\(T\ r\r\.r 'i^P^MQ'^ ns/^. '^rz. :o,/ ^'rs >->''/CN' ^r^- ^ <%^-:^-^ ^a';' ,^a/^iRAb'fe^! /^'f/^ V--;^''!^} '^nnnmh, HHK X'/^H LIBRARY "^ CAUi - .'inA Rey /a 3 A 7 v.X. /iija l^^A^. ". /^, //^^ UNIVERSAL Pronouncing Dictionary OF BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. BY JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D , AUTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF PRONUNCIATION IN " LIPPINCOTT'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD," OF "A COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL DICTIONARY," AND OF VARIOUS PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. NEW EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINXOTT COMPANY. LONDON: 10 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1892. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S70, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Copyright, 1885, by J. B. LiPPiNCOTT COMPANY. HYPERMNES TEA 1341 IBN-AL-ATSEER Hy-perm-nes'tra, I Gr. 'Ynep/itv^aTpa; Fr. Hyperm- NESTRE, e'pSRni'nSstR',] one of the Danaides, which see. Hjfp'sI-cliB, [T^wcAvf,] a Greek mathematician of an uncertain epoch, is supposed to have lived at Alex- andria in the second century. He wrote a treatise " On the Right Ascension of the Constellations of the Zodiac," which is extant. He is regarded by some as the author of the fourteenth and fifteenth books of the " Elements" of Euclid. According to Delambre, he lived about 146 B.C. Hj^p-sip'y-le, [Gr. TipiTrvXt},] a queen of Lemnos, who, according to tradition, saved the life of her father when the other women of the island killed their husbands and male relations. She was afterwards sold into slavery by the Lemnian women. See Lemprihre's "Classical Dictionary." H3nrcan. See Hyrcanus. Hyr-ci'nus [Gr. 'Tp/cavof ; Fr. Hyrcan, feR'kfiN'] I, (John,) high-priest of the Jews, was the son of Simon Maccabeus, whom he succeeded in 135 B.C. After the death of Antiochus Sidetes, 130 B.C., he conquered the Idumeans and destroyed the city of Samaria. Though educated as a Pharisee, in the latter part of his life he favoured their rivals the Sadducees. He died in the year 103, leaving his office to his son Aristobu'lus. See JosEPHUs, " History of the Jews ;" Apocryphal Book of Maccabees. Hyrcanus II., high-priest of the Jews, succeeded his father, Alexander Jannaeus, in 76 B.C. His brother Aristo- bu'lus having usurped the regal power, Hyrcanus, who was a weak prince, appealed to the Roman Pompey, who restored him to the throne and priesthood. An- tigonus, son of Aristobulus, with the aid of the Parthians, deposed Hyrcanus about 38 B.C., and was soon after supplanted by Herod, who married Mariamne, the grand- daughter of Hyrcanus, and put the latter to death, 30 B.C. Hyrtl, hd^R't'l, (Joseph,) an able anatomist, born at Eisenstadt, Hungary, in 181 1. He became professor of anatomy in Vienna in 1845. He published, besides other works, a " Text-Book of Human Anatomy," (" Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen," 2 vols., 1847,) which has been adopted by the German universities as a standard Hys'lop, or His'lop, (James,) a Scottish poet, born near Sanquhar, July 13, 1798. He became a school- master in the navy, and died near the Cape Verde Islands, December 4, 1827. He is still remembered for his sweet and graceful verses. Hystaspe. See Hystaspes. Hys-tas'pes, [Gr.'Taraamis ; Fr. Hystaspe, 4s' ttsp'; Persian, GushtAsp,] a satrap of Persia, and the father of Darius I., lived about 550 B.C. He is said to have been the first who introduced into Persia the learning of the Indian Brahmans. According to one account, he was the chief of the Magians, which accords with the Persian tradition that Gushtasp patronized the religion of Zoroaster. (See GushtAsp.) HywelL See Howell the Good. I. I-ac'€hus, [Gr. 'Iokxoc,] a surname or synonym of Bacchus, which see. I-ara'be, [Gr. 'lafi^ri,] a servant-maid of Metanira, Queen of Eleusis, was said to be a daughter of Pan. By her jokes or tricks she amused Ceres when the latter was in distress. Iambic poetry is supposed to have derived its name from her. lamblichus. See Jamblichus. I-ap'e-tnis, [Gr. 'lanerdg; Fr. Japet, zhf pi',] in classic mythology, a Titan, and a son of Uranus. He was the father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He is by some considered to be the same as the Japheth of Scripture. lapetus was regarded by the ancient Greeks and Romans as the ancestor of the human race,* and, according to Scripture, the descendants of Japheth inhabited the "isles of the Gentiles," (Genesis x. 5,) which would seem to signify the numerous islands along the coasts of Europe and Asia Minor, and probably also the adjacent portions of the two continents ; in other words, all that part of the world with which the early Greeks were acquainted. I-a'sI-on [Gr. 'laaluv] or I-a'sI-us, a fabulous son of Jupiter and Electra, (or of Minos and Corythus.) He is said to have been beloved by Ceres, who bore him a son, Plutus, the god of riches. Ibarra, e-Bdr'ri, (Joaquin,) a Spanish printer, born at Saragossa in 1725, carried on business in Madrid. He was distinguished for the perfection of his publications, especially for his editions of " Don Quixote," (1780,) and a Spanish version of Sallust, (1772.) Died in 1785. I^baa, a S)rrian priest of the fifth century, acted a prominent part in the disputes about Nestorianism. He was chosen Bishop of Edessa in 436 A.D. At the Coun- cil of Ephesus, in 449, he was deposed on the charge of favouring the Nestorians ; but he was reinstated by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Died in 457. Ib'bet-son, (Mrs. Agnes,) an English botanist, born in London in 1757. She investigated the structure of plants, and wrote botanical papers which were inserted in Nicholson's "Journal" and the "Philosophical Maga- zine," (1809-17.) Died in 1823. Ibbetson, (Julius Caesar,) an English landscape- • See Horace, lib. i.. Carmen 3, in which the phrases "Gens Hu- mana" and " lapeti genus" are used almost synonymously, t See note on page 35. painter, born at Scarborough, copied and imitated with success the works of Berghem. He wrote an " Accidence or Gamut of Oil-Painting for Beginners." Died in 1817. Ib'bot, (Benjamin,) an English divine, born near Swaffliam, in Norfolk, in 1680. He became chaplain to George I. in 1716, and prebendary of Westminster in 1724. He delivered the Boyle lectures in 17 13-14. Died in 1725. Two volumes of his sermons were pub- lished in 1726. See Dr. S. Clarke, " Life of Benjamin Ibbot." Iberville, d', de'bSR'vil', (I.emoine or Lemoyne,) d Canadian navigator, born at Montreal in 1642, distin- guished himself in many actions against the English. He commanded a vessel sent by the French government to explore the mouth of the Mississippi, which he dis- covered in March, 1699. He ascended the river, and built a fort on its border. Died at Havana in 1706. Ibi, ee'bee, (Sinibaldo,) an Italian painter, a pupil of Perugino, was born at Perugia, and flourished between 1505 and 1528. IBNy ib'n, an Arabic word signifying "son," and forming a part of many names ; as, Ibn-Hanbal, the "son ofHanbal," etc. It is often written Ben; as, Ali- BEN-ABt-TALiB, for Alee-Ibn-Abee (-Ab!) -Taub. Ibn-Abeet(-Abi)-Yakoob,(or -Y'akfib.) Ib'n i'bee yS'koob' (Abool-Faraj, §'bool (Ir'Sj,) otherwise called An-Nadeem (-Nadim)-Mohammed-Ibn-Ishak, 5n- nil-deem' mo-h^rn'med Ib'n is-hSk', an Arabian writer, chiefly known as the author of a valuable catalogue of books in the Arabic language, with brief and excellent notices of their authors. Nothing is known of his life, except that he wrote in the latter part of the tenth century. Ibn-Al-Atseer, (-Atsyr,) Ib'n il at-seeR', (Abool- Hassan-Alee, or Aboul(-Ablil) -Hassan- Ali, i'bool hds'san i'lee,) surnamed Az-ed-Deen, (Azzeddyn,) {i.e. the " Splendour of Religion,") an Arabian historian, born in Mesopotamia about 1160, became a citizen of Mosul. He excelled in the science of prophetic traditions, and had great knowledge of history, as apjiears by his Complete Chronicle from the origin of the world to his own time. Died in 1233. See Haji-Khalfah, " Lexicon Bibliographicum ;" VoN Hammkr- PURGSTALL., " LiteraturKeschichte der Araber." Ibn-Al-Ateeer (or -Al-Atsyr)-Nasr- Allah, Ib'n il- St-seeK' nds'r ^I'lJh, written also Alatyr and Alatir, an Arabian writer, a brother of the preceding, was born at •«as k; 5 as s; | hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, gjittural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as i n this. (fi^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) IBN-BAJAH 1342 IBRAHEEM Jezeereh-Benee-Omar, on the Tigris, in 1162. He visited the court of Saladin, who engaged him as vizier to his son and heir, Melik-Afdhal. I le was eminent for his learn- ing, and wrote a treatise on Prosody, and other works. See Ibn-Khallikan, "Biographical Dictionary." Ibn-Bajah. See Avenpace. Ibn-Batuta. See Batootah. Ibn-Doreid, Ib'n do'rad', (or do'rTd',) a celebrated Arabian poet, born at Bassorah in 838 A.D. He culti- vated various kinds of poetry with distinguished success. Died at Bagdad in 933. Ibn-Hanbal, Tb'n hin'bil, (Ahmed, Sn'med,) the founder of the fourth sect of orthodox Mohammedans, was born at Bagdad (or, as some say, at Meru) in the year of the Hejrah 164. He attained a great reputation for virtue and knowledge of the traditions of Mohammed. He received many traditions from Shafei, with whom he was intimate. For his refusal to acknowledge the Koran to have been created, he was scourged and imprisoned by the caliph Motassem. He died at Bagdad in A.D. 855. The sect became very numerous after his death. They are called Hanbalites. Ibn-Haukal. See Haukal. Ibn-Ishak, (or -Ish&q,) Tb'n is-hik', an Arabian his- torian, who, at the request of the caliph Al-Mansoor, wrote a life of Mohammed the prophet. He is an elo- quent but not a trustworthy writer. Died in 768 A.D. See Sprenger, "Life of Mohammad," p. 69 tt seq. Ibu-Klhakan, (or -Khacan.) See .Al-Fath. Ibn-EZhaldoon, (-Khaldoun or -Khaldfin,) Ib'n K^l'doon' (Walee-ed-Deen- (or Waly-Eddyn-) Aboo-Zeid-Abd-er-Rahman, wi'lee ed-deen' 3'b6o zid §.bd-er-rdh'mdn,) a celebrated Arabian historian, born at Tunis in 1332. He removed to Cairo, where he distin- guished himself by his uprightness as a judge, and was chosen chief of the Cadees (Cadis) of the sect of Malek- ites in 1384. Afterwards, while on a journey to Syria, he was made prisoner by Taimoor, (the famous Tamer- lane,) by whom he was treated with great kindness and respect. His principal work is a valuable " History of the Arabs, Persians, and Berbers, with Preliminary Observations,'" which was recently published in France. " We cannot but conceive, in reading this," says Sil- vestre de Sacy, "a very high idea of his judgment, sagacity, and erudition, and of the great variety of his knowledge." Died in 1406. See his Autobiography, published in the "Journal Asiatique" of 1844 : SiLVESTRB DE .Sacy, " Chrestomathie Arabe ;" Casiri, " Bibli- otheca Arabico-Hispana." Ibn-Khallikan, Tb'n K^rie-kSn', written also Ebn- Khalican or -Khilcan, (Shems-ed-Deen (or-Eddin) Abool- (Aboul- or Abul-) Abbas-Ahmed, sh§ms ed-deen' i'bool Sb'bSs' in'med,) a celebrated Arabian historian, born at Arbela in 121 1. He became grand Cadee (Cadi) of Damascus about 1261. His chief work is a " Biographical Dictionary of Famous Moslems," which contains over eight hundred articles. An English translation of it was begun by Mr. Slane, the first volume of which was published in 1841. Died in 1282. Ibn-Koteybah or Abdallah-Ibn-Koteybah, ib- dil'lah Tb'n ko-ta'bah or ko-tl'bah, written also Cotey- bah and Qotaytiah, an Arabian historian and critic, born at Bagdad in 828 a.d. ; died in 889. See Ibn-Khallikan, "Biographical Dictionary." Ibn-Maimoon, (-Maimtin or -Maimoun.) See Maimonides. Ibn-Rosched, (or -Roshd.) See Averroes. Ibn-Sina. See Avicenna. Ibn-Tofail, (-Tofayl.) See Aboo-Bekr-Ibn-Tofail Ibuul-Abbar. See Kodhaee. Ibn-Yoonas, (-Younas or -Yflnas,) Ib'n yoo'nas, sometimes spelled Ibn-Younis, (Alee- (or All-) Ibn- Abderxahman, i'lee Tb'n dbd-er-rih'min,) one of the most eminent Arabian astronomers, was born in 979 A.D. He made at Cairo a series of observations, the results of which he published in a work called the "Table of Ibn- Yoonas." Died in 1008. Ibn-Zohr. See Avenzoar. Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) written also Ibrahym, the Arabic name of the patriarch Abraham, which see. Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,*) ib-ri-heem', thirteenth caliph of the Omeyyad dynasty, was the son of Waleed (Walid) I. He began to reign in Damascus in 744 A.D., and a few months after was deposed by Mervvan. The Arab historians disagree respecting his subsequent fate. Ibraheem (Ibrahim) I, (Aboo-Abdallah, i'boQ ib-dil'lah,) founder of the dynasty of Aglabides in Africa, was the son of Aglab, and a native of Arabia, About 800 A.D. he was appointed Governor of Africa by Haroun- al-Raschid. After the death of the latter, (808,) Ibraheem assumed the royal power. Died about 813. Ibraheem (Ibrahim) I., a Ti4rkish Sultan, brother of Amurath IV., was proclaimed in 1640, at the age of twenty-three. His cruelty and other vices excited against him a powerful and successful cons])iracy, by which he was deposed and strangled in 1648 or 1649. He was succeeded by his son, Mahomet IV. Ibraheem (Ibrahim) II., Emperor of Hindostan, the son of Iskander, began to reign in 15 17, being the third of the Afghan dynasty. He was a very unpopular ruler. In 1526 the Mogul Baber invaded India, a battle was fought at Panijjut, where Ibraheem was defeated and killed, and the Mogul dynasty was established in India. Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) a favourite of Sultan Solyman II., was a Genoese by birth, and was taken to Constan- tinople by pirates in his infancy. He became grand vizier about 1523, and signalized his courage in the war against Hungary in 1527. He was put to death, at the instigation of the Sultana, in 1535. Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) born at Aleppo, was the mosi eminent among the Ottoman jurists. His fame rests upon a great work styled the " Confluence of the Seas," (" Mul- teka al-Abhar,") which is a complete code of laws. Died in 1549. Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) Pasha of Egypt, the son of Mehemet Alee, (Ali,) was born in Rumelia in 1789. He conquered the Wahabees, in Arabia, about 1818. In 1824 he commanded an army and fleet which Mehemet Alee sent against the Greeks. Having landed in the Morea with 10,000 men in 1825, he took several towns and committed many atrocities. The success of the allies at Navarino and the French invasion of the Morea forced him to retire to Egypt in 1828. In a war waged between the Viceroy of Egypt and the Sultan, Ibraheem took Aleppo and defeated the Turks in a great battle at Konieh, in Syria, in 1832. His victorious progress was arrested by the intervention of the European powers in 1833. Died in 1848. See Labat, "L'figypte, ancienne et modeme." Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Bey, a famous Mameluke chief, born in Circassia about 1735. He went to Egypt in his youth, and entered the service of Mohammed Bey. After the death of the latter, Ibraheem shared with Moorad Bey the sovereignty of Egypt. When Bonaparte invaded Egypt in 1798 and defeated Moorad, Ibraheem retired to Syria. In 1800 he took part against the French at Cairo, eta, and, after they evacuated Egypt, was again Governor of Cairo, until supplanted by Mehemet Alee. Died in 1816. Ibraheem (Ibrahim) BfTendi, (§f-f?n'deej a learned Turk, who was born about 1640, and filled considerable offices at Constantinople. He was converted to Chris- tianity, was baptized in 1671, retired to Venice, and as- sumed the name of Paul Antonio Effendi. He translated several books of the Bible into Arabic Died in 1697. Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Khan-Ogli,(o'glee,) was grand vizier of Turkey when Mahomet I. died, in 1421. He took measures to secure the succession of Mahomet's son, Amurath II., who was then absent from the capital. To reward this service, Amurath gave him the title of Khan, with hereditary privileges which made his family the first in the empire. • The Arabic texts are by no means uniform in regard to the penuhima of this name; it is often made short, but, if we mistake not, more frequently long, as given above. It is proper, however, to remark that a single instance of the insertion of the Alif (the sign of the long vowel) ought to outweigh several omissions, as the latter might mure easily be the result of neglect or haste. The frequent omission of the long vowel in the manuscript of writers who are generally correct, merely proves that the insertion is not deemed absolutely indisjiensable. Its omission may be compared to the neglecting to Hot one's ;s in writing English, — a fault, undoubtedly, but a Mult often committed by writers otherwise remarkable for accuracy. a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, Ti, y, sAori; a, ?, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m&t; n6t; good; moon ; IBRAHIM T34' IGNARRA Ibrahim. See Ibraheem. Ibrahym. See Ikraheem. Ibsen, ib'sen, (Henrik,) a Norwegian poet and dramatist, born at Skien, March 20, 1828. He began life as an apothecary. His "Catiline," {1850,) a drama, was an ill-written production. In 185 1 he went to the University of Christiania, and afterwards was director of theatres, first at Bergen and then at Christiania. "Love's Comedy" (1863) was his first great success. His "Emperor and Galilaean" is full of power and in- terest, and still more so is the drama of "Julian's Apos- tasy." Some of his other works, in spite of great merits, are dull and prosaic. His later poems are often laden with polished and powerful satire. He published various historical dramas of great excellence, and has taken a recognized place among the leading dramatists of recent years. Ib'y-oua, ['Ifly/cof,] a Greek lyric poet, born at Rhe- gium, in Italy, flourished about 560 B.C., and passed part of his life at Samos. His poems, which were chiefly love-songs, are lost, except a few fragments. He was the fifth lyric poet of the Alexandrian canon, and had a high reputation. He is said to have been killed by robbers. His death has furnished the subject of one of the finest of Schiller's minor poems, " Die Kraniche des Ibycus." 19a. See ISA, Icard, e'ktR', (Charles,) a French Protestant min- ister and writer, born in Languedoc in 1636. He was driven into exile by persecution in 1682, and settled at Bremen in 1688. Icare. See Icarus. I-ca'rI-us, [Gr. 'kapwf,] also called Icarus, an Athe- nian, to whom Bacchus is said to have taught tlie cultiva- tion of the vine. He was killed by some shepherds, to whom he had given wine and who suspected that he had poisoned them. The legend adds that he was changed into the constellation Bootes. Icarius, a Lacedaemonian, the father of Penelope. He urged her to remain at Sparta after she was married to Ulysses ; but she preferred to follow her husband. Ic'a-rus, [Gr. "kapof; Fr. Icare, e'ktR',] son of Dae- dalus, with whom, according to the Greek mythology, he was imprisoned in the Labyrinth of Crete. Having attem]3ted to fly by means of artificial wings made with wax, they were melted by his approaching too near the sun, and he fell into the sea, near the island of Samos, which received from him the name of the Icarian Sea, Iccius, ik'she^s, a Roman philosopher, lived about 30 B.C., and was a friend of Horace, who addressed to him an epistle and an ode. Icher, e'shaiR', (Pierre,) a French physician and Hellenist, born at Montpellier in 1658; died in 1713. I-cill-us, (Lucius,) a Roman tribune, who was affi- anced to the celebrated Virginia. He was elected tribune of the people in 456 B.C., and favoured the cause of the plebeians. He was one of the leaders of the successful revolt against the Decemviri about 450 B.C. See NiEBUHR, " History of Rome." Ic-ti'nus, ['I/cTtvof,] a celebrated Grecian architect, who flourished about 450 B.C. He built several grand temples, among which was that of Apollo Epicurius in Arcadia. The most memorable monument of his genius is the Parthenon of Athens, built by order of Pericles. Callicrates was associated with Ictinus as architect of this edifice, which is probably the most perfect speci- men of Grecian architecture in any age. Its length was 227 feet and its breadth about 100. (See Callicrates.) See Pausanias, book viii. Ic"wara. See Iswara. Fda, [Fr. Ide, id,] Countess of Boulogne, born about 1040, was the mother of Godfrey of Bouillon, crusader and King of Jerusalem. She was eminent for wisdom and piety. Died in 1 113. See Baillet, "Vies des Saints." Idace. See Idacius. Idacius, e-da'she;^s, [Fr. Idace, e'diss',] a Spanish chronicler, born at tamego about the end of the fourth century. He became Bishop of Chaves, (Aquae Flaviae,) in Portugal. He was author of a " Chronicon" of the period from 379 to 468 a.d., which was printed in Paris by Sirmond in 1619. See N. Antonio, "Bibliotheca Hispana Nova." Fdas, [Gr. 'hJaf,] a son of Aphareus, took part in the Argonautic expedition, and was renowned for valour. Idas and his brother Lynceus having quarrelled with the Dioscu'ri, Idas killed Castor, and was in turn killed by Pollux. Ide. See Ida. Ideler, ee'deh-ler, (Christian Ludwig,) a Prussian astronomer and linguist, born near Perleberg in 1766. He was appointed in 1816 tutor to the princes William Frederick and Charles, and in 182 1 became professor at the Berlin University. He was the author of " Historical Researches on the Astronomical Observations of the Ancients," (1806,) "On the Calendar of Ptolemy," and other similar treatises. He was a member of the French Institute, and the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Died in Berlin in 1846. Ideler, (Julius Ludwig,) a physician, a son of the preceding, was born at Berlin in 1809. He published " Meteorology of the Ancient Greeks and Romans," (1832,) " Hermapion, or Rudiments of the Hieroglyphic Literature of Ancient Egypt," (1841,) and other anti- quarian treatises. Died in 1842. Ideler, (Karl Wilhelm,) a Prussian physician, born in 1795, lived in Berlin. He is known as a writer on mental maladies. Died at Kumlosen, July 29, i860. Ides, ee'dSs, (Everard Isbrantz,) a German travel- ler, born in Holstein about 1660. He was sent to Pekin by Peter the Great in 1692 to negotiate a treaty of com- merce, and returned in 1694. A narrative of his journey, published in 1704, is a work of some merit. Idman, id'min, (Nils,) a Swedish philologist, pub- lished in 1778 "Researches on the Finnish People, and the Relations between the Finnish Language and the Greek." Idomenee. See Idomeneus. I-dom'e-neus, [Gr. 'I(5o//eveiif ,• Fr. Idom6n6e, e'do'- mi'ni',] King of Crete, a semi-fabulous Greek hero, said to be a grandson of Minos. According to Homer, he fought bravely at the siege of Troy. Having been ex- pelled from Crete by his subjects, he went to Italy and founded a city. Idomeneus, [Gr. 'Wojifcvevf,] a Greek historian, born at Lampsacus, lived about 300 B.C. He was a friend and disciple of Epicurus. His works are not extant. See Vossius, "De Historicis Graecis. " Iduna, e-doo'nS, or Idun, sometimes written Iduu na, [etymology doubtful,] in the Norse mythology, the goddess of immortality, who keeps a casket of apples, of which if the gods partake they never grow old. (See Thiassi.) Iduna is said to be the wife of Bragi, the god of poetry, who in one sense may be said to possess the gift of immortality. lefremoff or lefremov. See Yefremof. lenichen. See Jenichen. lerraak. See Yermak. lezdedjerd. See Yezdejerd. Ifiland, ifflSnt, (August Wilhelm,) a celebrated German actor and dramatist, born at Hanover in 1759. He became director of the National Theatre at Berlin in 1796, and in 1811 was appointed director-general of the royal plays. Among his most popular dramas are " The Hunters," (" Die Jager,") " The Advocates," and " The Old Bachelors," ("Die Hagestolzen.") He also pub- lished several treatises on the dramatic art. " It is impossible," says Madame de Stael, " to have more originality than Mand ; and he is as superior in the theory as in the practice of his art." Died in 1814. See liis " Autobiograpliy" in the first volume of his Dramas, 18 vols., 1 798-1 809 ; J. L. KoRMEY. "A. W. Iffland's Krankheits- geschichte," 1814 ; KuNZ, " Aus dem Leben zweier Schauspieler : Iffland's uiid Devrient's," 1838. Igdrasil, (Yggdrasil.) See Odin. Iglesias de la Casa, e-gla'se-is di li k&'si, (Jos6,l a Spanish poet, born at Salamanca in 1753 ; died in 1 791. See Longfellow's "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Ignace. See Ignatius. Ignarra, in-yir'ri, (Niccol6,) an Italian antiquat^ ■€as;6; 9as j; %hard; gas/; G, h, v., guttural; ti, nasal; K, trilled; sasz; th as in //4m. ([J^^See Explanations, p. 23.) IGNA TIEFF 1344 IMA D- ED- D O WLAH and priest, born near Naples in 1728, was a good clas- sical scholar. He became professor of divinity in the Koyal University of Naples in 1771, director of the royal printing-office in 1782, and precejHor of the prince Fran- cis de Bourbon in 1784. He wrote, besides other works, an esteemed commentary " De Palaestra Neapolitana " (1770.) Died in 1808. See Casta 1.DI, " Ignarrs Vita," prefixed to his " Opuscoli," 1807. Ignatieff, ig-nS'te-Sf, (Nikolai Pavlovitch,) a Rus- sian general and diplomat, born at Saint Petersburg, January 29, 1832. He entered the army, was rapidly promoted, and was afterwards sent upon various im- portant diplomatic errands. In 1858 he obtained from China the cession of extensive territories, and from 1859 to 1863 he was full ambassador at Peking. He was (1864-77) Russian envoy to Turkey, and in 1878 he negotiated the treaty of San Stephano, and was after- wards minister of the interior. Ignatius, ig-na'she-us, [Gr. 'Ij-varwf; Fr. Ignace, en'yfe'; Ger. Ignaz, ig-niils'; It. Ignazio, in-yat'se-o,] surnamed Theoph'orus, one of the earliest Christian Fathers, and one of the most eminent among the imme- diate successors of the apostles, is supposed to have been a native of Syria. About 67 a.d. he became bishop or minister of the church of Antioch by the appointment of Saint Peter, or, according to some writers, of Saint John. He had filled this station acceptably about forty years, when the emperor Trajan began a persecution of the Christians. Ignatius was brought before Trajan at Antioch, and, refusing to renounce his religion, was condemned, and suffered martyrdom at Rome in 107, being exposed to wild beasts in the amphitheatre. His epistles to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, Romans, Philadelphians, Smyrneans, and to Polycarp are extant, and are regarded by many able critics as precious memo- rials of the primitive Church; but not a few scholars reject them entirely. There are eight other Ignatian epistles which are generally conceded to be spurious. In one of his epistles we find the words, "Now I begin to be a disciple ; I weigh neither visible nor invisible things, that I may win Christ!" See Cave, " Historia Literaria ;" Pearson, " Vindicise Ignatianje," Cambridge, 1672; W. Cureton, "Vindicije Ign.itiaii3E, or the Genu- ine Writings of Saint Ignatius vindicated from the Charge of Heresy," 8vo, 1846; CottTLosQUET, " Vie de Saint-Ignace, Eveqiie d'Antioch," 1857 ; Mrs. Jameson, " History of Sacred and Legendary Art." Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, born in 799 A.D., was the son of the emperor Michael Curopalates. When the latter was deposed, Ignatius entered a monas- tery, and became eminent for piety and wisdom. In 846 he was raised to the dignity of patriarch. Eleven years after, he was banished and cruelly treated for his opposi tion to Bardas, an uncle of Michael HI., who appointed in his place the ambitious Photius. The schism between the Greek and Roman Churches began while Photius was in office, and has continued ever since that time. In 867 the emperor Basilius reinstated Ignatius, who as- sembled in 869 an oecumenical council at Constantinople, which condemned Photius and his party. Died in 877 See David Nicetas, "Vita S. Ignatii," 1604. Ignatius Loyola. See Loyola. Igor (ee'gor) I., third Grand Duke of Russia, a son of Rurik, was born about 875, and succeeded Oleg ir 912 A.D. He led an expedition against Constantinople in 941, and compelled the Greek emperor to sue for peace, which was granted by a treaty in 945. Igor was killed in an ambuscade in 945. After his death his widow Olga was converted to Christianity. See Solovief, " Histoire de Russie." Igor IL, or Igor Olgovitch, Grand Prince of Russia, began to reign at Kief about 1145. His claim was con- tested by Iziaslaf, who defeated him in 1146. Igor was confined in a convent, and assassinated in 1 147. See Karamzin, "Histoire de Russie." Ihre, ee'reh, (Johan,) a Swedish scholar, eminent in philology, born at Lund in 1707, graduated with the iiighest honour at Upsal in 1730. After visiting France, England, etc., he returned to Upsal and became professor of poetry and of theology in the university of that place. In 1 738 he obtained the chair of belles-lettres and political science, which he occupied about forty years, acquiring great celebrity as a lecturer and author. In 1769 he published his " Swedish Glossary," (" Glossarium Suio- gothicum,") a monument of his immense learning and critical sagacity, containing a philosophic treatise on the filiation of languages, besides remarks on the origin and afiinity of Swedish words. He also wrote several hundred excellent academical dissertations, and is justly ranked among the best critics of the eighteenth century. In 1759 he was decorated with the order of the Polar Star. Died in 1780. See Fi-ODi'.KUs, " Parentation ofver J. Hire," 1 781 ; Grzelius, " Biographiskt- Lexicon ofver namnkunnige Svenska Man " Ihre, (Thomas,) a Swedish writer, father of the pre- ceding, born at Wisby in 1659 ; died in 1720. See T. RuD^N, "Trognas Slrid och Seger, Likpredikan ofver T. Ihre," 1720. Iken, ee'ken, (Conrad,) a German theologian, born at Bremen in 1689. He became professor of theology at Bremen, and wrote, besides other works, " Antiquitates Hebraicse," (1730.) Died in 1753. Iken, (Hei.nrich Friedrich,) a German religious writer, born at Neuenkirchen in 1791; died in 1820. Ildefonse. See Ildefonso. Il-de-fon'so, [Lat. Ildefon'sus; Fr. Ildefonse, il-deh-foNs',] Saint, a Spanish prelate, born at Toledo in 607 A.D., was a pupil of .Saint Isidore. He became Archbishop of Toledo in 658. He wrote, besides several theological treatises, a continuation of Saint Isidore's work " De Viris illustribus." Died in 669. See Cixila, "Vita Ildefonsi ;" Gregorio Mayans, " Vida de S. Ildefonso," 1727. Ilepoosliin or Ilepouschin, il-e-poo'shin, a Rus- sian poet of the present age, lived near Saint Petersburg. He wrote pastoral poems. Ilgen, il'gen, (Karl David,) a distinguished philolo- gist, born in Prussian Saxony in 1763. He became in 1794 professor of the Oriental languages at Jena. His principal works are entitled " Hymni Homerici," and " Convivial Songs of the Greeks," (" Scholia sive Car- mina convivialia Grsecorum.") Died in 1834. See F. C. Krafft, "Vita C. D. Ilgeni," 1837 ; R. Stern, " Nar- ratio de C. D. Ilgenio," 1839 ; " Ilgeniana : Ennnerungen an Dr. C D. Ilgen," Leipsic, 1X53. Ilia. See Rhka Silvia. I-lith-y-i'a or Eileithyia, [Gr. EtAetflum,] written also Eleithyia and Eleutho, a Greek goddess, who presided over birth. Though originally distinct from Diana, (Artemis,) she seems later to have become identi- fied with her. (See Lucina.) Hive, I'liv, ? (Jacob,) an English printer, who became noted by his fictitious " Book of Jasher," (1751,) which he pretended to have translated from Alcuin. Died in 1763. Illescas, M-y^s'kSs, (Gonsalvo,) a Spanish monk, wrote a " History of the Popes," (1570.) Died in 1580. lUgen, il'gen, (Christian Friedrich,) a German Protestant divine, born at Chemnitz in 1786, wrote sev- eral works, and edited a journal at Leipsic. Died in 1844, niyricus. See Francowitz. Ilmoni, il-mo'nee, (Immanuel,) a Finnish physician, born in 1797, wrote "Contributions to the History of the Nosology of the North," (3 vols., 1846-53.) Died in 1856. I'lus, [Gr. 'lAof,] the founder of Ilium, (Ilion,) or Troy, was a son of Tros, (which see.) Imad-ed-Deen, (-Eddyn or -Eddin,) e-m5d' ed- deen^ {i.e. the "Pillar of Religion,") (Mohammed, mo-hdm^mSd, ) surnamed Al-Kateb, was born at Is- pahan in 1125 A.D. He went in 1167 to Damascus, where he became the secretary of Noor-ed-Deen. After the death of Noor-ed-Deen, he enjoyed the favour of the famous Saladin, whose victories he celebrated in an ode, and whom he served as private secretary until the death of that prince. Imad-ed-Deen wrote a " History of the Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin," and "Memoirs of the Moslem Poets of the Sixth Century of the Hejrah." Died in 1201. See Ihn-Khallikan, " Biographical Dictionar>'." Imad-ed-DovT-lah, (or -Eddaulah,) e-mid'ed-dow'- lah, {i.e. " Pillar of the State, ")_(Alee- Abool-Hassan- Alee-Ibn-Booyah, S'lee S'bool hJs'san i'leelb'n boo'- yah,) King of Persia, was the founder of the dynasty of a, e, T, o, u, y, lon^; k, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, sAori; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, (111, fit; mit; nftt; good; moon; TMBERDTS 1345 INCH BALD r.ouides, and began to reign in 933 A.n. He conquered the Caliph of Bagdad, and died in 949, leaving the throne to his nephew, Adhad-ed-Dowlah. See Ibn-Khallikan, "Biographical Dictionary;" Weil, "Ge- schichfe des Chalifen." Imberdis, iN'b§R'diss', (Andr6,) a French writer, born at Ambert about 1810, published a " History of the Religious Wars in Auvergne during tiie Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," (2 vols., 1841.) Died in 1S7S. Imbert, iN'baiR', (Barth^lemy,) a French poet, born at Nimes in 1747. He produced at the age of twenty "The Judgment of Paris," a graceful poem, which was much admired. The plan was ingenious, and the style natural and elegant. Died in 1790. See QuArard, "La France Littdraire." Imbert, (Guillaume,) a French litterateur, born at Limoges about 1743 ; died at Paris in 1803. Inibert, (Jean,) a French jurist, born at La Rochelle about 1522, published "Institutiones Forenses," (1542,) often reijrinted. Died about 1600. Imbert, (Joseph Gabriel,) an eminent French painter, born in Marseilles in 1654, was a pupil of Le- brun and of Van der Meulen. At the age of thirty-four he took the monastic vows, after which he painted only sacred subjects. His chief work is a " Calvary." Died in 1740. Imbouati, fem-bo-na'tee, (Carlo Giuseppe,) an Ital- ian bibliographer, born at Milan, wrote " Bibliotheca Latino-Hebraica," (2 vols., 1696.) Died after 1696. Imhof or Imhoff, im^hof, (Gustav Willem,) born in Amsterdam in 1705, was appointed Governor of Cey- lon in 1736. Having gained general confidence by his conduct and capacity, he became about 1742 Governor- General of the Dutch East Indies. Died in 1750. Imhof, von, fon im'hof, (Jakob Wilhelm,) a Ger- man genealogist, born at Nuremberg in 1651. He was well versed in the history of the royal and noble families of Europe, and wrote many works on genealogy, among which is one in 2 vols., (1684.) Died in 1728. See KoELER, " Lebensgeschichte Imhofs." Ira-ho-tep, a god of the ancient Egyptians, supposed to be the god of science, and chiefly honoured at Mem- phis. He was the son of Ptah and Pakht. Imilcon. See Himilco. Im'i-sou, (John,) an English mechanician, wrote a valuable work entitled "The School of Arts," which passed through several editions. \n 1807 Professor J. Webster published an improved edition, with the title of "Elements of Art and Science." Died in 1788. Im'lah, (John,) a Scottish song-writer, born at Aber- deen, November 15, 1799. He published " May-Flow- ers," a volume of lyrics, (1827,) and "Poems," (1841.) Died in Jamaica, January 9, 1846. Immermaun, im'mer-mJn', (Karl Lebrecht,) a German dramatist and poet, born at Magdeburg in 1796, was the author of a comedy entitled "The Princes of Syracuse," (1821,) "The Valley of Ronceval," "King Periander," (1823,) and other tragedies. He also pub- lished a number of tales and lyric poems. Died in 1840. See Karl Immermann, "Memorabilien," 3 vols., 1840-43; F. Freiligrath, "C. Immermann, Blatter der Erinnerung an ihn," 1842 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1843. Imola. See Francuccl Imparato, ^m-pa-ri'to, (Francesco,) an Italian painter, born at Naples about 1530, was a pupil of Titian, whose style he imitated with some success. Died after 1565- Imperiale, ^m-pi-re-i'li, (Francesco,) born at Genoa about 1370, went to Spain, and became attached to the court of Henry III. of Castile. He was regarded as one of the best Spanish poets of that time. Imperiali, fem-pi-re-S'lee, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian physician and author, born at Vicenza in 1568, graduated at Padua, and practised with success in his native city. He wrote Latin poems, which were admired, also a collection of observations entitled "Exotericae Exercitationes." (1603.) Died in 1623. His son Giovanni, born at Vicenza in 1602, was also a physician, and wrote " Musasum Historicum et Physi- cum," consisting of eulogies and memoirs of eminent literary men. Died in 1670. Imperiali, (Giovanni Vi5jcente,) an Italian poet, born at Genoa about 1570, served the state as a diplo- matist, and held a high command in the navy. He wrote, besides other poems, "Lo Stato rustico," (161 1,) which was received with favour. Died about 1645. See Soprani, "Scrittori Liguri." Imperiali, (Giuseppe Renato,) an Italian cardinal, distinguished for his patronage of learning, was born of a noble family at Genoa in 1651. It is said he would have been elected pope in 1730, if the court of Spain had not interposed against him. Many learned men were recipients of his bounty. Died in 1737. He left a noble library, which, by his will, was kept open to the public. See Tipaldo, " Biografia degli Italian! illustri." Imperiali-Lercari, 6m-pi-re-J'lee l§R-kl'ree, (Fran- cesco Mario,) was Doge of Genoa when that city was bombarded by the fleet of Louis XIV. in 1684. IIos tilities having been suspended by the mediation of the pope, the Doge went as ambassador to Paris, and a treaty of peace was signed in 1685. Im'pey, (Sir Elijah,) an infamous judge, who offi- ciated in India during the administration of Warren Hastings; was recalled, 1782; impeached, 178S; died in 1812. See "Memoirs of Sir Elijah Impiey," by E. B. Impey, 1846; Macaulav, "Essay on Warren Hastings." Impiccati, degli, a surname of Andrea del Cas- tagno. (See Castagno.) I'na or I'nas, King of the West Saxons, and one of the chiefs of the Heptarchy, succeeded Ceadwalla in 689 A.D. He appears to have possessed superior talents, and is regarded as one of the principal legislators among the ancient Anglo-Saxons. He waged war successfully against the people of Kent and the Britons about 710. In 728 he resigned his crown, and died at Rome tha same year. See William of Malmesbury, " Gesta Regum Anglorum." In'a-ehus, [Gr. 'Ivaxog,] a mythical personage, the son of Oceanus, and father of lo, is said to have been the first King of Argos. Having been chosen as umpire by Neptune and Juno when they disputed about the possession of Argos, he decided in favour of Juno. Inca, ing'ka, (plural Incas,) a Peruvian or Quichua word, signifying " chief," and applied to the dynasty reign- ing in Peru on the arrival of the Spaniards in that coun- try in the early part of the sixteenth century. As the Peruvians did not possess the art of writing, we have no means of ascertaining, or even forming a satisfactory conjecture respecting, the earliest date of their power. The Incas claimed to be the descendants of Manco Capac and his wife Mama Ocllo, who were the children of the sun. (See Manco Capac.) The empire of the Incas, at the period of their greatest power, extended through nearly forty degrees of longitude, and contained an area of between one and two million square miles. Their sub jects, though unacquainted with letters, had in many respects advanced to a high degree of civilization. They understood the working of the precious metals, archi- tecture, and many other arts, and were especially dis- tinguished for the general liberality and wisdom of their state policy ; though some of their laws and regulations were, according to the standard of Christian civilization, both unjust and inhuman. See Prescott's " Conquest of Peru," book i. chap. i. Inch'baid, (Elizabeth,) a popular English actress, novelist, and dramatist, born at Stanningfield in 1753, was the daughter of a farmer named Simpson. At the age of sixteen she came to London with the intention of becoming an actress, and was married to Mr. Inchbald, who had obtained some success on the stage. After performing with her husband several seasons at Edin- burgh and other towns, she made her debut at Covent Garden in 1780, and was very successful. Her success is ascribed in a great measure to her personal beauty and virtuous character. In 1789 she retired from the stage. She wrote "Such Things Are," "Every One has his Fault," "To Marry or Not to Marry," and many other plays. Her greatest productions are two novels, "A Simple Story," (1791,) and "Nature and Art," (1796.) which obtained extensive and durable popularity. Her "'Nature and Art,' "says Plazlitt, "is one of the most € as k; 9 as j; g hard; g asy; o, H, Yi,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as i 85 th as in this. (S^^'^See Explanations, p. 23.) INCHIQUIN 1346 INGEN interesting and pathetic stories in the world." The other work is highly commended by Miss Edgeworth. Died in 1821. See her Life, by Boadkn, 1833: Mrs. Elwood, "Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England from the Commencement of the Last Century," vol. i., 1843. Inch'j-quin, (Morrogh O'Brien,) Baron of, a famous Irish soldier, born about 1618. He acted a prominent part in the civil war, fighting alternately for Charles I. and against him. He was a royalist from 1640 to 1645, and gained several victories. About 1649 he entered the French service, with the rank of general. Died in 1674. Inchofer, ing'Ko'fer, (Melchior,) a Jesuit, born in Vienna in 1584, lived in various cities of Italy, and wrote several learned works, among which is the " Ecclesias- tical History of Hungary," (1644, unfinished.) He had more learning than critical judgment. Died in 1648. See Bavls, "Historical and Critical Dictionary." lucledon, ink'el-dpn, (Benjamin Charles,) an Eng- lish vocalist, born in Cornwall in 1764, served several years in the royal navy. He first appeared in a London theatre in 1790, and performed many years with success. Died in 1826. Indaco, 1', linM^-ko, (Francesco,) a painter of the Florentine school, flourished about 1530. Indaco, 1', (Jacopo da Firenze,) a Florentine painter, a brother of the preceding, was a pupil of Ghirlandaio, and worked at Rome. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters." India, in^e-i, (Tullio, ) called the Elder, a painter of the Venetian school, was born at Verona, and flourished in 1545. He was a skilful painter in fresco, and an excellent copyist. His son Bernardino, a painter, was born at Verona. One of his later works is dated 1584. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters." In-dib'I-Iis, a Spanish chief, who flourished during the first Punic war, in which he fought for and betrayed both sides. He fought for the Carthaginians in the battle at which Publius Scipio was killed, in 213 B.C. His army was defeated by the younger Scipio in 207. He was killed in battle by the Romans in 205 B.C. See Livv, " History of Rome," books xxii. and xxv.-xxix. ludicopleustes. See Cosmas. Indra, in'dRa, [etymology doubtful ; possibly related to the Latin imber, (Gr. o/iiBpoi,) a " shower" or " rain- storm,"] the regent of the firmament, in the Hindoo mythology, is the son of Kasyapa and Aditi. As the god of storms and thunder, he may be said to correspond very nearly to the Roman Jupiter and Greek Zeus. In the early period of the Hindoo mythology he was (like Jupiter) regarded as the most powerful of the gods ; but, after the introduction of the deities of the Hindoo triad, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Indra, Varuna, and Agni were deposed from tlieir high rank and made to occupy a far inferior position. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, is represented, while still an infant, as baffling with the utmost ease the mightiest eff"orts of the god of thunder. (See Krishna.) Indra is supposed to preside over all atmospheric changes ; the clouds are his war-elephants, one of which, represented with three trunks and called Iravat,* (I-r^vat,) is his vahan, (or "vehicle,"!) and his most terrible weapon is his vajra, (pronounced by the modern Hindoos viij'ra or buj'ra,) or "adamantine thun- derbolt."t The heaven or paradise of Indra is called Swarga or Swerga, (pronounced swur'ga.) Here dwell the Apsaras, the beautiful dancing-girls of his court, who may be said to correspond to the Hoorees (Houris) of Mohammed's paradise, and the Gandharvas, or celestial minstrels. The consort of Indra is named Indrani, (in- dR5.'nee.) His capital city is called Amravati, (lim-ra'- va-tee,) or the "city of immortality." See Moor's "Hindu Pantheon;" Coleman's "Mythology of the Hindus;" Sir Wiluam Jones's Works, vol. xiii (or vol vi of another edition ;) H. H. Wii.son's "Translation of the Rig- Veda,' and "Essays on the Religion of the Hindus." * IrSvat signifies "watery," "full of rain," (in Latin, //MvwtMi.) t See note under Garuija. i This word (vaj'ra) signifies both " thunderbolt" and "adamant,* or "diamond." Induno, in-doo'no, (Domenico,) an Italian painter of history and^wr^, born at Milan in 1815. He gained the grand prize in 1837. He died in 1878. Indutiomare. See Indutiomarus. Indiitiomarus or Induciomarus, in-du-she-om'a- rus, |Fr. Indutiomare, ^N'dii'seVmtR',] a chief of the Treviri, fought against Julius Caesar, and was killed in 54 R.c. liies (in'ySs) or Inez de Castro, fen'ySth dk kis'tRo, sometimes Anglicised as Agnes de Castro, a beautiful Spanish lady, whose tragical fate is commemorated by Camoens in the " Lusiacl," was born of a noble family in Castile in the fourteenth century. Having been a maid of honour at the court of Alphonso IV. of Por- tugal, she won the love of his son Don Pedro, who privately married her. The king, on learning the fact, was violently enraged, and, after vain efforts to dissolve their union, authorized her assassination in 1355. She was eminent for virtue, grace, and intelligence. Her story is the subject of numerous dramas, legends, etc. See Mrs. Behn, "The History of Agnes de Castro;" Lope db Vega, " Donna liiez de Castro ;" J. B. Gomez, Jr., " Nova Castro," Lisbon, 1S17. Infantado, de, di in-fSn-ti'oo, Duque, a Spanish statesman, born in 1773, was an intimate friend of the Prince of Asturias, (Ferdinand VII.) In 1808 he ac- companied that prince to Bayonne, and signed the con- stitution which Napoleon imposed on Spain. In 1809 he commanded an army which was defeated by the French at Saint Sebastian. Ferdinand VII. appointed him president of the council of Castile in 1814. lie resigned in 1820, and was prime minister for a short time in 1825. Died in 1841. Ingalls, ing'galz, (Rufus,) an American general, born in Oxford county, Maine, about 1820, graduated at West Point in 1843, and was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in September, 1862. He served as chief quartermaster of the army of the Potomac in 1863-65. Ingeburga, ing'eh-booR'gi, sometimes written Ing- elburge or Ingerburga, a Danish princess, was the sister of Canute VI. In 1192 she became the wife of Philip Augustus of France, who soon after divorced her without good reason. She appealed to the pope, Innocent III., who decided in her favour ; and after the kingdom of Philip had been laid under an interdict, he was induced to reinstate her. Died in 1236. See De Thou, " Histoire universelle." Ingegneri, in-j§n-ya'ree, (Angiolo,) an Italian /itte'' rateitr, born in Venice about 1550, was secretary of Car- dinal C. Aldobrandini at Rome, whose service he quitted in 1598. He wrote a pastoral called "The Dance of Venus," (" La Danza di Venere,") " Buon Segretario," and a few other works, in prose and verse. He was a friend of Tasso. Died in 1613. See GiNGUEN^, " Histoire Littdraire d'ltalie." Ingegno, L'. See Luioi, (Andrea.) In'ge-IovT', (Jean,) a popular English poetess, was born at Boston, England, in 1830. Her first volume of poems, containing " Divided," " Songs of Seven," "The High Tide," etc., at once established her reputation. Among her other publications are " Studies for Stories," (1864,) "Poor Mat," (1866,) "A Story of Doom, and other Poems," (1867,) " A Sister's Bye-Hours," (1868.) "Mopsa the Fairy," (1869,) " Off the Skelligs," (1872,) " Fated to be Free," (1875,) and " Don John," (i88i.) Ingemaun, ing'eh-mSn', (Bernhard Severin,) a popular Danish poet and novelist, was born in the island of Falster, May 28, 1789. He produced a volume of lyric poems (" Digte") in 181 1, and an epic poem, called "The Black Knights," (" De sorte Riddere,") in 1814. His tragedies " Blanca" and " Masaniello" (1815) were performed with great success. About 1820 he published a dramatic poem, called "The Deliverance of Tasso." He was chosen professor of Danish at the Academy of Soroe in 1822. He wrote several popular historical novels, among which are " Waldemar the Victor," (1826,) and " Prince Otho of Denmark," (1835.) Died May 24, 1862. See William and Mary Howitt, "The Literatureand Romance of Northern Europe," vol. ii., 1832 ; Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" Erslew, " Almindeligt Forfatter- Lexicon ;" Moller, "Dansk Pantheon;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1S3S. Ingen or Inghen, van, vtn ing'g^n or ing'nen, (WiL- a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, sAort; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fJr, fill, fit; mSt; ndt; good; moon; INGENHOUSZ 1347 INGLIS LEM,) a Dutch painter, born in 1651, studied under C. Maratta at Rome. He worked in Venice and Naples, and settled in Amsterdam. His works have considera- ble merit. Died about 1710. Ingenhousz, ing'gen-hows', (Jan,) an eminent Dutch physician and chemist, born at Breda in 1730. About 1767 he visited London, where he became intimate with Dr. Pringle, president of the Royal Society, by whose recommendation he became physician to the empress Maria Theresa in 1772. He was made a member of the aulic council in Vienna, and received a pension for life. After remaining in Vienna a number of years, he travelled in France, Italy, etc., pursuing his scientific studies and experiments, and at last settled in London, and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He in- vented an electrophorus, and discovered that growing plants e.xposed to the light exhale oxygen gas, (1779.) His principal works (which are all written in English) are " Experiments on Vegetables, discovering their Power of Purifying the Air," (1779,) an " Essay on the Food of Plants," and " Experiments and Observations on Various Physical Subjects." The invention of the plate electrical machine is attributed to him. Died in 1799. See " Biographic Medicale." Ingersoll, ing'ger-sol, (Charles Jared,) a lawyer and writer, a son of Jared, noticed below, was born in Philadelphia in 17S2. He was elected to Congress in 1812, and was appointed district attorney for Pennsyl- vania by President Madison in 1S15. He was chosen a Democratic member of Congress in 1840, 1842, and 1844. Among his works are " Chioniara," a poem, (1800,) and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States of America and Great Britain," (4 vols., 1845-52.) Died in 1862. Ingersoll, (Ernest,) an American author, born at Monroe, Michigan, March 13, 1852, studied at Oberlin and Harvard Colleges, was attached to United States geological surveys as a naturalist, 1874-1877, and after- wards was attached to the United States fish commission. In 1880 he was a special agent of the tenth census. His principal works are "A Natural History Series" for the young, " Natural History of Nests and Birds," (in parts, 1878 et seq.,) " Friends Worth Knowing," " Oyster In- dustries of the United States," (1881,) " Birds'-Nesting," (1882,) "The Ice Queen," (1884,) etc. Ingersoll, (Jared,) LL.D., an American jurist, born in Connecticut in 1749. He graduated at Yale in 1766, studied law at the Temple in London, and on returning to America took up his residence in Philadelphia. Though the son of a royalist, he zealously advocated the rights of the colonies in the Revolution. He rose to great dis- tinction in his profession, was twice attorney-general of Pennsylvania, once United States district attorney, and in the latter part of his life president-judge of the district court of Philadelphia. He served in the convention that framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, and in 1812 was the candidate of the Federal party for the Vice-Presidency of the United States. Died in 1822. Ingersoll, (Joseph Reed,) D.C.L., son of the pre- ceding, was born in Philadelphia, June 14, 1786. He graduated at Yale College in 1808, and attained to a high rank in the legal profession in his native city. He was a representative in Congress from 1S35 to 1837, and was re-elected by the Whig party in 1841, and again in 1843, 1S45, ^^^ 1847. He took a prominent part in the debates on the tariff, and was for some time chairman of the committee on the judiciary. He was appointed minister to England by President Fillmore in 1852. Died in 1868. Ingersoll, (Robert Green,) an American lawyer, born at Dresden, New York, August 11, 1833, the son of a Congregational minister of broad views. The young Ingersoll became a lawyer, was a colonel of cavalry in the Federal army, 1S62-65, was appointed attorney-gen- eral of Illinois in 1866, and afterwards acquired fame as a political orator and successful lawyer. He is also well known by his books, pamphlets, and speeches directed against religion. Ing'ham, (Charles C.,) an eminent American por- trait-painter, born about 1797. He worked in the city of New York, where he died in December, 1863. His pictures are remarkable for their high finish. Inghen. See Ingen. Inghirami, 6n-ge-rd'mee, (Cavaliere Francesco,) an eminent Italian antiquary, born at Volterra in 1772, devoted many years to researches into ancient art, and acquired a European reputation by his writings. The most important of these is his "Monumenti Etruschi," (10 vols., 1S21-27,) which is the most complete de- scription of the antiquities of Etruria. He wrote, also, "Galleria Omerica," (3 vols., 1827-38,) illustrative of Homer's poems, and " Letters on Etruscan Erudition, etc.," (1828.) Died in 1846. See Ersch und Guubhr, "Allgemelne Encyklopaedie." Inghirami, (Tommaso Fedra,) an eminent Italian scholar and orator, born at Volterra in 1470, settled at Rome in early youth, and obtained high preferments. He acquired the fame of being one of the most eloquent men of modern Rome ; and Erasmus informs us that he was styled the Cicero of his age. He was patronized by Julius II., who appointed him keeper of the Vatican Library. He left in manuscript a " Commentary on Horace's Art of Poetry," "An Abstract of Roman His- tory," and other works. Died in 1516. See Ersch und Grobbr, " .A.',lgemeine Encyklopaedie;" Tira- BOSCHt, " Storia della Letteratura Italians." In'gi-ald, (almost in'jald,) King of Sweden, surnamed Illraua, ("the Bad,") reigned in the seventh century, and was the last of his dynasty. In consequence of his crimes, some of his subjects revolted with success, and he destroyed himself. I war. Prince of Scania, succeeded him. lugleby, ing'gl-be, (Clement Mansfield,) LL.D., an English critic, born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, October 29, 1823. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1847. His principal works are "Theo- retical Logic," (1856,) "The Shakspere Fabrications," (1859,) '• Shakspeare Hermeneutics, or The Still Lion," (1867-74,) "Was Thomas Lodge an Actor.?" (1867,) "Revival of Philosophy at Cambridge," (1869,) " Shak- spere's Centurie of Prayse," (1870,) and " Shakspere, the Man and the Book," (1877.) Died in 1886. Ingles, ing-glSs', (Master Jorge,) a Spanish painter, was eminent in history and portraits. He worked at Granada in 1455. Ingles, (Don Jos6,) a Spanish fresco-painter, born at Valencia in 1718; died in 1786. Inglis, ing'glis, (Henry David,) a Scottish writer of travels, born in Edinburgh in 1795. He travelled exten- sively in Europe, and published excellent books of travel, viz., "Solitary Walks through Many Lands," (3d edition, 1843,) ^ "Journey through Norway, Sweden, and Den- mark," (1829,) "Tour through Switzerland, the South of France," etc., (1830,) " Spain in 1830," (from which Lord Aberdeen said he had derived more information than from all the state documents he ever perused,) " The Tyrol, with a Glance at Bavaria," (1834,) and " Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote." Died in 1835. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionao' of Eminent Scotsmen," (Sjpplement.) Inglis or English, (Sir James,) a poet, born in Scot- land in the reign of James IV., is supposed to be the author of a book entitled "The Complaint of Scotland," published at Saint Andrew's in 1548, said to be the most ancient Scottish prose work that is extant. Died in 1530. Inglis, (John,) D.D., born in Edinburgh in 1763, was one of the ministers of the Greyfriars' Church in that city. He published a " Vindication of the Christian Faith," (1830,) and a few other works. Died in 1834. Inglis, (John,) an eminent Scottish advocate, a son of the preceding, was born in Edinburgh in 1810. He became lord advocate in May, 1852, and was elected dean of the faculty in the same year. Having retired from office with the Derby ministry in December, 1852, he was restored to the same in 1858, and became lord justice clerk in the same year. In'glis, (Sir John Eardley Wilmot,) a British gen- eral, born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, about 181 5, was a son of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. He distinguished himself in the campaign of the Punjab in 1848-49, and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His regiment was at Lucknow when that place was besieged by the Sepoys in the summer of 1857, On the death of Sir Henry €as-4; 9asj; gkard; gas ;'; G,H,K,^Uura/; U, nasal; R,iri//£a'; sass; th asin//«.f. (S^^See Explanations, p. 23.) INGLIS 1348 INNES Lawrence he succeeded to the command of the garrison. He received the brevet of major-general for his heroic defence of Lucknow. Died at Homburg, Germany, in September, 1S62. Inglis, (Margaret Maxwell,) a Scottish poetess born at Sanquhar, Scothmd, in 1774, published a "Mis- cellaneous Collection of Poems" in 1838. Died in 1S43. Inglis, (Sir Rohekt Harry,) M.P., born in 1786, was the only son of Sir Hugh Inglis, chairman of the East India Company. He was first elected to Parliament in 1824. From 1829 to 1853 he represented the University of Oxford, and constantly voted with the Tories against the Reform bill, the relief of the Catholics, etc. Died in 1855. IngUs, (Sir William,) a British general, born in 1762, served with distinction in the Peninsular war. Died in 1835. Ingoldsby, ing'gplz-be, (Thomas,) the assumed name of Richard H. Barham. (See Barham.) Ing'on I., surnamed the Good, King of Sweden, was the son and successor of Stenkil, and began to reign about 1080. He favoured the propagation of Christianity among his subjects. Died in in 2. Ingoii n., a nephew of the preceding, was one of his successors, and shared the royal power with his brother Philip. Slavery was gradually abolished in his reign. Died in 1130. Ingoni, ^n-go'nee, (Giovanni Bati'ista,) an Italian painter, born at Modena in 1528 ; died in 1608. Iiigoni, (Matteo,) a painter of the Venetian school, born at Ravenna in 1587 ; died in 1631. Ingouf, iN'goor,(FRANgois Robert,) a skilful French engraver, born in Paris in 1747. He engraved "The Nativity," after Raphael, and some of the plates for the "Musee Fran9ais." Died in 1812. His brother, Pierre Charles, born in Paris in 1746, was also a successful engraver. Died in 1800. Ingraham, ing'gra-am, (Duncan Nathaniel,) a naval commander, born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1802. He gained distinction by his spirited conduct in procuring the release from an Austrian war-vessel, at Smyrna, in June, 1853, of Martin Koszta, a Hungarian, who had legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States. He was raised to the rank of captain in 1855, but resigned in 1861, and entered the Confederate navy. Ingraham, (Joseph H.,) an American writer, born at Portland, Maine, in 1809. Besides the romances of " Lafitte," " Captain Kyd," and " The Dancing Feather," he wrote "The Prince of the House of David," "The Pillar of Fire," and "The Throne of David." Died in 1866. Ingram, ing'gram, (Herbert,) an English printer, born at Boston in 1811, founded the "Illustrated Lon- don News" in 1842. He was elected to Parliament in 1856, and visited the United States in i860. In Sep- tember of that year he was drowned in Lake Michigan, in consequence of a collision. Ingram, (James,) D.D., an English clergyman, born in Wiltshire in 1774, became president of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1824, and rector of Garsington. He published an edition of the " Saxon Chronicle," (1823,) " Memorials of Oxford," (1834-37,) which was favourably received, and several other works. Died in 1850. Ingram, (John H.,) an English author, born in Lon- don, November 16, 1849. ^is principal books have been " Poems by Dalton Stone," (1863,) "Flora Sym- bolica," (1869,) "Memoir of Poe," (1874, prefixed to an edition of Poe's works,) " Poe Memorial," " The Haunted Houses of England," " Life of Oliver Madox Brown," (1883,) etc. Ingram, (Robert,) an English clergyman, born at Beverley, Yorkshire, in 1727. He became vicar of Orston and Boxted, and published, besides other works," Isaiah's Vision," (1784,) and "The Seventh Plague," (1787.) Died in 1804. Ingrassia, in-gRSs'se-5, written also Ingrassias, (Giovanni Filippo,) an eminent Sicilian physician and anatomist, born at Palermo about 15 10, taught anatomy at Naples. In 1563 he was chosen by Ph"ilip II. first physician of Sicily, and in 1575 he checked the ravages of the plague at Palermo. He wrote a "Commentary on the Bones," and other able treatises on anatomy. Died in 1580. See fc,LOV, " Dictionnaire historique de la M^decine." Ingres, iNgR, (Jean Auguste Dominique,) a cele- brated French historical painter, born at Montauban in 1780 or 1781, was a pupil of David. He gained the first prize in 1801 for a picture of "Achilles receiving in his Tent the Envoys of Agamemnon." He woiked about twenty years (1804-24) in Rome and Florence, choosing Raphael as his model. During this period he painted " CEdipus and the Sphinx," " Raphael and La Fornarina," and "Odalisque," (1819.) He returned to Paris in 1824, became the founder of a school, and exhibited " The Vow of Louis XIII.," one of his best works, which opened to him the doors of the Institute in 1825. In 1827 he painted on the ceiling of the Louvre "The Apotheosis of Homer," which is called his master-piece. At the Exposition of 1855 ^ salon was reserved exclu- sively for his works, which are said to have had a wide influence on the style of French and foreign artists. He is called the representative of correct design and idea' composition. Died in January, 1867. See L. DE LoM^NiK, " M. Ingres, par un Homme de Rien," 1842; Fr6d6ric Mercey, " Peintres et Sciilpteurs modemes: J. Ingres," 1846; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Ingiiimbert, d'.diN'giN'baiR', (Joseph Dominique,) a French bishop, born at Carpentras in 1683, assumed the name of Dom Malachie. He became an intimate counsellor of Pope Clement XII., who appointed him domestic prelate, and in 1733 Bishop of Carpentras. He built a hospital in that town, and founded a large public library there. He wrote and translated several religious works. Died in 1757. See ViTALis, " Notice sur la Vie de Malachie d'Inguimbtrt," i8ia. Ingulf. See Ingulphus. In-gul'phus or In'gulf, a monk, born in London about 1030, became secretary and favourite of William, Duke of Normandy, in 105 1. After that prince had become King of England, Ingulphus was made abbot of the monastery of Croyland. He died in 1109. He was the reputed author of a History of the above monastery, in Latin, containing much curious and important infor- mation ; but Sir Francis Palgrave has proved that it is a forgery. In'i-go, an English engraver, whose proper name wag John Collet, was born about 1725. He excelled in the same line as Hogarth, and displayed an original genius for humorous design. He left but few works, among which is a " Monkey pointing to a Very Dark Picture of Moses striking the Rock." Died in 1780. In'man, (Henry,) an American portrait-painter, born at Utica, New York, in 1801, was a pupil of Jarvis. He worked mostly in the city of New York. During a visit to England, in 1844, he painted portraits of the poet Wordsworth, Dr. Chalmers, and T. B. Macaulay. Among his other works are portraits of Chief-Justice Marshall and Bishop White. He was commissioned by Congress to adorn the national capitol with historical paintings; but before he had finished them he died, in 1846. See DuNLAP, " Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in America ;" Tuckerman, " Book of the Artists." Inman, (John,) a brother of the preceding, born at Utica, New York, in 1805, was an associate editor of the " New York Mirror" and " The Commercial Adver- tiser." Died in 1850. In'nes, (Cosmo,) a Scottish lawyer, historian, and antiquary, born at Durris on Deeside, September 9, 1798. He early became known as a student of the ancient records of Scottish history. He was made an advocate in 1822. He collated and edited the chaitu- laries of the old religious houses of the North, was em- ployed for many years in editing and publishing the Scottish statutes, and was the author of " Scotland in the Middle Ages," (i860,) "Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities," (1872,) etc. He had a strong leaning to Catholicism, though he never gave his personal alle- giance to that religion, and his works were greatly valued by Montalembert and other distinguished Catholics. He died at Killin, July 31, 1874. A "Memoir of Cosmo Innes" was published anonymously, in 1874, by Mrs. John Hill Burton. a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fdr, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon; INNE^ 1349 INNOCENT In'nes, (Louis,) a Roman Catholic priest, born of a Scottish family about 1650. He became secretary to James II. after he was deposed from the English throne. He is the reputed author of " Memoirs of James II.," part of which was published in 1816. Died in Paris, January 23, 1738. Innes, (Thomas,) a brother of the preceding, born in 1662, studied in Paris, was ordained a priest, and suc- ceeded Louis as principal of the Scottish College. He wrote a "Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain," (1729,) which is highly commended for sound learning, judicious, criticism, and valuable information. Died in 1744. