, at its head the President of the United States, who is a real
soldier a soldier to the core and who has proved it. We have before us
to-day, on the eve of to-morrow's ceremonies, remembrances of the war
for Independence, when the American and French armies fought side by
side under the guidance of the same general, who led them to victory.
How could I forget on this American soil, steeped in the blood shed in
common for right and liberty, the bond of close friendship which united
two countries in those days, which have survived the most critical times,
and which will maintain themselves in the future, whatever may come.
Can I not remind you that when General Washington died the French
army mourned him as it would one of her chiefs, and the French flag was
covered with crape for ten days. Feeling deeply these sentiments of
70 Naval Fte
solid and close friendship, I send a cordial greeting in the name of the
descendants of the ROCHAMBEAU soldiers to the descendants of the
soldiers of Washington.
The General proposed "the memory of ROCHAMBEAU and
Washington."
M. Cambon finished these mutually felicitous flights of post
prandial oratory by rising and announcing as a toast of gal
lantry the health of Madame Roosevelt, "The First Lady of the
Land," which was greeted with prolonged and loud expressions
of approbation.
THE GUESTS
The guests were
President Roosevelt.
Miss Roosevelt.
Miss Carow.
Governor John Walter Smith.
Senator and Mrs. Wetmore, of Rhode Island.
Representative George Edmund Foss, of Illinois.
The Secretary of War and Mrs. Root.
The Secretary of the Navy.
Secretary and Mrs. Cortelyou.
L,ieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles.
Admiral George Dewey.
Major-General and Mrs. Corbin.
Ambassador Porter.
Assistant Secretary of State Herbert H. D. Peirce.
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army.
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy.
Captain Gleaves, U. S. Navy.
Rear-Admiral Higginson, U. S. Navy.
Commander Wainwright, U. S. Navy.
The members of the Military and Naval Mission of France
.Comte and Comtesse Rochambeau.
Vicomte de Chambrun.
Comte and Comtesse Lafayette and others.
The menu of this memorable breakfast was appropriate to
the occasion.
Naval Fete 71
RETURN OF THE PRESIDENT
At the conclusion of the breakfast, accompanied by his
daughter, sister-in-law, Secretaries Root and Moody, Mrs. Root,
Mrs. Lodge, and a few others, the President, after an affable
parting with his host, returned to his launch and boarded the
Dolphin. As he moved away from the Gaulois a salute of 2 1 guns
was fired. Upon landing, the President and his party drove
rapidly and without ceremony en route to the railway station.
He was followed by another launch which conveyed General
Miles, Governor Smith, Ambassador Porter, General Corbin,
and others to the Standish, which landed them. As the launch
pulled away the Gaulois fired a salute in honor of Governor
Smith and General Miles.
AT WASHINGTON
At 5.28 p. m. the special train conveying the President and
suite on their return to the capital drew up in the station. A
large crowd had gathered in anticipation of his arrival and
greeted the party with great cheering.
On the way along the platform the President grasped the
hands of the man at the throttle and the fireman, and thanked
the conductor for his thoughtful attention.
The President, with his daughter and Miss Carow and Sec
retary Loeb, entered his carriage and without formality drove
to the White House. The rest of the party drove to their own
residences.
RETURN OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR
The special train bearing the French ambassador and mem
bers of the French embassy and foreign guests entered the
station at 6 p. m. on their return from Annapolis, and they
were escorted to their hotel.
The crowd, having awaited their return, gave them a hearty
greeting as they proceeded to their carriages and drove away.
72 Naval Fte
BANQUET AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY
It was the eve of the day of the unveiling. M. and Mme.
Cambon entertained their visiting countrymen and women at
a state dinner at the French embassy, representing the ' ' Gov
ernment and people of France."
The banquet room, arranged for 22 guests, was a bower of
floral beauty, rivaled alone by the elegance of the toilet and
felicity of madame 1'hostesse.
The guests, with but few exceptions, were the same as those
of the President at the White House two days before.
General Brugere, of the French army, and Vice- Admiral
Fournier, of the French navy, Count and Countess de Rocham-
beau, Count Paul de Lafayette, M. Croiset, Vicomte de Cham-
brun, Brigadier- General Chalendar, Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-
Marc, Captain de Surgy, M. Lagrave, M. Jean Guillemin,
Lieutenant- Colonel Hermite, M. Renouard, M. Robert de Billy,
Major Berthelot, Lieutenant Sauvier-Jourdan, Lieut. Gustave le
Jay, Baron de Werth, Capt. Poilloiie de Saint-Mars, Capt.
Etienne Fillonneau, Capt. Henri Lasson, all of the French
Mission; the ambassador from Germany; the ambassador from
Russia; the ambassador from Mexico and Mme. Aspiroz; the
ambassador from Italy and Mme. Mayor des Planches; the
Austrian minister and Baroness Hengelm^iller; the minister from
Denmark; the Swiss minister; the minister from the Nether
lands; Gen. Horace Porter, the ambassador to France; Sena
tor and Mrs. Cullom; Senator and Mrs. Wetmore; Senator and
Mrs. Fairbanks; Senator and Mrs. Depew; Senator Hanna;
Cardinal Gibbons; Bishop Chapelle; the first Assistant Secre
tary of State, Mr. Hill; the Third Assistant Secretary of State
and Mrs. Peirce; Representative and Mrs. McCleary; Mrs.
Daniel Manning; Miss Alice Roosevelt and Miss Carow; Gen.
S. B. M. Young; Commander R. P. Rodgers; Doctor Maguien;
Mr. Herbert Putnam; Colonel Bingham, and Professor Gore,
with the entire staff of the host's embassy.
Naval Fete 73
From 9 to ii p. m., during the hours of the reception, the
band of the Gaulois played a selected repertoire of operatic and
popular airs in front of the embassy.
During the afternoon from 4 to 5 o'clock an open-air concert
was given by the band of the Gaulois in the White House
grounds. This band, belonging to the Toulon fleet and detached
to the Gaulois for this voyage, ranks foremost among organi
zations of its kind in the French navy. -
EVENTS OF THE DAY
SATURDAY, MAY 24
United States
France
THE STATUE OF ROCHAMBEAU UN
VEILEDREVIEW OF THE "ALLIED"
FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES AND
FRANCE VISIT OF COMPLIMENT TO
THE CAPITOL AND THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS RECEPTION AT THE
FRENCH EMBASSY.
74
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
President of the Republic of the United States
of America
AN IMPJ
The largest city of the American continent; gave him. birth, the oldest university of
the American Republic gave him education, and the Empire Commonwealth of the
American Union gave him his first experience in public affairs. These cardinal events
in the career of Theodore Roosevelt transpired, respectively, 1858, 1876, 1881. Having
been .twice reelected as legislator, in his second term he was the candidate of his party
for speaker. The majority being Democratic and success not political the circumstance
nevertheless had significance as a manifestation of his forceful relation to coordinate
men and affairs.
During the third period of his legislative service he was chairman of the committee
on cities and of the special committee which investigated abuses in the government of
New York City.
His advent iu State politics found opportunity as delegate to the -Republican State
convention of 1884, arid in national politics as one of the four delegates at large for
New York to the national convention which nominated James G. Elaine, Republican
candidate for President of the United States.
In the same year and several following he engaged in raising cattle in North Dakota;
but retaining his metropolitan political affiliations, in 1886 was Republican nominee
for mayor of New York. In 1889 appointed member of the United States Civil Service
Commission. He held that office until 1895, when he resigned to accept the presidency
of the police commission of Greater New York. In 1897 President McKinley appointed
him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, which he resigned the following year to become
lieutenant-colonel of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry in the conflict with
Spain. In the actualities of war he participated in the fights at Las Guasimas and
San Juan, and was mustered out colonel, with his regiment, at Montauk, Long Island,
September, 1898. From this point his rise in public station was rapid. In the two
months following he was nominated and elected governor of New York. In the suc
ceeding two years he governed wisely and progressively, received nomination and
election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States. In less than a year the death of
the President opened to him the succession to the chief office, to which he became his
own successor by unanimous nomination of the Republican national convention of
1904, the vote of two-thirds of the members of the electoral colleges of all the States,
and a majority of upward of two and one-half million votes being in itself by a
large majority the greatest popular indorsement given to any of his predecessors
in the high office of President of the United States.
Uxonne, and Lauzu-ri
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President of the RM
of America
AN IMPRESSIVE COMMEMORATION
The reminiscent, oratorical, and spectacular national and
international were never more impressively blended in harmo
nious commemoration than in the events and exercises immedi
ately associated with the unveiling of the monument of Comte
DE ROCHAMBKAU, commander in chief of the auxiliary forces of
France in the war of the American Revolution.
It not only revived the memory of the offensive and defensive
ties of friendship which brought three great fleets and a for
midable army to the shores of America in succor of the well-
nigh exhausted rebelling States, but reinspired with vigor the
sense of obligation cherished by every patriotic citizen.
It was the first time men not Americans, in peaceful array
under arms, bearing the flag of a foreign state, under their own
officers, with military discipline and in technical formation, were
witnessed marching on the avenue of the nation's capital.
It was not the first time American and French soldiers,
under their respective officers and national colors, under arms,
marched shoulder to shoulder in warlike array in the capital of
the United States.
On a summer day in 1781, from the Hudson to the York,
the men of Bourbonnais, Soissonnais, Saintonge, Deauxpont,
Uxonne, and Lauzun, to the sound of martial music paraded
the streets of Philadelphia under the eye of the American Con
gress and the populace, with greetings, gratitude, and godspeed,
on the march with Washington and his Continentals to the
Virginia peninsula.
75
76 An Impressive Commemoration
FLAG DECORATION
The flag display was highly artistic and greatly admired.
The blended colors of the two great Republics of the world the
senior of the new and junior of the old were not only reminis
cent of the struggles of times long gone by, but of the ameni
ties, amity, and friendship of the present, giving accent to
the cherished wish that the reciprocal feeling born of ancient
ties and grateful remembrance may endure, unsullied by strife
or enmity, during the existence of both as Governments and
people.
It must not be overlooked, however, that the colors of the
power which gave such timely and effective succor displayed
the three lilies of X/ouis (XVI) de Bourbon, King of France
and Navarre.
The stands were hidden behind American flags and bunting.
From staffs within the inclosure flew the Stars and Stripes and
the Tricolor.
The statue was an object of special decoration.
The monument, in addition to the veiling flags of the United
States and France, was artistically festooned with red, white,
and blue, and blue, white, and red bunting in great profusion.
At its foot were three immense wreaths of laurel and French
colors, tributes from the patriotic- societies of the Sons of the
American Revolution and the Daughters of the American
Revolution, and from the Society of Colonial Dames, which had
just concluded its biennial session, many members remaining
over in order to witness the ceremonies.
/
AROUND THE STATUE
At each angle of the base alternately stood an American and
French seaman at attention.
Around the hollow square, of which the monument was, the
center, at intervals of a few paces, was stationed a cordon of
Minute Men in the uniform of the Continental Line.
An Impressive Commemoration 77
FRENCH FLAG OF THE ALLIANCE
During the period of the American Revolution France was
without a national flag. The colors and heraldic devices of
the reigning family formed the standard in military and civic
display or function. The royal banner of Louis IX, or St.
Louis, who was canonized in 1297 for his efforts to rescue the
Holy Sepulchre in Palestine and the wisdom and justice of
his rule in France, was blue, powdered with fleur-de-lis in gold.
The fleur-de-lis since the eleventh century has been the device
of all the successive sovereigns of France. The emblem, how
ever, is of far more ancient origin, older, it is claimed by anti
quarians, than the doctrine of the Trinity, of which some insist
this flower to be emblematical.
The blue field ceased to be powdered with fleur-de-lis in the
reign of Charles VI, being charged only with three that is,
two and one.
The white standard first appeared in the reign of Henry IV.
At the time of the American Revolution each French regiment
carried two, the royal one being called "Le Drapeau-Colonel,"
the regimental "Le Drapeau d'Ordonnance," with a device
from the founder or province of the regiment.
A form of royal colors was a white cross on a blue field,
sometimes the cross and sometimes the field being powdered
with fleur-de-lis.
ROCH AM BEAU'S FLAG
The royal standard borne by the troops of ROCH AM BEAU
consisted of a white field, powdered with lilies in the center of
an indigo blue shield, the lilies arranged two in line on top
and one below, respectively, the shield surmounted by a crown
held on either side by a winged white infant figure draped
about the waist and waving over the shoulder a ribbon of
blue and red. The flag at the outbreak of the French Revo
lution, 1789, bore a white cross on a blue field with a fleur-de-
lis at each corner and the legend " Patrie et liberte."
78 An Impressive Commemoration
FLAG OF THK REPUBLIC
The Tricolor displayed at the unveiling of the ROCHAMBKAU
monument at Washington, the national colors of the Republic
of France, was introduced during the French Revolution.
By a decree of 1790 the navy flag, it was declared, should
consist of
three equal bands placed vertically, that next the staff being red, middle
white, and third blue.
In 1794 this flag was abolished, and in its place it was
ordered
the national flag shall be formed of the three national colors in equal
bands placed vertically, the hoist being blue, the center white, and fly red.
The flag used by Napoleon in the resplendent ceremony of
distribution of the eagles to his veterans in 1804 showed the
three colors in fess (placed horizontally), but the old arrange
ment was soon restored and remained the flag of the army and
navy during the Empire.
Upon the return of royalty it was again abolished, and the
flag of De Bourbon restored, but the Tricolor was reintroduced
in 1830, the same as used in the unveiling in May, 1902, of the
statue of the commander of the French king's battalions of
17801783, at the capital of the nation which he so largely
assisted in putting on the road to the greatness which it has
since achieved.
ASSEMBLY
A battalion of French seamen with their band, a battalion of
United States engineer troops, and a battalion of marines and
sailors with the Marine Band, took up the positions assigned to
them massed in close column on the lawn on the open side of
the inclosure on the north, facing south, and looking upon the
statue and the President's tribunal beyond with the head of
each column resting on the west line of the quadrangle formed
by the stands. The north line being left open and clear, the
troops were in position to witness the ceremony and hear the
addresses of the speakers and melodies of the bands.
An Impressive Commemoration 79
The band of the Gaulois occupied a place in front of the
French sailors. The United States Marine Baud had a position
in the space at the foot of the monument.
The stately residences opposite on the west were elaborately
dressed with American and French colors, adding picturesque
effect to the scene.
FRENCH BATTALION
The French battalion, composed of about 125 sailors from the
cuirasse d'escadre le Gaulois , was commanded by F. M. Urvoy,
assisted by Ensign Criech, Cadets Cayla and Marcenet, and
Adjutant Creach.
Their uniform consisted of a blue blouse trimmed with red,
blue and white striped shirts, with a spreading blue linen
collar overlapping the blouse. Their hats were adorned with
a small red tassel. Each carried a rifle with a spear bayonet.
Their band numbered 40 men, led by Ensign Karren, chief
musician.
L/ieut. C. L,. Poor, U. S. Navy, was special aid to the
French battalion.
PRIVILEGE OP TRANSIT GRANTED
In anticipation of the participation of a foreign force in the
display attending the unveiling of the monument, early in
May the Secretary of State of the United States, Mr. John
Hay, addressed an official letter to the governor of the State
of Maryland, Mr. John Walter Smith, asking permission for
the officers, seamen, and marines of the French armored cruiser
Gaulois, with their band of music, to land at Annapplis about
May 22, and to pass over the territory of the State of Mary
land, between the city of Annapolis and the District of Columbia;
to which was received a prompt and satisfactory response.
An eager throng gathered along Pennsylvania avenue to
witness the march of the ' ' Fusileer marines ' ' from the Gaulois,
who had arrived on a special train. The battalion was pre
ceded by the band of the ship and followed by two small
cannon. The excellent movement and picturesque costumes
8o An Impressive Commemoration
of the French marines gave rise to tense enthusiasm. Upon
their arrival at Lafayette square, where were deployed detach
ments of regular troops, marines, and the National Guard
which participated in the ceremony, the French battalion was
received with the greatest cordiality by the American officers,
soldiers, and marines.
ORDER OP ARRANGEMENTS
Although the available space around the monument was
limited, the arrangements for the convenience of those invited
to be present and the troops ordered to participate were in
every way satisfactory and impressive.
The temporary constructions for the seating of the distin
guished assemblage were arranged on three sides of a parallelo
gram.
STANDS
The grand stand (white) for the use of the President and
family and friends, the foreign guests, the Cabinet, the higher
officers of the executive, civil, military, and naval branches, the
judiciary and their ladies, ranged from east to west, south of
the monument, open to the north and sufficiently close to admit
of the unveiling cord being drawn from a position near the
President.
On either side of the monument, east and west, at right an
gles to the main stand and extending north and south, extended
an expansive rising platform with seats for guests invited by
card. That on the east (blue) for the Senators, and their
ladies, societies, and citizens; on the west (red) for members of
the House of Representatives and their ladies.
The President's stand was designed with rostrum in front for
the use of the speakers.
The wing stands, respectively, were divided into seven sec
tions, with as many passageways, for the convenience of the
guests in reaching their seats.
The inclosure entrances were conveniently placed for the
accommodation of each stand, that to the grand stand in the
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An Impressive Commemoration 81
southwest angle, near which was stationed the United States
Marine Band, and for the wings, the park side for the east and
Jackson place for the west.
The press was specially provided with tables and seats imme
diately under the space for the speakers.
The stands were designed to seat about 1,600 persons.
Across the northern end the French and American seamen and
marines and a battalion of United States Engineers, with the
band of the French battle ship advanced, were drawn up in full
view of the ceremonies.
All the arrangements for the comfort and convenience of the
guests and spectacular effects were under the direction of Col.
Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Engineers, master of ceremonies.
INVITATIONS
About ten days in advance invitations were sent to about
i, 600 persons, representing the executive, legislative, and judi
cial branches of the Government, the guests of the nation,
diplomatic corps, officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps,
and resident and visiting representatives.
As the acceptances were received, tickets were returned in
color representing the stands: Grand, white; east, blue; west,
red; lettered to correspond with the passageway and num
bered to indicate the seat.
The carriage regulations exhibited excellent judgment in
preventing both crowding and confusion. The police orders
also insured efficient carrying out of every detail of arrival and
departure without crowding.
The arrival of the invited guests began early. By the time the
President and the guests of the nation were announced almost
every one was in his seat.
AMERICAN IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY
The American Irish Historical Society of New York and New
England, numbering about 250 members, who had come to the
Capital to participate in the ceremonies of the day, were received
S. Dot. 537, 59-1 6
82 An Impressive Commemoration
\
by the President of the United States in the East Room of the
White House. After presentation of the members by Mr. T.
St. John Gaffney, *of New York, the President made few a
remarks congratulating the society upon its presence at a cele
bration of events in which Irishmen participated, having among
the French regiments serving in America such valiant names as
Dillon and Walsh.
At the conclusion the society in a body proceeded to their
place in the assemblage to witness the unveiling.
HONORS TO THE FRENCH MISSION
As the time drew near for the proceedings to begin, a blast
of bugles and tread of horse signalized the approach of a detach
ment of United States cavalry escorting the French ambassador,
General Brugere, Admiral Fournier, and their aids and civil
associates. As the members of the Mission were escorted to
their places on the grand stand the people cheered and the
United States Marine Band played a French air.
PRESIDENT GREETED
The Presidential party assembled at the White House about
10.30 o'clock in the morning. A few minutes before n
o'clock the guard of honor, consisting of a detail from the
First Regiment of Minute Men, in the uniform of the Conti
nental Army, commanded by Maj. T. H. McKee, drew up in
front of the Mansion, as an escort to the President.
The President led the way, accompanied by his daughter
Miss Alice Roosevelt, Miss Emily Carow, Secretaries Hay,
Shaw, and Root, Attorney- General Knox, Postmaster- General
Payne, Secretaries Moody, Hitchcock, and Wilson, and Secre
tary Cortelyou, passing out of the White House grounds by
the west gate and across Pennsylvania avenue to the Presi
dent's stand.
The little procession, with the Chief Magistrate of the
nation in the lead, escorted by a guard of honor in the
buff and blue of the struggling States of 1781, presented a
82 An Impressive (
by t: lent of the United Sv ^fom of the
After presentation of * . T.
New York, the P- \v a
ie society upon its presen- cele-
11 participated, b >
such valiant nan'
r i a bod to their
rting the French am i
ournier, and their aids and civil
associates. As the meml>ers of the Mission were escorted to
their pla&*N,E AT THE MOMENT OF PULLING THE RELEASING
United States
e Conti-
drew up in
:ent.
the way, accompanied by his daughter
t. Miss Emily Carow, Secretaries i
tl T Cuox, Postmaster-General
'itchcock, and \Y ^ecre-
passing- out of the Whit unds by
ross Pennsylvania avenue to the Presi-
with the Chief Magistrate of the
nati -^corted by a guard of honor in the
buff -ling States of 1781, presented a
An Impressive Commemoration 83
picturesque scene, reminiscent of the day of Washington
and ROCHAMBEAU.
At the entrance to the inclosure the President was met by
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, in the full-dress uniform of the
Corps of Engineers, United States Army, and escorted to his seat
on the grand stand, the Marine Band playing the " President's
March."
PRESIDENT'S STAND
The President and the members of his family occupied the
stand in the center of the stand on the south side of the
inclosure facing north, with the veiled statue of ROCHAMBEAU
but a few feet distant in front, the members of the Diplo
matic Corps on his right; Herr Von Holleben, the German
ambassador; M. Jules Cambon, French ambassador; Count
Cassini, Russian ambassador ; Mayor des Planches, Italian
ambassador; the Austrian and Mexican ambassadors; envoys
and plenipotentiaries of the nations, and other members in
order.
The members of the Cabinet sat on the President's left in
the order of statutory precedence State, Treasury, War,
Attorney- General, Post-Office, Navy, Interior, Agriculture.
Immediately in the rear of the ambassadors sat the members
of the French Mission, the Countess de Rochambeau having a
place of vantage on the right immediately behind the President.
In front near the President sat Reverend Doctor Stafford, rep
resenting His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, announced to give
the invocation, and Bishop Satterlee, to give the benediction.
The President and other representatives of the Government
and Congress of the United States were in black, the simplicity
of their costumes bringing out the spectacular effects of the
uniforms of the numerous American and French officers who
surrounded the President. The uniforms of the French army,
which were not known to the United States, excited most lively
curiosity. The red pantaloons, the numerous decorations, and
the chapeaus with white plumes, particularly that of General
Brugere, attracted particular attention, as did the casque of
Captain Lasson, officer of cuirassiers.
84 An Impressive Commemoration
HONORED GUESTS
The-members of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission, General Brugere,
Vice-Admiral Fournier, General Chalendar, the military and
naval aids, and civil members occupied seats in the vicinity of
the President. Senator Wetmore and Representative McCleary
were in the same group. Dispersed throughout the stand were
the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the higher
officers of the civil arm of the Government, and officers of the
Army and Navy of general or admiral rank.
'CONGRESS PRESENT
The Congress having adjourned in honor of the event, the
attendance of Senators and Representatives and their ladies was
very large, and presented an interesting reminder of the summer
day when the Continental Congress stood in front of Independ
ence Hall to witness ROCHAMBEAU and his French troops march
by on their way to Yorktown.
ORDER OF EXERCISES
Invocation by His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons,
represented by Rev. Dr. Stafford
Welcome by the President of the United States
Unveiling of statue by Countess de Rochambeau
Music, '/The Marseillaise," by United States
Marine Band
Presentation of the sculptor, M. Hamar
Remarks by His Excellency M. Cambon, the
French ambassador
Music by the French marine band
Remarks by Gen. Horace Porter, United States
ambassador to France
Music by the United States Marine Band
Address by the Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge,
United States Senator.
Music, "The Star Spangled Banner," by the
French marine band
Remarks by General Brugere
Benediction by the Right Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee,
Bishop of Washington
86
INVOCATION BY CARDINAL GIBBONS
The President and guests being seated, Rev. Dr. D. J. Staf
ford, rector of St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic) Church, repre
senting His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, stepping to the front,
delivered the INVOCATION:
Oh, Lord God, Father of all the nations, we lift our hearts in gratitude
to Thee. We thank Thee for our progress, for our national glory, for our
unbounded resources, and, above all, for our equal liberty. Look down
upon us and bless us.
We pray Thee, bless the President of the United States, our Chief Magis
trate. Shield and guard him in the love of all the people and let Thy
benediction fill his soul with happiness and Thy peace, beyond all
understanding.
Let the light of Thy Divine wisdom direct the deliberations of Congress,
and shine forth in all the laws framed for our rule and government.
We thank Thee, oh, God, that in the hour of our need Thou didst
raise up for us a friend, a helper, and a comforter. We were but a child
then, now the child has grown into a giant, and the gallant, chivalrous,
liberty-loving friend of our infancy is our friend still.
We beseech Thee, oh, God, bless *the President of the French Republic.
Shower down Thy blessings upon the French people. Grant that the two
Republics may, under Thy gracious Providence, stand in truest sense, for
liberty, fraternity, equality, the one in the Old World, the other in the New,
and that.the two banners may everywhere lead the march of civilization,
and diffuse throughout the world the spirit of peace and national well-
being, for Thou art our Father and our God, and we pray: Our Father,
who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will
be done on earth as it is in heaven, give us this day our daily bread, and
forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us, and
lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.
At the conclusion of the opening prayer the President stepped
forward amid a storm of applause. For some moments it was
impossible for him to proceed. When the distinguished audi
tors, representing all nations abroad and every State at home,
gave way to repeated attempts to be heard, the President de
livered the address of welcome.
87
88 Welcome by President Roosevelt
ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT
Mr. 'Ambassador, and you, the representatives of the mighty Republic
of France:
J extend to you on behalf of the people of the United States the warmest
and most cordial greeting. We appreciate to the full all that is implied in
this embassy composed of such men as those who have been sent over here
by President Loubet to commemorate the unveiling of the statue of the
great Marshal who, with the soldiers and sailors of France, struck the de
cisive blow in the war which started this country on the path of independ
ence among the nations of the earth. [Applause.] I am sure that I give
utterance to the sentiments of every citizen of the United States, of every
American to whom the honor and the glory of our Republic in the past as
in the present are dear, when I say that we prize this fresh proof of the
friendship of the French people, not only because it is necessarily pleasing
to us to have the friendship of a nation so mighty in war, so mighty in
peace, as France has ever shown herself to be, but because it is peculiarly
pleasing to feel that after a century and a quarter of independent existence
as a nation the French Republic should feel that we have in that century
and a quarter justified the sacrifices France made on our behalf. [Ap
plause.] I am sure, my fellow-citizens, that you welcome the chance
which brings it about that this embassy of the French people should
come to our shores at the very time when we in our turn have done our
part in starting on the path of independence a sister Republic, the
Republic of Cuba. [Applause.]
Mr. Ambassador, the American people, peculiarly because they are the
American people, and because the history of the United States has been
so interwoven with what France has done for us, but also because they
are part of the whole world, which acknowledges and must ever acknowl
edge in a peculiar degree the headship of France along so many lines
in the march of progress, of civilization the American people through
me extend their thanks to you, and in their name I beg to express
my acknowledgment to the embassy that has come here, and to Presi
dent Loubet and all of the French nation, both for the deed and for the
magnanimous spirit that lay behind the doing of the deed. [Applause.]
THE UNVEILING
At the conclusion of the President's address the tension of
interest was at its height. All eyes focused upon the hidden
bronze of him among the trio who, by their devotion and achieve
ments, made the struggle for American independence a success
Washington, Lafayette, Rochambeau.
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EMILE LOUBET
President of the Republic of France
88 Welcome by President R&wvrU
ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT
Mr. Ambassador, and you, the representatives of the iir.;?t> Republic
EMILE LOUBET
President of the Republic of Fra^
V. c .; o the full a'
Emile Ix)ubet, seventh president of the French Republic, was born in 1838 at Mar-
sanne, a village nestled among vine-clad hills, mulberry groves, and silk industries,
on the borders of a small stream, which flows into the Rhone from the east, in the
Department of Drome, southeastern France. sailors of 1
The ancient city of Valence, the capital, lies 15 miles north by west. His father, a
peasant proprietor, was a man of industry, methods, and accumulation, insomuch that
he was not only prosperous in business, but gave his son the benefit of a liberal bestow-
ment of his good fortune in the best educational facilities afforded by the institutions
of Paris. There the young man rivaled his generous parent in attention strictly to duty
by rounding out a highly honorable academic career by a course of law. Having grad
uated, he returned to the neighborhood of his native place and began the practice of
his profession at the near-by thriving industrial town of Montelimar, capital of the
arrondissement. His legal lore and potential pleading not only won many clients, but,
more important, the powerful recognition of the Paris, I^yons and Mediterranean
Railway, by appointment as counsel for that great corporation. The best evidence
of his worth and the esteem of his fellow townsmen was his choice for mayor of
Montelimar.
In 1876, then 38 years of age, he entered public life as member of the Chamber of
Deputies. In politics he united himself with the group known as the "Republican
left." He was reelected the following year and in 1881. In 1885 he was chosen senator.
In December, two years after, he entered the cabinet of M. Tirard as minister of public
works, but his career was brief, owing to his retirement with his colleagues in the
April ensuing.
During the following five years he took no part in public aflairs, although his promi
nence in his profession and influential participation in the political movements of the
time kept him well to the front.
On February 29, 1892, President Carnot, his personal friend, elevated him to the ex
alted and responsible post of premier, succeeding M. de Freycinet. Singular as it may
seem, instead of selecting the portfolio of the ornate post of foreign affairs, he took for
himself that of the interior as more congenial to his tastes and direct interests of the
people. He successfully disposed of several problems of sufficient magnitude to estab
lish his claim to rank among the first men of France. A great achievement was the
disposition of the complicated questions involved in the miner's strike at Carmaux. It
was he also who unearthed the unmitigated Panama scandals. The French stock
holders and the public generally having attained such a high pitch of indignation for
the malfeasance, wastefulness of expenditure, indecision, and imbecility which had
characterized the enterprise that a favorable vote was reached in the Chamber on a
resolution in trenchant terms declaring the Government policy too nonaggressive.
As a result M. lyoubet resigned the following November, having been in office but
nine months. Being reelected to the Senate, he was chosen its president in 1896 and
again in 1898.
The sudden death of Felix Faure causing a vacancy in the office of President, the
national assembly, comprising both houses of Parliament, in joint convention, two days
after, February 18, 1899, chose M. I^oubet, on the first ballot, President of the Republic.
The sagacity of his administration has not only greatly strengthened the hold of the
popular form of Government, but has almost entirely eliminated the monarchical
party from French politics. '>,(
p*, y le for A i n ,-r lean independence a success
*' tit , Roch a nt h <* u .
EMILE LOUBET
President of the Republic of France
Un 89
A wave of e xpectauc . } uisiasm
the brilliant assemble. la Conn
forward to the President.
COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBKA THE CORD
As the Comtesse received in her hand thfe cord which was to
release the enshrouding colors and ex]x>se to view the commemo
rative effigy of the great, the devoted, the beloved ROCHAMBBAU
there was a deep hush. The sailors and troops, French and
American, massed in the vicinity, stood. at "Arms, present."
A motion loosed the holding tie and sent the bunting falling
away, revealing the features and form of ROCHAMBEAU, pointing
to Mount Vernon in the distance, the home and tomb of his
friend, chief, COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBEAU (NEE ROUXED
Wife of Rene\ Comte de Rochambeau, with her husband, guest of the Government of
the United States at the dedication of the monument of Marshal I>B ROCHAMBEAU
at Washington, on which occasion she pulled the cord which released .the flags enveiling
the statue.
artillery, booming in honor of the climax of the event.
An incident gave -added sentiment to the scene. While
cheer after cheer went up in unison with the liberty -stirring
strains of the ' ' Le Marseillaise, ' ' by the United States Marine
Band, in emulation of the grateful sense of welcome and obli
gation of Washington and his countrymen, the receding folds
of the Stars and Stripes, apparently reluctant to part from one
valiantly upheld it in tii; ess, clung to the
e the plan ck the chains of
>m the adolescent giant of the West.
The President, obs .rveral American ami French sea
men ei ',se the clinging
drapery, am i aimed:
" Leave it . ^ to the hero as
he did to us." So the i! ained to the end
of the exercises, beautifully festooning the charted field of sur
render of the last British army on the s original thirteen
States of the mighty fabric of the forty- :momve:
now.
Unveiling of the Statue 89
A wave of expectancy, admiration, and enthusiasm ran through
the brilliant assemblage as Mme. la Corntesse de Rochambeau
came forward to the President.
COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBEAU PULLS THE CORD
As the Comtesse received in her hand the cord which was to
release the enshrouding colors and expose to^iew the commemo
rative effigy of the great, the devoted, the beloved ROCHAMBEAU
there was a deep hush. The sailors and troops, French and
American, massed in the vicinity, stood.at "Arms, present."
A motion loosed the holding tie and sent the bunting falling
away, revealing the features and form of ROCHAMBEAU, pointing
to Mount Vernon in the distance, the home and tomb of his
friend, chief, and companion in arms.
Then suddenly arose a wild shout. Handkerchiefs waved.
The ruffle of drums was heard. Melody gave harmony to the
loud outbursts of sound. Above all rose the reverberations of
artillery, booming in honor of the climax of the event.
An incident gave added sentiment to the scene. While
cheer after cheer went up in unison with the liberty -stirring
strains of the ' ' Le Marseillaise, ' ' by the United States Marine
Band, in emulation of the grateful sense of welcome and obli
gation of Washington and his countrymen, the receding folds
of the Stars and Stripes, apparently reluctant to part from one
who had so valiantly upheld it in time of" stress, clung to the
hand which bore the plan of attack which struck the chains of
servitude and slavery from the adolescent giant of the West.
The President, observing several American and French sea
men engaged in vigorous attempts to release the clinging
drapery, amid the sensation of the movement exclaimed:
" Leave it where it is! Leave it! It clings to the hero as
he did to us. ' ' So the flag appropriately remained to the end
of the exercises, beautifully festooning the charted field of sur
render of the last British army on the soil of the original thirteen
States of the mighty fabric of the forty-five Commonwealths
now.
90 Unveiling of the Statue
HAMAR APPLAUDED
At the conclusion of this impromptu interlude in the formal
proceedings of the day, the youthful sculptor, M. Fernand
Hamar, was brought forward and presented to the vast con
course of admiring spectators of his work, who gave him an
ovation of prolonged applause, in response to which he bowed
in grateful appreciation.
ADDRESS OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR
M. Cambon, representing the "Government and people of
France' ' at the capital of the ' ' Government and people of the
United States, "in the full dress and insignia of his ambassa^
dorial rank and service, advancing to the rostrum, in the lan
guage of the diplomatic world, said:
DISCOURS DE SON EXCEIvI/ENCE M. JUICES CAMBON, AMBASSADEUR DE
FRANCE, A I,' INAUGURATION DU MONUMENT DE ROCHAMBEAU
Iv'art de la France et la ge"ne*rosite* du Congres amricain se sont unis
pour Clever ce monument a la me"moire du marechal DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Ainsi se trouve glorifie le general de I'arme'e francaise qui combattit pour
1'independance de I'AmeYique sous les ordres de Washington. La nation
ame'ricaine avait de"ja, et non loin d'ici, consacr la gloire des jeunes et
enthousiastes franfais qui, des le de"but et n'e'coutant que le vceu secret de
toute la nation francaise, apporterent avec Lafayette leur e"pe"e aux treize
colonies. II tait juste que ceux-la aussi fussent honores qui vinrent ici
par 1'ordre du Gouvernement de la France et qui, obe*issant a leur devoir,
le remplirent tout entier et assurerent le succes definitif. Dans la per-
sonne de ROCHAMBEAU c'est I'arme'e de la France, ce sont ses regiments,
ses officiers inconnus, ses soldats obscurs qui sont glorifies avec leur chef.
L'honneur est pour moi bien grand de prendre ici la parole comme
ambassadeur de la Republique francaise et de vous remercier tous ici qui
representez le Gouvernement, la magistrature et le Congres des Etats-Unis
de 1'hommage rendu a 1'homme qui fit triompher pour la derniere fois
le drapeau fleurdelys^ de la vieille France. Aujourd'hui la Republique
franjaise a envoy^ vers vous une mission qui a pour chef le plus Eminent
de nos officiers ge"neraux, le general Brugere, avec lui 1'armee et la marine
fran5aise, avec une sorte de pie*t nationale fetent la m^moire de leurs aines
serviteurs comme elles de la liberte.
f
the Statue
ROCHAMBBAU fut un ch severe, c< i
de la vie de ses soldats; il raj -fois aux j,
touraient, que pendant le co- - s rue cam.
homnies e"taient morts s< ; ne pouvait se rep."
la mort d'aucun d'eux. Par la ii ir notre arme, 1'estiine de
votre nation et pour lui-menie l'aJ r 'lington.
Ainsi ce monument, qui ne sembl ,uer des souvenirs de
guerre, est, par le caractdre de la lutte /-t de 1'homme qu'il
glorifie, un monument d'union en '.-*, Aujourd'hui comme
il y a cent ans les soldats et les mam, e et des Ktats-Unis
sont c6te a c6te, ils entoM. JULES CAMBON
Ambassador of the Republic of France to the UnneJ&hte*. Grand officer 6f t$*
rant leur gloire commune, i 1 O f HOTIO* au n
Born at, Paris, 1845; began life as an advocate at Paris, where he was secretary of the
conference of advocates. During the war of 1870 he served as captain in the Corps
des Mobiles de .Seine et M.trne and participated in all the combats aronnd Parts. After
the war he entered the administration as auditor to the council of state and chief . of. '
the cabinet of the minister of public instruction. He was afterwards attached to the
general government of Algiers, at the head of which was General Chanzy. He was
prefect of the province of Constantine in 1878, in which capacity he filled several mis
sions with distinction, from which he was called to the prefecture of police of Paris as
secretary-general. I y ater he was prefect of the department of the north, from which toe
passed to the same office of that of the Rhone, two of the most important departments
of France. In 1891 he was named governor-general of Algiers, which post he filled with
great success for seven years: When he retired he was appointed honorary governor-
general and ambassador to the United States at Washington. He represented Spain
as plenipotentiary during the preliminaries of peace in 1898, and acted as intermediary
between that power and the United States. In August, 1902, he was transferred to
Madrid as ambassador of the Republic.
Un peu plus d'humanite* est entr dans k-s rapport -it jnmples entre
eux, et il y a trois ahs nous avons vu les represrr ,us ies pays se
re*unir pour chercher les moyens d' assurer le inai' paix entre les
nations. Par une heureuse coincidence au mou, '<> 1*
'ouverain qui avait
^ident de la Re*publique franca ;
Pe"tersbourg.
Ainsi se manifestent sur k-s points K
monies sentiments
puissantes nai
Ce ne sont pas la dc
prend plus conscience de lui-nu
le troubler, et quand on mi
et ROCHAMBEAU combatta-
peut juger qu'ils n'ont p
Ce monument en .< ; ;*J*cri-
viendront apr^s n<
Je mcfl
>B 1o
3JII3 9f!
nt nmi<
JlA .?.hr, c l hrtwo'ii
1o fbtu
^j^^Bhonr jaib ifiiw ai
arf} o?
[ .9DfIB-rH
obBaaBtfntB bne J
grthnb y-tBl
briB i^woq
^.asdmB a^
Unveiling of the Statue 91
ROCHAMBEAU fut un chef exact, discipline, severe, courageux et soucieux
de la vie de ses soldats; il rappelait quelquefois aux jeunes gens qui 1'en-
touraient, que pendant le cours de sa longue carriere militaire 15,000
hommes etaient morts sous ses ordres, mais qu'il ne pouvait se reprocher
la mort d'aucun d'eux. Par la il conquit, pour notre arm^e, 1'estime de
votre nation et pour lui-meme 1'affection de votre g^neVal Washington.
Ainsi ce monument, qui ne semble destine" qu'a eVoquer des souvenirs de
guerre, est, par le caractere de la lutte qu'il rappelle et de 1'homme qu'il
glorifie, un monument d'union entre deux peuples. Aujourd'hui comme
il y a cent ans les soldats et les marins de la France et des I$tats-Unis
sont cote a cote, ils entourent ce monument, ils marchent sous le meme
commandement, ils mlent ensemble leurs chants nationaux, et, en hono-
rant leur gloire commune, ils donnent au monde 1'exemple de la fide'lite'
dans 1'amitie".
Cette ami tie" vous nous 1'avez prouvee: Un vehement tragique, une
catastrophe telle que le monde n'en a point connu depuis vingt siecles,
vient de frapper les Antilles francaises. L,e President des Etats-Unis, le
Congres et la nation americaine ont rivalise" de g^nerosite" et de prompti
tude pour secourir nos malheureux concitoyens. Qu'il me soit permis de
saisir cette occasion solennelle et de remercier publiquement au nom de
mon Gouvernement et de mon pays, vous, Monsieur le President, et le
peuple des Etats-Unis tout entier.
Par la vous avez montre" que quelque chose de nouveau e*tait n entre
les nations; qu'un lien de sympathie de'sinte'resse'e et de bonte" pouvait les
unir et que les ide"es de justice et de liberte pour lesquelles nos peres avaient
combattu ensemble il y a cent-vingt ans avaient fructifie dans le cosur des
hommes.
Un peu plus d'humanite" est entre" dans les rapports des peuples entre
eux, et il y a trois ans nous avons vu les repre"sentants de tous les pays se
re"unir pour chercher les moyens d'assurer le maintien de la paix entre les
nations. Par une heureuse coincidence au moment meme ou je parle, le
jeune et ge"nereux souverain qui avait convoque le Congres de la paix a la
Haye et le President de la Re"publique francaise se trouvent re"unis a Saint-
Pe"tersbourg.
Ainsi se manifestent sur les points les plus e'loigne's de la terre les
memes sentiments d'union entre les repre"sentants les plus Sieve's de trois
puissantes nations.
Ce ne sont pas la, des manifestations steriles. Le monde a mesure qu'il
prend plus conscience de lui-meme est plus severe pour ceux qui veulent
le troubler, et quand on mesure 1'oeuvre accompli depuis que Washington
et ROCHAMBEAU combattaient ensemble pour le bien de rhumanite*, on
peut juger qu'ils n'ont pas combattu en vain.
Ce monument en portera te"moignage aux yeux des generations qui
viendront apres nous.
92 Unveiling of the Statue
ADDRESS OF HIS EXCEI,I,ENCY JUICES CAMBON
[Translation]
The art of France and the generosity of an American Congress are
joining this day in the erection of a monument to the memory of Marshal
DE ROCHAMBEAU. Thus is a fitting tribute paid to the French military
leader who fought under Washington for America's independence. But
a short time since the American people had consecrated the glorious
memory of those young and enthusiastic French patriots who, fired with
an inspiration which but echoed the silent wish of the entire French
nation, had from the very dawn of the struggle brought their swords
with Lafayette to the service of the thirteen colonies. It was just that
honor should be rendered also to those warriors who came hither by order
of the Government of France, and who, understanding their duty, ful
filled it without reserve and insured tfre final success of the patriotic
enterprise. In the person of ROCHAMBEAU we glorify, jointly with their
commander, the army of France, its regiments, its officers unknown, its
obscure soldiery.
It is a very great honor for me to speak here as ambassador of the
French Republic and to express to you all to-day, who represent here
the Government, the magistracy, and the Congress of the United States,
our appreciation of the homage which you are now paying to the man
who carried to their closing triumph the fleur-de-lis of ancient France.
To-day the French Republic sends you a Mission which is headed by the
most eminent of our general officers General Brugere. We must behold in
him the French army and navy advancing, with a sort of national piety,
to celebrate the memory of their elders devotees, like themselves, of
liberty.
koCHAMBEAU was a strict disciplinarian, a severe and courageous com
mander, careful of the lives of his men. He was wont at times to re
mark to the young men around him that during the long course of his
military career 15,000 men had died under him, but that he could not
reproach himself with the death of a single one of these. Thus, he
earned for our army the esteem of your people and won for himself the
affection and devotion of your great Washington.
Hence it is that this monument, which in appearance seems only
destined to evoke the recollection of warlike deeds, becomes, by the char
acter of the struggle which it recalls and of the man whom it glorifies,
a monument and pledge of union between two nations. To-day, just, as
they did one hundred and twenty years ago, the soldiers and sailors of
France and of the United States stand side by side; they surround this
monument; they march under one and the same command; they blend in
one -common chord their national hymns, and in celebrating their common
glory they give the world an example of fidelity in friendship.
Unveiling of the Statue 93
This friendship you have proven to us. The French Antilles have just
suffered the shock of a tragic event, of a catastrophe the like of which
the world has not witnessed for twenty centuries. The President of the
United States, Congress, and the American people have vied with one
another in generosity and promptness to send relief to our stricken coun
trymen. Permit me to avail myself of this solemn occasion and to thank
publicly, in the name of my Government and country, you yourself,
Mr. President, and the entire population of these United States.
You have shown by this act that something new had taken birth between
the nations, that they might be united by a bond of disinterested sympa
thy and of mutual good will, and that those ideals of justice and of liberty
for which our fathers fought and bled together one hundred and twenty
years since had really borne fruit in the hearts of men.
A little more humanity has won its way into international relations, and
three years ago we beheld representatives from all nations gathered together
to devise means of insuring the maintenance of peace between the nations.
It is a happy coincidence that, even while I am speaking here, the youth
ful and generous sovereign who had summoned the peace conference at
The Hague and the President of the French Republic are together in
St. Petersburg. Thus we may behold everywhere, even in the remotest
regions of the earth, a manifest expression of the same sentiments of union
by and between the highest and supreme representatives of nations.
Nor are these mere barren manifestations. The world, gradually gain
ing in self-consciousness, begins to frown more and more severely on those
who seek to disturb its peace; and when we measure the work accom
plished, and the advance made since Washington and ROCHAMBEAU fought
together for the good of humanity, we may well conclude that they have
not combated in vain.
This monument shall bear witness to this fact, and shall endure as a
symbol thereof in the eyes of the generations to come.
A light fall of rain during part of Ambassador Cambon's re
marks in no wise dampened the enthusiasm of the occasion and
but temporarily gave it a somber transformation by the sudden
appearance of a sea of umbrellas, in place of the thousands of
earnest faces beaming with love of country and gratitude to
France.
At the conclusion of the French ambassador's address the
French band performed "I,es Chasseresses " (The Huntress)
one of Leo Delibes's most sprightly dance movements.
In harmony with the remarks of the ambassador of France
the American ambassador continued the volume of reminiscent
and patriotic oratory.
94 Unveiling of the Statue
ADDRESS OF GENERAL PORTER.
Two years ago it became my pleasant duty to take part in the dedication
of the statue of the distinguished French Marshal erected in his native
city, Vendome. When upon that occasion I saw our country's flags every
where displayed from the housetops, heard our national airs played through
all the streets, and witnessed the touching demonstrations of the people
without regard to class, expressive of their sympathy for America, I felt
that the effect of the treaty of friendship and alliance made a century and
a quarter ago was still potent for good.
Upon returning from the land of ROCHAMBEAU it is an especial pleasure
to participate in the inauguration of his statue in the land of Washington.
Two countries claim a share in the glory which illuminated his career.
His remains repose on the banks of the I/oire ; it is fitting that his statue
should stand on the banks of the Potomac.
In the heart of the nation's capital, in the presence of this vast assem
blage of representative citizens of the Old World and the New, in memory
of a contest in which French and American blood moistened the same soil
in battling for a common cause, we meet to dedicate a statue in honor of
a hero of two continents the illustrious ROCHAMBEAU.
Its purpose is to recall the record of imperishable deeds, to testify that
his name is not a dead memory, but a living reality; to quicken our sense
of appreciation and emphasize the fidelity of our affection. In erecting
yonder statue in honor of this great representative soldier, America has
raised, constructively, a monument to the memory of every Frenchman
who fought for the cause of her national independence. Its dedication
celebrates the joint victory which terminated a struggle that gave freedom
to the American Colonies and consecrated all the new world eventually to
liberty and the rights of man.
To fully appreciate the genuineness of ROCHAMBEAU'S character as
exemplified in his American campaign, we must recollect that he was a
member of the old French nobility and the wearer of decorations bestowed
by royal hands, yet coming here to gain battles in the interest of advanced
republican principles. It was not his own country for which he was fight
ing; he had no intention of remaining here to share in the prosperity
which would follow success; he therefore did not have the powerful stim
ulus of patriotism to animate him. He came to our shores with a proud
. army, handsomely equipped, brilliantly uniformed, and disciplined in the
rigid school of a leading military power of the Old World, to find himself
associated with the modest yeomanry of the Colonies, who constituted the
American forces, who were not supplied with clothing enough to cover
their honorable wounds, and the march of whose shoeless battalions
could be traced by the blood which flowed from their lacerated feet.
Frequent communication with France was impossible, and ROCHAM
BEAU had been given almost unrestricted liberty of action. Under these
,frr r
oJ abfits bv ni
YTiiJBrir.^ TI
-oeni IBIOJ
,dmoT s'Jnr/rO Ir i
c bnr
ia' .aiutrH ni moS
,od8i inio^ JaaW
r
'
i
94 Unveiling of
Two years ago it became my pleasant ;t in the dedication
>f the statue of the distinguished in his native
When upon that o. y's flags e\
n the housetops, heard our nal. layed thr
:ing demonstrations of the j>
>athy for America, I felt
a century and
orld and t
GENERAL HORACE PORTER
Born in Huntingdon, Pa., in 1837. After a scientific course at Harvard, graduated at
West Point 1860, and served through the civil war in every commissioned grade to
brigadier-general. He was awarded the Congressional medal of honor for gallantry
at Chickamauga. Was private secretary to President Grant 1869-1877. Orator at inau
guration of Washington Arch, New York, 1895; dedication of General Grant's Tomb,
New York, 1897; unveiling of Rochambeau statue, Washington, 1902; and at centennial
foundation of West Point Military Academy, 1902.
the right-
;; iracter as
exvmpttf : that he was a
owed
interest of advanced
was fight-
n of :e in the prosperity
the powerful stim-
rotid
! ied in the
rid, to find himself
who constituted the
ig enough to cover
battalions
lacerated
'.possible, and ROCHAM-
BKA f L'nder these
Unveiling of the Statue 95
circumstances a man with less modesty and magnanimity of character
and a less earnest spirit of accommodation, might have been overbearing,
arrogant, and indisposed to look with favor upon plans presented by the
American commander; but he manifested from the outset an undisguised
willingness to adopt all measures which might facilitate the joint military
operations upon this difficult theater of war and sank all considerations
other than those which would conduce to the complete success of the
allied armies.
In all their intercourse they both showed themselves adherents of the
principle that it is time to abandon the path of ambition when it becomes
so narrow that two can not walk it abreast.
ROCHAMBEAU, in landing upon our shores, defined his policy toward the
Americans in the comprehensive words, " I am the friend of their friends,
and the foe of their foes."
His modesty was proverbial. He says in his memoirs, in speaking of
the surrender of Yorktown, "Lord Corn wall is was ill and General O'Hara
marched out at the head of the garrison. On arriving, he presented his
sword to me. I pointed opposite, to General Washington, at the head of
the American Army, and I said that the French army, being auxiliary
upon that continent, it was to the American general that he must look for
his orders."
There is a mute eloquence in the very attitude of yonder statue which
speaks of his accustomed modesty. The outstretched arm, which in life
had so often pointed out the path to victory, is now extended toward
Mount Vernon, as if obeying the generous impulses of the living subject's
heart in diverting attention from himself to his illustrious brother in arms.
ROCHAMBEAU left this country crowned with the laurels of success and
the bearer of every token of recognition which a grateful country could
bestow. If he were permitted to return to earth, he would see in the
matchless prosperity of the country an ample vindication of the princi
ples of government for which the battles in America were fought. He
would find that the 13 feeble colonies had grown to 45 vigorous States;
that the 3,000,000 of people had been swollen to 85,000,000; that the
population had been strengthened by an interweaving of the stoutest
fibers of other nations and nurtured by the best blood of many lands; that
the flag which had once struggled for bare existence in a few Atlantic
States had moved across a vast continent, and had been planted even in
the opposite ends of the earth. He would find here all things changed,
except the sentiments of gratitude for his services. These will be ever
lasting. Living, he dwelt in the affections of his American comrades,
dead he is enshrined in the hearts of their posterity, for the friendship
of the fathers is a precious legacy to the sons, and a common heritage of
ancient glory can never be divided.
This statue is not simply to commemorate war, but to typify peace and
good will between the newest Republic of the Old World and the oldest
96 Unveiling of the Statue
Republic of the New World. Seas made us distant, comradeship has made
us near. This inauguration takes place beneath the three resplendent
colors, which at the present day are those of the respective banners of the
sister Republics. Their folds have a right to be placed in close touch, for
the old flags which they represent were interlaced in battle, waved together
in victory, and were intertwined in peace. May the ruthless hand of
discord never rend them asunder.
Let me close by quoting the eloquent words of President I/oubet, the
distinguished Chief Magistrate of the French Republic, spoken by him
two years ago at the inauguration of the statue of L,afayette, the gift of
the American school children to the city of Paris: "This friendship, born
in the comradeship of arms, has developed and grown stronger during the
century which is ending; the generations which succeed will not suffer it
to grow weaker! "
A vigorous applause greeted the termination of Ambassador
Porter's eloquent words of exaltation of the deeds of ROCHAM-
BKAU and his men ashore, and of the valor of the soldiers of
the sea under De Kstaing, De Ternay, De Barras, and De Grasse
afloat. The United States Marine Band rendered the stirring
notes of ' ' Hail to the Spirit of Liberty. ' '
The entente cordiale of the two nations reached a climax
in the oration of the day by Henry Cabot Lodge , a Senator of
the United States, from Massachusetts, who was most cordially
received as he made his salutatory bow in entering upon the
delivery of his eloquent lines.
ORATION OF SENATOR LODGE.
%
Statecraft has a cynical maxim that there is no such thing as gratitude
between nations. If we must accept this as true of those practical deal
ings when sentiment comes into hopeless collision with self-interest, we
may at least say that no nation really great will ever hesitate to make
public acknowledgment of its obligations to others in the past. The new
world of North America has had a long and close connection with the peo
ple of France. At the very dawn of the sixteenth century Breton fishermen
had followed in the track of the Cabots, and were plying their -dangerous
trade off the coast of Newfoundland. Thirty years later Cartier was in
the St. Lawrence laying the foundation of New France by the mighty
river of the north. When the century had just passed its meridian the
Huguenots came to Florida, and the great name of Coligny links itself
with our history as the inspirer of distant expeditions to the untrodden
shores of America, even when France herself was torn with the wars of
tatuc
97
religion. It is a da; 11-nigh forgotten now, which
comes up i .iral
of France. There ii l^audon-
niere and then ; the
settlements they foti the
surprise and slaught<
gion, and then a f<- the
Spanish forts, and
blood and swing on gibi
avenger. Thus driven li
the heritage of Cartier.
New England, wher
French mission
Pere Marquette HENRY CABOT LODGE
of France from the SOim Senator from Massachusetts
HENRY CABOT I/)DGE, born in Boston, 1850, in his progressive and thorough course
of study reached graduation from Harvard College in 1871 and Harvard Law School in
1875, received degree II. B. and was admitted to the bar of Suffolk, 1876. The same
year he received degree of Ph. D. from Harvard for his thesis on the " I y and law of the
Anglo-Saxons. 1 ' Having adopted literature as his chosen profession, since 1877 he has
contributed many original works of classic merit, and edited volumes of great value
and pronounced skill, to the realm of American letters. He is a member of many
societies having for their object research and promotion of history, arts, science,
genealogy, and antiquities, and is also a doctor of law by patent of three universities.
In 1900, he was permanent chairman of the convention at Philadelphia which nomi
nated William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. In the Republican national conven
tion of 1904 he was chairman of the committee on resolutions. He was a member of the
Alaskan Boundary Commission, by appointment of President Roosevelt. lu legislative
affairs he served two terms in the lower branch of the Massachusetts legislature, four
terms Fiftieth to Fifty-third sessions in the lower branch of Congress, and entered the
United States Senate in 1893, again by reelection in 1899, and again in 1905. Mr. Lodge
is chairman of the Committee on the Philippines, member of the committees on Foreign
Relations, Immigration, aud others of leading importance.
only with the fall of the
reated in
fare which had -
The need of tlu :
.
tr il
3OQO
ittttuft
Unveiling of the Statue 97
religion. It is a dark and splendid story, well-nigh forgotten now, which
comes up to us out of that dim past, touched with the glory of the Admiral
of France. There in the old books we can read of Ribault and Laudon-
niere and their comrades, of their daring and intelligence, and of the
settlements they founded. Then come Menendez and his Spaniards, the
surprise and slaughter of the French, massacred on account of their reli
gion, and then a few years later De Gourgues swoops down upon the
Spanish forts, and the Spaniards in turn drench the sands with their
blood and swing on gibbets to remind all men of the passing of the
avenger. Thus driven from the south the French still held their grip on
the heritage of Cartier. Champlain gave his name to the great lake of
New England, where rival nations were one day to fight for dominion.
French missionaries died for their faith among the red men of New York.
Pere Marquette explored the West, and the gallant La Salle bore the lilies
of France from the source to the mouth of the Mississippi. The French
names mark the passing of the French discoveries from Montreal to St.
Louis and from St. Louis to New Orleans.
And while the "Roi Soleil" was raising his frowning fortress on the
banks of the St. Lawrence, dispatching Auvergnats and Normans and
Bretons to settle Canada, and urging his explorers across the continent,
some others of his best subjects, driven forth into the world by revoked
edicts and certain things called " dragon nades," were bringing their wit
and quick intelligence to strengthen and upbuild the English colonies,
which were growing up not at all in the orderly way dear to the heart
of a grand monarch, but in a rude, vigorous, scrambling, independent
fashion, after the manner of races who found nations and establish states.
Presently it appeared that there was not room enough even in the vast
wilderness of North America for the rival powers of France and England.
A few shots fired by sundry Virginians under the command ,of George
Washington, whose name springing forth suddenly from the backwoods
was then first heard on two continents, began a stubborn war which ended
only with the fall of the French power and the triumph of England and
the English colonies.
Thus was a new situation created in North America. Instead of two
rival powers struggling for mastery, one reigned supreme from the St.
Lawrence to Florida. The danger from the north, dark with Indian war
fare which had so long threatened the Atlantic colonies, had passed away.
The need of the strong support of the mother country against the power
of France had gone and the position of the colonies in their relations with
England was enormously strengthened. A blundering ministry, a few
meddlesome and oppressive acts on the part of Parliament, a departure
from Wai pole's wise maxim about America, "quieta non movere," and
mischief would be afoot. It all came sooner than any one dreamed. The
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 7
98 Unveiling of the Statue
rejoicing at the close of the victorious war had hardly ended, the con
gratulations to the "Great Commoner" had hardly ceased, the statue of
George III was scarcely firm on its pedestal, when the Americans rose in
wrath against the stamp act; England gave way sufficiently to make the
colonies realize their power and yet not so completely as to extinguish
suspicion and hostility. There was a lull, a period of smiling deceptive
calm, and then the storm broke again, but this time there was not wisdom
enough left in London to allay it. The little minds which Burke thought
so ill-suited to a great empire were in full control, and the Empire began
in consequence to show an ominous and ever-widening rent.
Again France appears upon the continent, where for so many years she
had played such a great part and had fought so bravely and so unavail-
ingly for dominion. The chance had come to wreak an ample vengeance
on the power which had driven her from Canada. France would have
been more or less than human if she had not grasped the opportunity at
once so satisfying to wounded pride and so promising politically. Cov
ertly at first she aided the English colonies, and then after the surrender
of Burgoyne at Saratoga the treaty of alliance was signed and France
entered into the war with Great Britain. The French Government aided
us with money and with men, by land and by sea, but the decisive force
was that which landed at Newport in the long July days of 1780.
To that brave, well-officered, highly disciplined army we raise a monu
ment to-day, by placing here in the nation's Capital the statue of its
commander. For their service and for his own we owe him a debt of grati
tude, for which we should here make lasting acknowledgment, one which
will stand unchanged beneath the sunshine and the rain long after the
words we speak shall have been forgotten.
This statue is the counterfeit presentment of the gallant figure of a
gallant gentleman. Born in 1725, of noble family, a native of Vendome,
JKAN BAPTISTS DONATIEN DE VIMEUR, Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, had
just passed his fifty-fifth birthday when he landed at Newport. His
career had been long and distinguished. His honors and his rank in the
army had been won in the field, not in the antechambers of Versailles.
In an age when the greatest nobleman of France thought it no shame to
seek advancement from royal mistresses, by whose whims ministers rose
and fell and the policies of state were decided, ROCHAMBEAU in time of
peace turned from the court to his regiment and his estates. He had
shared in all the campaigns of France from the time when his elder
brother's death had taken him from the church, in which he was about
to become a priest, and placed him in the army. At the siege of Namur
he earned the rank of colonel by the surprise of an outpost, which led to
the surrender of the town. He was twice wounded a the head of his
regiment at the battle of Laufeld. He captured the enemy's magazines at
the siege of Maestricht, and won the cross of St. Louis leading the assault
Unveiling of the Statue 99
upon the forts of Minorca. He fought the Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick
and captured the fortress of Regenstein in 1757. At Crefeld he sustained
for a long time the attack of the Prussian army. He took a leading part
in the battle of Minden, and was again wounded at Klostercamp. After
the peace, ROCHAMBEAU was often consulted by ministers, but never
would take office. At last, in March, 1780, he was made lieutenant-
general and sent with the French army to America.
He reached the United States at a dark hour for the American cause.
The first fervor of resistance had cooled, the active fighting had subsided
in the north, Congress had grown feeble and inert, government and finance
both dragged heavily, and it seemed as if the Revolution, so successful in
the field, would founder upon the rocks of political and executive inca
pacity. Washington and the army in the midst of almost unparalleled dif
ficulties alone kept the cause alive. The coming of ROCHAMBEAU and his
men was a great good fortune, and yet its first result was to induce further
relaxation of effort on the part of Congress. Washington, realizing all the
event meant, opened correspondence at once with ROCHAMBEAU, but it
was not until September that he was able to meet the French commander
in person at Hartford. It was a great relief to the heavily burdened gen
eral to meet such a man as ROCHAMBEAU, and yet, even then, as he turned
back with lightened heart and lifted hopes, the news of Arnold's treason
smote him on his arrival at West Point. So the summer had gone and
nothing had been done. Then ROCHAMBEAU was unwilling to move with
out further reenforcements, and Washington was struggling desperately to
wring from a hesitating Congress and from reluctant States the men,
money, and supplies absolutely essential if the great opportunity which
had now come was not to pass away unused. So the winter wore on and
spring came, and in May Washington and ROCHAMBEAU were again
in consultation, Washington determined to strike a fatal blow some
where. He considered Florida and the scheme of taking the British,
under Rawdon, in the rear; he thought of Virginia, where Cornwallis,
forced northward by Greene's stratagem, was established with his army;
long and earnestly he looked at New York, the chief seat of British power.
ROCHAMBEAU showed his military intelligence by leaning strongly to
Virginia. But the one vital condition was still lacking. Washington
knew that he must command the sea, if only for a month, at the point
where he was to deliver the decisive blow. So the days slipped by, the
summer waned, and then of a sudden the great condition sprang into life.
De Grasse, to whom we owe a debt as great as to ROCHAMBEAU, appeared
in the Chesapeake with his fleet. No longer was there room for doubt.
Cornwallis, in Virginia, was clearly now the quarry for the allied forces.
Time forbids me to tell the brilliant story of that campaign; of the
manner in which De Barras was induced to bring his squadron from the
north; of the adroitness with which Clinton was deceived in New York;
ioo Unveiling of the Statue
of the skill and rapidity with which the French and American armies were
hurried from New York to the Chesapeake, and thence to Yorktown. The
great, the golden moment so longed for by Washington, when he could
unite both land and sea power, had at last arrived. De Grasse was master
of the bay.
The English fleet was scattered and divided. Clinton slumbered in New
York, and Cornwallis, with some 9,000 men, was in Yorktown with the
united French and American armies drawn close about him. Fast fol
lowed the siege, nearer came the inclosing lines. Lauzun' dashed back
Tarleton's cavalry at the very beginning and every British sortie from that
moment was repulsed. Day by day the parallels were pushed forward,
and at last Washington declared the advanced British redoubts practicable
for assault. The French, under Viomenil, the grenadiers of Gatinois, the
regiment of Auvergne and Deux-Ponts stormed one, and here the most
famous of the French regiments recovered from their king the proud
motto of "Auvergne sans tache." The other redoubt was assigned to the
Americans under Lafayette, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens.
Both assaults, brilliantly delivered, were successful and the American lines
included the ground which had been so gallantly won. A desperate sortie
under Colonel Graham completely repulsed a vain attempt to escape by
water and then all was over.
On the i8th of October Cornwallis surrendered, and on the following
day the British filed out and laid down their arms, passing between the
ordered lines of the French, drawn up under the Lilies, and the ranks of
the Americans standing beneath the thirteen stars fixed on that day in the
firmament of nations. The American Revolution had been fought out and
the new people had won.
Through all these events, through all the months of weary waiting,
through the weeks of rapid march and the hurrying days of siege and battle
there shine out very brightly the fine qualities of the French general.
Nothing is more difficult than the management in war of allied forces.
Here there was never a jar. ROCHAMBEAU was large minded enough to
understand the greatness of Washington, to realize the height of mind and
the power of character which invested the American leader with a dignity
beyond aught that royal birth or kingly title could confer. No small
jealousies marred their intercourse. They wrought together for a common
cause, and the long experience, the thorough training, the keen military
intelligence, the wisdom and honest purpose of ROCHAMBEAU were all
freely given to the Americans and their commander. Honor and gratitude
then to ROCHAMBEAU for what he did for us, and gratitude and honor
likewise to De Grasse and De Barras for the sea power with which they
upheld and sustained both Washington and ROCHAMBEAU.
But there is something more in the story than this, something of deeper
meaning than the plans of statesmen to humble a successful foe, and take
a tardy revenge for past defeats; something more profound than the grasp-
Unveiling of the Statue 101
ing of a young people at a friendly hand to draw them forth from the
stormy waters of a desperate war for liberty. Look again on those men
gathered under the white flag in the mellow October sunlight. The pride
of victory is in their hearts, for they have done well for France; they have
cruelly avenged the loss of Canada. The world smiles upon them as the
British pass by and pile their arms. Happily for them they can not read
the future. They do not even grasp the meaning of the war they have
helped to bring to an end. They can not interpret
Time's dark events,
Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky.
But their future is our past, and we know their destinies. There is
ROCHAMBEAU himself, chief figure .among the French. He will go home
to added honors, he will take part presently in the movement for reform
and will receive from a new Government a marshal's baton. Then a tor
rent of blood flows. Others in his rank will fly across the frontier, but he
is made of sterner stuff. He will retire to his estates, be dragged to prison,
will be barely saved from the guillotine by the ninth Thermidor and will
live on to receive the compliments of the greatest soldier of modern times
and will die full of years and honors.
There is Lafayette. For him an Austrian prison is waiting. There is
Viomenil, who commanded the force which took the redoubt. He will die
in hiding, wounded in defense of his king's palace against the onset of a
maddened people on the loth of August.
There is Damas, wounded at the Yorktown redoubt. In a few years he
will be a fugitive and an exile, fighting against France. There is Lameth,
wounded also at the redoubt. For him, too, the future holds a prison and
a long exile. There is Lauzun, type of the ancient regime, the victor over
Tarleton's Horse, the bearer of the brave news to Versailles; he, too, will
stay by France, and his end will be the guillotine. The prophet who
should have foretold such fates as these for that gallant company would
have been laughed to scorn. From no men did disaster seem more distant
than from those brave gentlemen of France on that October morning, and
yet the future held for them exile, prison, and the guillotine.
And it was all inevitable, for the American Revolution not only made a
new nation, but it was the beginning of the world-wide movement at once
mighty and relentless. There was something stronger than government
or ministers, than kings or politics, which brought the French to America.
Across the square there stands the statue of Lafayette. He brought to
America no army, like ROCHAMBEAU; no fleet, like De Grasse. He came
by no command of his king. Yet has he always been nearer to the hearts
of Americans than any man not of their own people. The reason is
not far to seek. He came of his own accord and brought with him the
sympathy of France. He represented the new spirit of a new time, the
aspirations, the hopes, the visions which Had come out of the intellectual
IO2 Unveiling of the Statue
revolution wrought by Voltaire, Rousseau, and the Bncyclopedistes.
Purposes of state, calculations of chances, selfish desires might guide the
French Government, but Lafayette was the living embodiment of the
sympathy of the French people for the cause of the United States. He
came because he loved that cause and had faith in it, and so the American
people gave faith and love to him. And this impalpable spirit of the time
stirring strongly but blindly in France was even then more powerful than
inonarchs or cabinets or coalitions. In America it passed for the first time
from the world of speculation to the world of action. There in the new
country, on the edge of the yet unconquered continent, theory became
practice and doctrines lived as facts. There a people had risen up declar
ing that they were weary of kings, had fought their own battle for their
own land and won. The democratic movement had begun.
From America it passed across the sea, saying to all men that what had
been done in the new land could be done likewise in the old.
The army of ROCHAMBEAU, flushed with victory, bore back the message
with them and it fell upon listening ears. France had helped us to liberty
and independence and we had shown her how both were won. The force
which we had summoned they, too, evoked, and banded Europe, blind to
the deeper meanings of the American war, went to pieces in dull surprise
before the onset of a people armed, the makers of a Revolution in which
thrones tottered, privilege and feudalism went down to ruin and the
ancient boundaries of kings faded from the map. The Lilies which had
floated so triumphantly in the Virginian air gave way to the American
colors, which French armies carried in triumph from Paris to Moscow and
from the Baltic to the Nile, wiping out forever the petty tyrannies which
sold men to fight in quarrels not their own and clearing the ground for
the larger liberty and the united nations of to-day. The United States,
with independence achieved, passed out of the network of European
politics in which for a century and a half the American colonies had been
entangled, but the influence and example of the American Revolution
were felt throughout the civilization of the West.
We unveil this statue in honor of a brave soldier who fought by the side
of Washington. We place it here to keep his memory fresh in remem
brance and as a monument of our gratitude to France. But let us not
forget that we also commemorate here the men who first led in arms the
democratic movement, which during a century of conflict has advanced
the cause of freedom and popular government throughout the world of
western civilization.
At the close of Senator Lodge's oration the French band
rendered the ' ' Star Spangled Banner. ' '
The enthusiam of the audience seemed to reach a culmina
tion when General Brugere, chief of the official Mission,
GENERAL BRUGERE
France
t to mak
r bowir n of the
Torts to beR :
outbv en repeated befor .French
able to .140 on with his remarks.
Gen '-ere spoke in French, saying:
K J<K Pi- ! ^ 1C HUX
GENERAL HENRI-JOSEPH BRUGERE
Generalissimo of the Army of France, officer of the legion of Honor
Born in 1841 at Uzerche (Correze); entered 1'ivcole Polytechnique October, 1861;
joined the Artillery; Chevalier of the Region of Honor, December, 1867, for good con
duct during the cholera in Algiers. In the Franco-Prussian war served as captain in
the Army of the Rhine in the battles of Borny, Rezonville, Gravelotte, and Servigny.
Taken prisoner at Metz October 28, 1870 ; refused to surrender and escaped November
2. Repaired to Tours and offered his services to the government of the national
defense. Served gallantly in the Army of the I,oire, capturing a Prussian gun at
Juvanville, for which he was made chief of squadron December, 1870. For bravery
in action was awarded the cross of officer of the Region of Honor. Serving in the
Army of the East on the Swiss frontier, he escaped capture, returning to Bordeaux.
Reported for service ; sent to Algiers; made several campaigns, 1871-72, under General
Lallemand. Returning to France and serving with his regiment, in February, 1879,
was assigned to duty as personal aid to the President of the Republic ; lieutenant-
colonel October 25, 1879. In April, 1881, left for Tunis in command of the artillery of
the brigade under General J y ogerot ; colonel December 30, 1881. Same month received
, ,a brevet on the staff ; July, 1882, assigned to command Twelfth Regiment of Artillery
at Vincennes ; 1886, on the order of the President of the Republic, was assigned to duty
at the Elyse'e; 1887, general of brigade; chief of the military household of M. Caruot
and secretary-general to the President until 1892 ; general of division 1890; commander
of Corps d'Armee 1898; military governor of Paris 1899; assigned to the functions of
generalissimo 1900 ; directed the movements of the French army in 1900, 1901, 1902, 1904,
and 1905 while attached to the Presidency ; 1879-1882 had charge of editing and pub-
lishingthe " Memorial desofficiers d'Artillerie," in 22 volumes. His studieson picrates
during fifteen years -were a valuable contribution to the adoption of the new explosives
in use in the French artillery, for which he was highly commended by Generals Cissy
(1873), Barail (1874), Billot (1882), Thibaudin (1883).
sacr >
Je ne vt- " >ra *
qui a et apporu P ar les trou l
ROCHAMI:
;id8i .
-noo
ni n
.! 11 ir
-^19VB7< I
yrfj ni gnr .'
vjub e:t
. M ^
es 5s
bur, -
_ i .l
BRUGERE
Unveiling of the Statue 103
advanced to the front to make the closing address of the oc
casion. After bowing his recognition of the plaudits of the
assemblage, several efforts to begin were interrupted by new
outbursts, often repeated before the veteran French soldier was
able to go on with his remarks.
General Brugere spoke in French, saying:
MONSIEUR LE PRESIDENT DES ETATS-UNIS, MESSIEURS: Fidele aux
sentiments de reconnaissance qu'elle a voile's a tous ceux qui ont contri-
bue a son independance, la nation americaine a de"ja honore par d'impe-
rissables monuments, edge's tant en Ame'rique qu'a Paris, la m^moire de
son fondateur et de ceux qui ont eu le grand honneur de collaborer a son
ceuvre. Elle a aussi montre qu'elle n'etablit aucune distinction entre ses
propres enfants qui ont combattu pour son independance et les soldats
franais qui, soit spontanement, soit par ordre, sont venus dans des temps
difficiles lui apporter, sans compter, le concours de leur devouement et de
leur valeur militaire.
II y a deux ans a peine, le 4 juillet 1900, j'assistais, a Paris, a 1'inaugu-
ration des statues de Washington et de Lafayette, dues, la premiere aux
femmes americaines, la seconde aux enfants des e"coles des Etats-Unis, et
je n'ai pas oublie les te"moignages re*ciproques de fidele et reconnaissant
souvenir auxquels ont donne lieu ces deux belles et touchantes ce're'monies.
Aujourd'hui, a Washington, je retrouve ces memes sentiments dans
cette fete patriotique organised en 1' honneur de ROCHAMBEAU et de ses
vaillants soldats. Aussi, ma premiere pense"e est-elle de remercier, au
nom de la mission franfaise, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'avoir
convie* la France a cette manifestation grandiose qui ne peut que resserrer
les liens, plus que seculaires, qui unissent les deux peuples.
Nous sommes tous tres fiers et tres heureux d'avoir e"te" de*signe*s pour
representer la France dans cette circonstance solennelle, d'autant plus
que ce monument n'a pas seulement pour but de rendre hommage au
comte de ROCHAMBEAU, mais comme le disait en 1881 le President de la
Republique francaise a 1' occasion de 1' inauguration de la statue de
Lafayette, de "perpe*tuer le souvenir d'une union que de nobles et labo-
rieuses aspirations ont fait naitre et que nos institutions, communes
aujourd'hui, doivent resserrer et deVelopper pour le bien des deux pays."
Lorsqu'au moment de la guerre de I'lnd^pendance des Etats-Unis la
France est intervenue, il s'agissait du droit et de laliberte dont la defense
a tou jours etc" conside"ree par elle comme une cause juste et par suite
sacree.
Je ne veux certes pas diminuer la valeur de 1'appui materiel et moral
qui a ete apporte a cette e*poque a 1'arm^e americaine par les troupes de
ROCHAMBEAU et celles du comte de Grasse, dont la tenue et la discipline
ont e"te" exemplaires pendant toute la campagne; mais ces troupes n'e*taient
IO4 Unveiling of the Statue
que des auxiliaires; elles etaient sous les ordres de Washington, et c'est
a lui seul que revient 1'honneur d' avoir rendu la liberte a son pays.
Toutefois, je ne sais ce que Ton doit le plus admirer, ou du comte de
ROCHAMBEAU, lieutenant-general des armies de France, 1'un des meil-
leurs tacticiens qu'ait forme's la guerre de Sept-Ans, s'effacant toujours
devant le ge"ne*ral americain, ou de 1'illustre Washington, qui ne com-
mande jamais le general franais qu'avec la plus grande deference et qui
semble lui soumettre des propositions lorsqu'il lui donne des ordres.
Quelle Emotion n'e"prouve-t-on pas en lisant les lignes suivantes, qu'a-
dressait ROCHAMBEAU a Washington le jour de son arrived en Ame'rique:
"Les ordres du Roi, mon maitre, m'amenent aux ordres de votre Excel
lence. J'y arrive avec toute la soumission, tout le zele et toute la ve*ne"ra-
tion que j'ai pour votre personne et pour les talents distingues que vous
montrez a soutenir une guerre a jamais memorable."
Et plus tard, lorsque la tache accomplie, ROCHAMBEAU remercie le Pre*-
sident du Congres des t<!moignages de satisfaction qui lui sont adresse"s, il
rend encore hommage au commandant en chef des forces alliees en e"cri-
vant: "Si j'ai e"te" assez heureux pour meYiter 1'approbation de votre
Excellence et celle du Congres, ce ne peut etre que dans mon activite* a
suivre les plans du general Washington."
De son cote", le comte de Grasse e"crit a ROCHAMBEAU, en parlant de
Washington: " Je serais fach^ d'etre prive* de recevoir des lettres de ce
ge*ne"ral. Il e"crit aussi bien qu'il fait la guerre. Ah! quel homme."
Un pareil chef, entoure" de tels deVouements, ne pouvait etre que vain-
queur, et il le fut.
I^a guerre terminee, la nation naissante avait bien conquis 1'indepen-
dance, mais il lui fallait assurer son de* veloppement e"conomique et sociale.
Par un bonheur inespe*re, elle trouvait, dans le gnie militaire qui avait
lib^re" son territoire, le sage administrates qui devait poser les bases
d'une paix feconde et pre*parer 1'essor le plus merveilleux qu'une nation
puisse rever.
Comment ne pas citer, pour terrhiner, le passage suivant d'une lettre de
Washington, e*crite en 1786. Ce passage fait autant d'honneur au ge"ne"-
ral am^ricain qui 1'a ecrite, qu'aux generaux fran9ais auxquels il s'adres-
sait : " lya fidelite", 1'honneur et la bravoure de vos troupes, le patriotisme
e*claire et les sentiments de sympathie delicats qui animaient un si grand
nombre de vos compatriotes avec lesquels je puis me vanter d'etre inti-
mement lie", et par-dessus tout le vif inteYet que votre illustre monarque
et ses fideles sujets ont pris au succes des armes ame"ricaines et a 1'affer-
missement de notre independance, m'ont rendu chere votre nation et ont
forme des liens d' attach ement et laisse des impressions que ni le temps,
ni les e"ve"nements ne pourront de*truire ..."
Telle e"tait, messieurs, une des dernieres pens^es du grand Washington.
Elle re"pond trop a nos sentiments pour qu'apres la reception amicale et
Unveiling of the Statue 105
chaleureuse faite a la mission franchise, apres les ovations enthousiastes
dont elle est 1'objet, apres les discours eloquents et patriotiques que nous
venons d'entendre; enfin, apres le^ge'ne'reux tdmoignage de fraternelle
solidarite donne" a nos malheureux compatriotes de la Martinique par le
Gouvernement et le peuple ame'ricains, je n'hesite p'as a m'e'crier, comme
ROCHAMBEAU en 1781: " Entre vous et nous, a la vie, a la mort !"
GENERAI, BRUGERE'S ADDRESS
[Translation]
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : True to the feelings of gratitude
which the American nation has displayed toward those who fought for its
independence, the United States has honored by imperishable monuments,
erected here and in France, the memory of its liberator and those who
had the great honor of fighting by his side. This proves that you make
no distinction between your sons w r ho fought for their own independence
and the French soldiers who came of their own free will or by order of
the King and brought you in that critical period the devoted aid of their
military experience. Just two years ago, on the Fourth of July, 1900, I
was present in Paris at the unveiling of the monuments erected to the
memory of Washington and Lafayette. One of these was erected by the
women and the other by the children of the United States. I shall never
forget what true and grateful remembrances of the past were brought
before us by those two impressive ceremonies. To-day in Washington
these same remembrances are revived in this patriotic ceremony in honor
of ROCHAMBEAU and his brave soldiers.
My most agreeable duty is to thank the Government of the United States
on behalf of the French Mission for having invited the French nation to
participate in these imposing exercises, which can but strengthen the
bonds of friendship uniting the two nations. We are all very proud of
having been chosen to represent France on this memorable occasion.
Especially as the monument which stands before us is not only designed
to honor Count ROCHAMBEAU, but, as the President of the French Repub
lic said in 1881, on the occasion of the unveiling of the monument of
Lafayette: "It will commemorate the ancient bond of friendship existing
between our nations, a bond which now, under similar political institu
tions, is destined to grow stronger."
When France took an active part in the war of Independence, right
and liberty were at stake; the cause was just and sacred. I do not wish
to underrate the value of the material and moral aid which the troops under
ROCHAMBEAU and De Grasse brought to the American Army. Their
discipline and morale were excellent.
These troops were but auxiliaries under the orders of Washington, and
to him alone is due the honor of having won liberty for America. I do not
106 Unveiling of the Statue
really know which to admire more Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, lieutenant-
general of the French army, one of the best tacticians of the ' ' Seven
Years' War," who placed himself without hesitation under the orders of
the American general, or George Washington, always considerate of the
French general, always seeming to consult rather than command.
How noble those words from ROCHAMBEAU, addressed to Washington on
the day he set foot on American soil, "By order of the King, my master, I
shall serve henceforth under the command of Your Excellency. I will do
so with all the zeal and admiration I feel for you and the great ability
which you have displayed in this memorable war. ' '
Later on when the task was accomplished, ROCHAMBEAU thanked the
President of the Congress for the expressions of satisfaction which were
addressed to him. Again he paid homage to the talents of the commander
in chief of the allied forces: " If I have been happy enough to deserve the
approbation of Your Excellency and the approbation of Congress, it can
only be for the activity with which I have followed the plans of General
Washington."
At the same time the Count de Grasse, writing to ROCHAMBEAU, says of
Washington: "I would be very sorry not to receive any more letters from
this general. He writes as well as he wages war. What a man! "
Such a chief aided by such devotion must ever be victorious. So he
was. At the end of the war the new nation had won independence. It
was necessary to insure its own economical and social development. By
happy chance the military genius who had won freedom for his people
was capable of laying the foundation of a fruitful peace and directing as
marvelous a development as a nation could desire.
In a letter written in 1786, Washington says: "The sincerity, honor,
and bravery of your troops, the high-minded patriotism, and the delicate
sympathy which animate so many of your compatriots with whom I can
venture to say I am intimately acquainted, and above all the keen interest
which your illustrious monarch and his loyal subjects have taken in the
success of the American cause and in the development of our independ
ence, have made your nation very dear to us and have formed ties and left
us impressions which neither time nor circumstances can destroy."
These are, gentlemen, the last thoughts of Washington. They find a
clear echo in our hearts after the friendly reception you have given the
French Mission; .after the ovation with which you have greeted us; after
the eloquent and patriotic speeches we have just heard, and also after the
generous proofs of sympathy the American nation has given lately 'to our
unfortunate compatriots in Martinique. And in conclusion I reiterate
the words ROCHAMBEAU pronounced in 1781: "Entrevouset nous, a la
vie, a la mort!" (We are one in life or death.)
Unveiling of the Statue 107
The last touch of the finished word portraiture of the human
ity, the heroism, and the honors of ROCHAMBKAU and his
Frenchmen were complete. The homing of the lessons were
drawn in the skillful rhetorical flights of the orator. The
United States Marine Band struck up "America"
My country 'tis of thee,
Sweet land of liberty.
The last strain of this impressive melody, still lingering on
the ear, was followed by the Right Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee,
Bishop of Washington, in this benediction:
BENEDICTION
May our Heavenly Father, the God of nations, bless and perpetuate
those sacred memories which bind the United States of America and the
Republic of France together in lasting friendship, and grant that each
Commonwealth may stand among the nations as a witness and defender
for the true principles of liberty, fraternity, and equality.
Bless the rulers with wisdom and the people with honorable industry,
sound learning, and pure manners.
Increase among all nations the spirit of unity, peace, and concord, and
may the Lord bless us and keep us; the Lord make His face to shine
upon us, and be gracious unto us; the Lord lift up His countenance
upon us in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
Amen.
WREATH FROM THE "DAUGHTERS"
At the conclusion of the benediction a mammoth wreath
of laurel, intertwined with American Beauty roses and ribbon
of national colors, surmounted by flags of the United States
and France, was placed on the ROCHAMBEAU statue by an
official deputation of the National Society of the Daughters
of the American Revolution, consisting of Mrs. Charles W.
Fairbanks, president-general, and the Franco- American memo
rial committee, Mrs. Robert S. Hatcher, chairman; Mrs. Adlai
B. Stevenson, Mrs. John W. Foster, Mrs. Daniel Manning,
Miss Mary Desha, Mrs. Mary Lockwood, Mrs. C. C. Darwin,
Mrs. Alice Akers, and Mrs. George M. Sternberg. .
io8 Unveiling of the Statue
A COLONIAL WREATH AND ADDRESS
The Society of the Colonial Dames of America, through a
delegation sent for the purpose, placed a wreath upon the statue.
An interesting association with the lives of one of the heroes of
long ago, was the descent of the head of the Washington dele
gation in the third generation from Count de Grasse. This
society, by the hand of Miss Boudinot, another surname memory
of the Revolution, presented to Count de Rochambeau an ad
dress' in the following words:
For our president, in her absence, and in behalf of the Society of the
Colonial Dames of America, it is my pleasant duty to lay this wreath at the
foot of this statue, in grateful remembrance of the service rendered our
ancestors by lieutenant-General le Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, Marshal of
France. Further, I am bidden to extend a hearty welcome to the mem
bers of this special embassy from France, coming so far for the purpose
for which we are gathered here to-day. Among these we note the beloved
name of L/afayette. Monsieur le Comte and Mme. le Comtesse de Ro
chambeau and Messieurs, I pray you, in the name of the Colonial Dames
of America, ' ' Soyez les bien venus. ' '
OFF FOR THE REVIEW
At the close of the exercises the President lingered some
minutes in conversation with the guests of the nation. He
then led off with Ambassador Cambon, descending from the
grand stand, followed by the members of his Cabinet, of the
French Mission, and of the Diplomatic Corps. After a tour
of inspection around the base of the statue the President and
the Ambassador led the way to the reviewing stand on the
opposite side of Pennsylvania avenue.
TROOPS IN MOTION
The moment the unveiling ceremonies were completed the
troops massed in Lafayette Park were in step with the right of
the column located on Pennsylvania avenue and Eighteenth
street NW.
At this point the Second Brigade, consisting of the National
Guard of the District of Columbia, was in line extending west
'
io8
Tlu ugh a
the pin
s r association with the lives of
ago, was the descent of the head of the \V
gation in the third generation from Count d
society, by the hand of Miss Boudinot, another surname men
of the Revolution, pr Rochambeau an ad-
GEN. FERDINAND DE CHALENDAR
Commander of the Legion of Honor f or the purpose
for wl Among these \ve note the be!
nam< Commander Fourteenth Infantry Brigade, descendant of Chevalier I<eon Baptiste
Marguerite de Chalendar, native of Bonai, near I,e Puy, who entered Regiment
Gatinais 1771, and was specially distinguished in the affairs of the siege of Yorktown,
Va., 1781, being promoted to captain.
At the close of the e>
minute^ in conversation with the giK
then led off with Ambassador Car
grand stand, followed by the mer the
h Mission, and of l Vfter a tour
of inspection around the e the President and
the Ambassador led the way to ihe reviewing stand on the
opposite ennsylvania avc
ION
e moment the in, Hie
issed in Lafayett
>cated ori P< Eighth-
ting of the National
line extending west
Unveiling of the Statue 109
along Pennsylvania avenue, the head of the column resting on
Eighteenth street.
The saluting battery, after performing its special part in the
ceremonies from the White House grounds, moved to another
position on Eighteenth street south of Pennsylvania avenue.
The cavalry formed on Eighteenth street north of H.
By this arrangement the infantry of the First Brigade were
enabled to reach the right of the line from Lafayette Park
along H to Eighteenth streets, prepared to move off when the
order ' ' March ' ' was sounded.
From this point the column moved east along Pennsylvania
avenue, reaching the reviewing stand, at the intersection of
Executive and Pennsylvania avenues, nearly in front of the
White House, at 12.45 p. m. The reviewing party consisted of
the President, the French ambassador, and General Brugere.
Near them were the members of the French Mission, members
of the Cabinet, military, navy, and civil officers. The colors of
the United States and France were blended in great profusion in
honor of .the occasion.
THE COLUMN
In advance of the marching forces moved a detachment of
mounted police.
Then followed Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young, surrounded by a
numerous staff representing each branch of the military estab
lishment, the Engineer's Band playing "Hail to the Chief."
First Brigade, Lieut. Col. E. D. Dimmick, commanding.
Battalion of Engineers, right of the line, Maj. W. M. Black,
commanding, with band playing "Hail to the Chief."
Battalion United States Marines, Maj. Charles A. Doyen,
U. S. Marine Corps, commanding, with the U. S. Marine Band,
W. H. Santelmann, director.
Battalion of seamen, preceded by drum corps and band of 24
pieces, playing an American air, Lieut. F. M. Urvoy, command
ing (detached from the cuirasse d'escadre Gaulois).
iio Unveiling of the Statue
Battalion of United States seamen, Lieut. B. W. Wells, com
manding, from the United States battle ships Kearsarge and
Alabama.
Fourth Field Battery of Artillery, U. S. Army, Capt. F. M.
Foote, Artillery Corps, commanding.
Second Squadron, Second Cavalry, U. S. Army, Capt. L. M.
Brett, Second Cavalry, U. S. Army, commanding, with band,
24 pieces, on white horses.
Hospital Corps company, U. S. Army, Capt. and Assist
ant Surg. Frederick P. Reynolds, U. S. Army, commanding.
Brigade of the District of Columbia National Guard, Brig.
Gen. George H. Harries, commanding; staff; brigade band;
company of Engineers, First Lieut, Roy B. Hayes, commanding.
Second Regiment of Infantry, Col. M. Emmet Urell, com
manding, composed of the Fifth Battalion, Maj. R. D. Simms;
Sixth, Maj. Wm. E. Harvey; Fourth, Maj. Anton Stephan.
First Regiment of Infantry, Col. Henry May, commanding;
Second Battalion, Maj. L. H. Reichelderfer; First, Maj. S.
Porterhouse.
First Separate Battalion of Infantry, Maj. Arthur Brooks,
commanding, headed by the corps of field music.
Signal Corps, First Lieut. William Niemeyer, commanding.
Naval Battalion, Lieut. Commander S. G. Hopkins, com
manding.
Ambulance Corps, First Lieut. W. D. Fales, commanding.
In passing, each flag was dipped and marching salutes were
executed to the President.
The troops, and particularly the French appearing in the
character of specially favored participants, were received with
great applause along the entire route.
COMPLIMENTS OF BRUGKRE
General Brugere watched with the eye of a soldier and dis
ciplinarian the appearance and action of the United States troops
in passing and complimented the President, as their Commander
in Chief, upon the precision of their movements. The Presi
dent replied in words of praise of the fine appearance of the sea
men of the Gaulois, although they were "out of their element."
HADW3MA 10 HMUJOO
AM QMA
Battalion of Ur , om
manding, fro
Alabama.
Fo
Foo-
.'apt. ar,
trd, Brig
.'ade band
-s, First Lieut,' Roy B. H .ding
eginient of Infantn m met Urell
manding, composed of the Fifth Bat;
Six' Harvey; Fourf
~Sfc~ = ,r Eft
Porterhouse.
First Separate Battalion , srthur Brooks
commanding, heade^
Signal Corps, Firs
Naval Battalion, L
manding.
Ambulance C Banding.
In passing, each flag rching sa)
ed to the President.
!Kl P arti -ipijearing in the
eceived with
e route.
in Cl
dent
f the
Unveiling of the Statue 1 1 1
The day was fitful in meteorological conditions, beginning
with bright sunshine and beautiful cloud effects, culminat
ing in a brief but fierce downpour during Ambassador Cam-
bon's address. The temperature was at summer heat and the
humidity high.
At the end of the review the President and Cabinet returned
to the White House under escort of a detachment of ' ' Minute
Men."
In taking leave of the " Minute Men " the President said:
I want to thank you very much for having come in the uniform of the
Continentals to escort the President of the United States on an occasion
so fraught with historic reminiscences.
The members of the French Mission were escorted to their
hotel by a troop of cavalry.
END OF THE PARADE
At the end of the route of march, at Fifteenth street, the
United States artillery and cavalry moved north to K street
and thence to the post at Fort Myer.
The foot troops, Regulars, paraded down Pennsylvania
avenue to their respective stations.
The National Guard were reviewed by General Harries and
then proceeded to their armories.
The United States marines and sailors acted as escort to the
French battalion to the railroad station, where the usual com
plimentary parting maneuvers took place, after which the
marines continued to their quarters. The French sailors
boarded their trains in waiting and returned to the Gaulois,
off Annapolis.
AT THE CAPITOL
During the afternoon the foreign guests under escort of the
President's commission and Mrs. Peiree were conducted on a
tour of sight-seeing, their first object of interest being the
Capitol.
REPRESENTATIVE M'CLEARY RECEIVES GUESTS OF THE NATION
The party were met at the main entrance by Representative
James T. McCleary, chairman of* the House Committee on the
Library, who accompanied them to the office of the Speaker.
SPEAKER HENDERSON AND GENERAL BRUGERE EXCHANGE
FELICITATIONS
After the usual greeting Speaker Henderson, in a few happy
remarks, said:
American mothers teach their children that France was the friend of
the Colonies in the struggle which "ended in the birth of the States as a
nation, and instill in their hearts a sentiment of gratitude toward our
friend and ally.
He was greatly pleased to welcome the members of the French
Mission and of 'the families of ROCHAMBEAU and Lafayette to
the constituent body of the American people in the law-making
branch of the Government. An expression of the feeling of
grateful remembrance was manifested in the adjournment of the
House of Representatives as a mark of respect to the memory
of ROCHAMBEAU.
General Brugere, in behalf of the Mission and others in the
company, speaking in French, which was translated as he pro
gressed, said he felt impressed with the spirit of friendliness
which had met the Mission everywhere. He could say the
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - ,8 113
ii4 Ai the Capitol
same feeling existed in all stations in life in France. Although
his time was entirely taken up in the affairs of his own country,
he felt himself highly honored and equally happy when he was
designated to the Commission to take part in the unveiling of
the statue of the great French general of the auxiliary army
of France in America.
COMTESSE DE ROQHAMBEAU SPEAKS FOR THE OLD FIELD
MARSHAL
The Comtesse de Rochambeau, with captivating grace, spoke
in behalf of the name and American fame of ROCHAMBEAU.
The enthusiasm which moved everybody, from the President
of the United States to the humblest citizen and soldier, in
perpetuation of his memory, she realized was sincere, and
therefore greatly appreciated.
In passing the Hall of the House of Representatives on their
way to the Senate wing of the Capitol, Mr. McCleary pointed to
the life-size full-length portrait of Lafayette, on the left of the
Speaker's chair. General Brugere and the entire suite were
deeply sensible of this great national honor to their countryman,
Lafayette, considering it as conveying in the highest degree the
relation in which France, through this volunteer in the cause
of liberty, stood toward the people and their Representatives
in the Congress el the United States.
CHAIRMEN Cx NNON AND DINGLEY EXPLAIN EXPENSES
After visiting the rooms of the Committee on Appropria
tions, where Chairman Cannon, after a cordial welcome,
explained how the Government legislated the hundreds of
millions of dollars every year to meet the expenses of the Gov
ernment, and of the Committee on Ways and Means, where
Chairman Dingley made a few remarks in explanation of how
the vast revenues were raised to meet these expenditures, the
party were taken to Statuary Hall. Representative McCleary,
a man of profound learning in all that pertains to American
history, pointed out particular^ the statues of the men who had
figured in the Revolutionary contest as statesmen and soldiers.
At the Capitol 115
In each the General and those with him showed the deepest
interest, and especially in New York's representative in this
assemblage of greatness in marble and bronze, Chancellor Liv
ingston, who, by negotiation and purchase from France, made
the immense territory of Louisiana an integral part of the
domain of the United States of America.
ASSEMBLY OF THE STATES
Thence, proceeding still under the thoughtful care of Mr.
McCleary to the Rotunda, the Mission and those with them
regretfully took leave, each in turn, of the distinguished Min-
nesotan, who had so much enlightened them on American affairs
pertaining to the people's share in the law-making power, in
order to pass into the hands of the Sergeant-at-Arms of the
Senate, Mr. Ransdell, who was in waiting.
The great Rotunda paintings by Trumbull profoundly im
pressed them. These best life pictures of ROCHAMBEAU in
America were known to be from the pencil and brush of this
father of American art. The great scene of the surrender
at Yorktown, with ROCHAMBEAU and his Frenchmen on one
side and Washington and his Americans on the other, with
O'Hara between them surrendering the sword of England to
General Lincoln, deputed by Washington as the representative
of the allied armies, especially engaged their attention and oral
tribute in the language of ROCHAMBEAU.
WELCOME BY PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
The Sergeant-at-Arms then led them to the room of the Presi
dent pro tempore, Mr. Frye, who gave an eloquent welcome
on behalf of the Senate, which he said represented the States of
the Union the original thirteen, for the independence of which
ROCHAMBEAU and his army of Frenchmen fought as auxiliary
to the Continentals under Washington, commander in chief,
having now increased to forty-five in number, in one of which
the population in the year 1900 was more than twice and in
another twice that of the whole of the thirteen combined at the
n6 At the Capitol
time of the Revolution, both of these States having been among
the original thirteen. He called attention to the admiration
which Washington had for ROCHAMBEAU, as handed down in
his writings, and pointing to the Peale portrait on the wall,
continued, ''here we have the commander in chief himself in
lifelike expression. After the events of to-day we shall have
ROCHAMBEAU in bronze to remind us of the devoted coadjutor
of Washington in the transactions of arms. ' '
GENERAL BRUGERE REPLIES
General Brugere spoke for France in appreciation of the
hearty welcome of the President ,pro tempore of the Senate.
He said, having realized to the fullest extent the sentiments
of friendship of the President in his address at the unveiling of
the monument, representing the nation nationally and inter
nationally; of the Speaker, representing the body politic of the
American people; he had now reached the climax of the Presi
dent pro tempore, representing the bod} 7 politic of the States
in their sovereign capacity under the supreme Constitution, and
aggregately the organizing force that goes to make up the
strength and greatness of American institutions.
SENATOR WETMORE THANKED
Senator Wetmore, chairman of the Joint Committee on the
Library, also extended his felicitations to the party, who recog
nized in him in the Senate,' as in Representative McCleary in the
House, the persons to whose exertions the raising of a monu
ment to ROCHAMBEAU and his French troops was due in the
course of Congressional enactment.
The party manifested the deepest interest in the magnitude
and interior arrangements of the official home of the law-making
arm of the sovereign people, and asked numerous questions.
TO THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
After leaving the Capitol the members of the Mission and
their escort were driven to the Library of Congress, where they
were received by the Librarian in his office. After a brief con-
At the Capitol 117
versation the party was shown about the building by the Libra
rian and certain chiefs of divisions. The visitors were impressed
not only by the magnitude of the accommodations for books,
but by the beautiful architectural effects of marble, mosaic, and
fresco, especially in the grand entrance hall and staircases and
reading rooms. They were also interested in the mechanical
appliances for calling for and delivery of books at the desk.
Several very interesting practical tests of the pneumatic tube ;
were made, the members of the party calling for volumes which
interested them, finding a quick response.
FINALE AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY
The closing function of the day and of the week of ROCHAM-
BEAU was a reception at the French embassy from 9 to n p. m.
Owing to the death of Lord Pauncefote, the British ambassador
and dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the outdoor features of the
entertainment, a musical concert by the band of the Gaulois
and an illumination of the embassy with pyrotechnic scenes of
the Revolution, were abandoned.
The Ambassador and Mme. Cambon, assisted by General
Brugere an.d Comte and Comtesse Rochambeau, standing within
the entrance to the main drawing-room, received the invited
guests, who numbered several hundred. Among them were
the entire personnel of the Diplomatic Corps, members of the
Cabinet, a large number of officers of the Army and Navy, the
representatives of the Irish Historical Society, and the higher
officers of the Government.
The hostess, in a superb gown of white satin, and jewels,
wore on her left shoulder the sparkling star-shaped order
of the Chefakat, bestowed upon her by the Sultan of Turkey.
The Comtesse was gowned in white satin and lace, jewels,
pearls and diamonds.
M. and Mme. Margerie, Captain and Mme. Vignal, M. Bceufve,
Lieutenant de Faramond, M. Hermite, and M. Ayguesparsse
were unremitting "in their attentions and contributions to the
pleasures of the evening.
u8 At the Capitol
The drawing-room was hung with the flags and festooned
with the c6lors of the two nations. The mantels were banked
with American Beauty roses and white lilacs in great profusion.
SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GIVE GREETING
An interesting feature of a special meeting of the Sons of the
American Revolution in honor of Ambassador Porter, president
of the Society in France and former president-general of the
National Society in the United States, was the presence of Comte
de Rochambeau, accompanied by M. Jules Boeufve. The Count
was escorted from the French embassy by a committee of the
society to the place of meeting, arriving at 10.30, after the reg
ular proceedings had been concluded. As he entered he was
greeted with great cheers of welcome and formally introduced
by Noble D. L,arner, president.
The Count made a speech in reply, in French, which Ambas
sador Porter, at his request, repeated in English, thanking the
society for its thoughtful invitation and the cordial greeting
they had given him. He had long heard of the society, its pur
pose and its efforts, and particularly its interest in his country
men. It made him extremely happy to meet and speak to the
descendants of the soldiers of Washington, and their companions
of the Army, of ROCHAMBEAU. He congratulated them upon
their work and wished them every success, especiallj 7 in keeping
alive the memory of the alliance with France and the cama
raderie of the soldiers of the two chieftains.
COURRIER DES ETATS-UNIS ON THE COMMEMORATION
The Courrier des fitats-Unis, the organ of the French people
in America, and their mouthpiece among their countrymen at
home, commenting on the events of the day said:
Not alone do we see side by side the highest representatives of the Re
public of the United States and the envoys of President L,oubet, grouped
under the folds of the French and American flags, but also a strong
detachment of "Fusileers Marines "(marine fusileers), debarked, from the
battle ship Gaulois, under arms, marching by the side of companies from
the American squadron at Annapolis.
At the Capitol 119
Above all the addresses pronounced by the representatives of the two
countries were an homage rendered to the "alliance" which united
France and the United States, the remembrance of which will be trans
mitted from generation to generation.
MILITARY ORDER OF THE FRENCH ALLIANCE
On February 17, 1903, as a military social recognition of the
events characterized by the celebration at the American capital
on May 24, 1902, and the genial spirit of individual and inter
national amity which grew out of the presence of the French '
Mission and the members of the families of the two most dis
tinguished Frenchmen connected with the military operations
of the Continental and French armies, the Military Order of
the French Alliance was instituted by descendants of the offi
cers of the allied armies of France and America in the war
of the Revolution, as a special tribute to the French alliance of
1778, and to perpetuate the martial deeds and victories of the
allied armies, as well as to preserve the bonds of fraternal
fellowship formed by companionship in arms, and to keep in
mind the debt of gratitude which America owes France.
The eligibility applies to male descendants of officers of the
allied armies and navies of both countries, on invitation, as
hereditary companions. Any officer of the present French
army and navy, upon whom has been conferred the Cross of
the Legion of Honor, and officers of the United States army,
upon whom has been conferred the Medal of Honor, are eligible
as hereditary companions.
During the morning the President received at the White
House the members of the Cercle Litteraire Franco- Americain
(Franco- American Literary Society), L' Alliance Francaise de
Brooklyn (French Alliance of Brooklyn), the Irish- American
Historical Society of New York and New England, and Na
tional Association of Frenchmen of Philadelphia, who had
come to Washington on a special train in order to assist at the
dedication.
120 At the Capitol
TOUCH OF ART IN GOOD
A circumstance in harmony with the prevailing sentiment of
reminiscence and commemoration was the receipt at the French
embassy from France simultaneously with the arrival of the
' ' Guests ' ' at Washington and Mission at Annapolis of three
superb oil paintings, as one of the incidents of the friendly
exchanges between the two countries, all skillfully treated in
the characteristic style of French art.
CONNECTION WITH THE ROCHAMBEAU MONUMENT EXERCISES
The largest, an immense canvas by Fernand de Quesne,
portrayed Louis XIV in the Salon de la Paix, at his palace at
Versailles, handing to the famous explorer Chevalier de Cadillac
letters patent, bestowing upon the French post at the connect
ing waters of Lakes Huron and Brie, the franchises and grants
of a city of New France under the name Detroit (Strait).
The King in costume of ceremony, in buff, and Cadillac in a
brilliant shade of green, occupy the foreground.
Behind the King stands Louis Boucheret, chancellor of
France, in a trained robe of pink, and on his right the ministers
of state, M. de Bartsezieux; war, M. de Colbert; foreign affairs,
Marquis cfe Torcy; controller-general of the finances, Louis
Phelypeaux, Comte de.Pontchar train (father); navy, Jerome D.
Pontchartrain (son), and several other distinguished personages
of his court; on the left are three mousquetaires du roi. Be
neath the painting is "the legend ' ' Presented in the name of the
French Republic by his Excellency, M. Jules Cambon." It is
also accompanied by a key.
It must not be omitted to say the elder Pontchartrain in the
painting was the grandfather of Comte de Maurepas, who suc
ceeded his father Jerome de Pontchartrain as secretary of state,
but being rather handy with his wit, pointing an epigram at
"the Madame" (de Pompadour), so offended the royal favor
ite that he was exiled from court for a quarter of a century, but
was recalled in time to participate in the negotiations with the
States, which reached a finality in the treaty of alliance.
I2O
BU,
iment of
reminiso. .pt at the French
emb. h the arrival ol.
,:iapolis of three
the friendly
excl :/n the t -eated in
the com
ing water ie, the franchises and grants
of a city of New France uW^ffflf 4JfifftWfi (Strait).
TheTAe founding of Detroit, ttow.&Vtnct, afterwards the State of Michigan , United States
brilliant shade of green, occr of America
Behind the King stai;
France, in a trained robe o
of state. M. de Ba
Phel
Pohtchar !
of h; '.he left
.nted in the name of the
:. Jules Cambon." It is
.
elder Pontchartrain in the
A ho suc-
1 ary of state,
, 11 at
"the
ite tl)
States, wh
At the Capitol 121
After remaining at the embassy on private exhibition some
months the painting was forwarded by the ambassador to the
mayor of Detroit (Mr. William C. Maybury) "in the name of
the French Government."
The mayor promptly transmitted this letter with a message
to the common council of the city, observing
This gift of the Republic of France is most acceptable to us, more
especially in view of the fact that it recalls the founding of Detroit by
the French and calls up their early efforts amid hardships and privation
to found this goodly city upon foundations of liberty, religion, justice,
and equality.
The gift having been accepted under resolutions of council
unanimously adopted, a committee of three, together with the
mayor, was appointed to draft resolutions of thanks, which
were handsomely engraved, for presentation to the French
Republic.
The painting, in order to be more suitably exhibited and
cared for was temporarily placed in the Museum of Art. The
other two paintings of Lafayette and ROCHAMBEAU represent
them in the uniforms of the period, the former as an officer
9f artillery, the latter as lieutenant-general commanding the
auxiliary army of France. They remain at the embassy for
the present, but ultimately will adorn a collection of art of
national reputation.
FIGARO, MORNING AND AFTERNOON
On the morning of the 24th, simultaneously with the instal
lation of the monument at Washington, the Figaro, newspaper,
of Paris, France, issued an 8 -page supplement which appeared
the same day, in the American language entirely devoted to
ROCHAMBEAU and Americans at home and in Paris, historical
and caricature illustrations, reprints of contemporary accounts
of the surrender at Yorktown in the Paris and London news
papers, and other relevant facts and comments of the time,
embellished with many portraits retrospective and present.
The Figaro in the afternoon gave a "5 o'clock" in honor
of the ROCHAMBEAU fetes at Washington. The guests were
122 At the Capitol
almost exclusively representative members of the American
colony.
A musicale and theatrical entertainment which followed was
as much an honor to that journal as it was to the subject of
commemoration.
Among the specialties was a collection of bugle calls and
drum and fife marches used by the regiments of ROCHAMBEAU,
assembled symphonically by Edward Philippe, and rendered by
the band of the ' ' Guarde Republicaine de France ' ' in full
uniform.
These sounds of harmony, interspersed with the martial
piping of fife and rattle of drum in the charge of ' ' les soldats
du Royal Auvergne" and other incidents of Yorktown, raised a
perfect frenzy of patriotism and international emotion.
A number of veteran officers of the United States wars,
among them General Winslow and Major Huntington, said, in
the way of revivifying military traditions, that this in thrilling
effect was beyond anything they had ever known.
In the great throng present were officers of the Thirteenth
Regiment of the line in the armies of Louis XVI, the famous
Bourbonnais of American fame; also the Eighteenth Regiment
of the line, the gallant Royal Auvergne, particularly celebrated
at Yorktown.
Another inspiring scene was an effective allocution to
ROCHAMBKAU by Gaston Deschamps, concluding with an elo
quent peroration to Roosevelt, not only as a Chief Magistrate,
but as a brave and gallant soldier doing homage to the memory
of another.
The cable advices spoke of the occasion, its sentiment, its
members, character, and enthusiasm as the sensation of Paris.
At the Capitol
123
In introducing* the ' ' ROCHAMBEAU extra, ' ' the editor of
Le Figaro had this to say :
PARIS
Supplement exceptionnel
LE FIGARO
WASHINGTON
H. DE VlLLEMESSANT
Fondateur
SAMEDI, ,4 MAI 1902
Fran^ais d'Ainerique et Americaiiis <le France, 1781-19O2
F^TES DE ROCHAMBEAU
THE inauguration at Washington of a
statue of ROCHAMBEAU imposes upon the
Figaro a duty to itself and to its readers in
America. The Figaro has for years been
recognized not only in the United States,
but in the American colony established in
Paris, as the standard-bearer of French ele
gance, culture, and art. The American
readers of the Figaro, therefore, have a
right to expect that an event which tends
more closely to forge the long-standing
bonds between the two countries, the value
and signification of which have been so
admirably set forth in the letter of Presi
dent Roosevelt to M. Loubet, should be
properly presented by the Figaro.
Under this sense of obligation the Figaro
has published this supplement, in which
by document and design the dates 1781-
1902 are contrasted and brought together.
It contains a reproduction of the statue of
ROCHAMBEAU, a photograph of the pedes
tal, and one of the artist, M. Hamar.
Next comes successively a portrait and
medallion of ROCHAMBEAU, portraits of
Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette, re
produced from precious and authentic
prints. There follows a curious drawing
of the famous scene where Voltaire blesses
the grandson of Franklin with the words
"God and liberty," and an allegorical
print of Admiral d'Estaing, the naval hero
of the war of Independence. The battle of
Yorktown is explained in a plan made
upon the spot by engineers of the King of
France, showing the relative position of
the French and American troops. Then
follows the music to which marched the
victorious armies, a print reproducing the
obelisk put up at Port Vendres to com
memorate these great events, some curious
caricatures of English statesmen of the
time, the first Dank notes issued by the
United States, a series of personal souve
nirs of ROCHAMBEAU, the room in which
he lived, the portrait of Washington, which
was given to him after Yorktown, his
tomb, and his coat of arms.
The above are framed in a text which
includes extracts from newspapers of the
time and historical documents, of which
some as, for example, the article on the
capitulation of Yorktown, printed in Phila
delphia are unique. So much for the past.
The present is represented by the most
well-marked personages of the American
colony, those best known in the world of
business, of politics, and of letters, and
such French writers, artists, and states
men as contribute daily to the develop
ment of friendly relations between the
two countries. These are accompanied
by comments upon the American enter
prises in France, and upon such arts, tastes,
and sports as the two countries shar,e in
common.
BANQUET
The capital of the sister Republic beyond the sea was
synchronously the scene of prandial and eulogistic proceedings.
On ROCHAMBEAU Day at Washington a banquet was given
at the Hotel Continental by American university men in Paris.
The reception room was tastefully decorated with American
and French flags, relieved by portraits of Washington, ROCHAM-
BKAU, and Roosevelt. A conspicuous feature was a model of
the statue unveiled at Washington. The banquet hall, elabo
rately festooned with the Stars and Stripes of the States and
Tricolor of France, was adorned with banners on the walls
bearing the names of the different Commonwealths of the
American Union.
At the request of Mr. John Munroe, president of the Ameri
can University Club, M. Guillemot, the mayor of Vendome,
ROCHAMBEAU' s birthplace, presided.
The seat of honor was occupied by Marquis de Grasse, in his
character as lineal descendant of Comte de Grasse, commander
of the French fleet in the combined operations against the
British army at Yorktown.
Among the other descendant guests was Marquis de Deuras
Chastelleux, a great-grandnephew of the Marquis of that name
and memory, member of the French Academy, personal friend
of Washington, major-general in ROCHAMBEAU'S army, and
writer of value on contemporary affairs and personages in
America. Also Comte de Chaffaulte, great-grandson of one of
Comte de Grasse' s marine officers, and the young Comte Guy
de Rochambeau, brother of Comte de Rochambeau, represent
ing the family at the unveiling ceremonies at Washington.
125
126 Banquet
M. Henry Vignaud, charge d'affaires of the United States and
staff of the American embassy; Spencer Pratt, and many French
men and resident Americans prominent in art, industry, and
letters sat around the festive board.
"HANDS ACROSS THE SEA"
The following cable dispatch from the United States Secre
tary of State, John Hay, addressed to the mayor of Vendome,
the birthplace of ROCHAMBEAU, was read by that functionary:
MONSIEUR ivE MAIRE: On this joyous anniversary the President requests
me to send his cordial greetings to the French and American citizens
assembled in Paris to celebrate the historic friendship of France and
America.
JOHN HAY
To which, amid great enthusiasm, was sent this reply:
Have just received your kind telegram and have read it to the Americans
and French united at this table. We thank you warmly for your kind
words. Present our respectful homage to President Roosevelt.
GUILLEMOT
Mayor of Vendome
Amid great applause Baron d'Estournelles de Constant made
an eloquent address, in conclusion proposing the health of
President Roosevelt; which was drunk standing by the entire
assemblage.
Among the other speakers were Marquis de Grasse, Max
O'Rell (Paul Blouet), M. Theobold Chartran, M. Louis Her-
bette, M. James Hyde, M. Jules Siegfried, M. L,azare Weiller,
and Prof. Leopold Mabilleau, the last three dwelling especially
upon their experiences during a recent visit to the United States.
About 25 Poles, some kinsmen of Kosciuszko, representing
the "Polish Kosciuszko monument committee," being present,
through their spokesman, paid tribute to the career of their
gallant countryman in the cause of liberty on two continents.
It was proposed to organize a Franco-American league to
cement and perpetuate the spirit of amity which exists between
the French and American Republics.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
SUNDAY, MAY 25
A MASS IN COMMEMORATION AT
THE GRAVES OF HEROES ON A
TOUR OF OBSERVATION " LE
GAULOIS" EN VOYAGE
ITINERARY
Miles
o l,v. Washington, D. C 7.30 p. m.
128
ITINERARY WASHINGTON TO NIAGARA FALLS
*
The Sabbath observances suitably brought to a close the
dramatic scenes and festivities of the week of commemoration.
At 10 o'clock Ambassador Cambon, with the members of the
Mission and associates, members of the President's commission,
and many of the Diplomatic Corps in full uniform, arriving at
the main portal of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, were
met by Reverend Doctor Stafford, the rector, and conducted to
front seats. The chancel was adorned with palms and the altar
with hundreds of lighted candles. A large congregation was
assembled.
The special service, arranged by order of the rector, con
sisted of low mass, celebrated by the Very Rev. Alfonse Magnien
D. D., president of St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md.; the
Right Reverend Monsignor Rooker, of the Apostolic delegation;
Reverend Doctor Chapelle, of New Orleans, and other priests,
a score of altar boys assisting. During the services the choir,
under the direction of M. Armand Gumprecht, sang from the
celebrated St. Cecelia mass, which was selected by the rector
as' a. movement in sympathy with the commemorative and me
morial spirit of the special .services. The ' 4 Kyrie Eleison ' '
formed an imposing overture to the grouping of sacred melody,
bringing out with excellent execution the tonic effects of this
masterpiece of Gounod's contributions to the grandeur of the
Roman ritual. The "Gloria in Kxcelsis," following, enlisted
devout attention, especially of those in recognition of whom
the services were arranged. In deepest reverence, all knees
bent, and voices responded to the solemn intonation of the
"Credo in Unum " (We trust in one Almighty God). After
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 -9 129
130 The Cardinals Sermon
the "Offertory," the "Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus"
(Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty), afforded a suitable
theme for the delicately metered parts, while the ' ' Benedictus ' '
and "Agnus Dei" closed a most suitable rendering of the
musical numbers of the sacred celebration.
CARDINAL'S SERMON
The sermon preached by the Cardinal presented a thrilling
retrospect of what France had done for savage America, colo
nial France, and the United States, from the standpoint of
exploration, religion, and civilization.
The Cardinal said:
Sons of France, it is meet and proper that you should assemble in the
temple of God to give thanks to the Almighty for the great things which
have been accomplished by your countrymen in this hemisphere in the
cause of religion and civilization. For over two centuries after the discov-
.ery of the American continent, French missionaries crossed the seas and
preached the gospel to the aboriginal inhabitants. They carried the torch
of faith in one hand and the torch of civilization in the other. They
explored our lakes, our rivers, our mountains, and they gave evidence
that they were men of science, as well as men of God, by the charts of
North America which they forwarded to Europe, some of which exist fo
this day and are still regarded marvels of geographical accuracy.
But you have come to the capital of the nation for the special purpose
of taking part in the unveiling of the statue of your illustrious countryman
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, whose services in the cause of American inde
pendence were so signal and so conspicuous that he could truly say of
exploits accomplished, "Quorum pars Magna fui."
Without detracting from the merits of his brothers in arms, I can affirm
that ROCHAMBEAU was the flower of the French allied army. Mature in
years, experienced in military campaigns, a veteran of the Seven Years'
War, calm, deliberate, self-poised, he was a man according to Washing
ton's own heart the general on whose counsel and prudence he could
rely more than on that of any other commander.
When the American troops under Washington and the French forces
under ROCHAMBEAU were on the march to Yorktown, Washington gal
lantly proposed to give the post of distinction to the French army.
ROCHAMBEAU gracefully declined the honor, and in doing so he followed
the impulse of his own heart, as well as the general instructions he received
from his Government that he should always subordinate himself to the
American commander in chief.
Photographic Remembrance 131
The army of Cornwallis was surrounded on land by the French and
American troops, and was prevented from escaping to sea by the fleet
of Admiral de Grasse, which guarded Chesapeake Bay, and thus the
defeat of the English commander was inevitable and he surrendered his
sword to Washington. The capitulation of Cornwallis was the most
decisive event of the American Revolution. Even Washington himself,
in a letter to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, makes the aVowal, "I need not
remind Your Excellency of the desperate condition of our affairs. With
out the help of your country we shall be unable to expel the enemy or
continue the contest much longer."
May our country never close her eyes to these momentous facts! Ma.y
the friendship existing between France and America a friendship coeval
with our history as a nation, a friendship to which we owe our very exist
ence as an independent sovereign power may this historic friendship be
perpetuated! May it be strengthened and consolidated by the iron bonds
of commerce and by the golden links of brotherly love! May the two
great Republics of the world go hand in hand in the march of liberty and
progress and civilization, and may the monument erected to ROCHAMBEAU
in the capital of the nation ever remind the American citizen who may
contemplate it of the everlasting debt of gratitude which the United States
owes to France!
The service in all its parts was a most imposing and solemn
tribute to that Power on High which measures and moves the
soul of man and rules the destiny of nations.
During the afternoon numerous calls of etiquette, official and
otherwise, especially among the members of the Diplomatic
Corps, were made.
PHOTOGRAPHIC REMEMBRANCE
111 the afternoon, there being no other "time at their disposal,
Ambassador and Mme. Cambon, General Brugere, Admiral
Fournier, and their aids called at the White House. At the
request of Major Bertholet, the President and military and
naval members of the Mission repaired to the grounds south
of the Mansion and posed for several groupings, to be taken
back to France as a remembrance of their visit to the United
States and the hospitality of its President.
Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau and Comte de Lafayette
spent a few hours visiting Arlington National Cemetery and
the United States cavalry post at Fort Myer, on the hills of
132 Preparing for Departure
Virginia, under escort of Captain Lewis, Second United States
Cavalry.
The visit was shortened by arrangements for departure on the
proposed tour later in the day.
GALLOP TO THE " ZOO "
An incident of the presence of the Mission not soon to be
forgotten was an invitation from the President to accompany
him and several others on a gallop.
Accordingly the party assembled in front of the White House
about 4 p. m. , the French officers in brilliant array.
The personnel consisted of the President, his son Theodore
and daughter Alice; Secretary Root; Senator Lodge, of Mas
sachusetts; General .Brugere, Vice- Admiral Fournier, General
Chalendar, and Captain Lasson.
The President with General Brugere, in advance, led the way
along Connecticut avenue, over the hills of Mount Pleasant, and
into the picturesque vale of Rock Creek and the " Zoo."
After enjoying the attractions of animate and inanimate na
ture in this haven of science the party returned to the White
House.
"GAULOIS" OFF FOR NEW YORK
At 4 a. m., May 25, the battle ship Gaulois, escorted by the
cruiser Olympia and battle ships Alabama and Kearsarge,
weighed anchor and sailed for New York. At 4.20 p. m. the
Gaulois and escort passed the Capes of Virginia, and put to sea.
PREPARING FOR DEPARTURE
A little past 7, after the usual final arrangements and
farewells between parting friends, the distinguished guests, in
carriages or automobiles, as suited their fancy, left for the
station.
The party as they drove up were received by members of the
President's commission, who were to be companions of the
journey, and were assigned to their places on the special train.
TOUR OF THE GUESTS
ATTENDING THE UNVEILING
OF THE
ROCHAMBEAU MONUMENT
134
PARTANT
At 7.30 p. m., the hour scheduled, the ' ' ROCHAMBEAU Spe
cial" departed from Washington.
THE TRAVELERS
The following comprised the members of the party:
GUESTS OF THE NATION
His Excellency M. Cambon, the French ambassador.
Her Excellency Mme. Cambon, the French ambassadress.
General Brugere, general of division, vice-president of the supreme
council of war of France.
Vice-Admiral Fournier, inspector-general of the navy of France.
Comte de Rochambeau.
Comtesse de Rochambeau.
Comte Sahune de Lafayette.
M. Croiset, member of the French institute, dean of the Faculty of Letters
of Paris.
General Chalendar, commander of the Fourteenth Infantry Brigade.
Captain de Surgy, captain of the armored cruiser Gaulois.
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative
of Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic.
M. Lagrave, representing the ministry of commerce.
M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy at Washington.
Mme. de Margerie.
M. Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign minister.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite, commander of the Sixth Foot Artillery.
M. Renouard, painter and engraver, representing the ministry of public
instruction.
M. Robert de Billy, secretary of embassy.
Major Berthelot, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
Captain Vignal, military attache" to the French embassy at Washington.
135
136 Part ant
Mnie. Vignal.
. Lieutenant Comte de Faramond, naval attache to the French embassy
at Washington.
- M. Jules Boeufve, chancellor of the French embassy at Washington.
Lieut. Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan, aid-de-camp to Vice- Admiral Fournier.
Lieut. Gustave le Jay, aid-de-camp to Vice- Admiral Fournier.
Lieut. Baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, aid-de-camp to Vice-
Admiral Fournier.
Capt. Pouilloiie de Saint-Mars, captain of artillery.
Capt. Etienne Filloneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugere.
Captain Lasson, attache" of the general staff of the governor of Paris.
Vicomte de Chambrun, attache of the French embassy at Berlin.
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PRESIDENT
Mr. Herbert H. D. Peirce, Third Assistant Secretary of State, chairman
of the President's commission.
Mrs. Herbert H. D. Peirce.
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army.
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy.
Mr. Edwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission.
EVENTS OF THE" DAY
MONDAY, MAY 26
NIAGARA FALLS THE "GAULOIS" AT
NEW YORK
ITINERARY
Ar. Buffalo, N. Y 8.00 a. in.
I<v. Buffalo, N. Y. . 8.10 a. m.
. . . . 9.00 a. m.
Miles
440
o
22 Ar. Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Carriage drive in forenoon, terminating at
special train, which was conveniently side
tracked to serve lunch in dining car. Trip
over Great Gorge route in the afternoon to
I y ewiston and return.
o I,v. Niagara Falls, ,N. Y 4.00 p. m.
22 Ar. Buffalo, N. Y 4.50 p. m.
o L,v. Buffalo, N. Y 5.00 p. m.
138
NIAGARA
*
The ROCHAMBEAU Mission reached Buffalo on schedule time
after an uneventful run of twelve and one-half hours from
Washington. The party breakfasting on the train, reached
the Falls at 9. 30 a.m. Here they left their coaches, entering
carriages for a drive of several hours through the park on the
American and across the bridge to the Canadian side. Upon
reaching Table Rock there was a halt to afford the visitors time
to stroll about and enjoy this wonderful object of nature.
Reentering their carriages they returned to their train for
luncheon. During this intermission the mayor made a formal
call and extended the freedom of the city.
At 1.15 p. m. two special cars were run into the station and
boarded by the party for a trip over the stretch of sublime scen
ery, making stops at the Whirlpool Rapids, Lewiston, and across
the new bridge to the British side. General Brugere, General
Chalendar, and the other military members of the group were
greatly interested in an account of the battle of Queenstown
Heights, of the war of 1812, which was given them from the foot
of the towering column which marks the spot where the Brit
ish General Brock was killed. Continuing through the gorge
along the scenic railway, they recrossed into American territory
by the upper steel bridge, reaching the station at 3.45 p.m. In
their tour Major Berthelot and others were busy with their
cameras and M. Renouard with his pencil and pad.
Among the pleasing incidents of the day was the presentation
on behalf of the Sisters of Mercy of St. Mary's convent, by a
bevy of young girls arrayed in white, to Comtesse de Rocham-
beau, of a large bouquet of carnations and American Beauty
139
140 At Niagara
roses held by red, white, and blue ribbon, and attached to a
small silk American flag.
The Comtesse manifested particular delight and thanked the
young ladies for their remembrance.
After a day of unmistakable enjoyment the party left at
5 p. m., bound eastward via Emporium Junction, Harrisburg, and
Philadelphia to Jersey City, thence to West Point.
ARRIVAL, OF THE ' ' GAULOIS " AND HER ESCORT AT NEW YORK
While the travelers were beholding the sublimity of Niagara
the Gaulois was entering the harbor of New York.
On the 26th, about an hour before noon, the cruiser and the
escorting squadron entered New York Bay. Approaching
Battery Park, the Gaulois leading, the Olympia flying the rear-
admiral's pennant, the Alabama floating the flag of the Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, and the Kearsarge following, in single
file, the scene was particularly striking, the vessels being
greeted with the blowing of steam sirens. Coming abreast
of Governors Island the first gun in salute came from Castle
William, answered by a hull gun from the Gaulois, a second
from the battery, a response from the deck of the cruiser, a
third from the shore, an answer/ from the military top, and
thus alternating, gun for gun, through the resounding honors.
The towns and villages which formed the perimeter of the
lower bay presented a forest of flags. Particularly in evidence
were the ' ' Stars and Stripes ' ' broadly floating from the towering
sky scrapers in the great city of New York.
Proceeding up the North River the squadron dropped anchor
' off West Thirty-fourth street. As the anchor of the Frenchman
went overboard the bands of the American ships played the
French national air.
No sooner had the vessels made fast than launches were
lowered and visits of ceremony began.
A short time after the dispatch boat Dolphin passed the
squadron, bound for West Point, to convey the official and
unofficial "guests" to New York the next day.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
TUESDAY,
MILITARY HONORS AND A CADET
REVIEW METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL
FELICITATIONS- "EMPIRE STATE"
GUARD ON DRESS PARADE SOCIETY
OF THE CINCINNATI REMEMBERS
ROCHAMBEAU
ITINERARY
Miles
507 Ar. Jersey City, N. J 7.103. m.
o I/v. Jersey City, N. J 7.25 a. m.
53 Ar. West Point, N. Y 8.50 a. m.
Party returned to New York on the U. S. S.
Dolphin, leaving n a. m., arriving at New
York City 3 p. m. Train released at West
Point and returned to Jersey City.
142
AT WEST POINT A CADET REVIEW
At 8.50 a. m. the ROCHAMBEAU Mission special train deliv
ered its distinguished visitors at West Point. The great guns
made the historic hills reverberate lively enough to make the
guns of old seem playthings in comparison.
In conformity with the circular of arrangements and general
orders issued by Col. A. L. Mills, Superintendent of the Acad
emy, the "French ambassador and the distinguished gentle
men composing the Mission of the Government of France ' '
were received at the railroad station by the Superintendent and
military and academic staff at 9 a. m., the United States Mili
tary Academy detachment of cavalry acting as escort.
Upon their arrival a salute of 19 guns was fired. The dis
tinguished party was conducted by way of the library, in front
of the cadet barracks and gymnasium, to the Superintendent's
quarters.
As the escort reached the plain another salute of the same
number of guns was given.
The battalion of cadets, in full-dress uniform, was drawn up
on the walk at cadet barracks, the band at the clock tower, and
the left of the battalion toward the gymnasium.
The battalion was immediately paraded on the plain for
inspection and review.
After the review the party was attended to the Superintend
ent 's quarters for refreshments, after which they walked to the
gymnasium, where there was a short drill.
Thence they proceeded to the cadet barracks, the academic
building, chapel, library, and memorial hall. At the latter
144 Landing in New York City
point the visitors and the officers attending them, escorted by
the cavalry, droVe to the south dock by way of Fort Clinton,
the hotel, Battle Monument, and Superintendent's quarters.
In honor of the occasion academic duties were suspended
until 2 p. m. Cavalry exercises of the first class and instruc
tion of the fourth class in fencing and gymnastics were also
suspended.
A heavy downpour of rain unfortunately greatly marred the
spectacular features of the scene, the cadets at the time being in
formation for review.
. The military and naval members of the party, especially, dis
played the greatest interest. The graduating class stepped
from the ranks and saluted. Comte de Rochambeau, through
an interpreter, said a few complimentary words.
From the review the party passed to the gymnasium, where
the fourth-class men gave an exhibition of military gymnastics
which drew forth great applause.
The party were then shown through the academic building,
barracks, memorial hall, and chapel.
The British and Hessian colors, taken at Yorktown and pre
served in a case, greatly interested Count de Rochambeau. These
colors were presented by Congress to Washington. Washington
himself on the field, with the later approval of Congress, pre
sented to Comte DE ROCHAMBKAU and Comte de Grasse each
two cannon taken at the British surrender.
Before leaving, General Brugere and Count de Rochambeau
again addressed the corps in most laudatory terms and bade
them farewell.
At the wharf the party, after many expressions of apprecia
tion of their entertainment, and of compliment for the institu
tion, boarded the Dolphin and steamed away.
LANDING IN NEW YORK CITY AMID FIRING OF GUNS
At 3.30 p. m. the Dolphin dropped anchor off the Battery.
The rain in the Catskills in the morning extended to the
metropolis in the afternoon. As the guests left the steamer
in launches, salutes were fired in their honor. As they stepped
Escorted to the City Hall 145
ashore at the stone pier near the United States barge office
they were met by Mr. James B. Reynolds, secretary to the
mayor; Major Greer, of General Roe's staff, and Mr. Willett,
chairman of the aldermanic committee. Notwithstanding the
rain, a great crowd had gathered in Battery Park within the
police limits. Drawn up in double lines in front of the barge
office were about 100 seamen of the Gaulois and about TOO
each from the Alabama and Kearsarge, landed for the occasion.
Carriages were in waiting for the guests. A troop of Squadron
A occupied a position east of the United States sailors.
At 4 p. m. the guests, headed by M. Cambon, the French
ambassador; Vice- Admiral Fournier, General Brugere, and
Comte de Rochambeau, were received by Mr. Reynolds and
directed to their carriages in this order:
First carriage, Ambassador Cambon and Assistant Secretary
of State Herbert H. D. Peirce, chairman President commission,
with Mr. Reynolds; then following General Brugere, Colonel
Bingham, Major Berthelot, and Captain Filloneau; Vice- Admiral
Fournier, Commander Rodgers, Lieutenant Sauvaire-Jourdan,
and Lieutenant le Jay; Professor Croiset, General Chalendar,
Captain Vignal; Count de Rochambeau, Count Sahune de
Lafayette; Captain de Surgy, Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc,
Lieutenant Count de Faramond, Lieut. Baron Maximilian de
Reinach de Werth; M. Lagrave, M. Guillemin, Louis Hermite,
Lieutenant- Colonel Hermite; M. Renouard, M. de Billy, Cap
tain Lasson, Captain de Saint- Mars; Vicomte de Chambrun,
M. Boeufve.
The Comtesse de Rochambeau, who was to accompany her
husband, remained on the Dolphin, but later landed and
witnessed the review.
ESCORTED TO THE CITY HAIyl^
A few minutes after 4 o'clock, as the first carriage entered
the line, the sailors came to attention; the colors dipping, the
French officers saluting, and civilians touching their hats. The
troopers of Squadron A wheeled into column of fours in front
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 10
146 Received by the Mayor
of the first carriage ahd the march up Broadway began. The
band of the American sailors struck up a martial strain,
followed by a quickstep by the bugles and drums of the French,
with the full accompaniment of their band. Along the great
thoroughfare on sidewalks and in windows and buildings
lavishly decorated were thousands of people waving and
cheering. The scene was metropolitan in all respects, and so
impressed the guests.
RECEIVED BY THE MAYOR
It was 4.20 p. m. when the guests reached the City Hall and
entered.
Under instructions from headquarters, the guests were
accorded the freedom of the city. A detail of 500 patrolmen
kept the route of march and the park clear of the crowd.
The visitors were immediately conducted to the mayor's
private office by Secretary Reynolds, from whence, the Secretary
leading with the French ambassador, the entire personnel fol
lowing, they proceeded to the governor's room, where the
mayor was in readiness to receive them. He was surrounded
by a number of friends, among whom were Gen. Horace Porter,
ambassador to France; Cornelius N. Bliss, former Secretary of
the Interior; Robert A. Van Wyck, former mayor of New York-
Philip Rhinelander; Commissioners Folks, Wilcox, Lederle,
and Hawkes, and Comptroller Grout, and others.
After the usual salutations and handshaking, the mayor said,
"I am glad to welcome you here." To which the French
ambassador made acknowledgment and, turning, presented
General Brugere. After an exchange of compliments, in
French, the General introduced the rest of his ^ country men,
at the conclusion of which the mayor said:
Mr. Ambassador, I take great pleasure in presenting to you prominent
citizens of this city ex-mayors, officers of the city government, and others
who have kindly consented to serve on the honorary committee to bid
you welcome. The aldermanic committee will shortly wait upon us and
invite you to their council chamber, where I will welcome you in the name
of the city.
Received by the Mayor 147
FORMALITIES AND SPEECHES
During a brief interim the mayor brought to the notice of
the visitors near him a writing table, observing that it was used
by Washington while President of the United States. The
ambassador, General Brugere, and associates examined it with
the deepest interest.
The aldermanic committee, having notified the mayor that
the board was in readiness to receive the visitors, they were
presented to the French ambassador with the formal remark:
Mr. Ambassador, may I present to you the aldermanic committee who
have been appointed to ask you to the aldermanic chamber? May I
present to you the chairman of their committee, Alderman Willett?
The entire group, led by the committee, Mayor Low escort
ing the French ambassador and Colonel Bingham General Bru
gere, the rest following in order, moved toward the chamber.
As they entered the members of the board rose in place. The
chairman, Alderman Willett, said:
Mr. President, I have the honor to announce the presence of the distin
guished delegation from France now in this country to participate in the
ceremonies attending the unveiling of the ROCHAMBEAU statue.
The president, Mr. Fornes, in welcoming the visitors, said:
I deem it a great privilege and honor to tender, on behalf of the board
of aldermen, to you, Mr. Ambassador, Count de Rochambeau, and your
associates, representing the Republic of France, a most cordial welcome
to the legislative hall of the city of New York, and also to express our
high appreciation of the honor your presence confers upon us.
The noble, historic event which your sojourn in our country commemo
rates awakens a precious memory of the heroic deeds of your kindred and
countrymen in the establishment of a republican form of government, where
the only sovereign is the will of a majority of its citizens. We, represent
atives of the city of New York, express in its behalf the hope of an endur
ing friendship between the citizens of our beloved countries, so that as
the governments create histories the brightest pages thereof will record
the blessings and prosperity of the French and American Republics.
May the same noble spirit which prompted the valiant Marshal RO
CHAMBEAU and his loyal comrades ever be alive in the birth, growth, and
stability of republican forms of government, and the entwined flags of
France and the United States, reminding us of the union of heart and
148 Received by the Mayor
hand of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, be typical of the bond of friend
ship and good will between the young and vigorous Republic of the Old
and the powerful and progressive Republic of the New World.
We trust your visit to the nation your kindred so materially helped to
inaugurate in a career of greatness will ever be the cause of pleasant
mutual recollections.
The French ambassador was then escorted to a seat on the
right and General Brugere on the left of the president. The
rest of the visitors were seated on the right of the chamber.
The mayor, rising, said:
Mr. Ambassador, and gentlemen of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission, who so
worthily represent the Republic of France: The mayor of the city of New
York carries on his official business ill the presence of the portrait of La
fayette, who represents to us Americans the generous ardor of the French
people for the ideals of political liberty. The representatives of New
York are glad to have the opportunity to-day, in greeting your distin
guished delegation, to acknowledge the services to this city of the French
nation through the cooperation of the regular army and navy with the
forces of the American colonies. The decisive battle resulting from this
cooperation was fought at Yorktown, upon the soil of Virginia; but it ush
ered in the historic scene of Fraunce's Tavern in this city, where Washing
ton bade farewell to the officers who had been his comrades in arms at the
end of the Revolutionary war. This fortunate result was directly due to
the cooperation of France; but even the service of the volunteer Lafayette,
and of ROCHAMBEAU and De Grasse of the French army and navy do not
comprise all that we owe to the generous nation whom you represent.
You freely supplied the American forces with the sinews of war, and
your help in another form has made the French name of Le Bon Homme
Richard as familiar in our ears as Yorktown itself. [Applause.]
These things we, of the city of New York, hold in grateful remembrance,
but we do not forget that France itself has interpreted their permanent
significance in the statue that the French people have placed in our beau
tiful harbor, of " Liberty enlightening the world." This is the deep and
eternal purpose of liberty, that it should throw light upon the path that
civilization itself must follow with the procession of the suns.
We of America do not owe more to France in the domain of political
liberty than we owe to her in the fine example she sets of freedom in the
domain of art. Science to-day in all lands is happily free, but the whole
world goes to the French school of the beautiful arts, because under the
free sky of liberty in the realm of art the art of France has become the
teacher of the nations. For these reasons and many others that might be
told, I have the honor to welcome you in the name of the city of New
York to our beloved city. [Applause.]
Reply of the French Ambassador 149
The clerk then read the following resolution, adopted by the
board April 29:
Resolved, That we, the members of the board of aldermen, voicing the
deeply felt sentiment of the people of New York, tender our most cordial
welcome to the representatives of the French Government and people on
their arrival on our shores, and respectfully request his honor the mayor
to appoint a committee to show our distinguished visitors all the courte
sies possible during their stay among us.
The French ambassador was warmly applauded as he arose
to reply to the welcome of the mayor. Couching his happy
response in English, he said:
Mr. Chairman, Mr. Mayor, and gentlemen, representatives of the city
Of New York: I thank you very much for this kind, generous, and
splendid reception which you have given to my countrymen, the mem
bers of the French Mission. The President of the French Republic
has sent you the most distinguished representatives of the French army,
of the French navy, of French science, and of French commerce, and also
of our art, because we know that France is represented among you, not
only by the army and the navy, but also by the commerce, the arts, and
the sciences. We would be very glad if we could live always with you in
America. We are very glad to have the honor to know you, these dis
tinguished persons w r hom we have met in America. You know the more
we are in America the better we like it. [Applause.]
I am sure that my countrymen when they get back to France will say
to their countrymen that Americans are the finest people they know.
This ceremony of unveiling the statue of ROCHAMBEAU is a remem
brance of the nations and of the friendship which always existed between
Washington, Lafayette, and ROCHAMBEAU, and these ceremonies will act
as a remembrance to the sons of France and America that the sons of
ROCHAMBEAU and Washington the citizens of the United States and
of France are also as ROCHAMBEAU and Washington were, the firmest
and best friends in everything, in every way, and for all time.
The visitors then withdrew to the governor's room, the alder
men rising and applauding.
The entire party, preceded by the mayor, Ambassador Catn-
bon, and General Brugere, followed by the members of the
Mission and invited friends, left the building; Mayor Low,
General Brugere, General Chalendar, and Colonel Bingham
occupying the first carriage, the rest coming after.
With their escort they proceeded up Broadway to the review
ing. stand at the Worth Monument.
150 Grand Parade and Review
THE GUARD IN PARADE AND REVIEW
The inhabitants of the associated boroughs of Manhattan,
Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond, now grown to the
magnitude of the second greatest city on earth, were prepared to
make amends for the discourtesy of a foreign foe refusing admit
tance to Washington and ROCHAMBEAU on several occasions,
when in former days they had combined upon a call.
The ancient Battery and Castle William were a waving con
stellation of Stars and Stripes, where then the ' ' I^ion and unicorn, ' '
standard of King George, floated in oppression of the liberties of
the people.
The great city itself was en fete in ready response to the
proclamation of the mayor announcing:
To the people of the city of New York: The distinguished, members of the
ROCHAMBEAU Mission, appointed to represent the Republic of France at the
unveiling in Washington of the statue of the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, our
Revolutionary ally, will arrive in New York on the afternoon of Tuesday,
May 27, at 3.30 o'clock, and will remain here until Thursday night, May 29.
During this interval citizens are asked to display their flags freely in cour
teous recognition of the visit of the nation's guests, who are themselves so
heartily welcomed to New York.
The arteries of trade and transit were a waving mass of the
colors of the two Republics. The city hall, the objective of
municipal greeting, was the scene of a patriotic display of Empire
State and national federated emblems. Flags, pennants, and
streamers waved brightly and defiantly from a forest of staffs. .
During the ceremonies the troops, including all the New York
and Brooklyn regiments, were forming at the lower end of the
great thoroughfare for martial display. Hundreds of thousands
of men and women of all conditions in life thronged the side
walks and crowded the windows to witness the warlike pageant.
As the cortege and its troop and sailor escort of two nations
passed to the scene of review, the regiments which lined the
route between the city hall and the Worth Monument succes
sively stood at "present." The vast crowds cheered vocifer
ously and made other manifestation of greeting and good will.
Traffic was suspended and the w r ay was open to the full per
fection of the spectacular features of the occasion.
Grand Parade and Review 151
It was 6 p. m. when the detachments from the American
and French war ships took their position in double lines oppo
site the reviewing stand. Close by were drawn up the Veteran
Artillery of the War of 1812, in the uniform of their organiza
tion in that conflict.
The shouts of command, .swinging of arms in position of
salutation, roll of drums, blare of bugles, and melody of bands
gave signal of the arrival of the chief officer and distinguished
guests of the city.
The mayor, French ambassador, and chief representatives of
" the Government and people of France," surrounded by their
military, naval, and civil associates, stepping to the front
beneath a canopy of military design, the order ''Forward"
was given.
At 6. 20 p. m. Major-General Roe and staff, followed by
Squadron A and Troop C, passed the stand, the squadron's
band playing " Le Marsellaise, " to which the French officers
saluted. Owing to a sad accident in the collapse of the plat
form at Eighteenth street and Fifth avenue there intervened a
considerable gap before the Twenty-second Regiment swung
by, followed by the Thirteenth Infantry, Third Artillery with
rapid fire guns, and the First Artillery with improved field pieces.
The French officers displayed great interest, passing many
comments upon the science, art, and machinery of modern gun
nery. General McLeer, at the head of the Second Signal Corps,
was followed by the Forty-seventh, Twenty-third, and Four
teenth regiments from Brooklyn.
"The Twenty-third came in for great applause from the French
officers, who admired the precision of its movements. They
were even more enthusiastic when informed it was the crack
regiment of Brooklyn and the rival of the Seventh of New York.
After the First Signal Corps had passed, led by General Smith,
came the Seventh Regiment. Again there was great applause
among the foreign officers, as the reputation of this celebrated
military organization was known to them. The regimental
band was also loudly cheered.
152 Society of the Cincinnati Entertains
The renowned Sixty-ninth immediately after was hailed to
the echo, its band playing "Le Marsellai.se." A voice on the
stand shouting "Three cheers for the Irish," created a spirit of
merriment and a still louder volume of applause.
The Eighth, Ninth, and Twelfth regiments, which made a
fine appearance, were much admired by the foreign experts.
The Seventy-first Regiment in passing was the signal of
cheering on a tremendous scale, its fame being known to the
foreign officers. The men having lost their uniforms in the
destruction of their armory were in blue flannel shirts, khaki
trousers, leggings, and campaign hats, somewhat in contrast to
the other spick and span organizations. The French officers
joined energetically in the applause of the Seventy-first, re
marking the men looked more like United States Regulars than
volunteers.
The Naval Militia, which closed the parade, passed the stand
at 7.20 p. m. The number of the city's troops in review was
8,500.
The mayor and distinguished visitors at once returned to
their carriages and left the scene of such unmistakable welcome,
while the police held the great mass of spectators in restraint.
The French and^American sailors marched to the river front,
and by 8 o'clock were being towed in launches across the water
to their ships.
After the review the mayor made a formal call upon the
French ambassador, the members of the Mission, and guests at
their hotel.
SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI ENTERTAINS
In the evening the Astor Gallery of the Waldorf-Astoria
was the scene of a sumptuous banquet, by the Military Order of
the Society of the Cincinnati in honor of the Mission and the
representatives of the families of ROCHAMBEAU and Lafayette,
both original names on the roll of the organization.
The great banquet hall was appropriately decorated. Over
the seat of the toastmaster was the shield of the society in pale
blue and white, with the Stars and Stripes on either side. The
Society of the Cincinnati Entertains 153
walls were adorned with silk banners, bearing the fleur-de-lis
of France in gold and the American flags in use before the
adoption of the present national emblem.
The guests consisted of the members of the French embassy,
Mission and civil associates, and commander of the Gaulois, the
President's commission, admiral and commanders of ships of
the North Atlantic Squadron escorting the Gaidois, Ambas
sador Porter, the officers of the United States Army and Navy
commanding in the military department, at West Point, and in
New York waters, major-general commanding the National
Guard of New York, and the escort of the day. The military
and naval officers were in full uniform, and diplomats and mem
bers of the order wore their official ribbons and decorations.
These, about 125 in number, were seated around an oval table
richly appointed and abloom with banks of red peonies, varied
with intermingling cherry and apple blossoms and standards of
American Beauty roses.
The posts of honor on the right and left of the chairman,
Nicholas Fish, were held, respectively, by Ambassador Cambon
and Ambassador Porter and General Brugere, Vice- Admiral
Fournier, and Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, of the
President's commission.
At the opening, the toastmaster called on Ambassador Porter
for a response to the toast, "The President of the United
States. ' ' His speech bristled with points pertinent and periods
persuasive. President Roosevelt was extolled as a man of
conviction, backed by courage, who "marked the hours while
others sounded them." He alluded to President McKinley as
' ' one of the noblest in the line of Presidents, ' ' and spoke feel
ingly of the universal expressions of sympathy and condolence
from prince and peasant upon the sad tidings of his tragic death.
His encomium upon the members of the embassy and the Mis
sion, the men on the bridge and deck of the Gaulois, and upon
' ' the memory and descendants of ROCHAMBEAU and L,afayette ' '
elicited tumultuous aTpplause. In reference to the Mission, he
mentioned it as second to none ever sent abroad by the French
Republic.
154 "Society of the Cincinnati Entertains
To the toast, "The President of the French Republic,"
Ambassador Cambon, in a spirited vein, alluded to President
Roosevelt as a man of marvelous energy, unmistakable
goodness of heart, breadth of character, soundness of learning,
comprehensiveness of intelligence, and gallantry in the field.
The best ends of civilization and humanity, he declared, could
not be better advanced than by a combination of the French and
American Republics and a continuance in firm bonds of the ties
of friendship which had existed between them for such a long
period. For that reason he asked the company to drink to the
" health of the two Presidents.."
The chairman proposed a toast "To the memory of Gen.
George Washington, first president-general of the Order of the
Cincinnati," which was drunk standing, in silence and in
attitude of reverence.
To "The Army of France," General Brugere, speaking in
French, referred to the actual ties of friendship and associations
between the armies of the two peoples. He could not express
an opinion on the United States Army, but his long and close
acquaintance with General Porter enabled him to form the
judgment that he represented the spirit of the American Army,
to whose health he drank.
' ' The Navy of France ' ' found a happy response from Vice-
Admiral Fournier. Having met so many American naval
officers since his arrival in American waters, he felt impressed
with every branch of the service. He was also touched by the
excellence of the American marine music. He also referred in
the highest terms to the discipline and soldierly appearance of
the National Guard as he had seen it during the day. The
educational system at Annapolis he regarded as worthy of the
highest admiration and proposed the health of the "American
Navy."
"The Institution of the Order of the Cincinnati" was
responded to by Asa Bird Gardiner in a retrospective sketch.
The hour being well advanced, the foreign guests withdrew,
in view of the many duties of hospitality awaiting them during
their brief stay in the big borough.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
WEDNESDAY, MAY 28
IN MEMORIAM GRANT
A MUNICIPAL "DEJEUNER"
ROCHAMBEA U BR UGERE
A LA GLOIRE, A "LE GAULOIS "
VIVE LA FRANCE
FRENCH CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE
DE GRASSE FOURNIER
"LE GAULOIS" LEAVES FOR
BOSTON
156
VISITS OF CEREMONY
In the early part of the following day Vice- Admiral Fournier
and Aids Sauvaire-Jourdan and Le Jay, and the officers of the
Gaulois, with General Brugere and Captain Fillonneau, accom
panied by Commander Rodgers and Colonel Bingham, made
a formal call upon Rear-Admiral Barker, commandant of the
Brooklyn Navy- Yard, whither they were conveyed from New
York on the U. S. tug Nina.
The visitors were formally received by the rear-admiral and
staff, Captains Harrington, Snow, and Ross, and Commander
Adams. A battalion of marines at parade presented arms and
the band played ' ' Le Marseillaise ' ' as the distinguished visitors
stepped ashore.
After a cordial welcome the callers were escorted to the resi
dence of the commandant, where bounteous refreshments were
enjoyed and mutual felicitations exchanged. As they departed
a salute of 17 guns was fired in their honor.
The two days at the disposal of the French visitors while
at the metropolis were none too much for the hospitalities and
demands of etiquette and ceremony of the great city and its
citizens.
About half an hour before their return to the hotel Mayor
Low appeared to escort the delegation on a round of observation
and entertainment. The callers having rejoined their associates,
the entire party took carriages, General Brugere, Vice- Admiral
Fournier, and Comte de Lafayette, with the Mayor occupying
the first, the rest accommodating themselves to the awaiting
conveyances as most convenient.
158 Visits of Ceremony
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
The sightseers, preceded by a body of mounted police,
moved up Fifth avenue through Central Park to Columbia
University.
As they entered the inclosure of the latter a strong force of
students in the south court set up the college yell with cries
of ' ' Low. ' ' The stentorian efforts of the students thoroughly
delighted the visitors, who were enthusiastic in responsive
salutations.
Here the visitors with their host left their vehicles and under
the guidance of a deputation consisting of Adolphe Cohn, chief
of the department of French, and Speraza, Jordan, Bargy, Page,
Nitza, and Todd, professors of the department of Romance lan
guages, repaired to the room of the trustees in the library.
Here Nicholas Murray Butler, president, received the callers
in a brief address of welcome and invitation to inspect the
university.
AT THK TOMB OF GRANT
After a stroll through the library and gymnasium the visitors
resumed their journey to the tomb of Grant.
Here the entire party again alighted and, entering the mauso
leum, uncovered their heads and bowed reverently. General
Porter, chairman of the board of trustees, gave an interesting
explanation as the visitors viewed the sarcophagus from the
gallery. At his request they were also granted an exceptional
privilege, they being the first, other than the family or trustees,
to descend into the crypt.
After a few minutes at the sepulcher of America's greatest
captain, the visitors continued their journey to the hospitality
of the executive of America's greatest and the world's second
greatest municipality.
Visits of Ceremony 159
BREAKFAST AT THK CLAREMONT
The scene of this affair was the north and south plazas of the
Claremont, which commanded a magnificent view of the Hud
son River, the shipping, the opposite shores, and .cultivated
hills .near and far. The place without was a flaunting show of
the colors of both countries, and within was abundantly set off
with flowers and foliage. The uniform of the military and
naval guests and elegant toilets of the women enhanced the
brilliancy of the spectacular effects.
As the guests were being seated an orchestra enlivened the
situation with appropriate music, and during the happy event
which ensued discoursed selections of popular melodies and
operatic airs.
The French ambassador having been summoned to Washing
ton, was obliged to absent himself. Mine. Cambon was escorted
to the table by the Mayor, upon whose right she sat, and the
Comtesse de Rochambeau by Ambassador Porter, sitting at the
host's left.
The main table was spread in the south plaza of the building,
the guests occupying seats vis-a-vis in this order:
MRS. Low MAYOR Low
Levi P. Morton Comtesse de Rochambeau
Mrs. Peirce Gen. Horace Porter
M. Croiset Vice- Admiral Fournier
Captain Mahan Commander Rodgers
Comte de Lafayette * Mme. de Margerie
Mme. Bruwaert Rear- Admiral Higginson
Lyman J. Gage Gen. B. F. Tracy
Comte de Rochambeau Rear-Admiral Coghlan
T. E. Bruwaert Whitelaw Reid
George L. Rives Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc
Mme. Vignal Colonel Bingham
Morris K. Jessup General Chalendar
Cornelius N. Bliss H. H. D. Peirce
Admiral Barker Mme. Cambon
Mrs. Reid
General Brugere
i6o
Visits of Ceremony
The remaining guests occupied several tables, as follows:
Edward D. Adams
Victor Aigueparsse
W. H. H. Beebe
Mayor Berthelot
Robert de Billy
Jules Bceufve
David A. Boody
Captain Brownson
C. C. Burlingham
Nicholas Murray Butler
Jacob A. Cantor
Joseph Cassidy
General di Cesnola
Vicomte de Chambrun
Prof. Adolphe Cohn
Frederic R. Coudert, jr
George Cromwell
Gen. G. M. Dodge
M. Durand-Ruel
Franklin Edson
lieutenant Evans
John E. Eustis
Charles S. Fairchild
Lieutenant Vicomte de Faramond
Charles V. Fornes
Thomas F. Gilroy
Lieutenant-Commander Gleaves
Henry E. Gourd
William R. Grace
Gen. F. V. Green
Jean Guillemin
Edward M. Grant
Louis F. Haffen
McDougall Hawks
Captain Hemphill
Louis Hermite
Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite
Robert J. Hoquet
Adrian Iselin, jr.
Thomas L. James
Augustus Jay
Lieutenant Jourdan
Gen. Horatio C. King
John LaFarge
M. Lagrave
Captain Lasson
Lieutenant Le Jay
Captain Lyon
Gen. Anson G. McCook
Chancellor MacCracken
James H. Mclnnes
Gen. James Mac Leer
Pierre de Margerie
Captain Miller
Edwin Morgan
Judge James A. O' Gorman
Colonel Partridge
General Pierson
Captain Fillonneau
James W. Pinchot
M. Renouard
James B. Reynolds
Major-General Roe
Captain de Saint-Marc
William F. Sheehan
George R. Sheldon
General Sickles
John A. Sleicher
Gen. George Moore Smith
Henry Sanger Snow
Louis Stern
J. Edward Swanstrom
Robert A. Van Wyck
General Varnum
Mr. Velten
Captain Vignal
General Webb-
Baron Werth
Wm. R. Willcox
Prof. B. D. Woodway
Frederick W. Wurster
Richard Young
Visits of Ceremony 161
Before separating, the mayor, Mr. L,ow, requested his guests
to drink to the health of President L,oubet, of France, which he
proposed in a few felicitous words, concluding by toasting his
guests as follows:
We appreciate highly the compliment paid to us by the French people
in understanding how thoroughly we are in sympathy with them.
General Brugere, in response, said the delegation had
received a welcome and hospitality in New York and the
United States which had given birth to memories which would
be carried back to France and would not soon be obliterated,
closing his fervid oratory with a sentiment to ' ' The Mayor, ' '
and quaffing heartily to his good health and grace.
Vice- Admiral Fournier, with the gallantry of his profession,
proposed "The Ladies," with a corollary to the effect that
they were the flowers of France and the crowning glory of
vigorous and progressive America.
So ended the entertainment, it being 2.30 p. m. The guests
departed without formality, some returning to the hotel and
others going to the pier (Thirty-fifth street and North River),
from which point the launches from the squadron carried them
and other invited guests to the Gaulois.
GAYETIES ON THE ' ' GAULOIS ' '
Between the hours of 4 and 6 p. m. the French war snip was
astir with hilarity, smiles, and melody.
During the interim of time set apart for this peaceful intru
sion upon the routine of duty, the sprightly little launches,
flitting between shore and ship, delivered about 300 guests.
The pier at Thirty-fifth street and North River was itself
noticeable for the 'contrast of the elegant equipages of the
elite of the city with the ordinary vehicles of transportation
and trade.
The Gaulois, which swung at her cables in midstream, was
dressed hrthe highest style of naval decoration. Aloft and on
deck was a display of bunting and of roses, by which the mech
anisms of war were- completely hidden.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 n
1 62 Visits of Ceremony
Over the deck was spread an immense canvas, with the sides
inclosed with flags.
From the after-deck came sounds of music from the ship's
band and on the quarter, forward, and upper decks luncheon
was served from bounteously laden tables.
General Bfugere and Vice- Admiral Fournier, hastening from
the Claremont, had arrived on the battle ship in advance of the
guests.
About 5 p. m. the Mayor and Mrs. Low, arriving in an auto
mobile, were received on the pier by lieutenant Hill, of the
Olympia, who attended them to the great craft in one of the
war ship's launches.
As they stepped on deck a detachment of marines paraded,
came to a " present," drums ruffled, and Vice- Admiral Fournier
and General Brugere came forward and welcomed them most
cordially.
The guests were fully representative of the official, social,
financial, and business interests of the five boroughs located
at the mouth of the historic Hudson. Many had participated
in the affair at The Claremont and had come aboard to extend
expressions of consideration. The entertainment was entirely
informal and highly enjoyable. The officers of the ship were
zealous in their attentions, showing the guests about and doing
all in their power to gratify the natural curiosity of land people
in general and ladies in particular concerning a man-of-war.
GREETING OP THE FRENCH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Among the social events recognized in the programme ar
ranged by the Department of State in advance of the arrival of
the official and unofficial ' ' Guests of the nation ' ' was a banquet
by the French Chamber of Commerce of New York in honor of
M. Jules Cambon, ambassador of France, and members of the
ROCHAMBEAU Mission.
This was in every respect up to the high plane of the hospi
talities shown the ' ' Representatives of the French Government
and people' ' and ' ' The members of the families of ROCHAM
BEAU and Lafayette."
Visits of Ceremony 163
The hall was adorned with French and American flags, the
foliage of tropical and flowers of temperate climes.
The guests to the number -of 107 were disposed before an oval
table in the center of the main hall, faced by two of crescent
shape. At the table of honor sat M. Cambon, ambassador of
France at Washington, having on his right Mr. Low, mayor of
New York, and at his left Gen. Horace Porter, ambassador
of the United States at Paris, and vis-a-vis M. Henry K.
Gourd, president of the French Chamber of Commerce, and as
flanking guests, right, General Brugere, and left, Vice- Admiral
Fournier.
The array of names of the invited guests was representative
of the influence and association of the French element with
the mercantile, commercial, political, and social life of the
metropolis and country of their adoption.
The occasion was illustrative of the potent touch of language,
tradition, kindred feeling, and patriotic remembrance main
tained across the sea.
It is interesting to chronicle the list:
The Ambassador of France and Mme. Cambon.
General Brugere.
Vice-Admiral Ernest Fournier.
M. Alfred Croiset, doyen of the Faculty 01 Letters of Pans.
General of Brigade Ferdinand ds Chalendar.
Captain de Surgy, commandant of the French battle ship Le Gaulois,
Lieut. Col. Paul Meaux Saint-Marc.
Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau.
Comte Paul Sahune de Lafayette.
M. Lagrave.
M. and Mme. de Margerie.
M. Edmond Bruwaert, consul-general of France.
M. Velten, deputy consul of France.
M. Louis Hermite.
Vicomte de Chambrun.
M. Victor Ayguesparsse.
M. Jean Guillemin.
Lieut. Col. Marcel Hermite.
M. Renouard.
M. Robert de Billy.
Commandant Berthelot.
164 Visits of Ceremony
Captain and Mme. Vignal.
Lieutenant de Vaisseau de Faramond.
M. Jules Boeufve, chancellor of the French embassy at Washington.
Lieutenant de Vaisseau Andre" Sauvoire-Jourdan.
Lieut. Gustave le Jay.
Lieutenant Baron de Reinach de Werth.
Capt. Poilloiie de Saint-Mars.
Capt. Etienne Fillonneau.
Capt. Henri Lasson.
Herbert H. D. Peirce, Assistant Secretary of State, chairman of the
President's commission, and Mrs. Peirce.
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, military aid to the President
of the United States.
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. 3 Navy, member of the Presi
dent's commission.
Kdwin Morgan, secretary of the President's commission
Seth Low, mayor of New York.
Gen. Horace Porter, ambassador of the United States.
Levi P. Morton, former Vice-President of the United States.
Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, former governor-general of Cuba, com
mander of the Department of the Atlantic.
Rear-Admiral Barker, commanding the Brooklyn Navy- Yard.
Rear- Admiral Higginson, commanding escorting squadron to the
Gaulois.
Whitelaw Reid, former minister of the United States to France.
Morris K. Jessup, president of the Chamber of Commerce of New York.
Reverend Father Micher.
Gen. James M. Varnum.
Captain Lyon, United States cruiser Olympia, flagship of the escorting
squadron.
Captain Brownson, United States battle ship Alabama, escorting
squadron.
Captain Hemphill, United States battle ship Kearsarge, escorting
squadron.
Lieutenant-Commander Gleaves, commanding dispatch steamer Dolphin.
Captain Poirot, of the French liner Savoie.
Captain Tournier, of the Gascogne.
Mr. Grout, comptroller of the city of New Yoric.
Jacob A. Cantor, president of the borough of Manhattan.
Charles V. Fornes, president of the board of aldermen of New York.
M. Dietlin, vice-president of the French Benevolent Society.
James B. Reynolds, secretary to the mayor of New York.
Prof. Adolphe Cohn.
. M. Jouvand.
M. Revillon.
Visits of Ceremony 165
The menu cover was ornamented with an artistic photo
gravure of the full-length portrait of Marshal ROCHAMBKAU,
by Regnault.
An orchestra kept in harmony with the spirit of the evening,
discoursing the popular airs of the two lands.
As the dinner progressed, M. Henry E. Gourd, master of
ceremonies, called attention to another part of the enjoyment
of the evening, which would then begin.
Addressing the Ambassador, he said:
I believe it was an aphorism of Brillat-Savarin: "Ask to a repast him
who will charge himself with happiness during all the time he is under
your roof." My duty as master of the house is to cause none displeasure,
and even to assist you to conceal your modesty. I shall therefore pass over
the sentiment of esteem, respect, and affection with which you have
inspired us, and shall simply thank you for being able to assist at this
fete. I salute you for it. I repeat what I have said in the past, that of all
the representatives of our Government you have been most prominent
among those who have contributed for the past twenty years, to my
knowledge at least, as much by acts as by speech to assure to France the
valued sympathies of this country.
Then addressing the members of the Mission and associates,
he continued:
General, delegates, and gentlemen: This is to me a rare good fortune to
be called by my duties to wish you a welcome among us, and I hold it a
very great honor that it falls to me to extend it in the name of the cham
ber of commerce before an assemblage so imposing.
The object of our association, as the name indicates, is to strengthen
the relations of business between the United States and France, but its
mission, as we understand it, is not limited to a study of the solution of
questions purely commercial or economic. Its sphere of action is more
extended. It embraces everything which contributes to renew the ties of
amity which have already existed more than a century between our two
countries, to assert our influence, our prestige here. As a result this
occasion is but the manifestation of the advantages we now enjoy.
It is for this reason, gentlemen, we applaud the friendly initiative of
President Roosevelt, and that we are rejoiced to see M. President Loubet
respond to the invitation with a fullness which must thrill the hearts of the
descendants of Lafayette and ROCHAMBEAU, in proving that the recollec
tion of the services of their ancestors still lives in the soul of the two great
nations.
1 66 Visits of Ceremony
The President of the Republic, in addition, has shown particular inspi
ration in the choice of the delegates whom he has chosen to represent
France in connection with this memorial commemoration. It is an honor
for the United States, as for us, to receive M. le General Brugere, com
mander in chief of our army, whose energy and great military skill are
the sure guaranties of the maintenance of peace and vigilant preparation
for war.
M. 1' Admiral Fournier, long connected with our navy, and pointed out
by public opinion and even by the Government as the eventual successor
of that irresistible leader of men, Admiral Gervais.
M. Alfred Croiset, the eminent member of the Institute and the dean of
the venerable Sorbonne, which has not suffered from the progress of time,
and which, always young, though nearly eight centuries old, pursues its
mission of good for the great glory of French letters and science, as well
as for the great profit of the aspirations of mankind.
Some of the representatives are distinguished in the ministry of foreign
affairs, commerce, and the fine arts, one being a sculptor of undoubted
talent, who knows how to give to his works the sense which nature has
refused to himself, because they speak to us.
Also the brilliant officers of the staff of all arms, who also contribute to
the sincerity of the friendship of France, by their being with us this
evening.
After paying an eloquent tribute to the discipline, self-sacri
fice,, and patriotism of the French army, upon which all must
rely for the maintenance of territorial integrity, the homes of
the people, and the preservation of the national honor unsullied,
the speaker referred with a feeling of patriotic pride to that
redoubtable floating fortress, the Gaulois, and the tricolor flag,
symbolizing in the blue the infinite space where rests the Throne
of the Almighty, w r ho holds in his hand the destiny of nations; in
the white, the sustenance which makes strong men good citizens
and brave soldiers ; in the red the blood of ancestors and con
temporaries who have fought on every field for the glory of
France and "for the sacred cause of liberty."
After extending his thanks to the many distinguished guests
who had honored the chamber by their presence, he spoke of
the recent impressive proofs of friendship which had pro
foundly touched every Frenchman the catastrophe at Mar
tinique and the sublime spirit of generosity exhibited by the
United States in extending the hand of succor to' France and
Visits of Ceremony 167
her afflicted people, as Lafayette and ROCHAMBEAU had to
America and her people struggling for liberty, concluding
I ask you to associate in the same toast the two powerful nations so
brilliantly represented here to-night, the members of the French Mission
and the guests of distinction who have responded to our invitation with
such a spirit of remembrance of the close ties which unite France and
America. " I drink to France, to the United States, to our guests, and
friends."
Ambassador Cambon, amid a tumult of applaus'e, after eulo
gizing American soil, American people, and American institu
tions, again pressed the importance of the recent demonstrations
of Franco- American amity. This amity> he said, needed but
an opportunity to manifest itself. It was found on the day of the
inauguration of the ROCHAMBEAU monument. It was eagerly
seized and all France was touched. He referred to the atten
tions which the American Government had shown the envoys
of France. He thanked the members of the American commis
sion for all their kindness not only toward the Mission, but also
toward France. In reviewing all that had passed during the
eight days all Frenchmen must be convinced that the United
States feels closer to France than to any other country. The
French sensibility found an echo in the hearts of Americans,
which also explains much easier that ' ' there is in the veins of the
American people more French blood than we think, the French
colonies of Louisiana and the States of the West having received
a large part of their population from the great country our
Fatherland."
He. continued :
I am further delighted to have the opportunity to speak to my own
countrymen on these friendly shores and to speak in my own tongue.
You have had an opportunity of seeing for yourselves the causes of Amer
ica's great prosperity. America owes its present development to the energy
and moral backbone of its people. New York is the greatest American
city, and yet it is unlike other American cities.
It is like Alexandria in old Egypt proudly energetic, ambitious, and
full, of buoyant enthusiasm. It is here that Europeans get their first
glimpse of a mighty continent.
1 68 Visits of Ceremony
After having thanked Mr. Low for the hospitality and the
welcome accorded the French envoys, the ambassador paid a
glowing tribute to the exalted character and fixity of purpose
of President Roosevelt, to whom and to President Loubet
he proposed a toast "Good health, long life, and abundant
happiness. ' '
M. .Lagrave, representing the French minister of commerce,
gave an interesting epitome of the great increase and strength
of French trade as shown by statistics.
A French chamber of commerce in the greatest commercial
city on the Western Hemisphere and with hardly a rival in the
world was a forceful indication, he thought, of the spirit, energy,
and enterprise of his countrymen resident on these shores, and
hoped they would exert their great influence in causing the
French flag to float on every sea.
Concluding, he said
Our nation, realizing how much we could learn from America, decided
to found an industrial school here for the training of our" young engineers.
We want them to study every phase of the great life here.
This entertainment, said the presiding officer, will always
bear a prominent place in the annals of the French colony of
New York.
EVENTS OF THE DAY .
THURSDAY, MAY 29
AT "OPHIR HALL " FRIENDLY SONS
OF ST. PATRICK HOSTS NEW YORK
"LE GAULOIS," BOSTON
ITINERARY
Special train placed for occupancy in station at
11.30 p. m.
170
FETE CHAMPETRE AT OPHIR HALL
*
The French ambassador and embassy suite, accompanied by
their wives, Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau, General
Brugere, Admiral Fournier, General Chalendar, and their aids
and the civil members of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission were
entertained on the following day at a luncheon at Ophir Hall by
Whitelaw Reid, former ambassador to France.
Among the Americans present were Mayor and Mrs. Low;
Ambassador Horace Porter; Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy, former
Secretary of the Navy; Captain Mahan, U. S. Navy; Captain
Brownson; the members of the President's commission; Gen.
James H. Wilson; Gen. Alexander F. Webb; Augustus and
Mrs. Jay; Charles Steward Smith; Loyall Farragut; Mr. and
Mrs. Nicholas Fish; W. D. Sloan; Mrs. Peter Cooper Hewitt;
Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; D. O. Mills, and others; in all 74.
The guests left the city on a " special," arriving at the farm
at 11.30 a. m. The French flag was displayed over the porte-
cochere and the Stars and Stripes at the peak of the tower.
The guests having passed the time pleasantly in conversation
in the spacious entertaining suite or in strolling through the
gardens and greenhouses, at i p. m. sat down before a single
table in the main dining hall, the overflow being accommodated
in an adjoining room.
There were three toasts "The President of the United
States," "The President of France," and "The ROCHAMBEAU
Mission."
The response to the first two was the playing of the national
airs of the Republics, respectively; to the last General Brugere
made a happy response, which added to the laurels he had
already won in the arena of impromptu speech making.
171
172 F$te Champetre at Ophir Hall
After the luncheon the host and his retinue of guests on the
way to the station made the tour of the farm and buildings,
arriving in the city at 4.30 p. m.
ERIN GO BRAGH IRELAND FOREVER
The services of the Irish regiments, Walsh and Dillon, in the
military and naval operations of France in America under the
treaty of alliance, gave the banquet tendered by the Society of
the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick to the ROCHAMBEAU Mission
eminent fitness. The entire affair in its mutuality of senti
ment and spontaneity of enthusiasm, was a renewal of the
ties of sympathy and friendship which had existed in time
whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.
PARADED AS ESCORT
About 6 p. m. nine companies of the Sixty-ninth Regiment
of New York, Colonel Duffy, commanding, formed in line in
front of the Waldorf-Astoria. As the party emerged from the
hotel the regiment "presented," drums ruffled, and colors
dipped. After recognizing the salutation, General Brugere and
Admiral Fournier, accompanied by Colonel Bingham, entered
the first carriage. Ambassador Cambon and other members of
the delegation followed.
The march to the place of entertainment was a continuous
ovation by the passing throng. Arriving at Delmonico's, the
regiment formed opposite the entrance and again saluted as
General Brugere and his associates alighted, after which the
regiment returned to its armory.
The guests were received at the entrance by the French
consul-general, M. Bruwaert, who escorted them to the brilliant
scene of the evening's entertainment.
The ties between the Irishman and France have reason to be
close. That which France accomplished for the struggling
British colonies in North America was attempted by that gen
erous nation for Ireland. When James II of England was dis
possessed of his throne as a result of the political and religious
upheaval of 1688, his chief partisans followed him to his hos
pitable court of refuge. Among their English countrymen they
Fete Champetre at Ophir Hall 173
received the name "Jacobites," which adhered to them in
maintaining the rights of James Stuart, the "old," and Charles
Edward, the young pretender.
The King set up his fight against the so-charged usurping
Orange. At the opening of the second campaign of Stuart in
Ireland James and Louis XIV arranged an exchange of troops,
in order to give prestige to the royal cause. Under this private
pact L,e Grand Monarch Dieudienne sent to Ireland a division of
6,000 of the elite of his army under Comte de L,auzun, one of his
very best officers and of ancestral kin to the gallant legionary of
the French army of ROCHAMBEAU in America, Le Due de Lauzun-
Biron. The same convoy which brought to Ireland the French
troops of Lauzun, carried back to France the same number of
Erin's bravest sons. The character of -these men may be best
known by saying that among them was the famous brigade of
Montcashel, whose discipline and exploits were most renowned,
even in the annals of the warlike Irishman.
After the defeat of Boyne, the Stuart king fled to France, and
with him went many of his bravest soldiers. -
Next we find theni at the courts and on the battlefields of
the Continent, winning fame and titles, one a marshal of France,
another a premier of Spain, and others distinguished under the
Great Frederick, laying the foundation of the Prussian monarchy.
The bloody field of Fontenoy resounds to their valor. The
regiments of Dillon and Walsh among the forces of D'Estaing at
Savannah had every officer an Irishman; Count Arthur Dillon
leading one of the columns of assault up the British works.
With these facts in view no entertainment in the series of
national and private hospitalities was more appropriate than the
banquet of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and so the members
of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission recognized it.
FRIENDLY SONS OP ST. PATRICK REMEMBER REGIMENTS
DILLON AND WALSH
The rooms were richly draped with the Stars and Stripes
of the States, the Harp and Green of Erin, and the Tricolor of
France. Red, white, and blue and green was the color scheme
174 - Fete Champetre at Ophir Hall
of the evening. Festoons of smilax and tiny incandescent
lights produced the effect of an enchanted bower, and the room
was redolent with the fragrance of bloom. Patriotic emblems
were numerous, and the music breathed the theme and sentiment
of the evening. It was a modern realization of Tara's Hall.
The presiding officer sat at the center of a raised table. As a
background there stood forth on canvas a full portrait figure of
Ireland's patron saint. As a legend overhead, " Cead mille
failthe " (One hundred thousand welcomes).
The disposition of the edibles having been completed, Justice
James A. O' Gorman, president of the society and presiding
officer, enlivened the occasion by reading a telegram from
President Roosevelt, expressive of his regret at not being able
to be present, which was met by an outbreak of huzzas and an
orchestral outburst of the Star Spangled Banner.
The Justice increased the enthusiasm of "the moment by
proposing the health of President Roosevelt, and as a sentiment
We rejoice that the two great Republics of the world continue united
in the majestic brotherhood of liberty. May they ever be the great
exemplars and evangels of human freedom and justice, and may their
achievements be a hope and an inspiration to all the rest of mankind.
The French ambassador, responding in English to the toast,
' ' The President of the French Republic, ' ' very effectively
pointed out the unity of thought and effort which had existed
for centuries between France and Ireland. Continuing, he
said
To-day the Sons of France are with you as were their fathers over a
century ago.
As a climax to his remarks the entire company broke out
in the familiar "He's a jolly good fellow." in which the French
guests joined with great heartiness.
ARCHBISHOP IRELAND'S ADDRESS
Archbishop Ireland, who began in English and concluded in
French his address, on "France and the United States,"
aroused a storm of applause, particularly emphasizing his
Fete Champetre at Ophir Hall 175
remarks by waving the flags of Ireland and of the two
countries of the toast, all of which he held in his right hand.
In every thought and sentiment his words were especially
impressive and appropriate. He said:
History has taught us that the banners of France and the United States
should be unfolded with the flag of Erin. We were one at Yorktown.
Our sympathies were in accord; our hearts throbbed in unison. All three
were fighting for the realization of that latter day dream, for the establish
ment of freedom for the apotheosis of freedom. The future of the world
belongs to democracy. America, born in poverty and nursed into manhood
by the loving hand of mother France, has become a mighty nation, a land
of force, of splendor, and a guiding star in the heavens.
Since France sent her aristocracy and her money to our shores, America
has changed, has become transformed, but she still remains true to her
standard of freedom to all men; she still remains the land of liberty and
order. Now that the United States is rich and powerful, all nations court
her friendship and her regard, but we in the hour of our prosperity and of
our happiness can not forget that in the days of misery and despondency
France alone of all the nations extended to us its generous heart, its
sympathy, and the service of men like ROCHA.MBEAU and Lafayette.
He closed his remarks with the toast " France and Ireland,"
which was accorded hearty approval.
An original poem by Joseph J. C. Clark 011 the kinship of the
Celt was well received.
Justice James Fitzgerald then spoke on the memory of
"Washington and ROCHAMBEAU."
The theme of the evening, " France and Ireland," which had
been proposed by the venerable Archbishop Ireland, drew forth
the forceful and dramatic eloquence of Mr. Bourke Cockran.
He said:
I'd leave my dying bed for an opportunity to be present at such a gath
ering. I have been impressed by the sincere manner in which my people
have welcomed these distinguished delegates to these shores. I have been
impressed by the sincerity of the acknowledgment of the American people
of the great debt they owe to France. France never asked us for material
compensation for the assistance tendered us. France never asked for a
naval station, for a portion of our territory as a reward for the vitally valu
able services which she rendered us. She never looked on her great gift
as a thing which needed reward. That gallant nation was as generous in
peace as she was in war. She gave us liberty and left us to enjoy it. Her
176 Fete Champetre at Ophir Hall
gift was the supreme contribution to the civilization of the world. The
American Republic is secure because it was founded and has been nurtured
on moral law. To appreciate thoroughly what this means one must go
back to the teachings on the shores of Galilee, when man was told that the
ideal to be striven for was the brotherhood of man. Our nation has tried
to exemplify that ideal. To that conception it owes its soundness to-day.
Can we listen with patience to the reports that France is sinking, that
other nations are passing her, that her fortresses are smoldering, and that
her institutions are crumbling. You might as well try to eliminate the
stars from the universe as to say that France can be dispensed with in the
great fraternity of nations in the proud advancement of modern civiliza
tion. Both France and Ireland 'have protested against England and her
course in South Africa. Both have watched with fear for the outcome of
that dreaded conflict. Both have prayed that justice would be triumphant,
that right will have victory over wrong, and that freedom will some day
be spread broadcast throughout all the world.
General Brugere took up the sentiment as a soldier speaking
of the glories of the French arms on land.
Vice- Admiral Fournier continued, by extolling the achieve
ments of France on the sea.
It was midnight before the Curtain fell upon the scene and
closed the generous hospitality of America's greatest munici
pality.
From the banquet 'hall the "Guests of the nation" departed
to participate in the memorial demonstrations at Newport at the
grave of De Ternay.
THE "GAULOIS" OFF FOR BOSTON
In keeping in touch with the shore movements of the
ROCHAMBKAU Mission, the Gaulois, accompanied by the Kear-
sarge, weighed anchor after sunset on the 28th and at 9.43
p. m. passed Sandy Hook to sea, laying her course for Boston.
They had been preceded by the United States cruiser Olympia,
of the escorting squadron, from Sandy Hook outward at 6.54
a. m., also for Boston, where the vessels were to meet in antici
pation of parting honors on the sailing of the Gaulois, homeward
bound.
A Day of Memories 177
At the annual meeting of the Rhode Island State Society of
the Cincinnati, held, pursuant to law, in the senate chamber of
the statehouse, Newport, on the 4th of July, 1902, His
Excellency M. Bmile Loubet, President of the French Republic,
was duly elected an honorary member of the order.
[Translation.]
PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC,
Paris, December /, 790?.
His Excellency General Porter has transmitted the communication in
which you notify me that at the reunion of the members of the Society of
the Cincinnati on the 4th of July last, I was unanimously elected an
honorary member of the society.
I highly appreciate th^ sentiment that has prompted the society to confer
upon me this honor. It is doubly agreeable to me to accept it, as recalling
the glorious confraternity of arms which has united the two nations and
as a new and especial token of the ties of friendship which, since the
establishment of the great American Republic, have never ceased to exist
between France and the United States.
Believe me, General, with assurances of high consideration,
(Signed) EMII.E LOUBET.
After return of the Mission to France General Brugere wrote
to the Hon. James M. Varnum, under date of December n,
1902, in which he said:
The members of the French Mission, of which I had the honor to be
head, were especially touched by the cordial reception extended to them
in New York by the members of the Order of the Cincinnati.
They will never forget the charming reunion of the 2yth of May, 1902,
which showed how close and lasting are the bonds which have united the
United States and France since their soldiers fought and shed their blood,
side by side, under the leadership of the great Washington.
I requested the Government of the French Republic to do us the favor
of sending to the Order of the Cincinnati some object of art as a testimo
nial of our warm sympathy and profound gratitude, and I am happy to be
able to announce that my request was favorably received and that the
minister of foreign affairs will soon transmit to you, through our ambas
sador, a vase from the National Manufactury at Sevres which was selected
by myself and which I beg you will have placed among the archives and
valued possessions of your Order as a souvenir of our too brief sojourn
with you.
In due season this magnificent testimonial was received.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 12
EVENTS OF THE DAY
FRIDA-Y, MAY 30
MEMORIAL DAY HONORS TO THE SOL
DIERS AND SAILORS OF THE ALLI
ANCE 1741 -NEWPORT ARTILLERY
COMPANY-i 902 DECORATION OF THE
GRAVE OF DE TERNAY SOCIAL FES
TIVITIESLUNCH AT THE CASINO-
ARRIVAL AT BOSTON
ITINERARY
Miles
o L,v. New York . , . , .' . .
245 Ar. Newport, R. I. (via Taunton)
o L,v. Newport, R. I. (via Taunton)
69 Ar. Boston, Mass
12. 30 a. m.
9.00 a.m.
3.oop.m.
5.00 p.m.
I 7 8
A DAY OF MEMORIES
Having participated in the dedication of a monument to
ROCHAMBEAU, having laid a wreath at the vault of Washington,
having placed a garland at the mausoleum of Grant, the Mis
sion had now come to lay a memorial tribute upon the grave of
the Chevalier de Ternay.
The statehouse, city hall, other public and municipal build
ings, and residences of all classes from the millionaire summer
sojourner to the humblest cottager were generously decorated.
The Read homestead, which was used by Count DE ROCHAM
BEAU as his headquarters during the presence of his army at
Newport and vicinity, was tastefully adorned with American
and French flags.
In order to accommodate the large surrounding population,
the transportation companies increased their service and fixed
a very low popular excursion rate.
The several commands by 8.30 a. m. were in the positions
assigned to them, the right of the formation resting near
the space in front of the railway station. .
The Newport Artillery Company, organized in 1741, char
tered in 1749, and which served through the war of the Revo
lution, acted as guard of honor. A gun detachment unlimbered
stood near by prepared to fire a salute.
At 9 a. m., schedule time, the "ROCHAMBEAU special" con
veying the Mission came bowling into the station. On the out
side the young and active soldiery of the present, the fast aging
veterans of the past, and a great crowd were in anxious wait
ing to begin the day of flowers and memory to the revered dead
of the war of the rebellion and to the foreign dead of the war
of the Revolution.
179
180 A Day of Memories
The officials present charged with the reception of the repre
sentation were Charles D. Kimball, governor of Rhode Island,
and staff; the president of the Rhode Island Society of the Order
of the Cincinnati, Patrick J. Boyle, mayor of Newport. Among
those who witnessed the reception were former Mayor F. P.
Garrettson, Commander J. B. Murdock, U. S. Navy, and Col.
Addison Thomas, representing the Rhode Island Society
Sons of the Revolution and a deputation from the Cercle
Litteraire Franco- American of New York.
As Ambassador Cambon, General Brugere, and Admiral
Fournier stepped upon the platform the governor gave them
a cordial hand, which he emphasized in the following words:
Mr. Ambassador, it gives me pleasure to bid you welcome to the State
of Rhode Island. The State upon whose shores our French allies landed,
and many of whose citizens were their companions in arms, is compli
mented by this visit. As years roll by and our country increases in power
and influence we add to our appreciation of the services of those to whose
valor our independence was due. Their burial places are widely scattered,
in some cases unknown. But this State has the honor of being the last
resting place of the French sailor to whose memory this day you pay
tribute. With that ceremony you have the hearty sympathy and the
earnest appreciation of the people of Rhode Island.
The French ambassador replied feelingly, saying that upon
Rhode Island soil rested the remains of the hero who had safely
conveyed the army of ROCHAMBKAU across the ocean in the
face of an alert enemy and landed it without the loss of a ship
or a man.
ASA BIRD GARDINER'S ADDRESS OF WELCOME
The address of welcome by the president of the Rhode Island
State Society, Asa Bird Gardiner, a was as follows:
Mr. Ambassador, General Brugere, and Associates of the Representa
tion: The pleasing duty devolves upon me, on behalf of the Society of
aGen. Asa Bird Gardiner, president of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati,
was adjutant-general to Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, U. S. Army, at the Yorktown
Centennial, 1881, and prepared the orders for the review of 20,000 regulars and militia
by the President of the United States. He also had entire charge of all the details
of welcome, escort military formation route of march, parade review, reception, tour of
the city, banquet, and departure. To General Gardiner's personal efforts and atten
tion and the ready cooperation of all participants, was due the great success of the
events of this memorable day.
A Day of Memories 181
the Cincinnati in the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
to welcome you to the State.
In October, 1784, the Society welcomed and entertained in this city
their brother member, Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette, and in
October, 1881, welcomed the official representation sent by the French
Government to attend the Centennial Celebration of the Capitulation of a
British army and squadron at Yorktown, Va., on the igth of October, 1781,
to the allied forces of France and the United States.
That representation came to the United States on invitation of Congress
as a result of a resolution offered by the present president of the Rhode
Island Cincinnati and unanimously adopted at their annual meeting,
held, pursuant to law, in the senate chamber, statehouse, Providence,
R. I., on Monday, July 5, 1880, to memorialize Congress to invite the
Government of France to send a representation to that National Centennial
Celebration.
Under direction of the Society, the mover of the resolution presented
the memorial to Congress, and also submitted the matter to the joint com
mission appointed by Congress with the result already indicated.
The Rhode Island Cincinnati have ever been mindful of the alliance of
the 6th of February, 1778, with France, which finally secured the inde
pendence of the United States on a lasting foundation.
The Rhode Island Continental Line of the Revolution had, while at
Valley Forge on the 6th of May, 1778, paraded under Lafayette on those
bare Pennsylvania hills to celebrate, under Washington's orders, the alli
ance with France, of which information had just been received.
Their intimacy with their French allies was ever closer than that of any
other American troops.
When Lieutenant-Gen eral and Vice- Admiral M. le Comte d'Estaing
landed his cooperating army above here on Conanicut Island, in Narra-
gansett Bay, after running the target of the British batteries in this harbor,
Maj. Gen. John Sullivan's aid-de-camp visited him, and it is a pleasure
to know that in the Cincinnati delegation which welcomes you is his
grandson and representative, Bvt. Brig. Gen. Hazard Stevens, an officer
who received the medal of honor from Congress by reason of having
most distinguished himself by gallantry in action during the war of the
rebellion.
One of the original members of the Rhode Island Cincinnati was a lieu
tenant in M. le Comte d'Kstaing's fleet and subsequently, as a capitaine
de vaisseau in command of a ship of the line, gave his life in defense of
the tricolor flag of France.
His grandson is now an hereditary member of this State society.
When Lieut. Gen. M. le Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU arrived here on the
*oth of July, 1780, he found the First Regiment Rhode Island Continental
Infantry, under Col. Christopher Greene, on duty in this city, where it
1 82 A Day of Memories
remained under ROCHAMBEAU'S direct orders until December, 1780, when
he ordered the regiment to proceed to West Point, "N. Y.
Col. Christopher Greene's great-grandson and representative, Mr. Ed
ward Aborn Greene, is here present as an hereditary member of this State
society to assist in welcoming you.
As before remarked, it was the peculiar good fortune of the regular
Rhode Island infantry (always known as " Continental ") to be more
intimately associated with the French allies than any other American
troops, and the Rhode Island State Society of the Cincinnati was princi
pally composed of Rhode Island officers.
Lafayette declared, on the 26th of October, 1784, that "it hath been the
lot of the French army and navy to receive particular favors in this State,
for which they entertain an affectionate sense of gratitude."
When the Auxiliary Army, under ROCHAMBEAU, joined the American
Continental Army under Washington on the Hudson, the Rhode Island
Continental Infantry were there and were never again separated from their
brethren of the French army until the latter marched to Boston via Rhode
Island to embark.
Baron Cromot du Bourg, aid-de-camp on ROCHAMBEAU'S staff, has
specially mentioned them in his diary.
They were with their French brethren in the field of operations before
the city of New York in July, 1781, and then proceeded on the long march
to Virginia.
On the 14th of October, 1781, General Washington directed an assault
on two important British redoubts, Nos. 9 and 10.
The capture of the first was assigned to a detachment of the Auxiliary
Army under that gallant veteran, Marechal de Camp M. le Baron de Vio-
me"nil, who became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati in France.
The capture of the second was assigned to a detachment of the Ameri
can Army under Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette.
The same night, on a given signal, the two detachments leaping from
the trenches emulously strove, under a tremendous fire, to accomplish
their allotted task.
The leading company of Lafayette's command was from the Rhode
Island Continentals under Capt. Stephen Olney, who was the first man to
mount the intrenchments of redoubt No. 10 and was dangerously wounded,
losing an arm.
His grandson and representative in the Cincinnati and secretary of this
State society, Mr. George Washington Olney, assists in welcoming you
to-day.
Both redoubts were captured in the most heroic manner, and many of
the gallant French officers who participated in the assault subsequently
became members of the Order of the Cincinnati, in whose institution of
1783 a principal object was to perpetuate the memory of the alliance with
France which brought such lasting glory and honor to both countries and
A Day of Memories . ' 183
which caused such enduring friendships between the officers of the two
services.
Your arrival here permits the Rhode Island Cincinnati to express their
sentiments of respect and esteem.
On their rolls have been and are names of hereditary members whose
praepositi belonged to the Society of the Cincinnati in France.
Among these may be mentioned the late Marquis Duquesne, whose
ancestor was the great admiral under Louis XIV.
Three generations of this family have been members of the Order of
the Cincinnati.
The late brigadier-general of Russian cavalry, the Marquis de Tra-
versay, of this State society, was grandson of a capitaine de vaisseau in
France, an original member of the Cincinnati there, who was sent to
Russia by Louis XVI, at request of the Czarina Catharine, to instruct the
Russian navy and rose to be an admiral.
The late Marquis de Rochambeau, of this State society, whose second
son is in your representation, was the third of the name to be members of
the order.
The Count d'Ollone, an hereditary member of this State society, is
to-day serving France as a captain of the Twenty-fourth Regiment of
Dragoons.
His late father was a member of this State society, and his grandfather,
Marechal de Camp M. le Comte d'Ollone, formerly of the Auxiliary Army,
was an original member in France.
Another hereditary member in this State society is the Count Von
Stedingk, a captain of the Royal Life Guards of Sweden, whose grand
father of same name was a colonel in the Regiment Royal Suedois of the
French army, and was badly wounded at the siege of Savannah, under
M. le Comte d'Estaing, on the 9th of October, 1779.
He became an original member of the society in France, and afterwards
a field marshal in Sweden.
Thus it will be perceived that in this State Society of the Military Order
of the Cincinnati, founded by Washington and the French and American
officers, the alliance of 1778-1783 is ever peculiarly cherished and proper
descendants of original French members always find here an affectionate
welcome.
Indeed, for the annual meeting to be held pursuant to law in the senate
chamber, statehouse, in this city, on the 4th of July proximo, there is
pending the application of the great-grandson of Vice-Admiral M. le Comte
de Bougainville, senator of France, grand officer of the Legion of Honor,
and fellow of the Royal Society of London, who served in the French
navy successively in Rhode Island with M. le Comte d'Estaing and then
at Yorktown with M. le Comte de Grasse.
His son, Rear-Admiral M. le Baron de Bougainville, became an heredi
tary member in France.
184 A Day of Memories
Thus, gentlemen of the representation, you will perceive that the asso
ciation of this State Society of the Cincinnati with their French brethren
has been maintained since 1783, and they trust that your visit to the
United States will be both memorable and enjoyable.
Mayor Boyle then welcomed the guests in behalf of the city.
After these formalities and felicitations the visiting "guests"
were shown to their carriages. As they appeared they were
greeted with loud huzzas, the escort of honor standing at
present and the artillery firing a salute.
The ladies of the party were taken in charge by Miss Stratten
and were driven immediately to the grave.
PARADE IN MOTION
The column then moved in the following order:
Marshal of the day: Col. H. C. Hasbrouck, Artillery Corps.
Staff: J. I. Greene, G. A. R., chief of staff; Capt. H. C. Schumm, Artil
lery Corps, adjutant; Col. A. K. McMahon, Maj. L. W. Crampton, Medical
Corps, U. S. Army; Henry Bull, John B. Mason, and George A. Pritchard,
representing the G. A. R., and Lieut. S. I. Hazard, Newport Artillery.
Newport Band.
Newport Artillery Company.
(Col. John D. Richardson, commanding; Lieut. Frank P. King, adjutant).
Staff: Surgeon C. F. Barker, Assistant Surgeon Charles M. Cole, Pay
master George W. Tilley, Chaplain Emery H. Porter.
First Company : Lieut. Col. Edward F. Cooper, commanding; Capt. F. S.
Patterson.
Second Company: Maj. George S. Flagg, commanding; Lieut. S. D.
Harvey.
Carriages containing the French mission, the President's committee.
Governor Kimball and staff, city council, reception committee, and dele'
gates from patriotic societies.
Coast Artillery.
(Maj. John P. Wisser, Artillery Corps, commanding.)
Seventh Band, Artillery Corps.
Seventy-eighth Company: First Lieut. C. C. Pulis; Second Lieut. Allan
Lefort.
Seventy-ninth Company: Capt. H. G. Bishop; First Lieut. H.H. Sheen;
Second Lieut. A. L. Fuller.
Ninety -seventh Company: Capt. F. G. Mauldin; First Lieut. H. C. Mer-
riam; Second Lieut. F. W. Ralston.
One Hundred and Tenth Company: First Lieut. M. H. Barry; Second
Lieut. L. C. Crawford.
A Day of Memories 185
Training Station Battalion.
(Lieut. A. Bronson, commanding; Boatswain J. E. Murphy, adjutant;
Second Lieut. E. T. Fryer, commanding Company of Marines. )
Newport Naval Reserve.
(Lieut. Charles E. Lawton, commanding.)
The parade numbered 2,500 men.
The procession, greeted everywhere by enthusiastic crowds.
At the quarters of Comte DE ROCHAMBBAU in 1780-81 a score
of little girls in white assembled on the steps waving flags and
shouting Vive la France. As the Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU
drove up Florence Hodson, stepping to the side of his carriage,
presented him with a bouquet of pure white roses. The Comte,
reaching out, raised the child, kissing her tenderly. The inci
dent was received with the wildest plaudit.
A HERO'S GRAVE
At the Trinity Church the column halted to give time for
the ceremonies at the grave of Chevalier de Ternay.
The official representation, having left their carriages, pro
ceeded in the order of precedence of its individuals to the
churchyard gate, where they were received by the wardens and
vestrymen and escorted to the grave of the Chevalier, which
lies in the northeastern part of the burying ground appertaining
to Trinity parish.
The representatives of France reverently gathered about the
grave, where a Roman Catholic burial service, first in Latin,
then in English, and then in French, was conducted by the Rev.
William D. Meenan, rector of St. Mary's parish.
All heads bowed as General Brugere placed upon the tomb
of de Ternay the wreath of laurel sent by President Loubet in
the name of France, thus performing a second duty of the
Mission.
Other wreaths were placed b}^ the Grand Army of the Republic,
St. Mary's Catholic Church, and the Sons of the American
Revolution.
Before the company withdrew to pass inside the church to
view the tablet placed there by the King of France Col. Addison
Thomas handed to General Brugere an address in French,
1 86 A Day of Memories
announcing that the Rhode Island society of the Sons of the
Revolution had taken appropriate action by the adoption of a
resolution providing for the decoration in the future, on Memo
rial Day, of the grave of Admiral de Ternay in recognition of
his services in the war of the American Revolution and in com
memoration of the visit of the French Mission to perform that
token of remembrance by direction of the President of France.
General Brugere upon ascertaining the contents of the address
expressed his appreciation in appropriate terms, laying stress
upon the obligation assumed as another mark of the feeling of
gratitude for the services of the French soldiers and sailors in
America when the States were in the throes of a desperate
struggle for independence.
The entire party entered the church.
DK TBRNAY TABLET
The slab was designed for the interior of the church, but as it
could not be there accommodated it was placed over the grave.
The inscription in Latin, having been sharply cut, is clearly
legible. It reads as follows:
In the name of God, Charles Lewis d'Arsac de Ternay, knight of the
Order of St. John of Jerusalem, though the vows of the order he had never
acknowledged, descended from an ancient and noble family of Bretagne,
one of the admirals of the King's fleets, a citizen, a soldier, a chief, served
ably, faithful to his King and to his country, for forty-two years, now
rests beneath this marble, happily resolute. In the years 1760 and 1761,
after the Croiafiah battle, with painful difficulty, amidst the weapons of
enemies, he rescued and brought off from dangerous whirlpools the royal
fleet, dispersed near the innavigable eddies of the river of Vicenza, and
gave his ships the stations he wished without any damage. In the year
1762 he invaded Newfoundland, in America. In 1772, having resigned his
command, he received the regency of Bourbon and the French islands
adjacent, in which office for seven years, to the emolument of France and
the happiness of the colonies, he was assiduously faithful. Being ordered
by His Most Christian Majesty in the year 1780 with assistance to the
United States, engaged in the defense of liberty, he arrived in Rhode
Island, where, while he was prepared to encounter the dangers of his
command, to the inconsolable grief of his fellow-soldiers, to the sincere
sorrow of the United States, he expired in this city, regretted by all the
good, but particularly lamented by those to whom he was related, De
cember 15, MDCCI.XXX, aged 58. His Most Christian Majesty, strictly
A Day of Memories 187
just to merit, in order that the memory of this illustrious man might
be consecrated to posterity, hath ordered this monument to be erected,
MDCCLXXXIII.
Escorted as before, the procession then proceeded to Belle vue
avenue and thence to the Casino.
REVIEW
The members of the Mission and the official hosts of the
occasion having taken their places on an emblematically deco
rated stand at the Casino, the entire command was again put
in motion, moving on Bellevue avenue in column of companies
or platoons, in which formation they marched in review before
General Brugere, general of division and vice-president of the
supreme council of war of France.
The end of the review terminated the proceedings connected
with the memory of de Ternay.
After the close of the war and the return of the French troops and ships to France
the King (1785) had erected over the grave a monument of black Egyptian marble
suitably inscribed in gold.
Below the inscription and between the brackets was an escutcheon charged with the
arms of the Knights Hospitallars of St. John of Jerusalem.
The slab, though designed for the interior of the church, was necessarily placed out
side on the west of the gate owing to lack of space within.
In 1794, on account of the injurious effects of exposure, its position was changed at the
expense of the officers of the French frigate Meduse, then cruising in American waters.
In 1874 (February n) Congress appropriated $800 " to defray the expense of repair
ing and protecting from decay the monument erected at Newport, R. I., to the memory
of the Chevalier de Ternay, the commander of the French naval forces in aid of the
American Revolution," to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy.
This act of international courtesy was the theme of an agreeable correspondence
between the two Governments.
The restoration was placed in the charge of Marquis de Noailles, French envoy to
the United States and a descendant of one of the officers of DE ROCHAMBEAU'S army.
The slab was transferred to the vestibule of the church, where it is now carefully and
suitably protected.
At the same time a granite stone was placed upon the grave with this inscription:
Beneath this stone,
placed in the year 1873,
lies
Charles I,ouis d'Arsac de Ternay,
who died in the year 1780.
Beneath the port of the church near by
the ancient monument,
restored and sheltered,
lies removed.
Underneath the inscription a royal crown surmounting a double-headed eagle is in
closed by the collar and star of the Knights of Malta, supported by a background of
flags and swords.
1 88 A Day of Memories
The "guests" reentering their carriages were driven about
the city to points of interest.
Upon returning to the Casino about one hundred sat down to
a luncheon given by the President's committee. The tables
were arranged in the balconies, which were prettily draped.
The proceedings were entirely informal, there being but three
toasts without speeches. Mr. Peirce, chairman of the President's
commission "Emile Loubet, President of France;" Governor
Kimball to "Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United
States; ' ' Ambassador Cambon to the ' ' State of Rhode Island. ' '
Preliminary to the proposed entertainment, a cable message
was sent to the President of the French Republic on the subject,
begging him to accept for himself and for the Government of
France, on behalf of the Order, "the expression of their
respectful and fraternal regard."
President Loubet was at the time absent from France, but on
his return to Paris, on the 3ist of May, 1902, His Excellency
M. Delcasse, minister of foreign affairs, cabled reply to the
consul-general of France at the port of New York as follows:
The President of the Republic directs you to express to the members of
the Order of the Cincinnati his sincere thanks for the kindly sentiments
which they have expressed to him.
The banner of the society was designed in 1786 by Maj. Gen.
Frederick William Augustus, Baron de Steuben; Knight of the
Order of Fidelity, and Inspector- General of the American Army.
The Providence Gazette of December 27, 1780, contained the
following announcement of the death of De Ternay:
NEWPORT, December 22 [1780] .
Last Friday morning [December 15] died here His Excellency Charles
Louis de Ternay, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, late governor of the
Islands of France and Bourbon and chief commander of the French
squadron in the American seas. His talents, zeal, and distinguished
services had merited him the confidence of his Government and country.
His remains were the next day interred in Trinity churchyard in this
town, attended with military honors, etc. The command of the fleet, by
the death of his excellency, devolves on M. Destouches, captain and
brigadier of the naval army, an officer in high estimation among all ranks
of the French navy and who particularly distinguished himself in the
battle of Ouessant.
AT BOSTON
Two hours later the ROCHAMBKAU special arrived at Boston.
When the visitors stepped from the train Adjutant- General
Dalton, representing the governor; Secretary Curran, the
mayor; M. Bailly-Blanchard, the consulate of France, and Prof.
Charles P. L,ebon, Kdward L. Osgood, Joseph Frammand, and
Marshal E. L,ebon, the reception committee, immediately gath
ered around General Brugere as the chief of the Mission. A
few minutes of introductions and greetings followed, when ttye
guests and officials in attendance left the station for their
carriages.
BOSTON'S GREETING
The scene outside of Back Bay station, judging from the
crowd of 2,000 or 3,000 persons gathered in the vicinity of its
main exit, might for the moment have been mistaken for
France, rather than the United States, there being so large a
contingent of the visitors' countrymen. ' ' Vive la France, ' '
"Vive la Republique," were vehemently intermingled with
the popular manifestation of ' ' huzzas ' ' and ' ' vivats. ' '
The French part of the salutations were sufficiently effusive
to attract the attention of General Brugere, who, in response,
instead of seating himself, assumed the attitude of a soldier,
his right hand to his cap in salute, holding his position until
the carriage he occupied (the first in the line) passed beyond
the crowd.
The same attentions were bestowed on the occupants of each
of the 12 conveyances as they drove by under escort of a detail
of mounted police.
Arriving at the Somerset, their home while in the city, they
passed within the portals, beneath the colors of the two
Republics.
189
190 At Boston
AMERICAN BEAUTY ROSES FOR THE LADIES
They were also made welcome by the simultaneous arrival of
six immense bouquets of American Beauty roses, five of which
were recognitions from the Sons of the American Revolution,
one for the boudoir of each of the ladies in the party, and the
sixth from the Daughters of the American Revolution for the
decoration of the reception room.
The appropriateness of the compliment made a very sensible
impression upon the visitors in general and the ladies in
particular.
After dinner Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau received
Mrs. Greenleaf Simpson, vice-president general, and Miss Marie
Ware L,aughlin, vice State regent, who accorded them a wel
come in behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Admiral Fournier received a call from Rear- Admiral Johnson,
commanding the Charlestown Navy- Yard.
For the evening's diversion, the visitors, dividing into three
groups, accepted invitations to the Tremont and Boston theaters,
and Symphony Hall, where the Pictures of Paris concert was
an attraction.
THE "GAULOIS" OFF BOSTON UGHT
As soon as the incoming fleet was sighted from the navy-
yard, the navy-yard tug Iwana, conveying Rear- Admiral Mor
timer L,. Johnson, commandant of the yard, shot through the
Narrows, steaming rapidly toward the flagship to make his
official call. The i3-gun salute given the commandant by the
Olympia as he went over the side to return ashore was the first
notice Boston had of the arrival of the Gaulois and her escort.
Admiral Fournier having come by land, returned no calls from
the Gaulois. At once the numerous pleasure yachts which
dotted the harbor it being Memorial Day pointed seaward to
get a closer view of the visitors, even though the Gaulois was
yet hull down on the horizon.
Soon after the departure of the calling Admiral, the Olympia
and Kearsarge moved into the lower harbor to be in position to
At Boston 191
welcome the Gaulois to the port, the Olympia anchoring in
President Roads abreast the island for the night and the
Kearsarge dropping anchor just inside the Narrows. After a
short time, however, the latter weighed anchor and stood out to
sea to pick up the Gaulois. The tide beginning to ebb, the
Gaulois preferred not to enter, but anchored outside; the
Kearsarge standing by her until morning, when they joined
the Olympia.
THE "GAULOIS" ENTERS HARBOR
The Gaulois, escorted by the Kearsarge, entered the harbor of
Boston about dawn on May 30 and anchored in President Roads
abreast of the Olympia.
At 8 a. m. the colors were sent aloft and a salute of 21 guns
fired with small rapid-fire guns on the mainmast fighting top,
in hcfnor of the port, which was promptly answered from the
guns of Fort Warren.
At nooji the ship was open to visitors, who went aboard in a
steady stream for several hours, although the vessel was lying
some distance from the shore, owing to its great draft.
The usual calls of naval etiquette, for convenience, were
exchanged on shore.
In the evening the Gaulois was brilliantly illuminated with
an outline of electric lights and two set pieces between the
fore and main masts, one representing an American eagle,
the other a cock, the emblem of the ship.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
SATURDAY, MAY 31
BAY STATE AND BUNKER HILL MEM
ORIESACADEMIC ATTENTIONS A
COMMONWEALTH LUNCH AND MU
NICIPAL DINNER POSTPRANDIAL
IMPRESSIONS
192
BOSTON'S HOSPITALITY
The final expression of American hospitality to the repre
sentatives of the Government and people of France as guests of
the Government and people of the United States ended in a
day of glorious sunshine and in object lessons of reminiscent
Revolutionary scenes in a setting of contemporary activities,
represented by Massachusetts, the State of Lexington; Boston,
the city of Bunker Hill; and Harvard, the University of the
earliest training of men of action in the contention with the
Crown.
CALL ON THE GOVERNOR
At 10 o'clock in the morning, in the hands of the mayor's
committee and under escort of the National Lancers, Capt.
Frank C. Neal, the members of the Mission, and the civil and
unofficial associates, accompanied by the President's com
mission, began the day of honor and hospitality by a call of
ceremony upon Governor Winthrop Murray Crane at the state-
house. That official, surrounded by his military staff in the
executive chamber, gave the callers, who were presented by
Colonel Binghain of the President's commission, a warmth of
welcome which, despite the occasion of outward formality, at
once placed all at ease.
After the greeting the guests were shown through Memorial
Hall, General Brugere and Comte de Rochambeau expressing
great admiration of its mural paintings and making particular
reference to the beauty of design and finish. M. Renouard
manifested his appreciation by making a series of sketch notes
as souvenirs.
i93
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - 13
194 Boston's Hospitality
From the statehouse the guests, passing through the crowd-
lined thoroughfare, proceeded to the city hall, where they ar
rived about ii a. m. From the iron gate to the main portal on
the way on either side were towering palms and rubber trees.
The facades of the buildings were a gorgeous dress of tricolors
of the two Republics in streamers and festooned flags, Old
Glory flaunting in the breeze over the distinguished procession
as it ascended the granite steps and passed within the entrance,
led by the secretary to the mayor, to the executive chamber,
where that official was in readiness to receive them. The
corridors as they passed were crowded with an enthusiastic
group of officials and their friends.
RECEIVED BY THE MAYOR
As Ambassador Cambon drew near he was accorded a most
hearty greeting, which was extended to all the others, making
them feel quite at home in America's noted municipality.
The entire party now passed out of the building and ascended
the stand in front of the central part of the hall to witness one
of the most interesting and the closing feature of the busy day
of entertainment, the parade of three regiments of the city's
schoolboy soldiers, numbering about 2,500, and their review
by the mayor and notables of a foreign land.
SCHOOLBOY SOLDIERS IN REVIEW
The receiving group, Mayor Collins in the center, Ambas
sador Cambon and General Chalendar on the right and General
Brugere and Vice- Admiral Fournier on the left, occupied a
position in front, with their associates and friends gathered
around.
The boys received an ovation of cheers en route and the
plaudits of the foreign experts en review. The latter were
deeply interested in the evident success of combining public
school education with military training. They were not sur
prised that Americans so readily made superior soldiers.
As an incident, the French officers, with military punctilio,
returned the cadets' salutes and stood at attention to the flag,
Boston's Hospitality 195
each with his right hand at the visor of his cap, until it had
passed. The Americans raised their caps and so held them.
Resuming their carriages, a visit was made to the Public
Library, which elicited the most enthusiastic expressions of
admiration. They then returned to their hotel, where Gov
ernor Crane, accompanied by the members of his staff Adju
tant Dalton, Generals Blood, Dewey, and Wellington, Colonels
White and Cappel, Lieutenant- Colonels Soutter, Gihon, and
Hawkins, and Majors Proctor and Colt arrived at almost the
same moment to make a return official call. A few minutes
later Mayor Collins appeared,, but unattended, to perform the
same duty of ceremonial etiquette.
>
GOVERNOR'S LUNCHEON
During the brief interim of mutual felicitation and presenta
tion in the Imperial Room, at 12.30 Governor Crane, escorting
Ambassador Cambon, led the way to the gorgeous ballroom,
where luncheon, with the Governor as host, was provided.
The apartment was beautifully decorated. Southern smilax
and northern laurel festooned the frieze, bay trees, palms, and
Australian ferns skirted the dado. At the head of the table
stood a large vase of Governor Crane carnations, and at either
end a panier of Lawsons, with lilies of the valley between.
On the side tables were baskets of Bride roses and varicolored
lilies. The tables were strewn with asparagus sprays, galaxia
leaves, long-stemmed roses, and lilies.
When in array around the festive board, at Governor Crane's
right, in sequence, sat
Ambassador Cambon.
Vice- Admiral Fournier.
Lieutenant-Governor Bates.
Mayor Collins.
General Chalendar.
Colonel Bingham.
At his left-
General Bruge"re.
Third Assistant Secretary of State Peirce.
196 Boston's Hospitality
M. Croiset.
Collector Lyman.
Captain de Surgy, of the Gaulois.
President Eliot, of Harvard College.
At the other tables sat
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy.
Capt. Pouilloiie de Saint-Mars, French Artillery.
Comte de Rochambeau.
James J. Myers, speaker of the house of representatives.
Rufus A. Soule, president of the. senate.
Captain Lasson, attache" of the general's staff of the governor of Paris.
M. Lagrave, representing the minister of commerce.
Capt. Joseph N. Hemphill, U. S. Navy, commanding U. S. S. Kearsarge.
Prof. Charles H. Grandgent, chairman of the French department of
Harvard College.
Col. P. C. Pope, U. S. Marine Corps, aid to Rear-Admiral Johnson.
M. Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign ministry.
Vicomte de Chambrun, attache" of the French embassy at Berlin.
Prof. Philippe Marcon, Harvard University.
Prof. Alphonse Brun, Harvard University.
M. Renouard, painter and engraver, representing the ministry of public
instruction.
James H. Doyle, chairman of the board of aldermen.
Henry D. Yerxa, councilor.
Arthur A. Maxwell, councilor.
Brig. Gen. Robert A. Blood, surgeon-general.
Brig. Gen. Henry S. Dewey, judge-advocate-general.
David J. Robinson, councilor.
Lieutenant-Commander le Vicomte de Faramond, naval attache" to the
French embassy.
Brig. Gen. Fred W. Wellington, commissary -general.
Edward S. Bradford, treasurer of the Commonwealth.
Henry E. Turner, auditor of the Commonwealth.
Lieut. Andre" Sauvaire-Jourdon, aid-de-camp, Vice-Admiral Fournier.
Arthur W. Dolan, chairman common council.
Herbert Parker, attorney-general of the Commonwealth.
Julius H. Appleton, councilor.
Lieutenant le Baron Maximilien Reinach de Werth, aid-de-camp to Vice-
Admiral Fournier.
Lieut. Col. Edward J. Gihon, staff of the commander in chief.
Maj. Paul R. Hawkins, staff of the commander in chief.
Edward F. Hamlin, executive secretary.
Maj. Charles S. Proctor, staff of the commander in chief.
Boston's Hospitality 197
Capt. Etienne Fillonneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugre.
Rear-Admiral Francis J. Higginson, U. S. Navy.
Edwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission.
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative
of M. Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic.
Louis Hermite, secretary of the French embassy.
Rear-Admiral Mortimer L. Johnson, commander United States navy-yard,
Charlestown, Mass.
Capt. Henry W. Lyon, U. S. Navy, commander U. S. S. Olympia.
Comte Sahune de Lafayette.
Commander E. K. Moore, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Johnson.
Col. John L. Tiernon, Artillery Corps, U. S. Army, commanding defenses
of Boston.
M. Victor Ayguesparsse, attache" to the French embassy.
M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy.
Duncan Bailly-Blanchard, vice-consul of France.
Prof. Morin la Meslee.
Capt. A. W. Chase, aid to Colonel Tiernon.
Lieutenant Colonel Hermite, commander of the Sixth Foot Artillery.
Brig. Gen. W. H. Brigham, inspector-general.
Jeremiah J. McNamara, councilor.
S. Herbert Howe, councilor.
Robert de Billy > secretary of embassy.
William M. Olin, secretary of the Commonwealth.
M. Lebon, French attache to Mayor Collins.
Lucius Field, councilor.
Captain Vignal, military attache" to the French embassy.
Lieut. Col. James T. Soutter, staff of the commander in chief.
Lieut. George R. Evans, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Higginson.
Lieut. Col. Arthur B. Denny, staff of the commander in chief.
Jules Bceufve, councilor of the French embassy.
James D. Colt, staff of the commander in chief.
Lieut. Mark L. Bristol, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Higginson.
Lieut. Col. William C. Capelle, staff of the commander in chief.
Lieut. Gustave le Jay, aid-de-camp to Vice- Admiral Fournier.
Francis Hurtubis, executive stenographer.
Col. James G. White, staff of the commander in chief.
Brigadier-General Dalton, adjutant-general of Massachusetts.
John B. Smith, private secretary to Governor Crane.
The morning repast was unaccompanied by speeches. The
honors due the powers represented were proposed in three
formal toasts. By the Governor: "The President of the
United States" and "The President of the French Republic."
198 Boston's Hospitality
By the Ambassador: "The Governor of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. ' '
The guests were soon ready for the next stage of Boston's
welcome.
To THE LADIES
While the first citizen of the Commonwealth was a host in
the dancing hall, the first lady of the municipality was
hostess in the "Palm Room" under the same resplendent roof.
About 1 8 richly attired ladies of the two Republics were seated at
a large round table. In the center was the French coat of
arms, arranged in violets, roses, carnations, and orchids, with
the inscription "F. R."
At each plate was a bouquet de corsage of red rosebuds, white
carnations, and blue bachelor's buttons, tied with ribbons of the
French national colors.
As a - usual preliminary Mrs. Collins and her daughters
received the guests in the library, after which they were shown
to the table by M. L,ebon, French attache, and Mr. Curran,
secretary to the mayor.
The ladies, costumed in promenade habit, were
Mrs. Collins, the hostess, in black silk with lace, and black hat with
plumes.
Miss Collins, white mousseline de soie over pale green, large yellow
straw hat, black plumes.
Miss Marie Collins, e"cru veiling, white hat with foliage and lace.
Comtesse de Rochambeau, pale green veiling, with lace hat same color
with black velvet and white plumes.
Mme. Cambon, cream white, large yellow straw hat with yellow ribbons
and black velvet.
Mme. Margerie, white lace chiffon over pink silk, black and white boa,
black hat with black plumes.
Mme. Lebon, black skirt, white satin bodice, black and white hat.
Mme. Vignal, white mousseline de soie, straw hat with crushed straw
berry ribbons.
Mme. Bailly-Blanchard, mauve silk with lavender ribbon bows.
Mrs. John L,. Bates, pale drab cloth, white vest, black hat with ostrich
plumes.
Miss* Matthews, blue and white satin foulard, with lace hat brimmed
with lace and pale blue plumes.
Mrs. Charles W. Eliot, dark blue etamine, black and white tulle hat.
Boston's Hospitality 199
Mrs. Aston Carey, dark green veiling, black hat.
Mrs. Herbert H. D. Peirce, pink and white flowered organdie over pink
silk black and white, black hat with pink roses.
Mrs. Alexander Martin, pale blue gray veiling over silk white vest, white
hat with white plumes.
Mrs. Thomas J. Gargan, white and black India satin, and lace tulle hat
with roses.
Mrs. Charles Cumston, mauve etamine with lace, black and white hat.
Mrs. Higginson, cafe au lait net white vest, cream white toque with
plumes.
Mrs. Childs, gray blue foulard, round cream white straw hat, with
touches of pale marguerites in the trimming.
ON THE ' ' DIAMOND ' '
At 2.45 p. m. the cavalcade left the hotel, taking the Charles
River speedway to Cambridge.
Arriving at "Soldiers' Field," two flanking files of red-
coated Lancers and a long line of carriages, bearing equally
spectacular occupants, entered amid loud shouts of welcome.
After witnessing a few innings of a game of base ball a
bugle blast "Boots and saddles" called the visitors to
carriages and the Lancers to mount. The procession, heading
for the exit, moved off in stately form, the band coincidently
playing a suitable air and the rival nines continuing college
yells and "Vive la France! "
As the visitors were leaving, the ladies of the delegation as
guests of the wife of the mayor drove up. Giving way to gal
lantry, the procession halted long enough to exchange courte
sies and then resumed their ride.
AT THE WASHINGTON ELM
En route they made a detour in order to visit the Washington
elm. General Brugere, who desired to pay homage to the
sacred spot, was the first to alight, and walking up to the stone
tablet, holding in his hand a bouquet of roses, said in French
as he placed it thereon:
Here in this place where General Washington took command of the
American Army, and which is really the birthplace of American inde
pendence, it seems entirely fitting, and I am very glad, on behalf of the
army of France, to place these flowers under this tree.
2oo ' Boston's Hospitality
HARVARD SALUTATIONS
The cortege continuing its progress, passing Harvard square,
were driven into the college inclosure, the L,ancer escort lining
up at the gateway. The visitors were met at the entrance to
University Hall by President Hliot. Owing to the delay in
arrival the proposed reception was abandoned in order to give
better opportunity for more important functions.
Without alighting, the visitors made a circuit of the college
buildings, reaching the theater, where the formal ceremonies
were to take place, about half -past four.
The audience rose to their feet and applauded the visitors.
Under escort of Prof. H. H. Morgan, and a score of under
graduates as ushers, they were conducted to the platform, where
the faculty of modern languages and history and political science
were seated.
In the invited audience were professors and undergraduates
of Harvard, officers and professors of Wellesley, public schools,
Tuft's College, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston
University, New Church Theological Seminary, and a large
number of students and residents.
The exercises were opened by President Charles W. Eliot, in
an address of welcome. He said:
Members of the University, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is the first time
that Harvard University has had the privilege of welcoming to its halls
such a group of eminent Frenchmen as are now our guests, and we wish
especially to welcome the high official of the University of France, the
dean of the Faculty of Letters in the University of Paris. And again it ts
a new privilege for us and especially for me, the president, to invite the
ambassador of the French Republic, a Harvard doctor of laws, to present
to you the representative of French letters and scholarship.
The French ambassador, M. Jules Cambon, L/L,. D., speaking
in French, said:
Ladies and Gentlemen : I have never before had to associate with my
capacity as ambassador to the United States my function as doctor of the
University of Harvard, and it is in this double role that I am asked,
at the instance of President Eliot, to introduce to you my eminent
compatriot, M. Croiset, who finds himself for the moment among us.
Bostorts Hospitality 201
I am also very happy to be able at the same time to present to you the
members of the French Mission, presided over by the chief of our army,
General Brugre, among whom you may reckon Admiral Fournier. I
introduce here also M. Legrave, who represents our commerce. I am
very happy to be able to present them to you. These gentlemen have
traveled to the United States in order to do honor to one of our generals,
the most illustrious Marshal ROCHAMBEAU. He was the companion and
the associate of Washington; and it is a duty very sweet, not only for us,
but also for the descendents of ROCHAMBEAU, for the Comtesse de
Rochambeau is in our midst, to associate with pur feelings on this occasion
the sentiment of country.
The members of the French Mission, after having fulfilled their patriotic
duty at Washington, have held themselves under quite a particular obliga
tion to come to Boston, for the reason that Boston is in reality the cradle
of the American Revolution. A few paces only from here is Lexington,
and still nearer is the monument which honors forever the memory of the
combatants of Bunker Hill. But I want those present to thoroughly
realize that in paying this visit to Harvard University we have been actu
ated not only by that sentiment of curiosity which is felt by all strangers
who come to inspect this magnificent monument, which to such a degree
testifies to the love which Americans have for scientific and literary studies,
but also by a sentiment of patriotism.
It was at Boston that the first struggle for American independence
began, and we owe thanks to Cambridge and thanks to the old university
of Harvard, the focus always burning, which has kept alive among
Americans the love of liberty and of justice the source whence the
Americans of that time have drawn those ardent passions which have
enabled them to fight for independence and to create a new nation.
So we others who are Frenchmen, we who share something of the
honor you have won in struggling with Washington for the creation of
the United States, are grateful to Harvard for the instruction she has
given to her sons, and we are happy every time we come to America to
come here and salute you of this town and institution. I say this also in
the name of the men who have come here to represent French letters.
French literature has played a great part in the history of human thought,
and grand old Sorbonne a university which is a little older than yours,
although yours is the oldest in America has the honor of having at the
head of its faculty of letters M. Croiset. You know him perhaps by name
so I have no need to present him, indeed you will know him the moment
you hear him if it be true as the French proverb says, " the workman is
known by his work."
Let me ask him to say something of Sorbonne, to tell you something of
the esprit and thought of France, as well as to assure you of the profound
affection which all French hearts cherish for America.
2O2 Boston's Hospitality
"FROM THE ODDEST OF THE OI,D WORI.D TO THE ODDEST OF THE NEW
WORI,D"
M. Croiset, stepping to the front, was most enthusiastically
received, and spoke in French as follows:
As effusively as I may, let me first thank M. Cambon, the French
ambassador to the United States, and your president, Mr. Eliot, for the
terms in which they have been good enough to present me to you. I
shall then pass to a subject more interesting than myself, who am nothing
here, in order to say that I am happy to bring to the oldest university of
the New World the cordial salute and fraternal greeting of the oldest
university of the Old World, the University of Paris.
I want to add that I should very much like to have it arranged that
this visit, the first, as was just now said by your president in his official
character, shall not be the last. I should very much like to have the
habit of these visits between universities, between their professors and
their students, continued and perpetuated. I wish our professors and
students had more of the habit of coming here and that you who are
here also had more of the habit of coming to Paris. It is the old habit,
remember, of the universities of the Middle Ages from which we descend.
For in those times the students used to come from all the other countries,
and even now they are so numerous that we have a special ' ' college ' ' for
them. There are students from Scotland, Bnglish students, and Italian
students, not to mention others, and all those nationalities form a popu
lation that is literally immense, and it occupies quite a section of Paris.
So I should like that in some degree these habits should be followed
more and more ; that more and more a bond due to these mutual visits
should be formed between the universities of your country and of mine;
that more and more this bond should be strengthened by our feeling for
other countries, by our love and not by our hate for them; that more and
more the men who have the same thought and entertain the same aspira
tions, who are actuated by feelings acquired in the pursuit of the truth and
have the same respect for the acquisitions of science, shall come together
in this fraternal relation. I repeat that I hope such visits as these may
be renewed.
As for the University of Paris, it is certainly extremely ancient. As
was said just now, it is the oldest of all the European universities. But
when one directs a glance to periods thus remote he traverses periods
that are difficult to understand. In universities so ancient there are
vicissitudes, and sometimes they reveal to us experiments that do not
always succeed. That is the fate of experiments. The university has
made some of these experiments, and not all of them have been com
pletely happy. In the seventeenth century it is certain that the old life
of the university changed its nature. It was flooded with what we call in
Boston's Hospitality 203
France ''special schools" and became a veritable scientific workshop.
These schools were of the type of our normal schools from which Pasteur
graduated in surgery and Tain in philosophy.
In the special schools, nevertheless, there is some inconvenience, since
here it often happens that the mind grows restricted in the pursuit of
objects w r hich are too special in their character. .The unity of science is
the motive of the pursuit of truth, and this enables the mind to pass over
all barriers, to transcend all artificial restrictions. In this way the sub
jects discipline one another. Well, in the past twenty years we have
done something in reestablishing anew the old University of Paris by
infusing into it the modern spirit. We have no wish to return to the
ideas or to the doctrines of the fourteenth century.
We are men of our time and we are trying to keep step with the century
which is now beginning. I believe that to-day we can say to you in all
confidence, "Come to us. ' ' On our part we desire also to visit you. Now,
on this point I want to say that if some of you arrive in Paris, even with
out being announced in advance, you must pay us a visit to the Sorbonne,
which for two centuries has been the center and the heart of the Uni
versity of Paris. I shall not speak of admirable gardens, such as we have
just traversed here in Boston, for we have nothing of that sort in Paris.
But our Sorbonne has surroundings which will interest you; but a few
paces away you will find the Luxembourg, where you may repose for a
while from the dust of our streets and boulevards.
In most of the universities of the Old World you will generally find a
great diversity of admirable collections usually brought together under
one roof. Yet, when you come to Paris you will not find that at the Sor
bonne, for we have there the inconveniences, yet also sometimes the
advantages, of possessing things extremely ancient, in this resembling the
things of nature. Each generation has brought its stone to the common
edifice, yet after all the stones have been accumulated the roof does not
seem to have been placed over the structure where the imagination or the
more exacting reason would have expected.
But look around our Sorbonne and you will find its treasures on the
one side, that incomparable collection of natural history specimens; on
the other, the Louvre, with its schools and its magnificent examples and
lessons in art; then the School of Fine Arts and the other institutions.
Now, while these do not form parts of the University of Paris, they none
the less belong to it and constitute a part of its instruction. So I wish to
bring to you the very cordial salute of the University of France. I desire
that your nation shall come more and more to know ours. It is a grand
thing for nations to get acquainted with each other. The truth, of which
we are all in search, has something impersonal in it something which is
superior to individuals and to nations; and however eagerly a man exerts
2O4 Boston's Hospitality
himself to reach the truth alike with his eyes and with his reason, he
sometimes takes it with the color given by his eyes and not his reason.
We need, then, to study the truth as it is in different countries. The
total rays, by adding something to the different aspects, will make the
image more complete and will bring us nearer to the complete truth.
Consider, finally, the zeal of the people of the Middle Ages those who
came to Paris to learn theology, to acquire medicine, students from one
university and from another, representing the spirit of the different na
tions. Let us, like them, study the manner of appreciation of truth which
characterizes the various nations to-day. If we do this, we shall under
stand each other we shall learn to love each other.
A TEA BY THE LADIES
At the conclusion of M. Croiset's impressive remarks the
entire party were taken to Phillips Brooks House to a tea given
by the ladies of the faculty.
The visitors were received by Mrs. Clement L. Smith, Mrs.
J. H. Wright, and Miss Edith Oilman. Mrs. H. L- Smith,
Mrs. Irving Babbitt, Mrs. H. H. Norgan, and Mme. Brun
presided at the urn and tea table.
The affair was entirely informal, but greatly enjoyed by the
guests. The stay was necessarily short, as the climax to the
day's hospitality was yet to come. Carriages were called in
less than half an hour. The gentlemen of the party, on their
way to the city, tarried at Alpha Delta Phi House. The ladies
were driven to the hotel.
FRENCH MARINE BAND CONCERT
The Boston Commons, held in deepest reverence by every
native-born American, recalling the skating scene and Gates,
the British general, presented a happy diversion in the splen
did series of state, municipal, and academic ceremonies else
where.
While the military, naval, and civic members of the Mission
were receiving hospitalities from the authorities, more than ten
thousand people were being entertained at a complimentary
afternoon concert on the same Commons by the famous French
Boston's Hospitality 205
marine band of the Toulon fleet, detached to the Gaulois for
the occasion of its commemorative voyage to the United States.
The organization, consisting of 46 musicians, led by M. L,eon
Karren, occupied the band pavilion for several hours rendering
with artistic and popular success a pleasing repertoire.
At an intermission between the numbers two boys, in
French zouave uniform, presented M. Karren with a tricolored
bouquet fastened with blue, white, and red streamers. The
incident was greeted with a loud shout of approbation.
As the musicians returned to their launch for conveyance
aboard the armored cruiser, a spontaneous triumphal progress
was accorded them along the route and as they left the dock.
MAYOR'S BANQUET
The banquet under the auspices of the municipality of
Boston, in recognition of the motive and personnel of the
Mission, was one of the most brilliant of the series of these
affairs in the round of prandial entertainment bestowed by
the Government, cities, and civic bodies.
The great hall was richly adorned with the ensigns of the
two Republics, and a wealth of beauty in foliage and flowers.
A cordial welcome from the mayor and distinguished group
about him was extended the members of the Mission as they
entered.
Their appearance was the signal for a burst of applause
from the distinguished assemblage and of melody from the
orchestra.
After the tumultuous greeting had in a measure subsided,
to the air of a march the mayor, leading off with the French
ambassador, followed by the guests, each attended by a repre
sentative of the host, proceeded to the hall.
The oratory of the evening was interspersed with selections
from a choice repertoire by the Municipal Orchestra.
The host and guests being seated, they forthwith proceeded
to discuss and dispose of an elaborate menu.
2o6 Bostorfs Hospitality
At the beginning of the dessert the mayor spoke as follows:
' ' THE MUNICIPALITY ' '
Mr. Ambassador and Gentlemen of France: I am sorry that to-night we
can not all commune in the same language, as our hearts unite in entire
sympathy and affection, but the twined flags of both countries in red,
white, and blue spell the essence of both languages and what both people
understand liberty, equality, fraternity.
With more pleasure than I can well express I welcome you to this city
the birthplace of the Republic where began the great struggle for inde
pendence, which, by the timely aid of France, was carried to triumph
and glory one hundred and twenty years ago under Washington and
ROCHAMBEAU.
It is idle to-day, and will be for all time, to speculate as to the fate of
the thirteen Colonies if the weight of France had not been thrown into
the scale. It is enough to know that it was thrown, that it was decisive,
and that the trained soldiers of France hauled down the British flag one
certain day at Yorktown never to float again. That day the Declaration
of Independence ceased to be a mere piece of paper and became a reality.
It was our very darkest hour the hour before the dawn when your
Marshal came. What he and his splendid army did for us stands written
for all men to see. The statue you saw unveiled the other day will last
until the law of decay runs to execution, but beyond that remote time,
and forever, the American heart will throb at the mention of the name,
and the gratitude of this Republic will go out to France for the blow struck
that made us free.
I bid you welcome, thrice welcome, and in a phrase translated from the
language of a kindred and friendly race, ' ' A hundred thousand welcomes. ' '
The mayor's loudly, applauded sentiments were followed by
a stirring reference to Boston's association with ROCHAMBEAU,
by Lieutenant- Governor Bates, as follows:
' ' THE COMMONWEALTH ' '
Your Excellency and Distinguished Guests: I esteem it a high privilege
on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and by direction of his
excellency and in the name of all the citizens of the Commonwealth, to
extend to you a hearty welcome. We take pleasure in discovering that
you did not find your mission complete until you had visited our, State.
Massachusetts owes something to the man whom you came here to
honor. It was here, according to your distinguished Marquise, that
the cradle of American liberty was, and he ventured to express the hope
that this place might also at some time be designated the cradle of
Boston's Hospitality 207
universal liberty. [Applause.] Certain it is that here the fires of the
Revolution were first lighted; here the blow of oppression was first felt.
Here was the soil from which sprung Adams and Hancock and Warren
and Otis, and here would have been felt the most dire results had that
Revolution not been successful. But twice during our history have we
heard here in our streets the tread of a foreign army. One was when
Howe embarked from our wharves because the cannon of Washington
were frowning from Dorchester Heights and he was seeking a place sub
ject to less embarrassment.
The other time was five years later when, with steady step and with
battle-scarred flags of France and America, the victorious, triumphant
% army of ROCHAMBICAU [applause] marched through our streets and was
hailed by our people as a deliverer. Again they embarked from our
w r harves and went aboard that magnificent fleet which France had sent to
our assistance. That was in the days long ago, but Massachusetts has not
forgotten it. She has ever been ready to acknowledge her debt of grati
tude to France. [Great shouts and cheers.] When I^afayette, after an
absence of forty years, visited this city, he found, as he entered it, over the
main highway a great arch, and upon it there was inscribed:
Welcome, Lafayette.
Our fathers shall sleep
Who gathered with thee to the fight,
But the sons shall eternally keep
The tablets of gratitude bright.
We bend not the neck,
We bend not the knee,
But our hearts, Lafayette,
We surrender to thee.
Twice forty years nearly have passed since that day, but the sons are
keeping the tablets of gratitude still bright. Welcome, then, representa
tives of our great sister Republic across the seas.
Welcome! You who bring to our minds memories of a great host of
magnificent heritage of the great struggle of which it was one; memories
of men who locked their shields with ours for liberty and for freedom;
memories of ROCHAMBEAU and Lafayette; memories of the generosity
of a nation and of personal sacrifice; memories of a faithful ally and of
enduring affection. Welcome! Sons of sires to whom it was given not
only to unite men, but to combine men of two nations in lasting friend"
ship. [Applause.]
Postmaster Hibbard, of Boston, spoke of the services of France
in America. He said:
Mr. Mayor, Illustrious Representatives of France, and Gentlemen: The
strength of the nation is embodied in its people, and the strength of that
people is embodied in the ideals that prompt it to act.
2o8 Boston's Hospitality
It is not surprising that the United States, composed as it is of men of
all nationalities, should be a powerful country, but what it is to-day was
not what it was a century and a quarter ago. Then it was struggling for
existence. Friends were needed and finances were low. The colonists
were becoming discouraged. In one of the darkest moments there came
with an army a son of France. He brought with him the substantial aid
that helped to make the beginning of what the Republic has become
to-day.
The blending of the banners of France with those of this country upon
the battlefield of Yorktown served but to cement a" friendship that must
last forever.
A nation loves to honor the names of its illustrious sons, and we here
love to think of the great men of this country. When we go back to those
early days, however, we find the names of ROCHAMBEAU and Lafayette
are linked together inseparably with the great name of Washington, and
we honor these and other great men of France who came to us when we
most needed them.
The speaker alluded to the significance of the presence of the
distinguished guests, and hoped they would ' ' take back to their
beautiful country a message of deepest gratitude and affection
from the United States. ' '
Ambassador Cambon next rose, and was greeted with loud
welcome. Speaking in French and English, he said:
Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen: I am sorry, indeed, to leave this country,
and my countrymen are also sorry. They will regret going because of the
kind welcome they have had here every day since their sojourn in the
United States began. Boston is the flower of the American cities and we
have had a hearty welcome here. Let me now revert to a language which
is to me more familiar. [Speaks in French.] I am really very much
touched to be called upon at this banquet to speak of France, and I con
fess to you that I find therein a new proof of the delicacy with which you
have been good enough to receive us Frenchmen here to-night. If I rep
resent France in relations with your President and your Government, I
consider myself as having a sort of tacit mission to make my countrymen
understand and love the United States.
I can not tell you, Americans and Bostonians, how grateful I am to you
for the open arms and extended hands which I and my compatriots have
found here in America. They will carry away with them the remembrance
of all they have experienced. But you, Mr. Mayor, have asked me to
reply to the toast to the health of the French Republic and of its Presi
dent. I can not better reply than by saying that you have done honor to a
man of whom we Frenchmen are all proud a man whose considerable
Boston's Hospitality 209
intellectual attainments, whose modest virtue, whose wisdom, are recog
nized by all, and who brings to his high function that brilliant authority
which it has in the world at large.
Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, former minister to France, spoke
reminiscently of experiences of his diplomatic residence at Paris.
DIPLOMACY
Mr. Mayor and Fellow-Citizens: I am grateful to the mayor for calling
upon me to say a few words of welcome to our distinguished guests. He
might have chosen a better speaker, but no one who could be more
gratified at the opportunity of expressing publicly to a body of leading
Frenchmen his admiration for their country.
I thank them for the kindness and courtesy with which I was univer
sally treated when I had the honor of being minister to France. The
Government and the people made me feel that it was because I was an
American and represented America that I was welcome, and they yielded
to requests made by our Government, not always because they thought it
was right, but because they wished to testify their good will toward us.
I can say nothing new to you gentlemen, nothing that has not been
repeated many times at every ceremony and dinner you have been called
upon to attend since your arrival in this country. You have been wel
comed everywhere and you are welcome here to-night because of your
own merit and the high standing you have in the army and navy of your
country, because your ambassador, M. Cambon, who introduces you, has
shown such tact and ability in every transaction he has had with our
Government from the Spanish war down to the present moment. You
have come on a friendly errand from a friendly people, and the great name
of ROCHAMBEAU carries us back to October 19, 1781, when the final
victory of Yorktown added another laurel to his already illustrious name.
But gentlemen, a deeper feeling underlies all our thought. When we
were struggling for liberty against the power of England on one side and
the Tory element at home, we owed the foundation of our Republic at that
period to the assistance of the French and their army and navy under
ROCHAMBEAU and De Grasse.
But, fellow-citizens, have you thought how much we owe them? When
we had become an independent nation we were a straggling, thinly
inhabited line of colonies running along the seacoast from Massachusetts
to Georgia, crowded between the Alleghenies and the Atlantic. If the
English had remained in control of the Mississippi River as well as of
Canada we should have continued an insignificant power. To the French
we owe that magnificent domain of Louisiana, stretching from the Gulf
of Mexico to Puget Sound and from the Mississippi on the east to the
Pacific Ocean on the west.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 14
2io Boston's Hospitality
The possession of this vast territory, teeming with mineral wealth, pene
trated on all sides by magnificent rivers, with a climate exactly suited to
the Anglo-Saxon race and a soil unequaled in its fertility from the wheat
bearing plains of the Dakotas, southward to the vineyards and orange
groves of California the possession I say of this land of promise enabled
us to grow into a mighty people, until we rank in population, in wealth,
and in power with the greatest nations the world has ever seen.
All hail to the country which helped us in our childhood to achieve inde
pendence and in our manhood to take possession of a continent.
Gentlemen, we owe the French nation a debt of gratitude greater
than to any other people of Europe; yea, greater than to all other nations
combined.
Can we, then, do too much in honoring their delegates and in bidding
them when they turn their faces homeward to carry back the ardent wishes
of the city of Boston for the glory and prosperity of the French Republic?
The University of Harvard had a voice, through President
Eliot, who spoke on the generosity of ROCHAMBKAU.
ACADEMIC
Looking back through this long vista of one hundred and twenty-one
years, what is it in the conduct of Lafayette and ROCHAMBEAU during the
war of our Revolution which now most touches our hearts and attracts the
respect and admiration of this remote generation ? It is not their courage
and endurance in fight. They were professional soldiers, officers in the
army of a legitimate King, and it was their natural part to manifest a
soldier's obedience and constancy.
The quality in them which makes this generation glad to do them honor
was their generosity. Lafayette gave himself to the cause of our country
with a fervid enthusiasm and a perfect generosity. ROCHAMBEAU, a veteran
commander, with his division of regular French troops, full of pride in the
military history of his regiment and of his country, served courageously
only as an auxiliary under command of Washington, the head of an army
illy organized, illy supplied, belonging to an incoherent government in
revolution against the King.
From the point of view of the professional soldier this was a supreme
generosity. It is a striking illustration of the general fact that there is no
more generous being than a generous Frenchman, and that broad prin
ciple that in good relation between human beings, generosity tells for
more than sagacity or justice or even mercy. [Applause.] Would that our
people and our Government and all peoples and governments could recog
nize that this truth holds in dealings between nations as well as between
individuals. This is one good reason drawn from the past that makes us
Boston's Hospitality 211
all glad to join the celebration which has brought these eminent French
men to our shores.
There is another of more recent origin. When in 1834 the Boston
orator, Edward Everett, pronounced in Faneuil Hall his famous eulogy
on L,afayette, the peroration of his admirable address declared that the
great principle illustrated in the life of his hero was love of liberty pro
tected by law. The bust of Lafayette stood on the platform. These were
his closing words: "Speak, speak marble lips. Teach us the love of liberty
protected by law. ' '
During the last thirty years, the French people after infinite sufferings
and struggling, through difficulties immeasurably greater than any through
which the American people have passed, save one, the civil w T ar, have
succeeded in embodying this love of liberty protected by law in stable
free institutions. [Applause.] The sympathy of the American people has
gone out to them warmly and in a rising flood through these three
decades.
It is with profound rejoicing that we see planted firmly in Europe two
republics little Switzerland and great France [applause] ; and whenever
we call to mind the aid which the French monarch gave to our nascent
Republic, we think with joy that our revolutionary struggle and our subse
quent experiences have contributed to the later development in France
of a strong and prosperous Republic. [Applause.]
The chief of the Mission, General Brugere, who next spoke,
was roundly applauded, it being his last public utterance while
with the Mission in America:
THE ARMY OF FRANCE
It has been a great honor for me to come to America and represent
France at the celebration in honor of ROCHAMBEAU. As a soldier I have
stated on board the Gaulois, in the presence of the President of the United
States, what I think of the American Army. On the present occasion I
limit myself to bringing to this gathering the cordial salute which I now
offer to the comrades of your splendid American Army.
As chief of the French Mission and as a Frenchman my heart overflows
with a sense of the friendly reception the Mission has met in this coun
try a reception abounding in its sympathy and enthusiasm. Indeed it
has been magnificent. We have had the welcome repeated all the way
from Washington. We are now obliged to return to France, and before
leaving Boston I want to say that we members of the Mission will carry
away with us an imperishable memory of the sojourn, all too short, that
we have passed upon this hospitable American soil. All of us feel that
the ties of friendship which united our ancestors more than a century ago
bind us to-day more closely and firmly than ever.
212 Boston's Hospitality
Let us therefore fill our glasses and drink a toast to ' ' The American
nation," to this great and powerful nation which has shown to the whole
universe what an intelligent, industrious, active, tenacious, persevering,
and generous nation is able to create in a relatively brief space of time
when it rests upon liberty and justice and opposes despotism and anarchy.
I drink to the power and prosperity of the American nation.
The vast interests of commerce also held a place in these
parting exchanges of sentiments, through William H. Lincoln,
president of the Boston Chamber of Commerce.
THE WHITE WINGS OF COMMERCE
After an interesting presentation of the benign influence of
commerce upon the world, and the conspicuous part borne by
Boston in its development in shipbuilding and enterprise in
America, Mr. Lincoln concluded:
I am happy to have this opportunity to unite in the greeting so heartily
extended to our distinguished guests and to congratulate them upon the
felicitous occasion that brings them to our shores. You are on historic
ground, made sacred by the blood of martyrs to liberty and hallowed by
the footsteps of your own gallant ROCHAMBEAU and your immortal La
fayette. He assisted in laying the foundation of yonder monument, erected
to commemorate the first great battle in the struggle for independence, and
the distinguished orator of the occasion, amid the acclaim of assembled
thousands, recognized his presence in words of eloquence and lofty praise.
* * * His name and his virtues will be forever linked with those of
ROCHAMBEAU, the distinguished general who, with his army of trained
veterans, cooperated so successfully with Washington in the movements
that culminated in the surrender of Cornwallis and achieved the inde
pendence of the Colonies.
They sleep in their native land, but the influence of their lives remain
to perpetuate the love, the gratitude, and the admiration of all people of
this country for the nation that gave them birth.
The ' ' Navy of France ' ' formed an interesting theme by a
worthy successor of DeTernay and De Grasse, Admiral Fournier.
He said:
THE NAVY OF FRANCE
I shall begin by thanking the mayor for the honor he has done me. I
am expected to say what I think of the American nation. To do that
would indeed be to say a great deal. It would be difficult for me to ex
press all the gratitude which I and my compatriots have for you Americans.
It is impossible to find sentiments lofty enough to do this.
Boston's Hospitality 213
Our sojourn in your country has been throughout one of enchantment.
It has been a round of enchantment from Washington to New York and
from New York to Boston. At Washington we saw the head of your Gov
ernment; at New York we felt the beatings of the heart of your country;
in Boston our sensation has been more delicate and refined, for we have
felt the soul of America. It is here that we joined the center of your intel
lectual life of your thoughts, of your ideals, of your arts and sciences. It
was here .that the vigorous germ of revolution sprang up and turned Amer
ica into new paths, along which she was to meet with France on the field
of battle.
I just want to say though perhaps it is the excellent dinner we have
had that makes us so enthusiastic that everything is perfect in America.
I want to praisp its educational system, and especially the institution
which we visited this afternoon. You have here an excellent system
moral, professional, intellectual, and family-like. These same qualities
which characterize the American marine I find distributed even among
your educational institutions. I don't know anything more complete
than Harvard University. For there, as in your marine, you train men
in the principles most sure to give victory. Grant that we Frenchmen
and you Americans may be rivals, but never opponents; friends, but never
enemies.
The finale of the varied and interesting series of addresses
which characterized the presence of the ROCHAMBKAU Mission
was the remarks of the dean of the Sorbonne, M. Croiset, of
the Institute of France, in a parting compliment to the "Athens
of America." He said:
THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE
I can not say too much in praise of the city of Boston, of your mayor,
and of the generous hospitality with which we have been treated. At the
moment of our departure it leaves us full of regret and with a mingled
sense of charm and gratitude.
Boston has been called the center of America. Certainly it has no
rival. It is active, industrious, independent. You have succeeded in unit
ing two things activity and power of administration. Boston is thus a
chef-d'oeuvre and an example for the imitation of the whole world. We
have had to-day, by a supreme coquetterie of nature, beautiful sunshine,
and so we take away with us the memory of all the beautiful things we have
seen here.
The ladies of the party, returning from an entertainment of
their own, entered the banquet hall to listen to the speeches,
where they were accommodated with chairs, and remained until
the close.
214 'Boston's Hospitality
GUESTS
The following were the guests on the memorable occasion:
MAIN TABLE
Patrick A. Collins, Mayor of Boston
Right. M. Cambon, French ambassador; Vice-Admiral Fournier, in
spector of the French navy; Herbert H. Peirce, Third Assistant Secretary
of State, chairman President's commission; General Chalendar, commander
1 4th Infantry Brigade, French army; T. Jefferson Coolidge, former am
bassador to France; Comte de Rochambeau.
Left. General Brugere, general of division, vice-president of the su
preme council of France; John L. Bates, lieutenant-governor of Massachu
setts; Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University; M. Croiset,
member of the French Institute, dean of the Faculty of Letters of Paris;
Col. T. A. Bingham, U. S. Army, member of President's commission;
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative
of Emile Loubet, President of the Republic of France.
TABLE PROLONGED OPPOSITE THE CENTER OF THE MAIN TABLE
Right. Representatives of the Boston press; Brig. Gen. Samuel Dalton,
adjutant-general of Massachusetts; Gen. Henry B. Carrington, LL.D.;
A. E. Grozier, editor Post; Arthur W. Dolan, president common council;
Thomas F. Edwards, lieutenant-colonel First Corps Cadets; Robert Grant,
judge probate court; James Morgan, assistant editor Globe; Gordon
Abbott, president Massachusetts electric companies; Herbert S. Under
wood, managing editor Advertiser and Record; Charles E. Adams, presi
dent Massachusetts State board of trade; Capt. George R. H. Buffington,
commander Massachusetts Naval Brigade Volunteer Militia; Henri Morand,
instructor in French, public schools; Elisha N. Pierce, president Minute
Men of 1861; Henry F. Chandler, president Medal of Honor Legion of
Boston and vicinity; Charles C. Hoyt, Boston Boot and Shoe Club;
Martial E. Lebon, reception committee.
Left. Representatives of the Boston press; Col. Melvin O. Adams;
Edwin E. Curtis, former mayor; Thomas J. Gargan, vice-president Irish-
American Historical Society; Curtis Guild, jr., reception committee;
Edwin P. Seaver, superintendent of schools; Captain Hemphill, U. S. S.
Kearsarge; Rev. Elmer H. Capen, president Tufts College; Elias J. Bliss,
president Massachusetts Society Sons of the American Revolution; Nathan
Matthews, jr., former mayor; John F. Brown, chief justice municipal
court; Stephen O'Meara, editor Journal; Edmund A. MacDonald, city
collector; Maj. George T. H. Murray, commander Massachusetts Division
Boston's Hospitality 215
Legion Spanish War Veterans; Eugene S. Sullivan, water commissioner;
John M. Minton, chairman election commission; Michael P. Curran,
secretary to the mayor.
OUTSIDE PARAI^EI, TABLES
Right. Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy, member Presi
dent's commission; George A. Hibbard, postmaster; Prof. Charles H.
Grandgent, chairman French department, Harvard University; Robert de
Billy, secretary French embassy; Camille Thurwanger, president du Cer-
cle Franfais d' Alliance, Boston; Lieut. Col. Viscount de Faramond, naval
attache, French embassy; Rufus A. Soule, president Massachusetts sen
ate; Rear- Admiral Higginson, U. S. Navy, commanding North Atlantic
squadron; Capt. Etienne Fillonneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugre;
Captain Lyon, U. S. S. Olympia; M. Victor Ayguesparsse, attache" French
embassy; Samuel A. Green, M. D., former mayor; Joseph H. O'Neill,
reception committee; Thomas N. Hart, former mayor; Edwin Ginn, Ameri
can Peace Society; Dr. Francis H. Brown, president Massachusetts Society
Sons of the Revolution; James P. Baxter, president New England His
torical Genealogical Society; lieutenant Evans, aid to Captain Lyon,
U. S. S. Olympia; Gen. Howard Stevens; Oscar H. Sampson, president
Merchants' Association; Winand Toussaint.
Left. Rear- Admiral George E. Belknap, U. S. Navy; M. de Margerie,
counselor French embassy; lieutenant-Colonel Hermite, commander
Sixth Foot Artillery, French army; Alphonse Brun, instructor of French,
Harvard University; Robert M. Burnett, chairman reception committee;
Jules Breufve", chancellor French embassy; Duncan Bailly-Blanchard, vice-
consul of France, Boston; Morin la Meslee, Del^gue" de 1' Alliance Fran-
faise groupe de Cambridge et Boston, Harvard University; Capt. Pouil-
loiie de Saint-Mars, artillery, French army; Gen. Wilmow W. Blackmar,
commander Massachusetts Division G. A. R. ; Comte Antoine de Breda;
Arthur J. C. Sowdon, governor Society of Colonial Wars; Brig. Gen. T. R.
Matthews, First Brigade Massachusetts Volunteer Militia; Edward H.
Clement, editor Transcript; J. C. Flamand, reception committee; Winslow
Warren, president Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati; Rev. William F.
Warren, president Boston University; William Craig, president Fruit and
Produce Exchange; Frederick H. Viaux, treasurer Real Estate Exchange;
E. M. Poitevin, vice-president St. Jean Baptiste Socie"te".
OUTSIDE PARAUvEI, TABI.E
Right. Rear- Admiral Mortimer L. Johnson, commandant Charlestown
Navy- Yard; Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the French
foreign minister; Charles P. Lebon, instructor of French in English high
school; Major Berthelot, aid-de-camp to General Brugere; Edward L.
Osgood, reception committee; Lieut. Andre" Sauvaire-Jourdan, aid-de-camp
2i6 Boston's Hospitality
to Vice- Admiral Fournier; John J. Collins, reception committee; Lieut.
Baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, aid-de-camp to Vice- Admiral
Fournier; Col. John E. Tiernon, U. S. Artillery Corps; M. Louis Hermite,
secretary French embassy; Judge Le Baron B. Colt, United States circuit
court; Maj. Gen. William A. Bancroft, commander Military Order of For
eign Wars of the United States; Augustine Heard, ex-minister to Korea,
aid to Rear- Admiral Higginson; T. Richard Carter, president Associate
Board of Trade; Capt. A. W. Chase, U. S. Artillery Corps, aid to Colonel
Tiernon; Edgar Van Etten; John H. Fahey, New England representative
Associated Press; Patrick J. Kennedy, commissioner; George A. Kimball,
president Boston Society of Civil Engineers.
Left. Count de Sahune de Lafayette; Captain de Surgy, battle ship Le
Gaulois; W. H. Lincoln, president chamber of commerce; M. Lagrave,
French ministry of commerce; Arthur Dixey, president Cercle Francais,
Harvard University; M. Renouard, painter and engraver, representing min
istry of public instruction, France; Philippe Marcoy, assistant professor of
Romance languages, Harvard University; Captain Vignal, military attache
of the French embassy; Lieut. Gustave Le Jay, aid-de-camp to Vice- Admiral
Fournier; James J. Myers, speaker Massachusetts house of representatives;
Captain Lasson, attache* general staff governor of Paris; Robert S. Pea-
body, president Boston Society of Architects; Edwin V. Morgan, secretary
to President's commission; Walter Allen, Herald; James H. Doyle, chair
man board of aldermen, aid to Captain Hemphill; General Litchfield, pub
lisher Boston Traveler; John B. Martin, penal institutions commission;
Commodore E. K. Moore, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Johnson; Capt.
Frank Huckins, Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company; Thomas Riley,
reception committee.
In the earlier part of the evening Mrs. Alexander Martin,
vice-president of the Cercle Fran?ais d'Alliance, gave a recep
tion to the ladies of the Mission at her spacious mansion, which
was beautifully decorated within with La France and American
Beauty roses and waving palms.
The receiving party were
Mrs. Martin, Mme. Cambon, Mrs. Cumston, Comtesse de Rochambeau,
Mme. de Margerie, Mme. Vignol, Mrs. Peirce.
The guests numbered several hundred of the polite life of
Boston. The music was by an orchestra of ladies.
Boston* s Hospitality 217
COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBEAU'S PERSONALITY
The Comtesse de Rochambeau impressed everybody, from the
Chief of the Nation to little children, with the charm of her
personality, grace of manner, and amiability of conversation.
Speaking the American tongue quite fluently, she received
added pleasure in her association with the distinguished ladies
whom she met, and not infrequently made it extremely enjoy
able by being the intermediary of conversation between the
Comte arid his gentlemen callers.
The visit was at a sacrifice of a mother's love, leaving in the
care of others her 15 months' old babe.
DECORATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION
As a testimonial of recognition of the agreeable and satisfac
tory manner in which the President's commission had discharged
their duties, the Government of France bestowed upon Mr.
Peirce, chairman, the decoration of commander, and made
Colonel Bingham and Commander Rodgers officers of the Legion
of Honor.
The medals were transmitted to the Department of State
through Ambassador Cambon, there to remain until Congress,
by special act, should grant permission to these gentlemen to
accept them.
A CONSENSUS OF OPINION
Secretary Peirce and Colonel Bingham, in behalf of the
President as chief host to ' ' the guests of the Government and
people of the United States, ' ' mentioned to the members of the
press the wholesome enjoyment of the trip by their distinguished
charge. At each city on the way they received an ovation.
Colonel Bingham said:
The men are splendid and the women lovely. Any little hitch was
taken as a matter of course, and there was no grumbling. On the contrary,
the visitors appear to be delighted at their reception in this country.
EVENTS OF THE DAY
SUNDAY, JUNE i
SANS ADIEU AU REVOIR
PARTANT POUR LA FRANCE
218
OFFICIAL CHARACTER OF GUESTS ENDED
After an early breakfast, at 8.30 a. m., the guests drove
to the Cathedral of the Holy Cross to attend low mass.
Returning to the hotel, the military and naval members of
the Mission dispatched their luggage to the Gaulois, which was
scheduled to sail in the afternoon.
PARTING LUNCHEON.
About ii a. m. the entire party, including the military and
naval members, bade ' ' adieux ' ' and ' ' au revoirs ' ' to their Amer
ican friends, and taking carriages drove to the Eastern avenue
wharf, where the navy- yard tug conveyed them to the Gaulois
to a luncheon, which would close the fortnight of festivities
attending the unveiling of the monument of ROCHAMBEAU,
and suitably terminate their character of ' ' guests of the Gov
ernment and people of the United States. ' '
The special object was a parting luncheon to the officers of
the escorting squadron and to those who had entertained them
so generously in the city. The entertainment was perfect in
all its appointments. The quarter-deck, by means of a canopy
and flags and emblems of France and America, was transformed
into a banquet room. The tables were richly laden with plate,
crystal, cut glass, and china. The china was of the choicest
specimens of the fabrique de Sevres. The crystal, from Bac
carat, was tendered by President Loubet from the foysee, the
" President's House " of France, for the occasion of this com
memoration.
The muzzles of the two 1 2-inch guns projecting overhead
were a reminder of war. The floral display was tropical in
219
22O Official Character of Guests Ended
profusion, and incandescent lights sparkled like diamonds among
the flowers. The display of brilliant uniforms added to the
resplendent scene.
The after-deck, with a canopy drawn overhead, was a thing
of beauty in floral decorations, intermingled with colors of the
two nations.
There were present as guests, representing the President of
the United States, H. D. Peirce, accompanied by Mrs. Peirce,
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, Commander Raymond
P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy, and Edwin Morgan, secretary, mem
bers of the President's commission; representing the Common
wealth of Massachusetts, Samuel Dalton, adjutant -general; the
city of Boston, Patrick A. Collins, mayor, and the Misses
Collins; of the United States navy-yard at Charlestown, Rear-
Admiral Mortimer Johnson, Mrs. and the Misses Johnson, and
others; the escorting squadron, Rear- Admiral Francis J. Hig-
ginson, and Capt. Henry Lyon, flag lieutenant of the flagship
Olympia. The entire personnel of the embassy of France,
headed by Jules Cambon, the ambassador, and Mme. Cambon,
M. and Mme. de Margerie, Captain and Mme. Vignal, and
Comte and Comtesse Rochambeau.
SPEECHES AND GOOD CHEER
After finishing the viands and entrees, General Brugere, who
held the chief place, proposed (in French)
I unite in my toast France and America. Not the France and America
of one hundred and twenty years ago, but the two Republics of to-day
a toast to President Loubet of France and to President Roosevelt of the
United States.
Vice- Admiral Fournier, speaking on the close bonds of friend
ship between America and France, said:
I wish to assure our American friends of the Army and Navy that we
are with them heart and body.
He also gave Boston and its people a compliment, saying the
only thing that worried him at all during his stay was leaving
Boston and her citizens.
Official Character of Guests Ended 221
Rear- Admiral Higginson said:
My only regret is that I have to bid you adieu. I should rather again
have to fire a salute welcoming you to these shores than salute you as you
leave to return home. It seems to me this Mission is appropriate and has
done a great work. It has touched the chord that existed in the hearts of
the American people that needed but a vibration to regain its original
strength. There have been planted near the White House two statues
one of Lafayette and one of ROCHAMBEAU. They will always be the
keys to the heart of America.
As it is now, when the President leaves the White House, if he goes to
the right he passes the statue of Lafayette; if he goes to the left he passes
that of ROCHAMBEAU. He can never forget the friendship of France for
this country, crystallized as it is in enduring bronze.
No statues of foreigners can ever appeal to the hearts of Americans
more than those of Lafayette and ROCHAMBEAU.
And now, General, in parting with you let me wish you "bon voyage."
I hope that when you arrive home you will find your interests have
been well guarded during your absence and that when you mount your
horse at 5 o'clock in the morning everything will go off in good order.
May all the maneuvers that you direct come off well. I hope the party
that you attack will be defeated and retire at the proper moment. But,
Admiral, my dear sir, please remember the only safe place is on the sea.
There you will be in no danger of being run over by automobiles or of
being struck down by the "third rail." Good admirals are scarce and
their home is the open sea. May the guns we shall fire in salute this
afternoon long sound in your hearts the regret we have at your departure.
Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc said:
It was my duty when I accepted to be a member of the cabinet of Presi
dent Loubet. It was my pleasure when I was selected to represent the
President at the celebration that took place in Washington. It is my
honor to-day, in the name of the President of France, of whom I am the
special representative, to hold my glass and drink to the President of this
country, Theodore Roosevelt.
When Admiral Higginson left the ship the marine guard
paraded and stood at "present." As he went over the side he
received the proper salute of 13 guns. When Admiral John
son's barge was called away similar honors were given him as
he stepped out on the gangway. The other guests went ashore
on the navy-yard tug.
* \
\
222 Official Character of Guests Ended
UP ANCHOR AND AWAY
The battle ship immediately weighed anchor and, getting
fairly under way, fired a salute of 21 guns to the port, which
was answered by the Olympia as a special courtesy. The Kear-
sarge, taking her position in the line, the three great engines of
war, representing the then nascent States and their ancient ally,
stood out to sea.
When clear of the shore, off Boston light, the vessels parted,
the Olympia firing two salutes of courtesy (it being Sunday and
unusual on that day), 17 guns to General Brugere and 15 to
Vice- Admiral Fournier. The salutes were returned.
As the Gaulois increased her speed, pointing to her port of call,
Lisbon, the Toulon, Olympia, and Kearsarge stood back into the
harbor. The passengers on the Gaulois were the military and
naval personnel of the Mission.
The guests at this parting hospitality were:
Herbert H. D. Peirce, Colonel Bingham, Commander Rodgers, repre
senting the President; Kdwin Morgan, secretary.
The ladies present were:
Her Excellency Mme. Cambon, Comtesse de Rochambeau, Mrs. Herbert
H. D. Peirce, Mme. de Margerie, Mme. Vignal, Mrs. M. L,. Johnson, the
Misses Johnson, Mrs. William J. Baxter, Mrs. Charles Lebon, Miss Collins.
From the Olympia:
Rear-Admiral Higginson, Flag-Lieutenant Evans, Capt. Henry W.
Lyon.
From the Boston Navy- Yard:
Rear- Admiral Johnson, Lieut. George C. Day, aid; Naval Constructor
William J. Baxter.
The State was represented by
Adjutant-General Dal ton.
The city by-
Mayor Collins.
The others were:
Michael P. Curran, Secretary; Prof. A. C. Coolidge, of Harvard; Prof.
Charles I/ebon and Marshal Lebon.
There were seventy guests present.
Official Character of Guests Ended 223
PARTING EXPRESSIONS
Upon his arrival at Boston, General Brugere indited this
telegraphic communication to the President:
His EXCELLENCY THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
President of the United States :
Before my departure for France, whither important duties call me, I
desire to address to you, Mr. President, as also to the Government and
people of the United States, the thanks of the French Mission for the
kindly and warm welcome which it has received in your beautiful country.
We take back with us, after our too short stay in this hospitable land,
lasting remembrances. We have here found brighter than ever the mem
ories of the brotherhood in arms which united Washington's soldiers to
those of ROCHAMBEAU, and it is particularly pleasant to- me to think that
our visit may have contributed to draw still closer the bonds of traditional
friendship which for more than a century have existed between the United
States and France.
Permit me, Mr. President, to thank you personally for the hearty kind
ness which you have been pleased to manifest to me and to inform you
that we all entertain the best wishes for your prosperity and for that of
the great American nation, the friend of France.
The President in reply wrote to General Brugere:
WHITE HOUSE, Washington, June i, 1902.
GENERAL BRUGERE, Care " Gaulois" Boston:
Accept my most hearty thanks for your courteous message. It has
given our people genuine pleasure not merely to receive the embassy from
our great sister Republic on such an occasion as this, but especially to
receive an embassy composed of such men as those whom President
Loubet has sent hither. Your visit has done good in more ways than one,
and on behalf of the American people, I again desire to express to you
how sincere has been our welcome and to wish all happiness in the
present and in the future to you and to the nation you represent.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
A FAMILY REMINISCENCE
It was the first visit of Comte Rene de Rochambeau to Amer
ica. In mentioning the presence of his father as one of the
commissioners who represented France in 1876 at the Centen
nial Exposition at Philadelphia and again in 1881 at the cen
tennial of the surrender of the British army at Yorktown, he
said, to the day of his death in 1897, ms father's most pleasing**
224 Official Character of Guests Ended
theme was the greatness of the Republic which his ancestor
had assisted in releasing from the sovereignty of England.
The Count is a descendant of the elder brother of the com
mander in chief of the French auxiliary army in America. The
Marshal died in 18.07, leaving one son, who served under him
in the States and who attained the rank of lieutenant-general;
wa,s governor of Santo Domingo, a French colony, and fell on the
field of Leipzig in 1813, leaving two daughters and a son named
Philip. The latter died in 1868 without issue. Not long before
his death he adopted an heir, who assumed the name and title.
The Chateau Rochambeau, at Vendome, is occupied by the
descendants of the elder brother of the Marshal, and is the
home of the Count who represented the name and family at
the unveiling.
Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau at midnight left for
New York en route to St. Louis as guests of the Louisiana Pur
chase Exposition. An invitation to visit the college founded
by Stephen Girard, that most enterprising and benevolent
Frenchman, at Philadelphia was accepted for their return prior
to sailing.
M. Croiset accepted invitations to visit several educational
institutions. The rest of the civilian members disposed of their
time prior to return to France as suited their opportunities,
tastes, and inclinations.
The President's commission returned to Washington, hav
ing performed the courtesies, hospitalities, and honors to the
entire satisfaction of the Government of the United States.
D'ESTAING
DE TERNAY DE GRASSE
,,^ ,, :T. ROCHAMBEAU ' I ^ 5
DESTOUCHES DE BARRAS
SAINT SIMON
NEWPORT - SAVANNAH
1778
NEWPORT - NORTH RIVER - YORKTOWN - BOSTON
1780-1782
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 15 225
INTERNATIONAL CAPITULATIONS
ALLIANCE: FRANCE-UNITED- STATES OF AMERICA
CONVENTIONS AND CONTRACTS
1778-1783
The following were the instruments of international agree
ment known as the treaty of ' ' alliance ' ' and of ' ' amity and
commerce ' ' under which the assistance of the French King was
rendered. The moneys advanced were upon faith alone and
without guaranty until the struggle was over. The sums were
then secured by compact between. the two Governments.
1778, February 6. Treaty of "alliance" between the United States of
America and His Most Christian Majesty. Pre
amble and thirteen articles. Done at Paris. Under
this instrument the military and naval aid rendered
to the American States by the King of France was
conducted. The legal obligation of this treaty on
the Government or citizens of the United States was
abrogated by act of Congress, July 7, 1798, during
the Presidency of John Adams.
1778, February 6. Treaty of "amity and commerce" between the United
States of America and His Most Christian Majesty.
Preamble and thirty-one articles. Done at Paris.
Annulled by act of Congress July 7, 1798.
1782, July 16. Contract between the two Governments for making a
particular statement of the amount of pecuniary
supplies furnished by France to the United States.
The sums advanced under the title of a loan in
the years 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782 amount
ing to the sum of 18,000,000 livres, money of
France. Done at Versailles.
1783, February 25. A contract between His Most Christian Majesty and
the United States of America ' ' f or a new advance
of 6,000,000 livres tournois under the title of a
loan and guaranty of the whole thirteen United
States, which the minister of Congress has declared
his acceptance of with the liveliest acknowledg
ments in the name of the said States. ' ' Done at
Versailles.
226
STORY OF THE PARTICIPATION OF
FRANCE
IN THE WAR OF
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
A CHARACTER SKETCH AND SPECIALIZATION OF EVENTS
By DEB. RANDOLPH KEIM
The situation of affairs in England was the logical outcome
of the policy of repression toward her ever loyal and willing
self-respecting Colonies of North America, which began at the
close of the Seven Years' war. As a result their rebellion had
deprived the great industries, manufactures, and commerce of
the Mother Country of their most extensive and remunerative
markets.
The meanest of the ' ' people ' ' (said Franklin facetiously) ' c we
and the King ' ' were very busy managing the affairs of ' ' our
subjects in America " at the outset. Now they were reaping
the result of their pretensions in loss of trade, loss of employment,
loss of means, and among the lower classes, of the necessities of
life. On the contrary, "we the people of England" were now
shouting more uproariously for an "accommodation."
France had become an ally of the States, had recognized their
independence, and was manifesting a substantial earnestness in
the cause in money, supplies, and a naval and land army. At
the same time conciliatory bills were rushed through the
British parliamentary hopper, commissions of conference were
promoted and inspired by royal council, and boards of trade
turned loose upon the Colonies "to make any terms." The
227
228 Specialization of Events
former were met with indignant renunciation by the people,
and the latter were refused passports by Washington through
his lines to get to- the Congress. That body repudiated the
entire outfit, indorsed Washington for his prompt action, and
made formal expression of gratitude to the King of France for
the timely assistance he had placed at their disposal.
In the world at large conditions were no better. A great
fleet of 60 vessels patrolled the Channel in expectation of an
invasion from the mainland. Paul Jones had probed the fiction
of " Britannia, mistress of the seas." Russia and Holland were
combined to enforce the rights^ of neutrals against the arrogance
of the British Admiralty, the same which led to the second war
for American independence, with conclusive results. Ireland
was in a ferment, and religious rivalries were agitating the Scot
and Briton. In the Indies of the east success attended English
sea power and commerce. In the Indies of the west the fleet
of De Grasse was near at hand to cooperate at the proper
moment in delivering the death blow at Yorktown.
TERMS OF THE "ALLIANCE"
The treaty of alliance (1778) was negotiated between the
King of France and the United States of North America col
lectively and severally, each State being enumerated in the pre
amble in its geographical order, making the compact common
in cause and effect, the supreme object being the independence
of the said States of North America. There was to be concur
rence of action, both offensive and defensive. All or any con
quests in the northern parts of America or of the islands of the
Bermudas were to be confederated with or dependent upon the
said States. France relinquished all claim to the Bermudas and
to any parts of the continent of North America which before the
treaty of Paris (1763) were acknowledged to belong to the
Crown of Great Britain or to the United States, then called
"British Colonies." The islands in the Gulf of Mexico were
to appertain to the Crown of France. Neither of the contract
ing parties could conclude a treaty without the consent of the
other. In every particular the operations and benefits of war
228
with indignant renunci: the people,
ton through
his 1 ;et to t: That ;>ndiated the
i for his action, and
made formal expr gratitude to the King of France for
the time :ad placed at their disposal.
In the 10 better. A great
fleet nation of an
i
of the British Ac
for A
was in a ferment, and re agitating the
and Briton. In i Attended English
sea power and C(HARLES HENRI, COMTE D'ESTAING the fleet
^h^z^^^dr^ 4* R^-teewfriaut-Ginlral de ses Armees, l^ice-Amiral de France
moment in r
pre
amble in its i. rig the compact common
in cause and effect, the supreme object being the independence
of tbe said States of North America. There was to be concur
rence of action, both offensive and defensive. All or any con-
que*ts in the northern parts of America or of the islands of the
Bermudas Wfe to be confederated with or dependent upon the
said Stales France relinquished all claim to the Bermudas and
to any parts* f the continent of North Before the
treaty of Paris were ack ^ to the
Crown of Great or to th i States, then called
"British Colonie*.' nds in the Gulf of Mexico were
to appertain to \ < of France. Neither of the contract
ing parties could com htdv a treaty without the consent of the
other. In every pa he operations and benefits of war
Specialization of Events 229
and the stipulations of peace were to be for the mutual benefit
of the States and France. Upon these general lines Count
D'Estaing spread sail for the American shores and inaugurated
one of the most extraordinary instances on record of bringing
succor to a people struggling for the inalienable rights of man
and autonomy in the intercourse of nations.
EXPEDITION OF D'ESTAING: 1778-79
Upon receiving the commands of his King (L,e Roi Soleil)
and orders of the ministry, M. le Comte D'Estaing at once
repaired to Toulon, the chief naval station of France on the
Mediterranean, and collected his ships. Within the brief space
of two months after the signing of the treaty of alliance he had
brought together a powerful fleet and proportionate land force
in efficient condition for the inauguration of the map-making,
world-power building task which L,ouis XVI, King of France
and Navarre, had undertaken in terms of a solemn compact.
FIRST FRKNCH FI.EET
The fleet of D'Estaing, as it sailed out of the harbor of
Toulon, France, on April 13, 1778, consisted of 11 ships of the
line, mounting 776 guns; 10 frigates, 508 guns; 3 corvettes,
108 guns, and i cutter, 2 guns, making a total of 25 vessels,
1,394 guns manned by 11,777 officers, volunteers, and seamen,
distributed as follows.
230
Specialization of Events
Fleet of D'Estaing.
[D'Estaiiig (Charles Henri Theodat, Comte de), admiral, lieutenant-general naval
armies of France.]
Ship.
Class.
Commander.
4
a
3
t
Volunteers.
E
u
Total.
FIRST SQUADRON.
I<e I,anguedoc (flagship
of fleet).
I,e Zele
Ship of the
line.
. .do...
Boulaer Villiers, un
der orders of D'Es-
taing.
Barras
80'
*1
38
17
14
777
486
875
507
do
Suff ren
6 1
13
419
43 2
do
Gtyouilly
(-,}
42
14
434
49
SECOND SQUADRON.
I,e Tonnant (flagship). .. .
Ship of the
line.
do ...
Breugnon, chief;
Bruyerds, com
mandant.
Poype-Vertrieux
74
74
22
19
3
685
584
707
606
do
Peynier
6,1
19
y
536
55 2
6J
J 4
^QI
40 s
do
Champorcin
*1
14
408
422
I,e Fier
do
Turpin
A
24
413
437
do
Bougainville
(Si
22
400
422
ly'Amphion
do
Perron de Guengo . . .
3
22
5
417
444
THIRD SQUADRON.
L,e Cesar (flagship)
Ship of the
line.
do
Broves, chief; Ray-
mondis, comman
dant.
Retz
74
A 1
21
2 3
515
594
536
617
FOURTH SQUADRON.
I/Annibal (flagship)
t,e Pendant
Ship of the
line.
do
Ternay, chief; Me-
dine]! commandant.
Vaudreuil
80
/74
44
21
....
1,337
600
1,381
621
Twice equipped frigates:
D'Escars
(
344
u8
344
1.28
1,'Andromaque
L,a Concorde
Ia Chimere
I,' Amiable
do
do
do
do
Chanaliere .*
Gardeurde Tilly
Saint-Cezaire
Sainte-Eulalie
I
POO JO
316
285
225
2^1
329
295
240
240
Corvette
De Bonneval
36
II
106
207
I,e Blanche
do......
Boncalt
3^
22
269
291
I/Etourdie
do
Montbas
36
8
150
I/Alerte
Cutter
Capellis
2
64
60
In addition to the navigation and gun complement were the
land troops of the Agenois, D'Hainault, Dillon, Foix (sharp
shooters), Gatenais, and Walsh regiments, aggregating about
3,600 men, making a total strength of 15,377.
Specialization of Events 231
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLEET
Among these vessels were some of the largest and best
equipped afloat, an evidence of the zeal with which the King
undertook to carry out the provisions of the ' ' alliance. ' ' The
Hannibal {L' Annibal) was a ship of the line, without a superior
in efficiency, carrying 80 guns and 1,381 officers and seamen,
more than the number of the largest regiment of infantry on a
war footing. The Lanquedoc, D'Estaing's flagship, another
famous craft, carried the same weight of metal and almost a
regiment of men. There were also 4 seventy-fours and 10
sixty-fours, all of superior class, not to speak of the vessels of
smaller batteries.
The ships of the line, corresponding to the modern battle
ship, and the frigates, rating as armored cruisers, show a
fighting ratio equal to a modern squadron of the best type.
FIRST MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES ABOARD
Accompanying the fleet as guests were M. Conrad Alexander
Gerard de Reyneval, first minister to the recognized inde
pendent United States of America under the "alliance," and
former American commissioner; Silas Deane, first secret agent
of the United States to France, who had done so much to bring
about the accord between France and the United States in the
earliest days of the conflict, and five officers of the American
Navy, whose familiarity with the coast was expected to be of
service to the Admiral as he neared his destination.
A RUSE DE GUERRE
The ships of Great Britain were supposed to be on the watch
for the expected assistance from the "alliance." As a ruse,
M. Gerard, under the alias Count de Munster, a title conferred
for the purpose of deception, Commissioner Deane, and the
American naval officers, set sail independently, ostensibly for
Antibes, an obscure seaport to the eastward, with a preconcerted
arrangement to get aboard as the fleet passed the Hyeres
Islands, off the port of that name, 15 miles out of Toulon.
232 Specialization of Events
It was spread abroad that the fleet had sailed for Brest. In
fact, such was the belief of the officers and crews.
The sealed orders, by the King's command, were not to be
opened until the Straits of Gibraltar were astern and the
ships fairly out on the Atlantic. The only parties having a
knowledge of the real destination were D'Estaing, Gerard,
Deane, and the American naval officers.
'GAINST WIND AND TIDE
The breezes were light, fickle, and contrary. For more than
a month, beating, tacking, drifting, tossing about, and otherwise
wasting time and brawn against tide and wind was the order
of the day and duty in the night before leaving the Mediter
ranean, the latter feat, not having been accomplished until
May 17-18.
OPEN ORDERS
Three days later, under full sail westward, from the masthead
of the Lanquedoc suddenly broke out the Admiral's signal,
" Captains, break seals for orders." Thus they first learned of
their .destination, the Admiral himself being ordered to open
hostilities.
On deck, at the same moment, was celebrated high mass in
the presence of the Admiral, surrounded by his staff, all in full-
dress uniform. M. De Reyneval, now saluted plenipotentiary
of France to the United States, stood by his side. The
admiral's pennant was raised and the royal standard displayed.
A swift sailor, La Flore, which accompanied the fleet for the
purpose, bent all sail for the shores of France, bearing to the
King, "Orders opened; all' swell."
Not only was this the beginning of the eventful participation
of France in the war for American independence, but the decla
ration of war against Great Britain, in behalf of the offensive
and defensive compact between L,ouis XVI, King of France
and Navarre and the Confederation of the American States.
Great was the enthusiasm which rang through the ships.
' ' Vive le Roi ! " " Vive les fitats ! ' '
Specialization of Events 233
POINTED FOR THE DELAWARE
The royal instructions to D'Hstaing were to direct his course
for the Delaware River. In order to be prepared for eventuali
ties, he had been supplied by the King with an exact account
of the naval strength of Great Britain in America.
His chief effort now was to reach his destination in advance
of the British admiral, who was also on the way with reenforce-
ments. If D'Hstaing could blockade the Delaware, and, with
the cooperation of Washington, trap Howe and Clinton in Phil
adelphia, it would be a great achievement.
PLENARY POWERS AND ORDERS
He was vested with plenary powers in all matters appertain
ing to his fleet after reaching the Delaware.
The specific requirements in some respects gave the expedi
tion more the character of a raid on British naval strength and
commerce on the American coast than of a naval campaign.
No prisoners were to be landed except under promise of the
American Government not to release them until the King's con
sent had been given; he was to advance the King's interests in
every way and to act separately or in conjunction with the
United States as he saw fit; he might attack the English in
any part of North America, but he was not to attempt the con
quest of any part of. the American mainland; he might take
some island, useful commercially or as a fishing station, by
force or by negotiation with the United States; he might coop
erate with any hostile movements on the part of the States
against Nova Scotia, having first had an agreement about
fishing concessions for France and Spain.
If he found the British naval strength superior upon his
arrival he was to head for Boston or a French island.