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." In'iiess, (George,) an American artist, born at New- burgh, New York, May i, 1823. He studied art in New York and in the European capitals, chronic ill health interfering much with the continuity of his labours. U'aken at his best, Mr. Inness is inferior to no other American landscapist. His work is so informed with high spiritual purpose that some critics have classed him, without complete justice, with the "Impressionist" school. His son, George Inness, Junior, is a painter of much promise. The elder Innes is a member of the National Academy. In'no-cent [Lat. Innocen'tius ; It. Innocenzo, hn- no-chen'zo; Ger. Innocenz, in'no-ts§nts ; Span. Ino- CENCio, &-wo-thhn' tkQ-o\ I., a native of Albano, chosen Bishop of Rome in 402 a.d., was contemporary with Augustine and Jerome. During his pontificate, Rome was pillaged by Alaric the Goth. Innocent strenuously asserted the supremacy of the see of Rome, and con- ciemned the doctrine of Pelagius, He succeeded Anas- tasius I., who, according to Jerome, was the father of Innocent. Died in 417. He was succeeded by Zosimus. See Bruys, " Histoire des Papes," 5 vols., 1735. Innocent II., Pope, was elected in 1130 as successor to Honorius II. Another party elected a rival pope, under the name of Anacletus II., whose partisans drove Innocent out of Rome. The latter was recognized as pope by the Kings of France, England, and Germany, and his rival was supported by Roger of Sicily. In 1138, Inno- cent, assisted by Lotharius of Germany, recovered the papal power, and, his rival having died in the same year, the unity of the Church was restored. In 1139 Arnaldo da Brescia was banished from Rome for preaching doc- trines that were deemed unsound. Innocent died in 1143, and was succeeded by Celestine II. See Platina, " Vite de' sumnii Pontefici," 1613 ; Alletz, " His- Icire des Papes," 1776; J. Hartmann, "Vita Innocentii II. Pon- ti^icis," 1744; Artaud de Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pon- tifes," 1847-49. Innocent III., whose proper name was Lotharius, was the son of Trasimund, a Roman count, and was born in Rome in 1161. He was unanimously elected pope in January, 1198, as successor to Celestine HI. With su- perior abilities, improved by diligent study, he combined great resolution, industry, and austerity of character, and availed himself of every opportunity to magnify his office and to assert the supremacy of the papal power. In 1199 he placed the kingdom of France under an interdict be- cause the king, Philip Augustus, had repudiated his wife ; and thus he compelled him to reinstate her. About 1200 he instigated the fourth crusade, the principal result of which was the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks by the crusaders. In 121 2 he excommunicated and de- posed Otho, Emperor of Germany, and crowned Frede- rick of Sicily in his place. A memorable quarrel occurred between this pontiff and King John of England, respect- ing the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, (1207,) the right to appoint being obstinately asserted by each. England was laid under an interdict, which lasted two years, at the expiration of which, as John was still refractory, the pope declared him to be deposed, and authorized Philip Augustus of France to execute the decree. While the latter was preparing to invade Eng- land, John submitted to the pope, in 12 13, and signed a disgraceful treaty, in which he consented to hold Eng- land and Ireland as fiefs of the Church of Rome, and to fay an annual tribute of one thousand marks. In 1214 nnocent raised a cruel persecution or crusade against the Albigenses for heresy. During his pontificate the papal power attained its greatest height. He was perhaps the most learned man and the most able statesman of his age. He wrote " Letters," and other works, which are highly commended. Died in 1216, and was succeeded by Honorius HI. See F. HuRTER, "Geschichte Innocenz III.," 2 vols., 1835, (and French version of the same, 4 vols., 1838-43 :) D. Lksrmann, " Pabst Innocenz III. und Furst Michael Glinski," 1830: Jorry, "Histoire da Pape Innocent III," 1852; Artaud de Montor, "Histoire des souverains Pontifes," 1847-49 : J- H. Gurnev, " Four Ecclesiastical Biographies," London, 1864. Innocent IV., (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi — di fe-5s'- kee,) a native of Genoa, was elected pope as successor to Celestine IV. in 1243. He soon found himself involved in a quarrel with the emperor Frederick II., (who had been excommunicated by Gregory IX.,) and retired for security to Lyons. Here he summoned a council, in 1245, and renewed the excommunication of Frederick, who was also formally deposed. The emperor, however, refused to submit to this assumption, and waged war against the pope for several years, until his death in 1250. Innocent then returned to his capital, and proclaimed a crusade against Conrad, the son of Frederick ; but again his malignity was bafHed. He died in 1254, and was succeeded by Alexander IV. See J. Hartmann, "Vita Innocentii IV.," 173S; PaoIjO Panza, "Vita del gran Pontefice Innocenzio Quarto," 1601. Innocent V., ( Peter of Tarantasia, ) born at Moutier, in Savoy, was elected in 1276 as successor to Gregory X. After holding office a few months, he died in the same year. Innocent VI., ( Etienne Anbert — o'baiR', ) a Frenchinan, born near Pompadour, was elected pope in 1352. He succeeded Clement VI., who had made him a cardinal and Bishop of Ostia. His court was kept at Avignon throughout his pontificate. He reformed some abuses in the Church, and appears to have acted with more moderation and propriety than most of his predecessors. Died in 1362. See Bruys, "Histoire des Papes," 1735; Sismondi, "Histoire des Franfais." Innocent VII., (Cardinal Cosmo Migliorati — mh\- yo-rS'tee,) born at Sulmona about 1338, was elected pope in 1404, as successor to Boniface IX. At that time there was an extensive schism in the Church, and Benedict XIII. held a rival court at Avignon. Died in 1406. See Platina, "Vite de' siimmi Pontefici," 1613. Innocent VIII., (Giovanni Battista Cibo — chee'- bo,) born at Genoa in 1434, was elected pope in 1484, as successor to Sixtus IV. He laboured without success to unite the sovereigns of Europe against the Turks, and was himself engaged in war with Ferdinand, King of Naples. He died in 1491, and was succeeded by Alexander VI. See F. Serdonati, "Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1829; F. M. Vialardo, " Istoria della Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1613. Innocent IX., (Antonio Facchinetti — fSk-ke- net'tee,) born at Bologna, succeeded Gregory XIV. in October, 1591, but only survived two months after his election. He left a good reputation for virtue and wisdom. Clement VIII. was his successor. See Ranke, " History of the Popes." Innocent X., (Giovanni Battista PanfiU — pin- fee'lee,) elected in place of Urban VIII. in 1644, wa.s born in Rome about 1570. He owed his promotion to the Barberini, who soon became his enemies. The Jan- senist controversy having made a great commotion in the Church, Innocent appointed a commission of car- dinals to settle it, and in 1653 issued a bull atm occasione, in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansen. Historians differ widely as to the character of this pontifi He died in 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VII, See Ranke, " History of the Popes:" Ciaconius, " Vitae et Res gests Pontificiim Ronianorum," 4 vols., 1677. Innocent XI., (Cardinal Benedict OdescalcM — o-d§s-kSl'kee,) born at Como in 161 1, succeeded Clement X. in 1676. He had been made a cardinal in 1647, and had sustained a respectable character. He soon mani- fested his zeal to reform abuses and restore strict disci- pline, and his inflexible resolution to maintain the papal € as k; 9 as 1 ,- g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2l^="See Explanations, p. 23.) INNOCENT 1350 IPHIGENIA prerogatives. His pontificate was signalized by a re- markable contest with Louis XIV. of France in relation to the rigale and the privileges or exemptions of foreign ambassadors at Rome. The pope wished to abolish the us.qge which rendered the ambassador's palace, with the adjacent premises, an asylum for malefactors, etc., inac- cessible to the officers of justice. Louis XIV. in 1687 sent his ambassador Lavardin with orders to maintain his rights, and with an armed retinue of eight hundred men. The pope persisted, and excommunicated Lavar- din, who returned without effecting his object ; and the quarrel was not ended until after the death of Innocent, which occurred in 1689. It seems that his enmity to Louis induced this pontiff to favour the English in resistance to James II. ; and some one remarked that the peace of Europe would be promoted if James would become a Protestant, and the pope a Catholic. See Ughelli, "Italia sacra," 10 vols., 1717-22; Ranke, "His- tory of the Popes;" Sismondi, " Histoire des Franfais;" F. BuoNAMici, "De Vita et Rebus gestis Innocentii XI.," 1776. Innocent XII., (Antonio Piguatelli — pin-yS-teK- lee,) born in Naples in 161 5, became Cardinal and Arch- bishop of Naples during the pontificate of Innocent XL, and succeeded Alexander VIII. as pope in July, 1692. He proposed to take Innocent XL as his model, and appears to deserve credit for his economy, regular habits, liberality, and works of utility. In his pontificate a re- conciliation was effected with'the French court by mutual concession. Quietism also received its quietus, in 1699, by a papal brief condemning Fenelon's " Maximes des Saints." He died in 1700, and was succeeded by Clem- ent XL See Ranke, "History of the Popes;" Bruvs, "Histoire des Papes," 1735. Innocent XIII., (Michelangelo Conti — kon'tee,) born in Rome in 1655, was the son of the Duke of Poli, and attained the dignity of cardinal in 1706. He succeeded Clement XL as pope in 1721, and exercised his power so prudently that his subjects regretted the brevity of its duration. He died in 1724, and his place was supplied by Benedict XIII. See Bruvs, " Histoire des Papes," 1735 ; " Leben Pabst Innocenz XIII.," Cologne, 1724. Innocentius. See Innocent. Innocenz. See Innocent. lunocenzo. See Innocent. I'no, [Gr. 'Iv(j,] a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, was the wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. According to tradition, she incurred the enmity of Juno, who de- prived Athamas of his reason. In a fit of insanity he killed a son of Ino, who threw herself into the sea and was changed into a sea-goddess, named Leucothea. Her story was dramatized by several Greek poets. Inocencio. See Innocent. lu'skip, (foHN S.,) a Methodist preacher, born at Huntingdon, England, August 10, 1816, was brought to the United States when five years old, began a religious life in 1832, and in 1835 commenced to preach. He acquired great note as a conductor of camp-meetings, and became editor of the " Christian Standard." Died at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, March 7, 1884. Interiano de Ayala, in-ti-re-d'no di i-i'lJ, (Juan,) a Spanish author and monk, born in 1656, became preacher to the king. He published, besides other works, (mostly in Spanish,) "Pictor Christianus Eruditus," (1730,) in which he exposes the prevalent errors of painters who treat of religious subjects. His style is pure and elegant. Died in 1730. •See TiCKNOK. "History of Spanish Literature;" Mor^ri, "Dic- tioniiaire Historique." Inthiema, in-te-a'mi, (Hero,) a Dutch poet and jurist, born in 1576; died in 1623. Intieri, in-te-a'ree, ( Bartolommeo, ) an Italian economist and mechanician, born at Pistoia about 1674. He founded a chair of political economy at Naples, and \»Tote "On the Conservation of Grain." Died in 1757. Intorcetta, fen-toR-chet'tS, (Prospero,) a Jesuit mis- sionary, born in Sicily in 1625, laboured in China, and published Latin translations of some works of Confu- cius. Died in 1696. Inveges, 6n-va'j5s, (Augustin,) a Sicilian historian and ecclesiastic, born at Sciacca in 1595, published a "History of Palermo," (3 vols., 1649-51,) which was much esteemed. Died in 1677. In'"wood, (Charles Frederick,) son of William Inwood, noticed below, was born in 1798. He co-operated with his father as architect of Westminster Hospital and other edifices. Died in 1840. Inwood, (Henry William,) an English architect, a brother of the preceding, was born in 1794. He was associated in his profession with his father, and pub- lished "Studies of the Architect from Nature," and an illustrated work on Athenian architecture, called "The Erechtheion at Athens," (1S27.) He perished by ship- wreck in 1843, while making a voyage to Spain. Inwood, (William,) an English architect, born about 1770, was employed on many buildings in London, and also followed the profession of surveyor. He was assisted in his architectural labours by his two sons, noticed above. Saint Pancras Church, London, finished in 1822, was erected by him and his son Henry. He published "Tables for Purchasing Estates," etc. Died in 1843. I'o, [Gr. 'Iw,] a fabulous personage, whom the Greek poets represent as a daughter of Inachus and a priestess of Juno. It was said that, having been transformed by Jupiter into a white cow, she was tormented by a gadfly, (sent by Juno,) to escape from which she swam across the Ionian Sea and wandered through various parts of the world. Her story is related by iEschylus in his " Suppliants." I-o-la'u8 [Gr. 'I6?iaof] or I'o-las, [Gr. 'loXaCi] a per- sonage of classic mythology, was a relative and faithful companion of Hercules, whom he aided in his contest against the Lernean Hydra. I'o-le, [Gr. '\o7ai^ the daughter of Eurytus, King of CEchalia, who promised her in marriage to Hercules. But, Eurytus having afterwards refused to perform his engagement, lole was forcibly carried off by her lover. On the death of the latter, caused by Dejanira's jealousy, (see Dejanira,) lole was married to Hyllus, the son of Hercules. Fon, [Gr. 'I"v,] the mythical ancestor of the lonians, was supposed to be the son of Apollo and Creusa. His story was dramatized by Euripides. Ion, ['Iwv,] a Greek tragic poet, who was born at Chios, (Scio,) and flourished about 450 B.C. He lived at Athens, where he became a friend of .(Eschylus and gained a prize for one of his tragedies. He composed, besides tragedies, elegies, lyric poems, and some prose works, all of which are lost. He was included in the canon of the five Athenian tragic poets by the Alexan- drian critics. See Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Graeca ;" Kavser, " Historia cri- tica Tragicorum Grscorum," 184s; Karl Nieberding, " De Ionia Chii Vita, Moribus et Studiis," 1836. I'o-phon, [Gr. 'Ioi;!>wv,] an Athenian tragic poet, a son of Sophocles the poet, lived about 420 B.C. He gained the second prize in 429, when Euripides received the first prize. Among the titles of his plays are " Achilles," " Actseon," and " Pentheus." His works are not extant Died after 405 B.C. See Kavser, " Historia critica Tragicorum Grscorum," 1845 louzef or louzaf. See YoosuF. Iphicrate. See Iphicrates. I-phic'ra-tes, [Gr. 'I^«paT7?f ; Fr. Iphicr.vte, e'rt kRtt',] a skilful Athenian general, who rose from a humble rank in society and obtained the chief command of the Athenian army. About 392 B.C. he defeated the Spartans near Corinth, and afterwards gained applause by his defence of Corcyra against the Spartans and Syra- cusans. He made important changes in the armour and tactics of his troops, by exchanging the heavy buckler for a light target and increasing the length of the speai and the sword. He was associated with Timotheus and Chares in the command of an expedition against Byzan- tium about 357 B.C. See Grote, " History of Greece ;" Cornelius Nepos, " Iphi- crates ;" DioDORUS SicuLUS, books xiv., xv., and xvi. ; Xenophon, " Hellenica," books iv. and vi. ; Rehdantz, " Vitae Iphicralis, Cha- brias et Timothei," Berlin, 1845. Iph-I-le-ni'a or Iph-I-ge-nei'a, [Gr. '\(^iytvua; Fr. Iphig6nie, fe'fe'zhi'ne',J a daughter of Agamemnon and a, e, !, 6, u, y, loitg; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; m6t; nflt; good; moon; JPHIGENIE 1351 IRE TON Clytemnestra. The ancient poets relate that Diana detained the Greek fleet at Aulis by a calm, because Agamemnon had offended her, and that the soothsayer Calchas declared Diana could be appeased only by the sacrifice of Iphigenia. When she was on the point of being immolated, she was rescued, it is said, by Diana, who carried her to Tauris, where she became a priestess In the temple of the goddess. Her story is the subject of two of the dramas of Euripides. Iphigenie. See Iphigenia. Iph'i-tus, [Gr. 'I^trof,] a king of Elis, who revived the Olympic games about 884 B.C., four hundred and seventy years after their first institution. They were celebrated everv fifth year, at Olympia, on the banks of the Alpheus. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, was associated with Iphitus in this affair. Ipparco, the Italian of Hipparchus, which see. Ippocrate. See Hippocrates. Ippolito. See Hippolytus. Irailh, e'rlK, (Augustin Simon,) a French historical writer, born at Puy-en-Velay in 1 719, became canon of Monistrol. He wrote an interesting work entitled "Literary Quarrels, or Memoirs of the Revolutions in the Republic of Letters from the Time of Homer to the Present," (4 vols., 1761,) also a "History of the Reunion of Bretagne with France," (2 vols., 1764.) Died in 1794. See Qu^RARD, "La France Litt^raire." Irala Yuso, e-ri'ia yoo'so, (Matias Antonio,) a Spanish painter and engraver, born at Madrid in 1680 ; died in 1753. Ir'by, (Charles Leonard,) an English officer in the royal navy, was born October 9, 1789. In conjunction with James Mangles, he wrote a valuable work entitled " Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and the Holy Land," (1823.) Died December 3, 1845. (See Mangles, Cafjain.) Irby, (Frederick Paul,) a British naval officer, born in 1779, commanded the Amelia in an indecisive action against the French in 1813. Died in 1844. Ire'dell, (Ir'del,) (James,) a distinguished jurist, born in England in 1751, settled in North Carolina in 1768. He was admitted to the bar in 1770, and in 1777 became judge of the supreme court of North Carolina. This position he resigned in 1779. He was one of the ablest and most influential members of the convention called in 1788 to consider the Federal Constitution, and from 1790 till his death, in 1799, was judge of the supreme court of the United States. He published, under the authority of the legislature, the "Laws of North Caro- lina, 1715-1790," (1791.) See G. J. McRee, "Life of James Iredell," 1857. Iredell, (James,) a lawyer, a son of the preceding, was born at Edenton, North Carolina, in 17S8. He was Governor of North Carolina in 1827, and was a Senator of the United States from 1828 to 1831. He was sub- sequently reporter to the supreme court of his native State, and published thirteen volumes of law and eight of equity reports. Died in 1853. Ire'land, (John,) D.D., an English writer, born at Ashburton in 1761, became prebendary of Westminster in 1802, and Dean of Westminster and rector of Islip in 1 816. He founded a professorship at Oxford, and several scholarships. He was a contributor to the *' London Quarterly Review," and the author of several approved works of divinity, among which is " Paganism and Chris- tianity Compared." Died in 1842. Ireland, (John,) an English writer, born in Shrop- shire, removed to London, where he became a con- noisseur of art and a dealer in pictures. He compiled "Memoirs of Henderson" the actor, and published " Hogarth Illustrated," which was favourably received. Died in 1808. Ireland, (Samuel,) born in London, was a weaver of Spitalfields in his youth. He became subsequently a dealer in rare prints, curiosities, etc. Having acquired some skill in drawing and engraving, he employed it in illustrating various countries, of which he published "Picturesque Tours." He was the author of "Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth," and the publisher of the Shak- speare Papers forged by his son. (See below.) Died in 1800. Ireland, (William Henry,) a son of the preceding, was born in London in 1777. He acquired notoriety in 1795 by forging legal documents under the seal of Shakspeare, and by practising on the public credulity in relation to dramas which he pretended to have found at Stratford. One of these, called " Vortigern," was pur- chased by Sheridan, and performed at Drury Lane before the imposture was detected. The audience were ex- tremely disgusted at the quality of the play, and Ireland, being required to explain how he had obtained it, con- fessed the forgery to his father, and afterwards published a written confession, which displays more vanity than penitence. Died in 1835. IrensBus, e-ri-na'Qs, (Falkovski,) a learned Russian prelate and writer on theology, born in 1762; died in 1823. Irenseus, (Klementievski,) a Russian theologian, born in 1753, became Archbishop of Pskof. He wrote commentaries on Scripture, and translated from the Greek some works of the Fathers. Died in 1818. Ireneeus,!r-e-nee'us, fGr. EipTjvcuog; Fr. lR^N]feE,€'ri'- ni'; It. Ireneo, e-ri-na^o,] Saint, a Christian martyr, born about 130 or 140 A.D., was a Greek by birth, and was probably a native of Asia Minor, as he was a pupil of the eminent Bishop Polycarp of Smyrna. About 177 he became Bishop of Lyons, (Lugdunum,) in France, in place of Pothinus, who was the first that occupied that see. He ministered to his churches with wisdom and general acceptance. To counteract the errors of the Gnostics and others, he wrote a treatise against Heresies, which is still extant, (in a Latin translation.) He also wrote several Letters, and other works, which are lost, except some fragments. It is generally supposed that he suffered martyrdom under Septimus Severus ; but the learned are not agreed whether it occurred in 203 or 208. He was well versed in ancient philosophy, as well as in evangelical doctrine. His book on Heresies is highly appreciated as a historical monument and a vindication of the primitive faith. He was a believer in the Millennium, and entertained opinions on that subject which some consider extravagant. See Saint Jerome, " De Viris illustribus ;" Eusebius, " Historia Ecclesiastica ;" Henry Dodwell, " Dissertationes in Irenseum," 1689 ; Gervaisk, "Vie de S. Iren^e, second fiveque de Lyon," 1723 ; J. M. Prat, " Histoire de Saint-Irende," 1843; James Beavbn, " Account of the Life and Writings of Saint Irenseus." I-re'ne, [Gr. Elpfivri ; Fr. Ir^ne, e'rin',] Empress of Constantinople, was born at Athens about 752, of very obscure parentage, and in 769 a.d. became the wife of Leo IV., Emperor of the East. At his death, in 780, he left a son of ten years, named Constantine, during whose minority Irene acted as regent. She was remarkable for her beauty, energy, and talents. In order to decide the quarrel between the Iconoclasts and their opponents, to whom she was partial, she assembled a council in 787, which formally sanctioned the worship of images. When her son attained his majority, her ambition so far pre- vailed over natural affection that she dethroned him and deprived him of sight. In 802 she was deposed by a conspiracy of her subjects, and Nicephorus was chosen emperor. She died in exile in 803. See Lk Beau, "Histoire du Has- Empire;" Vincent Mignot, "Histoire de I'lmp^ratrice Irene," 1762; Gibbon, "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Ir^nee. See Iren^us. Ireneo. See Iren/eus. Ireton, Ir'ton, (Henry,) an eminent English repub- lican, born in 1610. He was a student of law when the civil war began, in which he became an ardent leader of the popular cause. Entering the army as captain of cavalry, he was rapidly promoted, and became highly distinguished for his courage and capacity both in the battle-field and the council-chamber. At the battle of Naseby, (1645,) with the rank of commissary-general, he commanded the left wing, and was wounded and taken prisoner ; but, his friends having gained the victory, he recovered his liberty the same day. In 1646 he married Bridget, daughter of Oliver Cromwell. The latter, as Hume remarks, " had great deference for the counsels of Ireton ;" and the republicans generally reposed the highest confidence in him, as a statesman of incorruptible honour. About 1646 he was elected to Parliament, where t: as A; 9 as s; g hard; g as /'; G, H, Vi, guttural ; N, nasal; K, trilled; s as z; th as in this. { ee Explanations, p. 23.J TRIARTE ns" IRVIXG he projected various wise legal and constitutional re- forms and was eminent for his skill in drafting ordi- nances. While Charles I. was a prisoner at Hampton Court, he had conferences with Cromwell and Ireton, who, it is said, were inclined to reinstate him in a limited royalty, until they intercepted one of his letters which convinced them of his iii.-incerity. Ireton was a member of the court which tried the king; and he signed the warrant for his execution, January, 1649. In reference to this affair, Burnet says, " Ireton was the person that drove it on ; for Cromwell was all the while in some ^uspense about it." In July, 1649, he went to Ireland as second in command under Cromwell, who, returning after the lapse of a few months, left to Ireton the chief command, with the title of lord deputy. After gaining several victories and taking Limerick, he died there of the plague in 1651. Hume, who was not partial to his cause, denominates him "a memorable personage, much celebrated for his vigilance, industry, capacity even for the strict execution of justice in that unlimited command which he possessed in Ireland. It was believed by many that he was animated by a sincere and passionate love of liberty." (" History of England.") See, also, " Biographia Britaniiica ;" GuizoT, " Histoire de la Revolution d'Angieierrt;." Iriarte or Yriarte, e-re-aR'ti, (Bernardo,) nephew of Don Juan de Iriarte, noticed below, was born in Tene- riffe about 1734. He became a member of the council of state, and held other important offices under the Spanish government Died in 1814. Iriarte, (Domingo,) brother of the preceding, born in Teneriffe in 1746, was sent as minister plenipotentiary of Spain to Poland, and employed in other embassies. Died in 1795. Iriarte, (Francisco Diego de Ainsay — In-sT',) a Spanish writer, born at Huesca, published an account of his native city, entitled "Fundacion, Eccelencias, Grandezas, etc. de la antiquisima Ciudad de Huesca," (1619.) Inarfce, (Ignacio,) a celebrated Spanish landscape- painter, born in Guipuscoa in 1620, was a pupil of the elder Herrera. He worked in Seville, and became a friend of Murillo, who painted the figures for some of his landscapes. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Seville. Iriarte was regarded as the best landscape- painter of his country and his time. Connoisseurs admire in his works the lightness of the foliage, the transparency of the sky, the limpidity of the water, and the mastery of chiaroscuro. Died in 1685. See Raphael Mengs, " l^s Obras," etc., 1780; Quilliet, "Dic- lionnaire des Peintres Kspagnols." Iriarte, de, di e-re-aR'ti, (Don Juan,) an eminent linguist and scholar, born in the island of Teneriffe in 1702. He studied in Paris at the College of Louis le Grand, and subsequently visited London and Madrid, where he was appointed in 1732 one of the librarians in the Royal Library. He became official translator to the principal secretary of state in 1740, and in 1743 was elected a member of the Royal Academy. Among his \yorks may be named a " History of the Canary Islands," (in manuscript,) a collection of Spanish proverbs in Latin verse, and translations from Martial. Iriarte is said to have added two thousand manuscripts and more than ten thousand printed volumes to the Royal Library during the thirty-nine years in which he officiated as librarian. Died in 1771. Iriarte, de, (Tomas,) youngest brother of Bernardo, noticed above, was born in Teneriffe about 1750. He be- came a proficient in the ancient and modern languages under the tuition of his uncle, and subsequently became archivist to the principal secretary of state, and editor of the "Madrid Mercury." He was author of a poem entitled "LaMusica," (1779,) which was received with great favour and translated into the principal European languages, and " Literary Fables," (" Fabulas literarias.") The latter are written in various metres, and are re- markable for their graceful versification. They enjoyed great popularity at the time, and are still ranked among the classics of the language. An English version of these fables, by George H. Devereux, appeared in 1855. Iriarte also published a comedy entitled "The Spoiled Child," ("El Seiiorito niimado,") a number of sonnets and critical essays, and a metrical translation of Horace's "Art of Poetry." Died about 1790. See Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" Jolv, no- tice of tlie Life of Tomas de Iriarte, in the " Repertoire de Littera- ture." Irico, e-ree'ko, (Giovanni Andrea,) an Italian priest and savant, born at Trino in 1704. He wrote several religious and antiquarian works. Died in 1782. I'ris, [Gr. 'Ip^f,] in Greek mythology, the goddess of the rainbow, said to be a daughter of Thaumas, and sometimes called Thaumantias. Homer represents her as the messenger of the gods, employed to carry mes- sages from Ida to Olympus and from gods to men. She was the attendant of the goddess Hera, or Juno. Iiiand, ^rOSn', (Bonaventure,) a French jurist, of Scottish descent, born at Poitiers in 1551 ; died in 1612. Irnerius, ^R-na're-us, sometimes written "Warnerius, a celebrated Italian jurisconsult, born at Bologna in the eleventh century. He became the renovator or restorer of the Roman law, which had been neglected, and on which he wrote commentaries, called " Glossae." He o^btained the office of judge, and was sent by the emperor to Rome in 11 18 to expedite the election of a pope. See B. NiHUsius, "Irnerius," Cologne, 1642; Fantuzzi, " S*^'- tori Bolognesi." Iron Mask. See Masque de Fer. I'r9ns, (William Josiah,) D.D., an English author, born at Hoddesdon, Herts, September 12, 1S12. He graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1833, became a prebendary of Saint Paul's in i860, and in 1870 rural dean, rector of Wadingham, and Bampton Lecturer. He published various theological and philosophical works, and made a noted translation of the " Dies Iraj." Died Tune 18, 1S83. Ir'vine, (William,) a general, born near Enniskillen, Ireland, about 1742, emigrated to Pennsylvania in •1763. He became a colonel in 1776, and a brigadier-general in 1779. From 1781 to 1783 he commanded the troops stationed at Fort Pitt for the defence of the western frontier. He was chosen a member of Congress in 1787, and again in 1793. Died in 1804. Ir'ving, (David,) LL.D., a Scottish biographer and writer on law. He published " Lives of Scottish Poets," {1804,) "Lives of the Scottish Writers," (1839,) and "The 'i"abie-Talk of John Selden," (1S54.) He was born at Langholm, December 5, 1778; died at Edinburgh, March ID, 1S60. Irving, (Edward,) a celebrated and eloquent Scottish pulpit orator, born at Annan in 1792, was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. Having been employed as rector of an academy at Kirkaldy about seven years, he was ordained a Presbyterian minister. From 1819 to 1S22 he was engaged as assistant in the pulpit of Dr. Chalmers, Glasgow, where he acquired a good reputation. He accepted a call from the Scottish Church, Cross Street, London, in 1822, and soon became an admired and fashionable preacher. His original genius and his extraordinary eloquence attracted crowded audiences, among whom were found the most eminent authors and statesmen, and nobles of the highest rank. In 1823 he published a series of discourses entitled " For the Ora- cles of God, Four Orations," etc. In 1829 he removed into a larger church built for him in Regent Square. A charge of heresy having been preferred against him in the presbytery of London in 1830, he was condemned by that body, and ejected from the church, in 1S32. After this event he obtained another place, and attracted crowds by his exhibition of the gift of unknown tongues, which he ascribed to divine inspiration. He published " Babylon and Infidelity Foredoomed of God," and other theological treatises. Died at Glasgow in December, 1834. " He was unquestionably," says De Quincey, "by many degrees the greatest orator of our times." It is probable that his devotion was sincere, but not guided by discretion, and that in the latter part of his career his mind was affected with insanity. Carlyle, who was his friend, thinks that "bodily and spiritually, j^erhaj^s, there was not (in that November, 1822) a man more full of genial, energetic life in these islands." He left three children. The collected writings of Edward Irving have i, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; IRVING ISAAC been published under the editorship of his nephew, the Rev. G. Carlyle, London, 1S64-65. See "Life of Irving," by Mrs. Oliphant, 1862; De Quincey, ' Literary Reiiiiniscences," vol. ii. ; " Edinburgh Review" for Octo- ber, 1S62; "Edward Irving, an Ecclesiastical and Literary Biogra- phy," by W. WiLKs; Ch.-\muers, "Biographical Dictionary of Emi- nent Scotsmen," (Supplement;) Michael Hohl, " Bruchstiicke aus dem Lebenunddeii Schrit'ten E. Irving's," 1839; Lehmann, " Ueber die Irvingianer," 1853; "Westminster Review" for January, 1824; "Blackwood's Magazine" for November, 1858, and June, 1862; "Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1835; "North British Review" for August, 1862. Irving, (John Henry Brodkibb,) an English actor, whose family name is Brodribb, was born at Keinton, in Somersetshire, February 6, 1838. He first appeared on the stage in 1S56, and rapidly attained distinction as a first-rate comedian. His "' Hamlet," first played in 1874, greatly divided public opinion, but at present his high rank as a tragedian is very generally conceded. In 1883 and in 1SS4-85 he visited the United States. Ir'ving, (John Treat,) an American judge and writer, brother of Washington Irving, was born in 1778. He was a popular contributor, (political,) both in prose and verse, to the "Morning Chronicle," and from 1821 till his death, in 1838, was presiding judge of the court of comn. m pleas in New York. Irving, (John Treat,) an American lawyer and writer, son of the preceding, and a resident of New York, is au- thor of a volume of " Indian Sketches," (1835,) and two novels, entitled " The Attorney," and " Harry Harson ; or. The Benevolent Bachelor," which originally appeared in the " Knickerbocker Magazine." Irving, (foSEPH,) a Scottish author, born at Dumfries in 1830. He wrote a "History of Dumbartonshire," a " Book of Dumbartonshire," (3 vols., 1879,) " Annals of Our Time," "Dictionary of Scotsmen," (1880,) etc. Irving, (Peter,) an American journalist, born in 1771. He became in 1802 the editor ind proprietor of the " Morning Chronicle," a Democratic journal of New York. In conjunction with his brother Washington, he projected " Knickerbocker's History of New York." He wrote "Giovanni Sbogarro, a Venetian Tale," (1820.) Died in 1838. Irving, (Theodore,) LL.D., an American author, and minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in New York in 1809. He spent some time in Europe with his uncle, Washington Irving, was professor of history and belles-lettres in Geneva College, New York, from 1836 to 1849, ^nd afterwards filled for several years the chair of belles-lettres in the New York Free Acadetny. He entered the ministry in 1854. He wrote "The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," in 2 vols., (Philadelphia and London, 1835,) and " The Foun- tain of Living Waters," (1854.) Died December 20, 1S80. Irving, (Washington,) a distinguished American author and humourist, born in the city of New York, April 3, 1783, was a son of William Irving, a native of Scotland. About 1800 he left school and commenced the study of the law. For the benefit of his health, he performed in 1804 a voyage to Europe, visited France, Italy, Switzerland, and England, and returned in 1806. Soon after his return he was admitted to the bar ; but he preferred to devote himself to literary pursuits, and never practised law. In conjunction with his brother William and with James K. Paulding, he issued in 1807 a humorous and satirical magazine, entitled " Salma- gundi, or the Whim-Whams and Opinions of Launcelot LangstafT, Esq., and others." Of this amusing and popular work only twenty numbers were issued. He published in 1809 another humorous work, "The History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," in which he was assisted by his brother Peter. It was very favourably received. "I have never," says Sir Walter Scott, " read anything so closely resembling the style of Dean Swift as the Annals of Diedrich Knickerbocker." (Letter to Henry Brevoort, April 23, 1813.) In 1810 he became a silent partner with his brothers in an extensive commercial house in New York. He sailed in 181 5 to Europe, where he remained many years, and in 1817 visited Sir Walter Scott at Abbots- ford, who became his constant friend. He was reduced to poverty by the failure of the firm of which he was a member, m 1817. His next important work was "The Sketch-Book," (1818,) by Geoffrey Crayon, which was written in England. It enjoyed great popularity, and raised Irving to the highest rank of American authors. Lord Jeffrey, in the "Edinburgh Review" for August, 1820, commended "The Sketch-Book" as "written throughout with the greatest care and accuracy, and worked up to great purity and beauty of diction on the model of the most eleannt and polished of our native writers." He published in London, in 1822, "Brace- bridge Hall, or the Humourists," which was received with great favour both in England and America. Com- menting on this work, Lord Jeffrey says, " We happen t(i be very intense and sensitive admirers of those soft harmonies of studied speech in which this author is apt to indulge himself, and have caught ourselves oftener than we shall confess, neglecting his excellent matter to lap ourselves in the liquid music of his periods." ("Edin- burgh Review" for November, 1822.) For his "Tales of a Traveller," (1824,) Murray, the London publisher, gave him £,\^CiO before he saw the manuscript. Mr. Irving afterwards spent some years in France and Spain, where he composed his " Plistory of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus," (4 vols., 1828,) which was very successful. "This is one of those works," says Alexander H. Everett, "which are at the same time the delight of readers and the despair of critics. It is as nearly perfect as any work well can be." ("North American Review" for January, 1829.) In 1829 he pro- duced an imaginative and romantic work entitled "The Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, from the Manu- scripts of Fray Antonio Agapida." He was appointed secretary of legation to the American embassy at London in 1829, and returned to the United States in 1832. Among his later works are " The Alhambra," (1832 ;) a "Tour on the Prairies," (1835;) "Astoria," (3 vols., 1836;) "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville," (2 vols., 1837;) "Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography," (1849;) "Mahomet and his Successors," (1850;) and "The Life of George Washington," (5 vols., 1855-59.) He was minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. He pa.ssed the latter part of his life at Sunnyside, on the Hudson River, where he died, November 28, 1859. He was never married. For an easy elegance of style, Irving has no superior, perhaps no equal, among the prose writers of .A.merica. If Hawthorne excels him in variety, in earnestness, and in force, he is perhaps inferior to Irving in facility and grace ; while he can make no claim to that genial, lambent humour which beams in almost every page of " Geoffrey Crayon." See the " Life and Letters of Wa.shington Irvine;," by Pierre M. Irving, 1S63; "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Ameri- cans," vol. i. ; Gkiswold, " Prose Writers of America ;" Prescott, "Miscellanies;" " Ediuburjh Review" for August. 1820, November 1822, and September, 1828; "Quarterly Review" for April, 1821, March, 1823, and July. 1863; "North American Review" for July, 1S35, and January, 1837, (both by Edward P;verett,) and April 1858 ; " Blackwood's Magazine" for July, 1820 ; " Eraser's Magazine' for October, 1835 ; "Westminster Review" for January, 1S37 ; Alli BONE, " Dictionai-y of Authors;" Cleveland, "Compendium of American Literature;" " Atlantic Monthly" for November, i860, and June, 1864. Irving, (William,) a brother of the preceding, wai born in New York in 1766. He married a sister ol James K. Paulding in 1793, became a merchant in Nev, York, and was a member of Congress during threr terms, (1813-19.) He aided his brother and Mr. Pauld' ing in the " Salmagundi," of which he wrote the poetical parts. Died in 1821. Ir'vrin, (Evles,) a poet, born in Calcutta, of Irisl parents, in 1748, was employed in the civil service of the East India Company. He wrote several odes and eclogues, and "Adventures during a Voyage up the Red Sea," (1780.) Died in 1817. Ir-win, Viscountess. See Howard, (Anne.) Isa, ee'sa, written also Iga and Isha, one of the names of SiVA, which see. Isaac, I'zak, [Heb.pn];'' or pnty ; IL Isacco, e-sik'- ko; Arabian, IshAk, 'is'hSk',] a Hebrew patriarch, the son of Abraham and Sarah, was born about 1890 B.C. He married Rebecca, and became the father of Esau and Jacob. " Of all the patriarchs," says Bishop Hall, " none made so little noise in the world as Isaac." He removed to Gerar, in the land of the Philistines, and acquired €as>4; 5asj; gkard; gas/; G, -^,¥1, guttural; N,fiasat; v.,trilled; sasz; thasinM/j. (2i^="See Explanations, p. 23.) ISAAC 1354 ISAIAH riches as a planter. He died at the age of one hundred and eighty. Isaac L, or Isaac Com-ne'nus, [Gr. 'laaaxwc 6 Koiivrjvoc,] Emperor of Constantinople, was chosen by the army as successor of Michael VI. in 1057. Two years later, in consequence of a malady which he sup- posed mortal, he resigned the throne to Constantine Ducas, and entered a convent. Died in 1061. Isaac IL, or Isaac An'ge-lus, [Gr. 'laawuoc 6 'kyye- /Of,] Emperor of Constantinople, was proclaimed in 1185 as successor to Androni'cus, who was dethroned by a popular revolt. He rendered himself very un- popular by his vices and misgovernment. In 1195 his brother Alexis usurped the throne and imprisoned Isaac, who was liberated and restored in 1203 by an army of crusaders. In 1204 he was again supplanted by Alexius Ducas, and died or was killed the same year. Constan- tinople was speedily taken by the crusaders, who elected Baldwin emperor. Isaac, ee'zik, (Heinrich,) a German musician, whoir the Italians called Arrigo Tedesco, (i.e. the " Germar Henry,") was born about 1440. He removed to Italj about 1475, ^"^ ^'^s patronized by Lxirenzo de' Medici He composed sacred music. Isaacson, T'zak-son, (Henry,) born in London ir 1581, wrote a work on Chronology. Died in 1654. Isabel, the Spanish of Elizabeth, which see. Isabel L See Isabella of Castile. Is'a-bel [Sp. pron. e-s§.-b^l'] EC., (or, more fully, Maria Isabel Luisa,) Queen of Spain, born at Madrid in October, 1830, is a daughter of Ferdinand VII. and Maria Christina. She succeeded her father on the 29th of September, 1833, when her mother became regent. Her claim was disputed by her uncle, Don Carlos, in a civil war, which ended in the defeat of the Carlists in 1S40. The queen-regent having been driven from power by a popular revolt in October, 1840, Espartero became regent. Isabel was declared of age in November, 1843, and in October, 1846, was married to her cousin, Fran- cisco de Assis, a son of Francisco de Paula, who was a brother of Ferdinand VII. Her reign was agitated by many revolutions, caups d'etat, and changes of constitu- tion. In September, 1868, she was deposed by her revolted subjects almost without a struggle. Her son, Alfonso XII., became king in 1875. Isabella. See Elizabeth. Is-a-belTa of Austria, ( Clara Eugenia, ) the daughter of Philip II. of Spain and Elizabeth of France, was born in 1566. As the niece of Henry III. of France, she claimed the French crown at his death, but was excluded by the Salic law, though she was favoured by the chiefs of the League. In 1597 she became the wife of Archduke Albert, son of the Emperor of Germany. Died in 1633. Isabella of Bavaria, daughter of Stephen, second Duke of Bavaria, born in 1371, became Queen of France in 1385 by marriage with Charles VI. She was remark- able for beauty and for her voluptuous and dissolute character. When her imbecile consort became incapable of ruling, she aspired to royal power, and made a coali- tion with the English against the dauphin, her son. Died in 1435. Isabella [Span. Isabel, e-si-b§l'; Fr. Isabelle, e'zt'- hh\'\ OF Castile, daughter of John 1 1., King of Cas- tile, was born at Madrigal in 145 1. The malcontent subjects of her brother, Henry IV., forced him to ac- knowledge her as his heir, after which her hand was solicited by several princes of Europe, and she became the wife of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. In 1474 she was proclaimed Queen of Castile and Leon, the sove- reignty of which she did not resign to her husband, but kept in her own hands. Historians agree in applauding her beauty, virtue, magnanimity, piety, learning, and political wisdom. It was under her auspices that Co- lumbus discovered America, after his project had been treated with neglect by Ferdinand. Died in 1504. (See Ferdinand V.) Isabella had blue eyes and auburn hair, and possessed great beauty of features, sweetness of expression, and dignity of presence. See Prescott, "History of Ferdinand and Isabella;" Juan dh Molina, " Sumario de la Vida y Hechos de los catolicos Reyes D. Femando y Dona Isabel," 1387: Fernandez de Pulgar, "Rerum a Ferdinando et Elisabe Hispanianim Regibus Gestarum Decades II.," 1545; D. Clemencin, " Elojio de la Reina catolica Dona Isabel," 1S21 ; Geokge Anita, "Memoirs of Queen Isabella of Castile," London, 1850. Isabelle. See Isabella. Isabelle of France. See Elizabeth of France. Isabelle (k'zt'hhV) of France, Queen of England daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, was born in 1292, and was married to Edward II. in 1308. The issue of this union was a son, who became Edward HI. About 1324 she went to Paris to negotiate between her consort and the French king, where she formed a con- spiracy with malcontent nobles, and returned to England with the avowed intention to remove from power the king's unworthy favourite, Sp)encer. Entering London without resistance, in 1326, the partisans of the queen de- posed Edward II. and proclaimed his son king. Isabelle and her favourite, Mortimer, exercised the royal power a few years during the minority of her son ; and there seems no reason to doubt that they contrived the murder of Edward II. She was imprisoned for nearly twenty years, and died in prison in 1358. She was surnamed, on account of her cruelly, "the she-wolf of France." IsabeUe of France, Queen of England, born in 1389, was a daughter of Charles VI. She was married to Richard II. of England in 1396. Died in 1409. Isabelle, i'zt'b^K, (Charles Edouard,) a French architect, born at Havre in 1800, wrote "The Circular Edifices and Domes Classed," etc., (1843-56.) Isabelle d'Angouleme, e'zt'b^K dfiN'goo'lfm', a French princess, was a daughter of Aymar, Count of Angouleme. She was married to John, King of Eng- land, in 1201. Died in 1245. Isabey, e'zt'bi', (EucfeNE Louis Gabriel,) an emi- nent painter of marine views, born in Paris in 1804. He obtained a first-class medal in 1824, and produced " The Coast of Honfleur" and a " Tempest near Dieppe" in 1827, the "Battle of the Texel," (1839,) "The De- parture of Queen Victoria," (1845,) and the "Embarka- tion of De Ruyter," (1851.) He received a first-class medal at the Exposition of 1855. Died in 1S86. Isabey, (Jean Baptiste,) a celebrated French minia- ture-painter, born at Nancy in 1767, was a pupil of David, and father of the preceding. About 1802 he became the most fashionable artist of Paris in his depart- ment of the art. He was liberally patronized by the emperor Napoleon, who had been his friend when both were obscure citizens. He executed many admired portraits of the Bonaparte family and of the generals of the empire. It is said that most of the sovereigns of Europe have been the subjects of his pencil. Among his works are the "Table des Marechaux," a picture on porcelain of Napoleon and his marshals, and " The Congress of Vienna," (1817.) Died in 1855. Isacs, ee'ziks, (Pieter,) a skilful Dutch portrait- painter, born at Helzevor in 1569; died about 1620. Isaeus, i-see'us, [Gr. 'loaZof ; Fr. Is6e, e'zk',] a famous Greek orator, who flourished about 400 B.C., was a native of Chalcis, or, according to some authorities, of Athens. Having been a pupil of Isocrates, he opened a celebrated school in Athens, and had the honour of being the preceptor of Demosthenes. Isaeus is one of the ten Athenian orators of the Alexandrian canon. His style is at once elegant and vehement, but is less natural than that of Lysias. He had great skill in dialectics and in the distribution of his arguments. Only eleven of his orations are now extant ; and these are all forensic. He is said to have survived the accession of King Philip of Macedon, 348 B.C. See J. .\. LiEiiMANN, " De Isii Vitaet Scriptis," 1831 ; E. Jenikh. " Observationes in Isasiiin," 183S. IsEeus, a Greek sophist and orator, born in Assyria, lived in the first century after Christ. His eloquence is extolled by Pliny. Isaiah, T-za'yah'or e-zf'a, [Heb. irT;.'iy' ; Gr. 'Uadta^; Lat. Esai'as ; Fr. Isaie, e'zi'e', or fisAiE, Wzift' ; It. Isaia, e-si-ee'S ; Sp. Isaias, e-s3.-ee'ls,] the first of the great Hebrew prophets, was a contemporarj* of Hosea, Joel, Amos, and Micah. He prophesied during a period of about fifty years, beginning about 760 B.C. He lived at Jerusalem, and exerted great influence in public affairs. a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; gdod; moon; JSAIE 1355 ISIDORE Little is known of his personal history, except that he had a wife, who is called a prophetess, and two sons. There is a doubtful tradition that Isaiah suffered death by being sawn asunder, at the command of King Ma- nasseh. As a writer he is remarkable for versatility of genius, and merits the first rank among the prophets by the majestic simplicity and sublimity of his compositions. He declared more amply and clearly than any other prophet the eternal divinity, vicarious sufferings, and glorious kingdom of the Messiah, and hence is often called the evangelical prophet. No other prophet is so often quoted by Christ and his apostles. (See Matt. i. 22, iii. 3, viii. 17, xii. 18-20, xiii. 14; Luke iv. 17; Acts xxviii. 25 ; Rom. ix. 27, and x. 16; Phil. ii. 10.) In our translation of the New Testament he is always called EsAiAS. He has been pronounced by some critics not inferior to Homer in poetical genius ; and all agree that his book is a master-piece of beauty and sublimity both in thought and style. Among the commentators on Isaiah are Saint Jerome, Vitringa, Lowth, Calmet, Eichhorn, Doderlein, Gesenius, Gataker, Hitzig, Rosenmiiller, and Henderson ; and, in the United States, Dr. Alexander and Mr. Albert Barnes. See, also, Kimchi, "Lexicon Rabbinicum ;" Ewald, "Die Pro- pheten des alten Bundes," and "Geschichte des Volkes Israel bi» Christus;" Knobel, " Proph^tisme des H^breux." Isa'ie. See Isaiah. Isambert, e'z5N'baiR', (Emii.e,) a French physician and biographer, a son of Fran9ois Andre, noticed below, was born at Auteuil in 1828. Died October 27, 1876. Isambert, (FRANgois Andr6,) a French jurist and Protestant, born at Aunay (Eure-et-Loire) in 1792. He distinguished himself about 1825 as the defender of the rights of the free people of colour in Martinique, and " performed in France," says Taillandier, " a service like that which Clarkson and Wilberforce rendered in Eng- land." In 1830 he was appointed a judge ( coitseiller ) of the court of cassation. He was a Liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1830 to 1848, and supported Cavaignac and the cause of order in the Assembly of 1848. He was secretary of the French Society for the Abolition of Slavery, of which he is said to have been the founder. Among his works are a " Manual for the Publicist and Statesman," (4 vols., 1826,) and a "History of Justinian," (1856.) He wrote many able articles for the "Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Died in 1S57. See Taillandier, article in the" Nouvelle BiographieGi^n^rale." Isarn, e'ztRn', (Samuel,) a French poet, born at Cas- tres in 1637, wrote "The Speaking Pistole," (" La Pistole parlante," 1660,) which had great success. Died in 1673. Isauricus. See Leo III. Is-ca'ni-us or Is-ca'iius, (Joseph,) surnamed also Devo'nius, an English poet, born at Exeter, derived his name from Isca, the place of his education. He accom- panied Richard I. on a crusade to Palestine, and wrote a Latin poem " On the Trojan War," and another en- titled " Antiocheis." Died about 1224. Isee. See Is^Ars. Iselin, fez'l^N', (Isaac,) a Swiss writer, born at Bale in 1728. He was assistant secretary of state from 1756 to his death. He became the enlightened advocate of reform in morals, education, and legislation, on which he wrote articles for the journals. His chief work is entitled " On the History of Mankind," (" Ueber die Geschichte der Menschheit." 1764.) Died in 1782. See J. G. ScHLOssER, "Rede auf Iselin," 1783; S. Hirzel, "Denkn1.1l 1. Iselin gewidmet," 1782. Iselin, [Lat. Iseli'nus,] (Jacques Christophe,) an eminent Swiss philologist and divine, born at Bale in i6Sl He spoke Greek with facility, and excelled in Oriental languages. He became professor of history at Bale in 1707, and was promoted to the chair of divinity in 171 L He wrote an admirable Latin poem on "The Gauls Crossing the Rhine," (1696,) a treatise on the "Latin Historians of the Classic Period," (" De Histo- ricis Latinis Melioris ^vi," 1697,) a treatise "On the iDomination of the Magi in Persia," (1707,) and other minor works. Died in 1737. See I'.ECK, "Vita Iselini," in the 3d vol. of "Tempe Helvetica;" J. R. Iselin. " Laudatio funebris consecrandx Memoriae Viri incom- parabilis J. C. Iselini," 1739. Iselin, (Jean Rodolphe,) a Swiss jurist, born at Bale in 1705, wrote "On Eminent Domain," ("De Do- minio Eminente," 1726,) and other works. Died in 1779. Isembert (e'z6N'baiR') of Xaintes, a French archi- tect, lived about 1200, and is supposed to have built the old London Bridge. Isenburg, ee'zen-booRc', [Fr. Isembourg, c'zon'- booa',] one of the great German families of Protestant princes and counts. It included the branches of Isenburg- Birstein, Isenburg-Philippseich, Isenburg-Biidingen, and others. Isendoorn, van, vtn ee'zen-doRn', or Ysendoorn, (GljsBERT,) a Dutch philosopher, born in Gelderland in i6oi, published "Effata Philosophica," (1633,) " Ethica Peripatetica," (1659,) and other works. Died in 1657. IsfendiySr, is-fln'dee-ySR', or AsfandiySr, Ss-fSn'- dee-y^R', one of the most celebrated heroes in Persian history, lived between the fifth and sixth centuries B.C., and is said to have been the first convert to the religion of Zoroaster, in which he was followed by his father Gushtasp (Darius Hystaspis) and the whole Persian empire. This change of religion led to the invasion of Persia by Arjasp, King of Turan, in which Isfendiyar, hv his bravery and heroism, not only saved his father's kingdom, but conquered India, Arabia, and the West. He was killed in battle by the celebrated Roostum. See Malcolm, "History of Persia;" J.Atkinson, "Abridg- ment of the Shah Nameh of Firdousi." Ish'mael, [Heb. Sxj^Ot^' ; Arabic, IsMAEELor Ismail, is-ml-eeK; Fr. Ismael, is'mt'&l',] the son of Abraham and Hagar, born about 1900 B.C., was the ancestor of the Ishmaelites or Arabians. (See Genesis xvi., xxi.) Ishwara. See Iswara. Isi, ee'see, written also Igi and Ishi, (the consort of Isa or Siva,) one of the inany names of Parvat!, which see. She is identified by some writers, including Sir W. Jones, with the Isis of the Egyptians. (See Isis.) Isiaslaf. See Iziaslaf. Is'i-dore [Gr. 'Icrtciupof; Lat. Isido'rus ; Fr. Isidore, e'ze'doR'; It. IsiDORO, e-se-do'ro] OF Charax, a Per- sian, who is supposed to have lived in the first century of our era, wrote a work called " Parthian Itinerary," which contains a list of the eighteen provinces of Parthia and of the chief towns, with the distances of the towns from each other. Isidore of Moscow, a Russian prelate, was chosen Primate of Russia in 1437. He favoured the reunion of the Greek and Latin Churches at the Council of Florence, (1437.) Died at Rome in 1463. Isidore, Saint, an eminent Spanish scholar and bishop, born at Carthagena about 570 a.d., was a brother of Leander, Archbishop of Seville. He understood Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and was very influential in the Spanish Church. About 600 he was appointed Bishop of Seville. The Council of Toledo, held in 650, denominated him "the glory of the Catholic Church, and the most learned man of his age." Among his most important works are, in Latin, "A Chronicle from the Origin of the World to 626 A.D.," and "Twenty Books of Etymologies," which, says Dr. Hoefer, "is one of the most precious monuments for the history of human knowledge." Died in 636 a.d. See Saint Ildefonso, " E)e Viris illustribus ;" TritheIM, " De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis ;" Roesler, " Dissertatio ; Isidori His- toria Gothorum, Vandalorum," etc., 1803. Isidore, Saint, of Alexandria, born in Egypt about 318 A.D., was a friend of Athanasius, by whom he was ordained a priest. Died in 404. Isidore, Saint, of Pelusium, is supposed to have been born between 360 and 390 a.d. He lived as a hermit in Egypt, and had a high reputation for piety and wisdom. He wrote, in Greek, a great number of short letters, of which more than two thousand are now ex- tant. They are said to contain sound doctrine and good instruction in morals. Died about 450 A.D. See Hermann, "Dissertatio de Isidoro Pelusiota," 1737; NiE- MEVER. " Dissertatio de Isidoro Pelusiota," 1825. Is'i-dore Mer-ca'tor or Peo-ca'tor, the supposed name of a person who in the eighth or ninth century fabricated a famous code of canon law or collection of decretals, often called the " Collection of the Pseudo-IsJ- € as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, Vi, guttural ; n, ttasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. (2[^=See Explanations, p. 23 IS TD OR us 1356 ISOURD dore. Sume popes availed themselves of this means to extend their tenii)oral power. Isidorus. See Isiduke. Is-i-d6'ru3 of Mii.etus, a Greek architect of the sixth century, who was employed by the emperor Jus- tinian to build the magnificent church of Saint Sophia in Constantinople, which is now used as a mosque. I'sis, [Gr. 'lotf,] one of the chief deities of the ancient Egyptians, was called the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. She was worshipped as the goddess of fecun- dity, and appears to have represented nature or the earth. The cow was sacred to Isis. She had many worshippers in Greece and Rome. There were famous temples of Isis at Memphis and Denderah. She has been identified with the fiindoo Isi, (which see.) Isla, is'la, (Jos6 Francisco,) a witty and popular Spanish author, born at Segovia in 1703. He became a Jesuit and an eminent preacher. He effected a reform m the vicious style and bad taste that prevailed among the Spanish priests, which he ridiculed in his famous satirical romance "The Life of the Popular Preacher Fray Gerundio de Campazas," (3 vols., 1758,) which is called the best picture of Spanish manners oi the eighteenth century. This work was condemned by the Inquisition. He made a Spanish version of "Gil Bias," under this title : "Adventures of Gil Bias, stolen from Spain, adopted in France by Le Sage, and restored to his Native Country and Language," (6 vols., 1787.) The Jesuits having been expelled from .Spain in 1767, he retired to Bologna, where he died in 1781. See J. I. DE Salas, "Vicia de Juan de Isla," 1803; Ticknor. "History of Spanish Literature;" Everett, "Critical and Miscella- neous Essays." Isleif, is'lTf, an Icelandic historian, was ordained a priest in Rome about 1056, and returned home. He wrote " Annals of Iceland and of Norway." Died about 1080. Ismaeel or Ismail, is-mS-eel', a Moslem priest, was Imam of the Sheeites in the second century of the Hejrah. At his death a division occurred among the Sheeites in respect to the succession. Those who adhered to the son of Ismaeel were called Ismaeelites or Ismaeelians, vnd became a powerful sect in Egypt and Persia. Ismaeel, Ismail, or Ismail Shah, is-ml-eel' shSh, founder of the dynasty of .Sofees of Persia, was born in 1487, and assumed royal power about the age of four- teen. He acquired several provinces of Persia by con- quest, and died in 1524, leaving the throne to his son, Aboo-Modhaffer. Ismaeel is venerated by the Persians, who call him King of the Sheeites, (a religious sect.) See Malcolm, " History of Persia ;" Von Hakmer-Purgstall, " Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs." Ismaeel (Ismail) II., King of Persia, the son of Aboo- Modhaffer, began to reign in 1576, and made himself de- tested by his sanguinary temper. After executing many innocent persons, he died in 1577, and was succeeded by his brother, Mohammed Meerza, (Mirza.) See Malcolm, " History of Persia." Ismael, the French for Ishmael, which see. Ismail Pasha, is-mSeel' pa'shi, former Khedive of Egypt, was bora in Cairo in 1S30. His uncle Said, the viceroy, in 1862 made him commandant of the army, and in 1863 he succeeded as viceroy. His lavish ex- penditures not only greatly encumbered his private es- tates, but embarrassed all the people of Egypt. In 1867 he acquired from the Porte the title of Khedive. He carried on extensive wars of conquest in the Soudan. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. In 1879 the press- ure of the foreign creditors became so great that the Sultan, urged by the representatives of the European powers, directed Ismail to abdicate. The abdication took effect Jiuie 26, 1879, and Ismail retired to Naples. His son Teweik succeeded as khedive. Isnard, 6s'ntR', (Achille Nicolas,) a French politi- cal economist and writer, born in Paris ; died about 1803. Isnard, (Maximin,) a French Girondist, republican, and orator, born at Grasse, in Provence, in 1751, was chosen a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791. He was one of the most able and enthusiastic partisans of the Revolution, to which he often gave a new impulse by his brilliant, impetuous, and inflammatory eloquence. He was one of the first members of the committee of public safety, the formation of which he first proposed and was president of the Convention a few days in May, 1793, during the struggle between his party and the Ja- cobins. He was involved in the fatal proscription of the Girondists, but escaped death by concealment. In 1795 he was chosen a member of the Council of Five Hun- dred. He retired from political life when Napoleon be- came consul, and published an essay on the " Immortality of the Soul," (1801,) in which he professes himself a con- vert to revealed religion. He maintained a fair reputation for honour and probitv, and died about 1830. Lamartine, who calls him the Danton of the Gironcle, says, " His speeches were magnificent odes, which exalted discussion into lyric enthusiasm." (" History of the Girondists.") " Isnard was the man of the Girondist party," says Charles Nodier, " who possessed in the highest degree the gift of those vehement inspirations which burst like thunder in sudden and terrible explosions." See " Nouvelle Biograpliie G^nerale ;" Thiers, " History of the French Revolution." Isnardi, ^s-nau'dee, (Giambattista,) an Italian sa- vant, born near Nice in 1749, wrote a "Memoir on the Monuments of India and Egypt." Died in 1830. Isocrate. See Isocrates. I-soc'ra-tes, [Gr. 'laoKpurric; Fr. Isocrate, e'zo'- kutt'; It. Isocrate, e-sok'rji-ti,] one of the ten great Athenian orators, born at Athens in 436 B.C., received lessons from Gorgias, ' Prodicus, and Theramenes, and was an intimate friend of Plato. He soon surpassed ^hese masters in the rhetorical art ; but his insuperable constitutional timidity defeated his political aspirations, and disqualified him for a public debater or an oracle of the "fierce democracy." He opened a school of elo- quence, which numbered among its pupils many eminent rhen, such as Isasus, Timotheus, Xenophon, and Hyperi- des. Cicero compared his school to the wooden horse of Troy, from which issued the principal Grecian chiefs. He composed orations and forensic arguments for clients or others, and discourses on moral and political questions. His style is extremely polished and harmonious, but perhaps too artificial and diffuse. His character was honourable, his political principles were moderate and sincerely patriotic. He was one of the few who had the courage to appear in mourning for the death of Socra- tes. It is said that the disastrous battle of Chjeronea affected him so deeply that he refused to eat afterwards, and died at the age of ninety-eight. Twenty-one of his orations are extant. See Plutarch, "Vitas Decern Oratorum ;" Bilmakk, "De Isocrate Oratore Grsco," 1798; Pfund, " De Isocratis Vita et Scriptis," 1833: LiCHTENAUER, " De Isocrate," 1843; O. Muller, " History of the Literature of Ancient Greece ;" P. Ekerman, " Iso- crates Patre loquentire, " 1743. Isolani, e-so-li'nee, (IsiDORO,) an Italian theologian, born at Milan, lived between 1480 and 1550, and wrote many works against the doctrines of Luther. Isolani, e-zo-lS'nee, (Johann Ludwig Hector,) Count, an Austrian general, born in 1586, served in the Thirty Years' war. For the part he took in the betrayal of Wallenstein he received the title of count. Died in 1640. Isore, e'zo'ri', (Jacques,) a French politician, born at Cauvigny in 1758, was a member of the Convention in 1792, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. Died in 1839. Isouai'd, 6-soo-aRd', or Isoard, §-so-aRd', (Nicolo,) a Maltese musician and composer, born in 1775. He is usually known by the name of NiCOLO, under which he gave liis compositions to the world. The best-known of these are his comic operas of "Joconde," (1813,) and "Jeannot and Colin," (1814;) but he produced with ex- traordinary facility, and was the author of a large number of other operas, comic and serious, of masses, cantatas, psalms, etc. Isourd, d', de'zooR', (Joachim Jean Xavier,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Aix in 1766. He became a cardinal in 1827, and in 1829 was made a peer of France, with the title of duke. After refusing several archbishop- rics, he accepted that of Lyons in 1839 ; but he died before the end of, that year. i, e, T, o, u, y, /ou^^; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, \\, y, s/iori; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; met; ndt; good; moon; ISRAEL 1357 IVERNOIS Is'rael, [Heb. '7N"liy'; Gr. '\apa7]k,\ a name often given by the inspired writers to the patriarch Jacob, whose descendants are called Israelites. (See Jacob.) Israeli See Disraeli. Is'raels, (Josek,) a Dutch genre painter of eminence, born at Groningen in 1824. His brother, Lehman Israels, born in Groningen in 1833, became a journalist of New York, and was for some years one of the editors of the New York "World." Is'selt, van, (Michael,) a Dutch historian and Cath- olic priest, born at Dokkum, adhered to the Spanish party in the civil war. He wrote " Historia Belli Colo- 'niensis," (1584,) and other works. Died in 1597. Is'ter, [Gr. 'larpof,] a Greek historian and poet, lived about 250 B.C., and was a friend or pupil of Callimachus. He wrote a history entitled Arrwa, and other works, none of which are extant. Isthvdnfi, ?sht'vtn-fee, [Lat. Isthvan'fius,] (Nicho- las,) a Hungarian noble, born about 1535, was rewarded for his services by the office of Vice-Palatine of Hungary. He wrote, in Latin, a " History of Hungary from 1490 to r6o6," (1622.) Died in 1615. Isthvanfius. See IsthvAnfi. Istria, Duke of. See BESSiiRES. Isturiz, de, diis-too-rtth', (Don Francisco Xavier,) a Spanish politician, born at Cadiz in 1790. He pro- moted the revolution of January, 1820, was elected to the Cortes in 1822, and became a leader of the Liberal or democratic party. He was minister of foreign affairs for a few months in 1836, and was driven into exile by an etneute. Having returned in 1837, he was chosen president of the Cortes in 1839. He negotiated the marriage of the queen Isabel, (1846,) was sent as minister to England in 1850, and to Russia in 1857. He became president of the council in February, 1862. Died 1871. Isvrara, ees'wa-ra, or Ishw^ara, eesh'wa-ra, written also l9'wara, one of the thousand names of Siva, though sometimes applied to other Hindoo deities. He is by some writers identified with the Osiris of the Egyptians. See Mook's "Hindu Pantheon." Itaborahy, de, dk ee-ta-bo-rS-ee', (Mangel Jos^ Rodrigues Torres,) Viscount, a Brazilian statesman, born at Porto das Caxias, December 13, 1802. He grad- uated at Coimbra in 1825. He was a professor in the military school at Rio de Janeiro from 1S26 to 1833. In 1831 he became minister of marine, and in 1848 minister of finance. He was for many years the leader of the conservatives. Died at Rio de Janeiro, January 8, 1873. Itale. See Italus. It'a-lus, [Gr. 'IraAof; Fr. Itale, e'ttK,] an ancient king of Italy, from whom that country is supposed to have derived its name. He married Electra, a daughter of Latinns. He is considered as fabulous by some authors. Itard, e'tiR', (Jean Marie Gaspard,) a French phy- sician, born at Oraison in 1775, removed to Paris about 1796, and practised with success. In 1799 he was ap- pointed physician to the Institution for Deaf-Mutes, which position he filled for many years. He wrote a "Treatise on Diseases of the Ear," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1838. Ith'a-cus, [Gr. '\QaKoq ; Fr. Ithaque, e'tSk',] a name of Ulysses, which see. Ithaque. See Ithacus. Ittenbach, it'ten-bdK', (Franz,) a German painter, born at Konigswinter in 1813. He was one of the best of the Dusseldorf school, and was chiefly known for his religious pictures. Ittig, it'tiG, [Lat. Ittig'ius,] (Thomas,) a German theologian, born in 1643 at Leipsic, where he became professor of divinity. He wrote numerous works, among which are one "On the Heresiarchs of the Apostolic Age," (1690,) and " Bibliotheca Patrum Apostolicorum Graeco-Latina," (2 vols., 1699.) Died in 1710. See F. Kern, "De Vila et Scriptis T. Ittigii," 1710; Ersch und Gruber, " AUgemeine Encyklopaedie." Iturbide, e-tooR'be-Di, (Don Augustin,) Emperor of Mexico, born at Valladolid (Mexico) in 1784, (one ac- count says 1790.) He fought against the insurgents in the war of independence which began in 1810, and rose to the rank of general. About the end of 1821 he became the master-spirit of a successful plot for the liberation of Mexico from the Spanish rule. He was proclaimed emperor in May, 1822 ; but his power was resisted by a large party in the Congress and by many generals, who preferred a republic. Finding his position untenable, he abdicated, and was banished in May, 1823. In July, 1824, he returned almost alone, and, just after he landed, was arrested and shot as a traitor. See M. J. QuiN, "Memoirs of Iturbide," and French version of the same, by J. T. Parisot, 1824. lule. See lULUS. I-u'lus, [Gr. 