An answer to the allegation often made, that the motive of
the French King in assisting the States was the hope of regaining
Canada, is the Count's instructions prohibiting taking any part
in the conquest of that country.
234 Specialization of Events
OFF THE DELAWARE CAPES
After a protracted voyage against baffling winds or no winds
at all, consuming eighty-six days (Toulon, April 13; Delaware,
July 8, 1778), D'Estaing anchored in Delaware Bay.
As a navigator the Admiral proved a complete success.
He dropped anchor inside Capes May and Henlopen without
the loss of spar or man. On the way up the coast he cap
tured a number of prizes, all armed, in several instances
mounting 14 guns.
HOWE HAD GONE
His first news from shore of the escape of the British fleet
out of the Delaware, was a disappointment. Not to be trapped,
Howe had just left that river for the more secure waters of
Sandy Hook. As his fleet consisted of but 6 sixty-fours, 3
fifties, and 2 forties, their destruction by the powerful vessels
of D'Estaing would have been inevitable.
so HAD CLINTON
The land forces of the British, now under Clinton, also evacu
ated Philadelphia in time, and Congress, which had been sitting
at York, Pa. , resumed its sessions at that city on June 30. It
was a gratification, however, to hear of the rough handling of
the British at Monmouth and their midnight stealing away,
with camp fires burning, to the cover of Howe's fleet at
Sandy Hook. About three weeks earlier would have told a
different story.
The Chimere, Saint Cezaire, a 36-gun frigate, conveyed M.
Gerard and Deane to Philadelphia.
CONGRESS AND WASHINGTON INFORMED
D'Estaing got in touch with Congress and General Wash
ington at the earliest moment, to ascertain the views of the
former and the plans of the latter.
Specialisation of Events 235
The tenor of the Admiral's letter, and what might have been
fairly anticipated from his instructions, presents a very grati
fying view of his character and purposes, particularly in his
willingness to assist the States.
D'ESTAING TO WASHINGTON
In Count D'Estaing's first communication to General Wash
ington, dated July 8 and written at sea, he said:
I have the honor to inform your excellency of the arrival of the King's
fleet, charged by His Majesty with the glorious task of giving his allies, the
United States of America, the most striking proofs of his affection. If I can
succeed in it, nothing will be wanting to my happiness; and this will be
augmented by the consideration of concerting my operations with such a
general as your excellency. The talents and the great actions of General
Washington have secured to him in the eyes of all Europe the truly sub
lime title of "Liberator of America."
Accept, sir, the homage which every man, and especially every military
man, owes you; and be not displeased that I solicit, even in the first instance
of intercourse, with military and naval frankness, a friendship so flattering
as yours. I will endeavor to render myself worthy of it by my respectful
devotion to your country. It is prescribed to me by my orders, and my
heart accords with it.
On July 13 the Count sent another communication, dated off
Sandy Hook.
Of the leader of the first expedition from France to the
shores of the United States be it said:
Charles Henri Theodat, Count d'Estaing du Saillans, was
another son of glorious Auvergne. The D'Estaings, as .the
L/afayettes from the same province, were for generations close
to the throne, owing to deeds of valor for the King. The Cha
teau Revel (Ruvel), where he was born 1729, but a year short
of 50 before his arrival in America, was a place of feudal im-
portSnce in its earliest days. His father was a marquis and a
lieutenant-general before him, and his mother belonged to the
noted house of Colbert de Maulevier. By intermarriage he was
a kinsman of L,afayette.
The previous services of D'Estaing pointed to him as the
man of the occasion. The duty expected was novel in every
236 Specialization of Events
way. The most insistent of monarchical institutions was about
to depart from its ancient traditions and associate under opera
tion of a convention with the most advanced contention for the
rights of the people and constitutional government.
That the results were less effective than intended was possibly
the outcome of the extraordinary nature of the circumstances
and the newness of the situation rather than a deficit in skill,
initiation, and adaptivity.
He began the career of a soldier in 1745, at the early age of
1 6, as colonel of the Regiment Rouerque. Approaching the
beginning of the Seven Years' War, which yielded such a dis
astrous harvest for France, he became brigadier, and began his
earliest distinction in the opening year of that struggle in India
by the capture of Gondeleur.
He maintained for another twelve months a most harassing
warfare against the treasure-laden merchantmen of the British-
East India Company. Although having but two ships at his
command, he captured many prizes and inflicted great damage
on sea and shore.
' ' Bobstay ' ' Boscawen, then commander in chief of His British
Majesty's naval forces in that part of the globe, was so wrought
up over the elusive operations and conclusive results of D'Es-
taing that he bent all sail and started out in pursuit, finally cor
nering and capturing his agile foe in a piece of naval coquetry
'off the coast of Madras.
After a brief incarceration, being released on parole, our hero
again stirred up the enemy of his country, especially his old
adversary Boscawen, causing that ancient salt to declare if he
' ' ever again got the villain in his power he would chain him
to the quarter-deck and treat him like a baboon." He was
indeed captured, not by Boscawen, near I/ Orient as he was
nearing home. The vengeance of the British Government
was inflicted, by imprisonment and cruel treatment, on the
pretext of violating his Madras parole.
It is therefore not necessary to add D'Estaing heartily recip
rocated the sentiments ' ' of hostile consideration ' ' threatened
by his antagonist in the waters of the East Indies.
Specialization of Events 237
As a result of his busy career, at the close of that war
D'Estaing was made lieutenant-general in the naval armies of
France, and four years after vice-admiral.
No sooner had the worthy son of Auvergne become estab
lished at Paris in his well-won exalted rank and honors, than he
began a lively cruise in the great sea of diplomacy, directing
his best efforts in behalf of the American States.
With the cooperation of Mallebois, he prepared a memorial,
taking to task the timid policy in vogue. This document,
through the friendship of the Queen, both for D'Estaing and
the cause he espoused, was placed in the royal hands, and had
much to do with influencing the King in finally giving sanc
tion to the treaty of alliance and recognition of the American
States.
PREPARING FOR D'ESTAING
On July 14, 1778, General Washington informed Governor
Trumbull of the appearance of D'Estaing's fleet on the coast.
He urged the importance of doing everything to aid and coop
erate with it; also the momentary expectation of a British pro
vision fleet from Cork and of the anxiety of the enemy for its
safety. He suggested, to avoid the French, they might be sig
naled to reach New York through the Sound, and he pressed
that the Eastern States should rendezvous all their frigates and
armed vessels in order to interrupt passage by that route. The
capture or destruction of the whole or any considerable part of
this fleet he said would be a fatal blow to the British army, now
needing supplies. And continuing:
Should the project I have now suggested appear to you eligible [an in
stance of Washington's habit when perplexed, "Let us hear what ' Brother
Jonathan' says"], communicate with the neighboring States to engage
their concurrence.
GREETINGS TO D'ESTAING
On the same day General Washington, from his camp at
Paramus, advised Count d'Estaing of his being informed (by
the President of Congress) of his arrival on the coast with a
238 Specialization of Events
squadron of ships under his command belonging to ' ' His most
Christian Majesty, our great ally."
After congratulating him upon the event, he extended his
warmest wishes for his success.
Through spies in New York and persons stationed near the
Hook, Washington received intelligence of the British shipping,
but in the present case the constant shifting prevented him from
giving information with precision.
He would take steps to get an accurate account of the state
of their ships of war. The general informed him of his arrival
with the main body of the army immediately under his com
mand within 20 miles of the North, or Hudson River, which
he intended to cross about 50 miles above New York, with
the intention of moving down before the enemy's lines to
divert attention. He agreed to facilitate any enterprises the
Count might form and would communicate. He suggested
the establishment of conventional signals for correspondence
between them.
He cautioned him of the expected arrival of a provision fleet
from Cork and of the Sound route being capable of receiving
40-gun ships, though very narrow, 7 miles from the city.
The letter was conveyed by Lieutenant-Colonel L,aurens, aid-
de-camp to the General in Chief, who would exchange informa
tion concerning measures.
INTERCHANGE OF COMMUNICATIONS
He referred to the arrival of Major Chouin at his quarters.
This officer had been sent to Congress as bearer of dispatches
from Count d'Estaing. Having concluded his business he
departed immediately for Washington's camp as bearer of
the first communication.
This officer was closely related by family ties to M. de
Sartine, one of the King's ministers, an active friend 'of the
"common cause." But aside from this, the Count entertained
of his representative a high "opinion of his military knowledge,
the clearness of his ideas, and the precision with which he will
communicate mine."
Specialisation of Events 239
In all this Washington fully coincided, and in return freely
communicated his ' ' ideas of every matter interesting to our
mutual operations."
This letter was conveyed by Lieut. Col. Alexander Hamilton,
another aid, to acquaint the French commander with his chief 's
sentiments and satisfy any inquiries "he might propose," being
authorized "to consider the information as coming from
myself."
Colonel Hamilton was accompanied by Lieutenant- Colonel
Fleury, a gentleman "of your nation, who has distinguished
himself by his gallantry in the present war with England."
He also took with him four captains of vessels having ' ' a
knowledge of the coast and harbors" and two pilots of "skill,
expertness, and fidelity," and said he would provide others.
To both the direct communications of Comte d'Kstaing
Washington made reply from camp at Haverstraw Bay on July
17, 1778, characterizing the arrival "of a fleet belonging to His
Most Christian Majesty" as an event "that makes me truly
happy," increased "by the command being placed in a gentle
man of such distinguished talents, experience, and reputation
as th Comte d'Kstaing." He felt sure of every effort to
accomplish " the important purposes of your (his) destination,"
assuring him of the most ' ' strenuous efforts to cooperate ' ' in
any measure which may be found practicable.
In return for his felicitations concerning friendship he charged
the Count
I shall consider myself particularly happy if I can but improve the
esteem you are pleased to entertain in my favor into a cordial and lasting
amity.
ALARM AT NEW YORK
The appearance of D'Estaing caused great excitement inside
the "Hook." Admiral Howe, in order to strengthen his float
ing strength, hastily armed a number of transports and placed
aboard gun crews from his ships and artillerymen from shore.
The Royal Gazette (Rivington) of New York, in its issue of
July 15, 1778, made announcement of the anchoring of the
240 Specialization of Events
French fleet under D'Estaing 4 miles off Sandy Hook on the
previous Saturday, and of the sounding of the channel, but
making no attempt to close up.
A number of American pilots provided by General Washing
ton went aboard the Languedoc, D'Kstaing's flagship, but were
not willing to make the attempt to get the fleet over the bar,
the depth being insufficient to accommodate the larger vessels,
which drew from 23 to 25 feet.
By D'Kstaing's order a council of captains was held, and in
their presence a bounty of '150,000 francs ($30,000) was offered
the pilots if they would, take the vessels inside, which they
declined as impracticable.
AGAIN UNDERWAY
After remaining at their anchorage off the New Jersey coast
until July 22, at the request of Washington, the French fleet
sailed for Rhode Island in order to cooperate with General Sul
livan. In doing so, however, in order to mislead the British,
D'Estaing took a southerly course. When out of sight he
headed for Newport.
ENGLAND STRENGTHENS HER NAVAL FORCE
The British cabinet, caught napping, took no action to meet
this sudden emergency until May 6, when it was decided to
send the powerful Portsmouth squadron to America as an offset
to the French operations.
On the 2oth of the same month Admirals Byron and Hyde
Parker, with 22 ships of the line, set sail, but, some doubt hav
ing arisen as to the real destination of D'Estaing, were over
taken and recalled. On June 5 this squadron again weighed
anchor, under the sole command of Admiral Byron.
The British naval strength in United States waters at this
time aggregated 71 ships of the line, frigates, and sloops, carry
ing 2, 100 guns, distributed through a fleet of 7 of 64 guns each,
5 of 50, 3 of 44, 2 of 36, 15 of 32, ii of 28, 10 of 20 to 24,
and 1 8 sloops of 10 guns each.
Specialization of Events 241
This did not include a large number of armed ships and smaller
vessels employed in various capacities. Of this fleet at the time
of D'Estaing's arrival Vice- Admiral Lord Richard Howe, known
among his sailors as ' ' Black Dick ' ' on account of his swarthy
complexion, and brother of the lately deposed commander
in chief of His Majesty's forces on land in America, was com
mander in chief afloat until succeeded by Admiral Byron.
There were also 4 vessels, mounting 134 guns, at Newfound
land, 8 at Quebec, and 33 in the West Indies, from which to
draw.
NAVAL POWER OF THE STATES
The infant American Navy, the sole dependence of Congress
on the water, was vigorous but not numerous, except in depre
dations upon British commerce; then it was both. It consisted
of 10 vessels, mounting 252 guns: Alliance, 40; The Congress,
32; Queen of France, 28; Deane Warren and Province each 32;
Boston, 28; Revenge, 20; Hazard, 18; Ranger, Gates and Sara
toga; a sloop of 10 guns and another of 8. For this force to
oppose the British meant annihilation, and in comparison with
the naval force of France it was insignificant.
Yet notwithstanding its limited numbers and resources it
had achieved a history, and on anything like equal terms it
made desperate work for stronger craft floating the King's
standard. The first three years it was particularly active in
preying upon British commerce and transports bringing stores
for the royal army. Its most effective service, however, was in
procuring arms, ammunition, and military supplies from ports
in the West Indies. Its list of heroes began with Hsek Hop
kins, first on the roll of captains, December, 1775, and John
Paul Jones, on the same date, first of the rank of lieutenants.
Their cruising was largely off the New England coast, where
commerce was greater and the many American privateers served
as a cooperating force.
With this knowledge in view D'Estaing sailed away from
the ' ' Hook ' ' within a point or two northeast by east toward
the coast of Rhode Island.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 16
242 Specialisation of Events
CONDITIONS IN RHODK ISLAND BKFORK D'ESTAING'S ARRIVAL
The exposed situation of Rhode Island from the sea made it
an objective of forays for cattle and provisions from the very
outbreak of hostilities between the Colonies and Great Britain.
During the autumn and winter of 1775, and nearly all of 1776,
in addition to rendering valuable aid to Massachusetts and the
cause in general, with men and munitions, Rhode Island main
tained a dauntless land and water war on her own account,
with all the British at New York had to send into her sinuous
tidal ways. In the early desultory affairs the Rhode Island
ers generally had the advantage, and never permanently the
reverse, although the inhabitants often suffered severely. In
retaliation, during the season of 1776, her daring seamen cap-
tur.ed 75 prizes, some of considerable value.
BRITISH OCCUPATION
On the day General Washington was on the march to victory
at Trenton, December 26, 1776, Sir Peter Parker, with about
8,000 British and Hessians under General Clinton and Earl
Percy, who had been so ingloriously trounced at Charleston,
S. C., landed about 4^ miles above Newport. . The two -Rhode
Island frigates and fleet of privateers by skillful seamanship
eluded the powerful invading fleet and escaped to sea. The
following spring, Clinton, having taken about one-half this
force to New York, left Prescott in command, who was cap
tured and taken to Washington's headquarters at Middlebrook.
SUUJVAN IN COMMAND
The British continuing in possession, the French treaty of
alliance having been signed, and a French fleet about to sail
for America, General Sullivan was appointed to the command
of the American troops in that State. About the same time,
Prescott having been exchanged, returned to his duties. His
devastations, however, were arrested by ominous tidings of
the probability of Rhode Island being the destination of the
French fleet to be sent to America.
Specialization of Events 243
D'KSTAING OFF NEWPORT
The French fleet arrived off Newport on July 29 and anchored
in the mouth of the middle channel.
The Fantastique and Sagittaire a were stationed to watch the
western or Narragansett passage. The frigates Amiable,
Alcemene, and corvette Stanley occupied the east channel.
By this disposition of a part of his fleet the escape of any
British vessels inside was completely cut off.
After a week (August 5) of dispositions and getting the ships
in fighting trim, the Sagittaire and Fantastique, having been
replaced by the Protecteur and Provence, advanced under Bailie de
Suffren, commandant, oy the Narragansett passage, and doubled
the north point of Conanicut Island. A number of English
men-of-war and merchantmen thus trapped were fired by their
commanders, the crews taking to the shore. Although within
easy reach, the French commander gave orders not to open fire
on any landing parties.
SUUJVAN CONFERS
General Sullivan at once went aboard the Languedoc, and
after a conference with the Admiral a general plan of operations
was determined upon. As a cooperating force Congress em
powered General Washington to call upon Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New
Jersey to assist in an effort to capture Rhode Island.
NEWPORT IN THE WIND
The carrying forward of an aggressive campaign, as arranged
by Washington and acquiesced in by the French admiral,
contemplated a combined attack on the English garrison of
Newport by the French fleet from the sea and the American
Army from the land.
The first step to the investment was a message from M.
D'Estaing to Sir Robert Pigot with a ceremonial suggestion of
a The name Sagittaire does not appear in the list from Brest, although it does in
subsequent accounts in the transportation of material of war and recruits.
244 Specialisation of Events
surrender to the forces of the United States and himself, the
Admiral representing the King of France. Pigot promptly
replied from his batteries, which resulted in a mutual cannonade,
doing very little damage.
The British defenses were laid in two lines, supported by
redoubts connected with the mam works. The first of these
extended from Easton Pond to near "Tammy" Hill, where it
turned toward the water north of Windmill Hill. This line
was defended by five redoubts in front. The second or inner
line, upward of a quarter of a mile within, extended from the
sea to the north side of the island and terminated at the north
battery. On the south, at the entrance of Easton 's beach, where
this line terminated, was a redoubt in flank, which commanded
the passage, with another redoubt about 20 rods to the north.
A number of small works were interspersed between the outer
and inner lines,' which made an attack from the land side very
hazardous unless supported by naval cooperation.
RALLYING TO THE COLORS
The spirit with which the arrival of the French fleet was
viewed by the people was shown in the prompt manner in
which the States of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connec
ticut responded to the call of General Sullivan, under order of
General Washington for 5,000 militia.
The Massachusetts men were commanded by Governor John
Hancock, famous as the President of the Congress which
adopted the Declaration of Independence. The people of
Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Portsmouth, and other points
united in swelling the ranks. A division of Continental infan
try under Marquis de Lafayette was detached from Washing
ton's main army to give confidence to the militia.
This force, aggregating 10,000 strong, was formed in two
divisions, commanded by Generals Greene and Lafayette.
Specialisation of Events 245
FRENCH OPEN THE GAME
On August 5 the French admiral began operations by run
ning the batteries on the middle passage with eight of his
frigates. With two of his ships he attacked the frigates
Orpheus, Lark, Juno, and Cerebus, and a few other vessels of the
enemy, which, unable to get away, were burned. The Flora and
Falcon shared the same fate. This was a grand send off for
the naval arm of the alliance; but, notwithstanding the alacrity
of the response and the readiness of preparation at Providence,
the loss of almost a week in getting started let the opportunity
of success go by.
AMERICAN DESCENT ON RHODE ISLAND
On August 10 the land force crossed from the mainland to
the north end of Rhode Island proper in 86 flat-bottomed boats,
each carrying 100 men.
The next day 4,000 French soldiers and marines from the
ships were landed on Conanicut Island for drill, preparatory to
cooperating with Sullivan, Comte d'Estaing to command in
person.
BRITISH FALL BACK
The British, however, during the delay from July 29 to
August 9, had been reenforced until their numbers reached
6,000, commanded by Sir Robert Pigot, one of their best gen
erals. Unable to resist the torrent, the enemy abandoned their
outer lines and fell back to their heavily intrenched position
about 3 miles above Newport.
In view of this movement Sullivan, without awaiting the
arrival of his French support, promptly pursued, the same
afternoon occupying Quaker Hill, within 1 1 miles of Newport
on the north.
TARDY MOVEMENTS OF HOWE
A sample of the aggressive vigor of Lord Viscount Richard
Howe was not essayed by that nobiliary commander until the
early part of August. He was looked for earlier, but on account
246 Specialisation of Events
of various reasons was somewhat deliberate in his movements.
In the meantime Charles Henri Theodat, Comte d'Estaing dti
Sallians began to feel at home in the waters of Narragansett Bay.
MORK SHIPS FOR THE ENEMY
About five days after D'Estaing left Sandy Hook four British
men-of-war, one blown out of her course with Byron's fleet,
two from Halifax, and one from the West Indies, arrived singly
at New York. With this accession of strength, on August 6
Howe set sail for the relief of Newport, now in danger of being
"bottled up" or taken. His force consisted of i seventy-four,
7 sixty-four, 5 fifty, and 7 smaller frigates, besides transports
with an abundance of supplies.
SEA BATTLE OFF NEWPORT
About noon on the eventful Sunday, August 9, 1778, the
lookouts spied an armada of 25 vessels bearing up from the
Sound toward the bold promontory of Point Judith. At 2 p. m.
it hove in sight of the light-house, and a half hour later the two
admirals first caught sight of the rival standards of Bourbon
and Hanover.
At 7 p. m. Howe brought to and defiantly dropped anchor
about 5 miles off the entrance to the bay. This unexpected
appearance compelled the reembarkation of the French forces
on Conanicut Island.
The weather conditions being favorable, instead of cooperat
ing with Sullivan, D'Estaing accepted the challenge the next
morning. The Languedoc slipped her chains, and, two hours
later, at 10 o'clock, with a fine breeze from the northeast, stood
out to sea, followed by the rest of the fleet.
About noon D'Estaing hove in view of his adversary. During
this outward movement the French vessels were subjected to a
heavy cannonade from the shore batteries, particularly that on
Brentons Point. The compliment was vigorously returned.
Specialization of Events 247
Howe having ordered ' ' Slip cables, ' ' put his fleet under
sail, directing formation of line of battle, the Eagle in the van
with her main and fore topsails set and two topgallant sails on
the cap. D'Estaing signaled, ' ' All sail aloft; push the enemy. ' '
Having cleared the breakers the two fleets began a series of
tactical maneuvers for vantage of position.
The vessels of D'Kstaing were doing good work, with steady
advantage, when the wind, constantly increasing, began to
blow a gale. The next morning (August n) it assumed
the severity of a tempest, which raged for forty-eight hours
with unabated violence. To this day this battle of the ele
ments is known from tradition as the "great storm." The
spray from the ocean, it is recorded, carried in by the terrific
force of the wind, covered the windows in the town with a
deposit of salt.
In the face of the fury of the wind and sea the squadrons
were separated. When the storm subsided neither was in con
dition for a trial of strength.
The Languedoc, the flagship of D'Hstaing, was completely
dismasted and lost her rudder; two others were also dismasted.
In this helpless condition a British frigate under full sail bore
down on the flagship, giving her a broadside, but with little
damage. Helpless as the Languedoc was, she put up a good
defense.
It was only the timely rejoining of the squadron (August 14)
by six of the scattered Frenchmen that saved the battered
vessels from severe results.
A DUElv AT SKA
As a finale to this week of wind and desultory engagements,
the Cesar, a 74-gunner of the French, and the Iris, a 5o-gunner
of the British, on August 16 had a duel of an hour and a half,
with great damage to both sides, the advantage resting with
the Cesar, which, however, lost the mizzen-mast and bowsprit
and Commandant Raymondis had his right arm shot away.
248 Specialization 'of Events
HOWE ON THE BACK TACK
Howe, having sustained heavy loss, retreated to the Sound,
straining what canvas was left to get to Gardiners Bay, where
he finally hauled up, with D'Estaing in pursuit within a mile.
It was claimed in the Tory newspapers that Howe's flight
was a ruse to draw the French beyond their chosen radius of
battle. As it was, Howe made no effort to renew the engage
ment. Nor was D'Estaing in condition to maintain the offen
sive. Having withdrawn to the harbor, an inspection of his
vessels gave numerous evidences of stress of weather and scars
of battle.
About ten days later the two fleets, not yet fully recovered,
while cruising came in sight of one another about 12 leagues
south of the Rhode Island coast. After considerable maneuver
ing, at times coming quite close, neither ventured to engage,
and both returned to their anchorages, D'Estaing appearing at
Newport on the 2oth.
SITUATION ON LAND
The damage by storm was quite as severe to the forces on
land. On the night of the 1 2th every tent was leveled or blown
away, soldiers and animals were injured and killed, and ammu
nition was ruined.
Undeterred by these experiences, on the i5th the army
advanced in three divisions, forming for action within 2 miles
of the British. Here they threw up batteries and opened a
bombardment.
Until this time matters had progressed as well as might have
been expected, considering the week's delay in the land forces
getting in motion, which was the real cause of the failure that
followed, together with the sudden appearance of the British
fleet and the inability of D'Estaing to land his 4,000 reenforce-
ments.
Specialisation of Events 249
A CONSULTATION
Upon the return of D'Estaing with his wind and battle bat
tered fleet Generals Greene and Lafayette went aboard the flag
ship for consultation and to arrange plans to further prosecute
operations, also to urge him to move into Newport Harbor.
The British behind their intrenchments were in quite as sorry
plight, being short of both provisions and ammunition, which
they expected to receive from Howe.
D'ESTAING WILLING; OFFICERS NOT
.In the consultation D'Kstaing was willing to again try con
clusions with the enemy. His officers, however, not over-
well disposed toward him, for no sufficient reason justified by
lack of skill and experience, and prejudiced on account of his
being in reality a land officer insisted upon his carrying out
his instructions to put into Boston for repairs in event of
injuries to his vessels. As the effects of the late gale and
engagements were too apparent to admit of any discussion, he
was overruled and forced to refuse the request of Generals
Greene and Lafayette. As a result he sailed for Boston under
this construction of the orders of his Government.
WAR OF WORDS
Before doing so, however, a war of protests, remonstrances,
and correspondence, growing in intensity, followed the return
of Greene and Lafayette August 21, brought about by the
Admiral's unfavorable reply. The next day Sullivan and Han
cock sent in a communication. This was followed by a pro
test, signed by all the officers of the army except Lafayette,
declaring his departure not justified by his instructions, as
derogatory to the honor of France and not in compliance with
the spirit and letter of the ' ' alliance. ' '
250 Specialization of Events
SAILS FOR BOSTON
As this document was characterized by pronounced bluntness
of language, D'Kstaing replied in a similar style.
To add to the difficulties of the situation, Admiral Byron,
who had left Plymouth June 12, with 13 ships as a reenforce-
ment, although driven into Halifax in a gale, was now con
centrating at New York, which gave the English a decided
naval superiority, two of the best French ships, \h& Languedoc
and Marseillaise, being decidedly out of fighting trim. D' Estaing
called a council, at which an imme'diate departure for Boston
was decided upon.
The first expedition under the "alliance," therefore termi
nated by weighing anchor and spreading sails, standing to the
eastward for Boston (August 22). General Sullivan, not to be
outdone, in general orders gave the Admiral a parting shot
couched in rather sarcastic terms.
CONGRESS ADVISED
From Boston the Count sent to Congress a letter of explana
tion and vindication of his course, adding a complaint of the
allegations and deductions of General Sullivan's letter.
Matters in the end were amicably adjusted, as the unpleas
ant situation unquestionably arose out of conditions beyond
human control.
LAFAYETTE URGES D' ESTAING TO RETURN
Not even now despairing of success, Marquis de L/afayette
made a special visit to Boston to urge, in the strongest terms,
the return of his distinguished countrymen to see the land part,
of the campaign through. In the meantime about 3,000 of the
militia, who hurriedly left their private affairs to assist in this
emergency, returned to their homes. An assault on the enemy
was now worse than folly and retreat the part of prudence.
Specialisation of Events 251
RKADY TO MARCH OVERLAND
Lafayette returned with a promise from D'Estaing to march
overland with his troops to their aid (Agenois, D'Hainault,
Dillon, Foix, Gatenais, and Walsh regiments, 3,600 men), but
as to his ships his officers were still of the same mind.
CLINTON ON THE MOVE
In the meantime Clinton, who had been busy at New York,
was on his way with strong reenforcements. The only alterna
tive of Sullivan, without the presence of D'Estaing, was a hasty
retreat. Accordingly a council of war was held (August 28),
at which it was determined to take up a new position on the
north end of the island and fortify. The same night the move
ment to the rear began. Though with great difficuly and con
siderable fighting, the entire army got back to the desired point
without material loss of men or equipment. A much larger
loss in killed and wounded was inflicted on the enemy.
Notwithstanding the visits and persuasion of Lafayette, the
personal representative of Washington, Count d'Estaing still
declined to return to Newport and again try conclusions with
Howe.
It was now determined to withdraw to the mainland, which
was accomplished without the loss of a man, Lafayette being
the last to leave the island.
A TIMELY ESCAPE
The next day (September i) fully 100 British sail, with 4,000
troops aboard, entered the harbor, which rendered the position
of the American troops perilous if not untenable. It was well
that Sullivan's entire force decamped for the greater security
of the mainland.
Public sentiment ran high over the succession of misadven
tures and misunderstandings. This condition, however, was
superinduced more by disappointment than by the course of
D'Estaing.
252 Specialization of Events
As conceded by the calm judgment of the best authorities,
and as already shown, if the movement of the army had been
as prompt as the people to rally to the support of the French
fleet, a week at most would have seen the surrender of the
British, Newport in the hands of the Americans and the French
fleet, with an excellent base from which to be a constant menace
to the British at New York.
Such a situation would have witnessed powerful reenforce-
ments hurried over from France, a revival of enthusiasm in
Congress, and a grand rally among the fighting element of
the people.
On the contrary, General Sullivan's ill-advised comments on
the course of D'Kstaing prompted a riot in Boston, in which
M. de Saint Sauveur and Pleville de Peley, officers in the French
fleet, were injured, the former mortally.
The conduct of D'Kstaing under these vexatious circum
stances drew him very close to the affections of the American
people. A single resentful act might have canceled the indis
pensable succor of France, and ended the fight for American
independence. Although the officers of his fleet absolutely
refused to return to Newport, D'Kstaing, as we have seen,
offered to march his infantry overland and cooperate in an
attack on the British position at Newport.
Both Washington and Greene repudiated Sullivan's conduct,
and Congress, alarmed beyond measure, adopted a resolution of
"appreciation of the zeal and attachment the Comte d'Kstaing
has shown to the cause of the United States on several occa
sions, and especially in the noble and generous offer to march
from Boston at the head of his troops to cooperate in the reduc
tion of Rhode Island."
Although Newport was not taken, the damage dpne the
Knglish on water was by no means slight.
The forcing of the Narragansett channel by Bailli de Suffren
resulted in the complete destruction of the British fleet of 6
frigates (Grand Duke, 40 guns, Orpheus, Lark, Juno, Flora
each 32 guns, and Cerberus, 28 guns), 3 corvettes, 220 guns,
and the corvette Senegal, and a bomb ketch taken after the
" great storm."
Specialization of Events 253
CONGRESS SOOTHES DISAPPOINTMENT
It is not relevant to pursue operations on shore. Congress
closed the incident by spreading on its minutes, after much
discussion and a motion to reconsider, a resolution (September
3 ) of approval of the retreat.
OFF FOR THE WEST INDIES
On November 4, 1778, D'Estaing spread his sails for the
West Indies, convoying about 20 merchantmen and privateers.
Before his departure he promulgated from his flagship a proc
lamation in the name of his King, addressed to all the ancient
French in North America.
After his departure the "offensive and defensive" operations
of the ' ' alliance * ' came to a standstill. In the meanwhile he
was vigorously putting in his time in tests of seamanship and
metal in the West Indies with " Foul- weather Jack" Byron,
grandfather of the poet. Byron in his " Stanzas to Augusta"
did more to perpetuate the memory of his grandfather than was
warranted by the deeds of the famous "Admiral of the blue"
at Grenada.
In the winter of 1778 (December 29) the British took pos
session of Savannah.
Although the direct results of D'Kstaing's expedition were
not a success, the effect of the "alliance" was the holding of a
strong British force at New York which otherwise would have
been free for active operations in the field. It also resulted
later in the evacuation of Newport.
AN "ALLIANCE" ANNIVERSARY
A most grateful appreciation of the "alliance" was ever
foremost in the minds of the civic and military authorities.
Its first anniversary was celebrated with a demonstration at
the artillery encampment of General Knox, near Pluckemin,
in the vicinity of Washington's headquarters at Middlebrook.
This event, under the special patronage of General Knox
and the officers of the Artillery Corps, was signalized by the
254 Specialization of Events
presence of the commander in chief and all the general officers
and their wives present in camp, notably Mrs. Washington,
Mrs. Knox, and Mrs. Greene, and a number of invited guests
from the vicinity of the camp, besides a great gathering of
spectators from distant parts.
Owing to the presence of Washington in conference with
Congress at Philadelphia, the event, due on February 6, the
calendar day of the signing of the convention of alliance, was
postponed until the i8th.
A rustic " temple," erected for the occasion, formed the
central piece, consisting of a colonnade 100 feet in length,
profusely adorned with evergreens. Also 13 arches, each with
a painted symbol representing its part in the commemorative
proceedings. The affair began at 4 o'clock in the afternoon
by a salute of 13 guns. At the conclusion the invited guests
proceeded to the "temple" and sat down to a banquet.
In the evening there was a display of fireworks, arranged
by the Artillery. The "temple," arches, and paintings were
illuminated by numerous candles. The paintings, designed to
interpret the legend of the arches, were also illuminated.
They were:
1. LEXINGTON: Inscribed "The scene opened."
2. BRITISH CLEMENCY: The burning of Charleston, Falmouth, Norfolk,
and Kingston.
3. THE SEPARATION OF AMERICA FROM BRITAIN: An arch, broken in
the center, inscribed, "By your tyranny to the people of America
you have separated the wide arch of an extended empire. ' '
4. BRITAIN: Represented as a decaying empire by a scene of desolation
and ruin in a country and city suitably inscribed.
5. AMERICA, "THE RISING EMPIRE:" Scenes of prosperity and growth,
with suitable inscription.
6. Louis XVI: "The supporter of the rights of humanity, the ally and
friend of the American people. The encourager of Letters. ' '
7. THE FATHERS IN CONGRESS: Legend, " Nil desperandum republica. "
8. Doctor FRANKUN: The American philosopher and ambassador draw
ing lightning from the clouds.
9. BATTLE OF SARATOGA.
10. SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE.
11. NAVAI, ACTION BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND KNGUSH.
Specialization of Events 255
12. WARREN, MONTGOMERY, MERCER, and other American heroes who
had fallen in battle, in Elysium receiving the thanks of Brutus, Cato,
and other patriots: Inscribed "Those who shed their blood in such
a cause shall live and reign forever."
13. PEACE: In her right hand an olive branch; at her feet the rewards of
the harvest, with a background of busy cities and ports filled with
ships.
After a further display of fireworks the affair closed by a ball,
General Washington and Mrs. Knox leading in the dance.
JOINT EXPEDITION AGAINST HALIFAX PROPOSED
During the operations in the West Indies in the spring of
1779 D'Estaing proposed to Washington a joint movement of
the French fleet and American troops against Halifax and New
foundland. The American general in chief could not safely
reduce his force for the purpose, therefore after considerable
correspondence the project was abandoned.
COMBINED ATTACK ON SAVANNAH
After having obtained the advantage of Byron in an active
campaign in the West Indies, Count D'Hstaing determined to
return to the mainland. On September 3, 1779, he appeared
off Tybee Island, on the coast of Georgia, with 20 ships of the
line, 1 1 frigates, and a strong landing force.
After destroying a few vessels and communicating with Gen
eral Lincoln, the American commander, he sailed away the next
day, but returned on the 6th. Three days later he landed a
few troops on Tybee Island, and the defenses there were aban
doned by the enemy.
By the i2th, General Lincoln having concentrated his troops,
the French effected a debarkation of their whole force at Beau-
lieu (Buley).
The landing party included the entire body of infantry aboard
the fleet, made up of the Dillon Regiment (Franco- Irish), 1,164
officers and men, Comte de Dillon, commanding; D'Hainault,
i battalion, 511 strong, Laplin, commanding; Foix (sharp-
256 Specialization of Events
shooters;, 357 on the roll, Chastelet, commanding; Walsh
(Fran co- Irish), 532 officers and men, O'Brien, commanding.
In addition to these were the grenadiers and chasseurs of the
famous Agenois Regiment, 200 strong, D'Autichamp com
manding, and 200 Gatenais Grenadiers (Royal Auvergne), of
Rostaing's regiment, making a grand total of about 3,000
Frenchmen.
On the i6th, Lincoln's main army being in position, a general
advance was made .to within 3 miles of the city. D'Estaing
now demanded its surrender to the King of France. But'Pre-
vost, the British officer in charge, not quite prepared to go on,
asked until the next day for consideration. This being granted,
the time afforded an opportunity for about 800 men to steal
in under cover of a fog. About 1,000 white and black laborers
were compelled to work on the intrenchments, which now
mounted about 80 cannon, from 6 to 18 pounders. Prevost
having received all available aid, declined D'Kstaing's sum
mons. This was a fatal delay for the combined armies.
On the 23d the siege began. The French and Americans
closed up, and in twelve days had 54 cannon and 15 howitzers
in position. The enemy meanwhile made several small sorties
which w r ere repulsed. In repelling one of these on September 7,
the night of September 27, lieutenant Blandet, of the Agenois
Regiment, was killed.
On October 4 the combined armies opened a bombardment.
The preliminary bombardment was made more effective by
bringing a French ship into action.
As it was deemed best to push matters, owing to the possi
bility of the arrival of Byron and an attack from the sea,
D'Estaing urged an immediate assault or an abandonment of
the enterprise. Major L,' Enfant, afterwards the designer of the
plan of the city of Washington, with a detachment of sappers
and miners, opened the way by destroying a portion of the
abatis.
Specialization of Events 257
ASSAULT ON THK BRITISH WORKS
At the first break of dawn, October 9, the whole force of the
two armies, about 5,100 effectives, of whom 2,964 were French
men, bent their entire energies to the storming of the enemy's
position, D'Hstaing leading the main column in person, and
Lincoln and Count Dillon the other two. The enemy opened fire
briskly with all his batteries. The battle raged furiously. The
French in the lead, exposed to a heavy front and cross fire, lost
their leader, D'Estaing, early in the engagement, who was shot
in the arm and thigh. Undaunted, however, they pushed ahead
under a storm of shot and shell, finally reaching the ditch.
Soon the "lily" and "crescent" (South Carolina) flags were
seen planted on the parapet.
A strong body of British Grenadiers, and a heavy guti fire
concentrated on this devoted band, soon rendered their position
untenable. Being forced to yield they retired slowly, carrying
their colors with them.
During this engagement Count Casimir Pulaski, with his legion
of ft horsemen, was slowly gaining advantage against another part
of the works, when a cannon ball struck him in the thigh, inflict
ing a mortal wound, which caused his men to hesitate.
After holding their own stubbornly, at 10 a. m. both armies
fell back upon their intrenchments.
The allies asked five hours' truce in which to bury their dead.
The British commander allowed but four.
ABANDONMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE
During this suspension D'Estaing, suffering from his wounds,
held a conference with General Lincoln as to further operations.
Owing to his inability to lead his men, his heavy losses,
and the dread of Byron's appearance under such unfavorable
conditions, the French commander favored raising the siege.
Sullivan, on the contrary, advocated another attempt. The
counsel of the Frenchmen prevailing, on the evening of the
1 8th they withdrew to their ships and the Americans marched
toward Charleston.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 17
258 Specialization of Events
The French killed and wounded were 637, or more than one-
fifth their number; the American loss being 457, or about the
same proportion; the enemy not to exceed 120.
The strength of the defenders was 2,850 men. They had the
great advantage of intrenchments and mounted batteries.
The French regiments displayed signal bravery. In addi
tion to the severe wounds of their chief, Captain du Barry, Lieu
tenant Saint Saveur, and Ensign Mauriage, of the Agenois Regi
ment, were wounded. The ensign, having his left leg broken,
was abandoned on the field and taken prisoner.
The Gatenais Regiment (Royal Auvergne) was specially dis
tinguished. Its company of chasseurs literally covered itself
with glory. With the watchword "Auvergne and D'Assas"
(name of their captain) the men scaled the enemy's works.
Ensign Levert, being the first to mount the rampart, planted the
Lilies of France upon its crest. The defenders, astounded at
such an example of bravery, fled with great precipitation. In
the meantime, the regiment coming up and the enemy returning
with increased numbers, the brave Frenchmen, after bearing the
brunt of overwhelming numbers, slowly withdrew, constantly
fighting and losing half their number. Among the killed and
wounded at this desperate part of the field were Vicomte de
Bethzy, lieutenant-colonel; Captains Sereuil and Foucault, Lieut
enants Jast, Chevalier Roch-Negly, and Chevalier de Tourville.
Ensign Levert had his clothes completely riddled.
In the attack of the D'Hainault Regiment, Lieut. Chalelard
des Brets was wounded.
In the assault, the famous "Sergeant" Jasper, of Fort Moul-
trie fame, was killed, leading his regiment of South Carolinians
and carrying the crescent flag presented in commemoration of
his former gallantry.
This ended the career of D'Estaing and the first French
expedition to America. Its operations, always marked by
great purposes and successful beginnings, ended in unexpected
obstacles and failure. Aside from the experience, which was
later an element of value, and the great damage inflicted on the
Specialization of Events 259
enemy, the outcome of tl\e expedition was calculated to dampen
the ardor of our "great and good friend" across the oceari.
The career of Count d'Estaing after leaving Boston was partic
ularly honorable. In the Antilles he took Grenada and achieved
several naval successes against the English. -It was was some
what clouded, however, by the inability to take Savannah.
It was only by heroic exertion he was able to get back to
France, his fleet having been left in very bad condition by a vio
lent hurricane, during which it was dispersed.
One of the resultant effects of the presence of the French
fleet in American waters was a revival of the naval spirit, which
had somewhat lagged owing to inadequate means.
GENERAL RESULTS
The unexpected presence of the French in American waters
completely reversed the contemplated British offensive opera
tions in the States of the South.
General Clinton even felt it the part of prudence to evacuate
Rhode Island, which he did in so much haste as to oblige the
Newport garrison to abandon, in its withdrawal on October 27,
1779, all of its heavy guns, besides great quantities of material
of war.
ARMY OF DE ROCHAMBEAU ON .LAND AND
NAVAL EXPLOITS OF DE TERNAY. DESTOUCHES,
DE BARRAS, AND DE GRASSE IN AMERICAN
WATERS: 1780-1781
A source of much apprehension in the minds of Congress
and General Washington as to the efficacy, from a military
standpoint, of a foreign alliance, particularly with France, was
the traditional feeling, supposedly, of enmity between the
Americans and French, growing out of the struggles of more
than a century between the two sovereign powers for supremacy
on the American continent.
The career of Washington himself had begun as an envoy of
the British governor of Virginia to the French posts on Lake
Erie and at the confluent waters of the Allegheny and Monon-
gahela rivers, forming the Ohio. He had commanded the
advance of the Braddock expedition of 1755, serving as aid to
that general during his ill-fated march to seize the French
fort, Duquesne, and succeeded in bringing off the remnant of
his decimated army. He also led the advance of the Forbes
expedition of 1758, which finally captured the prize which gave
England the mastery, broke up the line of French posts down
the Ohio and Mississippi, and completely severed the French
possessions in Canada from those in Louisiana.
The operations of the French were not only regarded as an
encroachment upon soil under the sovereignty of Great Britain,
but also upon part of the domain of the royal colony of Virginia.
Besides this train of legitimate military events, the more subtle
nature of the French had completely won over the most war
like savage tribes, and allowed them to roam in all their ferocity
along the borders of New York and Pennsylvania.
261
262 Franch Army and Navy in America
In every instance the appearance of murderous bands among
the outlying settlements was associated with the actual pres
ence or influence of emissaries from the French in Canada.
The colonial wars known as King William's, Queen Anne's,
King George's, and French and Indian ( (Seven Years' ) were
yet in memory of living men. With respect to the latter, most
of the middle-aged American officers, including Washington,
had seen service in many of its hardest campaigns; and due to
the valor of the King's subjects in America was the reduction
of Canada and its transfer to the crown of the second George.
There was but one man who trusted unreservedly to the
sound judgment of the American people in this paradoxical
condition of things. An instinctive sense of ill feeling was
natural under the circumstances it might be said a heritage
of the better part of a century, but conditions had changed.
The heroic achievements of the Virginians under Washington,
and New Englanders under Pepperell still earlier, had given the
colonists honors and achievements distinctively their own, and
although their enemy in every instance was a Frenchman, they
felt toward him none of the hostility born of centuries of racial
and dynastic rivalries and antipathies in Europe.
^NO FOUNDATION FOR ANTAGONISM
In other words, the American colonists had rebelled against the
arrogance and tyranny of the throne of England, had established
a government of their own, and proposed to fight the fight
to a finish, availing themselves of every legitimate advantage.
Therefore, this apprehension, as results demonstrated, was
without foundation either in fancy, feeling, or fact.
The class which largely agitated this sentiment of inherited
international animosity was the Tory element, active and ready
at all times to resort to any or all means to thwart the efforts of
their countrymen and, shame to say, fellow-citizens to over
throw tyranny, establish liberty, and, logically, independence.
There was also some equally ill-founded misgiving as to how
to reconcile the presence of the troops of a foreign power on
American soil. The experience of history had been against
such succor even in time of great public danger.
French Army and Navy in America 263
This was, to a certain extent, the view of public men and
thinkers, somewhat supported b3^ the experience of the expe
dition of D'Estaing.
This first output of the alliance would have proven a greater
fiasco than it did had it not been for the sagacity, energy, and
influence of that young nobleman of France, Gilbert de Motier,
Marquis de Lafayette. The experience was invaluable to him
at the French court during the critical and crucial period of
1779-80, upon his first return from America.
A DESPERATE ALTERNATIVE
The Congress persisted in its dissatisfaction with the . intro
duction of foreign soldiers into the conflict, and Washington
even accorded the measure his reluctant consent as the only
means of escaping a complete collapse of the whole cause. As
events showed, neither represented the actual feeling of the
people nor the situation at that time.
Congress in its correspondence with Franklin and his asso
ciate commissioners at Versailles, was constantly urgent for
money, cannon, arms, and ammunition, supplies of any kind
which could be obtained from any source and in any way, to
aid in the desperate exigencies of the moment.
The terms of the contract with France was an ' ' alliance ' '
offensive and defensive, and how either could have been com
plied with without ships and troops would be difficult to say.
Nor in the negotiation was there any other thought than of
warlike cooperation, without technicalities of any sort, regard
less as to French troops on American soil or, if need be, Ameri
can troops on French soil. In fact, there was considerable
pressure in favor of creating a diversion not only by an
American- French assault on Canada and the restoration of
French dominion in that former domain of France, but a French
expedition with a large American contingent against the
strategic islands of Great Britain in the West Indies.
The convention of alliance between France and the United
States of America clearly presented the mutual obligations with
respect to the prosecution of warlike operations in America.
264 French Army and Navy in America
NEWPORT ABANDONED
In the fall of 1779, Sir Henry Clinton, in command at New
York, fearful of a concerted attack upon that British strong
hold by Washington from the land and D'Estaing from the
sea, proposed an expedition to the south as a counter demon
stration. In the month of October he transferred the entire
British garrison of 'Newport and its impedimenta to New York.
LAFAYETTE'S EFFORTS
In January of the same year Marquis de Lafayette returned
to France on leave of absence to rejoin the colors of the Ameri
can Army at his convenience.
It took much tact and an immense amount of persuasion to
induce "our great and good friend" to make another effort.
He had his troubles at home, wJiich were by no means trifling
and seriously cumulative in demands upon the resources of his
Kingdom and the ready means of his exchequer.
The Marquis de Lafayette, though still under the ban of the
royal letter de cachet, had so advanced in his career as the
vSympathetic friend and confidant of Washington, as a hero in
the eyes of the American people, as a general in the Continen
tal Army, and as an indefatigable coadjutor of Congress, that
his return to France was an event. The extent of his services
in America was emphasized by Congress, placing at his disposal
the best frigate it possessed, just finished, called the Alliance,
a 30-gunner, and for his personal fortification invested him
with resolutions of grateful recognition. He bore letters of
highest commendation from the President of Congress, a com
mittee of Congress, and the commander in chief of the Conti
nental Armies to the King in person.
The correspondence which accompanied the direct efforts
of Lafayette, aided by the Queen, Vergennes, and D'Estaing,
resulted in the decision of the King to send out another
expedition along the lines proposed by Lafayette, approved by
Vergennes, namely, the command of the land forces to be given
to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, Lafayette to remain at the head of
French Army and Navy in America 265
a division in the American army and General Washington to
have supreme command of the French forces in everything ex
cept the internal affairs of camp discipline and regimen. When
operating jointly the American troops were to form the right
wing of the army, the French being "division a gauche," and
American officers were to command the French officers of equal
rank.
A similar arrangement of making French troops auxiliaries
was conducted harmoniously, in a tactical sense, in the cam
paign of 1757 against Frederick the Great in Germany. Count
DK ROCHAMBEAU, among his other qualifications for command,
had experience in this particular style of cooperative military
operations.
These were radical propositions and a complete refutation of
the arguments and overanxiety as to the difficulty of harmonious
action between the officers and men of the two armies and over-
keen sensitiveness as to the presence of an auxiliary force of an
allied power on American soil.
On February, 1780, Lafayette submitted to Vergennes a plan
for an expeditionary corps of 3,600 men, to be commanded by
himself, which, however, was not received with favor.
The fact that Lafayette was not placed in command was due
to the important fact, that, though holding a line commission
subsequently raised to colonel of dragoons in the King's service,
he held a major-general's rank commanding a division in the
American army, where .in the very earliest years of manhood
he had won prestige which gave him the potentiality to speak
in the councils of his Sovereign and to respond to letters of
inquiry and documents of state with respect to international
policy and the details of execution, as far as concerned the affairs
of France and the States.
The narrative of the unceasing exertions of this extraordinary
young nobleman, just turned 22 of years of age, from the time
he landed in France amid salvos of artillery till the day of
his departure from Rochelle to return fifteen months after as
"Ambassadeur extraordinaire" is another story. Suffice it to
say, through his representations of conditions and presentation
266 French Army and Navy in America
of prospective opportunities, the King's command went forth.
It met a willing exponent in Vergennes, a speedy herald in
Lafayette, and a loyal champion in ROCHAMBEAU.
The difficulty with d'Estaing's undertaking was divided
counsels and command; no one in authority, and a doubt in the
minds of all as to what the expedition was really intended to
accomplish.
It returned none too soon to make way for the auxiliary
Operations under Count DK ROCHAMBEAU and Chevalier de
Ternay.
The condition of the affairs of the States at the time of the
return of Lafayette to headquarters, announcing the speedy
arrival of new succor from France, was not only deplorable, but
to one of even Washington's illimitable fortitude and hope,
apparently without a ray of encouragement beyond the miracle
of his own resourceful capabilities. Congress had reached the
utmost limit of its credit. The States were in a slough of
despair, and the people grasping at the last Straw of willing but
impossible further sacrifice. It had come to the issue, survive
or perish, without any apparent inherent reserve vitality to
stay the inevitable end. Washington summed up the situation
in an epigram, saying, "his men had lived on all sorts of horse
food save hay."
KING'S AMBASSADOR
The Marquis de Lafayette, bearer of intelligence of the
King's decision to continue material support of the American
cause, accompanied by a commissary of war, sailed in March,
1780, from the Isle d'Aix, near Rochelle, on the west coast of
France, 'in the French -frigate Hermione, 36 guns, Chevalier de
la Touche, commander, and after a tempestuous voyage of
thirty-eight days reached Boston. He brought with him infor
mation of the speedy sailing of an army and a powerful fleet;
also a commission from the King of France appointing George
Washington lieutenant-general in the armies of France and
admiral of its fleets, thus making the French allies auxiliaries
and subject to the supreme command of the American chief.
French Army and Navy in America 267
These arrangements were due entirely to the persuasion of
Lafayette, and the persistence with which he insisted upon them
being made fundamental in any renewed efforts of the King.
GREAT JOY AND ACTIVITY
The return of Lafayette was hailed as a national affair.
Congress characterized it as such by a resolution of welcome.
The joy was universal. The tidings which he brought raised
the despondent hopes of Washington to a pinnacle of elation-,
aroused Congress to renewed efforts, and quickened the apathy
of the people into extraordinary activity.
CONGRESS AROUSED
Three days after Lafayette's arrival Congress took measures
to get the army into the field and to furnish it with necessary
supplies by. authorizing bills of exchange drawn on Franklin
and Jay, respectively, for $25,000. The States of Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire
were called upon to raise the impossible sum of $10,000,000
in thirty days to replenish the Continental treasury. The
Carolinas and Georgia were held exempt from the call, being
occupied in'a costly campaign of their own.
Other steps were taken in order to be prepared to meet the
demands of the situation as soon as the French auxiliary army
should arrive.
ROCHAMBEAU ON D'ESTAING
Coirfmenting upon the unfortunate results of" the D'Estaing
expedition, M. le Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU says in his Memoires:
The unexpected result of this expedition projected against New York,
the ill success of an attack against Savannah, and the depreciation of paper
currency on the Continent produced a most serious crisis in America. She
had contended by herself against the entire forces of England since the be
ginning of her Revolution. The more she had struggled, the less able was
she now to hold out. The Congress in this critical situation resolved to
solicit from her ally, the King of France, further assistance, by a fresh
268 French Army and Navy in America
supply of naval and land forces and money, which the latter accordingly
granted by immediately sending out a squadron of ships to cruise off the
coast, a corps of able troops, and a considerable supply of specie.
INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE ARRIVAL OF THK CONVOY V %
The following instructions, under the hand of Vergennes,
to regulate every detail on the arrival of the French convoy on
the coast of America, were handed to the Marquis de L/afayette,
under date of Versailles, March 5, 1780, just prior to his de
parture, which he was to convey to America in advance and
have supervision of their execution:
The Marquis de Lafayette, on arriving in America, is to proceed imme
diately to join General Washington and communicate to him the secret
that the King, willing to give the United States a new proof of his affec
tion and of his interest in their security, is resolved to send to their aid at
the opening of spring 6 vessels of the line and 6,000 regular troops of in
fantry. The convoy has orders to land the tropps in Rhode Island, where
they may be at hand to join General Washington's army, if he shall think
it necessary; but as it is possible the English, after having voluntarily
evacuated Rhode Island, may return, it is necessary, to prevent the French
squadron from falling into any surprise, that the Marquis de Lafayette
should request General Washington to send to Rhode Island, and even to
Block Island, if the inhabitants can be confided in, some of the French
officers who are with him, each one of whom must be the bearer of a letter
from him, that the French squadron may freely and safely enter the port.
These officers should be charged to keep a most vigilant watch, and
should have always at hand several light boats and skillful pilots ready to
set off the moment the French convoy shall appear in sight; but, as the
weather or other circumstances may not permit these officers to go imme
diately on board, if the entrance of Rhode Island should be free and open
they shall hoist on Block Island and on Points Judith and Sakonnet the
French flag; and, on the contrary, if the enemy shall have retaken posses
sion of the island, _the American flag shall be hoisted, which will be a sig
nal to the French commander to bear away from the port. Should no
French officer arrive with a letter from General Lafayette giving instruc
tions as to the probability of a debarkation, and should no signals appear,
the French .squadron with its convoy will go into Boston Harbor and wait
advices from General Washington.
To prevent any surprise in regard to the destination of the French offi
cers who are to be sent by the Marquis de Lafayette, and also to guard
against any accident by which these officers may be replaced by suspicious
persons, the words of reconnaissance shall be " St. Louis et Philadelphia."
French Army and Navy in America 269
Should the winds force the squadron to the south, it ought to proceed
to the Capes of Virginia. Let an intelligent officer be stationed at Cape
Henry, with orders to join the squadron, who shall be well instructed in
the state of American affairs, and particularly in regard to the possibility of
debarking at Rhode Island. The same signals in case of the affirmative are
to be exhibited at Cape Henry as at Rhode Island. The words of recon
naissance shall be "Marie et Boston." If General Washington thinks
the French troops can be more usefully employed at the South, this officer
will bring orders accordingly. He will be the bearer of instructions iir
detail respecting the place for debarking with safety, where in any case
the squadron and transports would be protected and where provisions can
be obtained in sufficient abundance and horses for transporting the bag
gage and artillery.
The French troops shall be simply auxiliaries, and with this title they
shall act only under the orders of General Washington. The French
general shall receive the order of the American commander in chief in all
things, except what pertains to the internal management of his own
troops, which ought to be regulated according to the laws of their own
country. It shall be the duty of the naval commander to second by every
means in his power all the operations to which his aid shall be called.
As the operations must depend on circumstances and local possibilities
we forbear to give any instructions on the subject. It must be left to
General Washington and his council of war to decide what shall be the
most useful. All the King desires is to relieve them from the oppression
of their enemies in the most effectual manner. His Majesty expects
that by a reciprocation of the regards which friends ought to show to
each other, General Washington and his officers will afford as many con
veniences to the French officers and troops as shall be compatible with
the good of the service. It will be necessary that General Washington
should take means to render easy the procuring of subsistence for the
French troops. Their wants should also be supplied at a reasonable price.
The above arrangements being made with the American commander in
chief, the Marquis de Lafayette shall proceed to Congress, having first
ascertained from General Washington how far it will be expedient to open
to Congress the secret of our measures. Upon arrival in Philadelphia, he
shall first see M. de la Luzerne, show him his -instructions, communicate
all that has passed between him and General Washington, and take no
further steps except in concert with the French minister, by whose advice
he must be influenced. His Majesty, who has an esteem for his minister,
desires him to have a part in all arrangements respecting America. In
case the operations by land should not require the concert of the squadron,
it will be free to cruise at such a distance from the coasts as the com
mandant shall think best for doing most harm to the enemy; but special
orders will be given that it shall not go far, and that it shall take no part
except with the advice of the commander on land.
270 French Army and Navy in America
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
A copy of these instructions were dispatched through other
channels of transmission to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, with
directions should the Hermione be captured by the British or
meet disaster from any other cause the minister should proceed
to the headquarters of General Washington and follow the same
course.
In this instance the additional restriction was made that the
substance of the instructions was to be communicated only to
the President of Congress, and not even to him should there be
any danger of premature exposure. The important point of all
this secrecy was to not have the destination of the squadron
known in advance of its arrival.
On May 2, at Watertown, Lafayette wrote to Count de
Vergennes:
I have been most highly gratified with public sentiment in regard to
all the circumstances of the French alliance.
On the morning of May 10 he reached the headquarters of
the American army, where, having rejoined the colors, he spent
four days in conference with the commander in chief concerning
the arrival of the naval and land forces of France.
Thence he continued to Philadelphia, in further pursuance of
his royal instructions to communicate the purpose of the King
to Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French minister.
From Philadelphia, with a letter of date May 19, to Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU, the Marquis, under his instructions from
Count de Vergennes, dispatched M. de Galvan, a French officer
in the American service, south, to await the arrival of the
French expedition at Cape Henry, Virginia, at the entrance to
Chesapeake Bay.
Although this letter did not reach the Count until after his
arrival at Newport, it is interesting, as showing the military
situation of the enemy at the time.
French Army and Navy in America 271
BRITISH STRENGTH
In this communication Lafayette stated as to the strength
and disposition of the enemy at the siege of Charleston 7,000
men and a few ships. At New York, Long Island, and Staten
Island about 8,000 regulars, "a few militia, upon which they
place no dependence, and a small number of royalists, very con
temptible in all respects. ' ' Also one ship of 74 guns and some
frigates.
DISPOSITION OF THE AMERICAN TROOPS.
The American army was in three divisions one at West Point,
maintaining communications on the Hudson River; one in
South Carolina, and one, the largest division, in New Jersey
under the immediate command of General Washington.
Lafayette also mentioned the coming of the expedition as
being known at New York; the recall of the troops or ships
from Charleston; the erection of fortifications on "New York
Island," and vessels laden with stones 'ready to obstruct the
entrance to the harbor.
In conveying to the Count the sentiments of Washington and
his troops, he added:
At the same time that I here execute the orders of my general and
communicate to you the sentiments of my friend, permit me to assure you
of the strong desire of our army to do whatever may please you, and how
much we shall all endeavor to merit the friendship and the esteem of
troops whose assistance at the present moment is so essential to us. You
will find among us a great deal of good will, a great deal of sincerity,
and above all a great desire to be agreeable to you.
In order to insure the delivery of this letter to the French
commandant-general, duplicates were sent to Chevalier de
Ternay and by messenger to Points Judith and Sakonnet, that
should the expedition make land in Rhode Island it might
at once sail for Sandy Hook.
The Marquis kept up the correspondence until the arrival of
the squadron at Newport. Of this series of letters copies were
transmitted by courier to the officers stationed to watch for the
272 French Army and Navy in America
squadron, both at the capes of the Chesapeake and to Rhode
Island, that the information they contained might be received
promptly.
In all these matters Lafayette continued to carry out the
instructions of his Sovereign until the general commandant of
the French troops came in touch with the commander in chief
of the American forces.
VERGENNE'S INTEREST
As an indication of the -interest of the King's chief of council
in all these proceedings, on June 3 Count Vergennes wrote to
Lafayette from Versailles of the, departure of the squadron from
France on May 2, and of his confidence in its safe arrival on the
shores of America. The British admiral, Graves, designated to
watch and follow the French squadron, had not left Plymouth,
England, on the 2oth, so De Ternay had a long start.
It is an essential part of the narrative to give under the hand
of the Count de Vergennes himself (June 3), the salient points
of the ' inside situation as to the fleet and of the conditions at
large and in Europe. The Count says:
This convoy takes out 5,500 men. The want of transports has not per
mitted a larger number to embark, and the rest can not be sent immediately.
The English are putting to sea, and their squadron will the more easily
blockade the harbor of Brest as our forces there are small, the larger part
of our vessels being at Cadiz. It is therefore probable that the two regi
ments will not be sent till autumn, and, perhaps only one then. We
shall know by that time how the first division has been received and
whether any more are wanted. You will remember that I at first requested
only 4,000 men, because I feared that a larger number might excite dis
trust and alarm in the United States. The advices of yourself, M. de la
Luzerne, and the French officers will enlighten us as to the future meas
ures proper to be taken.
What I regret most is that the clothing, arms, and munitions of war for
the American troops have not yet gone. They are all to go in the Alli
ance and under her convoy. It is more than a month since ,the whole
ought to have gone to sea, as there have been no obstacles from blockade.
I very much fear that these valuable cargoes will now be in danger from
the enemy's vessels. I will not decide who is to be blamed for the delay,
but I am afraid that the American agents are not free from reproach for
negligence. On our part everything was ready at the appointed time. I
French Army and Navy in America 273
regret that I did not adhere more firmly to the plan proposed of putting
the arms and munitions under the convoy of M. de Ternay. We have no
concern with the clothing.
There is nothing new in Europe. From present prospects the campaign
will be only watched in this quarter, and if hard blows are struck they
will fall in America. L,et the portion of it where you are placed be a
brilliant theater of action. By very great efforts alone can the United
States hope to obtain a settled peace which shall have for its basis their
absolute independence.
SUGGESTIONS FOR WASHINGTON
With that delicacy of feeling, due to the propriety of rank
and occasion, the King himself made no recommendation as to
the use of his army in America, yet L,afayette was the bearer
of certain considerations, reduced to writing by Count de Ver-
gennes, to be brought to the attention of General Washington
as commander in chief. With respect to the second proposition
Vergennes submitted a plan in much detail respecting the sug
gested combined attack of the French and American forces on
New York, adding as a saving clause, "everything must be left
to the sagacity and intelligence of the American officers, better
acquainted with the localities and circumstances. ' '
That this was the subject of constant thought and vigilance
on the part of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, should the con
ditions prove favorable, will be shown as the account of the
military operations of the allied armies proceeds. In the lan
guage of the Count himself:
Although no instructions have been given to the Marquis de L,afayette,
respecting the future operations of the French army, yet the Count de
Vergennes recommends the following to the consideration of .General
Washington.
It seems proper that the offensive operations of the United States should
be directed with a view to the accomplishment of two political objects.
The one to drive the enemy as far as possible from their frontiers, that
they may no longer be surrounded as they now are, while Florida, the
Mississippi region, Canada, and Nova Scotia are occupied by British
forces. The other to induce Spain to take an interest in their cause and
to form an alliance with them, which can only be done by furthering
the views of that country in the following respects: Spain has probably
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 18
274 French Army and Navy in America
an eye upon the Floridas, which formerly belonged to her, and it would
be very much more for the interest of America that those provinces
should return under the dominion of their old masters rather than remain
in the hands of the English. In that case, the United States, on one side
at least, would be freed from the neighborhood of the English, and could
easily, in case of need, receive assistance which it would be impossible to
give them more directly. Be this as it may, it is for the interest of Spain,
whatever views she may have upon Florida, that the English may not
feel sufficiently strong in the south to make any attempt upon their
possessions.
Among the different modes which present themselves for effecting these
two salutary objects there occur two which shall be summarily stated:
First. All or a part of the auxiliary troops, may be sent to Georgia or
Carolina. Many difficulties present themselves in the way of this project
which can only be solved on the spot, such as the force of the English in
those parts, which ought to be considerable, if all the troops debarked at
New York at the end of last year have been transported thither; the want
of a port sufficient to receive the French squadron and transports and
shelter them from tempests and the enemy; the difficulty of entrepots, com
munications, and subsistence for the army, which will be necessarily in
want of every convenience for penetrating into the country, and many
other obstacles which can not be detailed nor foreseen except in the
places themselves.
Second. A method which might not be less decisive would be to cause
a diversion of the British troops at the south by an attack on New York, by
compelling the enemy to recall many of their troops, and to assume the
state of defensive instead of the offensive.
The well-known humanity of General Washington, and the esteem in
which he is held in Europe as well as in America, render us confident
that there is no need of especially recommending to his care the preserva
tion of a body of brave men, sent more than a thousand leagues to the
assistance of his country. While ready to risk everything for the safety
of America, they ought not to be sacrificed rashly or on slight occasions.
ORDERS FOR DEPARTURE OF ROCHAMBEAU
The Prince de Montbarey, under orders of March 20, 1780,
received at Versailles specific directions respecting the depar
ture of the fleet. This paper shows the care with which every
move was made regarding this second effort of the King to aid
his American allies:
It is the King's intention that the troops under the command of the
Count DR ROCHAMBEAU, with the equipment of field and siege artillery
French Army and Navy in America 275
and all the necessary supplies for the wants of the French troops about to
be sent over to America, should all be in readiness to embark the instant
that the squadron which is to escort the troops and the transports in which
they are to be conveyed can be made ready for the voyage.
But in case the navy department should be unable to collect imme
diately and for the intended time of sailing, the requisite number of trans
ports, or if the wind or other circumstances should render it advisable to
dispatch a part of the squadron and of the transports which may be ready,
for fear of delaying the operation too long by waiting till all the ships are
collected, His Majesty authorizes Count DE ROCHAMBEAU to make a
division of the troops and supplies intended for this expedition in order to
facilitate the departure of the first part, of which he will himself take
command, and which will be composed, according to his selection, of
whatever he thinks necessary, as far as he can find room on board his
transports. His Majesty expects that Count DE ROCHAMBEAU will leave
the command of the second division with the Baron de Viomenil, with
orders to rejoin the first as soon as possible. His Majesty, moreover, con
fides to the wisdom, the prudence, and the intelligence of Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU and the Baron de Viomenil the execution of the details- of
this operation, whether to be performed at once or by two divisions.
EN ROUTE TO THE RENDEZVOUS
The French regiments began marching from their stations for
the rendezvous at Brest on February 15. The colonels were
ordered to set out by the 25th of the same month, so as to be
present at the embarkation of their commands.
URGENCY OF DEPARTURE
Under positive orders of the council the troops destined for
the United States were separated into two divisions, the first to
set sail by the earliest fair wind, with as many as could be
accommodated.
The dispatch of the remainder was promised at the earliest
date possible.
The arms, ammunition, and other material of war to go
aboard with the troops were to be concentrated at Brest by
the beginning of April.
The naval preparations were delayed, owing to the transports
of the Brest station having been employed in carrying drafts
and stores to the colonies.
276 French Army and Navy in America
The marine department had delayed orders to the vessels at
Bordeaux, and these were further delayed by contrary winds in
reaching ports.
As a result of these difficulties, the general commandant upon
his arrival at Brest found vessels sufficient to convey but one-
half the force placed at his disposal.
M. de Choiseul, commenting upon the situation said, "M. de
Sartine's watch is always slow."
It was due to the activity of M. Hector, naval commandant,
that transports were brought together sufficient to accommodate
5,000 troops.
It was known in France that a fleet was being fitted out in
England to follow, hence the fatal danger of delay, and the
situation in "The States," above all, demanded expedition.
EMBARKATION
The embarkation at last began on April 5 and was com
pleted by the nth. Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and the general
officers and their aids followed on the i4th.
The next day, with a fair, though fitful wind, Admiral de
Ternay ordered the sailing of the convoy, to be followed the
day -after by the vessels of war.
FLEET OF DE TERNAY *-
The fleet of De Ternay, as it sailed out of Brest escorting the
convoy of 36 transports having on board the first division of the
auxiliary army of France bound for the United States of
America, consisted of the following ships, with guns, officers,
crews, and captains:
French Army and Navy in America 277
Vessels
Guns
Men
Commander
SHIPS OF THE LINE
Le Duc-de-Bourgogne
80
I, 200
7OO
Admiral Arsac de Ternay
Captain Destoucheg
Le Conqurant
74
700
M.dela Grandiee
I/IJveill
64
600
M. de Tilly 4
L,a Provence
64
600
M. Lombard
L'Ardent
64
600
M. de Marigny
64
6OO
M. de la Clocheteri
FRIGATES
La Surveillante
4
3OO
,
M. deCaillet (Sillart)
La Bellone ft
Iy' Andromaque
36
250
M. de Bonneval
^6
250
La P6rouse
La Sibella
5
250
Baron de Clugney
La Hermione
36
250
De la Touche
CUTTERS
La Gupe
668
14
6,300
IOO
l,e Serpent b
Pelican ( American )
20
1 20
48
320
HOSPITAL SHIP
La Fantasque (en flute) c
2O
IOO
ARMED SHIPS
L,e Bruen
Des Arros
De Noulds
Left fleet in mid-ocean.
b Sent back with dispatches for the King.
< Also carried the heavy artillery, treasure, and passengers.
Total, 7 line, 5 frigates, 2 cutters, 2 armed ships, i hospital
ship 17 vessels; 736 guns, 6,720 officers and men, exclusive of
armed ships.
AUXILIARY ARMY
The land troops consisting of the following regiments: Bour-
bonnais, Soissonnais, Royal Deux-Ponts, Saintonge, lyegion
Lauzun (600 for a troop of horse), battalion of artillery (500
men), corps of sappers and miners, Royal Guides, making a
total- of 5,028 officers and men were embarked on a convoy of
36 transports.
Had the entire force assembled for the purpose of embarka
tion been accommodated, it would have footed up 7, 683 officers
and men. The number left behind for want of transportation
278 French Army and Navy in America
was 2,645 officers and men. This embraced an entire brigade
of infantry, including the regiments Neustrie and Anhalt, a
battalion of artillery, and an equal force, between 200 and 300
men, of the Lauzun legion. The same baffling winds which
had embarrassed the departure of the convoy in the beginning
was the cause of the delay in the arrival of the Bordeaux trans
ports ordered to Brest to take on this division.
The French army originally intended for America under
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, commander in chief, and Baron de
Viomenil, second in command, was divided into two divisions,
the first of which, having sailed, was organized in three brigades
under Chevalier de Chastellem, Comte de Viomenil, and Baron
de Choisy. M. de Beville was commissary of war, and M.
Blanchard, commissary of subsistence.
CASH FOR CONGRESS
The fleet also took out 3,000,000 livres (about $600,000), in
addition to the former large contributions from the King. It
may be added this loan was doubled soon after by an additional
advance of 3,000,000 livres.
TRANSPORTATION LACKING
In taking advantage of the discretion allowed him, Baron de
Viomenil, by orders of Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, was retained
with the first division, and Count de Wittgenstein assigned to
the command of the second.
The strongest representations were again made by the Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU and Chevalier de Ternay to the King's min
isters against the proposed division of the expedition. Owing,
however, to the continued difficulty of getting together a suffi
cient number of transports to convey the whole force, the King's
council felt it imperative to direct the troops to be divided into
two divisions the first to depart without a moment's delay.
French Army and Navy in America 279
PERSONNEL OF THE FLEETS
The distribution of duties and classification of rank of the
personnel of these ancient crafts is a curiosity, in comparison
with modern ideas.
The flagship (Le Duc-de-Bourgogne) of 'Admiral, de Ternay
had on board 1,200 men, all told, distributed among the follow
ing classes of officers and seamen:
Chief of squadron (chef d'escadre); flag captain (capitaine de
pavilion); captain commandant (capitaine de vaisseau); capi-
taines en second (post captain); lieutenants of vessels (lieute
nants de vaisseaux) ; captain of the fireship (capitaine de brulot) ;
enseignes of vessels; lieutenants of frigate (lieutenants de
fregate); surgeons-major (chirurgiens-majors); surgeons (chi-
rurgiens); chaplain (aumonier); marine guard (gardes de la
marine); volunteers of honor (volontaires d'honneur); officers-
mariners of maneuver (officiers-mariniers de manoeuvre), first
and second mates, boatswain's mate (contremaitre), quarter
master (bosseman); pilots,, first and second (pilotage), aid
pilot; canonniers, master, second, aid; carpenters, master,
second, aid; calkers (calfatage); sailmakers (voiliers); top-
men (gabiers); helmsmen (timoniers); seamen (matelots);
apprentices (novices); supernumeraries (surnumeraires); coast
guard (garde-cotes); cabin or ship boys (mousses); servants
(domestiques).
PRESTIGE OF WAR
The zeal of Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre, the
' ' great and good friend ' ' of the States, in his efforts to bring
effective assistance to their support, was amply vindicated in the
high character of the chief and splendid morale of the officers
and men of the army sent to America as "division a gauche"
under the supreme orders of Gen. George Washington, com
mander in chief of the American forces, lieutenant-general of
France, and chief in command of the allied armies.
The willingness and fidelity of these services, from ROCHAM-
BEAU and De Ternay, down to the humblest man in the ranks,
must ever be held in sacred remembrance bj* the American
people.
280 French Army and Navy in America
HIGH CHARACTER OF THE REGIMENTS
During the long period of its continued service as a unit of
field organization in the armies of France, Regiment Bourbon-
nais, the senior, held a high place on the roll of honor.
It is interesting to know the regiment received its distinctive
appellation but a year after the edict of Nantes granting civil
and religious toleration to the Protestant subjects of Henry IV.
Naturally it figured on the side of Louis XIV during the civil
war which sprung up as a result of his revocation of that cele
brated instrument. It served in the wars of the seventeenth
century, notably under the great Duke D'Enghein against the
Spaniards, and of the eighteenth century at Blenheim, Malpla-
quet, and on other famous fields, against the celebrated Marl-
borough, Prince Eugene, and the great warriors of the day.
It was distinguished specially during the Seven Years' War
against Frederick the Great and England, in Europe, at the
very time Washington himself was serving as a colonial leader
in the wars of England against the French in America.
The regiments of ROCHAMBEAU, and the Count himself, and
many of the officers of his army in America fighting for inde
pendence, participated on the other side, fighting England, as
well as her only ally, Prussia.
It was a special favor of the King to send a regiment of such
renown to lead the others, each of which had won a name for
itself in the more recent wars of the Old World.
BAFFLING WINDS
The wind failing, the convoy anchored in the roads of Bear-
theaume. On April 16 the war fleet made another attempt,
but a shifting breeze compelled it to remain windbound in the
sheltered waters of Brest. A gale also sent the convoy back to
the roads. From the iyth adverse winds continued to prevail.
The fleet and convoy did not clear the coast and make a good
offing until May 2, at 5 a. m., taking a southwesterly course
across the tempest-riven Bay of Biscay.
French Army and Navy in America 281
There was great apprehension of a blockade of the port by
the superior force of the British fleet at Plymouth on the Eng
lish coast, less than 200 miles across the channel. For some
reason this fear proved groundless. De Ternay therefore, when
fairly out of the harbor, crowded on all sail and soon found him
self clear of danger astern and none to look for ahead until he
approached the American coast.
The officers and men left in excellent spirits, wrote Ver-
gennes to Lafayette a month later. He had only to regret
the inability of the entire number to sail, which he expected
would follow during the summer or autumn.
In the prevailing heavy weather, particularly in thef Gulf
of Gascony, on the French coast, in the southeast angle of the
Bay of Biscay, the topmasts of the Provence went overboard.
Her captain, unable to keep up, signaled for permission to
return. De Ternay, however, responded by sending carpenters
from the flagship to repair the damage.
On May 5 the Bellone separated from her companions to
return to France. In order to mislead her officers, the Admiral
signaled to put the crews on an allowance of water to create
the impression of a long voyage and to add to the mystification
of the opposition influences at court.
The winds continued adverse and fickle. During the first
three days out the convoy made but 150 of the 3,500 miles of
the voyage, the sailing route of that day.
It was a full month after the first order to sail before Cape
Finisterre, the south headland of Biscay, about 480 nautical
miles southwest from Brest, lay on the port beam.
The cutter Serpent, which had accompanied the fleet for that
purpose, was sent back with dispatches for the King from De
Ternay, reporting that the Cape had been passed, the voyage
was underway with fair winds, and the officers and crews well.
On June 3, while the fleet lay drifting in the neighborhood
of the islands to the southward in the line of the trade belt,
the regimental commanders, Laval of Bourbonnais, Custine of
Saintonge, d'Ollieres of Soissonnais, Deuxponts (Guillaum)
282 French Army and Navy in America
of Deuxponts, de la Tour of the sappers and. miners of
Auxonne," De Gimel of the Artillery of Metz, Savournin of
the Grenoble company, and the gallant De Lauzun of the lan
cers and hussars, seized the opportunity of going aboard the
flagship for conference with their general. They were now
informed the fleet was heading for the coast of North America.
ORDERS FOR AMERICA
On the 8th DE ROCHAMBEAU, in accordance with his instruc
tions from his King, sent his orders to his officers on the trans
ports in regard to landing, the nature of the service expected
of them, and the precedence of rank to be observed toward the
American troops.
The voyage now began to get interesting. On June 1 1 the
Surveillante and Amazone, after an exciting chase of eight
hours, captured a small English vessel from Halifax.
On June 18 the fleet passed in sight of Bermuda, about 600
miles off the American mainland. On the same day the
Surveillante and Amazone, acting as scout ships, took an
English brig of 12 guns, outward from Charleston. From its
commander was received tidings of the siege and capitulation
of that city of South Carolina to the British land forces under
Sir Henry Clinton and the fleet under Harriot Arbuthnot. The
combined operations began by the appearance of Arbuthnot and
his convoy from New York off the harbor early in March, 1780.
An entrance was forced a month later. The city, being com
pletely surrounded, was compelled to surrender on May 12.
The garrison, commanded by General Lincoln, was granted
humiliating terms and the city given up to pillage.
The French admiral now had recurring evidences of the prox
imity of the American coast and the presence of British cruisers
and more formidable vessels of war.
About two days later the fleet sighted 5 English sail of the
line and a frigate to the northeast, which showed fight, but were,
however, allowed to proceed unmolested.
This action on the part of the admiral led to much criticism
by the officers aboard the transports, particularly as he had kept
French Army and Navy in America 283
up a fierce cannonade at long range for fully three-quarters of
an hour. The two squadrons held the same course during the
day, but under cover of the night the English disappeared to
the southward.
Deuxponts, the most outspoken, declared if the admiral had
instructions not to fight he should not have begun the battle;
if he were free to fight he should have used his advantage.
DK ROCHAMBEAU, inferentially from his ' ' Observations, ' '
commended De Ternay for considering the safety of his convoy
paramount to his own glory of capturing a vessel or two of the
enemy.
The ships sighted were part of Commodore Cornwallis's
squadron returning to the West Indies after convoying troops
to the Bermudas.
NEWPORT THE GOAL
The admiral had orders to go to the coast of America for
objects set forth in his own instructions and those of Comte
DE ROCHAMBEAU from the King. Therefore he was inclined
to exercise great caution, although the land officers were restive
under the restraint. A mishap through the fortunes of a sea
fight, especially as he was convoying a fleet of helpless trans
ports, carrying a considerable army of troops destined for
service in the cause of American independence, was to him
sufficient reason for disregarding an opportunity for possible
momentary prestige.
On July 4 a small armed vessel was captured, supposed to be
a spy. Toward night of the same day, off the entrance to the
Chesapeake, 1 1 sail were signaled in sight in the bay. De Ternay
again not wishing to engage, made false courses under cover of
darkness. In the morning, two of the enemy's ships being still
in sight, he started in pursuit. This detachment of the enemy,
however, managed to escape by casting its guns into the sea.
Not knowing whether the enemy was Arbuthnot, then on the
American station, or Grasse, expected with reenforcement, he
took the wiser course and steered straight for Rhode Island.
284 French Army and Navy in America
The vessels sighted the day before proved to be a convoy of
3,000 English troops, protected by 5 frigates, on a voyage from
Charleston to New York to prepare for a possible emergency
growing out of the arrival of ROCH AM BEAU'S army and a coni-
bined movement against New York.
The failure of De Ternay to attack under auspices so favor
able caused another great outcry in the fleet.
It was claimed by De L,auzun ' ' that any man a little less
timid would have arrived in America with three or four English
vessels, five or six frigates, .and 3,000 prisoners of war." This,
the gay legionary thought, would have been a very "brilliant
manner of showing ourselves to our new allies."
On July 7 the admiral summoned the captains of the ships of
the line and frigates on board for a council of war, at the conclu
sion of which he disclosed the tenor of the secret instructions
under which he was pointing for Rhode Island.
INDICATIONS OF LAND
From July 7 to 9 the thick weather gave indications of the
approach to land.
On July 9 at 6 a. m. the lead gave bottom at 4 fathoms. On
account of the uncertainty of the distance off shore and the diffi
culty of seeing land owing to fog, the ships at noon let go their
anchors.
At 3 p. m. . the weather lifting, the fleet was again underway
and soon after made land, first discovered from the masts of the
Conquerant without being able to identify the locality.
At 7 p. m. , approaching cautiously it was learned from the
skipper of a small coasting craft that the land first seen was
Noman's Land, a small island south of the larger island of
Martha's Vineyard, off the coast of Massachusetts.
At 9 o'clock the vessels hove to. The next morning, July 10,
at 4 a. m., they were again underway. About noon .several
pilots from the islands came aboard to offer their services. At
10 o'clock in the evening the fleet again made land, which
proved to be Rhode Island, and anchored.
French Army and Navy in America 285
WELCOME, THE LILIES
At daybreak, July n, the ships being under sail in a thick
fog close to shore were in imminent danger of destruction, but
a signal from one of the transports warned them of their peril.
When the fog lifted the fleet was in full sight of Point Judith,
a league distant, the ocean ward promontory on the west side
of the entrance to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, with New
port head beyond. At each shore lookout the French fleur-
de-lis on a ground of white was seen waving ''Rhode Island
in American hands and welcome," the signal prearranged by
Lafayette, in obedience to his instructions before leaving France.
STANDING IN FOR NARRA*GANSETT WATERS
The American pilots secured by the admiral were sent aboard
the leading ships. In the afternoon the fleet again set sail, en
tering Newport channel toward evening. General DE ROCHAM-
BEAU with his staff boarded the Hermione and sailed for New
port in advance of the convoy, where he landed before noon.
FROM BREST TO NEWPORT
The voyage was unduly long, consuming eighty-seven days
from first weighing anchor. in the roads of Brest to dropping
them off Newport in the bay of Narragansett. Scurvy had
invaded the ranks of the troops, some of whom died at sea, and
a third were fit only for the hospital. The fleet itself was short
of water and provisions.
The British reenforcements of 6 ships of the line, sent out by
Admiral Graves to Arbuthnot, who had succeeded Byron, reached
New York (July 13) but forty-eight hours after De Ternay put
into Newport. A few days later the French admiral would
have found his entrance blocked by 1 1 vessels. This in itself
justified his course and completely vindicated his judgment in
evading a conflict.
286 French Army and Navy in America
WASHINGTON ANTICIPATES
In anticipation of the arrival of the French fleet and army off
the coast, General Washington outlined a plan of operations
having in view the reduction of New York, according to which
Count DE ROCHAMBEATJ and Chevalier de Ternay were to pro
ceed with all possible expedition to Sandy Hook, where they
would ''be met with further advices of the precise situation,
strength, and disposition of the enemy and of the American
army, with the proposals for their future movements, " unless
they should "secure authentic account that the fleet and troops
of the enemy operating in the southern States had evacuated
them and formed a junction at New York."
In the latter case, upon their arrival at Rhode Island they
were "to disembark their troops, dispose of their sick, and
await till a more definite plan could be' concerted."
If they appeared off Cape Henry they were "to proceed
directly to Rhode Island and make the same arrangements."
SITUATION AND STRENGTH OF THE ENEMY
It was Washington's purpose in having his allies proceed
immediately to New York to take advantage of the absence of
an important part of the enemy's fighting force, which then
consisted of 8,000 British regulars, 4,000 refugees, and such
militia as might be gathered by "persuasion or force."
Their naval strength at the moment was but one 74-gun ship
and three or four small frigates.
Under these conditions the forcing of New York Harbor and
capture of the garrison was regarded practicable.
It was calculated the southern expedition of Sir Henry Clin
ton had drawn off about 7,000 troops, three ships of the line,
and one of 50, two of 44 guns, and some smaller frigates. With
these forces combined, Washington was not disposed to risk an
engagement.
He also urged the importance of engaging Count de Guichen
in his cruising, to direct his movements toward the American
coast. -
French Army and Navy in America 287
SALUTATIONS IN EMBRYO
In getting ready for the felicitations of the occasion Wash
ington intrusted Marquis de Lafayette with a copious budget
of complimentary expressions to be conveyed by him to the
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and Monsieur de Ternay assuring
" them of all respect and consideration " and "of the high sense
I entertain of this distinguished mark of his Most Christian
Majesty's friendship to these States" and "of the happiness
anticipated in a personal acquaintance and cooperation with
gentlemen, whose reputation has inspired me with the greatest
esteem for their talents and merit;" adding, "I will do every
thing on my part to give success to the intended operations. ' '
WASHINGTON'S FINESSE
As a military ruse in connection with the movements of the
expected French, Washington proposed to Lafayette to issue
over his signature two proclamations in French to the Canadi
ans, one hinting at the arrival of a French fleet and army in the
St. Lawrence, with cooperation from Rhode Island, and "dwell
ing on the happy opportunity it will afford them to renew their
ancient friendship with France by joining the allied arms and
assisting to make Canada a part of the American confederation. ' '
The other was to be drawn ' ' on the supposition of the fleet
and army having already arrived and containing an animating
invitation to arrange themselves under the allied banners. ' '
As a further specimen of the great chieftain's adroit methods
it was proposed that the Marquis de Lafayette should hold him
self " up as a French and American officer charged both by the
King of France and by the Congress of the States with a com
mission to address them." He continued: " It may indeed be
well to throw out an idea that you are to command the corps of
American troops destined to cooperate with the French arma
ment. The more mystery the better. It will get out, and it
ought to, but seemingly against our intention."
The document was prolix, if not conclusive, and never taken
serioush 7 . The strategem, however, to mislead the British by
drawing attention from New York was in a measure successful.
288 French Army and Navy in America
SECRETS TO A TRAITOR
The proclamation did get out, though in a very different form
than intended.
On June 4, a little over three months before treachery was
discovered, General Washington, at Morristown, inclosed to
Arnold, who had had command of an expedition to Canada in
the earlier part of the Revolution , a draft directing him to ' ' put
it into the hands of a printer whose secrecy and discretion may
be depended upon." Five hundred copies were struck off.
At this very moment the traitor was ingratiating himself
with the enemy by sending intelligence to the British com
mander of the movements and plans of the army. It is natural
to presume that Washington's injunction as to the printer, "not
to reserve a copy for himself nor suffer one to get abroad,"
had no restraint on this mischievous character, and that the
information, with a copy, was placed forthwith in the hands
of Clinton. It came out afterwards that several copies fell into
possession of the British commander, who sent one to George
Germaine, war secretary, at London, with the observation "to
be published in Canada. ' '
PLEASANTRIES FOR LUZERNE
In a letter from Morristown, early in June, to the Chevalier
de la lyuzerne paving the way to the expected, Washington
referred to "proofs of the generous zeal of your countrymen.
I am happy in believing that the troops and citizens of these
States will eagerly embrace every opportunity to manifest their
affection to 'the troops and citizens of your nation, as well as
their gratitude and veneration for a prince from whom they have
received the most important benefits. ' ' He spoke of the account
the Marquis de L,afayette had given him of what his excellenc)^
' ' had done for the advancement of the combined operations, ' '
and asked his advice with the greatest freedom.
French Army and Navy in America 289
ENGLAND ALARMED
Sir Henry Clinton was advised of these suspicious prepara
tions at Brest as early as March, nearly two months before the
fleet got fairly under way. The great alarm felt in England
for the safety of Newfoundland, Halifax, and Canada was
marked. The latter was supposed to be the real objective of
the French forces, where they were to be cooperated with by
the Americans in the hope of arousing the Canadians at seeing
their former countrymen once more in arms on Canadian soil.
These inferences seemed to be justified by the return of Mar
quis Lafayette with clothing, arms, money, and other supplies
suitable for such an expedition.
In the caviling which usually follows in the wake of an
unsuccessful war, Mr. Fox, in the British House of Commons
on February 7, 1782, commenting on the mismanagement of
naval affairs in the war for the Crown in the States had this
to say:
' ' From the same criminal negligence the Chevalier de Ternay was
permitted to sail unmolested with his squadron to North America, when
he transported thither those numerous military forces which captured
the army of L,ord Cornwallis." ,
A New York newspaper, before the sailing, announced as a
fact that M. de Ternay would command a squadron of ships con
voying six regiments destined to aid the States. Therefore the
secrecy imposed was no longer necessary, although information
was given out very slowly and with the greatest caution.
The coming of a fleet with an auxiliary army having been
referred to Congress, a three days' debate ensued, when resolu
tions were passed in accordance with the views of the French
minister, M. de la L,uzerne, respecting the gathering of a suffi
cient number of American troops to make combined operations
possible and prompt.
It was a general supposition, in which Washington shared,
as early as May preceding the arrival of the fleet, that the
destruction of Halifax and of the naval arsenal at that point
was the primary object of our allies. Washington therefore
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 19
290 French Army and Navy in America
obtained plans of the harbor and defenses of that stronghold
for their information and use upon their arrival at Newport.
With his usual foresight Washington made careful prepara
tions for the proper reception and accommodatio'n of the fleet,
giving personal orders to have officers stationed at different
posts along the coast to signal, should it appear, and com
municate with it immediately. He also made arrangements
for pilots familiar with the coast. He dispatched Major Galvan,
a Frenchman in the Continental service, with a letter to Gov
ernor Jefferson to have lookouts at the Chesapeake capes.
The general in chief also sent personal directions to Major
L,ee, in command of an advance detachment, to take post in
New Jersey below Sandy Hook; to put himself in communica
tion with Major Forman, who would arrive as bearer of dis
patches to the fleet should it appear; also empowered him to
impress food of every kind afforded by the country, giving
certificates therefor; to command any militia in service, and
orders to dispatch a dragoon to headquarters and another to
the minister of France at Philadelphia with intelligence regard
ing the moment of the arrival of the French fleet.
THOUGHTFUL PREPARATIONS
As soon as it became known to Washington that the French
fleet would touch at Rhode Island to land the sick and the sur
plus stores and receive information necessary to intelligent coop
eration, General Heath, one of his most trusted officers, who at
the time was at his home at Roxbury on leave, received orders
to proceed to Providence to welcome its arrival.
On May 16 General Heath was met by Deputy- Governor
Bowen and a party of citizens and formally escorted into Provi
dence.
M. lyouis Kthis de Corny, commissary-general of the French
forces, followed early in June to assist in the general preparation.
De Corny, properly lieutenant-colonel of cavalry in the Ameri
can army, happening to be at Versailles when the ROCHAMBEAU
expedition was being arranged, was appointed to perform the
duties indicated in advance of the arrival of the French army.
French Army and Navy in America 291
His reception at Providence was most demonstrative as well
as cordial. A troop of horse met and attended him to the town
hall, where he was formally welcomed. The Rhode Island
government ordered vacated a suitable mansion for his accom
modation. At his request the college building was converted
into a hospital for the French sick.
The commander in chief, with his usual foresight, sent Doctor
Craik, his friend and chief medical officer, to Newport with
directions to take up proper houses for hospitals and to make
some preliminary arrangements in that department, referring to
the expected arrival of the French fleet at Rhode Island. He
was especially solicitous concerning preparations to land the
sick and the supernumerary stores and the perfection of
arrangements necessary to direct operations. *
ORDKRS TO HEATH.
In a letter of June 2, 1780, to Major-General Heath, now in
command at Newport, the chief gave specific directions con
cerning the consideration due the French general and admiral
upon their arrival, mentioning the need of the advice and
assistance of a person of discretion and judgment. He there
fore requested him to present himself to them upon arrival,
letting them know that they might command his services.
He also wished him, in conjunction with the governor, to estab
lish a market between the fleet and army and the country, and
be careful that the allies be not imposed upon in prices.
He placed great stress upon this as a policy which should be
strictly adhered to.
By the next opportunity he promised a letter from the Mar
quis de Lafayette to Lieutenant-General Count DE ROCHAM-
BEAU and Admiral de Ternay.
A popular vent for the intense patriotic activity of the people
was found in a grand celebration of the fourth anniversary of
American independence. Thirteen guns were fired in honor
of the event. The governor, French commissary, and many
distinguished citizens sat down to a dinner w.ith General Heath.
292 French Army and Navy in America
As a result of all this zeal and energy, everything was in
readiness to meet the formalities and realties of the presence
of ROCHAMBEAU and his army and de Ternay and his ships and
convoy in the waters of Rhode Island.
NEWPORT BY THE SEA
Among the coast ports of the American States none save New
York was so conspicuously identified with the strategic move
ments of both sides on land and sea as the beautiful maritime
city of Newport of the ancient province of Rhode Island.
In fact, for the purposes of vantage, in the sailing days of
Revolutionary times, taking the entire stretch of coast line from
Fundy to the Chesapeake, it was second only to the city of New
York in convenience of situation, ease of access, depth of water,
area and security of anchorage.
It was in a great measure the land importance, in a military
sense, of New York, at the outlet of the Hudson and the natural
barrier between the New England and the middle States of the
confederation, which gave that city selection and preponderance
over its numerically smaller neighbor to the eastward. Yet
Newport was not ignored. D'Estaing found there a strong gar
rison of the enemy well planted in the summer of 1778.
The American general in chief had the same idea of the. tac
tical value of the city. Before the arrival of ROCHAMBEAU,
through a ruse he cleared the British out of their defenses and
left an open way for the oncoming fleet of France and defen
sive room for its troops.
It had also the immediate advantage of abundant food sup
plies and an energetic peopk, fired in the highest degree with
the noble impulse of patriotism. It had borne this reputation
for more than a century and a half, having risen -in colonial
days to the dignity of one of the chief commercial cities oi New
England and always loyal to the Crown.
The naval authorities of France evidently well knew their
business when they made it the point of destination for the
expedition of D'Estaing and better when they fixed upon it as
French Army and Navy in America 293
the base of the fleet of de Ternay and landing ground for the
army of DE ROCHAMBKAU.
By land it lay about 70 miles south of Boston, a not much
greater distance east of New York, and far enough from the
ocean to be out of reach of the guns of an enemy and near
enough to be within easy exit to challenge the most daring foe.
It commanded all ocean approaches and nowhere on the coast
was there a better seat of operations against a maritime adver
sary. It was a constant menace of the British fleet at Gardiner
Bay, at the Montauk end of Long Island, and a vigilant out
look on commerce seeking entrance to the Sound, with the same
eye on naval and commercial operations in and out of New York
Harbor.
COURIERS FOR HEADQUARTERS AND CONGRESS
Upon the first sighting of the French fleet and convoy off
the coast, an express was hurried away to Providence to apprise
General Heath of the welcome tidings. He was at that city per
fecting his arrangement of an equitable understanding on prices
between the fleet and the country on a common basis, as between
French coin and Continental scrip, far beyond redemption.
The general in town sent a fleet courier to the headquarters
of Washington, then in Bergen County, N. J., informing him
the French fleet had arrived off Newport on the evening of the
loth and was standing into the harbor when the express departed.
The General himself hastily started for Newport, in order
to give the French commanders of the land and sea forces of
the allies a suitable welcome and tender of services.
The letter of Heath reached Washington on the i4th. The
same day word was passed along by relays to Congress, convey
ing the glad intelligence, adding, " the signals of recognizance
were made and the fleet was standing into the harbor."
The general in chief not only congratulated Congress but
entreated it to press every measure in its power to put affairs
in condition to begin intended cooperation with vigor and
efficiency.
294 French Army and Navy in America
DUMFOUNDING INDIFFERENCE
In the opinion of Washington, a source of congratulation to
all was the extraordinary fact of the appearance of de Ternay
on the coast of America within less than a hundred miles of
New York Harbor, the chief naval station of Great Britain on
the coast of the States, and his safe arrival at his prearranged
anchorage in Narragansett Bay, without any efforts whatever
on the part of the enemy to intercept, delay, or engage his fleet
with its transports laden with troops, supplies of gold, and
equipment of ships, guns, men, and materials of war generally.
Upon the receipt of Heath's letter Washington dispatched
Lafayette to Newport with full instructions to concert meas
ures for future operations with the French general and admiral.
At Peekskill, on his way, the marquis, meeting French
officers en route to Washington's headquarters with documents
from their chiefs, returned with them for further orders.
ROCHAMBEAU REPORTS TO WASHINGTON
In a letter dated at Newport, R. I., at the earliest moment
after his arrival, Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, in transmitting his
instructions, laid before General Washington a connected
account of events after the departure of the Marquis de Lafa
yette from France, and of his own acts since his arrival, as
follows :
Being ordered by the King, my master, to come and put myself under
your command, I arrive with the deepest feelings of submission, of zeal,
and of veneration for your person, and for the distinguished talents which
you display in supporting an ever memorable war.
Since M. de Lafayette left France we have met with many disappoint
ments. The departure of M. de Guichen had taken away the transport
ships from Brest. Orders were given as early as the month of February,
to replace them by others from Harve, St. Malo, and Bordeaux. The first
two of these harbors were blockaded by a small English squadron, and
the ships were unable to leave Bordeaux on account of the same head
winds, which detained us so long. The King determined to send me
with a first division, taking with me whatever could be embarked at Brest.
I was aided as far as possible by the royal navy, and we were ready to sail
on the I4th of April with 5,000 men, field- and siege artillery, and other
French Army and Navy in America 295
things in proportion. We were prevented from going to sea by head
winds until the 2d of May ; and, in order not to render this letter too long,
permit me to refer you for the particulars of our voyage to the copy of
the account which I send to the French minister.
We are now, sir, under your command. I have received at this place
M. de Lafayette's letters. As the return of Clinton and of Arbuthnot has
altered the state of things since the first, I shall follow the last orders
which you sent me, and I am engaged in landing the troops at Newport,
in Rhode Island. The Chevalier de Ternay desired that until we are able
to commence operations, we should give each other mutual support at
this post. I am about to encamp with Newport in my rear, and occupy
ing the whole of the extremity of the island on the side of the enemy.
The Chevalier de Ternay anchors in the harbor and will establish a post
and batteries upon the island of Connanicut. In this position we can
defy all the English forces. Our long detention in the harbor and our
long passage have given us many sick, but few are dangerously so, and
three weeks' rest will fully recruit them.
At. the same time I am busily engaged with M. de Corny, who, accord
ing to your excellency's order, has made all the preparations which he
could in hastening the arrival of the wagons for provisions and baggage,
and horses enough to mount a few officers, and if possible a hundred of.
L,auzun's hussars ; and I hope that in a month we shall be ready to act
under your excellency's orders. In the meanwhile, I trust that the second
division will reach us, or at least that we shall hear of its sailing. The
King charged me personally to assure your excellency that he would give
all possible assistance to his allies, and that this advanced guard would
be supported by his whole power ; and the strongest proof which I can
give you of it is that the whole detachment was ready to embark at Brest
on the first of April if there had been a sufficient number of transports.
M. Duchaffault was in the harbor with a large number of ships, and noth
ing was waited for but the arrival of the convoy from Bordeaux to appoint
a second squadron to accompany the second division.
It is hardly necessary for me to tell your excellency that I bring suffi
cient funds to pay in cash for whatever is needed by the King's army, and
that we shall maintain as strict discipline as if we were under the walls of
Paris. General Heath arrived this morning. This place is very destitute
of provisions of all sorts, and the, inhabitants have been always afraid of
seeing the enemy back again. General Heath has sent to all parts of the
country the news of our arrival, of our discipline, and of our cash pay
ments, and I do not doubt that in a few days we shall find here an abun
dant market. I join to this letter a copy of my instructions, and even of
my secret instructions also, as I do not -choose to have any secrets with my
general.
296 French Army and Navy in America
ROCH AM BEAU'S INSTRUCTIONS
The King's instructions to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU (dated
at Versailles, March i, 1780) outlined his duty and discipline as
follows:
His Majesty having determined to send a considerable body of troops to
America to the assistance of his allies, the United States, has appointed
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, one of his lieutenant-generals, to the chief com
mand of the twelve battalions of infantry, which are to be commanded,
under his orders, by four major-generals. This corps, which His Majesty
has furnished with its proper complement of artillery for sieges and serv
ice in the field, is to be in readiness to start from Brest in the first days
of April under the escort of a squadron of six ships of the line, commanded
by the Chevalier de Ternay.
In sending such considerable succors to cooperate with General
Washington, commander in chief of the troops of the Congress of the
United States of North America, in the military operations which he may
determine upon, the intentions of His Majesty are:
ARTICLE I. That the general to whom His Majesty intrusts the. com
mand of his troops should always and in all cases be under the command
of General Washington.
ARTICLE II. That all projects and plans for the campaign or for private
expeditions should be decided upon by the American general, keeping in
view that harmony which His Majesty hopes to see between the two
commanders in chief and the generals and soldiers of the two nations.
ARTICLE III. The French troops, being only auxiliaries, should, on this
account, as was done in Germany in the campaign of 1757, yield prece
dence and the right to the American troops; and this decision is to hold
good in all general or particular cases which may occur. The French
general who took part in the campaign mentioned as an example, and
who, moreover, is perfectly well acquainted with military rules, will give
the greatest attention to maintain this arrangement and to have it
observed in its full extent. He will take care -to give previous informa
tion of it to the general officers and the troops under his command, in
order to avoid any difficulty that might disturb the good understanding
which His Majesty hopes to see prevail between the two armies united
under the command of General Washington.
ARTICLE IV. In consequence of the above article, the American officers
with equal rank and the same date of commission shall have the command,
and in all cases the American troops shall take the right. In all military
acts and capitulations the Americ'an general and troops shall be named
first and will sign first, as has always been the custom, and in accordance
with the principles above laid down with regard to auxiliary troops.
French Army and Navy in America 297
ARTICLE V. It is His Majesty's expectation and very positive order to
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU that he will see to the exact and literal execution
of the above four articles.
ARTICLE VI. The corps of French troops will retain in all cases, as has
always been the custom, full jurisdiction and rights of trial over every
individual belonging to it. The decision of His Majesty upon a question
of this nature which arose at Brest concerning the Spanish troops is to
serve for a precedent in this matter, according to the laws of nations.
ARTICLE VII. His Majesty having provided for all the wants of the
troops who may be sent from Europe, expects that, as Congress and Gen
eral Washington have been previously informed of the intended succors
and of the number of troops His Majesty has determined to send to North
America, and the Marquis de Lafayette having been especially charged to
give them notice of it and also of the moment of their arrival, the strictest
orders will have been issued for furnishing the necessary provisions and
refreshments of all kinds and the horses required for transporting the
French artillery, and that these supplies will be at hand wherever cir
cumstances may render it advisable for the French troops to land. As
His Majesty sends with the Marquis de I/afayette a commissary of war who
is in future to be employed for these troops, he hopes that every precau
tion will be taken in concert with this commissary to furnish provisions,
hospitals, and whatever else may be needed by the French troops. This
article is of the highest importance, and His Majesty trusts that Congress
and General Washington will feel its indispensable necessity.
ARTICLE VIII. His Majesty confides to the prudence of Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU, to his zeal and military talents, and above all to hiS firm
ness, the care of maintaining among the French troops under his com
mand the most severe and exact discipline in all respects; above all it is
enjoined upon him to promote by all possible means the greatest harmony
and good understanding between the French and the American troops and
all the inhabitants who are either subjects or allies of the Congress of the
United States of North America.
Although it is left entirely to General Washington to dispose as he
pleases of the auxiliary troops sent to America, His Majesty would desire
that, in case the French division should not be immediately united with
General Washington, and should be detached for any expedition with an
American corps, the two French and American general officers might be
independent of each other, whatever their rank, and act in concert without
either giving or receiving orders.
PRINCE DE MONTBARREY.
298 French Army and Navy in America
SECRET INSTRUCTIONS
Iii addition to the general direction of the powers and duties
of Count DE ROCHAMBEAU were the following, of a secret
nature:
ARTICLE I. His Majesty desires and orders Count DE ROCHAMBEAU to
retain, as far as circumstances will permit, the French troops intrusted to
his command collected together in one corps, and to represent on a proper
occasion to General Washington, commander in chief of the troops of
Congress, under whose orders the French troops are to serve, that it is, the
King's intention that the French troops should not be dispersed, but that
they should always act in a body and under French generals, except in the
case of temporary detachments, which are to rejoin the principal corps in
a few days.
ARTICLE II. His Majesty intends that the corps of French troops sent
to the assistance of the Congress of the United States of North America
should keep its own guards, and should perform all the service, having in
view its security in the camps, cantonments, or quarters which it may
occupy.
EN VOYAGE
The following is the narration of the voyage from the pen
of ROCHAMBEAU himself:
We lay a month in Brest roads windbound, till during the night of May
i to 2 a sharp breeze sprung up from the northward. The Chevalier de
Ternay took advantage of this, and with all his convoy cleared the passage
called the " Passe du Rat." Three days after his ships encountered the
most boisterous weather in the Bay of Biscay. He was separated from his
convoy during four days.
As the wind fell he rallied them and doubled Cape Finisterre in good
order. The English Admiral had sailed with the same north w r ind, but
the hurricane drove him into port, which allowed the French convoy to
take and keep the lead.
We steered our course to the south of the Azores. On the 2oth of June,
when to the south of Bermuda, we discovered six sail bearing down with
all possible speed upon the convoy. The Chevalier de Ternay rallied
them in the rear of his line and faced the enemy, who was surprised to
see seven line-of-battle ships emerge from among the merchantmen.
The body of our squadron bore up before the wind. One of the Eng
lish ships ventured away from the others and came within reach of our
line, but was soon sharply chased and nearly captured.
French Army and Navy in America 299
The Chevalier de Ternay perceiving that one of his ships, the Provence,
was unable to keep up, and the enemy meanwhile bearing up before the
wind, thus threatening to cut her off, signaled the nearest vessels to
lessen sail. The Englishman tacked back to his squadron, but not without
receiving a broadside from the French.
The two squadrons kept up a duel of broadsides until sunset, when de
Ternay steered his course onward.
The English squadron, commanded by Captain Cornwallis, was return
ing to Jamaica, having conducted a convoy to Bermuda.
A few days before this encounter the French captured a cutter of the
enemy conveying a party of officers from Charleston to the islands. From
them news was had of the capture of Charleston by the English.
On July 4 our soundings proved we were near the coast of Virginia.
We took a small vessel, and from it papers confirming the capture of
Charleston and the return of Admiral Arbuthnot's fle\st to New York,
together with the troops under Clinton which had participated in the
siege.
Five thousand men had been left at Charleston under Lord Cornwallis.
t The return of this corps, we had information, increased the garrison
there to 14,000 men, and that Arbuthnot was expecting L,ord Graves to join
him from England.
ROCHAMBEAU ON THE SITUATION
In commenting in after years upon the conditions at the
time of his arrival, the Count says:
Since the taking of Charleston the American credit had greatly declined.
The paper currency was so depreciated that $60 were not worth more than
$i of the specie. General Washington having sent to Carolina nearly
all the troops of the southern States under General Gates, was confined to
the defense of Jersey with his army, consisting only of the troops of the
northern States.
The arrival of the French troops, although inferior in number to what
had been anticipated, was hailed by General Washington and Congress
with sentiments of the greatest joy and gratitude. The early arrival of
the second division, which was announced to Congress by the French
representative was anxiously looked for, as well as the increase of naval
forces which it was to bring to give us the upper hand at sea, so necessary
to enable us to act efficiently against the English, who had possession of
every place along the coast.
300 French Army and Navy in America
ENTHUSIASM IN NEWPORT
It was midnight of the nth when General Heath reached
Newport. In the meantime Count DK ROCHAMBKAU had landed
with a single company of grenadiers. The next morning the
General called upon the Count and proffered all services at his
command.
After breakfast he also made a call of etiquette upon Chevalier
de Ternay on .his flagship.
At 10 a. m. the Chevalier fired a salute of 13 guns to the
town, which was returned by the American batteries on shore.
In honor of the arrival the town, at first somewhat bewildered
by the novelty of the situation, was soon en fete. Flags were
displayed and the people flocked to the shore.
There followed a series of ceremonial exchanges covering
several days General Heath dining with Comte DK ROCHAM
BKAU on the 1 2th, Admiral de Ternay and his principal officers
coming ashore as a return compliment to General Heath on the
1 3th, Comte DK ROCHAMBEAU and the general officers of the
French army being the guests of General Heath on the i4th
in mutual felicitations of welcome, acquaintance, festive enjoy
ment and ' ' happy fraternity, ' ' in the expressive phrase of the
General himself.
/
RKSOUJTIONS OF JOY
On Tuesday, July nth, the day after the anchoring of the
fleet and convoy, the inhabitants of Newport gave the follow
ing formal expression of their feelings :
Whereas many of the Inhabitants of the Town of Newport, sincerely
desirous of affording their utmost aid and assistance to the fleet and army
of His Most Christian Majesty, the illustrious ally of the State, now within
the Harbour and Town of Newport, have associated for the defence thereof
against the Common Enemy; and, whereas, the same Inhabitants have
been heretofore deprived of their fire arms and accoutrements by the said
Enemy, and are now in want of a sufficient number for arming and equip
ping 200 men; Wherefore, Resolved, that Major General Count DK ROCH
AMBKAU, Commander of the Army of his said Christian Majesty, for the
Loan of a sufficient number of the necessary arms and accoutrements for
the arming and equipping sd men, & this Town will return the same when
French Army and Navy in America 301
thereto required by General Count DE ROCHAMBEAU & that the Committee
who waited on Genl Heath yesterday be appointed to wait on him with
the vote.
Whereas, upon the arrival of the Fleet & Army appointed by His Most
Christian Majesty to cooperate with the forces of these United States
against the Common Enemy, the Inhabitants & Citizens of this town are
called upon from the Duty & Regard they owe our country, & the Grati
tude & Respect which is due from every citizen to the Illustrious Ally of
these States, as well as to afford them the utmost aid & Assistance, also to
manifest every mark of respect & esteem upon their arrival;
Wherefore, resolved, That all Houses in the Streets hereafter named be
illuminated to-morrow evening, to-wit: Thames Street, Congress (hereto
fore called Queen Street), Lewis Street (heretofore called King's Street)
Broad Street, leading out of Town, the Street leading over the Point
Bridge, and the Street leading from the 1'ong Wharfe to the point Battry,
and such other Houses in this Town as the abilities of the Occupants
thereof will admit, & that the Lights be Continued to 10 o'clock in
Evening:
It is further resolved, that Benj. Almy, Job Baston, George Champlain,
Jabez Champlain, Geo. Sears, Rob Taylor, John Townsend, John Topham,
Isaac Dayton & William Taggart be a Committee to Patrole the Streets to
prevent any damage arising from fire, & to preserve the Peace of the
Town; Ordered that this resolution be published & made known to the
Inhabitants of this Town by beat of Drum.
It is further resolved, the Treasurer, will furnish a Box of Candles at
the expense of the Town, & that the same be distributed to those of the
Inhabitants who reside in the Streets heretofore ordered to be Illuminated,
and who are not of abilities to furnish the same.
The illumination took place and enthusiasm was universal.
In addition 13 grand rockets were sent up in front of the state
house in honor of the Union.
ROCHAMBKAU RECIPROCATES
As soon as his military duties permitted Comte DE ROCHAM-
BEAU met the address of the inhabitants in the following well-
chosen terms:
Lieutenant-General Count DE ROCHAMBEAU has received with the warm
est gratitude the address which many of the inhabitants of Newport were
pleased to present to him. He begs leave, in the name of the King, his
master, their ally, as much as in his own and that of the army under his
command, most particularly to acknowledge this new mark of friendship
from the citizens of America. The Count has the honor to assure the
302 French Army and Navy in America
inhabitants of Newport that his reliance on their zeal and gallantry add a
great degree of security to his preparations of defense, and that if the
enemy is so daring as to come and attack Newport > such of them as may
want arms will be immediately supplied.
IvE COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU.
SITE OF THE FRENCH CAMP
In the meantime General Heath pointed out to the French
commander the location of his camp, which was in a high and
healthful locality southeast of the town. He also placed him
in possession of the batteries.
THE MAN OF THE CRISIS
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU (Jean Baptiste Donatien de Virrieur)
first saw the light of his gloriously destined career at the pic
turesque town of Vendome, on the west bank of the Loire, in
the Department of Loire et Chere, France, no miles south-south
west of Paris, on July i, 1725, and died at his chateau at Thore,
near the place of his birth, May 10, 1807, a span lacking but
two months of 82 years a munificence, indeed, of life's allot
ment, considering his many and varied perils in war and on land
and sea.
He came by his military traits in the logical order of heredity,
his father having been a lieutenant-general and governor of the
district in which the family dwelt. His mother was governess
to the children of the Duke of Orleans, brother to the King.
Marked out by paternal dictum for the Church, with that in view,
while very young he was entered at the. College of Jesuits at Blois.
As he was about to receive the tonsure on Easter Sunday of
1742, the death of his elder brother made other disposal of
man's proposal, he having fallen heir to the paternal estate, and,
therefore, becoming master of his own inclinations.
At the age of 17 he became cornet in Regiment Saint Simon,
serving beyond the Rhine in Bavaria and Bohemia, in the war
over the Austrian succession, with so much ardor and gallantry
that four years later Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, entered
him among his aids-de-camp.
French Army and Navy in America 303
It is not in place here to descant at length upon the succes
sion of deeds of prowess to his credit in the gigantic and
desperate struggles of the middle of the eighteenth century.
ROCHAMBKAU won for his portion a brilliant share in the mili
tary transactions of that eventful period.
We shall only recount enough to demonstrate the character
of the soldier sent to America by the Bourbon King, to manifest
the sincerity of his aid and to prove the valor of his arms.
On the rise of De Clermont, young ROCHAMBKAU was trans
ferred to the military household of that master of maneuvers.
In the Low Countries the ambitious youth, seeing his chance,
one dark night, unknown to his chief, silently scaled a precip
itous height hitherto regarded inaccessible. Coming across
two sentinels unconscious of danger, quietly smoking under cover
of a gun, he crept back, reporting his observations to De Cler
mont. A strong force having been assembled for assault, a
heavy bombardment from the other side of the stream diverted
attention in that direction. At a signal, with ROCHAMBKAU,
sword in hand, at their head, the storming column went scram
bling up the heights. In a short time the lilies waved over the
ramparts of Namur.
For this daring, as the first step of his career, he received from
his King the colonelcy of Regiment La Marche, he being not quite
22 years of age. At the fearful struggle on the field of Lawfeldt,
he again won laurels, but was twice severely wounded.
At the siege of Maestricht, the citadel of the Meuse, the next
year (1748) he again performed a prodigy of arms. With but
20 companies of grenadiers, he struck for the key to the posi
tion and by dint of the most audacious charges in the face of
bayonets, captured the magazines and stores of the enemy.
The war went on, ROCHAMBKAU. adding to the record of his
achievements. It was during these bitter struggles that Regi
ment Dillon, the organization of Irishmen in the service of
France, notably distinguished itself on the bloody field of Fon-
tenoy, later to do equal honor to its name and the reddest course
of Ireland's blood under D'Estaing and DK ROCHAMBKAU for
independence in America.
304 French Army and Navy in America
The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle rung down the curtain on this
bitter struggle. Although still in the earliest years of manhood
ROCHAMBKAU had to his account six years of as brilliant service
in campaign as ever won by any of his age.
True to the analogies of war, he characterized his return to
the quiet of private life by one of the greatest conquests of
peace, the capture of the heart and hand of the beautiful Telle
d'Acosta, of an ancient and highly honored family. A son,
Donatien, was the fruit of the union, the companion of his still
higher advancement in the wars and politics of after years, in
heritor of his prowess and of his estate. The laurels of peace
came thick and fast. His King favored him (1749) with the
governorship of his native arrondissement of Vendome, pre
viously held by his father.
The monotony of civil duties and court frivolities were to him
a trial keener than the fiercest onset of battle or the severest
hardship of the march. He looked forward to a fresh outbreak
of war as a new occasion for distinguished achievements.
The Seven Years' War was his opportunity. He did well by
the opportunity and the opportunity did well by him. He
began his part in this drama of blood in the opening scene
(1756) under the famous Due de Richelieu in the expedition
against the Minorcas. His assault on Fort St. Philippe at the
head of his regiment won for France the important forts and
Port Mahon and for himself knighthood in the exalted order
of St. Louis.
The next year (1757) this Achilles marched with the armies
of invasion of Germany, and began by wresting with his gal
lant men the formidable fortress of Reganstein from the
powerful forces of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
In the events of the next year he was at the fierce carnage of
Crefeldt, where he held the great Prussian warrior, Frederick,
at bay for hours by a maneuver which masked his inferiority of
numbers, thus avoiding destruction at the hands of that hard
hitting royal chieftain.
At Minden, so disastrous to French arms, he at least came
off with glory. With his regiment Auvergne, of which he was
French Army and Navy in America 305
then colonel, another of the valiant commands which served
under him in the war of the States, he put that brave German,
lyUckner, general in command, in chancery by forcing him in
retreat into the gorges of Sulmunster. At Kloster Camp, the
field of frightful carnage, he was borne out of the fray covered
with wounds.
The year 1761, the energies of war decadent through impov
erished exchequers, exhausted bone and sinew, and depleted
material, found the spirit of ROCHAMBEAU still buoyant and
hopeful. He had risen to mareschal de camp (brigadier) and
inspector- general of cavalry. In the throes of Tillinghausen
he commanded the right wing of the battle front of France.
When the blow struck and the lines wavered and fled,
ROCHAMBEAU alone moved off in the order of gala parade,
bidding laughing defiance to the stalwart grenadiers of the
warrior Hohenzollern, whether essaying to buckle him, break
him, or intercept him.
Although the struggle dragged along through another two
years the approaching end was evident. ROCHAMBEAU, an
acting figure in the opening, had risen to protagonist in the
closing scenes.
The peace proclaimed formal subsidence of the storm with
out. An angered feeling of humiliation and loss of American
domain were the portion of France.
The intervening period of a decade and a half adds no special
feature to the fame of ROCHAMBEAU as a soldier. It was
founded on a rock before the world, strong against the casual
ties of time. His counsels were sought, and the actions of
men in places supreme were counted as sagacious when his
advice was followed.
When the " alliance," so proud in installation and barren of
results under D'Kstaing essayed this second effort, the soldier
of two wars, carrying a credit of thirty-eight years of martial
activity in fifty-five years of strenuous life, elevated to the
rank of lieutenant-general, was called to the front.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 20
306 ' French Army and Navy in America
RHODE ISLAND ASSEMBLY CONVENED
In keeping with the universal enthusiasm and to meet the
official requirements of the occasion the general assembly was
called together July 17 by Governor William Greene, for the
purpose of preparing suitable addresses of welcome to the French
general and admiral, and making arrangements for a public din
ner at some proper time to all the French officers; to assign to the
use of the allies a place of burial, which was located at Papoo-
squash Point; to establish a court of admiralty; to apportion the
monthly supplies for the army among the towns; to appoint an
agent to attend a convention of New Hngland States at Boston
to adopt some uniform mode of furnishing such supplies, and to
authorize the raising of a regiment of 630 militia to serve for
three months under Washington in cooperating with the French
army.
HOW THE FRENCH WERE RECEIVED
In a letter of July 12 to Washington, General Heath gave
particulars of the arrival of the French.
On the morning following he congratulated the Count and
the Admiral. The inhabitants received the strangers with
great respect and voted an illumination the same night. Heath
was charmed with the officers. At the request of the Count
he made public advertisements for "small meats and vegeta
bles," for which they were to receive hard money in payment.
The people being unaccustomed to this sort of dealing, it was
thought better to modify the announcement for, prudential
reasons, to an assurance that farmers ' ' will receive a handsome
price. ' '
The officers expressed the highest satisfaction with the treat
ment they received. The markets were very good. "In short, ' '
wrote Heath, " everything appears agreeable and satisfactory."
LANDED AND READY FOR OPERATIONS
In less than a week after their, arrival the French troops were
landed and encamped in a fine situation southeast of the town
extending nearly across the island, covering Newport, with
French Army and Navy in America 307
the left flank to the sea and right reaching to the anchorage
of the fleet, which lay under the protection of a number of
batteries erected by DE ROCHAMBEAU at eligible sites on the
shore. These batteries, mounting French guns, were flanked
by outworks thrown up where the enemy was likely to land.
Trenches were also dug, from which the enemy might be
repulsed should he attempt to put a force ashore.
ORGANIZATION OF FRENCH AUXILIARIES
The general staff and regimental organization of the French
auxiliary army, as it was constituted upon landing at New
port, R. I. (July 11-18, 1780), ready for active operations, was
as follows:
Commander in chief. Comte DK ROCHAMBEAU, lieutenant-general.
Major-generals. Baron de Viomenil, Comte de Viomenil, Chevalier de
Chastellux, De Choisy.
Quartermaster-general. De Seville, brigadier; Louis Alexander
Berthier, Caeser Berthier.
Intendant.Dt Tarle.
Commissary-general. Blanchard.
Artillery. D'Aboville, commander in chief.
Aids-de-Camp to Rochambeau. MM. de Fersen, De Damas, Charles
de Lameth, De Closen, De Dumas, De Lauberdieres, De Vaubah.
Aids-de-Camp to M. de Viomenil. MM. de Chabannes, De Pange",
Charles d'Olonne.
Aids-de-Camp- to M. de Chastellux. MM. de Montesquieu, Lyntch.
Colonels. Bourbonnais: Marquis de Laval-Montmorencie, Vicomte de
Rochambeau en second. Royal Deux-Ponts: Comte Christian de Deux-
Ponts, Comte Guillaume de Deux-Ponts en second. Saintonge: Comte de
Custine, Vicomte de Chartres en second. Soissonnais: M. de Saint-Mesme,
Vicomte de Noailles en second.
Lauzun's Legion. Duke de Lauzun, Comte Arthur Dillon.
Artillery. M. Nadal, director of the park; Lazie, major.
Engineers. MM. Desandrouins, commander; Querenet, Chevalier
d'Ogre, Carnvaque, D'Opterre, Turpin.
Medical Department. MM. Coste, physician in chief; Robillard,
surgeon in chief; Danre, commissary; Demars, director of hospitals.
Paymaster. M. Baulny.
Staff. MM. Chevalier de Tarl and De Menonville, major-general's
aids; MM. De BeViHe .(fils) and Collot, quartermaster-general's aids.
308 French Army and Navy in America
HEADQUARTERS
The headquarters of Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU were estab
lished at 302 New Lane.
Intendant's office: 245 Thames street.
Quartermaster-general's office: 290 Congress street.
x Commissary-general's office: 78 Thames street.
Navy office: 608 Water street.
Naval hospitals: Presbyterian Church, 295 New Lane, and
Mrs. Hopkins, 194 Mill street.
Naval artillery office: Water street and Roomer's wharf.
SENSATIONAL JOURNALISM
About this time one of the royalist journals had this to say:
The French Admiral has taken possession of Rhode Island in the name
of the King of France, and displayed the French colors without the least
deference to the flag of their ally, the revolted Americans. This affords
disgust and mortification to the rebels, evincing that their Roman Catholic
friends intend to keep possession of all they seize on in North America.
The French colors alluded to doubtless were a distortion of
the signals of the French fleur-de-lis, concerted by Lafayette at
the entrance to Narragansett Bay as a signal to the arriving
fleet of De Ternay and convoy of ROCHAMBEAU''S army.
WASHINGTON'S BASIS OF ACTION
Upon the receipt of the letter and instructions of Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU announcing his arrival with his army at
Newport, the commander in chief, under date of July 15, again
dispatched Marquis de Lafayette "to communicate the fol
lowing general ideas to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and Chevalier
de Ternay:"
1. In any operation, and under all circumstances, a decisive naval
superiority is to be considered as a fundamental principle and the basis
upon which every hope of success must ultimately depend.
2. The advantages of possessing the port of New York by the squadron
of France have been already enumerated to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU
French Army and Navy in America 309
and Chevalier de Ternay, and are so obvious as not to need recapitulation.
A delay in the execution of this enterprise may defeat all our projects and
render the campaign inactive and inglorious.
3. To render our operations nervous and rapid, it is essential for us to
be masters of the navigation of the North River and of the Sound. With
out this our land transportation will be great, our expenses enormous,
and our progress slow, if not precarious, for want of forage and other
means.
4. With these ideas and upon this ground it is conceived that many
advantages will result from the French squadron's taking possession of
the inner harbor between Staten Island and the city of New York, and
detaching a frigate or two above the chevaux-de-frise in the North River
opposite to Fort Washington, for the purpose of opening the navigation
of the river, shortening the transportation by'land on the upper and lower
communication, and bringing the enemy to an explanation respecting
Staten Island. Shipping so near the town would, at the same time they
cover the frigates in the North River, keep the garrison in check and be
more likely to facilitate other movements of the army than if they were
to remain at the Hook or below the Narrows.
5. Our operations against the enemy in the city of New York may com
mence from either of three points, to wit, Morrisania, the height near
Kingsbridge, or Staten Island. Bach has its advantages and disadvan
tages, but under a full view of all circumstances the preponderancy is
in favor of Morrisania, especially since the aid of his Most Christian
Majesty has come by the way of Rhode Island instead of Cape Henry, as
it was expected they would do, and touch at Sandy Hook, in consequence
of advices lodged there.
6. As the means for carrying on our operations are not yet sufficiently
appreciated, nor is the time by which our aids will arrive sufficiently
ascertained, it is impossible to be precise as to the time the American
troops can with safety rendezvous at Morrisania, but, as it is necessary to
fix some epoch, it is hoped that it may happen by the 5th of August. I
would propose that day for the reembarkation of the French efficient
force at New London (if they should have come there), and that they
proceed up the Sound to Whitestone, I,. I., or to such other place on that
island or on the main as circumstances may require and the Count shall
be advised of. For the operations against the enemy depending very
much upon their holding all or dismantling some of their present posts,
and upon contingencies on our side, it is not possible at this time to
mark out a precise plan* or determine whether our approaches to the city
of New York shall be by the way of York Island, Brooklyn, or both.
Numbers must determine the latter and circumstances of the moment the
former.
310 French Army and Navy in America
7. It must be clearly understood and agreed between the parties, that,
if any capital operation is undertaken, the French fleet and land forces
will at all events continue their aid until the success of the enterprise or
until it is mutually determined to abandon it.
8. In all matters of arrangement and accommodation, not repugnant to
the foregoing ideas, the Marquis, in behalf of the United States, will con
sult the convenience and wishes of the Count and Chevalier, and will be
pleased to assure them of the disposition I possess to make everything as
agreeable to them as possible, and of my desire to manifest on all occa
sions the high sense I entertain of their merit, and the generous aid they
have brought to us.
The chief consideration precedent to aggressive movements
was the superiority of the French fleet in American seas to
enable it to successfully blockade New York Harbor, and land
troops for an attack on the city in cooperation with Wash
ington's forces on the other side.
In their conference ROCHAMBEAU and Lafayette were not
long in arriving at the decision that the necessary advantage on
the water could not be had until the arrival of the second divi
sion of the French expedition.
The marquis passed a few days among his countrymen pro
pounding and commenting upon the views of his chief, and in
ascertaining the sentiments of the French commanders. This
mission was in every sense a successful beginning of relations
which were maintained to the end between the commander in
chief of the French and the commander in chief of the com
bined forces of Continentals and allies.
During his stay at the headquarters at Newport the Marquis
kept General Washington apprised of what passed between the
Count DK ROCHAMBKAU, the Chevalier de Ternay, and himself,
WASHINGTON FELICITATIONS ROCHAMBKAU
From headquarters in New Jerse)^ July 16, 1780, General
Washington sent forward to Count ROCHAMBKAU a more formal
expression ( ' of the happiness ' ' he felt ' ' at the welcome news of
your arrival, and as well in the name of the American Army, as
in my own, to present you with an assurance of my warmest
sentiments for allies who have so generously come to our aid.
French Army and Navy in America 311
As a citizen of the United States and as a soldier in the cause
of liberty " he " thankfully acknowledged this new mark of
friendship from his Most Christian Majesty," and felt "a most
grateful sensibility for the flattering confidence with which he
has been pleased to honor me."
He gave suitable expression of obligation to "your prince
as to the choice for the command of his troops of a gentleman
whose high reputation and happy union of social qualities and
military abilities promise me every public advantage and private
satisfaction." He begged him "to be the interpreter of his
sentiments to the gentlemen under his command."
He referred to Lafayette, sent to him with such intelligence
as it was essential for him to have, " as a general officer in whom
I have the greatest confidence ; as a friend perfectly acquainted
with my sentiments and opinions," and as one "who knows all
the circumstances of our army and country at large ;" to consider
all propositions he makes as ' ' coming from me. ' '
The general also advised the Count commandant ' ' he should
exactly conform to the intentions of His Most Christian Majesty
as explained in the papers put into my hands by his orders, and
signed by his ministers. ' '
In the meantime Washington kept in constant communication
with DK ROCHAMBKAU. To make up for the depletion of the
French ranks by sickness, he authorized the French general to
call out the militia of Boston and Rhode Island.
"This call furnished about 5,000," said ROCHAMBEAU, in
after years, ' ' good and willing soldiers, led by the American
General Heath, who had been detached by General Washington
to assist the French in their operations. ' '
DK ROCHAMBKAU TO VKRGKNNKS AN INSIDK VIKW
In a letter to Count de Vergennes, written from Newport six
days after his arrival, Count DK ROCHAMBKAU gives an in
tensely interesting contemporary insight into the spirit of the
people and the internal condition of affairs as he found them:
Upon our arrival here the country was in consternation; the paper money
had fallen to 60 for i, and even the Government takes it up at 40 for i.
312 French Army and Navy in America
Washington had for a long time only 3,000 men under his command.
The arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette and the announcement of succors
from France afforded some encouragement; but the Tories, who are very
numerous, gave out that it was only a temporary assistance, like that of
Count d'Bstaing. In describing to you our reception at this place we
shall show you the feeling of all the inhabitants of the continent. This
town is of considerable size, and contains, like the rest, both Whigs and
Tories. I landed, with my staff, without troops. Nobody appeared in the
streets; those at the windows looked sad and depressed. I spoke to the
principal persons of the place, and told them, as I write to General Wash
ington, that this was merely the advanced guard of a greater force, and
that the King was determined to support them with his whole power. In
twenty-four hours their spirits rose, and last night all the streets, houses,
and steeples were illuminated, in the midst of fireworks and the greatest
rejoicings. I am now here, with a single company of grenadiers, until
wood and straw shall have been collected. My camp is marked out and I
hope to have the troops landed to-morrow.
You see, sir, how important it is to act with vigor. The Whigs are
pleased, but they say that the King ought to have sent 20,000 men and 20
ships to drive the enemy from New York; that the country was infallibly
ruined; that it is impossible to find a recruit to send to General Washing
ton's army without giving him 100 hard dollars to engage for six months'
service, and that they beseech His Majesty to assist them with all his
strength. The war will be an expensive one; we pay even for our quar
ters and for the land covered by the camp. I shall use all possible order
and economy. I am not jealous of my authority in matters of finance,
and I have appointed a council of administration, composed of the general
officers, the intendant, and the first commissary of war, which I shall call
together every fortnight to do the King's business in the best possible
manner. We shall be very secure here in winter quarters in barracks.
The country is cold, but very healthful. We can easily obtain boards and
wood from the interior. The land and naval forces here united afford each
other a mutual support, and will be ready to act offensively as soon as you
will enable us to do so. The harbor froze up last winter, but this has not
happened before for forty years. I regard it as impossible to go for win
ter quarters to the Antilles. It would be necessary to take there at once a
supply of provisions, which we can only draw from day to day from the
interior of the country, now that the intercourse and confidence between
us and the inhabitants is increasing every day. There is also the risk of a
long and troublesome passage with a convoy; a month to land and a month
to reembark the troops with their baggage in the spring; and, for a deci
sive reason, the danger that in our absence the Bnglish will take this place,
which they ought not to have abandoned.
Send us troops, ships, and money, but do not depend upon these people
nor upon their means; they have neither money nor credit; their means
French Army and Navy in America 313
of resistance are only momentary, and called forth when they are attacked
in their own homes. They then assemble for the moment of immediate
danger and defend themselves. Washington commands sometimes 15,000,
sometimes 3,000 men.
The correspondence between the two chiefs at this time was
quite spirited, affording them an opportunity to get acquainted
with each other's views, on paper at least, as it was not possible
to do so personally then, owing to the sudden dangers to
which their strategic positions were exposed.
On July 1 8, M. de Rochambeau, son of the lieutenant-
general, an officer on his staff, arrived at headquarters with a
letter, to which Washington replied the next day, referring to
the "assurance you give me of the ulterior intentions of his
Most Christian Majesty" which "adds to our obligations and
our hopes. ' ' He further mentions his ' ' sensibility for the marks
of confidence and for the assurance of the .sentiments contained ' '
and should ' ' be har3py in seizing every opportunity to convince
you how entirely I reciprocate them."
THE BLACK AND WHITE COCKADE
As a mark of honor to the allies, General Washington, at
his camp in the highlands of the Hudson, announced in general
orders the arrival of the French allies and recommended the
officers of the American Army to wear cockades of black (as the
ground) and white (as the relief) as a symbol of alliance and
friendship for their allies the American cockade at the time
being black, the French white.
GENERAL GREENE REPORTS
On the same day the general informed Major-General Greene
of the receipt of dispatches from Count DE ROCHAMBEAU,
announcing the arrival at Newport of the French fleet and
army, consisting of ships of the line, frigates, and boats, and
upward of 5,000 men. This force was inferior to the combined
strength of Arbuthnot and Graves. The second division of the
French fleet, looked for in a few weeks, was expected to make
up the difference and give their combined strength superiority
314 French Army and Navy in America
on the sea, which would lessen land transportation and the
difficulty of meeting the requisite supply of provisions, forage,
and military stores during the operations against New York.
NEWPORT NOTES
The British occupation of Newport, which lasted from Decem
ber 6, 1776, to October 25, 1779, had greatly impoverished the
town in the matter of business and trade and the country around
of its wealth of timber, orchards, and fields.
A recently discovered journal, ascribed to Baron Cromot du
Bourg, says:
Rhode Island must before the war have been one of the most agreeable
spots in the world, as, in spite of the disasters It has been subjected to,
its houses destroyed, and all its woods cut down, it is still a most charming
residence.
A contemporary account says:
The great and small artillery landed by our generous allies and disposed
of in different parts of this town and island exceed anything of the kind
ever seen here. They have brass cannon from 4 to 48 pounders and in
great plenty.
In less than a fortnight Newport was in a good state of defense
and with the military rallying to its support no fears were felt.
Another contemporary authority draws the contrast Between
the arrogance of the British and the courtly elegance of the
French officers in these terms:
The French officers of every rank have rendered themselves agreeable
by that politeness which characterizes the French nation * * * the
officers and soldiers wear cockades of three colors, emblematic of a triple
alliance between France, Spain, and America. ,
This is said to have been the first use of the tricolor. At
the time of the arrival of the French, Newport could claim 6,000
inhabitants, and the people, according to concurrent authority,
possessed as much wealth, energy, enterprise, intelligence, and
culture as any other town in America.
The Newport correspondence of the New Jersey Gazette,
dated August 2, 1780, in the grandiloquent style of the times,
wrote of the
French Army and Navy in America 315
brilliant appearance of the numerous gentlemen, officers of the fleet, and
army of our illustrious ally who were ashore, with that of the ladies and
gentlemen of the town, and the joy which every friend to liberty expressed
on the happy occasion, affording a pleasing prospect of -the future felicity
and grandeur of this country in alliance with the most polite, powerful, and
generous nation in the world.
BRITISH COUNTER PROJECTS
General Sir Henry Clinton, commander in chief of the British
forces in America, who was on an expedition to the southern
States, hearing of the presence of a French armament on the
American coast, leaving 4,000 men with Cornwallis the Caro-
linas and Georgia being apparently " subjugated " hastened
north to be prepared for eventualities.
The fact was, his convoy from the south had been wholly in
the power of the French as it sailed by the entrance to the
Chesapeake, and only escaped destruction on account of De
Ternay taking the immense transports for great ships of the line.
CLINTON BALKED IN HIS OFFENSIVE SCHEMES
When Clinton arrived at New York his first plan was to
attack Washington in his camp on the Hudson or make a dash
for West Point.
In this design he was frustrated by the untimely and pro
longed absence of Knyphausen with his Hessians in a move
in New Jersey, which amounted to nothing except to upset Sir
Henry's scheme against Washington.
The next project was a sudden descent upon the French posi
tion at Newport and an attempt to carry the place by assault.
Arbuthnot was directed, even in advance of the arrival of
ROCHAMBEAU, to have troopships for 6,000 men ready for that
purpose.
The French arrived off Newport on the loth day of July. It
was not until the 1 8th that particulars of their position were con
veyed to Arbuthnot, who was urged to embark without further
delay. It was not, however, until the 2yth that the troops
were aboard in the Sound and carried to Huntington Bay to
316 French Army and Navy in America
await the return of a dispatch vessel sent by- Clinton to the
British fleet off Newport.
Admiral Graves made sail from Portsmouth about the same
time De Ternay left Brest, and encountered in the English Chan
nel the same gales which made such boisterous navigation in
the Bay of Biscay. Graves put back and lost fifteen days wait
ing for a suitable wind. The Englishman, in his efforts to make
up lost time and get in ahead of the Frenchmen, crowded on all
sail. He succeeded in putting into New York July 13, forty-eight
hours after De Ternay made Newport.
Arbuthnot had four large vessels of war in port. With the
accession of Graves, 1 1 vessels would have been available to
head off De Ternay had he delayed to engage the enemy he had
sighted on his voyage.
ASSEMBLY COURTESIES
On Sunday July 2 1 , the committee of the general assembly of
Rhode Island waited upon Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU and pre
sented their address couched in the following language:
The representatives of the State of Rhode Island and the Providence
Plantations, in general assembly convened, with the most pleasing satisfac
tion take the earliest opportunity of congratulating the Comte DE RO
CHAMBEAU, lieutenant-general of the Army of His Most Christian Majesty,
upon his safe arrival within the United States. Upon this occasion we
can not be too expressive of the grateful sense we entertain of the generous
and magnanimous aid afforded to the United States by their illustrious
friend and ally. Sufficient had been the proofs of his zeal and friendship,
the present instance must constrain even envious, disappointed Britons to
venerate the wisdom of his councils and the sincerity of his noble mind.
We look forward with a most pleasing expectation to the end of a campaign
in which the allied forces of France and the United States under the smiles
of Divine Providence may be productive of peace and happiness to the con
tending powers and mankind in general. We assure you, sir, our expecta
tions are enlarged when we consider the wisdom of His Most Christian
Majesty in your appointment as the commander of his army destined to
our assistance. Be assured, sir, of every exertion in the power of this
State to afford the necessary refreshments to the army under your com
mand and to render this service to all ranks as agreeable and happy as it
is honorable.
French Army and Navy in America 317
We are, on behalf of the general assembly, the general's most obedient
and most devoted, humble servants,
WIWJAM GREENE.
WH.IJAM BRADFORD.
To Lieutenant-General Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU.
A similar address was handed to Admiral de Ternay as follows:
The representatives of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plan
tations in general assembly convened, with the most pleasing satisfaction
take this the earliest opportunity of testifying the sentiments that are
impressed upon them by the great attention which His Most Christian
Majesty has invariably manifested to the United States. The formidable
armament heretofore sent to our aid has essentially promoted our happi
ness and independence. But at a time when Europe is involved in the
calamities of war, by the ambitous views of the British court, we can not
express the gratitude we feel upon your arrival with the fleet under your
command, destined by our illustrious ally to the assistance of the United
States. We entreat you, on this occasion, to accept the warmest con
gratulations of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations;
and be assured, sir, of every exertion in their power to afford the necessary
refreshments to the fleet and to render the service as agreeable and happy
as it is honorable.
We are, in behalf of the general assembly, the Admiral's most obedient
and most humble servants,
Wii^iviAM GREENE.
WIU,IAM BRADFORD.
To Chevalier DE TERNAY.
CEREMONIAL REPLIES
To this official expression of welcome and support General
DE ROCHAMBEAU replied on the same day in the following terms:
To the honorable the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations.
GENTLEMEN: The King, my master, hath sent me to the assistance of
his good and faithful allies, the United States of America. At present I
only bring over the vanguard of a much greater force destined for their
aid, and the King has ordered me to assure them that his whole power
shall be exerted for their support.
The French troops are under the strictest discipline, and acting under
the orders of General Washington will live with the Americans as their
brethren, and nothing will afford me greater happiness than contributing
to their success. I am highly sensible of the marks of respect shown me
by the general assembly, and beg leave to assure them that as brethren
318 French Army and Navy in America
not only my life, but the lives of the troops under my command are en
tirely devoted to their service.
THE COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU.
The reply of Count DE ROCHAMBEAU was in many ways
worthy of the officer and man. Speaking by authority of his
King, his words spread throughout the country with assuring
effect. The fear of a foreign army on American soil after the
experience of history in similar instances of, succor was at
once relieved. His particular declaration of the disinterested
motives of the French monarch and the subordination of
himself and his army to the supreme command of the American
commander in chief disposed of the alarming stories set adrift
by British emissaries and press.
The reply of De Ternay, equally quieting to the public mind,
was not as prompt, owing to circumstances over which he had
no control. The text of this interesting paper, however, may
be given here:
To the honorable the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations:
The multiplicity of business in which I have for some days been
involved has hitherto prevented my honoring in due form an address
from the honorable the general assembly of the State of Rhode Island,
etc. I have already assured them how sensible I am of their politeness,
in a visit to my ship, to give me an assurance of their granting every
necessary supply for the squadron and fleet of the King of France during
their continuance in this State.
I, with pleasure, embrace this opportunity of testifying to the honorable
assembly my peculiar satisfaction in an appointment by the King, my
master, to conduct succors to his allies, who have for several years been
successfully contending to establish an independence, which will be the
basis of their future felicity.
I have nothing further to aspire after than the hour when I shall partici
pate with the United States in the glorious advantages resulting from war
with enemies who vainly attempt to subjugate them and wrest from them
that freedom the blessings of which they already experience.
I beg the honorable assembly would be persuaded that I am penetrated
with the warmest attachment to every member of which that body is
composed.
THE CHEVAUER DE TERNAY,
Commandant of the Naval Forces
of His Most Christian Majesty at Newport.
French Army and Navy in America 319
ATTEMPTED BLOCKADE
As the British naval force now outnumbered the French,
Graves proposed a blockade of Narragansett Bay. On July 19
the British advance of four frigates appeared, making Block
Island the point of rendezvous.
The following day three of the French put to sea, intending
to engage the enemy, but, falling in with a reenforcetnent,
headed back to the harbor.
On the afternoon of July 21, at the moment the committee of
the assembly delivered their addresses, the British admirals,
Graves and Arbuthnot, appeared off the harbor with a fleet of
ii vessels one of 90, six of 74, three of 64, and one of 50
guns. The day following the menacing fleet was increased to
19, 9 being line-of -battle ships.
The French held their anchorage, their decks cleared for
action, occupying a line from Rhode Island to Goat Island
Harbor.
Clinton, having returned to New York from his southern
expedition, began organizing a formidable land force under his
personal command, intending to attack the French before they
could effectively establish a defensive basis.
General Heath, in order to be prepared to cooperate with the
allies promptly applied to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut to call out the militia. Those of Rhode Island,
under General Varnum, being nearest at hand, responded first.
The- rally of the fighting men of these States was so prompt
that before Clinton could get himself in shape for offensive
tactics he found ready to confront him a larger force, including
the French, than he could possibly bring into the field.
PREPARING FOR DEFENSE
To resist a land attack General Heath established a regiment
of Continental troops at Howlands and Bristol ferries at the
mouth of Pocasset River and Butts Hill to command the west
ern approaches. The governor of Rhode Island was asked for
1,500 militia. A similar requisition was made for 800 from
320 French Army and Navy in America
Massachusetts for immediate service. All the militia which
had been detached to serve for three months in the main army,
except those in Hampshire and Berkshire, it was urged should
be ordered to Newport. Governor Trumbull was also asked
for 1,000 militia from Connecticut.
With this additional force the Count considered himself able
to repel an attack.
With his own troops, Washington, for diversion or attack,
according to circumstances, was prepared to move from his
position in the Highlands toward Kings Bridge.
A DECISIVE MOMENT
On July 22 Washington, in a letter to an influential friend,
expressed his views of the duty of the moment very frankly,
observing:
This is a decisive moment and I will go further and say the most impor
tant America has seen. The Court of France has made a glorious effort
for our deliverance and if we disappoint its intentions by our supineness
we must become contemptible in the eyes of all mankind.
TORY CROAKINGS
It is diverting to read Rivington's ribald Royal Gazette, the
extreme Tory organ of the day, on these ominous happenings.
Taking a week after the landing of the French as a specimen
of eighteenth century sensational journalism, the following is
not behind current specimens. It says:
* * * from the Marquis de I^afayette's report to Mr. Washington
the Chevalier de Ternay may be expected at this time to land a body of
troops on this continent; in which case possession of the land would be
taken In the name of the French King, * * . The prospect of a
French army landing in the northern provinces alarms the republican fra
ternity in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Should their Roman Catholic
allies ever nestle themselves on one of the revolted States, it is appre
hended their independence must give way to the establishment of a French
Government, laws, customs, etc., ever abhorent to the sour and turbulent
temper of a Puritan.
As a sample of newspaper irresponsibility, this same British
sympathizer in print is a curiosity. The day of the issue of the
above screed the arrival of the French is treated as an event yet
French Army and Navy in America 321
in the future, when the same had already happened five days
before, and it was not until two days later that Clinton himself
learned that De Ternay had made a safe harbor for his convoy
of ROCHAMBEAU and his army.
IN DESPERATE STRAITS
The desperate straits of Washington at this time were in
stanced by an appeal to Marquis de Lafayette to secure arms
and powder from the Count, without which " we certainly can
attempt nothing. " ' ' With every effort, ' ' he conceded, ' * we
shall fall short at least 4,000 or 5,000 arms and 200 tons of
powder. ' '
DE TERNAY WILL NOT ATTEMPT NEW YORK HARBOR
Upon investigation of the conditions, Chevalier de Ternay
put an end to the proposed immediate attempt on New York
harbor by calling attention to the experience of D'Estaing,
concluding it not possible to sustain the fleet at Long Island
without entering the Hook to do so, but declared his purpose
to attack the English squadron at sea should it attempt to
oppose the passage of troops.
The commander in chief, prompting his army upon the arrival
of the cooperating force from France, of ' ' the generosity of
this succor and the manner in which it is given," as "a new
tie between France and America, ' ' urged ' ' the only contention
between them must be to excel each other in good offices and
the display of every virtue. ' '
A MEETING DELAYED
The military situation was such that it was not possible for
Washington and ROCHAMBEAU to meet at the time, although
the latter had expressed such a wish and the former, in a letter
to Lafayette, said he desired nothing more ardently, but his
presence where he was was ' ' essential to keep our preparations
in activity or even going on at all."
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 21
322 French Army and Navy in America
The general evidently felt deeply concerned, "entreating"
the marquis ' ' to impress the Count with a proper idea of the
matter and convince him with what pleasure I should hasten
to meet him, if it would not be injurious to our affairs."
At the same time the general repeated his conviction of the
inadvisability of attempting the taking of New York as part of
the programme for the allies on account of the difficulties.
THE DIE is CAST
In a letter to the President of Congress July 22, 1780,
Washington gave his opinion rather tartly on what the com
mittee had communicated to him as to their views. He coin
cides in these in general, observing he had sent definite
proposals of cooperation to the French general and admiral
that ' ' neither the reason nor regard to decency would permit
delay." " The die is cast," said he, " and it remains with the
States either to fulfill their engagements, preserve their credit,
and support their independence, or involve us in disgrace and
defeat," adding
1 ' Notwithstanding the failures pointed out by the committee,
I shall proceed on- the supposition that they will ultimately con
sult their own interest and honor and not suffer us to fail for
want of means which it is evidently in their power to afford."
* * * * *
" If we fail for want of proper exertions in any of the gov
ernments, I trust the responsibility will fall where it ought,
and that I shall stand justified to Congress, to my country, and
to the world. * * * Congress are sensible that I have
made it a rule to speak with the most scrupulous delicacy of the
measures of the States, generally or particularly * * * the
plainness of my present remarks is dictated by a sense of duty,
by the importance of the conjuncture, and by the necessity of
giving them a just view of our situation. * * * It will
become inadvisable to exert powers which, if they have no
sanction, may be very disagreeable to the people and produc
tive of discontents and oppositions which will be infinitely
injurious."
French Army and Navy in America 323
REGRETS
Toward the end of July, 1780, acknowledging a letter from
the Marquis, from Hartford, the chief again regrets the inabil
ity of his forces to take New York and praises his zeal. The
States were slow in furnishing arms, and the levies were even
slower than he expected.
In the event of Clinton moving in force to Rhode Island, he
thought he might embarrass him and precipitate his own
movements, but the capture of the city would be impossible,
for the lack of men and arms to accomplish that end.
On his way to Newport the marquis had interviews with
Governor Trumbull, General Parsons, and others of Connecti
cut, in his efforts to arouse them to forward the State quota of
troops and such arms and ammunition as could be spared.
In the midst of these complications a most disagreeable
crisis was reached in the quartermaster-general's department,
owing to the resignation of General Greene and other officers.
The chief, in a letter to Congress, referred to the result as
a total stagnation of military business and the necessity of
not only ceasing from the preparations for the campaign,
but in all probability being obliged to disperse if not disband
the army.
DEFENSIVE MEASURES
On July 21 Marquis de Lafayette reached Newport as the
personal representative of General Washington, to render such
aid as lay in his power. Intelligence from New York set forth
that Sir Henry Clinton was proceeding at the head of the greater
part of his army to engage the French.
The acquaintance of L,afayette with all the surrounding
country, having served there at the time of the Sullivan expe
dition during the presence of D'Estaing, cooperated with
ROCHAMBEAU in the preparation of a plan of defense,- which
included the abandonment of Conanicut Island and concentra
tion on Rhode Island.
324 French Army and Navy in America
The transports were to be withdrawn within the harbor and
the war ships were to be anchored from Brentons Point north
ward under cover of the shore batteries. A frigate and cutter
were to be posted in Seaconnet Passage. The troops were to
remain in their camp prepared to meet the enemy at any point
he might attempt to land.
The second lines were those formerly established by the
British, which were to be occupied by the militia, where it was
proposed to make the main defense if necessary.
In order to be near at hand for purposes of cooperation, Gen
eral Washington advanced a force of Continentals toward the
North River.
The Count, through the Marquis, urged the relief of the
Continentals if the enemy should not arrive within twelve
days. He was prepared, however, to meet an assault, but a
siege would be greatly benefited by the appearance of a corps
of Continentals in the enemy's rear.
WASHINGTON READY TO MOVE
During the intercourse between the Marquis and -the French,
Washington kept General Heath constantly advised. He
established relays of expresses for that purpose between the
two armies.
From Robinsons, July 31, 1780, he notified him, upon receipt
of information that the enemy's transports had sailed eastward,
he would put his own army in motion with a view to advancing
as rapidly as possible toward Kings Bridge, which would force
the abandonment of the British project against Rhode Island
or afford an excellent opportunity to strike a fatal blow at the
depleted garrison of New York.
BRITISH EMBARKING
*t he joint operation of the British land and sea forces against
the French began July 27, by the embarkation of 6,000 troops
at Frogs Neck, but the preparations of ROCHAMBEAU to greet
them with a warm reception and Washington's rapid movement
French Army and Navy in America 325
against New York gave the scheme an appearance of risk which
Clinton was not willing to meet. After considerable bickering
between himself and Admiral Arbuthnot, the enterprise was
abandoned. The British transports accordingly crossed the
sound to Huntington Bay, and on July 31 disembarked at
Whitestone. Arbuthnot, however, remained off Newport, main
taining a blockade and hoping to intercept the second division
of the allied force, then expected from France. The militia,
except those enlisted for three months, which had rallied to the
support of ROCHAMBEAU, were dismissed. Under the impres
sion Clinton had actually started to attack the "armament
from France," Washington addressed Governor Livingston,
showing the impracticability of giving direct assistance to New
York.
He informed him the whole of the Continental troops were in
motion and entreated him to order his State regiment and
the militia called for by the committee of Congress to march to
Dobbs Ferry, subject to the commander in chief's direction.
He also asked the whole of the militia to be held in readiness to
march in case of orders. On the same day, August i, the chief
sent a similar communication to the governor of New Jersey
requesting the New Jersey militia to be held in readiness to
move, adding ' 'should this be the case I shall be happy to see
you at their head."
On the same day (August i), also from Peekskill, he informed
the Marquis of being on his way to New York, and of the
whole army intending to take up its line of march the next
day, when advices from the Sound as recent as the day before
announced the enemy's transports putting back and steering
westward.
In a letter to L,ord Germaine after this fiasco General Clinton
gave up any idea of attempting an attack on the allied armies.
The active operations of Washington were seriously embar
rassed for want of arms, ammunition, and clothing required
for recruits. In the matter of powder he expressed his de-
pendance on 50 tons from France, and the same amount from
the fleet.
326 French Army and Navy in America
MINDFUL OF THE VIEWS OF HIS AUJES
He was at all times studiously mindful of not pressing the
French commanders to anything toward which they showed a
disinclination, particularly in regard to the withdrawal of their
force from Rhode Island before the arrival of the second divi
sion, in order "to avoid responsibility for any untoward hap
penings. ' ' His policy, and so he informed Lafayette, was to
set forth " what we can do, what we are willing to undertake,
and let them consult their own inclination for the rest."
The attack on New York was held in abeyance, in expectation
of the arrival of part of the French West India fleet or the ar
rival of the second division. In event of their nonarrival by
September he had no great hope of success.
OFFENSIVE TACTICS DEFERRED
, With respect to offensive tactics on the part of the French,
DE ROCHAMBEAU and De Ternay judged it prudent to defer
them for the present for three reasons: First, the arrival of the
second division; second, the sailing from France of an additional
fleet to their assistance, which De Ternay had required of M. de
Guichen by virtue of his powers; third, the enemy, by directing
their forces to the south, would so lessen the efficiency of the
garrison of New York that the fleet would have no molestation
to guard against from that quarter, in which event they might
vigorously attack that position.
WASHINGTON'S POWERS EXTENDED BEYOND THE STATES
The presence of the French troops brought new issues to the
front. The powers of the commander in chief w r ere, up to this
time, confined within the limits of the United States. It was
found necessary to lift this limitation in order to effectively
cooperate with the French forces. Congress, on August 2,
removed the restrictions by resolution. New Hampshire, Mas
sachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware,
and Virginia delegations stood unanimously in the affirmative.
Maryland and the Carolinas were the same in the negative, and
Georgia was divided. Connecticut and Pennsylvania cast one
French Army and Navy, in America 327
negative vote each the majority of both delegations, however,
were in the affirmative.
The attitude of powerful influences is sometimes unaccount
able, especially the action of South Carolina and Georgia in
opposing a resolution designed to enable the commander in
chief to infuse greater activity into operations, in combination
with the French and the Spanish in the West Indies, with a
view to driving the British away from those very two States.
On August 3, from Peekskill, Washington directed General
Heath respecting the prompt return of the militia to their homes,
in view of the scarcity of provisions. These reenforcements of
the people from Rhode Island and Massachusetts had responded
with an alacrity which won the admiration of the allies.
As soon as the abandonment of the British expedition had
become known, it was arranged between General Heath and
Count DK ROCHAMBKAU that the militia should be disbanded,
except 3, 500 enlisted for three months. Of the number retained,
2,000 were posted between Quaker Hill and the town and
about 1,500 at Butts Hill.
In all these matters of detail General Washington displayed
the utmost regard for the wishes of the French general, in
view of which he gave specific orders to the American com
mander to do nothing without "consulting the Count and
obtaining his approbation of the measure. ' '
In addition to the cares and perplexities of his own army,
General Washington gave scrupulously mindful attention to
the presence, necessities, and participation of the allies.
He was disappointed at the aversion of Chevalier de Ternay
to entering New York Harbor should conditions render such a
movement practicable, and without which it would not be pos
sible to interrupt supplies and blockade the enemy.
He was willing, however, to take the chances of a siege if
his allies preferred. The entire scheme, however, was depend
ent upon additional succor from France and the West Indies.
If this should not appear, the chief was urgent to dispense with
the militia, the feeding of whom without being able to assume
active operations he deemed inadvisable "on every account."
328 French Army and Navy in America
COMPLIMENTS FOR LAFAYETTE
The conduct of Lafayette in his intercourse with the French
gave great satisfaction to Washington, and particularly to his
own countrymen. In the language of Washington himself, ' 'the
alliance ought to be cemented in affection, and you will be
justly dear to both countries for the share you have in binding
it by those powerful and pleasing ties."
APPLAUDS ROCHAMBEAU
From his headquarters at Peekskill, on August 5, 1780,
Washington wrote the Count: "I applaud all the measures you
have taken, which appear to me precisely such as the occasion
required." He was also greatly pleased to know that the
neighboring States ' ' manifested so much ardor in doing what
their interest, their duty, and their gratitude demanded."
He also approved the detention of the levies ' ' as long as you
think they can be useful to } r ou. ' '
In referring to Clinton's retrograde movements of July 31,
he mentioned the landing of the British on Long Island and
little or no probability of their renewal of purpose to attack.
He mentioned the recrossing of the Hudson by his own army
and their march to Dobbs Ferry, about 10 miles from Kings
Bridge, where he would establish a communication which would
save much land transportation in event of New York being the
object of attack.
The general also inclosed a copy of a letter to the Chevalier
de la Luzerne, in which he expressed his views and those of
Chevalier de Ternay respecting the second division, with a plan
for a junction of the fleets as suggested in his own letter.
CRUISING IN SEARCH OF A PHANTOM
The French minister at Philadelphia sent out fast sailing
cruisers from all parts of the coast vainly expecting some of
them to fall in with the much desired French division.
French Army and Navy in America 329
JUNCTION OF FRKNCH AND CONTINENTAL FRIGATES
On August 6, the general advised De Ternay of the direction
by Congress of a junction of the Continental frigates with the
French. For this purpose they had been placed under Wash
ington's orders, with directions to rendezvous in the Delaware
and thence proceed to Newport. To facilitate matters Wash
ington asked the French admiral's advice as to how they might
be employed usefully by the fleet and to send him signals of
recognizance for them. He also requested them to be fur
nished to the captains of the frigates in Boston Harbor, if still
there.
HONORS FOR THE MIUTlA
I
To General Heath, two days later, Washington wrote: "I am
exceedingly happy at the conduct of the militia in turning out
with so much spirit. It does them great honor." He also
refers to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU expressing himself as * ' ' highly
pleased with them, ' and in such terms as have given me much
satisfaction. Gratitude, interest, and policy combined in the
strongest manner lead us to give him the earliest and most effec
tual support." General Heath reported: " At no time did the
militia observe more order in pressing to the field or more regu
larity when they got there."
A DISAPPOINTING RUMOR
About the same time the expectations of the Americans and
French were raised by a rumor of the meeting of a fleet at
sea, supposed to be the much wished for second division from
France. * Hope rose -high that it might get safe into port.
Washington counseled secrecy, as the enemy would try every
measure they could devise to intercept it.
Chevalier de Ternay made objection to the rendezvous of the
expected squadron in Delaware Bay, on account of difficulties
of navigation for large ships and danger of blockade by the
vessels of the enemy. He considered Boston more secure and
more convenient for future operations.
330 French Army and Navy in America
He thought any merchant vessels convoyed by the fleet of
the second division might enter the Delaware. To Chevalier
de la L,uzerne, De Ternay proposed if the second division should
arrive in Chesapeake Bay it should be at the discretion of
General Washington and Count DK ROCHAMBKAU to have the
transports enter the Delaware and the war ships continue to
Boston.
AMERICAN SCOUT SHIPS
To the chevalier from headquarters at Orangetown, August
1 6, Washington approved of the programme marked out by the
French admiral, and informed him of the communication of his
views to the board of admiralty at Philadelphia respecting the
employment of the American frigates and sloop of war Saratoga,
until "circumstances admit of our commencing more serious
operations against the enemy." It was at the suggestion of
the French admiral that the American frigates were put to scout
ing along the coast to intercept British vessels trading between
Charleston and New York. He also requested the sending of
the sloop Saratoga to San Domingo with dispatches to Count
de Guichen, then commanding a French squadron in the West
Indies.
It was the wish of De Ternay that the West India fleet should
unite with that in American waters, which would give a posi
tive superiority, as compared with the British naval strength,
and make possible the success of an attack on New York.
In his instructions De Ternay was empowered by the King
to call upon De Guichen for assistance.
On August 17, Washington ordered General Heath that as
soon as the ' ' three- months' men ' ' furnished by Rhode Island
and Massachusetts could be spared they should proceed to
Peekskill.
Indications of an attempt by Clinton for another expedition
from New York, though much smaller than the former, caused
Washington to rescind these marching orders regarding the
Rhode Island militia.
French Army and Navy in America 331
As the imminence of attack on Newport had subsided, Gen
eral Heath renewed his desire to join Washington's army, from
which, however, the general dissented upon grounds very com
plimentary to Heath, quoting also from a letter from the Count:
"I shall keep with me, if you think proper, General Heath,
whose ardor, spirit, and activity are absolutely necessary to me. ' '
The success of the eastern cruisers against the British fleet
bound for Quebec gave great satisfaction. Sixteen prizes were
captured, with a hope that the remainder of the fleet would follow.
POINTS OF UNDERSTANDING STATED
About a week after returning to Washington's headquarters
near Dobbs Ferry (August 9), in order to avoid misunder
standing, the Marquis drew up in the form of articles a synopsis
of points definitely determined upon with the French general
and admiral which he transmitted to them for sanction and
handed to General Washington for information, viz:
1 . You have written to France to hasten the arrival and the augmenta
tion of the expected succors. You have already demanded the five ves
sels of M. de Guichen, and I took charge of a separate letter repeating
the same requisition, which is to pass throi gh the hands of the Chevalier
de la Luzerne.
2. As soon as you hear of the arrival either of the second division or of
the ships from the West Indies, you will immediately dispatch an express
to General Washington; and, while our army will march to Westchester,
and yours will be making preparations for its embarkation, M. de Ternay
will endeavor to effect a junction.
3. If the French fleet is equal to that of the enemy, it will immediately
fight for the superiority; if it is superior, it will immediately take on board
the French troops and transport them to the place fixed upon for the
landing.
4. A spot shall be chosen where the ships may protect the operation,
and where the troops first landed may take a position supported by the
fire of the ships, and behind which the rest of the army may join them;
where, as the troops advance farther, they may still be supported on the
right and left, and the rest of the landing be covered. Such a place shall
be chosen, that the American division destined for this particular enter
prise, may arrive and land at the same time with Count DE ROCHAMBEAU,
and that their general may cooperate with the French general.
332 French Army and Navy in America
5. According to the number of French troops able to operate, General
Washington will send, or lead himself, to L,ong Island, a number of troops
equal to those of the enemy, who may be opposed to them, and will 4iave
a body of about the same strength either at Westchester or on the island
of New York.
6. The Chevalier de Ternay will attentively examine the possibility of
forcing the passage of Sandy Hook, and if he finds it can be done, he will
accomplish at once that important object.
7. As soon as any arms, clothing, or stores belonging to the United
States shall arrive, the Chevalier de Ternay will have the goodness, with
out giving them time to enter the harbor, to send them at once under a
convoy of frigates, or if there are no batteries erected, with a ship of the
line, to some place in the Sound which shall be fixed upon by General
Washington.
8. The French fleet will take charge of the boats which we shall need
and which will be given at Providence. The' admiral will lend us all the
powder he can spare, which at this moment can not be more than 30,000
pounds.
9. I will send to the French generals information respecting the passage
of the Sound at Hell Gate. I will also communicate all the details- con
cerning Brooklyn; and we will accordingly send our calculations for the
artillery and the engineers, by which we shall determine what to send in
these two respects with the American corps for Long Island. These two
points are those which raised some doubts in the opinion of the French
generals, and I will send to them from here some information concerning
what I had the honor to tell them.
10. The sick and stores shall be sent to Providence, and the batteries
upon that river shall be made fit for service.
11. It is perfectly understood that the moment the French obtain a
naval superiority they will not lose a single day in commencing their
cooperation.
The articles convey what the joint operations were intended
to compass, but as the second division never started; the current
of events took quite a different trend.
A BREEZY CORRESPONDENCE
This was accompanied by a communication not intended as
official, which indicated in somewhat plain terms that the fate
of the cause of America rested upon the activity of the French
army, that the occupation of Rhode Island was of no advantage,
and a junction should be made with Washington without delay
for an attempt on New York.
French Army and Navy in America 333
The letter, concluding in the nature of a summons, proved
displeasing to the Count, inasmuch as he received by the same
courier letters from General Washington himself, in which no
allusion was made to the plans proposed by the Marquis.
The Comte DE ROCHAMBKAU, somewhat aroused .by the
directness of L,afayette's intimations, grew satirical in reply,
concluding by intimating he awaited the orders of Washington,
and desired an interview.
The young marquis promptly returned a reply especially
expressive of his mortification to see the French fleet block
aded in Rhode Island and the army idle. The Count parried
the suggestion by observing the port of Brest had been block
aded for more than two months by an English fleet so that the
second division could not get out, adding
he had an experience of command of forty years and of 15,000 men who
had been killed or wounded under his orders, yet he could not reproach
himself with a single person killed on his account.
The Count also reminded him there were 14,000 troops on
New York Island, besides the militia, and the French fleet was
blockaded in Newport by a largely superior enemy. To leave
it in such a predicament would be to invite destruction.
At the same time De Ternay declined to go to Sandy Hook,
as it was not feasible to get his seventy-fours over the bar.
Any attempt, however, to create an impression that this
divergence of views was the cause of the tardiness in the two
chiefs getting into conference is without corroboration.
At this time the Count appears to have mastered the English
language. In a letter to Washington in that tongue, he ex
pressed his appreciation of his letters and requested in future
to allow his correspondence with him to be direct, and renewed
his request for an interview.
FAI^ACY OF FORMER FEARS
It is gratifying to the sense of American honor and to the
patriots of Rhode Island and the adjacent States of Massachu
setts and Connecticut to have recorded in this paper the follow
ing from Lafayette:
334 French Army and Navy in America
Nothing can equal the spirit with which they (the militia) turned out, and
I did not neglect to let the French know that they have done more for
their allies than they would have done for the security of their own Conti
nental troops on a similar occasion.
The French troops now expressed an urgent desire to join
Washington's command without delay.
A WARLIKE MILLENNIUM
In regard to the feeling which had caused so much unneces
sary anxiety on the part of Congress and Washington, the
Marquis reported:
You would have been glad to see 250 of our drafts who went to Conani-
cut Island the other day, without provisions and tents, mixed in such a
way with the French troops that every French soldier and officer took an
American with him and divided his bed and his supper in the most friendly
manner. The patience and sobriety of our militia are so much admired
by the French officers that two days ago a F A rench colonel called all his
officers together to ask them to observe the good examples given to the
French soldiers by the American troops. On the other hand, the French
discipline is such that chickens and pigs walk between the lines without
being molested, and that there is a cornfield in the camp not one leaf of
which has been touched. The Tories know not what to say of it.
A DESPERATE ALTERNATIVE
In a lengthy correspondence with Congress, August 20, from
his camp at Orange, the general in chief reviewed the increased
embarrassment of his situation in no mincing, yet very pathetic,
terms. It is not necessary to repeat them here, further than to
briefly quote in his own words
at this very juncture I am reduced to the principal alternative, either of
dismissing a part of the militia now assembling or letting them come for
ward to starve, which it will be extremely difficult for the troops already
in the field to avoid.
He called attention to the adverse condition, heavy debts,
and distress in England, yet less terrible to the King and his
ministers than giving up the contest.
Although the capture of New .York was one of the cherished
objects of General Washington's plans after the arrival of the
French Army and Navy in America 335
French, he never abandoned the supreme thought of a naval
superiority which would justify the undertaking. He so con
veyed his views to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU.
CAMPAIGN PLANS BY CORRESPONDENCE
This communication, aside from the main subject, is a tribute
to the skill of Washington in military tactics from his point of
view, and the inside glimpse it gives is interesting:
The reflections you make on the difficulty of effecting a debarkation on
Long Island without a naval superiority are natural and judicious from
the view you must have of it; but from a knowledge in part of the local
situation and from particular inquiries of others I think the debarkation
would be practicable. From the shape of the ground on both sides and
the narrowness of the Sound in several parts there are different points of
debarkation, and the enemy could not with propriety uncover New York
so much (especially if we had once thrown ourselves upon that island) as
to have a sufficient force on Long Island to give effectual opposition at
each point. * * *
But notwithstanding the practicability of such an operation I entirely
agree in opinion with you, for several reasons, that it will be best to defer
the commencement of the enterprise until we get superiority at sea. * * *
As to the particular mode of operating against New York, we may at
this time combine different possibilities, but we can not fix a definite
plan. There are three ways: First, by acting with our whole force on York
Island; secondly, by beginning our operations against Brooklyn with the
principal part of our force, leaving a corps of observation for the security
of our communication well intrenched on York Island or on the main; or
thirdly, by dividing our force into two parts to act against the works on
both islands at once.
Which of these plans will be preferable must depend on the time we
begin to act and the force we have to act with. If these circumstances
correspond with our wishes I would prefer the last of the three. * * *
In taking post on Long Island, a force equal to the whole of the enemy
may be prudent to guard against possibilities; but after we have taken
post and the usual precautions, two-thirds of their whole force will in my
opinion be sufficient, both for security and the reduction of the works there.
They will never hazard the withdrawing of more than two-thirds of their
force from New York to attack the corps on Lpng Island while there is
an army of more than their whole force in front ready to fall upon the
remainder.
336 French Army and Navy in America
The Marquis de Lafayette after his return from Newport,
with the approval of Washington, submitted to the Count a plan
for the reduction of New York.
This, however, did not meet with approval for the following
reasons. Before taking the offensive it was necessary to await
the arrival of the second division of French troops, with sufficient
maritime force to give the fleet superiority, or succor from Count
de Guichen in the West Indies, and a decrease of the enemy's
force at New York, by detachment to the south or the West
Indies.
The Count determined, until one of these conditions should
transpire, to remain on the defensive.
He therefore did not take kindly to the plan submitted, and
so expressed himself in a formal communication. The letter of
Washington above quoted was in the nature of a justification of
the plan.
CONFERENCE SOUGHT
In the same letter General Washington reciprocated the
Count's desire for an interview, observing
it would infinitely facilitate our arrangement and gratify the desire I feel
of assuring you and the admiral personally of my esteem,
adding
but to my great mortification and regret there are difficulties in the way
not easily surmounted. We are about 10 miles from the enemy. Our
popular govermirent imposes a necessity of great circumspection. If any
misfortune should happen in my absence, it would be attended with
every inconvenience.
The general informed the Count he would endeavor speedily
to meet him at some convenient rendezvous, and requested to
know to what distance the admiral and himself would think it
prudent to absent themselves from the fleet and army.
In his reply the Count informed Washington that he and the
admiral could go as far as Hartford or, if necessary, to Dan-
bury, leaving it to the general to decide as to time and place,
urging no delay.
French Army and Navy in America 337
The Count, in his memoirs, comments upon this phase of the
military propositions before both armies in these terms of
distinguished consideration and comment:
I must, however, do General Lafayette the justice to say that he always
showed himself the faithful interpreter of General Washington's senti
ments, and that the latter had recourse to the youthful ardor of his friend
to express these sentiments with greater energy. The latter really
believed at that period, and he was perhaps not altogether mistaken, that
on account of the great decline in the finances of Congress, this campaign
was the last struggle of expiring patriotism. Under the circumstances he
was anxious to strike a decisive blow by attacking the very center of the
enemy's position, while he could still count on the assistance of tlie French
troops. He was fully aware, however, of the consequences, and he con
curred with the principles of my letter. Since I have corresponded di
rectly with him, I have had many proofs of his sound judgment; his style
is peculiarly amiable and the death of either of us, I feel confident, can
alone break off our correspondence.
BLOCKADE OF THE SECOND FRENCH DIVISION
The U. S. frigate Alliance arrived in Boston August 16 with
information of the blockade of the second division of Count
DE ROCH AM BEAU'S army aboard the transports in the harbor of
Brest by a British fleet of 32 sail. The Alliance also brought
2,000 stand of arms, several cannon, and powder.
The above intelligence very materially lowered the immediate
prospects of the proposed campaign. The general in chief also
realizing the necessities of the Government and the sparse
resources at command, urged upon General Heath the -return
home of the militia as soon as their services were no longer
required by the French commander.
With regard to the cost of the works on Butts Hill, which
the commander of the allies thought should be borne by the
Americans, Washington showed his wonderful tact, observing:
I should be glad that everything of this kind be avoided, so far as it can be
done without impeaching the generosity of the States, for while our allies
are sending fleets and armies to our assistance and maintaining them at
their own expense in our country, it might not be decent to refuse bearing
such little expenses as they seem to expect.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 22
338 French Army and Navy in America
Notwithstanding all that the French King had done, there
were those who spoke disparagingly under the supposition that
it was not commensurate with the conditions of the alliance
and the importance of the struggle. Among the complaints
was the assertion that Doctor Franklin, then in Paris, was not
up to the requirements of the situation.
SENSATIONS DEPRECATED
M. de la Luzerne, the French envoy at Philadelphia, took up
the subject in a report to Count de Vergennes, referring par
ticularly to the views expressed by certain individuals (then
recently returned from France) and others of their way of
thinking ' ' who seem to imagine the American minister should
keep the French Court in a state of alarm ' ' with vivid pictures
of the critical situation of the United States and redouble his
applications and requisitions; that without a subsidy of
20,000,000 livres annually and the aid of 20 vessels of war the
States would be in danger of falling back into the hands of
England, or the people of America would be compelled to make
a separate arrangement with England.
Count de Vergennes formally communicated his views of the
pernicious effect of an attempt to alarm the French ministry
by false and exaggerated accounts, adding, that he was well
advised of the state of affairs and that any such proceeding as
proposed by the complainants would not only put the reports of
the American minister in contradiction to those of M. de la
L,uzerne on the spot, but would be returning deception and
imposition for the generous conduct and benefits of the King,
the only ally of the United States in their great distress.
This letter of Vergennes, the most active and aggressive of
the promoters of French aid to the United States, was written
August 1 8, and put a stop to this inexcusable fault-finding
among a small coterie of our own people.
The blockade of the port of Brest, causing delay in the sail
ing of the second division of the French fleet, very materially
changed the state of affairs of the proposed autumn campaign of
1780, yet Washington, -with that buoyant hope which carried
French Army and Navy in America 339
him through so many trials and disappointments, still looked
for ' ' some important operation, but probably in a different
quarter."
RENEWING ANCIENT TIES
Recalling the attachment of the Iroquois Indians to the
French during the colonial wars, it was deemed a stroke of
good policy against the English to have a deputation of chiefs
visit the French army and fleet at Newport. For this purpose
13 Oneida and Tuscarora chiefs from the New York tribes and
5 Caghnawago from Sault St. L,ouis, near Montreal, were chosen
to compose the deputation.
At the time of the surrender of Canada to the British M. de
Vaudreuil presented to his Indian friends a golden crucifix
and watch as a token of friendship and recognition. These
emblems had always been cherished among the tribes. It was
presumed that a | renewal of these former ties might have the
effect of weakening the influence of the British and bring the
Indians into closer relations with the Americans and French.
INDIAN CHIEFS IN THE FRENCH CAMP
The deputation, with a competent interpreter, arrived at New
port toward the end of August and were received with great
ceremony and consideration by the French officers. The Cana
dian delegation asking to hear mass were gratified by the head
quarters' chaplain. A series of entertainments and military
displays occupied the time of their visit and gave the warriors
of the forest great satisfaction. ROCHAMBEAU received them
with cordiality and gave them a dinner. Commissary Blanch-
ard is authority that they behaved well and ate cleanly enough.
General Heath gave them a ' ' sumptuous treat ' ' after dinner.
Suitable presents were distributed and each chief was the recip
ient of a medal representing the coronation of the French King.
On the afternoon of August 24 a grand review, with discharges
of cannon was given in their honor. The sagamores, as a
return compliment, in full paint and panoply, gave a "scalp
dance," to the great edification and enjoyment of the entire
340 French Army and Navy in America
French army. They were also entertained on board the Due
de Bourgogne by De Ternay and the officers of the fleet, with
mutual interest.
The following address, in French and English, signed and
sealed by Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, was given to the sachems as
they departed, to be distributed among the friendly Indians:
The King of France, your father, has not forgotten his children. As a
token of remembrance I have presented gifts to your deputies in his name.
He learned with concern that many nations, deceived by the English, who
are his enemies, had attacked and lifted up the hatchet against his good
and faithful allies, the United States. He has desired me to tell you that
he is a firm "and faithful friend to all the friends of America and a decided
enemy to all its foes. He hopes that his children, whom he loves sin
cerely, will take part with their father in this war against the English.
The meeting gave Washington great satisfaction. He as
sured the Count that it would have a good effect, adding
It has been the policy of the English in regard to them to discredit the
accounts of an alliance between France and America. * * * The sub
stantial evidence of your army and fleet, and not less of your presents and
good cheer, will not fail to have a happy influence.
During the presence of the red chiefs the birthday of the
white king (August 25) was an occasion of loyal display among
the allied French, and savage rites by the aboriginal Americans.
The warships and transports and small craft were trimmed
with the flags of all nations at peace with France. The white
lily standard of De Bourbon waved from every mast and staff
in harbor, town, and fort of Newport.
An express announced similar honors in the camp of Wash
ington at Orangetown and at the residence of De la Luzerne in
Philadelphia, where there was given a great banquet, with
toasts to L,ouis XVI, the States, and commanders of the allied
armies.
BRITISH AGAIN ACTIVE
The activity of the British troops in the vicinity of New York
led Washington to make a change of camp to the other side of
the Hackensack, about 2 miles from his previous Bergen County
French Army and Navy in America 341
headquarters and about 5 miles from the North River, where he
notified the Count he would remain awaiting a solution of the
designs of the enemy.
Although rumors were still rife of embarkations and contem
plated offensive operations of the British under Clinton, the
defeat of Gates at Camden gave Washington ground for the
belief that a detachment of three or four thousand men to Vir
ginia was now probable.
PROPOSED INTERVIEW
In order to arrive at some plan of concerted operations, Wash
ington proposed September 20 as the time, if convenient to the
Count, for "our interview at Hartford."
During these delays of more active duty Count DE ROCHAM-
BEAU carried on the construction of a system of defenses of
Rhode Island. In this connection General Washington advised
General Heath that he had no doubt the State would do all in
its power to accommodate the French troops should circum
stances require them to take up their winter quarters in Rhode
Island.
WASHINGTON TO DE GUICHEN
On September 12 General Washington addressed a lengthy
communication to Count de Guichen, in command of the French
fleet in the West Indies, in which he pointed out the urgency
of reenforcements from him, since the second division from
France was unable to leave Brest on account of the blockade by
a superior British force. He also went into the critical condi
tion of affairs in America. Its paper credit so sunk that "no
expedients can be adopted capable of retrieving it; " resources
diminished by a five years' war; Clinton with an army of 10,000
regular troops, aided by militia, secured through fear or attach
ment, in possession of one of the capital towns and a part of the
State to which it belonged; savages desolating the frontier; a
fleet superior to the French to facilitate any of the enemy's
projects; Cornwallis with 7,000 or 8,000 men in control of
Georgia, and the Carolinas at his mercy.
342 French Army and Navy in America
The Marquis de Lafayette and Chevalier de Ternay made
similar representations. The latter requested four ships of the
line to be sent to the coast of the United States.
After all this correspondence, by the time the letter of Gen
eral Washington, through Chevalier de la Luzerne, who put it
in cipher, reached its destination Count de Guichen had sailed
for France and De Monteuil could not unravel the cipher.
DE TERNAY DISSATISFIED
Chevalier de Ternay, being dissatisfied with the prospects,
wrote to Count de Vergennes that the fleet and army of the
King had not arrived at the most advantageous point for
effecting any important operation on the American continent;
that owing to inferiority of means ' ' we should be at a greater
distance from the place where the enemy concentrate their
forces, ' ' being obliged to remain on the defensive in his present
position.
The fate of North America, he thought, was yet very uncer
tain, and the Revolution not so far advanced as was believed in
Europe.
In his letter to Chevalier de la Luzerne for transmission to
Count de Guichen, Washington very frankly alluded to the
' ' extremity to which our affairs are tending, and the necessity
of support. You are an eyewitness to all our perplexities and
all our wants."
On September 13 Washington sent a hurried dispatch to
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU announcing, on pretty good authority,
that Count de Guichen was really approaching the coast.
Although somewhat skeptical, he thought it wise to have the
proposed meeting on the 2oth, and would be at Hartford ac
cordingly. In event of the report proving correct, he still
favored the taking of New York, and suggested plans to that
end.
ARNOLD'S DUPLICITY
The last letter of Washington to Benedict Arnold, dated Sep
tember 14, gave the traitor information of his intended arrival
at Peekskill on Sunday evening on his way to Hartford to
French Army and Navy in America 343
meet the French admiral and general, and orders to send a
guard of a captain and 50 men, a night's forage for about 40
horses, and requested him to keep the journey a secret.
When Arnold met Washington at Kings Ferry on the after
noon of September 18, on his way to meet Count DE ROCHAM-
BKAU, he handed to the general in person his written opinion,
as requested, upon the statement submitted to the council of
general officers on September 6. This contained a detailed
exhibit of the effective condition of the American army; of the
garrison at West Point; of the strength necessary to its defense;
return of ordnance and disposition of the artillery corps in event
of alarm.
The infamy of Arnold may be best understood when it is
known that, notwithstanding the friendship Washington had
always shown him, particularly befriending him when others
suspected his fidelity and the world knew of his dishonesty,
these papers, some original, others copies in Arnold's own
handwriting, were found in the stockings of the spy Andre,
captured five days afterwards on his way to rejoin his chief
(Clinton) at New York to put the scheme into execution, the
flotilla being in readiness.
Prior to his departure General Washington informed Con
gress of his intended interview with Count DE ROCHAM-
BEAU and Chevalier de Ternay, leaving the command of the
army to Major-General Greene in his absence.
The general in chief gave very precise orders to govern the
actions of General Greene, especially should authentic advice
be received of the arrival of a superior French fleet on the
coast. In that event he was to immediately put the army
under marching orders; collect boats on the North River and
plank for a bridge across the Harlem; to immediately write to
the States of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
and New York to collect provisions and forage; to raise levies
for their Continental battalions; and to put their nearest militia
under marching orders.
It was apparent the general in chief did not propose to be
taken at a disadvantage. General Greene in after orders
344 French Army and Navy in America
on the day of Washington's departure wound up by requiring
all officers to be in perfect readiness to meet the enemy on the
slightest notice and guards to be vigilant and attentive and
patrols active and watchful.
There was great apprehension, should Washington's absence
become known, that the enemy would be encouraged to make
some movement.
WASHINGTON OFF TO MEET ROCHAMBEAU
The general left his camp, starting on his journey to meet
ROCHAMBEAU on Monday, September 18, accompanied by
Major- General the Marquis de Lafayette, General Knox,
Lieutenant- Colonel Gouvion, and six aids, among them Colonel
Hamilton, and the same evening crossed the Hudson at Kings
Ferry. Arnold went down the river to meet him and handed
him his opinion, as requested, concerning the exhibit of the
military situation, and returned the next morning to Robinson
House.
Washington continued on his journey to Hartford and Comte
ROCHAMBEAU left Newport about the same time, accompanied
by General Chastellux and seven aids, among them Fersen,
Dumas, and Damas.
HARTFORD CONFERENCE
The conference was largely taken up in interchange of per
sonal consideration, exchange of views on the conditions, and
the possibilities of the ways and means at command. The
Count preferred to remain on the defensive until the detained
fleet of his army should arrive. Washington, less anxious
concerning the aggressive designs of Clinton, was impatient to
do something in the way of active operations, for the effect on
the esprit of both armies and the morale of the people at large.
A tentative understanding having been reached, the confer
ence came to an abrupt termination by the arrival of couriers
bringing news to both commanders of the arrival of the British
Admiral Rodney at New York from the West Indies, with a
fleet of 21 vessels.
French Army and Navy in America 345
FRENCH VIEW OF THE AMERICAN CHIEFTAIN
There was great curiosity among the French officers to get a
glimpse of "the hero of liberty," as they called the American
chieftain. Comte de Fersen, the accomplished first aid to
General ROCHAMBEAU, in one of his numerous epistolary tes
timonials, sums up the French impression as ' ' illustrous if not
unique in our age. His fine and majestic face, while mild and
frank, reflects his moral qualities. He looks the hero; he is very
cold, speaks but little, yet is polite and suave. An air of sadness
overshadows his countenance which is not unbecoming, and
renders him yet more interesting. ' '
ROCHAMBEAU TELLS INCIDENT
The Count tells an incident which occurred on his journey
to the conference, as follows:
The conveyance in which I proceeded to the conference, in company
with Admiral de Ternay, who was very infirm, broke down. I dispatched
my first aid-de-camp to fetch a wheelwright, about a mile distant. He
returned with the information that the man was sick with the ague and
had declared that for his hat full of guineas he would do no work at night.
We repaired to the man's shop, telling him General Washington would
arrive the same evening to confer with us the following day and we would
be too late to meet him.
"You are no liars, at any rate," said he, "I. read in the Connecticut
papers Washington was to be there to confer with you. As it is for the
public service, I shall see your carriage shall be ready at 6 in the morning. "
He kept his word.
On the return another wheel broke, and we were again obliged to have
recourse to our old friend.
"Well," said he, "so you want me to work again for you at night?"
"Aye! indeed we do," I replied, "Admiral Rodney has arrived, and it is
important for us to get back to Rhode Island."
"But what can you do with your 6 ships against the 20 Knglish?" said
the smith.
"It will be the most glorious day of our lives if they attempt to break
our line."
"Come, come," said he, " you shall be on the way by 5 o'clock in the
morning. But tell me, how did you like Washington?"
We assured him we were greatly pleased with him. This satisfied his
patriotism and he kept his word.
346 French Army and Navy in America
In the way of comment ROCHAMBEAU adds:
I do not mean to compare all Americans to this good man; but almost
all the inland cultivators and all the landowners of Connecticut are ani
mated with that patriotic spirit which many other people would do well
to imitate.
PLANS FRUSTRATED
All plans having been set at naught by the simultaneous
arrival at New York of Admiral Rodney, which increased the
English numbers threefold, it was finally concluded the season
was too far advanced for active operations. Though there was
some consideration of plans for the spring, it was too far in the
future to determine anything. It was therefore agreed that,
unless unexpected events should necessitate a change, the
auxiliary army would remain where it was and go into winter
quarters when the cold weather came on.
In the meantime it was decided to dispatch a messenger back
to France to hasten reenforcements and money for the troops.
For this purpose Vicomte d'e Rochambeau, colonel of the
Regiment Auvergne, serving on the staff of his father, was
selected. With this the French generals returned to their
respective posts, where their presence was urgently needed.
Baron de Viomenil, however, had taken the necessary precau
tions for the safety of the French ships. Washington returned
to the Hudson, arriving at West Point in time to learn of the
nefarious plot of Benedict Arnold to surrender that post to
the British and of the capture of Andre, just in time to prevent
its execution.
THE ARNOLD CONSPIRACY
The secret correspondence between Arnold and John Andre,
adjutant-general of the British forces in the North American
colonies, intrusted exclusively with the infamous business,
began in 1779. It was at all times surmised by the English
general in chief that the pseudonym ( ' Gustavus ' ' represented
more than an ordinary instrument for the betrayal of the rebel
cause, and "John Anderson," alias John Andre, he knew to be
an expert of more than ordinary abilities.
French Army and Navy in America 347
The most valuable information communicated by Arnold
related to the arrival of the French army under ROCHAMBKAU.
He made this the pretext for pressing the sale of his services to
the enemy, claiming dissatisfaction with the French alliance and
the use of foreign troops on American soil.
It was he who revealed to Clinton the important secret, con
cealed by Washington and Congress even from the army, of
the determination between Washington and ROCHAMBKAU not
to undertake concerted movements until the arrival of the
additional forces from France. He also betrayed the confidence
of his relations with his general in chief by exposing to the
enemy the ruse of the invasion of Canada by ROCHAMBEAU and
Lafayette.
It was on the 3d day of August, 1780, that Arnold assumed
command at West Point. In July he had advised the enemy
of the probability of such a consummation to facilitate his
treachery.
On August 30 one Heron, a member of the Connecticut legis
lature, the State of Arnold's birth, after dining with the plot
ter, left West Point as bearer of a flag, presumably, also, of the
letter of that date from Arnold to Andre, and, besides, conveyed
to the British general oral information of a highly important
character.
The moment was propitious. The position at West Point
had always been regarded as the citadel of the military fortunes
of the American struggle. Three years' labor and $3,000,000
had been expended on its defenses. It was considered capable
of resisting an army larger than the British could muster against
it. Its possession by the enemy, besides the loss of the large
quantity of stores and military supplies of all kinds, would com
pletely sever the New England from the Middle and Southern
States, thus cutting the Union in twain.
As was correctly surmised by Clinton, the tactical feature of
Washington's movement would be an attack upon Kings
Bridge, simultaneously threatening Staten Island, the French
under ROCHAMBKAU to cooperate by a movement toward New
York by way of Long Island.
French Army and Navy in America
THE PLOT
The arrangement between Arnold and Andre was to surren
der West Point at the moment the forces and materials of war
were assembled ready to go on with the combined movement
contemplated by Washington and ROCHAMBKAU.
Under pretense of an expedition to the Chesapeake, the
British transports suitable for ascending the Hudson were to
be assembled and the troops massed ready to go aboard.
At the interview of September 22 at Josh Smith's house
Arnold produced the official plans of West Point and of each of
the works prepared for General Washington by his French
chief engineer, Duportail. He then also explained details
more clearly than was possible by the light of a dim lantern in
the darkness and brush at Long Clove the night before.
The route, place of debarkation, form of attack, and defense
were arranged; and to facilitate the ascent of Rodney's flotilla
a 240- pound link, under pretense of repair, had even been
removed from the great chain barrier across the Hudson by
Arnold's order and a .slight connection substituted.
The time of execution was set for the 25th or 26th of
September, when Washington was about to return from his
interview with ROCHAMBKAU at Hartford, probably adding the
seizure of his person to the surrender of the post and its
garrison.
RAPID SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Andre left New York September 20, after a banquet given
him by Colonel Sullivan of the Eightieth Foot the night
before. He left the Vulture the night of the 2ist and landed
at Long Clove.
The capture of Andre took place on the 23d of September at
9 a. m. at Tarrytown. Two of the six incriminating papers
taken from his boots were in the handwriting of Arnold. Arnold
made good his escape on the 25th, and Andre paid the penalty
of his offense against the laws of war October 2.
Washington, on the afternoon of September 24, on his way
back from his conference with ROCHAMBEAU had reached Fish-
French Army and Navy in America 349
kill, intending to pass that night with Arnold at Robinson's
house, his headquarters, 18 miles below. Instead, meeting De
la L,uzerne, the French envoy, on his way to consult with
ROCHAMBKAU, he returned for conference, the two passing the
night at Fishkill, Washington planning to breakfast with Arnold
the next day. During this delay the capture of Andre became
known to Arnold, who made good his escape a few hours before
the arrival of his deceived chief.
CLINTON'S AFTER OPINION
It will suffice to give here the British commander in chief's
own version of his purpose in his official report to his Govern
ment dated nine days after the hanging of his adjutant-general:
My idea (he writes) of putting into execution the concerted plan with
General Arnold with most efficacy, was to have deferred it till Mr. Wash
ington, cooperating with the French, moved upon this place (New York)
to invest it, and that the rebel magazines should have been collected and
formed in their several depots, particularly that at West Point. General
Arnold surrendering himself, the forts and garrisons at this instant would
have given every advantage which could have been desired. Mr. Wash
ington must have instantly retired from Kings Bridge, and the French
troops upon Long Island would have been consequently left unsupported
and probably would have fallen into our hands.
PREPARING FOR POSSIBILITIES
The mortification at such a dastardly act at this juncture was
intense. The first intention, however, of Washington was to
meet the exigencies of the moment. He made, a hurried dis
position of his forces to resist an attack on West Point, which
he found in a most critical condition should one be attempted
in conformity with the programme marked out by Arnold. He
also gave specific orders to prevent the escape of Andre. On
the morning of September 25, Andre was brought to Washing
ton at Robinson's, and the same evening was sent to West Point
for safe-keeping.
As soon as the general heard of Andre's capture, measures
were set on foot to take Arnold. The latter, knowing of Wash
ington's approach on his return from his visit to ROCHAMBEAU,
350 French Army and Navy in America
left West Point an hour before his arrival, and made good
his escape before the officers could reach Verplancks Point,
where he had already passed with a flag, and went aboard
the British ship of war Vulture, which lay a few miles below,
leaving Andre to his fate.
ROCHAMBKAU ON ARNOLD
In commenting upon this incident in American affairs the
Count has this to say in his memoirs :
This was about the time of Arhold's conspiracy. He had agreed a month
before with Andre, aid-de-camp to General Clinton, to deliver up West
Point fort, the depot of American stores on the Hudson, which contained all
their supplies of ammunition. He had reckoned on the absence of General
Washington as the opportune time to carry out his treacherous plans.
The General, who had a very high opinion of his military abilities, had
intrusted him with this important command, and had planned to visit his
protege" and garrison on the very day of Andre's capture by a party of
militia. They were on the alert to secure the safe return of their general
to his army. Their suspicions were excited by meeting Andre, disguised, on
the road from West Point to New York. They stopped him, searched his
person, and found concealed in his shoes the whole plan of the conspiracy.
He offered them money, but they scornfully refused it, and conducted him
to headquarters.
General Washington had just arrived at Arnold's, but the latter, as soon
as he was apprised of the arrest of Andre", hastened from the castle, threw
himself into a boat, and put off with all speed toward an English vessel of
war, which he knew was lying below Kings Ferry.
General Washington was at a loss to account for his absence, and his
wife could give no tidings of her husband, but advices which he shortly
after received from the army gave him full particulars. He gave the
necessary orders for the safety of the garrison and returned in all haste to
his quarters.
WASHINGTON INFORMS ROCHAMBEAU
As soon as. his dispositions were effectually made and order
and security restored, Washington the same day penned a
14-line dispatch to Count DK ROCHAMBKAU, ',' Gene^l Arnold,
who has sullied his former glory by the blackest treason, has
escaped to the enemy, ' ' and by way of a moral, " in a revolution
of the present nature it is more to be wondered at that the
catalogue is so small than that there have been found a few. ' '
French Army and Navy in America 351
On October 10 he wrote again to the Count, referring to the
execution of the British adjutant-general, which had taken
place October 2 at Tappan, with the comment:
The circumstances under which he was taken justified it and policy
required a sacrifice; but as he was more unfortunate than criminal, and as
there was much in his character to interest, while we yielded to the neces
sity of rigor we could not but lament it.
BRITISH DESIGNS ON NEWPORT ABANDONED
During the uncertainty natural to a situation so entirely for
eign to honor under the Articles of War, Rodney, having joined
the fleet of Arbuthnot, appeared off Newport, but found that
during the inaction of the latter the French had strengthened
their works at Brentons Point and on Conanicut and Rose islands,
which were manned with guns of 24 and 36 pounds. The cross
fire thus effected made the entrance secure against any possible
attack. The increase also of the American land forces by the
prompt rally of the militia rendered further effort futile. Accord-^
ingly the idea of an attack was abandoned and the entire force
of the enemy sailed back to New York. After remaining idle
in harbor for some weeks, before the winter set in, Rodney,
leaving 12 sail of the line under Admiral Arbuthnot, departed
for the West Indies. The English squadron remaining estab
lished winter moorings in Gardiners Bay at Long Island Point,
with a view of keeping the French fleet in sight. At the same
time a 5o-gun ship and several frigates were dispatched on a
cruise down the coast. Notwithstanding the apparent vigilance
of the English, trade at Philadelphia and Boston was active.
The American privateers also made several important captures
of ships of the enemy.
DE LUZERNE VISITS HIS COUNTRYMEN
In the first week of October, Chevalier de la Luzerne left
Philadelphia on a visit to his countrymen. After a brief halt
at Washington's camp in the field, he continued to the head
quarters of ROCHAMBEAU at Newport, where he was received
with great ceremony.
352 French Army and Navy in America
The sending of a messenger to France to represent the sit
uation and work up the interests of the cause was carefully
discussed and a line of action agreed upon. The Chevalier
prepared his own version of the requirements, which were
dispatched with the same messenger.
There were two understandings when ROCHAMBEAU left
France. One, that a second division of ships and troops should
soon follow the convoy of De Ternay; the other, contemplated
a junction of the fleet of De Guichen in the West Indies with
De Ternay and ROCHAMBEAU.
In that quarter of the globe it was a question of mastery.
The East Indies were unquestionably British. It was now
doubtful as to whether the West Indies would be the same.
Rodney was then operating the British naval interests and kept
De Guichen so preoccupied as to render him unable to get away.
This was a decided setback to the combined offensive operations
proposed by Washington and ROCHAMBEAU. The vessels of De
Ternay were outclassed by Arbuthnot -alone in numbers and
metal. With the addition of Rodney's ships aggressive opera
tions were out of the question.
The second division of the auxiliary army of Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU, proposed for service under Washington in Amer
ica, was still in French waters, owing to blockade in the harbor
of Brest; while war with England, growing out of the alliance
with the United States, and menacing conditions incident to
international politics at home, rendered assistance from the
second division improbable.
DE TERNAY TO DE VERGENNES
The French admiral continued his correspondence with Count
de Vergennes, ventilating his sentiments as unfavorable to the
outlook of affairs in America, having charged M. de la Perouse
to explain to him his reasons, and call his-attention to Arnold's
treason as an evidence that there were traitors.
French Army and Navy in America 353
CAMPAIGN PLANS FOR THE KING
From his camp near Passaic Falls, October n, 1780, Wash
ington submitted to the President of Congress his views upon
the new arrangement of the army, which by a special resolve
was referred to the commander in chief.
The enemy's embodied force of infantry in the States, with
out reference to occasional aids of militia, he placed at 18,000
to 20,000 men. He figured his estimates on not less than
18,000. In the conference with the French general and admiral
he felt obliged to give an opinion of his own force which might
be expected for the next campaign, which he placed at 15,000.
On this estimate of 15,000 a memorial with a plan for the ensuing
campaign had been transmitted to the Court of France.
After the Arnold treason and the defeat of Gates at Camden,
General Washington notified Count DE ROCHAMBEAU of the
necessity of transferring General Heath to the command at West
Point, which he assumed October 16.
General Greene, who had command at that place, at the solici
tation of the three southern States of Georgia and the Carolinas,
had been appointed to supersede Gates.
BRITISH DIVERSION SOUTHWARD
In October, General Leslie sailed from New York with about
3,000 troops in order to create a diversion in favor of Lord Corn-
wallis's operations in North Carolina under his command, but
to act on James River toward the Roanoke. Clinton, however,
advised his home Government that, while Washington remained
in such force and the French continued at Rhode Island he did
not think it advisable to weaken New York.
AIMING AT A "HAPPY STROKE"
Washington still wished to terminate the campaign by some
happy stroke, in the hope of correcting ' ' the misapprehension
of our circumstances in Europe. ' '
He had gone so far as to project a descent by Marquis de
Lafayette and his light infantry upon Staten Island, which did
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 23
354 French Army and Navy in America
not come off, however, for lack of boats and other essential
preparations.
In order to relieve the tension of the situation in the south,
Washington urged at the Hartford conference, as far as decency
and policy would permit which was also advocated by General
Sullivan, then a Delegate in Congress from New Haven the
expediency of ordering the French fleet from Newport to Boston,
where it might remain secure till reenforced, and of calling the
French troops to headquarters.
The object in Washington's mind was to arouse fear in the
British general's calculations for the safety of New York, and
to deter him from sending reenforcements against Greene.
The proposition was without result in convincing the French
officers at the conference, therefore the troops sent from the
New York garrison to the south during the winter of 1780-81,
formed a very important part of the British forces in that
quarter.
The situation in every way grew more distressing. The
news from the southern States was unfavorable. Lord Corn-
wallis had defeated Gates at Camden, forcing him to retreat in
the utmost confusion to Hillsboro, N. C.
The French fleet was blockaded in Narragansett Bay, and de
Ternay himself, not satisfie.d with the trend of affairs, was writ
ing letters to that effect to De Vergennes, the French minister
of foreign affairs.
In one of these he used these words:
We are actually compelled to remain on a very strict defensive. The
English squadron is superior in numbers and in every other respect. The
fate of North America is very uncertain, and the Revolution is not so far
advanced as is believed in Kurope.
HOMES VERSUS BILLETS
On his return from the Hartford conference, Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU engaged in the unusual task of providing winter
quarters for his troops in a country where the homes of the
people were sacred and inviolable.
French Army and Navy in America 355
The European system of billeting soldiers on the people
presented a novel contrast to the practice in free America.
In commenting on the point the Count says in his memoirs:
Each individual holds his own property in such sacred veneration that
General Washington's army throughout the summer had no other resi
dence than their camp, and for the winter were obliged to make shift
with wooden huts, which the soldiers built for themselves in the forests.
This plan, however, he found impossible in Rhode Island,
as the English had cut down and used for fuel during the
three years of their occupation every tree on the island.
The vigorous discipline of the French army had produced
such a favorable impression upon the Government and people
of Rhode Island that the State authorities granted the request
of the Count to repair, at his own expense about 20,000
livres the houses damaged by the English, and use them as
quarters in place of a barrack camp, the inhabitants to provide
separate accommodations for the officers.
DISPATCHES FOR FRANCE
The Count took an early opportunity to get a frigate through
the English lines to convey his son as bearer of dispatches to
France to explain his own wants and those of the Americans,
in accordance with an arrangement at the Hartford conference.
On October 28, in a gale of wind, the Amazone, La Perouse
commanding, selected for Ihis dangerous mission, put to sea.
The British squadron, dispersed by the elements, failed to over
take the vessel. Though partly dismasted in the storm, La
Perouse made good his departure and safely reached France.
THE FRENCH IN WINTER QUARTERS
The French corps wen.t into the winter quarters they had
provided early in November. The regiment Bourbonnais first,
the others as rapidly as accommodations were ready.
Owing to the scarcity of provisions, part of Duke de Lauzun-
Biron's legion, cavalry, and artillery horses occupied barracks at
Banora, Conn. , the duke himself being in command.
356 French Army and Navy in America
ROCHAMBKAU, looking for quarters for the not yet abandoned
second division, visited New London, Norwich, and Windham
in Connecticut. During his tour he paid a visit to Duke de
Lauzun and inspected the winter quarters of his legion.
DEATH OF DE TERNAY
Upon his return he found Chevalier de Ternay ill from a
fever, but as the Chevalier exhibited no serious symptoms,
continued his journey to Boston.
During his absence the Chevalier's illness took a critical turn.
Having been taken ashore on December 14 for better treatment,
the next day the end came in the Wanton House, 149 Thames
street.
The funeral, which was conducted with great pomp and cere
mony, took place on December 16. The troops were under
arms and sailors bore the ^ coffin to the grave.
The burial service was rendered by priests of the Roman
Church, and the remains were consigned to the earth in the
graveyard of Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church."
The high tributes paid the lamented De Ternay by friend
and foe were numerous and deserved. The Royal Gazette
(Rivington), one of the most implacable of Tory sheets, spoke
of him as
an officer of distinguished reputation a gentleman of most excellent heart
and amiable disposition . * * * a real ornament of the elegant nation
from which he was derived.
DESTOUCHES IN COMMAND
The command of the fleet devolved upon Chevalier Destouches,
as senior officer of the squadron, who carried out both in spirit
and letter the instructions of the late admiral.
In 1785 an elegant monument was erected by order of the French King, consisting
of a slab of Egyptian marble inscribed in gold. Below the inscription and between
the brackets was an escutcheon charged with the insignia of the Knights Hbspitaler
of St. John of Jerusalem. It was intended for the inside of the church, but, being out
of proportion, was erected on the west side of the gate. Owing to the effects of the
elements, in 1794 its position was changed at the expense of the officers of the French
frigate Medustz. In 1873, a t the expense of the United States, under the supervision of
the Marquis de Noailles, son of an officer under ROCHAMBKAU, it was repaired and
transferred to the inside of the church and a granite stone placed above the grave.
French Army and Navy in America 357
The death of Chevalier de Ternay was a great blow. He
was a skillful navigator, as shown by the masterly manner in
which he conducted the convoy of ROCHAMBEAU and his army
across the ocean swarming with British cruisers.
WASHINGTON HOLDS THE BRITISH IN NEW YORK.
The commander in chief, owing to the unsatisfactory condi
tion of affairs on land and water at Newport, impressed with
the futility of active operations single handed against the Brit
ish position at New York, withdrew with his army to the New
Jersey side of the Hudson in the fall, having previously estab
lished a cordon of military posts within supporting distance of
each other around the city.
From this point Washington not only held his troops well in
hand but was in position to resist any aggressive movement
of the British. At the same time he was in communication,
by the slow methods of the day, with the French commander
on the water and the French and American forces on land in
Rhode Island.
In December, from headquarters at New Windsor, Washing
ton approved of the wintering of the expected second division
in 'Connecticut, rather than in Massachusetts, as more conven
ient to the probable scene of operations. He also notified the
Count of the withdrawal of his chain of dragoons, and in the
future would send his dispatches to the Duke de Lauzun, at
Lebanon, Conn., as he desired.
As an evidence of the continued desperation of the situation,
at the same time from the same headquarters (New Windsor),,
Washington informed Lafayette of ' ' there not being so much
money in the hands of the quartermaster-general as would bear
the expense of an express to Rhode Island."
CORNWALLIS BEING REENFORCED
About the middle of December, from New Windsor, Wash
ington informed ROCHAMBEAU arid de Ternay of the embark
ation of about 2,500 British troops to strengthen Cornwallis
358 French Army and Navy in America
in the south, and also of information received of powerful
reenforcements to be sent over from England.
THE SECOND FRENCH DIVISION NOT MENTIONED
By the latest vessel from France the long-expected second
division appeared to have dropped completely out of sight, as
no mention even was made of it. Washington, therefore, found
another of his cherished hopes gone and his fertility of resource
driven back to the maintenance of the struggle by arts and
extremities endurable only by one of his most exalted fortitude.
PROPOSED COOPERATION WITH SPAIN
A new straw at which he hoped to be able to grasp by a par
ticipation of the allies was the expeditions hinted at, at the
court of Spain, against the British settlements in Florida. The
first of these, consisting of 4,000 men, convoyed by 8 vessels of
war, had sailed October 16 from Havana to attack Pensacola.
The other, 10,000 men with 12 ships of the line, frigates, and
bomb ketches, was to proceed forthwith against St. Augustine.
Washington proposed combining his forces with those of
Spain to subdue the enemy not only in Florida, but in Georgia
and South Carolina.
The mode of procedure suggested by him was to negotiate
with the commanders of the Spanish forces and the governor of
Havana with a view to cooperation conjointly or by diversion.
In event of .acceding to the proposition the Spanish ships,
after the debarkation of their troops at St. Augustine, were to
form a junction with the French squadron at Newport and take
under their convoy the French from Newport and American
troops from Philadelphia for Charleston.
The latter force promised was 2,000 Continentals, expecting
the Count to detach double that number, leaving the New Eng
land militia to assist the remainder in protecting their works
and stores. A requisition on the French fleet in the West
Indies was also proposed.
French Army and Navy in America . 359
NEW COMMAND FOR D'ESTAING
The plan was not favored by Count DE ROCHAMBEAU. At
the same time intelligence was received confirming the appoint
ment of the Marquis de Castries and the preparation of large
forces at Brest and at Cadiz which, it was said, would be under
the command of Count D'Kstaing.
In view of all this, DE ROCHAMBEAU looked for dispatches
of decided import from his Government and therefore could not
engage in the operations suggested by Washington.
The chief difficulty in the way of this programme was the
possibility of the Spanish commander in the West Indies hav
ing specific instructions which would interfere with the trans
port of American and French troops to the south.
In addition, the recall of De Guichen to Europe left Cheva
lier de Monteul, the French admiral, with a force insufficient to
insure the much desired naval superiority.
The sudden death of Chevalier de Ternay added not a little
to the complications. His successor, Chevalier Destouches,
pleaded the unseasonableness of the weather for the project in
question, and also lack of supplies.
COUNSELS WITH FRANKLIN
In ' December, Washington sent a long communication to
Franklin, the American plenipotentiary, reviewing the situa
tion and particularly the retrograde operations of Cornwallis
in the .south and the high sense he had of the abilities of Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU.
In January, 1781, Col. John Laurens, after a conference with
Washington, under instructions from Congress, left for France
to lay before that Government the full condition of affairs. This
action led to a lively debate in diplomatic quarters, in which
Count de Vergennes took up the cudgels most emphatically in
support of the course of Doctor Franklin as "zealous and
patriotic as it is wise and circumspect. The last campaign had
cost 150,000,000 livres extraordinary and the next was expected
to exceed that sum. ' '
NEWPORT TO YORKTOWN VICTORIOUS OPERA-
TIONS OF THE ALLIED ARMIES, 1781
About Christmas time the first floating rumors were heard
of a change in the ministry by the substitution of M. de Castries
for 'M. de Sartines as minister of marine. The ability of the
retiring minister as builder of the French navy was universally
conceded, but his skill in employing it did not win the same
encomiums.
The new minister, who had won distinction in the Seven
Years' War, was looked to for great achievements, and particu
larly in behalf of French maritime operations in the waters of
the States.
PROGRAMME FOR 1 78 1
The plans for 1781 embraced the siege of New York on the
basis of naval superiority and an army of 30,000 men about
double that of the enemy. The disposition of events took a
very different trend.
The programme, with the usual ' ' if we are able to get the
force we count upon," was an attack on the British works
on York Island and those on Long Island, the former by
Washington and the latter by ROCHAMBEAU.
At the beginning of the year 1781, Benedict Arnold, in the
livery of England's king, was dispatched from New York with
2,000 men to replace General Leslie's detachment on Elizabeth
River, attack Portsmouth, Va., and to ravage the regions of the
James and the Chesapeake, there being no other American forces
in those sections than raw militia.
361
362 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The British squadron maintaining the blockade of the French
at Newport were anchored in Gardiners Bay, easj: end of Long
Island, between Gardiner and Plum islands, and consisted of one
ship of 90 guns, four of 74, three of 64, one of 50, and several
frigates.
On the 22d day of January a storm disastrous to their fleet,
especially in the total loss of one and the dismasting of another
74-gun ship, led to the detachment, early in February, of Lafay
ette from the main army at New Windsor and Morristown, with
a select corps of light infantry of i , 200 New England and New
Jersey men, to proceed on the march to Virginia to cooperate
with the French squadron, about, to sail, and General Steuben,
then on his way to join the Continental forces in the Carolinas.
With the greatest expedition Washington proposed to Comte
DK ROCHAMBEAU and Chevalier Destouches cooperation in Vir
ginia with the entire French fleet and part of the land force.
Before the receipt of this proposition, for the reason that two
formidable British vessels had been hurt by the gale, Destouches,
at the request of Governor Jefferson of Virginia and Congress,
through Chevalier de la Luzerne, sent a ship of the line and
three frigates to the Chesapeake to blockade Arnold's squadron
and to cooperate with the American forces on land. It was
known Arnold was accompanied by but two 4o-gun ships and
a few smaller craft.
DE TILLY MAKES A CAPTURE
This expedition, under command of M. de Tilly, left Newport
early in February, Count DE ROCHAMBEAU offering to send a
division from his force, which, however, was not deemed neces-
saty, as the movement was to cut off Arnold's communication
by water and capture him if possible, the Continentals and Vir
ginia militia being thought sufficient on land.
The fleet a * Gardiners Bay also set sail and arrived off the
Capes of Virginia in advance. Although there was mutual
surprise when the two fleets sighted each other, a naval combat
ensued, the gallant De Tilly succeeding in capturing the enemy's
44-gun Romulus, two privateers, one of 14 and the other of 18
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 363
guns, seizing four and burning a number of other prizes, and
taking 500 prisoners. He would have captured Arnold but for
information from Arbuthnot of the sailing of the French and
Arnold's escape up Elizabeth River, where he could not be pur
sued for want of sufficient depth of water for the French vessels.
The experience, however, was valuable, as it pointed the way
to another undertaking on a more elaborate scale.
The British ships from Gardiners Bay fared sorely in their
efforts to intercept de Tilly's return, two being driven ashore and
two others dismasted.
Washington proposed to Count DE ROCHAMBKAU to send a
detachment with the squadron to join Lafayette with a view to
.an attack upon Arnold at Portsmouth, where he had taken
refuge after his handling by Chevalier de Tilley.
EXPEDITION AGAINST ARNOLD RENEWED
Letters captured threw such a favorable aspect on affairs
that Destouches determined to renew the expedition with his
entire naval force, as suggested originally by Washington, the
objective being to prevent Arnold from establishing himself at
Portsmouth, Va.
At Washington's suggestion of a cooperating land force,
ROCHAMBEAU dispatched 1,120, embracing all his grenadiers
and chasseurs, commanded by Baron de Viomenil. This left
ROCHAMBEAU 2,500 men to protect his transports and maga
zines. He asked 2,000 militia from Rhode Island and Massa
chusetts during the absence of the expedition, using Washing
ton's name.
DISPATCHES FROM FRANCE
The arrival at Boston of the French frigate Astrte, M. de la
Peyrouse commanding, about this time (February) brought to
ROCHAMBEAU the only dispatches he had received from France
since his landing on American soil. He now learned for an ab
solute fact there would be no second division. There had been
a change in the ministry of marine from Sartines to Gastries,
the Queen Empress had ended her mortal career, the English
364 Newport to Yorktown, ij8i
\
were warring on the Dutch, and France was preparing to resist
them, for which reason fears were entertained of the ability of
the King to do more for America.
His Highness, however, was not in the least lukewarm, being
determined to do the best in his power under the circumstances.
He therefore hastened La Peyrouse to embark at Brest on one
of his fleetest frigates for America, taking with him the 1,500,000
francs which had been held there in expectation of going out
with the promised second division.
LAFAYETTE EN ROUTE
The expedition under Lafayette reached the Head of Klk in
Maryland on March 3, four days earlier than was calculated.
There it was learned of the return of M. de Tilly to Newport
and of the proposed early departure of another squadron under
M. Destouches with the same object in view.
As active operations were impracticable until the presence
of French ships in the bay, leaving his command, the Marquis
himself proceeded to the headquarters of Baron Steuben at
Williamsburg, Va., for conference.
From there, on March 23, he informed Washington concern
ing his march and of the situation.
In order to give the departure of the French fleet to the
Chesapeake his personal recognition, Washington determined to
proceed at once to Newport.
FRENCH HONORS FOR WASHINGTON
In furtherance of this plan, leaving General Heath in com
mand of the army during his absence, the chief started from
headquarters on the 2d of March and reached Conanicut at
2 p. m. on the 6th. Here he found the French admiral's
barge awaiting him, in which he was conveyed to the Due
de Boiirgogne, flagship. There were assembled ROCHAMBEAU
and Destouches and the general officers of the army and com
modores and captains of the fleet. To give eclat to the scene
the grenadiers of Regiment Bourbonnais, with De Viomenil at
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 365
their head, were already aboard, having embarked earlier in the
day. After an interchange of compliments and hospitalities, the
chief left the flagship for the shore, being honored by a salute
as he went over the side. Landing at Barney Ferry (Long
Wharf and Washington street), he was met by French officers
and escorted to the headquarters of ROCHAMBEAU (Clarke
street), where he was greeted with all the consideration due a
marshal of France. The route of his progress was marked by
French troops three lines deep on either side, which gave the
entire army, rank and file, an opportunity to see him whom
their officers lauded as the ' ' strongest support of liberty. ' '
NEWPORT HOSPITALITIES
The same evening the fleet in the harbor, the troops on board
and in full equipment for sea, and the houses on shore were
illuminated. There was also a grand parade led by 30 youths,
each bearing a candle on a staff, followed by Washington and
ROCHAMBEAU, attended by their aids and officers, and all of
Newport capable of being in line. After passing through the
main thoroughfares, Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, with the
general officers, returned to the French headquarters.
As the chief was there on business he gave the more impor
tant matters his first attention. He again had an interview
with Destouches. The land forces had embarked and the fleet
was ready to weigh anchor.
The prospects were bright. Therefore the commander in
chief was in an excellent frame of mind to participate in the
functions the people had arranged for him. On the evening of
his arrival, as has been said, Newport was illuminated in his
honor. The next night a grand ball was given him by the
leading- citizens.
DESTOUCHES OFF FOR THE CHESAPEAKE
The following day (March 8) Destouches sailed out of Nar-
ragansett waters with eight ships of the line, including the
captured Britisher Romulus, and a detail of ROCHAMBEAU'S best
3 66
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i
troops (1,000 infantry and 150 artillery) under Baron de Vio-
menil, with mortars and howitzers and a full field equipment.
The sailing was witnessed by Washington and ROCHAMBEAU,
Major-General Howe, and the French general officers.
The French fleet having sailed, Washington turned his atten
tion to arranging with ROCHAMBEAU the campaign of the year
as far as the situation and means at hand would permit.
ROCHAMBEAU' s EFFECTIVES
The return showed the physical condition of the French
auxiliary army for the military operations of the year as follows:
General situation of the army under the orders of Count de Rochambeau
for the period to March 7, 1781.
REGIMENTS.
Affective force on February 28.
Rengags.
Present,
officers
and men
of all
arms.
Detaches.
Hospitals.
Total.
Newport.
Provi
dence.
Bourbonnais
Soissonnais
852
971
882
912
404
21
24
330
212
3 8
2
32
16
26
914
995
911
933
413
23
26
355
233
2
i
Saintonge
i
Deux-Ponts
Artillerie
9
2
Mineurs
Ouvriers
Voltigeurs de I<auzun
a Newport
Hussards De I,auzan
a Lebanon
2
12
15
12
6
4,396
4,608
118
124
i
i
4,570
4,803
3
3
During this period the casualties were but 7, no deaths, and
but 2 desertions.
In a dispatch from Newport, March 8, Washington apprised
Lafayette of the departure of the fleet that evening with a fair
wind. The British followed with their whole sailing force at
Gardiners Bay the next morning.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 367
VIRGINIA INSTEAD OF NEW YORK
To General Phillips was intrusted the command of the British
detachment sent to reenforce Arnold, the whole to act in concert
with Cornwallis.
The latter suggested to Clinton to make the Chesapeake the
theater of war, even to the abandonment of New York. The
subjugation of Virginia was regarded as precedent to a perma
nent hold on the Carolinas.
The general in chief remained in Newport several days, hav
ing frequent meetings with ROCHAMBEAU and his officers, and
mingling freely with the citizens.
PARTING PARADE
He parted from his French hosts with the same honors
accorded on his arrival. The entire French army was paraded
on Broad street, their length of line extending beyond the town
limits. All general officers held position in the center. As the
American commander in chief passed down the line the highest
honors known to the Articles of War were bestowed upon him,
including 13 guns from the French artillery.
He left with citizens several written expressions of approbation
of their patriotism, and appreciation of their esteem.
In one of these he said:
Among the distinguished honors which have a claim to my gratitude
since my arrival, I have seen with peculiar satisfaction those effusions of
esteem and attachment which have manifested themselves in the citizens
of this ancient town. My happiness is complete in a moment that unites
the expressions of their sentiments for me with their suffrages in favor of
our allies. The conduct of the French army and fleet, of which the in
habitants testify so gratefully and in so effectual a sense, at the same time
that it evinces the wisdom of the commanders and the discipline of the
troops is a new proof of the magnanimity of the nation. It is a further
demonstration of that generous zeal and concern for the happiness of
America, which brought them to our assistance, a happy presage of future
harmony, a pleasing evidence that an intercourse between the two nations
will more and more cement the union by the solid and lasting ties of
mutual affection.
368 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
HONORS IN PROVIDENCE
At the conclusion of his stay in Newport the General left for
Providence, on the way passing through Bristol and Warren.
His greeting in the ' ' Providence Plantations ' ' consisted of two
days' military honors, an illumination, a public dinner, a grand
ball, and public addresses.
Upon leaving, the chief, greatly to the delight of the inhabi
tants, said:
I am deeply penetrated with the demonstrations of attachment which
I have experienced from the inhabitants of this town.
And gave special emphasis to
the determination you are pleased to express of making every effort for
giving vigor to our military operations is consonant with the spirit that
has uniformly actuated this State. It is by this disposition alone that we
can hope under the protection of Heaven to secure the important blessings
for which we contend.
Washington returned to his headquarters after an absence of
nineteen days.
DESTOUCHES THE VICTOR
In the meantime Graves, who had refitted, put to sea on March
10, accompanied by Hood. The spring equinoctials were on
in full blast. Both fleets, although in the open at the same
time, had all they could do to combat the onslaughts of the
weather.
The fleets were of about equal measure eight line of battle
ships and three frigates each, but Graves had the preponderance
of guns. He hoisted his war flag on the London, a three-decker,
whereas Destouches flew his from the captured British frigate
Romulus, of less fighting capacity. They came together on
March 16.
No time was lost in fanciful tactics. Decks were cleared for
action and both sides proceeded to business without ceremony.
The four vessels at the head of Destouches battle line at once
engaged the four frigates of Graves nearest at hand.
The Conquerant, M. de laGrandiere, fos. Jason, M. de Marigny,
and Ardent, La Clochetterie, fought heroically for the glory of
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 369
France and success of the States. The conflict was obstinate
and bloody. Three of the English vessels, roughly battered,
were put completely out of the fight with serious loss. Two
of the French vessels also sustained more or less injury, the
Conquerant having her rudder shot away.
Destouches, in for another test of seamanship and gunnery,
swinging around to bring up once more in fighting formation,
found Graves making head to the leeward in all haste to avoid
being cut off in an attempt to get inside the Chesapeake capes.
The enemy declined a renewal of the fight, and the imprac
ticability of successful pursuit in the contracted waters of the
bay being manifest, Destouches had no choice. Therefore,
taking the Conquerant in tow, and the wounded commander, the
brave Marquis de L,avel of Bourbonnais, on board his own ship,
he convoyed De Viomenil, who had lost 7 killed and 29 wounded
of his regiment, and his transports.
The French were back at Newport March 26, having been
absent 18 days. The result was highly honorable to the French,
but the British fleet secured entrance to the bay and Phillips
reenforced Arnold with 3,000 men.
In a letter of April 3 Washington sent to ROCHAMBEAU
an account given by the enemy of the action of March 16,
observing
From his avowal three of his vessels were entirely disabled, and as they
had no advantage, as they are always disposed to make it appear that they
have, it is evidently their inside view that they have not much to glorify
about.
APPRECIATION OF CONGRESS
The Congress of the United States directed its President
to transmit to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU their thanks and also to Chevalier
Destouches and to the officers and seamen under his orders, for their
bravery, firmness, and fine conduct * * * so courageously and advan
tageously maintained off the capes of the Chesapeake against a superior
squadron of the enemy, doing honor to the arms of His Most Christian
Majesty and a happy presage of decisive advantage for the United States.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 24
370 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The action cost France a number of men. The losses reported
were: Six killed and 5 wounded on the Due de Bourgogne (flag
ship); 51 killed and 41 wounded on the Conquerant; 19 killed
and 35 wounded on the Ardent; 5 killed and i wounded on the
Jason; 4 killed and 2 wounded on the Neptune; 2 killed and i
wounded on the Romulus; i killed and 3 wounded on the Eveille,
and i killed and 7 wounded on the Provence.
The Eveille, M. de la Villebrune commanding, was particu
larly distinguished. A British ship of the line, 98 guns,
attempting to cut the French formation between the Romulus
and Eveille, the commander of the latter vessel, which had
but 64 guns, held to the wind and sent his broadside to the
approaching vessel at three points, receiving all of the enemy's
in return. Had this fire been well directed it would have sent
the Eveille' s colors down, in view of the small distance which
separated them. But for the gallantry of this bold maneuver
the English would have cut the line of the French ships.
While these events were transpiring on the coasts of America,
Count de Grasse, March 22, sailed out of Brest. The ship
yards of that famous port and of Toulon and Rochefort in
three years had constructed and made ready for sea more than
20 ships of the line. Some of these new ships sailed under
D'Estaing. De Grasse had under his orders 26 vessels and
some frigates.
It was his orders to proceed to the Antilles, thence along the
coast from south to north, between Savannah and Rhode Island,
along the shores of the United States, and give to the army
of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU all the assistance possible,
retaining, however, the right to exercise his judgment. He
was to rally- the fleet of Destouches, of which Count de Barras
was to take command.
LAFAYETTE MOVES SOUTHWARD
On April 8 Lafayette was again at Elk from his conference
with Steuben. Here he received orders from Washington to
continue his march south.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 371
On April 13 he crossed the Susquehanna and on the i8th
was at Baltimore. On the 23d he reached Alexandria, Va. ,
and was at Richmond the 2gth, where he was joined by the
Continental forces under Steuben and Muhleiiberg arid the Vir
ginia militia under Nelson.
As early as this Washington had a premonition of the possi
bility of a transfer of his field of operations to the south. In a
letter of the 2 1 st of that month he gave Lafayette the option to
go on with his movement or turn over his command to another
and return to him at general headquarters, but intimated if he
should resolve to go forward there would be one consolation
the fact that the aspect of things % made it most probable the
weight of the campaign would' be in the south, when it would
become his duty to go there in person, adding, "of this I would
not have you say anything. ' '
A FLURRY BETWEEN THE CHIEFS
At this time an intercepted private letter of Washington
to Lund Washington, his kinsman and agent at Mount Vernon,
made public in the Tory Gazette in New York April 4,
created considerable consternation. Seeming to reflect upon
the French operations, it gave rise to considerable interpolation,
particularly the declaration with the parenthetical observa
tions, "but this I mention in confidence," that
It was unfortunate the French fleet and detachment did not undertake the
enterprise they are now upon when I first proposed it to them. The
destruction of Arnold's corps would then have been inevitable before the
British could have put to sea. Instead of this the small squadron which
took the Romulus and other small vessels was sent, and could not, as I
foretold, do anything without a land force at Portsmouth.
The slip gave the general deep concern and occasion for
lengthy comment in a letter (April 21) to Lafayette, his ever
ready and confidential, counselor in many delicate situations.
He was able neither to avow the letter as published nor declare
it spurious, as- no copy was taken. His remembrance was his
chagrin upon receiving his own (Lafayette's) letter (March
372 Newport to Yorktoivn, 1781
15) from Yorktown, in Virginia, that the French fleet had not
appeared
within the capes of the Chesapeake, and intended to express in confi
dence his apprehension and concern for the delay.
He intimated he would not be surprised if the ' ' inspectors ' '
of the Royal Gazette at New York had taken liberties with the
text as they had in publishing a letter from himself to Gov
ernor Hancock, and his reply which never had an existence but
in the Gazette. That they were not less capable of the same
now, he thought, few would deny; though his (Rivington's)
friends do not want to convict him of falsehood, and ours
(Washington's) had not the* opportunity of doing it, as both
sides knew his talents for lying.'
The Count DK ROCHAMBEAU took an early opportunity (April
26) to bring the extract from the published letter referred to
to the notice of Washington with this comment:
If this was really written by your excellency, I shall beg leave to observe
that the result of this reflection would seem to be that we have had here
the choice of two expeditions proposed, and that we have preferred the less
to a more considerable undertaking, which your excellency desired. If
such is the meaning, I beg your excellency to call to mind that the line of
battle ship and the two frigates went out of Newport on the gth of Febru
ary on a demand made by Congress and the State of Virginia to the Cheva
lier Destouches; that your letter with the plan for the going out of the
whole fleet with a detachment of 1,000 Frenchmen to act conjointly with
the Marquis de Lafayette bears date of the I5th; that I did not receive it
till the i gth; that having given an instant communication of it to M. Des
touches, I had the honor on the 2oth to send his answer to your excellency,
and that no later than the day after the gale of wind which weakened the
British fleet toward the end of January, I offered all the land forces that
<!ould possibly be transported by the navy, and have not ceased to do it
since. I shall not mention to you the reasons that delayed the departure
of M. Destouches's squadron because they do not come under my cogni
zance. I only state these facts to call to your mind these dates, which I
beg you to verify by your correspondence that you may be entirely per
suaded; that there will never be the least delay in w r hat concerns the
troops whom I command in the execution of your orders as soon as I shall
Teceive them.
This straightforward presentation of the case by ROCHAM
BEAU himself, and so commendatory of his fealty and his high
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 373
sense of honor, was r let by Washington in an entirely charac
teristic reply from his headquarters at New Windsor (April 30),
mentioning his ' ' pain at the occasion of that part of his letter, ' '
and his unhappiness ' ' that an accident should have put it in
the power ' ' of the enemy ' ' to give to the world anything from
me which may contain an implication the least disagreeable to
you or to the Chevalier Destouches. ' ' Calling attention to the
difference between the extract sent and the copy published he
assured the Count
Whatever construction it may bear, I beg your excellency will consider
the letter as private to a friend, a gentleman who has the direction of my
affairs at home, totally unconnected with public affairs, and in whose dis
cretion I could absolutely rely. No idea of the same kind has ever gone
to any public body.
In admitting the general import of the letter to be true, this
reply brought out many qualifying explanatory observations,
particularly facts he had learned since, especially that his pro
posal did not reach the Count until after the departure of the
first squadron, concluding
with this explanation I leave the matter to his candor and to yours, and
flatter myself it will make no impressions inconsistent with an entire per
suasion of my sincere esteem and attachment.
In reply Comte DE ROCHAMBKAU expressed his entire satis
faction with the proper light thrown upon the incident and
hoped it might be considered closed.
PENOBSCOT EXPEDITION ABANDONED
Destouches, again ready for sea and anxious to be doing
something, listening to the solicitations of the merchants and
authorities of Boston and Massachusetts, proposed an attack on
Penobscot, an isolated British post of 350 men on the Massa
chusetts (Maine) coast of no strategic consequence, though
somewhat troublesome as a harbor for pirates.
The council of Massachusetts had suggested it as practicable,
during the absence of the British fleet in the Chesapeake sup
porting the renegade Arnold's foray into Virginia. Destouches
accepted the proposition and agreed to furnish two frigates,
sixty-four's, and other vessels.
374 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The preparations were underway. About 600 land troops
were offered by ROCHAMBEAU with four mortars and four 24-
pounders. Chevalier de Chastellux was to command and no
militia were to participate.
The views of Washington on the subject, communicated to
ROCHAMBEAU, showed the general as adroit with the pen as
tactful with the sword. While disapproving of the expedition
he couched his opposition in an appearance of concurrence of
ROCHAMBE AU'S thought, if the stake was worth the time and
toil. He did not fail to recall an experience two years before of
a Boston expedition swallowed up in the treacherous waters of
that stream.
Thus while approving the project in phrase, he gave it such
doubt by inference that both ROCHAMBEAU and Destouches
promptly abandoned the scheme.
A more weighty reason for not embarking in the undertaking
was the evident purpose of Clinton to strengthen his operations
in the south.
The repairs to the disabled British ships were made. All the
5O-gun frigates which could be detached from other points
were being concentrated at New York.
ROCHAMBEAU AGAIN PROPOSES VIRGINIA
All indications pointed with certainty to an active British
campaign in Virginia. By thus weakening the garrison of New r
York, the danger to French ships or stores at Newport was
lessened.
In view of these conditions, ROCHAMBEAU proposed to Wash
ington the transfer of his entire force, save a small guard
strengthened by a sufficient body of militia, by land to a point
on the Hudson opposite New York, in order to enable him to
strengthen the forces of Lafayette in Virginia.
The commander in chief received the proposition with favor,
and sent forward a force from the Pennsylvania line under
General Wayne to join Lafayette.
In the meantime Cornwallis entered Virginia, uniting his
forces with those of Phillips and Arnold.
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 375
DE BARRAS ARRIVES
Young Rochambeau a arrived at Boston May 8 on the French
frigate Concorde, M. de Tanouarn, commanding, in company
with M. de Barras, sent out to succeed the late Chevalier de
Ternay; also Baron Cromot du Bourg, for the staff of ROCHAM
The advices brought gave much detail of proposed naval
movements, especially the sailing of De Grasse with a convoy
of 15 transports, with 2 companies of artillery and 690 recruits
under escort of the Sagittaire as the only aid then practicable
for North America.
In lieu, however, of troops 6,000,000 livres were to be sent
with which General Washington might provide for the wants
of the American army. Part of this was brought by M. de
Barras and the rest was to arrive by the Sagittaire.
TROUBLE OVER THE KING'S BOUNTY
This special bounty of the French King came very nearly
being the cause of a serious split between Congress and
Washington.
As the money brought out on the Concorde was designed as a
special succor to the army, it was proposed, after a part was paid
for munitions purchased in Europe, the rest should be disbursed
by General Washington as he should consider best for the
general good.
Having determined upon this course Doctor Franklin was
informed. He at once communicated the fact to Congress,
where the suggestion was received with considerable alarm.
a Rochambeau (ttie younger) (Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur Vicorate de) ki-
herited the warlike instincts and won the progressive honors of rank of his distin
guished parent from cornet to lieutenant-general. He was born at the family chateau
at Vendome, and received his military education at Brienne, where he won all the
prizes for text-book proficiency in the art of war. He accompanied his father to
America and bore an honorable part in all its military performances. After the war,
returning to France he fought with merit under the great Napoleon. He was in com
mand in Santo Domingo, where he conducted an heroic defense when besieged by the
English. Compelled to surrender to starvation and numbers, in violation of an agree
ment to his return to France, he was held a prisoner in England for eight years. At
last reaching France he at once took service under Napoleon, and two years later (1813)
fell at the battle of Leipsic.
376 Newport to York town, 1781
The representatives of the people, even thus early in the
control of civil affairs, were decidedly unfavorable to any such
power being placed with the head of the army, if even it were
the mainstay of the conflict.
The tact of M. de la I^uzerne, however, came to the rescue,
particularly as not a few attributed some latent motive to this
mode of expenditure.
In a letter to the French minister, Count de Vergennes
suggested that the expenditure to be -made by General Wash
ington "or some other person."
M. de la Luzerne promptly quieted the anxieties of Congress
by supplementing this very important alternate proposition,
which the venerable "doctor apparently overlooked.
It is recorded Washington very cordially thanked M. de la
Luzerne for relieving him from a very embarrassing position.
INSTRUCTIONS FROM VERSAILLES
The Concorde was the messenger of supplementary instruc
tions from the minister of war, dated Versailles, March 7, to
Comte DE ROCHAMBE^AU, in which possible happenings * in the
situation, most likely based upon the pessimistic utterances of
the late admiral, were met with specific directions. Their
intelligent comprehension of conditions and evident disposition
to stand by the American cause and bring success, if among the
possibilities, indicates that the second thought of the King was
no less determined and devoted than the first. The following
is the text of this document so vital to the continuance of the
military phases of the struggle:
1. It is the intention of His Majesty that you do not abandon Rhode
Island, if the squadron destined to act in concert with you for its defense
can not retire to Boston without hazard, or before it shall be relieved from
its defensive position at Rhode Island by a superior naval force.
2. I will inform you that in the month of July or August the -superior
naval force of which you have just received notice will withdraw the
squadron of M. de Barras from the harbor of Rhode Island, and you w r ill
carefully reserve to yourself the knowledge of this arrangement, which
may be accelerated.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 377
3. If, by unforeseen events or any cause whatever, the army of Wash
ington should be broken up and dispersed, it is the intention of the King
that under these circumstances you should decline acceding to any orders
or requests of that general to penetrate into the interior of the continent,
as in that case it would be prudent to reserve yourself and to retire to the
Antilles, if possible, or to Santo Domingo, according to the season.
4. If, on the contrary, the American army remains in its present state,
and yet without being able to undertake any combined operation with the
squadron, and if this latter should attempt any other enterprise where
the concurrence of a certain number of land forces would be required, the
King leaves it in your power to furnish them, provided that the plan be
concerted with the American general.
5. Should there be an opportunity for the squadron at Rhode Island to
act independently of the American army, you are aware that the naval
forces of the King should concur in all operations which are considered
advantageous to the common cause.
6. You are also aware that as long as the King's troops occupy Rhode
Island the transports destined to receive the troops are to be kept there;
when, on the contrary, the army under your command shall penetrate into
the country and the squadron abandons Rhode Island, this squadron will
proceed to Boston and take with it the transports that have been retained.
7. If, from the different causes mentioned, you should remain in your
position at Rhode Island, and a superior naval force of the King should
withdraw the squadron which is in that port, I give you notice that the
Count de Grasse has orders to leave with you two vessels to defend the
port and the transports necessary for your army.
The junior Rochambeau also brought to his father a con
fidential message, intended for ROCHAMBEAU alone, which
stated that the Comte de Grasse would proceed with his division
to reenforce de Barras. It was given out that when de Grasse
sailed from Brest he was heading for the Cape of Good Hope.
Another piece of news was that M. de Segur had succeeded
de Montbarry as secretary of war.
ROCHAMBEAU SLATED FOR MINISTER OF WAR
And more interesting than all, personally, was a private let
ter which informed ROCHAMBEAU that, had he been in France,
the King would have appointed him minister of war.
378 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
A SELF-SACRIFICING FRIEND
The nobility of soul of ROCHAMBEAU here stands forth in all
its majesty in his own comments on this incident afterwards:
My ambition never aspired to such an important function; but I must
confess, when I reflected on these scanty resources and the distressing
predicament to which I was reduced, this -was the only moment of my
life I regretted it. It became urgent, however, that I should get out of
my present embarrassing situation and do my best for the service of the
two nations.
ROCHAMBEAU' s NEW POWERS
The most important act of royal command connected with
these supplementary instructions to the French commander was
the removal of all restrictions in the exercise of his powers and
granting him full authority in the use of the French army
and fleet in their cooperation with the American forces under
orders of General Washington. ROCHAMBEAU acted promptly
under these new orders from Versailles. The French army,
practically idle for nearly a year, at once sprung into activity.
Orders were issued to put the entire force in condition for the
field. The artillery and heavy equipments were transferred to
Providence for security at a greater distance from the coast.
These new departures came none too soon. The morale of the
officers in particular began to show signs of diminution. The
taciturn methods of ROCHAMBEAU were construed into a lack
of confidence. An immediate conference with the commander
in chief was therefore of necessity to ROCHAMBEAU.
On May 8, immediately upon receiving information of De
Barras's arrival, the Count in apprising Washington expressed
the opinion ' ' as soon as we have received our dispatches we
should have a conference with your excellency. ' ' He promised
further advices by the next express, but suggested to him to
fix a place for the meeting.
By way of information he wrote
the commodore is about 60 years of age, a particular friend of Comte
d'Estaing, and commanded his vangard when he forced the entrance of
this harbor.
Newport to Yorktoiun, 1781 379
DK BARRAS REPORTS
On May 1 1 from Newport De Barras a reported his arrival to
Washington in the following gratifying form:
I have the honor to announce to your excellency my ariival at Boston on
the 6th of this month in the frigate Concorde, the King having appointed
me to the command of his squadron in these seas. I arrived here yester
day. The Count DE ROCHAMBEAU has communicated to me the letter
which he had the honor to write to your excellency requesting an inter
view. When he shall receive your answer we will conform to your deci
sion. I am very impatient to have the .honor of making an acquaintance
with you, and to assure you that I have nothing so much at heart as to
render myself serviceable to the King and to the United States.
WASHINGTON CONGRATULATES
In reply (May 14) Washington extended his congratulations
and the degree of pleasure it gave him to find
the command of His Most Christian Majesty's fleet devolved upon an
officer of his excellency's distinguished character.
nComte TyOuis de Barras, St. L,aurent, was born in Provence, the same as was his
companion of the sea De Gfasse. He was 60 years of age when he succeeded to the
naval command which had left France under De Ternay. His first noticeable act was
leading the van of D'Estaing's fleet in forcing the harbor of Newport in July, 1778, and
again in his operations on the Georgia coast in October, 1779. He sailed from Brest on
March 22, 1781, on the Concorde of the fleet of De Grasse. Although his junior in rank,
De Grasse was at the head of the expedition with the provisional rank of lieutenant-
general. About seven days out (March 29) De Barras left the fleet, taking his course
for Boston where he arrived May 6, and proceeding to Newport hoisted his pennant on
the Due de Bourgogne. Although invited, he was unable to participate in the Wethers-
field conference owing to the appearance of the enemy's fleet as he was about to depart
on the journey. He cooperated in the plans of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, but
within the strict construction of his orders from Versailles. De Grasse gave him free
scope in his discretion, which he sometimes exercised seemingly contrary to the views of
ROCHAMBEAU and Washington's expressed wishes. On August 25, however, he waived
all questions of rank, sailing for the Chesapeake with his fleet and joined De Grasse who
had just rounded up the British fleet of Graves. De Barras signed the capitulation of
Cornwallis on behalf of De Barras and himself. He sailed for the West Indies with De
Grasse, where he had the first opportunity to distinguish himself, which he did in the
two days' fight, in January, 1782, with Hood, under the guns of St. Christopher, and was
assigned to take possession of the two captured British islands of St. Nevis and Mont-
serrat. He fortunately escaped De Grasse's misfortune with Rodney, in April of the
same year, having sailed for France. In 1782 he was made vice-admiral and retired the
next year after the signing of peace. He died before the outbreak of the revolution of
1789. He was a man of lovable characteristics, a thorough disciplinarian, and faithful
friend. His death was lamented by the heroic armies of France and America.
380 Newport to Yorktown, ij8i
He also named Monday, May 20, of which he had advised
General ROCHAMBEAU, for an interview at Wethersfield,
Conn., where
I shall very impatiently wait for the opportunity of convincing you
personally that I am, etc.
THE CHIEFS MEET
On the iyth Washington informed the President of Congress
of the receipt of dispatches from the Court of France, by the
frigate Concorde, by Comte 'DE ROCHAMBEAU, and of his
request for an interview, which he had granted at Wethers-
field the following Monday, for which place he would set out
on the 1 8th. He \vas in hopes from the intelligence received
of being able to settle a definite plan of campaign.
Accordingly on the day mentioned Washington left his
camp at New Windsor, accompanied by General Knox, his chief
of artillery, and General Duportail, the distinguished French
soldier, his chief engineer, and the same night was 43 miles
from Fishkill Landing.
The next day (igth) he breakfasted at lyitchfield, dined at
Farmington, and lodged the same night at Wethersfield.
The 20th, awaiting the arrival of General ROCHAMBEAU,
was passed in conference with Connecticut's war governor,
Jonathan Trumbull, respecting the probability of receiving the
necessary cooperation of the States. The governor assured
the general if any important offensive operation should be
undertaken he had little doubt of obtaining adequate men and
provisions.
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU arrived at noon on the 2ist, accom
panied by Chevalier de Chastellux, one of the finest officers of
his corps, who took the place of Admiral de Barras, detained
on account of the sudden appearance of the English fleet off
Block Island. The event was celebrated in Hartford by a salute
of cannon and the serving of refreshments, after which the two
generals and their suites, attended by a party of gentlemen as
escort of honor, were accompanied to the place of meeting.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 381
WETHERSFIELD CONFERENCE
The commander in chief and commandant-general of the
allies held their conference on May 22 at Wethersfield, Conn.,
as arranged.
The exchange of views was had in the form of queries sub
mitted by Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and answered in writing by
General Washington. The substance, as given, throws much
detail on events preceding the march of the two armies to the
scene of the surrender of the last organized force of British
troops of any consequence in the field on American soil.
Rochambeau. Concerning a project of employing the squadron at New
port to transport the French army to Chesapeake Bay he consulted
Count de Barras, who deemed it impracticable, chiefly on account of the
inferiority of his naval force to that of the enemy. The objections-were
mentioned in detail.
Washington. However desirable such an event might have been,
the reasons assigned by Count de Barras are sufficient to prove its
impracticability.
Rochambeau. Should the French army march to the North River, will
the squadron be safe at Newport under a guard of militia ? By his secret
instructions he is not permitted to separate his army, except for detach
ment of a short duration. Count de Barras thinks the squadron would
not be secure if the enemy should take possession of Rhode Island, and,
moreover, he has been instructed that in case the army should march
into the country his fleet should proceed to Boston.
Washington. It is General Washington's opinion that the plan of the
campaign is for the French army to march from Newport toward the North
River as soon as possible, and that consequently it will be advisable for
the Count de Barras (agreeably to his instructions in that case provided)
to seek the first favorable moment of removing the squadron under his
command to Boston.
Rochambeau. In that case what does General Washington propose
about Rhode Island? Does he intend it should be kept by a general
officer and a body of American militia? It is to be observed that if in the
hurricane months the French fleet should come to the coast the harbor
of Rhode Island might be of use to the operations of the squadrons, either
for a union to act against New York or as a place of retreat in case of
misfortune.
Washington. As the harbor of Rhode Island may be useful to the fleets
of His Most Christian Majesty, it is General Washington's opinion that a
force should be left for the security of Newport ; but as the enemy will
not be in a condition, from the present circumstances of their affairs, to
382 Newport to York town, 1781
detach any considerable body of men to repossess the island, it is agreed
between Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and General Washington that 500 militia,
under a good officer, will be sufficient as a guard for the works ; but in
* case of an enterprise against them a greater force should be called in for
their defense.
Rochambeau . If General Washington resolves that Rhode Island shall
be left and the works destroyed, does he consider the siege artillery,
powder, magazines, and heavy stores, which can not follow the French
army in a land march, as safe at Providence under 200 French troops and
the militia? For such an object the English may attempt an enterprise
to seize these stores. Would they not be more secure if taken with the
fleet to Boston ?
Washington. In the former communications between Count DE RO
CHAMBEAU and General Washington it was understood that the French
fleet was to remain in the harbor of Newport after the removal of the army ;
and therefore Providence was fixed upon as a safe and proper deposit for
the heavy artillery and spare stores. It now being determined that the
fleet shall embrace the first opportunity of going round to the harbor of
Boston, it is to be wished that the heavy artillery and spare stores should
be sent round also. But General Washington being informed by Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU that they have been already deposited at Providence,
and that it will be impossible, under the present circumstances of the
fleet and want of transportation, to remove them to Boston, he is of opinion
that they may safely remain there under the guard of 200 French troops,
who will be aided by the militia of the country in case of need. The
possession of Newport will add to their security.
Rochambeau. Should the squadron from the West Indies arrive in these
seas, an event that will probably be announced by a frigate beforehand,
what operations will General Washington have in view after a union of
the French army with his own?
Washington. The enemy, by several detachments from New York,
having reduced their force at that post to less than one-half of the num
ber which they had at the time of the former conference at Hartford in
September last, it is thought advisable to form a junction of the French
and American armies upon the North River as soon as possible, and move
down to the vicinity of New York, to be ready to take advantage of any
opportunity which the weakness of the enemy may afford. Should the
West India fleet arrive upon the coast, the force thus combined may
either proceed in the operations against New York or may be directed
against the enemy in some other quarter, as circumstances shall dictate.
The great waste of men, which we have found from experience in the long
marches to the southern States, the advanced season in which such a
march must be commenced, and the difficulties and expense of land trans
portation thither, with other considerations too well known to Count DE
Newport to York town, 1781 383
ROCHAMBEAU to need detailing, point out the preference which an
operation against New York seems to have in the present circumstances
over an attempt to send a force to the southward.
TELLTALE CORRESPONDENCE
While the conference was on, General Washington was handed
a packet containing two letters which had been captured by an
American privateer from Lord Germaine, British minister of
war, to General Clinton, which revealed the purpose of the
British campaign of that year to conquer the whole south and
confine Washington to the north of the Hudson River.
It may be said Washington and ROCHAMBEAU had no little
amusement over the contemptuous reference of Germaine, who
had been cashiered for cowardice in the Seven Years' War, to
the American forces, and upbraiding Clinton in that
he had said there were in the King's service more American royalists than
rebels in Washington's army and it was very extraordinary he should let
the rebellion last so long.
He hit at the French corps by conveying the information
which had been confirmed in advance by young Rochambeau
( ' that no preparations were being made in France to send out
the second division," and "the first would have quite enough
to do to uphold and protect its little squadron at Newport."
ROCHAMBEAU, in continuing the story, adds this interesting
contributory information:
Germaine did not forget to observe the precarious state of the finances
of Congress, and in this his calculations were so near the truth that at
the period at which the conference took place at Wethersfield the paper
currency after having been reduced to as low as 1,000 to I was at length
completely " annulled " by resolution of Congress.
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU among his papers referring to this
conference says that Washington had dominant in his thoughts
an expedition against New York as the most effectual way to
deal a death blow to British power in America, his hope of
success resting on the diminution of the garrisons by drafts for
the south.
384 Newport to York town, 1781
In the Count's own words
He considered an expedition against Lord Cornwallis in Chesapeake Bay
quite a secondary object to which there was no necessity of our diverting
our attention until we were quite certain of our inability to accomplish the
former.
The two generals finally agreed that, as soon as the recruits
of the convoy of the Sagittaire arrived, the French auxiliary
corps should unite with the American army opposite New York
Island.
After effecting a junction it was proposed to advance as close
as possible and take up a defensive position, awaiting news
from Comte de Grasse. A frigate from De Barf as' s fleet at
Newport was to be dispatched immediately for that purpose.
The letter of Washington to General Sullivan, then in Con
gress, informing him of this plan was intercepted. It was
charged that Washington had sent this communication with
the intention of having it fall into British hands and thus mis
lead General Clinton.
Here, again, stands out in bold relief the greatness of
ROCHAMBKAU. Said he in after years: "There is no need of
such fiction to convey to posterity the glory of \hisgreat man.
His wish was then to attack New York, and we should have
carried the plan into execution if the enemy had continued to
draft troops from that station and if the French navy could
have been brought to our assistance."
What really did deceive Clinton was a confidential letter cf
Chastellux to De la Luzerne at Philadelphia of having brought
ROCHAMBEAU to accept Washington's plan of attack on New
York; that the siege of New York was determined upon; that
the two armies were really on the way to begin operations, and
orders had been sent to Comte de Grasse to come north with
his fleet and force his way into the entrance to New York
Harbor.
On the 23d the Count and chevalier parted with the com
mander in chief on their return to Newport. The chief
spent the remainer of the day in preparing dispatches to the
governors of the four New England States, "calling on them
Newport to York town, 1781 385
in earnest and pointed terms to complete their Continental bat
talions for the campaign, at least, if it could not be done for
the war or three years, to hold a proportionate body of militia
ready to march in one week and to make some arrangements
to provision and transport them. ' '
A JUNCTION ARRANGED
On the same day he informed Count de la Luzerne of the
intended march of the French army toward the North River
and of the destination of the French fleet at Newport, ' ' if
circumstances will admit of the respective movements. ' '
He also mentioned ROCHAMBEAU and Chevalier de Chastel-
lux agreeing with him, and that while affairs remained as they
were the West Indies fleet should run immediately to Sandy
Hook, and there be joined by that of Count de Barras.
NEW YORK STILL THE OBJECTIVE
He informed him ' ' our object is New York. ' ' The difficulty
and expense of land transportation and continual waste of men in
every attempt to reenforce the southern States, as he urged, were
almost insuperable objections to marching another detachment
from the army on North River. It was not for him to know
how the French fleet was to be employed in the West Indies
during the summer nor to inquire at which epoch it might be
expected on the coast, -but intimated that its aid was of such
essential importance in any offensive operation and to stop the
enemy at the southward, that he desired to be excused for
endeavoring to secure his good offices in facilitating an event
upon which so much depended. He mentioned as a stronger
plea the concurrence of General ROCHAMBEAU'S opinion, and at
his "instance principally I make to you this address,"
concluding
If we are happy enough to find your excellency in sentiment with us,
it will be in your power to inform Count de Grasse of the strength and
situation of the enemy's naval and land force in this country, the destina
tion of the French squadron under Admiral de Barras, and the intention
of the allied arms, if a junction can be formed.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 25
386 Newport to York town, 1781
On the following morning (24th) starting on his return, the
chief dined at Farmington and lodged at Ljtchfield, making his
headquarters by sunset the day after.
A DISTURBING PROPOSITION
ROCHAMBEAU, upon arriving at his headquarters from the
conference, was astounded to learn the French vessels were get
ting ready for sea, proposing to sail for Boston as soon as his
army started on its march to join Washington.
The inconvenience of Boston as compared with Newport from
a strategic point of view, considering any probable military
operations, was apparent.
The Count at once proposed a council of war of naval and
military superior officers. To this De Barras assented. The
question before the council was the safety of the fleet at Rhode
Island after the departure of the French troops, with a guard
of 500 men, under De Choisy, and a body of 1,000 American
militia to occupy the forts constructed for the protection of the
anchorage.
The council must have been somewhat vigorous from what
is known of its deliberations.
M. de la Villebrune called upon ROCHAMBKAU "to state
whether or not he thought M. de Grasse would bring his fleet
into North American seas.. If he is really to come, would it be
proper to stay here, so as to be prepared to act in conjunction
with him as expeditiously as possible; but in the contrary case,
are we not acting in direct opposition to our instructions from
the council of France, and by so doing shall we not be obliged
to abide by any fatal consequence which may arise, however
unlikely this may be ? "
The tension of the moment was relieved by De Barras him
self, who, replying for the Count, said:
No one is more interested than I in the arrival of M. de Grasse. He was
my junior in the service and has lately bee"n raised to lieutenant-general.
As soon as I am apprised of his arrival I shall hasten to join him and place
myself under his orders. I will serve through this campaign, but not a
second one.
Newport to York town, 1781 387
ROCHAMBEAU refers to this ' ' noble and generous repartee ' '
as carrying the question "unanimously in the affirmative."
COMMUNICATING WITH DE GRASSE
This decision having been reached, ROCHAMBEAU indited his
dispatches to De Grasse, and De Barras ordered the Concorde
ready for sea.
It is interesting to repeat the spirit of the Count's letter,
showing as it does the situation of affairs when the Yorktown
opportunity presented itself to the notice of the American
chief.
He referred to the distress at the south, and especially Vir
ginia, which was defended against Cornwallis's formidable force
only by the small body of troops under 'General de Lafayette,
who for his own safety would be obliged to depend upon able
maneuvering. He also included the articles of the conference
at Wethersfield, and added, in the way of comment, his own
(De Grasse' s) ability to judge of the practicability of an attack
on New York, referring to D'Estaing's experience, under whom
De Grasse himself had served, especially the difficulty of secur
ing pilots even with liberal offers of money.
ROCHAMBEAU URGES AN ATTACK ON CORNWALUS
ROCHAMBEAU suggested as his own opinion the favorable
opening for an expedition against Cornwallis on the Chesa
peake, which he considered more practicable and less expected
by the enemy.
He urged him to intercede with the governor of Santo
Domingo for the use of M. de St. Simon's French brigade
and a loan of 1,200,000 francs.
He further entreated him to send the Concorde back promptly
with his reply, so that he might
take the earliest opportunity to continue our march with that of Gen
eral Washington so as to proceed by land as expeditiously as possible and
join him at any stipulated part of the Chesapeake.
388 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Washington approved the requisitions on Count de Grasse,
and could not urge too strongly the bringing of a body of troops,
as it was doubtful whether his own could be collected in time.
AFFAIRS AT NEWPORT
In acknowledging the result of the second council of war,
received from Count de Barras, in favor of detention of the
French fleet at Rhode Island, the general in chief conceded his
respect for the opinions of the gentlemen who composed the
board, which left in his mind no doubt of the propriety of the
measure.
While he preferred to adhere to his opinion he would not set
up his judgment against gentlemen of experience and knowl
edge of marine affairs, in which he candidly confessed his lack
of information. If they thought best to adhere to their views,
he gave them letters to the governments of Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to call out 500 militia. He wished, however, the
march of the troops expedited to the North River. The strides
the enemy were making in the south rendered it necessary to
concentrate at New York in order to relieve that section.
In Virginia Cornwallis had assembled 8,000 men, about four
times the strength of Lafayette, who, by dexterous handling of
his men and the junction of Wayne, was maintaining a bold
front.
As soon as the council of war made its decision to leave the
French squadron at Rhode Island, ROCHAMBEAU prepared to
embark his army for Providence to await a reasonable time the
arrival of the Sagittaire with the recruits.
The convoy, fortunately not long delayed, came in ample
time, with the specie and draft of recruits.
These fresh men were left with the detachment of De Choisy
to guard the ships.
AI/)NE IN POWER TO COMMAND THE FRENCH
In the midst of these conflicting plans and operations Gov
ernor Jefferson, for the people of Virginia, appealed to Wash
ington to take command of the army in that State. In reply,
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 389
admitting that his inclinations would be the defense of the
country where all his property and connections were, there
were powerful objections to his leaving his station, one of them
' ' that no other person has power to command the French
troops now about to form a junction with this army."
NEWS FROM THE SOUTH
On June 3 Lafayette reported the British army in consider
able force between Richmond and Fredericksburg, its destina
tion uncertain, but at liberty to move anywhere, owing to
superiority of numbers.
TO TAKE THE FIELD
The junction of- the French and American armies on the
Hudson having been determined, General Washington requested
the calling out of the Rhode Island militia to combine with the
French detachment as a guard to relieve the marching forces
for the protection of the heavy stores and baggage and of the
works erected for the security of the harbor.
General DE ROCHAMBEAU at once began the final prepara
tions antecedent to taking the field with his troops.
The monthly report of June i showed his total effective
strength to be: Bourbonnais, 910; Soissonnais, 985; Saintonge,
897; Royal Deux-Ponts, 926; artillery, 408; miners, 23; laborers
26; Lauzun, 581; total, 4,756, as follows: Captains, command,
51; second captains, 45; lieutenants, 108; under lieutenants,
85; cadets, gentlemen, 13; lower officers, 344; corporals, fraters,
fusiliers, and drummers, 4,412; total, 4,756.
FRENCH AUXILIARY ARMY
The organization of the French auxiliary army for opera
tions, which included the march from Newport, R. I., to the
junction with the American forces under Washington at Dobbs
Ferry on the Hudson, River was as follows:
Lieutenant-general commanding. Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Intendant.T)e Tarle.
3QO Newport to York town, 1781
Major-generals. Karon de Viomenil, Chevalier de Chastellux, Comte de
Viomenil, De Choisy.
Army staff. De Seville, quartermaster-general.
Adjutant quartermasters. Vicomte de Rochambeau, Collot, De Beville.
Aids to the major-generals of infantry. De Menonville, De Tarle,
Dubouchet.
Engineers. Desandrouins.
Colonel and commandant De Querenel, lieutenant-colonel; De Palys
major; De Doyre, captain; Crubliez d'Opterre, captain; De Gazarac, cap
tain; Baron de Turpin, captain; De Plancher, captain.
Artillery. D'Aboville, colonel, commandant; De Lazier, wagon master;
Mauduit, adjutant.
Administration. Blanchard, commissary-general; De Corny, commis
sary of war; De Villemanzy, commissary of war; Gau, commissary of war
and artillery.
Second army staff. Mullin, captain of guards.
Provost. De Ronchamp.
Aids-de-camp to Rochambeau. Comte de Fersen, Marquis de Damas,
Chevalier de Lameth, Dumas, De Lauberdiere, Baron de Closen.
Aids-de-camp to Baron de Viomenil. M. d' Angely, Le Chevalier de
Viomenil, De Chabannes, Brintaneau, Vicomte Armand, De Sauge, Brison.
Aids-de-camp to Chevalier de Chastellux. De Lintz (Lintch), De Mon
tesquieu.
Aids-de-camp to Comte de Viomenil. D'Olonne, sr.; D'Olonne, jr.;
Stack.
Aid-de-camp to De Choisy. Saumann.
Aid-de-camp to M. de Beville. De Beville.
Paymaster. De Baulny, paymaster of the army.
Supplies. Danre, superintendent; Morion, cashier; Bourguin (Bourg-
neuf), director; Duval, inspector.
Hospitals. De Mars, superintendent; De Coste, physician in chief;
Robillard (Robillaid) surgeon in chief; Abbe" de Gleson (Glemon), chap
lain.
Butcher's meat. Buret de Blegier (Durelde Begier), superintendent.
Forage. Louis, superintendent.
^Clothing. Martin, storekeeper.
REGIMENTS
Bourbonnais. Marquis de Laval, colonel; Vicomte de Rochambeau,
second colonel; De Broselles, lieutenant-colonel; De Gambs, major.
Royal Deux-Ponts.* Comte de Deux-Ponts, colonel; Comte Guillaume
de Deux-Ponts, second colonel; Baron d'Ezbeck, lieutenant-colonel; Des-
prez, major.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 391
Soissonnais. Marquis de St. Maime, colonel; Vicotnte de Noailles, sec
ond colonel; D'Anselme, lieutenant-colonel; D'Espeyron, major.
Saintonge, Marquis de Custine, colonel; Comte de Charlus, second
colonel; De la Vatelle, lieutenant-colonel; De Fleury, major.
Corps of Royal Artillery (second battalion regiment Auxonne}. De la
Tour, lieutenant-colonel; De Buzelet, brigadier in chief.
Sappers and miners. De Chazelles, brigadier in chief.
Workmen. De la Chaise, second captain.
Lauzun legion. Due de Lauzun, colonel (proprietor); Gugean, lieu
tenant-colonel; De Scheldon, major.
FAREWELL TO NEWPORT
The French auxiliary army received its marching orders from
ROCHAMBEAU on June 9. The next day the regiments Bour-
bonnais and Deux-Ponts, forming the first division under Baron
de Viomenil, moved out of its works, the second division, the
regiments Soissonnais and Saintonge, marching a few hours
later. The detachments of artillery moved with these com
mands. Quartermaster-General de Beville and Commissary-
General M. Claude Blanchard had their respective departments
thoroughly prepared for equipping and victualing.
ROCHAMBEAU LEADS
On June 10 Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU with his staff left New
port, reaching Providence the next day. Here the march for
the Hudson was to -begin. He established his camp on the
heights overlooking the city. The next eight days were occu
pied in securing horses for the artillery, wagons for the train,
and oxen to draw them. The hospital and ambulance corps
were put in field order.
A siege battery of eight guns, at the request of Washington,
was forwarded to Hartford to join the main column en route.
After eleven months of inactivity the French troops were
now in motion. A force of 600 French grenadiers and 1,000
militia, previously agreed upon, under Brigadier de Choisy,
remained as a garrison for the defenses and guard of the squad
ron of eight vessels at Newport and to cover the French stores
left at Providence.
392 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The entire French army was transferred in two detachments
to Providence, 30 miles distant, both sailing on June 10. They
made their first camp the same day just outside of the town
and remained -until the 2oth, during which time ROCHAMBKAU
made the necessary dispositions and field orders of his troops
about to enter upon a campaign concerning which nothing
could be foretold and out of which sprang the greatest events
of all time.
While the French army was in camp at Providence, Wash
ington expressed his anxiety to ROCHAMBEAU concerning the
convoy of 15 French vessels with 690 recruits and cash sent by
Count de Grasse, under escort of the Sagittaire, a 5Q-gun ship.
Part of the convoy and the gun ship, however, fortunately
arrived the same time (June n) at Boston, the rest having
been dispersed in a gale. These subsequently made port, mak
ing matters easy for ROCHAMBKAU and decidedly comforting
for Washington.
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU reported from Providence the land
ing of these recruits 400 in condition for duty, 260 down with
scurvy, and 30 not accounted for according to first figures.
Although about to march with that object in view, ROCHAM
BEAU still did not approve of the attack on New York, but
yielded to the wishes of Washington. In his letters from
New Windsor, received by ROCHAMBEAU before leaving his
Providence camp, Washington still looked upon New York as
the only practicable objective at present, but conceded with
naval superiority others might be, and urged him to explain
this to Count de Grasse, if the frigate had not yet sailed.
AS TO DE GRASSE
On the same day (June 13) Washington, writing to Luzerne
concerning the ROCHAMBEAU letter to De Grasse, urged a land
force with the naval army, as he fearedas before stated he would
not be able to get the men together in time to insure success
against the enemy's most important post. As De Grasse' s stay
would be limited, the addition of a corps from the West Indies
would terminate the matter favorably very soon.
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 393
If these views agreed with his own, Washington urged the
presentation of the subject to the French commanders in the
West Indies, setting forth, " by one great and decisive stroke
the enemy may be expelled from the continent and the inde
pendence of America established. ' '
MARCHING ORDERS OF THE FRENCH
On June 16 the entire French corps was under orders of
Baron Viomenil for a grand review, which took place the same
day in the presence of ROCHAMBEAU and the American general
officer in command of the guard in reserve under De Choisy.
The order of march put the column in motion as follows:
June 1 8, advance, Regiment Bourbonnais, under ROCHAMBEAU and De
Chastellux.
June 19, Regiment Royal-Deux-Ponts, under Baron de Viomenil.
June 20, Regiment Soissonnais, under Comte de Viomenil.
June 21, Regiment Saintonge, under Comte de Custine.
The regiments under orders were to preserve a distance of
about one day and move at the same average stage as to miles.
Comte de Dumas, under directions of M. de Beville, pre
ceded the advance, in order to designate the sites for the
camps, from day to day, as the commands moved up.
Among the officers who then marched to victory over the
arms of England in America were many distinguished in the
late wars of France on the Continent, and not a few who took
their first lessons in campaign and battle in the New World to
become famous in the great struggles of the Old. Of these
may be mentioned ROCHAMBEAU in both, his son among the
aids; Fersen, the gallant Swede, distinguished as the stanch
friend of Marie Antoinette, the queen, in her captivity; Dumas,
general of division in the armies of the French Republic and
author of valuable memoirs; Berthier, the great Napoleon's
favorite chief of staff; Vicomte de Noailles, brother-in-law of
Lafayette and his friend and would-be companion in his flight
from France to serve the States; De Montesquieu, son of the
author of L,' Esprit des L,ois.
394 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The next day (June 17) Washington suggested to ROCHAM-
BEAU an expedition to the Chesapeake by M. de Barras with
his fleet not needed at Newport, as he might prevent a reunion
of the enemy's forces. Count de Barras was favorably inclined
to the suggestion, but could not sail under twenty days.
ROCHAMBEAU AND BOURBONNAIS IN THE VAN
On June 18 Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, with his French corps,
in conformity with his marching orders, set out with Regiment
Bourbonnais as the advance and vanguard and his bodyguard.
The movement of the remaining regiments was to begin regu
larly within the three days following. Two companies (De
Choisy's detachment), with siege artillery ready to be embarked
to go by sea when wanted, were conveyed from Newport to
Providence for greater security. During these movements the
pleasing intelligence reached French headquarters of General
Greene having forced lyord Rawdon back to Charleston, S. C.
On June 21 the last of the French regiments broke camp,
moving out on the main road, passing through Wollaston, mak
ing camp No. 2 at Waterman, 15 miles west of Providence.
FRENCH ARMY IN MOTION
From New Windsor, June 24, Washington writing to RO
CHAMBEAU, in referring to the Count's letter of the 2oth on
the progress made in the march of his troops and intentions to
come to his camp in person from Hartford, expressed himself
happy at the prospect of seeing him, informing him his camp
was at Peekskill.
After a march of 16 miles the next da) 7 , passing through
Canterbury, the column halted at camp No. 3, Plainfield, in
the southeast corner of Windham County, Conn.
The French officers complained of the tardy movements of
the ox teams which were not up with the tents until late after
the end of the day's march but the French soldiers bore all
with good humor. .To encourage them many of the officers
marched with their companies and submitted to their hardships
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 395
and privations. The Viscount de Noailles (a kinsman of Lafay
ette) performed the whole march from Providence to the North
River on foot.
The afternoon of June 22 brought the column to camp No. 4,
Windham, 16 miles from the last halt.
The main column the next day, after a march of 16 miles,
pitched its tents at camp No. 5, just outside of Bolton, in Tol-
land County.
On the same day (June 23) ROCHAMBEAU, from Hartford,
reported his arrival the day before with the advance of one
regiment, followed by the second the same day, the third and
fourth to come up the day after. He proposed to remain two
days for repairs of vehicles and to rest the j^oung artillery
horses and oxen.
The day after he would be off for Newtown, the army to
march in four divisions, as before, arriving at Newtown on the
28th, remaining there 29th and 3oth to assemble the brigades,
and would then march in two divisions to the North River.
In a dispatch of June 27 to the Count, Washington expressed
the pleasure it would give could he make it convenient to meet
him at Newtown, but he was detained in hourly expectation of
the arrival of Chevalier de la Luzerne. He was pleased that
his idea of position coincided with his own and would give his
quartermaster every aid in reconnoitering and marking out his
camp.
The commander in chief sent his letter by Col. David Cobb,
one of his aids, with instructions to bring back anything the
Count should have to communicate. Should the Count him
self be inclined to come forward from Newtown Colonel Cobb
would be proud to attend him.
The general in chief also wished him to thank Count de Bar-
ras for his ready acceptance of the proposition he made to him.
AT HARTFORD
During these interchanges of courtesies of correspondence,
about sundown of the 24th, after a day's march of 12^ miles,
the main column made East Hartford (camp No. 6).
396 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
The next two days (25th and 26th) were spent in getting
the troops, guns, animals, equipment, and baggage across the
Connecticut River.
As the French corps was now approaching the scene of
active hostilities, its commanding general gave the men and
equipment thorough inspection and issued special field orders
to insure the extra precautions prudent in march formation
and vigilance in picket and patrol duty in camp.
On the 26th ROCHAMBKAU, with the Bourbonnais as a
guard, pushed ahead to Newtown.
The main column on the next day made its seventh camp at
Farmington, 12^ miles from Hartford.
It started out the next day on a 1 3 -mile march to Bacon's
Tavern (No. 8); the day following, 13 miles to Breakneck, a
Connecticut village, and the next day reached Newtown, 15
miles (camp No. 10), it being the last day of June.
ON GUARD AGAINST TORIES
The French general was put on his guard by special injunction
of Washington, as he was in a badly disaffected region, where
Tories were numerous and would report his movements and any
other information.
At this camp (Newtown) ROCHAMBKAU made a rendezvous of
his entire foot force, assembling his brigades and organizing
them into two divisions in order to be in fighting trim on short
notice.
LAUZUN'S HUSSARS
When the main French army left camp at Windham, Duke
de lyauzun, who was still at the quarters in which he had
wintered at Lebanon, Conn., received orders from his general
to move out with his hussars and dragoons as a cover on the
left flank at a distance of 9 or 10 miles. His line of march
accordingly lay through or near Middletown, Wallingford,
North Haven, North Stratford, and Oxford.
The main column, from its last halt after a march of 15 miles
on the evening of July 2, went into camp at Ridgeway. The
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 397
same day the corps of De Lauzun made a junction at this point,
and thereafter moved with the column, performing flanking and
scouting duty.
On the next day the French changed their position, but again
went into camp No. n in the same vicinity (Newtown). They
were now 42 miles from Peekskill.
Washington, learning that the enemy had not only divided
his forces but had sent a strong body into New Jersey, planned
an attack on the British forts at the head of New York Island.
ARRANGING A SURPRISE
On June 30 he sent forward secret information to Count
ROCHAMBKAU of the contemplated surprise. As this would
require the assistance of the French he urged him to bring
his troops forward with greater haste and by different routes
then in view. The Duke de Lauzun was to arrive in advance.
On July i, from his headquarters near Peekskill, Washing
ton issued his instructions to Major- General Lincoln, who was
to, command the enterprise. His force was to consist of two
regiments formed in four battalions, a detachment of artillery,
and a corps of watermen. His primary object was Fort George,
on Laurel Hill, north end of York Island, as success there
would afford a cover for the troops should they be disappointed
in other attacks, and in case of necessity open a secure retreat to
the main body of the army. In event of carrying Forts Knyp-
hausen and Try on only, they were not to be held, as no support
could be given from without. The artillerymen were divided
for the three attacks, each party to be supplied with two lanterns
and rockets, one to be fired in each fort as soon as carried.
If successful, the boats were to be drawn across the island
from North River into the Harlem and secured under the guns
of Fort George if circumstances admitted.
In case of too much opposition and being obliged to retreat
by water and unable to pass the enemy's ships and boats, the
attacking party was to push over to the Jersey shore. If, after
a reconnoissance during the day the strength of the enemy for
bade, or discovery was made by the enemy's boats, attention was
398 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
ordered to the support of an attempt on the morning of July 3,
by Duke de Lauzun, on Delancey corps of refugees to the
British army at Morrisania. To do this Lincoln was to land
above the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek and march to the high
grounds in front of Kings Bridge and lie concealed until the
duke's attack was announced by firing or other means. The
Americans were then to take position to prevent a movement of
the enemy over the bridge to turn the duke's right and also to
prevent Delancey passing that way. Washington proposed to
be in the neighborhood of Kings Bridge early on the morning
of the 3d with the remainder of the army, where he would open
communication and give orders as required by the general state
of affairs.
If a landing should be effected on the east side of the river the
boats were to be sent up along the east shore. If no particular
directions were given they were to continue to Kings Ferry.
To Brigadier Waterbury, commanding the Connecticut State
troops at Horseneck, July i , Washington gave orders to march
with all his troops to form a junction with Colonel Sheldon com
manding the ''Dapple Grey" Continental Dragoons, on the 2d
at Clapp's, where he would be joined by the French Legion under
Due de Lauzun.
This officer, a brigadier in the service of His Most Christian
Majesty and an officer of long service and merit, was to com
mand all the troops assembled. Therefore, General Waterbury
was directed to place himself under his orders and commands,
the Duke having specific orders for what was to follow.
FORCED MARCHES
To ROCHAMBEAU, July 2, from Peekskill, Washington sent
word:
I think it will be very well for your excellency to proceed to-morrow to
North Castle where you will continue until you assemble your whole force.
Being at North Castle will put you in a direct route to receive your pro
visions from Crompond and it will be in a direct way for your troops to
advance to White Plains or any other point below, as circumstances appear
to demand.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 399
In compliance with these directions, on July 3 ROCHAMBKAU
moved the position of his army to North Castle (camp No. 13),
where he remained July 4 and 5, awaiting orders.
To General Knox at New Windsor, Washington (July 2),
.spoke of this enterprise as one he had long contemplated and
would be executed in the course of that night, if General Lin
coln after reconnoitering found it advisable.
A RECONNOISSANCE IN FORCE
In execution of the movement toward King's Bridge the
American army marched out of their camp near Peekskill at 3
o'clock on the morning of July 2, leaving their tents and bag
gage standing, in order to cover the detached troops and im
prove any advantages gained by them, reaching Valentines Hill,
4 miles from Kings Bridge, soon after daylight. General Lin
coln, after dark on July i , with 800 men, dropped down the
North River from Tellers Point in boats, landing near Philipps's
House before daylight of July 3 and occupied a position on
Harlem River, formerly Fort Independence. This movement
was to support the attack by Duke de Lauzun with his French
legion, Colonel Sheldon's Continental regiment of dragoons, and
the Connecticut State troops under Brigadier-General Water-
bury, on Colonel Delancey's corps of refugees and other light
troops in the vicinity of the bridge.
I^AUZUN IN SUPPORT
The Duke de Lauzun on July 2, despite the intense heat,
moved from his camp at Ridgebury (Ridgeway), reaching East
Chester early on the morning of the 3d. Upon his arrival,
finding General Lincoln being attacked and the alarm given, he
abandoned his own plan and hastened to the support of the gen
eral, who kept up skirmishing with a body of Jagers, German
mercenaries, in an attempt to draw them sufficiently into the
country to enable the French legion to cut them off from their
post on the east side of the Harlem River. General Parsons,
who held the heights commanding Kings Bridge, was in posi
tion to head the enemy off by that retreat. The movement,
400 Newport to York town, 1781
however, did not succeed. Washington, accompanied by Gen
eral Duportail, while his troops lay on their arms, spent the rest
of the day in a personal survey of the enemy's works. Find
ing the British main force retired to York Island, in the after
noon he withdrew all his forces to Valentines Hill.
The Duke de Lauzun and General Waterbury took post on
the east side of the Bronx River, on the East Chester road.
THK FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THK DECLARATION
On July 4 General Washington went into camp a little to
the left of Dobbs Ferry, where he marked the site for the French
army on his left, and the Due de Lauzun then advanced to White
Plains and Waterbury back to Horseneck.
In an express, Washington sent word he would receive Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU with his troops at that place on July 6, as the
point for beginning the concerted operations of the campaign.
On July 4, at 9 a. m., the Count arrived at North Castle with
the first brigade, the second brigade by a forced march bring
ing up the same afternoon. He promptly reported to Wash
ington ' ' We are now all together, ready to execute your orders. ' '
On the 5th Washington paid a visit to ROCHAMBEAU at his
camp at North Castle.
On the 6th the French army, after a march of 22 miles, formed
a junction with the American army on the site indicated on the
American left (camp No. '14). L,auzun's French legion occu
pied a position in advance on the plains near Chatterton's Hill
west of the Bronx River.
On the same day that the allied armies came together for the
first time under the immediate command of their American chief,
Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French minister, arrived from
Philadelphia.
THANKS TO ROCHAMBEAU
On that day Washington took occasion to publish in general
orders his thanks to the French general and troops in the fol
lowing applauding terms:
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 401
The commander in chief with pleasure embraces the earliest public
opportunity of expressing his thanks to his excellency the Count DE Ro-
CHAMBEAU, for the unremitting zeal with which he has prosecuted his
march, in order to form the long wished for junction between the French
and American forces, an event which must afford the highest degree of
pleasure to every friend of his country, and from which the happiest con
sequences are to be expected. The general entreats his excellency, the
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, to convey to the officers and soldiers under his
immediate command the gratef ul^sense he entertains of the cheerfulness
with which they have performed so long and laborious a march at this hot
season. The Regiment Saintonge is entitled to particular acknowledg
ments for the spirit with which they continued their march without one
day's respite.
NEAR THE ENEMY
The position of the allied armies was about 12 miles from
Kings Bridge. It was encamped in two lines with the right
resting on the Hudson River near Dobbs Ferry. The French
troops occupied the hills on the left in a single line extending
to the Bronx River. The two armies, although in sight of each
other, were separated by a valley of some extent.
SITUATION IN VIRGINIA
On this same eventful day (July 6), the day of momentous
happenings, Lafayette was pushing his work to conclusion in
far away Virginia. This is his story of the situation:
The enemy have been so kind as to retire before us. Twice I gave them
a chance of fighting (taking care not to engage further than I pleased),
but they continued their retrograde movement. Our number is, I think,
exaggerated to them, and our seeming boldness confirms the opinion. I
thought at first that Lord Cernwallis wanted to get me down as low as
possible, and use the cavalry to advantage. But it appears he does not as
yet come out, and our position will admit of partial affairs. His lordship
had (exclusive of the riflemen from Portsmouth, said to be 600) 4,000
men, 800 of whom were dragoons or mounted infantry. Our force is
about equal to his, but only 1,500 are regulars and 50 dragoons. Our little
action marks the retreat of the enemy. From the place at which they
first began to retreat to Williamsburg is upward of 100 miles. His lord
ship has done us no harm of any consequence. He has lost a very large
part of his former conquests, and has not made any in this State. General
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 26
402 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Greene demanded of me only to hold my ground in Virginia, but the
movements of Lord Cornwallis may answer better purposes than that in
the military line.
Washington, in return, promptly wrote to Lafayette (July 13)
from Dobbs Ferry:
I sincerely congratulate you on the favorable turn of affairs announced
in your last, and I hope you will be able to maintain that superiority
which you seem to be gaining over Lord Cornwallis. * * * Comte
DE ROCHAMBEAU formed a junction with me at the camp about 12 miles
from Kings Bridge a few days ago.
I shall shortly have occasion to communicate matters of very great
importance to you, so much so that I shall send a confidential officer for the
purpose. You will in the meantime endeavor to draw together as respect
able a body of Continential troops as you possibly can, and take every
measure to augment your cavalry. Should the enemy confine themselves
to the lower country, you will no doubt pay attention to the formation of
magazines above. These will be in every case essential, w r hether the war
continues in Virginia, or whether it shall still be carried on in South Caro
lina. Should General Greene come into Virginia in person you will be
good enough to communicate the foregoing to him.
In the present situation of affairs it is of the utmost importance that a
communication by a chain of expresses should be opened between this
army and that in Virginia. They are already established from here to
Philadelphia, and if there is none from you to Philadelphia, you will be
pleased to take measures for having it formed. You will also endeavor to
establish such a communication with the coast as to be able to know
whether any troops are detached by sea from Lord Cornwallis's army; for
it is more than probable, that, if he finds himself baffled in attempting to
overrun Virginia, he will take a strong post at Portsmouth or Williams-
burg, and reenforce New York or South Carolina. Should any detachment
be made you will transmit to me the earliest intelligence. * * *
You have the compliments and good wishes of all your friends in the
French army, while those of the American army are not behindhand with
them. With the warmest affection and esteem, I am, etc.