'loDAof; Fr. luLE, e'lil',] a son of yEneas. (See Ascanius.) Ivan or Iwan (e-vin') I., a Russian prince, who began to reign in Moscow at the death of his brother George, in 1328, and was tributary to the Tartars. His dominions consisted of Vladimir, Moscow, and Novogorod. His reign was peaceful, and lasted twenty-two years. His grandson, Ivan II., son of Simeon, born in 1325, was recognized by the Tartars as heir to the throne in 1353. The events of his short reign were unimportant. In his last illness he took, according to usage, the mon- astic vows, and died in 1358. See Kakamzin. "Histoire de Russie." Ivan m., (Vasilievitch,) son of Basil IV., ascended the Russian throne in 1462, and is sometimes styled Ivan I., Czar of Muscovy, He liberated his realm from the tribute which the Tartars had exacted by right of conquest from his predecessors, and is regarded as the founder of the empire. About 1475 h^ defeated, in several actions, the Tartar chief Ahmed, (or Akhniet,) and extended his dominions by the conquest of various princes. He embellished Moscow, the capital, with fine edifices, and patronized the industrial arts. In i486 he assumed the title of "Sovereign of all the Russias." He died in 1505, aged sixty-six, and was succeeded by his son Basil. See Heberstein, " Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii," 1545. Ivan IV., or Ivan Vasilievitch II., surnamed the Terrible, grandson of the preceding, inherited the throne at the death of Basil, his father, in 1533, when he was four years of age. He assumed the titles of Czar and Autocrat about the age of fifteen. He conquered Kazan and Astrachan from the Tartars, and waged wai against Sweden and Poland without decisive results. Siberia was discovered and partially subdued in his reign. About 1582 the first printing-press was estab- lished by him in Russia. He displayed energy and ability in promoting civilization, but is charged with excessive cruelty in the exercise of his unrestrained power. Died in 1584. See Odrrborn, "Joannis Basilidis Vita," 1600; Heidenstein, "De Bello Moscovitico," 1600; S. Ciampi, " Esame critico con Document! inediti della Storia di Ivan Wasiliewitsch," 1S27. Ivan v., (Alexievitch,) born in 1666, was the heir of the Russian crown at the death of his brother Feodor III. in 1682 ; but on account of his imbecility his younger brother Peter (the Great) was proclaimed in his stead. Ivan was permitted to retain the title of Czar, but had no ambition to rule. Died in 1696. Ivan VI., sometimes styled Ivan IIL, born in 1740, was the son of Anthony Ulric of Brunswick and Anne of Russia, (niece of the empress Anne.) The latter, at her death in 1740, appointed the infant Ivan her successor; but Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, obtained the imperial power. Ivan was confined in prison, where, it is said, he was killed in 1764, when Mirovitch made a rash attempt to raise him to the throne. See E. M AUVILLON, " Histoire de la Vie et du Regne d'lwan VI," 1766; "Geschichte von dem Leben und Regierung Ivans III., Kaiser von Russland," 1766; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Ivanof, e-vi'nof, [written in German, Iwanow,] (Feodor,) a Russian dramatist, born in 1777, served in the army, and wrote, besides several successful comedies, a tragedy called "Martha," Died in 1816. Ivara. See Juvara. Ivernois, d', de'vgR'nwS', (Francois,) a Swiss politi- cal writer, born at Geneva in 1757, represented his native city at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. He wrote a " History of the Revolutions of Geneva in the Eighteenth Century^" (3 vols., 1791,) and other works. Died in 1842. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." € as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/,- g, h, ■&, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2i^="See Explanations, p. 23.) IVERSEN 1358 JABLONOWSKI Iversen, ee'ver-sen, (Christian,) a Danish writer, b^rn at Copenliagen in 1748, published, among other woiks, the "Literary Progress of Denmark," {4 vols., 1781-89.) Died in 1827. Fver-spn, (Alfred,) a Democratic politician, born in Burke county, Georgia, in 1798, was elected to Con- gress in 1847, succeeded W. C. Dawson as United States Senator from Georgia in 1855, and was a prominent advocate of disunion. He became a Confederate briga- dier in 1862. Died March 4, 1873. Ivea, Ivz, (Edward,) an English surgeon, who went with Admiral Watson to the East Indies in 1754, and published a valuable account of his voyage and of the operations of the English army in 1755, 1756, and 1757. Died about 1780. Ives, Ivz, (Eli,) an American physician, born at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1779. He was professor of medi- cine at Yale College about twenty years. Died in 1861. Ives, (Juil.N,) E.R.S., an English antiquary, born at Yarmouth in 1751, was educated at Cambridge. He published "Remarks on the Garianonumofthe Romans," and other antiquarian treatises. Died in 1776. Ives, (Levi Silliman,) a theologian, born in Meriden, Connecticut, in 1797. He became an Episcopal clergy- man about 1824, and Bishop of North Carolina in 183 1. \\\ 1852 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. He wrotf, besides other works, "The Trials of a Mind in its Progress to Catholicism," (1854.) Died Oct. 13, 1867. Ives or Yves, [modern Fr. pron. ^v,] written also I'vo, (Saint,) a French theologian, born in 1035, became Bishop of Chartres. Died in 11 15. Iveteaux. See Des Yveteaux. Iv'i-mey, (Joseph,) an English Baptist minister, born at Ringwood, Hants, May 22, 1773. He was ordained in 1805. He published a " Life of Bunyan," and a valued " History of the English Baptists." Died Feb- ruary 8, 1834. Ivo. See Ives, Saint. I'vp-ry, (James,) F.R.S., an eminent British mathe- matician, born at Dundee in 1765. After he left college, he engaged in teaching and other pursuits. In 1804 he obtained the chair of mathematics in the Royal Military College, Marlow, which he retained about fifteen years. He contributed numerous able papers on physical as- tronomy and mathematics to the "Transactions" of the Royal Society. He was a corresponding member of the Institute of France and of other foreign Academies. In 183 1 he received the Guelphic order of knighthood and a pension oi £Tpo. Died in 1842. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots- men," (Supplement.) Iwakura, (Tomomi.) See Tomomi Iwakura. Iwau. See Ivan. Ix-i'on, [Gr. 'I|twv,] a fabulous king of the Lapithae. The poets feigned that after he had committed a murder, Jupiter purified him and invited him to his table. Ixion attempted to seduce Juno, but embraced a cloud instead of that goddess. To punish him for this crime, he was chained to a fiery wheel which revolved perpetually. He was the father of the Centaurs. See V1RGI1-, "Georgica," book iv. 484. Ixtlilxochitl, ikst-lfel-Ho-cheetl', ? (Fernando de Alva,) a Me.xican historian, born at Tezcuco about 1568, was a descendant of the royal family of Tezcuco. He wrote "Historia Chichimeca," and other chronicles on Mexican history. The first-named work has been trans- lated into French by Ternaux-Compans. Died about 1648. See Prescott, " History of the Conquest of Mexico," vol. i. book i. Izaacke, T'zak, ? (Richard,) an English antiquary, born at Exeter in 1624; died in 1700. Iz'ard, (George,) a general, born in South Carolina in 177*7. He became a colonel in 1812, served in the war that ensued, and was raised to the rank of major- general. Died in 1828. Izard, (Ralph,) a Senator, born in South Carolina in 1742, settled in London in 1771. Having returned to the United States in 1780, he was chosen a member of Con- giessin 1781, and was a United States Senator (for South Carolina) from 1789 to 1795. He was an able debater, and a constant supporter of Washington's administra- tion. Died in 1804. See his " Life and Correspondence," by his daughter, 1844. Izdubar, iz-doo-bar', a half-mythical, or perhaps en- tirely mythical, king of Babylonia, the hero of the "Twelve Legends of Izdubar," translated in 1872 by Mr. George Smith from the cuneiform records. Mr. Smith believed Izdubar to be a historical personage; others think him purely mythical. He appears in the legends as a giant, a mighty hunter, and a great con- queror. In later records he is treated as one of the gods of the country. Izdaslaf or Isiaslav (e-ze-is-lif) I., written also Isiaslaw, (Dmitri or Demetrius,) Grand Duke of Russia, succeeded his father, Yaroslaf, in 1054. His reign was disturbed by wars with his brothers and other princes, among whom Russia was divided. He was killed in battle in 1078, and left the throne to his son. Iziaslaf or Isiaslav II., Grand Prince of Russia, was the son of Mstislaf He began to reign in 1146, as suc- cessor to Igor II., whom he defeated in battle. He was thrice driven from his throne, but as often recovered it. He died in 1154. Iziaslaf or Isiaslav III., surnamed Davidovitch, son of David, became Grand Prince of Russia in 1157. He was killed in battle about 1 161, Iziocalt, e-se-o-k3.lt'. King of the Mexicans, ascended the throne in 1433, and is called the founder of the Mexican empire. He formed a code of laws, which was adopted by several adjacent nations. Died in 1445. Izmailof, is-mi'e-lof, (x\lexander,) a Russian fabu- list, born at Moscow in 1779. He became a resident of Saint Petersburg, and edited several reviews or journals. He published a voluine of fables, (1S04,) which are highly commended. Died in 1831. See Gretch, "History of Russian Literature," 1S19-22. Izmailof, (Vladimir Vasilievitch,) a Russian writer, born at Moscow in 1773. He wrote "Travels in Southern Russia," (1802,) and translated some works of Rousseau and Chateaubriand. Izquierdo de Ribera, ith-ke-5R'do di re-Ba'ri, (Don Eugenio,) a Spanish diplomatist, born at Saragossa. He was sent to Paris as plenipotentiary in 1806, and negotiated a treaty for the partition of Portugal. Died in 1813. J. Jaafar, Jafar, Djafar, or Giafar, ji'a-far or jd'far surnamed Sadik, an eminent Mussulman' doctor of Medina; died in 764 a.D. Jaafar, Jafar, Jafer, Djafar, or Giafar, a Barmecide, who becaiTie the favourite of Haroun-al-Raschid, and to whom, it is said, the Caliph gave his own sister Ab- basa in marriage, on condition that the intercourse of the married pair should be strictly Platonic. Abbasa having borne a son to Jaafar, Haroun, in his rage, mercilessly destroyed both father and son. (See Barmecides ) Jaafar-Ibn-TofaU. See Aboo-Bekr-Ibn-Tofaiu Jabet, zhS'bi', (George,) an English solicitor, of Bir- mingham. He wrote under the name of Eden War- wick. He published "The Poet's Pleasaunce," (1847,* "Nosology," (184S; reprinted as "Notes on Noses," 1853,) etc. Died at Handsworth, July 13, 1873. J ablono"wski, yi-blo-nov'skee, ( Stanislaus, ) a Polish general, born in 1631, commanded the right wing of the army of Sobieski when he defeated the Turks at Vienna in 1683. He afterwards had the chief command during the illness of the king. Died in 1702. See De Jonsac, " Histoire de Stanislas Jablonowski." a, e, I, o, u. y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, % short; a, e, \,(),obscure; flr, fill, fit; mSt; nSt; good; moon; JABLONOWSKI 1359 JACKSON Jablonowski, von, fon yi-blo-nov'skee, (Joseph Alexander,) a Polish or German prince, born in 171 1, was a patron of science. He founded at Leipsic a sci- entific association whicli bears his name, and wrote, besides other works, "Museum Polonicuni," (1752.) Died in 1777. See Ersch und Grubkr, "Allgemeiue Encyklopaedie." Jablonski, yS-blon'skee, (Daniel Ernst,) an emi- nent German Protestant theologian, born at Dantzic in 1660. He became pastor at Konigsberg in 1690, and preacher or chaplain to the king at Berlin in 1693. He published a Hebrew Bible, with notes and a preface, (1699,) and wrote several works on theology. He la- boured to effect a union of various Protestant sects. Died in Berlin in 1741. See Ersch und Gruber, "Allgeinelne Encyklopaedie." Jablonski or Jablonsky, (Johann Theodor,) a brother of Daniel Ernst, noticed above, was born at Dantzic about 1654. He published a "French-German and German-French Dictionary," (171 1.) Died in 1731. Jablonski, ( Paul Ernst, ) an eminent Prussian scholar and divine, a son of Daniel Ernst, noticed above, was born in Berlin in 1693. He devoted himself par- ticularly to the study of the Coptic and other Oriental languages. Among his numerous works are " Pantheon Egyptiorum," (3 vols., 1750-52,) a work relating to the religion of the Egyptians, and " Of the Memnon of the Greeks and Egyptians." Died in 1757. See Ersch und Gruber, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." Jablonsky, yJ-b!on'skee, (Karl Gustav,) a Prus- sian entomologist, born in 1756, published a "System of all the Known Insects, arranged according to the Method of Linna:us." Died in 1787. Jacetius. See Cattani da Diacceto. Jachasus. See Jack. Jack, [Lat. Jach^'us, | (Gilbert,) a Scottish meta- physician, born at Aberdeen about 1578. He became professor of philosophy at Leyden in early life. He published several works, among which is " Institutiones PhysicK," (1612.) Died in 1628. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Jack, (Thomas,) a Scottish minister of Eastwood, wrote "Onomasticon Poeticum," (1592.) Died in 1596. Jack, (William,) LL.D., a Scottish mathematician, born at Stewarton in 1834. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Cambridge, was professor of natural philosophy in Owens College, Manchester, 1866-70, and in 1879 became professor of mathematics in the University of Glasgow. Jack'spn, (Andrew,) a celebrated American genera) and statesman, born in the Waxhaw settlement, North or South Carolina, on the 15th of March, 1767. Parton states that he was born in Union county. North Caro- lina, but adds that "General Jackson always supposed himself to be a native of South Carolina," for in his proclamation to the nullifiers of South Carolina he thus addresses them : " Fellow-citizens of my native State." He was a son of Andrew Jackson, an Irishman, who emigrated to America in 1765 and died poor in 1767. The name of his mother was Elizabeth Hutchinson. We have little definite information about the schools that he attended. According to Parton, " he learned to read, to write, and cast accounts ; — little more. . . . He was never a well-informed man." Having taken arms against the British in 1781, he was captured, and afterwards wounded by an officer because he refused to clean his boots. About 1785 he began to study law at Salisbury, Nortii Carolina. He was addicted in his youth to gambling, horse-racing, and other sports. He was an excellent horseman, " a capital shot," was very dignified in man- ner, and was distinguished for his courage and activity. His stature was six feet and one inch high. In 17S8 he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where he began to practise law. He speedily obtained a large practice, of which disputed land-claims formed the prin- cipal subject. About 1792 he married Rachel Robards, originally Rachel Donelson, whose first husband was living and had taken preliminary measures to obtain a divorce, which was legally completed in 1793. The marriage ceremony was again performed in 1794. Jack- son, following a custom then extremely common m the South and West, fought a number of duels in the early part of his life. He was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of Tennessee in 1796, and in the autumn of that year was elected representative to Congress by the people of Tennessee, which was then entitled to only one member. He sujiported Thomas Jefferson in the Presidential election of 1796. In 1797 he became a Senator of the United States for Tennessee. He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1798, "partly be- cause he felt himself out of place in so slow and digni- fied a body, but chiefly for pecuniary reasons." He was a judge of the supreme court of Tennessee from 1798 to 1804. In 1806 he challenged and killed Charles Dick- inson in a duel with pistols, receiving himself a severe wound. This affair impaired for many years his popu- larity in Tennessee and other parts of the United States. In 1807, while the trial of Aaron Burr was still unde- termined, Jackson " harangued the crowd, [at Richmond,] defending Burr, and angrily denouncing Jefferson as a persecutor." (Parton's " Life.") After war had been declared against Great Britain, General Jackson (who several years before had been appointed major-general of militia) offered his services, and those of 2500 volun- teers, in June, 1812. He was ordered to New Orleans, and led a body of 2070 men in that direction ; but a* Natchez he received an order dated February 6, 1813, by which his troops were dismissed from public service. In September, 1813, he had an affray with Colonel Thomas H. Benton at Nashville, and was severely wounded by his brother, Jesse Benton. In October next he took the field against the Creek Indians, whom he defeated at Talla- dega in November. By his services in this Creek war, which ended in 1814, he acquired great popularity, and in May, 1814, he was appointed a major-general in the regular army. He was soon after ordered to the Gulf of Mexico, to oppose an expected invasion of the British. In November he seized Pensacola, which belonged to Spain but was used by the British as a base of operations. About the ist of December he moved his army to New Orleans, which was then ill prepared for defence. The British fleet, conveying an army of veterans who had fought under Wellington, entered Lake Borgne Decem- ber 13, and captured several gunboats. General Jackson proclaimed martial law in the city on the i6th. On the 23d the enemy advanced to a point about nine miles l)e- low the city, and were attacked in the night by General Jackson, who had about 21CO men. The result of this action was favourable to the defenders of the city, who gained time to fortify their position. On the 25th of December Sir Edward Pakenham arrived and took com- mand of the invaders, whose number was about 12,000. Jackson, who had a much smaller army, composed partly of the unerring marksmen of Tennessee and Kentucky, repulsed an attack on the ist of January, 181 5. On the 8th of January the British made a general assault on the American lines, but were defeated with great loss by the deadly fire of the riflemen and artillery. Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were killed. " Seven hundred killed," says Parton, " fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred ]3risoners, were the dread result of that twenty-five minutes' work. Jackson's loss was eight killed and thirteen wounded." The victory of New Orleans, which was one of the most brilliant and de- cisive ever gained by an American army, raised Jackson's reputation as a general to the highest point, and made him the idol of a large portion of the American people. This was the last battle of the war, a treaty of peace having been signed in Europe in December, 1814. In March, 1S15, while that city was still under mar- tial law, Judge Hall, of New Orleans, granted a writ of habeas corpus for the release of Mr. Louaillier, who had been arrested by order of Jackson, for exciting discontent among the troops. The latter, instead of obeying the writ, had the judge arrested and kept in custody. Peace having been formally proclaimed. Hall was set at liberty. General Jackson was then summoned to answer for con- tempt of court. He was found guilty, and sentenced to pay a fine of one thousand dollars. He immediately paid the fine ; but it was afterwards refunded with the interest by an act of Congress passed in February, 1844. eas k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as 2; th as in tkis. (2:^==See Explanations, p. 23.) JACKSON 1360 JACKSON In 1^^17-18 he waged a successful war against the Seminoles in Florida, seized Pcnsacola, and executed Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two British subjects, accused of inciting the savages to hostile acts against the Ameri- cans. He was appointed Governor of Florida in 1821. Before this date he had built, near Nashville, a mansion called the " Hermitage," in which he resided many years. In 1823 he was elected a Senator of the United States, and nominated as candidate for the Presidency by the legislature of Tennessee. His competitors were ]o\\\\ Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford. Jackson received ninety-nine electoral votes, Adams eighty-four, Crawford forty-one, and Clay thirty-seven. As no candidate had a majority, the election devolved on the House of Representatives, voting by States, each State having one vote. Through the influence of Mr. Clay, John Quincy Adams was elected, by the vote of thirteen States. General Jackson, who received the vote of seven States, became the implacable enemy of Mr. Clay, whom he stigmatized as " this Judas of the West." He habitually attributed the conduct of his political opponents to mean or im.proper motives, and, accordingly, hated Crawford, Clay, Adams, and Calhoun. In 1828 he was elected President, receiving one hun- dred and seventy-eight electoral votes, while Mr. Adams received eighty-three. Calhoun became Vice-President. Martin Van Buren was appointed secretary of state. Jackson was the first President who proscribed public servants for political opinions. He made more removals in one year than all the other Presidents in forty years before. At a banquet in April, 1830, the President gave this famous toast : " Our Federal Union : it must be preserved." In April, 183 1, he reorganized his cabinet, appointing Edward Livingston secretary of state, Louis McLane secretary of the treasury, Lewis Cass secretary of war, Levi Woodbury secretary of the navy, and Roger B. Taney attorney-general. Among the principal events of his first term was his veto of the bill which granted anew charter to the Bank of the United States, (July, 1832.) This subject became the chief issue between the partisans of Jackson and his opponents, who supported Henry Clay in the Presiden- tial election of 1832. General Jackson was re-elected, receiving two hundred and nineteen electoral votes out of two hundred and eighty-eight, which was the whole number, and Martin Van Buren succeeded Calhoun in the Vice-Presidency. In November, 1832, a Convention in South Carolina adopted an ordinance of nullification, by which they ordained that the tariff-law of 1828 "is null and void." The President electrified the country by his memorable proclamation against the nullifiers, December 11, 1832, in which he announced his resolu- tion to crush any disunion movement with the strong hand. He was censured by the Senate for removing the public deposits from the Bank of tlie United States, September, 1833. He used his influence to procure the election of Mar- tin Van Buren to the Presidency in 1836, and retired finally from public life March 4, 1837. He afterwards joined the Presbyterian Church. In his last illness Dr. Edgar asked "what he would have done with Calhoun and the other nullifiers if they had kept on." " Hung them, sir, as high as Haman," was his reply. He died, without issue, at the Hermitage, on the 8th of June, 1845. See Eaton, "Life of Jackson," 1824; William Cobbett, "Life of Andrew Jackson," 1834; J. S. Jenkins, "Life of General An- drew Jackson," 1850; J. T. Headlev, " Life of Andrew Jackson," 1852; AMOsKENDALL/'Lifeof Andrew Jackson," 1844; Alexander Walker, "Jackson and New Orleans," 1S56; James Parton, " Life of Andrew Jackson," 3 vols., 1S60, (by far the most complete life of the Hero of New Orleans that has been pubHshed ;) " National Por- trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. ; "New American Cyclopa;dia ;" W. G. Sumner, "Life of Jackson." Jack'spn, (Arthur,) an English Puritan minister, born in Suffolk in 1593, preached at Saint Faith's, Lon- don, until 1662, when he was ejected. He wrote "An- notations on the Old Testament," (1643-58.) Died in 1666. Jackson, (Charles,) LL.D., an American jurist, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1775. ^^^ graduated at Harvard with the highest honours of his class in 1793, studied law with Theophilus Parsons, and obtained an extensive practice in his native town. In 1803 he removed to Boston, where he practised law for many years. In 1813 he was made judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts, the duties of which he discharged for ten years. He was placed at the head of the com- missioners appointed by the State in 1832 to revise her legislative enactments. Died in Boston in 1855. He published a "Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in Real Actions, with Precedents," etc., (1828.) Jackson, (Charles Thomas,) M.D., an American chemist and geologist, born at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in June, 1805. He took the degree of M.D. at Harvard in 1829, after which he continued his studies in Paris, and passed several years in visits to various countries of Europe. In conjunction with Francis Alger, he pub- lished a work called "Mineralogy and Geology of Nova Scotia," (1832.) He became a resident of Boston about 1833, was appointed State geologist of Maine in 1836, and produced a " Report on the Geology of the State of Maine," (1837.) His second and third Reports on the same subject appeared in 1838 and 1839. He was appointed geologist of the State of New Hampshire in 1840. He claimed to be the original discoverer of anses- thetics, and was involved in a long controversy on this subject. Died August 29, 1880. Jackson, (Conrad Feger,) an American general, born in Pennsylvania. He served as colonel in the Union army at Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862, commanded a brigade at the battle of Antietam, September 17, and was killed at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. Jackson, (Cyril,) Dr., a noted English divine, born at Stamford in 1742. He was offered the primacy of Ireland and an English bishopric, both of which he de- clined. He was tutor to the Prince of Wales, (George IV.) Died in 1819. Jackson, (Helen Hunt,) an American poet and author of much merit, was born in Amherst, Massachu- setts, in 1831. She was the daughter of Professor N. W. Fiske. Her first husband was Mr. Hunt, an officer of the United States engineers, who died in 1863. In 1875 she married a Mr. Jackson. Her works include " Verses by H. H.," (1871,) "Bits of Travel," (1872,) "Bits of Talk," "A Century of Dishonour," and several volumes of tales for children. Died August 12, 18S5. Jackson, (Henry R.,) was born in Georgia in 1S20. He served as a colonel in the Mexican war, and was minister to Austria from 1853 to 1858. He published in 1851 "Tallulah, and other Poems." He was a general in the Confederate service, 1861-65, and won distinction as a lawyer. He was appointed United States minister to Mexico in 1885. Jackson, (James,) a lawyer, born in Devonshire, England, in 1757, emigrated to America in 1772. He fought with distinction against the British in Georgia in 1776-82, was elected to Congress in 1789, and was a United States Senator for Georgia from 1792 to 1795. In 1798 he became Governor of Georgia, and in i8oi was again elected a Senator of the United States. Died in Washington, March 19, 1806. Jackson, (Jame.s S.,) an American lawyer and gene- ral, born in Kentucky about 1822. He was elected a member of Congress in i86o by the voters of the second district of Kentucky, but he resigned his seat and joined the Union army in i86l He was killed at the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862. Jackson, (John,) a clergyman of the Anglican Church, born in Yorkshire, England, in 1686. He was a zealous advocate of the Arian doctrines, which prevented his advancement in the church. Died in 1763. He wrote a valuable work entitled "Chronological Antiquities,' (3 vols., 1752,) and numerous controversial treatises. See Dr. Sutton, " Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Jackson," 1754. Jackson, (John,) an able English engraver oil wood, flourished about 1725-45. Jackson, (Iohn,) an eminent English portrait-painter, born at Lastingham, Yorkshire, in 1778, became a resi- dent of London about 1797, and was elected a member of the Royal Academy in 1817. Among his best works are portraits of Canova and Flaxman. Died in 1831. See Cunningham. "Lives of British Painters." a, e, T, 6, u, y, lofig; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, li, }?, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m6t; n6t; good; moon; JACKSON 1361 JACOB Jackson, (John Adams,) an American sculptor, born at Bath, Maine, November 5, 1825. He learned the trade of a machinist. He afterwards studied portrait-paintuig and crayon-work with success under D. C. Johnson, \\\ Boston, and then practised sculpture in France and Italy. His portrait-busts and medallions are often excellent.^ Among his other works are " Eve lifting the Dead Abel," (1862,) " Peasant-Boy and Goat," " Culprit Fay," " Read- ing-Girl," the soldiers' monument at Lynn, Massachu- setts, and " Hylas," (1879.) Died at Pracchia, in Tuscany, August 30, 1879. Jackson, (Joseph,) an English letter-founder, born probably in London in 1733 ; died in 1792. Jackson, (Nathaniel J.,) born in New England, became brigadier-general in the Federal army in 1S62. Jackson, (Patrick Tracy,) a merchant and manu- facturer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 17S0. He organized in 1821 the Merrimac Manufacturing Company, and founded Lowell. Died in 1847. See J. A. Lowell, " Life of P. T. Jackson," in Hunt's " Lives of American Merchants," vol. i., 185S. Jackson, (Rokert,) an English physician, born in 1751. He served as surgeon in the army, and wrote, besides other works, a "Treatise on the Fevers of Jamaica," (1791.) Died in 1827. Jackson, (Samuel,) a distinguished physician and physiologist, born in Philadelphia March 22, 1787. He was elected in 1835 to the chair of the institutes of medi- cine in the University of Pennsylvania, which he filled with great credit to himself and the institution for twenty-eight years. He resigned in 1863. He wrote, besides other works, "Principles of Medicine," (1832,) and an " Introduction to Lehman's Chemical Phj'si- ology," (1856.) Died April 5, 1872. Jackson, (Thomas,) a learned English divine, born in Durham in 1579. He was the author of a "Com- mentary on the Apostles' Creed," and of several devo- tional treatises. He became Dean of Peterborough in 1638. His works are highly praised by Southey. Died in 1640. See E. Vaughan, " Life of Thomas Jackson," 1673. Jackson, (Thomas,) an eminent English Methodist preacher, born at Sancton, Yorkshire, December 12, 1783. He was the author of a large number of religious and biographical works. Died at Richmond, March 11, 1873- Jackson, (Thomas Jonathan,) commonly known bj the name of Stonewall Jackson, a distinguished Amer- ican general, born in Lewis county, Virginia, January 21, 1824, graduated at West Point in 1846, standing seven- teenth in a class of fifty-nine. He was considered at West Point to be rather a dull and slow student. In the Mexican war (1846-47) he served as first lieutenant with distinction. Having resigned his commission in 1852, he became a professor in the Military Institute at Lex- ington, Virginia. About 1853 he married Miss Junkin, a daughter of Dr. Junkin, of Lexington, He was ap- pointed a colonel of the Virginian troops in April, 1861, and commanded the force that was attacked by the Union army at Martinsburg, July 2. He served as brigadier- general at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and was promoted to the rank of major-general in the following September. It has been currently stated that he received his surname from the fact that he and his men " stood like a stone wall" at the battle of Bull Run ; but, according to one of his biographers, the name " Stonewall" was first applied to his brigade because it was recruited in a stone- wall country, — the counties of Jefferson, Page, Frederick, etc. He was defeated by General Shields near Win- chester, March 23, 1862, and retreated up the valley to Harrisonburg, pursued by General Banks. Having been reinforced, he resumed the offensive with about twenty thousand men, attacked General Banks near Strasburg, May 23, and drove him back to the Potomac. On the approach of General Fremont from the west, General Jackson moved hastily up the valley to Harrisonburg. His army was overtaken by General Fremont at Cross Keys, where an indecisive battle was fought on the 8th of June. Before the end of June he moved his army to Richmond and joined that of General Lee. He commanded a corps at the battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, and at that of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. On the 9th of August he defeated a small army under General Banks at Cedar Mountain, Virginia. He captured Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand Union prisoners, on the 15th of September, and joined General Lee in time to take part in the battle of Antietam, September 17. He contributed to the victory at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, for which service he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He remained inactive for several months, (January-April, 1863,) employed partly in preparing official reports. On the ist of May he was ordered by General Lee to execute a flank move- ment on the right wing of General Hooker's army. He surprised and routed the eleventh corps, near Chancel - lorsville, on the evening of the 2d of May. As he was riding with his staff from the front towards the rear during that battle, he received a volley from his own men, who in the darkness mistook the staff for a party of Federal cavalry. General Jackson received three wounds, of which he died at Guinea's Station on the loth of May, 1863. " His loss," says Mr. Greeley, " was the greatest yet sustained by either party in the fall of a single man ; though Sidney Johnston had probably mili- tary talents of a higher order. But Jackson's power over his men was unequalled; and it was justified by the soundness of his judgment, as well as the intrepidity of his character. Contrary to the vulgar notion, his attacks were all well considered, and based on a careful cal- culation of forces ; and he showed as high qualities in refusing to squander his men at Antietam, and again at Fredericksburg, as he did in his most brilliant charges. . . . It is doubtful if all the advantages, including pres- tige, which the rebels gained around Chancellorsville, were not dearly purchased by the loss of Thomas J. Jackson." ("American Conflict," vol. ii. pp. 359-60.) Stonewall Jackson was a man of deep and earnest re- ligious convictions ; and in his general character, as well as in his serene, indomitable courage and the extraoi- dinary influence which he exerted over the minds of his soldiers, he reminds us of the great Puritan leaders who fought under Cromwell. See Dabney, "Life of General T. J. Jackson," and a "Life o» General T. J. Jackson," in "Southern Generals," 1865. Jackson, (Thomas K.,) born in South Carolina about 1829, was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate army in 1861. Jackson, (\Villiam,) a clergyman of the Anglican Church, born in Ireland about 1737. In 1794 he was detected in a treasonable correspondence with France, in which he recommended the invasion of Ireland. He was tried and found guilty of high treason, but died from the effects of poison, before sentence was passed upon him, in 1795. Jackson, (William,) an eminent English musician and landscape-painter, was born at Exeter in 1730. Among his musical compositions are " Twelve Popular Songs," " Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord," and " Twelve Canzonets for Two Voices." He published "Thirty Letters upon Various Subjects," (1782,) and "The Four Ages," (1798.) Died in 1803. Jackson, (William,) known as Jackson ofMasham, from his native place, an English musician and composer, born January 9, 1816. He composed oratorios, cantatas, anthems, glees, etc. Died April 15, 1866. Jackson, (Dr. William,) Bishop of Oxford, and brother to Dr. Cj'ril Jackson, noticed above, was born at Stamford in 1750. He published several sermons. Died in 18 15. Jacme, or En Jacme, King of Aragon. See James I. Ja'cob, [Heb. Up;;'; Gr. 'Ia«tj/?,] a celebrated Hebrew patriarch, a son of Isaac, and the great progenitor of the Israelitish nation. He was also called Israel. See Genesis xxv., xxvii., xxviii., xxix., xxx. Ja'cob, a Hungarian adventurer, and chief of the Pastoureaux. About 1250 he incited the common people to enlist in a crusade for the liberation of Saint Louis, who was then a captive. He mustered a vast multitude of French peasants, who massacred priests and com- mitted other outrages in France, Jacob was killed, and his dupes were dispersed. €as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, h, y^, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. 86 (iJ^^^See Explanations, p, 23.) JACOB 1362 JACOB I Ja'cob, (Edward,) a topographical and antiquarian writer of Kent, England. Died in 1788. Jacob, (Giles,) an English author, born in Hamp- shire in 1686. Among his works are "The Poetical Register," (1723,) composed of memoirs of the English dramatic poets, and a "Law Dictionary," (1729,) which has passed through many editions. Died in 1744. Jacob, (Henry,) an English Puritan and Independ- ent minister, born in Kent about 1562. He founded in London the first Independent Congregational church that existed in England, and published several works. In 1624 he removed to Virginia, where he died about 1626. Jacob, (Henry,) a philologist an 3 Orientalist, born in 1606 or 1607, was a son of the preceding. He became a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and published "Graeca et Latina Poemata." Died in 1652. Ja'cob, (Jehudah Leon,) a Jew of the seventeenth century, born in Spain, resided in Holland. He wrote a " Description of the Temple of Solomon," also a description of the Tabernacle, and an "Exposition of the Psalms." Jacob, (John,) a British general, born in 1812 or 1813. He distinguished himself in India in 1843 ^s <:ommander of the Sinde Horse. Died in India in 1858. Jacob, (John,) an Armenian carpenter, lived about 1650. He is distinguished for having introduced the art of printing into Persia. Jacob OF Edessa. See Barad^us. Jacob or James [Gr. 'la/cwtof; Lat. Jaco'bus] of NisiBis, surnanied the Great, a Christian bishop, who was regarded as a prophet and was distinguished for his ascetic life. He became Bishop of Nisibis, and attended, in 325 A.D., the Council of Nice, where he advocated the orthodox creed. He is said to have delivered Nisibis from the besieging Persians by his prayers. His death is variously dated from about 340 to 350 a.d. See Saint Jerome, "De Viris illustribus;" Fabricius, "Bibli- •»theca Grjeca;" Cave, "Historia Literaria." Jacob (or James) of Vitry, a French priest, who in 121 7 became Bishop of Acre in Syria, where he con- verted many Saracens. In 1229 he was made Bishop of Tusculum and a cardinal. He left a valuable " History of Jerusalem," or " Historia Orientalis," as well as " His- toria Occidentalis," and many letters. Died at Rome in '230. Ja'cob Ben Ash'fr, a learned Jew, born in Ger- many, wrote a work called "Arba Thourim." Died at Toledo about 1340. Ja'cpb Ben Haj'im or Chajim, a Jewish rabbi of the sixteenth century, distinguished for his learning, was born at Tunis. He edited the Masora and Hebrew Bible, with commentaries, and a Chaldean paraphrase, " Biblia Rabbinica Bombergiana," (4 vols., 1525.) Ja'cob Ben Napli'ta-li, a learned Jewish rabbi of the fifth century, educated at Tiberias. To him is chiefly attributed the mvention of the Masoretic points used in distinguishing the Hebrew vowels. Jacob de Saint-Charles, zht'kob' deh s4n shtnl, (Louis,) a French author and bibliographer, born at Chalons-sur-Saone in 1608. He became a monk of the order of Carmelites. Among his works are a "Treatise upon the Finest Libraries of the World," (1644,) "The Parisian Library," and "The French Universal Library," (1646.) Died in 1670. Jacob-Kolb, zht'kob' kolb, (G6rard,) a French antiquary, born at Rheims in 1775. He made valuable collections of Greek and Roman medals, autographs, . (Sl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) J A [/COURT 1374 JAY in 1791. In June, 1814, he acted as minister of foreign affairs in the absence of Talleyrand. He founded the Protestant Bible Society of Paris. Died in 1852. Jaucourt, de, (Louis,) Chevalier, an accomplished French writer and scholar, born in Paris in 1704. He studied at Geneva, Cambridge, and Leyden, and was a pupil of Boerhaave in medicine. He published in 1734 a " History of the Life and Works of Leibnitz," which is much admired. He wrote many articles on natural philosophy, natural history, literature, etc. for the great French Encyclopaedia of Diderot. His principles were more consistent with the Christian religion than those of the other Encyclopasdists. He wrote a voluminous Medical Lexicon, but lost the manuscript at se.i, and contributed largely to the " Bibliotheque raisonnee des Ouvrages des Savants de I'Europe," (172S-40.) Died at Compiegne in 1779. See "Nouvelle Biographie Gdnerale;" MM. Haag, "La France protestante." Jauffret, zho'fRi', (Gaspard Jean Andk6 Joseph,) a French writer on theology, born in Provence in 1759, became chaplain to Napoleon about 1804, Bishop of Metz in 1806, and Archbishop of Aix in 181 1. Died in 1823. Jauffret, (Louis Francois,) a brother of the pre- ceding, was born in Paris in 1770. He was secretary of the Academy of Marseilles, and wrote several valuable juvenile books. Died about 1850. Jaugeon, zho'zhiN', (N.,) an able French mechani- cian, who wrote several works on natural history and physiology. Died in 1725. Jault, zho, (AuGUSTiN FRANgois,) a physician and Orientalist, born in Franche-Comte in 1700, became professor of Greek and Syriac in the Royal College at Paris. He translated Ockley's " History of the Sara- cens" (1748) from the English, and several medical works from the Latin. Died in 1757. Jauregui y Aguilar, de, dk How-ra'gee e S-ge-laR', (Juan,) Chevalier de Calatrava, a Spanish poet and painter, born at Toledo about 1570. In 1607 he visited Rome, where he studied Italian and improved himself in the art of painting. He translated into his native tongue the "Pharsalia" of Lucan and the "Aminta" of Tasso, (1607.) The latter is an excellent version. He introduced a superior style among the Spanish painters. Died in 1650, or, according to some, in 1640. See TiCKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" Quillikt, " Dic- tionnaire des Peintres Espagnols." Javello, yi-vel'lo, (Crisostomo,) a learned philoso- pher and theologian of the Dominican order, was born near Milan about 1471. Jav-o-le'nus, (Priscus,) a Roman jurist, supposed to have lived under the reigns of Nerva and Hadrian. He wrote an " Epitome of the Libri Posteriores of Labeo," and several treatises on law. Jay, zhk, (Antoine,) a French journalist and littera- teur, born in the Gironde in 1770. He was for many years chief editor of the " Constitutionnel," a daily paper of Paris, and the "Minerve." In politics he was liberal. He spent seven years in the United States, 1 795-1 802. In 1832 he was chosen a member of the French Academy. His most important work is a " History of the Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu," (1815,) which is highly praised by Henri Martin. Died in 1854. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Jay, (Harriett,) an English novelist and actress, born near London, September 22, 1857. She published "The Queen of Connaught," (1875,) "Dark Colleen," (1876,) "Two Men and a Maid," (1881,) and other works. She went upon the stage in 1881. She was a sister-in-law of Robert Buchanan, and became his second wife in 1884. Jsy> (John,) an illustrious American statesman, first chief justice of the United States, was born in New York, December 12, 1745. He was descended on his father's side from Pierre Jay, a Huguenot merchant of La Ro- chelle, who fled to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Jay graduated at King's (now Columbia) College in 1764, and was admitted to the bar of New York in 1768. At this period he combined in a remark- able degree the dignity and gravity of manhood with the ardour of youth. His talents soon procured for him both an extensive legal practice and great influence in the political assemblies called to consider the aggressive policy of the British government. Elected to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1774, he took a leading part in all its proceedings, and, as one of a committee of three, drew up the address to the people of Great Britain, which at once procured for its author the reputation of being one of the ablest and most elo- quent writers in America. He also prepared the address issued by Congress in 1775 to the people of Canada. In the general debates he took strong ground in favour of the central authority and against separate colonial action. Having been recalled from Philadelphia in May, 1776, to take part in the deliberations of the New York pro- vincial Congress, his name does not appear on the Declaration of Independence, which, however, received his cordial support. He exerted great influence in the convention which met in August of the same year to frame a State government for New York. To arouse the people from the despondency occasioned by the disasters to our arms, he prepared, in December, an address to the country, which was issued by the con- vention and ordered by Congress to be translated into German. He also reported to the New York conven- tion, in March, 1777, a bill of rights, and had a chief share in framing the Constitution. Before its adjourn- ment, May, 1777, the convention appointed Jay chief justice of New York. In December, 1778, he again took his seat in Congress, and a few days after was chosen its president. His dig- nified and impartial discharge of the duties of this posi- tion won the esteem of all parties. In September, 1779, he resigned the offices both of president and chief justice, to accept the appointment of minister to Spain to nego- tiate for a loan of $5,000,000 and for the free navigation of the Mississippi. After many months of vexatious and fruitless labours at Madrid, he proceeded to Paris, and took part with Adams, Franklin, and others in ne- gotiating the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, signed September 3, 1783. Jay re- turned to New York in July, 1784, and, learning that Congress had already appointed him secretary of foreign affairs, then probably the most important office in the government, he accepted this position in December following, and discharged its duties until the election of Washington as President of the United States in 1789. To answer the objections of the opponents to the Federal Constitution as it came from the General Convention of 1787, Jay united with Hamilton and Madison in writing "The Federalist." "No constitution of government," says Chancellor Kent, "ever received a more masterly and successful vindication." Jay contributed greatly towards overcoming the majority against the Constitution in the New York convention called to adopt or reject- it in 1788, (at first the vote stood only eleven for, to forty-six against it ; afterwards thirty for, to twenty-seven against,) and on the reorganization of the government under it in 1789 he was offered by Washington, it is said, the choice of the offices in his gift. He accepted that of chief justice of the supreme court. " His general learn- ing and ability," says Daniel Webster, " and especially the prudence, the mildness, and the firmness of his char- acter, eminently fitted Mr. Jay to be at the head of such a court." In 1792 Jay received a majority of the votes for Governor of New York ; but, on some technical grounds, George Clinton, the Republican candidate, was declared elected. In writing of this result to his wife, he said, " A few years will put us all in the dust ; and then it will be of more importance to me to have governed myself than to have governed a State." In 1794 Jay accepted with reluctance the appointment of special minister to England to negotiate a settlement of the dif- ficulties between the two countries, well knowing that in the state of public feeling no adjustment that could be effected would give satisfaction to all parties. He con- cluded a treaty on the 19th of November of the same year. It provided, among other things, that pre-revolutionary debts owed to British subjects should be paid by the United States, that the British government should indem- nify Americans for losses sustained by illegal captures, etc. (About $10,000,000 were afterwards paid on this account.) a, e, T , o, u, y, long; i, h, 4, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mit; nSt; good; moon ; JAY 1375 JEANNE This treaty was at once assailed with almost unexampled violence by the party favourable to France. Mobs lighted bonfires with it in the principal cities, and in Boston Jay himself was burned in effigy. On the other hand, Ham- ilton defended the treaty with an ability that extorted the admiration even of its opponents, and Fisher Ames, in one of the greatest efforts of American eloquence, declared that the "treaty had justly raised the character of the nation." It was finally carried into effect by a vote of fifty-eight to fifty-one. While Jay was absent in England, he was elected, without his knowledge or consent, Governor of New York, — an office which he held for six years. It was under his administration that slavery in that State was abolished. In writing to a friend, in 1780, he had declared, "Till America comes into this measure, [the abolition of slavery,] her prayers to Heaven for liberty will be impious." Five years later (1785) he was made president of a society in New York "to promote the manumission of slaves." Having de- clined a re-election at the close of his second guberna- torial term. Jay was nominated and confirmed by the Senate to succeed Oliver Ellsworth in his former office of chief justice of the United States; but this honour he also declined, and for the remainder of his life resided on his estate at Bedford, Westchester county. New York. He died May 17, 1829. "In lofty disinterestedness," says Hildreth, " in unyielding integrity, in superiority to the illusions of passion, no one of the great men of the Revolution approached so near to Washington," (as Jay.) Jay was a member of the Episcopal Church, and was a man of deep religious as well as earnest moral convictions; the Bible is said to have been his con- stant study. In stature he was somewhat less than six feet in height ; he was well formed, but rather thin, face colourless, with deep-blue eyes, and aquiline nose. See a " Life of" John Jay, with Selections from his Writings," by his son, William Jay, 2 vols., 1833: James Renwick, "Lives o'" John Jay and Alexander Hamilton," 1S40; Henry Flanders, "Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States," 1855; "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. ii. ; "North American Review" for July, 1823, and October, 1833. Jay, (John,) an eminent lawyer, a grandson of the preceding, and a son of Judge William Jay, was born in New York in 181 7. He graduated at Columbia College in 1836, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He distinguished himself as an opponent of slavery, and was counsel for several fugitive slaves in the courts of law. In April, 1869, he was appointed minister to Aus- tria. He was thrice chosen president of the Union League of New York. Jay, (William,) a popular English dissenting minis- ter and writer, born at Tisbury, Wiltshire, in 1769. He was the pupil and protege of the Rev. Cornelius Winter. He began to preach about the age of sixteen, and be- came in 1 79 1 minister of Argyle Chapel, Bath, where he continued to preach for sixty-two years. He was called the "prince of preachers" by the eminent John Foster. Among his works are " Morning and Evening Exercises," (1842,) "Lectures on Female Scripture Characters," (1854,) a "Life of Cornelius Winter," "Mornings with Jesus," (1854,) and "Evenings with Jesus," (1854.) Died in December, 1853. See his Autobiography, edited bv George Redford and John Angell James, 1854; "Memoir of William Jay," by S. S. Wilson, 1854. Jay, (William,) an American philanthropist, second son of Chief-Justice Jay, was born in New York in 1789. He graduated at Yale in 1807, and on the death of his father, in 1829, succeeded to the family estate at Bsdford. He had previously, in 1820, been appointed first judge of Westchester county, in which office he was continued till superseded, in 1842, on account of his anti-slavery opinions. He early entered upon his philanthropic labours, and continued to exert himself in behalf of the temperance reform, the abolition of slavery, educa- tional and missionary enterprises, Sunday-schools, tract and Bible societies, etc., for the remainder of his life. He was for several years the president of the American Peace Society, and was one of the chief founders of the American Bible Society. His principal works are the " Life of John Jay, with Selections from his Writings," (2 vols., 1833,) "An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and American Anti-Slavery Societies," (1835,) "A View of the Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery," (1839,) " War and Peace," (1848,) and " A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War," (1849.) Died at Bedford, New York, in 185S. Jay, le, (Gui Michkl.) See Le Jay. Jayadeva or Djayadeva, ji-a-da'va, a celebrated Hindu poet, known as the author of the " Gita Govinda," (" Song of Krishna,") a famous Sanscrit poem in honour of Krishna. The time and circumstances of his life are unknown. An Oriental critic refers to Jayadeva as a poet in the following terms : " Whatever is delightful in the modes of music, . . . whatever is exquisite in the sweet art of love, whatever is graceful in the strains of poetry, — all that let the happy and wise learn from the songs of Jayadeva." See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon;" "Asiatic Researches," vol. iii. p. 207. Jazet, zht'zV, (Jean Pierre Marie,) a French en- graver, born in Paris in 1788. He perfected the art of engraving in aquatint, and reproduced the works of Horace Vernet and other masters. Died in 1871. Jeacocke, ja'kok, ? (Caleb,) a baker of London, known as the author of the " Vindication of the Moral Character of the Apostle Paul against the Charges of Hypocrisy and Insincerity brought by Bolingbroke, Mid- dleton, and Others," (1765.) Died in 1786. Jeaffreson, jef'fer-sn, (John Cordy,) an English author, born at Framlingham, in Suffolk, January 14, 1831. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1852. In 1859 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He has published "Crewe Rise," (1S54,) "The Rapier of Regent's Park," (1882,) and a dozen other novels, "Novels and Novel- ists," (1858,) " A Book about Doctors," (1S60,) " A Book about Lawyers," (1866,) "Life of Robert Stephenson," (1864,) "A Book about the Clergy," (1870,) "The Real Lord Byron," (18S3,) and other works. Jean of France. See John. Jean Bon Saint- Andre, zhfiN biN siN'tSN'dRi', B.\RON, a French revolutionist, born at Montauban in 1749. He studied theology, and became a Protestant minister. He was chosen deputy to the National Con- vention in 1792, joined the Jacobins, voted for the death of the king, and was elected one of the committee of public safety. He was appointed prefect of Mayence, (Mentz,) where he won great esteem by the firmness, in tegrity, and wisdom of his administration. Died in 1815. Jean Jacques. See Rousseau. Jean de Matha. See John of Matha, Saint. Jean de Paris, zh6N de pt're', a French Dominican, and professor of theology at Paris, wrote " De Regia Potestate et Papali," in which he maintained the cause of King Philip against the pope. Died in 1304. Jean Paul. See Richter. Jeanes, jeenz, (Henry,) an English divine, born at Allensay, in Somersetshire, in 1611. He wrote a treatise on " Abstinence from Evil," one entitled " The Image Unbroken," (1651,) in defence of Charles I., and a work in reply to the " Iconoclastes" of Milton. Died in 1662. Jeanne d'Albret, zhtn dtl'bRi', or Joan, Queen of Navarre, born in 1528, was the only child of Henri d'Albret, Kmg of Navarre, and Marguerite, sister of the French monarch Francis I. Her earliest suitor was Philip, the son of Charles V. of Germany ; but Francis I. opposed the union, and gave her in marriage to Antoine de Bour- bon, Duke of Vendome, in 1548. Through her husband's influence she embraced the Calvinistic faith, caused it to be introduced into Navarre, and in a short time was re- garded as one of the chief supporters of Protestantism in France. On the 13th of December, 1553, she gave birth to a son, afterwards known as the illustrious Henry IV. In 1555, with her husband, she succeeded to the sovereignty of Navarre. Two years later, her husband, having been appointed lieutenant-general of France, was killed at the siege of Rouen. Jeanne died at Paris in 1572. She was distinguished for her talents, virtues, and heroic qualities. See SiSMONDi, " Histoire des Fran?ais ;" De Thou, " Historia sui Teraporis ;" D'AuBiGNi, " M^moires." I? zs.k; 9asj.- ghard; gas/; G, H, Yi, giitttiral ; ^, nasal; yl, trilled; sasz; thasinMw. (Ji^^See Explanations, p. 23.) JEANNE 1376 JEFFERSON Jeanne d'Arc. See Joan of Arc. Jeanne of Naples. See Joan of Naples. Jeanne of Navarre. See Joan of Navarre. Jeannin, zht'niN', (Pierre,) a French statesman and diplomatist of high reputation, born at Autun in 1540. He held an office at Dijon in 1572, when a royal order came for the massacre of the Protestants. Although he svas a zealous Catholic, he persuaded the local authori- ties to disobey or suspend the execution of the order, which in a few days was countermanded. He afterwards became president of the Parliament of Dijon. In 1594 he gave his adhesion to Henry IV., who employed him on important foreign missions. He gained the confidence of the king in a high degree. After the death of Henry IV., (1610,) the queen, Marie de M^dicis, appointed Jeannin controller of the finances, and confided to him the chief direction of affairs. He died in 1622, leaving "Memoirs of his Negotiations," (1656.) Jeanron, zhdN'r6N', (Philippe Auguste.) a French painter, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1809. Died 1S77. Jeaurat, zho'rt', (Edme S6bastien,) a French as- tronomer, born in Paris in 1724. He published in 1750 a valuable "Treatise on Perspective." In 1753 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the Military School of Paris, where he caused an observatory to be estab- lished. Among his works is " Observations on the Solai Eclipse of 1793." H^ became a member of the Institute in 1796. Died in 1803. See " Nouvelle Hiosra))hie G^nerale." Jebb, (John,) M.D., a celebrated divine, born in Lon don in 1736. In 1768 he delivered a course of lectures on the Greek Testament at Cambridge. He obtained the living of Ovington, in Norfolk, in 1764, and became chaplain to the Earl of Harborough. Having subse- quently embraced Socinian views, he resigned all his ecclesiastical appointments and commenced the study of medicine. He obtained his degree at Saint Andrew's, and practised with success. He was much engaged in political controversy, and earnestly advocated the Amer- ican cause during the Revolutionary war. Died in 1786. See Disney, "Life of John Jebb," 1787. Jebb, (John,) an Irish Protestant bishop and clas sical scholar, born at Drogheda in 1775, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He published, in 1819 or 1820, an important work on "Sacred Literature," which is highly praised by several critics. " It has the highest claims," says T. H. Home, "to the attention of every biblical student." In 1823 he was appointed Bishop of Limerick. Among his works is " Practical Theology," (2 vols., 1830.) Died in 1833. See Charles Forster, " Life of Bishop Jebb," 2 vols., 1837. Jebb, (Sir Richard,) Bart., son of Dr. Samuel Jebb, noticed below, was born at Stratford, in Essex, in 1729. He studied medicine in London, and afterwards at the University of Leyden, where he obtained the degree of M.D. He became physician-extraordinary to George III. about 1777, and physician-in-ordinary to the Prince of Wales in 1780. Died in 1787. Jebb, (Richard Claverhouse,) a British scholar, born at Dundee, August 27, 1841. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1862 and received a Fellowship. In 1875 he was made Greek professor in Glasgow Univer- sity. Among his works are "The Attic Orators," " Mod- ern Greece," " Primer of Greek Literature," a " Life of R. Bentley,"and important editions of the texts of various Greek authors, with notes. Jebb, (Samuel,) M.D., a noted English physician and classical scholar, born in Nottinghamshire, was an uncle of John Jebb, M.D., noticed above. He embraced the principles of the nonjurors, and became librarian to the celebrated Jeremy Collier. He edited the " Dialogue of J[ustin Martyr with Trypho the Jew, in Greek and Latin," the "Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon, and several other works. Died in 1772. Jee-jeeb-hoy', (Sir Jamsetjee,) Bart., aParsee mer- chant, born in Bombay, July 15, 1783. He acquired great wealth as a merchant, and was distinguished for his re- markable benevolence and large charities. He was made a baronet in 1857, and died April 15, 1859. His son, of the same name and titles, (born 1811, died July 11, 1877,) was also distinguished for his charities and public spirit. The third baronet of this name was born March 3, 1851, and before his succession to the title bore the name of Manockjee Cursetjee. Jef'fer-spn, (Joseph,) a distinguished comedian, born in Philadelphia, of a family of actors, February 20, 1829. In early youth he went upon the stage, and rapidly rose to a very high rank in his profession. The characters of "Rip Van Winkle" and "Bob Eccles" are those in which he has attained the greatest celebrity. Jefferson, (Thomas,) an eminent American statesman, and the tliird President of the United States, was born, April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, near the spot which afterwards became his residence with the name of Mon- ticello. He was the oldest son in a family of eight children. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a man of great force of character and of extraordinary physical strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland, was descended from an English family of great respecta- bility. Young Jefferson began his classical studies at the age of nine, and at seventeen he entered an advanced class at William and Mary College. On his way thither he formed the acquaintance of Patrick Henry, who was then a bankrupt merchant, but who afterwards became the great orator of the Revolution. At college Jefferson was distinguished by his close application, and devoted, it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours a day to study. He became well versed, we are told, in Latin, Greek, Italian, French, and Spanish, making at the same time a respectable proficiency in his mathematical studies. After a five years' course of law under Judge Wythe, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success in the legal profession was remarkable ; his fees for the first year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In 1769 Jefferson commenced his public career as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, in which he had, while a student of law, listened to Patrick Henry's great speech on the Stamp Act. In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry and other p^ triots in devising the celebrated committee of corre- spondence for disseminating intelligence between the colonies, of which Jefferson was one of the most active and influential members. Elected the next year to a convention to choose delegates to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, he drew up for their instruc- tion his famous " Summary View of the Rights of British America," which, though rejected by the convention as being too radical, was subsequently issued by the House of Burgesses, and, after some revision by Edmund Burke, passed through several editions in Great Britain. June I, 1775, Jefferson reported to the Assembly the reply of Virginia to Lord North's conciliatory proposition, and on the 2 1st of the same month took his seat in the Continental Congress. His reputation as a statesman and accomplished writer at once placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He served on the most important committees, and, among other labours, drew up the reply of Congress to the above proposal of Lord North, and assisted John Dickinson in preparing, in be- half of the Colonies, a declaration of the cause of taking up arms. The rejection of a final petition to the king having at length destroyed all hope of an honourable reconciliation with the mother-country, Congress, early in the session of 1776, appointed a committee to draw up a declaration of independence, of which Jefferson was made chairman. In this capacity he drafted, at the re- quest of the other members of the committee, (Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston,) and reported to Congress, June 28, that great charter of freedom known as the " Declaration of American Independence," which, on July 4, was adopted unanimously, and signed by every member present except John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. It may be doubted if in all history there be recorded so important an event, or if a state paper has ever been framed that has exerted, or is destined to e.xert, so great an influence on the destinies of a large portion of the human race. The Declaration of Independence, says Edward Everett, " is equal to anything ever born on parchment or expressed in the visible signs of thought." "The heart of Jefferson in writing it," adds Bancroft, a. e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mgt; n6t; good; moon; JEFFERSON 1377 JEFFERSON "and of Congress in adopting it, beat for all humanity." In October following, Jefferson resigned his seat in Congress, and also the appointment of commissioner to F"rance, to take part in the deliberations of the Virginia Assembly. A State Constitution had previously been adopted, to which he had furnished the preamble ; and he now applied himself to a radical revision of the laws of the commonwealth, in which he was engaged for two years and a half. Among other reforms, he procured the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of pri- mogeniture, and the restoration of the rights of con- science, — reforms which, he believed, would eradicate "every fibre of ancient or future aristocracy." He also originated a complete system of elementary and collegiate education for Virginia. In June, 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of the Revolution. He declined a re-election in 1781, assigning as a reason that at that critical juncture "the public would have more confidence in a military chief." Two days after retiring from office, his estate at Elk Hill was laid waste, and he and his family narrowly escaped caj^ture by the enemy. Jefferson was twice appointed, in conjunction with others, minister- plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Eritain, — viz., in June, 1781, and in November, 1782, — but was prevented, by circumstances beyond his control, from action in either instance. Returned to Congress in 1783, he reported to that body, from a committee of which he was chairman, the definitive treaty of peace, (concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783,) acknowledging the independence which had been announced in the De- claration of July 4, 1776. He also proposed, and carried through Congress at its next session, a bill establishing the present Federal system of coinage, which took the place of the English pounds, shillings, pence, etc., and reported a plan of government for the territory of the United States. In May following, (1784,) Congress ap- pointed him minister-plenipotentiary to act with Frank- lin and Adams in negotiating treaties of commerce and amity with foreign powers; and in 1785 he succeeded Dr. Franklin as resident minister at Paris. It was during this sojourn in France, which was one of the happiest periods of Jefferson's life, that he formed that strong predilection for the French nation over the English which marked so conspicuously his subsequent career. He published, while abroad, his famous "Notes on Vir- ginia," relating to politics, commerce, manufactures, etc., (Paris, 1784,) which at once attracted general attention throughout Europe. Having obtained permission to return to America, he left Paris in September, 17S9, and reached Virginia soon after the election of Washington as first President of the United States. The Federal Constitution, then recently adopted, did not meet with his approval. He declared that he did not know whether the good or the bad predominated. Subsequently, how- ever, he thought more favourably of it. In organizing the government, Washington offered him a seat in his cabinet as secretary of state, which Jefferson accepted. With Washington's administration began the fierce struggles between the two great political parties of the country, the Republicans and Federalists, — the former under the lead of Jefferson, and the latter under that of Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury. Jefferson opposed Hamilton's funding system, his United States bank, and other financial measures ; and when the war broke out between England and France he was in favour of aiding the latter with our arms, while Hamilton advocated the observance of a strict neutrality. These differences between the two rival chiefs, which were the occasion of many stormy discussions in the cabinet and of an almost unexampled political excitement throughout the country, culminated shortly after the dismissal of the French minister Genest, (Genet,) and Jefferson resigned his office, December 31, 1793, and retired to Monticello. At the close of Washington's second term he was again called into public life, as the Presidential candidate of the Republican party, John Adams being the nominee of the Federalists. In the ensuing election Adams received the highest number of votes, and was declared President ; and, according to a rule then in force, Jefferson, being the next highest candidate, became Vice-President. By virtue of this office he took his seat, March 4, 1797, as president of the Senate. The disputes with France, and other difficult questions, rendered the administration one of extraordinary turbulence. At its close, Jefferson and Adams were again the respective candidates of the Republican and Federal parties. In this election the Re- publicans triumphed, but cast an equal number of votes for fefferson and Aaron Burr, — seventy-three : Adams received but sixty-five. As it was necessary that the person chosen to the first office should have a plurality of votes, the election, in these circumstances, devolved upon the House of Representatives, which, on its thirty- sixth ballot, declared Jefferson President and Burr Vice- President, their terms of office to commence March 4, 1801. Jefferson was re-elected in 1S04 by an electoral vote of one hundred and forty-eight to twenty-eight, and in 1809 retired voluntarily from office, after a prosperous ad- ministration of eight years. Among the important events that occurred during'his term of office were the purchase of Louisiana, (1803,) the brilliant victories of our fleets in the Mediterranean, and peace with Morocco and Tripoli, in 1803, Lewis and Clark's overland exploring expedi- tion to the Pacific, sent out by the President in 1804, the arrest and trial of Aaron Burr for treason, 1807, and the attack, the same year, of tlie British war-frigate Leopard on the American frigate Chesapeake, which led to Jeffer- son's embargo act and ultimately to the second war with Great Britain. Washington and Adams had opened Con- gress with a speech ; but Jefferson preferred a written message, as being more democratic. He also initiated the policy of removing incumbents from office on the grounds of a difference in political opinion. After par- ticipating in the inauguration of his friend and successor, James Madison, Jefferson retired to Monticello, where he passed the remainder of his life in attending to his private affairs, receiving the numerous calls of friends and strangers, and in the exercise of a most liberal hos- pitality. In 1819 he took the chief part in founding the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, near Monti- cello, and'acted asits rector till his death, which occurred on the same day with that of John Adams, July 4, 1826, — the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independ- ence. The following 'epitaph, written by himself, is inscribed on his tombstone, a small granite obelisk, at Monticello : " Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Indejjendence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the Uni- versity of Virginia." As the author of the Declaration of Independence and the founder of the Republican (Demo- cratic) party, Jefferson has probably exerted a greater influence on the institutions of this country than any other American except Washington. He was regarded as the very embodiment of democracy. All titles of honour — even that of Mr. — were distasteful to him. Dressed in the plainest apparel, he was as accessible to the yeoman in his e very-day garments as to a foreign dig- nitary of state. In his intercourse with others he was distMiguished for his affability. His conversation was fluent, imaginative, various, and eloquent. " In Europe," wrote the Due de Liancourt, " he would hold a distin- guished rank among men of letters." His adroitness in politics and in the management of men has rarely been surpassed. In religion he was what is denominated a free-thinker. "His instincts," says Bancroft, " all in- clinecl him to trace every fact to a general law, and to put faith in ideal truth." Slavery he considered a moral and political evil, and declared in reference to it that he "trembled for his country when he remembered that God is just." His extreme views of State rights in later life were very much modified, and he owned that it was necessary for the general government sometimes "to show its teeth." In his prime, Jefferson was six feet tw'o and a half inches in height, with a sinewy, well-developed frame, angular face, but amiable countenance, and ruddy com- plexion delicately fair. He had deep-set, light-hazel eyes, and hair of a reddish chestnut colour, very fine. He was married in 1772 to Mrs. Martha Skelton, daughter of John Wales, a distinguished Virginia lawyer. She brought him a large dowry in lands and slaves, about e as >6; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, 11, Vi^pUtural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this, i «7 5ee Explanations, p. 23.) JEFFERSON 1378 JEFFREYS equal in value to his own property ; but his lil>eralit5 and generous living left him insolvent at his death. One daughter and ten grandchildren survived him. "The Memoirs, Correspondence, and Private Papers of Thomas Jefferson," in 4 vols. 8vo, edited by his grandson, Thomas Jefferson RandoI])h, was published at Charlottesville in 1829, and republislied in London and Boston the saine year, and in New York in 1830. In 184S his manuscripts were purchased by Congress, and pubh'shed under the title of " The Writings of Thomas Jefferson," in 9 vols. 8vo, 1853-55. His "Manual of Parliamentary Practice" is still in use among legislative bodies in this country. See, in addition to the works already mentioned, Henry S. Ran- dall, "Life of T. Jefferson," 3 vols., 1858 ; George Tuckkr, "Life of Thomas Jefferson," 1836; B. L. Ravnkr, " Life of Thomas Jef- ferson," 1834; Theodore Dwigut, "Character of T. Jefferson," 1839; W.Linn, " Life of T. Jefferson," 1835; Nicholas Hiddle, "Eulogy on T. Jefferson," 1827; Gkiswold, "Prose Writers of America;" Duvckinck, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. i. ; "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1S30, and October, 1837, "North American Review" for April, 1830, and January, 1835; "Westminster Review" for October, 1S30; and an excellent article on Jefferson in the " New American Cyclopa;dia," (by John E. Cooke.) Sei'fexy or Jeffrey, (John,) an English divine, born at Ipswich in 1647. He was chosen rector of Kirton and Falkenham, in Suffolk, in 1687, and was appointed Archdeacon of Norwich in .1694. He published the religious works of Sir Thomas Browne. Dr. Jeffrey was strongly opposed to religious controversy. Died in 1720. See " Life of Jeffery," prefixed to his " Sermons." Jeflfery or Jeffrey, (Thomas,) an English dissent- ing minister, born at E.xeter about the year 1700. He was the author of several religious works, in which he displayed great ability. Of these we may mention "The True Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion," and "The Divinity of Christ proved from Holy Scrip- ture." Died about 1728. Jeffrey, (Francis,) Lord, a distinguished Scottish critic and essayist, born in Edinburgh on the 23d of Oc- tober, 1773. He was sent to the University of Glasgow in 17S7, and removed in 1791 to Queen's College, Ox- ford, where he remained but a few months. In 1794 he was admitted an advocate to the Scottish bar, but for several years obtained scarcely any practice. About this time he became a member of the Speculative Soci- ety of Edinburgh, where he formed the acquaintance of several young men afterwards eminent in the literary and political world. Among these were Sydney Smith and Henry (afterwards Lord) Brougham, with whom he projected the "Edinburgh Review," the first number of which was issued in October, 1802. Three numbers were edited by Smith ; but upon his removal to London the entire charge devolved upon Jeffrey, who held the position of editor for the ensuing twenty-six years. It was successful from the first, and in a short time the circulation had increased to about nine thousand, and in 1813 it considerably exceeded twelve thousand. As Jeffrey himself expressed it, "it stood on two legs, the one being the criticism of current literature, the othei being Whig politics." The commencement of the " Ed- inburgh Review" formed a new era in English literature, and completely changed the style of the popular maga- zines. Jeffrey was the principal contributor; and his articles in both politics and criticism attracted great atten- tion. Scott, Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Moore, and other distinguished poets of that period were severely — sometimes unjustly — criticised ; but most of them after- wards became warm friends of the great reviewer. About 1802 he married his second-cousin, Catherine Wilson, who died in 1805. In 1813 he married an American lady in New York, named Charlotte Wilkes. Though Jeffrey devoted so much of his time to editorial labours, his practice as a lawyer greatly increased. In rapidity, flu- ency, and eloquence he had no equal at the Scottish bar. Once, while conducting the prosecution of a libel-suit at Glasgow, he poured forth such a torrent of words that the opposing counsel declared " that, by calculation with his watch, that man had actually spoken the English language twice over "in three hours." In 1820 he was elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow. Nine years later he became dean of the faculty of advocates, and thereupon resigned the editorial chair of the "Edinburgh Review." In 1830 he was elected to the first Parliament of William IV. He continued in Par- liament four years, and held the office of lord advocate of Scotland under the administration of Grey. He re- ceived the appointment to a Scottish judgeship in 1834, with the honorary title of Lord. As a judge he was highly esteemed for his conscientiousness and his busi- ness qualifications. Lord Jeffrey's contributions to the " Edinburgh Review" extend over a period of nearly fifty years, and amount to over three hundred articles. The greater part of these were published, in 4 vols., in 1843. Died in January, 1850. See Lord Cockburn, "Life of Lord Jeffrey," 2 vols, 1852: Allibone, " Dictionary of Authors ;" "Quarterly Review" for July, 1852; "Blackwood's M.igazine" for September and October, 1852: " Kraser's Magazine" for May, 1S52; "North British Review" for May, 1850, and August, 1852. F01 an able, though somewhat severe, review of Jeffrey's character as a critic, see article entitled " British Critics," published in the second volujne of Whipple's "Essays and Reviews," New York, 1849: (it first appeared in the " North Amer- ican Review" for October, 1845.) Jeffrey, (Rosa Vertner,) an American novelist, born at Natchez, Mississipj^i, in 1828. Her maiden name was Griffith, the name Vertner being that of an aunt who adopted her. When seventeen years old, she married a Mr. Johnson, of Lexington, Kentucky, and after his death married Mr. Alexander Jeffrey. Among her works are "Poems," (1857,) "Daisy Dare," etc., (1871,) "Crimson Hand, and other Poems," (18S1,) and the novels " Woodburn" (1863) and " Marah," (1884.) Jeffreys, (Lord George,) Baron Wem, the infamous minion of James II., was born at Acton, in Denbighshire, and studied law at the Middle Temple. At first he pro- fessed to be a Roundhead, and was chosen recorder of London, and city judge. During his practice at the Old Bailey bar he had acquired a boundless command of the language in which the depraved express hatred and con- tempt ; and on the bench he hesitated not to pour forth torrents of oaths, curses, and vituperative epithets on attorneys, jurymen, witnesses, and prisoners. Age and merit were treated in the same manner ; for when Baxter was brought before him, on a charge of nonconformity, he railed in such a manner at that eininent divine and his counsel that it was impossible to obtain a fair trial. His voice and manners were always disagreeable ; but these, which he considered natural advantages, he had improved to such a degree that in his paro.xysms of rage few could hear him unmoved. His eye had a terrible fascination for the prisoner on whom it was fixed. He appeared to delight in misery merely for its own sake. Such was the man who became the court favourite of James and chief justice of England. Jeffreys, perceiving that he had obtained all that could be expected from his old friends, sought the favour of the court. He received great attention from the Duke of York ; but tiie king regarded him with contempt and disgust. Not- withstanding these views, however, Jeffreys was soon made chief justice of the king's bench. Upon James's accession to the throne he was raised to the peerage, with the title of Baron Wem, and was subsequently made lord high chancellor of England. He gained great notoriety during the tr-als of those who had participated in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth. Pen can scarcely portray the atrocities committed under his juris- diction. He delighted in torturing, burning, hanging, and beheading men, women, and children, after the merest shams of trials. All these actions appeared to give great satisfaction to his sovereign. Yet his decisions are said to have been generally just and impartial where political purposes were not to be subserved. When the Prince of Orange came to England, the lord chancellor attempted to escape to the continent ; but as he was in a beer-house at Wapping, dressed as a sailor, he was discovered by an attorney whom he had formerly abused. This person gave the information to the popu- lace, wh.o immediately seized JefiVeys and carried him before the mayor, from whence he was sent to the Lords. By them he was committed to the Tower, where he died in 1689, from the effects of his intemperance and misfortunes. See WooLKYCH, "Memoirs of the Life of G. Jeffreys," 1827; Lord Camphell, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors," 1856; KL^c- AULAY, " History of England," vols. i. and ii. a. e. i, o, u, y, long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fdll, f^t; m^t; n6t; good; moon; JEFFREYS 1379 JEMSHEED \ Jeffreys, (George,) an English poet, born in North- amptonshire in 1678. He studied at Cambridge, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. Among his productions were several tragedies, and an oratorio, entitled "The Triumph of Truth." Died in 1755. See Baker, " Biographia Dramatica." Jeffreys, (John Gwyn,) a Welsh naturalist, born at Swansea, January 18, 1S09. He became a solicitor, and in 1856 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but retired from the profession in i866. tlis principal work is "British Conchology," (5 vols., 1862-69.) Died in 1885. Jeffries, jef friz, (John,) IVI.D., an American physi- cian, born in Boston in 1744. He graduated at Harvard in 1763, and took his medical degree at Edinburgh. In the Revolution he sided with the British, and became surgeon-major to the royal army in America. In 1780 he resumed his profession in London. While making some investigations in atmospheric temperature, in 1785, he crossed from England to France in a balloon. This was the first successful experiment in aeronautics on an e.xtensive scale. He returned to Boston in 1780. and died in 1819. Jehan-Geer or Jah&ngir, je-hSn'geer', written also Djahanguir, Djehauguire, DjaJian Gliyr, and Dschehangir, {i.e. the " Conqueror of the World,") (jne of the Mogul emperors of Hindostan, succeeded his father, the great Akbar, in 1605. Jehangeer left Memon-s of his own life. He died in 1627. He inherited nothing of the ability of his father. It was during the reign of this emperor that the celebrated embassy of Sir Thoma.s Roe arrived from England at the court of Delhi. See Collin de Bar, " Histoire de Tliide;" " London Quarterly Review" tor March, 1834. Je-ho'a-haz, [Heb.inxiH'; Fr. Joach.\z, zho't'kiz',] si.-n of Jehu, ascended the throne of Israel 856 k.c, and reigned seventeen years. See II. Kings xiii. i-io. Jehoahaz, also called Sliallum, succeeded his father Josiah on the throne of Judah, and reigned three month* Died about 610 B.C. See II. Chronicles xxxvi. 1-4. Jehoash. See Joash. Je-hoi'a-^ni. [Heb. D'p'lTT ; Fr. Joachim, zho'S'- k Jn ', ] whose name was changed by Pharaoh-Necho from Eliakim, succeeded to the throne of Judah 60S B.C., and reigned eleven years. See II. Chronicles xxxvi. 4-g. Je-hoi'a-kin or Jec-o-ni'ah was the son of the pre- ceding, whom he succeeded as King of Judah in 597 B.C., and reigned three months. See II. Kings xxiv. ; II. Chronicles xxxvi. S-io. Je-ho'ram or Jo'ram, [Heb. D'liri',] King of Israel, son of Ahab, succeeded to the throne 896 B.C. He was killed in battle by Jehu in 884 B.C. See II. Kings i.-x. Jehoram or Joram, son of Jehoshaphat, ascended the throne of Judah 893 or 892 B.C. Died in S85 or 884. Sea II. Kings viii. 15-25; II. Chronicles xxi. Je-hosh'a-phat, [Heb. 0£32/in'; Gr. 'Iwaa^dr; Fr. JosAPHAT, zho'zi'fit',] King of Judah, a son of Asa, was born about 950 B.C. He began to reign in 914, formed an alliance with Ahab, King of Israel, and reigned twenty-five years. He had a high reputation for piety and justice. See II. Chronicles xvii.-xxii. Je'hu, [Hsb. Xin",] King of Israel, was an officer in the army of King Jehoram, when he was anointed king by a young prophet sent by Elisha in 884 B.C. He killed Jehoram, and reigned about twenty-eight years. See II. Kings ix. and x. Jek'yll, (Sir Joseph,) a distinguished lawyer and statesman, born in Nottinghamshire in 1664. He was a prominent member of the Whig party during the reign of Queen Anne, and was knighted upon the accession of George I. He was afterwards master of the rolls, and privy councillor. Died in 1738. Jekyll, (Joseph,) M.P., a witty English barrister, born about 1752, was distinguished by his talent for epigram and repartee. He became solicitor-general to the Prince of Wales in 1805. Died in 1S37. Jeiai-ed-Deen or Djelal-Eddin, jeh-lSl' ed-deen', {i.e. the " Splendour (or Glory) of Religion,") written also Jalal-ed-Deeu and Djalal-Eddin, King of Khorasmia, w-ho succeeded his father, Ala-ed-Deen, in 1218, was re- nowned for ills military ability and enterprise. He fought numerous battles against Jengis Khan with various suc- cess. It is said that he afterwards abandoned himself to indolence and pleasure, and when a Mongol army in- vaded his capital he tied, and was killed, in 1231. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Jeiai-ed-Deen-Roomee, (Jeiai-ed-Din-Rumi or Djelal-ed-dyn-Roumy,) jeh-lll'ed-deen-roo'mee, one of the most eminent Persian poets, born at Hiiikh or Balkh, in Khorassan, about 1200. His father was a ai'ted doctor and preacher of the Soofee sect, who set- tled at Iconium, (Konieh,) in Asia Minor, (called in Arabic and Persian Room, because it was part of the empire of Rome.) At his death, in 1233, Jelal-ed-Deen became the chief cf the Soofees. His "Mes'newee" ("Mesnewi") or " Mesnevee," (i.e. poem with rhyming couplets,) less correctly written " Metsnewee" or " Metsnevi," is re- garded as an excellent model of the mystical style. "This precious pearl of the ocean of mysticism departed from this fragile world" in 1272. Jelf, (Richard William,) D.D., an English clergy- man and author, born in London in 1798. He graduated in 1S20 at Oxford, and became a Fellow of Oriel and a tutor, was made canon of Christ Church in 1831, was Hampton lecturer in 1834, and in that year became prin- cipal of King's College, London. He wrote several dieological works. Died at O.xford, September 19, 1S71. Jelf, (William Edward,) D.D., a brother of the pre- ceding, was born in Gloucester in i8i I. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1833. His "Greek Grammar" (1842-45) added, greatly to his fame. He also edited the "Ethics" of Aristotle. Died October 18, 1875. Jellachich von Buzim, von, fon yel'lS-KiK' fon bo6t's!m, (Franz,) Baron, an Austrian general, born in 1746, fought with distinction in the principal campaign'; of the French Revolution, and rose to be lieutenant- field-marshal in 1800. Died in 1810. Jellachich von Buzim, von, (Joseph,) Ban of Cro- atia, son of the preceding, was born at Peterwardein in 1801. In the revolution of 1848 he was appointed Bar., or commander-in-chief, of the Croats, and had the prin- cipal share in the victory of Schwechat, near Vienna, over the Hungarians. He gained several advantages over General Bem, but was at length defeated, (1849,) and forced to retreat with considerable loss. Died in 1S59. See Ballevdier, " Histoire de la Guerre de Hongrie." Jel'lett, (John Hewitt,) an Irish mathematician, born at Cashel, December 25, 1817. He graduated at Dublin University, took orders in the Episcopal Church was made a Fellow of Trinity College in 1840, a pro- fessor of natural philosophy in 1S48, and provost of the university in 1S81. He jjublished various able mathe- matical treatises. Died in 1S88. Jellinek, yel'le-nek', (Adoi.ph,) a German philologist, of Jewish extraction, born in Moravia in 1821, has written on the Cabala and on Oriental philology. See JosT, " Adolphc Jellinek et la Kabbale," 1852. Jem or Djem, jSm, sometimes called Zizim, a Turkish prince, born in 1459, was a son of Mahomet II., and younger brother of B.iyazeed, (Bajazet.) At the death of his father he aspired to sovereign power, but was de- feated in battle by Bayazeed, (14S1.) Jem becaine an exile, passed some years iii France, and died in Italy in 1495. Jemlah or Djemlah, jem'la, [Hindoo pron. jiini'la,] (Mohammed, mo-h.^m'med,) called Ameer (or EmIr) AL Omr.'V, {i.e. " Prince of the Nobles,") a famous states- man and general, born near Ispahan. In 1652 he entered the service of Aurung-Zeb, and was raised to the rank of first vizier of the Mogul empire. Having been appointed Viceroy of Bengal, he commanded in 1659 an expedition against Assam, in which he displayed great talents and prudence. Died in 1665. See " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Jemsheed or Jemshid, jJm-sheed', written also Djemchyd, Dschemschid, and Jamshid, an ancient Peisian king, supposed to have ascended the throne about 800 B.C. He greatly improved and embellished c as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asyV G, H, K,guttiiral; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. (2!^="See Explanations, p. 23. } I JEMSHID 13S0 JENNER the city of Istakhar, or Persepolis, the ruins of which are now known by the name of Chilminar, ("Forty Pillars.") Tradition ascribes to him the introduction of the solar year among the Persians, and the invention of tents. He was dethroned by Zohuk, an Arabian. See Atkinson, "AbriilpmeiU of the Sh5h NSmeh of Firdausi;" D'Herbelot, " IJibliotlieque Orieiitale." Jemshid or Jemschid. See Jemsheed. Jeiigis Khan, jen'gis K5n, (written also Djenguiz Khan, Dschengis Chan, Tchenguyz Khan, Chingis Khan, and in various other modes,*) a celebrated Tartar conqueror, born in 1 164, was the son of a Mongolian chief. Having subdued a number of Mongol and Tartar tribes, he caused himself to be proclaimed khan of the nation, and about 1210 invaded China, took Peking, (1215,) and in a few years gained possession of the northern prov- inces. In 1218 he marched against Mohammed Koteb- ed-Deen, King of Khorasmia, whom he defeated, and afterwards destroyed Bokhara, Samarcand, and other cities. Having subjected the whole of Persia, he gained a victory over the King of Tangoot, and was proceeding towards the south of China, when he died in 1227, leaving the principal part of his empire to his son Oktai. Jengis Khan is said to have caused the destruction of five mil- lions of human beings. He gave a code of laws, which is still called by his name. See De Guignes, "Histoire g(5ndrale des Huns," etc. ; Pdns DE LA Croix, "Histoire du grand Genghizcan;" A. R^mitsat, "Nouvelles Melanges Asiatiques ;" VoN Hammer-Purgstall, "Gescliichte der Goldenen Horde in Kiptschak," 1S40 ; Antoinb Gavbii, "Histoire de Gentchiscan," 1739; Aboolfeda, "Annales Moslemici ;" Karamzin, " Histoire de Russie." Jenichen or lenichen, ya'ne-Ken, (Gottlob Au- gust,) a German jurist and bibliographer, born at Leipsic in 1709 ; died in 1750. Jenisch, von, fon ya'nish, (Bernhard,) Baron, a German Orientalist, born at Vienna in 1743, became in 1772 keeper of the Imperial Library. He pub- lished "Persian Anthology," ("Anthologia Persica," 1778,) and a "History of the Early Kings of Persia after the Establishment of the Mohammedan Religion," (" Historia priorum Reguni Persarum post firmatum in Regno Islamismum ex Mohamede Mirkhond," 1792.) Died in 1807. Jenischius, yi-nis'Ke-us, (Paul,) a Dutch or Flemish writer, born at Antwerp in 1558. He published "Thea- trum Aniniarum." Died in 1647. Jenk'in, (Robert,) an English divine, born in the isle of Thanet in 1656. He was educated at Can. bridge, and received several preferments ; but, refusing to take the oaths of allegiance to William and Mary, he was deprived of them all. He wrote " The Reasonableness of the Christian Religion," (1696,) and several other works. Died in 1727. Jenkin or Jenk'yn, (William,) an English Puritan minister, born at Sudbury in 1612. He preached many years in London, and published an " Exposition of the Epistle of Jude," (1652,) which is called an excellent work. His ministry was highly commended by Baxter. He died in Newgate prison in 1685. See J. Sherman, " Memoir of William Jenkin," 1839. Jenk'ins, (Albert G.,) an American general, born m Cabell county, Virginia, about 1830. He represented a district of Virginia in Congress, 1857-61. He served tinder General Lee at Gettysl.iurg, July 1-3, 1S63, and was killed at the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Jenk'ins, (David,) a Welsh judge, was born in Gla- .iiorganshire in 1586. After the commencement of the civil war he condemned to death several persons who had fought against the king. He was taken prisoner by the Parliamentary forces, and confined in the Tower, in 1645. Having been brought before the House of Com- mons on a charge of high treason, he refused to kneel, and called the House "a den of thieves." He was fined ;/]"iooo, and imprisoned in Newgate. He was released about 1660. He wrote several legal works. Died in 1667. See Wood, "Athense Oxonienses." Jenk'ins, (Edward,) an English author, born at Bangalore, (Orissa,) in India, in 1838. He was educated * This name is written in more tlian twenty different modes, not counting such forms (like Gentchiscan) as are manifest errors. at McGill College, Montreal, and at the University of Pennsylvania. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864, was agent-general for Canada, 1874-76, and sat in Parliament as an " Anti-Reiniblican Liberal" of ad- vanced social views, 1874-80. Among his works are "Ginx's Baby," " Lord Bantam," " Little Hodge," "The Church and the Law," " A Paladin of Romance," and several other books and pamphlets treating on social, political, and colonial questions, Jfenk'ins, (Henry,) an Englishman, celebrated for his longevity, born in Yorkshire in 1501 ; died in 1670. Jenkins, (Johx,) an English musician and composer, born at Maidstone in 1592; died in 1678. Jenkins, (John S.,) an American author, born al Albany, New York, February 15, i8i8. He published, besides other works, "Lives of the Governors of the State of New York," a "Life of Silas Wright," and a "Life of Jackson," (1847.) Died September 20, 1S52, Jenkins, (Sir Leoline,) a British civilian and states- man, born in Glamorganshire in 1623. He fought on the king's side in the civil war, and on the death of Charles became tutor to several families in Wales. He was sub- sequently obliged by Parliament to leave the country. After the restoration he was chosen principal of Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1665 he was appointed judge in the court of admiralty, and in 1672 ambassador to Holland. On his return he becaine secretary of state. He was twice chosen member of Parliament for the University of Oxford. Plis letters and manuscripts, con- taining valuable diplomatic information, were published, in 2 vols., in 1724. Died in 1685. See W^VNNR, " Life of Sir L. Jenkins," 1724 ; " Biographia Bri- tannica." Jenk'in-son, (Anthony,) an Englishman, travelled in Russia and Persia about 1560. His Adventures were published by Hakluyt and Purchas. Jenkinson, (Charles.) See Liverpool, Earl of. Jenkinson, (Robert.) See Liverpool, Earl of. Jenks, (Benjamin,) an English religious writer, born in 1646, was curate of Kenley and Harley. He wrote " Prayers and Offices of Devotion," (1697,) and " Medi- tations on Important Subjects," (1701.) Died in 1724. Jen'nens, (Charles,) a rich and vain Englishman, called " Solyman the Magnificent." He composed or selected the words of some of Handel's oratorios, and edited several plays of Shaksj^eare. Died in 1773. Jen'ner, (Edward,) M.D., celebrated for having in- troduced the practice of vaccination, was born at Berke- ley, in Gloucestershire, England, in 1749. He studied surgery at Sodbury, and afterwards went to London, where he attended the lectures of the celebrated John Hunter, with whom he formed an intimate friendship. He commenced practice at Berkeley, and obtained a high reputation for skill. His attention was first called to the subject of vaccination by hearing a countrywoman remark that she could not take the snialljjox, because she had had the cow-pox. Upon investigating the subject, he ascertained that milkers frequently caught a disease from an eruption on the cow's udder, and that to such per- sons it was impossible to communicate the smallpox by inoculation. Jenner related the circumstance to several eminent men in the profession ; but they treated it with ridicule. By further experiments he clearly demonstrated the fact that from one of the several eruptions to which cows were subject, the true cow-pox, as he termed it, could be propagated to the human body, and then from one person to another, and that this was a preventive of the sinailpox. After nearly twenty years of experiments, he published "An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolas Vaccina," (1798;) and soon after more than seventy physicians and surgeons signed a declara- tion of their entire confidence in the truth of Jenner's theor)'. He was rewarded by Parliament for his dis- covery by a present of ;^ 10,000 in 1802, and a grant of ;^20,ooo in 1807. He also received marks of distinction from the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia. Died in 1823. See Dk. John Baron, "Life of Dr. Jenner," 1S27; Dr. V\i.en- TIN, " Notice historique surle Docleur Jenner," Nancy, iS24' W»jj- LOP, "Hulde aan L. Jenner," Rotterdam, 1812; J. A. DuPAU, "Notice historique sur le Dr. E. Jenner," 1S24. a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fitj mStj n6t; good; moon; TENNER 1381 JEROME Jeiiner, (William,) p-.R.S., an English physician, born at Chatham in 1S15, graduated in London in 1844. He became professor of anatomy in University College in 1848, and professor of clinical medicine there in 1857. He was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the queen in 1862, and physician-in-ordinary to the Prince of Wales \\\ 1S63. Jeu'nings, (David,) a learned dissenting minister, born in Leicestershire, England, in 1691. He was ap- pointed to an Independent church in Wapping, where he preached about forty years. He wrote "An Appeal to Reason and Common Sense for the Truth of the Holy Scriptures," " An Introduction to the Knowledge of Medals," (1763,) and a "Treatise on Jewish Antiqui- ties," (1766, often reprinted.) Died in 1762. Jennings, (Henry Constantinf.,) an English an- tiquary and virtuoso, born at Shiplake, Oxfordshire, in 1731. He had a jjassion for the collection of medals, antiquities, and works of art, by the purchase of which he ruined his fortune. Died in 1819. Jennings, (Sarah.) See Marlborough, Duchess OF. Jen'our, (Alfred,) an English divine and scholar, was rector of Kittisford, in Somersetshire. He pub- lished in 1830 a "Translation of Isaiah, with Notes," (2 vols.) Jensen, y^n'sen, (Adolph,) a German musician and composer, born at Konigsberg in 1837. He was especially distinguished as a song-writer. Died in 1879. Jensen, (Nicolas.) See Janson. Jen'yns, (Soame,) a distinguished writer and politi- cian, born in London in 1704, was educated at Cam- bridge. At the age of twenty he married a young lady of a large fortune, from whom he soon after separated. He was several times elected to Parliament, and in 1755 was made a lord of trade. In politics he was a Tory. His writings are conspicuous for elegance of style, wit, and discrimination. Among them we may mention "A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil," (1757,) "View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Reli- gion," (1776,) a work which attracted great attention, and several poetical productions. Died in 1787. See C. Nelson Cole, "Life of Soame Jenyns," 1790; Johnson »nd Chalmers, "Lives of the English Poets;" "Retrospective Review," vol. ii., 1820. Jeph'son, (Robert,) a dramatic writer, and captain in the English army, was born in Ireland in 1736. He wrote, besides other works, the tragedies of " Braganza," ( 1 775,) and "The Count of Narbonne," which were successful, and a poem entitled "Roman Portraits," (1797.) He was master of the horse under twelve successive viceroys of Ireland. Died in 1803. Jeph'thah, [Heb. nn£3'.] a judge of Israel, about 1200 B.C. See Judges xi. and xii. Jequitinhonha, de, dk zhi'ke-teen-yon'yi, (Fran- cisco G6 ACAiBA DE Montesuma, originally named Francisco Gomes Brandao Montesuma,) Viscount, a Brazilian statesman, born at Bahia, March 23, 1794. In 1808 he became a Franciscan monk, but soon aban- doned his profession, went to Coimbra, studied medicine and law, and graduated in i8i6. Banished from Brazil in 1823, he entered the Senate in 1851. He was a fine orator, but singularly inconstant in his political princi- ples. Died at Rio Janeiro in 1870. Jer'dan, (William,) a writer and critic, born at Kelso, in Scotland, in 1782. He formed a connection about 1805 with a newspaper in London called the "Aurora," and in 1817 established the "Literary Ga- zette," which he edited in an able manner until 1850. At this time he was granted a pension by government of one hundred guineas per annum. He published an interesting work, entitled "Men I have known," (1866.) Died in 1869. See his "Autobiography," 4 vols., i8.!;2-S3. Jereer, Jerir, or Djerir, jeh-reen', [in German, Dscherir,] or, more fully, Jereer-Ibn-Ateeyali-At- temeemee, (Attemimi,) Tb'n S'tee'yah St-te-mee'mee, surnamed Anoo- (AnO-) Hazrah, (^'boo haz'rS,) a celebrated Arabian poet, who lived at Bassora, (Basra,) whence he was called El-Basree, (or -Basry.) He excelled in almost every kind of poetry, in panegyric, and i)i amatory pieces, but was most distinguished for his wit and satiric powers. He died about 730 (or, according to some authorities, about 700) a.D. Jer-e-mi'ah, I Heb. TTOT or in'DI' ; Lat. Jeremi'as ; Fr. J6r6mie, zha'ri'me'; Ger. Jeremias, yi-ri-mee'ds ; It. Geremia, ji-ri-mee'i,] a prophet of Judah, who lived about 600 B.C., was one of the four great prophets of the Bible. He was the author of the greater part of the book in the Old Testament which bears his name, and of all the book of Lamentations. He is called Jeremy in the New Testament. (Matthew xxvii. 9.) Died about 580 B.C. Jeremiah was Patriarch of Constantinople in 1572. The Lutherans sent him a copy of the Confession of Augsburg, hoping to obtain his approval of it; but, on the contrary, he condemned it in many of his writings. Jeremie. See Jeremiah. Jeremie, jer'e-me, (Sir John,) an eloquent lawyer, born in Guernsey in 1795, ^^ '^^ ■'^S^ of twenty was admitted to the bar. In 1824 he was appointed chief justice of Saint Lucia, in the West Indies. When he first went to that island he was opposed to the abolitionists ; but, improving the opj^ortunities which he possessecl of investigating the subject of slavery, he formed very different views. During the time that he held otifice in Saint Lucia he ably enforced the laws for the ameliora- tion of the condition of the slaves. On his return to England, in 183 1, he published " Four Essays on Colonial Slavery." In 1836 he became justice of the supreme court of Ceylon, and four years later Governor and Cap- tain-General of Sierra Leone, where he died in 1S41. He was the author of a "Letter on Negro Emancipation and African Civilization." Jerichau, y^R'i-Kow, (Jens Adolf,) a Danish sculp- tor of distinction, was born at Arsens, April 17, 1816; died at Copenhagen, July 25, 1883. His wife, Eliza- beth Jerichau-Baumann, was born at Warsaw, No- vember 19, 1819, and died at Copenhagen, July 11, iSSi. She had a good reputation as a painter. Jerir. See Jereer. Jerningham, jer'ning-am, (Edward,) an English poet, born in 1727. Of his productions we may cite "The Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry," " Essay on the Mild Tenour of Christianity," and "The Shakspeare Gallery," which was praised by Edmund Burke. Died in 1812. Jer-o-bo'am [Heb. Dj.'ni"'] I., first King of Israel, was elected king by the ten tribes who had revolted from Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, 975 B.C. Died about 954 B.C. See L Kings xi. to xv. ; IL Chronicles ix. to xiv. Jeroboam H., a son of Joash, became King of Israei in 834 or 825 B.C., and reigned forty-one years. See IL Kings xii. Jerome, je-rom' or j^r'om, [Lat. Hieron'ymus; Fr. Jerome, zhi'rom'; Ger. Hierom, hee'rom ; It. GiRO- LAMO,je-rol'i-mo ; Sp. Geronimo, Hi-ron'e-mo,| Saint, or, more fully, Eu-se'bx-us Hi-er-ou'y-mus So-pliro'- ni-us, one of the most learned of the Latin Fathers of the Church, was born at Stridon, in Dalmatia or in Pan- nonia, about 340 a.d. After receiving his education at Rome, he visited Gaul, where he collected a valuable library. He next travelled through Thrace, Pontus, and Cappadocia, and finally fixed his residence in Syria. He subsequently went to Jerusalem to study Hebrew. About 382 he returned to Rome, and became secretary to Pope Damasus. Upon the death of that pontiff he removed to a monastery at Bethlehem, where he died in 420 a.d. A large portion of his writings were of a controversial character, exhibiting great learning, eloquence, and in- genuity, though too often betraying bigotry, passion, and bitternoss. But the works by which he will ever be remembered and honoured are a treatise on the "Lives and Writings of the Elder Christian Fathers," " Com- mentaries on the Prophetical Books of the Old Testa- ment, the Gospel of Saint Matthew, and several of the Epistles of Saint Paul," and a translation of the Old and New Testaments into Latin, known in the Romisk Church as the " Vulgate." See Erasmus, "Vita Doctoris Hieronymi," Bale, 1519 ; Schr5kh, € as k; 5 as j; g hard; gas/; G, H, Vi,guttural; N, nasal; R, (rilled; s as z; th as in this. (2!^^See Explanations, p. 23.) JEROME 13S2 JESSEY " Kirchengeschichte," vol. xi. ; M arti anay, " Vie de Saint-J^roine," 1706; F. Z. CoLLOMBET, " HIstoire de Saint-Jdrome," 1844; Josi DE SiGUBNZA, " Vida de San Geronimo," Madrid, 1505 ; Sebastiano DOLCI," Maxiinus Hieionymus Vit^ siis Scriptor," etc., 1758 ; Vili.h- MAiN, "Tableau de I'Kloquence chr^tienne au quatri^me Siicle," 1857; ViNCENZO RoMANi, "Compeiidio storico della Vita e degli Scritti di S. Girolamo," 2 vols., 1844; Ersch und Grubkr, "Allge- lueine Encyklopaedie." Jerome of Santa F6, (sSn'td fi,) a learned Spanish }ew, who lived about 1420. His Hebrew name was OSHUA Larchi. After making a careful e.xamination of the prophecies in regard to the Messiah, he was con- vinced of the truth of Christianity. He wrote a treatise on the errors of the Jewish faith, and another against the Talmud. Jerome de Cardie. See Hieronymus. Jeromeof Prague, [Lat. Hieron'ymus Pragen'sis,] one of the most distinguished followers of John Huss, was born in the city from which he took his surname. He studied at the Universities of Paris, Heidelberg, and Co- logne, each of which conferred upon him the diploma of D.D. About 1400 he became acquainted with John Huss, whose doctrines he soon after began to preach with great effect in Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. In 141 5, when Huss was arrested, Jerome prepared to go to Constance to defend him. Being informed, however, of the great hostility felt there towards reputed heretics, he retired to Eberlingen, and afterwards attempted to return to Bohemia, but was arrested, and placed in the custody of the Prince of Salzburg, who sent him in chains to Constance, where he was tlirown into prison and treated with great cruelty. On a third e.xamination before the council, he signed a recantation of the doctrines of Huss in regard to transubstantiation ; but a few months after he bitterly repented of this, and declared that fear of a cruel death alone induced him to do it. He was thereupon condemned as a heretic, and sentenced to be burnt on the 30th of May, 1416. He suffered with the greatest firmness, serenity, and Christian heroism, and his death excited the highest admiration even in his enemies. See "J. Hussi et Hieronynii Pragensis Historia et Monunienta;" CoCHL^us, "Historia Hussitarum." Jer'ram, (Charles,) an English theologian, born in 1770, was vicar of Chobham, Surrey. He published, besides other works, " Conversations on Infant Baptism," (2d edition, 1826.) Died about 1S53. See " Memoirs of C. Jerram," by his son, 1855. Jer'rpld, (Douglas William,) celebrated as a hu- mourist, a journalist, and a dramatical and satirical writer, was born in London in 1S03. He was the son of the manager of Sheerness Theatre, where he imbibed his taste for dramatic literature. He was apprenticed to a printer in London, in which situation he diligently improved his leisure hours in the study of literature and the languages. Shakspeare was his favourite book. His first production was an essay on the opera of " Der Frei- schiitz," which he enclosed anonymously to the editor by whom he was then employed. The article was highly commended, and Jerrold had the satisfaction of placing it in type. Thus encouraged, he wrote " Black-Eyed Susan," (about 1824,) one of the most popular dramas ever acted on the English stage. This was followed by several other plays of great merit. He afterwards be- came a contributor to " Punch," the popularity of which was rapidly increased by his satirical and witty produc- tions. He also edited successively "The Heads of the People," "The Illuminated Magazine," "The Shilling Magazine," and " Lloyd's Weekly." All of these were very successful, and the last had an immense circulation. Many of his writings have been issued in volume form, among which we may mention " Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures," (new edition, 1846,) "Chronicles of Clover- nook," (1846,) "Saint Giles and Saint James," (1851,) "Prisoner of War," "Time Works Wondeis," (1S54,) and the "Bubbles of the Day." Died in 1S57. Jerrold, (William Blanchard,) a son of the pre- ceding, was born in London in 1826. He published, be- sides other works, "A Brage-Beaker with the Swedes, or Notes from the North," (1853,) "Life of Douglas Jerrold," (1859,) " Chronicles of a Crutch," (i860,) " Two Lives," (1865,) "Up and Down in the World," (1866,) "The Children of Lutetia," "The Gavroche Party," (1870,) " London, a Pilgrimage," (1872,) "Life of Napo- leon HI.," (1874,) etc. He succeeded his father as editor of "Lloyd's Weekly New.s." Died March 10, 1884. Jerusalem, yi-roo'zS-lgm', (Johann Friedrich WiLHELM,) a celebrated Protestant divine and pulpit orator, born at Osnabriick, in Germany, in 1709. He was appointed in 1740 court preacher to Duke Charles of Brunswick, and soon after became tutor to his son. Prince Charles William. Through his influence the Caroline College was established at Brunswick. In 1771 he was created vice-president of the consistory at Wol- fenbiittel. He published, besides sermons, "Contem- plations on the Principal Truths of Religion," (5 vols., 1768-79.) Died in 1789. The suicide of his son, Karl Wilhelm, suggested to Goethe the story of " Werther." See Jerusalem, " Entvvurf einer Se'.bstbiograpliie;" " Lebens geschiclite des seeligen Jerusalem," 1700. J^r'vas, (Charles,) a portrait-painter, and native 01 Ireland, born about 1675. His chief excellence lay in copying. He gave lessons to Pope the poet, who highly praises him in the " Epistle to Jervas." Died in 1739. See Walpole, "Anecdotes of Painting." Jer'vis, (John,) Earl of Saint Vincent, and admiral ot the British fleet, born at Meaford, in Staffordshire, in 1734. He entered the navy when ten years old, and in 1760 became a post-captain. In 1778 he commanded an eighty-gun ship in Keppel's action against the French, and in 17S2 captured the Pegase, of seventy-four guns. He sat in Parliament several years for various boroughs, until the commencement of the French Revolution, when he sailed at the head of a squadron to the West Indies, with tlie rank of rear-admiral. He captured Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. In 1795 he was made admiral of the blue, and commander of the naval force in the Mediterranean. He encountered the Spanish fleet off Cape Saint Vincent in February, 1797, and, though their force was double his own, he gained a complete victory. For this exploit he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, and a pension of ;^3000, and was raised to the peerage, with the titles of Earl of Saint Vin- cent and Baron Jervis of Meaford. He was appointed first lord of the admiralty in i8oi,and retired from that office in 1804. He became admiral of the fleet in 1821. Died in 1823. See E. P. Brenton, "Life of Earl Saint Vincent," 2 vols., 1838. Jesabel, the French of Jezebel, which see. Jesi, ya'see, (Samuele,) an Italian engraver, born at Milan about 1789, executed a number of excellent plates, after Raphael. Died in 1853. Jesid. See Yezeed. Jes'se, (Edward,) an English naturalist and writer, published, besides other works, " Gleanings in Natural History," (3 vols., 1832-35,) and "Scenes and Tales of Country Life," (1844.) Died in 1868. Jesse, (George Richard,) an English author, engi- neer, and etcher, born at Caen, in France, in 1S20. His principal work is a " History of the British Dog," (1866.) He has become noted as an anti-vivisectionist. Jesse, (John IIeneage,) an English poet and his- torical writer of the present age. Among his works are "Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of the Stuarts," (4 vols., 1839-40,) and "Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents," (1S45.) Died in 1874. Jes'sel, (Sir George,) an English judge, was born in London, of Jewish parents, in 1824. He was educated at University College, London, and in 1847 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1865 he was made a bencher and Queen's counsel, was sent to Parliament in 1868 as a Liberal, became solicitor-general in 1871, was knighted in 1872, and in 1873 was appointed master of the rolls and sworn of the Privy Council. He was regarded as the best equity lawyer in Great Britain. Died March 21, 1883. Jessenius, yfs-sa'ne-is, (Johann,) a phj'sician, born in Hungary in 1566, was employed by the Emperor of Germany. In 1621 he was condemned and executed for having attempted to incite his countrymen to revolt against the house of Austria. Jes'sey, (Henry,) a learned English divine, born in Yorkshire about 1600. He was ordained after the Epis- copal forms, and obtained a living. He subsequently became minister of a Baptist congregation. He coni- a, C; , 1, 6 a, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; m§t; nflt; good; moon; JESSUF 1383 JIRECEK menced a new translation of the Bible, but, from the persecutions which he suffered for his religious belief, was unable to finisli it. He died in prison in 1663. Jes'sup, (Thomas S.,) an American general, born in 1790 ; died in i860. Je'sus or Jesh'u-a, son of Sirach, a learned Jew, and the author of the apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus. He was a native of Jerusalem, and is supposed to have lived about 200 B.C. Je'ter, (Jeremiah B.,) D.D., an American Baptist divine and author, born in Bedford county, Virginia, in 1802, became pastor in Richmond. He published several works. Died February 18, 1S80. Jeuffroy, zhuh'fRwi', (R. V.,) a distinguished French engraver of gems and medals, born at Rouen in 1749. He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1826. Jeuiie, le, leh zhun, (Jean,) a celebrated French preacher, born in Franche-Comte in 1592; died in 1672. His sermons were published in 10 vols. Jevhery or Djevhery, jev'hi-ree, (Ismaeel-Ibn- Hana'mad,) an Arabian lexicographer, born at Farab. After travelling through various countries, he settled at Nishapoor, in Persia, where, in 999, he published one of the most perfect of Arabian dictionaries, of which Golius made extensive use in his "Lexicon Arabicum." Died about 1005. Jev'pn, (Thomas,) an English dramatic writer and actor, who died in 1688, aged about thirty-five. Jev'ons, (William Stanley,) an English economist and author, born at Liverpool, September i, 1835. He was a grandson of William Koscoe, the historian. He was educated at University College, London, and grad- uated in 1862 as M. A., after having spent five years as an officer of the mint at Sydney, Australia. He was, 1866 -76, professor of logic and mental and moral philosophy at Owens College, Manchester, and in 1875 l^ecame pro- fessor of political economy in University College, London. Among his works are "Pure Logic," (1864,) "The Coal Question, "(1865,) " Elementary Lessons in Logic, "(1870,) "Theory of Political Economy," (1871,) "Logic Primer," (1876,) "Political Economy Primer," " Studies in Deduc- tive Logic," (1880.) He was drowned, August 13, 1S82. Jew'ell or Jew'el, (John,) Bishop of Salisbury, one of the earliest champions of the Episcopal Church, born at Buden, in Devonshire, in 1522. He studied at Oxford, and graduated in 1540. Under the reign of Edward VL he openly avowed the Protestant faith, and assisted Peter Martyr in his dispute with the Catholic theologians at Oxford. After the accession of Mary he fled to Ger- many, (1555,) and at Strasburg again met Martyr, whom he assisted on some of his works. When Elizabeth ascended the throne, Jewell returned to England, and was ordained Bishop of Salisbury in 1559 or 1560. In this position he continued to labour diligently for the advancement of the Protestant religion. He died in 1 571, greatly esteemed for his eminent piety and vast theological knowledge. His writings are principally of a controversial nature, and are still highly valued. The most important of these is " Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanas," ("Apology for the Church of England," 1562,) written in elegant Latin, and translated into English by the mother of Lord Bacon. Versions were also rendered of it into Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, and Spanish ; and it is said to have done more for the promotion of the Reformation than any other work. Jewell also wrote a "Defence of the Apology," (1567,) in answer to Harding, a Roman Catholic, who had attacked him. See L. HuMFREV, "Life of Jewell," 1573; C. W. Le Bas, "Life of Bishop Jewell," 1835 ; Burnkt, "History of the Reformation ;" " Eiog;raphia Britannica." Je'w'ett, (Sarah Orne,) an American author, born at South Berwick, Maine, September 3, 1849. She wrote " Deephaven," (1877,) " Play-Days," (1878,) " Old Friends and New," (1879,) "Country Byways," (1880,) "The Mate of the Daylight," (1882,) and other novels. Jew'itt, (Llicwellyn,) an English author, born at Kimbervvorth, November 24, 1816. Among his publica- tions are "The Ceramic Art of Great Britain," (2 vols., 2000 engravings,) " The Stately Homes of England," (partly by S. C. Hall,) "Mountain, River, Lake, and Landscape Scenery of Great Britain," (4 vols, folio,) "The Wedgwoods," "Life of William Hutton," "His- tory of Plymouth," "Hand-Book of Englisn Coins," " History of the County of Derby," etc. Died in 1886. Je"ws'bur-3^, (Geraldine Endsor,) younger sister A Mrs. Fletcher, noticed below, was born at Manchester in 1821. She published a number of novels, among which may be named "Zoe, or the History of Two l-ives," (1845,) "Marian Withers," (1851,) and "The Sorrows of Gentility," (1856.) Died Sept. 22, 1880. Jewsbury, (Maria Jane,) an English authoress, born in Warwickshire about 1800. Among her principal works are "Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life and Literature," (1825,) "Lays of Leisure Hours," (1829,) and "Three Histories." Having been married in 1S32 or 1833 to the Rev. William Fletcher, she accompanied him to India, where she died in 1S33. She was ani intimate friend of Wordsworth, who has eulogized her character and talents. He said he considered her "unrivalled in one quality, — quickness in the motions of her mind." Jex-Blake, (Thomas William,) D.D., an English educator, born in London, January 26, 1832. He was educated at Rugby, and at University College, Oxford, graduating in 1855. He became a Fellow of Queen's College, was made principal of Cheltenham College in 1868, and head-master of Rugby in 1S74. Among his works are " Long Vacation in Continental Picture-Gal- leries," (185S,) "Life by Faith," (1875,) etc. Jez'e-bel, [Heb. ^3rX; Fr. J^sabel, zhi'zt'bSl',] a daughter of Ethbaal, King of the Zidonians, and wife of Ahab, King of Israel. She was notorious for her cruelty and ill faith. She was killed by being thrown out of a window by the order of Jehu, See L Kings xvi. ; IL Kings ix. Jezid or Jezed. See Yezeed. Jezzar or Djezzar Ahmed, jSz'zar lu'm§d, a Pasha of Acre and Sidon, notorious for his cruelty, was born in Bosnia. After loeing a slave of AH Bey in Egypt, he became governor of Cairo. In 1775 he was appointed Pasha of Acre and Sidon, and about 1784 he received the Three Tails. In 1799 he was defeated by the French, and shut himself in Saint-Jean-d'Acre, which, with the aid of Sir Sidney Smith, he successfully defended against Bonaparte. Died in 1804. Jhering, von, fon ya'ring, (Rudolf,) an able German jurist, born at Aurich, in East Friesland, August 22, 1818. He was educated at Heidelberg, Munich, and Gottingen. He held professorships of Roman law successively at Basle, Rostock, Kiel, Giessen, Vienna, and Gottingen. He published the celebrated " Spirit of the Roman Law," (3 vols., 1852-65.) One of his popular works, "The Strug- gle about Law," (" Der Kampf ums Recht," 1872,) has been translated nineteen times into foreign languages. Jina, jin'a, [a Sanscrit word signifying "victorious,") one of the many names applied to Vishnu : also the name of a celebrated sage, (called also Jaina, jT'na,) the founder of the sect of Jains or Jainas. It is also the title of each of the saints who have been deified by the Jains. As the Hindoos have no trustworthy annals, it seems impossible to determine positively the historical character of the Jains. They are commonly regarded as a division or offslioot of the Booddhists. Tiius much is certain, that in some of their tenets and customs the Jains closely resemble the Booddhists. They have a peculiar sacred language (not now in use) called the " Jaina Prakrit." See Moor, " Hindu Pantheon," and an excellent article on the Jains, by Mr. Rhys Davids, in the " Encyclopredia Britannica." Jirecek, yee'Ket-chek, (Hermenegild,) a Bohemian (Czech) jurist, brother of Joseph Jirecek, was born at Hohenmauth, April 13, 1827. His principal works are on Bohemian and Moravian law. Jirecek, (Joseph,) a Bohemian (Czech) historian, born at Hohenmauth, October 9, 1825. He became con- nected with the Austrian departments of ]3ublic instruc- tion and worship, and did much to develop the recent renaissance of Slavic literature throughout Austria- Hungary. His writings have sjiecial reference to the literary history of the Slavs of Austria. Died in 1888. € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as 7; G, H, Y.,guttural; N, nasal; k, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2i:^='See Explanations, p. 23.) JIRECEK 1384 JOAN Jirecek, (Konstantin Joseph,) a son of Joseph Jirecek, was born at Vienna, July 24, 1854, and became general secretary of the 15ulgarian ministry of public instruction. He published a "Bibliography o'f Bulgarian Literature," (1872,) a •' History of the Bulgarians," (1876,) and valuable works on the resources and trade of the Balkan peninsula. In 18S4 he was appointed professor of history al Prague. Jo'ab, [Heb. 3Xr,] chief captain of the armies of Israel tinder King David. See II. Samuel iii., iv., x., xviii., xix., xx. ; I. Kings ii. Jo'a-ehim, [It. Gioacchino, jo-ak-kee'no,] an Italian monk, founded the monastery of Flora, in Calabria. He wrote several heretical works, in which he advanced the doctrines of tritheism. Died in 1202 or 1207. Joachim, (George.) See Rheticus. Joacliim, yo'a-Kim, (JoHA.NN Friedrich,) a German historian and medallist, born at Halle in 17 13. He was professor of history and law at Halle, and wrote several works on history and numismatics. Died in 1667. Joacliim, (Joseph,) an eminent Hungarian (Jewish) violinist, composer, and teacher, born at Kittsee, near Presburg, June 28, 183 1. He made his first public ap- pearance when only seven years of age. He has visited London, and made a tour of the principal cities in Ger- many. Since 1868 he has resided in Berlin as head of the High School for Musical Execution, attached to the Royal Academy of Arts. Joacliim Murat. See Murat. Joan or Jo-au'na [Fr. Jeanne, zhtn ; It. Gio- VANNA, jo-vin'nS] L, Queen of Naples, a daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria, was born in 1327. She was married to Andrew, Prince of Hungary, and in 1343 suc- ceeded her grandfather, Robert, King of Naples. In 1345 Andrew was murdered by conspirators, probably with the connivance of Joan, who soon after married Prince Louis of Tarentum. To avenge the death of Andrew, Louis, King of Hungary, invaded Naples and expelled Joan from the kingdom. Having gained the favour of the pope by ceding Avignon to him, she was restored to the throne in 1352. She was married in 1376 to her fourth husband, Otho of Brunswick, but continued to be child- less. In 1381 Naples was invaded by Charles Durazzo, who captured Joan and put her to death in 1382. See " Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily," London, 2 vols., 1824; GiANNONE, " Storia civile del Regno di Napoli ;" V. Mignot, " His- toire de Jeanne L Reinede Naples," 1764: D. Crivelli, "Delia prima e della seconda Giovanna, Regine di Napoli," 18^2 ; " Nouvelle Bio- gi-aphie G^n^rale," (under "Jeanne.") Joan (or Giovanna) II., daughter of the Duke of Durazzo, succeeded her brother Ladislaus on the throne of Naples m 1414. She was notorious for her licentious conduct and the number of her favourites. She died in 1435, leaving the kingdom in a very unsettled state. See D. Crivelli, " Delia prima e della seconda Giovanna, Regine di Napoli," 1832; "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Joan, Pope, supposed by most authorities to be a fabu- lous character, is placed by several writers in the ninth century. Having assumed male attire, she went to Rome, and became so celebrated for her ecclesiastical know- ledge that upon the death of Leo IV. she was unani- mously elected pope. She was, however, one day seized with the pains of childbirth as she was proceeding to the Lateran Basilica, and died in the street, after a pontificate of two years, five months, and four days. She was buried without honours. Other accounts state that upon the discovery of the imposture she was stoned to death by the populace. David Blondel, a Protestant historian, was the first to show this story to be a fiction, although it was in circulation as early as the thirteenth century. See J. Lenfant, " Histnire de la Papesse Jeanne," 1730; S. Baring-Gould, "Curious Myilis of the Middle Ages," 1867 ; DoL- LINGER, " Papst-Fabeln," 1863. Joan, Queen of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, was married in 1496 to Philip, Archduke of Austria. In 1500 she gave birth to Prince Carlos, afterwards Charles V. of Germany. She soon after lost her reason ; and when, upon the'death of Isa- bella, she became Queen of Castile, it was necessary that a regent should be appointed. Died in 1555. See Prescott, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella ;" Mariana, "Historia de Espafia." Joan, (Jeanne,) daughter and heiress of Henry I. of Navarre, and queen of Philippe le Bel of France, was born in 1272. Ui^on her marriage with the French monarch she retained authority over her hereditary do- minions of Navarre and Champagne. She carried on a successful war against the Castilians and Aragonese, assisted her husband in the councils and administration of affairs in France, established a college in Navarre, and was a liberal patroness of learning. In 1297, Count de Bar having invaded Champagne, the queen marched against him at the head of her troops, cut his army in pieces, and carried him prisoner to Paris. Died in 1305. Joan d'Albret. See Jeanne d'Alhret. Joan of Arc, or Jeanne Dare, zhtn diRk, surnamed the Maid of Orleans, [Fr. La Pucelle d'Orl^ans, It pii's^l' doR'li'6N',] the most illustrious of the hero- ines of history, was born in the hamlet of Dom-Remy, in Lorraine, about 141 1. She was the daughter of poor and religious peasants, who implanted in her heart at an early age the seeds. of that exalted enthusiasm which subsequently obtained so absolute an ascendency over her character. At this time the rival factions of the Orleanists or Armagnacs and the Burgundians deso- lated France by their wars. The former supported the claims of Charles VII. ; while the latter had sworn al- legiance to Henry V. of England. Joan from infancy had imbibed the principles of the Orleanists, by whom she was surrounded. Her devotion to their cause was increased by the cruelties which she frequently saw the enemy commit. She was untiring in her efforts to re- lieve the sufferings of the poor around her, and even sold iier bed and the greater part of her clothing in order to procure them supplies. She afterwards stated that as early as the age of thirteen she received commands from Heaven to go and liberate France. These commands continued to be repeated ; but her parents endeavoured to suppress her enthusiasin. She. however, obtained the assistance of an uncle, who introduced her to De Baudricourt, the commander of a neighbouring fortress, before whom her voices, as she termed them, had or- dered her to lay her divine commission. That officer at first treated her assertions with scorn ; but finally, on account of the disasters that his prince had suffered, he gave her the assistance which she had requested, and jn February, 1429, with a guard of five or six men, she set out on her journey for Chinon, where Charles then held his court. At this time his cause appeared to be almost desperate. Orleans, which was the only place of importance that remained to him, was closely besieged by the English. Joan appeared before him, and declared that her mission was to raise the siege and to conduct him to Rheims to be crowned. At this period she had reached her eighteenth year, and possessed a very beau- tiful countenance and noble torm. Charles was convinced of the truthfulness of her statements, and, notwithstand- ing the opposition of his ecclesiastics and courtiers, raised her to the rank of a military commander, and placed a considerable body of troops at her disposal. She entered Orleans about the last of April, 1429, with a convoy of provisions, and in one week raised the siege. In battle Joan displayed great personal bravery. She subsequently gained the battles of Jargeau and Patay, in the latter of which the noted Talbot was made prisoner. Several important cities surrendered to her without resist- ance ; and in less than three months from the time that she received her military command, Charles was crowned at Rheims, in the cathedral consecrated to the coronation of the French sovereigns. She then petitioned the king that she might be permitted to return home ; but he prevailed on her to continue in the army. The following spring, as she was making a sortie against the Burgundians near Compiegne, she was captured by them and subsequently handed over to the English, who, with the Bishop of Beauvais and the University of Paris, urgently demanded her execution as a sorceress. The King of England granted their request, and Joan, after a mock-trial at Rouen, was condemned to be burnt. On the 31st of May, 1431, she was dressed in the garb of the victims of the Inquisition, and, amidst the clamours of assembled thousands, conducted to the stake, where, in a short time, her body was consumed. She died declaring that a, e, I, o. u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, li, ^, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; ni5t; n6t; good; moon; JOAN 1385 JODE her voices had not deceived her, and with the name of Jesus on her lips. Many of those who had most eagerly sought her death were melted to tears ; and even the executioner declared that he had committed an unpar- donable sin. A secretary of the King of England also said, "We are lost! we have burned a saint." Thus perished the Maid of Orleans, against whom not the slightest crime could be proved. If the inspiration which she received came not from the source to which she attributed it, it was at least the offspring of bravery, of generosity, of patriotism, of those virtues which have raised to immortality so many of the great and good. In the high-coloured and eulogistic account given of her by Michelet, he remarks, "She had the goodness of the ancient martyrs, but with this difference : the early Christians remained pure and virtuous only in retiring from the encounter and in separating themselves from the struggles and temptations of the world, while she was benign in the fiercest conflicts, good among the bad, gentle even in war; 'into war, that triumph of the devil, she carried the spirit of Heaven.' This tenderness of heart she had for all men. She wept after the victories, and relieved the sufferings of the wounded English." Her death stamped indelible infamy on all the parties connected with the war, — on the Burgundians for de- livering her to her inveterate enemies, on the English and their French allies for their inhuman cruelty and thirst for revenge, and on her own prince and party for not making a powerful attempt to save her. See Barth^iemy de Beauregard, " Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc," 2 vols., 1847 ; Desjardins, "Vie de Jeanne d'Arc," 1S54 ; Vallet DE ViRiviLLE, " Nouvelles Recherches sur la Famille, etc. de Jeanne Dare," 1854: Lenglet-Dufresnov, "Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc,'' 1753; Le Brun de Charmettes. "Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc," 4 vols., 1S17; Alphonss de Lamartine, "Jeanne d'Arc," 1852; Jules Michelet, "Jeanne d'Arc," 1853; R. M. Evans, "Story of Joan of Arc," 1847; A. M. Meneghelli, " Giovanna d'Arc," Padua, 1841 ; Michelet, " History of France ;" Carl Liebelt, " Dziewica Orleanska ustep dziejow Francyi," Posen, 1847; Guidc Goerres, "Die Jungfrau von Orleans," 1834: Harriet Parr, "Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc," 1866; Thomas De Quincev, "Miscellaneous Essays." Joan [Sp. JuAN./v, Hoo-5n'yi\] Henriquez, (6n-ree'- kSth,) Queen of Aragon and Navarre, daughter of Fred- erick Henriquez, of the blood-royal of Castile, and admiral of that kingdom. In 1444 she was married to John II. of Aragon, and in 1452 gave birth to Ferdinand the Catholic. She was a princess of great energy of character and of uncommon mental endowments ; and to her advice and assistance many of the successes of John II. are to be attributed. Died in 1468. Joanes, Ho-^'n§s, or Juanes, Hoo-S'n&s, ( Vincente,) an eminent Spanish painter, born in Valencia in 1523, studied at Rome, and was regarded as the greatest artist of the Valencian school. Died in 1579. Among his most important works may be mentioned Christ after death borne by the angels, the Saviour with the two prophets, and a Saint Francis. Joannes. See John. Joannes Comnenus. See Calo-Joan.nes. Joannes Massiliensis. See Cassia.m, (Johx.) Joannet, zho't'ncV, (Claude,) a French Utteratmr, born at Dole in 1716; died in 1789. Joanny, zho't'ne', the assumed name of Jean Bah- TiSTE Bernard Brissebarre, a famous French tragic actor, born at Dijon in 1775, and who is said to have been nearly equal to Talma. Died in 1849. Joao (or Joam) of Portugal. See John. Joao or Juan, surnamed De Dios or De Dieu. See DiEU. Jo'ash [Heb. lyxr] or Je-ho'ash, King of Judah, and son of Ahaziah. He ascended the throne when seven years of age, and reigned virtuously forty years. He was assassinated by his servants in 838 B.C. See n. Chronicles xxiii. and xxiv. ; IL Kings xi. and xii. Joash or Jehoash, King of Israel, succeeded his father, Jehoahaz, 839 or 840 B.C., and reigned sixteen years. See IL Kings xiii. ; IL Chronicles xxv. 17. Job, [Heb. 3rX; Gr. 'Itj/3; Arabic, AlYOOB, (Aiyoub or AiYUB,) T'yoob'; Ger. HioB, hee'op ; IL Giobbe, job'bi,] a patriarch of Uz, (a country which is believed by many to be the same as Idumsa,) who is supposed to have lived in a very remote antiquity. One of the most sublime books of the Old Testament bears his name and gives an account of his life and virtues. By many it has been thought that Job was an allegorical character ; but there appears to be little reason for this si1[)position. He is mentioned by the prophet Ezekiel, (xv. 16,) and by Saint James, (v. 11,) as a real person. Much con- troversy has arisen about the age in which he lived, and the author of the book ; but both these points remain unsettled. This work was written in Hebrew, with a mixture of Arabic. Job or Aiyoob, i'yool/, (Solomon,) an African prince, son of a king of Bondoo, in Senegambia. In 1730 he was sold to the English, who carried him to Maryland, where he became a slave. His story interested General Oglethorpe and others, who ransomed him a^ld sent him to England in 1733. He was presented at court, and attracted much attention. He produced an interesting geographical account of his native country, and wrote from inemory, it is said, three copies of the Koran. He returned to Bondoo about 1735. Jobard, zho'bSi/, (J. B. A. M.,) a writer on social economy, born in Haute-Marne, France, in 1792. He lived in Belgium. Died in 1861. Jobbe-Duval, zho'b^ dii'vtl', (Armand Marik Fl^i.iX,) a French painter, born at Carhaix, July 16, 1821 He went to Paris in 1829, and was a pupil of Paul De laroche. He is best known by his refined and delicate religious pictures and his portraits. Died April 2, 1889. Jobert, zho'baiR', (Louis,) a French Jesuit and anti- quary, born at Paris in 1637. For some time he was a professor of rhetoric in his native city, and afterwards became celebrated as a preacher. He was the author of several treatises on medals. Died in 1719. Jobert de Lamballe, zho'baiR' deh ISN'btl', (An- TolNE Joseph,) an eminent French surgeon, born at Lamballe in 1799. He lectured in Paris, and published, besides other works, a "Treatise on Plastic Surgery," ("Traite de Chirurgie plastique," 2 vols., 1849.) He became surgeon to the emperor in 1854. Died in 1S67. Jo-cas'ta or Jo-cas'te, [Gr. 'lo/caarT? ; Fr. Jocaste, zho'ktst',] sometimes called Epicaste, the wife of Laius, and the mother of OEdipus. According to tradition, she was married to CEdipus without knowing who he was, and hung herself after she discovered the relationship l^etween them. See the " CEdipus" of Sophocles. Jocaste. See Jocasta. Jo9'e-Iyn, (RoiiERT,) Lord, M.P., an English poh- tician, born in 1816, visited China about 1840, and pub- lished "Six Months in China." Died in 1S54. Jo-eha'nan or Jo-ha'nan Ben E-li-e'zer, a Jewish rabbi, born in Palestine about 184 a.d. He compiled the "Jerusalem Gemara," a part of the Talmud. He is said to have died in 279 a.d. Jocher or Joecher, yo'Ker, (Christian Gottlieb,) an eminent German scholar and writer, born at Leipsic in 1694. He became professor of philosophy and his- toiyat Leipsic about 1730. His most important work is a " Universal Dictionary of Learned Men," ("Allge- meines Gelehrten-Lexikon," 4 vols., 1750-51,) which i.s highly esteemed. Supplements have been published by Adelung and others. Died in 1758. See Ernesti, " Memoria C. G. Jocheri," 1758; Ersch und Gruber, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" Adelung's Supplement to Jocher. Jochmus, yoK'miis, (Albrecht,) a German general, born at Hamburg in 1808. About 1838 he was sent by Lord Palmerston to Constantinople to plan a campaigii in Svria. He became general-in-chief of the allied arinies of England and Turkey in December, 1840. He was appointed minister of foreign affairs by the Archduke John, Vicar of the German empire, in May, 1849, and resigned in December of that year. Died in l88l. Jocundus. See Giocondo, (Giovannl) Jode, de, deh yo'deh, (Arnold,) son of Pieter, Jr., noticed below, was born about 1636. He is said to have been inferior to his grandfather and father as an engraver. While in London, in 1667, he engraved for Charles I. "Mercury Instructing Cupid," by Correggio, Among his other works is "The Infant Jesus embracing Saint John." See Basan, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs." € as /6; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, v^, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. (2[^='See Explanations, p. 23.) JODE 13S6 JOHN Jode, de, (Pietek ) a Flemisli engraver, boin in 1570 ; died in 1634. Among the most important of his pm- ductions may be mentioned "The Last Judgment," by Cousin, and "Jesus Christ giving the Keys to Saint Peter," by Rubens. Jode, de, (Pieter or Petkus,) Jr., son of the pre- ceding, was born at Antwerp ab(jut 1606. He engraved numerous pictures from Rubens, Van Dyck, Titian, and other artists. Among his best works is "Tlie Visita- tion of the Virgin," after Rubens. Died after i66o. Jodelle, zho'del', (Etienne,) Lord of Lymodin, born at Paris in 1532. He was one of the seven French poets termed the " Pleiades." He is said to have been the first to write plays in the French language and to introduce choruses after the Greek manner. It is said that his fluency of composition was so great that on a wager he composed in one night five hundred Latin verses on a given subject. He died poor in 1573. His principal production was the tragedy of "Cleopatra," {1552.) See Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" Bayle, " His torical and Critical Dictionary;" Nicekon, "Memoires;" Saintp Beuve, "Podsie Fran^aise au seizifenie Siecle." Jo-do'cus (or Jus'tus) of Ghent, known also by the Italian name of Giusto da Guanto, a Flemish painter, who about 1465-74 painted "The Communion of the Apostles" at Urbino, Very little is known about him. Jo'drell, (Richard Paul,) an English dramatic writer, born in 1745. He produced "A Widow and no Widow," a farce, "The Persian Heroine," a tragedy, (17S6,) and " Philology of the English Language," (1S20.) Died in 1831. Joecher. See Jocher. Jo'el, [Heb. 7XV; Gr. 'Iw^Pi,] one of the tw-elve minor Hebrew prophets, is sup]3osed to have lived in the reign of Uzziah, about 800-750 B.C. A passage of his prophecy is quoted in Acts ii. 17. Joerdens. See Jordexs. Joflfredus. See Jouffroi. Jof frid, an English abbot of Lincolnshire, lived in the twelfth century. Peter de Blois, a writer of the time of Henry II., states that JufTrid was the founder of the University of Cambridge. Jogues, zhog, (Isaac,) a French Jesuit, born at Or- leans in 1607, s]ient many years in Canada as a missionary. He was killed by the Mohawks in 1646. Jchann, (]3rinces of Germany.) See John. Johanneau, zho't'nS', (Eloi,) a French antiquary, born near Blois in 1770. He was one of the founders of the Academic Celtique. In 18' I he became imperial censor of books. He wrote on botany, Celtic monuments, and other subjects. Died in 1S51. Johannaeus, (Finnus.) See Jonsson, (Finn.) Johannes, the Latin for John, which see. Johannes Antiochenus. See John of Antioch. Johannes Climacus. See Climacus. Johannes Secundus. See Everard, (Johannes.) Johannot, zho't'no', (Charles,) eldest son of Fran- cois, noticed below, was born at Frankfurt about 1790. He was a skilful engraver, and produced illustrations of the life of Saint Genevieve of Brabant. Died in 1825. Johannot, (Charles Henri Alfred,) an engraver and painter, second son of Fran9ois, noticed below, was born at Offenbach in 1801. He acquired a high reputation for his vignette-designs illustrating the French translations of Byron, Scott, and Cooper. Among his best paintings are "The Entrance of Mademoiselle Montpensier into Orleans during the Fronde.'' and " Mary Stuart leaving Scotland." Died in 1837. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gendrale." Johannot, (Fran<;ois,) a German designer and en- graver, of French extraction, was born in Hesse-Darm- stadt, and lived about 1790. He settled at Paris with his partner, Charles Andre. Johannot, (Tony,) a painter and wood-engraver, a son of the preceding, was born at Ofi"enbach in 1S03. He gained a wide reputation as a designer and engraver of vignettes for books. Among the" works which he illustrated are " Werther," the plays of Moliere, " Manon Lescaut," "Jerome Paturot," and "The Vicar of Wake- field." Died in Paris in 1S52. John [Gr. 'lum^vT?; ; Lat. Johan'nes ; Fr. J EAN, zhftN ; It. Giovanni, jo-vin'nee] the Divine, commonly called Saint John the Evangelist, with his brother James, was among the first to become a disciple of our Saviour when He commenced his ministry. John was made one of the twelve apostles ; and his gentle, loving sjjirit appears to have especially endeared him to his divine Master. He spoke of himself as "the disciple whom Jesus loved." He was with his Master in the garden (;f Gethsemane. When our Saviour was nailed to the cross, He commended his mother to the care of the beloved disciple. After the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, Saint John became one of the most prominent of the prop.igators of the Christian religion. Syria and Asia Minor were the principal scenes of his labours. We are told by Tertullian and Saint Jerome that under the reign of Domitian, by the order of a Roman proconsul, he was immersed in a caldron of boiling oil, and that in this terrible ordeal he was miraculously preserved, so that he sustained not the slightest injury. After this he was banished to the isle of Patmos, where he wrote the Apocalypse, or Revelation. He also wrote three Epistles, and the Gospel according to Saint John. He is supposed to have died at Ephesus in 99 A.D., at the age of ninety-four. In recent years there has been a sharp discussion as to the authorship of Saint John's Gospel. Orthodo.x theolo- gians in general, with many Unitarians, like Ezra Abbot and E. H. Sears, assert that Saint John was its author. Among all the disciples of Christ, John appears to have most fully comprehended the character and spirit of his divine Master. He first announced in clear and concise terms the great central truth of Christianity, that "God is love," — a truth which, in his view, finds its fullest proof in the great fact that God gave His Son for the salvation of the world. (See John iii. 16, 17; and I. Epistle iv. 8, 9, 10.) The soul of "the be- loved disciple" seems ever filled with the one theme. Love, not fear, is to be the motive of obedience : — "If ye love me, keep my commandments." The love to which he refers is not a mere sentiment, but a living power: — "This is the love of God, that we keep his command- ments." (See John xiv. 15, 21, 23; I. Epistle iv.) See F. A. Tholuck, "Commentary on the Gospel of John," the 7tli edition of which was translated into English by Dr. C. P. Krauth, Philadelphia, 1859; Wegscheider, "Introduction to the Gospel of Saint John," Gbttingen, 1S06 ; Abbot, "The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel;" E. H. Sears, "The Fourth Gospel the Heart of Christ," 1S72. John I., surnamed ZiMis'CES, [Gr. Tfc.wa/c^f,] became Emperor of the East in 969 a.d. He carried on a suc- cessful war against the Rossi, or Russians, and quelled serious disturbances in his eastern provinces. He died of poison, as he was returning to Constantinople, in 975. He is said to have been a man of superior talents. John III., of the family of Ducas, surnamed Vatat'- ZES, born in Thrace in 1193, succeeded his father-in-law, Theodore Lascaris, in 1222, as Emperor of the East. Constantinople being then in possession of the Latins, John fixed his capital at Nicaea, in Bithynia. In 1235 he besieged Constantinople, but was repulsed. He, how- even, reconquered all the other possessions belonging to the Greek Empire which had been taken by the Latins. John was a liberal patron of the useful arts, and did much to ])romote the welfare of his subjects. Died in 1255. John IV. (Las'caris) succeeded his father Theodore as Emperor of the East in 1259, when he was aged but six years. He was deprived of the crown in 1261 by Michael Palaeologus, who put out his eyes and im- prisoned him during the remainder of his life. John v. See Cantacuzenus. John VI., (Palasol'ogus,) bom in 1332, was a son of Andronicus, whom he succeeded on the imperial throne of Coiistantinople in 1341. He was afterwards impris- oned by one of his sons. During these intestine troubles the Turks attacked the capital, and forced John to con- clude a disgraceful treaty. He left the throne to his son Manuel. Died in 1391. John VII. (Palaeologus) succeeded his father Man- uel on the throne of Constantinople in 1425. Being unable to oppose the Turkish invaders, he sought the assistance of the Latins ; and, in order to cement the a, e, I, o, u, )',lo>i^; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, i\, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fill, tit; met; n6t; good; moon; JOHN 1387 JOHN union, he formed a reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches, which, however, lasted but a short period. Died in 144S. He was succeeded by his brother, Constantine XIII. See Lk Beau, " Histoire du Bas- Empire." Jolm [Sp. Juan, Hoo-an'] I., son of Peter (Fedro) IV., was born in 1350, and ascended tlie throne of Aragon in 13S7. Died in 1395. John (Juan) 11., King of Aragon and Navarre, born in 1397, was one of the bravest and most enterprising of the Spanish sovereigns. In 1425 he ascended the throne of Navarre, as the hu.sband of Queen Blanche, and three years later was apjjointed by his brother Al- fonso V. to the government of .-\ragon. Blanche died soon after, and in 1447 he married Joan Henriquez, of the blood-royal of Castile, who became the mother of Ferdinand the Catholic. He became King of Aragon in 1458. He carried on long and successful wars against Henry IV. of Castile and Louis XI. of France. He also suppressed a formidable rebellion of the Catalans. Died in 1479. See Pkescott, " Ferdinand and Isabella," chap. ii. ; Ersch und Grubeu, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." John (Juan) I., King of Castile and Leon, was bom in 1358. He succeeded his father Henry (Henrique) II. in 1379. He subsequently invaded Portugal, but met with a total defeat at Aljubarota in August, 1385. Died in 1390. John II., King of Castile and Leon, son of Henry (Henrique) III., born in 1404, was proclaimed sovereign two years later. He carried on successful wars against the Kings of Aragon and Navarre and the Moors of Granada. By his first wife, Maria of Aragon, he left three children, one of whom succeeded him as Henry (Henrique) IV. By his second queen, Isabella, he had a daughter, afterwards illustrious as Isabella the Catholic. Though a feeble sovereign, he was a liberal patron of learning, and his reign was distinguished for the revival of literature in Castile. Died in 1454. See Pkescott, "Ferdinand and Isabella," chap. i. ; Ersch und Gruber, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." John (Hans, hins) I. of Denmark and II. of Sweden, son of Christian I., of the house of Oldenburg, born in 1455, ascended the throne in 1481. About the year 1500 the Swedes rebelled against him because he had garrisoned the fortresses with Danish and German troops. He was finally obliged to resign all claims to the Swedish crown. Died in 1513. John, King of England, surnamed Sanstekre,(" Lack- land,") the youngest son of Henry II. by his queen, Elea- nor of Guienne, was born at Oxford in 1166. The king at first created him Earl of Montague, in Normandy, and in 1178 made him Lord of Ireland. In 1189 he married the daughter and sole heiress of William, Earl of Glou- cester. The same year he was a confederate in the rebellion of his brother Richard. On the accession of the latter to the throne he gave John several earldoms, including about one-third of the kingdom. Soon after Richard's departure on the crusade for the Holy Land, John formed plans to obtain the crown on the event of the king's death, in opposition to the rights of his nephew Arthur, Duke of Bretagne, whom Richard had recognized as his heir. When John was informed of his brother's imprisonment in Germany, he immediately attempted to usurp the throne, but was kept in check by the loyalty of the nobles. On the king's return to England, in 1 194, he deprived John of all his estates and compelled aim to make a humble submission. Richard died in France in 1199, leaving his kingdom to John, who was then with him. That prince hastened to establish his authority in Normandy and his other dominions, and was crowned at Westminster in May, 1199. In 1201 he obtained a divorce from his wife, and married Isabella of Angouleme. Philip Augustus of France espoused -he cause of Arthur, who commenced hostilities against John and gained several victories, but was subsequently taken prisoner by his uncle and conveyed to Rouen. Nothing further was heard from him ; but the probability is that he was murdered. The war afterwards went entirely against the King of England, who in the course of two years lost the greater part of his continental possessions. During this period he drew upon himself the hostility of the Roman pontiff by insisting on his right to appoint the Archbishop of Canterbury, that see being then vacant. The pope e.xcommunicated him and laid the kingdom under an interdict, (1208.) John, how- ever, paid no attention to the thunders of the Vatican, but imprisoned or banished the bishops and clergy who obeyed the pope's orders. Meanwhile he reduced Lle- wellyn, a Welsh prince, to subjection, and suppressed a rebellion in Ireland. Finally the pope, having formally deposed him and absolved his subjects from their oaths of allegiance, instigated the French king to invade Eng- land. John, perceiving his danger, made an abject sub- mission to the papal legate, and resigned to him the kingdoms of England and Ireland, (1213.) Philip was then forbidden to prosecute his eniterprise. For a long time John's tyranny had excited the hatred of his barons. This was increased by Langton, Archbishop of Canter- bury, who, jjresenting them with the charter of Henry I., exhorted them to obtain the liberties therein granted. A numerous body of barons solemnly swore to regain their rights or to levy an unceasing war on the king. King John, being sup])orted by the pope, scornfully refused to make any concessions to the barons, who raised a power- ful force and marched to London, where the citizens gladly received them. On the 15th of June, 1215, John consented to grant all that they required, and signed at Runnymede the famous Magna Charta. Scarcely had he done this before he induced the pope to absolve him from these obligations and to excommunicate several of his opponents. He also brought into England large bodies of foreign troops, and gained several victories over the barons. The latter then chose Louis, Dauphin of France, as their king. This prince landed at Sand- wich in May, 1216. John would probably have been successful, (for dissensions were already breaking out in the camp of Louis,) had he not been carried off by a fever in October of that year. John has left one of the darkest names in the history of the English kings. He was extremely cruel, fickle, and licentious, without a redeeming virtue. He had, by his queen Isabella, five children, the eldest of whom succeeded him as Henry III. The second, Richard, was elected King of the Romans in 1257. See Hume, "History of England;" Hali,.\m, "Constitutional History of England;" Joseph Berington, " History of Henry II. and of Richard I. and John, his Sons," 1790; Lingard, "History of England." John [Fr. Jean, zhftN] I., a posthumous son of Louis X., King of France, was born in 1316. Though he lived but eight days, he is recorded among the French mon- arch s. See N. DE MoNMERQU^, "Dissertation historique sur Jean I, Roi de France," 1844. John (Jean) II., surnamed LE Bon, ascended the throne of France upon the death of his father, Philip of Valois, in 1350. Charles, King of Navarre, having ac- cepted an invitation to meet John at Rouen, was there imprisoned, and several of his lords put to death. The people of Navarre applied to England for assistance, and Edward the Black Prince invaded France at the head of an army. John marched against him with 60,000 men, was defeated and made prisoner at the battle of Poitiers, fought in 1356, and conducted to London, where he was received with great honour by Edward HI. While he remained in England a civil war broke out in France with the peas- antry, known in history by the name of " La Jacquerie." In this revolt the castles of the nobility were plundered and burnt and the inmates massacred. These ravages continued for two years, until the dauphin, assisted by several powerful lords, defeated the peasants, putting thousands of them to the sword. In 1360, peace having been concluded between France and England, John re- turned to his capital ; but, finding much opposition inade by the nobles to the conditions of the treaty, he again visited England, to confer with King Edward. He wa« soon after taken ill, and died in London in 1364. See SisMONDi, "Histoire des Frangais;" Froissart, "Chroni- cles;" MicHELET, "Histoire de France;" Henri Martin, "His- toire de France." John I. OF Navarre. See John II. of France. John IL OF Navarre. See John II. of Aragon. € as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as/- G, H, Yi,gHttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. i2t^="See Explanations, p. 23.) JOHN 1388 JOHN John IIL OF Navarre, or Jean d'Albret, zIiSn Jil'bRi', began to reign in 1494. In 1512 Ferdinand the Catholic invaded Navarre and drove John from the throne. Died in 15 16. John I., King of Poland, a son of Casimir IV., was born in 1459, and succeeded his father in 1492. He waged war against the Tartars and Turks. Died in 1501. John II. OF Poland. See Casimir V. John III. OF Poland. See Sobieskl John [ Port. Jo.\o or Joam, zho-owN'] I., surnanied thf Great, King of Portugal, the natural son of Peter I., was born in 1357. On the death of his brother Ferdi- nand, in 13S5, he assumed the regal power in opposition to the rights of Ferdinand's daughter Beatrix, who had married John I., King of Castile. This led to a war with Spain, in which the Portuguese monarch gained several important victories and firmly established his power. lie subsequently carried on a successful war against the Moors of Africa. During his reign the Portuguese com- menced those maritime expeditions which soon after rendered them so celebrated. Under the command of his son, Prince Henry, they discovered Madeira, the Canaries, the Azores, and several places on the western coast of Africa. Died in 1433. See La Cl4ds, " Histoire g^iii^rale de Portugal;" Fernandc Lopez, "Chronica del Rev Joao L," 3 vols., 1644; RL^^noel Mo.n- TEiRo, "Joannes Portugalis Reges," 1742. John (Joao) II., King of Portugal, surnanied the Perfect, son of Alfonso V., was born in 1455, and ascended the throne in 148 1. At the age of sixteen years he fought against the African Moors and took Ar- zile and Tangiers, and five years later gained the battle of Toro over the Castilians. Soon after his coronation he quelled a powerful conspiracy formed against him by his nobles. He encouraged the spirit of enterprise among the Portuguese, and fitted out a squadron destined for the East Indies and the Eastern Seas. Died in 1495. See Vasconcellos, " V'ida y Acciones del Rev Don Juan IL," 1639. (translated into French, 1641 ;) Damiao db Goes, "Chronica do Principe Dom Joao Rey," etc., 1567 ; " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." John (Joao) III., King of Portugal, born in 1502, succeeded his father, Emanuel the Great, in 1521. In 1524 he married Catherine of Austria, to whose brother, Charles V., he gave his sister Isabella in marriage. He colonized Brazil, and sent to the Eastern Seas a fleet, by which Japan was discovered. He established the Inquisition in Portugal and its colonies. Died in 1557. » John (Joao) IV., surnamed the Fortunate, chief of the dynasty of Braganza, was born in 1604. He threw oflf the authority of Spain, to which Portugal had been subjected since the days of Philip II., and became king in 1640. He enacted many wise and beneficial law-s, and died, greatly regretted by the nation, in 1656. See Vertot, " Histoire des Revolutions de Portugal," 16S9. John (Joao) V., King of Portugal, born in 16S9, suc- ceeded his father, Peter IL, in 1707. He joined the allies against France and Spain -about 1702. After the peace of Utrecht (1713) he devoted his time to the encourage- ment of education and commerce. Died in 1750. See "Vida, Successes e Fallecimento do Rey Joao V.," Lisbon, 1750; Ferdinand Denis, "Portugal." John (Joao) VI. of Portugal, was born in 1769, and was appointed Regent of Portugal in 1793 on account of the derangement of his mother, Maria I., who was then queen-regnant. In 1807, when the French invaded Portugal, he sailed to Brazil, where he received the title of emperor. He returned in 1821, soon after which the Brazilians revolted and declared themselves independent. Died in 1826. See " Histoire de Jean VI, Roi de Portugal," 1827; "Nouvelle Biographie Gdnerale." John, King of Scotland. See Baliol. John of Russia. See Ivan. John (Johan, yo'hdn) I, King of Sweden, the last of the dynasty of Sverker, succeeded Eric in 1216. He was very active in establishing Christianity. Died in 1222. John II. OF Sweden. See John I. of Denmark. John III., King of Sweden, 'the second son of Gus- tavus Vasa, was born in 1537. He married Catherine Jagellon, daughter of Sigismund, King of Poland. In 1560 he visited England, to negotiate a marriage between lis elder brother Eric and Queen Elizabeth, in which he was unsuccessful. In 1568 he deposed Eric and ascended the throne in his stead. Influenced by his queen, he attempted to re-establish the Catholic religion, but was eflectually resisted by his brother Charles, Duke of Sudermania, at the head of the Protestants. Died in 1592. John, King, or Emperor, of Abyssinia, was known as Prince Kassai or Kasa, (Lij Kassa,) and was Under- Governor of Adowa. In 1867 the Emperor Theodore made him one of the kings of Tigre. In 1868 he as- sisted the English in their march against Theodore, after whose fall John received from the conquerors large amounts of military stores. Civil wars followed, but in 1872 John was crowned at Axoom. In 1876 he repelled an Egyptian invasion, and in 1879 he received the alle- giance of Menilek, King of Shoa. Died March 12, 1889. John (Jean) I., Duke of Bretagne, was born in 121 7. Having attempted to check the papal encroachments, tlie pope excommunicated him, and he was obliged to go to Rome to obtain absolution. Died in 1284. John II., son of the ]3receding, was born in 1239. He married Beatrix, daughter of Henry III. of England, from whom he received the title of Count of Richemont. He was also made a peer of France by Philippe le Bel. He was killed at the ordination of Clement V. at Lyons by the falling of a wall. John III., Duke of Bretagne, surnamed the Good, succeeded his father, Arthur II., in 1312. He is said to have been a just and benevolent prince. Died in 1341- John IV., Duke of Bretagne, known as Jean de MoNTFORT, half-brother of the preceding, was born in 1293. John (Jean) HI., having no children, willed the dukedom to Charles de Blois ; but Jean de Montfort, re- garded by many as the legitimate heir, soon reduced all the towns and provinces to his subjection, and went to England to render homage to King Edward for his estates. On his return he was summoned before the court of peers to prove his claims to Bretagne. The peers decided against him, and he raised an army to defend his rights, but was shortly after taken prisoner by the Duke of Nor- mandy and confined in the tower of Louvre at Paris. In the mean time the war was carried on with energy by his duchess, Jeanne of Flanders. At the expiration of nearly four years, John escaped, disguised as a mei- chant. He died soon after, in 1345. See Daru, "Histoire de Bretaj^ne." John (Jean) V., (or John IV., according to some authorities,) Duke of Bretagne, born in 1338, was a son of the preceding. He married Mary, a daughter of Edward III. of England. By a decisive victory over his competitor, Charles de Blois, at Auray, in 1364, he obtained possession of Bretagne. He afterwards fought for the English against the French, who drove him out of Bretagne about 1374 ; but he was soon restored. Died in 1399. See SiSMONDl, " Histoire des Franfais." John (Jean) VI., son of the preceding, became Duke of Bretagne in 1399, when he was ten years of age. He carried on a war against the Count of Penthievre and the Duke of Burgundy, and afterwards joined the Eng- lish under the Duke of Bedford against France. Died in 1443. John, surnamed the Fearless, [Fr. Je.'vn Sans Peur, 7;h6N s6n pUR,] Duke of Burgundy, born at Dijon in 1371, was the eldest son of Philip the Bold. At the age of twenty-five he assisted Sigismund, King of Hungary, against the Turks, by whom he was made prisoner at the battle of Nicopolis. When taken before the Sultan Baya- zeed, (Bajazet,) he evinced so much courage that that sovereign gave him his liberty and the surname of Sans Peur, (the " Fearless.") After his return to France he was engaged in fighting the English and in political in- trigues at the French court. He was appointed guardian of the daujjhin of France in 1406. He caused the assas- sination of his rival, the Duke of Orleans, in 1407, and obtained almost unlimited power in the kingdom. He was murdered in 1419, at the instigation of the dauphin, son of Charles VI. a. e. T. o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, sAori; a, ?, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; niSt; ii6t; good; moon; JOHN 1389 JOHN John, IGer. Johann, yo'hin,] surnamed the Con- stant, a son of the Elector Ernest, was born in 1467, and became Elector of Saxony in 1525. I le was a zealous defender of the Protestant faith, and in 1530 caused the Confession of Augsburg to be proclaimed in the Diet assembled at that city. Died in 1532. See Ersch imd Gruber, " Allj^enieine Encyklopaedie." John [Lat. Johan'nes; Er. Jean, zhdN ; It. Gio- vanni, jo-v3.n'neeJ I., a native of Tuscany, was raised to the Roman see upon the death of Ilormisdas, in 523. He was sent on an embassy to Constantinople by King Theodoric to obtain toleration for the Arians ; and on his return, having displeased that monarch, he was thrown into prison, where he died in 526. John II., surnamed Meucurius, was a native of Rome, and succeeded Boniface II. in 532 or 533. Died i» 535- John III., a native of Rome, succeeded Pelagms I. in 560. Died about 573, and was succeeded by Bene- dict I. John IV., a Dalmatian, succeeded Severinus in 640. He condemned the doctrines of the Monothelites and the edict of the emperor Heraclius, called "The E.\position of Faith," which was issued in their defence. Died in 642, and was succeeded by Theodorus. John v., a native of Antioch, in Syria, was chosen pope on the death of Benedict II., in 6S5, and died in 687. Conon succeeded him. John VI., a Greek, succeeded Sergius I. in 701. During his pontificate Wilfred, Archbishop of York, was tried and acquitted of the charges preferred by the English clergy. Died in 705. John VII., a native of Greece, was elected successor to the preceding. Died in 707. Sisinnius succeeded him. John VIII., (called John IX. by those who admit the truth of Pope Joan's history,) was a native of Rome, and succeeded Adrian II. in 872. He crowned the emperor Cliarles the Bald, and afterwards Charles le Gros. He confirmed Phocius Patriarch of Constantinople. In 87S the Saracens invaded Italy and compelled him to pay tribute. Died in 882. He was succeeded by Martin II. See Artaud de Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes." John IX., an Italian, became pope in 898, after the death of Theodore II. Died about 900. John X. was elected in 915, through the influence of his mistress Theodora, as successor to Lando. He crowned Berengarius as emperor. Subsequently, with the assist- ance of this sovereign, he marched against the Saracens, who had invaded Italy, defeated them, and drove them from the country. At this time Guido, Duke of Tus- cany, with his wife, the infamous Marozia, possessed great power in Rome. John, having offended them, was seized in his palace by their soldiers and put in prison, where he is said to have been killed in 928. John XL, elected pope in 931, was the son of Maro- /.ia, as some suppose, by Pope Sergius III. Alberico, another son of Marozia, raised a revolt against his mother, whom he imprisoned with John in the castle of Sant' Angelo. The latter died about 936, and was succeeded by Leo VII. John XII., son of .'Mberico, was elected successor to Agapetus II. in 956, when he was but eighteen years old. He changed his name from Octavianus. Four years later he crowned Otho I. Emperor of Germany and King of Italy. Subsequently he became so notorious for his oppression and licentiousness that Otho returned to Rome in 963 and caused John to be deposed and Leo VIII. to be chosen in his place. But, as soon as Otho left Italy, John entered Rome at the head of a powerful part}', drove out Leo, and committed great atrocities. He died in 964. One of his mistresses, named Joan, exercised much influence at Rome during his pontificate ; and it has been suggested that this may have given rise to the story of " Pope Joan." See Baronius, "Annales." John XIII., Bishop of Narni, was raised to the papal see in 965 by the influence of the emperor Otho I. The Romans, however, being opposed to this election, im- prisoned John. Otho marched to Rome, liberated him, and hanged several of his opponents. John crowned Otho II., son of Otho I., as emperor. Died in 972, and was succeeded by Benedict VI. John XIV., Bishop of Pavi'a, was raised to the papal see, as successor to Benedict VII., about 984. After a pontificate of nine months, he was deposed by Boniface VII. and put in prison, where he is supposed to have been poisoned in 985. John XV., elected successor to John XIV., died a few days after. By some he is left out of the order of pope.s. John XVl., a native of Rome, became pope about 986. _ During his pontificate, a patrician, named Cres- centius, caused great disturbances and drove the pope from Rome. He was, however, reinstated in his au- thority by the emperor Otho. Died in 996, and was succeeded by Gregory V. John XVlI., whose previous name was Philaga- THius, a native of Calabria, and Bishop of Piacenza, was chosen pope in 997 by the faction of Crescentius, in op- position to Gregory V. Otho HI., espousing the cause of the latter, executed Crescentius with his adherents, and imprisoned John after having horribly mutilated him. John XVIII. was elected successor to Sylvester II. in 1003, and died four months afterwards. John XIX., elected pope in 1004. He sent Saint Bruno to preach Christianity to the Russians, and healed the schism between the Churches of Rome and Constan- tinople. Died in 1009, and was succeeded by Sergius IV. John XX., previously named Romanus, was the son of Count Gregory of Tuscany, and brother of Benedict VIII., whom he succeeded in 1024. In 1027 he crowned Conrad as emperor. He died in 1033 or 1034, and was succeeded by Benedict IX. John XXI., born in Lisbon, was elected successor to Adrian V. about 1276. He died after a pontificate of a few months. Nicholas HI. succeeded him. John XXII., a native of Cahors, in France, and pre- viously known as Jacques d'Euse, or James of Ossa, was chosen to succeed Clement V. in 13 16. He was consecrated at Lyons, and made his residence at Avignon. At this period there was a competition for the throne of Germany between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria. John, who declared that he had the right to appoint the emperor, excommunicated Louis in 1324 or 1327, and advanced the claims of Robert, King of Naples. This led to a long war in Italy between the Guelphs, who were allies of Robert, and the Ghibelines, who were assisted by the troops of Louis. At first the Guelphs had the advantage ; but their opponents soon gained ground, and in 1327 Louis visited Italy and received the iron crown of Milan. At Rome the Bishops of Venice and .'\leria crowned him emperor, after which he deposed John and appointed Peter de Corvara in his place, with the name of Nicholas V. After the return of Louis to Germany the Guelphs began to obtain the ascendency. John died at Avignon in 1334. He possessed extraor- dinary abilities, was devoted to study, and wrote some medical treatises. His avarice, however, was the most prominent trait in his character ; and to him is attributed the introduction of the Annates, or First-Fruits. He left, besides his jewels, eighteen millions of golden florins in his coffers. See Artaud de Montor, "Histoire des souverains Pontifes;' Pi.ATiNA, " Historia de Vitis Pontificuni Romanorura ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." John XXIII., (or XXII., according to some authori- ties,) (Cardinal CossA,) a Neapolitan, was elected as suc- cessor to Alexander V. in 1410, during a schism of the Church. His title was disputed by two rivals, Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII. He was a man of depraved morals and of insatiable cupidity. A quarrel between John and Ladislaus of Naples resulted in the expulsion of the former from Rome. John applied for support to the emperor Sigismund, who convoked at Constance in 1414 a general council. This council (at which John was present) required him to abdicate the popedom. He pretended to comply, but left Constance disguised, and fled towards Rome with the intention to resist the decree of the council. He was quickly arrested and brought back to Constance, where he was convicted of many heinous offences, and formally deposed, in 1415- He was confined in prison about three years. He died at Florence in 1419. ^as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,g-titti(ral; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( (J^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) JOHN 1390 JOHN John, (Juan,) Don, of Austria, one of the most cele- brated military and naval commanders of the sixteenth century, was the natural son of the emperor Charles V. and I:!arbara Blomberg, a native of Germany. He was born at Ratisb(m in 1546, and passed as the son of n Spanish nobleman named Quixada, by whom he was educated. Ciiarles V. on his death-bed recommended him tcT the protection of Philip II., who soon after ac- knowledged John as his brother and made appropria- tions which enabled him to live in ])rincely state. At the age of twenty-two he was appointed commander-in- chief of the forces sent against the Moriscoes of Granada, whom he vanquished in several battles and finally re- duced to complete subjection. In 1571, war having been declared between Philip 11. and the Sultan, Don John was appointed generalissimo of the combined fleets of Spain and Italy. He sailed from Messina in the middle of September with two hundred and fifty ships of war and about fifty thousand men, and on the 7th of October encountered the Turkish fleet in the Gulf of Lepanto, where he gained one of the greatest naval viclories of which history makes mention. Soon after the battle of Lepanto he received an embassy from thf Greeks of Albania and Macedonia, requesting him to a"?sist them against the Turks and to receive tiie sovereignty of their countries. Don John was prevented from accepting the offer by Philip, who, jealous of his brother's reputation, refused the assistance necessary for the enterprise. Dor John, in a subsequent expedition against Africa, took Tunis, Biserta, and several other important places. Ik was ap]5ointed in 1576 Governor of the Netherlands, which were then in a state of rebellion. He at first used conciliatory measures ; but the States, suspecting him of duplicity, declined his overtures and prepared for war Don John soon after took Namur by stratagem, and on the 1st of January, 1578, gained the decisive victory of Gemblours. He afterwards reduced Louvain, Nivelle, and other towns belonging to the insurgents. While thus actively engaged, in October, 1578, he was seized with an illness which carried him to the grave. Strong suspicions were entertained by many that he was poisoned. See L. VAN der Hammen, "Vida de Don Juan," 1627; Bri'si.^ DE MoNTPLEiNCHAMP, " Vie de Don Juan d'Autriche," i6qo ; Alexis DuMESNiL, "Vie de Don Juan d'Autriche," 1S27; Motley, "Rise of the Dutch Republic," vol. iii. part v. chaps, i.-v. ; Pkescott, " History of PliiHp 11.," vol. ii. ; J. P. Lvser, "Erzherzog Johann, der Freund des Volkes," 184S ; Schneidewind, " Leben des Erz- herzogs Johann von Oesterreich," etc., 1849. John, yon, (Eugenia,) a German novelist, best known by the pseudonym of E. Marlitt. She was born at Arnstadt, December 5, 1825. Adopted by the Princess of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, she was trained as a singer ; but, having lost the sense of hearing, she became a very successful and prolific writer of romances. "The Twelve Apostles," "Gold Else," and "The Second Wife" are among her works. Died m 1887. John or Johann, (Nepomuk Maria Joseph,) born in 1801, succeeded his brother Frederick Augustus as King ofSaxony in 1854. He was distinguished for great virtues as a ruler, and for his literary attainments. He trans- lated Dante's " Divine Comedy." He was an ally of Aus- tria in the war against Prussia in 1866. Died Oct. 29, 1873. John of Bayeux, |Fr. Jean de Bayeux, zh6N deh bt'yuh',1 a haughty and violent French prelate. He became Archbishop of Rouen in 1070. Died in 1079. John OF Brienne, [Fr. Jean de Brienne, zhSw deh bRe'Sn',] King of Jerusalem, and Regent of Constanti nople, was born in France. He assisted in the taking of Jerusalem in 1204, and in 1218, at the head of a Latin army, he took Damietta. In 1226 he was compelled to resign Jerusalem to the emperor Frederick II. Three years later he was elected, by the French barons in the East, Regent of Constantinople, which he bravely de- fended against the Greek emperor John Ducas. Died in 1237. John OF Bruges. See Eyck, (Jan van.) John OF CAPrADOciA, a theologian, became Patriarch of Constantinople about 518. He co-operated with the pope Hormisdas in the restoration of union between the Eastern and Western Churches. Died in 52b. John II. OF Cappadocia became Patriarch of Con- stantinople about 582 a.d. Died in 596. John, surnamed Climacus or Climachus. See Climacus. John OF Gis'cat.a or Gischala, a Jewish captain, was an enemy of Josephus the historian. He was the chief of one of the factions of zealots and outlaws that fought against each other and against the Romans in Jv;- rusalein while that city was besieged by Titus, in 70 a.d. On the capture of the city he was imprisoned for life. John OF Luxemiujrg, surnamed the Blind, son o( the emperor Henry VII., was born in 1295. In 1305 he was elected King of Bohemia, and in 1322 he con- quered Silesia. In 1331 he formed a league with Louis of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany, against Pope John XXII., and entered Italy. The pope then offered to recognize him as King of Italy. The emperor, in order to prevent this, invaded Bohemia. John left the com- mand of his army in Italy to his son, returned to Bo- hemia, and drove out Louis. He was soon after attacked with a disease in his eyes, which produced blindness, but did not in the least affect his spirit of enterprise. He invaded Poland, reduced it to subjection, and formed an alliance with Philip of France against the English. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Crecy, in 1346, after having performed great feats of valour. See Froissart, "Chronicles ;" Slsmondi, "Histoire des Fr.in- ;ais." John OF Ragusa, a learned Romish prelate, was in 1426 sent by Martin V. to the Council of Bale, over which he presided in 1431. He distinguished himself by his controversies with the followers of Huss. John OF Salisbury, a learned scholastic philosopher and writer, born at Salisbury about 1120. He entered the service of Thomas a Becket, and became his secre- tary. In 1 176 he was appointed Bishop of Chartres. He wrote, besides other valuable works, " Polycraticus de Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philosophorum," which is a satire on the follies of courtiers, etc., and a "Life of Thomas a Becket." Died in 1180. His works were published by J. A. Giles, Oxford, (5 vols., 1848.) See " Gallia Christiana," tome viii. ; B. Haur^au, "De la Philo- Sophie scholastique ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." John OF Seville or De Luna, a learned Jewish convert of the twelfth century. He translated into Span- ish many valuable Arabic works. John OF SuABiA, surnamed the Parricide, born in 1289, was a nephew of the emperor Albert I. The latter, having withheld from him his hereditary domains, was murdered by John and a band of conspirators. See BRANTOiME, " Vies des grands Capitaines." John OF Udine. See Giovannl John (Johann) Baptist, (Joseph Fabian Sebas- tian,) Archduke of Austria, born in 1782, was a son of Leopold II. He succeeded Kray in iSoo as commander of the Austrian army, and was defeated by General Moreau at Hohenlinden, in December of that year. In the campaign of 1809 he directed the operations in the Tyrol, and gained a victory over the viceroy Eugene. In June, 1848, he was elected Vicar of the German empire by the Parliament at Frankfort. He resigned that office in December, 1849. Died in 1859. John Cas'i-mir, [Ger. Johann Casimir, yo'hSn kd'ze-m^R,] Count Palatine, born in 1543, was the second son of the Elector-Palatine Frederick III. He was a zealous Calvinist, and in 156S raised an army with which he invaded Lorraine to aid the French Huguenots. In 1575 he again entered P'rance, as the ally of the Prince of Conde. His court at Neustadt became the centre of the Calvinist ]3olicy. After the death of his father, John Casimir was the political chief of the Reformers. Died in 1592. See Dp. Thou, " Histoire Universelle;" Daniel Parens, " His- toria Pal.itina;" F. Junius, " Ecloga in Obitum Joannis Casimiri,' 1^92; "Nouvelle liiographie Gdndrale." John Coninenus. See Cai.o-Joannf.s. John Daniascenus. See Damascenus. John de Matha, niS'thi, (Saint,) a French priest, born in Faucon, in Provence, June 24, 1169. Ilestiulied at Aix and Paris, and became the associate of Saint Felix of Valois, with whom he founded the order of Trinitarian Brethren, for the purpose of aiding in the a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, fi, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, f^t; ni&t; n6t; good; moon: JOHN 1391 JOHNSON work of ransoming Christian captives from among the Moors. He several times visited the Moorish countries. Died December 21, 1273. John Frederick [Ger. Tohann Friedrich, yo'h^in freed'riK] I. of Saxony, surnamed THE Magnanimous, was a son of the Elector John the Constant, whom he succeeded in 1532. Having joined the Protestant League of Schmalkalden, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Miihlberg, but was released through the intervention of his cousin, Maurice of Saxony. Died in 1554. See Ersch unci Gruber, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" Caspar Sagittarius, "Historia Joannis Eriderici Electoris," etc., 1678; C. BuDER. " Nachricht von der Kurfiirst Johnnn Friedrich's zu Sach- sen," 1755. John Frederick II., Duke of Saxony, and a son of the preceding, was born in 1529. He began to reign in 1554. Died in 1595. John George [Ger. Johann Georg, yo'hSn ga'oRo] I., Elector of Saxony, born in 1585, began to reign in 161 1. During the Thirty Years' war his course was vacillating, alternately favouring the cause of the emperor and 01 the Protestant allies, in 1635 he made a disad- vantageous peace with Ferdinand H. Died in 1656. See Karl August Muller, " Kurfiirst Johann Georg 1., seine Familie," etc., 1S3S ; Seeligmann, "Dissertatio de Vita Joannis Georgii I.," 1676. John George II., Elector of Sa.xony, born in 1613, began to reign in 1656, and distinguished himself as a legislator. Died in 1680. See Stockmann, " Progranima : Elector Joannes Georgius II. Saxonis et Lusatiae Legislator," 1789. John of Antioch, or John the Scholastic, [Lat. Johan'nes Antioche'nus, or Johan'nes Scholas'ti- cus; Fr. Jean d'Antiochp;, zh6N doN'te-osh',] a Greek canonist, born at Antioch, became Patriarch of Constan- tinople in 565 A.D. He published a collection of canons. Died in 578. (See Malala.) John of Bologna. See Bologna. John of Damascus. See Damascenus. John of Gaunt or Ghent, Duke of Lancaster, a younger son of Edward HI. King of England, was born in 1340. His birthplace, Ghent, in Flanders, then called in English Gaunt, (after the French Gand,) gave him the designation by which he is generally known. He served in early youth under his eldest brother Edward the Black Prince in tiie French wars, where he gained great dis- tinction for his skill and bravery. He married Constance, a natural daughter of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon, and, on the death of that monarch, laid claim to tne sovereignty of those kingdoms, but was defeated by Henry of Trastamara. Hesubsequentlygave his daughter in marriage to the heir-apparent of the crowns of Castile and Leon, upon which he resigned his own claims. His third wife was a sister-in-law of the poet Chaucer, to whom he proved a liberal patron. Died in 1399. His son, surnamed Bolingbroke, afterwards ascended the tlirune of England, wnh the title of Henry IV. John of God, Salnt. See Dieu, de, (Jean.) John of Leyden, sometimes called Johann Bock- elson or Beccold, a notorious fanatic, born at Leyden in 1510. Having joined the Anabaj^tists, he associated hmiself with Matthys, and with his followers took pos- session of the city of Munster. After committing the greatest excesses and cruelties, he was taken prisoner by the Bishop of Munster, and executed in 1536. See JocHMus, " Geschichte der Munsterschen Wiedertaufer ;" Robertson, " History of Charles V.," book v. ; C A Vulpius *' Joliaiin von Leyden," 1793 ; J. C. Wallmann, "Johann von Ley- den, i!544; Ersch und Gruber, "AUgemeine Encyklopaedie." John the Baptist, [Fr. Jean Baptiste, zIiSn btp'- tSst'; It. Giovanni Battista, jo-vin'nee bit-tis'ta,] son of Zacharias, a Jewish priest, and his wife Elisabeth. It was foretold of him that he should come in the spirit and power of Elias, to prepare the way of the Lord. (Luke i. 17.) Our Saviour also said that no ]:>rophet was greater than John the Baptist. (Luke vii. 28.) He began to preach and to bajitize in the desert country through which the Jordan flowed. It was here that Jesus received baptisin and was proclaimed by him as the promised Messiah. He was subsequently cast into prison, and beheaded by the order of Herod. See Mark vi. 16-30. Johnes, j5nz, ? (Thomas,) an English scholar and bibliomaniac, born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 1748. He was twice elected a member of Parliament. He translated Froissart's "Chronicle," and other literary works, from the French. Died in 1816. Johns, (John,) D.D., an American bishop, born in Newcastle, Delaware, July 10, 1796. He graduated at Princeton College in 181 5, took orders in the Episcopal Church, was appointed Assistant Bishoj-) of Virginia in 1842, and in 1862 succeeded Bishop Meade as diocesan. He was for some time president of William and Mary College, and of the Theological Seminary of Virginia. Died April 5, 1876. John'son, (Alexander B.,) an author and tanker, born in Gosport, England, in 1786. He settled in Utica, New York, in 1801, and engaged in banking opeiations in that town. He devoted his leisure to the study of the nature of hmnan knowledge, or ideas irrespective of the words by which they are expressed. I'he results of his investigation are his " Philosophy of Human Know- ledge, or a Treatise on Language," (1828,) a " Treatise on Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things," (1836,) and other publications on the same subject. His "Physiology of the Senses" (1856) was highly com- mended by the " Westminster Review." He also pub lished a "Treatise on Banking." Died Sept. 9, 1867. John'son, (Andrew,) the seventeenth President of the United States, was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1808. He learned the trade of a tailor, which he fol- lowed for many years at Greenville, Tennessee. He was self-educated, and, it is said, never attended any school In 1S28 he was elected alderman, and in 1830 mayor, of Greerville. After he had served several terms in the legislature of Tennessee, he was elected a member of Congress by the Democrats in 1843, '^"'^ continued in that body for ten years. He was chosen Governor of Tennessee in 1853, and again in 1855. In 1857 he was elected a United States Senator for six years. Having taken a decided stand against the disunion movement in i860 and 1S61, he was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee by President Lincoln in 1862. He was elected Vice-President of the United States by the Republicans in November, 1864, and, on the death of Mr. Lincoln, became President in April, 1865. On his accession to office he displayed at first a spirit of great severity against the rebels, but soon afterwards adopted a line of policy in relation to the reconstruction of the seceded States which was very favourable to them. His policy, ivliich tended to restore the domination of the secession- ists and to reduce the freedmen again to many of the ;vils of slavery, was rejected by a majority of Congress; ind a violent contest ensued between that body and the President, who vetoed numerous acts passed by Con- gress for the reconstruction of the Southern States, etc. llis vetoes, however, were overruled by a majority of two-thirds in each House, and the policy of Congress prevailed. In the course of a tour from Washington to Chicago, in 1866, he made many undignified political speeches, which rendered him very unpopular, and in the next elections his opponents, the Radicals, obtained large and increased majorities. He opposed impartial suffrage, reconmicnded repudiation, and co-operated with the Democratic party. He pardoned a large number of counterfeiters. In August, 1867, he suspended Mr. Stanton, secretary of war, and appointed General Grant secretary ad interim. The Senate of the United States reinstated Mr. Stanton in January, 1868, and President Johnson quarrelled with General Grant because he gave up the war office to Mr. Stanton. Great excitement was produced by the attempt of the President to remove Mr. Stanton in February, and he was impeached of high crimes and inisdemeanotns by a large majority of the House of Representatives. Among the crimes charged against him was the violation of the "Act regulating the Tmure of certain Civil Offices," by the removal of Mr. Stanton without the consent of the Senate The trial before the Senate began about March 13, and ended. May 26, in his acquittal. Thirty-five Senators voted that he was guilty, and nineteen voted not guilty. Among the latter were seven Republicans. Died July 31, 1875. See "Life of Andrew Johnson," New York, 1S66. t as-^,- 5 as J,- ghard; gas/; G,ll,K,^ieUural; u, nasal; v., trilled; sase; \\\ as in l/iis. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) JOHNSON 1392 JOHNSON Johnson, (Ben.) See Jonson, (Ben.) Johnson, (Chapman,) an eminent American lawyer, born in Virginia in 1779. lie began the practice of law at Staunton, and rose to the first rank in his profession. He served as aide-de-camp to General James Brecken- ridge in the second war with Great Britain. Died in 1849. John'spn, (Charles,) an Engli.sh dramatic writer, born in 1679, is mentioned in Pope's " Dunciad," particu- larly on account of his obesity. The comedy of the "Country Lasses" was the most popular of his plays. Died in 1748. See P.AKER, "Biographia Dramatica." Johnson, (Cuthbert W.,) an English writer on agri- culture, born at Bromley, Kent, about 1800. He pub- lished "The Farmer's Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Rural Affairs," (1842.) Died March 8, 1878. Johnson, (Eastman,) an American painter of por- traits and genre, born at Lovell, Maine, in 1824. Among his works are "The Old Kentucky Home," "Savoyard Boy," "The Woodsman," "The Chimney-Corner," and other admirable delineations of common life. See TucKERMAN, " Book of tlie Artists." Johnson, (Edward,) one of the earliest historians of New England, born in Kent, England, about 1600. He emigrated to Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1630. Died in 1672. His valuable "History of New England from the English Planting in 1628 till 1652" was published in London in 1650, and afterwards in the Massachusetts Historical Collections. Johnson, (Edward,) an American general, born ir Kentucky, graduated at West Point in 1838. He com manded a division of Lee's army at Gettysburg, July 1-3 1S63, and was taken prisoner at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1S64. Died Febniarv 22, 1873. Johnson, (Gabriel.) See Joh.nston. Johnson, (George,) an English physician, born at Goudhurst, Kent, in November, 1818. He was educated at King's College, London, and graduated in 1S42 at the London University. He was professor of materia medica in King's College, 1857-63, of the practice of medicine, 1863-76, and in 1876 took a professorship of clinical medicine. Among his works are " On Diseases of the Kidney," (1852,) "The Laryngoscope," (1S64,) "Lec- tures on Bright's Disease," (1873,) ^^'^• Johnson, (Helen Kendrick,) an American author, daughter of Rev. Dr. A. C. Kendrick, and wife of Ros- siter Johnson. She was born at Hamilton, New York, January 4, 1843, and was married in 1869. She is the author of "The Roddy Books," (3 vols., 1874-76,) and •' Our Familiar Songs, and those who made them," (18S1,) and has edited several compilations. Johnson,(ISAAC,) one of the foundersof Massachusetts colony, came from England with Governor Winthrop in 1630. He and three others organized, July 30, the church of Boston at Charlestown ; but, for the want of good water, they removed to Shawmut, now Boston, which was settled under Johnson's supervision. Died in 1630. Johnson, (James,) an Irish physician, born about 1777, practised in London. He published, besides other medical works, a "Treatise on the Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions," and " The Econ- omy of Health." Died in 1845. See " Life of Dr. James Johnson," by his son, 1S46. Johnson, (John,) a* learned nonjuring divine, born in Kent, England, in 1662. He was the author of " Holy David and 1ms Old English Translation Cleared," written in answer to one of the works of Baxter, "The Clergy- man's Vade-Mecum," (1708,) and several other works Died in 1725. See Thomas Brett, "Life of John Jolinson," T748. Johnson, (Sir John,) a general, son of Sir William, noticed below, was born in 1742. He was a royalist in the Revolution, instigated the Indians to fight for the king, and conducted several raids fnmi Canada against the State of New York. Near the close of last century he was ajjpointed Governor of Upper Canada. Died in 1830. See his " Life," by J. W. de Peyster. Johnson, (JosErii,) M.D., brother of Judge William Johnson, was born in Charleston in 1776. He practised as a physician in his native city, and in 1807 was chosen president of the Medical Society of South Carolina. He took an active jjart in the literary and political move- ments of Charleston, was long mayor of the city, and a prominent leader of the party which opi^osed nullifica- tion in 1832-33. He wrote a valuable work entitled " Tra- ditions and Reminiscences of the Revolution," (1851.) Johnson, (Manuel John,) an English astronomer, born about 1805. He was astronomer of the Radclifie Observatory of Oxford, and published "Astronomical Observations," (13 vols., 1845-55.) I^'ed in 1859. Johnson, (Martin,) an Elnglish landscajie-jininter and seal-engraver of the time of Charles II. Died about 1685. Johnson, (Maurice,) an English lawyer and antiqua- rian, born in Lincolnshire. He founded an antiquarian society at Spalding, and wrote several commentaries. Died in 1755. Johnson, (Reverdy,) an American lawyer, son of Judge Johnson, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, May 21, 1796. He studied at Saint John's College, was admitted to the bar in 1815, and followed his profession with great success in Baltimore. He was also extensively engaged in cases before the supreme court of the United States. In 1845 he was elected by the Whigs to the United States Senate. This position he resigned in 1849 to accept the attorney-generalship of the United States, tendered him by President Taylor. On the death of Gen- eral Taylor, in July, 1850, Mr. Johnson resumed his pro- fession in Baltimore. In connection with Thomas Harris, he published seven volumes of reports of the Maryland court of appeals, (from iSoo to 1826.) He was elected a Senator of the United States for six years, (1863-69,) and appointed minister to England in June, 1868. He negotiated in relation to the Alabama claims a conven- tion which the Senate of the United States rejected al- most unanimously. He was recalled early in 1869. Died February 10, 1876. Johnson, (Richard,) a commentator and gramma- rian, born in England. Among his works are " Noctes Nottinghamica:," and "Grammatical Commentaries." Died in 1721. Johnson, (Richard Mentor,) ninth Vice-President of the United States, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, in 1780. He studied at Transylvania University, and practised law with success. PLlected a representative to Congress in 1807, he zealously supported the admin- istration of President Madison, and was regularly re- elected for a period of twelve years. On the breaking out of the war of 1812, he raised and commanded a regiment of mounted riflemen on the Indian frontier. In 1813 he again took the field, and contributed greatly to Harrison's victory of the Thames, (October 5, 1813.) The Indian chief Tecumseh, who fell in this battle, is generally believed to have been killed by Colonel John- son, who was dangerously wounded. In 1819 he was transferred to the United States Senate, of which he was a member for ten years. He was again returned to the House of Representatives in 1829, and was regularly re-elected till chosen Vice-President in 1837, Van Buren being the President. None of the candidates for Vice- President having on that occasion received a majority of votes in the electoral college. Colonel Johnson was elected by the United States Senate. He was again the candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with Van Buren in 1840, but was defeated. Died in 1850. Johnson, (Richard W.,) an American general, born in Kentucky about 1827, graduated at West Point in 1849. 11^ commanded a division at the battle of Stone River, December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863, and at Chick amauga, September 19 and 20, 1863. He served under General Sherman in Georgia in May, 1864- Johuson, (Robert,) an English composer of sacred music, who flourished in the middle of the sixteenth cen- tury. Little is known of his life beyond the fact that he was an ecclesiastic. There was another Robert Johnson, who composed music for the London theatres from about 1610 to 1621. Johnson, (Rossiter,) an American author, born at Rochester, New York, January 27, 1840, graduated at Rochester University in 1S63. He is the author of "Phaeton Rogers," (rS8i,) "Idler and Poet," poems. a.e, T, o, u, y, /^;/5".i, fe, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, j/zor/; a, e, j, 9, ^^jr«r<'; (3r, fill, fit; mgt; ii5i; good; moon; JOHNSON 1393 JOHNSON (1882,) " History of the War of 1812," (1882,) " History of the Old French War," (1883,) etc., and editor of various books and series. John'spn, (Samuel,) an English divine, memorable for his undaunted support of the Protestant cause, was born in Staffordshire in 1649. Soon after he had taken orders he removed to London. He became an earnest advocate of the bill of exclusion against James, Duke of York, and published a tract entitled "Julian the Apostate," (1682,) in which he refuted the arguments in favour of passive obedience. For writing this article he was tried and imprisoned ; but during his confinement he issued several treatises against popery. In 16S6 he wrote "An Humble and Hearty Address to all the English Protestants in the Present Army." For the production of tills essay he was sentenced to stand three times in the pillory, to pay a fine of five hundred marks, and to be publicly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. He bore all these sufferings with great firmness, lie subsequently wrote in favour of the Revolution, and also of William of Orange, on whose accession he was rewarded with a present of ;^ 1000 and an annuity of ;^300. Died in 1703. Johnson, (Samuel,) an eccentric English dramatic writer, born in Cheshire about 1705. He wrote, besides other comedies, " Hurlothrumbo, or the Supernatural." Died in 1773. See IjAKER, " Biographia Dramatic.!." Johnson, (Samuel,) one of the most eminent Eng- lish writers of the eighteenth century, a son of Michael Johnson, a bookseller, was born at Lichfield, September 18, 1709. He commenced his studies in his native town, and subsequently continued them at a school in Stour- bridge. In 1728 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford. From boyhood he had been afflicted with the scrofula, which greatly impaired his eyesight and weakened his constitution. To this may be attributed the natuial in- dolence which he never fully succeeded in overcoming. Notwithstanding these obstacles, he acquired such stores •of knowledge that, when he was examined at Oxford, one of the otificers pronounced him to be the best pre- pared among all those who had entered since his re- membrance. Three years afterwards he was under the necessity of leaving college, on account of the narrowness of his resources. The same year, his father dying under pecuniary embarrassments, he obtained employment as usher to a school in Market-Bosworth. The duties of this office, however, soon became so irksome that he threw it up and removed to Birmingham, where he had made an engagement to contribute to a newspaper. It was there, also, that he produced his first book, an abridged translation from the French of " Father Lobos' Voyage into Abyssinia," for which he received the small compensation of five guineas. In 1736 he married Mrs. Porter, the widow of a mercer. This lady is described as being nearly twice his age, and as having vulgar manners, a loud voice, and florid complexion. Johnson said, however, that it was a love-match on both sides. Not long after, he attempted to establish an academy at Edial Hall, where he obtained only three pupils, one of whom was David Garrick. In 1737 he went to London, accompanied by Garrick. In a short time he produced, in imitation of the third Satire of Juvenal, a poem on London, which attracted great attention. Pope remarked "that the author, whoever he was, would not be long concealed." It was in the metropolis that Johnson formed a friendship for the poet Savage, with whom he Teqaently walked the streets at night because they were too poor to procure lodgings. In 1740 he wrote the parliaiiientarv speeches for the " Gentleman's Magazine,'" and in 1744 published the "Life of Richard Savage." Three years later he commenced his English Dictionary, [n March, 1749, die first number of the " Rambler" was issued. Johnson coi.tiiiued this periodical until his wife's death, in 1752, which affected his mind so deeply that he suspended many of his literary labours. In 1762 George III. granted him a pension of ;^300 per annum; and from that time he was enabled to live in ease and inde- pendence. He became a meuiber of the famous literary club to which Burke, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and many other celebrated men belonged. He received the degree of LL.D. in 1765 from the University of Dublin, but did not assume the title until several years later, when the same honour was conferred on him by the University of C>xford. He was also treated with marked attention by the king, to whom he was introduced at the library in Buckingham House. In 1773 he made an excursion to the \Vestern Islands of Scotland, of which he wrote an account, and two years later visited Paris. In 1781 he finished the "Lives of the British Poets," the last of his literary works. He died in 1784, from the effects of dropsy and asthma. Johnson's intellect was incisive, comprehensive, and profound ; and, when free from the influence of prejudice or passion, his judgments are, generally speaking, re- markably just. He seemed to seize, instantaneously and without effort, the essential features of the subject undei discussion, and his decisions are often expressed with a clearness and force that make a vivid and indelible im- pression upon the minds of his readers. He was pre- eminently distinguished for his conversational powers ; in society he was original, pointed, logical, and fond of argument, in which no one but Burke could successfully encounter him. Much of the intolerance and ill temper which he too often betrayed on such occasions must be ascribed to distressing and deep-rooted bodily infirmi- ties, which powerfully reacted upon his mind. If his disposition was irritable, his heart was essentially kind and generous. Few persons, with means so limited as his, ever spent more for charitable or benevolent pur- poses. "He loved the poor," says Mrs. Thrale, "as I never yet saw any one else love them. . , . He nursed whole nests of people in his house, where the lame, the blind, the sick, and the sorrowful found a sure retreat." Francis Barber, the servant and friend of Dr. Johnson, was originally a Jamaica slave. It is related that John- son, on making his will, asked his physician what would be a sufficient annuity for a faithful servant. Being told that fifty pounds a year would be regarded as adequate in the case of a nobleman, " Then," he said, " I shall be nobilissiviiis; for I mean to leave Frank seventy pounds a year." "That, with all his coarseness and irrita- bility," says Macaulay, (who will scarcely be accused of any undue partiality to Johnson,) " he was a man of sterling benevolence, has long been acknowledged. But how gentle and endearing his deportment could be was not known till the ' Recollections of Madame D'Arblay ' were published." Although certainly not wanting in a proper respect for dignities, he possessed a true Saxon independence of character, of which his well-known letter to Lord Chesterfield furnishes a fine illustration. He was a sincere and humble believer in the great truths of Christianity, which he ably upheld and defended. Johnson was great in all the branches of literature to vihich he devoted his attention. Few men have exerted so great an influence while living, — an influence which \\\\\ probably be felt kir into the future. His poems, which are chiefly descriptive and satirical, h.ave been L^reatly admired by some of the most eminent critics. " I have had," said Sir Walter Scott, " more pleasure in reading 'London' and the 'Vanity of Human Wishes' than any other poetical composition that I can mention." Of the latter Byron remarks, " 'Tis a grand poem, all the examples and mode of giving them sublime." His romances and plays attracted less attention. He was ?iarticularly unsuccessful with his female characters, iurke aptly remarked that among his dramatis personae "all the ladies introduced were Johnsons in petticoats." His excellence in literary criticism lies in his strength, perspicuity, and originality of thought. His critical observations are generally extremely just (as already intimated) when not biased by prejudice. He had not, however, that nice discrimination or sensibility requisite in order to apjireciate poetical beauties of a delicate or subtle kind. His most important critical works are the " Preface and Notes to Shakspeare," and " The Lives of the British Poets." His English Dictionary, upon which he bestowed vast labour for several years, is probably the most remarkable work of the kind ever produced by a single person. His style, precise and stately, was much admired and imitated during his lifetime ; but at present the prevailing taste in literature cas/t,- gas J.