Recent movements evidently disposed of any further reliance
on New York as affording the much desired climax to military
operations.
In less than a fortnight, so sudden had become the transitions
of military situations, Washington with all the American force
he could spare from the Hudson River and all our French
friends were marching across New York, Pennsylvania, Dela-
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 403
ware, Maryland, and Virginia, to the regions of ancient York,
Williamsburg, and Jamestown, to give the final blow in the
struggle Lafayette was engaged in with the British.
COURTESIES TO OUR AUJES
Washington was scrupulously attentive to the proper cour
tesies to our allies. An instance of this may be cited from
a letter (July 14) from the chief to Lord Stirling, a noble gen
tleman in the American service. This is what he says:
The greatest harmony having hitherto subsisted between the French and
American soldiers, your lordship will be particularly careful to see that it
is not interrupted by any act of imprudence on our part; and, as Baron
Viomenil, who will command the French line, is older in commission than
your lordship, you will take the parole and countersign from him daily.
It is scarcely probable that the enemy will make any attempt upon the
camp, while so respectable a force is near their own lines. Should they
do so, it must be by water. The officer commanding the water guard will
communicate any movement * at Dobbs Ferry, * * * which
you will of course transmit to Baron Viomenil.
DE GRASSE. TO SAIL FOR THE CHESAPEAKE
Upon his return to Santo Domingo from a cruising expedi
tion off the Antilles, Comte de Grasse found De Barras's frig
ate with ROCHAMBEAU'S dispatches awaiting him. He at once
conferred with M. de Ljllancourt, commandant of that island,
and the Spanish admiral, Senor Solano. In them he found
ready concurrence in his plan of an expedition to the mainland.
The particulars of what transpired are fully presented in his
letter to ROCHAMBEAU (at the cape, Santo Domingo, July 8,
1781). He wrote in an open, manly tone of "seeing with
regret the distress which prevails on the continent and the ne
cessity of the prompt succor you solicit . ' ' He mentioned his con
ference with M. de Lillancourt, who had but taken command of
the government on the day of his arrival, and had arranged
with him to furnish, from the garrison of Santo Domingo, a
detachment from the regiments Gatinois, Agenois, and Tour-
raine, 3,000 men, 100 artillery, 100 dragoons, 100 pieces of field
ordnance, and several of siege artillery and mortars. This
404 Neivport to Yorktown, 1781
whole force was to be embarked in 25 to 29 vessels of war to sail
from that colony on the i3th of August, proceeding directly to
the Chesapeake, "which place seems to be indicated by your
self, General Washington, M. de la Luzerne. and Comte de
Barras as the best point of operation for accomplishing the object
proposed."
The admiral also referred to doing all in his power to procure
the 1,200,000 livres.
As the Santo Domingo colony was not in condition to furnish
any such sum he offered to send a frigate to Havana specially
to obtain it, adding, "and you may depend upon receiving
that amount. ' '
He stated specifically, as neither himself nor the troops com
manded by the Marquis de St. Simon could remain after Octo
ber 15, therefore "I shall be greatly obliged if you will employ
me promptly and effectually within that time, whether against
the maritime or land forces of our enemy."
EVERYTHING READY TO PROCEED IMMEDIATELY
The reasons given by the Count de Grasse for his inability to
leave the troops beyond that period were presented in this letter,
as follows:
First, because part of them are under the orders of the Spanish generals
and have been obtained only on the promise that they shall be returned
by the time they will be wanted; and, secondly, because the other part are
destined to the garrison of Santo Domingo, and can not be spared from that
duty to M. de Lillancourt. The entire expedition, in regard to those troops,
has been concerted only in consequence of your request, without even the
previous knowledge of the ministers of France and Spain. I have thought
myself authorized to assume this responsibility for the common cause, but
I should not dare so far to change the plans they have adopted, as to
remove so considerable a body of troops.
You clearly perceive the necessity of making the best use of the time
that will remain for action. I hope the frigate which takes this letter will
have such dispatch that everything may be got in readiness by the time
of my arrival, and that we may proceed immediately to fulfill the designs
in view, the success of which I ardently desire.
With this gloriously encouraging response the Concorde put
back to Newport.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 405
TO HOLD ON TO CORNWALLIS
Washington promptly informed L,afayette of the return of
the Concorde and of the intended sailing of Comte de Grasse on
August 13 with 25 to 29 sail of the line and a considerable body
of land forces, his destination being the Chesapeake, and to look
out for him.
He gave orders to take such a position as would best enable
him to prevent the enemy's sudden retreat through North
Carolina.
The chief added ' ' you shall hear further from me as soon as
I have concerted plans and formed dispositions for sending a
reenforcement from hence;" also, "you will take measures for
opening a communication with Comte de Grasse the moment he
arrives, and \vill concert measures with him for making the best
use of your joint forces until you receive aid from this quarter."
CHANGE OF FRONT
In the confidence and counsel- of his own thoughts Washing
ton, in the face of his persistent designs upon New York,
promptly adopted his plan of future actions to the exigencies
of circumstances. In his diary, entry of July 14, he states his
position in these precise terms:
Matters having now come to a crisis and a decided plan to be determined
on, I was obliged, from the shortness of Count de Grasse's promised stay
on this coast, the apparent disinclination of their naval officers to force
the harbor of New York, the feeble compliance of the States with my
requisitions for men hitherto, and the little prospect of greater exertion in
the future, to give up all ideas of attacking New York and instead thereof
to remove the French troops and the American army to the Head of Elk
to be transported to Virginia for the purpose of cooperating with the force
from the West Indies against the troops in that State.
A DELICATE POINT
In his letter accompanying the intelligence of De Grasse's
proposed sailing from the Chesapeake, De Barras intimated that
that officer did not require him to form a junction with him,,
leaving him to engage in any other expedition in his discretion.
406 Newport to Yorktoiun, 1781
It was evident from the tenor of the context there was a
feeling of unrest, if not of dissatisfaction, concerning the coming
of De Grasse, and De Barras gave notice of his own proposed
departure on an expedition against Newfoundland.
The incongruity of such a diversion under coincident circum
stances called forth the utmost remonstrance consistent with the
quasi freedom of initiative on the part of De Barras in naval
affairs. Both the army chiefs suggested the danger and inexpe-
dience of such a movement from the standpoint of direct results
of the presence of the fleet and consequent danger from the
probable presence of Rodney following De Grasse up from the
West Indies.
Their position led to the determination of De Barras to sail
to the Chesapeake and join De Grasse when the moment for
that opportune movement arrived.
ANOTHER OUTLOOK ACROSS THE HUDSON
Not even yet despairing of an opportunity to strike a deci
sive blow against the enemy's chief stronghold, Washington,
accompanied by ROCHAMBEAU, De Beville, quartermaster-
general of the French, and Duport ail, engineer in chief of the
Americans, crossing the Hudson at Dobbs Feny on July 18,
with an escort of 150 men of the New Jersey line, spent a day
on the commanding grounds between the ferry and Fort Lee,
studying the British positions.
The determination to make his capital stroke at New York
was still so strong that, anticipating the arrival of Comte
de Grasse with his fleet, Washington communicated with him
in a letter (July 21) in Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU'S cipher,
bringing to his attention the fact of the junction of the two
armies, their position and strength, and that of the enemy.
He went further, explaining the plans in view. This letter
was dispatched to General Forman, who still held post at Mon-
mouth, with instructions to keep a constant lookout on the
heights, and to go aboard the flagship and deliver the letter to
De Grasse in person.
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 407
On the same day (July 21) at Dobbs Ferry, Washington
replied to a letter of the i5th from Comte de Barras, who had
declined to take his squadron to the Chesapeake at that time.
-The chief thought his objections were founded on propriety,
but was certain could the measure have taken place it would
have been attended with most valuable consequences.
The reason in the mind of De Barras was the imprudence of
risking any new enterprise which might disconcert the gen
eral plan in view and delay junction with De Grasse.
AN ENTERPRISE WITHOUT RESULT
A detachment from his fleet had made an attack, under
command of Baron d'Angely, against Huntington Bay on the
Sound, which was not a success, for which, however, Wash
ington thanked him for directing the attempt to be made.
It appears a body of refugees in considerable force had estab
lished a fort and camp at Lloyds Neck, near Huntington Bay.
A project was set on foot to dislodge them. The duty was put
down for the fleet, not then very busy, at Newport. Part of it,
3 frigates with a landing party of 250 French troops under
Baron d'Angely, was assigned to the venture. The expedi
tion sailed July 10. In the Sound they were joined by some
American volunteers in boats and several Fairfield pilots. On
the 1 2th the party landed on the Neck, at a point near the
fort. They were not long in ascertaining the position not
assailable without artillery. The attacking party hastily
departed to their vessels, with several wounded by cannon from
the fort. The enemy's vessels were out of danger, having
taken refuge up the river out of range of the frigates.
LAST DASH AT NEW YORK
As a result of the observations of the i8th, a reconnoissance
in force, consisting of about 5,000 Americans and Frenchmen,
was conducted by Washington, in person, in the direction of
Kings Bridge.
408 Neiuport to York town, ij8i
The march began at 8 o'clock on July 21, the army moving
in four columns, the American right on the North River and
left on the Sawmill River roads.
The whole army was at Kings Bridge about daylight and
formed on the high ground in the rear of Fort Independence
extending toward Delancys Mills. Lauzun's legion and Water-
bury 's Connecticut militia made clean work of their part of the
programme, but the coveted refugees scattered in all directions,
managing to get over to the island or the shipping in the East
River with but small loss.
The whole movement was conducted with so much regularity
and alacrity that the enemy was entirely ignorant of the pres
ence of the allied Armies until the whole force was in position
(July 22) ready for action.
After forming his lines, Washington, with ROCHAMBEAU and
the engineers, availed himself of the facilities for reconnoitering
the enemy's position and defenses, beginning at Tippets Hill
opposite the enemy's left, taking in Fort Charles, a redoubt
near Kings Bridge, a fort on Cox Hill out of repair, Forts Tryon,
Knyphausen, and Laurel Hill, found to be formidable, and Fort
George, the key to the chain of works on a hill opposite.
An elevation from the creek east of Harlem River, and a
little below, was found to command the opposite shore and all
the plain adjoining. These positions were near the old lines
of defense of Washington's army in 1776.
THE CHIEFS IN A DILEMMA
The next day (July 23) was spent on Frogs Neck.
Among the incidents of this brave movement may be repeated
this one: While the engineers were making geometrical calcula
tions to ascertain the width of an inlet on Long Island, the two
generals who had crossed to a small island off the shore, fell
asleep under a hedge within cannon range of the enemy. 'The
Count aroused hastened to awaken Washington, reminding him
they had forgotten the time of the tide.
Newport to York town, 1781 409
The generals hastily returned to the dam breast by which
they had crossed the inlet from the mainland, only to find it
submerged. Two small boats having been brought to their
relief, Washington and ROCHAMBEAU jumped into them with
their saddles and horse accoutrements and were rowed back to
shore. Two American dragoons, excellent swimmers, led their
horses into the water, the rest of the animals being driven after.
The remainder of the party were also safely brought over,
the experience lasting an hour.
Having finished the reconnoiter, with but a few harmless
shots fired at them, the whole force at 6 p. m. returned toward
Dobbs Ferry in reverse order, reaching camp about midnight.
A vidette now brought additional intelligence of Cornwallis's
continued retreat with Lafayette at his heels, Wayne, whom
ROCHAMBEAU calls "a brave but very ardent officer " in the
van.
CORNWALLIS HARASSED
The young Frenchman with his Continental light infantry
was miking things exceedingly lively on the James. He was
harassing Cornwallis to such an extent that ROCHAMBEAU made
Lafayette's movements the theme of a complimentary report to
his King's minister of war.
CUXTON THWARTED
The reconnoissance accomplished what was anticipated.
Clinton was compelled to abandon his projected operations in
the south.
Washington and ROCHAMBEAU were in possession of informa
tion that the British general had received orders to embark a
strong force and engage Washington east of the Hudson. Fail
ing of reenforcements from the north, Cornwallis was forced
out of inland Virginia by Lafayette and took refuge at the
entrance to Chesapeake Bay, where he was ordered to occupy
a permanent and fortified position which might be reached
by water from New York.
4io Newport to Yorktown, 1781
CORNWALLIS STILL RUNNING
On the heels of this gratifying news came the additional
information that Cornwallis was retreating by the James River
to Richmond, and thence to Williamsburg, the old Virginia
capital, about 12 miles from York.
A letter from Lafayette at Williamsburg reported Cornwallis
had fled to Portsmouth, from whence he proposed, under orders
from Clinton, to ship part of his army to New York.
During the months of July and August the valiant French
man in the uniform of the Continentals, having driven Corn
wallis from pillar to post, had him effectually cornered and
proposed to hold him. He notified Washington of the situa
tion and urged him to hasten to the Englishman's certain
capture.
The arrival of reenforcements changed the British comman
der's programme. The earl was ordered to take up a strong
position on the Chesapeake, from which he might harass Vir
ginia and Maryland. His engineers examined Old Point Com
fort, Yorktown, and Gloucester.
MAKES HIS STAND AT YORKTOWN
Considering the positions at Yorktown and Gloucester better
for the purpose, and unable to proceed by land, as Lafayette
controlled the situation there, Cornwallis transferred his forces
by water from Portsmouth to those points, taking possession on
August i and 2.
His entire force consisted of 7,000 men, and fortifications were
begun at once.
LAFAYETTK. TIGHTENS HIS GRIP
As soon as Cornwallis took this position Lafayette moved
down from Williamsburg to within a few miles of the British
lines.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 411
BRITISH RECRUITS
Affairs were now getting lively all around. The British garri
son at Charleston, S. C., had been strengthened by a convoy of
3,000 recruits from Cork, Ireland.
On the nth of August, with the arrival of recruits and the
Pensacola garrison, notwithstanding the forces dispatched to
the south, the effective strength of the British at New York
was more than 12,000.
STRENGTH OF THE ALLIED ARMIES
The whole strength of Washington's two divisions and
ROCHAMBEAU'S French corps combined footed up 9,000 men.
Of this number the return of ROCHAMBEAU'S effectives showed
that upward of one-half were Frenchmen.
FEARS OF CORNWALLIS'S RELIEF
From Malvern Hill, Va., L/afayette reported to Washington
the British light infantry, the guards, the Thirtieth Regi
ment, and the Queen's Rangers, under orders for New York.
A fleet of 20 sail arriving at New York about the middle of
August gave rise to much excitement in camp in the high
lands, concluding it came from the Chesapeake with the Corn-
wallis detachment, but it proved to be a body of Hessian recruits
from the other side.
The skillful tactics of Lafayette had at length forced Corn-
wallis into a trap, where he held him with inferior numbers as
in a vise.
The apprehension of Washington with regard to the force of
Cornwallis during these maneuvers was not his getting away
from his embarrassments with Lafayette ; it was the possi
bility of his whole force or part of it being taken off to New York
as. a reenforcement for that post, and consequent raising of a
barrier to all hope of its capture by siege or assault.
Conditional instructions had been forwarded by Clinton,
directing Cornwallis to send a detachment to New York as
soon as he was safely established in the fortified post he was
directed to construct on the Chesapeake.
412 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
ROCHAMBEAU PRECEDES A BRITISH FLOTILLA
The forced marches enjoined on the French to the Hudson
had made victualing very difficult. Added to this, a vessel
carrying four days' bread rations to the corps was taken by
an English expedition sent on a reconnoissance up the Hudson.
As a result the French troops were put on rations of 4
ounces per day, rice and additional meat in place of bread,
to which the men submitted cheerfully.
In order to prevent a recurrence of this annoyance the
Count dispatched a battery of 12 pounders and mortars under
Captain Verton to a narrow part, of the river to await the
return of the British flotilla. When it came in sight a spir
ited artillery duel took place, in which the enemy severely
suffered and limped away downstream.
APPROACHING A CRISIS
The persistence of Lafayette, hovering 011 the front, flank,
and rear of the much perturbed earl, so frustrated or defeated
his tactics that he was unable to carry out the injunctions of his
chief in New York. In the meantime, the fleet of De Grasse
arrived in the Chesapeake, greatly to his dismay and ultimate
' ' bottling up. ' ' After the young Frenchman and his American
Continentals fairly set their grip, no part of Cornwallis's army
was able to get away. It was now only a matter of a little more
strength of numbers, his force at all times having been greatly
inferior to the European veterans of his antagonist.
This relief was fortunately near at hand and soon in evidence.
In the meantime that valiant Rhode Islander, Greene, who
had succeeded the badly beaten English- American Gates, was
making splendid headway against the enemy in the Carolinas.
Everything now pointed to a crisis and a culmination.
ANTICIPATING DE GRASSE
From his camp at Phillipsburg (Aug. 17), in anticipation
of the arrival of the French fleet from the Indies, Washington
hastened an express to inform Comte de Grasse of the abandon-
Newport to York town, ij8i 413
ment of the enterprise against New York, and of turning his
attention toward the south. A reason, additional to the news
from the Count, was the arrival at New York of 20 sail bringing
in, among other warlike merchandise, 3,000 Hessian recruits
for the ranks of the mercenaries of the English. From this
fact he writes
We have determined to remove the whole of the French army and a
large detachment of the American army to the Chesapeake to meet your
excellency.
The chief then proceeds to a discussion of the "principal
cases which present themselves, and upon which we shall
be obliged ultimately to form our plans," which he requested
his excellency to revolve in his mind and prepare his opinion
by ' ' the time we shall have the pleasure of meeting you in
Virginia."
He proposed sending General Duportail to give information
as to the mode of attacking Charleston if that was to be under
taken, as he was present during the siege.
This important letter was signed jointly by Washington and
ROCHAMBEAU.
NO CASH FOR THE CAMPAIGN
The Livingston mansion, at the time of which we speak, was
the headquarters of General Washington. Having abandoned
the capture of New York as impracticable for lack of superior
naval force, the letters of Lafayette strengthened the suggestion
and his own conclusions as to the demand for a movement to
the south.
While in this state of mind it happened that Robert Morris,
superintendent of finance, and Richard Peters, secretary of the
board of war, were guests at headquarters. Revolving in his
mind the embarrassment of future operations, owing to lack
of resources in money and material, the general in chief sud
denly turning to Peters remarked:
"What can you do for me?"
414 Newport to Yorktown, ij8i
"With money, everything; without it, nothing," replied
Peters, casting an inquiring glance at Morris. ' ' Let me know
the sum," said the resourceful financier.
The rest of the morning the chief was busy over his figures
and estimates to meet the requirements of an autumn campaign
in Virginia. The calculations were submitted, arrangements
were promptly made for the necessary funds, which, ho\vever,
being of the fiat variety, presented poor encouragement in actual
test.
ROCH AM BEAU'S LOAN
The only recourse for real fnoijey was to turn to ROCHAM-
BEAU, who had control of the King's war chest. The Count
accepted a promise to return the sum by the following October.
Twenty thousand dollars in coin were handed over to Washing
ton for the purpose.
It was French money which opened the means and a French
man who paved the way to the triumph at York town.
It was at this critical moment Washington received later
information from Count de Grasse that he was prepared to sail
from Cape Francois, West Indies (August 13) for the Chesa
peake, one of the two points of concentration indicated to him.
EMBARRASSING
The general in chief again turned his attention to the fleet at
Newport, particularly as Comte de Barras was more strongly
impressed than ever against leaving that harbor.
In giving his own reasons (July 30) for desisting from
further representing the advantages which would result from
preventing a junction of the enemy's force at New York and
blocking up those now in Virginia, Washington was fearful
in event of disaster and the loss or damage to the fleet, it might
be ' ' ascribed to my obstinacy in urging a measure to which his
own (De Barras) judgment was opposed, and the execution of
which might impede his junction with the West Indies fleet and
thwart the views of Comte de Grasse."
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 415
PREPARING FOR THE FIELD
The combined armies remained in the vicinity of Phillips-
burg, in Westchester County, N. Y., engaged in these move
ments and maneuvers toward the British positions on York
Island until August 19, when suddenly swinging into column
they disappeared toward the ferry.
The receipt of definite news from De Grasse, based upon a
fixed purpose as to the time of departure for the Chesapeake,
and approximating his arrival, as we have seen, very summarily
changed the posture of affairs from the direction of New York.
Comte de Fersen, first aid to ROCHAMBEAU, was ordered
with quick dispatch to Newport and Providence, to hasten the
embarkation of the artillery and prepare for the departure of
the fleet.
Having communicated the cheerful news to Washington,
ROCHAMBEAU began preparations with De Barras for an early
junction with De Grasse, and for bringing up his heavy ord
nance and detachment left with De Choisy.
On August 19, Washington assigned General Heath to the
command of all the troops remaining in the department, com
prising the Second New Hampshire, Tenth Massachusetts, Fifth
Connecticut troops of the line, Sheldon's Horse, the Corps of
Invalids, Third Regiment of Artillery, and the State troops and
militia, to insure the safety of West Point and the posts in the
highlands. His orders were to keep the enemy at New York
from reenforcing the armies in the south, and from harassing
the inhabitants of the coast.
He further gave very specific instructions, together with gen
eral directions for the protection and covering of the country
and the northern and western frontiers of the States, assuming
his force adequate. As a rule he was to act on the defensive
only, but not to hesitate giving a blow to the enemy should a
fair opportunity present itself.
He directed the north side of Croton River as the most eligi
ble position from which to execute his orders.
The redoubt on the east side of Dobbs Ferry was ordered
demolished and the block house on the other side held or
416 fewp&ri to York town, ij8i
evacuated and destroyed, as thought proper. The water
guards were to be held against surprise.
On August 20 the French troops were returned to their for
mer camp (No. 15) at North Castle, a march of 22 miles. On
the same day at 10 a. m. Washington's own detachment left its
camp on the road 'near the river to Verplancks Point and began
crossing at Kings Ferry. By sunrise the next morning his
entire force was at Stony Point, on the west bank of the
Hudson. This consisted of a corps of picked American troops
about 2,000 strong.
ROCHAMBEAU IN MOTION
In informing ROCHAMBEAU in a dispatch, Washington added ,
"I hope your army will be enabled to cross with the same
facility when they arrive."
The French arm} 7 moved by way of White Plains, North
Castle, Pines Bridge, and Crompond, where it camped (No. 16)
August 21.
At this camp ROCHAMBEAU received a courier with a note
from the chief, ' ' I shall be happy in your company to-morrow
(22d) at dinner at my quarters and will meet you at the ferry
by 8 o'clock, when we will either be furnished with some cold
repast en passant or will take you to my quarters about 3 miles
from the ferry, where you shall be introduced to a warm
breakfast."
On the day referred to (22d) ROCHAMBEAU, after a march of
1 8 miles, camped (No. 17) at Kings Ferry.
On this day ( 2 ist), Washington dispatched this information to
Lafayette, ' ' The troops destined for the southern quarter are
now in motion. The American detachment is already on the
west side of the Hudson. The French army I expect will reach
the ferry this day. Our march will be continued with all the
dispatch that our circumstances will admit."
Fearful of an effort on the part of Cornwallis to retreat, upon
beholding the French fleet in portentious reality, Washington
expressed to Lafayette his
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 417
most earnest wish that the land and naval forces which you will have
with you may so combine their operations that the British may not be able
to escape.
How this should be done the chief would not dictate, con
sidering the various and extended movements the marquis
had made, ' ' and the great opportunities for observation you have
enjoyed, of which I am persuaded your military genius and
judgment will lead you to make the best improvement."
The chief also inclosed for Comte de Grasse a letter ' ' left
open for your (Lafayette's) observation and committed to
your care for its safe conveyance."
He also requested the marquis to be pleased to have ' ' water
craft sent to Head of Elk by the 8th of September to facilitate
the embarkation of the troops who will be there by that day."
DE BARRAS TO JOIN DE GRASSE
Still another piece of news in the grand cooperating activity
was word from De Barras of his intended departure from New
port with his fleet, sailing August 21-25, to join De Grasse
with 8 ships of the line, 4 frigates, 10 transports, and 8 Amer
ican vessels.
The great anxiety in the mind of the commander in chief,
notwithstanding the favorable trend of events, was the move
ments of De Grasse. He had heard of his intended sailing for
the Chesapeake but nothing of his arrival. He feared the
English fleet, by first gaining possession of the Chesapeake,
might frustrate his plans. He still entertained some solicitude
concerning De Barras sailing on the date he had named.
Upon Lafayette he enjoined "if the retreat of Cornwallis by
sea should be cut off by the arrival of either of the French fleets
you will do all in your power to prevent it by land. ' '
FRENCH ARMY CROSSES THE HUDSON
The next two days (23d and 24th) were occupied in trans
porting the French forces, with all their baggage and stores, to
the west shore of the Hudson, under protection of the American
guns at Verplancks Point.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 27
4i 8 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
In the meantime Washington was deeply occupied in giving
orders and making dispositions of his own forces.
ON THK ROAD
The main body of Americans under General Lincoln took
the roads leading through Trenton, one column moving through
Ramapo Valley and the pass to Morristown, another through
the upper route above the Ringwood Iron Works.
The French troops followed the river route by Tappan and
the Hackensack Valley on the west side, making a demonstra
tion at Newark, Brunswick, and Perth Amboy, of a purpose
to attack the British posts on Staten Island, and ultimately on
New York Island itself.
The French column advanced to Suiferns, 16 miles. This
was the real beginning of the march of the allied armies for
Yorktown. The number of Americans present was about 2,000,
much less than one-half the force of the French.
The American detachment assembled in the vicinity of
Chatham on the 24th and the French on the day following.
In order to give the feint an appearance of reality every prep
aration was made for an attack, erecting ovens at Chatham 4
miles from Staten Island, collecting forage, and constructing
boats. M. de Villemansy, commissary, did as much in deceiv
ing Clinton by building ovens and victualing the French troops
as could have been done by building redoubts and charging
them with cannon and musketry.
The question of pay of the American troops selected for the
march was getting serious. In his letter from Chatham (August
27) to the superintendent of finance, Washington called atten
tion to their having shown marks of great discontent. The
service on hand was not suited to the inclinations of the northern
regiments, but, said the chief, ' ' I make no doubt that a ' douceur '
of a little hard money would put them in proper temper. Part
will be better than none. ' '
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 419
FRENCH CASH TO THE RELIEF
On August 24 Colonel Laurens put into Boston on his return
from his special mission to France, having in his custody
2,500,000 livres as an installment of the King's bounty of
6,000,000 livres recently donated to the United States.
This opportune sum quieted any further discontent among
the troops on the march concerning pay, and enabled Mr.
Morris to make good his obligation to ROCHAMBEAU.
The Comte having received word from De Barras of his pur
pose to join the fleet in the Chesapeake, sailing from New
port August 2 1 , should the winds prove favorable, Washington
sent the information forward by express (August- 24) to meet
the West Indies fleet upon its arrival.
He also estimated, judging from the progress made on the
march, the arrival of the allied armies at the Head of Elk by
the 8th of September, and urged sending to that point by that
time all his frigates and transports in order to hasten the
arrival of the allied armies at the seat of war.
ROCHAMBEAU' s RUSE
The march was resumed August 27, advancing to Pompton,
17 miles, and August 28 to Whippany, 16 miles, a short dis
tance east of Morristown, which had the appearance of a con
templated advance on Sandy Hook in order to cover the
entrance of the French vessels for an attack on New York. In
order to strengthen this belief the allied troops went into camp
August 29, but ROCHAMBEAU by a quick movement suddenly
swung to the right, moving rapidly to the Delaware the next
day, camping that night at Bullion's Tavern, 16 miles.
The two armies now fairly on the way, the general and
Count rode ahead (August 30), arriving at Philadelphia the
next day.
On the 3ist the main column of the French encamped at
Somerset, 17 miles; September i, Princeton, 13 miles; and on
the 2d at Trenton, 12 miles. Finding the water low, the men
forded the Delaware without difficulty.
42O Newport to Yorktown, 1781
CLINTON INFORMKD
It was not until the armies had crossed the Delaware that
Clinton learned that the French army had marched south
with the American forces to engage Cornwallis. Sir Henry,
having advised himself of the condition of the forts, forces,
and materials of war in Rhode Island, formed a plan to seize
the French stores at Providence and capture their fleet at
Newport. Clinton proposed to undertake the former and Ad
miral Graves the latter, both having overwhelming superiority
in their favor. A delay in getting started, however, lapped
over the date of departure of De Barras to join De Grasse in
the Chesapeake. The game had flown and the attack was
abandoned. He appeased his impotent exasperation, however,
by informing Cornwallis of what, he might expect from the
French and Americans, but nothing from him. He began
depredations along the New England coast. For the ear of
Washington Jie threatened an attack on the posts in the high
lands. General Heath was prepared for such a demonstration,
having about 15 veteran regiments, Continental and militia, at
his command, and full instructions, as we have seen. These
menaces were without effect on Washington's actions. The
atrocities of the traitor Arnold at New London, in the vicinity
of his birthplace (Norwich) and among the companions of his
childhood and youth, heartless as they were, proved not only a
disgrace to British arms, but a source of intense hate among the
people.
At Trenton the chief quartermaster was directed to take up
all small craft on the Delaware River for the transportation of
troops from that point to Christiana Creek, where the overland
portage of impedimenta would begin.
Having traversed New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware
into Pennsylvania, the French column moved down the river
road, camping on the night of the 3d at Red Lion Tavern, 15
miles, taking Bristol on the way, and on the evening of the 4th,
after a march of 15 miles, rested for the night on the east
-border of Philadelphia.
FRENCH UNIFORMS.
Newport to York town, 1781 421
On September 2 from Philadelphia, while awaiting the com
ing tip of the two armies, Washington encouraged Lafayette by
approval of his tactical skill and of his request for the support
of the local militia, and informed him the French troops under
ROCHAMBEAU and an American corps under Major-General
Lincoln were thus far en route, in addition to the land force of
the fleet.
GREETED AS DELIVERERS
The next day was spent in camp furbishing arms and accou-
terments for the parade through the city.
The march of the French was invested with all the charac
teristics of a triumphal progress. Along the route, for miles on
both sides, practically the whole people came down to give
expression to their grateful feelings toward the regulars sent
over by the French King. The inhabitants not only gathered
to do homage to ROCHAMBEAU and his men, but brought with
them an abundance of provisions, conveyed in every sort of
vehicle, from the chariot of the rich to the ox cart and sled
of the poor.
FRENCH MILITARY UNIFORMS
The following is a description of the style of uniforms worn
by the French troops under ROCHAMBEAU during their service
in America, 1780-1783, as given in the ' ' 1'Ordonnance du Roi. ' '
[The figures refer to the illustrations.]
75. Infantry. Uniform white; facings, breast and collar, red; epau
lettes, red; peruke, white; cap, helmet shape, black polished leather with
black plush comb; bandoliers, white; cartridge box and bayonet scabbard,
polished leather, black; musket, flintlock.
16. Infantry officers. Coat green; facings white, collar with guimpe
and cuffs red; vest with skirt, single-breasted, red; epaulettes, silver straps;
baldric, red, trimmed in white; sword belt, red; breeches, tight, red; boots,
over knee; chapeau, rim up front and back, edged with white and cockade;
sword, straight with basket hilt.
7j. Grenadier. Coat green; facings white; collar, cuffs, and epaulettes,
red; vest with short skirt, red, faced with white; breeches, lemon; leggings,
white, to above knees, single row of buttons up outside; belts, shoulder
and waist, white; bearskin, black; aiguillette, white; pompon, white;
musket, flintlock.
422 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
14. ffussar. Jacket, tight fitting, dark-green trimming; breast, gold;
sleeves, tight; cuffs, faced to a point; sash and embroidered fobs, red;
breeches, scarlet, tight; boots with branded tops and tassels; bandolier,
red with yellow polka dots; dolman, lemon, braided in gold and bordered
with fur; cuffs, fur and faced on outside of sleeve to near elbow; peruke;
busby black, bag red, tassel gold; pompon, white; scimiter.
12, Dragoon. Coat green, facings and linings red, lower edges of skirt
turned back and fastened with lily in silver; vest white, single breasted,
with short skirt; pockets, scalloped; epaulettes, silver, with fringe; ban
dolier, green; breeches, drab and tight; boots, high with orange tops one-
third down; helmet, gold with black comb and white plume; cavalry
sword.
ii . Artillery. Coat red, facings green, buttonholes close worked, white;
pockets faced with green; cuffs green, white ruffles; stock, dark; ruffle
shirt front; vest white, single breasted with skirt and buttonholes open-
worked; epaulettes, silver with fringe; breeches, white, tight; leggings,
white, carried 4 inches above knees, one row of buttons up outside; wig,
white; chapeau, raised rim four points, faced top rim with narrow ruffle;
small sword.
REVIEW BY CONGRESS
In this style the soldiers of France filed off in the presence
of Congress assembled to review them. The town people, too,
were out in force to extend applause to the Frenchmen on their
march through the streets of Philadelphia on that glorious 6th
of September, 1781.
The same night the regiments, after a march of 16 miles, went
into camp south of Chester.
AN OCCASION FOR HILARITY
At Chester Washington was met by a letter from General
Gist announcing the arrival in the Chesapeake of De Grasse,
with 28 ships of the line, which he forthwith (3 p. m.) passed
to the President of Congress.
The incident is mentioned that so great was the emotion of
the usually impassioned commander in chief that, standing on
the river's brink, when he caught sight of ROCHAMBEAU
and staff approaching by water he waved his hat most vig
orously. The equally impassive ROCHAMBEAU was more
moved by the novel demonstrations of Washington than by the
expected glad tidings of De Grasse.
Newport to York town, 1781 423
DK GRASSK'S FLEET
The French fleet sent out from France under the command
of Admiral Comtede Grasse, sailed from Brest, March 22, 1781,
bound for the West Indies with a convoy of 150 ships, valued
at 30,030,000 livres ($6,000,000).
The event was the occasion of a great popular demonstration,
the minister of marine from Versailles adding by his presence
to the ceremony of the event.
Before the end of April the fleet arrived at Martinique, break
ing the British blockade.
On August 5 De Grasse, in compliance with his promises to
Washington and ROCHAMBEAU, sailed from Santo Domingo,
touching at Havana to take on the coin promised for the York-
town campaign.
On August 26 he anchored in Chesapeake Bay, behind the
Middle Ground Banks, having aboard his ships the land forces
of Saint-Simon. a The same evening the officer posted by
I^afayette at Cape Henry went aboard and conveyed all de
sired information of the Marquis' position, the " bottling up "
of Cornwallis and the expected arrival of the allied armies.
"Claude Anne, Marquis de Saint-Simon, born at Chateau le Faye in 1743, came of a
ducal family of that name famous in French wars and letters. He received his military
education at the artillery school of Strassburg. In the campaign in Flanders he served
as lieutenant in the Regiment Auvergne. In 1775 he was raised to colonel of Regiment
Touraine. In 1779 he participated in the expedition against Martinique, West Indies.
A year after (March i) he was transferred to the service of Spain and was selected to
command the land forces sent with De Grasse in the operations arranged between
France and Spain, then allies, in cooperation with Washington and ROCHAMBEAU in
Chesapeake Bay.
On the last day of the active hostilities of the siege, while commanding in the
trenches, 'where he was constantly under fire, he was badly wounded. Comte DE
ROCHAMBEAU wrote of him officially to his Government as "one of the bravest men
that lived."
After the surrender he returned with his troops to the West Indies. At the conclu
sion of peace between the States and France and England he went to France, where
he received high honors in decorations and entered into French politics as member
of the States-General of 1789, to which he was elected by the old nobility of Angou-
mois. He sided with the republican movement, but not with the revolutionary acts of
violence and license, which he strongly opposed.
In consequence he withdrew to Spain and was captain-general of Old Castile. He
died in Spain in 1820.
424 Newport to Yorktown, ij8i
ST. SIMON AND HIS MEN
The land contingent under Marquis de Saint Simon, number
ing 3,600 men, was conveyed up the James River to Jamestown,
less than 12 miles from Cornwallis's position, where it disem
barked and effected a junction with General L,afayette.
The next day the united forces entered Williamsburg and
made such dispositions as to prevent the escape of Cornwallis.
A detachment of observation was thrown but toward Gloucester.
The Admiral forthwith established a blockade of York River
by dispatching four ships of the line and as many frigates to
that point. a
a Francois Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis de Grasse-Tilly, was born at
Valette, Provence, in 1723; died at Paris, January n, 1788.
At the beginning of the war of the American Revolution he was in command of a 74-
gun ship, the Robuste, in which he took a prominent part in the action of Ouessaiit in
July, 1778. Returning to France he was promoted to lieutenant-general or admiral in
consideration of his services with D'Bstaing during his operations on the American
coast in the autumn of 1779 and under De Guichen in 1780 in his engagement with Rod
ney. He succeeded De Guichen, who had succeeded D'Estaing in command of the
French fleet in the West Indies, and was charged with the conduct cf naval operations
in North American waters in conjunction with Washington and ROCHAMBEAU. When
appointed to this important place of authority in command he was the junior of De
Barras, but by virtue of his advancement to the rank of lieutenant-general in the naval
armies of France became his superior. His brilliant action with Graves off the capes
of the Chesapeake in the early days of September, 1781, greatly restored the prestige of
the navy of France and rated Pe Grasse as a naval commander of meritorious skill.
Upon his return to the West Indies after Yorktown, in a sea fight of seven hours, during
which he bravely sustained himself with 6 ships against a British fleet of 14, he was
overwhelmed, losing all his vessels, including his flagship, the Ville de Paris, famous at
Yorktown, and himself becoming a prisoner. He was held in England until after the
peace of 1783. But added to his misfortunes afloat he lost the favor of the King, and as
a result lived in retirement until his death in January, 1788. ROCHAMBEAU announced
his death to Washington, who replied, "His name will' be long deservedly dear to this
country for his valuable services in the series of warlike events which terminated
in the capture of the British army at Yorktown, Va." In particular his engagement
with Graves before the arrival of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU and their junction
with I^afayette and Saint-Simon; but for his nautical skill and fighting qualities on
that occasion Cornwallis and his entire force would have been borne away in triumph
to New York, and no force in sufficient numbers to force its abandonment for fear of
capture in the movements of embarkation. The life of this hero, so dear to Washing
ton and his countrymen, after returning to France was embittered by a second mar
riage to a woman wholly unworthy of him. To these domestic infelicities was added
the harrowing thought of his King's displeasure. General Washington, in a still later
letter (April, 1788) to ROCHAMBEAU, said, " His frailties should now be buried in the
grave with him, while his name will be long deservedly dear to this country on
account of his successful cooperation in the famous campaign of 1781. The Cincinnati
in some of the States have gone into mourning for "him."
424 ; York town, 1781
The In jiiis de Saint Simon, number
ing 3,600 me up the James River to Jamestown,
less than 12 miles from Cornwallis's position it disem
barked and effected a junction with General Lafayette.
The next day the united forces eir illiamsburg and
made sir -itions ai { Cornwallis.
A detacl 1 ! Gloucester.
The A :iver
,:t.
.
command of a 74-
.- prominent part in the action of Ouessant in
promoted v vral or admiral in
luring his operations on the American
coast in the autur nd under De Guicheu in 1780 in his engagement with Rod-
d De COMTE DE GRASSE >'Itt*ing ia command of the
French fleet in the West Inch 'h the conduct of naval opt
in North American waters in conji. When
appointed to this important place of ai of D C
Barras, but by viu
armies of r
dear to this
lie* of warlike events which terminated
r tne i." I" particular his engagement
ore thearrh .\uand their ji.-
ind Saint-Simon; but for his nautical skill and fighting quali;
-nwallis and his entire force would have been borne away in triumph
d no force in sufficient numbers to force its abandonment for :
: kation. The life of t
r returning to France was embit;
of him. To these domest'-
>f his Kind's displeasure. General Washing;
'CHAMBEAU, said, "His frailties should now be buried in the
his name will be long deservedly dear to this count:
leratioti in the 1. The Cincinnati
ue into mourning for h
*
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 425
ON CHESAPEAKE WATERS
On the evening of September 8, the column reached Head
of Elk, the beginning of navigation on the Chesapeake Bay.
Before leaving Philadelphia the generals in chief learned of
the arrival of Admiral- Hood at New York, where uniting with
Admiral Graves he had sailed without a moment's delay for the
Chesapeake.
The anxiety naturally aroused by intelligence of such an
alarming character was soon set at rest by the report of the
arrival of De Grasse at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay with a
force equal to anything which the British could bring against it.
On September 8, from Klk, Washington, who had arrived in
advance of the troops, conveyed to De Grasse his felicitations
upon the arrival of so formidable a fleet in the Chesapeake, and
advised him of the situation, mentioning the van of the two
armies, French and American, about 2,000 in number, would
embark in two days, drop down the Chesapeake, and form a junc
tion with the troops of Saint-Simon and Marquis de Lafayette in
blocking Cornwallis in Yorktown.
This junction was to be effected in James River, unless the
commander judged another point more favorable. The re
mainder of the troops were to be forwarded with all expedition.
From Head of Klk, September 7, Washington sent an express
to Lafayette, mentioning his satisfaction over the arrival of De
Grasse, and of his ideas on every occasion being so conform
able to his own, continuing, "by your military disposition
and provident measures you have anticipated all my wishes. ' '
Again he writes from Baltimore, on September 8, in the same
vein. At this city Washington was received by a deputation of
Congress with an address, to which he replied.
ROCHAMBEAU AT MOUNT VERNON
From Klk (Klkton) Generals Washington, ROCHAMBEAU,
and Chastellux, escorted by Washington's Life Guard, leaving
the main column 'to -come up as quickly as possible, pushed
ahead by forced marches, reaching Baltimore September 8 and
426 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Mount Vernon on the loth. This was his first visit in six years
and' five months, when he left to attend the assembling of the
Continental Congress in May, 1775, and later the same year
assumed command of the army at Cambridge, outside of Boston.
He now remained but long enough for Count DK ROCH AMBEAU,
who had tarried at Baltimore, to come up, that he might greet
him under the shelter of his own roof and give a moment's hos
pitality to his companionable French comrade in chief command.
From Mount Vernon, on September 10, the chief again ad
vises his brilliant young French general:
We are thus far on our way to you, my dear marquis; Count DE Ro-
CHAMBEAU has just arrived; General Chastellux will also be here. I pro
pose, after resting to-morrow, to be at Fredericksburg on the night of the
1 2th. On the I3th I reach New Castle and the next day I shall have the
pleasure of seeing you at your encampment.
WILUAMSBURG
On the evening of the i4th the general and his company
reached Williamsburg, a distance of 184 miles from Annapolis.
Here they found Lafayette with his American light infantry
division and Saint-Simon with his French grenadier and chas
seurs from the fleet of De Grasse occupying strong positions.
The arrival of this body of men infused a splendid spirit of
admiration and emulation among the troops of Lafayette's
corps, itself the elite of the Continental army. An officer,
in a letter, thus characterized these men:
You have seen the troops of other nations, but you have not seen troops
so well made, robust, or of such an appearance as those of General Saint-
Simon just brought to our assistance.
After congratulating the young French marquis and American
major-general upon the masterly strategy which drove the
British army into its present predicament, Washington hastened
the concentration of his strength and began the organization of
his allied forces in order of march and battle, preparatory to the
advance from Williamsburg to Yorktown. Cornwallis now saw
the danger of his situation. Being without transports his only
chance of escape was by a hurried and secret march into North
Newport to Yorktown, ijS.r 427
Carolina. Lafayette, however, had anticipated such a movement,
by drawing his lines tighter across the peninsula.
With the added support of the Saint-Simon contingent he
felt confident of his ability to hold the entrapped British until
the arrival of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU.
Admiral Rodney, in command of the British naval forces in
the West Indies, learning of De Grasse's departure up the coast,
at once detailed a squadron of 14 ships, under Sir Samuel Wood,
in pursuit.
On August 28; Hood put into New York Bay for a conference
with Graves, who had succeeded Arbuthnot.
NAVAL BATTLE OFF THE CHESAPEAKE
De Barras, not to be idle with so much going on elsewhere,
had sailed for the Chesapeake. Information being brought in
that De Barras had left Newport, Graves and Rodney set forth
after him with the entire fleet of 21 sail, carrying i ,694 guns, and
made their appearance off Cape Charles as the troops of Saint-
Simon were disembarking from De Grasse's ships in James
River. Fully 1,500 of his sailors and 900 officers were assisting
in getting the men ashore. Yet with so much celerity were his
orders obeyed, that the fleet was under sail in less than three
quarters of an hour when the character of the approaching fleet
became known.
De Grasse, upon discovering the character of the approaching
sail, cut cables and with 24 of his best vessels, carrying 1,826
guns, bore down on the enemy. The British, having the wind
in their favor, headed for the French within the bay, prepared for
attack. De Grasse meanwhile, desirous of more room, put to
sea, taking formation across the van of the approaching enemy.
The Englishman at once headed for his adversary, but De Grasse
maneuvering for the weather gauge, the two fleets by afternoon
found themselves clear of the capes and out upon the broad
Atlantic.
It was 4 p. m. before the van of the division of Bougainville
went into action. The two fleets were engaged until sunset.
428 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
DE GRASSE WINS
The British, badly worsted, took the wind, pursued by
De Grasse. The night was passed by both fleets seeking advan
tage of positions. Graves evidently intended to renew the
attack in the morning, desperate as his situation was, until
Admiral Drake, in command of his van division, informed him
of the necessity of repairs to some of his ships.
The two fleets remained in sight of each other for five days
without coming to blows, whereupon De Grasse sailed back to
his anchorage in Lynnhaven Bay.
DK BARRAS ON THE GROUND
While De Grasse was outfighting and outmaneuvering the
British under Graves, De Barras, with the Newport fleet, had
arrived and was anchored in the bay, with the French troops and
heavy artillery from Newport and Providence on board, having
been fortunate enough to pass Graves without being sighted.
CORNWALLIS ABANDONED TO HIS FATE
Finding De Grasse strengthened by the arrival of De Barras,
Graves turned away, heading for New York with all dispatch.
One of his best ships, the Terrible, being so badly damaged
after taking out her crew and stores was sent to the bottom.
This ended the English attempt to raise the investment of
Yorktown from the ocean, and settled the fate of Cornwallis.
ALL ROADS LEAD TO YORK
The troops of both armies hastened forward by forced marches.
Upon arriving at Head of Klk on September 8, as planned, 52
miles from Philadelphia, covered in three days, an officer who
had arrived there but an hour before with dispatches from
Lafayette confirmed the presence of De Grasse in the Chesa
peake. On his way up the coast De Grasse captured a British
armed vessel, having on board Lord Rawdon, bound from
Charleston to New York. This was the commander of the
British troops in the Carolinas.
Newport to York town, ij8i 429
INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION
A difficulty of transportation now presented itself. The
British in their expeditions having destroyed all boats, not more
than sufficient to accommodate the two vanguards of about
1,000 grenadiers and chasseurs and 1,000 Americans could be
found. These were rushed down the bay as fast as the fickle
wind would take them to unite with Lafayette's forces.
In this extremity the two Viomenils pushed ahead with their
forces by land, taking the bay shore as far as Baltimore, 57
miles, and Annapolis 42 miles farther on, making 99 miles in all.
The rest of the troops on September 9 resumed the march,
entering Maryland and camping at Susquehanna Ferry, 16
miles, the same night. Then making Burk's Tavern (loth),
14 miles, marching east of Baltimore; nth, '15 miles; and on
the 1 2th covering 12 miles, the main column going into camp
north of Baltimore, where, it remained until the i6th, when
the march was resumed to Spurien's Tavern, 16 miles; iyth,
Coathes, 18 miles; i8th, Annapolis, 8 miles.
The transportation urged by Washington from the fleet was
in time for prompt use.
ON TRANSPORTS FOR THE FRONT
On the 2ist the entire army, French and Americans, were
taken aboard De Barras's 10 transports, the 2 captured frigates,
and several captured vessels sent up by De Grasse for the pur
pose, and were safely debarked under orders at College Land
ing, James River, Virginia, 178 miles, whence they effected a
junction with the troops of Lafayette and Saint-Simon at
Williamsburg, 6 miles, on September 26.
THE MARCH OF HISTORY
The entire distance marched from Providence to Yorktown
by the army of ROCHAMBEAU was 536 miles, with water trans
portation, Newport to Providence, 30 miles, and Annapolis to
Jamestown, 178 miles 208 miles; and march, Williamsburg to
Yorktown, 12 miles, or a total of 756 miles, Newport to York-
430 Newport to York town, 1781
town. After leaving the army at Susquehanna Ferry, with
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, Marquis de Chastellux, and Life
Guard escort, Washington took the Baltimore Bay road to that
city; thence to Annapolis; thence via Bladensburg and George
town, Md., crossing the Potomac at the latter point, making
their fourth camp out south of Alexandria, Va. (Mount Ver-
non); camp No. 8 at Fredericksburg, crossing the Rapidan and
North and South Anna, and thence moved down the west side
of Pamunkey and York rivers, ending their fourteenth day's
march between Burd's Tavern and Williamsburg, Va.
A DAY ON BOARD WITH DE GRASSE
On September 17, Washington, accompanied by ROCHAM
BEAU, Chastellux, Knox, and Duportail, embarking on the
Queen Charlotte, set out for the La Ville de Paris, in Lynn-
haven Bay, off Cape Henry. They did not arrive, however,
until the next day, owing to contrary winds. Having settled
all points of consultation, excepting the blockade of York River,
the party set out on return, but owing to contrary winds did
not reach headquarters until the 226..
It should be said that De Grasse, impatient of delay, in view
of his engagements in the West Indies for the middle of
October, was urgent to have Lafayette unite in an attack
on the British position without waiting for the arrival of the
forces of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU. The young French
man, unwilling to hazard such an attempt, opposed the wish of
De Grasse with so much tact that he warded off action until
the allied forces were so near that the undertaking might be
considered unwise in more senses than one.
IMMEDIATE ADVANCE ON THE BRITISH WORKS
In their conference on the flagship it was understood that an
attack would be made on Cornwallis as soon as the last of the
American troops were on the ground.
While awaiting the coming up of the rear of the marching
column, information was received of the arrival of Admiral
Newport to Yorktown, ijSi 431
Digby at New York, with six ships of the line, as an addition to
the naval strength of Graves, making the latter 's force nearly
equal to the French.
A DANGEROUS DIVERSION
As this might encourage a fresh attempt on the part of
Graves to relieve Cornwallis of his desperate strait, De Grasse
proposed to put to sea in search of Graves should he make
the attempt, leaving a few frigates in the bay to hold the
York and James rivers.
Washington, fearful of a superior force slipping in and
relieving Cornwallis while the French squadron was absent,
used all his power of argument to persuade De Grasse to desist.
On September 25 he dispatched, from Williamsburg, Marquis
de Lafayette with a letter to Comte de Grasse, in reply to his
of the 23d from Cape Henry proposing this change of plan of
operations as a result of the arrival of Admiral Digby.
The British strength was now equal to his own, therefore he
did not wish to place himself in a position which would pre
vent him from attacking should an attempt be made to relieve
Cornwallis.
De Grasse, therefore, proposed placing two vessels off the
mouth of York River and gathering around him the rest of his
entire force, excepting the frigates Cormorant, Charlotte, Sand
wich, and one other then blockading James River. With the
rest he proposed to keep the offing, in order to have fighting
room should Digby appear. There was also a possibility of an
action forcing him to the leeward and preventing his return.
Yet in his present position he was at a disadvantage for attack
and not secure in a gale.
The anchorage at York had no advantages to prevent the
enemy from entering the capes.
WASHINGTON AND ROCHAMBEAU OPPOSED
The Admiral agreed to wait for a reply from Washington and
ROCHAMBEAU, whom he addressed in common. With his troops
and those of Saint-Simon, and the two vessels and corvettes left
432 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
behind at James River he proposed to sail toward New York,
hoping to do more for the common cause than by remaining an
idle spectator.
He inferred that if the enemy did not come out they dared
not. In the meantime he suggested pushing Cornwallis, and to
act in concord, each on his own side.
This programme gave Washington great anxiety and made
it necessary to insist upon the plan already agreed upon. He
declared the enterprise against York under the protection of
his ships as certain as any military operation can be rendered
by a decisive superiority of strength and means. He declared
the fact reducible to a calculation, and that the surrender of
the British garrison must go a great way toward terminating the
war.
The departure of the fleet from the Chesapeake would be
availed of for relief and frustrate the brilliant prospects ahead,
ending in disgrace after the fairest expectations of the allied
armies, and possibly the disbanding of the whole army for want
of provisions.
Admitting a stationary position impracticable ^as an alterna
tive, however inferior, considered relatively to the support
and facility of land operations, Washington proposed De Grasse
to cruise within view of the Capes, so as to render the entrance
inaccessible to any of the enemy's vessels.
DE GRASSE WON OVER
Added to these frank declarations, the persuasive logic of
L,afayette won De Grasse over to remaining within the capes
and blockading the bay during the siege.
Before doing so, however, he laid the question before a coun
cil of war, the decision of which, communicated to Washington
and ROCHAMBEAU, was in De Grasse' s own words
that a large part of the fleet shall anchor in York River; that four or five
vessels shall be stationed so as to pass up and down James River, and that
you shall aid us with the means to erect a battery on Point Comfort,
where we can place cannon and mortars.
Newport tc Yorktown, ij8i 433
The Admiral also agreed to proceed to the execution of the
arrangement forthwith, of which he gave notice, "that we may
act in concert for the advancement of our operations. ' '
On the 2yth, Washington, acknowledging his indebtedness
for his determination, promised every assistance of the allied
armies relative to the battery at Point Comfort.
ORDER OF BATTLE
The entire force being on the ground, Washington issued
his order of battle from headquarters at Williamsburg, Va. ,
the parole being ' ' Virginia, ' ' and the countersign ' ' York and
Gloucester. ' '
The rolls were required to be called with the greatest
strictness at retreat beating and at tattoo, in the presence of
the field officers, at which time no officer nor soldier in condi
tion to march was to be absent from his post in camp.
The American troops composing the right wing were to be
formed in two lines, the Continental forces in the front line.
The senior Continental officer was to command the right wing
and his excellency, Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, the left wing, of
which he was to make his own disposition.
The whole army was ordered to inarch by the right in one
column, at 5 a. m. sharp, September 28, as light and unen
cumbered as possible.
V
GIVE THEM THE BAYONET
' ' If the enemy should be tempted to meet the army on its
march," the general particularly enjoined, "the troops will
place their principal reliance on the bayonet, that they may
prove the vanity of the boasts which the British make of their
particular success in deciding battles with that weapon. I trust
that generous emulation will actuate the allied armies; that the
French, whose national weapon is that of close fight, and the
troops in general that have so often used it with success, will
distinguish themselves on every occasion that offers. The jus
tice of the cause in which we are engaged and the honor of the
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 28
434 Newport to York town, 1781
two nations must inspire every breast with sentiments that are
the presage of victory."
The advance guard was formed of a brigade of infantry with
its artillery, preceded by a corps of riflemen and light dragoons.
The camp guards and rear guard were ordered to form on the
great road on the left, in the rear of the encampment, at 5
o'clock.
FORMATIONS
The complete formation of the allied armies under these
orders was as follows:
ORGANIZATION OF THE AI^IED ARMY OF YORKTOWN, VA.
ADVANCE FROM RENDEZVOUS AT WIIJJAMSBURG, VA., TO THE SIEGE OF
YORKTOWN, SEPTEMBER 27, 1781.
General GEORGE WASHINGTON, commander in chief.
Right wing (first line): American forces; left wing (first line): French
auxiliary forces.
Right wing (American).
Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, U. S. Army, of Massachusetts, commanding.
First or right division (right wing).
Maj. Gen. the Marquis de Lafayette, U. S. Army, commanding.
Advance Guard.
1. Pennsylvania Volunteer Battalion Riflemen, Maj. William Parr, of
Pennsylvania, commanding.
2. Fourth Regiment Continental Light Dragoons, Col. Stephen Moylan,
of Pennsylvania, commanding.
Second or left brigade (first division).
Col. Moses Hazen, Canadian regiment, Continental Infantry, command
ing brigade.
Regiment of light infantry composed of the light infantry companies of
the First and Second New Hampshire Continental Infantry, of the Cana
dian regiment, and First and Second New Jersey Continental Infantry,
under Col. Alexander Scammell, First New Hampshire Continental Infan
try, and Maj. Nathan Rice, aid-de-camp, of Massachusetts.
Second Battalion of Light Infantry (4 companies) composed of the light
companies First and Second New York Continental Infantry.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 435
First or right brigade (first division).
Brig. Gen. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, U. S. Army, of Pennsylvania,
commanding brigade.
Regiment of light infantry (8 companies) composed of the light infantry
companies of the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and
Eighth regiments Massachusetts Continental Infantry, under Col. Joseph
Vose, First Massachusetts, and Major Gal van, unattached.
Regiment of light infantry (8 companies) composed of the light infantry
companies of the Ninth and Tenth Massachusetts Continental Infantry,
First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth regiments Connecticut Conti
nental Infantry, and Rhode Island Regiment Continental Infantry, under
Lieut. Col. J. Gimat, aid-de-camp, and Maj. John Palsgrave Wyllis, Third
Connecticut.
Second or center division (right wing).
Maj. Gen. Baron de Steuben, inspector-general U. S. Army, commanding.
Second or left brigade (second division).
Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, U. S. Army, of Pennsylvania, commanding.
First Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, composed of First
and Second regiments consolidated, Col. Daniel Brodhead, commanding.
Second Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, composed of Third
and Fifth regiments consolidated, Col. Richard Butler, commanding.
Third Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, composed of the
Fourth and Sixth regiments consolidated, Lieut. Col. William Butler,
commanding.
First Virginia Continental Infantry, Lieut. Thomas Gaskins, Third Vir
ginia Continental Infantry, commanding.
First or right brigade (second division).
Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist, U. S. Army, of Maryland, commanding.
Third Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, com
manding.
Fourth Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Thomas Woolford,
commanding.
Fifth Maryland Continental Infantry, Maj. Alexander Roxburgh, com
manding.
Baltimore Light Dragoons, Col. Nicholas Ruxton Moore, commanding.
Frederick Light Dragoons, .
Third or left division (right wing).
Brig. Gen. James Clinton, U. S. Army, of New York, commanding.
Second or left brigade (third division).
Col. Elias Dayton, Second New Jersey Continental Infantry, commanding.
436 ' Newport to Yorktown, 1781
First Regiment New Jersey Continental Infantry, Col. Matthias Ogden,
commanding.
Second Regiment New Jersey Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Francis
Barber, commanding.
Rhode Island Regiment Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Commandant
Jeremiah Olney, commanding.
Infantry, and two companies of New York levies, under Lieut. Col.
Alexander Hamilton, of New York, and Maj. Nicholas Fish, Second New
York Continental Infantry.
Thir^l Canadian Continental Regiment of Infantry, Lieut. Col. Edward
Antill, commanding.
First or right brigade (third division).
Col. Goose Van Schaick, First Regiment New York Continental Infantry,
commanding.
First Regiment New York Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Cornelius
Van Dyck, commanding.
Second Regiment New York Continental Infantry, Col. Philip Van
Cortlandt, commanding.
ORGANIZATION AND ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE FRENCH AUXILIARY
ARMY.
ADVANCE FROM WII^UAMSBURG TO THE SIEGE OF YORK, SEPTEM
BER 27, 1781.
Left wing of the allied army, Lieut. Gen. Comte de ROCHAMBEAU, com
manding His Most Christian Majesty's auxiliary forces.
Aids-de-camp. First aid, Comte de Fersen, second lieutentant; Che
valier de Lameth (Charles), colonel; Comte de Damas, colonel; Comte de
Dumas, colonel; Baron de Closen, captain; M. de Lauberdiere, captain;
Baron Cromot du Bourg, Chevalier de Seville, captain.
Maj. Gen. Baron de Viomenil, second in command.
Aids-de-camp . Chevalier d'Olonne, second lieutenant; Marquis de
Vaubon.
General staff. Aids to major-general : M. de Menonville, lieutenant-
colonel; M. de Tarle, lieutenant-colonel; M. de Bouchet, captain/ Aid
major of infantry: M. Lynch, captain. Aid major: M. de Saint Felix, cap
tain. Aid major of artillery: Chevalier de Plessis-Mauduit, capitaine en
second. Quartermaster-general's aids, (see Quartermaster-General).
Topographical engineers: Alexander de Berthier, capitaine. Capitaine of
the guides, M. Mullens, lieutenant. Quartermaster-general, M. de Beville,
"MOD
436 ',
Fir nental Infantry, Col. Matthias Ogden,
conn
St-i >ntinental Infantry. Lieut. Col. Francis
tal Infantry, Lieut. Col. Commandant
!er Lieut. Col.
ond New*
.
lental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Cornelius
Van Dyck, coin
Second Regiment k Continental Infantry, Col. Philip Van
Cortlandt, commanding.
OR( . QENERAL COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU AND STAFF BEFORE YORKTOWN. VA.
OCTOBER, 1781
\DV A NCR FROM W
uding His M<
ante de }'>-,-. *e de
. captain; M. rdiere, captain;
captain.
i in command.
Her d'Ol'. lieutenant; Alarqiu
ijor-general : 1\I. de Menonville, lieutenant-
de Bouchet, captaif
i, captain. Aid major: M Felix, cap-
: Chevalier de Plessis-Mauduit, capit;
:ieral's aids, (see Quartermaster-General i .
i ler de Berthier, capitaine. Capitaine of
nant. Quartermaster-general, M.deBeville,
.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 437
brigadier. Aids (general staff): M. Collot, M.. de Be"ville (fils), capitaine;
Comte deChabanne, capitaine; Chevalier de Lameth ( Alexandre ), capitaine;
commissary-general, N. Blanchard, brigadier.
First or right division.
Maj. Gen. Chevalier de Chastellux; aid-de-camp, M. de Montesquieu.
Regiments. Bourbonnais: Marquis de Laval-Montmorencie, colonel ;
Vicomte de Rochambeau, colonel en second; M. de Bressoles, lieutenant-
colonel ; M. de Gambs, major. Royal Deux-Ponts: Marquis Christian
des Deux-Ponts, Comte de Forbach, colonel; Comte Guillaume des Deux-
Ponts, colonel en second; Comte de Fersen, mestre de camp.
Second or center division.
Maj. Gen. Chevalier de Viomenil, commanding; aid-de-camp, M. de
Montesquieu.
Regiments. Soissonnais: Comte de Saint Maime, colonel; Vicomte de
Noailles, colonel en second; M. de Anselme, lieutenant-colonel; M. Des-
peyron, major. Saintonge: Comte de Custine, colonel; Comte de Charlus,
colonel en second; Chevalier de la Valette, lieutenant-colonel; M. de
Fleury, major. Dillon: Comte Arthur de Dillon, colonel; Barthele'my
Dillon, lieutenant-colonel; Jacques O'Moran, major. Detached com
mand: Brigadier M. de Choisy, commanding. Lauzun's legion: Due de
Lauzun, brigadier, commanding; M. Scheldon, mestre de camp of hussars.
Third or left division.
Lieut. Gen. Marquis de Saint-Simon, West Indies Contingent, commanding.
Regiments. Agenois: Comte d'Audichamp, colonel; Chevalier de
Cadinau, lieutenant-colonel; M. de Beauregard, major. Touraine: Vicomte
de Pondeux, colonel; M. de Monti ezun, lieutenant-colonel; M. de Menon-
ville, major; Comte de Flechin, Chevalier de Mirabeau, mestre de camp.
Gateinote (Royal Auvergne): Marquis de Rostaing, colonel; Vicomte de
Bethisy, colonel en second; M. de 1'Estrade, lieutenant-colonel; M. Cha-
puy de Tourville, major. Royal Engineers: M. de Guerenet, colonel;
M. Cantel Daneteville, major. Artillery (Regiment Auxonne) : M. de
Buzalet.
Intermediate line.
Left. First Virginia State Regiment of Infantry in Continental service,
Col. George Gibson, commanding.
Center. Brig. Gen. Chevalier le Begue Duportail, chief of engineers,
U. S. Army, commanding; battalion of sappers and miners.
Right. Brig. Gen. Henry Knox, U. S. Army, of the artillery, com
manding park of artillery, viz: Second Regiment Continental Corps of
Artillery, Col. John Lamb, of New York, commanding; Lieut. Col. Ebe-
nezer Stevens, Maj. Sebastian Bauman; detachment of regiment of artil
lery, Lieut. Col. Edward Carr.ington, of Virginia, commanding.
438 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Reserve or second line.
His excellency, Thomas Nelson, governor of Virginia (ranking as major-
general, U. S. Army), commanding division Virginia militia.
Left brigade. Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, Virginia militia (formerly
colonel Tenth Virginia Continentals), commanding brigade Virginia
militia.
Right brigade. Brig. Gen. Robert L/awson, Virginia militia (formerly
colonel Fourth Virginia Continentals), commanding brigade Virginia
militia.
Rear guard.
Maj. James R. Reid, Canadian Continental Regiment of Infantry, com
manding rear guard and camp guard.
ONWARD TO YORK
At daybreak on the morning of the 28th of September the
armies broke camp at Williamsburg and began the advance upon
York. The American Continentals and French troops formed
a single column on the left of the line, the Americans in advance.
The militia, constituting the right column, took the Har-
woods Mill road. At the " Half- Way House," the road divid
ing, the two armies separated, the French pursuing the direct
York road by the ' ' Brick House, ' ' the Americans the road to
the right to Mumford Bridge, where they found the militia.
By noon the head of each column had reached its assigned
position. A detachment of French troops, engaging the British
pickets, sent them flying back to their supports. The French
corps followed by a reconnoissance of the British right. A body
of British horse, appearing on the allied right, were also crowded
back to their main body.
The night of the 28th the American and French armies
bivouacked in line of battle.
On the 29th the American troops, obliquing farther to the
right, took position on the east side of Beaver Dam Creek.
The enemy's position was carefully reconnoitered, and upon
this information the order of approach and plan of attack were
determined.
OS
uj Q
co ^
ss
IT Z
H O =3
5 Q a
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< u
O CQ
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 439
INVESTMENT OF THE BRITISH WORKS
The same night ROCHAMBEAU occupied the ground from
the upper part of the river down as far as the marshes near
the residence of Colonel Nelson, taking advantage of the woods
as curtains, and the marshy creeks to confine the enemy within
pistol shot of their outworks. The three French divisions took
position close up to the enemy's works, but under cover, by the
nature of the ground, Viomenil commanding the grenadiers and
chasseurs of the vanguard. The French investment was accom
plished without the loss of a man, although met with a show
of opposition. Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, on that part of the
field, bringing up his field artillery, with a few shots dispersed
the enemy.
Washington in taking position with the American troops
found himself obliged to double on the French rear and halt on
the edge of the marshes. The bridges having been destroyed,
the rest of the day and night were consumed in repairing them.
In the meantime his sharpshooters had a lively fight with the
German Jagers.
The next day the American army crossed the marshes, rest
ing its left on their border and its right on York River.
This completed the encircling of the enemy's works south
and west of York River. Gloucester, on the opposite side of
that stream, was held by a British detachment under Lieuten
ant-Colonels Dundas and Tarleton, strongly intrenched.
LAUZUN'S HUSSARS AT GLOUCESTER
The hussars of Due de Lauzun and the Virginia militia
under General Weedon were posted near the British defenses at
Gloucester. The topography of the surrounding country afforded
excellent -facilities for the bringing up of reenforcements for the
enemy and advantages for sorties. In order to strengthen the
besieging lines, General Choisy, as bearer of a letter from Gen
eral Washington making a request of Comte de Grasse for 800
marines, secured the reenforcement, but with the information
that no future requisitions of the kind could be complied with,
440
Newport to York town, 1781
as he needed his entire force subject to immediate service in case
of emergency, possible at any moment, now that the investment
had commenced.
During these offensive movements on land Comte de Grasse
and Comte de Barras held complete control of the entrance and
waters of Chesapeake Bay with their combined fleets.
OCEAN INVESTMENT
West Indies fleet of France, Comte de Grasse, lieutenant-general, admiral
commanding entrance to the Chesapeake Bay, August 26 to November
' 5> 1781
Vessel.
Guns.
Officers
and men.
Commander.
Ville de Paris
Auguste
L,anguedoc
Sceptre
Saint Esprit
Cesar
Destin
Victoire
Northumberland
Palmier
Pluton
Marseillais
Bourgogne
Reflechi
Diadme
Caton
Citoyen
Scipion
Magnanime
Hercule
Zele
Hector
Souverain
Glorieux
Vaillant
Solitaire
Triton
Experiment
Total . . .
104
So
80
So
So
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
64
50
2,078
1, 165
815
837
710
536
530
540
800
55
560
592
570
596
571
570
507
643
600
610
530
450
18, 138
De Grasse, lieutenant-general; De Vaugirault,
major de 1'Armee.
De Bougainvillers, chef d'escadre; Castellan.
De Monteil, chef d'escadre; DuplessisParscau.
De Vaudreuil.
De Chabert.
Coriolis d'Espinouse.
Dumaitz de Goimpy.
D' Albert Saiiit-Hyppolite.
De Briqueville.
D'Arros d'Argelos.
D'Albert de Rions.
De Castellane de Majastre.
De Charritte.
Cillart de Suville.
De Monteclerc.
De Framond.
D'Ethy.
De Clavel.
I^e Bgue.
De Turpin de Breuil.
De Gras Preville.
Renaud d'Aleius.
De Glandeves.
D'Escars.
Bernard de Marigny
De Cice Champion.
Brun de Boades.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781
441
CRUISING AND TRANSPORTATION
Fleet of the Franco- American alliance, Comte de Barras, lieutenant-
general, commanding
[Blockade of mouth of York River]
Vessel.
Guns.
Officers
and men.
Commander.
Due de Bourgogne ....
80
g3
602
Count de Barras, chef d'Escadre.
Conquerant
Provence
74
64
659
La Grandiere.
Eveill
64
De Tilly
Jason
64
g
La Clochetterie
Ardent
64
Bellone
Did not continue the voyage to America
Romulus
Surveillante
40
3IO
Sillart
Amazone ...
4
. ^21
I,e Perouse
^6
Sibylle
CUTTERS.
Guepe
36
3 oo
Serpente
18
145
Ame de la Laune.
Total
608
RECAPITULATION
Sea power of France in. aid of the States at the investment of Yorktown, Va.
Vessels.
Guns.
Officers
andcrew.
Fleet of De Grasse:
Ships of the line
24
lj
Frigates
\ 2,078
18, 138
\
Total
28
Fleet of De Barras:
Ships of the line . ....
Frigates
I gag
Cutters
2
Total
Grand total
2 776
2-7 68?
YORK PENINSULA
The peninsula, or "neck " as it was locally called, into which
the English army was forced, is about 30 miles in length, with
a mean width of 5 miles, having a northwesterly trend from the
York River and Chesapeake Bay on the northeast to the James
River on the southwest.
442 Newport to York town, ij8i
BRITISH DEFENSES
The defenses of Yorktown, as Washington and ROCHAMBEAU
found them when they undertook their reduction, consisted of
7 redoubts and 6 batteries, connected by intrenchments toward
the land. A line of water batteries along the bank of the York
River, the main battery mounting 1 1 guns, covering the stream
between York and Gloucester and 3 lunettes overlooking the
valley on the southwest of the town, i on the east of and bear
ing on Hampton Roads, the 2 on the extreme right controlling
the river, and i on the left, also near the river, known as the
fusiliers. Cornwallis occupied the mansion of Mr. Nelson, war
governor of Virginia.
BELEAGUERED BRITISH
The army of Cornwallis, within the defenses, was composed
as follows, in organization and numbers:
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRITISH ARMY AT YORKTOWN, VA., SEPTEMBER
28 TO OCTOBER 19, 1781
[Return of troops, October i, 1781]
Lieutenant-General Earl Cornwallis in command of His Majesty's forces
in Virginia; Major-General O'Hara second in command.
Right wing, Lieutenant-Colonel Dundas commanding.
Left wing, Lieutenant-Colonel Abercrombie commanding.
Organization and strength
British:
King's G'uard 527
Light infantry, First and Second battalions light companies,
Seventh Regiment of the Line 671
Brigade of guards (regiments):
Seventeenth foot 245
Twenty-third foot 233
Thirty-third foot 260
Forty-third foot , 359
Seventy-first foot, Second battalion 300
Seventy-sixth foot 715
Eightieth foot 689
Queen's Rangers (Simcoe) 320
Newport to York town, 1781 443
Brigade of guards (regiments) Continued.
British Legion of Provincial Contingent (Tarleton) 241
Royal Artillery Corps .' 233
Light dragoons, Seventeenth Regiment
North Carolina volunteers 142
Pioneers and engineers 69
Light companies, Twenty-third and Eighty -second regiments.
Staff departments 321
Total British troops 5, 425
Germans (regiments):
Anspachers, De Voits; Bayreuth Anspachers, De Seybothen . . i, 017
Hessians, Prince Here"ditaire 484
Hessians, De Bose (Brunswick) 349
Artillery detachment
Jagers , . 74
Total German troops I, 924
British army 5, 425
German mercenaries i, 924
Total strength of forces accounted for defending the forti
fications of Yorktown and Gloucester 7, 3-49
Unaccounted for 380
Accounted and unaccounted for 7, 729
Sailors on British vessels in York River 2, ooo
Total British land and naval forces 9, 729
Noncombatants :
Negroes variously employed i, 800
Tories i, 500
Total combatants and noncombatants within the defenses of
Yorktown 13, 029
DEFENSE OF GLOUCESTER
The defenses of Gloucester were occupied by a force under
Dundas consisting of 800 men. To this was added the legion
(provincial contingent) of Tarleton, which, after an infamous
tour of marauding, having met defeat at the hands of Lauzun,
had taken refuge there.
The British earl commanding, feeling the weakness of his
extended line of defense and fearing surprise, on the night of
444 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
the 29th withdrew from the intrenched camp at Pigeon Hill.
By this movement the British confined themselves entirely
within the limits of their proper fortifications.
The allies took possession of the abandoned works, as they
answered well for covering the fatigue parties.
AMERICAN AND FRENCH POSITIONS
The whole of September 30 was utilized in adapting Pigeon
Hill to the uses of the besiegers. Two inclosed works were also
constructed between the hill and Moores Mill.
In general, at the opening of the siege the investing lines
formed a semicircle about 2 miles from the British works, the
extremes resting on York River. The Americans held the right,
with the headquarters of General Lincoln near Wormeleys
Creek, the light infantry of Lafayette and Virginia militia
under Governor Nelson extending westward north of the Hamp
ton road. The Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania Conti
nental line under Steuben, laying south of that road, advanced,
with the New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey line and
sappers and miners under Gen. James Clinton in their rear.
The American artillery was parked ready for use in the rear
of Steuben's left, with General Knox's headquarters, artificers'
camp, and quartermasters in its rear.
Across a marsh and small stream to the west were the general
headquarters and the entire French army.
The headquarters of General Washington and camp of his
Life Guards occupied the center. General ROCHAMBEAU was
located about one-half mile northeast, with the French artillery
parked on his front, all covered by an arm of the small stream
and marsh referred to.
FRENCH LINES
About three- fourths of a mile northwest of the camp of, the
French artillery lay Regiments Bourbonnais and Deux-Ponts,
under Baron de Viomenil; on their left Regiments Soissonnais
and Saintonge, under Vicomte Viomenil; at their left Saint-
Simon with his West Indies contingent Agenois, Touraine, and
Newport to York town, 1781 445
Gatinois their left resting on the river. A detachment of
Touraine was advanced toward the British left. A grand guard
was thrown out toward the British center.
The Due de Lauzun with his legion, the land troops of De Bar-
ras's squadron, and General Weedon with a brigade of Virginia
militia, under the general command of General de Choisy, were
detached to look after Gloucester.
De Grasse occupied L,ynnhaven Bay, whence he could control
the entrance to the Chesapeake, should Graves make another
effort, and watch any attempts on the part of Cornwallis in that
direction.
The first days of October were passed in reconnoisances, test
ing the enemy's positions and strength, making fascines and
gabions, and setting guns in position under fire of the hostile
pickets. The killing of four men of the Pennsylvania line and
the wounding of several Frenchmen, on October 3, gave evi
dence of British vigilance.
^ DE GRASSE BLOCKADES
The general in chief, to strengthen his position, proposed to
De Grasse to station two or three ships above the British posts
on York River, so as to close the navigation of that stream to
the enemy, also to prevent their armed vessels, which had access
for 25 miles above, from cutting off supplies to the allied camp
and raiding parties from threatening Williamsburg and the maga
zines in the rear, which required 800 men, weakening to that
extent operations in front. This part of the river being open,
also interfered with concerted measures with Gloucester and
compelled a circuit of 90 miles in order to communicate.
An even more important consideration was the outlet it gave
Cornwallis for making a good retreat. By means of a favorable
wind and tide, and by stealing a march, he might proceed unmo
lested to West Point, where, debarking his troops, he would have
the Parnuiikey on one flank and the Mattapony on the other,
and, by mounting the greater part of his men, by forced marches
would have such a start that he would be in favorable position
446 Newport to York town , 77^7
to push his way across the country and join the remaining
British forces in New York.
This was the only weakness in the beleaguering lines. The
fleet had made provisions against any enterprises of the enemy
in the James River.
It was Washington's proposition to detail the Experiment 'and
two frigates for the proposed patrol of York River above the
enemy ' s works.
FEARS FIRE RAFTS
De Grasse was entirely opposed to passing up the York River
where, for immediate purposes, the way was open to the British
to land above Queens Creek and by a short march commit
great damage. The objection of De Grasse to ascending the
river was not the enemy's works at York and Gloucester, but
the danger of accident to his large vessels in that position, and
particularly from fire ships, the material for which the enemy
had in abundance. In the whole fleet there was not a sufficient
number of rowboats and light craft to grapple \fith such an
emergency.
Although the scheme was laid aside as inadvisable, it was
revived for stronger reasons later. The channel was recon-
noitered by a French officer, who reported to De Grasse.
The admiral agreed to send up some vessels if Washington
would furnish rowboats as a protection against fire ships.
The movement was about to be executed, when the flag bring
ing proposals of surrender appeared on Washington's front.
The besiegers were now making the best use of their time
and zeal in pushing forward offensive operations. On October
i, the heavy artillery was brought over fromTrebelli's Landing
on James River and put in position.
The news of Greene's victory at Eutaw Springs on Septem
ber 8 having just been received was very cheering to the allied
forces.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 447
DISEASE THREATENS
The climate was beginning to tell on the men of both armies.
The poisonous miasma of the peninsula was deadly. The
American regiments, poorly supplied with clothing and medical
stores, were afflicted with fever and ague, few of the troops
being exempt. The French, with their abundant supplies,
were not free from the effects of heavy dews, chilly nights, and
warm days.
THE FIRST PARAIXEIv
On the 6th a detail of 3,000 men under General Lincoln with
shovels and gabions, under cover of darkness, broke ground for
the first parallel within 600 yards of Cornwallis's works. By
daylight (October 7) it was sufficiently progressed from York
River to Pigeon Hill to serve as a defense against the enemy's
fire. On the same day, with drums beating and colors flying,
under field orders for the conduct of the siege, the parallel was
occupied, the standards planted and the operations formally
begun.
During the yth #nd 8th the first parallel was completed and
guns put in position. This construction extended from the
York River to the south and west. At its end was an American
bomb battery and on its extreme left a French battery of heavy
guns.
At 5 o'clock on the afternoon of the gth, with 18 and 24
pounders, 2 mortars, and 2 howitzers, the Americans opened a
general bombardment on the right, Washington applying the
match to the first gun.
ROCHAMBEAU OPENS
The French, however, were the first to open fire, having
begun their display of gunnery at 3 p. m. with 4 and 12 pounders
and 6 mortars and howitzers from their battery on the extreme
left. ROCHAMBEAU opened the battle, which was continued at
a lively pace by Saint-Simon, Chastellux, and the Viomenils,
who were in command in the trenches. It is recorded that the
448 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
first shot of the French killed Cornwallis's commissary-general,
and wounded the quartermaster and adjutant of the Seventy-
sixth Foot Guard.
This bombardment, which lasted eight hours, was so furious
that the British were unable to reply, being obliged to with
draw their guns from the embrasures.
"WAR is HELL"
During the night the French hurled red-hot shot at the
British frigate Guadaloupe, compelling her to seek safety
higher up the river.
On the loth two French batteries of 10 and 18 pounders
renewed the bombardment, the Americans cooperating. The
firing was done with such precision and effect that the besieged
were again compelled to withdraw their guns from the embras
ures and place them behind the merlons, hardly firing a shot.
During the night the British frigate Charon, 44 guns, was set
on fire by the French battery on the left and consumed, but
her guns and stores were saved. Two transports were set on
fire by hot shot and burned to the water's edge. The position
of the rest of the ships being no longer tenable, the vessels were
warped to the Gloucester shore.
This action on the part of the French brought the fate of
the British army within the defenses of Yorktown a long
step nearer.
We have the following testimony of an eye witness of this
ancient realization of Sherman's modern epigram. Doctor
Thatcher in his journal tells us:
From the bank of the river I had a fine view of this splendid conflagra
tion. The ships were enwrapped in a torrent of fire, which, spreading with
vivid brightness among the combustible rigging, ran with amazing
rapidity to the tops of the several masts, while all around was thunder
and lightning from our numerous cannon and mortars, in the darkness
of night presenting one of the most sublime and magnificent spectacles
which can be imagined. Some of our shells overreaching the town were
seen to fall in the river and, bursting, throw up columns of water like
the spouting of the monsters of the deep.
Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 449
ATTEMPT TO TURN DE CHOISY
On the same night a considerable British force embarked on
flatboats for an attempt to turn the position held by General de
Choisy with a body of French hussars and marines and Virginia
militia in front of Gloucester. De Choisy received the party
with such a demonstration of shell and artillery that they were
glad to get back to York without being killed or captured.
The Due de Lauzun a few days before with his French hus
sars had badly broken up the notorious Tarleton with his Brit
ish dragoons and sent him limping behind the breastworks of
Gloucester.
SECOND PARALLEL
On the night of the 1 1 th the lines of the second parallel
were commenced within less than 300 yards of the right of the
British works, and were occupied within three days, under an
incessant fire. This, however, did not complete the investment,
owing to new emplacements arranged for the enemy's artillery,
requiring an extension of the parallel on the right to the
river bank, which was held by two outer works.
These two redoubts, about 300 yards in front of the British
left, enabled them to maintain an harassing fire upon the men
in the parallels. Washington proposed to abate the annoyance
by their capture. The one on the right, on the river's brink,
was set apart for the American light infantry, under Lafayette,
and that on the left for the French grenadiers and chasseurs,
under Baron de Viomenil.
The explosion of six consecutive bombs, fired from the
French batteries, was the signal for the rush. Washington and
ROCHAMBEAU took position in the trenches to witness the move
ment, the chief approving the dispositions as each detachment
moved off.
STORMING THE REDOUBTS
In the American light infantry, under Lafayette, storming
the right redoubt, the van was led by Gimat, Lafayette's
former French aid, followed by the commands of Lieutenant-
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 29
450 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Colonel Hamilton, Washington's former aid, and Maj. Nicholas
Fish. Colonel Armand, Marquis de la Rouerie, the famous
French cavalry officer, was present as a volunteer.
Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens, with a force of 80 light troops,
turned the redoubt. The men went over the abattis with so
much spirit that the garrison had barely time for a show of
resistance. Captain Olney of the Rhode Island regiment, was
the first to mount the parapet, but a moment after fell, danger
ously wounded. The work was carried by bayonet, without the
firing of a musket. One sergeant and 8 privates were killed,
and 7 officers and 25 rank and file wounded.
Among the officers wounded were Major Gimat, Major Gibbs,
c'ommanding Washington's bodyguard, and Captain Olney, of
the Rhode Island regiment. The enemy lost the commanding
officer, a subaltern, and 17 privates captured and 8 killed.
The redoubt to the left, a stronger work and more heavily
armed, assigned to the French, was occupied by Hessians com
manded by a lieutenant-colonel and defended by 120 men.
The grenadiers advanced with bayonets fixed, led .by Baron de
Viomenil, Marquis de Rostaing, and Comte de Deux-Ponts,
sword in hand. The storming party was received with a heavy
fire, under which they stood for about ten minutes during the
cutting away of the abattis, when the men charged valiantly over
the works. The assault w r as most determined, consuming about
half an hour. The garrison lost 18 killed and 42 prisoners, the
rest escaping. The French loss was 6 officers wounded and 100
rank and file killed and wounded. Count Mathieu Dumas, aid
to ROCHAMBEAU, was one of the first to enter the redoubt.
Comte de Deux-Ponts, who led the grenadiers, was wounded.
Count Charles de L,ameth, adjutant-general, was shot through
both knees.
x HONORS FOR GATlNOlS
The grenadiers of the Regiment Gatinois, which had been
formed out of that of P. uvergne, were to be led to the attack.
When informed, they declared their willingness "to be killed
even to the last man," if their original name, which they so
Newport to York town, 1781 451
much revered, would be restored to them. ROCHAMBEAU prom
ised it should be done. They fought with desperation, one-
third of their number being placed hors de combat. ROCHAM
BEAU reported their brave conduct to the King, who signed
the order restoring to the regiment the earlier name ' ' Royal
Auvergne. ' '
Washington the next day, in general orders, congratulated
the armies on the result.
The captured redoubts, during the night of the i4th, were
included in the second parallel, and howitzers mounted. By 5
o'clock the next day, from the new positions, the howitzers
were delivering a hot fire on the British. Their fascines, guns,
and carriages were a broken mass, and the town was enfiladed.
A SORTIE
In his desperation Cornwallis on the i5th made a sortie about
4 o'clock in the morning against the right battery of the French,
with such terrific onslaught as to carry it, spike 4 guns, wound
5 officers, and carry off M. de Persignar, the commander. The
guards from the trenches, under General Chastellux, hurrying
to the support, the enemy was driven within his own works.
In a few hours the guns were again in service.
A DESPERATE CHANCE
Nothing was now left for Cornwallis but the desperate alter
native of cutting through the beleaguering lines and by forced
marches reaching a place of safety. On the night of the i6th
he took the chance. The earl's project was to abandon his
sick and baggage, and with his effectives cross the York River,
cut up Choisy, Weedon, and Lauzun, mount his men on horses
taken from Lauzun's Legion and animals seized in the country,
and so make a dash for the other side of the Rappahannock and
Potomac, thence marching through Maryland, Pennsylvania,
and New York, and forming a junction with Clinton. This was
precisely the last resort Washington desired to provide against
when he asked De Grasse to station vessels in the upper York.
452 Newport to York town, 1781
In the beginning it had some encouragement of success, and
might have changed the siege of Yorktown into a race for the
Hudson, but for a violent storm. This inopportune visitation
preventing the rest of the garrison from getting across York
River, compelled the first division, which had already landed
at Gloucester Point, to return. With this retrograde the last
hope fled, and new batteries constantly opening their deadly fire
soon made the British defenses of York untenable.
COUNTRYMEN CURIOUS
A singular phase of" the siege was the gathering of the inhab
itants from far and near to witness the close of the drama,
which was now inevitable. The more curious even crowded
into the trenches, under fire, materially interfering with their
secure defense. In general orders all persons and even officers
except on duty were prohibited going into the trenches, unless
they presented a pass signed by the major-general commanding.
SOUNDS A PARITY
As the sun was rising out of the waters of the Chesapeake
on the morning of the iyth of October, the twelve 24 and 18-
pounders, four mortars, and two howitzers of the American
grand battery opened fire. The rapidity and effect was such
that soon a trumpeter sounded a parley from the parapet of the
British works opposite, the battery having ceased firing.
DE GRASSK INVITKD IN AT THE DEATH
Immediately upon developing the purport of the flag Wash
ington transmitted to De Grasse a copy of "a letter just
received from L,ord Cornwallis," making request for twenty-
four hours' suspension. He also expressed his desire to have
his excellency participate in the ' ' treaty ' ' now probable'. He
mentioned the happiness it would give him to welcome his
excellency ' ' in the name of America on this shore and embrace
you upon an occasion so advantageous to the interests of the
common cause, which is so much indebted to you." The chief
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 453
intimated that if naval reasons interfered to designate an officer
to represent him. De Grasse responded by sending De Barras,
who was at all times loyal.
CAPITULATIONS SIGNED
Earl Cornwallis asked a cessation of hostilities for twenty-
four hours, and that two officers might be appointed on each
side "to settle terms for the surrender of the posts of York
and Gloucester."
By the same flag, returning, General Washington, from camp
before York, desired Cornwallis to send his proposals to the
American lines in writing, and granted a suspension of hostili
ties during two hours from the delivery of his letter.
To this Cornwallis responded at half-past 4 o'clock p. m.,
same day, submitting his proposals, which were disapproved by
General Washington, who the next day declared " the general
basis upon which a definitive treaty and capitulation must take
place. ' '
To this Earl Cornwallis responded in submission, asking that
a sloop of war might be left at his disposal ' ' from the hour
the capitulation is signed, ' ' to receive an aid-de-camp to carry
dispatches to Sir Henry Clinton.
The commissioners on each side were named, met, and
arranged the articles of capitulation, the Viscount de Noailles
representing General Washington on the part of the French
allies. The i8th was passed in negotiations, which Washington
closed by having the stipulations copied and sent in to be
signed by 1 1 a. m. on the igth, the surrender to take place at
2 p. m. the same day.
ARTICLES
As set forth in the introduction, the articles of capitulation
were
Settled between His Excellency General Washington, commander in
chief of the combined forces of America and France, his excellency the
Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, lieutenant-general of the armies of the King of
France, Great Cross of the Royal and Military Order of St. L,ouis, com
manding the auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in America,
454 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
and his excellency the Count de Grasse, lieutenant-general of the naval
armies of His Most Christian Majesty, commander of the Order of St.
Ivouis, commander in chief of the naval army of France in the Chesapeake,
on the one part; the other part being the chiefs of the surrendering land
and naval forces of His Britannic Majesty.
The articles of capitulation, October 19, 1781, on the Ameri
can side, " done in the trenches before Yorktown, in Virginia,"
were signed by George Washington, Le Comte DE ROCHAM-
BEAU, lye Comte de Barras, ' ' in my name and that of Comte de
Grasse;" and on the British side at "Yorktown" in Virginia,
by Cornwallis and Thomas Symonds (for the British naval
forces on York River) .
SCENES OF SURRENDER
The field of surrender lay three-fourths of a mile south of
Yorktown, west of the Hampton road. Along the route of
march from the late British works the American army was
drawn up on the right of the road. The French line paralleled
it, each facing inward. The French troops, in their uniforms of
white, with their white damask standards powdered with rich
embroideries of the golden fleur-de-lis of the house of Bourbon,
and officers gayly attired, wearing glittering orders and decora
tions of precious metals and gems, formed a striking contrast
to the war-worn, wasted, and multi-fashioned uniforms of the
Americans. Yet the Stars and Stripes, young in action, resplen
dent in meaning and design, waved gloriously for the lesson
of the day and interpretation of the future.
At the head of the American line was Washington, mounted
on a splendid white war .charger, surrounded by his general
officers, Lafayette, Lincoln, Steuben, Knox, Duportail, and
Nelson. ROCHAMBEAU, mounted on a magnificent bay, had
position at the head of his valorous Frenchmen, with Chastel-
lux and Baron and Comte de Viomenil grouped near by. A
squadron of De Lauzun's French hussars was drawn up in a
circle in the open field.
Newport to York town, 1781 455
GROUND ARMS
/
The conquered Britons and Hessians, evacuating their works,
marched along the road, colors cased, drums beating, in the
new uniforms which they had donned that morning under
Cornwallis's orders, to prevent them falling into the hands
of the conquerors. Upon reaching the field the men of each
regiment passed within the cordon of hussars, laid down their
muskets, and returned to their lines to await the surrender of
their colors.
Washington and ROCHAMBEAU moved to the front.
SURRENDERING THE STANDARDS
The officer of the day, in charge of the ceremony, took posi
tion in front. Facing him were the British captains, each bear
ing the flag of his regiment. The same number of American
sergeants were drawn up to receive them. The officer of the
day gave orders to the captains to advance two paces and deliver
colors, the sergeants to advance two paces to receive them. The
British, hesitating, explained it as being in their opinion a
needless humiliation to surrender the flags to noncommissioned
officers. Colonel Hamilton, in charge, directed the officer of
the day to receive the colors and pass them to the sergeants.
SURRENDER OF THE SWORD
The closing scene of capitulation, the surrender of the sword,
fell upon General O'Hafa, representing Karl Cornwallis, who
was reported ill. Stepping forward, the Briton offered the
weapon to ROCHAMBEAU, as less humiliating than surrendering
it to a rebel. The Count waved him to General Washington,
who in turn handed him over to General Lincoln, designated
to receive it, as a retaliation of the indignities placed upon him
at the surrender of Charleston. The entire British army then
went into camp, surrounded by a guard of American and French
troops.
456 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
REPEATED AT GLOUCESTER
A similar ceremony at the same time, by order of the com
mander in chief, took place at Gloucester, on the opposite side
of the river, General de Choisy, of the French army, receiving
the surrender of that post.
The surrender of the garrison of Gloucester was conducted
under the following autograph instructions from Washington
to Brigadier- General de Choisy, of the French army, dated at
headquarters October 19, 1781 :
I have the honor, with many congratulations, to inform you that i
o'clock this afternoon is appointed fof the delivery of two of the enemy's
redoubts on the Gloucester side; one to a detachment of French, the
other to a detachment of American troops. The garrison is to march out
at 3 o'clock (with shouldered arms, drums beating a British or German
march, the cavalry with their swords drawn, and the colors cased), to a
place which you will be so good as to appoint in front of the posts, where
they will ground their arms, and afterwards return to their encampment.
You w T ill be so good as to communicate this to General Weedon and to
make the necessary arrangements, and I will have him to take every pre
caution to prevent the loss or embezzlement of the arms.
ORGANIZATIONS AND NONCOMBATANTS SURRENDERED
The following organizations of the British army and navy,
German mercenaries, and noncombatants were accounted for
after the surrender at Yorktown, Va., October 19, 1871:
Troops:
Surrendered, effectives and noneffectives 7, 247
Killed .... 156
Wounded 326
Total 7, 729
Sailors 2, ooo
Negroes , i, 800
Tories i, 500
Grand total 13, 029
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 457
TROPHIES OF THE WAR
The trophies of the victory in material of war were:
75 brass cannon.
1 60 iron cannon.
7,794 muskets.
28 regimental standards (10 English and 18 German).
Large quantity of cannon and musket balls, bombs, carriages, etc.
The military chest, containing $11,000 in specie.
It may be added the United States is one of but three coun
tries of the world the other two being France, our ally, and
Argentina which can display British flags as trophies of war.
The whole number known to have been captured by the
"American rebels" from the British during the war for inde
pendence was 50. A goodly share are yet preserved as relics.
COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU'S ACCOUNT
The story of the. French troops in this glorious achievement
is thus given by Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU under his own hand:
The trenches were opened by two attacks above and below the York
River during the night of the 6th and 7th of October. That on the right
had 600 toises (3,600 feet) of development. It was flanked by four
redoubts. The feat was accomplished without loss, for the reason we
commenced the work by an attack on the left, which, although false,
attracted all the attention of the enemy. The strength of the hostile
army which was invested and the character of him who commanded it
compelled the conduct of the attacks with much care and precaution. It
is here proper to speak in praise of M. Duportail and M. de Guerret,
who conducted the siege at the head of the engineers, and of M. de Abo-
ville and of General Knox, commandants of artillery of the two nations.
The American army occupied the right of the trenches and the French
the center and left. We must render to the Americans the justice to say
that they comported themselves with a zeal, a courage, and an emulation
which never left them behind in any duty with which they were charged,
although they were strangers to the operations of a siege.
We set on fire with our batteries a vessel of war of the enemy and three
transports which were anchored in the river, in order to prevent attack.
On the night of the I4th and I5th, the trenches having been relieved by
the Regiments Gatinais and Deux-Ponts, under the orders of Baron de
Viomenil, we resolved to make an attack on the two redoubts of the enemy.
General Washington charged Lafayette with that on the right and I charged
,458 Newport to York town, 1781
M. de Viomenil with that on the left, with the 400 French grenadiers
debouched at the head of this attack under the orders of M. Guillaume
des Deux- Fonts and of M. de L'Estrade, lieutenant-colonel of Gatinais.
M. de Viomenil and Lafayette conducted the attack so vigorously that
the redoubts were carried, sword in hand, at the same moment. They
killed, wounded, or captured the larger part of those who defended them.
The lodgment was effected by joining these redoubts by means of
communication on the right of our second parallel . Their emplacements
furnished the means of establishing new batteries, which succeeded in
surrounding the army of Cornwallis and in raking by ricochet the entire
interior of the place, which made the position untenable. The Comte
Guillaume des Deux-Ponts was wounded, as were also Charles de Lameth,
adjutant-general, and M. de Gimat, aid-de-camp of Lafayette.
We must make mention here of a trait which characterized the French
grenadiers. The regiment of grenadiers of Gatinais, which had been
separated from that of d'Auvergne, was to lead the attack. When it was
decided, I said to them, "My children, I have need of you to-night. I hope
you have not forgotten that we have served together in the brave regiment
'd'Auvergne sans tache' (Auvergne without reproach), an honorable
name which it has merited since its organization. ' ' They replied that if
I permitted them to win back their name they would go to death to the
last man. They kept their word, charged like lions, and lost one-third of
their men. M. de Sireuil, captain of chasseurs, was wounded and died
universally regretted. The King on receiving my account of their brav
ery signed the ordonnaire which restored to the regiment the name Royal
Auvergne.
The night of the I5th and i6th the enemy made a sortie with 600 picked
men. They sounded the resistance of all our batteries and threw them
selves against a work on the second parallel, in which they spiked four
guns. Chevalier Chastellux marched promptly against the enemy with
his reserve and repulsed the sortie. The four pieces spiked were in action
again six hours later, through the efforts of Gen. J. Aboville, commandant
of our artillery. Marquis Saint-Simon was wounded in the trenches
the next day, but finished his twenty-four hours without asking to be
relieved.
At length, on the iyth, enemy commenced a parley, and the capitulation
was signed -on the igth of October, under which Cornwallis and his corps
d'arme were prisoners of war.
The Americans and the French took possession of the two bastions at
noon. The garrison denied at 2 o'clock between the two armies, drums
beating, carrying arms, and followed by a score of flags cased. Lord
Cornwallis being sick, General O'Hara defiled at the head of the garri
son. In coming up he presented to me his sword. I pointed him to Gen
eral Washington, opposite, at the head of the American army, saying to
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 459
him, the French army being auxiliary on this continent, it was for the
American general to give him his orders.
Colonel Laurens, Vicomtede Noailles, and M. de Granchain were named
by their respective generals to draw up the articles of capitulation con
jointly with the superior officers of the army of Cornwallis.
The Count also gives particulars respecting the signing of
the capitulations, the capture of prisoners and material of war.
AS A FEAT OF ARMS.
This feat of arms, the capture of the army of the English
King on the shore of Chesapeake Bay in the autumn of 1781,
will always hold a place among the decisive events of history.
It paralyzed the energies of the first of military and naval
powers and made assured the contention of the States in rebel
lion.
The transfer of the French army from Newport to the Hud
son, part of its way within striking distance by the enemy, was
in itself an achievement in the applied tactics of strategy.-
The reconnoissances on the front of the powerfully intrenched
enemy on New York Island were masterful in every sense The
feints on the opposite banks of the Hudson, in view of Clinton
and his batteries and ships, were well conceived and effectively
executed. The transfer of 7,000 men from the east bank of the
Hudson to the James, crossing three of the largest rivers of the
continent and innumerable smaller ones, ranked among the great
marches of armies. The investment of the enemy was of the
highest order of engineering skill; the conduct of the siege was
a masterpiece of celerity and action, the surrender a climax
entitled to comparison with events of a similar character in the
chronicles of belligerent operations.
The career of Earl Cornwallis in the Seven Years' War in
Europe and eight years' war in America had been generally
successful. His troops were veterans skilled in arms. On
L,ong Island, in" New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and the
Carolinas he had generally won. Gates, the English-American,
had been defeated at Camden, as had been our own gallant
Greene at Guilford Court- House. Through dexterity of maneu-
460 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
ver on the part of Greene, Cornwallis, having been separated
from his base at Savannah, Charleston, or Wilmington, met his
master in the young Frenchman, Lafayette, in Virginia. Then
events followed like a whirlwind. Cornwallis marching up
from the south with 8,000 Englishmen and Germans, Wash
ington and ROCHAMBKAU marching down from the north with
7,000 Frenchmen and Americans, met just half-way between
the extremes of departure, on ground of the enemy's own
selecting.
Without ROCHAMBKAU and his Frenchmen on land and De
Grasse and his Frenchmen on sea v the glorious consummation
would have been beyond the resources at command. With the
aid of the French the drama of the American Revolution became
a triumph.
On August 19 the French auxiliary army under ROCHAM-
BEAU broke camp on the Hudson and, accompanied by the
American detachment, began its march. Having traversed
nearly 800 miles, it united with the French forces under Saint-
Simon and the American under Lafayette on the James. Hav
ing built two parallels against works of the best engineering
skill, after bombardment and assault, the vanquished, without
terms other than conceded by the victors, laid down their arms
and gave up their colors in precisely two months to the day.
In the meantime De Grasse swept the sea. War never pre
sented sixty days of more pregnant events.
CONGRATULATIONS
In his congratulations to the army ' ' upon the glorious events
of yesterday ' ' the general in chief mentioned
"The generous proofs which His Most Christian Majesty has given of his
attachment to the cause of America must force conviction on the minds of
the most deceived among the enemy relative to the good consequences
of the alliance, and inspire every citizen of these States with sentiments of
the most unalterable gratitude. His fleet, the most numerous and power
ful that ever appeared in these seas, commanded by an admiral whose
fortune and talents insure great events, and an army of the most admirable
composition, both in officers and men, are the pledges of his friendship to
the United States, and their cooperation has secured us the present signal
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 461
success. The general on this occasion conveys his most grateful acknowl
edgments for his counsel at all times. He presents his warmest thanks to
the generals, Baron de Viomenil, Chevalier Chastellux, Marquis de Saint-
Simon, and Count de Viomenil, and to Brigadier- General de Choisy, who
had a separate command, for the illustrious manner in which they have
advanced the interests of the common cause. He requests that Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU will be pleased to communicate to the army under his
immediate command the high sense he entertains of the distinguished
merits of the officers and soldiers of every corps, and that he will present
in his name to the regiments of Age*nois and Deux-Ponts the two pieces
of brass ordnance captured by them (as a testimony of their gallantry) in
storming the enemy's redoubt on the night of the I4th instant, when
officers and men so universally vied with each other in the exercise of
every soldierly virtue.
At the request of Washington, on the 2oth, General Knox,
in the name of the commander in chief, thanked the officers of
the corps of artillery, observing among other agreeable utter
ances:
The attention to the public interests in all ranks of officers in bring
ing forward with uncommon labor to this point the cannon and stores,
have, in conjunction with those of our good friends, the French, in a capi
tal degree, effected the joyful event of the igth, which merits the warmest
effusion of gratitude.
INCIDENTS
Among the many incidents of the surrender, these may be
recalled:
The appearance of the flag, asking a parley, brought up the
memory of the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on the same
day four years before. That event was made the basis of the
cabal against Washington in the effort to place Gates at the
head of the army. Gates, after a disastrous experience in
the south, having been superseded by Greene, who redeemed
the prestige of American arms, and all others engaged in the
cabal having sunk into oblivion, Washington, in his masterful
direction of the delicate situations growing out of the alliance,
the handling of the French army and navy, and the difficult
transfer of the seat of operations from the Hudson to the York,
a distance of over 700 miles, now stood triumphant before his
countrymen and the world.
462 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
Cornwallis, pleading illness to hide chagrin, having sent
O'Hara out at the head of the garrison, the gallant Irishman,
taking it as a great humiliation having to surrender to an
American rebel, tendered his sword rather to ROCHAMBKAU, a
Frenchman. The gallant leader of the allies refused, motion
ing to his American chief, remarking, ' ' You receive your orders
from General Washington," -the latter in turn saying, "You
surrender your sword to General Lincoln." This was in retali
ation for the humiliating terms put upon that officer by Corn
wallis when in high feather at the capture of Charleston the
year before.
The Hessians of Cornwallis's army and the chasseurs of L,au-
zun's legion embraced in the name of the Fatherland one sold
into service against, and the other freely serving for, liberty.
The day after the surrender ROCHAMBKAU dined General
O'Hara and a small party of other British officers. The French
were struck with the gayety exhibited by the English and Hes
sians, in view of their defeat. At the close of the entertainment
the French officers called upon Earl Cornwallis, who received
them cordially. The British and Hessian officers compliment
ing the French upon their artillery practice, the French urged
equal praise of the American fire as no less efficient. They
hold the same degree of proficiency among the armies of the
world of to-day.
In communicating officially to the President of Congress
' * the reduction of the British army under the command of Lord
Cornwallis," the commander in chief said this of his French
companions:
I should be deemed wanting in feelings of gratitude did I not mention on
this occasion with the warmest sense of acknowledgment the very cheer
ful and able assistance which I have received in the course of our operations
from his excellency the Count DE ROCHAMBKAU. Nothing could equal
this zeal of our allies but the emulating spirit of the American officers,
whose ardor would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded.
The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue which the nature of
the service required from the officers of engineers and artillery of both
armies obliges me particularly to mention the obligations I am under to
the commanding and other officers of those corps.
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 463
I wish it were in my power to express to Congress how much I feel
myself indebted to Count de Grasse and the officers of the fleet under his
command, for the distinguished aid and support which have been afforded
by them, between whom and the army the most happy concurrence of
sentiments and views has subsisted, and from whom every possible coop
eration has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse could
afford.
THANKS OF CONGRESS
In every measure of recognition of the Yorktown victory
Congress combined France with the United States. -In return
ing official thanks ' ' to Almighty God, ' ' it was for ' ' crowning
the allied armies of the United States and France with suc
cess." In instructing their committee, it was as to " the most
popular mode of communicating the thanks of the United States
in Congress assembled to General Washington, Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU, and Count de Grasse." They "ordered that
the secretary of foreign affairs communicate this intelligence
to the honorable the minister plenipotentiary of France."
On October 26 a proclamation was adopted and promulgated
acknowledging ' ' the influence of Divine Providence in raising
up for us a powerful ally in one of the first of the European
powers," and praying to God <( to protect and prosper our
illustrious ally."
On the 29th the committee having in charge the letters of
General Washington reported resolutions, unanimously adopted,
after thanking the commander in chief, declaring that the
thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be pre
sented to his excellency Count DE ROCHAMBEAU for the cor
diality, zeal, judgment, and fortitude with which he seconded
and advanced the progress of the allied army against the British
garrison in York.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be presented
to his excellency Count de Grasse for his skill and bravery in attacking
and defeating the British off the Bay of Chesapeake, and for his zeal and
alacrity in rendering with the fleet under his command the most effectual
and distinguished aid and support in the operations of the allied army in
Virginia.
464 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be pre
sented to the commanding and other officers of the Corps of Artillery and
Engineers of the allied army, who sustained extraordinary fatigue and
danger in their animated and gallant approaches to the lines of the enemy.
General Washington was further directed to communicate to
the other officers and soldiers under his command the thanks of
the United States for their conduct and valor on this occasion.
A MONUMENTAL TRIBUTE
Also, by the same resolutions, Congress was to cause to be
erected at York, Va., a marble column adorned with emblems
of the alliance between the United States and His Most Chris
tian Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the
surrender of Earl Cornwallis to His Excellency General Wash
ington, commander in chief of the combined forces of America
and France, to his excellency the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU,
commanding the auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty
in America, and his excellency the Count de Grasse, com
mander in chief of the naval army of France in the Chesapeake.
CANNON FOR ROCHAMBEAU AND DE GRASSE
Two pieces of field ordnance taken from the British army
were authorized
be presented by the commander in chief of the American Army to Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU to be engraved thereon a short memorandum that Con
gress were induced to present them from considerations of the illustrious
part which he bore in effectuating the surrender.
The secretary of foreign affairs was directed to ' ' request the
minister plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty to
inform His Majesty that it is the wish of Congress that Count de
Grasse may be permitted to accept a testimonial of their approba
tion similar to that to be presented to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU. ' '
DE LA LUZERNE PLEASED FOR THE KING
On November 2, 1781, Robert R. Livingston, secretary for
foreign affairs, inclosed a copy of the resolutions of the 29th
ultimo to Chevalier de la Luzerie, the French minister to the
Newport to York town, 1781 465
United States. Luzerne replied two days later he had no doubt
His Majesty-
will learn with pleasure that the remembrance of the success obtained by
the allied armies is to be preserved by a column, on which a relation of
this event will be inscribed and mention made of the alliance. * * *
It is so honorable to the two nations to perpetuate this remembrance of
their union that we ought to be mutually desirous of giving it all the solid
ity and durability of which the works of man are susceptible.
Two days later Livingston gave an appreciative reply, advising
the French minister of his readiness ' ' to receive with pleasure
any communications he will do me the honor to make on the
subject."
On November 7, on motion of Mr. Randolph, the secretary of
foreign affairs was
directed to prepare a sketch of emblems of the alliance * * * to be
inscribed on the proposed marble column, under the resolution of
October 29.
On December 16, under this resolution, the secretary of foreign
affairs addressed Benjamin Franklin, minister at the Court of
Versailles, requesting him to procure a suitable design.
The American minister of foreign affairs, in his correspond
ence with De la Luzerne, having dropped a hint of the unsatis
factory state of the public finances, and Franklin, doubtless from
the same cause, not having sent any design, the matter was
passed over.
IN FRANCE
In order to facilitate the transmission of official information
concerning the glorious military transactions just closed, instead
of using the ordinary channel of the department of foreign
affairs, a French frigate, dispatched by Comte de Grasse to
France, conveyed Due de Lauzun as bearer direct of a letter
to Benjamin Franklin from Washington, dated "Headquarters
near York, October 22, " transmitting the capitulation and return
of prisoners, cannon, and war material taken at both places.
As the success was important to American interests in Europe,
a copy was sent to the capitals where the States had repre-
S. Doc. 537, 59-1- 30
466 Newport to York town, 1781
sentatives. ROCHAMBEAU at the same time transmitted his
own official story of the consummated undertaking.
When the tidings reached Paris the city was instantly ablaze.
The King ordered a triumphal Te Deum by the choir of the
Metropolitan, to which the court, the nobility, and all Paris, so
far as could be accommodated within or without, repaired to
celebrate ' ' the great victory by land and sea over the English
by the armies of His Most Christian Majesty w T ith those of
General Washington."
' ' SPECIAL' ' TO THE MERCURY
The Mercury of France made the following report of the
arrival at Versailles of the official account of the siege and
capitulation of Yorktown:
The Duke de Lauzun arrived on the frigate La Surveillante , commanded
by M. de Cillart. M. Duplessis Pascaut, captain of the vessel V Intrepiede,
which was burned in the roadstead of the cape, was on the same frigate
and brought the dispatches of Count de Grasse. La Surveillante also
brought Lord Rawdon (the brother of Lord Cornwallis, and major-general
of the English army, and his wife). The two last were not delayed at
Brest. They were allowed to depart at once for England.
M. de Lauzun left Chesapeake Bay on the 24th of October, and was
but twenty-four days on the voyage to Brest, where the. vessel dropped
anchor on the evening of I5th of November. The frigate VAmazone,
which bore M. de Charlus, son of the minister of marine; M. de Deux-
Ponts, colonel of the regiment Royal Deux-Ponts, made the voyage in
about the same time. M. le Due de Lauzun was graciously received by
His Majesty. The tetter of M. le Comte ROCHAMBEAU to the King, con
veyed the following information.
"The Count DE ROCHAMBEAU decided to attack the redoubt in order
to promptly terminate the siege, which should not be prolonged into the
winter. M. le de Baron de Viomenil distinguished himself on this occa
sion. Also M. de Deux-Ponts, colonel en second of the Regiment Royal
Deux-Ponts, who having mounted first on the intrenchments, extended his
hand to a grenadier in order to assist him to follow. Having seen the
grenadier fall dead, withdrew his hand and presented it with great cool
ness to a second. The Americans were animated in their attack by the
success of the French, which they saw by some signal upon which they
had agreed. The grenadiers De Gatinais and those of Royal Deux-Ponts
were the first to enter the redoubt. They were much astonished to find
there M. de Vicomte de Damas, who had already entered. He made this
Newport to Yorktown, 1781 467
attack, unknown to the general, to whom he was aid-de-camp. It was
the artillery and the bombs which reduced Cornwallis, and all were so dis
posed by an officer of engineers that he might have demanded a capitula
tion on the i yth, because the day after they would be able to make the
assault. They claim, however, that Cornwallis did not surrender because
he was defeated, but on account of lack of munitions of war, having neither
shot nor powder. He had at first asked a suspension of hostilities for
twenty-four hours, which was refused. He held on. Then followed a
cannonade from 80 guns, lasting the entire day of the i6th. At length he
was forced to ask for an armistice the next day.
The talents and personal qualities of this general have obtained for him
a capitulation sufficiently honorable. It would have been more so if Gen
eral Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had not been influenced by the
rigor put upon the capitulation of Charleston.
It is reported that the allied armies lost about 500 men during the siege.
The loss is small considering the many benefits of the result. The only
officer of artillery killed was M. de la Loges; the other superior officers
known to have been wounded slightly are M. le Comte de Deux-Ponts and
MM. de Dillon. The Chevalier de Lameth, nephew of M. le marechal
de Broglie, aide mare'chal-general des logis is the most seriously wounded,
he having the knee pan and one of his thighs fractured. They hope to be
able to save him.
That which contributed most to the success of this grand enterprise
without contradiction was the soldierly ability of the Marquis de Lafay
ette. It was he who followed Cornwallis step by step, who harrassed him
without cessation, who shut him up in York, and prepared his downfall.
The Americans as well as the French, and even the enemy, are loud in
eulogy of this general, who is yet very young. All his movements have
shown the genius of a warrior. He is also admired for the gentleness
and simplicity of his manners, his calmness united with judgment.
Lord Cornwallis, satisfied with the great qualities of his enemy, asked
at different times to treat with him and he would surrender his army to
him alone. The modest soldier always refused, and referred him to Wash
ington, his general.
The condition of the garrison of York at the time of the capitulation
was: Two colonels, 8 lieutenant-colonels, i r majors, 25 captains, 89 lieuten
ants, 36 ensigns, 12 adjutants, 20 quartermasters, 10 surgeons, 22 aids, 2
chaplains, 295 sergeants, 121 drummers, 3,295 soldiers. Sick: Ninety
sergeants, 44 drummers, 1,741 soldiers in all 5,823, not including the
garrison of Gloucester, forming with the garrison of York and the
sailors about 7,500 men.
There were 22 flags, 170 cannon of all calibers, of which 75 were bronze,
8 mortars, and 45 vessels captured; the Charon, of 50 guns, burned; the
Guadeloupe, of 24, sunk, and the Iris and Richmont, both of 32 guns,
captured.
468 Newport to Yorktown, 1781
IN" ENGLAND
The crushing intelligence was not long in reaching Windsor.
The winds of the West were as impatient of distance as the
tidings they bore. The King was thrown into a delirium of
dismay and Parliament into convulsions of crimination and
recrimination. Such acerbity of speech under the rules of
order and the amenities of debate was never known even on
the worst occasions of disaster on land or sea in the old con
tinent. It had a deeper significance than victory for the
Americans; there was retribution in it. It was the States
triumphant, France avenged.
AFTER YORKTOWN
WILL1AMSBURG, BOSTON, ANNAPOLIS, WILMINGTON,
1781-1783
CLOSING SCENES AND PARTING WORDS
True to the vigorous instincts of military genius, Washing
ton saw his opportunity and proposed to let no means pass to
put an end to British occupation in any part of the south. .
Accordingly he turned his attention to Wilmington and
Charleston, the two chief seaports of the Carolinas, still in
possession of the enemy, the interior having been wrested from
the invader by the skillful tactical maneuvers and blows of
Greene.
Without wasting a moment in glorification, the general in
chief addressed Comte de Grasse a communication (dated Oc
tober 20), conveying his own ideas as to future military move
ments, expressing his wish to know his plans with regard to
the naval forces of France under his command, and asking
cooperation in certain military operations calculated to bring
the war to an immediate close.
DE GRASSE URGED TO PARTICIPATE
"The surrender of York," he writes, "from which so great
glory and advantage are^detived to the allies, and the honor of
which belongs to your excellency, has greatly anticipated our
most sanguine expectations. Certain of this event under your
auspices, though unable to determine the time, I solicited your
attention, in the first conference with which you honored me,
to ulterior objects of decisive importance to the common cause.
469
470 After Yorktown
Although your answer on that occasion was unfavorable to my
wishes, the unexpected promptness with which our operations
here have been conducted to their final success having gained
us time, the defect of which was one of your principal objec
tions, the conviction of the most extensive and happy conse
quences engages me to renew my representation.
"Charleston, the principal maritime port of the British in the
southern part of the continent, * * * is open to a com
bined attack and might be carried with as much certainty as
the place which has just surrendered. This capture would
destroy the last hope which induces the enemy to continue the
war; for, having experienced the impracticability of recovering
the populous northern States, they have determined to comfine
themselves to the defensive in that quarter and present a most
vigorous offensive at the southward. * * * Their general
naval superiority previous to your arrival gave them decisive
advantages."
SUCCESS DEPENDENT UPON FRENCH COOPERATION
t < * * * ft w m depend upon your excellency, therefore, to
terminate the war and enable the allies to dictate the law in the
treaty. A campaign so glorious and so fertile in consequences
could be reserved only for the Count de Grasse. It rarely
happens that such a combination of means as are in our hands
at present can be seasonably obtained by the most strenuous
human exertions a decisively superior fleet, the fortune and
talents of whose commander overawe all the naval force that
the most strenuous efforts of the enemy have been able to collect,
an army flushed with success, demanding only to be conducted
to new attacks. * * *
REDUCTION OF WILMINGTON PROPOSED
' ' If upon entering into the detail of this expedition your ex
cellency should determine it impracticable, there is an object
which, though subordinate to that above mentioned, is of capital
importance to our southern operations and may be effected at
After York town 471
infinitely less expense I mean the enemy's post at Wilmington,
in North Carolina. Circumstances require that I should at this
period reenforce the southern army under General Greene.
This reenforcement transported by sea under your convoy
would enable us to carry the post in question with very little
difficulty and would wrest from the British a point of support
in North Carolina which is attended with the most dangerous
consequences to us and would liberate another State. This
object would require nothing more than the convoy of your fleet
to the point of operation and the protection of the debarkation.
"I entreat your excellency's attention to the points which I
have the honor of laying before you, and that you will be pleased
at the same time to inform me what are your dispositions for a
maritime force to be left on the American station."
ON THE "VILLE DE PARIS"
The next day the general in chief took occasion to go in
person on board the Ville de Paris to extend the compliments of
the occasion, to personally express his thanks for the services
of the fleet in the events recently closed, and to impress upon
De Grasse the importance of the propositions he had submitted
in writing.
The same evening General Washington returned ashore
without having accomplished his purpose.
ORDERS IN CONFLICT
The French admiral declined, as his orders and obligations in
the Antilles rendered it impossible to remain on the coast dur
ing the time required for the operation. De la Luzerne, the
French minister at Philadelphia, was favorably inclined and tried
his persuasive powers, but De Grasse was fearful of unexpected
and unavoidable detentions. For the same reason he was obliged
to refrain from transporting troops to the assistance of Greene in
the Carolinas, but did consent, notwithstanding he had pre
viously given notice he could not safely delay after November
i , to remain a few days over that time in order to cover the trans
portation of the eastern troops and ordnance to the Head of Elk.
472 After York town
However, not entirely without hope of success, Lafayette, to
whom was promised command of the expedition if De Grasse 's
cooperation to convoy were secured, remained aboard the flag
ship for the continued exercise of his own efforts.
The Marquis occupied two days in these supplementary
arguments, at the expiration of which time he returned ashore.
DE GRASSE 's POSITION EXPLAINED
The logic of the situation is better put forth in .the Marquis's
own report to Washington, as it gives the phases of phrasing
and shades of interpretation due to De Grasse in view of the
complications of the moment and his continued devotion and
proposed prospective services to the warlike interests of the
States. In his report Lafayette says:
The Comte de Grasse would be happy to be able to make the expedition
to Charleston, all the advantages of which he feels; but the orders of his
court, ulterior projects, and his engagements with the Spaniards, render it
impossible to remain here the necessary time for this operation. His wish
to serve the United States is such that he desires to enter into engagements
for cooperation during the next campaign, as far as the plans of the court
will permit. The expedition to Wilmington requiring less time, the Comte
de Grasse would undertake to conduct to that -place a detachment of 2,000
Americans. * * It will be necessary immediately to have pilots, per
sons well acquainted with the country, with whom the Comte de Grasse
would desire to converse as soon as possible in order to give his answer
definitely. * * * The Comte de Grasse gives us leave to make use of
the vessels in York River. * * If after having seen the persons ac
quainted with the coast, the Comte de Grasse thinks he shall be able to
take the troops on board his line of battle ships and debark them without
danger then it will be useless to take the transports. If frigates can run
into a convenient place, then the troops will be embarked on board frigates.
The day of departure is to be the ist of November or, if possible, sooner.
DISPOSITION OF THE PRISONERS
Two days after the surrender, the British prisoners under
escort of Virginia militia, were marched via Williamsburg, Fred-
ericksburg, Ashbys Gap, and Shenandoah Valley to Winchester,
Va., Fort Frederick, and Fredericktown, Md., where they were
kept for a time in a prison camp. Owing to constant quarrels
After York town 473
with their militia keepers the prisoners were soon conducted to
Lancaster, Pa. , and put in prison quarters under a Continental
guard.
CARRY THE NEWS TO CIJNTON
The sloop of war Bonetta under the capitulations was assigned
to carry an aide with dispatches from Earl Cornwallis to Sir
Henry Clinton, officially advising him of the loss of his army,
after which the vessel was to be turned over to Comte de
Grasse. Cornwallis was placed under parole and departed for
New York.
DISPOSITION OF THK AMERICAN FORCES
By October 26 Washington, considering the operations against
the enemy in Virginia concluded, determined upon the future
disposition of the allied army of Yorktown. The Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and Virginia Continental troops were to be sent as a
reenforcement to General Greene in the Carolinas. With the
troops of the States to the northward of Pennsylvania, he
proposed to return to his former position on North River.
The troops for the north under General Lincoln were put on
board November 2 and conveyed by water to the Head of Elk,
whence they moved overland by easy stages and were distributed
in Pennsylvania (Lancaster), New Jersey (Morristown), and
New York (North River) and Pompton.
The retained division, consisting of the Wayne (Pennsylvania)
and Gist (Maryland) brigades, 2,000 men under Marquis de
Lafayette; with orders for South Carolina, to take Wilmington,
N. C., on the way, were to be conveyed by Comte de Grasse and
supported long enough to accomplish the carrying of Wilmington
by a "coup de main," thence the troops to join General Greene,
Preparations were at once begun for embarkation.
AS ESCORT ONLY
On the very day Washington was inditing his letter to the
President of Congress covering what has been said, De Grasse
was engaged in a similar conveyance of conclusions to Lafay
ette, giving his reasons for a finality as to "the impossibility of
474 After York town
undertaking to transport troops, baggage, artillery, and ammu
nition." There was fixity in his obligations as to place, date,
and destination. The passage to Cape Fear might take two and
it might take more than fifteen days, the winds deciding in both
cases. There might be other delays exposing him to censure.
An obstinate succession of southerly winds might oblige him
to repair to his rendezvous, carrying with him the troops on
board, which would be more useful on the Continent than to the
islands. Therefore, all- he was safe in promising was, to escort
as well as he could the vessels having the troops on board.
But in every event it would be impossible to remain on the
coast beyond the 8th of November, which delay would have to
be repaired by the greatest activity on his part.
TROUBLE FROM ANOTHER QUARTER
These preliminaries to a renewal of offensive war were of a
sudden completely upset by news from another quarter. The
vigilant Forman, who from the New Jersey highlands kept an
eye on the movements of the British ships in New York Harbor,
on a bright morning late in October was astounded to see 90
sail, 26 of them ships of the line putting to sea and pointing
southward, presumably bound for the Chesapeake. He lost no
time in dispatching an express to apprise Washington of the
alarming movement.
It was October 24, five days after the surrender, when the
express arrived. The general in chief hastily dispatched a
cutter to De Grasse, notifying him of what was in the wind.
Arrangements were made to withdraw the transports from the
mouth of the James and send them to the Head of Elk, out of
reach.
In view of the threatening complications De Grasse further
modified his offer respecting transportation of Lafayette and his
expeditionary corps for Wilmington, and again insisted he
could not under any circumstances delay after November 8.
This determination was promptly communicated to Lafayette,
who had his force ready for immediate embarkation. The dis
appointing information was forwarded to Washington.
After Yorktown 475
NARROW ESCAPE
The Andromaque, 'frigate, sailed the same day (26th),
with Count William de Deux-Ponts on board as special envoy to
secure further support from France, in order to drive home the
advantage already gained. Hardly had she left her anchorage
at the Middle Ground Banks when signals from the Hermion
and Concorde, cruising off Cape Henry, gave the alarm. The
Andromaque also had a sight in time to put back to the v mouth
of the James.
On the 2yth De Grasse informed Washington of the presence
of the British fleet of 36 vessels, 25 of the line, in the offing.
The admiral promptly signaled his entire force aboard for
action, but delay in the execution of his orders made it impos
sible to move out promptly to meet the enemy.
BRITISH FLEET OFF THE CAPES
The next day the entire hostile fleet appeared off the capes,
but the wind being unfavorable De Grasse was unable to leave
his anchorage. The same evening the enemy's ships disap
peared. It was supposed the coast was again clear. Accord
ingly, on the ist day of November, the Andromaque, with
Comte William aboard, tried it again, with express order from
De Grasse to decline a combat. The records of the voyage
show on November 2 the frigate was vigorously chased, but,
due to excellent handling and fine sailing power and under
cover of the night, the Frenchmen eluded the, enemy, and
reached France in safety on the 2oth, or nineteenth day out
a quicker voyage than made by La Surveillante.
On the evening of the day of the departure of the Andro
maque the English were again in sight, but the movement 'it
was now supposed meant reinforcement of Charleston and no
attack on De Grasse.
476 After Yorktown
REENFORCEMENTS FOR GREENE
On the same day the brigades of Wayne and Gist, under
command of General St. Clair, started on their march by land
to reenforce General Greene. General Lafayette's command
of the expedition, as we have seen, was contingent upon the
troops going by water convoyed by the French fleet.
A SPRING CAMPAIGN SUGGESTED
Before the departure of the French admiral, General Washing
ton, in a letter (October 28-), made suggestions as to the spring
campaign, wishing his return in May with a superior force, and
fixing the rendezvous on the Chesapeake, as from there the
combined fleet and armies could move either against Charleston
or New York.
In this communication the general presented the subject in
its strongest light, recognizing the necessity of the cooperation
of the fleet and at the same time appealed to the pride of its
admiral as having the deciding voice:
You will have observed that whatever efforts are made by the land
armies the navy must have the casting vote in the present contest. The
Court of France are convinced of it, and have declared their resolve to
give this indispensable succor. The triumphant manner in which your
excellency has maintained the mastery of the American seas and the glory
of the French flag leave both nations to look upon you as the arbiter of
the war.
DE GRASSE OFF FOR THE ANTILLES
The count, in reply, assured Washington of his purpose to
communicate his propositions to the French Court, feeling con
fident that everything would be done to promote his views and
establish American liberty.
FAREWELL DE GRASSE.
With this valedictory Saint-Simon embarked his gallant men
of Agenois, Gatinais, and Touraine on the first days of Novem
ber. On the 4th De Grasse with his entire fleet, land force, and
equipment sailed out of the Chesapeake headed for the West
After York town 477
Indies. He carried with him as reminders of his American
campaign two fine specimens of Virginia thoroughbreds, pre
sented to him by Washington from his Mount Vernon stud.
The captured British frigate Romulus and three others were
left to protect the stores on the York and James rivers and to
cover their transportation to the Head of Elk.
WASHINGTON RETURNS NORTH
It was not until the day after (November 5) the sailing of De
Grasse and three days after the shipment of his northern
troops to Head of Elk, having started the detachment south
ward, that Washington left the scene of the climax to his
military career. Bidding farewell for a time to his French
companion in arms he proceeded with his "Life Guard,"
Lafayette, Duportail, and a small party by way of Mount
Vernon (i5th), Alexandria (2oth), Annapolis (22d), and Phila
delphia (27th), where he passed the winter, arriving at his
camp at Morristown toward the last days of March, 1782.
ROCHAMBEAU REMAINS IN VIRGINIA
ROCHAMBEAU remained in charge of York peninsula. His
first duty was the destruction of the defenses of the traitor
Arnold at Portsmouth. The next the demolition of the out
lying redoubts and parallels of York and repair of the defenses
of the town. Those of Gloucester were leveled to the ground.
This was accomplished between the 1 5th and 1 8th of November.
The French corps a few days later moved to Williamsburg,
Va. , where the army went into winter quarters. ROCHAMBEAU
established his headquarters at Newport, Va., ready to renew
active operations in the south if needed. The loss of the army
of Cornwallis, however, was regarded on both continents as
sealing the fate of the British dominion in the former colonies
of North America.
The winter was unusually cold for this latitude, officers in
their journals recording that ink and wine, two indispensable
essentials to winter quarters, froze in their rooms.
478 After Yorktown
NEWS AND CASH FROM FRANCE
On the 2d of January, 1782, the frigate La Sibylle arrived
from France with dispatches and 2,000,000 livres in specie.
The latter was a boon, not so much to the French army as to
the people to whom gold coin had long been a stranger. The
Sibylle also brought the first news of the safe arrival of the
Surveillante with Lauzuii and the glad tidings of victory, and
the dispatches to the King, and also the arrival of the Andro-
maque. It also bore a special letter from the King to
ROCHAMBEAU to order a Te Deum sung in the regiments,
whether in town or camp.
ROCHAMBEAU CONSTANTLY IN TOUCH
From his camp at Williamsburg Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU
maintained frequent correspondence, by express, with Washing
ton at Philadelphia. In February, he announced, in response to
a request from General Greene, before Charleston, the advance,
as far as the Roanoke, on the frontiers of Carolina.
A FRENCH ADVANCE
A detachment of the French army under General de Choisy,
including Lauzun's legion, the duke himself, however, having
returned to Europe, was sent with the intention of reenforcing
General Greene. The movement was stopped at Charlotte
Court-House, about 80 miles southwest of Richmond, at Wash
ington's suggestion, as news brought to him indicated an early
evacuation of South Carolina and Georgia by the British.
He counseled the move as timely, as it might perplex the
enemy with the inference that it was the advance of a move
ment of the entire French army as soon as the weather
would admit. The chief, however, was not apprehensive of
operations of the enemy very far away from the coast toward
the interior after the many severe blows he had received of late.
About the same time information was received that the British
ministry had determined upon New York as the only post which
would be retained.
After Yorktown 479
Washington conveyed, from an address lately received from
the Senate of Virginia, their desire that he should make their
most grateful acknowledgment to His Excellency and to the
officers and men under his command for their eminent services.
They also wished him to bring to his notice the pleasure it gave
them ' ' to observe the harmony which subsists between the in
habitants of the State and their generous allies. ' '
The chief mentioned the pleasure it would give him to have
the Count come to Philadelphia any time it became necessary.
He would prefer to have him come to Mount Vernon, which
would give him the additional pleasure of entertaining him at
his own house, but for the inadvisability of going so far from
the army at the opening of the campaign.
DE LA LUZERNE GUEST AT HEADQUARTERS
On the 25th of the .same month Chevelier de la L,uzerne vis
ited Count DE ROCHAMBEAU at his headquarters. His pres
ence among his countrymen was the occasion of much camp
hospitality and social enjoyment among the distinguished fami
lies of the old Virginia capital.
In giving an account of the journey from Philadelphia to
Williamsburg, De Fersen speaks of it as charming, referring
particularly to the canteens the Minister de la Luzerne had
brought with him, which were well supplied with pates, hams,
wine, and bread. The country, he mentions, only afforded salt
food, bread, and cakes of Indian corn slightly roasted before a
fire. The native drink, ' ' thum, ' ' consisted of sugar and brandy
mixed with water, and was called "grog."
On March 27 the Chevelier, ROCHAMBEAU, and Fersen made
a trip to the camp at Portsmouth.
AN EYE ON NEW YORK
After returning to his camp on the Hudson in March, Wash
ington renewed his vigilant observation of conditions in New
York. In event of further assistance coming from France,
especially in the form of superiority on the water, it was his
purpose to make the attempt in conjunction with ROCHAMBEAU.
480 After York town
IMPRESSIONS AT VERSAILLES
There being no evident prospects of further aggressive move
ments on the part of the British, the French officers continued
to avail themselves of the lull for a visit to France. These
gentlemen were profuse in their admiration of Washington in
their intercourse with the Court of Versailles and among the
French people.
FRENCH TESTIMONIALS OF ADMIRATION
In a letter from De la Luzerne to Washington, April 18, the
minister observed :
Their testimony can add nothing to the universal opinion respecting
the great services which you have rendered to your country; but to the
esteem and admiration of the French will henceforth be added a senti
ment of affection and attachment, which is a just return for the attentions
our officers have received from you and for the progress they have made
in their profession by serving under your orders.
WASHINGTON APPRECIATES
To this Washington replied from his headquarters at New-
burgh, April 28, in a letter on the military situation generally,
which he closed by thanking the chevalier for his communica
tion concerning the opinion entertained of his conduct by the
court and nation of France, and to acknowledge his "obliga
tions to those officers who have inspired these sentiments. ' '
To stand well in the eyes of a nation which I view as one of the first in
the world and in the opinion of a monarch whom I consider as the sup
porter of the rights of humanity, and to whom I am personally indebted
for the command he has been pleased to honor me with, is highly flatter
ing to my vanity; at the same time it has a first place to all my gratitude.
WHAT FRANKLIN LEARNED
Doctor Franklin to Mr. Livingston, secretary of foreign
affairs, contributed similar views of the returning officers, of
whom he wrote
who have returned to France this winter, speak of our people
in the handsomest and kindest manner, and there is a strong desire in
After Yorktown 481
many of the young nobleman to go over to fight for us. There is no re
straining some of them, and several changes in the officers of their army
have taken place in consequence.
CONTINENTAL HONORS TO A ROYAL INFANT
At this point an interesting episode in the routine of camp
transpired in honor of the French allies. On May 28 the com
mander in chief, in general orders, was " happy in the opportu
nity of announcing to the army the birth of a Dauphin of
France, and desirous of giving a general occasion for testifying
the satisfaction which he is convinced will pervade the breast
of every American officer and soldier in the communication of
an event so highly interesting to a monarch and nation who
have given such distinguished proofs of their attachment, is
pleased to order the feu de joie on Thursday next."
LONG LIVE THE DAUPHIN
On May 31, 1782, the proposed grand fete was given at West
Point in honor of the birth of the dauphin of France, first son
of Louis XVI, the champion of independence, and his Queen,
Marie Antoinette. The affair took place under an arbor about
220 feet in length and 80 feet in width, supported by 118 pillars
constructed for the occasion of materials afforded by the for
ests in the vicinity. The sides and covering were of curiously
interwoven evergreens, the ends being open. Each pillar was
encircled at the foot by muskets with fixed bayonets, held in
place by wreaths of evergreens and flowers.
The interior was festooned and further adorned with garlands
of laurel, spruce, and arbor vitse. There were also a number of
devices emblematical of the alliance, mottoes and other decora
tions suggestive of the ties between the States and France.
To add to the eclat of the display the entire army on both
sides of the river at West Point was paraded. At a precon
certed signal of three cannon shots, muskets were stacked, while
the officers, under general orders of May 29, 1782, repaired to
West Point to dine with the general.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 31
482 After Yorktown
In a memorandum appended to these orders the commander
in chief extended, ''with his compliments," to the "officers'
ladies with or in the neighborhood of the army," his request to
"favor him with their company at dinner." The invitation
was extended ' ' to any other ladies of his own or his friends'
acquaintance, without the formality of a particular invitation."
On the date named General and Mrs. Washington and their
friends, which included civic officers of the State and their
ladies, assembled at headquarters, and having embarked on
barges gaily decorated, rowed down the Hudson, arriving at
West Point early in the afternoon. Other distinguished guests
reached there about the same time. The entire company, led
by General and Mrs. Washington, at a signal of three cannon dis
charges, repaired to the grand arbor, passing through a line of
artillery drawn up in honor of the event. It is recorded over
500 guests were present. After the cloth was removed 13 appro
priate toasts were drunk simultaneously with each 13 guns,
drum ruffles being given in salute.
In the evening the arbor, brilliantly illuminated, was the scene
of a grand ball, opened by General Washington and Mrs. Knox
in a minuet.
A feu de joi of cannon and musketry from the whole army
resounded in the darkness from the surrounding hills. The
troops thrice shouted " L,ong live the dauphin," a display of
fireworks ending the celebration.
ROYAI, HONORS FOR FRENCHMEN SERVING IN AMERICA
The Count having informed Washington of the pensions, cross
of the order of St. Louis, and promotions bestowed upon his
meritorious officers serving in America, drew in reply an assur
ance of a feeling of
most lively interest and pleasure in every event which bestows honor or
emolument on such deserving characters. The favorable mention which
the King is pleased to make of me demands my warmest and most particu
lar acknowledgment. This honor done me will form an additional tie to
the gratitude which already binds me to the person and interests of His
Majesty.
After York town 483
CAMPAIGN CONSIDERATIONS EMPLOYMENT
The employment of the French army after joining Washing
ton's forces on the Hudson was now under consideration by
correspondence between the two generals. ROCHAMBEAU pro
posed some strategic maneuvering before starting on his march.
Washington, however, did not take favorably to the project, as
it would be performed in so short a space as to give no time for its opera
tion before the deception proposed would be disclosed .
The correspondence of Washington with the Count, so far as
the salutatory went, began to take on a more familiar tone.
Hitherto it was "Sir" down to May 5, 1782, now it is "My
Dear Count," June 24, 1782. In this communication the chief
expressed himself more and more embarrassed in determining
measures, on account of. no receipt of advices as to the inten
tions of the Court of France. If naval aid was to be sent suffi
ciently powerful and in time, the enterprise against New York
would be undertaken. In that case the march of the French
troops to the Hudson should be immediate. If not, Charleston
was considered next in importance, in which event every step
northward would be lost, and render the French troops unfit to
march to South Carolina.
STATES LOYAI, TO FRANCE
By this time Clinton had been relieved at New York and
Carleton substituted. That general, taking it into his head
that it was the opportune time to clpse up the American busi
ness and go at France single handed, proposed to Congress to
recognize the independence of the United States in consider
ation of the renunciation of the alliance with France.
As this was in direct violation of the specific terms of that
convention and a repudiation of the very essence of gratitude,
Congress spurned the suggestion and peremptorily refused to
receive the persons charged with the negotiations.
484
After Yorktown
ROCHAMBEAU ON THE MARCH NORTHWARD
In view of the situation in the Antilles as to France and
the conditions in the States as to England there was no logical
inference of much in the way of initiative by either of those pow
ers. The climate so far south was also telling on the French
troops, accordingly ROCHAMBEAU determined to move north
ward. He intimated his intention to General Washington and
requested an interview at Philadelphia.
On June 23 the first division of the French army under De
Chastellux broke camp at Williamsburg. The march, owing to
the intense heat, was performed by easy stages at night, the
day being devoted to rest.
The remaining divisions followed at short intervals. The
fourth, consisting of the regiment Saintonge and a detachment
of artillery under Comte de Custine, bringing up the rear on
July 4.
MRS. WASHINGTON- ENTERTAINS THE FRENCH OFFICERS
On July 19, this division having made a halt at Colchester,
Va., not far from Mount Vernon, Mrs. Washington extended
invitations to Comte de Custine and nine officers of his com
mand to dine. In the morning the gallant count surprised the
good lady by sending to her a complete set of china, the manu
facture of his own factory at Pf alzburg, Lorraine, France. Each
piece was ornamented with the monogram and arms of her
husband.
The following represents the camps of the French army
under ROCHAMBEAU in their return march north from Williams-
burg to Baltimore:
VIRGINIA
June 23, 1782, Williamsburg.
June 24, 1782, Drinking Spring.
July 5, 1782, Birds Tavern.
July 6, 1782, Ravelaf House.
July 7, 1782, New Kent.
July 8, 1782, New Castle Sojourn.
July 9, 1782, Hanover Town.
July n, 1782, Hanover Court-House
After Yorktown 485
July 12, 1782, Brunks Bridge. j July 16, 1782, Sojourn.