- ghiini: g asy" ; G, H, K. '^uft;i),d: N, uasdl; u, tri led; sas z: th as '\x\this. (2l!^~'See Explanations, p. 23.) 88 JOHNS O A 1394 JOHNSTON has pronounced it too artificial and elaborate to be ever used as a model. See lioswELl, " Life of Johnson ;" review of Crokbr's edition of Boswell's "Life of Jolmsoii," in Macaulay's "Essays;" "Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson," by ^IADAMK Piozzi, ^MRs. Thralh,) 1786; Anderson, "Life of Johnson," 1795; Thomas Carlylr, "Heroes and Hero- Worship ;" Scott's Miscellaneous Prose Works; Gary, "Lives of English Poets from Johnson to Kirke Wliite ;" " Quarterly Review" lor November, 18.31, June, 1850, April, 1858, and January, 185(3 ; " Westminster Review" for October, 1S31 ; see, also, the excellent and elaborate article in Allibone's " Dictionary of Authors." Johnson, (Samuel,) D.D., born in Guilford, Con- necticut, in 1696, graduated at Yale in 17 14. Having become an Episcopalian, he took holy orders in England in 1722, and on his return settled at Stratford. He was chosen president of King's College in 1754. This posi- tion he resigned in 1763. Died in 1772. He wrote, besides other works, a " System of Morality." Johnson, (Samuel,) an American author, born at Salem, Massachusetts, October 10, 1S22. He graduated at Harvard College in 1842, and at the Cambridge Di- vinity School in 1S43. He became a ]5reacher of the Free Religious movement. He was one of the compilers of two collections of hytnns for advanced Unitarian con- gregations, and was himself the author of some fine \ymns. He published "The Worship of Jesus," (iS68,) and a laborious work on "Oriental Religions," (1872 et seq.) Me was an able orator and writer, and a man of pure and noble, but somewhat eccentric, life. Died February 19, 1882. Johnson, (Samuel Frost,) an American painter, born in New York city, November 9, 1835. He studied art in New York, Dusseldorf, (i860,) and Antwerp, (1863.) After his return to New York he became a professor in the art-schools of the Metropolitan Museum. Johnson, (Samuel William,) an American chemist, born at Kingsborough, New York, July 3, 1830, was educated in the scientific school at New Haven, and in the German universities. In 1856 he became professor of agricultural chemistry at Yale College. Among his flooks are "Essays on Manures," (1859,) "Peat and its Uses," (1866,) " How Crops Grow," (1868,) " How Crops P'eed," etc. Johnson, (Thomas,) a lieutenant-colonel in the royal army, distinguished as a botanist, was born at Selby, in Yorkshire. He received from the University of Ox- ford the title of M.D. He was mortally wounded at 'he siege of Basinghouse, in 1644. He wrote several botanical works. Johnson, (Thomas,) an English scholar, born in O.xfordshire, was educated at Cambridge, where in 1692 he received the degree of M.A. He edited Sophocles, (1705,) and other classical works. Died about 1750. Johnson, (Virginia Wales,) an American novelist, born in P)rook!yn, New York, December 28, 1849. Her principal books are" Kettle Club Series," (1870,) "Joseph the Jew," (1873,) "A Sack of Gold," (1874,) "The Cal- derwood Secret," "Miss Nancy's Pilgriinage," "The Catskill Fairies," "A Foreign Marriage," "The Nep- tune Vase," "The English Daisy Miller," etc. Johnson, (Walter Rogers,) an American chemist and geologist, born in Leominster, Massachusetts, about 1794. He graduated at Harvard in 1819; and, while professor of mechanics, natural philosophy, etc. in the Philadelphia High School, he contributed largely by lectures and essays towards introducing an improved system of common-school education in Pennsylvania. He afterwards made important investigations in the geology of that State, particularly the coal formations, filled forfour years (1839-43) the chair of chemistry in the Medical University of Pennsylvania, and in 1844 published, by order of Congress, his "Report on the Different Varieties of Coal." Died in 1852. Johnson, (William,) judge of the supreme court of the United States, was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina, in 1 77 1. He was a brother of Joseph, noticed above. He graduated at Princeton, with the highest honours of his class, in 1790, rose to distinction at the bar of his native Slate, and was appointed judge by Jefferson in 1801. He died, while undergoing a surgical operation, in New York, in 1834. He published "The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Greene," (2 vols., 1822.) Johnson, (Sir William,) a British military officer, born about 1 71 5, was employed in North America, and had great intliience over the Indians. He commanded an exjiedition sent against Crown Point in 1755, and defeated the French and their Indian allies. He wrote a short work "On the Customs and Languages of the American Indians." Died in New York in 1774. See "Life and Times of Sir W. Johnson," by W. L. Stone, 1865. Johnson, (William B.,) a Baptist minister, born near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1782. He presided over the Baptist Convention of South Caiolina for twenty-five years or mt:;cd above, became confidential secretary to Cardinal de Retz. He is known as the author of the historical " Memoirs" from 1648 to 1665, (1718.) An English trans- lation of this work was published in 1 755. His " Memoirs" are designed to explain and complete those of De Retz. Joly, (Joseph Rum a in,) a French monk and writer, born in 1715 ; died in 1805. Joly, (Marc Antoine,) a French dramatist, born in 1672, wrote "The School of Lovers," and "The Jealous Wife." Died in 1753. Joly or Jolly, (Marie Elisabeth,) a noted French actress, born at Versailles in 1761. In 1793 she was imprisoned by the revolutionists, but regained her free- dom on condition that she should perform at the theatre of the Republic. Died in 1798. Joly, (Philippe Louis,) a learned French ecclesiastic and philologist, born at Dijon about 1712. Among his works are " Critical Remarks on the Dictionary of Bayle," (1748,) and a "Treatise on French Versification," (1751.) Died in 1782. See Qu^KARD, "La France Litt^raire." Joly de Bevy, zho'le' deh bi've', (Louis Philippe Joseph,) a French judge and religious writer, born at Dijon in 1736; died in 1S22. Joly-Clerc, zho'le' klaiR, (Nicolas,) a French natu- ralist, wrote a number of works on botany. Died in 1817. Joly de Fleury, zho'le' deh fluh're', (Guillaume Francois,) a learned and eloquent French advocate and magistrate, was born in Paris in 1675. For more than twenty years he was attorney-general in the Parliament of Paris. He wrote several treatises on law. Died in 1756. Joly de Fleury, (Jean Franqois,) a French financier, a son of the preceding, was born in 1718. He succeeded Necker as minister of finances in 1781, and resigned in 1783. Died in 1802. Joly de Fleury, (Jean Omer — o'maik',) a French priest, nephew of Guillaume Franfois, noticed above. Died in 1755. Joly de Maizeroy. See Maizeroy. Jomard, zho'mtR', (Edme FRANgois, ) a French archaeologist and geographer, born at Versailles in 1777. He accompanied the army to Egypt in 1798, returned in 1802, and was appointed secretary of the Egyptian commission. He contributed to the redaction of the great " Description of Egypt," and, as imperial com- missary, directed the engraving and impression of the same for twenty years, (1807-26.) The portions of this work written by Jomard were published separately, with the title of "Observations on Ancient and Modern EgyjJt, or a Historical and Picturesque Description of its Monuments," (4 vols., 1830.) He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1862. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Jombert, zhoN'baiK', (Charles Antoine,) a French writer on art, born in Paris in 1712; died in 1784. Jomelli, yo-mel'lee, (Niccol6,) a celebrated Italian composer, born at Aversa, near Naples, in 1714. He studied under Feo, Leo, and Martini. His first opera, " L'Errore amoroso," produced when he was twenty- three years of age, rendered him so famous that he was soon after invited to Rome, where he composed two more operas and was patronized by the Cardinal of York. In 1742 he went to Vienna, where he formed an intimate friendship with Metastasio and gave instruc- tions in music to the empress Maria Theresa. He was employed as musician or chapel-master in Saint Peter's at Rome from 1749 to 1754. The Duke of Wurtemberg having invited him to enter his service as chapel-master to the court, Jomelli removed to Stuttgart, where he passed about seventeen years, ( 1 754-70.) Died at Naples in August, 1774. Among his best productions are operas entitled " Didone," ( 1 745,) " Eumene," ( 1 746,) " Merope," {1747,) and "Ezio," (1748,) several oratorios and masses, and a miserere for two voices. See F^Tis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens;" Pietro Alfieri, "Notizie biografiche di N. Jomelli," 1845; "Nouvelle Biographie Generale;" Choron et pAYOLLt, " Dictionnaire des Musiciens." Jomini, zho'me'ne', (Henri,) Baron, an able general and eminent writer on strategy, was born at Payerne, in the Swiss Canton de Vaud, in 1779. He entered the French army, became aide-de-camp to Ney about 1804, and presented to Bonaparte on the field of Austerlitz his " Treatise on the Grand Operations of War." A few days after this event he was appointed chief of the stafi' of Ney. He received the title of baron for his conduct at Jena in 1806, and was employed in Spain in 1S08. In i8il he became a general of brigade, and in 1812 French governor of Wilna. He contributed greatly to the victory of Bautzen in 1813. His promotion having been obstructed by the enmity of Berthier, he quitted the French service in 1813, and entered that of Russia, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and became aide-de- camp to the emperor Alexander. Died about April i, 1869. Among his chief works are "Traite des grandes Operations militaires, ou Histoire critique et militaire des Guerresde Frederic II comparees a celles de la Revolu- tion," (5 vols., 1805,) a "Critical and Military History of the Campaigns of the Revolution from 1792 to 1801," (15 vols., 1819-24,) and "Precis de I'Art de la Guerre," (5th ed., 2 vols., 1S38.) The works of Jomini aie among the best that have ever been written on the art of war. See Pascal, "Observations sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Baron Jomini;" Querard, "La France Litteraire ;" "Nouvelle Biogra- ohie Generale;" "Monthly Review," vol. xci., 1820, (Appendix.) Jon Areson. See Areson, (Jon.) Joii, du, (P'rancis.) See Junius. Jonee, yo'ni, (Peter,) Bishop of Strengnas, in Swe- den, was ])rofessor of theology at Upsal when John HI. attempted to re-establish the Catholic religion. Jonae boldly opposed this proceeding. Died in 1607. Jo'nah or Jo'nas, [Heb. XMV ; Gr. 'Iwvaf; Lat. Jonas,] one of the minor Hebrew j^rophets, and the subject of the book bearing his name, is supposed to have lived under the reign of Jeroboam II., about Soo B.C.; but some place him under that of Jehu. See IL Kings xiv. 25 ; Matthew xii. 39, 41 ; Luke xi. 29, 32. Jo'nah of Cor'dova, known also as Marinus, or Merinos, (in Arabic, Aboo-1 Waleed Merwan Iun Janah,) an eminent Jewish rabbi, born at Cordova, Spain, about 990 a.d. He was a very able Hebrew lexi- cographer and grammarian, and his principal work, " Kitab el Tanki'h," or "The Book of Minute Research," is still highly valued. Jonas. See Jonah. Jonas, yo'nis, Jonee, yo'ni, or Jonsson, yon'son, (Arngrim,) a learned historian, antiquaiy, and divine, born in Iceland about 1568, is said to have studied astronomy under Tycho Brahe. Most of his works relate to the history of Iceland. Died in 1648. Jonas, zho'nd', (Emile,) a French musical composer, of Jewish origin, born March 5, 1827. He jiroduced " Le Duel de Benjamin," (1855,) " Le Roi boit," (1857,) " Les deux Arlequins," (1865,) " Le Canard a trois Bees, (1869,) and other ojjeras-bouffes. Jonas, yo'nds, (Justus,) an eminent German Re former and writer, born at Nordhausen in 1493. He became in 1521 professor of theology at Wittenberg He assisted Luther in the translation of the Old Tes tament, accompanied him to the Diet at Worms and at Augsburg, and had a share in the comi)osition of the so-called Torgau Articles. He also translated a numbei of Luther's works, and Melanchthon's "Defence (Apol- ogy) of the Augsburg Confession," from the Latin into German. Died in 1555. See P. Ekerman, "Vita et Acta Dr. J. Jonas," Upsal, 1761 ; G. C. Knapp, " Narratio de Justo Jona Theologo," etc., 1S17; Ersch un.l Gruber, " Allgenieine Encyklopaedie ;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" L. Reinhard, " Life of Justus Jonas," (in Latin,) 1731. Jonas or Jonae, (Runolph,) a scholar and author, born in Iceland, graduated at Copenhagen, where he fixed his residence after 1649. He wrote " Elements of the Northern Languages," and " Rudiments of the Icelandic Granunar." Died in 1654. Jon'a-than, [Heb. |njin',] son of King Saul, and the most intimate friend of the psalmist David. The death of this ]jrince, who fell with his father, near Mount Gilboa, while fighting the Philistines, furnished the subject of one of the most beautiful of David's songs. See I. Samuel xviii., xix., xx. ; II. Samuel i. 17-27. Jon'athan Ap'phus, (af'fus, ) a celebrated Jewish leader and high-priest, succeeded his elder brother, Judas « as k: 9 as s: g h.u-d: g asy,- (',, H, Vi, pittural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. (Sl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) JONATHAN 139S JONES Maccabseus, in 161 B.C., as chief ruler of bis nation. For seventeen years he governed with wisdom and justice, and carried on successful wars with many of the surrounding nations. During the civil dissensions in the kingdom of Syria he was decoyed into the city of Ptolemais and massacred with his entire escort. Jonathan Ben Uz-zi'el (or uz'ze-el) or U-zi'el, a Jewish rabbi, supposed to have been contemporary with the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. lie was the author of the "Targum," a Chaldaic paraphrase of most of the Hebrew prophetical books. Jonckbloet, yonk'bloot, (Willem Joseph An- dreas,) a Dutch author, born at the Hague, July 6, 1817. He was educated at Leyden, and held professorships of the Dutch language and literature at Groningen and Leyden. He published histories of poetry in the Neth- erlands, and of Dutch literature. Died in 1885. Joncourt, de, deh zh6N'kooR', (Elie,) a Dutch writer, of French extraction, born at the Hague in 1707. He was one of the editors of the " Bibliotheque des Sciences et des Arts," (50 vols., 1754-S0,) and wrote various works. Died about 1775. Joncty.s, yonk'tis, (Daniel,) a Dutch litteratetcr and physician, born at Dort, lived many years at Rotterdam. Among his works was an able treatise against torture. Died in 1654. Jones, jonz, (Anson,) an American physician, Presi- dent of the reiJublic of Texas at the time of its annexation was born in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1798. He settled in Brazoria, Texas, in 1833, took a promi- nent part in the political and military movements which resulted in the independence of that republic, was min- ister to the United States in 1838, and afterwards for three years secretary of state under President Houston. In 1844 he succeeded Houston as President. Died by his own hand in 1858. Jones, (Charles Colcock,) Jr., an American author, born at Savannah, Georgia, October 28, 1831. His father was the Rev. Dr. C. C. Jones, (1804-63,) an emi- nent Presbyterian divine. The younger Jones graduated at Princeton College in 1852. He became a lawyer, was an officer in the Confederate army, and after 1865 removed to New York. Among his works are "Ancient Tumuli in Georgia," (1869,) and "Antiquities of the Southern Indians," (1S73.) Jones, jonz, (David,) a Welsh poet, born in Caer- narvonshire, was also a collector of Welsh manuscripts. Died about 1780. Jones, (David R.,) an American general, born in South Carolina about 1S27, graduated at West Point in 1846. He served as brigadier-general in the army of General Lee at AiUietam, September 17, 1862. Died in 1863. Jones, (Edward,) a Welsh musician and bard, born in Merionethshire ai)out 1750. He published, besides other works, "Musical and Poetical Relics of the French Bards," (1784.) Died in 1S21. Jones, j5nz, (Ernest,) M.P., an English poet and Chartist. He became the leader of the Chartist move- ment about 1846. He was imprisoned about two years for his radical political speeches, (184S-49.) Among his works are "The Wood Spirit," (1841,) and "Chartis* Lyrics." He was elected a member of Parliament ir 1869, and died the same year. Jones, (Griffith,) a clergyman, born in Wales in 1684, was very active in supporting schools and in cir- culating the Bible among his indigent countrymen. He wrote several educational treatises in Welsh and English. Died in 1761. Jones, (Griffith,) an English author, born in 1721. He edited at different times several ])eriodicals, and was connected with Dr. Johnson in the " Literary Magazine" and with Goldsmith in the "British Magazine." Among his works are "Great Events from Little Causes," and several "Liliputian Histories." Died in 1786. Jones, jonz, (Henry,) an Irish poet and dramatic writer, born at Drogheda about 1720, was by trade a bricklayer. His productions attracted the attention of the Earl of Chesterfield, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, who took him to England and procured a large sub- scription for his poems. Among his works we may cite the "Tragedy of the Earl of Essex," (1753,) and "The Cave of Idra." Died in 1770. Jones, (Henry Bence,) F.R.S., an English physician, writer, and lecturer on medical subjects, born at Lowes- toft in 1813. He graduated at Cambridge in 1836, and commenced the study of medicine. In 1S46 he was elected j^hysician to Saint George's Hospital, and a Fel- low of the Royal Society. His principal works were "Animal Chemistry," "Lectures on Pathology and Tiierapeutics," and "The Life and Letters of Faraday." Died in London, April 20, 1873. Jones, (Hugh Bolton,) an American artist, born at Baltimore, October 20, 1848. Among his best i>ictures are " The Poplars," " Tangier," " The Wayside Pool," "The Return of the Herd," " October," " On Herring Run," and "The Ferry Inn." In 18S3 he was elected to the National Academy of Design, New York. Jones, (Inigo,) a distinguished architect, styled "the English Palladio," was born in London about 1572. Being apprenticed to a joiner, his talent for designing attracted the attention of the Earl of Pembroke, who furnished him with means to travel through E^uroi)e. While in Italy, he accepted an invitation from Christian IV. to visit Denmark. The sister of that monarch was the queen of James I. of England ; and thus the way was paved to the royal patronage when he reached his native land in 1605. In a short time he was appointed architect to the queen and to Prince Henry, in which position he formed a friendship with Ben Jonson. They subsequently quarrelled, and the poet ridiculed him in several plays. In 1612 he visited Italy a second time; and it was at this period that he fully adopted the classic style of architecture, which was then but little known in England. On his return he became surveyor-general of the royal buildings. He died in 1653. Of the edifices designed and constructed by him may be mentioned the palace at Whitehall, and the west front of Old Saint Paul's. He was an accomplished classical scholar, and wrote a work entitled "Stonhenge Restored." See Peter Cunningham, " Life of Inigo Jones," 184S; Camp- bell, "Vitiuvius Britannicus," 5 vols., 1767; Britton, "Dictionary •if Architecture," 1830-3S. Jones, (JacobJ Commodore, an American naval officer, born in Kent county, Delaware, in 1770. He became a lieutenant about 1801, and in October, 1S12, commanded the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he cap- tured the British sloop Frolic, which carried more guns than the Wasp. He was promoted to the rank of post- captain in 1813, and obtained command of the frigate Macedonian. Died in Philadelphia in 1850. Jones, (James Chamberlain,) a United States Sen- ator, born in Davidson county, Tennessee, in 1809. In 1 84 1 he was chosen by the Whigs Governor of the State, James K. Polk being his competitor. He was re-elected in 1843, when Mr. Polk was again the ojiposing can- didate. In the National Whig Convention of 1848 Governor Jones strenuously advocated the nomination of Henry Clay ; but after the selection of General Taylor as the choice of the Convention he entered the canvass warmly in his supjjort, and spoke to large audiences in different States of the Union. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1851, and served the full term of six years. He supported the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1S54, and thencet'orward acted principally with the Democratic party. Died in 1859. Jones, (Jeremiah,) a learned and eloquent English dissenting minister, born in 1693, published an important work entitled a "New and Full Method of Settling the Canonical Authority of the New Testament," (2 vols., 1726,) which is said to be the best English work on the subject. Died in 1724. Jones, (John,) a physician and medical writer, sup- posed to have been born in Wales about 1500. He was educated at Cambridge, and practised at Bath, in Eng- land. Among his works was "The Art and Science of Preserving the Body and Soul in Health," (1579.) Jones, (John,) a Benedictine, born in London in 1575. He studied at Oxford, where he roomed with Laud, afterwards the celebrated archbishop. Having become a Roman Catholic, he went to Spain, became a monk, and continued his studies at Compostella. He a, e, T, 6, ii, y, long; k, b, 6, same, less |jrolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fJr, f^U, fit; mSt; nftt; good; moon JONES 1399 JONES I was subsequently ajjpointed professor of Hebrew and divinity at Douay. He was the author of several theo- logical works. Died in London in 1636. Jones, (John,) a Welsh antiquary, who collected and transcribed numerous old manuscripts in his native lan- guage. P'ifty large volumes of these are yet preserved, ile is supposed to have died about 1600. Jones, (John,) the author of " Adrasta, or the Woman's Spleen," (1635,) and other dramatic works, lived in England during the reign of Charles I. Jones, (John,) a clergyman of the Church of Eng- land, born in Wales in 1700, and educated at Oxford. In 1751 he became rector of Boulne-Hurst, and in 1755 vicar of Hitchin. Four years later he was chosen by Dr. Young, the poet, to be his curate. He wrote "Catholic Faith and Practice," (1765,) and other religious works. Died about 1770. Jones, (John,) LL.D., a Unitarian minister, born in Carmarthenshire about 1765. About 1795 he was ap- pointed pastor of a congregation at Plymouth Dock, and afterwards at Halifax, in Yorkshire. He subsequently removed to London. He was the first to introduce the use of Greek-and-English dictionaries. Previous to his time the Greek had been studied entirely with the aid of books written in Latin. Of his numerous works we may mention " Illustrations of the Four Gospels, founded on Circumstances peculiar to our Lord and the Evangelists," (1808,) and "A Greek-and-English Lexi con," (1823.) Died in 1827. Jones, (John,) a lawyer and writer, born in Carmar- thenshire in 1772, was admitted to the bar in 1803. Among his works are "A History of Wales," and " Cyfamod Newydd," a translation of the New Testament from the Greek into Welsh. Died in 1838. Jones, (John Gale,) an English political orator, horn in 1771, advocated republican or radical opinions. He was prosecuted for some political offence, defended l^y Romilly, and acqu tted. Died in 1838. Jones, (John M.,) an American general, born in Virginia about 1820, graduated at West Point in 1841. He became a captain in 1853, and resigned his commis- sion in 1861. He served as a brigadier-general in the army of General Lee, and was killed near Spottsylvania, May ID, 1864. Jones, (Colonel Leslie Grove,) an English political writer, born in 1779. He served in the Peninsula as aide-de-camp of the Duke of Wellington. He con- tributed letters to the "London Times." Died in 1839. Jones, (Noble Wimberly,) a physician and patriot, born in Georgia in 1725. He was an early and active promoter of the Revolution, was a delegate to Con- gress in 1775, and was taken prisoner at Charleston in 1780. In 1 781 he was again elected to Congress. Died in 1805. Jones, (Owen,) an antiquary, born in Denbighshire, Wales, in 1740. He published a large collection of ancient Welsh poetry, and the "Archaeology of Wales," containing several historical documents. Died in 1814. Jones, (Owen,) an architect, born in Wales about 1809. In 1837 he visited Granada, and in 1S42 published " Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Al- hambra," with a translation of the Arabic inscriptions, and a historical account of the sovereigns of Granada from the Spanish. He chiefly devoted his attention to ornamental architecture, in which he soon acquired distinction. In 1852 he was appointed "Director of Decorations" at the Crystal Palace in London. He displayed his taste and artistic knowledge with a very happy effect in arranging and ornamenting the various courts of that building. Among his writings are "De- signs for Mosaic and Tessellated Pavements," (1842,) and the "Grammar of Ornament," (1856.) Died in 1874. Jones, (Paul ; originally John Paul,) a famous naval officer, born at Arbigland, in Scotland, in 1747. He emi- grated to Virginia, entered the colonial naval service in 1775, was appointed a captain in August, 1776, and took command of the Ranger, a vessel of eighteen guns, about June, 1777. He sailed to Europe in that year, cruised on the coast of Scotland, and made a bold attack on White- haven, where he burnt some shijiping. He also captured the Drake, a sloop of war. Early in 1779 he was trans- ferred to the Bonhomme Richard, which carried about forty-five guns. Having several smaller vessels under his command, he captured or destroyed many British vessels. In September he attacked the Serapis. a frigate of forty-four guns, which surrendered after a long battle. His own ship was so much damaged in this action that she sank a few hours after. Congress voted Captain Jones a gold medal for this victory. He entered the Russian service, with the rank of rear-admiral, in 1788; but, having quarrelled with one of the Russian admirals, he was soon removed from the command. He died in Paris in 1792. See J. H. Sherbourne, "Life of J. P. Jones," 2 vols., 1835; James Hamilton, " Life of Rear-Admiral J. P. Jones," 1S48; A. S. Mackenzie, "Life of J. P. Jones," 2 vols., 1841 ; " Het Leven van J. P. Jones," Groningen, 1829; W. G. Simms, "Life of J. P. Jones," 1845; "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Ameri- cans," vol. iii. ; "Monthly Review" for September, 1S25. Jones, (Rice,) a Welsh poet, born in 1715. He pub- lished "Welsh Anthology," (1770.) Died in 1801. Jones, (Richard,) a Welshman, published about 1654 "Gemma Cambricum," a work of great ingenuity, in which all the books and chapters of the Bible were abbreviated and written in his native dialect. Jones, (Roger,) an American general, born in Vir- ginia. He fought against the British on the northeri frontier in 1813 and 1814, and became adjutant-general in 1825. Died in 1852. Jones, (Sa.muel,) an American major-general, born in Virginia, graduated at West Point in 1841. He took arms against the Union in 1861, and commanded in Western Virginia in 1S62-63. He was killed at the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Jones, (Stephen,) bom in London in 1763. He was the editor of the Whitehall "Evening Post," the "Bio- graphia Dramatica," and a " Biographical Dictionary," (2d edition, 1796.) Died in 1827. Jones, (Sir Thomas,) chief justice of the common pleas during the reign of James II. He openly opposed the encroachments of the king on the laws of England, and was dismissed from office in 16S6. See Macaulav, "History of England," vol. ii. chap. vi. Jones, (Thomas M.,) born in Virginia about 1835, became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army about 1862. Jones, (Thomas Rymer,) an English physician and surgeon, distinguished as a comparative anatomist and physiologist, was born about 1810. He was educated at London and Paris. He was appointed professor of comparative anatomy in King's College, London, and in 1840 became FuUerian professor of physiology in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In 1844 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Among his works may be mentioned " A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom," (1841,) and "The Natural History of Animals," (ist vol., 1844.) Died December 10, 1880. Jones, (Thomas Wharton,) a British oculist and phy- siologist, born at Saint Andrew's, Scotland, about 1808. He published, besides other works, a "Tre.itise on Oph- thalmic Medicine and Surgery," and became professor of ophthalmic medicine in University College, London. Jones, (Sir William,) an English judge under James I. and Charles I., was born in 1566. He wrote several legal works, and became a judge of the king's bench in 1625. Died in 1640. Jones, (William,) an able mathematician, born in the island of Anglesey in 1680. He taught mathematics for several years, and corresponded with the most dis- tinguished scientific men of that age. He was the friend of Newton and of Halley, and tlie father of the emi- nent Orientalist Sir William Jones. He held the office of vice-president of the Royal Society. Died in 1749. Among his productions are "A Compendium of the Art of Navigation," (1702,) and several works in defence of the theories of Newton. Jones (William) of Nayland, a learned Episcopal divine and multifarious writer, born in Northampton- shire, England, in 1726, graduated at Oxford in 1749. Of his productions we may mention " Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity proved from Scripture," (1756,) an "Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy," (1762,) "A Course of Lectures on the Figurative Language of € as k: 9 as j; g hard; g as/.* G, H, ifi, giutural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (JJl^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) JONES 1400 JONSON the Holy Scriptures," (17S6,) and two political treatises against tlie French Revolution, entitled "A Letter from Thomas Bull to his Brother John," and "The Scholar armed against tlie Errors of the Times." He was per- petual curate of Nayland. Died in 1800. See William Stevkns, " Life of W. Jones of Nayland," 1801. Jones, [Lat. Jonk'sius,] (Sir William,) an eminent Orientalist, son of William Jones, noticed above, (1680- 1749,^ was born in London September 28, 1746. He lost his father when he was three years of age ; but his mother, a lady remarkable both for her learning and accomplisliments, ably suijerintended his education. In 1753 he was placed at the Harrow School, of which Dr. Thackeray was preceptor. Jones early distinguished himself for his classical acquirements, and at the age of seventeen entered University College, Oxford, with more learning than many good scholars have carried thence. The following year he left Oxford, to become tutor to the son of Earl Spencer, in whose family he continued to reside for five years. During this period he devoted much of his time to the acquirement of the Oriental languages. He was also versed in nearly all the Euro- pean tongues. L> 1768, at the request of the King of Denmark, he translated the "Life of Nadir Shah" from the Persian into French. The year following he issued a valuable Persian Grammar. In 1770 he began the study of law, and in 1774 he was admitted to the bar. In March, 1783, he was appointed judge of the supreme court of judicature at Fort William, in Bengal, and re- ceived the order of knighthood. Soon after he married Anna Maria Shipley, a daughter of the Bisho]) of Saint Asaph. In the following September Sir William Jones reached India, where he continued to pursue his Oriental studies with unabated zeal. He also organized (about 17S5) the " Asiatic Society," for the ])urpose of obtaining further information relative to the sciences, antiquities, languages, and history of Asia. He died at Calcutta on the 27th of April, 1794, after a short illness. In the branch of literature to which he devoted his attention he undoubtedly surpassed all other Euroijeans. He is, however, to be equally esteemed for his noble qualities and Christian virtues as for his vast erudition. Among his numerous works are " Commentaries on Asiatic Poetry," commenced in his twenty-first year, and contain- ing translations from the most distinguished Hebrew, Persian, Arabic, and Turkish poets, treatises " On the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India," " On the Second Classical Book of the Chinese," " On the Musical Modes of the Hindus," and a translation of the " Institutes of Manu," and a prose translation of Kalidasa's cele- brated poem " Sacontala," (" Sakoontala,") both from the original Sanscrit. He was also author of several works on the laws of England and of India. See Lord Teignmouth, " Life of Sir William Jones," 1804 ; "Autobiography of William Jones," published by his son, London, 1846; H. A. Hamakpr, " Oratio de Vita et Meritis G. Jonesii," Leyden, 1822; " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale ;" "Edinburgh Re- view" for January, 1S05: Carv, "Lives of English Poets from Johnson to Kirke White." \ Jones, (William Alfred,) an American writer and critic, was born in 1817. He graduated at Columbia College in 1836. He has contributed largely to various periodicals, and published several volumes of essays. His " Characters and Criticisms" (2 vols., 1857) was highly commended by Washington Irving. Jones, (William Basil,) D.D., an English bishop, born at Cheltenham in 1822. He graduated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1844, was a Fellow of Queen's Col- lege, 1848-51, and of University College, 1851-57, and a tutor, 1854-65. In 1867 he became archdeacon and canon of York. In 1874 he was consecrated Bishop of Saint David's. Among his works are "Vestiges of the Gael in Gwynedd," (1S51,) "History of Saint David's," (1856,) "Notes on the CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles," (1862,) "New Testament, with a Plain Commentary," (1S65,) and "The Peace of Go*," (1869.) Jonesius. See Jones, (Sir William.) Jong, de, deh yong, (Ludolf,) a Flemish painter of battle- and hunting-scenes, born near Rotterdam in 1616 ; died in 1697. Jongelingx, yong'eh-links', (Jacob,) a Flemish sculp- tor, born at Antwerp in 1531. Among his works is a monument to Charles the Bold at Bruges. Died in 1606. Jonin, zho'n^N^, (Gilukrt,) a French Jesuit and poet, born in Auvergne in 1596. He translated into Latin, with many modifications, the Odes of Anacreon, which he published under the title of " The Christian Anacreon." I ie wrote several Greek and Latin odes. Died at Touruon, March 9, 1638. Jonsius, yon'se-us, (Johann,) a German scholar, born at Fleiisburg in 1624. He wrote, besides other works, " De Scriptoribtis Historia: Philosophicas," (1659,) which was once highly prized. Died at Leipsic in 1659. Jon'spn or Johnson, (Be.\,) one of the most cele- brated English poets and dramatists, was born at West- minster in 1574. His father, a Protestant clergyman, died a month j^revious to his birth. Jonson's mare him with Shakspeare, I must acknowledge him the most correct poet, but Shakspeare the greater wit. Shakspeare was the Homer or father of dramatic poets. Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing. I admire him, but I love Shakspeare." Jonson was most successful in satirical comedies, the style of which he obtained from the ancients. To the refiiiement and thought displayed in his writings may be attributed the ill success which many of them first met with among the English people, whose taste had been vitiated by the low wit and ob- scenity which they had been accustomed to hear from the stage. Among the most important of his dramas are "Cynthia's Revels," (1600,)" Sejanus," (1603,) "Vol- a, e, T, 6, u, y,/t;;/^;i,fe,('>, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u,y,shoi-t; a, e, j, q,obscitre; filr, fill, fit; mfit; a6t; good; moon; JONSSON 1401 JORGENSON pone," (1605,) "The Alchemist," (1610,) and "Catiline's Conspiracy," (161 1.) See Chetwood, "Life of Den Jonson," 1756: "Memoir of Ben Jonson," prefixed to an edition of his works, (q vols., iSi6,) by W. Gifford; I'aker, " Biographia Dramalicn :" Von P)AUdissin, " B. Jonson und seine Sclnile," 2 vols., 1S36; " Lives of British Drama- tists," by Campbell, Leigh Hunt, etc. ; "Retrospective Review," vol. i., 1S20; "North British Review" for February, 1856. Jonsson, (Arngkim.) See Jonas. Jonsson, yons'son, (Finn,)" [Lat. Fin'nus Johan- N/t'us,] a clergyman and historical writer on the church and literature of Iceland, was born in that island in 1704. After receiving his education at the University of Copenhagen, he returned to Iceland. Died in 17^9. His most important work is the "Ecclesiastical History of Iceland," ("Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiae.") Jonston, (Arthur.) See Johnston. Jordaens, yoR'dins, (Jakoh,) a distinguished painter, born at Antwerp in 1594. He studied under Van Oort, but was indebted for the most of his artistic knowledge to Rubens, by whom he was subsequently employed. He painted with rapidity and ease, and his colouring was rich and harmonious ; but he was deficient in elegance and loftiness of conception. Among his numerous works are "Jesus Christ in the Midst of the Doctors," (a paint- ing which has been frequently attributed to Rubens,) "The Adoration of the Shepherds," "Saint Peter Cut- ting off the Ear of Malchus," and "The Satyr and the Man who Blew Hot and Cold." Died in 1678. See Descamhs, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc.; LouiE Alvin, " J. Jordaens," 1S44 ; J. Campc Weverman, " De Schiuder- konst der Nederlanders." Jordan, zhoR'dfiN', (Cariille,) a French politician and orator, born at Lyons in 1771. He was distinguished for his moderate principles during the Revolution, and his attachment to the Catholic religion, which he bravely defended. Having been proscribed by the Directory, he sought an asylum in Switzerland in 1797, and afterwards in Germany, where he became acquainted with Goethe, Schiller, and other men of note. Jordan returned to France about 1800. During Bonaparte's administration he led a private life ; but upon the accession of Louis XVIII. he was ennobled, and elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He wrote several works of a political nature. Died in 1821. See Lamartine, "History of the Girondists;" Pierre Simon Ballanciie, " Elose de C. Jordan," 1823; Thiers, "History cf the French Revolution ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;" "Revue des Deux Mondes," vol. Ix., 1S68. Jordan, (Charles Etienne,) a French Protestant minister and writer, born at Berlin in 1700. He was appointed privy councillor by Frederick the Great in 1740. He rendered important services to Berlin by the suppression of mendicity and the promotion of educa- tion. Among his works is "Travels in France and England," (1735.) Died in 1745. See MAL Haag, "La France protestante. " Jor'dan, (David Starr,) Ph.D., M.D., an American zoologist, was born at Gainesville, New York, January 19, 1 85 1. He graduated in the scientific department of Cornell University in 1872, and as M.D. at Indiana Uni- versity in 1875, w-^s ^ special agent of the United States census for the marine industries of the Pacific coast from 1879 to 1 881, was professor of bit)logy in Butler Univer- sity, Indianapolis, from 1875 to 1879, and in the Indiana University after 1879. Among his works are a "Manual of Vertebrates," (1876,) and a " Synopsis of the Fishes of North America," (1883,) besides a great number of scientific papers. Jor'dan, (Dorothea,) or Dorothy Bland, a cele brated actress, born at Waterford, Ireland, about 1762. In 1785 she made her appearance in London at Drurj Lane Theatre, where she enjoyed the highest popularity. She subsequently became the mistress of the Duke of Clarence, (afterwards William IV.,) to whom she bore ten children. This connection being suddenly broken off by the duke in 181 1, Mrs. Jordan retired to France, where she died in 1816 in great ])overty. As an actress she possessed uncommon versatility, and excelled both in comedy and tragedy. See J. Boaden, "Life of D. Jordan," 2 vols., 1831 ; Oxberry, "Dramatic Biography." Jordan, H0R-d5n', (Esteban,) a Spaniard, born at Valladolid in 1543, excelled in painting, architecture, and sculpture, but devoted his attention chiefly to the last-named art. Philip II. appointed him his first sculptor. Among his most admired ] roductions are "Saint Peter," "Saint Paul," and "The Adoiation of the Kings." Died in 1605. Jordan, yoR'ddn, (Johann Christoph,) a noted anti quary, and privy councillor to the King of Bohemia, was the author of annotations on Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Polybius, and Diodorus Siculus. Died about 1740. Jordan, (Johann Peter,) a Germ.an (Wendish) scholar, born at Zischowitz, Upper Lusatia, February 15, 1 81 8. He studied at Prague. His works include a " Wendish Grammar," a " History of Bohemia," a Polish-German and two Czech-German dictionaries, etc. Jordan, (Sir Joseph,) an English admiral, who com- manded nt the victory of Solebay, which was gained over the Dutch in 1672. Jordan, (Rudolf,) a German painter, born at Berlin about 1810. His delineations of fisher-life in Helgoland are greatly admired : among these we may name "The Shipwreck" and "The Death of the Pilot." Jordan, (Sylvester,) a German jurist and politician, born near Innspruck in 1792. He was imprisoned about twelve years for his liberal opinions, and was released in 1845. Died in 1861. Jordan, (Thomas,) an English poet and dramatist, lived in London ; died about 1685. Jor'dan, (Thomas,) an American officer in the Con- federate service, born in Virginia about 1821, was made a brigadier-general in 1862. Jordan, yok'ddn, (Wilhelm,) a German poet, born at Insterburg, Prussia, February 8, 1819. He was edu- cated at Leii)sic, Konigsberg, and other universities, and was when young distinguished as a republican agitator and orator. Besides a "History of Hayti," (1846-49,) he jiublished a large number of volumes of verse, in- cluding " Demiourgos," (1852,) a bold and thoughtful attempt at a poetical theodicy. He also published several parts of a new " Nibelungenlied," besides translations of Sophocles, Homer, and Shakspeare. Jordane-s. See Jornandes. Jordano, (Luca.) See Giordano. Jordano Bruno. See Bruno. Jor'den, (Edward,) an English physician and scien- tific writer, born in Kent in 1569. He was a graduate of the University of Padua. Died in 1632. • Jordens, yoR'dens, (Gkorg,) a Dutch jurist, born at Deventer in 1718, was known as the author of two legal treatises, — one in defence of the University of Utrecht, and the other on the Mosaic, Greek, and Roman laws. Died in 1771. Jordens or Joerdens, yoR'dens, (Karl Heinrich,) a German jjhilologist and biographer, born in the county of Mansfeld in 1757. He was rector of an academy ai Lauban. His chief work is an excellejit "Dictionary of German Poets and Prose Writers," (6 vols., 1805-11.) Died in 1835. See Er.sch und Gruber, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." Jordy, zhoR'de', (Nicolas Louis,) a French general, born at Abreschvviller in 1758; died in 1825. Jore, zhoR, (Claude Francois,) a French printer, lived abtjut 1750, was a friend of Voltaire, for whom he published several works. He wrote "Six Letters to Voltaire," and some other productions. Jorgenson, yoR'gen-son, written also Jiirgensen, (Jokgen,) a Danish adventurer, born at Copenhagen in 1779. Having gone to England in early youth, he was some years later proinoted to the command of an English vessel, and during the war between England and Denmark sailed for Iceland. On the 25th of Jiine, 1809, he landed with twelve English sailors and took the governor. Count Tramjbe, prisoner, and proclaimed that Iceland was free and independent of Denmark. With a force of eight Icelanders, he continued to exer- cise undisputed sway over the island until August, when the British restored it to its former government. During this revolution not a gun was fired nor a drop of blood « as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, yi,g,'uttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as a; th as in this. (Jl^P'See Explanations, p. 23.) /ORJSSEN 1402 JOSEPHINE shed. The inhabitants feared to resist, as their capital lay exposed to the guns of Jorgenson's vessel. Soon after his return to England he became very dissipated, and was finally convicted and transported to New South Wales, where he is supposed to have died. While in Newgate, before his transportation, he wrote a work en- titled "The Religion of Christ the Religion of Nature." See Sir Wm. Hookkr, "Tour in Iceland;" Skulason, "J[. Jiir- gensens Usurpation! Island," 1832 ; Erslew, " Forfatter-Lexicon." Jorisseu, yo'ifs-sen, (Thomas Tukodoke Hkn- DKIK,) a Dutch author, born at Utrecht, February 23, 1S33. In 1S65 he became professor of history at Am- sterdam. His principal writings are biographies, chiefly written in a historical spirit. He also wrote useful works on literary history. Jorisz, yoK'is, (Augustin,) a Dutch painter and en- graver, born at Delft in 1525 ; died in 1552. Jorisz, (David.) See David George. Jorjanee, Joijani, or Djordjani, jor-jd'nee, (Saeed Sheieef Zeiii-ed-Deen Abool Hassan, or Said Scherif Zein-ed-Din Abou'l Hassan, sd-eed' sh§r- eef zan (or zTn) ed-deen' i'bool h3,s'san,) a renowned Arabian writer, born in Tagoo, (Tagou,) in the district of Asterabad and the region called Jorjan, in 1339. He was the author of numerous works, among which per- haps the most important is an extremely valuable dic- tionary, entitled " Tarafat," (i.e. " Dehnitions.") Jorjanee enjoyed the favour of the great conqueror Tamerlane. Died in 1413. Jor-nan'des or Jor-da'nes, a distinguished Gothic historian of the sixth century, was secretary to the Gothic kings of Italy. Having embraced Christianity, he was ordained Bishop of Ravenna in 552. The most important of his works is a " History of the Goths" until the reign of Vitiges, who was conquered by Belisarius, (" De Ge- tarum sive Gothorum, Origine et Rebus gestis.") It was first printed at Augsburg in 1 51 5, and is highly prized. He also wrote an abridgment of universal history, en- titled "De Regnorum et Temporum Successione." See Vossius, " De Historicis Latinis;" Ersch und Gruher, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" D. W. Moller, " Disputatio Circu- laris de Jornande," i6go. Jor'tin, (John,) D.D., an English divine and critic, of French extraction, born in London in 1698. Soon after graduating at Cambridge he settled in his native city, where he gained great distinction for his eloquence and learning. He was appointed Archdeacon of London in 1764. Of his works may be mentioned a volume of "Latin Poems," (1722,) which are classed among the most finislied of the modern productions in that lan- guage, "Miscellaneous Observations on Authors, An- cient and Modern," (2 vols., 1732,) "Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History," (5 vols., 1751-73,) and the "Life of Erasmus," (1758.) Died in 1770. "Jortin's sermons," says Dr. Johnson, " are very elegant." See John Disney, " Life of Jortin," 1792. Josaphat. See Jehoshaphat. Jo'seph, [Ileb. ^DV; Gr. 'luarj^ ; Lat. Jose'phus ; It. Josef, yo-s6f'; Sp. Josef, ho-s6F,] one of the twelve patriarchs, and the favourite son of Jacob, was born in Mesopotamia about 1900 B.C. At an early age, on ac- count of their jealousy, he was sold by his brothers to some Ishmaelitish merchants, v.ho carried him as a slave into Egypt, over which kingdom he was subsequently appointea governor by Pharaoh. The descendants of his sons Ephraim and Manasseh formed the two Ijalf-tribes, which exerted no little influence in the Hebrew nation. See Genesis xxxv.-l. Joseph [Ger. pron. yo's^f] I., Emperor of Germany, of the house of Hapsburg, and son of Leopold I., was born in 1676. In 1687 he was proclaimed King of Hun- gary, and in 1690 King of the Romans. At the death of his father, in 1705, he ascended the imperial throne. He carried on a successful war against Louis XIV., in which he was assisted by England, Holland, and Savoy. The allied armies were commanded by Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough. Joseph granted, through the influence (it is said) of Charles XII. of Sweden, nume- rous privileges to his Protestant subjects. Died in 1711. See G. Lange, " Leben undTliaten des Kaysers Joseph I.," 171?; Franz Wagner, " Historia Joseph! I. Csesaris Augusti," 1745- Joseph H., Emperor of Germany, the eldest son of Francis of Lorraine and Maria Theresa of Austria, was horn in Vienna in 1741. In 1764 he was elected King of the Romans, and in the following year succeeded his father on the throne of Germany. He married Isabella, a daughter of the Duke of Parma, in 1760, and Maria Josepha, a daughter of the emperor Charles VII., about 1764. In 1772 he signed, with the sovereigns of Russia and Prussia, the treaty by which Poland was divided between them. At the death of his mother, in 1780, he came into possession of Hungary and all the other hereditary dominions of the house of Austria. He united with Catherine of Russia, six years later, in a Turkish war, in which his general Laudon gained several im])ortant victories. During his reign he intro- duced many civil and ecclesiastical reforms, which would probably have been very beneficial to his subjects had he acted with more calmness and deliberation. He abolished feudal serfdom, regulated the taxes, allowed liberty of conscience and rights of citizenship to all denominations of Christians, mitigated the condition of the Jews, suppressed several convents, greatly abridged the power of the pope and clergy in his dominions, and encouraged manufactures and industry. Put his zeal in correcting the abuses of the Roman Church caused an insurrection in Belgium ; while his attem])t to establish the German as the universal language in his dominions induced the Hungarians to revolt. He died, without issue, in February, 1790, and was succeeded by his brother, Leopold II. See Paganel, " Hlstoire de Joseph II," 1843: F. X. Huber, " Geschichte Kaiser Joseph's 11.," 2 vols., 1792; L. A. oe Carac- C101.1, "Vie de Josei^h II, Einpereur d'AlIeniagne," 1790; Ignaz Cornova, "Leben Joseph II., Roniischen Kaisers," 1802; C. T. Hevne, " Geschichte Kaiser Joseph's 1 1.," 2 vols., 1848 ; Ramshorn, " Kaiser Joseph II. nnd seine Zeit," 1845. Joseph, Father, |It. Fra Giuseppe,! an Italian mis- sionary, whose family name was Sebastiani. He went to Persia, and obtained no little influence at the court of the Shah. He used his power in favour of the English interests and against those of the French. He was acquainted with several of the Oriental languages, and translated the works of the Per.sian poet Hafiz into Latin. Joseph, zho'zef, (Francois Leclerc du Trem- blay — dii tRfim'bli',) called Father Joseph, a French monk, born in Paris in 1577, became the agent and confidant of Cardinal Richelieu, who employed him in negotiations and intrigues. Died in 1638. See AnB^ Richard, "Vie du Pere Joseph," 2 vols. ; "Lev^n- table Pere Joseph," 1704; Richelieu, "Memoires;" "Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Joseph OF Exeter. See Iscanius. Joseph Al'bo, a Tew, distinguished for his learning, born at Sora, in Spam, in the fourteenth century. He was the author of a work on Jewish faith, entitled "Se- pher Ikkarim." Died in 1430. Joseph Ben Gorion. See Gorionides. Joseph Emanuel, [Port. Joz6 Manoel, zho-zi' mi- no-Sl',] King of Portugal, born in 1714. In 1750 he suc- ceeded his father, John V. In 1755 his kingdom suffered from a great earthquake, which destroyed a large part of Lisbon and killed about sixty thousand persons. In 1758 an attempt was made to assassinate him, in which he was severely wounded. He discovered that the Jesuits were implicated in the plot, and immediately caused all against whom any evidence was brought to be executed. He also issued an edict by which all the Jesuits in Por- tugal were declared traitors. In 1762 he united with England in a war against France and Spain. He enacted several laws to encourage education and to advance religious toleration, and restricted the powers of the Inquisition. Died in 1777. See "Leben Joseph Emmanuels Konigs von Portugal," Nurem- berg, 1778. Joseph Meir, (mSR,) a French Jew, born at Avignon in 1496. He wrote a work, in Hebrew, on the Kings of France and the Sultans of Turkey. Died in 1554. Josephe, the French of Josephus, which see. Josephine, ji/ze-feei/, [Fr. pron. zho'zi'fiii',| origin- ally Marie Joseph Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, (tt'shi' deh It ptzh're',) wife of Napoleon I. of France, a, e, T, o, u, y, /!'«i,^■ i, ^, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscttre; far, fill, fdt; met; n6t; good; moon JOSEPHSON 1403 JOSIKA was born in 1763 in the island of Martinique. At a very early age she attracted attention by her remark- able beauty and vivacity. About 1778 siie went to reside in France with an aunt by whom she had been adopted, and thus became the heiress to a large for- tune. Slie was soon after married to Viscount de Beau- hainais, one of the most polished noblemen of the French court. In 1780 she gave birth to Eugene, who was sub- sequently appointed Viceroy of Italy by Bonaparte, and in 1783 to Hortense, afterwards Queen of Holland, and mother of Napoleon III. Jealousies having arisen be- tween Beauharnais and his wife, the former sued for a divorce before the Parliament of Paris. The case was decided in favour of Josephine, who in a short time sailed for Martinique with her daughter. At this period her circumstances were so straitened that she was glad to accept from the captain of the vessel a pair of shoes for Hortense. At the expiration of three years she re- turned to France and was reconciled to her husband. During the French Revolution Beauharnais boldly op- posed the measures of the Jacobins, by whom he was executed in 1794. His wife, who was then in prison, escaped the same fate only by the sudden fall of Robes- pierre. Through the influence of Barras and Tallicn, she regained jjart of her husband's property, which had been confiscated. She now became one of the leaders of fashion. Her talents and personal attractions enabled her also to exert no little influence in the politics of that period. In 1796 she was married to Bonaiiarte, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Italy. At the time Josephine was thought by her friends to have formed a mesalliance. After Bonaparte became First Consul, she exerted all her influence to alle- viate the sufferings of the royalists, and even endeavoured to peisuade him to restore the Bourbons. While Napo- leon was in Egypt, she had bought for her favourite resort the estate of Malmaison, which she fitted up with royal magnificence. At length her expenditures for this and other luxuries became so enormous as to occasion the First Consul serious embarrassment. When Napoleon was raised to the imperial throne and she became Empress of France, to her was due in a great measure the honour of having imparted to the court of the Tuileries the s]3lendour and taste for which it was then distinguished. From the time of her coronation her influence over the emperor rapidly diminished ; and, as there was no longer hope of her bringing him an heir, he finally resolved to divorce her. The announcement of this decision plunged the empress into the deepest despair. Napoleon himself is said to have been greatly affected ; but his resolu- tion was fixed, and the bill of divorce was ]3assed in 1809. Josephine, still retaining her former dignities and titles, retired to Malmaison. Napoleon occasionally visited her, and ajDpeared to cherish a sincere affection for her. When the allied armies invaded France, she was treated with the greatest resi:iect by the emperor Alexander. She died in 1814, soon after the abdication of Napoleon. The character of Josephine has been greatly admired. The cause of this is to be attributed more to her pleasing manners than to any exalted virtue which she possessed. It is said that there was a fascination in her countenance which no painter could transfer to canvas. She had a very remarkable memory, was accomplished, educated, and witty ; but vanity seems to have had an unlimited ascendency over her, and it does not appear that she was endowed with so many uncommon qualities as several modern writers have attributed to her. (See Bona- parte, Napoleon.) See "Josephine, " in the " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale," vol. xxxvii. For tlie private life of Josephine, the reader may consult Adbhnas' " Histoire de rini]i^ratrice Josephine," 2 vols. Svo, Paris, '857-59 ; also the letters of Napoleon to Josepliine, and of Josephine to Napoleon and to lier daughter. For a very curious account of the empress Josephine's descendants, see "London Review" for June, 1S66; Mahie Anne I,e Norm.and, " M^moires historiques et secrets de Josephine," 2 vols., 1820, (English version of the same, 1S4S ;) P. C. Heaulev, "Life of the Empress Josephine," 1S52. Joseplison, yo'sSf-son, (Ludwig,) a Swedish dram- atist, born at Stockholm, of Jewish parents, February 20, 1830. Among his pieces are "Kunstens Vapen," " Kapten Gars," and " Thord Hasle," (1881.) He also prepared a history of the .Swedish stage. His brother Jakob (iSiS-80) was a noted composer of music Jo-se'phus, [Fr. JosfePHE, zho'zSf; It. GioseffOj jo-sSf'fo,] or, more fully, Fla'vi-us Jo-se'phu.s, [Gr. 4'/l(j;/^iof 'ltJ07/7rof,] the most celebrated of Jewish historians, was born at Jerusalem A.D. 37. His mother was of the royal house of the Asmonaeans, and his father belonged to the sacerdotal order from which the chief pontiffs were chosen. He pursued his studies in his native city with such assiduity that at the age of fourteen he was often consulted on abstruse points of Jewish law. He after- wards joined the sect of the Essenes, and passed three years with a hermit in the desert. At the age of nine- teen he became a Pharisee. In the year 63 he visited Rome, in order to jjrocure the liberation of some Jew- ish priests whom the governor Felix had sent there as prisoners. He was favourably received at the imperial court, and succeeded in his enterjjrise through the in- fluence of Poppsea, the wife of Nero. On his return to Judea he opposed the revolutionary spirit that was then gaining ground among his countrymen. Perceiving his efforts to be of no avail, he accepted the government of the two Galilees, and in 67 A. D. bravely defended for forty- seven days the city of Jotajiata against a powerful Roman army under Vespasian. The Romans finally triumphed, however, and of the Jewish warriors Josephus alone was saved, on account of his predicting that Vespasian would soon receive the imperial purple. He was treated with the greatest respect by Vespasian and Titus, and at the destruction of Jerusalem his influence procured the liberatioii of his brother and fifty of his friends. He afterwards accompanied Titus to Rome, where Vespasian granted him a pension and raised him to the rank of a Roman citizen. As a mark of gratitude for these and other favours, Josejjhus assumed the emperor's family natne of Flavius. The date of his death is unknown ; but some writers have placed it a.d. 95. The most im- portant works of Josephus are his " History of the Jew- ish War," in seven books, " The Antiquities of the Jews," ('Ioiit5ai/v/) 'Ap^aw/loym,) in twenty books, two treatises '* Against Apion of Alexandria," a "Discourse on the Martyrdoin of the Maccabees," and an account of his own life. All of these were written in Greek, with the exception of the first, which was originally composed in Syro-Chaldaic and afterwards translated into Greek by himself. On account of the beauty of his style, he has been called "the Grecian Livy." His works have been translated into Latin and most of the modern languages of Euro]ie. See G. R. van Hoevell, " F. Joseph! Vita," 1S35: J. F. Eck- HARD, " Eiographie des beriihmten F. Josephus," 17S5 ; Fabricius, " Bibliotheca Graeca :" Cave, " Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Historia literaria ;" C F. Poehmekt, " Ueber des Flavius Josephus Zeugniss von Christo," 1823; Philar^teChasles, " De I'Autoritehistoiique de F. Jos^phe," 1S41. Jos^pin. See Cesari, (Giuseppe.) Josh'u-a, [Meb. ^'tyiri' ; Gr. '\naovq ; Fr. Josui^, zho'- zii'i',] or O'she-a, the son of Nun, (Numbers xiii. 16,) became commander of the Israelites on the death of Moses. He was distinguished for his bravery and mili- tary skill, and gained numerous important victories over the different Canaanite princes. Much controversy has arisen in regard to the authorship of the book of Joshua. Many suppose it to have been compiled from manuscripts written by himself; others attribute it to Samuel. Died about 1425 n.C. Jo-si'ah [Heb. IH'Ji'X' ; Fr. Josias, zho'se'Ss'] suc- ceeded his father Amon on the throne of Judah 641 K.C., at the age of eight years. He was an able and pious prince, and during his reign of thirty-one years many wise and beneficial laws were enacted: idoJatry was suppressed, the Temple was repaired, and the true forms of worship were restored. He was killed in a battle against Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, about 610 B.C. See IL Kings xiii., xxii. ; IL Chronicles x.\xiv., xxxv. Josias. See Josiah. Josika, yo'she-koh, (Miklos,) a Hungarian nobleman and celebrated novelist, born in 1796 at Torda, in Tran- sylvania. His first and most successful work, " Abati," a historical tale, appeared in 1836. He produced about sixty volumes of romances, which were very popular with the Hungarians. In 1848, as a member of the upper house of nobles, he took a bold stand against the en- croachments of Austria, and advocated the measures of «; as k: c as s; g hard: g as j; G, H, K.,p4l(ural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (S^^See Explanations, p. 2^ ' JOSQUIN 1404 JOUFFROY Kossuth. After the defeat of the Hungarians in Ib49 he lived in exile. Died in 1S65. See " Noiivelle Biographic Generale." Josquiu Desprez or Depres. See Despr^s. Josseliii de Courtenay, zIios'liN' deh koout'ni', a French nobleman, who went on a crusade to Palestine in IIOI. lie was created Count of Edessa by the King of Jerusalem, and won great distinction by the numerous victories which he gained over the Saracens. Died in 1 147. Jost, yost, (IsAAK Marcus,) a learned Jew, born at Bernburg, in Germany, in 1793, studied philology at Gottingen and Berlin. His principal work is a " History of the Israelites," (10 vols., 1846.) He also published a translation of the " Mishna," with a text and commen- tary. Died in 1862. Josue. See Joshua. Jo'tham, [Ileb. QHV,] King of Judah, was the son of Uzziah, whom he succeeded B.C. 757. See II. Kings xv. 32, 38; II. Chronicles xxvii. Jotun, yo'tun, in the plural Jotuns, [an old Norse word signifying "giant," supposed to be derived from an ancient form of the verb to " eat," (Anglo-Saxon euten,) the most prominent characteristic of the Jotun? being their prodigious voracity. (See Thorpe's " North- ern Mythology," vol. i. p. 148,)] in the Norse mythology, the name applied to certain mythical beings supposed to be hostile to men and to the beneficent /Esir. The Jotuns, or Giants, are types of the disturbing, untamable, or destructive forces of nature. Hence the wolf Fenrir, (supposed to typify volcanic fire,) Midgard's Serpent, (the vast untamable ocean,) and Ilela (the goddess of death) are all rej^resented as of Jotun birth. Loki him- self is considered to be of Jotun origin, and is the father of the miglitiest and most terrible beings belonging to that race. Cold or frost, being one of the principal causes of desolation and death, is represented as the parent of a powerful family of Jotuns, termed Frost-giants. The abode of the Jotuns is called Jotunheim or Utgard, (oot'gird, i.e. "outer ward,") and comprises the desert regions on the outermost boundary of the world. The Jotuns (i.e. the elements of disorder and desolation) are represented as being always at war with the /Esir, the powers presiding over life and order. (See ^siR.) The opposition is eternal ; they are never reconciled, as in the case of the Vanir and .