July 13, 1782, Bullen Green (Bowl- July 17, 1782, PeytonsTown.
ing Green). | July 18, 1782, Dumfries.
July 14, 1782, 12 miles south of
Fredericksburg.
July 15, 1782, Fredericksburg and
Falmouth.
MARYLAND
July 19, 1782, Colchester.
July 20, 1782, Alexandria.
July 21, 1782, Georgetown.
July 22, 1782, Bladensburg.
July 26, 1782, Spurier's Tavern.
July 27, 1782, Baltimore.
July 25, 1782, Rose Tavern.
ROCHAMBKAU CONFERS
The Comte DE ROCHAMBKAU having reached Baltimore with
the advance of his army, leaving Major-General Chevalier de
Chastellux in command, departed for Philadelphia, where he
was joined by General Washington from his headquarters at
Newburgh on the Hudson, on July 15.
After a deliberation of several days, interspersed with many
courtesies ceremonial, informal, and individual on the part of
Congress, the Pennsylvania officials, and distinguished indi
viduals it was determined to concentrate the two armies on the
Hudson.
THE TWO ARMIES TO CONCENTRATE
As a preliminary movement Comte de Fersen was dispatched
on a secret mission to embark stores left at York and the artil
lery left at West Point, 8 leagues above, and ship them to
Baltimore. As soon as he had everything moving he- reported
to ROCHAMBEAU, who with his army was then at that city.
SIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN YIELDING
The resolutions of the British House of Commons having con
fined their army in America to a defensive war only, and other
indications pointing to a pacification, led Comte DE ROCHAM
BEAU to suggest that his army remain at Baltimore, that he dis
miss his wagon train, and await developments.
486 After York-town
THE CHIEF SUSPICIOUS
Washington (August 16), however, did not take the same
optimistic view of the situation, regarding the alleged negotia
tions as a possible scheme to gain time, especially as there had
as yet been no offers on the part of the enemy for a general
cessation of hostilities.
The correctness of this position was sustained by a letter of
De la lyUzerne to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in which the sug
gestion was made that England would spare nothing to make
a peace with the United States and then turn % all her efforts
against France. The minister added that to his certain knowl
edge the States would never agree to a separate peace, but only
in concert with France. .
BRITISH CONCENTRATING AT NEW YORK
It was known at Washington's headquarters at Newburgh; and
so reported to ROCHAMBEAU, that the British garrison at Savan
nah had been withdrawn to New York, and there were grounds
for belief that that of Charleston would be in the near future,
in which event a considerable force might be detached to the
West Indies for operations against France in that direction,
unless the French army should at once join the Americans on
the Hudson River as a menace to New York.
LOOKING OUT FOR CONTINGENCIES
It was Washington's decided opinion should an "accommo
dation ' ' be reached and the orders of the French court call the
auxiliary army from the American continent, the embarkation
could as easily be made upon the Delaware or Hudson as upon
the Chesapeake.
For these reasons the chief could see no good consequences
resulting from the French remaining at Baltimore, but many
advantages attending their marching forward and ' ' forming a
junction with this army."
After Yorktown 487
FRENCH ARMY AGAIN IN MOTION
It was planned by ROCHAMBEAU to leave Baltimore August
15, marching to the Hudson by way of Philadelphia. It was
August 20, however, before the French column was in motion.
The defeat of De Grasse disarranged all other plans on the part
of France. The arrival of British reenforcements at New York
and the intention to evacuate Charleston made an increase of
the American strength imperative. A concentration of the
two armies was therefore necessitated as a measure of precau
tion. In the event of peace, the commander in chief was more
strongly favorable to the embarkation of the French army
at some northern port.
Early in August Brigadier- General Choisy, in anticipation of
the arrival of the French fleet, proceeded tp Boston to notify
Governor Hancock of its coming and to make arrangements for
supplies.
FRENCH FLEET AT BOSTON
This fleet, commanded by Marquis de Vaudreuil, anchored in
Nantasket Roads August 1 1 . It consisted of 1 3 ships of the
line, of which 4 mounted 80 and the rest 74 guns; 3 frigates,
and a cutter. On the passage up from the West Indies the
fleet captured six English transports bound for Jamaica.
AGGRESSIVE MOVE PROPOSED
The Marquis in a letter to Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU revived
the idea of Destouches of a " coup de main ' ' upon the British
post at Penobscot, and asked his opinion and advice on the
subject.
The Count very plainly disapproved of the project, and refer
ring the subject to Washington, it received the same treatment,
only in more positive form. The latter also notified Governor
Hancock, of Massachusetts, to the same effect; but should
' ' more 'favorable circumstances turn up to make the attack
appear practicable to the French admiral, General Choisy, and
Governor Hancock, the State of Massachusetts would be obliged
488 After Yorktown
to afford the means to carry the operation into effect, as it
would be impossible at this distance to afford timely aid. ' '
After this correspondence the scheme was abandoned, not
withstanding efforts on the part of the governor of Massachu
setts to put it into execution.
BRITISH SITUATION
The evacuation of Charleston would leave no force of the
enemy at the south. The remaining foothold in the former
colonies would then be confined to L,ong, Staten, and New York
islands. About 2,000 British troops had been shipped to the
Antilles. The remaining British and Germans, constituting
the garrison of New York, aggregated 10,000 men of all arms.
GETTING THE ALLIED ARMIES IN TOUCH WITH ENEMY
On August 31 Washington transferred his troops from New-
burgh to Verplancks Point, in accordance with an arrangement
with Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU to form a junction of the two
armies in that locality in order to be nearer the enemy in event
of an attack from New York.
ARRIVAL OF ROCHAMBEAU WITH HIS TROOPS
The advance division of the French army under Comte DE
ROCHAMBEAU in person reached Kings Ferry from the south
September 15. ' The second division came up immediately after.
The whole French army crossed the Hudson and encamped on
the left of the Americans near Crompond, about 10 miles from
Verplanks Point and 24 miles from the enemy's advanced
position on New York Island.
HONORS TO OUR ALLIES
The junction of the two armies was attended with great cere
mony, insomuch that the Comte recalled the honor in his
memoirs in the words:
General Washington, wishing to testify his respect for France an'd his
recognition of the benefits she had rendered, caused us to pass between
After Yorktown
489
two lines of troops clad, equipped, and armed with clothing and arms
from France and from the English magazines taken at Yorktown, which
the French army had relinquished to the Americans. He ordered the
drums to beat a French march during the whole review, and the two armies
rejoined with the most lively demonstrations of reciprocal satisfaction.
SPLENDID CONDUCT OF FRENCH TROOPS
The discipline displayed by the French troops while in the
States, and especially in their marches through the country, and
particularly their respect for property, was so great, not even
taking fruit without permission, that ROCHAMBEAU and his
officers were literally overwhelmed with addresses of congrat
ulations and mingled expressions of admiration and gratitude.
QUAKER TESTIMONY
In passing through Philadelphia a deputation of Quakers
addressing him said:
General, it is not on account of thy military qualities that we make thee
this visit; those we hold in little esteem, but thee art the friend of man
kind and thy army conducts itself with the utmost order and discipline.
It is this which induces us to render thee our respects.
FRENCH STRENGTH
The following return shows the active strength and absentees
of the French army at this time:
General situation of the army under the orders of 3f. le Count de Ro-
chambeau for the period September 19, 1782.
REGIMENTS.
Composition of the regiments
to Sept. 19, 1782.
Present offi
cers and
men of all
arms.
Absentees.
Total.
799
798
312
214
228
195
172
190
22
8
80
972
996
994
970
502
22
|
Auxonne:
Artillerie
27
476
3,938
i, 108
5>47
490 After Yorktown
Showing the high state of discipline maintained, it should be
added that aside from the 24 deaths there were but 28 deser
tions during the previous period. The entire company of
mineurs was detached to Feltz Point. Among the absentees,
477 were on special duty at various places, and 631 in hospital.
A FETE DAY IN CAMP
On September 21, at Verplanks Point, the officers of the
American army celebrated the second anniversary of the first
meeting of Washington and ROCHAMBEAU by a reception and
feast to their French allies. The two generals honored the
event by their presence.
BRITISH DESIGNS
The fleet of M. de Vaudreuil at the end of September was
anchored in two detachments, one at Boston the other at Ports
mouth, N. H.
The British, notwithstanding Franklin's epigram ''they are
unable to carry on the war and too proud to make peace," were
seriously contemplating an attack on these divided forces.
Washington with his usual alacrity not only informed Vau
dreuil what was in the wind, but prompted the governors of
Massachusetts and New Hampshire to get their militia in shape
for the emergency should it arise.
Comte de Segur, son of Marquis de Segur, minister of war,
and Prince de Broglie, of one of the noted military families of
France, with strong letters of introduction from Franklin, were
the latest acquisitions to the French army, although the likeli
hood of further active service against the British was growing
more and more remote.
ORDERS TO MARCH TO BOSTON
The French commander, having received orders to march to
Boston for embarkation for the West Indies, broke camp near
Verplanks Point October 22, marching by way of Hartford
and Providence. The American army at the same time moved
up, crossing the Hudson at West Point.
After Yorktoivn 491
On the last day but two of November the Americans went
into winter cantonment at New Windsor, Washington again
establishing his headquarters at Newburgh.
PARTING HONORS
The breaking of camp and marching of ROCHAMBEAU and
his troops out of the allied lines after the brilliant services
together against the last British force in the field was a source
of deep emotion among the officers of both armies. The feeling
extended even to the soldiers, among whom passed many scenes
of affection.
On account of military considerations no formal demonstra
tions were had, but the sentiments of regret were none the less,
strong.
EN ROUTE AT HARTFORD
The French moved by easy marches. Arriving at Hartford,
ROCHAMBEAU halted his men for about eight days, awaiting
the readiness of the fleet to take the troops aboard. On Novem
ber 4, breaking camp, he again advanced eastward.
AT PROVIDENCE
As the French corps approached Providence, October 28,
1782, ROCHAMBEAU applied to the governor for quarters for his
officers in that city. The matter having been turned over to
the town council, the request was promptly complied with. On
November 8 ROCHAMBEAU and staff reached the city. The
troops followed two days later, at first going into camp on
the east side of Pawtucket turnpike, north of the city line, but
a few days later were comfortably quartered in barracks pre
pared for them. The officers were distributed through the
town as guests of distinguished citizens ROCHAMBEAU with
the governor.
Owing to the continued state of war on the part of England
with France, neither country under the alliance being permitted
to make peace with that power except it included the other, the
492 After York town
West Indies Was the scene of considerable naval activity.
Therefore, the departure, of the French fleet and army was kept
secret. It was generally given out the corps had marched to
the eastward to go into winter quarters. To give the ruse that
appearance they began the erection of cantonments about i %
miles northeast of the Market Square of Providence on the
western slope of the northern end of Prospect Hill, which was
well sheltered and in every way suitable for the purpose.
COURTESIES TO ROCHAMBEAU
The general assembly of Rhode^ Island jointly presented the
Count with an address expressive of their sense of admiration
and appreciation, as follows:
The COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU:
The governor, council and representatives of the State of Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations in general assembly convened, being incited
by the sincerest attachment and respect, present their most affectionate
and cordial acknowledgments to your excellency and the officers and
troops composing the army under your command for the great and eminent
services rendered since your first arrival in this State. Nothing can equal
our admiration at the manner in which you have participated with the
Army of the United States in the fatigues, the toils, and the glory that
have attended the allied armies, but the magnanimity of the father of his
people and protector of the rights of mankind.
Our inquietude at the prospect of your removal would be irrepressible
but from the fullest conviction of the wisdom that directs the councils of
His Most Christian Majesty. May Heaven reward your exertions in the
cause of humanity and the particular regard you have paid to the rights
of the citizens, and may your laurels be crowned by the smiles of the best
of kings and the grateful feelings of the most generous of people.
Done in general assembly at East Greenwich this 2yth day of November,
A. D. 1782, and in the seventh year of independence.
*I have the honor to be, in behalf of the council and representatives, with
great esteem and respect.
Your excellency's most obedient and very humble servant,
WIGWAM GREENE, Governor.
By ordef :
SAMUEL WARD, Secretary.
To which the Count replied:
GENTLEMEN: It is with inexpressible pleasure that I and the troops
under my command have received the marks of esteem and of acknowledg-
After Yorktown 493
merit which you are so good as to give to the services which we have
been happy enough to render to the United States jointly with the
American Army under the orders of General Washington. This State is
the first we have been acquainted with. The friendly behavior of its
inhabitants now and at our arrival here will give them always a right to
our gratitude.
The confidence you have in the wisdom of the views of our Sovereign as
to the disposition and march of his troops must likewise assure you that
on no occasion whatever will he separate his interests from those of his
faithful allies.
IvE COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU..
The organization and personnel of the general staff , field, line,
and rank and file of the French army when it marched back to
Rhode Island on November, 1782, were practically the same as
when it marched away in June, 1781. Vicomte de Rocham-
beau was absent. Corny, commissary of war, had returned to
France. Marquis de Vaubaun had been added as second aid
to ROCHAMBEAU; De Lange and Desoteaux were added and De
Sange had disappeared from the staff of Baron de Viomenil;
De Tressan was in the place of Saumaun as aid to De Choisy;
Romanz had become first aid to the colonel commandant of
artillery.
During the halt at Providence the higher officers seized the
opportunity to make visits to old friends at Newport in order to
enjoy a few fleeting moments of hospitality and farewell.
ROCHAMBEAU TAKES LEAVE OF HIS VALIANT FRENCHMEN
On November 29 Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU took leave of his
troops, placing Baron de Viomenil, next in rank, in command,
and returned to headquarters at Newburgh.
GENERAL AND MRS. WASHINGTON EXTEND HOSPITALITY
General and Mrs. Washington gave to the great soldier of
France and suite a most cordial entertainment of welcome and
departure on their way from Rhode Island to Philadelphia and
Annapolis to embark for France.
The Marquis de Chastellux in his memoirs of travels, in con
nection with this last meeting of General Washington and
494 After Yorktown
Count DE ROCHAMBKAU, gives an interesting account of the
unostentatious surroundings of the commander in chief. It
was December 5, 1782:
We passed the North (Hudson) River as night came on and arrived at
6 o'clock at Newburgh, where I found Mr. and Mrs. Washington, Colonels
Humphreys and Tilghman and also Major Walker.
A PEN. PICTURE
The marquis vividly describes the house so familiar to every
one acquainted with the closing military scenes of the war for
independence, and continuing
I found the company assembled in a small room which served as a par
lour. At 9 o'clock supper was served. When the Hour of bedtime came
I found that the chamber to which the General conducted me was the very
parlour I speak of, wherein he had had them place a bed.
We assembled at breakfast the next morning at 10, during which in
terval my bed was folded up and my chamber became my sitting room for
the whole afternoon, for American manners do not admit of a bed in the
room in which company is received, especially when there are women
present.
The smallness of the house and the difficulty to which I saw Mr. and
Mrs. Washington had put themselves to receive me, made me apprehensive
lest M. ROCHAMBEAU, who was to set out the day after me, might arrive
on the day I remained at headquarters, so I therefore sent to Fishkill to
meet him with a request to stay there that night.
My express found him already at the landing, where he slept, and did
not join us till the next morning as I was setting out.
ARRIVAL AT BOSTON
After a halt of two weeks the French army resumed its march
and entered Boston during the first week of December, having
made the distance from Providence in two days.
Very shortly after going into camp the governor, John Han
cock, and council tendered to the commanding general, Count
Viomenil, and Vaudreuil, admiral commanding the fleet, and
their officers, a public dinner at which suitable addresses were
made voicing opinion, official and public, in Massachusetts and
throughout the States upon the sendees of the French troops
and ships in bringing the war to a triumphant success.
After Yorktown 495
Among the parting amenities Congress, on September 3, by
resolution in testimony of their sense of appreciation of the gen
erosity of the French King presented to the French minister,
Chevalier de la Luzerne, the America, a 74-gun ship of the line
but recently built for the American navy, for the service of his
King, the Magnifique, a 74-gun ship of the French fleet having
been lost in the harbor by accident in the late summer.
WASHINGTON BIDS FAREWELL
Washington in a letter of December 12 to Baron de Viomenil
bids farewell to that officer and his army. After repeating the
reason for not taking public leave, his destination then bei'ng a
secret, and adverting to the reluctance with which he parted
with the French army and the grateful sense of the very essen
tial services they had rendered to America, he continued ' ' per
mit me to request the favor of your excellency to make the
necessary apologies for me; to express to both officers and men
how warmly I feel myself interested in whatever concerns their
honor and glory and to assure them it is my ardent wish that
victory may attend them wherever the orders of their sovereign
may direct their arms." .
VIOMENIL' s TOUGHING REPLY
On December 18 the baron sent the following reply:
The veneration with which this army was penetrated, from the first
moment they had the honor of being presented to your excellency by
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, their confidence in your talents and the wisdom
of your orders, the remembrance of your kindness and attention and the
example you set them in every critical circumstance, the approbation,
regret, and wishes you have honored them with at their departure; these
are considerations by which you may be assured there is not an individual
officer in this army who is not sensibly touched, as he is flattered by your
approbation; or who does not exceedingly regret that the secret of our
destination deprived them of the pleasure of being again presented by
Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU to pay their respects to your excellency, and to
express their feelings on the occasion. Having thus interpreted their
feelings to your excellency, allow me, sir, to embrace this opportunity to
assure you that the sentiments you have already permitted me to express
to you, will be as durable as the profound respect with which I have the
honor to be, etc.
496 After Yorktown
Although it was proposed to embark and sail at once, eight
een days elapsed before the fleet passed out of Boston Harbor.
This delay was largely due to the absence of authentic infor
mation of the evacuation of Charleston by the British, which
took place December 14.
The British, however, were evidently not counting on any
more aggressive operations, as their fleet of 23 vessels sailed to
the southward from New York two months before (October 23)
in two divisions, the first consisting of 1 2 ships under Admiral
Pigot, and the second, 1 1 vessels, soon after.
The French army began embarkation on De Vaudreuil's ships,
which numbered 13, on December 21, and all was ready to
weigh anchor three days later.
FAREWELL, GOOD FRIENDS
The entire force of the grand auxiliary army of ROCHAM-
BEAU, now under command of Baron De Viomenil, save Lau-
zan's legion and a detachment left to guard the heavy artillery
of the French army, sailed for Santo Domingo, then a French
colony, having served two years and a half in America under the
supreme command of Gen. George Washington, of Virginia,
commander in chief of the armies of the American States, lieu
tenant-general in the armies of France, and commander in chief
of the allied armies of the United States of America and France
in North America.
Due de I^auzun with his legion remained in the States to
await developments. The siege artillery of the French arm}*,
left at Yorktown for the same reason, had been transported to
Baltimore with a guard of 400 men detailed from the different
regiments for that purpose. There were 400 sick, unable to be
moved, which made 1,400 Frenchmen in all Jeft behind, the en
tire force being under Due de L,auzun. The duke and his
legion were quartered at Wilmington, Del., about 29 miles
south of Philadelphia.
Count de Fersen, first aid to ROCHAMBEAU, sailed with the
fleet on board Le Brave, a 74-gun ship, Chevalier d'Amblimont
commanding. Comte de Deux-Ponts and three of his companies
were on board the same vessel.
After Yorktown 497
THE KING APPROVES
During the presence of Count DE ROCHAMBEAU in Philadel
phia en route, the Danae frigate, M. de Capellis, commanding,
arrived with dispatches from the ministry and a personal mes
sage from the King, giving his entire approval of Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU' s conduct in command of the royal auxiliary
forces in America.
CONGRESS THANKS AND FARBWEW,
The President of Congress on a report of the Secretary for
foreign affairs, also presented to the Count the following formal
expression of the high esteem in which he was held by the
States in their united character upon his returning to France:
BY THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JANUARY i, 1783:
The minister plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty, having
communicated to Congress through the secretary for foreign affairs on the
7th of December last the resolution taken to embark the army under the
command of Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, and on the 29th (24) their having
actually embarked and sailed, together with His Majesty's intention to
direct them to return whenever an object should offer in which they might
effectually cooperate with the troops of the United States;
Resolved, That the secretary of foreign affairs inform the minister of
France, that though Congress can not see without regret the departure of
any army to whose bravery and good conduct they are so greatly indebted
for the reduction of the enemy's force in this country, yet that they have
too much confidence in the intention of His Majesty to the interests of the
alliance not to be persuaded that the order for the departure was dictated
by a conviction that they could elsewhere be more usefully employed
against the common enemy.
That they wish him to make known to His Majesty the grateful sense
they entertained of his attention to their immediate interests manifested
in the important aid thus long afforded them and in his generous deter
mination to direct his troops to return to this country whenever circum
stances will admit of an advantageous cooperation with the arms of the
United States; that they desire, through him, to recommend in a particu
lar manner Count DE ROCHAMBEA'U and the army under his command to
the favor of His Majesty, having the highest reason to be satisfied with
their bravery and good conduct and with that strict discipline to which
they are indebted for the perfect harmony which has so happily subsisted
between them and the soldiers and citizens of the United States.
Resolved, That the President make the acknowledgments of Congress in
a particular manner to his excellency the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, and
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 32
498 After Yorktown
signify to him the .high sense they entertain of the distinguished talents
displayed by him to so much advantage to these States in the most impor
tant conjunctions, as well as of the strict and exemplary discipline which
has been uniformally conspicuous among the troops under his command,
and which have deservedly acquired the admiration and esteem of the
citizens of these States, by whom his signal services and the delicate atten
tion at all times paid to their private rights will ever be held in affection
ate remembrance.
HOMEWARD BOUND
Comte DE ROCHAMBKAU at first expected to embark on the
frigate La Gloire, at Philadelphia, but after a brief sojourn at
that city in the first days of 1783 continued his journey to
Annapolis, where the Emeraude] another French frigate, was at
anchor awaiting him. He was accompanied by Chevalier de
Chastellux, M. de Beville, General Choisy, and the entire staff
and aides excepting Cointe de Fersen, who had sailed from
Boston with the French troops.
The party went aboard expecting to get underway January 8,
but it was not until three days" later that the vessel sailed.
LAST FAREWELL
General Washington, with his usual thoughtful consideration
of the proprieties of occasion as well as the promptings of obli
gation and affection, sent to the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU and
Marquis de Chastellux letters of farewell, which reached those
gentlemen before the day of sailing.
TOUCHING TRIBUTES
Under date of December 14, 1782, headquarters, at Newburgh,
he writes to De Chastellux under the endearing salutatory:
MY DEAR CHEVAUER: I felt too much to express anything the day I
parted from you. A sense of your public services to this country, and
gratitude for your private friendship, quite overcame me at the moment of
our separation. But I should do violence to my feelings and inclination
were I to suffer you to leave the country without the warmest assurances
of an affectionate regard for your person and character.
After referring to " our good friend, the Marquis de Lafay
ette ' ' as having prepared him long before meeting ' ' for those
After Yorktown 499
impressions of esteem which opportunities and your own benev
olent mind have since led into a deep and lasting friendship,
which neither time nor distance can eradicate," the great
Washington continues
I can truly say, that never in my life have I parted with a man to whom
my soul clave more sincerely than it did to you. * * and be assured
that it will be one of my highest gratifications to keep up a regular inter
course with you by letter.
The general in chief further expressed his regret that circum
stances should withdraw him
from this country before the final accomplishment of that independence
and peace which the arms of our good ally have assisted in placing before
us in so agreeable a point of view.
Continuing
Nothing would give me more pleasure than to accompany you in a tour
through the continent of North America at the close of the war, in search
of the natural curiosities with which it abounds and to view the founda
tion of the rising empire. <*>
On the same day of his affectionate and prophetic letter to
Chevalier de Chastellux, Washington sent by express this
equally touching valedictory to Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU, not
being willing to have him depart from the country without
De Chastellux (Francis John) Marquis de, was one of the most distinguished of the
able superior officers of the French army in America. During his service in connec
tion with his military duties, when not in active campaign, he gave most of his time to
traveling about the country and making notes of what he saw.
An edition of 24 copies of his travels was printed on board one of the ships of the
French squadron while in American waters. The complete story translated was
printed in L,ondon in 1787. After returning to France he was made field marshal by
the King and member of the French Academy. About five years later he married a
lady of unusual gifts, a relative of the Duke of Orleans.
This event in his life he communicated (April, 1788) in a letter to Washington, who,
in a vein of excellent humor, promptly replied:
"I saw by theeulogium you often made on the happiness of domestic life that you
had swallowed the bait and that you would as surely be taken one day or another as
that you were a philosopher and a soldier. So your day has at length come. I am
glad of it with all my heart and soul. It is quite good enough for you. Now, you are
well served for coming to fight in favor of the American rebels all the way across the
Atlantic Ocean by catching that terrible contagion, domestic felicity, which like the
smallpox or plague a man can have only once in his life."
The count died in 1793. His fortune was swept away in the upheaval of the French
revolution. In 1795 his widow made a distressing appeal to Washington for a pension
for herself and infant son on account of her husband's services in America. Pained
as he was, no action could be taken.
JOG After Yorktown
repeating the high sense he entertained of the services he had
rendered to America.
To this testimony of his public character he wrote he should
be wanting to the feelings of his heart were he not to add
expressions of the happiness he had enjoyed in his private
friendship, the remembrance of which would be one of the most
pleasant circumstances of his life.
TROPHIES OF YORKTOWN
About a fortnight later, after the Count had left camp on the
Hudson for Philadelphia, Washington followed him with
another letter, informing him of his ' ' infinite satisfaction ' ' in
being able to send to Philadelphia the cannon
which Congress were pleased to present to your excellency in testimony
of their sense of the illustrious part you bore in the capture of the British
army under L,ord Cornwallis at York in Virginia.
The carriages were to follow by another conveyance, not
being quite ready, but he
could not resist the pleasure on that account of forwarding these pieces
previous to your departure in hopes the inscriptions and devices as well
as the execution may be agreeable to your wishes.
A LAST LINE
On January n, 1783, as the Emeraude was about to sail, the
Count replied:
Though I was gone from Philadelphia before the cannon arrived there,
give me leave to observe that your usual attention and politeness have
been shown to the last moment, of which this is a fresh proof. I write to
the Chevalier de la I/uzerne to keep them till peace, when they ma} 7 be
carried over without danger of being taken. We are just getting under
sail. In this moment I renew to your excellency my sincere acknowledg
ments for your friendship and am, with the most inviolable attachment
and respect, your most obedient servant, etc.
PARTANT POUR LA FRANCE
With these parting words the Emeraude spread her sails for
France.
a The cannon were sent to ROCHAMBEAU after peace had been declared, and were
mounted on his estate.
After York town 501
ON THE WATCH FOR ROCHAMBEAU
The English at New York, advised of the purpose of
ROCHAMBEAU to sail on the Emeraude from the Chesapeake,
sent a ship of the line and two frigates to cruise off the Capes
in hope of effecting his capture.
The Emeraude cleared the Capes January 14, 1783, in a
fresh northwest breeze. Scarcely had the land vanished below
the horizon than a frigate of the enemy hove in sight from the
south. The Emeraude quickly changing her course, and night
approaching, pointed to the north. The wind about the same
time shifted to the northeast. The enemy taking advantage of
this favorable situation advanced by the larboard quarter in an
effort to catch the Frenchman between himself and the coast,
at the same time putting about gave the Emeraude a broadside.
The French commander discovering his antagonist to be a
ship of the line at once realized the better part of valor was to
escape, if possible. Therefore, crowding on all sail he pointed
for the open sea.
AN EXCITING CHASE
A clever test of the sailing qualities of the two ships and sea
manship on the part of their commanders followed. During
the entire night in the bright light of the moon and all the
next day and into the next night there was an exciting race,
the Englishman keeping it up for thirty hours. Twice the
vessels were within cannon shot and exchanged broadsides.
The most embarrassing part of the race was a sudden abate
ment of the wind. Finding the Englishmen gaining, all spare
masts, yards, and a few carronades were thrown overboard.
Thus lightened, the Emeraude began to put distance between
herself and the pursuing craft and finally left her out of sight,
having sailed about 80 leagues (250 miles) south of her course.
On January 1 6 the ship encountered hurricane weather which
followed her to Cape Finisterre, but at last entered the river
Nantes in safety in the first month of spring, having expe
rienced a narrow escape from capture by the English squadron
in wait for him off the French coast.
502 After Yorktown
The first news to greet the Count was the conclusion of peace
between the States and Great Britain and also between France
and her ancient enemy.
A CHARACTER SKETCH
The character of ROCHAMBEAU had many phases of the world's
estimate of greatness. In some respects he possessed strong
points of resemblance to Washington. Their habits of thought,
exploitation of methods, initiative and application were strik
ingly similar, which fact, as much as any other consideration,
led to that remarkable reciprocation of respect and action which
culminated in brilliant success.
ROCHAMBEAU was a man of perfect equipoise. Had he not
been, the trials, perplexities, and annoyances of his position
and surroundings would have led to disaster.
He shared with Washington a just apprehension of the feasi
bility of bringing together on a common line of military duty
officers and men who hitherto had been on opposite sides in
politics and on the battle line of antagonizing forces, of which
the American colonies were a prominent factor.
The reconciliation of the issues of the past was one of the
greatest triumphs of ROCHAMBEAU in America. The very first
act of his advent upon the scene after landing his men on the
continent, where for more than a century their predecessors had
served in the character of enemies, was to place himself and his
army, without mental reservation or subjunctives, under the
orders of his American chief, whom he had never seen, and of
whose characteristics he knew nothing. In their intercourse,
after he complied with every request and coincided in every
command, even if not precisely in line with his own judgment,
a feeling of irritation if not discouragement would have been
natural under the incessant pricking and insinuation of British
and Tory influences, especially in that Washington studiously
delayed a conference, did not desire to meet him, and did only
after months of studied delay, when the desperate extremity of
the American situation demanded outside aid or submission.
L,eft for nearly a year without a word from his Government
or the fulfillment of the promises to him of the full detail of his
After Yorktown 503
army, subjected to importunities which did not concern him
nor the destiny of his doing, the conduct of some of his own
officers in outspoken comment upon the neglect of his Govern
ment, and apparent indifference of the American, which more
or less affected the force of his authority, were sufficient to dis
turb and test the nobility of character and equanimity of the
most calm of men. But not so ROCHAMBKAU. He went for
ward in the path of duty undisturbed by petty cavilings and
criticism, without apology or explanation, even to those nearest
to him in rank and in the closer ties of friendship. The
qualities which in Washington were the moral law of life
were in ROCHAMBEAU a religion. The more trying the situa
tion the more resolute his three strong points fortitude,
endurance, and equanimity. Like Washington again, he was
a man of concentration and reserve. He had the full conviction
of duty and unbounded self-control. He was wise in resolve,
sagacious in counsel, prompt in preparation, and exact in
execution.
In deportment he was always easy and courteous. His
deference toward his American chief was at all times an example
to his army, from the second in command to the man behind
the bayonet.
It was the moral exaltation of ROCHAMBKAU which brought
victory to the allied standards as much as the gallantry of the
brave Frenchmen subject to his command.
PEACE
The packet Washington, Captain Barney, which sailed from
F Orient January 17, 1783, reached Philadelphia, March 12,
with news of the signing of the preliminary articles of peace
between Great Britain and the United States at Paris on
November 30, 1782.
The definitive treaty of peace which acknowledged the inde
pendence of the United States of America was not concluded
and signed (also at Paris) until September 3, 1783. This pact
under the stipulations of the alliance was accompanied by a
similar instrument between France and England.
504 After Yorktown
Upon receiving the cheering advices of a general peace,
Washington wrote a letter of intense gratification to Chevalier
de la Luzerne the French minister at Philadelphia, in the course
of which he said:
The part your excellency has acted in the cause of America, and the
great and benevolent share you have taken in the establisnment of her
independence, are deeply impressed on my mind and will not be effaced
from my remembrance or that of the citizens of America.
THE LAST FRENCH TROOPS DEPART
As soon as the terms of a general peace were practically
agreed upon between the three powers, the troops of De I^auzun
at Wilmington, Del., and the detachment at Baltimore under
General Lavalette, in charge of the French artillery and stores
and the French sick, moved to a point of rendezvous on the
Delaware River, where they embarked and sailed from the
capes on May 12.
From headquarters, two days before the transports left the
Delaware, Washington took occasion to write to General L,au-
zun a ' ' That viewing the peace so near a final conclusion ' ' he
could not hold himself "justified in a desire to detain the
troops under your command from the expectations of their
sovereign or to prevent their own wishes of a return to their
native country and friends."
a Due de L,auzun, who commanded in America a legion of lancers and hussar-s
known by his name in the army of ROCHAMBEAU, had gifts of mind and body, much
wealth, and valor. In America he was one of the most popular of the highly
esteemed officers of the French army.
His military services always merited commendation. At Lebanon, Conn., when in
winter quarters with his legion, he was well thought of by Governor Trumbull and the
distinguished men who gathered there as well as by the entire population of the town.
His services at Yorktown were of inestimable value in defeating Tarleton, the relent
less legionary plunderer of Virginia.
When the auxiliary army sailed for the West Indies in December, 1782, he was left
for a longer period in command in America.
After returning to France he accompanied the famous Talleyrand on a mission to
Kngland. While there he became one of the intimates of the Prince of Wales, after
wards George IV.
He succeeded to the ducal title by right upon the death of his uncle Duke de Biron.
During the storms of the French Revolution, having been discovered secretly favor
ing the Vendeans, he was guillotined December 31, 1793.
His career had all the elements of romance in real life. Two officers of his regiment,
the brothers Dillon, who commanded the regiment of that name under D'Kstaing at
Savannah, also suffered death by the guillotine.
After Yorktown 505
Nor could he omit to express to the duke himself
and to all the brave officers and soldiers of your corps the high esteem
I have for them and the regard I shall ever entertain for their services in
the cause of the United States, to whose independence and establishment
as a nation they have contributed a noble share.
EARLY DOUBTS SHATTERED BY EXPERIENCE
The early apprehensions of Congress, of Washington and of
the people at large, as to the wisdom of permitting a foreign army
to land upon American soil, even in the interests of the struggle
against a hostile sovereignty and in support of independence
were at no time justified by the slightest incident of an unfavor
able nature. And above all, nor did France ever as a conces
sion in return, ask an inch of American territory for any pur
pose, nor a phrase of capitulatory understanding beyond the
usual subjects of convention between States.
FRENCH IMPRESS
The presence of the French officers and soldiers exerted an
influence beyond the politics of physical force and numbers, in
overturning British rule in the States. During their eleven
months in quarters at Newport and camp at Providence, R. I.,
and eight months at Williamsburg, Va., not speaking of their
camps in the Highlands of the Hudson, at Annapolis, and Bal
timore, and marches going and coming aggregating more than
1,500 miles by land and water, and intercourse with the officers
of the American army, they undoubtedly made a pronounced
impression upon polite life in general and gave a French trend
to the transition from Colonial to National, State, and munici
pal social institutions. The staff, field, and line, in many cases
represented the very best nobility of blood and individual- cul
ture of a country famed for etiquette, good breeding, affability,
and address. This was especially so with respect to ROCHAM-
BEAU, De Noailles, De Deux-Ponts, De Lauzun, and others,
representing the court life of the ancient monarchy. It is one
of the highest merits in their behalf to note how affably they
506
After Yorktown
adapted themselves to their surroundings and mingled with the
people. The correspondence of Washington alone is sufficient
testimonial in support of the asseveration. In many of our own
families, by tradition, correspondence, and heirlooms we have
unmistakable testimony of the fact.
FRENCH ' ' AUJANCE " IN MATERIAL OF WAR
The following recapitulation of ships, guns, seamen, regi
ments, men, and muskets will afford at a glance a statistical
view of the substantial aid rendered by the King of France in
carrying to success the war for American independence:
Recapitulation
SEA POWER
Vessels.
Guns.
Officers.
Volun
teers.
Crew.
Total.
D'Estaing's fleet
De Ternay's convoy
26
8
1,394
^8
478
33
27
11,040
3, 939
",55i
4, 2J 6
De Grasse's flett
De Guichen's contingent with
De Grasse
22
7
1,232
494
181
151
15
",477
4.433
12,213
4,629
Total
63
3,668
1,494
226
30, 889
32,609
a The basis of tabulation, excepting the number of guns, is taken from "I,es Com-
battants Francais de la Guerre Americaine, 1778-1783," a work compiled by a commis
sion appointed by General Porter, president of the " Society in France of Sons of the
American Revolution^ from the unpublished records of the French fleets and armies
in America, in the archives of Paris.
I^es Cqmbattants Fran?ais was first published in French by the ministry of foreign
affairs, but being without index, the volume was almost useless for reference. To
supply this gap Colonel Charlle-I^ong, registrar, Sons of the American Revolution in
France, undertook the fatiguing task of translation and indexing (without compensa
tion). The resurrection from oblivion of the 46,000 names of the French sailors and
soldiers who .fought for American independence constitutes a work of importance for
the historians of both France and America. The translator and editor was ably
seconded by Gen. Thomas Vincent, U. S. Army, Major Beach and Captain Rhodes, of
the General Staff of the Army, and particularly by Mr. W. B. Turner, printing clerk of
the Senate, who prepared the French and English texts for publication as Seriate Doc
ument No. 77.
After Yorktown
Recapitulation Conti nued .
FORCES
507
Officers.
Men.
Total.
D'Estaing (1778-79).
Regiments:
14
407
511
ii
346
357
De Dillon
64
I, IOO
i, 164
De Walsh
S 2
500
532
Total land army .
121
2, 443
2, 564
Rochambeau (1780-1783)
Regiments:
69
I 22O
Soissonnais
65
i, 185
I, 250
65
i 257
I ^22
Royal Deux-Ponts
63
I, IOO
I, 163
Auxonne 2 battalions
53
548
60 1
40
302
3CI
Grenoble i company .
5
60
65
10
300
3IO
Hussars, 2 companies
10
300
310
Total
?8q
6 20^
6 592
De Grasse (1781)
Regiments:
66
I IOO
i, 166
Tourahie
58
i) 239
i, 297
Gatinais ( Royal Auvergne)
63
i, 061
Total
iS?
"\ T>V7
3 C24
Entire strength of land forces sent by the King of France to render aid to
the United States in their struggle for independence,
Officers.
Men.
Total.
D' Kstaing
121
2. 443
2, 564
-189
6 203
6 592
De Grasse
187
3, 337
3,524
Grand total
607
ii 983
12 680
This is exclusive of the ' ' garrisons ' ' of infantry on the ves
sels of the fleet, taking the place of marines of the present day,
there being from 100 to 150 men on each of the larger vessels,
nor does it take into account drafts sent to repair casualties.
508 After York town
GRAND TOTAL
The entire strength of the land and naval armies sent by
France to the assistance of the American States, 17781783:
Thirty-five battalions of grenadiers and infantry, 7 companies
of artillery, 2 companies of lancers, 2 companies of hussars
total, 12,680 officers and men; 63 ships of the line, frigates,
and smaller vessels of war, exclusive of transports, carrying
3,668 guns and 32,609 officers and men.
Total of land and sea forces of France, cooperating with or
auxiliary to war-like operations in the States, 45,289 officers
and men.
Thirty-six transports conveying the auxiliary army of Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU, manned approximately by. 2, 700 navigating
and petty officers and crew.
Total military, naval and transport service of France in the
States: Men, 47,989; vessels of war and transports, 99.
RATING OF SHIPS
In the classification of vessels of war, in the fleets of D'Ks-
taing, De Ternay, and De Grasse, the ship of the line corre
sponded to the modern battle ship, having large propelling power
and powerful batteries in number of guns, caliber and range,
velocity, and weight of metal.
A ship of the line of the L'Annibal (Hannibal) class with a
complete quota of officers and full complement of seamen of all
classes and equipment of guns, was one of the most formidable
fighting craft of the day afloat.
In the French fleets sent to assist the States in their first
struggle with England were ships of the line of the highest
class, with crews of 500 to 1,100, and 60 to 100 guns.
The frigates of these fleets, like all vessels of that rate in the
latter part of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
centuries, were the coordinate of the cruiser of the close of the
nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, being rapid
sailers. They were usually manned by from 250 to 400 officers
and seamen and mounted from 30 to 60 guns of all calibers on
After Yorktown 509
an upper and lower deck or on the main deck, and raised quar
ter and forecastle decks.
The smaller vessels of the sloop or frigate rate, corvettes,
cutters, and tenders, were few in number and held but an un
important place in these fleets owing to limited sail area and
inability to operate efficiently with the larger craft, which were
of the very best design, construction, equipment, and command,
and wherever engaged in not too great disparity were more than
a match for the enemy.
FRENCH "ALLIANCE" IN COIN
The financing of the American revolution by France is the
most remarkable instance of its kind in the history of nations.
When the cash was advanced and the costly fleets and armies
were sent to America at the sole expense of the French King,
no encouraging indications were in sight that he would ever
receive a cent in return. The trend of events at the time were
decidedly in the opposite direction. In addition, the failure
of the States was likely to bear heavily upon the fortunes of
France.
The last British army in the field having surrendered, it was
not until the conclusion of the preliminary treaty of peace
(November 30, 1782) was in sight that a convention was
arranged (July 16, 1782) "for making a particular statement
of the amount of pecuniary supplies furnished by France to
the United States advanced under the title of a loan 1778, 1779,
1780, 1781, 1782," amounting to the sum of 18,000,000 livres
in the money of France, approximately $3,600,000 in the money
of the United States.
Again in need of funds to go into business as an independent
State, before the conclusion of the definitive treaty of peace
(September 3, 1783), another convention (February 25, 1783)
was arranged between France and the United States " for a new
advance of six million of livres tournois " as a loan, on the
guarantee of the whole thirteen United States, which the Con
gress ' ' declared acceptance of with the liveliest acknowledg
ment in the name of the said States. ' '
510 After Yorktown
The cash output of France, therefore, in behalf of American
independence, aggregated a sum far greater than the States
possessed in coin of their own of any kind during the entire
contest, almost every dollar of it spent within their borders.
The livre, "money of France" (18^ sous), 18,0x30,000 was
equivalent to $3,333,333 coin -
The livre tournois (20 sous), 6,000,000 to about $1,200,000
coin.
In the ' ' paper ' ' of the United States, emitted by Congress in
bills of credit for the defense of America known as ' ' Conti
nental money," the value of these French loans was beyond
computation. In February, ,1778, the month of the treaty of
"alliance," $100 in specie was rated at $350 in Continental
paper. In the year of ROCHAMBEAU'S arrival specie had gone
up $100 coin to $7,400 paper. In the month of Yorktown
'Continental paper was without even promissory value.
To these advances must be added the minimum daily cost of
the maintenance of the force of ships, men, and material, approxi
mately, while in American waters, as follows:
D'Estaing, Newport, R. I., and Boston, Mass., $30,000 per day
July 8 to November 4, 1778, 119 days ... $3, 5/0, ooo
D'Estaing, Savannah, Ga., expedition, September 3 to Octo
ber 10, 1779, 27 days. (This does not include voyage from
the West Indies and return) : 810, ooo
Ternay (navy) and ROCHAMBEAU (army), Brest, France, to
Newport, R. I.; Highlands of the Hudson, N. Y.; Yorktown
and Williamsburg, Va. ; Boston, Mass., April 13, 1780, De
cember 24, 1782, 985 days 29, 550, ooo
Total, fleets and armies 33, 930, coo
Advances in cash 4, 533, 333
Total war outlay and advances in cash by France 38, 463, 333
The loans having been refunded, would still leave an outlay
f $33,930,000, for which the French King received no, substan
tial return whatever.
The figures as a whole are an underestimate, considering the
purchasing power of money then and now. The equivalent
would not fall short of $50,000,000 current value as the invest
ment of France in support of the States.
UNITED STATES FRANCE
1 783 : WASHINGTON : 1 799 f$f 1 783 : ROCH AMBEAU : 1 807
MOUNT VERNON VENDOME
512
ROCHAMBEAU AT COURT
Immediately upon landing Count de ROCHAMBEAU attended
by his military entourage proceeded to Versailles to officially
announce his return and make report of the closing events of
his services in the States. The King received the veteran with
distinguished consideration, and expressed in terms in the
course of the audience that it was to his exertions and the cap
ture of Cornwallis's army he owed peace with England. The
Count begged of the King to divide his eulogium with the man
now in misfortune through the chances of war, assuring him
De Grasse had come to his aid upon a simple request, and with
out his cooperation he could not have accomplished the achieve
ment which merited the royal approval.
The King replied he would never forget the services ren
dered by De Grasse in concert with the operations at Yorktown.
What had happened since remained yet to be judged.
ROY A I, FAVOR
The next day the King sent for ROCHAMBEAU, receiving
him in his bedchamber, where he personally invested him with
the blue (coidon bleu, or knighthood in the order of Saint
Esprit, the most coveted of all) instead of the red ribbon. He
also designated him governor of Picardy.
PROMOTIONS FOR SERVICE IN AMERICA
As an additional evidence of approbation the King granted
every request the Count solicited for the general and line offi
cers, subalterns, and soldiers who had served under him. Baron
Viomenil was promoted to lieutenant-general; Lafayette (in the
American army), Choisy, Beville, Custine, Lauzun, Rostaing,
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - 33 513
514 Rochambeau at Court
and Autichamps to major-generals; d' Abbeville, Desandrouin,
L,avallette, L'Estrade, Duportail (in the American army), and
Marquis de Deux- Fonts to brigadier; and all lieutenant-colonels
to full colonelcies. Vicomte de Rochambeau was made Chev
alier de St. L<ouis and mestre de camp, and assigned to the com
mand of Regiment Saintonge and subsequently of Regiment
Royal Auvergne.
SOLDIERS REMEMBERED
All the soldiers of the auxiliary army were granted a donative
of three months' pay.
ROCHAMBEAU ON WASHINGTON.
In his memoirs ROCHAMBEAU comments eloquently upon
the closing scenes of his experiences, and pays a high tribute
to his American commander in chief of the allied armies,
General Washington.
After the departure of the French army from American soil,
Washington lived sixteen andRoCHAMBEAU twenty-four years.
The former became President of the States he had with the
assistance of his companion in arms brought into existence
as a sovereign power; the latter, governor of a province and
marshal of France.
RETURN OF THE ARMY
Upon the return of the auxiliaries to France the superior
officers received assignments in recognition of their services
in the States, the same as if performed in the line of duty in
France.
PLEASANT MEMORIES
The feeling of admiration which had grown up among the
officers and men for their American chief was reflected mainly
in the correspondence between ROCHAMBEAU and Washington.
While their letters were not frequent, judged from present-day
methods, they were sufficiently so for the conveniences of the
Rochambeau at Court 515
times. The most important subject of correspondence, and one
calculated to keep alive the memory of the deeds of the brave
men of Bourbonnais, Soissonnais, Agenois, and the other regi
ments of ROCHAMBEAU and of Saint-Simon, was the military
order of the Cincinnati which the American officers had very
much at heart, and into which the French officers, by permission
of their King, entered with so much zest.
THE CINCINNATI IN FRANCE
In 1783 ROCHAMBEAU instituted the French branch of the
order, and with the approval of the King nominated its mem
bers. The story of this part of his useful life is replete with
interest, exemplifying a phase of the friendship of the King
for America and its institutions which is not publicly shown in
his acts of military and naval cooperation.
As this order became a bond of mutual devotion among the
officers, 'so it became the reminiscent tie which held in common
remembrance the heroic days of the alliance.
The influence and importance of this feature in the affairs of
France and the States at the time is shown in a more extended
treatment in the chapter on the Order of the Cincinnati.
ROCHAMBEAU IN ENGLAND
After the conclusion of peace the Government and people of
England signally honored ROCHAMBEAU during a visit. The
Count, referring to the occasion, says:
I took advantage during an instant of calm for a visit of twelve days
in England. A leave so short only permitted me to see London and its
surroundings and Portsmouth. I was received at the latter port by
Admiral Hood, against whom I had made war. He treated me with great
distinction, all military honors, and salutes from all the vessels. He
allowed me to see all the fortifications of Portsmouth with the same facility
as if I were reviewing those of Calais. I followed with curiosity the road
'which I was to take at the head of the grenadiers of the French army in
the descent we were to make upon England in 1779. I recognized the
accuracy of the reconnoissance which was made at the time by M. M. de
Paradis and Bertois, lieutenant-colonels of engineers.
516 Rochambeau at Court
DISTINGUISHED CONSIDERATION BY POST
In a letter of December, 1783, D'Estaing favored Washington
with a reminder of his admiration of his person and character,
to which the General replied in reciprocation, referring to the
Count as a gentleman and a soldier for whose attention to the
American interests and cause he was impressed with the highest
veneration.
A correspondence of more than perfunctory interest was
maintained by ROCHAMBEAU and D'Estaing 011 the subject
of the "Cincinnati" in France, which explains itself in that
connection. De Chastellux sent a short letter by L,' Enfant,
which came to hand at Mount Vernon; answered in June, 1784.
In August ensuing Lafayette, who had returned to the States
and reached Mount Vernon on the i7th, brought a letter from
ROCHAMBEAU dated June 16, one of May 4 having been received
about the same time.
In the first of these the Count apprised his former American
chief of his appointment as governor of Picardy. He omitted
to mention two paintings presented to him representing the
capture of Yorktown, and the English army defiling before
the victorious troops the Americans under Washington and
the French under ROCHAMBEAU.
In expressing his congratulations, Washington regarded the
promotion as
an honorable testimony of the approbation of your prince and a just
reward of your services and merit. Should fortune ever put it in my
power to come to France, your being at Calais would be an irresistible
inducement for me to make it a visit.
FRANKLIN BRINGS A LETTER
At the moment of taking leave of Doctor Franklin in June,
1785, ROCHAMBEAU took opportunity for another "renewal
of friendship," to which Washington replied December i,
observing
short of nothing but the satisfaction I should feel at seeing you, and the
recollection of the hours in which toiling together we formed our friend
ship, a friendship which I hope will continue as long as we shall be actors
on the present theater.
COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
Marshal of France
\ri
-
In Januan
ington of Kuropean politics arid conditions in Fran
the Gene
l n
replete with the
frienr leinenilu
circumstances
together, and 1
information as in n^
can not fa.
letter from f June 2
May 12
In the
gavt- iint of politics in thai
Of tb criM* "against %tfft' ^ ROCHAMBEAU
FOK ' V/ <" '
: inovemenls in France
therefo: to the Count his
i>een
productive of good. He also hoped the period was not far
distant when the union of State v s "will make a more respec
figtr -yes of Europe than it has hitherto done."
He was confident when ., formed by the late
coin
we shall n
which wa;
shall likt-
In 'imt adv ^ton
ofthede.
sorrow t .jutor in the capture of C
wall; is not perhaps so mi
CO M
Mv
Rochumbeau at Court 517
EUROPEAN POLITICS
In January and March of 1786, ROCHAMBEAU wrote Wash
ington of European politics and conditions in France, of which
the General observed:
I need scarcely tell you that your communications ever afford me the
sincerest gratification, because they are always replete with the most
friendly sentiments; because they insensibly bring to remembrance some
circumstances of that pleasing and important period we so happily passed
together, and because you frequently have it in your power to give such
information as in my present retirement from the busy and political world
can not fail of being acceptable to me.
A letter from the Count of June 28, 1786, and another of
May 12, 1787, found answer from Mount Vernon Januarj^ 8,
1788.
In the first, the Count had just returned from Holland, and
gave an account of politics in that country and the termination
of the crisis " against the patriots."
FORERUNNERS OP REVOLUTION
The interest of Washington in political movements in France
was especially intense, he therefore expressed to the Count his
satisfaction in hearing the "Assemblee des Notables " had been
productive of good. He also hoped the period was not far
distant when the union of States " will make a more respectable
figure in the eyes of Europe than it has hitherto done."
He was confident when the Constitution, formed by the late
convention (1787), should be established
we shall regain the confidence and credit among the European powers,
which want of energy in the present confederation has deprived us of, and
shall likewise feel the benefit of the commercial and political advantages
which our situation holds out to us.
DEATH OF DE GRASSE
In a letter of January, 1788, the Count advised Washington
of the death of De Grasse. In reply (April 28) he expressed his
sorrow to learn' "our gallant coadjutor in the capture of Corn-
wallis is no more. Yet his death is not perhaps so much to be
518 Rochambeau at Court
deplored as his latter days were to be pitied. ' ' A more extended
account of sympathy for this unfortunate hero is contained in a
sketch of his life.
AFFAIRS IN FRANCE
A letter of June 15, 1788, from the Count did not reach
Mount Vernon until six months later, January, 1789. This
communication was important as giving an inside view of the
condition of affairs in France immediately preceding the clash
of the Revolution. In giving his opinion of the King, Wash
ington wrote:
The upright intentions which I have always been taught to believe were
possessed by the present King of France and the unbounded affection
which the inhabitants of that country are accustomed to entertain for their
monarch have persuaded me that affairs will all go right and that the tem
porary derangement will ultimately terminate in the permanent welfare of
the Kingdom.
This letter is a long one and shows how the two men inter
changed views for mutual enlightenment on politics on two
hemispheres.
THE STATES IN A PLEASJNG STRAIN
In January and February of 1789 ROCHAMBEAU wrote to his
former American chief concerning the affairs of France, but
Washington, then President of the United States, owing to "a
tedious indisposition" and "numerous avocations since," had
no "leisure for the agreeable duties of friendship" until the
following October. In his reply he spoke of the ' ' pleasure of
renewing the intercourse" and to enhance his satisfaction by
telling him ' ' the political affairs of the United States are in so
pleasing a train as to promise respectability to their Government
and happiness to our citizens. ' '
AN EARNEST PRAYER FOR FRANCE
He also expressed the deepest concern in the Revolution in
France and expressed as the sentiment of his fellow -citizens an
earnest prayer "that it may terminate in the permanent honor
and prosperity of the Government and people."
CHATEAU DE ROCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, FRANCE.
CHATEAU DE ROCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, FRANCE.
FACADE ON THE LOIRE.
Rochambeau at Court
D'ESTAING PRESENTS TENNANT
519
* In May Comte D'Kstaing seized the opportunity of the
voyage of M. de Tennant to the United States, as the diplomatic
representative of republican France, to present that functionary
to President Washington.
WELFARE OF FRANCE DEAR
In reply, commenting upon the upheaval in France, he wrote:
The welfare of the French nation can not but be dear to this country,
and that its happiness may in the end be established on the most perma
nent and liberal foundation is the ardent wish of every true American, and
of none more sincerely than of him who has the honor to be, etc.
GOVERNOR OF PICARDY
In his civil capacity as governor of a province ROCHAMBEAU
served five years (1784-1789), winning laurels as he had in
war. From this post (1788-89) he was transferred to Alsace
to restore order. During the uproar which preceded and inau
gurated the popular tumult in France, he maintained order
in this troubled section by the equanimity and solidity of his
character.
AGAIN IN MILITARY COMMAND
In 1790 he was assigned to the command of the army of the
north. In this post he displayed the same genius for meeting
difficult situations as he had in the States.
In 1791 in consideration of his loyalty he was exalted by the
King to the military dignity of marshal of France.
In 1792 he favored a defensive campaign in event of war with
Germany as better for France under existing conditions", but the
councils of the Government, influenced by Dumouriez, decided
otherwise.
t
SAVED THE DAY AT QUIVERAN
The desperate clash at Quiveran would have witnessed the
obliteration of Dumouriez and the complete rout of the French
army, but for the loyal veteran of the war in the American
States hastening to the rescue with three regiments and eight
cannon.
520 Rochambeau at Court
RETIRES TO VENDOME
In June of the same year, dissatisfied with the treatment he was
receiving from men manifestly unfit for such a crisis, the hero
of Yorktown resigned and retired to his estate near Vendome.
THE REVOLUTION
On August 10, 1792, came the outbreak of the revolution,
the storming of the Tuileries, collapse of the monarchy and
rise of the so-called Republic.
IN THE SHADOW OF THE GUILLOTINE
The "Terror" found ROCHAMBEAU in peaceful retirement,
yet he was carried to Paris and imprisoned in the Conciergerie
upon a trumped up charge. His American cannon were seized
by the mob and converted into coin. After an imprisonment
of months, upon his own demand he was summoned before
the tribunal, with every prospect of terminating his brilliant
life on the guillotine. The Ninth Thermidor, 1793, which
witnessed the downfall and death of Robespierre, sta} 7 ed fur
ther proceedings. He was released and returned once more to
his chateau on the Loire, where he lived the life of a quiet
observer of the tragic events being enacted about him by his
country and countrymen.
MARSHAL! BEHOLD YOUR PUPILS
The rise of Bonaparte was the opportunity of men of merit.
In 1803, when presented to the first consul, Bonaparte, within
hearing of a group of his most distinguished generals, addressed
him "Marshal, behold your pupils." To which ROCHAMBEAU
replied, "General, the pupils have surpassed their master."
Bonaparte, who knew how to appreciate real military merit,
in 1 804 conferred upon the veteran the cordon of grand .officer
of the Legion of Honor and granted him the pension of marshal
of France.
The evening of his days were passed at his chateau, devoted
to the preparation of the material and writing of his memoirs
and other congenial occupations, pursuits, and diversions.
Rochambeau at Court 521
CHATEAU ROCHAMBEAU
The Chateau de Rochambeau stands on the left bank of the
small but picturesque riyer Loire, near Vendome, on the road
to Chateau de I,oir. It is approached by an avenue 2 miles
long, skirted on either side by towering lindens. Within the
chaceairare preserved the relics of the soldier famous in the
wars of two continents. Here are held in sacred memory the
sword he wore in the campaigns for the States, the portrait of
his American commander in chief, by Peale, presented to him
by his American companion in arms, the marshal's baton
bestowed upon him by the King, and his many orders won by
the merit of his natural and acquired endowments and the
heroic deeds of his sword. The room which he occupied, and
in which he died, is also cherished with its rich embroideries,
done by his countess with her own hands, while her count was
vigorously upholding the cause of the States beyond the sea.
MILITARY LESSONS LEARNED IN AMERICA
In January, 1797, CoUnt Dumas, who had served in America
on the staff of ROCHAMBEAU, and now a general in rank,
sent to Washington a pamphlet on the military situation in
France. In his letter of transmittal he makes this interesting
reference :
Your excellency will observe in it the effect of your lessons and perhaps
also the true character of public opinion in France.
He also mentions his former chief as still at his country seat
at Vendome, where he enjoys
tolerably good health considering his great age, and reckons, as well as
does his military family, among his most dear _and glorious remem
brances that of the time we had the honor to serve under your command.
In his reply Washington, regretting not having heard from
the Count for some years, was glad to hear he was still alive,
adding:
If it should fall in your way at any time to recall me to his remem
brance by the presentation of my best regards to him, which I pray you to
accept also yourself, it would oblige me.
522 Rochambean at Court
DUTY CONFRONTS GRATITUDE
During the Presidency of Washington, greatly to his distress,
the relations between the two countries became somewhat critic
ally strained upon a question which, with all his sense of obli
gation of the States to France, he could not concede. It was a
question of international policy, which has ever since been a
fundamental principle of intercourse with foreign powers
avoidance of entangling alliances.
NATURE OF THE CONTENTION
In the conflict which had broken out between England and
France, growing out of the disturbances in the latter country,
the American people stood overwhelmingly with their old ally
and were urgent to take sides, in so much that President Wash
ington had difficult) 7 in maintaining neutrality. Genet, the
French minister to the United States, exceeded the limits of
international law so far as to fit out privateers in American
ports to prey upon British commerce.
The United States, not yet able to meet its financial obliga
tions of long standing, and in every respect in no condition for
war, obliged Washington, as the only way to preserve peace, to
request the recall of the minister.
A culmination was reached under the Adams Administration
when the French Directory, representing the license of the
French Revolution, began to heap insults upon the American
flag, seized American vessels on the high seas and refused audi
ence to the American envoys without a bribe.
These high-handed acts at once silenced the popular insistency
in behalf of France. No alternative remained but war, and
Washington, then in private life, was called to the somewhat
anomalous attitude of head of the army which was ordered to
be raised to fight America '.s former ally. Active hostilities had
already begun on the sea, in which the infant navy showed
remarkable vitality. The overthrow of the revolutionary chiefs
and rise of Napoleon to first consul of France not only put a
stop to these unfortunate relations, but gave a rebound to the
latent love and gratitude of all true Americans.
Rochambeau at Court 523
The unrest of the masses of France, whether an effect of the
American cause or a coincidence of the result of their conten
tion for liberty, materialized in the National Assembly of the
Three Estates, the assembly of the people, and finally in the
destruction of the Bastile on July 14, 1789. Six years had
elasped since the conclusion of the struggle of the thirteen
American States in which the King of France had been so
instrumental of success.
The latter culmination of popular fury was the beginning of
license, in the name of liberty and terror, in the guise of govern
ment which history calls the " French Revolution." Without
discriminating between their own orderly conflict with the
Crown and Parliament of Britain and the excesses of the upris
ing in Paris, the citizens of the American States took sides with
the masses in France. The blow aimed at England served to
flame the intensity of desire on their part o make common
cause with their former allies.
The course pursued by Great Britain since the treaty of 1783
was not calculated to win friends among the American people,
that power having refused to surrender the western posts, as
was solemnly stipulated, and the violation of which involved the
western frontier in brutal massacres and savage war.
These might be reasons, but were no sufficient cause to involve
the United States in a second war before fully recovering from
the impoverishment of the first. On the ground of obligation
under the pact of 1778, the question was how far the govern
ment of the United States was in honor bound to assist France
under the offensive and defensive stipulations of the Alliance.
President Washington insisted upon neutrality, and with the
advice of his Cabinet, April 22, 1793, issued his historic procla
mation to that effect drafted by Secretary Jefferson.
About a fortnight before (April 9), " Citizen" Genet arrived
at Charleston as minister of the Revolutionary Tribunal of
France. Without submitting his credentials to the authorities
at Philadelphia, and being received in a decorous and reputable
way, he began his career by sending out privateers to prey upon
British commerce. This course of proceeding was transferring
the license of the Commune to the shores of the States.
524 Rochambeau at Court
In Philadelphia, when he reached there, Genet carried mat
ters with a high hand, even demanding the removal of reminis
cent objects associated with our former ally from the residence
of the President.
The unfortunate situation is presented by Edward Everett in
his Life of Washington.
Although the utmost gentleness and patience were observed by the
Executive of the United States in checking this violation of their neutrality,
Genet assumed from the first a tone of defiance, and threatened before long
to appeal from the Government to the people. These insolent demonstra
tions were, of course, lost upon Washington's firmness and moral courage.
They distressed but did not in the slightest degree intimidate him, and
their effect on the popular mind was to some extent neutralized by the fact
that the chief measures to maintain the neutrality of the country had been
unanimously advised by the Cabinet, and that the duty of rebuking his
intemperate course had devolved upon the Secretary of State (Jefferson),
the recognized head of the party to which Genet looked for sympathy.
The recall of this agent of the Commune was demanded and
complied with. Instead of returning, however, to his own
country, Genet remained in the United States, where he died, a
great relief to American sentiment, indicating, as the sequel
did, that his irregular methods were not approved at home.
Otherwise Genet was a man of parts, popular and regretted.
Robespierre, who was at the head of affairs during the
period known as. the Terror, met his own fate at the guillo
tine the following year (July 28, 1794). But for this timely
event it may be added, as recorded elsewhere, our friend, com
panion of Washington and commander of the French forces in
the war ^for American liberty, would have met that dastardly
fate, for no crime nor even cause of complaint whatever.
The course of the French Directory, which began operations
November' i, 1795, succeeding the regime of the Terror, gave
another unfavorable turn to the relations between the two
countries.
On October 4, 1797, President Adams named three commis
sioners to France. Upon their arrival at Paris, in the midst of
the most delicate negotiations, having been anonymously com
municated with in the celebrated X Y Z letters asking bribes
for the Directory, which were refused, they were summarily
Rochambeau at Court 525
ordered out of France. Pinckney, one of the commissioners,
replied in the famous epigram, "Millions for defense, not one
cent for tribute."
In the face of such performances no self-respecting govern
ment, even held by the closest ties of obligation, could pursue
any other course. Congress authorized the raising of a provi
sional army of 10,000 men, of which former President Wash
ington was made lieutenant-general. Congress also authorized
the President to instruct commanders of United States ships
of war to seize French armed vessels found attacking American
merchantmen, or hovering about the coast for that purpose.
On June 12, 1798, commercial intercourse was suspended.
Washington assumed command June 17, 1798, to hold the peace
with France, as twenty-two years before he held the wage of
w r ar with England.
Three days later, as a formal justification of the course of the
government, the President announced the failure of the com
mission sent to France.
On June 25 the alien, and on July 14 the sedition, laws,
which raised such a commotion in American politics, were passed.
In the meantime (July 7) all treaties of "alliance and amity
and commerce ' ' with France were declared void.
With all these appearances of belligerency, the deep-seated
affection for France was so strong that the tenure of judicial as
well as public opinion was that France and the United States
were not at war although naval engagements had taken place.
On February 9, 1799, Commodore Truxton, in a severe en
gagement, captured off St. Kitts in the West Indies the French
frigate Z,' Insurgent.
This determined course of the American Government, pro
moted in no spirit of hostility or malevolence, but in justice, on
March 30 led to an assurance of the French Government that
representatives of the United States would be received with
all the respect due to a powerful nation. A new commission
was accordingly sent and received with every consideration by
Napoleon, first consul of France. In February, 1800, Truxton
defeated the French frigate La Vengeance.
526 Rochambeau at Court
In September of the same year the treaty negotiations were
in progress and the following July were ratified by France, and
as a matter of course with the greatest pleasure by the United
States.
The X Y Z letters were traced to the private Secretary of M.
de Talleyrand, proposing a bribe of 1,200,000 francs. The
secret of the names was never divulged but the correspondence
was published. Talleyrand, the prime minister of France, was
charged with dictating the insults, but now disavowed them.
So loath was Congress to engage in a war with its ancient ally
that it refused to arm until the pressure became so great that to
resist an appearance of action was ruin for any party.
The storm growing out of the upheaval of the French masses,
the extreme acts of their leaders, and the attempt to involve
the United States, has always been regarded as an incident in
the international relations between the two countries, and not
in an}'" light a condition to break the continuity of friendship
and obligation to the Government and people of France for
past services.
SORROW ON THK DEATH OF WASHINGTON
That these unhappy experiences, due entirely to the emissaries
of the turbulent element, had not disturbed the inner feelings of
the French people was shown when tidings were received of the
death of the venerated Washington.
Let the solemnity be characterized by a distinguished French
man, M. Jusserand, Ambassador of the nation, now our sister
in form of Government.
The occasion was the address of that eminent diplomatist at
the banquet of the triennial gathering of the Military Order of
the Cincinnati on May 10, 1905, at Richmond, Va., a city
almost in touch with the scene of the nation-making achieve
ment of the allied armies.
M. Jusserand said of Washington :
He died admired by the whole world, and especially by France and by
those Frenchmen who had seen him working for his country. The trust
in him had been so great from the first that when secret instructions were
Rochambeau at Court 527
sent from France to our officers here, they were ordered to reveal them to
no one, but there was the usual reservation: "Except, of course, to Mon
sieur Washington." The feeling of Lafayette for him is well known; it
was enthusiasm and filial love. Less known and no less striking is the
impression made by the great commander on Major-General de Chastel-
lux. Chastellux came over with ROCHAMBEAU; he was not so young as
Lafayette; he had fought in the Seven Years' War. He was withal a keen
observer, a man of letters, and a member of the French Academy. In the
notes he took, from day to day, during his stay in America, he writes:
"I saw in the courtyard a tall man, nearly 6 feet high, with a noble
and sweet countenance. It was the general himself. The compliments
were brief and' I soon found myself quite at my ease by the side of the
greatest and best of all men. The whole of northern America, from Bos
ton to Charleston, is a great book, each page of which offers his praise.
Brave without temerity, hard working without ambition, generous without
prodigality, noble without pride, virtuous without severity, he seems ever
to stop within the limits where virtues, while assuming more glaring but
more changeful colors, may be considered by some as akin to defects.
The suffrages in his favor are unanimous. It is possible that there exists
a virtue able to bind in chains the injustice of men, or is it that happiness
and glory are too recently established in America for envy to have had
time to cross the seas ? ' '
FRANCE MOURNED
When Washington died, when France herself had known many troub
lous days, mourning in my country was universal. In the august public
ceremony held at the Invalides, in Paris, on the 8th of February, 1800, to
commemorate the great deeds of the departed chief, Fontanes, the public
orator, voiced the feeling of the nation when he said in the presence of the
most representative gathering of all that was best. in France:
' ' More than any words, the mere holding of this soldierly funeral cere
mony will impress all hearts with strong and lasting emotion.
' ' The mourning ordered by the first consul for Washington announces
to France that this great man's examples will not be lost. I praise before
soldiers a soldier firm in reverses, modest in victory, ever human in the
one and the other fortune. I praise in the presence of the ministers of
the French Republic a man who never yielded to the dictates of ambition
and whom his country found ever ready to serve her; a man who by a fate
rare among those who lead revolutions, died in peace, as a private citizen,
in his native land, where he had filled the highest post, and which his
hands had made free. ' '
528 Rochambeau at Court
DEATH OF ROCHAMBEAU
The long and brilliant career of ROCHAMBEAU in field and
council terminated with his death in 1807 at the place of his
birth eighty-two years before.
TOMB OF ROGHAMBEAU
The remains of the Marshal repose in the little cemetery of
Thore about 2 kilometers (1.3 miles) from Chateau Rocham
beau. The mausoleum, which is in black and white marble,
is surrounded by a grille in forged iron.
On it reads the epitaph of the Marshal, composed by the
Chevalier de BoufHers; which -conveys a brief and glorious
resume of his military career.
ROCHAMBEAU BLOOD
The Count DE ROCHAMBEAU left but the one son, whose
name appears so prominently with that of his father in the
service of the French corps in America. He attained the rank
of lieutenant-general and served under Napoleon with great
fame. He was governor and commandant at Santo Domingo,
then a French possession in the West Indies, where he resisted
a long siege by the English, but was finally compelled to sur
render, with specific agreement that he might return to France.
In violation of this sacred obligation he was seized on board
the ship convey irig him to his native land and held prisoner in
England for eight years, when he was exchanged in 1811. He
at once rejoined the French army and fell on the bloody field of
Leipzig two years later.
Two daughters and one son survived. The son, Philip de
Rochambeau, died in 1868 without issue. Shortly before his
death Philip adopted a child, by name of Eugene Le Croix,
who assumed the estates at Vendome and the name and title
Marquis.
The Marquis de Rochambeau of the visitors of 1902 was
admitted as an honorary member of the Rhode Island State
TOMB OF COMTE MARECHAL DE ROCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, FRANCE.
Rochambeau at Court 529
Society of the Cincinnati, during the presence of the foreign
guests at Newport on Memorial Day.
He could not be admitted an hereditary member, as none
of the present family of the name are any relation to the
ROCHAMBEAU family of alliance fame.
ROCHAMBEAU MANUSCRIPTS
The ROCHAMBEAU papers were purchased by the Congress of
the United States in 1883, under a paragraph of the sundry civil
appropriation act, approved 1883, as follows:
To enable the Joint Committee on the Library to purchase from the
Marquis de Rochambeau the military papers, maps, and letter books of
the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, general in the French army in America,
twenty thousand dollars.
The purchase was sustained by a petition circulated among
those interested in historical studies in this country, of which
the following is a copy:
To the honorable the Members of the Senate and House of Representa
tives:
The undersigned, representing the historical societies of their respective
States, and other institutions and interests of learning and literature, and
especially connected with subjects of historical research and inquiry, beg
very earnestly to recommend the passage of the resolution introduced by
Senator Anthony of Rhode Island in reference to the purchase of the
papers of the General Count DE ROCHAMBEAU. As the commander of
the French forces sent to aid Washington in our revolutionary struggle,
ROCHAMBEAU earned the undying gratitude of this country. No more
interesting monument of his services could be selected than to procure
and deposit in the Congressional Library the valuable collection of his
official and other papers, and to print such of them as throw fresh light
on the record of the Revolution. Your petitioners join in urging that
favorable and early action be taken to secure for our national archives the
ROCHAMBEAU papers.
Of the general scope of the papers, Mr. Worthington C. Ford,
in charge of the division of manuscripts, says:
The papers themselves consist of eight volumes of transcripts of letters
and a number of miscellaneous and independent papers. In all there
are 1,870 documents, of which 1,200 are to be found in the volumes of
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 34
530
Rochambeau at Court
transcripts. A few entries in these volumes are in the handwriting of
ROCHAMBEAU himself. With the loose documents are to be found a few
drafts of replies prepared in his handwriting. But the amount of original
ROCHAMBEAU material is small.
The volumes of transcripts contain his correspondence with his own
officers, with Washington, Greene, and other officers of the Continental
army, with the President of Congress, and with such of the commissary
officers as called for personal attention from him. One volume is devoted
to ROCHAMBEAU'S letters to Luzerne. In addition to transcripts of
ROCHAMBEAU'S letters, there are to be found translations and transcripts
of letters written to him by the American officers. The contents have
never been listed or calendared.
In the loose papers are to be found:
1. History of the origin and progress of the war against England, in an
unknown hand, comprising 212 pages! It does not appear to have been
completed, for the latest entry is one for 1778.
2. Journals for 1781 and 1782, a part of which has appeared in Doniol.
These documents are both short and were probably examples of a series of
similar journals.
3. Papers on the order of march of the French army in 1781 and 1782.
4. Military papers containing re orts of the inspector-general on the
condition and discipline of the different regiments; memoirs to the King;
a journal of the siege of Yorktown, and a portion of a journal of operations
in 1780.
5. A series of 36 letters from Washington from 1782 to 1790. Of these
17 are holographs, and the larger part of these are written after the war
on social and friendly matters. With this Washington series are some
translations of French papers by Alexander Hamilton papers bearing
upon the operations of the campaign and for the most part of a confiden
tial character. In the volumes of transcripts are to be found not only
ROCHAMBEAU'S letters to Washington, but translations of Washington's
letters to ROCHAMBEAU presumably a complete series.
6. The papers relating to the French members of the Society of the
Cincinnati, including a copy of the constitution of the society in the
writing of Samuel Shaw (a translation), a list of the French members and
certain subscribers to the society in the first years of its existence.
7. Original letters from the ministry of war of France and its different
branches of administration. These include letters from Montbarey , Segur,
Necker, De Sartine and Castries. There are also letters from Admiral
Destouches, from Lauzun, Vaudreuil, and Belle Combe. Also letters from
General Greene, Luzerne, and Marbois.
These manuscripts, for reference, safe-keeping, and preserva
tion have been classified, indexed, and placed with a view to
accessibility in a darkened alcove, richly appointed, in the
Rochambeau at Court 531
manuscript wing of the Library of Congress, at Washington.
A few selected papers of intense interest and historic value are
on view to the public among the exhibits of the manuscript
treasures of the national collection.
A CENTURY AFTER
A round hundred years were drawing to a close, when Con
gress in a spirit of reminiscent patriotism, at the formal request
of a convention of the governors of the "Colonial States," held
in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, October 18, 1879, revived the
monument resolution of October 29, 1781, in a bill which
passed the House January 27, 1880, the Senate June 7, 1880,
and was approved June 7, 1880. The " marble column " was
dedicated with national ceremony and international courtesy
October 18-20, 1881, at Yorktown, Va.
On the south side of the column the services of the French
are thus recognized:
At York on Oct. 19, 1781
After a siege of nineteen days
B y 55 American and 7,000 French troops of the line
3,500 Virginia Militia under Command of General Thomas Nelson
and 36 French ships of war
Earl Cornwallis
Commander of the British Forces at York
and Gloucester
surrendered his Army
7,251 officers and men, 840 seamen, 244 cannon, and 24 Standards
to His Excellency, George Washington
Commander in Chief of the combined forces of America and France
To His Excellency the Comte de ROCHAMBEAU
Commanding the Auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in
America
And to His Excellency the Comte de Grasse
Commanding in Chief the Naval Army of France in Chesapeake
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS
533
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS
I. Acknowledgments.
II. The Franco- American press: " ROCHAMBEAU Festivities ;" the story
in French. From L,e Courier des Etats-Unis, New York, May 17-
June 3, 1902. (Adapted by the author.)
III. The regiments of the auxiliary army of France under Comte DE RO
CHAMBEAU, 1780-1783.
IV. Reminiscent: Military Order of the Cincinnati in France.
VI. Letters: Bibliography of ROCHAMBEAU and the land and naval armies
of France serving in America.
534
I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
-..';, . ' * '
The thanks of the author, for valuable material used in the work, are
due to
M. J. J. JUSSERAND, ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary,
for the portraits of the President and premier of France, and chief military
and naval members of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission and the accompanying
biographical notes.
Maj. Gen. F. C. AINSWORTH, Military Secretary, for copies of original
returns of the French auxiliary army in the United States 1780-1782.
Brig. Gen. A. L. MILLS, Superintendent, and Capt. F. O. CoE, Artillery
Corps, adjutant, U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., for information
relating to the trophies and flags captured at Yorktown, Va., and official
circular and orders for the entertainment of the Mission during its presence.
Col. CHARLES S. BROMWELL, U. S. Army, for particulars from the files
of the engineer in charge of public buildings and grounds, diagrams, etc.
Capt. SEATON SCHROEDER, U.-S. Navy, chief intelligence officer, for data
relating to the Gaulois.
Mr. HERBERT PUTNAM, Librarian of Congress, for facilities in the exam
ination of valuable works in the national collection and compiled material.
Mr. S. N. D. NORTH, Director of the Census, for reports relating to the
French in United States statistics.
M. JUICES BcEuFVE, chancellor of the French embassy, for information
relating to the ROCHAMBEAU statue at Vendome, Paris, Hestersville
ROCHAMBEAU Museum Group, and relating to Comte de ROCHAMBEAU,
lieutenant-general of the American army of France in America.
Mr. A. H. GRIFFITH, director of the Museum of Art, Detroit, Mich., for
a view of the canvas presented by the Government of France as a testi
monial of appreciation of the commemoration of the services of the French
soldiers and sailors in the war of the American Revolution.
M. H. P. SAMPERS ET CIE., for a complete file of the Courrier des Etats-
Unis covering the period of the presence of the ROCHAMBEAU Mission in
the United States.
Mr. A. P. C. GRIFFIN, chief bibliographer, Library of Congress, list of
works relating to the services of French military officers in the war of the
American Revolution, 1780-1783.
Mr. S. B. WOODFINE, editor Times-Dispatch of Richmond, Va., for the
issue of that journal containing a complete story of the triennial meeting of
the General Society of the Military Order of the Cincinnati at that city May,
1905, containing the references of the French ambassador to the services
of the French soldiers and sailors in America during the Revolution.
535
II.
COURRIER DES ETATS-UNIS
ORGANE DES POPULATIONS DE LANGUE FRANCAISE
75me ANN^E
No. 125
H. P. SAMPERS & Cie., Proprigtaires-Editeurs. Bureaux : 195-197 Fulton street, NEW-YORK.
LA MISSION FRANQAISE
WASHINGTON
RECEPTION A LA MAISON BLANCHE
WASHINGTON, 22 mat 1902 L,es mem-
bres de la mission militaire charged de rep-
rsenter la Rpublique f ran9aise a T inaugu
ration du monument de ROCHAMBEAU sont
arrives a Washington, ce matin (22 mai),
accompagns de M. Peirce, sous-secretaire j
d'Etat, et commandeur Rodgers, reprS- |
sentants du President Roosevelt.
Ce matin, de bonne heure, le vapeur
auxiliaire de 1'Ecole navale d'Annapolis
Standish, 6tait all6 au mouillage des
navires de guerre, a 1'embouchure de la
Severn River, ou se trouvait le Gaulois,
pour prendre a son bord les membres de la
mission. A l'arrive de ceux-ci au wharf
de 1'Ecole navale, les Sieves de 1'Ecole,
ranges en bataille, ont rendu les honneurs
militaires, pendant qu'une batterie voisine
tirait une salve de quinze coups de canon.
Apres avoir passe 1 en revue le batallon des
Sieves, les envoyes francais sont monies
en voiture pour se rendre a' la gare ou les
attendait un train special qui les a conduits
a Washington.
L,a mission se compose dedouzeomciers
dont voici les noms et les grades: l,e gene-
ralissime Brugere, chef de la mission; le g-
neral de Chalendar, dont un anctre fut un
des lieutenants de ROCHAMBEAU; lecolonel
Meaux-Saint-Marc, officier de la maison
militaire du president de la R6publique; le
lieutenant-colonel Hermite, le comman
dant Berthelot, aide de camp du gnral
Brugdre, les capitaines Poilloiie de Saint-
Mars, Filloneau et I,asson, le vice-amiral
Fournier et les lieutenants de vaisseau de
Reinach de Werth, Sauvaire-Jourdah et
I,ejay, aides de campde 1'amiral Fournier.
A leur arrived a la gare de Washington,
a dix heures, les membres de la mission,
tous en grand uniforme, ont t reus avec
les honneurs militaires par un escadron du
2 e de cavalerie, charge 1 de les escorter
jusqu'a la Maison Blanche. Une douzaine
de voitures de'couvertes 6taient ranges
pre's de 1'entr^e de la gare. L,a premiere
de ces voitures ^tait celle du President
Roosevelt lui-m^me. I^e secretaire Peirce
y a pris place en compagnie du gnral
Brugere, du gnral de Chalendar et de
1'amiral Fournier.
L,e cortege, encadr^ par des policemen
months, a suivi Pennsylvania avenue pour
se rendre a la Maison Blanche, sur le perron
de laquelle le colonel Bingham, reprsen-
tant du President Roosevelt, et plusieurs
membres de 1'ambassade de France atten-
daient les envoyes fran5ais. Au moment
ou ceux-ci mettaieiitpied a terre, une salve
d'artillerie a ^te tire par une batterie
plac^e dans le pare, au sud du palais presi-
dentiel. Une foule considerable etait r^-
unie aux abords de la Maison Blanche;
elle a pouss6 des hourras chaleureux a 1'ar-
rivee de la mission francaise.
M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France,
Mme. Cambon, M. de Margerie, conseiller
537
538
Supplementary Papers
d'atnbassade, et Mttie. de Margerie, plusi-
eurs autres tnembres de 1'ambassade, le
comte et la comtesse de Rochambeau, M.
de Sahune de Lafayette et les membres de
la mission civile amenes samedi dernier
par la Touraine, etaient arrives vers dix
heures a la Maison Blanche et attendaient
dans le salon Rouge la mission militaire.
Pendant ce temps, les plus hauts fonc-
tionnaires et officiers du gouvernement
des Etats-Unis se reunissaient dans le salon
de 1'Est pour assister a la reception des
envoyes franyais. Outre les secretaires
d'Etat, de la guerre, de la marine, etc., on
remarquait le general Miles, 1'amiral
Dewey, le general Porter, ambassadeur des
Etats-Unis en France, des senateurs et des
representants, etc., ainsi qu'un certain
nombre de dames appartenant au monde
officiel.
Le colonel Bingham, qui faisait pour la
circonstance les fonctions d'introducteur
des ambassadeurs, a conduit le general
Brugere, 1'amiral Fournier et les autres
officiers dans le salon Rouge, ou les atten-
dait M. Cambon. Puis, la mission f ranaise
au grand complet s'est dirigee vers le sa
lon de 1'Est, ou le President Roosevelt,
accompagne' de Mile. Alice Roosevelt et de
Mile. Carew, sceur de Mme. Roosevelt, ve-
nait de se rendre.
L'entree de tous les officiers fran$ais en
grand uniforme, et de 1'ambassadeur de
France et du personnel de 1'ambassade,
egalement en uniforme, a produit un grand
effet. Dans le group forme par le Presi
dent Roosevelt et ses ministres, les habits
civils dominaient, mais les uniformes des
officiers generaux et les toilettes des dames
mettaient la aussi une note clatante.
Quand M. Cambon, ambassadeur de
France, a presente le general Brugere au
President, celui-ci a avance vivement la
main et a souhaite la bienvenue en excel
lent francais & l'envoy du President Lou-
bet. II a fait egalement un accueil chaleu-
reux a 1'amiral Fournier et aux autres
membres de la mission , qui etaient charms
d'entendre le President des Etats-Unis
s'exprimer aussi facilement dans notre
langue. La ceremonie de la presentation
ne devait durer que quelques minutes
d'apres le programme, mais M. Roosevelt
a engage avec le general Brugere et 1'a
miral Fournier une conversation assez pro-
longee, et trois quarts d'heure se sont ecou-
Iss avant que la reception ait pris fin. Au-
cun discours n'a ete prononce.
En quittant la Maison Blanche, le gene
ral Brugere et les membres de la mission
sont alles rendre visite au secretaire d'Etat,
au secretaire de la guerre, au secretaire de
la marine, au lieutenant general Miles, a
1'amiral Dewey et aux ambassadeurs accre'-
dits a Washington.
Dans 1'apres-midi, le yacht des Etats-
Unis Sylph a conduit la mission fraii9aise
a Mount Vernon, qui se trouve, comme on
sait, un peu au sud de Washington, sur la
rive droite du Potomac. Le general Bru
gere, au nom du gauvernement franais, a
depos^ une magnifique couronne garnie de
rubans tri-colores sur la tombe de George
Washington. Le mausole avait ete ouvert,
mais quelques-uns seulement des envoye's
francais ont pu y penelrer a la suite de M.
Cambon, du general Brugere et le.l'amiral
Fournier.
Le comte de Rochambeau, qui est,
comme on sait, 1'arriere-petit-neveu du
marechal, a plante ensuite pres de la
tombe un jeune erable provenant du
champ de bataille de Yorktown, ou RO
CHAMBEAU et Lafayette combattirent a
c6te de Washington. Le general Brugere
et les autres officiers francais ont para-
chev6 1'oeuvre du comte de ROCHAMBEAU
en jetant des pelletees de terre au pied de
1'arbre.
Les membres de la mission, qui avaieiit
ete accompagns a Mount Vernon par M.
Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Etat, ont ete ra-
menes a Washington par le Sylph, et ils
ont dine le soir a la Maison Blanche.
WASHINGTON, 22 mat, soir. Un banquei
a t6 donne le mgme soir a la Maison
Blanche en I'hojineur des membres de la
mission francaise. Le President et Mile.
Alice Roosevelt ont reu les invites, parm-
lesquels on remarquait les membres du
cabinet, des snateurs et des representants
des officiers generaux de 1'armee et de la
marine, etc. La table en fer a cheval avait
ete placee dans le salon de 1'Est decoree de
drapeaux franyais et americains, la salle
a manger du palais tant trop petite pour
recevoir un aussi grand nombre d'invitest
Des fougeres et des roses dcoraient la
table.
Supplementary Papers
539
L,e President avait a sa droite Mnie.
Catnbon et a sa gauche la comtesse de
Rochambeau, a cote de laquelle etait place
M. Cambon.
Voici, d'ailleurs, la liste complete des in
vites:
L,e secretaire d'Etat, le secretaire de la
Guerre et Mrae. Root, le directeur-ge"nral
des Postes et Mme. Payne, le secretaire de
la Marine, le secretaire de 1' Agriculture et
Mile. Wilson, Mile. Roosevelt, Mile. Carew,
le secretaire du President, le colonel T. A.
Bingham, 1'ambassadeur de France et
Mme. Cambon, le general Brugre, le vice-
amiral Ernest Fournier, le comte de Ro
chambeau, la comtesse de Rochambeau, le
comte Paul de Sahune de Lafayette, M.
Alfred Croiset, le general de brigade Fer
dinand de Chalendar, le capitaine de Surgy ,
le lieutenant-colonel Paul Meaux-Saint-
Marc, M. L,agrave, M. et Mme. de Margerie,
M. Jean Guillemin, le lieutenant-colonel
Marcel Hermite, M. Renouard, M. Robert
de Billy, le commandant Henri Berthelot,
le capitaine Vignal et Mme. Vignal, le lieu
tenant de vaisseau de Faramond de L,afa-
jolle, M. Jules Bceufve, le lieutenant de
vaisseau Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan, le lieu
tenant Gustave I,ejay, le lieutenant baron
Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, le capi
taine Poilloiie de Saint-Mars, le capitaine
Etienne Fillonneau, le capitaine Henri
Lasson, M. I,ouis Hermite, le vicomte
Charles de Chambrun, M. Ferdinand
Hamar, M. Henry E. Gourd, les senateurs
Wetmore, I^odge, Cullom et Morgan, les
representants McCleary, Hitt et Dinsmore,
le sous-secretaire d'Etat David J. Hill, M.
Herbert H. D. Peirce, 1'amiral Dewey, le
general Miles, lieutenant-general, le major
general S. B. M. Young, le commandant
Raymond P. Rodgers, le general Horace
Porter, le cardinal Gibbons, revque de
Washington, M. S. P. I^angley, M. Edwin V.
Morgan.
Pendant le diner, le President Roosevelt
a bu " a la sante du President de la R6pu-
blique Francaise et du peuple fran9ais."
M. Cambon a repondu en proposant un toast
"au President des Etats-Unis " eta pro-
nonce quelques paroles aimables a 1'a-
dresse du President. L,e secretaire Hay
a a son tour porte un toast " aux membres
de la mission Rochambeau" et le general
Brugere lui a repondu.
A BORD DU "GAULOIS."
LA VISITE DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT.
WASHINGTON, 23 mat 7902. L,e general
Brugdre et tous les membres de la mission
francaise etaient partis pour Annapolis par
le train de 9 heures et demie du matin; un
wagon special leur avait ete reserve. L,e
general Miles et 1'amirai Dewey, ainsi que
M. Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Etat, le com
mandant Rodgers et M. Edwin P. Morgan,
representants du President Roosevelt, le
general Corbin, le general Horace Porter,
ambassadeur des Etats-Unis a Paris, M.
Henry E. Gourd, president de la Chambre
de commerce fran?aise de New- York, et
huit dames, accompagnaient la mission.
A leur arrivee a Annapolis, les envoyes
fraii9ais et leurs invites ont ete re?us par
deux officiers de marine attaches a 1'Ecole
navale, qui les ont conduits au wharf, oft les
avait precedes le gouverneur du Maryland,
M. Smith, qui etait au nombre des invites.
Deux vapeurs, le Gloucester et le Standish,
ont transporte le general Brugere et ses
nombreux compagnons de voyage a bord
du Gaulois, qui est mouilie, comme on sait,
a 4 milles au-dessous de 1'Ecole navale.
I,e train special du President Roosevelt a
quitte Washington a 10 heures et demie.
Outre le President, sa fille et sa belle-sosur,
on y remarquait M. Jules Cambon, ambas
sadeur de France, et Mme. Cambon, M.
Root, secretaire de la Guerre, M. Moody,
secretaire de la Marine, le contre-amiral
Taylor, M. Foss, representant de I'lllinois,
M. Cortelyou, secretaire particulier du
President, et Mme. Cortelyou, Mme. I^odge,
femme du senateur du Massachusetts, le
colonel Bingham, le commandant Win
ston, aide de camp du President, et Mme.
Winston.
A 1'arrivee en gare d' Annapolis, a n heu
res et demie, M. Roosevelt a ete recu par le
commandant Wainwright, surintendant de
1'Ecole navale, et le lieutenant Seigen-
meier, son aide de camp. L,es rues d'An-
napolis que le President et sa suite devaient
traverser en voiture etaient gardees par des
detachements de la milice du Maryland.
A 1'Ecole navale, le bataillon des eives
etait sous les armes et a rendu les honneurs
militaires, pendant que la musique de
1'Ecole jouait le " Star Spangled Banner."
540
Supplementary Papers
Arrii6s au Santee wharf, M. Roosevelt
et les personnes qui 1'accompagnaient ont
pris place dans des embarcations pour se
rendre a bord de 1'aviso le Dolphin; en
meTne temps ce navire saluait le President
de vingt-un coups de canon. I,e petit voy
age de quatre milles entre le Santee wharf
etle mouillage du Gaulois n'a pas prsent
d'incident.
lyorsque le Dolphin est arriv6 au mouil-
lage des navires de guerre, le Gaulois et
les trois bailments amricains de 1'escorte,
/' Alabama, le Kearsarge'et VOlympia, ont
salue de vingt-un coups de canon. I^es em
barcations du Dolphin ont amene a l'chelle
de tribord du cuirass^ francais le President
des Etats-Unis et sa suite. Reu a la
couple par M. Cambon, ambassadeur de
France, le general Brugere et le vice-amiral
Fournier, M. Roosevelt a etc conduit dans
le salon de 1'amiral Fournier, ou 1'atten-
daient les membres de la mission.
Apres s'tre entretenu quelques instants
avec les officiers francais, le President a
exprim le desirde visiter le navire, en at
tendant 1'heure du dejeuner, qui devait
gtre send a une heure. M. Roosevelt, con
duit par 1'amiral Fournier, a parcouru la
batterie; il a paru s'intresser vivement a
1'armament et a 1'amEnagement du Gau
lois. M. Ross, reprsentant de 1' Illinois,
qui est president de la commission des
affaires navales a la chambre, a sembl,
lui aussi, prendre un vif int6rt a cette
visite. On sait que les derniers cuirasses
construits aux Etats-Unis, V Alabama, par
exemple, ressemblent par certains c6tes au
cuirasse francais; ils ont a peu prs le
mgme tonnage, la me^ne spaisseur de
cuirasse et le mme armement.
I,a table du dejeuner avait Ete dresse
sur le pont, a 1'arriere du navire, sous une
tente formee de drapeaux francais et am-
ricains et tres artistiquement dEcorEe de
plantes vertes et de roses. De nombreuses
lumieres Electriques et des candElabres
garnis de bougies eclairaient la table, au-
tour de laquelle trois Eventails electriques
entretenaient une fraicheur relative. I,a
vaisselle et 1'argenterie avaient 616 appor-
tees de France; elles provenaient du palais
de 1'ElysEe, au dire d'un officier du
Gaulois.
Une centaine de personnes ont pris part
a ce dejeuner. I,e President occupait la
place d'honneur au centre de la table, di-
rectement au-dessous de la volEe des deux
grosses pieces de 30 centimetres qui arment
la tourelle d'arriere du Gaulois. En face
du President, un faisceau de drapeaux
amricains entourait un aigle aux ailes
EployEessurmontant 1'ecusson national des
Etats-Unis et t la devise: " E Pluribus
Unum."
lye President avait a sa droite Mme. Root,
femme du secretaire de la Guerre, et le
general Brugere, et a sa gauche, Mme.
IvOdge, femme du se'nateur du Massachu
setts, et le vice-amiral Fournier. Mme.
Cambon, femme de 1'ambassadeur de
France, tait assise en face du President.
Une des places d'honneur avait eie re-
servee au gouverneur du Maryland, M.
Smith, a c6t^ duquel etait assis 1'amiral
Dewey.
Pendant le diner, la musique des Equi
pages de la flotte a fait entendre les mor-
ceaux les plus choisis de son repertoire.
Au dessert, M. Cambon s'est Iev6 et, au
nom du President de la Rpublique Fran-
?aise, il a souhaitE chaleureusement la
bienvenue a toutes les personnes pr^sentes
sur le sol francais, repr6sent6 par le Gau
lois. II a etc tres aimable dans ses allu
sions au President Roosevelt, entre les
mains duquel, a-t-il dit, les libertes si pre.
cieuses du peuple amEricain sont en surete-
L,'ambassadeur de France a Eloquemmeiit
rappelE le but de la mission du general
Brugere; il a dit qu'il esprait fermement
que la grande amiti6 que unit depuis un
siecle le peuple francais au peuple des
Etats-Unis se perpetuerait a travers les
generations futures. II a termine en bu-
vant a la sant6 "du President de la glo-
rieuse R^publique AmEricaine qui a domi
1'exemple de la Iibert6 populaire, non
seulement a la France, mais au monde
etitier."
En proposant la sant6 du President
Roosevelt, M. Cambon a dit qu'en invitant
le premier magistral des Etats-Unis, il
avait voulu faire ressortir le fait qu'il
agissait comme reprsentant direct et per
sonnel de M. I^oubet, President de la Re-
publique Francaise.
L,e President Roosevelt a fait une reponse
heureuse, quoique parlant avec une len-
teur qui ne lui est pas habituelle, comme
s'il mesurait la portEe de chacune des
Supplementary Papers
paroles qu'il pronon9ait. I^e President a
ajoute:
" M. 1'Ambassadeur, nous appr^cions ce
que la France a fait en envoyant sur nos
c6tesun aussi magnifique navire de guerre,
nous apprecions egalement le choix de
ceux qui ont ete envoys ici pour la repre-
senter a 1'inauguration du monument de
ROCHAMBEAU, uii illustre general et un
non moins illustre aniiral. II y a cent
vignt ans, d'apres 1'histoire, le courage des
soldats et marins fran9ais fit une telJe im
pression sur les citoyens de ce pays qu'ils
devinrent, par 1'exemple qu'ils leur don-
nf rent, libres efindependants [applaudis-
sements] , et, pour cela, la France occupera
toujours dans nos cceurs une place cherie
[nouveaux applaudissements]. M. 1'Am-
bassadenr, je vous remercie personnelle-
ment de la politesse que vous m'avez t6-
moignee. Ce sera pour moi d'une grande
utility d'avoir, grace a vous, pu visiter ce
magnifique vaisseau francais. J'ai et
trs impression^ par son m6canisme et son
armement superieurs et par le bel aspect
et la discipline des hommes de son Equi
page. Je suis certain de parler avec Tap-
probation de la marine americaine en di-
sant que nous avons Et tres heureux de
voir dans nos eaux un navire d'un modele
aussi remarquable que le Gaulois comme
architecture naval et, en son nom, je vous
remercie. Permettez-moi, au nom du peu-
ple des Etats-Unis et avec la conviction
certaine que j'interprete ses sentiments,
de boire a la sante du President I^oubet et
a la prosperite de la puissante nation dont
ilestlechef."
Ie general Brugere a ensuite pris la pa
role et a terming son allocution, des plus
flatteuses pour les Etats-Unis, en portant
un toast & la mmoire de ROCHAMBEAU et
de WASHINGTON.
I,e secretaire de la guerre Root a pro-
nonce un discours court, mais heureux. II
a rappele que le Gaulois avait jete 1'ancre
dans les monies eaux qui baignent les c6 es
de Yorktown. II a ensuite porte le toast
suivant:
"Je bois a I'armEe fraii9aise, toujours
devolve et tendre dans son amitie, toujours
intrepide et courageuse en temps de
guerre."
Iv'amiral Fournier a ensuite fait allusion
a 1'estime r^ciproque qui existait entre les
marines des deux pays, et a bu a la sante
de M. Roosevelt et aux fonctionnaires at
taches a la Maison Blanche.
M. Moody, secretaire de la Marine, a pro-
nonce une adresse courte, mais pleine de
feu. II a fait remarquer que la flotte fran-
caise etait toujours venue aux Etats-Unis
pour une mission amicale, et il a ajoute:
"Quand la France est venue a notreaide,
il y a plus de cent ans, ellea non seulement
rendu un grand service a la liberte, mais
elle nous a aussi impose un devoir qui
entraine pour nous 1'obligation de le
remplir et le peuple ameYicain peut dire
avec orgueil qu'il n'y a jamais manque."
M. Moody a ensuite porte un toast a la
marine fraii9aise qui a ete chaleureuse-
ment applaudi.
M. Cambon a termini la sErie des dis
cours en se levant de nouveau et en pro-
posant un toast des plus galants, celui de
boire a la sant6 de Mme. Roosevelt. I^a
proposition de 1'ambassadeur a t salute
de nombreux applaudissemeuts.
Voici le menu a bord du Gaulois:
Olives
Saucisson de L,yon Radis et beurre
Anchois a I'h^ile
CEufs brouillfe aux truffes
Tron9on de Saumon a la Russe, Sause verte
Filets Mignon a la Bordelaise
Poulet de Printemps a 1'Estoufade
Garni au Cresson
Asperges Alaska
Dessert: Savarin aux Ananas Petits
fours assortis
Fromage Fruits Cafe
Vins: Chateau Suduiraut 1877 Saint-
Julien
Champagne: Moet & Chandon Cachet
blanc Montebello Cremant brut 1893.
I,e President Roosevelt a quitt6 Annapo
lis vers quatre heures et demie de l'aprs-
midi pour rentrer a Washington, ou il est
arrh'6 ash. 28. Une heure aprs le depart
du President, le general Brugre et les
membres de la mission sont partis a leur
tour d' Annapolis pour Washington, ou ils
ont dine a 1'ambassade de France. I^es
personnes invitees a ce diner etaient, sauf
quelques exceptions, les monies qui as-
sistaient jeudi soir au diner donne par le
President Roosevelt a la Maison Blanche.
On y remarquait en outre Mgr. Gibbons,
542
Supplementary Papers
cardinal-archevque de Baltimore, Mgr.
Chapelle, archeve~gue de la Nouvelle-Or-
lans, les ambassadeurs de Russie, d'ltalie
et du Mexique, les ministres d'Autriche-
Hongrie, de Suisse, des Pays-Bas et du
Danemark, les s^nateurs Fairbanks, Hanna
et Depew, etc.
L,a salle ou avait lieu le banquet tait d6-
core de drapeaux francais et amricains.
Nous donnons ici le menu du diner:
Clovisses sur Coquilles
Assiettes de Glaces Citrons en panier
Potage Consomru Rachel aux Truffes
Potage Creme d'Asperges
Olives farcies Radis Amandes salves
Petites Timbales Moscovites
Mousse de Homard a la Rochambeau
Pommes Parisienne, Concombres
Filet de Bceuf Richelieu
Chapon a 1'Ambassadrice, Champignons
frais
Sorbets Marquise au Champagne
Pluviers R6tis au Cresson
Salade Demi-Deuil
Desserts: Fantaisie Mousse a 1' Ananas
Petits fours assortis
Bonbons Fourrs
Fruits Fromage Caf6
Vins: Marsala 1^88 Saint- Julien Chateau
d'Arsac 1893
Champagne: Moet & Chandon Brut im-
p6rial Montebello Cremant brut 1893.
WASHINGTON, 24 mat 7902. I,e Prsi-
dent des Etats-Unis a prsid aujourd'hui,
en compagnie des repr6sentants officiels
de la Rpublique fran?aise, a 1'inaugu-
ration de la statue du mare'chal de RO
CHAMBEAU, eVige'e en face de celle de
I,afayette, pre"s de la Maison Blanche.
M. Roosevelt avait tenu a rendre un cla-
tant hommage, au nom de la Republique
amricaine, au brave soldat qui comman-
dait en chef les troupes de L,ouis XVI en-
voy6es au secours de l'arme du gne"ral
Washington, il y a cent vingt ans.
Dans la matinee le President Roosevelt
a recu a la Maison Blanche les membres
du Cercle littraire franco-ame'ricain, de
T Alliance fransaise de New- York, de 1'Al-
liance francaise de Brooklyn, de 1'Irish-
American Historical Society et de 1'Associ-
ation nationale francaise de Philadelphie,
qui s'6taient rendus a Washington par
train special pour assister a 1'inauguration
du monument de ROCHAMBEAU.
I,e monument de ROCHAMBEAU corn-
prend une statue de bronze de 2 metres 70
de hauteur, un haut-relief de bronze repr-
sentant la "L,iberte armee," et un pides-
tal de pierre sur soubassement de granit;
1'ensemble du monument ne mesure pas
moins de cinq metres cinquante. RO
CHAMBEAU est repre'sente' debout, le bras
droit tendu vers 1'horizon, dans un geste
de commandement; dans la main gauche
il tient un plan de la ville de Yorktown; a
ses pieds repose une culasse de canon sur
laquelle se dtache une branche de lau-
rier.
Parmi les inscriptions qui figurent sur
le pidestal de la statue on remarque
celle-ci:
"Nous avons t confreres et collabo-
rateurs au service de la liberte\ et nous
avons vcu ensemble comme le doivent des
freres, dans une amide 1 harmonieuse.
Washington."
Cette phrase est extraite d'une lettre du
general Washington adresse a ROCHAM
BEAU le i er feVrier 1784. L,'original de
cette lettre, dcouverte dans les archives
du chateau de Rochambeau, a et appor-
t^e aux Etats-Unis par le petit-neveu du
mar^chal. On en a retrouvd la copie dans
les archives du dpartement d'Etat, a
Washington, et on a juge que 1'extrait ci-
dessus serait la plus belle des inscriptions
pour le monument de ROCHAMBEAU.
Vartisteacherche' a rendre, tant par 1'al-
lure du personnage que par 1 'expression
de sa physionomie, les traits caractris-
tiques de cette irrte'ressante figure du der
nier marshal de 1'ancienne monarchic.
De la vaillance simple, de l'nergie dans
la decision, une grande defiance de 1'in-
trigue et un vif amour de son pays et de
son 6tat, ROCHAMBEAU constituele type ac
compli du soldat de carrire sous 1'ancien
regime; celui que sa naissance pouvait ap-
peler aux brillants loisirs de la vie cour,
mais a qui son caractere fit toujours pre^
f^rer les rudes hasards des campagnes
lointaines. I^e statuaire a tent de rendre
ce caractere.
L,a physionomie de son hros exprime
aussi, Ton peut s'en rendre compte, cette
loyaute, cette honngtet^, ce souci d'ordre
de discipline auquel les notables de Phila-
Supplementary Papers
543
delphie rendaient hommage. Tel quel,
ROCHAMBEAU e'tait bien I'homme qu'il
convenait d'envoyer aux "insurgents"
d'Amerique pour leur prgter main-forte.
Un officier de cour, brave mais leger et
libertin, n'eut pas fait 1'affaire en pr-
sence de ces colons, intransigeants dans
leurs ideeset souvent defiantsa regard des
Strangers.
On sait que les restes du vaillant mare-
chal reposent dans le petit cimetiere de
ThoreY distant de deux kilometres du cha
teau de Rochambeau ou le compagnon
d'armes de Lafayette rendit le dernier
soupir en 1807. I,e mausole qui les ren-
ferme, en marbre noiret blanc, est entoure
d'une grille en fer forge. On y lit 1'epi-
taphe du mar^chal composed par le che-
vatier de Boufflers, et qui est un resume
succinct et glorieux de sa carriere mili-
taire.
Les rnemoires du mar^chal de ROCHAM
BEAU out ete publics, mais la correspon-
daiice qu'il echangea avec Washington est
encore enfouie dans la poussiere d'une
bibliotheque. Cette correspondance, dont
une petite partie a ete publiee en Ame-
rique seulement, est aux mains de la mar
quise de Rochambeau. (Libraire du Con-
gres a Washington. ED.)
Au chatau de Rochambeau on conserve
pre'cieusement, dans une petite vitrine, le
baton du mar^chal de ROCHAMBEAU, re-
couvert de velours bleu et parseme de fleurs
de Us, ainsi que I'ep^e avec laquelle il fit
1'expedition d'Amerique.
C'est, comme on sait, un Francais, M. P.
Hamar, qui est 1'auteur du monument.
Cestatuaire, detail curieux, estsourd-muet.
Mais cette particularity ne 1'a pas empch
de suivre sa vocation, et sous la direction
de MM. Cavelier, Barras et Choppin, de
devenir un artiste de valeur. C'est lui qui
a execute la belle statue du vaillant soldat
qui se dresse sur la place Saint-Martin, a
Venddme.
La c6remonie d'inauguration de la statue
erigee a Washington, aux frais du gouver-
nement des Etats-Unis, a ete une veritable
manifestation d'amitie franco-ameVicaine.
Non seulement on voyait c6te a cote les plus
hauts represeiitants de la R6publique des
Etats-Unis et les envoyes du President Lou-
bet, grouped sous les plis des drapeaux f ran-
Sais et amricains, mais en outre un fort
detachement de fusiliers marinsdebarqus
du cuirass^ le Gaulois 6tait sous lesarmes,
a c6t6 des compagnies de dbarquement
fournierspar 1'escadre americaineactuelle-
ment a Annapolis. Knfin, tous les discours
prononcs par les representants des deux
pays ont et^ autant d'hommages rendus a
la vieille alliance qui unit la France et
les Etats-Unis, et dont le souvenir tou-
jours vivace se transmet de gn6ration en
generation.
I^a c^remonie d'inauguration devaitcom-
mencer a onze heures du matin, maislong-
tempsavant Theurefixee, les rues de Wash
ington etaient pleines de monde. On peut
dire que la population de la capitale n'a pas
pris moins d'int^r^t que le monde oflficiel a
la manifestation en 1'honneurde ROCHAM
BEAU et de 1'amitie franco-ame'ricaine.
De grand matin, les curieux s'elaient por-
t^s dans Pennsylvania avenue sur le pas
sage du bataillon de fusiliers marins, dd-
barqu^ du Gaulois et arrive 1 d'Annapolis
par un train special. I,e bataillon tait pre-
ced6 de la musique des 6quipagesde la flotte,
et suividedeuxpetites pieces de canon trai
nees a la bretelle. I^'excellente tenue et le
pittoresque costume des marins f rancais ont
produit la meilleure impression. A|diverses
reprises, des acclamations ont salu6 les
hommesdu Gaulois. A son arriveau square
Lafayette ou venaient de se dpl .yer les
detachments de troupes regulieres, de ma
rins et de gardes nationaux, qui allaient as-
sister & la c6r6monie, le bataillon franfais
a ete accueilliavec Iaplusgrandecordialit6
par les officiers, les soldats et les marins
americains.
Le President Roosevelt et les membres du
cabinet sont arrives au square Lafayette un
peu avant onze heures. Deux estrades
avaient ete elevees, Tune, pres du monu
ment ROCH AMBEAU.etaitdestineeau monde
officiel. Le President Roosevelt, les mem
bres du cabinet federal, les senateurs et
les representants, 1'ambassadeur de France,
le general Brugdre, les membres de la mis
sion f rancaise, M. et Mme. de Rochambeau,
M. de Sahune de Lafayette, etc., y ont pris
place. Du c6te sud de Pennsylvania ave
nue, pres du coin de la Maison Blanche, se
trouvait la seconde estrade qui etait bond6e
d'invites, parmi lesquels on remarquait
beaucoup de person nes venues de New-
York, de Philadelphie, de Baltimore, etc.
544
Supplementary Papers
M. Roosevelt et les autres representants
du gouvernement et du congres des Etats-
Unistaient,comme tou jours, vgtusde noir;
la simplicity de leurs costumes faisait
ressortir 1' eclat des uniformes des nom-
breux officiers franais et atn6ricains qui
entouraient le President. l,es uniformes
de 1'armee francaise, qui tie sont pas connus
aux Etats-Unis, excitaient une vive curi-
osit6. lye pantalon rouge,;ies nombreuses
decorations et le chapeau a plumes
blanches du general Brugere attirait tout
particulierement 1'attention, ainsi que le
casque du capitaine I y asson, qui est bfficier
de cuirassiers.
I<a ceremonie a commence par une invo
cation du rev. D. J. Stafford, cur6 de
1'eglise catholique 'de Saint-Patrice, qui
remplagait le cardinal Gibbons, empche.
DISCOURS DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
lye President Roosevelt s'est leve ensuite j
pour prendre la parole. II a ete accueilli j
par une salve d'applaudissements. Des
que le silence s'est fait, M. Roosevelt a
prononce en anglais un discours fort
61ogieux pour la France et pour la mission
franaise. EU voici la traduction:
" M. 1'ambassadeur et vous messieurs les
representants de la puissante Republique
francaise, au nom du peuple des Etats-
Unis, je vous souhaite la bienvenue. Nous
apprecions pleinement tout ce que signifie
cette mission extraordinaire, choisie par
M. I,oubet pour reprsenter la France a
1'inauguration du monument du grand
marechalqui avec les soldats et les marins
de la France a frapp le coup d6cisif dans
cette guerre qui a permis a ce pays de
devenir independant et de marcher de pair
avec les autres nations.
" Je suis persuade que je ne fais qu'expri-
mer les sentiments de tous les citoyens des
Etats-Unis, qui sont fiers de la place que
tient notre Republique dans Thistoire; en
disant que nous apprecions beaucoup cette
nouvelle preuve d'amitie que vient de
nous donner la France, non seulement
parce que nous sommes necessairement
heureux de voir un pays aussi puissant en
temps de paix et en temps de guerre,
comme la France 1'a toujours prouve, venir
chez nous; mais aussi parce qu'apres un
siecle et quart la Republique fran9aise apu
apprcier que nous avons merit6 les sacri
fices qu'elle a fails pour nous.
" Je suis certain que tous les citoyens des
Etats-Unis seront galement heureux de
voir les representants de la France venir
en Amrique au moment meme ou nous
venons de fonder une rpublique sceur, la
Republique de Cuba.
"M. 1'Ambassadeur, le peuple amricain,
spcialement parce qu'il est le peuple
amricain et que 1'histoire des Etats-Unis
a et6 si souvent mglee a celle de la France
qui a tant fait pour nous, parce qu'aussi,
en mme temps que le monde entier, nous
recoiinaissons que la France, sur bien des
points, vient a la tgte du progres et de la
civilisation le peuple amricain, que je
represente, vous remercie et vous prie
galement de remercier en son nom les
membres de la mission ici presents, le Pre
sident Loubet et toute la nation franfaise
pour 1'acte Iui-m6me et 1'idee magnanime
qui 1'a inspire." [Applaudissements pro-
longes.]
Aussit6t apres le discours du President
Roosevelt, la comtesse de Rochatubeau,
qui etait assise derriere M. Roosevelt, s'est
avancee et a tir6 les cordes qui devaient
faire tomber le voile de drapeaux francais
et am^ricains sous lequel la statue de
Rochambeau tait cache aux yeux du pu
blic. Mais les cordes rsistaient et le
voile ne tombait pas, ce que voyant le Pre
sident et M. Cambon firent ensemble le
meme mouvement pour venir en aide a
Mme. Rochambeau. I^e President arriva
le premier pour saisir les cordes, et ce fut
lui qui, d'un coup vigoureux, fit tomber le
voile. Mais un des drapeaux s'accrocha
a la lance de la I,ibert6 armee et un autre
a la main gauche de Rochambeau. L,e
premier fut enlev6 par un des marins de
1' Alabama, mais le second 6tait si bien
accroche que le President donna finale-
ment, d'une voix forte, 1'ordre dele laisser
en place et de continuer la ceremonie.
I y orsque sont apparus les traits du coura-
geux general fran9ais, dont le$ Etats-Unis
commemorent aujourd'hui les services, les
applaudissements ont eclat; les femmes
agitaient leurs mouchoirs, pendant que la
munique de 1'infanteriede marine jouait la
"Marseillaise." Aussit6t aprds, le sculp-
teur Hamar auteur du monument, a ete
presente aux assistants. II s'est incline et
s'est retire presque immdiatement.
Supplementary Papers
545
DISCOURS DE M. CAMBON
M. Jules Cambon, anibassadeur de
France, a ensuite pris la parole. Void le
discours qu'il a pronounc6 en francais:
" L'art de la France et la generosity du
congres americain se sont unis pour clever
ce monument a la mmoire du marechal de
ROCHAMBEAU. Ainsi se trouve glorifie le
general de 1'armee fran?aise qui combattit
pour 1'independaiice de 1' Amrique sous les
ordres de Washington. I,a nation ameri-
caine avait deja, et non loin d'ici, consacre
la gloire des jeunes et enthousiastes Fran
cais qui, des le debut et 11 ecoutant que le
vosu secret de toute la nation fransaise,
apporterent, avec Lafayette, leur epee aux
treize colonies. II etait juste que ceux-l&
aussi fussent honoris qui vinrent ici par
1'ordre du gouvernement de la France, et
qui, obissant a leur devoir, le remplirent
tout etitier et assurerent le succes definitif.
Dans la personne de ROCHAMBEAU, c'est
l'arme de la France, ce sont ses regi
ments, ses officiers inconnus, ses soldats
obscurs qui sont glorifies avec leur chef.
" 1,'honneur est pour moi bien grand de
prendre ici la parole comme ambassadeur
de la Republique Fran9aise et de vous
remercier tous ici, qui repr^sentez le gou
vernement, la magistrature et le congres
des Etats-Unis, de l'hommage rendu a
1'homme qui fit triompher pour la dernire
fois le drapeau fieurdelyse' de la vieille
France. Aujourd'hui, la Republique Fran
caise a envoye vers vous une mission qui a
pour chef le plus Eminent de nos officiers
genraux, le general Brugere. Comme
lui, l'arme et la marine francaise avec une
sorte de pit6 nationale, ftent la memoire
de leurs aines, serviteurs comme elles de
la liberte.
"ROCHAMBEAU fut un chef exact, disci
pline, severe, courageux et soucieux de la
vie de ses soldats; il rappelait quelquefois
aux jeunes gens qui 1'entouraient, que,
pendant le cours de sa longue carriere mi-
litaire, 15,000 homines taient morts sous
ses ordres, mais qu'il ne pouvait se re-
procher la mort d'aucun d'eux. Par la, il
conquit, pour notre arme, 1'estime de
votre nation et, pour lui-mgme, 1'affection
de votre grand Washington.
"Ainsi, ce monument, qui ne semble des
tine qu a evoquer des souvenirs de guerre
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 35
est par le caractere de la lutte qu'il rappelle
etde rhomme qu'il glorifie, un monument
d'union entre deux peuples. Aujourd'hui,
comme il y cent vingt ans, les soldats et
les matins de la France et des Etats-Unis
sont c6te a c6te, ils entourent ce monu
ment; ils marchent sous le mgme com-
mandement; ils mglent ensemble leurs
chants nationaux et en honorant leur gloire
commune ils donnent au monde 1'exemple
de la fidelit^ dans 1'amitie 1 .
"Cette amitie, vous nous 1'avez prou-
ve: Un 6venemeiit tragique, une catastro
phe telle que le monde n'en a point connu
depuis vingt siecles, vient de frapper les
Antilles francaises. L,e President des
Etats-Unis, le congres et la nation anieri-
caine ont rivalise de generosity et de
promptitude pour secourir nos malheureux
concitoyens. Qu'il me soit permis de
saisir cette occasion solennelle et de
remercier publiquement, au nom de mon
gouvernement et de mon pays, vous, mon
sieur le President, et le peuple des Etats-
Unis tout entier.
"Par la, vous avez montr6 que quelque
chose de nouveau etait ne entre les nations;
qu'un lien de sympathie desinteresse et
de bont pouvait les unir, et que les idees
de justice et de liberte\ pour lesquelles nos
peres avaient combattu ensemble, il y a
cent vingt ans, avaient fructide dans le
coeur des hommes.
"Un peu plus d'humanit est entr6 dans
les rapports des peuples entre eux. Il y a
trois ans, nous avons vu les representants
de tous les pays se r6unir pour chercher
les moyens d'assurer le maintien de la paix
entre les nations. Par une heureuse coin
cidence, au moment meme ou je parle, le
jeune et gnereux souverain qui avait con-
voque le congres de la paix a la Haye,
et le President de la Republique Francaise
se trouvent reunis a Saint-Pelersbourg.
"Ainsi se manifestent partout et sur les
points les plus 61oigns de la terre, les
mmes sentiments d'union entre les re
presentants les plus lvs des nations.
"Ce ne sont pas la des manifestations
steriles. L,e monde, a mesure qu'il prend
plus conscience de lui-mme, est plus s-
vere pour ceux qui veulent le troubler, et,
quand on mesure 1'oeuvre accompli depuis
que Washington et ROCHAMBEAU combat-
taient ensemble pour le bien de 1'huma-
546
Supplementary . Papers
nite, on peut juger qu'ils n'ont pas com-
battu en vain.
''Ce monument en portera temoignage
aux yeux des generations qui viendront
aprs nous."
Tous ceux, et ils etaient nombreux, qui
comprenaient le fran9aisdans 1'assistance,
ont chaleureusement applaudi les heu-
reuses paroles de M. Cambon.
DISCOURS DU GENERAL PORTER
L,a musique des equipages de la flotte, qui
etait placee preS de 1'estrade, a joue ensuite
un air patriotique.
Puis le general Porter, ambassadeur des
Ktats-Unis en France, s'est leve au milieu
des applaudissements et a parie avec elo
quence des services rendus par ROCHAM-
BEAU a la cause de 1'independance ameri
caine. V6ici uh extrait de son discours,
que nous regrettons de ne pouvoir publier
en entier:
"Pour bien appr6cier la sincrit du
caractere de ROCHAMBEAU, tel qu'il s'est
deVeloppe dans sa campagne americaine,
nous devons nous souvenir qu'il faisait
partie de la vieille noblesse francaise, qu'il
etait porteur de decorations qui lui avaient
ete decernees par des mains royales et que,
malgre tout, il venait ici gagner des ba-
tailles dans' Tinte>6t de principes avanc^s
republicains. Ce n'est' pas sa patrie pour
laquelle il sebattait; il n'avait pas 1'inten-
tion de rester ici pour participer & la pros-
perite que devait amener le succes; il
n'avait pas, par consequent, la force du
patriotisme pour 1'animer.
"II vint sur nos rives avec une fiere
armee, admirablement equip^e et disci-
plineea la severe ecole d'une des premieres
puissances militaires du vieiix mbnde, pour
se trouver associe 3. la modeste 'yeomanry'
des colonies qui constituait les forces
americaines.'dont les hommes n'avaient pas
suffisamment de vetements pour couvrir
leurs honorables blessures, etdont on pou-
vait retracer les marches en suivant les
empreintes sanglantes que laissaient les
pieds de ces heros sans chaussures.
"lyes communications frequentes avec la
France etaient impossibles et on avait
donn & ROCHAMBEAU liberte d'action
presqtie complete. Dans ces circonstances,
uri homme de moins de modestie, de moins
de magnanimitede caractere etd'un esprit
moins conciliant aurait abuse de sa posi
tion, se serait montre arrogant et mal dis
pose 4 considerer des plans qui lui etaient
presentes par le commandant des forces'
americaines; mais il manifesta, des le de-'
but, sa volonte d'adopter toutes les mesures
qui pourraient faciliter les operations mili
taires simultanees sur ce difficile theatre'
de la guerre et mit de c6te toutes conside
rations autres que celles qui pouvaient
conduire au succs complet des forces
alliees.
" Dans toutes leurs relations, ils se mon-
trerent tous deux fiddles au principe 'qu'il
est temps d'abanddnuer le sentier de l"am-
bition quand il devient si etroit qu'on-ne
peut y marcher deux de front.'
" ROCHAMBEAU, en debarquant sur nos :
rivages, definit sa 'politique vis-a-vis des
Americains en ces paroles explicites: 'Je
suis 1'ami de leurs amis et 1'ennemi de
leurs ennemis.' Sa modestie etait pro-
verbiale. II dit dans ses memoires,' en
parlant de la reddition de Yorktbwnr
' I,ord Cornwallis etait malade et le g6ne-'
ral O'Hara sortit a la tete de la garnison."
En arrivant, il me presente son sabre. Je
lui designai le general Washington, le chef
de 1'armee americaine, et lui dis que,
1'armee francaise n'etant qu'auxiliaire sur
ce continent, c'etait au general americain
qu'il devait s'adresser pour en recevoir des
ordres.' "
I,a musique de 1'infanterie de la marine
a 'joue un air patriotique, pendant que le
general Porter recevait les felicitations des
persohnes quiTentouraient.
DISCOURS DU SENATEUR LODGE
',-''
M. Henry Cab'ot Lodge, senateur du Masr
sachusetts, a ensuite prononce son discours,
le plus important de la journee. On peut
dire que ce discours est reellement re-
marquable, non seulemerit au point de vue
du style, mais aussi par les remarquables
vues d'ensemble qu'il contient, sur le r61e
de la France en Amerique et sur 1'iiiflu-
ence qu'a eue 1^ guerre de 1'Independance
americaine sur les hommes qui firent plus
tard la Revolution francaise de 1789. Voici
le passage de ce discours dans lequel M.
I,odge a rendu un eloquent hommage aux
services du compagnon d'armes de Wash
ington:
Supplementary Papers
547
"ROCHAMBEAU arriva aux Etats-Unis
dans un moment bien triste pour la cause
americaine. L,e premier elan de resistance
s'etait refroidi, la lutte active s'etait apai-
s6e dans le Nord, le congres etait devenu
faible et inerte, le gouvernement et les
finances languissaientet Ton pouvait croire
que la revolution, si heureuse sur les
champs de bataille, se serait effondree sur
les rochers de 1'incapacite politique et exe
cutive. Washington et 1'armee, seuls au
milieu des difficultes sans pareilles, soute-
naient la cause. 1,'arrivee de ROCHAMBEAU
et de son arme etait un grand coup de la
fortune, et cependant son premier rsultat
fut d'augmenter 1'inertie du congrs.
Washington, comprenant 1'importance de
1'eVeneinent, se mit immediatement en
correspondance avec ROCHAMBEAU, mais
ce ne fut qu'au mois de septembre qu'il
put voir le general fran9ais en personne a
Hartford. Ce fut un grand soulagement
pour le general, sur qui pesaient tant de
responsabilites, de rencontrer un homme
tel que ROCHAMBEAU et cependant, tandis
qu'il revenait, lecceurieger, les esperances
plus grandes, la nouvelle de la trahison
d'Arnold 1'abattit de nouveau son arrivee
a West Point. I/ete s'etait ecouie, et rien
n'avait ete fait. Alors ROCHAMBEAU re-
fusait d'agir sans renforts, et Washington
luttait desesperement pourobtenir du con-
grs hesitant et des Etats mal disposes, les
hommes, 1'argent et les subsides absolu-
ment necessaires, si Ton ne voulait pas
laisser echapper 1'occasion qui se presen-
tait. L/hiver se passa, et le printemps re-
vint. En mai, Washington et ROCHAM
BEAU etaient de nouveau en consultation.
Washington etait decide a porter un coup
fatal quelque part. II pensa a la Floride
et se proposait d'attaquer les Anglais, sous
Rawdon, par derrire ; il songea a la Vir-
ginie ou Cornwallis, force vers le Nord par
le stratageme de Greene, etait etabli avec
son armee ; longtemps il tourna ses vues
vers New- York, le centre de la puissance
anglaise. ROCHAMBEAU montra son intel
ligence militaire en penchant fortement
pour la Virginie. Mais la condition princi-
pale manquait encore. Washington savait
qu'il devait se rendre maitre de la mer, ne
serait-ce que pour uii mois, au point ou il
voulait porter le coup decisif. L,es jours se
passe^ent ainsi, rete s'ecoula et alors, tout
d'uncoup, lavierevint. De>Grasse, ; envers
qui nous devons une dette aussi ' grande
qu'envers ROCHAMBEAU, apparut dans la
Cheasapeake avec sa flotte. Il n'y >avait
plus de doute possible, Cornwallis en Vir
ginie etait maintenant le point de mire des
forces alliees.
"I,e temps me manque pour faire le re-
cit de cette brillante campagne; pour dire
comment de Barras fut pousse a amerier
! son escadre du Nord, comment Clinton flit
! trompe a New- York, avec quelle rapidite
les armees americaine et franaise furent
transportees de New- York a la Chesapeake
] et de la a Yorktown. X'heure, si long-
i temps attendue par Washington, ou il pour-
rait unir les forces navales et militaires,
I avait enfin sonne. De Grasse etait maitre
j de la baie. I,a flotte anglaise etait dispef-
: see. Clinton restait inactif a New- York
; et Cornwallis, avec 9,000 hommes, etait a
Yorktown presse par les armees alliees de
i Washington et de ROCHAMBEAU. Ie siege
suivit, les lignes d'investissement se res-
I serraient, I^auzun fit battre en retraite la
cavalerie de Tarton ds le debut, et, depuis
ce jour-la, toute sortie des Anglais fut re-
I poussee. Chaque jour les travaux d'ap-
' proche avan?aient, et enfin Washington
| declara que les redoutes avancees des Aii-
| glais pouvaient tre assaillies. I,es Ffati-
ais sous Viomenil, les grenadiers du Gati-
I nois, le regiment d'Auvergne et des Dett'x-
j Fonts se jettrent sur 1'une d'elles et c'est
ici que le plus fameux des regiments de
France re5ut a nouveau de son roi la fie^e
devise ' : d'Auvergne sans tache." I/autre
redoute fut livree aux Americains sous Xa-
fayette, commandes par Alexandre Ham
ilton et John Laurens. Les deux assarts,
brillamment livres, furent couronnes #e
succ^s et les lignes americaines occup^feiit
les terrains si courageusement gagnes.
Une sortie desesperee du colonel Graham
qui fut compietement repoussee, un essai
infructueux d'echapper par mer, puis tout
fut fini. I,e 18 octobre Cornwallis se rehdit
et le jour suivant les Anglais depos^rent
leurs armes en passant entre les lignes'd^s
Fran?ais alignes sous le drapeau blanc et
les rangs des Americains qui se tenaient
sous les treize etoiles placees des ce jour
sur le firmament des nations. I,a revolu
tion americaine etait achevee, le nouveau
peuple avait vaincu."
548
Supplementary Papers
Tout le monde a applaudi quand la mu-
sique des Equipages de la flotte a jou le
"Star Spangled Banner" apres que le
seuateur I^odge cut termine son discours.
DISCOURS DU GENERAL BRUGERE
I,e general Brugere, comme chef de la
mission f rancaise etivoyee aux Etats-Unis,
a prononce ensuite quelques paroles; il a
termine en disant : "Entre vous et nous,
c'est a la vie, a la mort!" Un tonnerre
d'applaudissements a salu6 ces paroles du
gneralissime de 1'armee franjaise.
Voici des extraits du discours du general
Brugere :
" Mon premier et mon plus agreable de
voir est de remercier le gouvernement des
Etats-Unis, au nom de la mission fran-
aise, pour avoir invite la nation fraiicaise
& participer a cette imposante ceremonie,
qui ne peut que fortifier les liens d'amitie
unissant les cieux nations. Nous sommes
tous tres fiers d'avoir et choisis pour repre-
senter la France dans cette circonstance
memorable, d'autant plus que le monu
ment que nous avons sous les yeux n'est
pas seulement destine a honorer le comte
de ROCHAMBEAU, mais, comme le presi
dent de la Republique f rancaise le disait en
1881, a 1'occasion de 1'inauguration du
monument de I^afayette : " II commmo-
rera les anciens liens d'amitie existant
entre nos nations, liens qui, maintenant
que nos institutions politiques sont simi-
laires, sont appeles d. devenir plus forts.
"Quand la France a pris une part active
a la guerre de 1'Iiidependance, le droit et
la liberte etaienten jeu, la cause tait juste
et sacree. Je ne veux en rien diminuer
1'aide materielle et morale que les troupes
commandees par ROCHAMBEAU et de
Grasse ont apportee a 1'armee americaine.
,eur discipline et leur moral taient ex-
cellents. Ces troupes taient sous les
ordres de Washington, et en consequence
'& lui seul revient 1'honneur d'avoir fait
1'Amerique libre. Je ne sais lequel je dois
admirer le plus, le comte de ROCHAMBEAU,
lieutenant general de Tarmee francaise,
un des meilleurs tacticiens de la, guerre de
Sept ans, qui s'tait mis sans hesitation
sous les ordres du general americain, ou
George Washington qui estimaittellement
le general f rancais qu'il paraissait toujours
le consulter plutdt que de le commander
"Dans une lettre crite en 1786, Wash
ington dit : 'I v a sincerite, 1'honneur, la
bravoure de vos troupes, le grand patrio-
tisme et la delicate sympathie qui anime
tant de vos compatriotes avec lesquels je
puis dire que je suis intimement H6, et,
par-dessus tout, 1'intergt que votre illustre
monarque et ses loyaux sujets ont pris au
succs de la cause americaine et au d-
veloppement de riotre independance, nous
ont rendu votre nation chere, ont form^
des liens et laisse des impressions, que ni
le temps ni les circonstances ne peuvent
detruire.'
"Telles sont, messieurs, les dernieres
pensees de Washington. Elles trouvent
un 6cho dans notre cceur apres 1'amicale
reception que vous avez faite 3. la mission
fran9aise ; apr^s les ovations avec lesquel-
les vous nous avez accueillis, apres les
eloquents et patriotiques discours que nous
venons d'entendre et aussi, apres les gene-
reuses preuvcs de sympathie que la nation
americaine a donnees dernierement a nos
malheureux compatriotes de la Martinique.
Et pour finir, je repete les mots que RO
CHAMBEAU a prononc6s en 1781 : "Entre
vous et nous, c'est a la vie, a la mort ! "
I,a c^remonie s'est terminee par la bene
diction de la statue par Mgr. Satterlee, evg-
que de Washington.
Immediatement apres, le President
Roosevelt, les membres du cabinet, la
mission frai^aise et les personnes qui
avaient assisle & 1'inauguration de la
statue ont traverse Pennsylvania avenue
et se sont rendus dans la tribune levee au
coin de la Maison Blanche pour assister
au defile.
A un signal donne, les troupes qui, pen
dant la c6remonie, s'taient rangees dans
les environs du departement du tr6sor, se
sont mises en marche.
En tte veuait la police, puis le inajor-
gen^ral Young, monte sur un magnifique
cheval d'armes. l^e general Young com-
mandait la brigade des Rough Riders qui
se sont battus a I,as Guasimas en 1898;
lorsqu'il est passe Levant le President qui
1'avait eu autrefois sous ses ordres, M.
Roosevelt a repondu a son salut militaire
d'une facon des plus amicales. A cote de
lui se tenaieiit le lieutenant-colonel John
Supplementary Papers
549
A. Johns et un nombreux etat-major com
post d'officiers de terre et de mer.
L,e cortege tait compost de deux bri
gades. L,a premiere, commandee par le
lieutenant-colonel E. D. Dimniick du 2
cavalerie, tait composed entitlement de
soldats de I'arme'e reguliere et-chi bataillon
des marins fusiliers du Gaulois.
I/ordre de marche etait le "suivant: un
bataillon du gnie, un bataillon d'infan-
terie de marine, le bataillon cks raarins du
Gaulois qui a t6 tres applaudi, la 4bat-
terie d'artillerie, un escadron du 2" cava
lerie et une ambulance.
L,a seconde brigade elait cornmand6e par
le brigadier gural George H. Harries, de
la garde nationale du District de Colombie.
Elle tait composed d'une compagnie du
genie, des i er et 2 e regiments d'infanterie
d'une compagnie du service des signaux
et d'un bataillon de la milice navale.
1,'escorte personnelle du President et
des membres du cabinet elait forme'e d'un
detachement de milice, dont les homines
avaient revtu 1'uniforme des volontaires
de la guerre de I'lnd6pendance.
I,orsque M. Roosevelt s'est retir, il a
et salu, comme a son arfive"e, par les
hourras de la foule nombreuse que la cr6-
monie avait attire. On a beaucoup re-
marque 1 l'intret personnel que prenait le
President a tous les incidents de la cre"-
monie. t,orsque le voile de la statue est
tombe", une salve d'artillerie a t tire"e par
une batterie de grosses pieces placets dans
le pare de la Maison Blanche, les detona
tions scandant Tair national francais que
jouait la musique de 1'infanterie de ma
rine. A ce moment, c'est le President lui-
meme qui a donn le signal des hourras,
dont la foule a salu la noble figure de
ROCHAMBEAU.
Parmi les invites de la commission ame"-
ricaine on remarquait les ambassadeurs
de Russie, d'Allemagne, d'Autriche-Hon-
grie, d'ltalie et du Mexique, mais pour des
raisons de convenance, les membres de
I'ambassade d'Angleterre n'avaient pas
ei invites le souvenir de la bataille de
Yorktown n'ayant rien de bien agrable
pour les Anglais. I,a mort de lord Paunce-
fote, survenue hier matin, ri'aurait d'ail-
leurs pas permis au personnel cle I'am
bassade d'assister a 1'inauguration de la
statue.
En re'sume', tout s'est admirablement
pass dans cette journ^e memorable, dont
le succes a du tre tout particulierement
gout6 de M. Jules Bceufv6, le chancelier de
I'ambassade de France, a qui revient 1'hon-
neur d'avoir sugge're' a des membres influ
ents du cqngres Tid^e danger S. Wash
ington la statue du mare'chal de ROCHAM
BEAU.
WASHINGTON, 25 mai 1902. I,es fe"tes
qui ont eu lieu ici, a 1'occasion de la visite
des envoyes francais, se sonttermiii6espar
une reception a I'ambassade de France ou
M. Canibon, Mme. Camboii, le g^n^ral
Brugere et le comte et la comtesse de Ro-
chambeau ont recu plusieurs centaines de
persoiines notables de la socie'te' de Wash
ington.
On devait donner un grand clat a cette
fte, illuminer bri'llamnient les jardins de
I'ambassade et donner galement un con
cert en plain air, mais la mort de lord
Pauncefote, ambassadeur d'Angleterre, a
fait qu'oii a 6t oblige" de modifier une
partie du programme. T y es salons de I'am
bassade etaient merveilleusement de'core's
avec des roses et des palmes. Trois cents
personnes out assiste" a cette reception.
Parmi elles se trouvaien-t le corps diplo
matique au complet, les membres du cabi
net, un grand nombre d'officiers des ar
mies de terre et de mer, les reprsentants
de 1' American Irish Historical Society et les
hauls fonctionnaijres du gouvernement.
Au cours de la soire'e un souper a 616 servi
dont voici le menu :
Bouillon froid
Croquettes exquises, Sauce Perigueux
Pois nouveaux
Jambon de Virginie glace"
I^angues en gele
Galantine truffee en Belleyue
Salade de Volaille mayonnaise
Sandwichs assortis
Tartines de foie gras
Petits pains
Petites exquises Mousse Merveilleuse
Tutti frutti
Petits Fours assortis Gateaux sees
Cerises Marquise
Marrons glacis Fruits glacis
Moet & Chahdon
Cachet blanc
Moe't & Chandon
Brut Imperial
550
Supplementary Papers
,Aprs le souper, le general Porter, am-
bassadeur des Etats-Unis en France, le
conite de Rochambeau et les autres mem-
bres de la mission out assiste a une stance
dps Fils de la Revolution am6ricaine. L,e
general Porter, le. conite de Rochambeau
et ; ;pl.usieurs autres personnages ont en-
sujte, prononce. de courts discours. I^eur
arrivee a ete salute par de nombreux ap-
plaudissements qui se sont renouveies a
plusieurs. reprises. On a fait une ovation
ai'amiral Schley lorsqu'il est entre dans
la salle de reception et s'est assis a c&te du
general Porter.
LA FETE DE ROCHAMBEAU EN FRANCE
PARJS, 24 mat. Un banquet auquel ont
assist^ un grand nombre de Franais et
d'A'mericains a eu lieu ce soir a I'h6tel
Continental. On remarquait dans le salon
de reception les portraits de Washington,
de ROCHAMBEAU et du President Roose
velt eritoures de faisceaux de drapeaux
franjais et americains. II y avait aussi
dans ce salon la reproduction exacte de
la statue de ROCHAMBEAU.
L,a salle du banquet etait decore de dra
peaux francais et americains et de ban-
nitres sur lesquelles etaient inscrits les
noms des differents Etats qui forment la
Republique Am^ricaine. M. Guillemot,
maire de Verid6me, pr^sidait. Parmi les
personnes pr^sentes se trouvaient M. Henri
Vignaud, charge d'affaires des Etats-Unis
a Paris, et le personnel de 1'ambassade au
complet, le comte Guy de Rochambeau
frere du comte de Rochambeau en ce
moment a Washington, le marquis de
Grasse, le marquis de Duras-Chastellux et
le comte du Chaffault (ces trois derniers
sont descendants d'offi.ciers qui ont com-
battu pour la revolution americaine), M.
Max O'Rell {Paul Blouet), M. Theobald
Chartran, ainsi'qu'un grand nombre de
Francais et d'Americains bien connus.
M. Guillemot a prononce un discours
dans lequel il a retract en termes flatteurs
ia-rarrrre du mate'chal de ROCHAMBEAU.
Au milieu d'un tonnerre d'applaudisse-
me'rftsf 'M. d'Estournelles a propose de
poire a la sante du President Roosevelt.
' iVi'^jules Siegfried, M. JUzare Weiller et
^professeur L,eppold Mabilleau ont gale-
meiit prissla parole et ont dit qu'ils avaient
prouv le plus grand plaisir de leurs r-
centes visites aux Etats-Unis.
Pendant le banquet, on a lu la dpe"che
suivante envoye par M. Hay, secretaire
d'Etat, au maire de Venddme:
" Monsieur le MAIRE: A 1'occasioii de ce
joyeux anniversaire (1'entree de ROCHAM
BEAU dans 1'armee frangaise), le President
me prie d'envoyer les meilleurs compli
ments aux citoyens francais et americains
reunis a ce banquet pour ceiebrer le sou
venir de 1'amitie de la France et de
1'Amerique."
Ia reponse suivante a ete envoyee a
M. Hay par le maire de Venddme:
" Je viens de recevoir votre aimable tele-
gramme et 1'ai lu aux Americains et aux
Francais presents au banquet. Nous vous
remercions de tout cceur devos bonnes pa
roles. Ayez 1'obligeance de transmettre
au President Roosevelt les respectueux
hommages des personnes ici presentes.
" GUILLEMOT, maire de Vendbme."
Tous les journaux de Paris publient de
longues depgches sur Tinauguration du
monument de ROCHAMBEAU a Washing
ton.
WASHINGTON, 25 mat. Dans la matinee,
en grand uniforme, ils se sont rendus a
reglise de Saint- Patrick ainsi que M. Cam-
bon et ont assiste a une messe basse. I,e
cardinal Gibbons a prononce un court
sermon.
II a rappeie 1'exemple de ces mission-
naires fran9als qui autrefois ont traverse
1'ocean portant d'une main aux habitants
de ce pays le flambeau de la foi et de <
1'autre celui de la civilisation. "Cela est
juste etconvenable," a-t-il dit, "devoir les
fils de la France s'assembler dans le tem
ple de Dieu pour remercier le Tout-Puis-
saiit des grandes choses qui ont ete accom-
plies par leurs ancetres, au point de vue de
la religion et de la civilisation, de ce cote-ci
de 1'ocean."
Parlant de ROCHAMBEAU, le cardinal
Gibbons s'est eerie:
" Sans vouloir en rien diminuer le merite
de ses compagnons d'armes, on peut affir-
mer qu'il etait le general le plus capable
envoye a notre secours par nos allies fran
cais. Deja age, ayant fait de nombreuses
campagnes, veteran de la guerre de sept
ans, calme, energique, homme de tte,
Supplementary Papers
55 1
Washington lui avait accord^ toute sa con-
fiance; c'etait le general dont il appreciait
le plus les conseils et sur lequel il pouyait
le mieux compter.
"I,orsque les troupes ame'ricaines com-
mandees par Washington et celles de la
France sous les ordres de ROCHAMBEAU
marchaient sur Yorktown, Washington,
par politesse, proposa aux troupes fran-
caisesde leur donner le poste d'honneur,
mais ROCHAMBEAU, se conformant aux
ordres de son gouvernement et suivaut
aussi son propre mouvement refusa 1'ofFre
du gnral am^ricain. II voulait ainsi
prouver qu'il tenait jusqu'au bout a rester
sovis les ordres du commandant en chef.
' 1,'armee de Cornwallis, cern6e surterre
par les troupes frangaises et am^ricaines
et ne pouvant s'enfuir par mer ou elle etait
tenue en respect de ce c6t par la flotte de
1'amiral francais de Grasse, vint acapitu-
ler. Ce fait de guerre est le plus impor
tant de ceux qui se sont passes au cours de
la revolution americaine.
" Que I'amitie qui existe entre la France
et 1'Amerique une amitie ciment^e a
repoque mgme ou nous devenions une na
tion; une amitie laquelle nous devons
iiotre existence comme puissance ind6pen-
dante et souveraine puisse-t-elle, cette
amitie historique, se perpetuer a jamais.
Puissent aussi les deux plus grandes r6-
publiques du monde marcher la main dans
la main au nom de la liberte et des progrs
de la civilisation.
"Que ce monument lev6 a ROCHAM
BEAU dans la capitale rappelle a tout
citoyen amricain qui le regardera que les
Etats-Unis devront toujours une grande
reconnaissance a la France de ce qu'elle a
fait pour eux."
I^e comte et la comtesse de Rocham-
beau ainsi que le comte de I,afayette sont
alies visiter dans l'aprs-midi le cime-
tiere d' Arlington et le fort Myer qui se
trouve dans le voisinage.
L,e President Roosevelt avait invite 1 les
membres de la mission a faire avec lui une
promenade a cheval. Vers quatre heures,
ils se runissaient devant la Maison
Blanche et guides par le President se diri-
geaient vers le nord de la ville et visitaient
le jardin zoologique. Partout sur teur
passage On admirait les uniformes des
'officiers fran^ais.
Malheureusement, alors que les cavaliers
se trouvaient dans le pare, un orage est
venu a 6clater et les a obliges a rentrer
plus t6t qu'ils ne 1'auraient dsire\
Parmi les persoiines qui ont pris part a
cette promenade a cheval se trouvaient: I^e
President Roosevelt, son fils Theodore, sa
fille Alice, le secretaire Root, le s^nateur
L,odge, le general Brug^re, le vice-amiral
Fournier, le general de Chalendar et le
capitaine I^asson.
I^es membres de la mission fraiigaise,
accompagns de M. et Mme. Cambon, du
personnel de 1'ambassade et du comite de
reception, sont partis ce soir a sept heures
et demie pour les chutes du Niagara.
ANNAPOLIS, 25 mai.1,& cuirass^ le Gau-
lots, accompagn6 du croiseur Olympia et
des cuirasses Alabama et Kearsarge,& Iev6
1'ancre a quatre heures ce matin, en route
pour New- York.
CAPE HENRY ( VIRGINIE ) , 25 mai.L,e cui-
rass le Gaulois est pass6 au large de Cape
Henry ce soir a quatre heures vingt mi
nutes.
AUX CHUTES DU NIAGARA
BUFFALO (N.-Y.), 26 mai. I^es membres
de la mission du g6n6ral Brugere, M. C^m-
bon, ambassadeur de France, Mme. Cam
bon, le personnel de 1'ambassade et M.
Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Etat, ont pass6
une tr^s agrable journ^e aux chutes du
Niagara.
Il n'y a eu aucune c6r6mqnie au cours de
la journe. I/es envoy^s f ranjais ont beau-
coup admire la grande cataracte et out
visite le dessous des chutes. I<e temps
etait parfait.
I^e train special, venant de Washington,
avec les membres de la mission, e$t arrive
a Buffalo de facon a permettre aux inv;t6s
de dejeuner dans leurs wagons et a con
tinue sur les chutes. A neuf heurs trente
minutes, les membres de la mission des-
cendaient du train et montaient dans des
552
Supplementary Papers
voitures. Us out traverse le pont qui se
trouve en amont des chutes et ont repris
le train de trois heures quarante-cinq mi
nutes.
Un peu avant le depart du train pour
West Point, un groupe de jeunes filles, au
milieu des applaudissements des person-
nes presents, a prsent & la comtesse de
Rochambeau un superbe bouquet de fleurs.
Ces jeunes filles sont des Sieves du couvent
des soeurs de la Misricprde. Le bouquet
etait fait de splendides ceillets rouges et
de roses, connues sous le nom d'American
Beauty, lies ensemble par un fin ruban de
soie aux couleurs tricolores. La comtesse
a paru trs heureuse de cette attention
delicate.
I^e rev. James A. I<anigan, de Buffalo, et
Mile. Flore Reche, de Rochester, ont ete
presentes au comte et a la comtesse de Ro-
chanibeau et leuront rappeie qu'ils avaient
eu 1'honneur de faire visiter les Chutes a
la marquise de Rochambeau, a repoque
des fgtes de Yorktown, en 1881. I,e comte
et la comtesse de Rochambeau les ont tres
bien recus, et une conversation anime
s'est engagee entre eux et continuait en
core lorsque le train s'est mis en marche.
lye comte et la comtesse de Rochambeau
sont rested sur la plate-forme du dernier
wagon aussi longtemps que le train a ete
en vue.
LA MISSION A WEST POINT
WEST POINT, 27 mai.L,^ general Bru-
gere, le comte et la comtesse de Rocham
beau et les autres membres de la mission
fraticaise sont arrives par une pluie bat-
tante. II etait environ neuf heures lorsque
le colonel Mills et son etat-major sont
venus leur souhaiter la bienvenue a la
gare. Imm6diatement apres le cortege
s'est forme et suivi d'une escorte d'lves
cavaliers de 1'e'cole a debouch e sur le
champ de manoeuvres.
Varrivee de la mission francaise a ete
salute de dix-neuf coups de canon, et im-
mediatement aprs, malgre la pluie qui ne
cessait de tomber, les membres de la mis
sion f rancaise, ayant a leur tgte le general
Brugere, gen^ralissime de l'arme fran-
9aise, ont passe en revue les eiSves de
1'Ecole militaire qui ont execute devant
eux plusieurs manoeuvres important.es.
Au cours de la revue, la 'musique de
recole a joue la "Marseillaise." L,e colo
nel Mills a ensuite fait visiter en detail
aux membres de la mission toutes les
parties de recole. I,e gne>al Brugere a
feiicite chaudement les eives de leur belle
tenue et a termini en disant qu'il ne dou-
tait pas que " leurs compatHotes auraient
lieu, un jour, d'etre fiers de leurs services. ''
Vers onze heures la mission a quitte
recole et toujours escortee par la cavalerie
s'est rendue au quai ou le Dolphin 1'atten-
dait pour la conduire a New- York.
- M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France, le
general Brugere et les membres de la mis
sion f ran5aise, que taient hier aux chutes
du Niagara, arriveront a West Point ce
matin, vers neuf heures. Apres avoir
visit 1'Ecole, ou ils seront recus avec les
honneurs militaires, ils s'embarqueront
sur 1'aviso le Dolphin, qui quittera West
Point ce matin, a onze heures; on compte
qu'il d6barquera les membres de la mis
sion a la Batterie, vers trois heures et
demie.
I_e secretaire du maire, M. James B. Rey
nolds, recevra les envoys fran9ais au de-
barcadere du Barge Office, leur souhaitera
la bienvenue au nom du maire et les invi-
tera a se rendre au City Hall. I,e cortege,
form d'une dizaine de voitures, sera es-
cort6 par le bataillon de fusiliers marins
du Gaulots, avec la musique des equi
pages de la flotte,qui comprendcinquante-
quatre executants, et par les compagnies
de d6barquement de 1' Alabama, du Kear-
sarge et de VOlympta. L,es envoy6s fran-
gais et leur escorte remonteront Broadway
jusqu'au City Hall, ou aura lieu la r6cep-
tion officielle.
I,e maire de New- York, lorsqu il souhai
tera la bienvenue a la mission franaise,
sera entourS des personnages suivants: I^e
president et le vice-president du conseil
des aldermen, les presidents des " bo
roughs" de Manhattan, de Brooklyn, du
Bronx, de Queens et de Richmond; 1'am-
bassadeur et les anciens ministres des
Etats-Unis en France, demeurant actuelle-
ment a New- York, le general Horace Por
ter, MM. Jonn Bigelow, Levi P. Morton,
Whitelaw Reid; les anciens membres du
Supplementary Papers
553
cabinet, habitant a New- York, MM. Cor
nelius Bliss, John Carlisle, Charles Fair-
child, L,ymati Gage, Daniel Lamont,
Benjamin Tracy, William Whitney; le
lieutenant-gouverneur; les anciens gouver-
neurs et 1'ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de
1'Etat de New- York, demeurant a New-
York, MM. Timothy Woodruff, Alonzo
Cornell, Frank Black et William Sheehan;
les anciens maires de la ville, MM. David
Boody, Edward Cooper, Alfred Chapin,
Smith Ely, Franklin Edson, Thomas Gil-
roy, William Grace, Hugh Grant, Abram
Hewitt, Charles Schieren, Robert Van
Wyck, David Whitney et Frederick Wurs-
ter.
C'est M. Jules Cambon qui repondra a
M. L,ow. L,e president du conseil des al
dermen invitera ensuite les membres de la
mission a se rendre dans la salle des sean
ces, ou il leur sera donn6 lecture de la
resolution votee le 29 avril dernier et aux
termes de laquelle 1'hospitalite municipale
est offerte aux envoyes francais. Pendant
cette cer6monie, M. Cambon sera assis a
la droite du president du conseil et le maire
a sa gauche. C'est 1'ambassadeur de
France qui remerciera 1 conseil au nom
de la mission.
Cette cremonie terminee, le cortege
officiel se reformera. I_es envoyes francais
seront accompagnes du maire, du comit
new-yorkais, des membres du conseil des
aldermen et des hauts fonctionnaires mu-
nicipaux, et escortes par les fusiliers ma-
rins du Gaulois et les compagnies de de-
barquement de 1'escadre amricaine. I^es
8,000 hommes de la garde nationale de New-
York, sous les ordres du general Roe, seront
deploy es sur le parcours du cortege, depuis
le City Hall jusqu'a Madison square.
Voici, d'apres une communication offi-
cielle, quel sera 1'itineraire du cortege :
Broadway jusqu'a Wave'rley place, sous
1'arc de triomphe de Washington, et la 5*
avenue, jusqu'a Madison square et la 28*
rue.
Une grande estrade a ete levee pres du
monument de Worth, a 1'intersection de
Broadway et de la 5 e avenue ; c'est la que
1'ambassadeur de France, le gehral Bru-
gere et les autres envoyes francais. le
maire et les autorites municipales, etc.,
prendront place pour assister au defiledes
troupes. A Tissue de la revue, les mem
bres de la mission se rendront a 1'hdtel
Waldorf, ou le maire de New- York leur
rendra leur visite. I<e soir, la mission as-
sistera a un banquet qui lui sera offert par
les membres de la Society de Cincinnati.
B [Mardi 27 mai 1902.]
LA MISSION ROCHAMBEAU
LE ' ' GAULOIS ' ' A NEW-YORK
L,e cuirasse francais le Gaulois, com
mandant de Surgy, est arrive hier matin a
New- York, escort^ par 1'escadre ameri-
caine de 1'amiral Higginson, composee du
croiseur Olympia etdes cuirasses A la bama
et Kearsarge. L/es quatre batiments, par
tis dimanche matin d' Annapolis, etaient
signales au large des Highlands hier vers
neuf heures du matin. I^e poste des si-
gnaux a Sandy Hook arbora les pavilions
correspondant, d'apres le code interna
tional, au mot: "Welcome" (Bienvenue).
L,e Gaulois repondit par le mot : "Thanks"
(Remerciements); il avait deja embarque
un pilote, et il s'engagea dans les passes a
une allure assez rapide, suivi par les trois
navires de 1'escorte. A onze heures trente-
cinq il franchissait les Narrows. Suivant
la coutume, le cuirasse francais a pass6 de-
vant le fort Hamilton et le fort Wadsworth
sans saluer, et c'est arrivant devan t Govern
ors Island qu'il a tire une salve. laquelle
la batterie du Castle William a repondu
coup pour coup.
I/approche du cuirasse fran9ais et des
trois navires de 1'escorte avait attire la
Batterie une foule considerable, qui pous-
sait des hourras. En m6me temps, les
nombreux bateaux a vapeur sillonnant la
rade donnaient des coups de sifflet reten-
tissants sur le passage du Gaulois, de
1' Alabama, du Kearsarge et de \'Olympia,
qui se dirigeaient & petite vitesse vers le
mouillagedes navires de guerre & la 340
rue.
L,a coque du Gaulois est peinte en noir;
des superstructures et les cheminees ^en
gris; le navire a toutes les apparences
exterieures de ce qu'il est en realite, une
formidable machine de guerre. I<e Gaulois,
qui fait partie de 1'escadre de la Mediter-
ranee, est un des plus beaux specimens
554
Supplementary Papers
de 1'art naval frangais. Lance en 189^ et
termine il y a deux ans a peine, ce cui-
rasse appartient a la mgnie classe que le
Charlemagne et le Saint-Louis. C'est uu
navire de 11,275 tonneaux, a trois helices,
dont les machines peuvent developper
uneforcede 15,000 chevaux et lui donner
une vitesse maxima de 18 noeuds. II est
protege par une cuirasse de 40 centimetres
en acier au nickel. L'armement du
Gautois comprend quatre' pieces de 30
centimetres, 10 de 14 centimetres, huit de
10 centimetres, ettrente-sept pieces de petit
calibre. Son equipage se compose de 630
hommes.
[Mercredi 28 mai 1902.]
ROCHAMBEAU
LA RECEPTION DE LA MISSION FRAN-
CAISE UNE BELLE REVUE
II n'a manque a la journ^e d'hier qu'un
peu plus de soleil et un peu moins de pluie
pour que la manifestation organised en
1'honneur de la mission Rochambeau fut
une des grandes journe'es new-yorkaises.
La population a evidemment pris un vif
intergt a la reception des envoyes fran
gais; elle a montre, par son attitude sym-
pathique, qu'elle approuvait le grandiose
accueil qui leur etait fait par les autorites
municipales. I^'appel du maire Low invi-
tant les habitants a d^corer leurs maisons
avait ete entendu; sur le parcours du cor
tege on voyait beaucoup de drapeaux
frangais et americains.
En depit du mauvais temps, un trs
grand nombre de personnes s'etaient por-
tees, les unes a la Batterie, les autres dans
Broadway et dans la 5* avenue pour assister
au passage -du cortege. L'encombrement
a mgnie amene, nous regrettons de devoir
le constater, un tres grave accident, presque
une catastrophe, dans la 5* avenue, au coin
de la i8 e rue, ou une plate-forme en
planches s'est croulee sous le poids des
curieux.
D'aprs le programme arr^te, les mem-
bres de la mission^ f ran gaise devaient ar-
river a la Batterie a 3 heures et demie de
1'apres-midi, venant de 1'Ecole militaire de
West Point, ou 1'aviso le Dolphin etait alie
les chercher. Par suite d'un retard sur-
venu a West Point, le Dolphin n'a pu de-
barquer ses passagers qu'a 4 heures.
Au moment ou 1'enibarcation a vapeur,
qui amenait a terre les membres de la mis
sion, a quitt le Dolphin, 1'aviso a tire une
salve d'artillerie.
I,e secretaire du maire, M. James B. Rej^-
nolds, a recu les envoys frangais au de-
barcadere du Barge Office, et apres leur
avoir souhait la bienvenue au nom du
maire, les a invites a se rendre au City
Hall. I,orsque M. Cambon, ambassadeur
de France, le general Brugere, 1'amiral
Fournier et leurs compagnons de voyage
ont paru a 1'entr^e du Barge Office pour
monter en voiture, la foule a pousse des
hourras.
Une petite pluie fine succedait aux
grosses ayerses du matin. Toutes les
voitures qui attendaient les envoyes
frangais Itaient fermees. A la demande
du general Brugere, la capote de la pre"
miere de ces voitures fut rabattue, et c'est
dans cette voiture que prirent place M.
Cambon, le general Brugere, M. Peirce,
sous-secretaire d'Etat, et M. Reynolds, se
cretaire du maire de New- York.
I/escorte d'honneur etait formee par un
detachement de hussards de 1'escadron
A, qui ouvrait la marche, et par deux d-
tachements de fusiliers marins frangais et
americains, une centaine d'hommes de-
barques du Gaulois, avec la musique de la
flotte, et a peu pres autant provenant des
cuirasses Alabama et Kearsarge. L,e cor-,
tdge s'est dirige par Broadway vers le City
Hall, ou il arrivait a 4 heures 20, salue par
les acclamations de la foule. A signaler un
petit incident: I,a marche des tramways
de Broadway avait ete arrtee a I'ap-
proche du cortege, mais sur la voie mon-
tante, entre la rue Ann et la rue Cortlandt,
de nombreux "cars" stationnaient; queU
ques personnes ont pu, sur le passage de
M. Cambon, lui donner une poignee de
main. ly'ambassadeur de France s'est
prgte en souriant a cette manifestation
amicale.
La reception des envoyes frangais au
City Hall a ete aussi franchement cordiale
qu'on pouvait le souhaiter. I,a plupart des
citoyens eminents, les anciens gouver-
neurs, les anciens maires, les. anciens am-
Supplementary Papers
555
bassadeurs, invites afaire partie ducomite
de reception, avaient rpondu al'appel de
M. L,ow, ce qui accentuait la signification
de cette demonstration d'amitie franco-
americaine.
Aux paroles de bienvenue du maire, M.
Cambon a rpondu avec sa bonne grace
habituelle. I v e president du conseil des
aldermen a invite ensuite les membres de
la mission a. se rendre dans la salle des >
seances oii M. I,ow a prononce le discours
suivant:
"Monsieur 1'ambassadeur et messieurs
de la mission Rochambeau, qui reprsentez
si dignement la Rpublique frati9aise, le
maire ,de la ville de New- York remplit
1'exercice de ses fonctions devant le por
trait de I^afayette qui pour .nous Ame>i-
cains est 1'image de 1'ardeur gnreuse du
peuple fran9ais pour la liberty. I y es re-
presentants de la ville de New- York sont
heureux en ce jour d'avoir 1'occasiou de
pouvoir feiiciter les membres distingue's
de cette delegation et de reconnaitre les
services rendus a notre ville par la nation
f ranjaise qui-est venue a 1'aide des colonies
d'Amerique avec ses armies de terre et de
mer. L,a bataille decisive de la lutte pour
1'independance a ete engag^e et gagne
par les troupes franaises et am6ricaines a
Yorktown (Virgihie), mais elle a amene
dans notre ville la scene historique de
Fraunce Tavern, Washington faisant ses
adieux aux officiers qui avaient ete ses ca-
marades au cours de la guerre de la R6vo-
lution.
"Cet heureux rsultat a ete du directe-
ment a 1'aide que nous a donn^e la France.
l,es services rendus par I^afayette, Rocham
beau et de Grasse, qui commandaient les
armies francaises de terre et de mer, n'ont
pas encore et6 aussi grands que ceux de la
nation g6nreuse que vous reprsentez.
Vous avez bien souvent, au cours de cette
lutte, procure a nos troupes ce que 1'on
appelle le nerf de la guerre, et 1'aide ainsi
apportee a fait que le nom que Ton donne
aux Fransais, " le bonhomme Richard,"
est devenu a nos oreilles aussi familier que
celui de Yorktown.
" Tous ces v6nements, nous, citoyens de
New- York, nous nous les rappelons avec
satisfaction et nous n'oublions pas que la
France a compris leur importance en nous
donnant cette "Statue de la liberte illumi-
nant le monde" qui est place a 1'entr^e
de notre port. Elle est I'embleme eternel
de la liberte qui montre aux nations le
chemin de la civilisation qui, comme le
soleil, se dirige vers 1'ouest.
" Nous, Americains, devons tout autant a
la France dans le domaine de la liberty
politique que dans celui de 1'art, car de ce
c6telle nous donne egalement le plus bel
exemple. Ia science est aujourd'hui en-
seignee librement dans tousles pays, mais
le monde entier va malgr tout a 1'Ecole
fran9aise des beaux-arts parce que sous le
beau cielde la liberty en tout cequi touche
a 1'art, c'est encore la France qui dirige les
autres nations. Pour toutes ces raisons et
bien d'autres, j'ai 1'honneur de vous sou-
haiter la bienvenue au nom de la ville de
New- York, notre cit bienaime'e."
A la suite du discours de M. l,ow, le gref-
fier du conseil des aldermen a donn lec
ture de la resolution vot6e le 29 avril pour
offrir aux envoy6s fran^ais I'hospitalit6
municipale, etdont voici un extrait: .
"Attendu que le reprfeentant du Pr6si-
dent de la R^publique f ran?aise, le g6neYa-
lissime de I'arm6e f ran^aise, un vice-amiral
de la marine fran9ais, ainsi que les mem
bres des illustres families dont on a parle,
se trouveront dans notre ville d'ici aquel-
ques semaines; et
"Attendu que cette mission, toujours sou-
cieuse de ses traditions patriotiques, rap-
pelle agreablement le souvenir des ser
vices incalculables rendus par le peuple
francais, son armeeet sa marine h^roiques,
dans notre lutte pour la liberty et rappelle
egalement retablissement des principes
du regime r^publicain dans les deux he
mispheres, en consequence
"Avons resolu, que nous, le corps consti-
tue des aldermen, etant a cette occasion
1'interprete des sentiments des citoyens de
New- York, de faire 1'accueil le plus cordial
aux representants du gouvernement fran-
5ais et a ceux qui les accompagnent lors-
qu'ils arriveront sur nos c6tes, et avons
respectueusement prie le maire de nom-
mer un comite qui sera completement au
service de nos distingues visiteurs pen
dant le sejour qu'ils feront parmi nous."
I/ambassadeur de France, aerepondu,
au nom des envoyes, et, tout en remerciant
le conseil des aldermen, a loue 1'esprit ci-
vique des New-Yorkais. .
556
Supplementary Papers
La crmonie termin^e, le cortege offi
cial s'est reform^. Les envoyes fran9ais,
accompagns du maire, du comit new-
yorkais, des meinbres du couseil des alder
men et des hauts fonctionnaires munici-
paux, sont months en voiture, et la marche
vers Madison square a commence.
II etait alors prs de cinq heures du soir.
Depuis longtemps deja les regiments de la
garde nationale 6taient chelonnes dans
Broadway, de Warren street a Waverly
place, sous les ordres du general Roe. Une
foule compacte se pressait sur les trottoirs,
et la circulation des tramways et de"s voi-
tures etait suspendue.
En tete du cortege marchaientle general
Roe et son tat-major, la musique fran-
?aise des Equipages de laflotte, les fusiliers
marins debarques du Gaulois, les marins
des Etats-Unis, les invites fraii9ais, les au-
torites de la ville et le conseil aes alderr
men. Le nombre des voitures etait de
quarante. Sur le passage des envoyes
francais, chaque regiment pr6sentait les
armes et sa musique jouait quelques me-
sures de la "Marseillaise," jusqu'a ce que
les voitures fussent passes. Le regiment
se joignait ensuite a la colonne.
Le cortgege a suivi Broadway jusqu'&
Waverly place, a pass sous 1'arc de tri-
omphe de Washington et a remonte' la 5*
avenue jusqu'a Madison square. Sur tout
ce parcours, des hourras et des acclama
tions ontaccueilli les representants de la
France, qui paraissaient enchaiits de
1'accueil des New-Yorkais.
Six heures venaient de sonner, lorsque
la tte de colonne est arrivee a Madison
square, ou une estrade etait 61eve pres du
monument de Worth, 1'intersection de
Broadway et de la 5 e avenue. L'ambas-
sadeur de France, le general Brugere, les
autres envoys fran9ais, le maire et les
autorites municipales ont pris place sur
cette estrade pour assister au d6fil des
troupes qui a dur6 jusqu'a sept heures et
quart.
La foule compacte runie aux abords de
Madison square a fait un chaleureux
accueil aux envoyes f ranais. Les f enetres
des grands h6tels voisins taient garnies
de curieux. Au cafe Martin, trfes bien
decore de drapeaux f rangais et amricains,
le balcon donnant sur la 5 avenue avait
6te r6serv6 par M. J. B. Martin aux mem-
bres de la Socit6 des vtrans des armies
de terre et de mer.
A Tissue du defile", les membres de la
mission f rancaise sont remontes en voiture
et ont et6 conduits au Waldorf-Astoria, ou
ils ont re9u la visite du maire Low et aussi
[ celle des representants des socites fran-
j Daises.
La journe s'est termin^e par le diner
I offert aux envoyes fran9ais par les mem
bres de la Societ6 de Cincinnati, qui est,
comme on sait, un ordre militaire histo-
rique fond6 en 1783 par les officiers de
1 'armee am^ricaine. Le general Washing
ton a t son premier President, ROCHAM-
BEAU, Lafayette, d'Estaing, de Grasse et
nombre d'autres officiers de haut rang en
ont fait partie. On le connaissait en
France sous le nom de 1'Ordre de Cincin-
natus, et le comte de Rochambeau a et
vice-president de la branche francaise de
cet ordre. Les ancgtres d'un grand nom
bre de ceux qui, par droit hrditaire, font
aujou rd'hui partie de la Societde Cincin
nati, ont t6 les compagnons d'armes de
ROCHAMBEAU et de Lafayett%.
Les invites comprenaient les membres
de la mission fran9aise, le personnel de
1'ambassade, M. Peirce, sous-secretaire
d'Etat, les principaux officiers des navires
de guerre americains qui ont accompagn
le Gaulots & New- York, le general Horace
Porter, ambassadeur des Etats-Unis en
France, plusieurs officiers de haut rangde
rarm^e, de la marine des Etats-Unis et de
1'Ecole militaire de West Point, etc., etc.
Cent vingtcinq personnes ont assist^ a ce
diner qui a t6 des plus animus.
Le gnral Varnum, M. Cambon, et plu
sieurs autres invite's ont prononce des dis-
cours qui ont t6 chaleureusement ap-
plaudis.
Dans la soiree, le Gaulois ^tait brillam-
ment illuming S. la lumiere ^lectrique, ce
qui avait attir6 beaucoup de curieux aux
abords du quai de 34* rue. On a admire le
bon gout des 61ectriciens du Gaulois.
Aujourd'hui, mercredi, la mission fran-
9aise assistera au Claremont Hotel, River
side Drive, & un dejeuner qui lui est offert
par M. LOW. EHe visitera auparavant
runiversit Columbia (ou elle est attendue
a 10 heures et demie) et la tombe du gn6-
ral Grant. Ce soir, la charnbre de com
merce fraii9aise donnera chez Sherry un
diner en 1'honneur des envoj'es fraii9ais.
Supplementary Papers
557
LE DtNER DE LA CHAMBRE DE COM
MERCE FRANCAISE
L,a chambre de commerce francaise de
New- York a donne hier soir chez Sherry \
un banquet en 1'honneur de M. Jules Cam- j
bon, ambassadeur de France, et des mem- !
bres de la mission Rochambeau. M. Cam-
boii, qui est infatigable, semble-t-il, etait j
revenue de Washington pour assister a ce
banquet. La salle etait decoree de dra-
peaux francais et am^ricanis, de plantes
vertes et de fleurs. M. Henry E. Gourd et
les membres du bureau de la chambre de
commerce ont recu les invites avec une j
affabilit toute francaise.
L,es convives 6taient au nombre de 107.
A la table d'honneur, de forme ovale,
avaient pris place M. Cambon, ambassadeur
de France, ayant a sa droite M. L,ow, maire
de New- York, et & sa gauche le general
Horace Porter, ambassadeur des Etats-Unis
a Paris; en face deM. Cambon, M. Henry E.
Gourd, president de la chambre de com
merce francaise, avait a sa droite le gne-
ral Brugere et a sa gauche le vice-amiral
Fournier.
Voici d'ailleurs la liste officielle des invi
tes de la chambre de commerce fran?aise:
I/ambassadeur de France et Mme. Cam
bon, le general Brugere, le vice-amiral Er
nest Fournier, M. Alfred Croiset, doyen de
la faculte des lettres de Paris, le general
de brigade Ferdinand de Chalendar, le
capitaine de Surgy, commandant le Gau-
!ois, le lieutenant-colonel Paul Meaux-
Saint-Marc, le comte de Rochambeau, la
comtesse de Rochambeau, le comte Paul
de Sahune de I^afayette, M. I<agrave, M. et
Mme. de Margerie, M. Edmotid Bruwaert,
consul general de France M. Velten, con
sul suppliant. M. I^ouis Hermite, le vi-
comte de Chambrun, M. Victor Aygues-
parsse, M. Jean Guillemin, le lieutenant-
colonel Marcel Hermite, M. Renouard, M.
Robert de Billy, le commandant Henri
Berthelot, le capitaine Vignal et Mme. Vi-
gnal, le lieutenantde vaisseau de Faramond
de Lafajolle, M. Jules Boeufv6 le lieute
nant de vaisseau Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan,
le lieutenant Gustave I^ejay, le lieutenant
baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth,
le capitaine Poilloiie de Saint- Mars, le ca
pitaine Etienne Fillonneau, le capitaine
Henri I,asson, M. Herbert H. D. Peirce,
sous-secretaire d'Etat, et Mme. Peirce, le
colonel Theodore A. Bingham, le com
mandant Raymond P. Rodgers. M. Edwin
Morgan, M. Seth lyow, le general Horace
Porter, M. L,evi P. Morton, ancien vice-
president des Etats - Unis, le general
Brooke, commandant le departement de
1'Atlantique, les contre-amiraux Barker et
Higginson, M. Whitelaw Reid, ancien mi-
nistre des Etats-Unis en France, M. Morris
K. Jesup, president de la chambre de com
merce de New- York, le rev. pere Wucher,
le general James Varnum, le capitaine
I,yon, de VOlympia, le capitaine Bronson,
de V Alabama, le capitaine Hemphill, du
Kearsarge, le lieutenant de vaisseau
Cleaves, du Dolphin, le capitaine Poirot,
de la Savoie, Tournier, de la Gascogne, M.
Grout, contr&leur de la ville de New- York,
M. Jacob A. Cantor, president du borough
de Manhattan, M. Fornes, president du
conseil des aldermen, M. Dietlin, vice-pre-
sident de la Societ fran9aise de bienfai-
sance, M. James Reynolds, secretaire du
maire de New- York, le professeur Adolphe
Cohn, M. Jpvaud, M. Revillon.
Nous donnons ici le menu du diner:
Uttle Neck Clams
Consomme Rochambeau
Canapes Washington
Olives Radis Amandes
Truite Meunire Pommes Persillade
Selle d'agneau a la Moderne
Petits pois a la Frangaise
Ris de veau bigarres a la Toulousaine
Asperges Hollandaise
Poussin r6ti Salade de saison
Glace L,afayette
Gateaux Fromage Caf
Vins
Chateau Carbonnieux Chateau Palmer 1890
Romance 1881 Delbeck Brut
Eau minerale: Vichy Clestins
Le menu etait orne d'une jolie reproduc
tion en photogravure du portrait en pied du
marechal de ROCHAMBEAU par Regnault.
Pendant le diner, un orchestre a joue des
airs fran?ais et americains.
Au dessert, plusieurs discours ont t6
proiioncs.
M. Henry E. Gourd, president de la
Chambre de commerce, s'est exprim en
ces termes:
558
Supplementary Ptipers
" Monsieur 1'Ambassadeuer: Si j'en crois
I'aphorisme de Brillat-Savarin: Convier
quelqu'un c'est se charger de son bonheur
pendant tout le temps qu'il est sous notre
toit, rnon devoir de niaitre de maison est
de ne vous causer aucun dplaisir, ne fut-
ce rngme qu'en offusquant votre modestie.
Je tairai done les sentiments d'estime, de
respect, d'affection que vous avez su nous
inspirer et, me bornant a vous remercier
d'avoir bien youlu assister a cette fe~te, je
saluerai en vous duss-je rpter ce que
je vous disais, il.y a quelques semaines
celui de tous les reprsentants de notre
Gouvernement qui a le plus contribu, pen
dant ces vingt dernieres annexes, a ma con-
naissance du moins, tant par ses actes que
par ses discours, a assurer a la France de
precieuses sympathies dans ce pays.
"Mon general, Messieurs les deiegues,
Messieurs: Ce m'est une rare bonne
fortune que d'etre appeie par mes fonc-
tions a vous souhaiter la bienvenue parmi
nous et je tiens a trs haut prix 1'honneur
qui m'echoit de porter la parole, au nom de
la Chambre de commerce franaise de
New- York, devant une assemble aussi
imposante.
"I,e but poursuivi par notre compagnie,
comme son nom 1'indique, au surplus, est
de faciliter les relations d'affaires entre les
Etats-Unis et la France, mais sa mission,
telle que nous la comprenons, n'est pas
limiteeal'etude, a la solution desquestions
purement commerciales ou economiques;
sa sphere 'd'action est plus etendue, elle
embrasse tout se qui peut contribuer ares-
serrer les liens d'une amitie dej& plus que
seculaire entre nos deux pays, a accroitre
influence, notre prestige dans celui-ci et,
par suite, cette fte ne sort pas du cadre de
ses attributions.
" C'est a ce titre egalement, messieurs,
que nous avons applaudi a 1'aimable initia
tive de M. le President Roosevelt et que
nous nous sommes re"jouis de voir M. le
President Loubet rpondre a son invitation
avec une munificence qui a du faire tres-
saillir le cosur des descendants de I,afa-
yette et de ROCHAMBEAU en leur prouvant
que le souvenir de ces preux que furent
leurs anctres est demeure vivant dans
1'ame de deux grandes nations, I,e Prsi-
dent de la Rpublique a etc, d'ailleurs,par-
ticulierement bien inspire dans le choix
des 'deiegues charges de le reprsenter en
ces circonstances mmorables et c'est tin
honneur pour les Etats-Unis comme pour
nous que de recevoir M. le general Bru-
gre, commandant en chef de notre arme,
dont 1'^nergie et la haute competence mili-
taire nous sont de surs garants du main-
tien de la paix, grace a la preparation in-
cessante, eclair^e de la guerre.
" M. 1'amiral Fournier, des longtemps
connu de tous comme marin, comme diplo-*
mate et d^sign^ par 1'opinion publique,
sinon dja m6me par le Gouvernement,
pour e~tre le successeur ^ventuel de cet
irresistible entraineur d'hommes qu'est
1'amiral Gervais.
"M. Alfred Croiset, 1'eminent membre
de 1'Institut et le doyen de cette v^ne^ee
Sorbonne qui n'a pas souffert des injures
du temps et qui, toujours jeune quoique
vieille de pr^s de huit siecles, poursuit sa
mission bienfaisante pour la plus grande
gloire des lettres et des sciences fran-
caises, ainsi que pour le plus grand profit
de 1'esprit humain.
"Des reprsentants fort distingu^s des
minist^res des affaires etrangres, du com
merce, des beaux-arts et ce sculpteur d'in-
finiment de talent qui a su donner a ses
oeuvres ce que la nature luj a refuse a lui-
mgme, car elles nous parlent.
"Enfin un brillant etat-major d'officiers
de toutes armes qui n'ont pu se meprendre
sur la sincerite de 1'accueil qu'ils ont ren
contre, ce soir, parmi nous.
"Plus on vit loin de sa patrie, messieurs,
plus on s'attache aux elements qui con
stituent, aux yeux de retranger, son influ
ence, sa force, sa securite et une partie de
sa gloire; d'oft notre predilection toute spe-
ciale pour notre armee, pour notre marine.
Nous les considerons, en effet, non seule-
inent comme de grandes ecoles ou s'en-
seigne et se pratique la religiondu devoir, de
1'abnegation, du patriotisme, mais encore
comme ies remparts vivants qui assurent
1'integrite de notre territoire et les gar-
diennes de ce sentiment si deiicat, si noble,
si pur qu'Alfred de Vigny appelait, chez
1'homme, 'la pudeur virile,' et qui, chez
les peuples, prend le nom d'honneur na
tional. Ah! si, quelque jour, ce qu'a Dieu
ne plaise! ce sentiment tendait a dispa-
raitre du monde, nous sommes persuades
qu'il trouverait un dernier asile dans le
Supplementary Papers
559
cceur de nos soldats et de nos marins qui
lui seryirait de Palladium inviolable! Voila
pourquoi nous aimons notre arme et notre
marine, pourquoi nous partageons leurs
joies et leurs tristesses, applaudissant a
leurs triomphes, ressentant les attaques
iiijustes diriges centre elles comme des
insultes au drapeau mme qui leur est
confi^, drapeau qu'il ne nous est donn que
trop rarement de saluer sur ces rivages.
" Aussi bien n'avons-nous pu nous d-
fendre, ces jours-ci, d'un frisson d'orgueil
patriotique en voyant deploy^ au-dessus
de cette redoutable fprteresse flottante
qu'est le Gaulois, notre pavilion aux trois
couleurs qui representent: suivant 1'inter-
pretation symbolique qu'on en a donnee,
1'azur des espaces infinis, par dela lesquels i
tr6ne le Tout-Puissant qui tient en ses
mains les destinies des nations et qui veil-
lera toujours, nous.l'esprons, sur celles
de la France; le lait dont les meres fran-
caises nourrissent leurs fils pour en faire
des hommes forts, de bons citoyens, de
braves soldats; le sang vers6 par nos an-
cetres et par nos contemporains sur pres-
que tous les champs de bataille du monde
pour la gloire de. notre patrie et, je puis
le declarer ici, pour la cause sacre de
1'emaiicipation des peuples.
"Cette remarque m'amene, messieurs,
par uneassociationd'idestoute naturelle,
a remercier les descendants de ces vail-
lants Americains qui, au XVIII* siecle,
bnficierentde notre intervention, d'avoir
bien voulu rehausser par Leur presence
1'eclat de cette fte. Oui, c'est avec un
sentiment de vive gratitude que nous ac-
clamons, ce soir, le premier citoyen de
cette grande ville, M. Seth I,ow, maire de
Ne\y-York, deux fois investi par le suf
frage universel des hautes fonctions
qu'il remplit si dignement; M. le general
Horace Porter qui, unissant les qualits
du diplomate a celles du soldat, a su, par
son exquise urbanit, prendre d'assaut le
coaur des Parisiens; M. le ; president Mor- I
ton qui a Iaiss6 egalement les meilleurs
souvenirs sur les bords de la Seine; mes
sieurs les gneraux, amiraux, officiers et
toute une pliade de notabilits de cette )
florissante mtropole nous apportant au-
jourd'hui un tmoignage pr^cieux de leur
sympathie, temoignage qui vient s'ajouter
a de recentes preuves d'amiti, dont nous
avons t profondement touches.' Nous
ne saurionsoublier, en effet, qu'au moment
ou, par suite de 1'^loignement de la me're-
patrie, les tristes survivants de la catas
trophe de la Martinique taient a bout de
ressources imm^diates, ils ont vu se lendre
vers eux, dans un sublime lan de gene-
rosit6, la main secourable des Etats-Unis,
cette Providence des afflig6s. Ils savent
maintenant, ces infortunes, qu'un homme
s'est rencontr, d'un courage 6prouve sur
le champ de bataille comme dans la vie
civile, d'un cceur sensible, 61ev6 par la
confiance et 1'estime de ses concitoyens a
la magistrature supreme de son pays, que
le President Roosevelt, en un mot, a ho-
nor, au nom de ce grand peuple, la traite
de reconnaissance tire, il y a cent vingt
ans, sur ses ai'eux par les contemporains
de lyafayette et de ROCHAMBEAU!
" Vous ^tes des hommes d'action, mes
sieurs, et vous n'aimez pas, sans doute, les
longs discours. Peut-tre mme ai-je dja
abus de votre bienveillante attention. Je
termine d'un mot.
"Je vous prie , d'associer en un meTne
toast les deux puissantes nations, si bril-
lamment repr^sentees ici ce soir, les
membres de la mission francaise et les
h6tes de distinction qui ont rpondu a
notre appel avec un empressement dont je
les remercie de tout coeur.
" Je bois a la France, aux Etats-Unis, a
nos h6tes et amis ! "
I^e discours de M. Gourd a 6te tres ap-
plaudi^ notamnient le passage relatif au
President Roqsevelt.
M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France, a
rdpoudu. II a. fait ressortir rimportance
des re'centes demonstrations d'amiti^
franco-am^ricaine. Cette amiti n'atten-
dait qu'une occasion de s'affirmer; elle Ta
trouve le jour de 1'inauguration du monu
ment ROCHAMBEAU, et elle i"a saisie avec
un, empressement dont tous les Fran5ais
ont te touches. M. Cambon a par!6 aussi
des attentions qu'a eues le gouvernement
americain pour les envoyes de la France.
II a remercie la commission atneYicaine et
en particulier M. Peirce, le colonel Bing-
ham et le commandant Rodgers ,de toutes
leurs gracieusetes, non seulement envers
la mission, mais aussi envers la F.rance.
En rsume\ tout ce qui s'est passed depuis
huit jours doit tendre- a pecsuader aux
5 6
Supplementary Papers
Fran?ais que les Etats-Unis sont plus pour
la France que tout autre pays. I,a sensi-
bilite' francaise trouve aisment un cho
dans les creurs am6ricains, et cela s'ex-
plique d'autant plus ais6ment qu'il y a,
dans les veinesde la population amricaine,
plus de sang francais qu'on ne pense, les
colons fran$ais de la L,ouisiane etdes Etats
de 1'Ouest ayant eu leur large part dans le
peuplement de ce grand pays.
Aprs avoir remerci M. l,ow, maire de
New- York, de I'hospitalit6 et de la bien-
venue spontane accordee aux envoys
franfais, M. Cambon a termini en portant
un toast au President Roosevelt et au Prfei-
dent I,oubet.
M. L,ow a rpondu a ce toast. II a parl
de 1'estime que les Ame"ricainsont pour M.
Cambon qui a su faire ici tant d'amis pour
la France. I^e maire de New- York a dit
ensuite combien ses compatriotes appr-
ciaient 1'honneur que leur avait fait le
President Loubet en envoy ant ici les chefs
de l'arme et de la marine francaise, ainsi
que les reprsentants du commerce et de
1'industrie; il ne doute pas que cette mis
sion ne tende a resserrer les liens qui
existent entre les deux pays depuis la
revolution am6ricaine.
Le gnral Porter a dit ensuite quelques
mots flatteurs pour les membres de la mis
sion, pour la France et pour les Francais.
M. Croiset, membre de 1'Institut, a par!6
des liens intellectuels entre la France et
1-es Etats-Unis. M. Lagrave, reprsentant
du ' Ministere du commerce a parl des
relations entre les deux pays, etc.
La plus grande cordiality a preside a
cette belle fte qui marquera dans les an-
nales dela colonie francaise de New- York.
[Jeudi 29 mai 1902.]
A L J UNIVERSIT COLUMBIA.
Depuis leur arrived aux Etats-Unis, les
membres de la mission franfaise dont le
gne>al Brug&re est le chef se conferment
strictement au programme qui avait t ar-
ret avant leur arrive et dans lequel on a
oubli de leur manager quelques heures de
repos au milieu de cette succession de f tes.
Comme jadis le prince Henri de Prusse, ils
vont de banquet en banquet, de revue en
revue, et il ne semble pas que cette cam-
pagne de paix, presque aussi fatigante
qu'une campagne de guerre, mette leurs
forces a une trop rude preuve. Les cinq
dames qui accompagnent la mission, Mme.
Cambon, Mme. de Rochambeau, Mme.
Peirce, Mme. de Margerie et Mme. Vignal,
ne sont pas moins vaillantes que leurs
maris.
La journ6e d'hier a encore t bien rem-
plie. Ds 8 heures du matin, le ge'ne'ral
Brugere et 1'amiral Fournier quittaient
I'h6tel Waldorf en compagnie du colonel
Bingham et du commandant Rodgers,
dengue 1 sdu President Roosevelt, pouraller
rendre visite au gnral Brooke, comman
dant la division de 1'Atlantique, a Govern
or's Island, et au contre-amiral Barker,
commandant de 1'arsenal maritime de
Brooklyn. Cinq minutes apt s leur retour
au Waldorf, les envoys franais rece-
vaient le maire L,ow, qui devait se rendre
avec la mission a 1'universite' Columbia et
a la tombe du gn6ral Grant.
A onze heures, un cortege compost de
dix voitures quittait I'hStel. En 1'absence
de M. Cambon, qui tait parti mardi soir
pour Washington, ou il assistait hier aux
funrailles de lord Pauncefote, le gnral
Brugere est montd dans la premiere voi-
ture, avec le maire I,ow. I,e cortege a
suivi la 5* avenue jusqu'a la 59* rue, a tra
verse le pare Central jusqu'a la no e rue et
s'est dirig6 vers l'universit Columbia par
Morningside avenue et la n6 e rue. II tait
pres de midi lorsque M. I,ow et ses invite's
sont arrives devant la bibliothdquedel'uni-
versit^, sur les marches de laquelle environ
500 6tudiants 6taient group^s. Accueillis
par des hourras retentissants, le gnral
Brugdre et les autres envoys fraii9ais ont
paru charm^s de cet enthousiasme qui
s'adressait a la fois a la mission Rocham
beau et au maire LOW. 1'ancien president
de Tuniversit6 Columbia.
I,e professeur Cohn, chef du d6partement
des langues romanes, entour^ de tout le
personnel de ce d6partement, a recu M.
I^ow et la mission francaise et a conduit
les visiteurs dans la biblibtheque, ou les
attendait M. Butler, le successeur de M.
L,ow comme president de 1' university.
Apr^s leur avoir souhait6 la bienvenue,
M. Butler a invit6 le g^n^ral Brugere et ses
compagnons a visiter 1' university.
Cette visite termine, le cortege s'est re-
forme pour se rendre a la tombe de Grant,
Supplementary Papers
561
ou le general Horace Porter a fait ouvrir
1'escalier conduisant a la crypte. C'est la
premiere fois, parait-il, que des personnes
n'appartenant pas a la famille Grant sont
admises dans cette partie du monument.
Mme. L,ow et Mme. Whitelaw Reid
avaient preced^ les invites au Claremont
ou un dejeuner de cent converts etait servi
dans une salle donnant sur 1'Hudson et
ou on jouit d'une vue magnifique.
Outre les membres de la mission fran-
aise, on remarquait parmi les invites M.
Bruwaert, consul-general de France, et
Mme. Bruwaert, M. Velten, consul suppli
ant, le general di Cesnola, le professeur
Adolphe Cohn, M. Frdric R. Coudertfils,
M. Durand Ruel, M. Henry E. Gourd, M.
Robert J. Hoguet, M. Adrian Iselin fils,
M. John I^a Farge, etc.
[Vendredi 30 mai 1902.]
M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France, le
general Brugre et les membres de la mis
sion fran?aise sont partis hier soir a minuit
pour Newport (Rhode Island), ou ils se
rendent par chemin de fer. Ils doivent, a
1'occasion du Memorial Day, deposer au-
jourd'hui une couronne sur la tombe du
chevalier de Ternay, chef d'escadre, qui
commandait, en 1780, les forces navales
francaises chargees de transporter en
Amerique les soldats de ROCHAMBEAU.
I^e cuirass^ le Gaulois a quitt6 New- York
hier soir; il a pass6 la quarantaine a 8 h.
35. I,e Gaulois ne se rendra pas a New
port; c'est a Boston, ou les membres de la
mission arriveront samedi par chemin de
fer, qu'il les rejoindra. I,e depart pour la
France est fix, comme on sait, at di-
manche i er juin.
Un train special compost de trois
wagons-salons et d'un wagon-buffet les
avait conduits Ophir Farm, la proprit
de M. Reid pres de White Plains. Parmi
les invites americains on remarquait M.
Seth I^ow, maire de New- York, M. Abram
S. Hewitt, 1'ancien maire, le general Webo,
fils de M. J. W. Webb, ancien ministre des
Etats-Unis en France, M. Ogden Mills,
etc. Apres le dejeuner, une assez longue
promenade dans la campagne voisine a
permis aux envoys franais de faire con-
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 36
naissance avec la nature amricaine, qu'ils
n'avaient vue jusqu'ici qu'en traversant le
pays a toute vapeur.
Un peu avant cinq heures du soir, la
mission tait de retour a I'h6tel Waldorf,
d'oii elle repartait a sept heures et demie
pour se rendre au banquet qui lui etait
offert chez Delmonico par la socit irlan-
daise, les Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick.
Une escorte d'honneur avait et fournie
par le regiment irlandais, le 69*, qui vou-
lait affirmer ainsi ses sympathies pour la
France.
I,e banquet a etc servi dans la grande
salle de Delmonico, admirablement de-
core et 6clair6e par des centaines de lu-
mieres lectriques. I,es invites francais
taieut au nombre de 31, et il y avait une
vingtaine d'autres invites, parmi lesquels
nous citerons Mgr. Ireland, archeve*que de
Saint-Paul, Mgr. MacGoldrick, evgque de
Duluth, le gn6ral Horace Porter, le sena-
teur Chauncey Depew, M. Seth I,ow, le
contre-amiral Barker, les gnraux Wes-
ton et Sheridan, le colonel Duffy, comman
dant le 69*, etc. Des discours ont t pro-
nonce^ par Mgr. Ireland, par M. Bourke
Cochrane, par le juge Fitzgerald, etc., dans
lesquels les orateurs ont et d'accord pour
exprimer 1'attachement traditionnel des
Irlandais pour la France. On n'a pas man
que de rappeler et avec raison que par-
mi les troupes du gn6ral de ROCHAMBEAU
qui combattirent pour 1'independance
amricaine se trouvait un regiment irlan
dais, sous les ordres du comte Dillon. Et
a ce propos, ne semble-t-il pas que si 1'em-
pereur Guillaume II s'obstine a faire ca-
deau aux Etats-Unis d'une statue de Fr6-
d6ric le Grand, les Irlandais devraient se
cotiser pour en riger une autre au comte
Dillon? On pourrait sansdoute lui trouver
une place a Washington non loin des sta
tues de I,afayette et de ROCHAIVIBEAU.
I,e temps et la place nous ont manqu,
depuis quelques jours, pour signaler les
articles pleins de cordialite de nos con
freres americains a l'6gard de la mission
du general Brugere, et cependant plusieurs
de ces articles meritaient, a tous les gards,
d'etre notes. I,es journaux ont fidle-
ment refl6t6 les sentiments d amitie et de
sympathie que la population de New- York
manifestait a 1'egard de ses h6tes francais.
562
Supplementary Papers
BOSTON, ier jutn. L,e diner donne hier
soir aux membres de la mission Rocham-
beau a eu lieu dans la grande salle a man
ger du Somerset Hotel dScoree a profusion
de drapeanx francais et americains. M-
Patrick A. Collins, maire de Boston, a le
premier pris la parole et a souhaite la
bienvenue aux membres de la mission. II
a presente a 1'assistance le lieutenant-gou-
verneur John 1,. Bates, qui a parie au nom
de 1'Etat du Massachusetts. M. Bates a
dit que 1'Amerique n'oublierait jamais ce
que la r6publique-sceur, la France, avait
fait pour elle dans un moment critique.
M. Collins a ensuite bu a la sante du Pr-
sident Roosevelt. Ce toast a etc salue par
de nombreux applaudissements.
M. Georges A. Hibbard, directeur des
postes a Boston, a egalement pris la parole.
Son discours a ete une plaidoirie en faveur
de la paix universelle et des bienfaits qui
pourraient en resulter.
M. Collins a alors propose un nouveau
toast, celui de la r6publique francaise,
toast qui a t6 porte au milieu du plus
grand enthousiasme.
M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France a
Washington, s'est ensuite lev. II a de
clare qu'il regrettait profondment que
ses compatriotes soient obliges de le quit
ter, et a ajoute qu'eux aussi s'en allaient a
regret d'un pays ou on leur avait fait un
si parfait accueil. L,es receptions qu'on a
accordees aux membres de la mission ont
ete tous les jours de plus en plus belles et
on peut dire de celle-ci qu'elle est la plus
remarquable de toutes, car elle est donne
a Boston qui est la fleur de toutes les villes
de 1'Amerique. Parlant de M. I/>ubet, M.
Cambon a dit que la r6publique francaise
avait a sa tte un homme sur lequel repo-
sait la confiance du pays.
M. T. Jefferson Coolidge, ex-ambassa-
deur des Etats-Unis en France, a fait allu
sion a son heureux sejour dans ce pays au
cours de sa carriere diplomatique. II a
ajoute que les Etats-Unis avaient contract e
envers la France une dette de reconnais
sance plus grande que celle qu'ils devaient
a tous les autres pays reunis.
L,e general Brugere a parle en francais.
Son discours a te court et energique,'
comme celui d'un soldat:
" Je vous remercie beaucoup, messieurs,
de Taccueil que -vous nous avez fait. Je
bois a la nation am^ricaine, a la grande
nation, qui a produit 1'intelligence, 1'ac-
tivite, la tenacite, la perseverance, la g^-
nerosite, la liberte, la justice et rgalite."
M. Eliot, president de 1'universite d'Har-
vard, a succede au general Brugere. Son
discours, tire de 1'histoire, a ete tres ap-
precie. II a fait d'heureuses allusions aux
qualites genereuses que possedaient les
soldats de I^afayette et de ROCHAMBEAU.
I^e president de la chambre de commerce
de Boston a parie en faveur de relations
commerciales plus etroites entre la France
et les Etats-Unis.
lye vice-amiral Fournier a declare que les
membres de la mission ne savaient de quelle
fason remercier la ville de Boston de 1'ac-
cueil qu'elle leur avait fait. I,es receptions
de Washington et de New- York ont ete cer-
tainement magnifiques, mais c'est Boston
qui a fait le plus bel accueil a la mission
franaise.
M. Croiset, doyen de la faculte des let-
tres a Paris, a termine la serie des discours
en disant qu'il ne pouvait quitter Boston
sans remercier cette ville des attentions
qu'elle avait cues pour les membres de la
mission. Boston, a-t-il ajoute, est une ville
que le monde entier doit prendre pour
exemple.
BOSTON, ier juin, soir. I,es sentiments
de reconnaissance et d'amitie, qui ont aug-
mente tous les jours dans le coeur des mem
bres de la mission francaise depuis leur ar-
rivee aux Etats-Unis, se sont manifestes
pour la derniere fois cet apres-midi a bord
du Gaulois ou a lieu le diner d'adieu.
Vers ii heures 30 minutes les invites
montaient dans des chaloupes a vapeur et
se rendaient a bord du cuirasse. L,a table
du diner avait ete dressee sur le pont, 3.
1'arri^re du navire, sous une tente formee
de drapeaux francais et americains et
tres artistenient decoree de fleurs. I,e
diner a dure environ deux heures. Au
dessert le general Brugere s'est leve et a
propose en francais le toast suiyant:
"Je bois a la sante de la France et de
I'Amerique, je ne veux pas dire de la
France et de I'Amerique telles qu'elles
etaient il y a cent vingt ans, mais des deux
republiques de nos jours je bois egale
ment a la sante du President I,oubet et du
President Roosevelt."
Supplementary Papers
563
Le contre-amiral Higginson a ensuite
prononce 1'allocution suivante:
"Je regrette heaucoup d'etre oblig6 de
faire tirer une salve pour saluer les mem-
bras de la mission francaise qui quittent
nos c6tes pour revenir en France. II me
semble que cette mission Rochambeau est
venue fort a propos. Elle a remu6 dans
le cceur de tous les Americains une corde
sensible qui ne demandait qu'a vibrer.
Lorsque le President rentre ou sort de la
Maison Blanche il voit d'un c6te la statue
de Lafayette et de 1'autre celle de RO
CHAMBEAU. II ne peut de cette facon ou-
blier leur signification, car ces deux sta
tues represeentent ainsi continuellement a
ses yeux Tamiti^ de la France.
'A 1'occasion de votre depart, general,
je vous souhaite un bou voyage."
lye lieutenant-colonel Meaux Saint-Marc,
reprseentant du President I,oubet, a pris la
parole pour declarer qu'il avait eprouv le
plus grand plaisir a faire partie de la mis
sion en qualit^ de representant du Presi
dent de la Republique francaise et il a
termini son discours par le toast suivant:
" Cest un honneur pour moi de lever mon
verre au nom du President de la Republi
que francaise et de boire a la sant6 du
President de votre pays, M. Theodore
Roosevelt."
Le vice-amiral Fournier a termini la se-
rie des discours en faisant allusion aux
liens d'amitie qui unissent la France et les
Etats-Unis et a ajoute qu'il etait certain
qu'ils continueraient a exister. II fait des
vo2ux pour que tout officier de la marine
americaine regoive en France le meme
accueil que celui qui a etc accord^ ici aux
representants de la Republique frangaise.
Parmi les personnes qui ont assist^ au
diner nous citerous M. Cambon et tous les
membres de 1'ambassade frangaise a Wash
ington, M. Herbert H. D. Peirce, sous-secre
taire d'Etat, le colonel Theodore A. Bing-
ham, le commandant Raymond P. Rod-
gers, M. Collins, maire de Boston, le
contre-amiral Mortimer Johnson, le contre-
amiral Francis J. Higginson, etc.
Parmi les dames presentes on remarquait
Mme. Cambon, la comtesse de Rocham
beau, Mme. Herbert H. D. Peirce, Mme. de
Margerie, Mme. Vignal, Mme. et Miles.
Johnson, Miles. Collins, etc.
Aussit6t apres le diner, le Gaulois a Iev6
1'ancre accompagn6 du cuirasse Kearsarge
et du croiseur Olympia. II a ensuite salue
la terre americaine de vingt et un coups de
canon. Ce salut a et rendu par 1' Olympia.
Lorsque le Gaulois est arrive au phare de
Boston, les navires americains 1'ont quitt
et V Olympia a tire une salve de dix -sept
coups de canon en 1'honneur du general
Brugere et une autre de quinze en 1'hon-
ueur du vice-amiral Fournier.
Plusieurs membres de la mission ne sont
pas repartis en France et vont se rendre a
1' exposition de Saint-Louis. Le cotnte et
la comtesse de Rochambeau, le comte de
Lafayette, le vicomte de Chambrun, M.
Jean Guilletnin, M. Robert de Billy et
M. Jules Bceufv sont partis cet apres-midi
pour New- York.
ly'etat du commandant Berthelot, aidede
camp du general Brugere, qui s'etait si
malheureusement cass la jambe gauche
en visitant hier le Navy- Yard, est des plus
satisfaisants. II est reparti avecle Gaulois.
Le cuirass^ franjais se rendra d'abord a
lyisbonne et de la directement en France.
juin 1902.]
LES ADIEUX DU GENERAL
BRUGERE
REPONSE DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
WASHINGTON, /* jutn.A. la veille de
son depart pour la France, a bord du cui
rasse le Gaulois, le general Brugere, chef
de la mission envoyee par le President
I,oubet a 1'inauguration du monument de
Rochambeau, a adress6 au President Roose
velt la dep6che suivante :
"BOSTON (Mass.), ji may 2002.
"A son excellence THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
President des Etats-Unis :
"Avant mon depart pour la France, ou
m'appellent d'importants devoirs, je desire
vous adresser, monsieur le President, ainsi
qu'au gouvernement et au peuple des
Etats-Unis, les remeiciements de la mis
sion francaise pour 1'accueilchaud et sym-
pathique qu'elle a regu dans votre beau
pays.
Supplementary Papers
"Nous emportons avec nous, de notre
sjour de trop courte duree sur cette terre
hospitalidre, un souvenir ineffa9able. Nous
y avons trouve' plus vivace que jamais le
souvenir de la fraternitd'armes qui unis-
sait les soldats de Washington a ceux de
ROCHAMBEAU, et il m'est particulierement
agrable de penser que notre visite aura
pu contribuer a resserrer les liens d'ami-
tie traditionnelle qui, depuis plus d'un
siecle, ont exist entre les E)tats-Unis et la
France.
" Permettez-moi, monsieur le President,
de vous remercier personnellement de la
cordiale sympathie que vous avez bien
voulu manifester a mon 6gard, et de vous
dire que nous formons tous des vceux
pour votre prosprit et pour celle de la
grande nation amricaine, 1'amie de la
France.
"Ge'ne'ral BRUGERE."
1,6 President Roosevelt a rpondu au
ge'ne'ral Brugere par la dpche suivante:
"MAISON BLANCHE,
Washington, lerjuin 1902.
"Au gnral BRUGERE, & bord du Gau-
lois, Boston (Mass.) :
" Veuillez accepter mes plus sincres re-
merciements pour votre message couitois.
"Cela a t6 pour notre peuple un vrai
plaisir, non seulement de recevoir 1'am-
bassade de notre grande Rpublique-sceur,
dans une circonstance comme celle-ci, mais
spe'cialement de recevoir une ambassade
composee d'hommes tels que ceux que le
President I,oubet a envoyes ici.
"Votre visite a eu de bons re\sultats de
plus d'une fagon, et au nom du peuple
am^ricain, je desire vous exprimer de nou-
veau combien notre accueil a t6 sincere
et souhaiter tout bonheur, dans le present
et dans 1'avenir a vous et a la nation que
vous repr6sentez.
" THEDORE ROOSEVELT."
L' OPINION FRANCAISE
PARIS, ierjuin.*L,e public francais suit
avec beaucoup d'intr6t toutes les phases
des fetes donnes aux Etats-Unis en Thon-
neur de la mission Rochambeau, telles
qu'elles sont decrites par les dpches des
journaux quotidiens.
I,a presse commente avec Emotion la cor-
dialit6 que les Americains ont montree
aux membres de la mission fran^aise et
les gnreux et prompts secours qui ont
t6 port^s a la Martinique.
I^a magnifique reception des envoy^s de
la France a certainement raviv^ dans
toutes les classes de la societ les senti
ments de la plus grande affection envers
le peuple am6ricain.
III. THE ARMY OF ROCHAMBEAU
REGIMENT DE BOURBONNAIb
This was the senior of the regiments of the French army which served
in the States. Its first colonel was Philibert, Marquis de Merestang, 1597.
The regimental colors (drapeau d'ordonnance) of the corps were com
posed of two quarters violet and two of azure blue. The colonel's colors
(drapeau colonel) were entirely white.
The regiment during its early years bore successively the names of its
colonels. It took the designation Bourbonnais February i, 1673. Its long
history offers a series of most high and valiant feats of arms. It took part
in the German campaigns of 1760, 1761, and 1762 (Seven Years' War).
The Marquis de I^ava! (Anne Alexander Marie Sulpice de Montmorencie)
assumed command April 18, 1776, as colonel, and served with the regiment
in America.
It went out of existence by name in the general wreck of the French
Revolution.
The Bourbonnais was in Corsica at the time of the declaration of Ameri
can independence. In that year it left that island. In 1779, after war
had been declared against France by England, on account of the treaty
alliance with the United States and the recognition of its independence
by the French Government, it was sent into Brittany. For some time it
occupied Rennes. At Brest it embarked for America April 7, 1780.
In March, 1781, it fought on the French vessels of war Ardent and Jason,
in the naval action of Chesapeake Bay.
The Bourbonnais passed the winter 1780-81 at Newport, R. I. In June,
1781, the regiment marched with the other troops of ROCHAMBEAU to join
the American forces in the field.
On July 21, 2,500 men of the army of ROCHAMBEAU, the Regiments
Bourbonnais and Royal Deux-Ponts, also a battalion formed of companies
d'elite of Regiment Soissonnais, commanded by M. le Chevalier de Chas-
tellux, made a reconnoissance at Kings Bridge, forcing the English back
upon their defenses.
The French troops, after a remarkable march, notwithstanding the
excessive heat, arrived at Philadelphia on August 15.
565
566 The Army of Rochambeau
The enthusiasm of the inhabitants when the regiments entered the city
was immense. The entire population was en fete. The houses were
adorned with the flags of the two nations. When the French warriors
defiled in the presence of Congress this assemblage honored them with a
fraternal salute and loud acclamations.
The French remained at Philadelphia but a day. At Chester they learned
that the fleet of Count de Grasse had entered the Chesapeake. They at
once, by forced marches, pushed on for the head of that bay ( Head of Elk),
where some of the companies embarked. The rest of the troops marched
on to Baltimore and Annapolis, where they found boats for their transpor
tation to the seat of active hostilities.
The flotilla having traversed Chesapeake Bay entered the James River.
These regiments here formed a junction with those which Count de Grasse
had brought from the Antilles, commanded by Marquis Saint-Simon and
the American regiments of Lafayette.
On September 28, when the movement against Yorktown began, the
French were charged to attack on the left. The Bourbonnais opened the
trenches on the night of October 6-7, 1781. The I5th of the same month
it vigorously repulsed a .sortie.
This regiment immediately occupied all the posts of its attack and
inscribed upon its colors a new victory.
The regiments which had come from the Antilles, having reembarked
November 4, the Regiment Bourbonnais on the I4th went into quarters at
Williamsburg, Va. In 1782 it marched north to the Hudson, thence
to Rhode Island and Boston, where it embarked on the fleet of M. de
Vaudreuil for the West Indies.
Upon its arrival in France the Bourbonnais was sent to Metz. This
regiment lost its ancient name in 1791. It then became the Thirteenth
regiment of Infantry.
REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organizations of the
Bourbonnais Regiment, with the names and American distinctions of the
officers commanding:
Colonel. Le Marquis de Laval (Anne Alexandre, Marie Sulpice Joseph)
born in Paris; December 5, 1781, brigadier-general for services at York-
town.
Colonel en second.^z Comte de Rochambeau (Donatien Marie Joseph
de Vimeur) born in Paris 1755; December 5, 1781, in the line of regimental
command (without being subject to the custom of six years commission as
colonel) for good conduct at Yorktown.
Lieutenant- Colonel. De Bressoles (Gilbert); born 1739 at La Planche;
December 5, 1781, pensioned by the King with the Order of St. Louis for
good conduct at Yorktown.
The Army of Rochambeau 567
Major. De Gambs (Jean Danile) ; born at Strassburg 1741 ; December 5,
1781, pensioned by the King for good conduct at Yorktown.
Paymaster. Besuchet (Antoine Joseph); born at Salins 1733.
Captains commandant and en second (20}. Petele de Monfort, born
1740, chevalier of St. Louis, August 9, 1778. De Losse de Bayac, born 1742;
mayor, 1782. De Lanet, born 1738; captain grenadiers, October 6, 1780;
Cross of St. Louis, December 5, 1781; brevet major for Yorktown. De
Cazals, born 1739; captain grenadiers, April 15, 1780. Le Seigneur Du
Chevalier, born 1743; major of Soissonnais, 1784. Lassuderie de Campanes,
born 1739; captain commandant chasseurs, March 19, 1780; grenadiers,
1784; pensioned April 2, 1782, for services at Yorktown. Desondes, born
1743; captain commandant, March 19, 1780. De La Brue, born 1743, cap
tain commandant, March 19, 1780, Riffault Duplexy, born 1745; captain
commandant, March 6, 1780. Le Chevalier de Chalvet de Rochemonteix,
born 1747; captain commandant, April 6, 1780; retired, 1782. De Corn De
Peyroux, born 1751; captain commandant, April 15, 1780. Le Chevalier du
Faure de Prouilhac, born 1750; captain commandant, June i, 1782. De
Mauny, born 1749; captain commandant, December 3, 1782; en second from
March, 1780. Chennevieres, born ; commandant en second, grenadiers,
June 6, 1780. Danceau De Morand, born 1751; .captain second, March 19,
1780. De La Chassaigne, born 1749; captain second, March 19, 1780. De
Saint-Aubin, born 1724; captain en second, March 19, 1780. De Hitton,
born 1751. Le Roux De Kerninon and Le Chevalier D'Arlande, born 1749.
First and second lieutenants (37}. For or during their American
service nearly all of the officers of this rank received promotion. De
Corioles was brevetted for conduct at Yorktown. De Catey fought in
three battles during the war in America and survived a storm.
Students of the military school sent by France to join the Bourbonnais,
October, 1781, on the Pauline (7).
Companies. According to the custom of France in that day, the com
panies bore the names of their captains, except the grenadier (right)
chasseur (left).
Rank and file
Grenadiers, De Lancet 78
Desondes 117
Du Plessis 130
Montfort in
De Losse de Bayac 114
De Cazals 117
De La Brue , 128
Du Chevalier 1 26
De Chalvet 114
Chasseurs, De Lassuderie, captain 1 16
Total rank and file i, 151
568 The Army of Rochambeau
Field officers and staff 5
Line officers:
Captains, commandant and en second 20
Lieutenants, first and second 37
Cadets 7
Total field, line, rank and file i, 220
REGIMENT DE SOISSONNAIS
The first colonel of this regiment was Le Comte de Grancy (Jacques,
Raoul de Medvay), 1630.
In April, 1780, two battalions of the regiment embarked at Brest with
the Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU to carry succor to the States of America. It
debarked with the rest of the corps in the month of July at Newport, R. I.
With the Bourbonnais, it was at first employed as a guard of the posts of
Rhode Island. It participated in all the principal operations of the army
of ROCHAMBEAU.
On July 21, 1781, the companies d' elite of the Soissonnais took part in
the expedition of Chevalier du Chastellux against Kings Bridge. On Au
gust 15, after the army compelled the English to withdraw to their works,
the Soissannais, with the other regiments marched to Philadelphia, where
it rendered honors to Congress and was loudly applauded.
On September 28, it marched with the army to Yorktown and opened
the trenches on the left with the Bourbonnais on the night of October 6-7.
After the surrender of Cornwallis the Soissonnais established itself in
winter quarters at Hampton.
It remained there until 1782 when it marched with the rest of the French
auxiliary army to the American camp on the Hudson, and thence to
Providence, and Boston, where it sailed with the rest of the French corps
for the Antilles.
In 1791 the regiment lost its name Soissonnais, being designated Fortieth
Regiment of Infantry, and went into garrison at Nimes.
RE^GIMENTAI, ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organizations with the
names and American distinctions of officers commandant:
Colonel. Le Comte de Felix d'OlieVes de Saint Maisme (Jean Baptiste,
Louis Philippe), born in Olie"res ( diocese d'Aix), December 25, 1751; colo
nel, June 29, 1775; brigadier, 1784; Decembers, 1781, received a. letter of
commendation for good conduct at Yorktown.
Colonels en second. Le Vicomte de Noailles (Louis Marie), born at
Paris, April 17, 1756, second son of Marshal de Mouchey; colonel en second
March 8, 1780; named colonel of dragoons in 1782 for conduct at Yorktown.
The Army of Rochambeau 569
Le Comte de Se"gur (Louis Philippe), born at Paris, September 10, 1753;
colonel en second January 27, 1782, to replace Vicomte de Noailles. The
Counts de Segur and Noailles had wished to depart for America as volun
teers with Lafayette. The opposition of their families alone prevented
their going. They left later with their regiments.
Lieutenant-colonel. D'Anselme (Bernard Joseph) born at Apt (Pro
vence), August 26, 1737; lieutenant-colonel April 22; December 5, 1781,
obtained a pension in the Order of St. Louis for good conduct at Yorktown.
Major. D'Espeyrous (Pierre) born at Barthelmy (Perche), October
1734; major, 1780; December 5, 1781, pensioned for good conduct at York-
town.
Paymaster. L'Estriquier (Jean) born at Ouchy, September 6, 1735.
Captains commandant (p). Didier, born 1729; March, 1782, received
an increase of "pension de retraite" for having made the campaign of
Yorktown, although retired. De Bien de Chevigny, born 1737; March,
1782, received increase of "pension de retraite " for service in the Yorktown
campaign, although retired. De Baudre, born 1736; December 5, 1781, bre-
vetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Yorktown. De Marin, born 1737,
wounded seriously at the siege of Yorktown; December 5, 1781, cross of
St. Louis and pension, died soon after of his wound. De Gilbert, born
1737, December 5, 1781, chevalier St. Louis for gallantry at Yorktown.
De La Gardette, born 1740, chevalier St. Louis, December, 1781, for gal
lantry at Yorktown. De La Boyere, born 1736, chevalier St. Louis, De
cember 5, 1781, for gallantry at Yorktown. De St. Leger, born 1736, captain
chasseurs, March 19, 1780. Du Palais, born 1741, chevalier St. Louis,
August, 1781.
Captains en second (10} . Le Bret; de Sinety (C. C. ), April 15, 1780.
De Bazin, October 8, 1780. Jayet de Boudet (C. C.), November 18, 1781;
honorable mention December 5, 1781, for gallantry at Yorktown. De
Menon, brevetted major f or Yorktown. De Moyria, February, 1782, for
good conduct at Yorktown. De Saint-Victor (C.. C.), February 8, 1782.
DuBois de Saint Gemma de la Grange (C. C. ), 1782. Du Gats de Voreilles,
March 9, 1780, chevalier St. Louis, April 2, 1782. De la Caterie, March
19, 1780.
First lieutenants (10} . All these officers received promotion to cap
tains commandant or en second during their service in America. De Cal-
dagues also a pension (December 5, 1781) for gallantry at Yorktown.
Second lieutenants (j/). Many of these subaltern officers received pro
motion during their service in America. Ponteves d'Eyroux was men
tioned for gallantry at Yorktown. De Mollis was wounded at Yorktown
and received a pension. Magusis, who was promoted from the ranks for
heroic conduct in the wars against Frederick the Great was present at
Yorktown, notwithstanding the numerous wounds he had received in
former wars.
570 The Army of Rochambeau
Companies (named after their captains],
Company: Rank and file.
De Grenadiers, Meneau, captain 103
De Didier ' 121
De Bien de Chevigny 122
De Chasseurs, De Baudre 120
De Marin , 130
De Gilbert 114
Anselme de la Gardette \ 124
La Boyere 121
De St. Leger 115
Du Palais '. 115
Total rank and file i, 185
Field officers, including paymaster 5
Line officers:
Captains commandant 9
Captains en second 10
Lieutenants
First 10
Second 31
Total field, line, rank and file - I, 250
REGIMENT DE SAINTONGE
The first colonel of this regiment was the Marquis de Bligny (Francois-
Germaine le Camus), 1684.
The eleventh, Le Comte de Custine (Adam Philippe, 1780).
The twelfth, Le Vicomte de Rochambeau, son of the General, Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU (Donatien, Marie Joseph de Vimeur) November n, 1782.
On April 26, 1775, when it was at Toul it was united to the older Regi
ment de Cambrisis which became its second battalion. Saintonge em
barked at Brest in April, 1780, for the United States.
The regiment had as its head Viscount de Custine who was previously
colonel of Rouergue. He asked and obtained orders to succeed to the
head of Saintonge Viscount de BeVanger, having been promoted to briga
dier-general, January 3, 1780, at the time his regiment was designated to
embark. Upon his return Custine resumed command of the Regiment
Rouergue.
The Viscount de Rochambeau succeeded Custine to the command of the
Saintonge and obtained later the Regiment Auvergne. The regiment of
Saintonge took part in all the campaigns and distinguished itself at York-
town. It passed the following winter with the rest of the corps at Wil-
liamsburg, Va., and departed in December, 1782, with the rest of the
The Army of Rochambeau 571
command for the Antilles. In 1791 Saintonge in the new regimental
nomenclature became the Eighty-second Regiment of Infantry and went
into garrison at Montargis.
REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organization, with the
names of officers commandant and distinctions won in America:
Colonel. Le Comte de Custine de Sarreck (Adam Philippe), born in
Metz, February 4, 1740; colonel, March 8, 1780; Decembers, 1781, received
recognition of merit and brevet from the Government for conduct at York-
town. Governor of Toulon, April 19, 1782, succeeded by Vicomte de
Rochambeau at that date.
Colonel en second. Le Comte de Castries de Charlus ( Armand Charles-
Augustin), born in Paris, May 3, 1756; since December 5, 1781, charge" as
brigadier-general of cavalry, six months before the age of 29 years, for his
conduct at Yorktown.
Lieutenant-colonel. Le Chevalier Chaudron de Lavalette (Charles-
Francois), born June 5, 1731; brigadier December 5, 1781, for distin
guished conduct in the capture of Yorktown.
Major. Teisseydre de Fleury (Franfois Louis), born August 20, 1749;
gazetted in 1781 as having distinguished himself at Yorktown. In the
American service previously, on July 15, 1779, at the taking of Stony Point,
Major Fleury was the first to reach the intrenchments and haul down the
English flag. On the conclusion of peace Congress bestowed upon this
gallant officer a medal which was presented by Franklin.
Paymaster. La Fage (Bernard), born January 6, 1734 ( Comte de Foix).
Captains commandant and en second (18} . De Farrette (Baron), born
1736; December 5, 1781, bre vetted lieutenant-colonel for good conduct at
Yorktown. Gorot de Beaumont, born 1735; December 5, 1781, pensioned
for conduct at Yorktown. De Mouves, born 1740. Daurien de Madronde
Brie, born (Comte de Foix), 1737; December 5, 1781, honored by mention
for his conduct at Yorktown. Duchesne, born 1734; chevalier of St. Louis,
1781. DelaFalnere, born 1743. De la Corbiere, born 1743; chevalier of St.
Louis, December 5, for good conduct at Yorktown. De Bertrier des Forets,
born 1743; captain March 19, 1780; died 1781. De Boisbras Bedee, born
1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. Des Roches,
born 1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. Denos or
d'Enos or des Noes, born 1741; December 5; chevalier St. Louis for York-
town. Scot de Coulanges, born 1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5,
1781 for Yorktown. De Courvol, born 1745; chevalier St. Louis, 1782. De
Champagne (chevalier), born 1746; captain en second, March 12, 1780;
commandant 1782. Bellemare de Saint-Cyr, born 1749; captain 1780;
commandant 1782. James de Longueville, born; captain en second, 1780;
572 The Army of Rochambeau
commandant 1782. De Recusson, born 1745; captain 1780; commandant
1782. De Gratel Dolomien born; captain 1780.
First lieutenants (10} . All the officers of this rank received promo
tions to captain or from second to first lieutenant while in America.
Second lieutenants (fo). Many of these under officers received promo
tions to first lieutenants while in America.
Ensigns (sous lieutenants, 22}. Many of these younger officers, mostly
from 18 to 22 years of age, were promoted to lieutenant. Dupont D'Au-
bevoye de lyauberdiere, aid-de-camp to ROCHAMBEAU, was rewarded for
good conduct at Yorktown. De lyongueville de James (wounded) at York-
town. Des Brieres, born 1738, captain March 12, 1780; Chevalier St. Louis,
December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. De la Vergue du Tressan, born 1755;
transferred from Regiment Beauvais to that of Saintonge 1778. De Trion
de Montalembert, but 12 years of age; marcou grenadier of Regiment
Saintonge, made the whole campaign; wa3 wounded on the frigate Zele in
boarding the captured English frigate, Romulus, and received the prize.
Companies (named after their captains}
Rank and file
Grenadiers, de Beaumont, captain 160
De Wouves 121
Duchesne 1 18
De la Corbiere 125
De Bedee 122
Des Forets ., 122
Baron de Ferrette 122
De la Folnere '. 123
Lefebre de la Falne"re 120
Chasseurs, de Brie, captain 124
Total rank and file i, 257
Field and staff 5
Captains 18
First lieutenants 10
Second lieutenants 10
Ensigns 22
Total officers and men I, 322
REGIMENT DE ROYAL DEUX-PONTS
The first colonel of this regiment was the Duke de Deux-Ponts (Chris
tian), 1757.
The regiment was raised by the Duke de Deux-Ponts under a commission
of April i, 1757. It was first called Regiment Palatinat, belonging to the
Prince Palatine Deux-Ponts (Zweibriicken).
The Army of Rocha mbeau 573
It was reduced to two battalions December 21, 1762, when serving in
Germany, where on October 10 it garrisoned Wolfenbuttel. It was at
Dunkirk in 1774; Metz, 1778; at Montivilliers and Harfleur, May, 1779;
at Landerneau, at Saint Pol de Leon in December, 1779, and embarked
on the Eveille at Brest in April, 1780, for America, being one of the four
regiments Count DE ROCHAMBEAU led to the United States.
The Royal Deux-Ponts greatly distinguished itself in October, 1781, at
the siege of Yorktown, especially the 400 men led by Guillaume Deux-
Ponts in the attack on the British redoubts October 15, in cooperation with
a similar movement by Lafayette on the right, and where it rivaled in valor
with the Gatinais (Royal Auvergne). It formed the center of the column
of attack, the Gatinais, in the van, commanded by Estrade, and rear by
Rostaing.
It was the colonel commandant, Comte de Forbach Royal Deux-Ponts,
who, in the assault, had the glory to be the first to penetrate the intrench-
ments of the English. After reaching the top of the parapet he extended
his hand to a grenadier in order to assist him to mount the works. This
grenadier fell at his feet, mortally wounded. The colonel extended his
hand to another with the greatest composure. This brave officer, who had
been slightly wounded, after the surrender arrived at Brest on the frigate
Andromaque, charged by the American Congress to bear as homage to
the King some of the flags taken from the army of Lord Cornwallis.
He was the nephew of the Duke de Deux-Ponts. He afterwards took
the title Marquis de Deux-Ponts.
The regiment Royal Deux-Ponts returned to Europe in July, 1783. In
1791 it became the Ninety-ninth Regiment of Infantry, with headquarters
at Bourgogne and Lyons.
REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The exact strength of this regiment in numbers is not known, as the
muster rolls of the companies are not given. It consisted, doubtless, of
the regulation 10 companies, grenadier right and chasseur left, and eight
of infantry.
Colonel. Le Comte de Forbach de Deux-Ponts (Christian), born at
Deux-Ponts in 1754.
Colonel en second. Le Vicomte de Deux-Ponts (Guillaume), succeeded
by De Fersen in 1782.
Lieutenant-colonels. De Haden; Le Baron d'Esebeck, born Deux-
Ponts, 1740.
Major. De Prez, born 1730.
Paym aster. An ciaux .
Companies, captains commandant (so). Le Baron de Furstenwaerther,
Le Baron Wisch, De Klock, De Flad, De Thuillieres, De Sunnahl, De Stack,
Du Hainault, Ruhle de Lilienstern, Charles de Cabannes, born 1742.
574 The Army of Rochambeait
En second (5). Max de Cabannes, Le Baron de Haacke, De Fircks, Le
Baron D'Esebeck, De Muhlenfels, De Ludwig, Le Baron de Johann, Le
Chevalier de Haacke, Le Baron de Closen.
First lieutenants (7). Among them Le Baron de Kalb, son of the gen
eral of this name.
Lieutenants en second ( 10 ). Among them Barons de Rathsamhausen,
De Guntzer, and Galatin.
Ensigns, 21.
Rank and file, approximately i, 100
Field and staff 6
Captains 10
Captains en second , 9
First lieutenants 7
Second lieutenants 10
Ensigns 21
Field, line, and total rank and file i, 163
REGIMENT D'AUXONNE
[Second battalion]
The Regiment d'Auxonne from the Invalid Brigade of the Royal Corps,
by virtue of the ordinance of August 13, 1765, had for its first colonel
Philippe Louis de Verton de Richeval and the last Francois Braive, who
became general of brigade.
At the commencement of the American war the Second Battalion em
barked at Brest with the army of ROCHAMBEAU and returned to France
in 1783, with its headquarters at Nice.
REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The following constituted the field and line personnel:
Lieutenant-colonel. Goulet de la Tour (Jean Pierre), born at Metz, 1730.
Rank of lieutenant-colonel. De Nadal (Antoine Xavier), born 1733, at
Colmarz; Cuirol de Laziers (Guillaume), born 1729, at Mirepoix; Le
Chevalier de Buzelet (Jacques Nicolas Catherine), born 1740, at Metz; De
Capriol de Saint-Hilaire, born 1722, at Pechaudier.
Captains (18). De Boisloge, born 1736; De Morcourt de Foy, born
1740; De Neurisse, born 1736; De Rumigny, born 1738; Olivier D'Hemery,
born 1742; Josserand, born 1736; Dupuy, born 1745 (all captains of can
noneers); Garret de Maisonneuve, born 1743; Bon nay de la Rouvrelle,
born 1743 (both bombardiers); De Monginol de Noncourt, born 1746, died
at Newport, October, 1779; Du Saussay de Greville, born 1743; Barthe-
lemy, of sappers, born 1744; Boivin dela Martinire, born 1745; De Jume-
cort, born 1749; De Rouyer, born 1748; Daubert, born 1747; Pelotte de la
Barolliere, born 1749; Decremilles, born 1754.
Lieutenants (23}. De Sance, killed at Savannah, September 25, 1779.
Captains and lieutenants. Not assigned (17).
The Army of Rochambeau 575
Companies (taking the names of their captains']
Company: Rank and file
De Boislege, Chevalier 103
De Morcoart de Foy 57
Du Rumigny 60
Ollivier d'Hemefy 54
Josserand 51
Dupuy, Chevalier 60
Garret de Maisonneuve 53
Bonnay de la Rouvrelle 56
Barthelmy 54
548
Field officers:
Line officers 5
Captains 18
Lieutenants 23
Unassigned 7
Total 601
REGIMENT DE METZ ; -
[Second battalion]
The regiment of Metz was formed from the honorable brigade of the
Royal Corps of Artillery under an ordinance of 1765. Its first colonel was
Ge'de'on le Duchat. Mathieu (Alexis) was its last.
In 1777 the entire second battalion was- sent to the West Indies. Two
of the first ten companies took their initial tour of service in America
April, 1780, and two others followed in 1781.
This corps had six companies in the army of ROCHAMBEAU, four of
which formed part of his original force in 1780, and two having joined
him in 1781. The others were stationed in Santo Domingo and different
isles of the Antilles. What remained of these companies returned to
France and became the Nineteenth Regiment of Artillery, with headquar
ters at Nimes.
REGIMENTAL, ORGANIZATION
The following constitute the field and line :
Lieutenant-colonel. Le Chevalier de Gimel (Pierre), born 1728 at
Rudeil.
Chiefs of brigade. Le Chevalier Sain't-Michel de Missolz (Jacques),
born 1724 at Annonay (Vivarais); Le Barre de Carroy (Charles Joseph
Abel), born 1733, at Paris.
Captains, commandant and by commission (12). Durand, born 1761;
Rotalier, born 1738; Tordy de Montravel, born 1744; Le Febvre de Vul-
mont, born 1741; Pelletier de Glatigny, born 1746; Dupay, born 1743;
576 The Army of Rochambeau
Pelletier d'Orgens, of sappers, born 1749; Maugin Douence, born 1746;
De Watry Ollivier, born 1746; DeDouay, born 1751; Durand de Gevigney,
born 1750, the last five captains by commission.
Lieutenants, 22; unassigned, 12.
Companies (named, respectively, for their captains}
Company: Rank and file
Durand 29
De Missolz 36
Rotalier , 30
Tardy de Montravel 34
De Vulmont 31
Pelletier de Glatigny 32
Dupuy , 30
Pelletier d'Orgens .' 30
Douence 28
De Watry 22
Total rank and file 302
Field officers:
Line officers : 3
Captains 12
Lieutenants 22
Unassigned ' 12
Total field, line, rank and file 351
LEGION DE LAUZUN, LANCERS AND HUSSARS
[lyancers (2 companies): Officers, 10; men, 300; total, 310. Hussars (2 companies):
Officers, 10; men, 300; total, 310]
These served in all the campaigns of ROCHAMBEAU.
GRENOBLE REGIMENT ( I COMPANY)
The Company Savournin was detached for service with ROCHAMBEAU in
the United States, 1780-81.
Captain. Savournin. Second company of Regiment Grenoble detached
to join ROCHAMBEAU in America:
Savournin (sappers and miners, rank and file) 60
Line officers:
Captain I
Lieutenants, first and second 4
Line, rank and file 65
It is estimated upward of 2,500 reenforcements in the form of recruits
were sent to the French regiments during their operations in America.
These came largely from the Regiments De Neustrie and d'Anhalt.
The miners company of Dupsuch, captain in premier, came over in 1780.
The company which remained was sent over; also the company of Le
Cheze.
THE ARMY OF SAINT- SIMON (DE GRASSE'S FLEET)
REGIMENT D'AGENOIS
The first colonel of this regiment was Marquis de Crillon, 1776.
Third, Comte d'Autichamp, 1779.
The First and Second Battalions were in the West Indies in 1778-1783.
A part of the regiment embarked on the squadron of Count d'Estaing and
participated in the siege of Savannah. Lieutenant Blandat was killed in
a sortie of September 27. On October 9, in the unsuccessful attack on
the intrenchments, Captain du Barry and three subalterns were wounded.
In 1781 the regiment was united and embarked on the squadron of
Comte de Grasse to reenforce the army under Comte DE ROCHAMBEAU on
the American continent. It arrived August 15 with the Gatinais and
Touraine in Chesapeake Bay at the moment General Cornwallis was
driven into Yorktown by Marquis de Lafayette and soon after surrounded
by Washington and ROCHAMBEAU. The Marquis Saint-Simon had com
mand of the reenforcements which debarked September 2 in James River
and arrived at Williamsburg on the 4th, 4 leagues from Yorktown, where
they formed a junction with Marquis de Lafayette, who commanded a
corps of Americans.
On October 3 two companies of grenadiers and chasseurs d'Age"nois
attacked the English pickets, forcing them back upon their defenses.
The trenches were opened on the evenii/g of the 6th. On the I5th
Age*nois repulsed a sortie, and on the igth Lord Cornwallis capitulated.
The regiment reembarked November 5 and returned to Martinique.
It will be interesting to know part of the Age"nois in the closing days of
1781 took passage on the vessels of Count de Grasse and contributed to the
capture of Briston Hill, February 12, 1782, where it captured the Royal
Scotch, formerly Douglas Regiment, which had retired from the service of
France in 1768.
In 1791 d'Agenois became the Sixteenth Infantry of France, with head
quarters at Montbuson and St. Etienne.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 - 37 577
578 The Army of Saint- Simon
REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and line officers commandant and
distinction won by them in service in America:
Colonels. L,e Baron Cadignan (Charles Dupleux), born January 28, 1738;
died June 22, 1779, at Santo Domingo. 1/e Comte de Beaumont D'Auti-
champ (Antoine Joseph Eulalie), born December 10, 1744, at Angers.
Colonels en second. L,e Comte de Crillon (I/ouis Alexandre Pierre
Nolasque), born December n, 1744, at Paris. L,e Chevalier Dulau D'Alle-
mans (Pierre Marie), born at Champiers
Lieutenant-colonels. Rayne de Cantis (Joseph), born March 15, 1718, at
Marmard. L,e Chevalier De Cadignan (Jean Baptiste Gerard Dupleux),
born May 22, 1738, at Condom.
Majors. Picault Desdorides (Jean Francois Louis); L,e Chevalier de
Sagnararigue (Jean Baptiste), born October 30, 1742, at Perpignan; died
1781 at Santo Domingo.
Paymaster. De Barras (Jean Gerlain), born 1740 at San Antoine
(Dauphine).
Captains and en second (18). Sequier de Treson de Lustrac, distin
guished at Yorktown; De Behagle; I/a Roche Coquet; Richard de Lepes,
died March 7, 1782, of wounds received at the siege of St. Christopher;
Chevalier de Saint-Germaine; D'Augussin de Bourguisson; Chevalier
D'Ypres, died June 15, 1780; D'Lambert Du Barry, pension in considera
tion of a wound at Savannah; Chevalier de Dianous; Des Mareetz; De
Marans; De Caire; De la Corbiere, chevalier of St. Louis, December 5,
1781, for Yorktown; L,e Saige de Villebrine; DeSoyres; DeCaumont; De
Faydeau.
Lieutenants , first and second (20}. Among them Blandet, killed at Sa
vannah, September 27, 1779; Broulhet de Sigalas, wounded at Yorktown,
1781; De Kamarec de Troron, distinguished at Yorktown; Pocquet de
Paylery de Saint-Sauveur, wounded at Savannah, where he distinguished
himself, and was wounded at Yorktown; D'Houdetot de Colomby, wounded
at Yorktown and mentioned for good conduct; L,e Houx went to America in
1755 and took part in all the campaigns; Pignol de Rocreuse received a
commission for having by his courage and resolution saved 168 men out
of 200, which he commanded on the vessel Le Trois Henriettes in a storm
on the Antioches near Oleron on the way to America, May, 1779.
Ensigns (/p). These under officers from 19 years and upward of age
exhibited all the traits of valor which had ever been the fame of the arms
of France. Berard de Mauriage had his left leg broken in the .affair at
Savannah, October 9, 1780, was left on the field of battle and for four
months was prisoner of war in the hospital of the enemy; Gouzie men
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; De Montlong mentioned for gal
lantry at Yorktown; Prevost made all the campaigns in America from
1776 to 1783; De Laumont wounded at Yorktown 1781.
The Army of Saint- Simon 579
Companies (/o). The rolls of the companies of this regiment are not at
hand. The regiment doubtless maintained the average of its companions
in arms, the entire regiment having united, forming part of the reenforce-
ments for ROCHAMBEAU under De Grasse and Saint-Simon:
Rank and file I, 100
Field officers and staff 9
Captains 18
Lieutenants 20
Knsigns 19
Total field, line, rank and file T, 166
REGIMENT DE GATINAIS .
[Royal Auvergne]
Under an ordinance of March 25, 1776, the Regiment d' Auvergne was
divided into two parts the first and third battalions being retained at
Auvergne, the second and fourth forming the Regiment Gatinais. It was
the latter which in 1781 received the name of Royal d' Auvergne.
The first colonel of this regiment was le Marquis de Caupenne (Louis
Henri), 1776. The third, le Marquis de Rostaing (Jean Antoine Marie
Germain), 1778. Le Comte de ROCHAMBEAU (Donatien), 1783.
In order to distinguish the Auvergne, Gatinais took the yellow collar
and white buttons. Its flag was black and violet. These colors were dis
posed as in the flag of the Regiment d'Auxerrois.
The second battalion, which was at Martinique from November 20, 1775,
went in 1777 to Santo Domingo. The first battalion, which had gone to
Calais in June, 1776, left toward the end of that year for Bordeaux, where
it embarked September 25, 1777, to rejoin the second battalion. The
regiment remained in garrison at the cape until 1779. I n that year it
was put on board the squadron of Count d'Estaing and from September
15 to October 20 was at the siege of Savannah. The company of chasseurs
covered itself with glory on October 9 in the attack on the intrenchments.
They had taken for their watchword and rallying shout "Auvergne and
d'Assas." Ensign Levert entered the intrenchments first. The defend
ers, astonished by so much daring, took to flight, throwing away their
arms. The English, however, returned at once in greater numbers. The
brave companies being without support, and having lost half their effective
strength, were obliged to retire, yet did so in good order, carrying with
them their dead and wounded, among whom were the Vicomte de Bethizy,
colonel en second, Captains Sireuil and De Foucault, Lieutenant Just
Chevalier de la Roche Negly, and Chevalier de Tourvelle. Ensign Levert
had his clothes riddled with balls.
580 The Army of Saint- Simon
At the raising of the siege, Gatinais returned to the cape. In 1781 it
formed part of the corps which Marquis Saint-Simon led to the United
States to reenforce the army of ROCHAMBEAU.
It took a glorious part at the siege of Yorktown, and at the capitulation
of Cornwallis, October 14, with the Royal Deux-Ponts, and under the
orders of Lieutenant-colonel de L,estrade it attacked with great bravery
and carried with spirit all the redoubts on the left of the intrenchments.
Captain of chasseurs, De Sireuil, was again wounded, this time seriously,
with two other officers.
After the victory, Washington, in expressing his recognition and admi
ration to the French generals, begged them to offer in his name to the
regiments Gatinais and Royal Deux-Ponts the three pieces of cannon
which they had takey. The Gatinais reembarked with the rest of the
command and returned to Santo Domingo.
An ordinance of July n, 1782, changed the name of the regiment and
gave it in recompense for its excellent conduct in America the title Royal
Auvergne.
This favor was accorded to the regiment upon the request of Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU, who at the siege of Yorktown at the moment of a decisive
attack, addressing the Grenadiers de Gatinais said, " Children, show that
Gatinais and Auvergne are one." The grenadiers swore to do to the death
in order to merit the return of their title Auvergne.
In 1791 the Royal Auvergne became the Eighteenth Infantry with head
quarters at Pau.
REGIMENTAI, ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organizations, with the
names of the commanding officers and distinctions won in America:
Colonel Ive Marquis de Rostaing (Just Antoine Henry Marie Germain),
brigadier-general, December 5, 1781, for gallantry in the capture of
Yorktown.
Colonel en second. Le Vicomte de Bethisby (Jacques Eleanor) born
December 4, 1748 at Calais; severely wounded at Savannah in 1779.
Lieutenant-colonel. D 1'Estrade (Claud) , born at Puy (Velay), Aprils,
1730; brigadier December 5, 1781, for gallantry displayed at Yorktown, Va.
Major. Chapuis de Tourville (Charles Bertin Gaston) born at Hettange
la Grande, January 4, 1740; rendered efficient service in America, where he
performed for nearly a year the functions of major-general.
Paymaster. Vaudrime (Francois), born at Avauchoux, September 7,
1735; rank of captain November 16, 1783.
Captains (24}. DeLalbengue, born 1730; made prisoner April 12, 1782,
on Z,' Hector. De Rouverie de Cabrieres, born 1741; received the cross of
chevalier of St. Louis for good conduct at Yorktown. De Vachon, born
1742; received the cross of chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 1781, for
The Army of Saint-Simon 581
participation in the capture of Yorktown. De Chaumont, born 1740;
retired 1781. DeSireuil, born 1742; wounded at Savannah and Yorktown;
died in the hospital at Williamsburg, December 20, 1781, on account of
wounds. Dudrot, born January 16, 1743, chevalier of St. Louis, December
5, 1781, for the taking of Yorktown. Domerque de St. Florent, born 1742;
chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 1781, for good conduct at Yorktown.
La Borde dePecomme, born 1743; chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 1781,
for the capture of Yorktown. De Langdon, born 1737; chevalier of St.
Louis December 5, 1781, for good conduct at Yorktown. De Cussot, Le
Muet de Belombre de Jussy, born 1744; died November 15, 1781. De
Foucault, born 1741; wounded at Savannah. De Belcostel, born 1745;
died at Santo Domingo, January 7, 1780. De Bordenave, born 1742;
chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. De Villelongue
de Saint-Morel, born 1748. D'Assas, born 1749. De Mascaron, born
1744; mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. De Molieres, born 1749;
mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. Carrere de Loubere, born 1750;
good conduct at Yorktown. De Villeneuve de Berth elot, born 1750, died
1781 of wounds received at the siege of Yorktown. De Fontbonne, Cha-
lendor, born 1757; good conduct at Yorktown; taken prisoner in the action
of April 12, 1782, on Le Caton. De la Morre de Ville aux Bois, born 1757.
De la Rochenegly, born 1757; wounded at Savannah; taken prisoner in
the action of April 12, 1782, on Le Caton.
Lieutenants (22}. Nearly all these officers received promotion during
their service in America. De Chabot was killed September 30, 1780, on
the merchant frigate L' Esperance de Bordeaux, on returning to France.
De la Fabregue, mentioned for meritorious conduct at Yorktown. Terrade,
mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. Levert de Grenville, men
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; taken prisoner in the action of
April 12, 1782, on V Hector. De la Roche Negly^ wounded at Savannah;
taken prisoner in the action of April 12, 1782, on Le Caton. La Pierre,
good conduct at Yorktown. Chapuis de Tourville, received a musket
blow in crossing the breastworks at Savannah. De Durat, taken prisoner
in the action of April 12, 1782, on L' Hector. Desillegue, wounded at
Yorktown, 1781. De Naveret de Caxon, taken prisoner in the engage
ment of April 12, 1782, on L'Hector. De Caignet, taken prisoner in
action April 12, 1782, on Le Caton. De Leonardy, good conduct at
Yorktown.
Ensigns (12}. Many were promoted in America. Bonot was men
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; De Barnaud de Villeneuve was
taken prisoner in action April 12, 1782, on Z,' 'Ardent.
582 The Army of Saint-Simon
Companies (named after their captains}
Company : Rank and file
Grenadiers Pe"comme, captain 107
Cabrieres N in
Dudrot .' 1 15
L,angdon 114
Lalbengue 114
Chasseurs de Sireuil, captain 112
Vacheron . 86
St. Florent 59
De Coussol 80
De Chaumont . . 100
Total rank and file 998
Field officers 5
Line officers:
Captains 24
Lieutenants 22
Ensigns 12
Total field, line, rank and file I, 061
REGIMENT DE TOURAINE
The first colonel of this regiment was Baron du Plessis-Joigny (Timoleon
de Congressan), 1625.
It was reorganized 1775 after having been separated into two regiments,
one preserving the name and flags of Touraine and the other took the title
of Savoie-Carignan.
The first colonel of the new Regiment Touraine was the Marquis de
I/aval (Anne Alexander Marie Sulpice Joseph de Montmorencie), 1775.
His successors were:
The third L/e Vicomte de Poudens (Henri Francois Liamao) April 13,
1780.
In 1779 this regiment fought at Savannah under D'Estaing; in August,
1781, with Age"nois and Gatinais it embarked on the fleet of Comte de
Grasse to reenforce the army of ROCHAMBEAU around Yorktown. The
Marquis de Saint-Simon commanded the reenforcements.
It arrived August 15 in Chesapeake Bay, and took part in the siege of
Yorktown. After the surrender of Cornwallis it returned to the Antilles
(Martinique).
After a brief sojourn in Martinique, it reembarked on the fleet of Count
de Grasse and arrived January n, 1782, off the island of St. Christopher,
and assisted in the capture of Bristone Hill. The Regiment Touraine
returned to France in 1783. It became the Thirty-third Infantry in 1791
with headquarters at Arras.
The Army of Saint- Simon 583
REGIMENTAL, ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organizations with the
names and American distinctions of the officers commanding:
Colonel. Le Vicomte de Poudenx (Henry Francois Liamart), born in
Paris, August I, 1748; December 5, 1781, received a letter of commenda
tion for good conduct at Yorktown.
Colonels en second. Le Comte de Flechin de Vamin (Charles Franois
Joseph), received December 5, 1781, a letter of commendation for good
conduct at Yorktown. Le Chevalier de Riquetti de Mirabeau (Andre
Boniface Louis), born in Paris, November 13, 1754; in 1780 he figured in
the actions under M. de Guichen in the Antilles, being wounded.
Lieutenant-colonel. Du Moulin de la Bartelle de Montlezun (Jean Fran
cois), born at Aire (Guienne) June 14, 1729; received a severe contusion
in the actions of April 9 and 12, 1782, fought by Comte de Grasse.
Major. De Menonville (Louis Antoine Thebault), received a pension
on account of services at Yorktown.
Paymaster. Reynaud (Pierre), born at Marseille, April 31, 1731; cap
tain, March 30, 1780.
Captains (20}. La Coste de la Marque, born 1733. Paudin de Beaure-
gard de Rommef.ort, born 1740; chevalier of St. Louis, June 24, 1780.
Domergue de Beauregard, born 1735. De Launay, born 1739; good con
duct at Yorktown. Desbordes, born 1736. Chariot, born 1736; chevalier
of St. Louis Decembers, 1781, for good conduct at Yorktown. Savary,
born 1738; died 1782. Ducasse, born 1736; chevalier of St. Louis Septem
ber 15, 1782. De Tardivy de Thonene, born 1743. Galtier D'Alose,
captain commandant, May 22, 1780. Santes Despenant, born 1745. De
Morey de Signy, born 1750; perished in 1780 on merchantman Le Phenix
from Havre. Clamouze, born 1752; died 1780. Raynault de Passeplane,
born 1752; captain commandant, November 12, 1782. Normanden, born
1730; died April 2, 1780. Aron de Rebourquil, born 1749; on December
5, 1781 received promise of a majorship of infantry on account of zeal and
ability particularly displayed at Yorktown. De Bedos de Campan, born
1753; captain commandant 1783. De Vezsan, born 1753; died 1780 on the
frigate Du Roy. Vijan Ariol de Baudreuil, 1751. De Bonne, born 1750.
Lieutenants (14). With one or two exceptions all these officers received
promotions during their service in America.
Ensigns (/). All these officers received promotions during their
service in America; Francois a retired pension April 4, 1781.
584 The Army of Saint-Simon
Companies (named, respectively -,' after their captains}
Company : Rank and file
De La Coste 128
De Thorenc 123
De Savery T ... 126
De Rommefort 122
Ducasse 123
Grenadiers de Launay, captain 124
De Beauregard 122
Chariot 121
Desbordes 125
Chasseurs, D' Artel de Viensberg, captain 125
Total field and rank i, 239
Field officers and staff 6
Line officers:
Captains commandant and en second . . . .^ 20
Lieutenants, first and second " 14
Ensigns 18
Total field, line, rank and file i, 297
LAND ARMY OF D'ESTAING IN ADDITION TO REGI
MENTS AGENOIS, GATINAIS, AND TOURAINE
REGIMENT D'HAINAULT
[One battalion]
This regiment was raised by virtue of a commission issued 1651 in the
name of Vendome. It took the name of the province of Hainault in 1762,
and became the Fiftieth Regiment of Infantry 1793.
The first colonel was Cesar Due de Vendome.
A battalion of D' Hainault embarked on the squadron of Comte d'Estaing
in 1779, and distinguished itself at the taking of Grenada in that year.
On July 6, same year, it participated in the naval combat with the English"
Admiral Byron, and took part in the month of October following in the
siege of Savannah, returning to Martinique, after raising the siege, and
remained there until the peace. As the Fiftieth Regiment of Infantry it
had its headquarters at Perigueux.
BATTALION ORGANIZATION
The following represents the field and company organization with the
names and American distinctions of officers:
Lieutenant-colonel. Laplin (Jean Baptiste) performed the functions of
lieutenant-colonel; born June 24, 1734, at Moulins (Bourbonnais); danger
ously wounded July 4, 1779, at the capture of Grenada; died January 28,
1780.
Captains (6). Deschamps de Villaine, born 1733; Lombard et Roque
fort, born 1735; De Mareuil, born 1733; De Manoel, born 1740; De Monoel
la Graverie de Vegobre, born 1746; D'Artus served through the entire war
in America.
Lieutenants (5). Monterno du Chatelard des Brets, wounded at Savan
nah; Marmier, killed September i, 1781, on the frigate La Magicienne in
the action in which she was captured by the English.
Ensign, 2.
Companies (named, respectively, <after their captains']
Company: Rank and file
Des Champs 126
Lombard 125
Mareuil . 1 23
De Manoel , 123
Total rank and file 497
585
586 Land Army of D* Estaing.
Field officers
Line officers:
Captains
Lieutenants
Knsigns
REGIMENT DE FOIX
[One battalion]
The Regiment Foix (infantry) was created 1684, the first colonel being
Jules Armand Colbert, Marquis de Blainville. It became the Eighty-third
Infantry in 1791.
A battalion formed of detachments of sharpshooters from the Regiment
de Foix was embarked on the squadron of D'Estaing in 1779 an( ^ was
engaged in the naval attack July 6, 1779, of Admiral Byron, and at the
siege of Savannah in the month of September following, and later was on
board Le Magnanime, in the affairs of gth and i2th of August, 1782,
against Admiral Rodney. The battalion returned to France at the con
clusion of peace.
BATTALION ORGANIZATION
The following was the organization of this corps :
Lieutenant-colonel. Du Chastelet (Marie Antoine), born 1739, at
Boulogne-sur-Mer (acting lieutenant-colonel).
Major. De Trenonnay (Antoine), born February 14, 1735, at Voyron
(Dauphine*) (acting major), died September 10, 1780.
Captains (4}. Bernardy de Sigoyer, born 1748; Demorlon: Seissan de
Marignan, born 1750; Dampie"rre de Milliancourt; De Biville, born 1756.
Lieutenants, 2; ensigns, 3.
Companies (named, respectively, for their captains}
Company: Rank and file
Grenadiers, De Sigoyer, captain ............................ 98
De Biville ................. . ................................ 90
Demarignan ................................................ 91
DampieVre .......................... ....................... 67
346
Field officers ................................................... 2
Line officers :
Captains ........................ ........................... 4
Lieutenants ................................................ 2
Ensigns .................................................... $
Total field, line, rank and file ............................. 357
Land A rmy of D* Estaing 587
REGIMENT DE DILLON
[Officers only]
This regiment took part at Savannah, Ga., under D'Estaing, Septem
ber-October, 1779. It belonged to one of the famous Irish brigades of the
French army.
Colonel. Le Comte Dillon (Arthur).
Colonel en second. Le Chevalier Dillon (Theobald).
Lieutenant-colonel. Dillon ( Barthelemy ) .
Major. O'Moran (Jacques).
Paymaster. Moncarelly ( Barthelemy) .
Captains (10} . Moore (Gerard), Purdon, Bancks, Nugent, Swigny,
Shee, Moore (Guillaume), O'Neill, O'Berin, Taaffe.
Captains en second (so). The entire number had Irish names (some of
them a trifle Frenchified) as Mandeville, MacGuire, Macdermot, the elder;
O'Reilly; Kelly; Macdermot, the younger; Noolan; O'Doyer; Lynck and
Coghlan. Their praenomens also belonged to the nomenclature of the
"Green Isle," particularly Dennis and "Terence."
Lieutenants (10} . The same characteristic is found throughout the en
tire number, there appearing another Dillon and O'Keeffe, O'Farel, and a
Duggan. A French rendition of the wholesome orthography of the
originals.
Lieutenants en second (/o). In this list we find two O'Farrells, Swigny
(Sweeny) and all the others of Irish nomenclature.
Ensigns (19}. This personnel is entirely Irish in names, notably Mac-
Closky, MacSheehy, Shee, O'Reilly, O'Meara, Mahony, Murphy, with
Christian names Patrick and Denis.
Although no rosters are available, the organization of officers represents
the field and units of a full regulation regiment, which would make its
strength approximately
Rank and file i, 100
Field officers 5
Line officers:
Captains 10
Captains en second 10
Lieutenants : 10
Lieutenants en second 10
Ensigns * 19
Total field, line, rank and file I, 164
588 Land Army of D* E siding
REGIMENT DE WALJ5H
[Officers only]
This was another of the French-Irish regimental organizations which
served with D'Estaing at Savannah in 1779.
Colonel. Thaddeus O'Brien.
Paymaster. Charles Bancelin.
Captains (6). De Fitzmauric, Chevalier de Walsh; O'Neil, De Nagle,
O'Brien, and D'Orcy.
Captains en second (5). Among them O'Croly and O'Connor, the latter
chevalier.
Lieutenants (4}. Among them Plunkett and O'Riordan.
Lieutenants en second (5). Among them an O'Gorman and a Mac-
Carthy.
Ensigns (/#) Among them O'Crowly, O'Flynn, and O'Cahill.
Rank and file, approximately 500
Field and staff 2
Line officers:
Captains 6
Captains en second 5
Lieutenants 4
Lieutenants en second 5
Ensigns 10
Total field, line, rank and file 532
IV. THE FRENCH SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI
A subject which agitated the political alignments of both countries was
the historic and patriotic Military Order of the Cincinnati. The excite
ment in America and France ran high. Pamphlets pro and con were
numerous and acrimonious, and partisan feeling intense.
The subject is of value at this day as giving an inside view of the drift
of public opinion and showing the special affection of the Bourbon mon
arch toward his soldiers who had served in America, and between whom
and Washington, ROCHAMBEAU was the intermediary and spokesman.
The society, as the records show, was instituted by the American officers
at the cantonments of the Continental Army, on the banks of the Hudson
River, on May 10, 1783, "at the close of hostilities in the war of the Revo
lution for American independence."
Its object "to perpetuate the events of the struggle and friendships
formed under pressure of common danger, often cemented by the blood of
the parties."
The right to original membership, so far as concerned the allies, in
cluded
* -x- * * *
"All French officers who had served in the cooperating army under Count
D'Estaing or auxiliary army under Count DE ROCHAMBKATJ and held or
attained the rank of colonel for such services or who had commanded a
French fleet or ship of war on the American coast."
In addition to 13 societies formed in the States, one was authorized in
France under the direct patronage of the King.
OPPOSITION
The career of the French society, which was dispersed in the "Reign
of Terror," 1793, is of peculiar interest.
The cause of the excitement in both countries was the hereditary feature.
France was hastening toward the caldron of a revolution of its own, and
was therefore in no frame of mind favorable to hereditary institutions.
Although no one in America at that time could reasonably feel sensible
of any danger, some made a handle of it for partisan purposes. Gen.
Nathanael Greene, one of the best officers of the Revolution, was opposed
to a change from the original form.
589
590 The French Society of the Cincinnati
Washington favored the change and submitted his views in writing to
the first general meeting in Philadelphia. These may be summed up:
Discontinuance of the hereditary part absolutely; admission of no more
honorary members; the rejection of subscriptions or donations from any
person not a citizen of the United States. His amendments were adopted
and the constitution amended.
THE FRENCH SOCIETY
As the French society dispersed by the Terrorists, after upward of a
century of abeyance, is being reestablished under the Republic of France,
it is not without value to Americans , as well as to Frenchmen to make the
record to the extent of the participation of Counts DE ROCHAMBEAU and
d'Estaing and the eligible officers of the society in France.
The final articles of membership provided (Art. II) as to French
members * * *
' ' Will be admitted in that society the last and the present minister of
His Most Christian Majesty to the United States, all the generals and
colonels of regiments and legions of the land troops, all the admirals and
captains of the navy having the rank of colonel who have cooperated
with the armies of the United States in their effort for liberty.
* * * * - *
"(XII) The subjects of His Most Christian Majesty, members of this
society to hold their assemblies at their pleasure, and form rules of gov
ernment conformable to the object of the institution and spirit of their
Government."
A FRENCH VIEW
M. le Baron de Girardot, in his interesting publication entitled "L,'Or-
dre American de Cincinnatus en France," introduced the subject in this
attractive form. f
[Translation]
"The desire for distinction is innate in the heart of man. There was a
time in which societies of this character were repugnant. We recognize
them in all the republics of antiquity. They also exist in modern repub
lics. That of the United States of America is no exception. Hardly had the
struggle with England terminated than the officers of the victorious army
began to think of creating a special order commemorative of the war, a
visible sign of an association of friendship and good will which should
subsist between them and their descendants.
"The society took the name 'Cincinnati,' the glorious patrician who
quitted his plow to save Rome and resigned the dictatorship to return to
the plow.
\
The French Society of the Cincinnati 59^
"In order to recognize and distinguish themselves the members of
the association called the ' Cincinnati ' wore a gold medal suspended by a
blue ribbon bordered with^ white."
It is said in the rules that the combination of colors is a mark^of the
vinion of America and France.
' ' The society ( vividly recognizing the generous assistance which America
received from France, and desiring to perpetuate the friendship which
has been formed and has so happily subsisted between the officers of the
allied forces in the prosecution of the war,' sent the insignias to the dip
lomats, commandants, and chief generals and colonels of the armies on
land arid sea which had fought during the eight years of the war of
independence."
SUSPICIONS AROUSED
Girardot. Republics are suspicious. The United States became alarmed
over seeing an order constituted destined to perpetuation by hereditary
succession; they feared in it the germ of an aristocracy. The Cincinnati,
on the 1 7th of May, 1784, reorganized and revised its by-laws of govern
ment in order to allay all suspicion among their citizens.
CORRESPONDENCE
The following correspondence between General Washington and Count
DE ROCHAMBEAU, and ROCHAMBEAU with the King, through the minister
of war, possesses special historical value, being practically new to the large
number of men and women in the United States formed into societies with
similar aims, and to the descendants of the actors in the great struggle
and to citizens of the Republic of France.
WASHINGTON TO ROCHAMBEAU
In a letter of October 29, 1783, dated at Rock Hill, N. J., General Wash
ington writing to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU speaks of the institution of the
" Cincinnati:"
"SiR: The officers of the American Army, in order to perpetuate that
mutual friendship which they contracted in the hour of common danger
and distress, and for other purposes which are mentioned in the instru
ment of their association, have united together in a society of friends
under the name of Cincinnati, and having honored me with the office of
president, it becomes a very agreeable part of my duty to inform you that
the society have done themselves the honor to consider you and the
generals and officers of the army which you commanded in America as
members of the society.
"Major L'Enfant, who will have the honor to deliver this to you, will
execute the order of the society in France, amongst which he is directed
592 The French Society of the Cincinnati
to present you with one of the first orders that are made, and likewise with
orders for the other gentlemen of your army, which I take the liberty to
request you to present to them in the name of the society. As soon as the
diploma is made out I will have the honor to transmit it to you."
COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU TO THE MINISTER OF WAR
The Count DE ROCHAMBEAU on the I4th of September, 1783, wrote to
the minister of war.
[Translation]
"MONSEIGNEUR: I have the honor to convey to you the translation
of a letter which I have received from General Washington and of the
institution of the Society of the Cincinnati; I have translated it literally
and in a manner, however, to be intelligible to His Majesty, respecting
which I ask you to give orders to regulate my course.
SPEAKING FOR THE KING
The minister of war replied in the following terms of approbation of
the King:
[Translation]
"DECEMBER 19, 1783.
' ' I have given an account to the King, Monsieur, of the letter which
General Washington has written to you, and of the proposition which he
has made to you in the name of the American Army, also to the general
officers and colonels who have served in America under your orders, to
join the association formed under the title 'The Cincinnati,' in order to
consecrate the names of those who have cooperated most actively in the
establishment of independence, and in order to perpetuate the memory of
the alliance of France and the United States.
"His Majesty has directed me to inform you that he permits you to
accept this honorable invitation; he wishes himself that you shall assure,
on his part, General Washington that he will watch always with extreme
satisfaction everything which will tend to maintain and bind together
the bonds existing between France and the United States.
"The success which has been the outcome of this union and the glory
which has been its fruit have been demonstrated by many advantages.
"You may therefore, Monsieur, say to the general officers and colonels
who served in the army you commanded that the King will allow them
to unite with the association of the ' Cincinnati. '
"You will conveniently address to me a copy of the list of the officers
who are to participate in this association, as honorable by the spirit of its
institution as by the virtues and the talents of the celebrated general
whom they have chosen for president.
"I have the honor to be, with most perfect attachment, your very
humble and obedient servant."
The French Society of the Cincinnati 593
ROCHAMBEAU'S REPIyY
To this letter Count DE ROCHAMBEAU made reply:
[Translation]
"PARIS, December 26, 1783.
"MoNSEiGNEUR: I have received the letter with which you honored
me, of the i8th of this month, in which you kindly informed me of the per
mission the King gives me, also the general officers and colonels who have
served in America under my orders, and returning the invitation which
we have received from General Washington as president-general of the
association which has been formed under the name ' The Cincinnati.'
" I have the honor to address to you a list of the general officers and
colonels who may be admitted to the said society in following literally the
resolution of the American Army, and the case of those who appear to me
under favorable construction to be eligible, but as to whom I shall have a
fuller explanation from the general society."
UST OF FRENCH EUGIBI,ES
The list of general officers and colonels of the French auxiliary corps in
America which the Count DE ROCHAMBEAU admitted to the Society of
the Cincinnati, conforming to the resolution of the American Army,
follows :
Lieutenant-generals. Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, lieutenant-general,
commandant; Baron de Viomenil, lieutenant-general; Chevalier de Chas-
tellux, Count de Viomenil, Count de Saint-Simon, De Choisy, De BeVille.
Major-generals. Count de Custine, Dukede Lauzun, Duke de Laval,
Count d'Autichamps, Marquis de Rostaing.
Brigadier - generals advanced (were made brigadiers in America and
major-generals upon their return to France). De Sandrouins, d'Aboville,
Lavalette.
Brigadiers in America. Marquis de Saint-Maime, Count Chretien des
Deux-Ponts, Count de Poudens, Viscount d'Arrot, Viscount de Rocham-
beau, Count Guillaume des Deux-Ponts, Viscount de Noailles, Count de
Charlus, Count Flechin, Robert Dillon, Querenet de la Combe of the
Engineers, Count de Segur, Count Fersen, Prince de Broglie, Scheldon,
Count de Damas, Count de Vauban, Marquis de Champcenets.
All served in America, with the grade of colonel, in that part of the
army of ROCHAMBEAU included in the detachment which came from Santo
Domingo to the siege of Yorktown.
Lafayette. Marquis de Lafayette, not being an officer of the French
but of the Continental army, was not a member of the French Society of
the Cincinnati.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 38
594 The French Society of the Cincinnati
ROCHAMBEAU REPORTS PERMISSION
Upon the receipt of authority Count DE ROCHAMBEAU called his former
officers in America together to inform them of the King's permission. This
fact he conveyed to" the minister of war.
' ' PARIS, January 7, 1784.
"MONSEiGNEUR: 1 have read fo-day to the generals and colonels who
served under my order in America the letter which you have done me the
honor to write to me, conveying the permission of His Majesty to unite with
the association which has been formed under the name ' Cincinnati. '
"There has been raised a subscription, voluntary and unanimous, the
condition of which I have the honor to set before you. The aim which
we have in view, being the perpetuation of the union which His Majesty
has formed between the two nations, by uniting in the relief of the dis
tressed officers of the American army with which we have served, I hope
that he will not disapprove of a sum so moderate from his Kingdom for a
purpose so laudable. ' '
THE KING APPROVES
He received a prompt and special reply that the King approved of his
course.
SUBSCRIPTION OF THE FRENCH SOCIETY
The following amounts were voluntarily subscribed by the French officers,
to be deposited with M. de Baulny, former treasurer of the army, to be
placed at the disposition of the general Society of the Cincinnati, in order
to cooperate with the generous purposes of its institution :
Francs
M. M. Le Comte de ROCHAMBEAU, L. G. C 6, ooo
Le Baron de Viomenil, L. G 3, ooo
Le Chevalier de Chastellux, M. D. C 2, ooo
Le Marquis de Saint-Simon, M. D. C 2, ooo
Le Comte de Viomenil, M. D. C 2, ooo
De Choisy, M. D. C 2,1300
De Bdville, M. D. C
Le Comte de Custine, M. D. C 2, ooo
Le Due de Lauzun, M. D. C 2, ooo
Le Due de Laval, M. D. C : 2, ooo
Le Comte D'Autichamps, M. D. C .
Le Marquis de Rostaing, M. D. C 2, ooo
Desaudrouins, B
D' Aboville, B v . i, 500
La Vallette, B i, 500
Le Comte Saint-Maime, C i, ooo
The French Society of the Cincinnati 595
Francs
L,e Comte Chrestien de Deux-Ponts, C
L,e Comte de Poudens, C i, ooo
L^e Vicomte D' Arrot, C i, ooo
L,e Comte Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, C
L,e Vicomte de Rochambeau, C i, ooo
L,e Vicomte de Noailles, C .' i, ooo
L,e Comte de Charlus, C i, ooo
I^e Comte de Flechin, C
L,e Comte Robert Dillon, C i, ooo.
Querenet de la Combe, C
Le Comte de Segur, C i, ooo
L,e Comte de Fersen, C
Ive Prince de Broglie, C i, ooo
Scheldon, C
L/e Comte de Damas, C i, ooo
L,e Comte de Vauban i, ooo
L,e Marquis de Champcenets i, ooo
NoTE. All those against whom the amounts are blank were absent, but
probably complied with the resolution.
BOUGAINVIIJ,E RECEIVES A BADGE
In the following communication Bougainville, commander of L,e Guemer,
asks permission to accept a badge sent him in the name of the American
army.
[Translation.]
"HENNEBON, February 2, 1787.
f ' I have the honor to inform you I have received by the last courier the
badge of the association of the Cincinnati, which has been sent to me in
the name of the American army by M. M. , the general and* superior offi
cers of the United States, who are now in Paris. This decoration is in con
sideration of having served and commanded, in my rank of brigadier of
infantry, a detacnment composed of the troops of the two nations during
the campaign, under the orders of Count D'Estaing. I ask you, Monseig-
neur, to obtain from the King his approval to wear a mark of esteem which
flatters me beyond my merit, but which I desire to share with the rank of
a general officer of the marine, and with the captains of the vessels with
which I have participated in duty on the American coast."
PERMITTED
The minister promptly responded to M. de Bougainville that the King
had given general permission to associate themselves with the order of the
"Cincinnati," that the Count D'Estaing and Count DE ROCHAMBEAU had
been charged to report admissions to the order and other objects of the
organization, of which the King had taken cognizance. * * *
596 The French Society of the Cincinnati
WASHINGTON AGAIN WRITES TO ROCHAMBEAU DECLINING FRENCH
SUBSCRIPTIONS
In the following letter General Washington covers all information to
date concerning the society:
" PHILADELPHIA, May 75, 1784.
" The letters with which you have honored the Society of the Cincinnati
have been read with attention and the different subjects examined with
the most respectful consideration.
"It is an agreeable circumstance to the society that the Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU has become a member and interested himself in its repu
tation.
' ' The very generous subscriptions made by the gentlemen of the French
army merit our fullest recognition, but as that is incompatible with the
spirit of the confederation and contrary to the original intention of this
society to receive sums of money from foreign nations, although allied,
we believe that these gentlemen will not consider it as a want of our
affection for them if we are obliged to refuse.
' ' The request of Count de Lilancourt will be fully accorded the exact
sense of the institution which admits all the officers of his rank who have
cooperated with the armies of the United States, and the Count L,ilan-
court has manifestly cooperated in sending from Santo Domingo to the
continent a considerable detachment, which was under his orders, at the
risk of events which might have occurred. It is for that reason the opinion
of the society that Count de I/ilancourt is a member by right.
" It is not in the power of this assembly of the society to determine the
justice of all the demands which have been made. It is for that reason
they are submitted to the assembly of the society in France in order to be
taken into consideration. The different memoranda, requests, and letters
relative to the demands will be transmitted to the society in France, with
a copy of the institution as it has been corrected and a letter communi
cating the reasons of these alterations.
" Signed in the general assembly."
D'ESTAING'S APPROVAL
From Philadelphia, May 15, 1784, General Washington in reply to a letter
dated the Christmas day preceding, from Count d'Estaing, after expres
sions of tender emotion for the kindness of mention for his ' ' person and
character," feels himself happy that the Count "countenances with so
much cordiality the association (Cincinnati) formed by the officers of the
American army, a bond of cement, * * * to render durable and
permanent those mutual friendships and connections which have happily
taken root between the officers of your army and ours. ' '
The French Society of the Cincinnati 597
ADDITIONAL LIST OF OFFICERS
TO BE PROPOSED FOR ADMISSION UNDER THE REGULATION OF THE
GENERAL SOCIETY ON MAY 15, 1784
Le Baron de 1'Estrade M. de MacMahon
Le Chevalier de Lameth Le Chevalier de Tarle"
Charles Malo Frar^ois de Lameth Le Comte de Loncenil
M. de Tarle" Le Comte de Chabannes
M. de Menouville Le Baron d'Esebeck
Le Baron de Saint-Simon M. d'Anselme
Le Chevalier de Mirabeau M. de Rickey
Boniface Riguetti M. Lynch
M. de Montesquieu Le Vicomte de Vaudreuil
Le Vicomte Dosmond Le Vicomte de Fleury
These two officers as well as M. M. de Rickey and De MacMahon took
part in several actions of the frigate Eagle, and behaved with valor.
This 23 August, 1784.
LE COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU.
Supplement of two officers who have verified their right to join the order
under the new rule of the general society August 15, 1784:
Goulet de la Jour Marquis de Montmort
COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.
ROCHAMBEAU CHIEF IN EUROPE
Then follows project of a letter which M. le Marshal de Castrie pro
posed to write to Count d'Estaing, in reply to one from the Marshal in
reference to the determination of the officers for admission, intimating
that Count ROCHAMBEAU is considered by General Washington as the chief
of the association in Europe.
ADDITIONAL ADMISSIONS
In the general assembly of the Cincinnati Saturday, May 15, 1784
"Resolved, That the officers of the army of His Most Christian Majesty
on land and sea who have served in America, and who have been prom
ised rank of colonel for their services in that country, be included in the
institution of the Cincinnati as revised and amended.
' ' GENERAL WASHINGTON, President. ' '
In the general assembly of the society Monday, May 17, 1784
"Resolved, That M. de Tarle", intendant and second officer of the
French auxiliary army, and Chevalier de Lameth, colonel by brevet;
also Count Sonneville, Count de la Touche, Count Kergariou, Chevalier de
598 The French Society of the Cincinnati
I'Eguille, Chevalier du Quesne, Count de Trevalais, Chevalier Maulevner,
Chevalier de Vallogne, Count Capellis, and Chevalier de la Perouse.
"Captains and commandants of vessels and frigates of the French
marine employed in special service on the American coasts, and who are
particularly mentioned by his excellency the minister of France, have a
right and in the spirit and intention of the institution to become members
of the Society of the Cincinnati.
"GENERAL, WASHINGTON, President."
WASHINGTON REPORTS ALTERATIONS
General Washington, in a letter to Count D'Estaing and Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU, dated Philadelphia, May 17, 1784, says, "We, the delegates
of the Cincinnati, having judged it well to make several essential altera
tions and corrections in our institution, and having believed it our duty
to communicate the reasons for them in 'a circular addressed to the State
societies, we transmit to you for your information a copy of this letter
with one of the constitution as it has been altered and corrected. Con
vinced of having acted with prudence dictated by love of country, we are
persuaded that you will be satisfied of the justice of our course when you
are informed our action was occasioned by the conviction that some things
contained in our original system might be fortuitously productive of con
sequences which we would not approve, also in keeping with sentiments
which apparently prevail among our citizens.
" Under these circumstances we considered it would not be a proof of
magnanimity to persist in a thing which might be onerous or contrary
to the views of the community in which the society exists.
#%.;:;:.*-.'..,*#"'.'*
"For us, then, it is enough that our beneficent designs to assist the unfor
tunate be not frustrated ; that our friendships also be innumerable as
they are sincere, and of which you have received marks with so much
sensibility.
"For you Messieurs, it will suffice that your merits and services are
ineffaceably impressed upon all the hearts of the entire nation, that your
names and action can never be effaced from memory.
' ' Cherishing such sentiments and reciprocating your affectionate regard,
we ask you to have the goodness to believe. that although nothing could
be added to our friendship and veneration, nevertheless by your order and
your association with us you have effectually established between us most
strongly, indissoluble ties."
TO ACT FOR- THEMSELVES
In a letter, Philadelphia, May 17, 1787, General Washington transmits
to Count DE ROCHAMBEAU official letters and other proceedings of the
general assembly of the society for his consideration. Those who consti-
The French Society of the Cincinnati 599
tute the society in France he thought should decide for themselves upon
the claims of their compatriots upon the principles of the institution as it
has been revised.
On July 26, 1784, Count DE ROCHAMBEAU transmitted to the minister of
war translations of the letters he had received from General Washington
and the resolutions of the society at its meeting in the previous May, with
an abstract of corrections made at the first institution relative to the attack
received in the State legislatures, remarking, ' ' There are two articles which
interest the nation and merit your attention.
"The first, which invites the French society to assemble to elect members
and form rules analagous to the principles of our government.
"The second, which gives an extension to their first resolution in favor of
the generals and colonels of the French corps and unite under it all the
officers of the land and sea brevetted and having the rank of colonel who
have received this grade on account of service in America.
"The general society in consequence of this article refers to me all the
claims which have been examined and allowed by the said French society
in consequence of the new resolutions of the general society.
" 1 am of the opinion that General Washington has sent the requests of
the marine to Count D'Estaing.
" I do not presume His Majesty will wish to perpetuate a foreign society
in his Kingdom, therefore I anticipate the reply to this article will be
negative.
" It appears, however, suitable that His Majesty permit Count D'Estaing
and myself concurrently and separately to assemble for one time only the 1
members of the society, in order to examine all the requests which have
been sent by the General, and allow those which conform to the new rules
and take such action as to include officers entitled to consideration in
order to cut short all subsequent solicitation.
"There are a number of such cases sent me, such as of Chevalier
Lamette, Baron de 1'Estrade, etc., which I shall have the honor to send
to you upon my return, a list in exact accordance with the terms of the
general society of May 15 last.
" You will see, Monseigneur, that the general society politely refuses the
subscriptions of the sums which we have believed our duty to offer, w r ith
the result that we had pleasure' in making the offer and still better for
them to refuse."
The Count adds that he had sent copies of the dispatch of a political
character to Count de Vergennes, with whom he (the minister of war) had
conferred. He expected his orders to regulate his conduct, and had no
doubt that Count d'Estaing had taken those of Marshal de Castries.
6oo The French Society of the Cincinnati
D'ESTAING SOLICITS AUTHORITY
Count d'Estaing, in a letter to ROCHAMBEAU for the Society of the Cin
cinnati, dated Paris, August 19, 1784, asks the necessary authority to inform
Marquis d'Hervilly, Edouard Dillon, M. O. Moran, Marquis de Fontenil-
les, and Baron Choin, that the Count permit, in consequence of the decision
of the King and resolve of the general assembly of May 15, 1784, these
officers to accept the decorations of the Society of the Cincinnati. He
adds that Marshal Castries authorized him to inform Viscount de Fon-
tagne, colonel at Santo Domingo, he might accept the decoration of the
society.
D'ESTAING 's LIST
The decision asked by M. d'Estaing, and submitted to the minister of
war for the admission of the officers who had been decorated and wished
authorization, included the following:
M. le Marquis d'Hervilly M. le Count Edouard Dillon
M. O. Moran, colonel M. le Marquis Fontenilles, colonel
M. le Baron de Choin, colonel
Le Comte de Fontagne, colonel com
mandant
Paris, August 19, 1784.
ESTAING.
LIMIT TO THE SOCIETY
Marshal de Castries, from Versailles, August 27, 1784, wrote to Marshal
de Segur that he adopted his opinion respecting putting limit to the
Cincinnati Society and the proposed response of Counts D'Estaing and
ROCHAMBEAU.
MORE NAMES
On August 31, 1784, Count DE ROCHAMBEAU wrote to the secretary of
war announcing, after three verifications he had forgotten another candi
date for the society, Count Henry de Saint-Simon, who served at the siege
of Yorktown in the Regiment de Touraine, forming part of the corps of his
cousin (he was made colonel, January i, 1783), and asked acceptance of
him.
Duke de Fleury, from Au Plessis aux Tournelles near Provins, Septem
ber, 1784, having been informed of the permission obtained by Count DE
ROCHAMBEAU from the King for the Count Fleury, his son, to wear the
decoration of the Society of the Cincinnati, expressed his thanks.
Marshal de Castries requested Marshal de Segur to communicate the
letter he received from Count DE ROCHAMBEAU, in order to authorize
the land officers to become members of the Association of the Cincinnati.
The French Society of the Cincinnati 6ci
OMITTED NAMES
"We do not find," adds Girardot, " the name of M. de Tallyrand," and
gives a letter from Viomenil, Boston, December 4, 1782, rendering an
account of services of Count Bozon de Tallyrand marching into Boston in
the front rank of a company of chasseurs of the Regiment de Soissonnais
with a rifle on his shoulder, under the name Va de bon Cceur. Viomenil
asks the marquis to request His Majesty not to disapprove, that he had
him as his aid-de-camp.
CAMEO FOR WASHINGTON
Girardot refers to the society having given to Washington as a Cincin
nati an antique cameo mounted on a ring 30 millimeters (ly 1 ^ inches) wide
and 25 high (i inch), representing two personages. Nevertheless the
American hero gave this ring, a souvenir of the Cincinnati, to Kosciusko,
who had served as his aid-de-camp during the war for independence.
Kosciusko in turn gave it as a present to Baron de Girardot, who served in
the Polish Light Cavalry of the Imperial Guard, and by him it was left to
his son.
SWEDEN'S KING OBJECTS
The King of Sweden declined to permit his subjects who were officers in
the French army, and who had served in America, to wear the Order
of the "Cincinnati," regarding the institution as having a republican
tendency not suited to his Government.
In a letter of August 20, 1784, from Mount Vernon to Count DE ROCHAM-
BEAU, Washington commenting on this, wrote sarcastically: " Considering
how recently the King of Sweden has changed the form of government of
that country, it is not so much to be wondered at that his fear should get the
better of his liberality as to anything which might have the semblance of
republicanism, but when it is further considered how few of his nation
had or could have a right to the order I think he might have suffered
his complaisance to overcome them."
WASHINGTON DECORATION
The decoration worn by Washington was given to General Lafayette,
according to Girardot, who says:
"This decoration, in gold enamel, is encircled with a crown of laurel
which sustains two cornucopias entwined, from which fruit is falling, and
which are themselves suspended to a ribbon by an oblong ring formed of
two braids joined together.
"The American eagle, wings spread, occupies the middle of the crown,
and carries a shield on each side. The inscription of the reverse: Soci.
cin. rum. inst. A. D. 1783, virt. prae.
602 The French Society of the Cincinnati
"The figures of these shields " says he, "are in dull gold, the ground in
enamel, and the lower ground in flesh-colored enamel, the ribbon is moire
(watered silk)."
THE WASHINGTON "ORDER"
The members of the French branch of the Society of the Cincinnati
presented to Washington an order, set with about 200 gems, costing
$3,000. The eagle and group of military trophies were covered with dia
monds. The olive leaves attached to the eagle were emeralds; the berries
were rubies and the beak of the eagle an amethyst.
Washington, highly appreciating this testimonial of friendship, pre
sented the order to the General Society of the Cincinnati. It has since
been worn by the president-general at its meetings.
With the order was sent a remembrance from the French officers for
General Washington and his wife, consisting of two superb dinner sets of
Sevres china, specially executed for them by the most skilled artisans
and decorators.
In- the set for .the general each piece displayed wreaths of leaves,
scrolls, and Fame sounding a trumpet and holding in the other hand the
order of the Cincinnati.
That. for Mrs. Washington was of more delicate tint. Each piece bore
the initials M. W., the monogram of Martha Washington, surrounded by
a wreath of olive and laurel. Beneath was a ribbon bearing the legend
" Decus et tuta men abillo." From the wreath radiated rays of gold.
Around the outside of each cup and covered dish, and on the rim of each
plate, saucer, and open vessel, in soft colors, was represented a chain of 13
large and 13 small elliptical links, within each link was inscribed the
name of a State of the Union.
There exists in the files of the secretary-general of the Society of the
Cincinnati a large number of letters from Count DE ROCHAMBEAU to Presi
dent-General Washington and to former Secretary-General Maj. Gen.
Henry Knox, Secretary of War, also a complete record of ROCHAMBEAU'S
military career.
At the Chateau de Rochambeau, Thore, Loir et Cher, France, in a glass
case are preserved Marshal ROCHAMBEAU'S eagle of the Order of the
Cincinnati and his cross of the Royal and Military Order of St. L,ouis.
THE "MIRABEAU CONSIDERATIONS"
The " Considerations on the Order of the Cincinnatus, by the Count de
Mirabeau" (and Sebastian Roche Nicolas Chamfort) are comprised in 79
octavo pages, with 27 pages of notes and illustrations referred to in the
text.
The French Society of the Cincinnati 603
The work itself is interesting if not convincing. The notes and illustra
tions contain much striking but poorly applied information of historical
and reminiscent value.
A translation of the Mirabeau " Considerations," etc., made in London,
1785, when the humiliation of the American war was still a source of
national and individual irritation, starts off with a brief introduction, quite
in keeping with the tone and phrasing of the original.
An American edition of this translation with a postscript was run off in
Philadelphia in the same controversial spirit.
The "Considerations" it was later shown were written at the sugges
tion of Doctor Franklin, still in Europe, after the negotiation of the defini
tive treaty of peace with Great Britain, and at the time ( 1784) concluding a
treaty with Prussia. Mirabeau at the moment was leading a stormy sort
of Bohemian life in Francej Germany, and England, depending upon his
wits in all sorts of schemes and a full score of intrigues. The work was
unworthy of his undoubted gifts.