^sir, (see Vanir,) because there can be no reconciliation between order and confusion, or between life and death. See, besides the work above referred to, Kevser, "Reh'gion of the Northmen;" Mallet, "Northern Antiquities;" Petersen, " Nordisk Mythologi." Jouannet, zhoo'a'ni', (Francois Vatar,) a French antiquary and statistician, born in 1765 ; died in 1845. See Lamothe, "Jouannet, sa Vie et ses ficrits," 1847. Jouannin, zhoo't'niN', (Joseph Marie,) a French Orientalist, born in Bretagne in 1783 ; died in 1844. Joubeit, zhoo'baik', (Barth^lemy Catheri.ne,) a French general, born at Pont-de-Vaux, in Bresse, in 1769. In 1 791 he enlisted in the army of the Rhine, and served with distinction against the Austrians. Two years later he was taken jjrisoner by the Sardinians. He soon after regained his liberty and returned to France, where he boldly opposed the Jacobins. In 1794 he re- ceived the appointment of adjutant-general, and in 1795, having displayed great bravery at Loano, he was raised to the rank of a brigadier-general on the field of battle. He subsequently gained distinguished honours at several battles in Italy and in the Tyrol. In 1799 he was ap- pointed general-in-chief of the army in Italy, and fell at the battle of Novi, in August of that year. "He united with great military talents," says the "Nouvelle Bio- graphie Generale," " all the virtues of a citizen. He was admired by all parties, and devoted exclusively to the glory and happiness of his country." See D. J. Garat, " Eloge de B. C Joubert," 1799; J. Laval- L^E, "Eloge de Joubert," iSoo; Guiluert, " Notice sur la Vie de Joubert," etc., 1799; H. Lesukur, in the "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale :" J. J. Lk Francois de Lalanue, " Sur le General Jou- bert," 1799 ; Thiers, " History of the French Revohition." Joubert, (FRANgois,) a French priest and Jansenist, distinguished for his learning, born at Montpellier in 1689. On account of his principles, he was persecuted by the Jesuits and was imprisoned in the Bastille. He wrote commentaries on the Apocalypse and on a number of the Hebrew prophecies. Died in 1763. Joubert, (Joseph,) a French Jesuit, born at Eyons, known as the author of a valuable work, entitled " French and Latin Dictionary, taken from the Original and Clas- sical Authors in both Languages." Died in 1719. Joubert, (Joseph,) a French inoralist, born at Mon- tignac (Perigord) in 1754, became a resident of Paris about 1778. He was an intimate friend of Fontanes, by whose influence he was appointed inspector-general of the University of Paris in 1809. He died in 1824, leaving many manuscripts, a part of which Chateaubriand edited, with the title of "Pensees." A more complete edition of the "Pensees, Essais," etc. appeared in 2 vols., 1842. See "Notice sur J. Joubert," by his brother Arnaud, 1824; Sainte-Bruvk, " Portraits Litt^raires," and " Causeries du Lundi," tome i. ; Paul Ravnal, "Notice sur J. Joubert," prefixed to his "Pensees," etc., 1S42; "Essays in Criticism," by Matthew Ar- nold, 1865. Joubert, (Joseph Antoine Ren^,) a French general, born at Angers in 1772. He served with distinction at Hcliopolis, Wagram, (1S09,) Smolensk, (1812,) and Liit- zen, (1S13.) Died in 1843. Joubert, (Laurent,) an eminent French physician, born at Valence in 1529. He graduated at the Univer- sity of Montpellier, of which he was afterwards chosen chancellor. He was also appointed first physician-in- ordinary to Henry HI. He wrote "Popular Errors in regard to Medicine," (1578-79,) which was often re- printed, and a "Treatise on Laughter." Died in 1583. Joubert, (L60,) a French author, born December 13, 1826. He very early won distinction as a critic and re- viewer. He was chief editor of the " Moniteur Univer- sel," (1S68-77,) and wrote " Leasna," a romance, (1869,) "La Bataille de Sedan," (1873,) '^'^'^ other works. Joueiineaux. See Juvenal. Jouffroi, de, deh zhoo'fRwi', [ Lat. Joffre'dus, | (Jean,) a French prelate, born at Luxeuil about 1412. lie obtained the favour of Louis XL, who procured for him a cardinal's hat in 1461, and made him his almoner. Died in 1473. Jouffroy, zhoo'fRwS', (Francois,) a French sculptor, born at Dijon in 1806. He gained the grand prize in 1832, and went to Rome with a pension. He became a meinber of the Academic des Beaux- Arts in 1857. Jouffroy, (Theodore Simon,) a P'rench philosophical writer, born near Mouthe (Doubs) in 1796, was a pupil of Victor Cousin, who influenced the development and direction of his rnind. He was appointed a tutor of philosophy (Hcne repetiteiir) in the Normal School in 181 7. This school having been suppressed in 1822, he began to write for several journals in Paris. In 1830 he became a professor in the Normal .School, then re-estab- lished. He produced a version of the complete works of Thomas Reid, (6 vols., 1828-35.) In 1S33 he was appointed professor of Greek and Latin ]5hilosophy in the College de France. He exchanged this position in 1838 for the office of libiarian to the University, and succeeded Laromiguiere as professor of philosophy in 1837. Among his works are " Melanges philosophiques," (1833,) and "Cours d'Esthetique," (1843.) He also produced a version of Dugald Stewart's "Essays on Moral Philosophy," (1826,) to which he wrote a valuable preface. Died in 1842. See Mtgnet, "Notice sur Jouffroy," 1853; Adolphe Gar- NIF.R, article "Jouffroy" in tlie "Dictionnaire des Sciences philoso- phiques," tome iii. ; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Jouffroy, de, deh zhooTRw^', (Claude Franqois Dorothi5:e,) Marquis, an ingenious Frenchinan, born in Franche-Comtc, about 1750. He studied the con- struction of different vessels, and went to Paris, where he conceived the idea of ]3ropelling boats by steam. His first vessel of this kind was launched in 1776. Although this attempt was far from being successful, Jouffroy was convinced that his object was attainable. In 1783 he completed another steam-vesset, one hundred and forty feet long, with which he ascended the Saone several miles, but, on account of his limited means, was unable to carry his invention to a higher state of perfection. The inventions of Jouffroy were highly spoken of by Robert P'ulton. Died in 1832. i, e, T, 6, u, y, long: i, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, J, 6, Ti, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; ni^t; n6t; good; moon; JOUKOFSKI 1405 JOUY Joukofski, (Vasili Andreivitch.) See Zhookof- SKY. Joule, jool, ? (James P.,) F.R.S., an English experi- mental philosopher, born at Salford, near Manchester, in 1818. He was a pupil of the celebrated Dalton. He made some discoveries in electrsc7trc' ; fdr, fill, fAt; met; n6t; good; moon; JOZE 1407 JUDAS died in 1706. Among his works are "The Roman Em- press," a comedy, and several English and Latin poems. See Baker, " Biographia Pramatica." Joz6, zho-za', (Antonio,) a Portuguese Jew and cele- brated dramatist. He excelled in wit and saicasm, which, in one of his comedies, he directed against some of the Catholic ceremonies. He was soon after seized by the ofificers of the Inquisition, tortured, and finally burned at an auto-de-fe in 1745. Among the best of his comedies are "Esop" and "The Enchantments of Medea." Joze Manoel. See Joseph Emanuel. Juan, Don. See John, Don, of Austria. Juan, Hoo-Sn', Don, natural son of Philip IV. of Spain and Maria Calderona, an actress, was born in Madrid in 1629. In 1647 he received the command of the Spanish army in Italy, where he took the city of Naples and gained many other advantages. Afterwards he was defeated by Turenne in the Netherlands, at the battle of Dunes, and compelled to evacuate the country. His brother, Charles II., subsequently made him prime minister. Died in 1679. See SisMONDi, " Histoire des Francais." Juan de Santa Cruz. See Juan de Yepez. Juan de Yepez, Hoo-dn' di ya'pSth, or Juan de Santa Cruz, a saint of the Roman calendar, was borfi in Old Castile in 1542. He, with Saint Theresa, estab- lished the order of Barefooted Carmelites. Died in 1591. Juan y Santacilia, Hoo-3n'e sSn-td-thee'le-a,(JoRGE,) Don, a celebrated Spanish mathematician and naval officer, was born at Orihuela, in Valencia, in 1712. He was sent about 1735, with several Spanish and French servants, to measure the degree of the meridian at the equator. He devoted much attention to naval archi- tecture. He wrote " Observations on Astronomy and Physics made in the Kingdom of Peru," (5 vols., 1748,) and a treatise on the construction of vessels, (2 vols., 1761.) Died in 1774. See La Condamine, "Journal du Voyase fait i I'Equateur," etc. Juaiia of Spain. See Joan. Juarez, joo-S'r§z, [Sp. pron. Hoo-i'r5th,] (Benito,) a Mexican statesman, born in Oajaca in 1806, and saic to be of pure aboriginal stock. He studied law, was elected to Congress in 1846, and was Governor of Oa- jaca from 1848 to 1852. In 1853 he was banished by Santa Ana. He joined the party of Alvarez, who became president in 1855, and served under him as minister of justice. In 1857 he was appointed secretary of state by Comonfort, who was driven from power in January, 1858. Juarez was recognized as the successor of Comonfort by the Liberals, but was opposed by the clerical party in a long civil war. He was elected president about 1861, soon after which Mexico was invaded by a French army. Having gained several victories, the French took the city of ^Iexico in June, 1863, and Maximilian of Austria assumed the imperial power, under the patronage of Napoleon III. Juarez was reduced to a critical position, and his cause seemed desperate ; but at length the French army was withdrawn in 1S66, and the Liberals quickly recovered the ascendency. lie was elected president again in October, 1867. Died July iS, 1872. Ju'ba [Or. 'luSaf] I. succeeded his father, Hiempsal, on the throne of Numidia about 50 B.C. In the war between Cassar and Pompey he supported the cause of the latter, and gained a decisive victory over Curio, a lieutenant of Cresar. After Pompey's defeat at Phar- salia, Juba continued to support his cause in Africa, and for some time held even Caesar in check. He was, how- ever, defeated by the dictator at the battle of Thapsus, and soon after killed himself, 42 B.C., in preference to gracing the triumph of the conqueror. His kingdom was reduced to a Roman province, of which the historian Sallust was appointed the first governor. See CiKSAR, " Bellum Civile:" Dion Cassius, "History' of Rome;" Appian, " Bellum Ci\'ile." Juba II., son of the preceding, was carried to Rome by Caesar, who gave him a liberal education. He served in the army of Augustus, from whom he received the kingdom of Mauritania about 30 B.C. He married Cle- opatra Selena, the daughter of the celebrated Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, by Antony. Juba was distinguished for his learning, ability, and justice. He was the author of several works, written in Greek, upon various subjects. Pliny, Plutarch, Tacitus, and other historians mention his writings with just commendation. He died about 20 B.C. See Vossius, " De Historicis Gn-ecis;" Eckhel, " Doctrina Nii- morum;" "Nouvelle Biograpliie Gendrale." Jub6, zhii'bi', (Auguste,) a French historian and general, born in 1765. He wrote a "Military History of the Wars of France from 1643 to 1815," (2 vols.,) and other works. Died in 1824. Jub6, (Jacques,) a French Jansenist, born near Paris in 1674; died in 1745. Jubinal, zhii'be'nSl', (Michel Louis Achille,) a French politician, born in Paris in 1810; died in 1875. Juda, zhii'dJt', (L60N,) a French Protestant, born in Alsace in 1482, was the natural son of Jean Juda, a priest. In 1 502, having formed a friendship with Zuin- glius, he was led to embrace the principles of the Re- formers, and became pastor of Saint Peter's Church in Zurich. He was distinguished for his zeal in promoting the Reformation, both from his pulpit and by his pen. Died in 1542. He commenced a translation of the Old Testament into Latin, which was finished after his death, and was regarded by the Protestants, and even by many Catholic divines, as the best version extant. He was the author of several religious works. See M. Adam, "Vits Theologoruin Germanorum ;" Haag, " La France protestante." Ju'dah, [Heb. miri'',] fourth son of Jacob, and one of the twelve Hebrew patriarchs, was born in Mesopo- tamia, B.C. 1755. When Joseph was thrown into the cave by his brethren, it was through Judah's influence that they sold him to the Ishmaelites, instead of taking his life as they had previously intended. (Genesis xxxvii. 26.) Jacob, on his death-bed, foretold that Judah's pos- terity would become the principal tribe of Israel, and also referred to the coming of the Messiah, who was to be his lineal descendant. (Genesis xlix. 8-12.) Ju'dah, (Henry M.,) an American general, born at Snow liiil, Maryland, about 182 1, graduated at West Point in 1843, ^"^ was a captain before the civil war began. He became a brigadier-general of Union volun- teers early in 1862, and commanded a division at Resaca, Georgia, May 15, 1864. Died January 14, 1866. Judah or Je-hu'dah Hak'ka-dosh', (or Hakka- dosch.) a learned Jewish rabbi, born in Galilee about 120 A.n. He is believed to have compiled, at the re- quest of the Roman emperor Marcus Antoninus, the Mishna, (Mischna,) which contains the various Jewish laws and institutions not found in the Old Testament. In a short time the Talmud was ranked among the sacred books of the nation, and it has since received ad- ditions from several learned rabbis. Died in 190 a.d. See Wolf, " Bibliotheca Hebraica." Ju'dah Hioog, (or Hioug,) he-oog', a Jewish rabbi and physician, who gained great distinction for his learn- ing and skill, was born at Fez, in Africa, and lived about 1040. He wrote several works (in Arabic) on the Hebrew language, and is now regarded by his nation as their first and perhaps their greatest grammarian. His name is sometimes written Judah Chiug. Judah Rav or Rab. See Ashe. Ju'da.g Is-car'i-ot, one of the tvvelve apostles chosen by Jesus. I le betrayed his Master to the officers of the chief priests for thirty pieces of silver. Afterwards, being stung with remorse, he returned the money to the priests and "went and hanged himself." See Matthew x. 4, xxvi. 47-5°. xxvii. 3-5 ; Mark xiv. 18-21, 43. Ju'das Le-vi'ta or Hal'le-vi, a learned Spanish Jew and poet, born in 1090 or loSo, wrote a work in Arabic in defence of the Jewish religion, entitled " Sepher Hoc- cori," »vhich was translated into Hebrew, Latin, and Spanish. Died in 1140. Ju'das Maccabse'us, (mak-ka bee'us,) [Gr. 'loMaf b )liaKKafi(uoq; Fr. Judas Machab^e, zhii'das' mt'kt'bi',] of the royal line of the Asmona;ans, became leader of the Jews upon the death of his father, Mattathias, B.C. 166. He conquered and cut in pieces several Syrian armies which had been sent against him by Antiochus, subdued the Idumeans, Ammonites, and other neighbouring na- € as k: 9 as s: g hard; g as;V g, h, Vi,gitttural; N, nasal; R, trilkd: s as z: th as in this. ( ^[^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) JUDD 1408 JUGURTHA rions, and restored the worship of the true God in the Temple of Jerusalem. He was afterwards besieged in that city by Antiochus Eupator, who was, however, soon obliged to return to Syria, on account of a civil war which had broken out in his kingdom. Judas, wishing to form an independent government in Judca, and being unable to contend against the whole power of Syria, concluded a treaty of alliance with the Romans. But, before any assistance could arrive, a large army of Syrians again invaded Judea. Judas marched against them with a body of three thousand men, which was soon reduced by de- sertion to eight hundred, lie nevertheless attacked the enemy, and, after a severe battle, was defeated and slain, 160 B.C. Judd, (John Wesley,) F.R.S., an English geologist, bom at Portsmouth, February 18, 1840. He was edu- cated at Westminster Normal College and the Royal School of Mines. In 1S67 he went upon the geological survey, in 1876 he was appointed professor of geology in the Royal School of Mines, and in 1881 he took the geological professorship in the Normal School of Science, London. His best-known publication is "Volcanoes, What they Are, and What they Teach." Judd, (Orange,) an American author and publisher, born near Niagara Falls, New York, July 26, 1822. He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1847, studied chem- istry in Yale College, 1850-53, and edited the "Ameri- can Agriculturist," 1853-81. His writings are chiefly on agricultural subjects. He liberally aided the Wesleyan University. Judd, (Sylvester,) a Unitarian minister and writer, born in Westhampton, Massachusetts, in 1813. He graduated at Yale in 1836, studied divinity at Harvard, and from 1840 until his death, in 1853, was pastor of the Unitarian church in Augusta, Maine. His principal work, " Margaret, a Tale of the Real and Ideal," (1845,) is pronounced by the "North American Review" "the most emphatically American book ever written." It has since been beautifully illustrated by Darley. Among his other works are " Philio," a didactic poem. See "Life and Character of Sylvester Judd," Boston, 1S54; DuvcKrNCK, " Cycliipsdia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; " Fra- ser's Magazine" kir July, 1S67. Jude, [Gr. 'lottSaf,] Saint, one of the twelve apos- tles. He is supposed to be the author of the book bearing his name. He was surnamed Lebbeus and Thaddeus. See Matthew -a. 3 ; Mark iii. 18. Judic, zhii'd^k', (Madame Anna Damtens,) a French actress, born at Seniur, July 17, 1850. Bred a shop-girl, her strong passion for the stage procured her a place in the Conservatoire of Paris. She made her debut at the Gymnase in 1867. Her best roles are in light opera, where her grace and piquant style are very effective. Judicael, ju'de-kal, became ruler of Bretagne about 632, and assumed the title of royalty. After a reign of six years, he entered a monastery, and was succeeded by his son Alain. Ju'dith, [Heb. nniTT ; It. GiUDirrA, joo-dfet'tS,] a Jewish heroine, of uncertain epoch. According to tradi- tion, she lived at Bethulia when that town was besieged by Holofernes, a general of the King of Assyria. Having by insidious arts gained admission to his tent and per- suaded liim that she designed to betray the town to him, she cut off his head and carried it in a sack to Bethulia, which was, consequently, saved froin capture. See the Apocryphal Book of Judith ; Alfonso Niccolai, "La IJiuditta; Dissertazione," 1765. Judith, zhu'd6t'. Mademoiselle, the stage name of Julie Bernat, afterwards Madame Bernard-De- ROSNE, a French actress, born at Paris, of a Hebrew family, January 29, 1827. She was a relative of Made- moiselle Rachel, the tragedienne, and went upon the stage in 1842. Her beauty and native talents, however, failed at first to win much success ; but in later years her power and versatility were widely recognized. Jud'spn, (AnoNiRAM,) an eminent Baptist mission- ary, born in Maiden, Massachusetts, in 1788, graduated at Brown University in 1S07. He was sent as a mis- sionary to Burmah in 1812, founded a mission at Ran- goon, and learned the Burmese language. In 1823 he printed a Burmese translation of the New Testament. He was thrown into prison in 1824, and kept in close confinement eighteen months or more, during which he and his companions suffered extremely- He completed a Burmese translation of the Bible in 1834. He married successively Ann Hasseltine, Sarah Hall Boardman, and Emily Chubbuck, each of whom is noticed below. Having visited the United States in 1845, '^^ returned to Burmah in 1846, and resumed his labours at Maulmain. He died at sea in April, 1850. See Francis Wayland, "Memoir of the Life of A. Judson," 2 vols., 1853; James Clement, " Life of the Rev. A. Judsdu," 1S50 : H. C. CoNANT, "The Earnest Man ■ a Sketch of the Character and Labours of A. Judson," 1S56 ; William Hague, " Life of A. Jud- son," 1851. Judson, (Ann,) (originally Miss Hasseltine,) a missionary to India, wife of the Rev. Dr. Adoniram Judson, was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, in 1789. (See preceding article.) A "Memoir of her Life," by the Rev. J. D. Knowles, appeared soon after her death in 1826. Judson, (Emily,) (originally Miss Chubbuck,) an American authoress, known by the 710m de plume of " Fanny Forester," was born at Eaton, in New York, in 1817. She wrote for the "New York Mirror," and published two volumes of her essays, sketches, and poems, under the title of " Alderbrook," (1846.) She was married in 1846 to Dr. Judson, and immediately sailed with him for India. While in Burmah, she com- posed some of her best poems. After the death of her husband, in 1850, she returned to America, and died at Hamilton, New York, in 1854. (See JUDSON, Adoniram.) Judson, (Sarah,) (originally Miss Hall,) a missiou- ary to India, born in Alstead, New Hampshire, in 1803. In 1S25 she was married to the Rev. George Dana Boa: dman, and the same year sailed with him for Bur- mah. They established the Baptist Mission at Maul- main, and subsequently at Tavoy. After the death of her husband, in 1831, she continued her missionary labours with great success. In 1834 she was married to Rev. A. Judson, noticed above. Died at Saint Helena in 1845. Juel, yoo'el, (J.,) a Danish admiral, was a brother of Niels, noticed below, with whom he co-operated in several battles. He was one of the negotiators of the treaty of Lund in 1679. Died about 1700. See N. JoNGE, " Vice-Admiral J. Juels Liv og Lcvnctsbeskri- velse," 1755. Juel, (Niels or Nicholas,) a celebrated Danish ad- miral, born in 1629. After serving in the Dutch navy under Van Tromp and De Ruyter, he entered the Danish service, and greatly distinguished himself by several im- portant victories which he gained over the Swedes. The King of Denmark created him an admiral, knighted him, and conferred upon him other honours. Died in 1697. Juengling, yYng'Iing, (Frederick,) a gifted artist- engraver, born in Leipsic in 1846, learned wood-engraving in his native city, and in 1866 came to New York, where, as accessory to his business of engraving, he studied draw- ing, painting, and etching. He was one of the founders of the American Society of Wood-Engraveis. In 1883 one of his pictures was awarded a second-class medal at Munich. After a visit to Europe in search of health, he died in New York, December 31, 1S89. Juenin, zhu-i'niN', (Gaspard,) a French priest, writer, and professor of ])hilosophy in Paris, born at Varambon, in Bresse, in 1650; died in 1713. Juglaris, yoo-gl4'r6s, (Aloisi-o,) an Italian Jesuit and professor of rhetoric, born at Nice in 1607. He was also employed as preceptor to Prince Charles Emanuel of Savoy. He wrote numerous panegyrics on Louis XI H. and other persons of distinctitm. Died in 1653. Jugleb, yooc/lJ]), or Jugler, yooc/ler, (Johann Friedrich,) a German writer, born near Naumburg in 1718. He published "Biographical and Critical Notices of Eminent Jurists and Statesmen of Europe," (6 vols., 1773-80,) and other works. Died in 1791. Ju-gur'tha, [Gr. 'XovyovpQaq or 'foppfJaf,] an African prince, remarkable for his criines and tragical death, was a natural son of Manastabal. He was brought up at the a, e, i, o, u, y, long: i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, li, y, sJiort; a, e, i, 9, obsao-e; far, fdll, fit; mSt; nSt; good; moon JUIGNE 409 JULIAN \ court of his uncle, Micipsa, King of Numidia, and at an early age served under Scipio ^miliauus in the Roman army. During the war with Numantia he gained great distinction, and at its conclusion was highly commended to his uncle by Scipio. Micipsa soon after created him joint heir with his own sons Adherbal and Hiempsal. Upon the death of that monarch, Jug^rtha caused Hiempsal to be murdered, and forced Adherbal to seek protection at Rome. Commissioners were sent out by the Roman senate to divide the kingdom between Ad- 'lerbal and Jugurtha; but the latter, having bribed them, received the largest portion of the territory, and was declared to be innocent of the murder of Hiempsal. Resolving, however, to obtain the entire kingdom, he captured Adherbal in the city of Cirta, while he was yet under the protection of the Roman senate, and put him to death with the greatest cruelty. War was imme- diately declared against him by the Romans ; but he succeeded in forming an advantageous treaty with the consul Calpurnius, who had been sent to reduce him to subjection. The senate refused to ratify this treaty, and summoned Jugurtha to Rome to answer the charges brought against him. He obeyed the mandate; but while in that city he procured the assassination of his cousin Massiva, another claimant of the Numidian crown. Upon the commission of this outrage he was commanded to leave Rome. As he was taking his last view of the capital, he is said to have exclaimed, " Mercenary city, thou waitest only for a purchaser to sell thyself; and thou wilt perish if one is found." After his return to Numidia he defeated a Roman army under Aulus Post- humius, compelling it to pass under the yoke and to evacuate the country. The war was afterwards con- tinued byMetellus; and, though Jugurtha was one of the ablest commanders of that age, he was unable to resist the Roman general, whose skill and prudence made him ever victorious on the field of battle, and whose stern integrity rendered him invincible to the golden offers of the Numidian usurper. Jugurtha, having been twice defeated by Marius, the successor of Metellus, was delivered to his enemies by the treachery of his ally, Bocchus, King of Mauritania. He was carried in chains to Rome, where he graced the triumph of Marius. He was then thrown into the Mamertine prison. His death, which occurred six days later, is generally supposed to have been caused by starvation. The Jugurthine war, which was terminated B.C. io6, is the subject of one of the histories of Sallust. See Sallust, " Jugurtha ;" Plutarch, " Marius ;" Livv, " Epi- tome," books Ixii., Ixiv., Ixvii. ; " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Juigne, de, deh zhii-^n'yi',( Antoine El^onore L'i^on Leclerc,) a French prelate, born in Paris in 1728, dis- tinguished himself by his persecution of the Jansenists. In 1781 he became Archbishop of Paris. Died,in 181 1. See Lambert, "Vie de Messire A. E. Leclerc de Juign^," 1821. Juigne-Broissiniere, de, deh zhii-^n'yi' bRwi'se'- ne-aiR', a French lawyer and compiler, was born in Anjou, and lived about 1650. His principal work is a "Theological, Historical, Poetical, and Cosmographical Dictionary," (1644.) Juillard or Juilhard. See Jarry. Jukes, juks, (Joseph Beete,) F.R.S., an English geologist, born near Birmingham about 1812. tie pub- lished, besides other works, " Popular Physical Geology," (1853.) Died July 29, 1869. Jules, the French for Julius, which see. . Jiiig, yiilG, (Bernhard,) a German philologist, born at Ringelbach, Baden, August 20, 1825. He studied at Heidelberg and Berlin, and held professorships of clas- sical philology in the Universities of Lemberg, Cracow, and Innspruck. His principal original investigations were in the Mongolian and other East- Asian languages. He published several volumes of " Mongolian Legends" with German translations. Died August 14, 18S6. Ju'li-a, [Fr. Julie, zhii'le',] a Roman lady, remarka- ble for her beauty and virtues, was the daughter of Julius Csesar. She first married Cornelius Caepio, but, by her father's command, procured a divorce and became the wife of Pompey the Great. She died 53 B.C., before the dissensions arose between her father and her husband. Julia, only daughter of Augustus Caesar, born about 39 B.C., was distinguished for her beauty, accomplish- ments, and disgraceful intrigues. She was married to Marcellus, upon whose death she became the wife of Agrippa, by whom she was the mother of five children. After the death of her second husband she was given in marriage to Tiberius, who divorced her, and afterwards caused her to be poisoned, 14 a.d. Julia, a daughter of the preceding, born about 18 B.C., was married to L. yEmilius Paulus. Her character is said to have resembled that of her mother. Some writers identify her with the Corinna of Ovid. Died 28 A.D. Julia, a daughter of Drusus and Livia, born about 5 A.D., was a niece of Germanicus. She was married to Nero, who was her cousin-german. Julia, daughter of Caesar Germanicus, was born 17 a.d. At the age of sixteen she was married to a Roman sena- tor named Vinucias. She was soon after suspected of conspiracy and banished by her brother Caligula, but was subsequently recalled by Claudius. She was put to death in her twenty-fourth year, at the instigation of Messalina. Julia de Fontenelle, zhii'le-t' deh f6N'teh-ngK, (Jean S6bastien Eugene,) a French chemist, born at Narbonne in 1790, published a "Manual for Glass- makers," and other works. Died in 1842. See Henri Julia de Fontenelle, " Notice sur M. Julia de Fon- tenelle," 1S43. Ju'lJ-a Dom'na, wife of the Roman emperor Septi- mius Severus, and the mother of Caracalla and Geta, was born in Syria about 170 a.d. She was the daughter of Bassianus, a priest of the sun. After the death of Seve- rus she endeavoured to heal the dissensions between her sons, but in vain ; Geta was murdered in her presence in 212, by his brother's orders. During the remainder of Caracalla's reign she exerted great influence in the affairs of government. Died in 217. Julia Mammaea. See Mamm^a. Ju'li-an, [Lat. Julia'nus; Fr. Julien, zhii'leJ^N',] or, more fully, Ju-li-a'nus Fla'vi-us Clau'di-us, sur- named the Apostate, a Roman emperor, was born in Constantinople in 331 A.D. He was the son of Julius Constantius, and a nephew of Constantine the Great. On the death of the latter, the soldiers, in order to secure the succession of his sons, massacred all the other members of the Flavian family except Julian and his elder brother Gallus. The jealousy of the emperor Constantius afterwards banished the brothers to Cap- padocia, where they were educated in the principles of the Christian religion and officiated as lecturers in the church of Nicomedia. In 351 Gallus was created Caesar by the emperor, and Julian was permitted to return to his native city, but in a short time was again exiled to Nicomedia. He subsequently embraced the philosophy of the Platonists, and, having obtained permission to visit Athens, he pursued his studies in that city and was privately initiated in the mysteries of the religion of Greece. After the execution of his brother, in 355, he was recalled to Constantinople through the influence of the empress Eusebia. Constantius created him Caesar, and gave him command of the armies in Gaul. Julian also received in marriage Helena, sister of the emperor. He made four successful campaigns against the Germans, who had overrun Gaul, expelled them from that country, took captive Chnodomarius, their most powerful king, invaded Germany, and gained a high distinction for military skill and personal bravery. Constantius. envious of the fame of Julian, and wishmg to destroy his power, commanded him to send his best troops to the East, in order that they might assist in the Persian war. The soldiers, who had become greatly attached to Julian, refused to obey, and, notwithstanding his remon- strances, proclaimed him Augustus. It is even stated that they threatened him with death if he refused the purple. He then sent an embassy to Constantius, re- questing that he might be recognized as Augustus in Gaul. This not having been granted, he marched towards Constantinople ; but the sudden death of the emperor, in 361, enabled Julian to ascend the imperial throne unopposed. Immediately after his accession he threw off the hypocrisy which had shielded him for so long a time, and, renouncing Christianity, in which •e as k; c as s; g hard; g asy / G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( 89 ee Explaiiations, p. 23.) JULIAN 1410 JULLIAN probably he was never a true believer, declared his faith in the divinities of Greece and Rome. He proclaimed liberty of conscience to all, commanded the pagan tem- ples to be reopened, and even attempted to restore Ju- daism by rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. He was prevented from completing this project by remarkable eruptions of fire, which rendered it impossible for the workmen to continue their labours. In the spring of 363 he set out from Antioch, at the head of 65,000 well- disciplined troops, on his contemplated invasion of Per- sia. He crossed the Euphrates and Tigris, and gained several important victories over the Persians ; but the oppressive heat and the scarcity of provisions compelled him to retreat, and in June of the same year, as he was bravely repelling an attack of the enemy, a javelin wounded him fatally in the side. He died the following evening, while he was calmly conversing with his friends on philosophy. Julian was the author of an account of. his Gallic and German wars, which has been lost, "The Caesars," " Misopogon," a satire against the citizens of Antioch, whom he had offended by his philosophical austerity and his slovenly habits, and of about eighty letters upon various subjects. See August Neander, " Ueber Kaiser Julian und sein Zeital- ter," 1812, (translated into English by G. V. Cox, 1850;) La Blet- TERIK, "Vie de rEnipereur Julien," 1735; Jondot, " Histoire de I'Empereur Julien," 2 vols., 1817 ; William Warburton, " Julian, or a Discourse concerning the Earthquake and Fierj' Eruption which defeated that Emperor's Attempt to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem," 1750; Abel Desjardins, " fitude sur I'Empereur Julien," 184s; j. KoRNER, " Kaiser Julian der Abtriinnige," etc., 1830 ; Gibbon, " His- tory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" Socrates, " Historia Ecclesiastica ;" Milman, " History of Christianity." Julian. Hoo-le-in', Count, Governor of Andalusia under the Gothic kings of Spain. After King Roderick had ravished the daughter of Julian, the latter formed a treaty with the Moslems for the invasion of Spain, and rendered them efficient service at the battle of Xeres, where Roderick was defeated in 711 a.d. See Murphy, " History of the Mahometan Empire in Spsun;" SouTHEY, "Roderick, the Last of the Goths." Ju'li-an, [Lat. Julia'nus; Fr. Julien, zhii'le-iN'; It GiULiANO, joo-le-i'no,] an Italian bishop, distin- guished for his opposition to the doctrines of Saint Au- srustine, was born about 380, and studied theology under ^elagius. In 416 Innocent I. raised him to the see of Eclanum ; but about 420 he was banished from Italy on account of his Pelagian doctrines. Having been con- demned by several councils, he settled in Sicily. Died about 455. Julian, Archbishop of Toledo, and a saint of the Roman calendar, was born in Spain, of Jewish descent. He was raised to the see of Toledo in 680, and presided over four different councils held in that city. He was the author of a work on death, the resurrection, and the final judgment. Died in 690. Julian, (Marcus Aurelius,) a Roman Governor of Venetia, who in 285, while aspiring to the imperial purple, was defeated and slain near Verona by Carinus. Julian Cesarini. See Cesarini, (Giuliano.) Ju-li-a'na, a woman of Portuguese descent, born in Bengal in 1658. Plaving gained the favour of Aurung- Zeb, she was appointed governess to his son. Shah Alum, who succeeded to the crown in 1707. In a battle between that prince and his brothers, who disputed the succession, she rode by his side on an elephant and greatly contrib- uted to his success. Shah Alum raised her to the rank of a princess, and conferred upon her many other honours. See " Biographie Universelle. " Julianus. See Julian. Ju-ll-a'nus or JuUan, (Salvius,) a celebrated Roman jurist, and great-grandfather to the emperor Didius, was born about 100 a.d. He was twice chosen consul. His principal work is entitled " Digesta," in ninety books, and is often referred to by writers on Roman law. See J. G. Heineccius, "Prograrama de S. Juliano," 1733. Julie. See Julia. Julien, the French for Julian, which see. Julien, zhii'le-iN', (Pierre,) a celebrated French sculptor, born at Saint-Paulien in 1731. He commenced his studies at Lyons, under Perache, whom he left in 1765 to become the pupil of Coustou, the king's sculp- tor, at Paris. In 1768 he went to Rome, where he re- mained four years, to perfect himself in his art. In 1779 his statue of " The Dying Warrior" gained his admission to the Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris. Died in 1804. Among his most admirable productions are " La Baigneuse," the statues of La Fontaine and Poussin, and copies of Apollo Belvedere and "The Dying Gladiator," from the Italian. See J. Lebreton, "Notice historique sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de P. Julien," 1805. Julien, (Simon,) or Julien of Parma, a French artist, born at Toulon in 1736, studied in Paris under Vanloo, resided ten years at Rome, and after his return was elected a member of the Academy of Painting. He was called Julien the Apostate, because he abandoned the French style. Died in 1800. Julien, (Stanislas,) an eminent French Orientalist, born at Orleans in 1799. He studied under Abel Re- musat, and devoted himself particularly to the Chinese language. He succeeded Abel Remusat as professor of Chinese in 1832, and afterwards became administrator, in the College of France. He made translations from Meng- tseu (Mencius) and other Chinese authors, and pub- lished "Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax and Lexi- cography," (1842.) Julian's reputation is that of one of the first Chinese scholars of his time. He was a mem- ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the principal learned societies of Europe. Among his works is one of great interest, " Voyages des Pelerins Bouddhistes," (3 vols., 1853-58,) translated from the Chinese. Died at Paris, February 13, 1873. Julio Romano. See GiuLio Romano. Julius [Fr. Jules, zhiil ; It. Giulio, joo'le-o] I., a Roman by birth, succeeded Marcus in the papal see in 336. In 340 he convoked a council at Rome to settle the dispute between Athanasius, the orthodox Bishop of Alexandria, and the Arians, who had expelled him from his office. Athanasius appeared ; but his enemies called at Antioch a council which condemned him. Julius, finding his interpositions to be in vain, sum- moned the General Council of Sardica, which restored the bishop to his see and introduced the custom of appealing to the pope in all ecclesiastical disputes. Died in 352 A.D. Julius n., (Cardinal Giuliano della Revere — del'lS ro-va'ri,) born in 1441, was elected to the see of Rome upon the death of Pius III., in 1503. Haughty and warlike in his disposition, he immediately turned his ambition to the aggrandizement of the papal authority. He drove Cjesar Borgia from the Romagna, and attempted to expel the Venetians from Ravenna, Rimini, and other parts of his dominions. Failing in this, he formed the League of Cambrai with the King of France, the Emperor of Germany, and the Duke of Ferrara, for the destruction of the Venetian republic. Julius, soon discovering, how- ever, that he had more to fear from the French than from the Venetians, made a treaty with the latter in 1 5 10, and took the field in person against the French, over whom he gained some slight advantages. In 15 12 he allied himself with the English, Spaniards, Swiss, and Venetians, and finally succeeded in expelling the French from Italy. But liftle was gained by this success , for the Swiss and Spaniards gave him as much trouble as the French had previously done. He died before these new difficulties were adjusted, in 1513. Julius displayed a great taste for the fine arts. He was the first to commence Saint Peter's Cathedral at Rome, and. was the patron of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and other men of distinction. Leo X. was his successor. See Ranke, "History of the Popes:" Bruys, "Histoire dea Papes," 1732 ; " La Viedu Pape Jules 11," (anonymous,) Paris, 1515. Julius III., (Cardinal Giocci — ^jot'chee,) born in 1487 at Arezzo, succeeded Paul III. in February, 1550. His pontificate was marked by quarrels with the King of France, the Venetians, and other powers. Died in 1555. See Aktaud dh Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes." Jullian, zhii'le-ftN', (Pierre Louis Pascal,) a French historical writer and politician, born at Montpellier about 1769. He wrote "Fragments historiques," (1804,) and "Souvenirs de ma Vie," (1808.) Died about 1836. I a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fdr, fill, fit; mgt; nftt; good; moon . JULLIEN 141 1 JUNILIUS Jullien, zhii'le^N', (Andr^,) a writer upon the culture of the vine, born at Chilons-sur-Saone, in France, in 1766 ; died in 1832. Jullien, (Louis,) a popular French composer of music and director of concerts, was born in 1812. He com- posed music for balls, operas, etc., and performed in Paris and London. Died in i860. Jullien, (Marcel Bernard,) a French grammarian and writer, born in Paris in 1798. Jullien de la Drome, zhii'le-^N' deh It dR5m, (Marc Antoine,) a French Jacobin, distinguished for his vio- lence, was born in Dauphine in 1744; died in 1821. Jullien de Paris, zhii'le-iN' deh pS're', (Marc An- toine,) a politician and journalist, born in Paris in 1775, was a son of the preceding. During the Revolution he was a Jacobin. He published several works on politics, education, etc., and founded in 1818 the " Revue Ency- clopedique." Died in 1848. SeeQui^RARD, "La France Litt^raire;" " Nmivelle Biographic G^nerale :" Boileau d'Auxy, *' Biographic de M. J. de Paris," 1842 Julus. See luLUS. Jumel, zhii'nigl', (Jean Charles,) a French eccle- siastic and writer, born in Paris ; died in 1824. Jumelin, zhiim'lIlN', (Jean Baptiste, ) a French savant, physician, and writer, born in 1745, visited Greece, where he directed his attention to the botany as well as to the antiquities of that country. Died in 1807. Jumilhac, de, deh zhii'me Itk', (Antoine Pierre Joseph Chapelle,) Marquis, a French royalist, dis- tinguished as a cavalry otiiicer, was born in 1764. In 1791 Louis XVI. appointed him lieutenant-colonel of his guard. He served under Napoleon. Died in 1826. Jumlah. See Jemlah. Jumonville, de, deh zhii'miN'vfeK, (Coulon,) a French officer, born about 1725, signalized his bravery in the Canadian wars. He is said to have been treache- rously killed in 1753 by the English, to whom he was bearing a message. Juncker, yoonk'ker, (Christian,) a German phi- lologist and historian, was born at Dresden in 1668. He published several works on German history, and a "Life of Luther," (1699.) Died at Altenburg in 1714. See ScHADEN, " EhrengedSchtniss Juiickers," 1714; Ersch und Gruber, "Allgemeine Encyklopnedie ;" Gellius, " Epistola ad J. A. Fabriciiim de C. Junckero," 1714. Juncker or Junker, (Gottlop Johann,) a German physician, born near Giessen in 1680. He became pro- fessor of medicine at Halle in 1729, and maintained the doctrines of Stahl. He wrote numerous medical works. Died at Halle in 1759. Juncker, yoong'ker, (Henry Damian,) a bishop, born at Finstingen, Lorraine, in 18 10, took priest's orders in the Roman Catholic Church in 1834, and in 1857 was consecrated Bishop of Alton, Illinois. Died at Alton, October 2, 1868. Juncosa, Hoon-ko'si, (Fra Joaquin,) a skilful Span- ish painter, born in the diocese of Tarragona in 1631 ; died near Rome in 1708. Junc-ti'nus, the Latin name of Francesco Giuntini, an Italian astrologer and monk, born at Florence in 1522. He wrote several works on astrology, etc. Died in 1590. Jung, yoong, or Junge, yoong^eh, [Lat. Jung'ius,] (Joachim,) a German physician and botanist, born at Lubeck in 1587, became successively professor of mathe- matics at Giessen and Rostock. He was one of the most able opponents of the scholastic philosophy, and for his acuteness was compared by Leibnitz to Copernicus and Galileo. He also, it is said, first suggested, in his "Isa- goge Phytoscopica," (1678,) the classification of plants afterwards developed by Linnjeus. He was rector of a school at Hamburg from 1629 until his death. Died at Hamburg in 1657. See Martin Vogel, " Historia Vitas at Mortis J. Jungii," 1637; GuHRAUER, "J. Jungius und sein Zeitalter," 1850; " Nouvelle Bio- graphie G^n^rale." Jung, (Johann Heinrich,) commonly known by the pseudonym of Stilling, an original German writer, born at Im-Grund, in the duchy of Nassau, in 1740. While studying medicine at Strasburg, he formed an mtimacy with Goethe, who has given an interesting ac- count of him in his Autobiography. In 1804 he became professor of political economy at Heidelberg. He pub- lished in 1777 "Henry Stilling's Youth, Early Years, and Wanderings," which was followed soon after by " Henry Stilling's Domestic Life." Among his fictitious writings we may cite "Theobald, or the Enthusiast," "The Chris- tian Philanthropist," and " Scenes from the Spirit-Land." Stilling appears to have been a man of great earnestness as well as simplicity of character, with a strong tendency to religious enthusiasm and mysticism. Died in 1817. See J. H. Jung, " H. Stilling's Jiigend, Jiinglingsjahre, Wan- deischaft und hausliches Leben," 3 vols., 1777-79: enlarged under the title of " Lebensbeschreibung J. H. Jungs," 5 vols., 1806. ScHWARZ, " Jun^-Stillings Alter," 1S17 ; John Wright, " Life of H. Stilling," abridged by Samuel Jackson, 1847 ; "Foreign Quar- terly Review" for July, 1838. Jung-Bahadoor, (or -Bahadur,) jiing (or jiing) ba- hS'door, [i.e. "brave in war,") [from the Hindostanee jung, " battle," " war," and /xi/idcfier or bahadoor, " brave,"] the name, or rather surname, of several Indian princes, among whom the recent minister of Nepaul and virtual sovereign of that country deserves particular mention. He was the son of a Nepaulese general, was born about 181 5, and by his unscrupulous audacity, combined with rare talents for intrigue, he soon raised himself to the highest position in the state. About 1850 he visited England as ambassador, and while in that country was the object of much attention. In 1857 he offered the English government his co-operation in suppressing the mutiny of the Sepoys, and, with about 9000 Goorkhas, (a race of probable Aryan origin,) took part in the ca|jiure of Lucknow, for which, and other services, he received the grand cross of the Bath. Died February 25, 1877. Junger, yoong'er, (i^oiDius,) D.D., a bishop, born at Burtscheid, in Rhenish Prussia, April 6, 1833. ^^^ was educated at Aix-la-Chapelle and at Louvain, and was for many years a Roman Catholic priest in Wash- ington Territory. In 1879 he was consecrated Bishop of Nesqually in that Territory. Junger, yoong'er, (Johann Friedrich,) a German Utth-ateiir, b(jrn at Leipsic in 1759. He was the authoi of numerous popular romances and dramatic works. Among his novels are " Vetter Jakobs Launen," (6 vols., 1786-92,) and " Der Schein triigt," (1787.) Diedin 1797. Jungermann, yo6ng'er-mSn',(GoTTFRiED,) a German philologist, born at Leipsic. He published " Longi Pas- toralia Grsece cum Latina Versione," (1605,) and other classical works. Died in 1610. Jungermann, (Ludwig,) a botanist, born at Leipsic in 1572, was a brother of the preceding. He was pro- fessor of botany at Altdorf. Died in 1653. Junglians, yoong'h^ns, (Sophie,) a German novelist, born at Cassel, December 3, 1845. In 1877 she married Professor Joseph Schumann, but retained her maiden name for her literary work. Her writings include "Kathe," (1876,) " Haus Eckberg,"( 1878,) and other novels, marked by masculine force in style and in characters. Junghuhn, yoong'hoon, (Franz Wilhelm,) a Prus- sian naturalist, born at Mansfeld in 1812. He was em- ployed as army physician or officer of health in India, and explored the island of Java. He published, besides other works, an account of the topography, botany, and geology of Java, ("Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart," 3 vols., 1852,) which is esteemed the best work on that subject. Died April 24, 1864. Jungius. See Jung. Jungmann, ydong'mSn, (Joseph Jakob,) a learned Slavonian philologist, born at Hudlitz, in Bohemia, in 1773. He was appointed in 1815 professor of languages and rhetoric at the Gymnasium of Prague, where he was afterwards prefect. I lis greatest work is a " Bohemian- German Dictionary," (5 vols., 1835,) which gives evi- dence of immense learning and industry. He also wrote a " History of the Bohemian Language and Literature," (1825,) and a "Bohemian Chrestomathy." He wrote other works, in prose and verse, and made a number of translations from eminent English and French writers. Jungmann is regarded as one of the most zealous and efficient promoters of Slavonian literature. Died in 1847. See L. Celakovsky, "Dodavky ke Slovniku J. Jungmanna," 1850 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1828. Ju-nil1-us, a bishop who flourished in Africa about t as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, gittttiral ; n, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Ji^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) JUNIUS 1412 JUNON 550 A.D. He wrote a Latin work "On Parts of the Divine Law," which was printed at Bale in 1545. Ju'ni-us, the assumed name of a political writer who in January, 1769, began to issue, in London, a series of famous letters, which first appeared in Woodfall's " Public Advertiser." Junius opposed the ministry then in power, and denounced several eminent persons with great severity of invective and pungency of sarcasm. His style is eminently pure, terse, and vigorous. These letters had a great popularity, and powerfully promoted the cause of civil liberty. "The myrmidons of the court," said Burke, in the House of Commons, "have been long, and are still, pursuing him in vain. They will not spend their time upon me, or you, or you. No : they disdain such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest, that has broken through all their toils, is before them. . . . Kings, Lords, and Commons are but the sport of his fury. Were he a member of this House, what might not be expected from his knowledge, his firmness and integrity !" Among the numerous persons to whom these letters have been attributed were Sir Philip Fran- cis, Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Henry Grattan, Colonel Barre, Gibbon the historian, John HorneTooke, Horace Walpole, John Wilkes, and Wedderburn, (after- wards Lord Loughborough.) The publication of the Letters of Junius continued until January, 1772. In his dedication to the people of England, he said, "I am the sole depositary of my own secret, and it shall perish with me." A multitude of books and essays have been written in the attempt to solve this mystery. But all the efforts in that direction seemed for a long time to be wholly unsuccessful ; so much so that a very able lawyer and antiquary. Sir N. H. Nicolas, writing in 1843, declared his conviction that all the Junius-seekers had completely failed in their undertaking. Macaulay, however, in his essay on Warren Hastings, (1841,) says that "the evi- dence [against Sir P. Francis] would support a verdict in a civil — nay, in a criminal — proceeding." At the present time {18S5) the question is still doubtful. A great number of circumstances seem to point to Sir Philip Francis as the true Junius. Among the various incidental proofs bearing on this question, one of the most curious is given in " Lippincott's Magazine" for January, 1S70. But Abraham Hayward has since then adduced strong reasons for rejecting the Francis theory. See John Taylor, "The Identity of Junius with a Distinguished Living Character Established," 1816; John Mason Good, "Essay on Junius and his Writings;" Macaulay, review of Gleig's "Life of Warren Hastings;" Lord Brougham, article in the "Edinburgh Review" for November, 1817, (vol. xxix); "Quarterly Review" for December, 1851 ; Allibone, " Dictionary of Authors ;" Hayward, " More about Junius," 1S78. Ju'ni-us, (Francis,) [Fr. Francois du Jon, fr6N'- swi' dii zh6N,| a learned Protestant theologian, was born at Bourges, in France, May i, 1545. He studied at Lyons and Geneva, and was appointed pastor of a Walloon church in Antwerp in 1565, but at length was com- pelled to fly to Germany to escape the tortures of the Inquisition. In 1568 he became chaplain to the army of the Prince of Orange. Five years later, at the re- quest of the Elector-Palatine, he went to Heidelberg, where, with the assistance of Tremellius, he translated the Old Testament into Latin, (1575-79.) This work, which established his reputation, is known as the version of Junius and Tremellius. He afterwards filled succes- sively the chairs of theology at Neustadt, Heidelberg, and Leyden. He wrote numerous works on divinity and the classics. Died at Leyden in October, 1602. See "Vita F. Junii Biturigensis ab ipsomet conscripta," 1595; Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^ron, "M6- moires;" F. Gomar, "Oratio funebris in Obitum F. Junii," 1602. Junius, (Francis or Franciscus,) an eminent phi- lologist, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1 5891, and was educated at Leyden. He passed over to England about 1620, and became librarian to Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, with whom he remained thirty years. He devoted his attention chiefly to the study of the Teutonic languages. He published a rare and valu- able work, — a translation of the Gospels into the ancient Gothic, (made by Bishop Ulphilas about 360 a.d.,) with a Commentary, (1665.) Junius was the author of a work "On the Pamting of the Ancients," ("De Pictura Veterum," 1637,) and of an Etymological Dictionary, (" Etymologicum Anglicanum," 1743,) in which he ex- plains the derivation and origin of numerous English words. He left his choice collection of manuscripts to the University of Oxford. Died at Windsor in 1677. See Gr^evius, "Life of Francis Junius," in the 2d edition of his "De Pictura Veterum," 1694; Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dic- tionary;" NiCEKON, " M^moires ;" Wood, "Athena Oxonienses." Junius, de, deh yoo'ne-us, or Jonghe, yong'eh, (Adriaa.m,) a learned Dutch physician, was born at Hoorn, in Friesland, in 15 12. He went to England near the close of the reign of Henry VIII., and became physician to the Duke of Norfolk. After the accession of Edward VI. he published a Greek-and-Latin Lexi- con, which he dedicated to that sovereign. For this he was severely censured by the Roman pontiff. He wrote in honour of the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain a Latin poem entitled " Philippeis." About 1564 he was appointed physician to the King of Den- mark. Died at Middelburg in 1575. As a philologist and linguist his contemporaries regarded him as second only to Erasmus. In addition to the works previously mentioned are his " Nomenclature of All Things," a vocabulary in seven different languages, several Latin poems and epistles, and various commentaries on the writings of the ancient authors. See p. Scheltema, "Diatribe in H. Junii Vitamingeniumet Merita literaria," 1836. Junker, yoonk'er, or Juniker, yoo'ne-ker, (Gf.org Adam,) a teacher and translator, born at Hanau about 1720. He translated numerous German dramas, etc. into French. Died in 1805. Junker, (Wilhelm Johann,) a traveller, born at Moscow, Russia, April 6, 1840. He studied medicine at Gottingen, Berlin, and Prague. He travelled extensively in Tunis, (1874 cessively appointed general and commander of th«- guards. In 518, on the death of the emperor Anasta sius, Justin was proclaimed his successor by the soldiers and the people. Through his instrumentality the Greek and Roman Churches were reconciled. He is generally regarded as a just prince. Died in 527, soon after re- signing the throne to his nephew Justinian. See Lk Beau, " Histoiredu Bas-Empire;" Zonaras, "History." Justin or Justinus II. was a nephew of Justinian I., whom he succeeded as Emperor of Constantinople in 565. During his reign the Longobards under Alboin invaded Italy, the northern part of which they wrested from the Eastern Empire, and the Persians made several important conquests in the Asiatic provinces. In 574, perceiving his inability to govern, he resigned in favour of Tiberius, the captain of his guards. Died in 578. See Le Beau, " Histoiie du Bas-Empire;" Menander, " His- toriarum Libri VIII.," Paris, 1609; " NouvelleBiographieG^nerale." Jus-ti'na, [Fr. Justine, zhiis'tin',] Saint, a Chris- tian martyr, who is supposed to have suffered death under Diocletian, (a.d. 304.) She was the patroness of Venice and of Padua. In the latter town a church was built in her honour in the fifth century. See Mrs. Jameson, " History of Sacred and Legendary Art." Jus-tin'i-an or Jus-tin-i-a'nus [Fr. Justinien, zhiis'te'ne-iN'] I., one of the most celebrated of the Em- perors of the East, and nephew of Justin I., was born in Dardania, May 11, 483 A.D. Justin at his coronation in 518 appointed Justinian his colleague, and in 527 invested him with supreme authority. Soon after ascending the throne, Justinian commenced an active persecution against the Arians, Jews, and Pagans. About 532 se- rious revolts occurred, in one of which the church of Saint Sophia and other buildings were destroyed by fire. This sedition, in which thirty thousand insurgents are said to have fallen, was incited by the factions of the circus, and was only quelled by the prompt resolution of Belisarius at the head of the imperial guards. Justinian showed great clemency to those of his rebellious subjects who were made prisoners. He immediately began to repair the damages of the conflagration. The magnificent church of Saint Sophia, which is one of the most remarkable edifices of any age or country, was rebuilt upon the plan furnished by the architect Anthemius. Justinian also exhibited his liberality and architectural skill in the con- struction of temples, convents, roads, bridges, aqueducts, and fortifications in many parts of his vast empire. But by far the greatest work of his reign was the revision of the Roman law and the publication of the Codes, Pan- dects, and Institutions which bear his name, and which were compiled under his supervision by the eminent jurist Tribonian. The "Codes," consisting of twelve books, were completed in 534. The " Digesta" or " Pan- dectae," embracing all that was taken from the decisions, arguments, and expositions of the civilians of Rome, were subsequently issued in fifty books. The "Institutiones" were an abridgment of the first principles of the law for the use of students. Justinian also composed many new laws, mostly in Greek, entitled " Constitutiones No- velise." While he was thus rendering such eminent service to the world by the publication of his Codes and Pandects, his celebrated generals Belisarius and Narses carried the terror of his arms into Persia, Italy, and Africa, and made their master the sovereign of nearly all the territory over which the first Caesars had held dominion. (See Belisarius, and Narses.) Justinian gave liberal encouragement to the industrial arts, and was the first to introduce silk-worms and the manu- facture of silken goods into Europe. He died in 565, after a re gn of more than thirty-eight years, and was succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. Justinian, although justly censurable for his occasional intolerance, was dis- tinguished for his general justice and humanity, as well as for his knowledge of theology, philosophy, law, poetry, and architecture, for his administrative powers, and for his exceedingly virtuous and temperate life, — qualities which would have placed him in the highest rank as a monarch, even if he had not produced those Codes which have immortalized his name. See Procopius, " HistoriasuiTemporis," (translated into English by HoLCROFT, 1653;) LuDEWiG, " Vita Justiniani," 1731 ; Isamuert, " Histoirede Justinien," 1856; Corvinus de Kei.dern, " Iniperator Justinianus Catholicus," 1618: G. Pebrin, "Vita Justiniani," 1576; Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" Monte,squieu, " Grandeur et Decadence des Romains,'"chap. xx. ; H. Vogrl, " Dis- sertatio de Justiniano," 1672; P. Gaudenzio, "Gloria Justiniani Imperatoris vindicata," 1639; " Nouvelle Biographie Gendiale." Justinian [Lat. Justinia'nus] II., son of Constan- tine III., ascended the throne of Constantinople in 685. He gained important advantages over the Saracens, and compelled them to relinquish some of their conquests. Finally, his great cruelties to his subjects, and also, it is said, his intention of burning Constantinople, caused his general Leontius to depose hiin, to cut off his nose, and to banish him to the Crimea. He subsequently escaped from the Crimea, and married the daughter of a Turkir.h chief, with whose assistance, and that of the Bulgarians, he regained his crown. He put Leontius, and many others, to horrible deaths. He was preparing to execute furtner cruelties, when he was killed in 711 by Philip- picus Bardanes, who succeeded him. See Gibbon, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" Le Beau, " Histoire du Bas-Empire;" Zonaras, " Histoi-y ;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Justiniani. See Giustiniani. Justinianus. See Justinian. Justinien. See Justinian. Justinus. See Justin. Jus'tu-lus, (yoos'too-lfts,) (Pietro Francesco,) « Latin poet, and secretary to Caesar Borgia, a native of Italy, lived about 1500. His poems are distinguished for their purity and elegance. Jusuf. See Yoosuf. Ju-tur'na, [Fr. Juturne, zhii'tiiRn',] a nymph or goddess of the Roman mythology, was said to be beloved by Jupiter. According to Virgil, she was a sister of Turnus. The water which the Romans used in sacrifices was mostly drawn from the fountain of Juturna. Juturne. See Juturna. Juusten or Justen, yoos'ten, (Paul,) Bishop of Abo, in Finland, was born at Viborg. He was sent in 1569 by John III. of Sweden as an ambassador to Ivan, Czar of Russia. That monarch, on some false pretence against John, threw Juusten in prison, where he was confined for three years. Died at Abo in 1575. Juvara, yoo-v3.'ri, or Ivara, e-vS'r3, (FiLlPPO,) first architect to the Duke of Savoy, was born at Messina, in Italy, in 1685, and educated at Rome under Fontana. He constructed a palace at Messina, and several edifices in Turin. In 1724 he went to Lisbon, where he super- intended the building of the royal palace and other edi- fices, for which he received the order of knighthood and a pension of about three thousand dollars. He died in 1735, at Madrid. Among his best works are the hunting- palace of Stupinigi, and the Birago di Borgaro palace, both in Turin. See M11.IZIA, "Memorie degli Architetti ;" Quatrem^re dk QuiNCY, "Vies des Architectes calibres;" "Nouvelle Biographie Gilndrale." Ju've-nal, [Lat. Juvena'lis ; Fr. Juvenal, zhii'vi'- nt!',] or, more fully, Deg'i-mus Ju'ni-us Ju-ve-na'- lis, one of the most celebrated of the Latin satirical poets, is believed to have been born in Aquinum, a Volscian town, about A.D. 40. But few authentic facts have been preserved respecting his history: it is said, however, that he was the son of a wealthy freedman, and that he devoted the early part of his life to the study of rhetoric and declamation. He afterwards became a pleader in the courts of law, where he appears to have been suc- cessful. He was an intimate friend of the poet Martial, who mentions him in two of his epigrams. None of the productions of Juvenal were given to the public until he had passed the age of sixty years. His poems, which he then recited, gained him universal admiration. One of his earliest satires had been written against an actor named Paris, who was a great favourite with the emperor Domitian. It was not published until the reign of Hadrian, who, imagining that it reflected on one of his own favourites, sent Juvenal into an honourable exile •e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, Vi,giittu?-al; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. (ffi^^See Explanations, jx 23. ) JUVENAL 1416 KAIANIAN by making him the prefect of a legion in Egypt, where he is said to have died about a.d. 125. Sixteen of his satires have been preserved. Several translations of them have been made into English, of which the most prominent are those of Uryden and Gifford. In these satires Juvenal severely lashes the prevailing vices of his time ; but it may well be doubted whether his vivid pictures of the licentiousness of that age do not tend to fan those very passions which they seem intended to restrain. He was distinguished for his force of intellect, his flow of language, and his never-failing wit. "Juvenal gives me," says Dryden, " as much pleasure as I can bear. He fully satisfies expectation ; he treats his sub- ject home. . . . When he gives over, 'tis a sign that the subject is exhausted, and that the wit of man can carry it no further." His works, differing equally from the austere moral dialogues of Persius and the genial raillery of Horace, are rhetorical rather than poetical. They are brilliant and sonorous declamations, and master-pieces of denunciation, "Magnificent versification," says Macaulay, "and in- genious combinations rarely harmonize with the expres- sion of deep feeling. In Juvenal and Dryden alone we have the sparkle and the heat together. Those great satirists succeeded in communicating the fervour of their feelings to materials the most incombustible, and kindled the whole mass into a blaze at once dazzling and destruc- tive." ("Essay on Dryden.") Among the best editions of Juvenal is that of Ruperti, (Leipsic, 2 vols., 1801,) to which are prefixed all the ancient documents for the biography of the satirist. See J. V. Francke, " Examen crititum D. J. Jiivenalis Vitje," 1820, .and " Programma de Vita D. J. Juvei.alis Qiiestio altera," 1827 ; VoLKER, "Juvenal, Lebens- mid Charakterbild," 1851: Bauer, " Kritische Bemerkungen iiber einige Nachrichten aus deni Leben luvenals." 18^1 ; Bahr, " Geschiclue der Romischen Litteratur." Juvenal, zhuv'ntl', (Gui Jouvenneaux,zhoo'vi'n6', or Jouennaux, zhoo'i'no',) a French philoiogist and ecclesiastic, born about 1460, was educated at Paris. Among his works are "Commentaries on the Comedies of Terence," and " Monastic Reformations Vindicated." Died in 1505. Juvenal des Ursins. See Ursins. Ju-ven'cus, (Ca'ius Vec'tius (vgk'she-us) Aquili'- Nus,) one of the earliest Christian poets, was born in Spain about 330 a.d. His principal production is the "Life of Christ," written in Latin poetry and taken lite- rally from the four Evangelists. See A. R. Gkbser, " Dis<;ertatio de C. V. A. Juvenci Vita et Scriptis," 1827; Ersch und Gruber, "Allgenieine Encyklopaedie." Juvenel, zhiiv'nSK, (F61.IX,) a French historical writer, born at Pezenas in 1669, published " Principles of His- tory." Died in 1760. Juvigny. See Rigoley de Juvigny. Jttx'on, (William,) Archbishop of Canterbury, born in Chichester in 1582, graduated at Oxford. In 1621 he was appointed president of Saint John's College, and afterwards received various offices in the Church through the patronage of Archbishop Laud. In 1633 he was successively raised to the sees of Hereford and London. Two years later he was appointed by Charles I. lord high treasurer of England. For about six years he ful- filled the duties of this station with so much justice and ability that, although great hostility was excited that an ecclesiastic should be chosen to that office, no charges were made against his administration. He remained with Charles through his trial, and accompanied him to the scaffold, where he received the dying injunctions of that monarch. On the restoration he was raised to the see of Canterbury. Died in 1663. (See "Memoirs of Juxon and his Times," 1869.) K. Kaab, kS'ab, a distinguished Arabian poet, who flour- ished about 650 A.D. He was at first a bitter enemy of Mohammed ; but afterwards, becoming reconciled to him, he wrote a poem, which is regarded as the most beautiful of the eulogiums addressed to the founder of the Moslem faith. The prophet was so much pleased that he gave Kaab his green mantle. The poem was hung up in the Temple of Mecca. Kaab died in 662 a.d. See D'Herbelot, " Bibliothique Orientale." Kaas, k^s, [Lat. Kaa'sius,) (Nikolaus,) a Danish statesman, born in 1535, and educated in Germany, where he studied theology under Melanchthon. In 1573 he was appointed chancellor of Denmark, and in 1588 be- came first regent of the kingdom during the minority of Christian I. He performed the duties of that office with commendable aljility and patriotism. Died in 1594. Kaas actively promoted the cause of education. See HoFMANN, "Portraits historiciiies des Hommes c^l^bres du Danemarck ;" Folder, " Exegesis Virtiitum et Rerum gestarum N. Kaasii," 1580; P. J. Winstrup, " Ligpraediken over N. Kaas," 'S94; J- Calundanus, "Descriptio Vita N. Kaasii," 1637. Kaasius. See Kaas. Kaau-Boerhaave, kow booR'hd'v^h, (Abram,) a Dutch physician, and nephew of- Herman Boerhaave, was born at the Hague in 1713, and educated at Leyden. In 1740 he was invited to Saint Petersburg, where he became councillor of state, and in 174^ first physician to the imperial court. Died at Moscow in 1753. Kabbete, kab'b?h-teh, (Jan,) a Dutch landscape- painter. Some of his pictures were engraved by Perelle* Died in 1660. Kabel, van der, vtn der k^'bel, (Adriaan,) a Dutch landscape-painter and engraver, born at Risvvyck in 163 1. His designs were natural and vigorous. Died in 1695. See PiLKiNGTON, " Dictionai7 of Painters." Kabir, kd-beeR', an East Indian (Hindee) writer, of Benares, who probably lived in the fifteenth century of our era. He was of the weaver caste, and of the Vaish- nava sect, though bred a Mussulman. A very great number of works are ascribed to him. His writings are religious, and to some extent philosophical, teaching a sort of pantheism. Kabus or Kabous. See Caboos. Kadlubek, kid-loo'b§k, (Vincent,) sometimes writ- ten Kodlubko or Kalubko, a Polish historian and prelate, was born in Galicia. In 1208 he was raised to the see of Cracow. Died in 1223. He wrote a valuable and accurate history of Poland to the year 1202. See OssoLiNSKi, "V. Kadhibek, ein historisch-kritischer Beitrag," etc., 1822. Kaempfer. See Kampfer. Kaestner. See Kastner. Kager, ka'ger, (Johann Matthias,) a German painter of history, born at Munich in 1566; died at Augsburg in 1634. Kahle, ka'leh, (Ludwig Martin,) a German philos- opher and jurist, born at Magdeburg in 17 12. Among his works is "The Balance of Europe," ("De Trutina Europae," 1744.) Died in 1775. Kahler, kd'ler, (Johann,) a German Lutheran divine, born at Wolmar, Hesse-Cassel, in 1649, was a Cartesian in philosophy, and wrote several works. Died in 1727. ICahnis, ki'nis, (Karl Friedrich August,) a Ger- man theologian, born at Greitz in 1814. He studied under Tholuck, and became professor of theology at I.eipsic in 1850. He published a valuable work, entitled " Lutherische Dogmatik," (2 vols., 1861-68,) also, " Chris- tenlhum und Philosophic," (1884,) etc. Died in 18SS. Kaianian or Caianian, ki-a'ne-an, the name of the most celebrated of all the ancient Persian dynasties, so called from its founder, Kai-Kobad, who, according to the Persian legends, was placed on the throne by the famous hero and conqueror Roostum, (or Rustem.) Of this dynasty, Cyrus the Great (called by the Persians Kai-Khosroo or Kai-Khosrau, Kos-row') was the chief ornament and glory. (See Cyrus.) Darius the Younger, conquered by Alexander the Great, was the last of the Kaianian kings. See Atkinson, "Abridgment ol" the Sliah NSmeh of Firdausi," London, 1832; "A Short History of Persia," in vol. v. of Sir W. Jones's Works. a. e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, sAort; a, e, i, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon; KAI-KAOOS 1417 KA LID ASA Kai-Kaoos, (-Kaua or -Kaous,) ki ki'dos', an an- cient king of Persia, (or Iran,) was the son of Kai-Kobad. His general, the famous Roo.'.tum, carried on successful wars against the Kings of Tflran. Sir William Jones places the date of this prince's accession at B.C. 610. Kai-Kaoos is said to have founded an observatory in Babylon. He was succeeded by his grandson, Kai-Khos- roo, (Cyrus the Great.) See MiRKHOND, "Raouset;" Atkinson, "Abridgment of the ShSh Nameh." Kai-Kioos, (-Kaiis or -Kaous,) lu ka'oos', I., seventh Sultan of the dynasty of the Seljookides of Anatolia, succeeded his father, Kai-Khosroo, about a.d. 1 2 ID. He was engaged in wars with the Grecian em- peror and several of the neighbouring princes. Died in 1219, and was succeeded by his brother, Kai-Kobad Ala-ed-Deen, (Ala-eddin.) See Ferishta, "Histoiy." Kai-Kioos (or -Kafis) II., Azzed-ed-Deen, (Az- zed-Eddiu,) Sz'zed ed-deen', succeeded his father, Kai-Khosroo H., in the sovereignty of Anatolia, about A.D. 1244. His reign was occupied by long wars with his brother, Kilij-Arslan, and with the Grand Khan of Tartary. Died in 1278. Kai-Khosroo. See Cyrus. Kai-Khosroo (-Khosrou) the Elder. See Cyrus. Kai-Khos'roo'' I., sixth Sultan of the dynasty of the Seljookides, became sovereign of Anatolia a.d. 1192. He was killed in battle in 1210 by Theodore Lascaris, Emperor of Constantinople. Kai-Khosroo II. succeeded his father, Kai-Kobad Ala-ed-Deen, (Ala-eddin,) on the throne of Anatolia in 1237. In 1244 he was defeated by the Tartars, and was compelled to become a tributary to their grand khan. He died the same year. Kai-Khosroo III., twelfth of the dynasty of the Seljookides, became Sultan about 1266. Died in 1283. KailSsa or Cailasa, kl-lj'sa, called in the common dialect Kailas,k!