As a reflex of the views of Franklin the "Considerations" were impoiv
tant, sufficiently so for Mr. Jefferson, the American envoy at Paris, to send
a copy to General Washington, who referred to the subject in a letter.
A few extracts from this fact may be interesting, particularly as they
throw light on the republican tendencies and mode of reasoning, undoubt
edly stimulated by the return of the French tropps after their experiences
in America.
"At the close of the eighteenth century," says the author, "at the very
moment when America seemed to open an asylum to mankind, and when
a revolution, the most astonishing, and perhaps the first which philosophy
can approve, fixes the attention of all nations upon the other .hemisphere,
the Society of the Cincinnati is established throughout the whole continent
of America without the slightest opposition either on the part of the Con
gress, which represents and rules the American Confederation, or on the
part of any of the United States or any body of men in any one of those
States, nay, without a single individual's daring to make the smallest ob
servation to his fellow citizens upon an order perfectly new in its kind and
which must infallibly and speedily change the face of the country which
gives it birth."
K * * * *
"Thus the man of the people and of the army, General Washington, is
already an honorary member (president) of the order, which to guard its
existence no doubt from attacks, solicits recruits and supporters in all the
monarchies of Europe."
* * * * *
"Military force has been the sole object of their thoughts because it was
the mighty instrument of their projects; with this in view it was that the
inheritance was reserved to none but military men.
604 The French Society of the Cincinnati
"Thus did the patriocrate grow upon Rome, an institution as much in
ferior to the institution of the Cincinnati as the chiefs of banditti, living
upon plunder and building hovels upon the soil where Rome now stands,
were inferior to a body of such illustrious commanders as Greene, Gates,
Moultrie, Wayne and many others who have been intrusted with the de
fense and political interests of a mighty nation, well seen in all the arts of
war and peace and maintaining from the first hour of its political existence
a distinguished rank amidst the powers of the earth."
* # * * %
The Count Mirabeau then proceeds to elaborate his style of reasoning
with much applied simile in pleasing diction from Roman mediaeval
and modern sources, including the Constitution of the United States and
the terms of the institution of the '.'Society of the Cincinnati."
The Count's argument might have been straight had his hypotheses
been parallel. At the time of its issue it created quite a stir in court and
, military circles and gave rise to speculation and correspondence generally.
The objection which many saw in the hereditary features was eradicated.
The institution, after many vicissitudes through upward of a century,
thrives an honored reminiscence, stimulating the spirit of patriotism and
vicing in commemorative works.
In a reply to a letter from Samuel Vaughan, November 9, 1785, General
Washington in acknowledging a copy of Count de Mirabeau's " Consider
ations on the Order of Cincinnati," had this to say:
" I thought, as most others seemed to think, that all the exceptionable
parts of that institution had been done away with at the last general meet
ing, but with those who are disposed to cavil or who have the itch of
writing strongly upon them, nothing can be made to suit their palates.
The best way therefore to disconcert and defeat them is to take no notice
of their publication. All else is but food for declaration.
"There is not, I conceive, an unbiased mind that would refuse officers
of the late army the right of association for the purpose of establishing a
fund for the support of the poor and distressed of their fraternity, when
many of them it is well known are reduced to their last shifts by the un
generous conduct of their country in not adopting more vigorous measures
to render their certificates productive. That charity is all that remains of
the original institution none who will be at the trouble of examining it
can deny."
MIRABEAU ANSWERED
On May 15, 1787, General Washington mentions in his diary dining
with the members of the General Society of Cincinnati in Philadelphia.
Mr. Jefferson, then minister to France, had sent to him an extract from
the "Encyclopedic," purporting to give an account of the Society of the
Cincinnati.
The French Society of the Cincinnati 605
In a letter to Mr. Jefferson, of May 30, 1787, he pays his compliments
in a general way to the comments in the "Encyclopedic," observing,
' ' Nothing can be more ridiculous than the supposition of the author
that the society was instituted partly because the country could not then
pay the army, except the assertion that the United States have now made
full and competent provisions for paying not only the arrearages due to the
officers, but the half pay or commutation at their option, whence the author
deduces an argument for its dissolution. Though I conceive this never
had anything to do with the institution, yet the officers in most of the
States, who never have received nor I believe expect to receive one farth
ing of the principal or interest, would be much obliged to the author to
convince them how and when they received a compensation for their
services."
The General then gives an account of his connection with the society
posterior to its first formation, and his acceptance of the presidency after
the amendments of the first general meeting in 1784, especially after the
canceling of the hereditary features had been approved by "the most
respectable characters in the country."
The following officers of foreign countries held general rank in the
Continental army under commissions from Congress:
Name.
Date.
Country.
MAJOR-GENERALS.
Lafayette
July 31 1777
France
Do
Baron de Kalb
Sept 15, 1777
Do
Dec 13 I77S
Do
Chevalier Duportail
Nov. 16, 1781
Do.
May 5 1778
Prussia
BRIGADIER-GENERALS.
Baron Steuben
Mar. 16, 1776
Prussia
M A Roche de Fernay . . . .
Nov 5 1776
France
Chevalier Deborre
Apr. 11,1777
Do.
Thomas Con way
May 13 1777
Do .
Count Pulaski
Sept 15 1777
Poland
Chevalier Duportail
Nov 17 1777
France.
M de la Neuville (brevet)
Oct 14 1778
Do
Marquis de la Rouerie Armand
Mar. 26, 1783
Do.
Thaddeus Kosciusko (brevet)
Oct 13 1783
Poland
LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO THE FRENCH ALLIANCE IN THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Compiled by A. P. C. GRIFFIN, Chief Bibliographer Library of Congress
AFFAIRES de 1'Angleterre et de l'Ame*rique. [t. 1-15.]
Anvers, i776-\J9\- 15 vols. in 17. Tables. 8.
BAI,CH, Elise Willing. Marquis de Fleury, lieutenant-colonel in the
Continental army.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. i, Dec., 1877, pp. 724-726.)
BAI,CH, Thomas. Les Franfais en Ame'rique pendant la guerre de 1'inde 1 -
pendance des Etats-Unis, 1777-1783.
Paris: A. Sauton ; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott \etc.~}, 1872. viii,
237pp. Plates. Portraits. Folded map. 8.
- The French in America during the war of independence of the
United States, 1777-1783. A translation ... of Les Franfais en
Amerique pendant la guerre de 1'independance des Etats-Unis.
Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1891-1895. 2 vols. Portrait. Folded
maps. 8.
Vol. i translated by Thomas Willing Balch; v. 2, by Edwin Swift Balch
and Elise Willing Balch.
BEAUMARCHAIS, Pierre Augustin Caron de. Memoires.
Paris: Furne, 1826. 2 vols. 8. (CEuvres completes de Beaumar-
chais, vol. 4-5. )
BIRON, [Armand Louis de Gontaut] due de Lauzun, afterwards due de.
Lettres sur les Etats ge'ne'raux de 1789, ou Detail des stances de
1'assemblee de la noblesse et des trois ordres, du 4 mai au 15
novembre, par le due de Biron, due de Lauzun: pre'ce'de'es d'une
notice historique sur Biron et publie"es par Maistre de Roger de la
Lande.
Paris: Me Bachelin-Deflorenne, 1865. xxii, (*), 68, (/) pp. Por
trait. 12.
- Memoires de M. le due de Lauzun.
Paris: Chez Barrois, Vaine, 1822. (2), xx, 399 pp. 12.
- Same. 2. e"d.
Paris: Chez Barrois, Paine, 1822. 2 vols. 24.
607
608 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
BIRON, [Armand Louis de Gontaut] due de Lauzun, afterwards due de.
Memoires du due de Lauzun (1747-1783). Public's entierement
conformes au manuscrit, avec une e*tude sur la vie de 1'auteur.
2. ed. sans suppressions et augmentee d'une preface et de notes
nouvelles par Louis Lacour.
Paris: Poulet-Malassis et de Broise, 1838. (4), Ixvii, 409, (2) pp.
12.
- Narrative of the Duke de Lauzun. Translated for the magazine.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, Jan., 1881, pp. 51-53.)
BI^ANCHARD, Claude. Guerre d'Ame'rique, 1780-1783. Journal de cam-
pagne.
Paris: L. Baudoin & tie, 1881. 134 pp. 8.
- The journal of Claude Blanchard, commissary of the French aux
iliary army sent to the United States during the American revolu
tion. 1780-1783. Translated from a French manuscript, by
William Duane, and edited by Thomas Balch.
Albany: J. Munsell, 1876. xvi, 207 pp. .8.
The journal of the campaign of Claude Blanchard, commissary-
general to the auxiliary troops sent to America under the com
mand of Lieutenant-General the Count de Rochambeau. 1780-
1783-
(In Catholic world, vol. n, Sept., 1870, pp. 787-800.)
Translated from the Revue militaire francaise.
BRISSOT DE W^RViUvE, J[ean] P[ierre]. A critical examination of the
marquis de Chatellux's [sic] Travels, in North' America, in a letter
addressed to the marquis ; principally intended as a refutation of
his opinions concerning the Quakers, the negroes, the people, and
mankind. Tr. from the French, with additions and corrections
of the author.
Philadelphia : J. James [printer] , 1788. ( 2 ) , 89 pp . 8'
- De la France et des Etats-Unis ; ou, De 1'importance de la re*vo-
lution de I'Ame'rique pour le bonheur de la France ; des rapports
de ce royaume et des Etats-Unis, des avantages re"ciproques qu'ils
peuvent retirer de leurs liaisons de commerce, et enfin de la
situation actuelle des Etats-Unis. Par E. Claviere, et J. P. Brissot
(Warville). Nouv. eU
[Paris: Buisson, 1791. ~} (4], 448 pp. 8. (In his Nouveau voyage
dans les Etats-Unis. Paris, 1791. v. 3.)
Half-title.
- Examen critique des voyages dans TAm^rique Septentrionale, de
M. le marquis deChatellux [sic]; ou, Lettre . . . dans laquelle on
refute principalement ses opinions sur les Quakers, sur les negres,
sur le peuple, et sur l'homme.
A Londres, 1786. (4), 143 pp. 8.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 609
BROGUE, Victor-Claude, prince de. Journal du voyage du Prince de
Broglie, Colonel en second du Regiment de Saintonge aux Etats-
Unis d'Amerique et dans I'Amerique du Sud, 1782-1783.
(In Socit6 des bibliophiles franois. Melanges, 2. partie, pp. 13-148,
Paris, 1903. 8.)
Narrative of the Prince de Broglie, 1782. Translated from the
original MS., by B. W. Balch.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. i, Mar., 1877, pp. 180-186; Apr.,
1877, pp. 231-235; May, 1877, pp. 306-309; June, 1877, pp. 374~3 80 -)
Translation of "Journal du voyage du Prince de Broglie," published
in Melanges publics par la Socit des bibliophiles francois (deuxime
partie). 1903.
A pen portait of Washington. Fragments from the journal of
Prince de Broglie. Tr. by Horatio King.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 26, Dec., 1891, pp. 439-442.)
BYRN, Edward W. The unveiling of the Rochambeau statue.
(In Scientific American, n. s., vol. 86, May 31, 1902, pp. 378-379.)
CAMBON, Jules Martin. France and the United States; essays and
addresses.
New York: D. Appleton and company r , 1903. vi y go pp. 8.
"France and American independence," pp. 74-79 ; "Unveiling of the
statue of Marshal de Rochambeau," pp. 80-83.
CAMPBEI/IV, Charles A. Rochambeau's headquarters in Westchester
county, N. Y., 1781.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 4, Jan., 1880, pp. 45-48.)
CELESTE, Raymond. Un petit-fils de Montesquieu en Ame"rique.
Bordeaux: Impr. G. Gounouilhou, 1902. jo, (2) pp Portrait. 8.
"Extraitdela Revue philomathique de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest, 5*
anne, 11 12, i er d6cembre 1902."
Better of Baron Montesquieu to M. Latapie, dated from Newport, 29
January 1781, p. 18-24.
CHASTEi/iyUX, [Franois Jean], marquis de. Travels in North-America,
in the years 1 780, 1 78 1, and 1782, by the marquis deChastellux . . .
Tr. from the French by an English gentleman, who resided in
America at that period. With notes by the translator.
London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1787. 2 vols. Folded plate.
Folded maps. 8.
Travels in North- America, in the years 1780-81-82 by the mar
quis de Chastellux ... Tr. from the French, by an English gen
tleman, who resided in America at that period. With notes by
the translator. Also a biographical sketch of the author; letters
from Gen. Washington to the marquis de Chastellux, and notes
and corrections by the American editor.
New York, 1828. 416 pp. 8.
Voyage de Newport a Philadelphie, Albany, etc.
Newport, R. I.: De Vimprimerie Roy ale de VEscadre, 1781. 188 pp.
8.
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 39
6io List of Works Relating to French Alliance
CHASTEI<I,UX, [Francois Jean], marquis de. Voyage de Mr. le chevalier
de Chastellux en AmeVique.
[Cosset], 1785. 228 pp. 1 6.
Voyages de M. le marquis de Chastellux dans 1'Am^rique Septen-
trionale dans les anne"es 1780, 1781 & 1782.
Paris: Prault, 1786. 2 vols. Folded maps. 12.
CHOTTEAU, L,e"on. I/a guerre de 1'independance (1775-1783); les Franais
en Amerique; avec une preface par M. Edouard Laboulaye.
Paris: Charpentier et tie , 1876. 4, x, (2), 438 pp. 12.
CIRCOURT, Adolphe, comte de. France and the United States. Historical
review.
Boston: Press of J. Wilson and son, 1877. 55 Pp.- 12.
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Massachusetts historical society,
vol. 15.
The French original was published as an appendix to vol. 2 of ' Histoire
de 1'action commune de la France et de I'Amerique pour 1'inde'pendance
des Etats-Unis, par George Bancroft," Paris, 1876.
CI/ARK, Richard H. France's aid to America in the War of Independ
ence.
(In American Catholic quarterly review, vol. 22, Apr., 1897, pp. 399-423.)
CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. Journals of Congress: containing their pro
ceedings from September 5, 1774, to [November 3, 1788]. Pub
lished by authority.
From FolwelPs press, Philadelphia, 1800-1801. 13 vols. 8.
Journals of Congress, containing the proceedings from Sept. 5,
1774, to Nov. 3, 1788. 2d ed.
Washington: Way & Gideon, 1823. 4 vols. 8.
An edition of the Journals printed from the original MSS. is in course of
publication by the library of Congress. Six volumes have been pub
lished, covering the years 1774-1776.
Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the
first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation by
the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. [1775-
1788.]
Boston: T. B. Wait, 1821. 4 vols. 8.
CONWAY, Moncure D. French aid to America in the War of Indeperd-
ence.
(In The Athenaeum, I,ondon, Mar. 10, 1900, pp. 305-307.)
CORNWAI.US, Charles [Cornwallis] ist marquis. Correspondence of
Charles, first marquis Cornwallis. Ed. with notes, by Charles
Ross.
London: J. Murray, 1859. j vols. Portrait. 2 folded maps. Folded
genealogical table. 8.
The French alliance with America, vol. i, pp. 32, 34, 50, 87, 115, 117, 121,
122, 123, 125, 132, 133, 512.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 611
CROMOT DUBOURG, Marie-Franfois-Joseph-Maxime, baron. Diary of a
French offiper. 1781. (Presumed to be that of Baron Cromot Du
Bourg, aid to ROCHAMBEAU.) From an unpublished manuscript.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 4, March, 1880, pp. 205-214; April
1880, pp. 293-308; May, 1880, pp. 376-385; June, 1880, pp. 441-449; vol. 7, Oct.
1881, pp. 283-295.)
CUMMING, W. J. French hill and the tradition of the French in North
ern Westchester.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 5, Dec., 1880, pp. 442-445. Charts.)
DEANE, Silas. An address to the United States of North-America. To
which is added, a letter to the Hon. Robert Morris, esq. with
notes and observations.
London, yrintde: New-London [Conn.] Reprinted and sold by T.
Green, 1784. 38 pp. 12.
A defence of the author's conduct during his mission to France. Dated,
lyOndon, August 10, 1783.
Also published the same year in abridged form, without the appended
documents, under title: An address to the free and independent citizens
of the United States of North-America.
An address to the United States of North America. To which is
added, a letter to the Hon. Robert Morris, esq., with notes and
observations.
London: Printed f or J. Debrett, 1784. (4], 95 pp. 8.
A defence of the author's conduct during his mission to France. Dated,
L,ondon, August io, 1783.
Also published the same year in abridged form, without the appended
documents, under title: An address to the free and independent citizens
of the United States of North America.
An address to the free and independent citizens of the United
States of North-America.
Hartford: Printed by Hudson & Goodwin, 1784. 30 pp. 12.
Relates to his conduct while commissioner of the United States in
France. Dated, London, August io, 1783. Appendix dated, Condon,
. , '- Oct. 12, 1783.
Also published the same year in more extended form, with appended
documents, under title: An address to the United States of North America.
The Deane papers . . . i774-[iybi].
[New York: Printed for the Society, 1887-1890.'} $vols. Portrait.
8. (Nezu York historical society. Collections . . . Publication
fund series, v. xix-xxiii. )
CONTENTS. v. i. Biographical notice of S. Deane. By C. Isham. The
Deane papers. 1774-1777. v. 2. 1777-1778.%'. 3. 1778-1779. v. 4. 1779-
1781. v. 5. 1782-1790.
DEUX-PONTS, Guillaume, comte de. My campaigns in America: a journal
kept by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-81. Translated from
the French manuscript, with an introduction and notes, by
Samuel Abbott Green.
Boston: J. K. Wiggin & W. P. Lunt, 1868. xvi, (2), 176 pp. 8.
French text followed by English translation.
612 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
DONIOI,, Henri, i. e. Jean Henri Antoine. Histoire de la participation de
la France a l'e"tablissement des Btats-Unis d'Ame'rique. Corre-
spondance diplomatique et documents.
Paris: hnprimerie nationale, 1886-1892. 5 vols. Plates. Portraits.
F.
Complement du tome 5.
Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1899. (4], ii, 259-397 pp. F-
DURAND, John, ed. and tr. New materials for the history of the Ameri
can revolution; tr. frorii documents in the French archives.
New York: H. Holt & co., 1889. vi, (2), 311 pp. 12.
FEI/TMAN, William. The journal of lyieut. William Feltman, of the First
Pennsylvania regiment, 1781-82. Including the march into Vir
ginia and the siege of Yorktown.
Philadelphia: Pub. for the Historical society of Pennsylvania, by H. C.
Baird, 1853. 48 pp. 8.
FERRIERE, James L. The Prince de Broglie in America.
(In lyippincott's magazine, vol. 28, Nov., 1881, pp. 462-472.)
FERSEN, Count.
(In Temple bar, vol. 55, Jan., 1879, pp. 76-90.)
Same. lyiving Age, vol. 140, Feb. 8, 1879, PP- 3 6 7~375-
FERSEN, [Hans] Axel von, grefve. Diary and correspondence of Count
Axel Fersen, Grand marshal of Sweden, relating to the court
of France. Translated by Katharine P. Wormeley.
Boston: Hardy, Pratt & company, 1902. vii, (j), ^55 pp. Por
traits. 8.
" Betters to his father, 1780-1782, during the French war in North Amer
ica in aid of the Independence of the United States," pp. 21-64.
FERSEN, [Hans] Axel von, grefve. The French army in the Revolu
tionary war. Count de Fersen 's private letters to his father,
1780-81. Translated from the French by Georgine Holmes.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 25, Jan., 1891, pp. 55-70; Feb.,
1891, pp. 156-173.)
Letters of De Fersen, aid-de-camp to Rochambeau, written to his
father in Sweden 1780-1782. Translated for the magazine.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 3, April, 1879, pp. 300-309; June,
1879, pp. 369-376; July, 1879, PP- 437-448.)
FoivSOM, Albert A. Camp of the French army, Dedham, 1782.
(In Dedham historical register, vol. 12, Jan., 1901, pp. 8-10. Plan (fac
simile). Dedham, 1901. 8.)
FOSDICK, Lucien J. The French blood in America.
New York, Chicago, \etc.~\: Fleming H. Revell company, [1906].
448pp. Plates. Portraits. 8.
"America's debt to France during the Revolution." pp. 377-382.
FRANCE. Ministere des affaires etrangeres. lyes combattants francais
de la guerre americaine, 1778-1783. Listes tablies d'aprds les
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 613
documents authentiques de*pose"s aux Archives nationales et aux
Archives du Ministere de la guerre. Publie"es par les soins du
Ministere des affaires e"trangeres.
Paris: Ancienne maison Quantin, Librairies-imprimeries reunies,
Motteroz, Martinet, 1903. (4], xii, (4], 327 pp. Plates. Por
traits. F.
Introduction signed: H. Mrou, consul de France a Chicago, membre
honoraire de la Soci6t6 des Fils de la Revolution amricaine d' Illinois.
Includes a resolution of thanks by the society of the Sons of the Ameri
can Revolution for the "exceedingly advantageous and effective work . . .
accomplished in France in ascertaining the names and services of ...
French sailors and soldiers who assisted the colonists in the war of the
American Revolution."
CONTENTS. Introduction. L,istes. Marine: Escadre du comte d'Es-
taing. Escadre du comte de Grasse. Escadre des comtes de Guichen et
de Grasse. Escadre du comte de Ternay (arme de Rochambeau )Arm6e
de terre: Regiment de Bourbonnais. Regiment de Soissonnais. Rgi-
ment de Saintonge. Regiment de Royal-Deux-Ponts (officiers seulement).
Regiment d'Agnois (officiers seulement). Regiment de Gatinais. R6-
giment de Touraine. Regiment d'Hainault (un bataillon). Regiment de
Foix ( un bataillon ) . Regiment de Dillon ( officiers seulement ) . Regiment
de Walsh (officiers seulement). Regiment d'Auxonne (2* bataillon). R-
giment de Metz (2* bataillon).
FRANCE. Ministtre des affaires Hrangeres. Les combattants francais
de la guerre americaine, 1778-1783. Listes etablies d'apres les
documents authentiques deposes aux Archives nationales et aux
Archives du Ministere de la guerre. Publie"es par les soins du
ministere des affaires e"trangeres.
Washington: Imprimerie nationale, 1905. ii, 453 pp. Plates. Por
traits. F . (\_U. S.~\ $8th Congress, 2d session. Senate docu
ment 77).
Paris edition pub. 1903.
FRANKUN, Benjamin. The complete works of Benjamin Franklin,
including his . . . correspondence, and . . . letters and docu
ments . . . now for the first time printed . . . also, the unmuti-
lated and correct version of his autobiography. Compiled and
edited by John Bigelow.
New York and London: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1887-1888. 10 vols.
Plates. Portraits. 8.
Works. Containing several political and historical tracts not in
cluded in any former edition, and many letters, official and private,
not hitherto published; with notes and life, by Jared Sparks.
Boston: Hilliard Gray, and company, 1840. 10 vols. 8.
The writings of Benjamin Franklin; collected and ed., with a
life and introduction, by Albert Henry Smyth. Vols. 1-7.
New York, London: The Macmillan company, 1905-1906. 7 vols.
Portrait. 8.
614 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
FRANKUN, Benjamin. Franklin in France. A selection from Franklin's
letters, written during his stay in Paris.
Boston: Old South meeting house, 1889. 12 pp. 12. (Old South
leaflets, ?th series, no. 5. )
Caption-title.
FRENCH aid in American Independence.
(In Atlantic monthly, vol. 74, July, 1894, pp. 128-133.)
Review of Doniol's " Histoire de la participation de la France a l'ta-
blissement des IJtats-Unis d'Am6rique."
The FRENCH in Newport, 1781, 1881.
(In Newport historical magazine, vol. 2, Jan., 1882, pp. 176-178.)
GABRIEL, [Charles Nicolas]. Le marechal de camp Desandrouins, 1729-
1792; guerre du Canada 1756-1760; guerre de 1'independance
americaine, 1780-1782.
Verdun: Impr. Renve-Lallemant, 1887. (4}, viii, 416, (j) pp. 8.
GARDNER, Asa Bird, comp. Disposition and order of battle of the
allied armies on the march from Williamsburgh to the siege of
York, 27th September, 1781.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, pp. 267-268.)
GAULOT, Paul. A friend of the queen (Marie- Antoinette Count de Fer-
sen). From the French, by Mps. Cashel Hoey.
London: W. Heinemann, 1894. 2 vols. Portraits. 8.
Compiled from extracts from the papers of Count John Axel Fersen,
grand marshal of Sweden.
GREENE, George Washington. Historical view of the American revolu
tion.
Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1865. ix, (2], 459 pp. 12.
"The diplomacy of the Revolution," pp. 173-209; "The foreign element
of the Revolution," pp. 282-319.
GURNET, Rachel. The Comte de Fersen.
(In Gentleman's magazine, n. s., vol. 48, Mar., 1892, pp. 295-306.)
Same, giving Age, vol. 193, May 7, 1892, pp. 368-374.
HAI,E, Edward ^.,and Edward E. HAI.E,//'. Franklin in France. From
original documents, most of which are now published for the first
time.
Boston: Roberts brothers, 1887-1888. 2 vols. Portraits. 8.
HAivi,, William. Junction of the French and American armies at Dobbs
Ferry, 1781. From the MSS. of General William Hall.
(In The Spirit of '76, vol. 4, Aug., 1898, page 353.)
HEATH, William. Memoirs of Major-General Heath. Containing anec
dotes, details of skirmishes, battles, and other military events,
during the American war. Written by himself.
Boston: Printed by I. Thomas and E. T.Andrews, 1798. 388 pp. S.
Heath's memoirs of the American war. Reprinted from the orig
inal edition of 1798. With an introduction and notes by Rufus
Rockwell Wilson.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 615
New York: A. Wessels company, 1904. 435pp. 8. (Source books
of American history.}
Marquis de Chastellux, p. 278; Count D'Estaing, pp. 200-202, 204, 205,
207, 208, 213, 231, 235, 236, 237, 380, 412, 413; Count Deux-Ponts, p. 285; Count
de Grasse, pp. 305, 311, 315, 319, 320, 327, 332, 343, 362; Marquis de La Fayette,
pp. 208-212, 248, 259, 279, 285, 286, 288, 290; Duke de Lauzun, pp. 287, 310, 343;
Marshal de Rochambeau, pp. 257, 258, 266, 267, 270, 309, 364, 368, 369, 376;
* Chevalier de Ternay, pp. 257, 258, 266, 267, 281.
D'AUBERTEUII,, [Michel Rene"]. Essais historiques et poli-
tiques sur les Anglo- Americains.
Bruxelles, 1781-1782. 4 pts. in 2 vols. Plate. Portrait. Maps.
12.
Vol. 2 has title: Essais historiques et politiques sur la revolution de
1'Amerique Septentrionale . . . Bruxelles et se trouve a Paris, chez 1'au-
teur, 1782.
Essais historiques et politiques sur les Anglo-Americains.
Bruxelles, 1782. 4 pts. in 2 vols. Plate. Portrait. Maps. 4.
Vol. 2 has title: Essais historiques et politiques sur la revolution de
l'Amrique Septentrionale . . . Bruxelles et se trouve a Paris, chez
1'auteur, 1782.
- List of French officers who served in the American armies with
commissions from Congress prior to the treaties made between
France and the thirteen United States of America. Reprinted
from Essais historiques el [et] politiques sur la revolution de
1'Amerique, by Milliard d'Auberteuil, Paris, 1782.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 3, June, 1879, pp. 364-369.)
HYDE, M. C. Murray. The treaty of alliance with France.
(In The Spirit of '76, vol. 4, Mar., 1898, pp. 195-197.)
ISHAM, Charles. A short account of the life and times of Silas Deane.
(In American historical association. Papers, vol. 3, pp. 40-47. New
York and London, 1889. 8.)
JOBEZ, Alphonse. La France sous Louis XVI. II. Necker et la guerre
d'Ame'rique (1777-1784).
Paris: Didier et tie, 1881. vii, (/), 600 pp. 8.
[JOHNSTON, H. P.] The Franklin, Rochambeau, and Force papers.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 8, May, 1882, pp. 346-350.)
LA LuzERNE, Anne-Cesar de. Correspondence. [Sept., i779~May, 1784.]
(In Sparks, Jared. Diplomatic correspondence of the American revolu
tion, vol. 10, pp. 361-500. Boston, 1830. 8.)
LAUGEL, A. Count Fersen.
(In Nation, vol. 27, Aug. 29, 1878, pp. 128-129; Sept. 5, 1878, pp. 142-143.)
L/AURENS, John. The army correspondence of Colonel John Laurens in
the years 1777-8, now first printed from original letters to his father,
Henry Laurens, president of Congress; with a memoir by Wm.
Gilmore Simms.
New York, 1867. 'viii, \_9~\-25opp. Portrait, 4. ([Bradford club
series, no /.])
616 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
LAUZUN, Due de.
See BIRON, [Artnand Louis de Gontaut] due de Lauzun,
afterwards due de.
LAVERGNE, Le"once de. Le marquis de Chastellux.
(In Ie Correspondant, vol. 63, Dec., 1864, pp. 766-800. Paris, 1864. 8.)
The Marquis de Chastellux.
(In Catholic world, vol. i, May, 1865, pp. 181-194.)
Abridged from I<e Correspondant.
LINTII,HAC, Eugene [Francois]. Beaumarchais et ses ceuvres, precis de
sa vie et histoire de son esprit, d'apres des documents ine"dits.
Paris: Hachette & de, 1887-. , v, 447 pp. Portrait. Facsimile. 8.
LiST of French officers that served with the American army.
(In Heitman, Francis B. Historical register of officers of the Conti
nental army during the War of the kevolution, April, 1775, to December,
1783, pp. 483-509. Washington, 1893. 8.)
LODGE, Henry Cabot. Rochambeau. Address delivered at the unveiling
of the statue of the Comte de Rochambeau, Washington, May 24,
1902.
(In his Fighting frigate and other essays and addresses, pp. 291-304,
New York, 1902. 8. )
LOMENIE, Louis Leonard de. Beaumarchais and his times. Sketches of
French society in the eighteenth century from unpublished doc
uments.
London: Abbey and co., 1856. 4 vols. 12.
LOSSING, B. J. Our French allies.
(In Harper's new monthly magazine, vol. 42, Apr., 1871, pp. 753-763.)
McM ASTER, John Bach. With the fathers; studies in the history of the
United States.
New York: D. Appleton and company, 1896. ix,334pp. 12.
Contains a chapter on Franklin in France.
MASSACHUSETTS. General court. Committee on libraries. [Report rela
tive to a memorial of the Chevalier de St. Sauveiir.]
[Boston, 1905.] 24pp. 8. ([Massachusetts. General court, 1905]
Senate no. 336.}
MATHER, F. J., jr. Rochambeau.
(In The Nation, vol. 74, May 29, 1902, pp. 418-419.)
MAY, Max B[enjamin]. France, her influence and aid in our revolution
ary struggle.
[Cincinnati: University press, 1902.} 23 pp. 8. (University of
Cincinnati. Bulletin no. // . . . Publications of the University
of Cincinnati, ser. n. Vol. //.)
Bibliography, p. 23.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 617
MAYER, [Charles Joseph]. Vie publique et prive"e,de Charles Gravier,
comte de Vergennes, ministre d'etat; discours couronnd par
l'Acade"mie d'Amiens, le 25 aout 1788.
Paris: Chez Maradan, 1789. (4), 226, (2} pp. Portrait. 8:
MEI,UCK, Andrew D. The story of an old farm, or Life in New Jersey in
the eighteenth century . . . with a genealogical appendix.
Somerville, N. J.: Unionist gazette, 1889. xxiv, (2), 743, (1} pp.
Plates. 8.
Arrival of French army, p. 526.
The allied armies in New Jersey, pp. 53I-54 1 -
METz-NoBi,AT, A. de. Washington et Lafayette.
(In t,e Correspondant, vol. 37, Feb. 25, 1856, pp. 707-731.)
MiCHEt,, Jules. Album & livre d'or des fetes franco-americaines de 1900.
Paris: Librairie des " Tablettes du xx* siecle," 1900. (4], 60 pp.
Illustrations including portraits. 4 .
CONTENTS. I. Calibration du Decoration day, sur la tombe de I,afay-
ette, au Cimetire Picpus, a Paris, le 30 mai. II. Inauguration de la statue
du Marchal de Rochambeau, place Saint Martin, a Vendome (L,oir-et-
Cher) le 4 juin. III. Inauguration de la statue questre de George Wash
ington, offerte a la France par les dames am6ricaines, place d'lna, a
Paris, le 3 juillet. IV. Inauguration de la statue questre du gnral de
I y afayette, offerte a la France par la jeunesse scolaire des Etats-Uifis,
square du Carrousel, a Paris, le 4 juillet.
MONUMENT de Rochambeau a Washington.
(In Revue universelle, vol. 2, Chronique universelle, Mai, 1902, pp. 19, 20.)
The MONUMENT to the alliance. I. Reprint of the Proceedings of Con
gress, 1781 and 1880-81, and of the correspondence of Livingston
and Franklin, and of Livingston and Luzerne. 2. Description of
the Franklin medal, Libertas Americana.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, pp. 302-307.)
MORE, Charles Albert, chevalier de Pontgibaud, comte de. Memoires.
(1758-1837.) Publics pour la Societe" d'histoire contemporaine
par Geoffrey de Grandmaison & le cte. de Pontgibaud.
Paris: Alphonse Picard etfils, 1898. (4), 343 pp. Portraits. Plates.
8.
A French volunteer of the war of Independence. Translated and
edited by Robert B. Douglas.
Paris: Charles Carrington , 1898. xi, ( i ) , 209 , ( 4 } pp. Portrait. 8 .
NESMITH, George W. Journal of Abbe" Robin, chaplain of Count
Rochambeau's army, relating to the Revolution.
(In Granite monthly, vol. 4, July, 1881, pp. 424-428.)
NOAH,I,ES, [Amblard Marie Raymond Amede"e] vicomte de. Marins et
soldats fran?ais en Ame'rique pendant la guerre de 1'inde'pendance
des Etats-Unis (1778-1783).
Paris: Perrinet tie, 1903. z>ii,4J9pp. Portraits. 2 folded maps. 8.
618 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
NORTH, Frances Pier-repent. Newport a hundred years ago.
(In lyippincott's magazine, vol. 26, Sept., 1880, pp. 331-362.)
OUR French allies.
(In lyiterary world (Boston), vol. 15, Jan. 12, 1884, pp. 3-4.)
Review of Edwin M. Stone's " Our French Allies."
PATTON, Jacob Harris. The campaign of the allies.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, pp. 241-266.)
PORTER, Robert P. The national loans of the United States from July 4,
1776, to June 30, 1880. Foreign subsidies. French loan.
(In United States. Tenth census, 1880, vol.7, Report on valuation, tax
ation, and public indebtedness in the United States, as returned at the
tenth census (June i, 1880), pp. 299-308. Washington, 1884. 4.)
PUMPEI,I,Y, J. C. Our French allies in the Revolution, and other ad
dresses.
Morristown, N.J., [/&%>]. 64pp. 12. ' .
Our French allies in the Revolution.
(In New Jersey historical society. Proceedings, 2d ser., vol. 10, pp. 145-
169. Newark, N. J., 1890. 8.)
REVEL, [Gabriel] Joachim du Perron, comte &t. Journal particv/lierd'une
,campagne aux Indes Occidentales (1781-1782).
% Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle \_i8g8f}. 287 pp. incl. maps. 8.
RHODE ISLAND. Records of the State of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations in New England. Ed. by John Russell Bartlett.
Vol. IX. 1780-1783.
Providence: Alfred Anthony, printer to the State. 1864. 8.
Address of the General Assembly of Rhode Island to General Rocham
beau, page 158; R'eply of General Rochambeau to the address of the General
Assembly of Rhode Island, note, pp. 158-159; Address of the General As
sembly of Rhode Island to Chevalier De Ternay, page 160.
ROBIN, [Claude C.], abbe. New travels through North-America: in
a series of letters; exhibiting, the history of the victorious cam
paign of the allied armies, under . . . General Washington, and
the Count de Rochambeau, in the year 1781. Translated from
the original of the Abbe Robin.
Philadelphia: Printed and sold by R. Bell, 1783. 112 pp. 12.
Translated by Philip Freneau.
Same.
Boston: Printed for F. Battelle, 1784. 95pp. 12.
Translated by Philip Freneau.
Nouveau voyage dans 1'Amerique Septentrionale, en l'anne"e 1781;
et campagne de 1'armee de M. le comte de Rochambeau.
Philadelphie et Pans: Moutard, 1782. ix, 222pp. 8.
A Frenchman's estimate of Washington in 1781. Extract of a
letter from Claude C. Robin.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 20, Aug., 1888, pp. 137-139.)
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 619
ROCHAMBKAU, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de. Me"nioires
militaires, historiques et politiques de Rochambeau, ancien mare-
chal de France.
Paris: Fain & Magrinel, 1809. 2 z>ols. ' Plates. 8.
Memoirs relative to the war of independence of the United States.
Extracted and translated from the French by M. W. E. Wright.
Paris: At the French, English, and American library, 1838. (</),
1 14 pp. Portraits. 8.
An account of the operations of the French army in the United
States of America, during the war of their independence. Trans
lated from the French.
(In American register, ed. by R. Walsh, vol. 2, pp. 156-182.)
Correspondance du Comte de Rochambeau depuis le de"but de son
commandement aux Etats-Unis jusqu' a la fin de la campagne" de
Virginie.
(In Doniol, H. Histoire de la participation de la France, vol. 5, pp. 309-
590. Paris, 1892. F.)
Operations of Rochambeau's corps. Substance of a French jour
nal [by Rochambeau].
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Sept., 1881, pp. 224-226. )
ROSENGARTEN, Joseph G[eorge]. The Chateau de Rochambeau. Read
before the American philosophical society, December 21, 1894.
[Philadelphia], 1895. 353-361 pp. Portrait. 8.
Cover-title.
"Reprinted from theVroceedings of the American philosophical society,
vol. xxxin, January 16, 1895."
General Comte de Rochambeau.
(In American historical register, vol. 3, Oct., 1895, pp. 195-208. Portraits.)
RUSSET, Charles Rowland. The French alliance, address delivered be
fore the Rhode Island State society of the Cincinnati, at the State
house, at Newport, Rhode Island, on July 4, 1904.
New York: {The De Vinne press], 1904. 32pp. 8.
SACKVII^E, George Sackville Germain, ist viscount. Correspondance du
Lord G. Germain, avec les Gene"raux Clinton, Cornwallis et les
amiraux dans la station de 1'Ame'rique, avec plusieurs lettres
intercepted du Ge"ne"ral Washington, du Marquis de la Fayette &.
de M. de Barras, chef d'Escadre. Traduit de 1' Anglais sur les
originaux publics par ordre de la Chambre des pairs.
Berne-. Chez la Nouvelle societi typographique , 1782. xvi, 304 pp.
2 folded sheets. 8.
SAINTE-BEUVE, C. A. Le due de Lauzun.
(In tits Causeries du I,undi, vol. 4, pp. 218-233. Paris, 1851. 12.)
620 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
SE<iUR, Philippe-Henri, marquis de. Extraits de lettres ecrits d'Ameri-
que par le comte de Segur, colonel en second du regiment de
Soissonnais a la Comtesse de Se"gur, dame de Madame Victoire,
1782-1783.
(In Soci6t6 des bibliophiles francois. Melanges, 2. partie, pp. 149-200.
Paris, 1903. 8.)
SHELDON, Laura Charlotte. France and the American revolution, 1763-
1778.
Ithaca, N. Y.: Andrus & Church, i 9 oo. (6), 83 pp. 8.
"A list of the authorities cited: " p. [77] -79.
SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, New York. Dinner in honor of the offi
cial delegates from France to the United States, on the occasion of
the dedication, at Washington, of the statue of Count de Rocham-
beau . . . and of the representatives of the families of Rocham-
beau and Lafayette, given by members of the order of the Cincin
nati residing in "New York, May twenty-seventh, 1902.
[New York: Printed by T. D. Rich, 1902.-] (8), pp. 8.
CONTENTS. Menu. Toasts. Official guests.
SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDLY SONS OF SAINT PATRICK in the city of New
York. Proceedings at the dinner to the Rochambeau special
mission given by the Friendly sons of St. Patrick at Delmonico's
May 29, 1902.
[New York: Press of W. P. Mttchell & sons, 1903?] (4], 79 pp.
Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. 12.
SouLESf Francois. Histoire des troubles de I'Amerique anglaise.
Paris: Buisson, 1787. 4 vols. Folded maps. 12.
Vollstandige Geschichte der Revolution in Nord-Amerika. Aus
dem Franzosischen des Franz Soules, von Karl Hammerdorfer.
Zurich: Orel I, Gessner, Fussli & comp. , 1788: 2 vols. Folded map.
12.
SPARKS, Jared, ed. Correspondence of the American revolution; being
letters of eminent men to George Washington from the time of
his taking command of the army to the end of his presidency.
Ed. from the original manuscripts.
Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1853. 4 vols. 8.
STEVENS, John Austin. The French in Rhode Island; with appendix.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 3, July, 1879, PP- 385-436.)
Appendix: List of the French fleet at Rhode Island under Admiral de
Ternay and M. Destouches. Officers of the French army in America under
the Count de Rochambeau. Quarters occupied within the town of Newport
by the army under the command of the Count de Rochambeau in winter
quarters, 1780-1781. Regiments quartered in the town. Quarters assigned
within the town of Providence to the army under the command of the Count
de Rochambeau, 1782. Resolutions of the inhabitants of Newport in town
meeting and replies of Rochambeau. Inscription over the monument to
Admiral de Ternay erected in the Trinity church-yard, Newport, by order
x of the King of France, 1783.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 621
STEVENS, John Austin. The operations of the allied armies before New
York, 1781; with appendix. Maps.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 4, Jan., 1880, pp. 1-45.)
The appendix, pp. 32-45 contains The march of the French. The attempt
on the British posts at Kingsbridge July 3, 1781, including orders of Wash
ington, Washington's official report, Washington's account in his diary,
From Doctor Thacker's diary, Narrative of the Duke de L,auzun, and the
British account. The reconnoissance in force of the New York defenses,
July 22, 1781. The march of the allies to King's Ferry, and Almanac for
New York, 1781.
- The return of the French, 1782-83; with an appendix.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, July, 1881, pp. 1-35.)
The appendix contains the following documents: i. Correspondence of
Washington and Count de Grasse; 2. Washington and L,afayette; 3. Wash
ington and Count de Rochambeau; 4. -Washington and the French officers;
5. Addresses to the French officers; 6. Miscellaneous documents. Illustrated
by a steel etched portrait of the Chevalier de Chastellux; three maps
showing the march and encampments of the French; a table of the
marches and encampments, with distances traveled by the French, and
an emblematic view of the national standards of the United States and
France in 1781.
The route of the allies from King's Ferry to the Head of Elk.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 5, July, 1880, pp. 1-20. Maps.)
Charles J[aneway]. Beaumarchais and "the lost million." A
chapter of the secret history of the American revolution.
Philadelphia: Privately printed, 1890. 51 pp. 8.
Comte de Broglie the proposed stadtholder of America.
(In Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, vol. n, Jan., 1888,
pp. 369-405.)
STONE, Edwin Martin. Our French allies. Rochambeau and his army,
Lafayette and his devotion, D'Estaing, De Ternay, Barras, De
Grasse, and their fleets, in the great war of the American revolu
tion, from 1778 to 1782, including military operations in Rhode
Island, the surrender of Yorktown, sketches of French and Ameri
can officers, and incidents of social life in Newport, Providence,
and elsewhere.
Providence: Printed by the Providence press co., 1884 [1883}. xxxi,
632 pp. Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. Maps. 8.
SUMNER, Charles. Benjamin Franklin and John Slidell, at Paris.
(In his Complete works, Statesman ed., vol. 10, pp. 221-258. Boston,
1900. g.)
TRESCOT, William Henry. The diplomacy of the revolution: an historical
study.
New York: D. Appleton & co., 1852. viii, (2), 169 pp. 12.
"Negotiation with France." pp. 15-58.
VAN RENSSEI.AER, [May (King)], "Mrs. J. K. Van Rensselaer." New
port: our social capital.
622 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
Philadelphia and London: "J. P. Lippincott company, 1905, //, (/),
.17-401, (/) pp. Colored frontispiece. Illustrations. 52 Plates.
4 maps (2 folded in pocket] . 4.
" Newport during the war," pp. 173-201; " British and French occupation
of Newport," pp. 203-220.
WASHINGTON, George. The writings of George Washington; being his
correspondence, addresses, messages, and other papers, official and
private, selected and published from the original manuscripts; with
a life of the author, notes and illustrations. By Jared Sparks.
Boston: American stationers' company;}. B. Russell [etc.], 1834-1837.
12 vols. Plates. 5 portraits (including frontispieces v. 1-3,12).
25 maps and 'plans. 3 facsimiles. 4.
Contains the correspondence of Washington and L,afayette,- Rochatn-
beau, Count de Grasse, etc.
Vol. 7, appendix, pp. 477-506, French army in America under the com
mand of Count de Rochambeau"; pp. 509-510, " Memorandum for concert
ing a plan of operations with the French army "; pp. 511-512, " I,etter from
Count de Rochambeau to General Washington, on the arrival of tne
French army at Newport"; pp. 515-520, " Interview between the French
commanders and the Marquis de I^afayette at Newport."
. The writings of George Washington; collected and ed. by Worth -
ington Chauncey Ford.
New York & London: G. P. Putnam 1 s sons, 1 889-1 8g3. 14 vols. 8.
Lettres inedites du General Washington au Marquis de Chastellux.
(In L,e Correspondant, vol. 65, June, 1865, pp. 426-443.)
Washington's journal. From the Library of the Department of
State at Washington. May to Nov., 1781.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, Feb., 1881, pp. 108-125; vol. 7
Aug., 1881, pp. 122-133; vol. 20, July, 1888, pp. 56-60.)
WHARTON, Francis. The revolutionary diplomatic correspondence of the
United States. Ed. under direction of Congress by Francis
Wharton, with preliminary index, and notes historical and legal.
Pub. in conformity with act of Congress of August 13, 1888.
Washington: Government printing office, 1889. 6 vols. 8. \$oth
Congress, ist session. House miscellaneous document 603. )
WOODBURN, James Albert. France in the American revolution.
(In Chautauquan, vol. 25, June, 1897, pp. 247-252.)
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
[The numerals at the end of the titles are the serial numbers used in the check list
of documents, published by the Superintendent of Documents.]
1818. Message from the President, transmitting sundry documents in
relation to the claim of representatives of Caron de Beaumar-
chais. January 16, 1818. 14 pp. 8.
i$th Congress, ist session. State papers, no. 53.
7
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 623
1818. Petition and documents in the case of Mons. Poirey. Referred to
the Committee on pensions and revolutionary claims. January
14, 1818. Bill reported making provision for the claim of M.
Poirey. March 28, 1818. 6pp. 8.
i 5th Congress, ist session. State papers, no. 178.
ii
Secretary and aid-de-camp to General I y afayette.
1825. Resolution of the general assembly of the State of Indiana in refer
ence to Major-General Lafayette. February 15, 1825. 5 pp. 8.
i8th Congress, 2d session. State papers, no. 84.
117
1834. Message from the President, announcing the death of Lafayette.
June 21, 1834. 2 pp. 8.
23d Congress, ist session. Senate document no. 466.
243
1834. Count de Rochambeau granddaughters of. Message from the
President, transmitting a memorial from the granddaughters of
the Count de Rochambeau. June 21, 1834. 7 pp. 8.
2$d Congress, ist session. House executive document no. 494.
259
1834. Death of Lafayette. Message from the President, transmitting in
formation of the death of General Lafayette, &c. June 21, 1834.
2 pp. 8.
2jd Congress, ist session. House executive document no. 495.
259
1834. Oration on the life and character of Gilbert Motier de La Fayette:
Delivered at the request of both Houses of the Congress of the
United States, before them, in the House of Representatives at
Washington, on the 3ist of December, 1834. By John Quincy
Adams.
2$d Congress, 2d session. Journal of the House, 1834-1835, pp. 657-
689.
270
1834. Bequest of Lafayette. Message from the President, transmitting an
engraved copy of the Declaration of Independence, bequeathed
by the late General Lafayette to the Congress of the United States.
December 4, 1834. 2 pp. 8.
23d Congress, 2d session. House executive document no. 7.
271
1834. Lafayette. Message from the President, transmitting the reply of
George* W. Lafayette on the subject of the resolution of Congress
in relation to the decease of his father, General Lafayette. De
cember 15, 1834. 2 pp. 8.
23d Congress, 2d session. House executive document no. 26.
272
624 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
1835. Rochambeau grand-daughters of Marshal de. Message from the
President, transmitting documents in relation to the claim of the
grand-daughters of the Marshal de Rochambeau. January 31,
1835. 7 pp. 8.
23d Congress, 2d session. House executive document no. 114.
273
1836. Marshal Rochambeau Heirs of. Report from the Committee on
revolutionary claims. February 10, 1836. 2*pp. 8.
24th Congress, ist session. House report no. 307.
293
1837. Report from the Committee of claims, to whom was referred the
petition of Francis Allym January 13, 1837. 3 pp. 8.
24th Congress, 2d session. Senate document no. 64.
298
" Recommends partial allowance 6f claim for payment for use of his
vessel in the transportation to this country of General lyafayette."
1837. Francis Allyn. Report from the Committee of claims, to which was
referred the bill from the Senate for the relief of Francis Allyn.
March 3, 1837. 2 pp. 8.
24th Congress, 2d session. House report no. 326.
306
The bill provides "that there be paid, ... to Francis Allyn, of the ship
Cadmus, in full compensation for bringing General I,afayette and his
family from France to the United States, in the year 1824, the sum of one
thousand dollars, in full for his time, services, and expenses, as master of
the same ship."
1838. Memorial of the granddaughters of Marshal Rochambeau, in rela
tion to their claim for remuneration for his -services during the
war of the revolution. July 7, 1838. 4 pp. 8.
25th Congress, 2d session. Senate document no. 505.
319
1838. Marshal Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on revolution
ary claims. January n, 1838. 6 pp. 8.
2$th Congress, 2d session. House report no. 363.
334
" Memorial of the granddaughters of the Marshal Rochambeau."
1842. Capt. Francis Allyn. Report from the Committee of claims, to
whom was referred the petition of Captain Francis Allyn, in be
half of himself and the owners of the ship Cadmus. February 9,
1842. 3 pp. 8,
27th Congress, 2d session. House report no. 56.
407
1842. Marquis de la Gorce and the Countess d'Ambrugeac, grand-daugh
ters of Count Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on rev
olutionary claims. August 20, 1842. 10 pp. 8.
zjth Congress, 2d session. House report no. 1071.
4"
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 625
1846. Heirs of Marshal Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on
revolutionary claims. February 10, 1846. 7 pp. 8.
29th Congress, ist session. House report no. 201 .
488
1849. Francis Allyn Lafayette's passage to America. Report from the
Committee on claims. January 3, 1849. I0 PP- 8.
3oth Congress, 2 d session. House report no. 12.
545
1858. Report from the Committee on private land claims, to whom was
referred the "memorial of Joseph Menard, praying to be allowed
to relocate certain warrants for land granted to the late Marquis
de Lafayette, of which he is the assignee." January 20, 1858. 2
pp. 8.
3^th Congress, ist session. Senate report no. 14.
938
1858. Relocation of land warrants granted to General Lafayette. Report
from the Committee on public lands. May 29, 1858. 2 pp. 8.
35th Congress, ist session. House report no. 436.
967
Report referringto "memorial of Joseph Menard, praying to be allowed
to relocate certain warrants for land granted to the late Marquis de I,a-
fayette, of which he is the assignee."
:86o. Report from the Committee on private land claims, to whom was
referred the petition of Joseph Menard, praying to be allowed to
relocate certain land warrants. April 5, 1860. 2 pp. 8.
36th Congress, ist session. Senate report no. 174.
1039
1882. Report from the Joint committee on the library. February 20,
1882. 3 pp. 8.
4jth Congress, ist session. Senate report no. 187.
2004
Report on the Senate resolution of Oct. 25, 1881, relative to the purchase
of the Rochambeau papers.
1890. Report from the Committee on the library. June 5, 1890. 3
PP- 8.
5 ist Congress, ist session. Senate report no. 1301.
3709
Report on the Senate resolution "to ascertain and report to the Senate
by what authority the public square north of the Executive Mansion has
been selected for the site of the proposed monument to General
L,afayette."
1890. La Fayette monument. A communication from the Secretary of
war and Chairman of the commission on the erection of a monu
ment to General La Fayette, requesting that an appropriation be
made to enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions
of the concurrent resolution of Congress, passed August 28, 1890,
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 40
626 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
changing the site of said monument. September 10, 1890. I
page. 8.
$ist Congress, ist session. House executive document no. 465.
2753
1892. Dedication of Lafayette statue. Report from the Committee on the
library. June 15, 1892. i page. 8.
52d Congress, ist session. House report no. 1644.
3048
1900. Woman commissioner at the Exposition in Paris, France, in 1900.
Report from the Committee on foreign affairs. February 21,
1900. i page. 8.
Congress, ist session. House report no. 384.
1900. Compensation of woman commissioner to Paris Exposition, 1900.
Letter from the Secretary of the' treasury, transmitting an esti
mate of appropriation for compensation of woman commissioner
to unveiling of statue of Lafayette at Paris Exposition. April
17, 1900. i page. 8.
$6th Congress, ist session. House document no. 614.
3997
1900. Statue of Lafayette at Paris, France. Report from the Committee
on foreign affairs. May 28, 1900. i p. 8.
$6th Congress, ist session. House report no. 1809.
4027
1900. Statue of Lafayette at Paris. Message from the President, trans
mitting a report respecting the unveiling, at Paris, France, on
July 4, 1900, of the statue of Lafayette, provided by the contribu
tions of school children of the United States. December 12,
1900. 6 pp. 8.
$6th Congress, 2d session. House document no. 183.
4148
1901. Bronze replica of a statue to General Rochambeau. Report from
the Committee on the library. February 20, 1901. 3 pp. 8.
56th Congress, 2d session. House report no. 2928.
4214
Favorable report that $7,500 be appropriated for the purchase of a statue
of Rochambeau.
1902. Statue of Rochambeau. Letter from the Secretary of the treasury,
transmitting a copy of a communication from the Secretary of
war, submitting an estimate of appropriation for the preparation
of a site, etc., for a statue of Rochambeau. January 9, 1902..
5?th Congress, ist session. House document no. 213.
4337
1902 Unveiling of the Rochambeau monument in Washington. Report
from the Committee on appropriations. March 13, 1902. i page,
8.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 627
57th Congress, ist session. House report no. 050.
4402
Favorable report on the resolution authorizing and requesting the Presi
dent to extend to the Government and people of France and the family of
General de Rochambeau an invitation to join in the dedication of the
monument of General de Rochambeau.
1902. Statue of Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on ways and
means. April 21, 1902. 2 pp. 8.
57th Congress, ist session. House report no. 1708.
4404
"This resolution proposes to admit free of duty the replica of the
bronze statue of Rochambeau."
1902. Dedication of the statue of Rochambeau. Letter from the Secre
tary of the treasury, transmitting a copy of a communication
from the Secretary of state submitting an additional estimate of
appropriation for dedication of statue of Rochambeau. April 29,
1902. 2 pp. 8.
57th Congress, ist session. House document no. 583.
1377
1902. Selection of a site and erection of a statue of Marshal de Rocham
beau. Letter transmitting the report of the Committee to whom
was committed ... the selection of a site and the supervision
of the erection thereon of a statue of Marshal de Rochambeau,
and of the unveiling of said statue. May 21, 1902. 2 pp. 8.
57th Congress, ist session. Senate document no. 362.
4245
1903. Marble bust of General Lafayette. Report from the Committee on
the library. January 20, 1903. 5 pp. 8.
57th Congress, 2d session. Senate report no. 2544.
4410
1903. Proceedings upon the unveiling of statue of Count de Rochambeau.
Report from the Committee on printing. February 26, 1903.
i page. 8.
57th Congress, 2d session. House report no. 3895.
4415
1904. Report of proceedings on the unveiling of statue of Count de
Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on printing. January
26, 1904. i page. 8.
58th Congress, zd session. House report no. 553.
4578
i )<>4. Translation of ' ' Les combattants franais de la guerre ameYicaine,
1778-1783." Report from the Committee on printing, April 26,
1904. i page. 8.
58th Congress, 2d session. House report no, 2940.
4584
1905. Les combattants franfais de la guerre ame'ricaine, 1778-1783. Listes
etablies d'apres les documents authentiques deposes aux Archives
nationales et aux Archives du Ministere des affaires e"trangeres.
62 8 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
Washington: Imprimerie nationale, 1905. (2), 453 pp. Plates. 4.
$8th Congress, 2d session. Senate document no. 77.
4595
1905. Proceedings in connection with the formal presentation of a repro
duction of a bust of Washington by certain citizens of the Republic
of France.
Washington: Government printing office, 1905. 45pp. 2 plates. 8.
$8th Congress, jd session. Senate report no. 4397.
MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE WRITINGS
, Marie Joseph Paul Roch Yves Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de.
Correspondance ine"dite de La Fayette. Lettres e"crites au Comte
D'Bstaing pendant la campagne du vice-amiral de la Delaware a
Boston du 14 juillet au 20- octobre 1778. [Re"dige par Henri
Doniol.]
(In Societe d'histoire diplomatique. Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 6.
ann6e, pp. 395-448. Paris, 1892. 8.)
General Lafayette's correspondence.
(In Sparks, Jared. Diplomatic correspondence of the American Revolu
tion, vol. 10, pp. 1-71. Boston, 1830. 8.)
Lafayette in the American Revolution from [his] memoirs.
Boston: Old South meeting house, 1898. 24 pp. 8. (Old South
leaflets, vol. 4, no. 97. )
Letters of George Washington and Lafayette.
Boston: Old South meeting house, 1898. 24 pp. 8'. (Old South
leaflets, vol. 4, no. 98.}
Memoires, correspondance, et manuscrits du Ge'ne'ral Lafayette.
Publics par sa famille.
Paris, 1837. 6 vols. in 4. 8.
Memoirs, correspondence, and manuscripts of General Lafayette.
Published by his family.
London, 1837. 3 vols. 8.
Same. Vol. i.
New York: Saunders & Otley, 1837. xiv, 552 pp. Plate. 8.
Memoirs of the military career of the Marquis de La Fayette, . . .
including his reception in New York, Boston, and the principal
towns in New England.
Boston: Published by Allen and Watts, 1824. 56 pp. S.
Bound in Miscellaneous pamphlet, vol. 22.
Translation. Lafayette's letters from prison. Magdeburg, 1793.
From the originals in the possession of Jeremiah Colburn.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, May, 1881, pp. 360-376. Fac
simile. )
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 629
MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE WRITINGS RELATING TO
An ACCOUNT of the reception of General Lafayette in Savannah, on Sat
urday, March igth, 1825, of the entertainments given him [etc.].
Savannah: W. T. Williams, 1825. 80 pp. 8.
ADAMS, John Quincy. Oration on the life and character of Gilbert
Mottier de Lafayette, delivered at the request of both houses of
the Congress of the United States, before them, in the House of
representatives at Washington, on the thirty-first of December,
1834.
New York: D. K. Minor, 1835. 35 pp. Portrait. 8.
Same.
Washington: Printed by Gales and Seaton, 1835. 94pp. 8.
AMERICAN military biography; containing the lives and characters of the
officers of the revolution, who were most distinguished in achiev
ing our national independence. Also, the life of Gilbert Motier
La Fayette. Pub. for H. S. Johnson.
Cincinnati: Printed at the Chronicle office, 1834. 6*5) ( f ) PP-
Plates. 8.
Al,i,EN, E. M. La Fayette's second expedition to Virginia in 1781. A
paper read before the Maryland historical society, June I4th, 1886.
Baltimore: [/. Murphy & Co. ] , 1891. 50 pp. 8. (Maryland his.
torical society. Fund-publication, no. 32.}
AII,EN, Z. Lafayette's account of affairs in Rhode Island, in 1778.
(In Historical magazine, vol. 5, Aug., 1861, pp. 247-248.)
[BARBAROUX, Charles Oge, and J. A. LARDIER.] 'Voyage du general
Lafayette aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique en 1824 [anon.]
Bruxelles: P. J. De Mat, 1825. 3 vols. 24.
Voyage du ge'ne'ral Lafayette aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique,
en 1824 et 1825 . . . [anon.]
Paris: L'Huillier, 1826. (2], 364, (2} pp. Portrait. 12. .
BARDOUX, A[genor], i. e. Joseph Age"nor. Etudes sociales et politiques.
La jeunesse de La Fayette, 1757-1792.
Paris: C. Levy, 1892. (4], xii, 409 pp. 8.
Etudes sociales et politiques. Les dernieres annees de La Fayette,
1792-1834.
Paris: C. Levy, 1893. (4], Hi, 431, (2} pp. 8.
BiGELrOW, John. La Fayette.
Boston: Little, Brown & co., 1882. n pp. 12.
BROOKS, Elbridge S[treeter]. The true story of Lafayette, called the
friend of America; illustrated by V. A. Searles.
Boston: Lothrop pub. co., [1899]. 260 pp. Illustrations. 8. (Chil
dren's lives of great men.}
630 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
BROWNING, Charles H. Lafayette's visit to the United States in 1824-25.
(In American historical register, vol. 2, July, 1895, pp. 1151-1162; Aug.,
J895, PP- I 3 6 3~ I 384; vol. 3, Sept., 1895, pp. 1-27; Oct., 1895, pp: 151-194; Nov.,
1895, pp. 287-307; Dec., 1895, pp. 441-453; Jan., 1896, pp. 521-544; Feb., 1896,
pp. 621-643; vol. 4, Mar M 1896, pp. 1-15; Apr., 1896, pp. 133-146; May, 1896,
pp. 239-246; June, 1896, pp. 341-351. Philadelphia, 1895-96. 8.)
"An illustrated account of the entire tour of General Lafayette in the
United States in 1824-25, compiled from contemporaneous accounts and
reminiscences sent to us by members of the patriotic hereditary soc^et'.es
all along the routes traveled by ' the Nation's Guest.' "
BUDINGER, Max. Lafayette. Kin Lebensbild.
Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1870. 115, (f) pp. 8.
BURTON, Alma Holman. Lafayette, the -friend of American liberty; with
an introduction by J. Baldwin. (France and the American revo
lution.)
New York, Chicago [etc.]: Werner school book co., [1898}. 85 pp.
Illustrations. 16. (Friends of 'American liberty . Lafayette.}
BuTi,ER, Frederick. Memoirs of the Marquis de La Fayette, major-gen
eral in the Revolutionary Army of the United States of America.
Together with his tour through the United States.
Wethersfield \_Conn. ,]. Published by Denting & Francis, 1825. 417,
(/) pp. Portrait. 12.
BuTTERWORTH, Hezekiah. The knight of liberty; a tale of the fortunes
of La Fayette.
New York: D. Appleton and company, 1895. vi, (2), 225 pp. Plates.
12.
CARRINGTON, Henry B. Lafayette's Virginia campaign, 1781.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, May, 1881, pp. 340-352.)
CARSON, Hampton L[awrence]. The Hampton L. Carson collection of
engraved portraits of Jefferson, Franklin, and Lafayette. Cata
logue compiled and sale conducted by Stan. V. Henkels ...
[Philadelphia, Press of W. F. Fell company, 1904.^ 6, 157 pp. Por
traits. Plates. 4.
Title-page reads: Th_- unique collection of engraved portraits of Thomas
Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Gilbert Mottier de I,a Fayette ... to
be sold April 2oth . . . and . . . April 2ist . . . [1904].
CASTILE, [Charles] Hippolyte. Lafayette.
Paris: Ferdinand Sartorius, 1858. 63 pp. Portrait. Facsimile.
24 . (Portraits historiques au dix-neuvieme siecle, 43.}
CASTONNET DES FOSSES^ H. La Fayette et ses compagnons en AmeYique.
Angers: Lachhe et Dolbeau, 1888. 35 pp. 8.
Extrait des Mrnoires de la Societe nationale d'agriculture, sciences et
arts d'Angers.
CECii,, E. Life of Lafayette. Written for children.
Boston: Crosby, Nichols and company, 1860. (6), 218 pp. Plates
(colored], 16.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 631
,
CHARAVAY, Etienne. Le general La Fayette, 1757-1834. Notice biogra-
phique.
Paris: An siege, de la societe, 1898. viii, 653, (j) pp. Portraits.
Facsimiles. 8.
" Bibliographic," pp. 600-612.
"Iconographie," pp. 613-620.
CHATEAUNEUF, A. Le general Lafayette. Memoires authentiques.
Paris: Chez Dumont, 1831. (6), 80 pp. 8.
CHURCH, Ella Rodman. Lafayette's last visit to America.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, May, 1881, pp. 322-339.)
Jules. Recollections of the private life of General Lafayette.
New York: Published by Leavitt, Lord & co., 1836. 2 vols. in i.
Illustrations (woodcuts}. Facsimiles. 12.
CODD, Margaret Jane. The story of Lafayette.
Chicago: A. Flanagan, [i8c)8~\. 112 pp. Illustrations. 12. (The
teacher's helper, vol. 5, no. 4. )
A COMPLETE history of the -Marquis de Lafayette, major-general in the
army of the United States of America, in the war of the Revolu
tion; embracing an account of his late tour through the United
States to the time of his departure, September, 1825. By an officer
in the late army..
New York: Printed for, and published by, Robert Lowry, 1826. 504
pp. Portrait. 8.
CUSHING, Caleb. A eulogy on La Fayette, pronounced at the request of the
young men of Dover, September 6, 1834.
Dover, N. H.: Geo. Wadleigh, 1834. 27 pp. 8.
CuTTER, William. The life of General Lafayette.
New York: George F. Cooledge & brother [1840']. 408 pp. Plates.
Portraits (woodcuts}. 12.
DIALOGUE entre le D r . Quickly et M. Amen, patriote impartial de la
garde nationale parisienne, touchant M. Motier de la Fayette,
mare'chal -de-camp des ci-devant arme'es du roi, actuellement com
mandant des gardes nationales parisiennes.
Londres, 1790. 24 pp. Plate. 12. ( With Les Actes des apotres.
Paris [/7po. ? ] , version 61. )
DONIOL, Henri, i. e. Jean Henri Antoine. Correspondance ine'dite de
La Fayette. Lettres ecrites au Comte d'Estajng pendant la cam-
pagne du vice-amiral de la Delaware a Boston du 14 juillet au
20 octobre 1778.
(In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, vol. 6, 1892, pp. 395-448.)
-- La Fayette avant I'anne'e 1800.
X (In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, vol. 17, Oct., 1903, pp. 489-532.)
632 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
DONIOI,, Henii, i. e. Jean Henri Antoine. La Fayette dans la revolution.
Annies d'Amerique. Annees de pouvoir et anne"es de geole. La
veille du consulat 1775-1799.
Paris: Armand Colin, 1904. (4), 139 pp. 12. Politiques d'autre-
fois.)
ESPINCHAI,, Comte d'. Lafayette.
(In Revue retrospective, vol. 20, 1894, pp. 289-320.)
EVERETT, Edward. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in Faneuil Hall, at
the request of the young men of Boston, September 6, 1834.
Boston: Nathan Hale; and Allen & Ticknor, 1834. 104 pp. 8.
FARMER, Lydia Hoyt. The life of La Fayette, the knight of liberty in
two worlds and two centuries.
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & co. , \_i888}. x, 472 pp. Illustra
tions. Plates. Portraits. 12.
FOSTER, John. A sketch of the tour of General Lafayette on his late visit
to the United States, 1824; comprising the addresses of the town
and city authorities, with the answers of the general.
Portland: Printed at the Statesman office, by A. W. Thayer, 1824.
228, (3} pp. 8.
FROTHINGHAM, N[athaniel] L[angdon]. A sermon on the death of Gen
eral Lafayette, preached to the First church in Boston, on Sunday,
the 29th of June, 1834.
.Boston: Munroe & Francis, 1834. 16 pp. 8.
GENERAL LA FAYETTE'S arrival in the United States.
(In American sketches; by a native of the United States, pp. 58-94.
. Condon, 1827. 12.)
GREGG, Jarvis. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in the chapel of Dart
mouth college, July 4, 1834.
Hanover, N. H.: Thomas Mann, 1834. 28 pp. 8.
HAI^E, E[dward] J[oseph]. Monsieur le marquis de La Fayette.
Raleigh : Capital printing company, 1901. 31 pp. 12. (North
Carolina booklet, vol. i, no. 8.)
[HASSAM, Frederick F.] Liberty tree: Liberty hall . . . 1775. Lafayette
and loyalty!
[Boston, 1891.'} 1 6 pp. 12.
Cover-title.
HEADI,EY, P[hineas] C[amp]. The life of the Marquis de Lafayette,
major general in the United States army in the war of the Revolu
tion, . . . with notes by Henry Ketcham.
New York : A.L. Burt company, [/poj]. iv, iii-vii, 364pp. Plates.
Portrait. 12.
HISTORIC AI, sketches illustrative of the life of M. de Lafayette; and the
leading events of the American revolution. By an American.
New York: Printed for the author, 1824. 227 pp. 72. \
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 633
[KNAPP, Samuel L.] Memoirs of General Lafayette. With an account
of his visit to America, and of his reception by the people of the
United States; from his arrival August i5th, to the celebration at
Yorktown, October I9th, 1824.
Boston: Printed and published by E. G. House, 1824. 264 pp. Por
trait. 12.
f LAFAYETTE in the American revolution; from his Autobiography.
Boston: Old South meeting house, 1883. 8 pp. 12. (Old South
leaflets, ist series, no. 7. )
Caption-title.
LAFAYETTE'S visit to Indiana.
{In Brookville inquirer and Franklin republican, vol. 7, June 17, 1825.)
Same as in lyouisville public advertiser, noted below.
-LAMB, Martha J. Our country fifty years ago; some incidents in connec
tion with Lafayette's visit.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 18, Dec., 1887, pp. 457-477.)
LETTERS of Washington and Lafayette. [1777-1792.]
Boston: Old South meeting house, 1889. 20 pp. 12. (Old South
leaflets, Jth series, no. 6. )
Caption-title.
LEVASSEUR, A. General Lafayette in America, oder dessen letzte Reise
durch Amerika in den Jahren 1824 und 1825. Beschrieben von
A. Levasseur, und aus dem franzosischen ubersetzt von A. Levas-
seur, geb. Zeis.
Naumburg: Wild, 1820. 2 vols. in i. Portrait. 8.
LEVASSEUR, A. Lafayette en AmeVique, en 1824 et 1825, ou Journal d'un
voyage aux Etats-Unis.
Paris: Baudouin, 1829. 2 vols. Plates. Portraits. Folded map. 8.
Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825; or, Journal of a voyage
to the United States; by A. Levasseur ... Tr. by J. D. God-
man, M. D.
Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829. 2 vols. 12.
Reis door de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika, in de jaren
1824 en 1825, door den generaal Lafayette. Naar het Fransch
van zijnen secretaris A. Levasseur . . .
Zutphen: W. J. Thieme, 1831. 2 vols. Portrait. 8.
LOMENIE, Louis Leonard de. M. de Lafayette.
(In his Galerie des contemporains illustres, par un homme de rien, vol.5,
pp. 9-120. Paris, 1842. 16.)
LONG, John D[avis]. Lafayette in America.
[Boston: The YouWs companion, 1902. ~\ 15 pp. Illustrations. Por
traits. 12.
From the Youth's companion, July 3, 1902.
634 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
MACK, Ebenezer. The life of Gilbert Metier de Lafayette.
Ithaca, N. Y.: Mack, Andrus & Woodruff, 1841. 371 pp. Illustra
tions (wood cuts}. 12.
MAKERS of American history: Patrick Henry, by Alexander H. Everett;
General Greene, General Lafayette, General Marion, by William
[!] T. Headley.
New York: The University society, incorporated, 1004. 336 pp. Por-\
trait. 12. . *
MEMOIRS of General La Fayette, embracing details of his public and pri
vate life, sketches of the American revolution, . . . with bio
graphical notices of individuals who have been distinguished
actors in these events.
New York: Published by Russell Robins, 1825. 455 pp. Portraits.
12.
MEMOIRS of General Lafayette, with an account of his tour through the
United States, and a description of the ceremonies in laying the
corner stone of the Bunker Hill monument.
[/?5.] 24pp. Portrait. 12.
Cover-title.
NEW YORK ( City) Common council. Description of the book presented
to General La Fayette by the Common council of New York, with
explanations of the designs, etc.
Published by order of the committee, J. & J. Harper, printers, 1825.
27 pp. 16.
PARKER, A. A. Recollections of General Lafayette on his visit to the United
States, in 1824 and 1825; with the most remarkable incidents of
his life, from his birth to the day of his death.
Keene, N. H.: Sentinel printing company, 1879. 148 pp. Por
trait. 8.
PEiyET DE I*A LOZERE, Privat Joseph Claramond, comte. Lafayette en
Amerique et en France.
Paris: Grassart, 1867. (2], 210, (i) pp. 12.
[POST, Lydia Minturn] . Personal recollections of the American revolution.
A private journal. Prepared from authentic domestic records.
Together with reminiscences of Washington & Lafayette.
Edited by Sidney Barclay [pseud.].
New York: Rudd & Carleton, 1859. 251 pp. Facsimile. 12.
REGNAUI/T-WARIN, Jean Baptiste Joseph Innocent Philadelphe. Me"moires
pour servir a la vie du General La Fayette, et a 1'histoire de 1'As-
semblee constituante.
A Paris: Chez Hesse et cie., 1824. 2 vols. 8.
SAINTE-BEUVE, C. A. Memoires de General La Fayette (1838).
(In his Portraits Iitt6raires, vol. 2, pp. 157-202. Paris, 1855. 12.)
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 635
SARRANS, Bernard. Memoirs of General Lafayette and of the French
revolution of 1830.
London: Richard Bentley, 1832. 2 vols. Portraits. 8.
SCHOULER, James. Lafayette's tour in 1824.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 10, Sept., 1883, pp. 243-250.)
SKETCH of the life and military services of Gen. La Fayette during the
American revolution.
New-York: Printed and published for the editor, 1824. 24pp. 8.
SPRAGUE, William B[uell]. An oration commemorative of the late Gen
eral Lafayette, pronounced before the military and civic societies
of the city of Albany, in the South Dutch church, July 24, 1834.
Albany: Packard and Van Benthuysen, 1834. 34pp. 8.
STATEMENT of the attempted rescue of General Lafayette from ' ' Olmutz. ' '
[Charleston, S. C.: Walker, Evans & Cogswell, 188-?] 49 pp. 8.
"The following account is prepared from the personal narrative and
conversations of Col. F. K. Huger, by one of his family."
STEVENS, John Austin. The expedition of Lafayette against Arnold.
Baltimore: [/. Murphy}, 1878. 36 pp. 8. (Maryland historical
society. Fund-publication, no. 13.)
Lafayette's letters from prison, Magdeburg, 1793.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, May, 1881, pp. 353-359.)
Visit of Lafayette to the United States, 1784.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 2, Dec., 1878, pp. 724-733.)
STII^E [Charles Janeway]. A review of Mr. Tower's "The Marquis de
La Fayette in the American revolution."
Philadelphia, 1895. 23 pp. 8.
"Reprinted from 'The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biogra
phy.' April, 1895."
SUMNER, Charles. Lafayette; the faithful one. Lecture.
Boston: Wright & Potter, 1870. 35pp. 8.,
SwETT, Lucia Gray. The visit of Lafayette, the old housekeeper's story.
Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1903. 38 numbered leaves. Portrait. 12.
[TiCKNOR, George.] Outlines of the principal events in the life of Gen
eral Lafayette.
Boston: Published by Cummings, Hilliard & co., 1825. 64pp. 8.
Reprinted from the 'North American review, Jan., 1825, "with a few
alterations and a considerable number of additions."
TOWER, Charlemagne, jr. The Marquis de La Fayette in the American
revolution. With some account of the attitude of France toward
the War of Independence.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott co., 1895. 2 vols. Portraits. Maps.
8.
636 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
TUCKER, John S. The French in our Revolution. The Marquis
Lafayette.
[Washington, 1 88 1.] 10 pp. 8.
Cover-title.
TUCKERMAN, Bayard. Life of General Lafayette, with a critical estimate
of his character and public acts.
New York: Dodd, Mead & company, 1889. 2 vols. Portraits. 12.
UPHAM, Nathaniel G. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered at Concord, agree
ably to a resolve of the New-Hampshire legislature, on the iyth
of June 1835.
Concord: Printed by Cyrus Barton, 1835. 56 pp. 8.
VIE prive*e, impartiale, politique, militaire et domestique, du Marquis de
La Fayette, general des Bleuets, pour servir de supplement a la
ne*crologie des hommes celebres du dix-huitieme siecle, & de clef
aux revolutions francaises & americaines.
A Paris: De P imprimerie particuliere de M. de Bastide en 1790.
88pp. Portrait. 8.
VIE publique et privee de M. le marquis de Lafayette, avec des details
sur 1' affaire du 6 octobre, etc.
\_Pai is} , 1791. 60 pp. 12. (With Vie privee, impartiale, politique,
militaire et domestique, du Marquis de La Fayette. Paris, 1790. )
VISIT of the Nation's Guest to Indiana. ,
(In Louisville public advertiser, vol. 7, May 18, 1825.)
Address to General Lafayette.
Answer of General Lafayette.
Account of dinner and toasts.
Same.
(In Evansville gazette, vol. 4, June n, 1825.)
Same.
(In Indiana journal, vol. 3, June 7, 1825.)
WALN, Robert, jr. Life of the Marquis de La Fayette; Major-general in
the service of the United States of America, in the war of the
Revolution.
Philadelphia: Published by J. P. Ayres, 1825. 505 pp. Portrait. 8.
WARD, Robert D. An account of General La Fayette's visit to Virginia in
the years 1824-' 25.
West, Johnston & co., Richmond, Va., f88i. 136 pp. Portrait. 8.
WHITMAN, Walt. Lafayette in Brooklyn, with an introduction by John
Burroughs.
New York: G. D. Smith, 1905. (25} i pp. 2 portraits (including
frontispiece}. Folded facsimile . 8.
"The following impromptu reminiscence of Lafayette's visit to this
country in 1825 . . . was given some time since at a meeting of the New
England historic genealogical society in . . . Boston."
"The following paper is printed literally from an undated MS. prepared
by Whitman for the printer, but never published."
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 637
WOOD, William A. Lafayette's visit to Missouri, [1825].
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 18, Aug., 1887, pp. 154-156.)
WYUE, Andrew. An eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in Bloomington,
Indiana, on the ninth of May, 1835, at the request of the citizens
and students.
Cincinnati: Taylor and Tracy, 1835. 32pp. 12.
MARQUIS DE I^AFAYETTE ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS
1815. Interesting notices of the life of the Marquis de La Fayette.
The Portfolio, vol. 13 {June, 1815}: 499-5 13.
1824. Lafayette.
The Portfolio, vol. 32 (Oct., 1824]: 261-264.
1824. The visit of General Lafayette.
The Portfolio, vol. 32 (Oct., 1824}: 328-339; (Nov., 1824}: 415-417.
1825. Lafayette. George Ticknor.
North American review, vol. 20 (Jan., 1825}: 147-180.
1825. Memoirs of General La Fayette.
United Slates literary gazette, vol. i (Jan. i, 1825): 278-279.
1825. Outlines of the principal events in the life of General Lafayette.
[Review.]
United States literary gazette, vol. 2 (Apr. i, 1825}: 9-15.
1829. Lafayette in America.
American qtiarterly revieiv, vol. 6 (Dec., 1829}: 467-494.
Review of I,evasseur'sJ'I,afayette en Amerique."
1830. Lafayette in America. E. Everett.
North American review, vol. 30 (Jan., 1830}: 216-237.
Review of I^evasseur's "L,afayette en Amerique."
1832. Memoirs of Lafayette.
Monthly review, vol. 129 (Oct., 1832}: 224-248.
Review of the Memoirs by B. Sarrans.
1833. Sketch of the life of General Lafayette. A. D. Paterson.
American monthly magazine, vol. i (June i, 1833): 243-250; (July
i, 1833): 295-303.
1834. ^ a Fayette. [A poem.] L. H. Sigourney.
New England magazine, vol. 7 (Aug., 1834]: 124-125.
1834. Glimpses of Lafayette, and of a few of his friends.
New monthly magazine, vol. 41 (July, 1834): 315-321.
1834. La Fayette. Eulogy. Alexandre de Boinville.
Southern literary messenger, vol. i (Nov., 1834]: 93-94.
1835. Lafayette. Eulogies by John Quincy Adams and Edward Everett
reviewed.
Southern literary messenger, vol. i (Feb., 1835}: 307-312.
638 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
1836. Recollections of General Lafayette.
Monthly review , vol. 139 (Jan., 1836): 56-65.
Review of Jules Cloquet's Recollections.
1837. Memoirs of Lafayette.
Monthly review, vol. 143 (July, 1837}: 392-397.
1843. Reminiscences of men and things. Lafayette.
Eraser's magazine, vol. 28 (July, 1843}: 60-72; (Aug., 1843]: 169-182.
1848. Recollections of Lafayette. Rose Standish.
The Knickerbocker, vol. 32 (Sept., 1848}: 215-218.
1855. Reminiscences of a tempest-tossed life. Lafayette.
Putnam' 1 s monthly , vol. 6 (Oct., 1855}: 416-424.
1859. Reminiscences of La Fayette's visit to Boston Governor Eustis
Governor Brooks and others. W. H. Sumner.
New England historical and genealogical register, vol. 13 (Apr.,
1 859}- 99-I07-
1861. The home of Lafayette.
Atlantic monthly , vol. 8 (Dec., 1861): 649-663.
1867. Lafayette as a patriot and soldier.
National quarterly review, vol. 16 (Dec., 1867}: 71-95.
1870. Last letter of General Lafayette, as an American officer.
Historical magazine, vol. 18 (Dec., 1870}: 353.
1873. Lafayette's last visit to America. Thurlow Weed.
The Galaxy, vol. 16 (July, 1873}: 73-78.
1873. Lafayette: The creator of the National guard.
Temple bar, vol. 39 (Nov., 1873}: 479-493.
Eclectic magazine, vol. 82 (Jan., 1874}: 90-99.
1874. The gold medal presented to Lafayette [by the Seventh regiment,
National guards, of the city of New York].
American historical record, vol.3 (Nov., 1874]: 492-495.
1876. Lafayette The nature of his relations to America. Esther Reed
Vernet.
Patterns American monthly, vol. 6 (Apr., 1876}: 270-274.
1885. General Lafayette's visit to Pittsburgh in 1825.
Pennsylvania's magazine of history and biography , vol. 9 (Oct., 1885}:
272-277.
From the Pittsburg Mercury, June i, and Pittsburg Gazette of June 3,
1825.
1886. The enlistment of Lafayette, 1776. Bayard Tuckerman.
New Princeton review, vol. 2 (Nov., 1886}: 376-388.
1889. Tuckerman's Lafayette. A. G. Sedgwick.
Nation, vol. 48 (May 23, 1889}: 431-432.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 639
1892. Bardoux's Lafayette. A. Laugel.
Nation, vol. 55 (Aug. 18, 1802): 123-124; (Sept. i, 1892}: 164.
1893. Silas Deane and the coming of Lafayette. Georgianna A. Boutwell.
v New England magazine, n. s., vol. 8 (Apr., 1893}: 167-174.
1895. Tower's Lafayette. Paul L. Ford.
Nation, vol. 60 (Mar. 21, 1895}: 222-223.
1895. Lafayette in the American Revolution. D. L. Shorey.
Dial (Chicago}, vol. 18 (Apr. i, 1895}: 208-210.
Review of Charlemagne Tower's L,afayette.
1896. Lafayette as a Freemason. Abraham Jordan.
American historical register, vol. 4 (Apr., 1896}: 147-150.
1897. The Marquis de Lafayette and President Monroe. Murat Halstead.
Cosmopolitan, vol. 23 (Oct., 1897}: 681-600.
1898. Charavay's Lafayette. A. Laugel.
Nation, vol. 66 (Mar. 17, 1898}: 203-204; (Mar. 24, 1898}: 221-222;
(Apr. 7, 1808): 261-262.
1899. ^ a Fayette's departure from this country. (Sept. 7, 1825.)
The Spirit 0/^76, vol. 5 (Aug., 1899}: 258.
1900. The statue of General Lafayette at Washington. Bessie Josephine
Lynch.
The Spirit of ^76, vol. 6 (Apr., 1900}: 131-132.
1900. America's gift to France [Lafayette statue]. Edward Insley.
Harpers weekly, vol. 45 (June 9, 10.00}: 527.
1900. In memory of Lafayette.
The Independent, vol. 52 (July 12, 1900): 1646-1647.
1900. The statue of Lafayette at Paris.
Scientific American, vol. 83 (July 21, 1900}- 43.
1900. Musings without method. Figureheads of emotion Homage to
Lafayette . . . France and America.
Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine, vol. 168 (Sept., 1900}: 394-404.
1901. Lafayette's carriage. .
Scientific American supplement, vol. 51 (Mar. 16, 1901}: 21081.
1901. The Lafayette monument. Richard Ladegast.
The Outlook, vol. 69 (Sept. 7, 1901}: 56-57.
1902. A letter of Marquis de La Fayette, 1781. ,,.'
American historical review , vol. 8 (Oct., 1902]: 89-91.
1903. Lafayette's last visit to America. Theodore Stanton.
Lippincotf s monthly magazine, vol. 71 (April, 1903}: 544-549.
1903. Lafayette's letters. A. Laugel.
Nation, vol. 76 (June 25, 1903}: 513-514.
640 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
1903. Lafayette. George Hare Ford.
The Spirit of '76, vol. 10 (Oct., 1903}: 34; (Nov., 1903}: 46-47.
1903. America's tribute to Lafayette. Augustus E. Ingram.
Munsey^s magazine, vol. 30 (Nov., 1903}: 225-228.
FRENCH FLEET IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
CAMBIS, comte de. Extraits du journal tenu par le c te Cambisabord du
Lanquedoc.
(In Doniol, H. Histoire de la participation de la France, vol. 3, pp. 374-
382. Paris, 1888. F.)
CHEVALIER, Fv[douard] . Histoire de la marine fran9aise pendant la guerre
de 1'inde'pendance americaine, pre'ce'dee d'une e"tude sur la marine
militaire de la France et sur ses institutions depuis le commence
ment du xvn e siecle jusqu'a 1'ann.de 1877.
Paris: Hachette et tie., 1877. (4], 517, (2} pp. 8.
ESTAING, Charles Hector, comte d'. Extrait du journal d'un officier de la
marine de 1'escadre de M. le comte d'Estaing.
\_n.p.~} 1782. 126 pp. Portrait. 12.
A declaration addressed in the name of the King of France to all
the ancient French in North America.
(In Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New York,
vol. 10, pp. 1165-1167. Albany, 1858. 4.)
A declaration addressed in the name of the King of France to all
the ancient French in North America.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 22, Nov., 1889, pp. 427-429.)
A translation of a document which was printed in French on board the
Lanquedoc for the Count d'Estaing, October 28, 1778.
Siege of Savannah, 1779. General orders of the Count d'Estaing
for the attack by the allied forces, 8th and gth October. Tr. from
the original MS. in the possession of Frank Moore.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 2, Sept., 1878, pp. 548-551.)
EVERETT, Sidney. The Chevalier de Ternay.
(In New England historical and genealogical register, vol. 27, Oct., 1873,
pp. 404-418.)
FRANCE. Ministere des affaires etrangeres. L,es combattants francais de
la guerre americaine 1778-1873. Listes e"tablies d'apres les documents
authentiques deposes aux Archives nationales et aux Archives du
Ministere de la guerre. Publiees par les soins du Ministere des
affaires e*trangeres.
Paris: Ancienne maison Quantin, Librairies-imprimeries reunies,
Motteroz, Martinet, 1903. (4), xii, (4], 327 pp. Plates. Por
traits. F.
lyistes. Marine: Escadre du comte d'Estaing. Escadre du comte de
Grasse. Escadre des comtes de Guichen et de Grasse. Escadre du comte
de Ternay (armee de Rochambeau).
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 641
FRANCE. Same.
Washington: Imprimerie nationale, 1905. ii, 453 pp. Plates. Por
traits. 7 Y '. (\_U. S.~\ jSth Congress, 2d session. Senate docu
ment 77.)
Paris edition pub. 1903.
GOUSSENCOURT, Chevalier de. A journal of the cruise of the fleet of His
Most Christian Majesty, under the command of the Count de
Grasse-Tilly, in 1781 and 1782.
(In The operations of the French fleet under the Count de Grasse, in
1781-2, pp. 25-133. New York, 1864. 8. )
The name "Chevalier de Goussencourt " appears to be a pseudonym.
JOURNAL of an officer in the naval army in America, in 1781 and 1782.
Amstersdam, 1783.
(In The operations of the French 'fleet under the Count de Grasse in
f 1781-2, pp. '136-185. New York, 1864. 8.)
This journal was written "by a friendly hand, if not his [De Grasse's]
own."
KERGUEL,EN-[TREMAREC], Y[ves] J[oseph de]. Relation des combats et
des evenements de la guerre maritime de I778entre la France et
1' Angleterre, melee de reflexions sur les manoeuvres des generaux;
precedee d'une adresse aux marins, sur la disposition des vais-
seaux pour le combat; et terminee par un precis de la guerre pre-
sente, des causes de la destruction de la marine, et des moyens de
la retablir.
\_Pari s~\: finpr. de Patris, 1796. (2), 403 pp. 12.
[LosTANGES, Arnaud Louis Charles Rose de.] Relation du combat de la
fregate fraii5aise la Surveillante, contre la fregate anglaise le
Quebec.
Paris: F. nidot, imprimeur du roi, iSij. 68 pp. Plates. 8.
NoAirj.ES, [Amblard Marie Raymond Amedee] ricomte de. Marins et
soldats franais en Amerique pendant la guerre de 1'independance
des Etats-Unis (1778-1783).
Paris: Perrinet cie, 1903. vii^jgpp. Portraits. 2 folded maps. 8.
The OPERATIONS of the French fleet under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2,
as described in two contemporaneous journals.
f York, 1864. .r, [/f]-2i6 pp.
( [Bradford club series, no. j]. )
Edited by John Dawson Gilmary Shea.
The name "Chevalier de Goussencourt," under which the first journal
was issued, appears to be a pseudonym, cf. Pref.
The second journal was written "by a friendly hand, if not his [de
Grasse's] own." cf. p. 21.
CONTENTS. Introduction. Francis Joseph Paul de Grasse-Rouville,
count de Grasse, marquis de Tilly. A journal of the cruise of the fleet of
His Most Christian Majesty, under the command of the Count de Grasse-
Tilly, in 1781 and 1782. By the chevalier de Goussencourt [tr. from the
Ms.]. Journal of an officer in the naval army in America, in 1781 and
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 41
642 List of Works Relating to French Alliance
1782 . . . Amsterdam, 1783. Appendix. L,etter from Count de Grasse to
General Washington 23 September, 1781. Better of General Washington
22 September 1781. Account of De Grasse's conquest of Tobago, from the
Gazette de France, Aug. 10, 1781. Journal of the operations of the fleet,
abridged from the Gazette de France, Aug. 10, 1781. Journal of the opera
tions of the fleet, abridged from the Gazette de France, 20 November.
Actions of April gth and i2th [extracted from "Voyage d'un Suisse dans
differentes colonies d'Amerique" by Girod-Chantrans]. Rodney's ac
count of the actions of April gth and i2th.
STONE, Edwin Martin. Our French allies. Rochambeau and his army,
Lafayette and his devotion, D'Estaing, De Ternay, Barras, De
Grasse, and their fleets, in the great war of the American revolu
tion, from 1778 to 1782.
Providence: Printed by the Providence press co., 1884 [1883], xxxi,
632 pp. Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. Maps. 4.
SIEGE OF YORKTOWN
[BUTTER, Richard.] General Richard Butler's Journal of the siege of
York town.
(In Historical magazine, vol. 8, Mar., 1864, pp. 102-112.)
CURRY, J[abez] L[amar] M[onroe]. Lessons of the Yorktown centen
nial. Address delivered in Richmond, on 226. October, 1881, by
request of the City council.
Richmond: Dispatch steam printing house, 1 88 1. 2 4 pp. 8.
Du HAMEI, [William James C.] An address read before the Maryland
historical society on the centennial of the siege of Yorktown, Va.
1781-1881.
[New York: American bank note co., 1 88o?~\ 7pp. 8.
A history of the surrender of the British forces to the Americans
and French at Yorktown, Va.
[ Washington, 1881.] //,[/] pp. Map. 8.
Reprint of his "Address read before the Maryland historical society on
the centennial of the siege of Yorktown."
[EVANS, Chaplain.'} Journal of the siege of York in Virginia, by a chap
lain of the American army.
(In Massachusetts historical society. Collections, vol. 9, pp. 102-108.
Boston, 1804. 8.)
FiSKE, Nathan. An oration delivered at Brookfield, Nov. 14, 1781. In
celebration of the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his whole army
at York -Town and Gloucester, in Virginia, by the combined army
under the command of his excellency General Washington, on
the 1 9th of October, 1781.
Boston: Printed by T. & J. Fleet, [///]. 8pp. 8.
The GUESTS of the nation.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Dec., 1881, pp. 463-467.)
Concerning the delegation sent by the French Government to partici
pate in the Yorktown celebration.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 643
A HISTORY of the monument erected by the U. S. government to
commemorate the close of the Revolutionary war at Yorktown,
October iQth, 1781. Being a narrative of its inception, construc
tion, completion, and official examination.
Philadelphia: Dewey & Eakins, printers, 1890. '26 pp. Plates. Pho
tographs. 8.
JOHNSTON, Henry P [helps]. The Yorktown campaign and the surrender
of Cornwallis, 1781.
New York: Harper & brothers, 1881. 206 pp. Portraits. Maps.
Facsimile. 8.
JOURNAL of the siege of York in Virginia. [By a French engineer.]
September-October, 1781.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 4, June, 1880, pp. 449-452.)
[MARSH, Luther R.] A slight souvenir of a visit to the Yorktown cen
tennial celebration in October, 1881, on board the steam yacht
Yosemite.
{New York? i88if\ (2), 21, (1} pp. 8.
MENONVII^E, Franjois Louis Arthur Thibaut, comte de. Journal of the
siege of York.
(/ Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, pp. 283-288.)
NEW YORK. Chamber of commerce of the State of New York. Banquet
given by the Chamber of commerce of the State of New York in
honor of the guests of the nation to the centennial celebration of
the victory at Yorktown. New York, November 5, 1881.
{New York: 1 88 1.'} (2},ii, (2), 51 pp. Plate. 8.
PATTON, Jacob Harris. Yorktown: A compendious account of the cam
paign of the allied French and American forces, resulting in the
surrender of Cornwallis and the close of the American revolution ;
the succeeding events, to the treaty of peace; and the celebration
of the centennial anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown.
New York: Fords, Howard, and Hulbert, 1882. 62 pp. Plates. Por
traits. Maps. 8.
ROCHAMBEAU, [Eugene Achille Lacroix de Vimeur] comte de. York-
town. Centenaire de Tinddpendance des Etats-Unis d' Amerique;
1781-1881.
Paris: H. Champion, 1886. 340, (1} pp. Plates. 8.
STEVENS, Benjamin' Franklin, comp. and ed. The campaign in Virginia,
1781. An exact reprint of six rare pamphlets on the Clinton-
Cornwallis controversy, with very numerous important unpub
lished manuscript notes by Sir Henry Clinton, K. B., and the
omitted and hitherto unpublished portions of the letters in their
appendixes added from the original manuscripts. With a sup
plement containing extracts from the journals of the House of
lords, a French translation of papers laid before the House, and a
644 List of Works Relating to FrencJi Alliance
catalogue of the additional correspondence of Clinton and Corn-
wallis, in 1780-81.
London, 1888. 2 vols. 4.
STEVENS, John Austin. The allies at Yorktown, 1781; with an appendix.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, Jan., 1881, pp. 1-53; vol. 7, Dec.,
1881, pp. 445-453-- Maps.)
The appendix contains: ist. News from the front, from the journals
of the day; and 2d. Betters from the field.
French officers at the siege of York.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, page 269.)
Yorktown centennial handbook; historical and topographical
guide to the Yorktown peninsula, Richmond, James river a.nd
Norfolk.
New York: For the author, by C. A. Coffin & Rogers, 1881. 124 pp.
Illustrations. Portraits' Maps. ,'8.
UNITED STATES. Yorktown centennial commission. General programme
of ceremonies at the dedication of the Yorktown monument.
Washington: Government printing office, 1881. (3} pp. 8.
Official programme of the Yorktown centennial celebra
tion, October 18, 19, 20, 21, 1881. Under the joint resolution of
Congress of June 7, 1880. Published by authority of the York-
town centennial commission.
Washington, D. C.: F. T. Wilson, 1881. xiv, (2), 154, (1} pp. 8.
UNITED STATES. Report of the commission created in accordance with
a joint resolution of Congress, approved March 3, 1881, pro
viding for the erection of a monument at Yorktown, Va., com
memorative of the surrender of L,ord Cornwallis.
Washington: Government printing office, 1883. 169 pp. 8.
Another issue of same date has at head of title: 47th Congress, 2d ses
sion, Senate. Report no. 1003.
[WASHINGTON, George.] Orderly book of the siege of Yorktown, from
September 26, 1781, to November 2nd, 1781. (Now first printed
from the original MSS. )
Philadelphia: [Antique press], 1865. (4], 66 pp. sq.8. (Revolu
tionary series, no. i. )
Washington's orderly books. [Oct. 6, I78i-Oct. 31, 1781.]
(In The American historical record, vol. 3, pp. 403-406,457-462,496-498.
Philadelphia, 1874. 8.)
WINTHROP,' Robert C[harles]. Oration on the hundredth anniversary of
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to the combined forces of
America and France at Yorktown, Virginia, 19 October, 1781: de
livered at Yorktown, 19 October, 1881.
Boston: Little, Brown & co., 1881. (4], 73 pp. 8.
List of Works Relating to French Alliance 645
The YORKTOWN centennial. Acts of legislatures and societies, with regard
to the October celebration.
(In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., 1881, pp. 308-314.)
YORKTOWNV CENTENNIAL, ASSOCIATION. The centennial anniversary of
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis and the British forces under his
command on the igth day of October, 1781, virtually the closing
of the struggle for American independence, to be appropriately
celebrated on the field of Yorktown, Va., in October, iSSi.
{New, York: American banknote co., 1880. 10 pp. 8 . ( With Dit
Hamel, W. J. C. An address read before the Maryland his
torical society on the centennial of the siege of Yorktown. New
York, 1880.}
The centennial anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis
and the British forces under his command on the igth day of
October, 1781, virtually the closing of the struggle for American
independence, to be appropriately celebrated on the field of York-
town, Va., in October, 1881.
New York: American bank note co., 1880. // pp. 8.
INDEX.
[Places Events Subjects Persons in authority.
Acknowledgments: 535.
Addresses (unveiling): ,
Invocation (Doctor Stafford): 87.
The President: 88.
Ambassador Cambon: (French) 90, (English) 92.
Ambassador Porter: *94v
Senator Lodge (oration): 96.
General Brugere: (French) 103, (English) 105.
Benediction ( Bishop Satterlee ): 107.
After return of veterans to France: 512.
After Yorktown (Williamsburg, Boston, Annapolis, Wilmington, 1781-
1783): 469-510-
Agenois, Regiment de: 230, 256, 577-579. (See also Services, Events.)
Aiguesparsse, M. (See Key to group, 165; Rochambeau mission events. )
Alabama, battle ship: 49, 66, 132-140.
Alliance, French, anniversary: 253, 254.
Alliance, French, capitulations of: 226.
Alliance, French, in coin: 509-510.
Alliance, French, flag of the: 77.
Alliance, French, in material of war: 506-508.
Alliance, French, terms of: 228.
Alliance, FYench, works relating to: 607.
Alliance, L'Francaise de Brooklyn: 119.
Allied army at Yorktown, Va.: 434, 438.
Allied armies, strength of: 411.
Allies, courtesies to: 403.
America, orders for: 282.
American forces, disposition of, 1780: 271.
American forces, disposition of, after Yorktown: 473.
American lines at Yorktown, Va.: 444.
American scout ships: 330.
American troops, disposition of, after Yorktown: 473.
Andre, capture of: 349.
Andromaque, narrow escape of: 475.
Angely, Baron de, against Huntington Bay: 407.
Annapolis: 426.
Annapolis, naval fete at: 65, 66.
Annapolis, naval vessels at: 53.
647
648 Index
Annapolis, United States Naval Academy: 53.
Appropriations: 19, 24, 28.
Appropriations, room of House Committee on, visited: 114.
Arlington National Cemetery, visited: 131.
Arms, a feat of: 459.
Arms of De Rochambeau : 13.
Army, allied, before Yorktown: 434-438.
Army, American, before Yorktown: 434-436, 437.
Army, British:
In America: 286.
At Yorktown: 442.
Army, French, before Yorktown: 436-437?
Army, land, of D'Estaing: 585-588. (See also Services, Events.)
Army of Rochambeau, regiments of: 565-588.
Army of Rochambeau sails from France: 276.
Army of Saint Simon (De Grasse's fleet): 577.
Army, Virginia militia before Yorktown: 438.
Army formations (Yorktown): 434.
Army, French:
In America: 262, 277^278, 366, 421, 436.
Before Yorktown: 438.
Leaves Baltimore for the Hudson: 487.
Army, French, effectives September, 1782: 489.
Army, French, return of, to France: 514.
Arnold, Benedict: 288, 342, 346, 351, 363.
Arrangements, order of, at unveiling: 80.
Artillery Company, Newport: 179.
Artillery (French): 277, 307, 436, 437.
Artillery Corps : 253.
Assembly of troops: 78.
Assembly, Rhode Island: 306.
Authorities: 5, 6.
Authority to print: 2.
Auxiliary operations: 265.
Auxonne, Regiment d': 574-575. (See also Military events.)
Baffling winds: 280.
Balch, Thomas: 6.
Baltimore:
French in camp at: 485.
March for the Hudson: 487.
Band, French, marine concert, Boston: 204.
Band of the Gaulois: 73, 102.
Banquet, French embassy: 72.
Banquet, Rochambeau day at Paris: 125.
Barras de: 261, 375 (in command), 378, 379 (reports), 386, 405,407,414,
415, 417 (to join De Grasse), 427, 428, 429, 441 (fleet).
Bates, Lieutenant-Governor, address, "The Commonwealth": 206.
Battle order of Yorktown: 433.
Benediction: 107.
Berthelot, Major: 54. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
Index 649
Bibliography: 607.
Billy, Robert de: 43. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
Bingham, Col. Theodore A.: 9, 25, 26, 27, 29, 53, 55, 61. (See Key to
group; Rochambeau Mission events, 217.)
Bliss, Cornelius N., entertains at the Union League: 46.
Boeuve, Jules: 15, 16, 19, 20, 27, 28, 43, 50. (See Key to group; Rocham
beau Mission events. )
Book plate of De Rochambeau: 13.
Boston :
French army marches to: 490.
French army arrives at: 494.
French fleet arrives at: 487.
Rochambeau Mission arrives at: 189.
Boston's greeting: 189,
Boston's hospitality: 193.
Boston's reception to the ladies: 190, 216.
Bourbonnais, Regiment de: 277, 280, 307, 394, 565-568. (See also Military
events. )
Bourgogne, La: 50.
Boyle, P. J.: :8o, 184.
Breakfast to the President on board Le (laulois: 67.
Breda, M. de, Ensign. (See Key to group.)
Brest: 275, 276, 285.
British army in Yorktown, Va. : 442.
British blockade Narragansett Bay: 319.
British counter projects: 315.
British defenses at Newport, R. I. : 244.
British defenses at Yorktown: 442.
British designs: 490.
British diversion southward: 353.
British embark to attack Newport: 324.
British fall back: 445.
British fleet off the capes of the Chesapeake: 475.
British ground arms and give up standards: 455.
British naval forces and defeat: 427-428.
British occupation of Rhode Island: 242.
British recruits: 411.
British squadron: 362.
British strength: 271.
British works at Yorktown, investment of: 439.
Brugere, Gen. H. J.: 26, 54, 55, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70 (see Key to group;
Rochambeau Mission events), 103 (address at unveiling
French, 105; English, no), 113, 114, 115, 144-147, 176, 180, 185,
186, 187, 199, 211, 220, 223 (to the President).
Brugere to Varnum: 177.
Testimonial to the Cincinnati.
Bruwaert, M.: 43.
Byron, Admiral: 240.
Cadet Review: 143.
Cadillac, Chevalier de (painting): 120.
650 Index
Cambon, M. Jules (Ambassador): 15, 20^ 26, 50, 56 (see Key to group), 66,
67, 68, 70, 90 (address at unveiling, French and English), 90,
92, 80, 148, 149, 167, 174, 206, 208. (See Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Cambon, Mme.: 56, 62, 135, 163, 20. (See Key to group; Rochambeau
Mission events. )
Campaign considerations: 483.
Campaign plans: 335.
Campaign, spring, proposed: 476.
Camps of French army, Williamsburg to Baltimore: 484.
Cannon for Rochambeau and De Grasse: 464.
Cannon, Joseph G.: 15, 28, 114.
Capitol, at the: 113.
Capitulations, international (alliance): 226.
Capitulations of surrender signed: 453.
Cardinal Gibbons: 87.
Carow, Miss: 62.
Cash for Congress: 278.
Cash, French: 419, 375.
Cash, more for campaign: 413.
Cash and news from France: 478.
Cavalry, Second U. S. : 60.
Century after: 531.
Ceremony, calls of: 190.
Ceremonies, order of: 25.
Chalendar, Gen. Ferdinand Comte de: 54. (See Key to group; Rocham
beau Mission events.)
Chamber of commerce, French, greeting of: 162.
Chambrun, Countess de: 43.
Chambrun, Vicomte de: 136,163. (See Rochambeau Mission events. )
Charlotte Court House, Va. : 478.
Chastellux, Chevalier de: 384, 485 (in command), 493, 495, 498, 499, ^16,
(See Military events.)
Chateau Rochambeau: 521.
Chesapeake, naval battle of: 427.
Chesapeake, Destouches off for: 365.
Chester, Pa. Washington hears of De Grasse's arrival: 422.
Chimere conveys Gerard to Philadelphia: 234.
China service used on Le Gaulois: 67.
Choisy,' General -de: 415, 449, 478. (See Military events.)
Chouin, Major: 238.
Church, commemorative services: 129.
Cincinnati, banner of: 188.
Cincinnati in France: 515.
Cincinnati, French Society of: 589-605.
Cincinnati, M. Loubet elected: 177.
Letter: 177.
Cincinnati, Military Order of, present at unveiling ceremonies: 84.
Cincinnati, Society of, entertains: 152.
Index 651
Cincinnati, testimonial to, by French Government: 177.
Circle Francais d' Alliance: 216.
Circle Litteraire Franco- American : 119.
Claremont, breakfast at the: 159.
Clinton, General (British): 234, 251, 264, 315, 409, 420, 473.
Cockade, black and white: 313.
Cockran, Bourke, France and Ireland: 175.
Coin, alliance in: 509-510.
College Landing, Va. : 429.
Collins, Mayor, of Boston: 194, 206 (the Municipality), 214.
Collins, Mrs. Patrick: 198.
Colonial Dames of America, wreath from: 108.
Columbia University, visited: 158.
Column in parade, The: 109.
Commemorative church services: 129.
Commemoration, impressive: 75.
Commission, Rochambeau monument: 9, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29. (See Key to
group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
Committees on the Library: 10, 21.
Committees on Printing: 10.
Communications exchanged with D'Estaing: 238.
Concert, French, Marine Band: 204.
Conference between Washington and Rochambeau: 336.
Congratulations over Yorktown: 460.
Congress aroused: 267.
Congress, by authority of: 9, 28.
Congress informed: 234.
Congress informed of Rochambeau's arrival: 293.
Congress, joint resolution: 31.
Congress presents a frigate: 495.
Congress reviews the French: 422.
Congress to Rochambeau and Destouches: 369.
Congress soothes disappointment: 253.
Congress, thanks of, for Yorktown: 463.
Congress, thanks and farewell: 497.
Congressional commission: 21, 29.
Contents: 3.
Contract for the statue: 19.
Contracts and convention: 226.
Continentals (Minute Men): in.
Conventions and contracts: 226.
Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson " Diplomacy:" 209.
Cornwallis, Lord: 50, 357, 387, 405, 409, 410, 411, 424. 426, 428, 442, 447-
462 (siege and surrender of Yorktown), 459, 531 (century after).
Corny, M. Louis Ethis de: 290.
Correspondence :
Breezy: 332.
International: 31.
Telltale: 383.
652 Index
Countess and the Daughters of the American Revolution: 45.
Courrier des Etats Unis: 118.
Courier des Etats Unis, Rochambeau festivities: 537 (in French).
Cove Point: 50.
Crane, Governor Winthrop Murray: 193.
Croiset M. (See Key to group) : 43, 202, 213, 224. (See Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Daughters of the American Revolution: 45, 107, 190.
Dauphin of France honored: 481.
Deane, Silas: 231, 232, 234.
Declaration of Independence celebrated: 400.
Decorations for the President's commission: 217.
Defensive measures: 323.
Delaware Bay: 234.
Delaware Capes, off: 234.
Delaware, pointed for the: 233.
Desperate alternative: 334.
Destouches: 261, 356 (in command), 362, 363, 365 (off for Chesapeake),
368 ( victory ) , 369-370.
Dewey, Admiral, 60. (See Rochambeau Mission events. )
" Diamond, " on the: 199.
Dillon, Regiment de: 230,255,287. (See also Military events. )
Dimmick, Col.E. J.: 109.
Dingley, chairman of Committee on Ways and Means, greets: 114.
Dinner of State: 62.
Dispatches:
For France: 355.
From France: 363.
Dodd's Ferry: 409, 415.
Dolphin, U.S. .dispatch boat: 54,66, 140, 144, 145.
Donoil: 6.
Duel at sea: 247.
Dumas: 521.
Eliot, president: 200, 210.
Elyse, Palace of the, china from: 67.
Emaraud: 500.
Embarkation of the French: 276.
Embassy, French: 61, 117.
Engineer's French: 307.
England: 227.
England alarmed: 289.
England, how Yorktown's surrender received: 468.
English naval force strengthened : 240.
Escape, a timely: 251.
Estaing, Comte d': 233, 239, 243, 259, 267, 516, 519. (See also Military
events. )
Estaing, d', (land) army of. (See also Military events: 585-588.)
Estaing, d', expedition: 225-259.
Estaing, d', expedition of: 229.
Index 653
Estaing, d', greetings from Washington: 237.
Estaing, d', informs Congress and Washington: 234.
Estaing's, d', fleet lands troops: 230,
Estaing, d', off Newport: 243.
Estaing, d', sails for Boston: 250.
Estaing, d', ready to march overland: 251, 252.
Estaing, d', sails to Rhode Island: 240.
Estaing, d', sails for West Indies: 253.
Estaing, d', against Savannah : 255, 256, 258 (end of command first French
expedition to America), 258.
Estaing, d', sketch: 235.
Estaing, d', to Washington : 235.
Estaing, d', willing, officers not: 249.
European politics: 517.
Events of the day:
MAY 17, 1902, Saturday
Arrival of civil guests at New York: 42.
MAY 19, Monday
Countess de Rochambeau and the Daughters of the American
Revolution: 43.
A festive alliance at the Union League: 44.
MAY 20, Tuesday
Salut! Le Gaulois.
The guests at Washington : 48.
MAY 21, Wednesday
Le Gaulois at Annapolis.
Naval honors.
President's commission welcome the French Mission.
Authorities of the United States Naval Academy tender the
courtesies of the station in behalf of the United States Navy.
Deputation from the French Embassy extend cordial greetings to
their countrymen : 52.
MAY 22, Thursday
Arrival of the French Mission at Washington.
Reception by the President of the United States.
Ceremonial calls. .
Visit to the tomb of Washington.
State dinner at White House: 58.
MAY 23, Wednesday
Roosevelt-Loubet.
The President on Le Gaulois.
Returns to Washington.
Dinner at the French Embassy: 64.
MAY 24, Saturday :
The statue of Rochambeau unveiled.
Review of the "allied " forces of the United States and France.
Visit of compliment to the Capitol, Library of Congress.
Reception at the French Embassy: 74.
MAY 25, Sunday
A mass in commemoration.
654 Index
Events of the day Continued.
MAY 25, Sunday Continued.
At the graves of heroes.
On a tour of observation.
Le Gaulois en voyage: 128.
MAY 26, Monday
Niagara Falls.
Le Gaulois at New York: 138.
MAY 27, Tuesday
Military honors and cadet review.
Metropolitan municipal felicitations.
Empire State guard on dress parade.
Society of the Cincinnati. (See Members Rochambeau: 142.)
MAY 28, Wednesday-
Visit to tomb of Grant.
A Municipal " De jeuner."
French chamber of commerce banquet.
Le Gaulois leaves for Boston : 156.
MAY 29, Thursday
At "Ophir Hill."
Friendly Sons bf St. Patrick hosts.
Le Gaulois for Boston : 170.
MAY 30, Friday
Memorial honors to the soldiers and sailors of the alliance.
1741 Newport artillery company 1902.
Decoration of the grave of De Ternay.
Social festivities.
I/unch at the Casino.
Arrival at Boston : 178.
MAY 31, Saturday
Bay State and Bunker Hill memories.
Academic attentions.
A Commonwealth lunch and municipal dinner.
Post prandial honors : 192.
JUNE i, Sunday
Sans adieu-au revoir.
Partant Pour La France : 218.
Events, schedule of: 41.
Executive committee : 9, 26.
Exercises, order of, at unveiling : 86.
Faramorid, Lieutenant Comte de : 54. (See Rochambeau Mission events. )
Farewells : 493, 495, 496.
Fears, fallacy of : 333.
Festive alliance at the Union League : 46.
Fete day in camp : 490.
Figaro Le Supplement Exceptionnel : 123.
Figaro " Special' ': 121.
Fillonneau, Ettienne: 55. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Index 655
Fire rafts: 446.
Fitzgerald, Justice, on Washington and Rochambeau: 179.
Flag decoration: 76.
Flag, French, of the Alliance: 77.
Flag of the French Republic: 78.
Flag of De Rochambeau: 77.
Fleet, characteristics of: 231.
Fleet of D'Estaing, vessels and equipment: 230.
Fleet of De Grasse: 440, 441.
Fleet, French, first: 229.
Fleet, French (De Ternay):
Sails for America: 276, 277.
List of vessels, guns, men, and commanders: 277.
Personnel: 279, 280.
De Grasse: 440.
De Barras: 441.
Fleury, Lieutenant-Colonel: 239.
Flury between the chiefs: 371.
Foix, Regiment de: 230, 255, 286. (See also Military events.)
Foreign guests, entertainment of: 9.
Fornes, president of board of aldermen welcome: 147.
Fort Warren: 191.
Foss, Representative: 66.
Fournier, Admiral: 180. (Sec Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
Fournier, Vice-Admiral : 49, 54, 55, 59, 62, 66, 69, 176, 212, 220. (See Key
to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
France: 24, 31, 465.
France aid of the States: u, 12, 13.
France and the States: 522.
France, cash and news from: 478.
France in the war of American Independence: 227.
Franco- American Literary Society received: 119.
Franco-American press, Rochambeau festivities (Courier des Etats-Unis):
537-
Franklin: 263, 359, 375, 480, 516 (brings a letter).
French advance: 478.
French aid to the States, recapitulation: 505-510.
French alliance. (See Alliance, French.)
French alliance of Brooklyn: 119.
French alliance, Military Order of: ii9. %
French ambassador: 26.
French army and navy in America (De Rochambeau, De Ternay, Des-
touches, Barras): 261-359.
French and American soldiers in parade at Washington: 75.
French (auxiliary) army: 217, 306.
How received when landed: 307.
Organization: 355.
Winter quarters: 389, 340, 341.
Leaves Newport: 391.
656 Index
French (auxiliary) army Continued.
Marching orders: 393.
In motion: 394.
Crosses the Hudson: 417.
March to Yorktown : 418.
Camps: 484.
Departs: 496, 504.
Yorktown column: 531.
French army marches to Boston : 490.
French army march to the Hudson: 487.
French army and navy in America: 262.
French band: 26, 93.
French battalion: 79.
French division, second blockade: 337, 358.
French embassy: 72.
Banquet: 72.
Reception: 117.
French flag of the Alliance: 77.
French fleet, first: 229.
French Fusilier Marines: 79.
French Government accepts: 24.
French honors for Washington. 364.
French impress: 505.
French lines: 444.
French mission, honors to: 41.
French open at Newport: 245.
French regimental organizations in United States: 565-588.
French seamen: 26.
French Society of Rochambeau of New York: 46.
French visitors: 46.
Frenchmen honored for service in America:. 482.
Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, banquet Rochambeau Mission: 172.
Frogs neck: 408.
Frye, W. P., President pro tempo re: 29, 115.
Galvan, M. de: 270.
Gardiner, Asa Bird: 180.
Gardiners Bay: 248, 362.
Gatenais. (See Gatinais. )
Gatinais' Regiment de (Royal Auvergne): 230, 256, 258, 579-582. (See
also Military events.)
Gatinais honors for: 450.
Gaulois, Le: 49, 50, 53, 54, 59, 65, 66, 67, 132, 140, 161, 190, 191, 219, 222
(departs).
Gazette, Rivington's Royal: 239.
German mercenaries: 456.
Gibbons, Cardinal: 26, 130.
Give them the bayonet: 433.
Gleaves, Capt. Albert: 54.
Gloucester, U. S. S.: 65.
Index 657
Gloucester: 424, 439, 412, 443, 445.
Gourd, M. Henry E., French chamber of commerce: 165.
Government of France, invited: 24.
Grand Army of the Republic: 185.
Grant, tomb of, visited: 158.
Grasse, de, Admiral: 50, 266, 370, 387, 392, 403.
Sails: 404, 412, 414, 422, 423.
Arrives: 424, 425,428, 430.
Conference: 431,432,440.
Fleet: 445.
Blockades: 446, 447-462.
Siege of Yorktown: 464, 469-471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 517.
Death: 531.
Graves, Admiral: 50.
Great Britain yielding: 485.
Greene, Gen. Nathaniel: 244, 252.
Greene's victory at Eutaw Springs: 446.
Griffin, A. P. C. : 607.
Guests, for names of, see Events by name.
Guests, civil, arrival of the, 42.
Guests. ( Complete lists will be found under the name of the Event, the
Occasion, or other characterizing feature.)
Guests, foreign entertainment of: 9.
Guests, official, on to Washington: 50.
Guests of the Nation on tour: 135-136.
Guichen, Washington to: 341.
Guillemin, M. Jean: 43. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Guillemot, major of: 126.
Halifax expedition proposed: 255.
Hainault, d', Regiment: 230, 255, 258, 585-586. (See also Military events.)
Hamar, Fernand: 16, 20, 26, 39, 43, 90. (See Unveiling.)
Hamar, Pere M. : 43.
Hamilton, I/ieutenant-Colonel: 239. (See Military events.)
Hancock, John, Governor: 244, 494.
Hansbrough, Henry C.: 10.
"Happy stroke," aiming at a: 353.
Hartford, Conn., conference: 344.
Hartford, Conn.: 491.
Harries, Brig. Gen. G. H.: no.
Harvard, Mass., salutations: 200.
Harvard University, ladies at tea: 204.
Haverstraw Bay: 239.
Hay, John: 9, 14, 25, 29, 31, 63, 126.
Head of Elk: 425.
Heath. General: 290, 291, 293, 319, 331, 337, 353, 415.
Hemenway, James A.: 27.
Henderson, D. B.: 113.
Hermite, L,ouis: 54. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 42
658 Index
Hermite, Lieutenant-Colonel. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Hessians: 413, 456. (See Military events.)
Hibbard, Postmaster, Boston, " France in America ": 207.
Higginson, Rear- Admiral : 49, 221.
Hitt, Robert R. : 23.
Hodson, Florence: 185.
Holy Cross Cathedral: 219.
Homes versus Billets: 354-355.
Honors parting: 491.
Howe had gone: 234.
Howe, Admiral, at New York: 239.
Howe, Lord Viscount Richard: 245, 246.
Howe on the back tack: 248.
Hudson, a reconnaissance on: 406.
Huntingdon Bay, enterprise: 407.
Hyeres Islands, France: 231.
Impressive commemoration: 75.
Incidents of Yorktown: 462.
Independence, War of American: 227.
Indiana, battle ship: 54.
Indians, Iroquois: 339-340.
In search of a phantom: 328.
Instructions: 268, 376.
International capitulations: 226.
International correspondence: 31.
International felicitations: 67.
Introduction: n.
Invitations: 9, 24, 25, 81.
Invited: 23.
Invocation: 87.
Ireland, Archbishop, address: 174.
Irish- American Historical Society of New York and New England: 119.
Irish-American Historical Society: 81, 82.
Itinerary of Rochambeau Mission: 135-224.
James River: 424-425.
Jay, Gustave Le: 55, 63. (See Rochambeau Mission events.)
Johnson, Rear- Admiral: 190.
Journalism, sensational: 308.
Junction arranged: 385.
Jusserand, M.: 7, 527, 535.
Karren, M. Leon: 205.
Kearsarge, U. S. battle ship: 49, 54, 66, 132, 140^190, 191, 222.
Keim, De B. Randolph: 227.
Kimball, C. D.: 180.
Kings Bridge: 408.
Knox, General: 253.
Ladies entertained: 198.
Index 659
Ladies welcome: 190.
Lafayette, Count de: 45.
Family invited: 24.
M. Gaston, de Sahune de: 32, 33, 43. (See Key to group; Rocham-
beau Mission events.)
Guest of nation: 41.
Marquis de: 244, 250, 251, 263, 264, 265, 166, 267, 268, 270, 271, 287,
288, 308, 323, 328, 334, 364, 370,389, 401, 402, 405, 409, 410, 411,
412, 421, 425, 426, 427, 431, 434, 472, 473, 474.
Lafayette, Marquis de: 15, 114. (See Rochambeau Mission events.)
Monument: 20.
Painting: 121.
Lagrave, M.: 43. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
Land and sea power of France in America: 507-508.
Landis, Charles B.: 10.
Languedoc, Le: 50, 232, 246, 247.
Lasson, Captain: 55. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
Laurens, Col. John: 359,419.
Lauzun, de, Duke: 277, 307, 396, 399, 408, 439, 478, 496.
Tn command: 504.
Departs: 576.
(See Military events. )
Lauzun's Hussars: 396, 399.
Lauzun, Legion de: 277, 307, 408, 439, 478, 576. (See Military events.)
Legislation, a romance in: 15.
Letter of invitation to President Loubet: 31, 32.
Library Committees: 10, 25, 29.
Library of Congress visited: 116.
Lincoln, General: 255, 256, 399, 418.
Lincoln, W. H., "The White Wings of Commerce:" 212.
Line of march French army: 394-401.
Lodge, Senator H. C. : 26, 29, 96.
Loeb, William, jr. (See President.)
Loubet, M. Emile, President of France, letter in reply to Theodore Roose
velt, President of the United States: 32, 33.
Loubet, President, parting words to the Rochambeau Mission : 56.
Loubet, M., President of France: 33, 56, 63, 177, 178, 188.
Louis XVI: u, 264, 279.
Low, 'mayor of New York City: 147, 148.
Luzerene, De La: 270, 288, 338, 351, 384, 464 (guest), 479 (of Washington),
480.
Lynn Haven Bay: 445.
McCleary, James T. : 6, 9, 10, 14, 16, 20, 21, 25, 29, 84, 113, 114, 115, 116.
March of history: 429.
March to Yorktown: 418-429.
Margerie, Pierre de: 54.
Margerie, Madam de. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
Marine Band, United States: 26, 96, 107.
66o Index
Marines, United States: 26, 66. -
Martin, Mrs. Alexander: 216.
Maryland grants privilege of transit of foreign troops: 79.
Meaux Saint Marc, Lieutenant-Colonel: 54, 221. (See Key to group;
- Rochambeau Mission events.)
Mercury (Paris) prints the news: 466.
Members of the Rochambeau Mission, facing: 59.
Metz, Regiment de (artillery): 575-576. (See also Military events.)
Middlebrook, N. J.: 253.
Midshipmen, United States: 59.
Miles, Nelson A. , Lieut. Gen. : 60.
Military events. (See by name. )
Militia, D. C.: 26.
Militia of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut rally: 244.
Militia honors for: 329.
Minister, first French to the United States: 231.
Minute Men (Continental): in.
Mirabeau considerations, Cincinnati: 602.
Mission. (See Rochambeau Mission and Events.)
Mission, French. (See Rochambeau Mission.)
Mission, members of the Rochambeau. (See Key to illustrations.)
Mission, Rochambeau: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 82, 113. (See Events of the day.)
Montbarrey, Prince de: 274, 297.
Monument commission: 9.
Monument described: 37.
Monument to Comte de Rochambeau unveiled: 75.
Monument to Yorktown: 464.
Morgan, Edwin: 9,50. '(See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
Morris, Robert: 413.
Mount Vernon: 62, 425.
Munster, Comte de: 231.
Music in commemoration: 129.
Musical numbers unveiling:
Le Marseillaise (United States Marine Band): 89.
(Pulling the cord.)
Les Chasseresses (The Huntresses) , Delibes (French Marine Band) : 93.
Hail to the Spirit of Liberty (United States Marine Band): 96.
Star Spangled Banner (French Marine Band): 102
America (United States Marine Band): 107.
Lieut. W. H. Santelman, United States Marine Band, leader,
M. Leon Karren, French Marine Band, leader.
Narragansett channel forced by French: 252.
Narragansett waters: 285.
National Association of Frenchmen of Philadelphia: 119.
National Guard, District of Columbia: 108.
National Guard of Maryland: 66.
National Guard of New York City in review: 151.
National Lancers of Boston: 193, 199.
Index 66 1
Naval Academy, United States: 53.
Naval aid of the States: 441.
Naval cadets: 66.
Courtesies off Boston: 190.
Courtesies off the Virginia capes: 49.
Naval fete: 65.
Naval power of the States: 241.
Navy, French, in America: 262.
Navy, Secretary of the: 69.
Nelson, Maj. Gen. Thomas: 438. (See York town events: 531.)
Newport, a day of memories: 179, 188 (Review).
Newport Artillery Company: 179.
Newport, sea battle of: 246. / , :
Newport to Yorktown, victorious operations of the allied armies, 1781:
361-468.
Newport: 283, 292, 300, 302, 308 (French headquarters), 314, 319, 334, 351,
354, 364 (honors to Washington), 365, 367, 388, 391 (farewell),
493 (French officers say good-bye).
Newport abandoned: 264.
Newport parade: 184.
Newport to Yorktown: 361.
Newport, Va., headquarters: 477.
New York City, welcome to Rochambeau Mission: 144, 150.
New York, a last dash at: 407.
New York, British concentrating at: 486.
New York still the objective: 385.
Niagara, Rochambeau Mission at: 139-140.
Ocean investment: 440-441.
Official character of guests end: 219.
O'Gorman, Justice, presides: 174.
O'Hara, General: 455.
Olympia, U. S. cruiser: 49, 54, 66, 132, 140, 190, 191, 222.
"Ophir" Hill fete champetre: 171.
Order of arrangements: 80.
Order of ceremonies: 25.
Order of exercises: 86.
Orders: 232, 233.
Orders opened: 232.
Parallel first Yorktown: 447.
Parallel second Yorktown : 449.
Parker, Hyde, Admiral : 240.
Parley sounded: 452.
Parliamentary phrase, Rochambeau in: 16.
Partant: 135.
Parting expressions: 219, 223.
Patuxent River: 50.
Payne, Sereno E. : 27.
Peace: 503.
662 Index
Pedestal commenced: 25.
Pedestal elaborated: 21.
Peirce, Herbert H. D.: 9, 26, 53, 55, 56. (See Key to group, 59; Rocham-
beau Mission events.)
Peirce, Mrs. H. D. (See Key to group, Rochambeau events. }
Penobscot expedition: 373,487.
People of France invited : 24.
Pey rouse, M. de la: 363.
Philadelphia French troops reviewed by Congress: 422.
Photographic remembrance: 131.
Pigeon Hill: 444.
Pigot, Sir Robert: 243, 245.
Pilots, American: 240.
Plans frustrated: 346.
Pleasant memories: 514.
Platt, Thomas C. : 10.
Pluckemin, Camp: 253.
Porter, Horace: 15, 25, 26, 31, 33, 46.
Powers and orders: 233.
Prefatory: 5.
Preparations to receive the French: 290.
President, the: 24, 26, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71.
Letter to Loubet: 31.
Receives Rochambeau Mission: 61.
Gives state dinner: 62.
Departs for Annapolis: 65.
Breakfast on Le Gaulois: 67.
Returns to Washington: 71.
Greeted at unveiling: 82.
President's stand: 83.
Address of unveiling: 87, 88.
Reviews American and French troops: 108, 109.
Compliments French sailors: no.
President to Brugere: 223.
President pro tempore: 29, 115.
President of France: 31. (See L/oubet.)
President's commission: 9, 53.
President's commission, decorations for: 217.
President's stand: 83.
Print, authority to: 2.
Printing, Committees on: 10.
Prisoners, disposition of: 472.
Proclamation of welcome of Rochambeau Mission in New York: 150.
Promotions for service in America: 513.
Providence: 491.
Providence honors Washington: 368.
Quaker testimony: 489.
Ransdell, Sergeant-at-Arms, United States Senate: 115,
Index 663
Rawdon, Lord, captured: 428.
Read homestead: 179.
Recapitulation of French succor of the States in material of war, sea
power, land forces, and coin: 505-510.
Recapitulation of sea and land power of France in America: 506-508.
Redouts:
American: 449-450.
French storming parties: 449-450.
Reed, Mrs. Sylvanus: 45.
Regiments, French, high character of: 280.
Reid, Whitelaw, enlistment: 171.
Reinforcements for Greene: 476.
Reminiscence, a family: 223.
Rendezvous of French ordered: 275.
Renouard, M.: 43. (See Rochambeau Mission events.)
Resolutions of welcome, aldermen, New York City: 149.
Review and parade, New York City: 150.
Revolution, French: 517.
Reyneval, M. Conrad Alexander Gerard: 231, 232, 234.
Reynolds, J. B.: 43.
Rhode Island: 242, 245, 291, 306, 316, 389, 492.
Rhode Island, French arrival off: 284.
Rochambeau, de, arms and bookplate: 13.
Rochambeau, de, Comte: 261, 265, 267, 270, 273, 274, 278, 294; (reports to
Washington), 290 (instructions), 298 (secret), 299 (situation),
302 (man of crisis), 308, 310, 311, 317, 318, 321, 328, 335, 336,
339. 340, 34i, 344, 345, 346, 349~35i (Arnold treason), 362, 363,
366 (army), 369, 371-373, 376 (supplementary instructions), 377
(for minister of war), 378 (new powers), 380-386 (Wethersfield
conference), 387, 389 (army), 391 (leads), 393, (marching
orders), 394 (in the van), 400 (march and thanks to), 406, 408,
411, 414 (loan), 416 (starts for Yorktown), 418-429 (to York-
town), 422-425, 430, 431, 436 (Yorktown army), 439, 444, 446,
447 (opens the siege), 462 (siege of Yorktown), 457 (his
account), 464, 477 (remains in Virginia), 478, 484 (marches to
Baltimore), 485, 487 (march to the Hudson), 487, 490, 491, 492,
493 (courtesies to), 493 (leaves his army), 494, 497, 498, (fare
well), 500, 501 (exciting chase), 502 (sketch), 513, 515 (in
England, at court), 516, 517, 518, 519 (saves the day at Quive-
ran), 520, 521, 528 (death, tomb, family), 529 (manuscripts)
531 (a century after).
Rochambeau, de:
Army of: 565-588.
Memoires: 6.
Rochambeau, de, Vicomte: 375, 377.
Rochambeau, de, Comte, monument: 75.
Rochambeau, de, Comte (on plans): 24,62. (See Key to group; Roham-
beau Mission events. )
664 Index
Rochambeau, de, Comte Ren: 43, 45, 50, 56, 179, (Newport), 185. (See
Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events).
Rochambeau, de, Countess: 43, 45, 46, 50, 56 (see Key to group), 62, 89,
113, 145, 217, 224 see Rochambeau Mission events).
Rochambeau, de, extra Figaro: 123.
Rochambeau, de, family, invited: 24.
Rochambeau, de, flag of: 77.
Rochambeau, de:
French Society of, New York: 46.
Guest of Nation: 41.
Marquis de: 23, 26.
Mission events: 41-224.
Mission, members of the, facing: 59.'
Special, leaves Washington: 135.
Rochambeau Mission events: 41-224. (See Events of the day.)
Rodgers, Raymond P.: 9, 26, 53, 56, 59. (See Key to group; Rochambeau
Mission events; Pres'ident's commission. )
Roe, Major-General, commanding, New York National Guard: 151.
Roosevelt, Theodore, President, letter of invitation to Loubet: 31 (English),
32 ( French). (See President Loubet's reply: 32; President, the. )
Roosevelt, Miss: 62.
Root, Elihu: 9, 14, 25, 29.
Rotunda of Capitol visited: 115.
Route of parade: 1 109.
Royal (Rivington's) Gazette: 371-372.
Royal Deux Ponts, Regiment de: 27.7, 307, 572-574. (See also Military
events. )
Royal guides: 277.
Ruse, de Guerre: 231.
Sail, ahoy!: 49.
Sailors, United States: 26.
Saint Mars, Pouilloue de: 55. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Saint Mary's (R. C.) Church: 185.
Saintonge Regiment de: 277, 307, 570-572. (See also Military events.)
Saint Patrick's (R. C.) Church: 129.
Saint Simon: 387, 424, 425-426, 427-437 (Yorktown Army), 447-462 (siege),
476 (leaves with De Grasse).
Saint Simon army. (See De Grasse's fleet: 577).
Salutes exchanged : 222.
Sandy Hook: 240.
Sappers and miners: 277.
Satterlee, Right Rev. H. Y., Bishop of Washington: 26, 107.
Sauvaire, Jourdain Andre: 55. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission
events. )
Savannah, Ga., British take: 253.
Savannah, Ga., combined attack on. British: 255-257 (assault abandoned):
258.
Index 665
Schedule of events: 41.
Schoolboy soldiers reviewed: 194.
Scout ships, American : 330.
Sculptor: 39.
Sculptor's suggestions: 20.
Sea power of France in America: 441.
Sea and land power of France in America: 506, 507-508.
Seamen, French, 109.
Secretary of State: 21.
Secretary of War: 21.
Seigenheimer aid: 66.
Senate, Chamber visited: 115.
Sensations deprecated: 338.
Sermon, Cardinal Gibbons: 130.
Sheldon, Colonel: 399.
Ship's rating of: 508.
Sickness threatens: 47.
Site of monument: 35.
Site selected: 25.
Sixty-ninth Regiment escort: 172.
Soissonnais, Regiment de: 277, 307, 568-570. (See also Military events. )
Soldiers, American and French in parade: 75.
Soldiers of France remembered: 514.
Sons of American Revolution, welcome: 118.
Sorties, Cornwallis attempts: 451.
Spain, proposed cooperation: 358.
" Special" to the Mercury: 466.
Specialization of events: 227.
Stafford, Rev. Dr. D. J.: 87, 129. '
Stan dish, U. S. S.: 59, 65.
Stands: 80.
State dinner: 62.
States in a pleasing strain: 518.
States favorable to France: 483.
Statuary Hall visited: 115.
Statue: 19, 20, 23, 27, 28.
Statue around the: 76.
Statue, bill for purchase: 19.
Statue commission: 23.
Statue of Comte de Rochambeau unveiled: 75.
Statue, contract for the: 19.
Statue, enlargement: 20.
Stratten, Miss: 184.
Suggestions, sculptor's: 20.
Sullivan, General: 240, 242, 243, 250, 252. .
Supplementary papers: 534.
Surgy, Captain de: 49, 54.
Surprise of the enemy: 397, 399.
666 Index
Surrender; statistics of: 456.
Surrender scenes: 454.
Sylph, U. S. S.: 62.
Tanouarn, d', M. de: 375.
Tennant, d', M.: 519.
Ternay, d': 261, 272, 276, 278, 280-281, 286, 308, 310, 318, 321, 329, 342, 352,
356 (death).
Ternay, d', grave: 185 (memorial ceremonies), 186 (tablet), 187, 188
(notice of death).
Tilley, d', makes a capture: 362.
Tories, on guard against: 396.
Tory croakings: 320.
Toulon: 231, 234.
Tour of guests attending the unveiling of the Rochambeau monument:
134-
Touraine Regiment de: 113, 582-584. (See also Military events.)
Treaty of alliance: 226.
Trinity Church, Newport: 185.
Troops, French, splendid conduct of: 489.
Troops, United States: 108.
Trophies of Yorktown surrender: 457.
Uniforms, French: 421.
Union League, festive alliance at: 46.
United States naval power: 241.
Unveiling (pulling the cord): 88, 89.
Unveiling of De Rochambeau monument: 26, 28, 75.
Varnum, J. H., from Brugere: 177.
Vaudreuil, Marquis de: 486, 487 (arrives Boston), 490, 496 (French em
bark and sail).
Vendome, mayor of, to Hay: 126.
Vergennes, Comte de: 265, 268, 270, 272, 273.
Versailles, impressions at: 480.
Vessels, at Annapolis: 53.
Veterans return to France: 512.
Vignal, Capt. Paul: 54. (See key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. )
Vignal, Madam. (See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.)
Ville de Paris, La.: 50, 471 (conference).
Viomenil, Baron: 278-493 (in command), 495 (farewell).
Virginia militia: 438, 439, 531.
Virginia instead of New York: 367.
Virginia situation: 401.
Voyage of fleet of De Ternay: 281, 298.
Wainwright, Commandant: 66.
Walsh, Regiment de: 588, 230, 256. (See also Military events.)
War, prestige of: 279.
War, Secretary of: 69.
Warlike millennium: 334.
Warren, Fort: 191.
Washington, civil guests arrive at: 50.
Index 667
Washington, General: 252, 261, 262, 268, 273 (lieutenant-general of
France), 279, 286, 287, 288, 293, 308, 310, 313, 318, 322, 324,
326 (powers extended beyond the States), 334, 335, 336, 337,
340, 341, 344, 346, 349-351 (Arnold treason), 353, 357, 364, 367,
37 I "373> 374, 379 (congratulations to deBarras), 380, 381 (Wether-
field conference), 381-386, 388, 394-400, 402 (to Lafayette), 405,
406, 407, 408, 466, 418-429 (to Yorktown), 422 (hilarious), 426,
430, 431, 434-438, 439, 444, 446, 447-462 (siege of Yorktown),
471, 473, 474, 476 (returns North), 479 (watching New York),
480 (appreciates), 485, 485 (suspicions), 487, 490, 491, 493 (hos
pitality), 494 (about Washington), 495-498 (farewell), 500, 517,
518, 516, 521, 522-526 (duty confronts gratitude), 526 (his
death; how received in France).
Washington, Mrs., entertains French officers at Mount Vernon: 484.
Washington to D'Estaing: 239.
Washington alone has authority to command the French : 388.
Washington elm: 199.
Washington informed: 234.
Washington prepares for D'Estaing: 237.
Waterbury, Governor: 399, 408.
Werth, Maximillien de Reinach de: 55. (See Key to group; Rochambeau
Mission events.)
West Point, New York: 143.
West Point, Continentals left at: 415.
Wethersfield, Conn., conference: 380.
Wetmore, George Peabody, Senator: 6, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 21, 25, 29, 84, 116.
White House: 60, 61, 62.
Willett, alderman of New York, welcome: 147.
Williamsburg: 426, 433, 478, 479, 484 (French march north)
Wilmington, N. C.: 474.
Wittgenstein, Comte de: 278.
Works, relating to the French Alliance: 607.
York, all roads lead to: 428.
York Peninsula: 441.
York River: 424.
Yorktown, Va.: u.
Yorktown, Va., Centennial column: 531.
Yorktown: 410, 416 (army in motion), 418-429 (march from Hudson), 438
(advance against), 441 (sea power), 442 (British defenses), 447,
462 (siege), 461 (incidents), 469 (closing scenes), 531 (century
after).
Yorktown after: 1781-1783, 469-510.
Yorktown, siege of: 447-468.
Yorktown: 439 (formation), 534-438 (allied armies before).
Young, Maj. Gen. S. B. M., U. S. Army: 26.
Young, Maj. Gen. S. B. M., command parade: 109.
" Zoo " visited : 132.
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