-lSs', the name of a very high mountain- peak near the northern extremity of India, supposed to be the favourite abode of Siva and Parvati. (See Siva.) Kain. See Le Kain. Kain, (John Joseph,) D.D., an American bishop, born at Martinsburg, West Virginia, May 31, 1841. He graduated at Saint Charles College, Maryland, in 1862, studied at Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, was or- dained a Catholic priest in 1866, and in 1875 ^^'^^ conse- crated Bishop of Wheeling. Kaiook, Kaiuk, or Kaiouk, kl-ook', a grandson of Jengis Khan, was proclaimed Grand Khan of Tartary in 1246. This prince granted numerous privileges to the Christians of his dominions. He died in 1248, as he was raising an immense army for the invasion of Europe. Kairis, ka'ris, (Theophilos,) a Greek ecclesiastic, born in the island of Andros in 1780. In 1839 he was banished h^ the Synod of Athens to a cloister for having taught deism. He wrote a burlesque on the prayers of the Christian Church. In 1852 he was sent to prison, where he died in 1853. Kaiser, (I'rederik,) a D'utch astronomer, born at Amsterdam, June 10, 1808. He puh!i-.hed "The Starry Heavens," (" De Sterrenhemel," 1843,; .iiid other works, and became a professor in Leyden. Died July 28, 1872. Kaiser, kl'zer, (Friedrich,) a German engraver, born at Ulm in 1775, worked in Vienna. Died in 1S19. Kaiser, (Friedrich,) an Austrian dramatist, born at Bibrach, April 3, 1814; died November 7, 1874. Ka'kig I., King of Armenia, of the dynasty of Pagrat- ides, succeeded his brother, Sempad II., in 989. Kakig assumed the surname Shahan-Shah, (" King of kings.") In 998 he assisted David, a Georgian prince, to defeat the Mohammedans under Maniloon the Ameer. Died in 1020. Kaia, kil'la, or KSl, a Sanscrit word, signifying " time," [from Ml,* to "count" or "reckon,"] and forming one of the many names of the destroying god Siva, (which see.) Kalakaua, kara-kow'a, (David,) King of the Ha- waiian Islands, was born at Honolulu, November 16, * This word is related etymologically to the middle syllable of the Latin "interca/aris." denotiivj; the reckoning uf a day or space af time between other days. The word " kalends" is not improbablj from the same root. 1836. On the failure of heirs to the former royal house at the death of King Lunalilo in 1874, he was elected to the succession, his claim being based upon a remote descent, through the female line, from one of the old royal families of the kingdom. He visited the United States and Europe in the year of his accession, and again in later years. Died January 20, 1891. Kaianaga. See Kai.iya.' Kalaun or Kalaoun. See KelAoon. Kalb, de. See De Kalj?. Kalbeck, kil'bek, (Max,) a German poet, born at Breslau, January 4, 1850. He became a journalist and art-critic in Vienna. He has published several volumes of lyric poems, remarkable for delicacy of finish and for their richly musical quality. Kalckreuth.von, fon kilk'roit', (Friedrich Adolf,) Count, bom at Sangerhausen, in Prussia, in 1737, served in the war of the Bavarian succession, and afterwards in the campaigns of Holland and France. For his gallant defence of Dantzic against the French, in 1807, he wa." made field-marshal. In July, 1807, he concluded with Talleyrand a treaty of peace between Prussia and France. Died in 1818. See L. G. Michaud, "Notices historiques sur le Mar^chal Jour- dan et les Generaux Kalckreuth et Kilmaine." Kaldi, kSl'dee, (George,) a learned and eloquent Hungarian Jesuit, born in Tirnau about 1572, was pro- fessor of theology at Olmiitz. Died at Presburg in 1634. He translated the Bible into the Hungarian language. Kale. See Kalf. Kalee. See KalJ. Ka'ler, (James Otis,) an American author, born ai Winterport, Maine, March 19, 1846, for some years was engaged in journalism in Boston and New York. He is author of several highly successful tales for the young, including "Toby Tyler," "Mr. Stubbs's Brother," "Old Ben," "Tim and Tip," "Raising the Pearl," etc., pub- lished under the name of "James Otis." Kalergis, ki-16R'gis, (Demetrius,) a Greek general and politician, born in Taganrog about 1802. He fought for independence against the Turks. About 1843 ^^ t)e- came a general, and governor of Athens. He was min- ister of war for about two years, (1854-56.) Died in 1867. Kalf, kSlf, written also Kale, (Wilhelm,) a distin- guished Dutch painter of still life, born in Amsterdam in 1630. He especially excelled in painting fruit, gold and silver vessels, gems, crystals, etc. Died in 1693. K^li or Kalee, k^lee, the feminine of K^la, (a name of Siva,) forming the common appellation of Siva's con- sort in her destroying character. She is often called Maha Kali, (ma-ha' kd'lee,) or the "Great Kali," and Bhadra (b'hud'ra) Kali, (from Bhadra, one of the many appellations of Siva,) and various other names. She is represented sometimes with four and sometimes with eight hands, and her person is decorated with a necklace of human skulls. Her images are usually painted black or of a dark colour. In her character of Maha Kali she sometimes represents eternity. (See Coleman's "My- thology of the Hindoos," p. 91.) As active or militant virtue, she is called Durga ; in her ordinary and more peaceful character she is known as Parvati, {i.e. the "mountain goddess," in allusion to her dwelling on the inaccessible heights of the Himalayas,) or as Devi, (da'- vee,) which signifies the " goddess" par excellence. (See Durga, and ParvatT.) Kaildasa, Caiidasa, kS'lT-da'sa, or KaUdasas, called "the Shakspeare of India," the most illustrious of Hindoo poets, is supposed by some to have lived about 50 B.C., by others about 250 A.D. or even later. Tradition says that he lived under the magnificent reign of Vikramaditya I. He was the author of several dramas, of which the most celebrated, " Sakoontala," (or " Sakon- tala,") was first made known to the nations of the West through the prose translation of Sir William Jones. The appearance of this remarkable production excited a deep interest and general admiration among the critics of Europe. Of its author, Alexander Humboldt observes, "Tenderness in the expression of feeling, and richness of creative fancy, have assigned to him his lofty place among the poets of all nations." Goethe expresses his admiration in a still higher strain : €as-^; fas j; '%hard; gas/; G, H, Vi, gitttural ; N, nasal; v., trilled; sasz; thasin this. (^C^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KALISCH 1418 K A MAD EVA " Willst du die Bliithe des frulien, die Friichte des spateren Jahres, Willst du was reizt und entziickt, willst du was sattigt und nalirt, Willst du den Himmel, die Erde, mit einem Namen begreifen r Nenn' ich SakontalA dich, und so ist alles gesagt."* A translation of the Sakoontala, by Monier Williams, the Boden professor of Sanscrit at Oxford, was pub- lished at Hertford in 1856. In this version the metrical portions of the original play were for the first time rendered into English verse. Besides the drama already referred to, there have come down to us tw^o others by Kalidasa, viz., " Vikrama and Urvasi," which abounds in lyrical beauties, and a comedy entitled "Agnimitra and Malavika." His two epic poems, " Raghuvansa" and "Kumara-Sambhava," possess, with many individual beauties, comparatively little merit, taken as a whole. Among his lyrical poems, " Megha-duta," or the " Cloud- Messenger," is remarkable for its deep feeling and grace- ful delineations of nature. The " Nalodaya," a sort of poetical romance, which, in spite of much that would strike a European reader as ridiculous or absurd, has many charming passages, is also commonly ascribed to Kalidasa. See the notice of Kalid5sa prefixed to Professor Williams's translation of " Sakoontala," already referred to ; Wilson's " Indian Theatre," in which there are English translations of the " Megha- duta" and an analysis of "Agnimitra and Malavika;" also Brock- HAUS, " Conversations-Lexikon." The " Nalodaya" has been trans- lated into English verse by the Rev. W. Yates, Calcutta, 1S44. Kalisch, ka'lish, (David,) a German humorous poet, of Jewish origin, born at Breslau, February 23, 1 820. His verses, plays, and couplets are extremely popular in Ger- many. He published " Berliner Leierkasten," (1857-60,) and " Lustige Werke," (1870.) Died at Berlin, August 21, 1872. Kalisch, (Ludwig,) a German author, born at Polnisch-Lissa, of Jewish parents, September 7, 1814. He was educated at Heidelberg and Munich, and became noted as a journalist and a writer of humorous ballads and romances. Kalisch, (Marcus M.,) a Jewish scholar, born at Treptow, in Pomerania, May 16, 1828. He was educated at Berlin and Halle. He settled in England in 1849. His writings include " A Critical Commentary" on the Old Testament, with translation, (vol. i., 1855 ; vol. iv., 1872,) a Hebrew Grammar, "Bible Studies," (1877,) " Path and Goal," (1880,) etc. Died in 1885. Kaiiya, ki'li-ya, [from the Sanscrit kdld, "black," and hence " terrible" or " deadly,"] called also Kaian^ga, (ki'la-ni'ga,) in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a terrible serpent destroyed by Krishna. As the latter is by some identified with the Apollo of the Greeks, so Kaliya is supposed to be the Python of classic mythology. See Moor, " Hindu Pantheon." Kalkar. See Calcar. Kalkar, kil'ldr, (Christian Andreas Herman,) a Danish theologian, born at Stockholm in 1802. He be- came first minister of the diocese of Seeland in 1843. Among his works is a " Manual of Exegesis," (2 vols., 1836-38.) Kalkbrenner, kSlk'bRgn'ner, (Christian,) a Ger- man musician and composer, born at Minden in 1755. He composed dramatic and instrumental music, and became chapel-master to the queen at Berlin in 1788. Died in Paris in 1806. See Fetis, " Biographie Universelle des Musiciens." Kalkbrenner, (Friedrich,) a German musical com- poser and pianist, born in Berlin in 1788, was a son of the preceding. He visited Vienna in 1803, where he studied under Albrechtsberger. He settled in Paris in 1824, and, in conjunction with Pleyel, founded one of the most celebrated piano-manufactories of that city. As a musician he holds the first rank, and his numerous com- positions for the piano are highly esteemed. Died in 1 849. See L. BolviN, " Kalkbrenner," Paris, 1842; F^Tis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens;" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Kal'kl, [modern Hindoo pron. kiil'ki ; from the San- • " Wouldst thou the blossoms of the early, the fruits of the later year, Wouldst thou what charms and enraptures, what satisfies and nour- ishes, [the soul,] Wouldst thou comprehend heaven and earth [in short] under one name .' When I name thee, O Sakoontala, then everything is said." scrit kdl, to " count" or " reckon,"] the only one of the avatars of Vishnu yet to come. Vishnu, mounted on a white horse, with a flaming sword in his hand, will bring the present (or Kali) age to an end, to be followed by an era of purity. See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon." Kail, kai, (Abraham,) an eminent Danish scholar, born in Jutland in 1743, graduated at the University of Copenhagen, where in 1778 he became professor of the history and mythology of the North. In 1785 he founded a society for the promotion of the study of foreign lite- rature, and in 1808 was appointed historiographer of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway. Died in 1821. See Erslew, " Forfatter-Lexicon." Kallay, von, fon kdl'loi, (Benjamin,) a Hungarian statesman, born December 22, 1839. He lived for some time in Servia, and wrote a " History of the Serbs," (2 vols., 1877-78.) He was sent as an envoy to tne East Roumelian commission in 1878, and took an active part in reorganizing the affairs of the Balkan peninsula. In 1882 he was made finance-minister for Austria-Hungary. Kallgreen. See Kellgr6n. Kallias. See Callias. Kallicrates. See Callicrates. Kallicratidas. See Callicratidas. Kallimachus. See Cai,limachu.s. Kallinicus. See Callinicus. Kallinus. See Callinus. Kalliope. See Calliope. Kallippus. See Callippus. Kallisthenes. See Callisthenes. Kallistratus. See Callistratus. Kalliwoda, kSKle-^o'd^, (Johann Wenzel.) a noted violinist and composer, born at Prague in 1800 ; died 1866. Kalm, kSlm, (Pehr,) a Swedish naturalist, born in 1715. In 1748, under the direction of the Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, he sailed for North America, where he remained about three years, prosecuting the study of- natural history. On his return to Sweden he published an account of his travels, under the title of "A Voyage to North America," (1753-) The first part of this valuable work relates to Sweden, Norway, and England. He was afterwards elected a member of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and created knight of the order of Vasa. He wrote several other scientific works. Died in 1779. The genus Kalmia was named in honour of him. See J. L. Odhelius, " Aminnelse-Tal ofver P. Kalm," 17S0. Adelung, Supplement to Jocher's " AUgemeines Gelehrten-Lexi- kon." Kalnoky, or Kdlnoky von Koros-Patak, kaK- no-ke fon ko'Ros-pot'ok, (Gustav,) Count, an Austrian statesman, born at Lettovitz, in IVloravia, December 29, 1832. He early entered the diplomatic service, and in 1881 was made prime-minister of Austria-Hungary. Kalo-Joannes. See Calo-Joannes. Kalraat, van, vtn kSKrlt', (Abram,) a Dutch painter and sculptor, born at Dort in 1643. His paintings are chiefly of flowers and fruits. Died in 1699. Kalraat, van, (Bernard or Barent,) brother of the preceding, born in 1650, studied under Albert Cuyp. He was distinguished for the elegant finish which he gave to his landscapes. He painted scenes on the Rhine. Died in 1721. See Descamps, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. Kaltenbach, kal'ten-baK', (Geokg Gottfried,) u German engraver and art-historian, born at Graudenz, May 18, 1805 ; died at Bamberg, February 1, 1865. Kalubko. See Kadlubek. Kalypso. See Calypso. Kamadeva, kS'ma-da'va, or Kamaddo, ki'ma-da'o, [from the Sanscrit kihiui, "desire" or "love," and dci-d, a "god,"] written also Caniadeva, Camadeo, and Canideo, sometimes called simply Kama or Cama, the god of love of the Hindoos, is said to be the son of Maya, (" Illusion.) He is represented as a beautiful youth, sometimes as riding on a parrot, and sometimes as con- versing with his mother Maya, or his wife Reti, (or Rati,) {i.e. " Affection.") He has a bow made of sugar-cane, (or, according to some authorities, of flowers.) The points i, e, T, o, u, y, lo7ig; k, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, o, I'l, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon. KAMADHENU 1410 KANJATOO of his arrows are tipped with flowers. Vasanta (the " Spring") is said to be his most intimate friend. The most remarkable event in Kamadeva's history is his encounter with Siva. It is related that he once pre- sumed to aim one of his arrows at the destroying deity, who with one glance of his eye reduced the love-god to ashes. Since that catastrophe Kamadeva has ceased to possess any corporeal form ; but his actual power seems thereby to have been increased rather than diminished, (as he can now more easily, and with less suspicion, exert his sway over the minds of men. See Moor's " Hindu Pantheon ;" Sir William Jones's Works, vol. vi., (or vol. xiii. ol another edition.) Kimadheuu, kJ'ma-d'ha'noo, \i.e. " wish-cow," from the Sanscrit kdtnd, "desire" or "wish," and dkenu, a "cow,"] in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a won- derful cow, produced by the churning of the ocean, having power to grant to those whom she favoured whatever they might desire. She is also called Surabhi, (soo'- ra-b'hi,) and is in fact a goddess of no mean pretensions, and would appear to occupy nearly the same rank as Vishnu's consort Lakshmi, who also was produced from the churning of the ocean. It is not unusual for tlie Hindoos, when praying for prosperity or happiness, to say, " May Lakshmi, who resides among the gods, (or "who reposes on the bosom of Vishnu,") become a boon- granting cow to me." (See LakshmI, and KOrma.) See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon." Kamal^ or Kenial^, (modern Hindoo pron. kum'- a-li'; from kdmdld, the " lotus," which is in its turn derived from kdmd, "beauty," "radiance,"] one of the names of LakshmI, (which see.) Kambau, kSm'bSn, a Tamil (South Indian) poet, of a very uncertain date. He wrote a " Ramayana" in the Tamil tongue, which is based upon, but is not a trans- lation of. the " Ramayana" of Valmiki. Kambyses. See Cambyses. Kamehameha (kS-ma-hil'ina-hS') III., King of Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, was born about 181 7 ; died in 1854. Kamehameha IV., a son of the preceding, born in 1833, was educated by Protestant missionaries. He vis- ited Europe in 1852, became king in 1854, and died 1863. Kamel. See Camelli. Kamenski, k^-men'skee, (Count Michael Fedoro- vrrcH,) a Russian, born about 1735, vvas created field- marshal by the emperor Alexander in 1802. Four years later he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent against the French, but was soon after succeeded by Benningsen. He died, or was killed, in 1809. Karnes, Lord. See Home, (Henry.) Kam-Hi. See Khang-Hee. Kampen, van, (Jakob.) See Campen. Kampen, van, vSn kSm'pen, (Nicola as Godfried,) a Dutch historian, born at Haarlem in 1776. In 1829 he was professor of Dutch history and literature in Am- sterdam. Among his works may be mentioned " His- tory of the French Ascendency in Europe," (8 vols., 1815 -23,) and " Geographical and Statistical Account of the Kingdom of the Netherlands," (1827.) Died in 1839. See MtJLLER, " Leven van N. Kampen," 1840; Van den Brink, " N. G. van Kampen," etc., 1839. Kampenhausen, k^m'pen-how'zen, (Balthasar,) Baron, born near Riga, in Russia, in 1772, wrote several political and topographical works. Died in 1823. Kampfer or Kaempfer, kSmp'fer, (Engelbrecht,) an eminent German botanist and traveller, was born at Lemgo in 1651. He studied medicine and the languages. In 1683 he accompanied the Swedish ambassador to Persia. Having passed into the service of the Dutch East India Company as surgeon, he visited Bengal, Java, Sumatra, and Japan. He returned to Europe in 1693, and published an important work entitled "Amoe- nitates Exoticse," (1712,) which contains the results of his researches in Persia, etc. He also wrote a valuable " History of Japan and Siam," which was published by Sir Hans Sloane in English, (1727.) It was also pub- lished in German in 1777. Died at Lemgo in 17 16. See HiRSCHiNG, " Historisch-literarisches Handbuch ;" "Non- velle Biographie G^n^rale." Kamphuizen. See Camphu ^sen. Kamptz, von, fon kampts, (Karl Albrecht Chris- TOPH Heinrich,) an able Prussian statesman, born at Mecklenburg in 1769, was successively appointed min- ister of the interior and of the police, and in 1830 min- ister of justice. Died in 1849. He published "Civil Law of the Duchy of Mecklenburg," and " Contributions to Public and International Law." Kanada, (the name of a sage.) See KAsyapa. Kanaris, k^'ni-ris, (Constantine,) a famous naval hero of modern Greece, born in the island of Ipsara about 1790. In 1822 he blew up the Turkish admiral's ship in the channel of Chios, and in 1824 saved the island of Samos by burning a large Turkish frigate and several transport-ships which were destined to attack it. In 1827 he represented Ipsara in the Greek National Con- vention, and in 1848 was appointed minister of the marine and president of the cabinet. He resigned in 1855. Died September 14, 1877. Kandace. See Candace. Kandaules. See Candaules. Kandeh Rao, kin'deh ri'o, [perhaps from the San- scrit Mndd, a "horse," and rdo, a modern Hindoo word, signifying "prince,"] written also Kandarahu, the name of an avatar of Siva, in which that god is always represented on horseback. (See Siva.) Kandeh Rao is worshipped chiefly among the Mahrattas. See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon." Kandjatou. See Kanjatoo. Kandler, kint'ler, (Johann Joachim,) a German artist and modeller in porcelain, born in Saxony in 1706. He worked at Meissen. Died in 1776. Kane, (Elisha Kent,) M.D., a distinguished Ameri- can explorer, born in Philadelphia on the 20th of Feb- ruary, 1820. He was the son of Judge John K. Kane. He studied medicine, and graduated in the University of Pennsylvania in 1842, on which occasion he wrote an inaugural thesis on "Kyestein." In 1843 ^^ sailed to China with Commodore Parker, as surgeon or physician to the embassy. He visited India, Ceylon, and the Phil- ippine Isles, and was impelled by his adventurous spirit into several perilous enterprises. In 1845 he made an excursion to the Himalaya Mountains, ascended the Nile to Nubia, and traversed Greece on foot. He re- turned home in 1846. He served in the Mexican war in 1847. I" May, 1850, he sailed as surgeon to the expedi- tion which Lieutenant De Haven conducted in search of Sir John Franklin. He published, in 1854, "The United States Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Frank- lin." He commanded a second expedition sent out for the same purpose, and sailed from New York in the Advance in May, 1853. He failed to find any traces of Franklin, returned home in October, 1855, and related the adventures and sufferings of his party in his "Arctic Explorations," (2 vols., 1856.) In this voyage he had discovered the existence of an open Polar sea. He re- ceived a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society of London. To recruit his failing health, he made a voy- age to England in October, 1856, and passed thence to the West Indies. He died at Havana in February, 1857. See William Elder, " Biography of Elisha Kent Kane," 1858 ; SCHMUCKER, " Life of Elisha Kent Kane;" "North British Review" for February, 1857. Kane, (Sir Robert,) M.D., a distinguished chemist, born in Dublin in 1810. After filling professorships in several scientific societies, he was appointed in 1849 president of Queen's College, Cork. He had previously been knighted by the lord lieutenant. He wrote various works on chemistry, pharmacy, etc. Died Feb. 16, 1890. Kane, (Thomas L.,) a general, brother of Dr. E. K. Kane, was born in Philadelphia about 1822. He was sent on an itnportant mission to the Mormon insurgents of Utah in 1858. He was wounded in a battle near Har- risonburg, Virginia, in June, 1862. Died Dec. 26, 1883. Kanitz, ki'nitz, (August,) a Hungarian botanist, born at Lugos, April 25, 1843. He was educated at Vienna, and in 1872 became professor of botany in the University of Clauseiiburg, where his activity as a scien- tific writer has been very remarkable. Kanjatoo, Kandjatou, or Kanjatu, k5n-jl-too', fifth Mongol sovereign of the dynasty of Jengis Khan, began to reign over Persia a.d. 1291. A conspiracy € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as 7; G, H, K, giitttcral; N. nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. jee Explanations, p. 23.) KANNE 1420 KA 0-TS 00-00 TEE having been formed against him by his nobles, lie was killed in 1295. Kanne, kSn'neh, (Johann Arnold,) a learned and eccentric German writer, born at Detmold in 1773, studied philology and theology at Gottingen. In 1818 he became professor of Oriental literature at Erlangen, where he died in 1824. Among his various works we may name "Anthology of Greek Epigrams," ("Florile- gium Epigrammatum Graecorum,") "System of Indian Myths," and " Biblical Researches." Kannegiesser, kSn'neh-gees'ser, (Goitlieb IIein- Ricn,) a German medical writer, born at Gotha in 1712; died at Kiel in 1792. Kannegiesser, (Karl Friedrich Ludwig,) a Ger- man scholar, born at Wendemark in 1781, is known for his numerous and excellent translations into German. Among these are the dramas of Beaumont and Fletcher, Dante's "Divine Comedy," extracts from the writings of Byron, Madame de Stael, Mickiewicz, and other cele- brated authors. He also made translations from Horace, Sappho, and Anacreon, and published poems and several original dramas, among them two entitled " Mirza" and "Dorothea." Died at Berlin, September 14, i85i. Kansa. See Krishna. Kant, (Immanuel,) one of the profoundest metaphy- sicians that have ever lived, the founder of the Critical (popularly called the Transcendental) school of philoso- phy in Germany, was born at Konigsberg, April 26, 1724. His father was a saddler, and is said to have been of Scottish extraction. Both his parents are represented as having been endued with a severe and inflexible vir- tue ; and to the influence of their precept and example must be ascribed, in no small measure, the pure moral character and that profound respect for moral obliga- tion which Kant exhibited through the whole of his life. Having gone through a course at the gymnasium, (the Collegium Fredericianum,) he entered in 1740 the university of his native city. Here he commenced the study of theology, but soon abandoned it for other pur- suits, and devoted his attention to the natural sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. On leaving the -university he maintained himself for several years as a private tutor. During this period he published his first work," Thoughts on the True Estimation of the Living Powers," (" Ge- danken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen Krafte.") About 1755 he began to give lectures on logic, physics, metaphysics, and mathematics. In 1762 he was offered the professorship of poetry in the Uni- versity of Konigsberg ; but he declined the position, on the ground that he had not the proper qualifications. He had already established his reputation as an original land profound thinker, when at length, in 1770, he was appointed to the chair of logic and metaphysics in the University of Konigsberg. When he entered upon his professorship, he delivered a discourse on the World of the Senses and that of the Understanding, (" De Mundi sensibilis etintelligibilis Forma et Principiis,") containing the germs of the philosophical system which he after- wards developed in his great work entitled "Critique of Pure Reason," (" Kritik der reinen Vernunft,") first published in 1781. He had previously, in his work on " Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens," ("Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Him- mels," 1755,) in which he may be said to have anticipated the discovery of the planet Uranus, given proof of his sagacity in questions relating to physical science. Among his various other works may be named " Observations upon the Sentiment of the Beautiful and Sublime," (" Beobachtungen iiber das Gefuhl des Schonen und Er- habenen," 1764,) "Critique of Practical Reason," (" Kritik der praktischen Vernunft," 1790,) — that is, reason con- sidered in its anplication to our moral conduct, — "Cri- tique of the Faculty of Judging," ("Kritik der Urtheils- kraft," 1793,) and his essay " On a Plan for an Everlasting Peace," ("xum ewigen Frieden,'" ) (1795.) Kant died February 12, 1804, having never, it is said, in the whole course of his life travelled above seven miles from hid native city. Although his writings embrace a great va- riety of subjects, his fame rests chiefly upon his achieve- ments as a metaphysician. As a deep and close thinker he has perhaps never been equalle>...* Our limits will not permit us to give even an outline of the Kantian system of philosophy, which could only be rendered intelligible in an extensive treatise. It will be sufficient here to observe that Kant's great aim was to determine the laws and limits of the intellect of man, and thus to guard, on the one hand, against the arrogant dogmatism V)f those who overestimate, and, on the other, against the absurd skepticism of those who underestimate, the powers of the human mind. He does not pretend to have made any important discoveries respecting ques- tions which belong properly to religion, (such, for ex- ample, as the immortality of the soul, the moral attributes of the Deity, etc.,) but he claims that the great points of faith are not only undisturbed by his system, but are rendered more secure against the attacks of those who use their reputation for philosophic insight to give weight to arguments against religion, in questions where, from the necessary laws of the human intellect, the profoundest philosopher can know no more than the great mass of mankind. " Only by this means," (i.e. by a critique determining the laws and limits of the human reason,) says he, " can the roots of materialism, fatalism, atheism, . . . be cut off;" and he proposes in this manner "to make an end for all future time of all objections against morality and religion, by presenting the clearest proofs of the ignorance of their assailants." It is claimed by some of the admirers of Kant (indeed, he himself sug- gested the parallel) that he performed for mental phi- losophy a service similar to that which his countryman Copernicus performed for astronomy. As the latter may be said to have determined the relative importance as well as the true position of the earth in the solar system, so the former has determined the proper limits and true position of the human intellect in relation to the objects of knowledge ; and as Copernicus has demonstrated that many of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies are not real, but caused by the motion of the earth, (the standpoint of the observer,) so Kant has shown that many mental phenomena are to be explained, not by referring them, as most philosophers have done, to in- dependent external causes, but to those essential laws which regulate the movements of the mind itself. For an excellent popular notice of the influence exerted by Kant's philosophy, the reader is referred to De Quin- cey's chapter on German Literature in the volume of his works entitled "Life and Manners." He will also find many interesting observations on Kant and his writings in Madame de Stael's "Germany," Part III. chap. vi. See, also, F. Boutekwek, "L Kant, eln Denkmal," 1804; F. W. Schubert, " I. Kant's Biographie," etc., 1842; Jachmann, "I. Kant, geschildert in Briefen," etc., 1804; Borowski, " Darstellung des Lebens und Characters I. Kant's," 1804; F. T. Rinck, "An- sichten aiis L Kant's Leben," 1S05; Amand Saintes, " Histoire de la Vie et de la Philosophie de Kant," 1844 ; J. Wii.lm, " Histoire de la Philosophie Allemande depuis Kant jusqii'a Hegel," Paris, 4 vols., 1846 ; M. V. Cousin, " KaiU dans les derniferes Anndes de sa Vie," 1857; Hasse, " Letzte Aeussernngen Kant's," 1S04; Wasi- anski, " Immannel Kant," etc., 1804; F. Hoefek, article in th " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale;'' Hedge, "Prose Writers of Ger many;" "Blackwood's Magazine" for February, 1827, (by De QuiN- CEY,) and August, 1830; " Edinburgh Review" for January, 1803. Kantacuzenus. See Cantacuzenus. Kantemir. See Cantemir. Kao-Tsoo or Kao-Tsou, ki'o tsoo, the name of several emperors of China, of whom one reigned in the seventh and two others in the tenth century. Kao-Tsoong or Kao-Tsoung (ki'o tsoong) I., of the dynasty of Tang, succeeded his father, Thai-Tsoung, on the imperial throne of China about 648 a.d. He was a wise and just ruler, and enacted many good laws. He reduced the Khan of the Turks to complete subjec- tion. Died in 684. See Mailla, "Histoire g^ni^rale de la Chine;" Pauthibr, " Chine ancienne." Kao-Tsoo-Ootee or Kao-Tsou-Outi, ka'o-tsoo'oo'- tee, called also Soong-Ootee or Soung-Outi, soong- oo'te. Emperor of China, and founder of the dynasty of Soong, was born about a.d. 355. By his intrigues and * M. Stapfer, author of the article on Kant in the " Biographie Universelle," calls him "the most profoinid thinker with whom the history of the human mind has made us acquainted," (" le penseur le plus profond que nous fasse connaitre I'histoire de I'esprit hu- mam.") a, e, i, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mSt; ndt; good; moon; KAPILA 1421 KARR military skill he reduced many of the rival chiefs to subjection, and, after putting the emperor and his son to death, ascended the imperial throne. Died in 422. Kap'i-la or Capila, [Hindoo pron. kiip'i-la,] an In- dian philosopher, regarded as an avatar of Siva, was thf! founder of a celebrated sect named ^aakhya, and of a philosophic system called the Sankhya philosophy, supposed to have been the germ or commencement of Booddhism. The Sankhya philosophy was a system of rationalism pushed to the borders of atheism. (See Vasudeva.) See " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale," under " Capila." Kapnist, kJp'nist, (Vasili Vasilievitch,) a cele- brated lyric poet and dramatist, born in Russia in 1756. His translation of the Odes of Horace first fixed his reputation as a man of letters. He was an intimate friend of the poet Derzhavin, and a member of the Im- perial Academy of Saint Petersburg. Among his works are the comedy of " labeda," and an " Essay upon the Odyssey." Died in 1813. Kapodistria. See Capo d'Istrias. Kapp, kSp, (Friedrich,) a German author, born at Hamm, in Westphalia, Ai:>ril 13, 1824. He became a lawyer, lived in New York, 1850-70, and in 1872 was chosen a member of the German Diet. He published, oartly in German, "The Slave Question in the United States," (1857,) " Life of Steuben," (1859,) " A History of Slavery in the United States," (i860,) "A History of German Migration into America," (1868,) a " Life of John Kalb," (1870,) and other works. Died in 1884. Kara-George. See Czerni-George. Kara-Moustapha. See Cara-Mustafa. Kara-Yusuf. See Cara-Yoosef. Karajitch, Karadjitch, or Karadschitsch, ki-rS'- jitsh, (VuK,) a learned Servian, born near Lasnitza in 1787. Having fled to Vienna in 1813 to escape the cruel- ties of the Turks, his attention was turned to the national ballad-poetry of his country, said to exceed hi richness and extent that of almost every other nation. His collection was issued in Vienna in 1814, under the title of "Servian National Songs." He published a Servian Grammar, a Servian-and-German Dictionary, and various other works. Died February 7, 1864. See RowRiNG, "Servian Poetiy ;" Jungmann, "History of Bo- hemian Literature." Karamzin or Kai'amsin, kS-rSm-zeen' or kS-rlm- zin', (Nikolai Mikhaelovitch,) one of the most emi- nent of Russian historians, was born in the province of Orenburg in December, 1765, and was educated in Mos- cow. In 1789 he commenced a tour through England, France, Switzerland, and other countries of Europe. On his return he published " Letters of a Travelling Rus- sian." He afterwards issued various literary productions, which were written in a finished and elegant style. He was one of the editors of the " European Messenger," a literary journal. In 1803 he was appointed historiogra- pher of Russia, and the same year commenced his great work, the " History of the Russian Empire," (11 vols., 1815-24.) He did not live to finish the work, which ends about the year 16 10. No work in the Russian language has obtained greater popularity. The first edition, of eight volumes, brought the author 100,000 rubles. The emperor Alexander created him councillor of state and knight of the order of Saint Anne ; and after the death of the historian his widow received from the same monarch an annual pension of 50,000 rubles. " The History of the Russian Empire" has been translated into French, German, and Polish. Died in May, 1826. See Depping, notice of Karamzin in the " R^vue Encyclop^dique ;" Prince A. Galitzin, article in the " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^- rale ;" " British and Foreign Review" for September, 1828 : " Monthly Review," vol. xci., 1820, (Appendix;) " Foreign Quarterly Review" for September, 1828. Karasiu, ka-rS'sin, (Nicolai Nikolayevitch,) a Russian soldier, artist, and author, born in 1842. His writings include various novels and stories, as well as some ethnological papers. Karburis. See Carburis. Karim or Kareem. See Kereem. Karl, (Friedrich Alexander,) Prince of Prussia, a German field-marshal, a brother of the Emperor Wil- liam I., was born at Charlottenburg, June 29, 1801. He held prominent commands in the Austrian war of 1866 and in the French war of 1870-71. Died at Berlin, January 21, 1883. Karl, (Friedrich August,) Duke of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, born at Hanover in 1785. Having distinguished himself in several actions against the French, he was ap- pointed lieutenant-general by the King of Prussia in 1813. He entered Paris at the head of the royal guard in 1815. In 1825 he became a general of infantry and president of the council of state. Died in 1837. Karl Albrecht, Elector of Bavaria. See Charles VII., Emperor. Karl Alexander, Duke of Wiirtemberg, born in 1684, was the successor of Ludwig Eberhard. He was an ally of the emperor Leopold in the war of the Spanish succession. He distinguished himself at the battle of Turin in 1706, defended Landau against Marshal Villars in 1 713, and obtained the rank of field-marshal. Died in 1737. Karl der Fiinfte. See Charles V. Karl der Grosse. See Charlemagne. Karl Eugen, (oi-gan',) or Charles Eugene, a son of Karl Alexander, noticed above, was born in 1728, and became Duke of Wiirtemberg in 1737. He pro- moted commerce, arts, and agriculture, and founded the university called Carolina, at Stuttgart Died in 1793. Karloman. See Carloman. Karlstadt. See Carlstadt. Karmarscli, kaR'maRsh, (Karl,) a German savant, and director of the Polytechnic School at Hanover, born at Vienna in 1803. He wrote " First Sketches of Me- chanical Technology," and other scientific works. Died March 24, 1879. Karmat, Karmath, Carmath, kaR'mit, or Kar- mathi, kan'mS-tee, called also Hamd^n, hSm-dSn', the founder of a fanatical and numerous sect which made great ravages in the Arabian empire in the ninth cen- tury. He attempted to establish a community of property, and taught a contempt for religion and morality. His followers were called Karmatians (Carmatians) or Kar- mattians. Died about 900 a.d. Karneades. See Carneades. Karnkowski, kaRn-kov'skee, written also Karn- cov, kaRn'kov, or Karnowski, (Stanislas,) a distin- guished prelate, born in Poland about 1525. In 1581 he was created Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland. He was a liberal patron of learning, and a successful promoter of reforms among the priests. He wrote a " History of the Interregnum in Poland," and several other works. Died in 1603. See "Nouvelle Biographie Generate." Kdroly, ki'rol, written also Karoli, (Jasper,) a Protestant minister, who lived in Hungary about 1580. He was distinguished for his knowledge of philosophy, theology, and philology. He produced a valuable trans- lation of the Bible from the original Hebrew into the Hungarian, (1589.) Karpinski, kaR-pin'skee or kaR-pin'skee, (FRANCls.y a Polish poet, born in Galicia about 1760. He wrote a tragedy entitled "Judyta," and a number of popular songs and idyls. Died in 1823. Karpinski, kar-pfen'skee, (Hyacinth,) a Russian theological writer, born in Ukraine in 1721 ; died in Moscow in 1798. Karpocrates. See Carpocrates. Karr, ktR, (Jean Baptiste Alphonse,) a popular French novelist, born at Munich in 1808, was a son of Henri Karr, a pianist. He produced in 1832 a novel entitled " Sous les Tilleuls," in which the public admired the mixture of irony and sentiment, of fancy and good sense. About 1837 he became editor of the "Figaro," and of a satirical monthly periodical called "The Wasps," (" Les Guepes.") Among his numerous novels are " Fa diese,"(i834,) "Vendredi Soir," (1835,) and "La Famille Alain," (1848.) He also wrote an ingenious work on flowers and gardens, " Voyage autour de mon Jardin," (2 vols., 1845.) Died September 30, 1890. See "Revile des Deux Mondes," February, 1842; Clement db Rrs. " Portraits A la Piume," 1853 ; " Fraser's Magazine" for May, 1851, and February, 1S54; "Blackwood's Magazine" for July, 1852; "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." : as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asyV G, H, Yi^i^nttural; n, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( Jg^="See P2xplanations, p. 23.) KARSCH 1422 KA UFMANN Karsch, kaRsli, or Karschin, kaRsh'!n, ( Anna LuiSE,) a German i)oetess, whose original name was DuRBACH, was born near Schwiebus in 1722. After living a long time in poverty and obscurity, she visited Berlin, where she was patronized by Gleim and Men- delssohn. Her "Select Poems," published in 1764, were very favourably received, and procured for her the title of "the German Sappho." Died in 1791. See L. VON Ki.euke, " Lebenslauf der Karschin," 1792; HiR- SCHING, " Historiscli-literarisches Handbuch." Kars'lake, (Sir John Burgess,) Q.C, an English lawyer and statesman, born at Bencham, near Croydon, in 1821. In 1S67 he became a member of the House of Commons, and in the same year was appointed solicitor- general, in which capacity he also acted for a time under Disraeli in 1874, but was compelled to resign on account of failing sight. Died in London, October 4, 1881. Karsten, kaa'sten, (Dietrich Ludwig Gustav,) a German mineralogist, born at BUtzow in 1768. He wrote many able treatises on mineralogy. Died in 1810. See Leopold VON Buch, "I.nbredeauf Karsten," in the "Ab- handlungen der Berliner Akadeniie," 1814; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Karsten, (Franz Christian Lorenz,) a German agriculturist and writer, an uncle of the preceding, was born at Biitzow in 1751 ; died in 1829. Karsten, (Karl Johann Bernhard,) an eminent Prussian mineralogist, son of the preceding, was born at Biitzow in 1782. He was appointed privy councillor of mines in the ministry of the interior in 1819. He pub- lished a treatise " On the Carbonaceous Substances of the Mineral Kingdom," (1826,) a " System of Metallurgy'," (5 vols., 1832,) a " Philosophy of Chemistry," (1843,) and other important works. In his peculiar department of science Karsten occupied the highest rank. Died in 1853. See Brockhaus, " Conversations- Lexikou." K&rtikeya, klR-tl-ka'ya, written less correctly Car- ticeya or Cartikiya, otherwise named Skan'da, a son of Siva and Parvati, and brother of Ganesa, is the Hindoo god of war and commander of the celestial armies. He is sometimes called AgnibhOs or Agnibhu'va, ("born of Agni" or Fire,) Srimana, and many other names. One of his greatest exploits was the destruction of the mighty giant Tripurasura, who had acquired such power that Indra and the other gods trembled for their dominion. See Moor's " Hindu Pantheon." Kartikiya. See Kartikeya. Ka.shyapa. See Kasyapa. Kassiopeia. See Cassiopeia. Kas'son, (John Adams,) an American statesman, born near Burlington, Vermont, January 11, 1822. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1842, and became a lawyer. Having removed to Iowa, he was made first assista^it postmaster-general under President Lincoln in 1861, was United States postal commissioner to Europe, and signed postal conventions with nearly every important nation in Europe, was a Republican memberof the Thirty-Eighth, Thirty-Ninth, Forty-Third, Forty-Fourth, Forty-Seventh, and Forty-Eighth Con- gresses, and served as United States envoy and minister to Austria-Hungary, 1877-81. He went to Germany as United States minister in 1884. Kastner or Kaestner, kgst'ner, (Abraham Gott- helf,) an eminent German matheinatician, astronomer, and poet, born at Leipsic in September, 17 19. He be- came assistant professor of mathematics at Leipsic in 1746, and obtained the chair of mathematics and physics at Gottingen in 1756. In 1762 he succeeded Tobias Mayer as director of the Observatory at Gottingen. He wrote, besides numerous works on mathematics and astronomy, and witty e])igrams, a " History of Mathe- matics from the Revival of Science to the End of the Eighteenth Century," (in German, 4 vols., 1796-1800.) Died in June, 1800. See "Vita Kaestneri," by himself, Leipsic, 1787; Kirsten, "De A. G. Ksestnero," 1787 ; C. G. Heyne, " Elogium Kaestneri," 1801 ; "Nouvelle Biograpnie G^n^rale." Kastner, kist'n^r, (Karl Wilhelm Gottlob,) a German physician and naturalist, born at Greifenberg, in Pomerania, in 1783. In 1821 he was professor of chemistry and medicine at Erlangen. He wrote, among other treatises, " Outlines of Physics and Chemistry," (1821,) and a "Manual of Meteorology," (3 vols., 1823- 30.) Died in 1857. Kas'ya-pa or Casyapa, (modern Hindoo pron. kus'ya-pa,) [etymology obscure ; perhaps from the San- scrit kas or kijf, to "shine,"] written also Kashyapa and Kagyapa, in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a celebrated sage (Rishi) or demi-god, the father (by Aditi) of the Suras, including Indra, and (by Diti) of the Asuras, or giants. See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon;" Monier Williams, "Transla- tion of Sakoontala." (by Kalidasa.) Kasyapa, kSs'ya-pa, called also Kan'a-da, a cele- brated Hindoo sage or philosopher, was a son of the preceding, and was one of the greatest of Hindoo logicians. He founded the atomistic philosophy called " vaiseshika." Kate, Ten, t§n ki'teh, (Jan Jakob Lodewyk,) a Dutch clergyman, born at the itague, December 23, 1 819. He was educated at Utrecht, and became a pastor at Amsterdam. Besides eight volumes of poems, largely religious, he published many translations from foreign languages, and a number of scientific works having a religious tone. Kate, Ten, tSn ki'teh, (Lambert,) a Dutch clergyman, who lived about 1720. He is known for his valuable grammar of the Dutch language, (Amsterdam, 1723.) He also wrote "On the Connection between the Gothic and Dutch Languages," and a "Life of Jesus Christ." See Sax, "Onomasticon." Ka'ter, (Henry,) F.R.S., a skilful mathematician, born in Bristol, England, in 1777, was educated in the Royal Military College in Sandhurst. He was distin- guished for his investigations of the principles of reflect- ing telescopes ; for his experiments to determine the exact length of the seconds-pendulum ; for his important advice and improvements on measures and weights ; and especially for his invention of the floating collimator, an instrument for adjusting the telescope. In 1814, when the emperor Alexander of Russia visited England, Kater was decorated by him with the order of Saint Anne. He wrote several mathematical treatises. Died in 1835. Katona, kot'o-noh, (Stephen,) an eminent Hungarian scholar and historian, was born at Papa in 1732, and became a Jesuit at the age of eighteen. He afterwards filled the chairs of poetry, rhetoric, and history in the University of Buda. Died in 181 1. His chief produc- tion is a History of Hungary, written in Latin, (" Historia critica Regum Stirpis Austriacae," 41 vols., ijg^ ei se^.) This is regarded as the most valuable and accurate work upon the subject. It closes with the year 1801. Katona was also the author of several other historical works, in the Latin and Hungarian languages. See G. Fejer, " Memoria S. Katonas," 1812. Katt, von, fon kat, a Prussian officer, born in 1681, was an intimate friend of Prince Frederick, afterwards Frederick the Great. For having aided him in his attempt to escape to England, Katt was executed before the prison- windows of the prince, in 1730. Kauer, kovv'er, (Ferdinand,) a German musical com- poser, born in Moravia in 175 1. His works, amounting in all to nearly two hundred, consist of church music, operas, symphonies, concertos, etc. Died in 1 831. Katiffmann, kowf'man, ( Maria Angelica, ) the daughter of a portrait-painter, was born at Coire, in Switzerland, about 1741. After studying painting in Italy, she went under the patronage of Lady Wentworth to England, where in a short time she gained consider- able celebrity in her art. Her popularity was probably as much due to her accomplished manners and her supe- rior education as to any excellence which she possessed as an artist. In 1781 she was married to Antonio Zucchi, a Venetian painter, whom she accompanied to Italy in the following year. She still retained her maiden name of Kauffmann. Died at Rome in 1807. See G. DE Rossi, " Vita di Angelica Kauifmann," 1810 ; A. Fr. L60N DE Wailly, "Angelica Kauffmann," Paris, 3 vols., 1838; Konijnenburg, " Kunstverdiensten van A. Kauffrnann en Raphael," 1810; "Nouvelle Biographie Gi^n^rale." Kaufmann, kowf mSii, (Johann Gottfried,) a Ger- a. e, T, 6, u, y, /<7«f ; i, ^, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e,i,6,u,^,sAor(; 3.,e, j, o, obscure; tar, fill, fdt;met; nflt;go6d; moon; KA UFMANN 1423 KA YSER man mechanician, born at Chemnitz, in Saxony, in 1751, was the inventor of several very ingenious instruments, among which was a flute- and harp-clock, (Floten- itnd Harfenuhr,) which was purchased by the Elector Fred- erick Augustus. Died in 1818. His son Frederick, born in 1785, invented the automaton trumpeter and other similar works. Died in 1866. Kaufmann, von, fon kowFmSn, (Konstantin Pe- TROVITCH,) a Russian general, born at Maidani, February 19, (O.S.,) 181 8. He entered the army as an officer of engineers in 1839, and obtained promotion slowly, though distinguished for valour. In 1867 he was appointed Governor-General of Turkestan, where he made impor- tant conquests and in other ways extended the Russian influence. In 1874 he was made engineer-general of the army. He is charged with having acted with extreme cruelty towards the conquered people of Turkestan. Died at Tashkent, May 15, 1882. Kaulbach, kowl'bJK, (Wii.helm,) one of the most eminent painters of recent times, was born in the princi- pality of Waldeck, Germany, in 1805. Though destined by his father to be an artist, he showed little inclination for painting, until a collection of engravings illustrating Schiller's tragedies fell into his hands and gave the first impulse to his genius. He began his studies under Cornelius at the Academy of Dusseldorf about 1822, and in 1829 finished his picture of the " Mad-House," (" Irren- haus,") a work displaying such originality and power as entitled him at once to a place among great painters. About this time he executed the frescos of "Apollo and the Muses," in the Odeon, and " Cupid and Psyche," in the palace of Duke Max, at Munich. In 1837 he com pleted his " Battle of the Huns," founded on the tradition of the combat before the gates of Rome, between the Romans and the spirits of the Huns who were slain, which, rising in the air, continued the fight. This won- derful production, so strange and unique in its character, was received with general applause, and is justly re- garded as a miracle of art. His second great historical piece, "The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus," was finished in 1838; and a copy of it, executed in oil at the request of King Louis of Bavaria, occupies a conspicuous place in the Pinakothek. Kaulbach also illustrated, somewhat in the style of Hogarth, Schiller's "Criminal from Lost Honour," Goethe's " Faust," and " Renard the Fox," (" Reineke Fuchs :") the last displays exquisite humour. Besides the above-mentioned works, he painted a number of portraits, and furnished illustrations for Shakespeare and other poets. Kaulbach excelled in the highest qualities of his art, and was eminently successful in blending in .Sis style the ideal and symbolic with the real. He was director of the Academy of Arts at Munich, and a member of nearly all the similar institutions of Europe. Died April 7, 1874. See A. Raczinski, " Histoive de I'Art moderne en Allemagne ;" H. FoRTOUL, "De I'Art en Allemagne;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Kaunitz, von, fon kow'nits, (Wenzel Anton,) Prince, a celebrated Austrian statesman and diploma- tist, born at Vienna in February, 17 11. After travelling in England, France, and Italy, he was appointed by the emperor Charles VI. aulic councillor, (1735.) On the accession of Maria Theresa he was made in 1745 minis- ter-plenipotentiary to Charles of Lorraine, Governor of the Netherlands. Ii> 1748 he was a member of the Peace Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, and was soon after created minister of state and knight of the Golden Fleece. Having been sent as ambassador to France in 1750, he negotiated the secret alliance between that country and Austria. He was soon after appointed chancellor of state and chancellor of Italy and the Netherlands. He enjoyed the unbounded confidence of the empress, to whose service he was devoted, and the principal measures of her government are to be ascribed to his influence. He acted a prominent part in the ecclesiastical reforms of Joseph II. The court of Rome, offended by these innovations, called Kaunitz "the heretical minister," (" il ministro eretico.") For a long time he was consid- ered as the oracle of diplomacy, and exercised such an influence over the direction of affairs that he was jest- ingly called "The Coachman of Europe." Kaunitz was a generous patron of learning and the arts, and was himself an accomplished scholar. Died in 1794. See Voltaire, " Siecle de Louis XV;" Grimm, "Correspon- dance;" Obermayer, "Trailer am Grabe des W. A. Fursten von Kaunitz," 1794; "Nouvelle Hiographie Gdndrale." Kaup, kow]}, (JoHANN Jakob,) a German naturalist, born at Darmstadt, April 10, 1803 ; died July 4, 1873. Kausler, von, fon kows'ler, (Franz,) a German officer and military writer, born at Stuttgart in 1794, served in the campaigns against the French from 1812 to 1815. He published a " History of the Wars of all Nations and Times," (5 vols., 1826-32,) and a " Life of Prince Eugene of Savoy," {2 vols., 1839.) Died in 1848. Kautz, kawts, (August Valentin,) an American soldier, was born at Ispringen, Baden, January 5, 1828, and in that year was taken by his parents to Ohio. He grad- uated at West Point in 1S52. During the war of 1861-65 he attained the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and for a time commanded the cavalry-division of the Army of the James. He published " The Company Clerk," (1863,) "Customs of Service for Non-Commis- sioned Officers and Soldiers," (1864,) and "Customs of Service for Army Officers," (1866.) Kav'a-naugh, (Hubbard Hinde,) D.D., a Methodist bishop, born in Clark county, Kentucky, January 14, 1802, became a preacher in 1823, and in 1854 a bishop, being connected with the Southern branch of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church. Died at Columbus, Mississippi, March 19, 1884. Kavanagli, ktv'a-nia, (Julia,) a distinguished writer of tales and romances, born in the county of Tippe- rary, Ireland, in 1824. In 1S48 she published "Made- leine," a tale from real life, which was very successful, and her romance of "Nathalie" (1851) was still more admired. She also wrote a biographical work entitled " Woman in France during the Eighteenth Century," (2 vols., 1850.) Her writings are remarkable for theii beautiful delineation of character and graceful simplicity of style. She died October 28, 1877. Kay, (John,) an English poet, was the first that re- ceived in England the title of poet-laureate. He flourished about 1480. Kay, (John,) a miniature-painter and engraver, born near Dalkeith, in Scotland, in 1742. For several years he gained a livelihood as a barber in Edinburgh ; but, having exhibited a talent for sketching, he was assisted by a wealthy gentleman, that he might devote himself entirely to art. His paintings were distinguished for their correct and exact likeness to the original. He etched about nine hundred plates, which contained por- traits of the distinguished or eccentric personages of Edinburgh at that date. These were published, under the title of "Kay's Edinburgh Portraits." Died in 1826. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Kay or Key, ki, (Willem,) a Flemish historical painter, born in Breda in 1520. Of his most admired productions we may mention a portrait of Cardinal Granvelle, and a large painting in which the chief magis- trates of Antwerp were introduced of the size of life. Died in 1568. See Descamps, " Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. Kay-Shuttleworth,shut'tel-worth, (Sir James Phil- lips,) an English lawyer, born in 1804. He was noted for his activity in advancing the interests of public schools. For several years he held the office of secretary to the committee of the privy council on education. Died 1877. Kaye. See Caius. Kaye, ka, (John,) an Englisl ecclesiastic, born in 1 783, became Bishop of Lincoln about 1827. Died in 1853. Kaye, (John William,) an English historical writer, born in London about 1814. He published, besides other works, a " History of the War in Affghanistan," (1851,) a " Life of Sir John Malcolm," (1856,) and a " History of the Sepoy War," (1866.) Died July 24, 1876. Kayser, ki'zer, (Karl Philipp,) a German Latii scholar, born at Enzisheim, November 18, 1773; died November 18, 1827. Kayser, (Karl Ludwig,) a German scholar, a son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg, February 3, 1808. He was distinguished alike as a Homeric scholar €as/6; 9as.f; gkard; gasj; G,H.K,^iiura/; N, nasal; Yi,trilled; sass; thasin^/^/j. (Si^^See Explanations, p. 23.* KA YSERLING 1424 KEATS and philologist and as a musical genius. Died May i, 1872. Kayserling, kl'zer-llng, (Moses,) a Hebrew preaclier and author, was born at Hanover, Germany, June 17, 1829. He was educated at Berlin, and was (1861-70) chief rabbi of the Swiss Jews, removing in 1870 to Pesth. His works include " Romantic Poetry of the Jews of Spain," (1859,) " History of the Jews of Spain and Por- tugal," (i860,) " History of the Jews of England," (1861,) "Life of Moses Mendelssohn," (1862,) etc. Kazinczy, koz'int-se, (Francis,) a Hungarian noble- man, distinguished for his contributions to the litera- ture of his country, was born at Er-Semlyn in 1759. He devoted his attention to the restoration of the Hungarian language, which the emperor Joseph II. was attempting to extirpate. This dialect had then partially fallen into disuse, and many terms to express modern significations were required to be added in order to give it a reasonable degree of completeness. To effect this, Kazinczy translated numerous works from the French, German, and English, adding words where the original Hungarian was deficient. In this undertaking he appears to have been eminently successful. In 1 78S he established the first Hungarian magazine, entitled " Magyar Mu- zeum," and two years later commenced the " Orpheus." In 1794 he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy and condemned to death. This sentence, however, was com- muted to imprisonment, and after the expiration of about six years he regained his liberty. He wrote various poems, and several works in prose. Died of cholera in 1 83 1. Kazwyny, (Zacharia Ben Mohammed.) See Caz- WEENEE. Keach, keech, (Benjamin,) an English Baptist min- ister, born in Buckinghamshire in 1640. After the resto- ration he was bitterly persecuted on account of the principles which he had advanced in his writings. He preached some years in London after 1668. The most important of his works are the " Key to open Scripture Metaphors," (1682,) and "Exposition of the Parables," (1704.) He also wrote two works in imitation of Bunyan, viz., "Travels of True Godliness," and "Travels of Un- godliness." Died in 1704. See Crosby, "History of the Baptists." Kean, (Charles J.,) a distinguished actor, the son of Edmund Kean, was born in Waterford, Ireland, in 1811, and studied at Eton. He made several visits to America, the last of which was in 1866. About 1846 he became the manager of the Princess's Theatre, London, to the popularity of which he contributed greatly by the introduction of the most admirable machinery, such as had never before been exhibited to the British public. He was also employed to superintend the royal theatri- cals at Windsor Castle. Died in London, January 22, 1868. (See his " Life," by J. W. Cole.) Kean, (Edmund,) a celebrated tragedian, born in London about 1787. He was the son of an actress named Ann Carey, and, while very young, was brought upon the stage to play those parts in which children were represented. In this capacity he performed before George HI. at Windsor Castle, greatly to the satisfaction of that monarch. In 1814 he first appeared at Drury Lane Theatre, in the character of " Shylock," with such distinguished success that he not only fully established his own fame, but also retrieved the declining popularity of the theatre. He afterwards visited America, where he remained two years. Died in 1833. As a tragedian Kean is considered not inferior to any one that has ap- peared on the English stage. His remarkable success was owing to his great application in the study of his characters and the intensity of passion which he threw into them. He especially excelled in his representations of "Shylock," "Othello," and "Richard IH." See Procter, "Life of E. Kean," 1835; F. W. Hawkins, "Life uf Edmund Kean;" Oxbbrrv, " Dramatic Biography." Kean, (Ellen,) known also by her maiden and pro- fessional name of Ellen Tree, an excellent actress, both in tragedy and comedy, the wife of Charles J. Kean. She was born in London in 1805, first appeared upon the stage in 1823, was married in 1842, retired from the stage in 1868, and died August 20, 1880. Keane, keen, (John,) Lord, a celebrated British general, was born at Belmont, in the county of Water- ford, in 1 781. He entered the army at the age of thirteen. In 1799 he was promoted to the grade of captain, and was appointed aide-de-camp to Earl Cavan in Egypt. In 1812 he served as colonel in Spain under Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington, and was present at the engagements of Vitoria, Toulouse, and other important battles. He was subsequently sent to America, where, with the rank of major-general, he took part in the battle of New Orleans, January, 1815. In 1833 he was appointed commander of the forces of Bombay, and in 1838 became general-in-chief of the British army sent against the Afghans. In 1839 he be- sieged the fortress of Ghuznee, which had been regarded as impregnable, and which was garrisoned with 31500 men, well supplied with all the munitions of war. The place was, however, taken by assault in forty-eight hours, with a loss of only two hundred on the side of the British. For this victory General Keane was raised to the peerage, with the title of Baron Keane of Ghuznee. Died in 1844. Keane, (John Joseph,) D.D., a bishop, born at Bal- lyshannon, Ireland, September 12, 1839, came in boy- hood to Baltimore, was educated in the Roman Catholic institutions of Maryland, was ordained a priest in 1866, and in 1878 was consecrated Bishop of Richmond, Vir- ginia. Kearney or Kearny, kar'ne, (Philip,) an able American general, born in the city of New York in June, 1815. He was sent to Europe by the government to study the French cavalry tactics about 1838. He ob- tained the rank of captain in 1846, served in the Mexican war, and lost his left arm near Mexico in 1847. Having resigned his commission in 1851, he passed several years in Europe, and served in the French army at Solferino, (1859.) He became a brigadier-general of the Union army in 1861. He commanded a division at the battles of Williamsburg, May 5, Fair Oaks, May 31, White Oak Swamp, June 30, and Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. In the month last named he was raised to the rank of major-general. He was killed at the battle of Chantilly, September i, 1862. iSZearny, (Stephen Watts,) a major-general in the United States army, an uncle of the preceding, was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1794. He entered the army as lieutenant in 1812, and distinguished himself at the battle of Queenstown. Promoted to the rank of briga- dier-general on the breaking out of the Mexican war in 1846, he marched westward from the Arkansas, con- quered New Mexico, and established a provisional gov- ernment at Santa Fe. He was brevetted major-general for his gallantry at the battle of San Pasqual, December 3, 1846. In the following spring he was for some time Governor of California. Died in 1848. Kear'y, (Annie,) an English author, born at Bilton, in Yorkshire, March 3, 1825, the daughter of a clergy- man of Irish birth. She published "tastle Daly," "A Doubting Heart," " Clemency Franklyn," and other novels, besides tales and verse for children, and "Heroes of Asgard," a work on Norse mythology. She was of a deeply religious nature. Died at Eastbourne, March 3. 1879. Keate, keet, (George,) F.R.S., an English author, born in Wiltshire in 1729. During his travels on the continent he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, with whom he was a correspondent for a long time. Of his works we may mention the poems of "Ancient and Modern Rome," (1760,) and "The Alps," (1763.) He compiled an account of the " Pelew Islands" (1788) from manuscripts placed in his hands by Captain Wilson. Died in 1797. Keat'ing, (Geoffrey,) D.D., a Catholic priest and historical writer, was born in Tipperary, Ireland, about 1600. His chief production is a "History of Ireland from the Time that it was Planted after the Flood until the Seventeenth Year of the Reign of Henry II." This work, which is replete with fables and traditions, was translated from the Irish by Dermot O'Connor, and published in London, in 1738. Keats. (John,) a celebrated English poet, born in London in 1795 or 1796, and educated in the classics at Enfield. He published his first poems in 181 7, at the a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, li, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fjll, f^t; m^t; n6t; good; moon; KEATS 1425 KEIL recommendation of Leigh Hunt. His " Endymion," which appeared soon after, was severely criticised by Gifford in the " Quarterly Review." As Keats was of a very sensitive disposition, it is supposed that this criti- cism aggravated the disease under which he was suffer- ing. He died in 1821 at Rome, whither he had gone to reside on account of his health. The poetry of Keats, though exhibiting a vivid perception of the beautiful, and great powers of fancy, is deficient in intensity and force ; and his celebrity is perhaps to be attributed as much to the circumstances attending his early death as to his poetical abilities. Besides the "Endymion," we may mention, as among the most important of his works, "Hyperion," "Lamia," and "Isabella." "We had never happened," says I,ord Jeffrey, "to see either of these volumes ["Endymion" and "The Eve of Saint Agnes"] till very lately, and have been exceedingly struck with the genius they display, and the spirit of poetry which breathes through all their extrava- gance. . . . Mr. Keats, we understand, is still a very young man ; and his whole works, indeed, bear evidence enough of the fact. They are full of extravagance and irregularity, rash attempts at originality, interminable wandeiings, and excessive obscurity. They manif^estly require, therefore, all the indulgence that can be claimed for a first attempt ; — but we think it no less plain that they deserve it ; for they are flushed all over with the rich lights of fancy, and so coloured and bestrewn with the flowers of poetry, that, even while perplexed and be- wildered in their labyrinths, it is impossible to resist the intoxication of their sweetness, or to shut our hearts tc the enchantments they so lavishly present." ("Edin- burgh Review'" for August, 1820.) See Richard Monckton Milnes, "Life, Letters, and Literal v Remains of John Keats," 2 vols., 1848; "Quarterly Review" foi April, 1818; "Westminster Revievkf" for January, 1849; "AtUntic Monthly" tor January, 1861 ; "Monthly Review" for July, 1821). Keats, (Sir Richard Goodwin,) an English admiral, born in Hampshire in 1757. In 1778 he was promoted to a lieutenancy in the ninety-eight-gun ship Prince George, where the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.) was placed under his command. He served with dis- tinction against the Americans and the French. In 1782 he received a cominander's commission, and in 1807 became rear-admiral. Died in 1834. Keble, kee'bel or kee^b'l, (John,) an English divine and poet of high reputation, was born at Fairford, in Glou- cestershire, on the 25th of April,. 1792. He was educated at Oxford, elected a Fellow of Oriel College about 1810, and ordained a priest in 1816, soon after which date he left the university. For twenty ensuing years he was employed as his father's curate at Fairford. He was an intimate friend of John Henry Newman, and one of the? leaders of the Tractarian movement in favour of High- Church doctrines, or Puseyism. According to Dr. New- man, Keble was the primary author of this movement. In 1827 he published "The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year," which obtained almost unbounded popularity, and passed through fifty editions or more. He was appointed professor of poetry at Oxford in 1833, and became vicar of Hursley in 1835. About this time he married Charlotte Clarke. He contributed to the " Tracts for the Times," (1834-36,) and published a number of sermons. Among his popular works is "Lyra Innocen- tium: Thoughts in Verse on Christian Children, theii Ways and Privileges," (1846.) "To English church people without number," says the " North British Re- view," "'The Christian Year' has long been not only a cherished classic, but a sacred book, which they place beside their Bible and their Prayer-Book. . . . Popularity is no word to express the fact that this book has been for years the cherished companion, in their best moods, of numbers of the best men, of the most diverse charac- ters and schools, who have lived in our time." Died in March, 1866. See Sir John T. Coleridge, "Memoir of the Rev. John Keble," 1869; "North British Review" for September, 1866; "Quarterly Review" for April and July, 1869; "British Quarterly Review" for July, 1867; "Blackwood's Magazine" for April, 1869. Keble, (Joseph,) an English writer upon law, born in London about 1632; died in 17 10. Of his numerous works we may cite "An Explanation of the Laws against Recusants," (1681.) Keckermann, k?k'ker-m5n', (Bartholomaus,) a learned German writer on science, born at Dantzic in 1571. He wrote, besides other works, " Systema Ethi- cum," (1610,) and "Systema Mathematices," (1617.) Died in 1609. Ked'die, (Henrietta,) a British author, known by the pseudonym of Sarah Tytler. She was born in 1827. She published the novels " Daj's of Yore," (1864,) " Citoyenne Jacqueline," (1865,) "Noblesse Oblige," (1869,) and various other tales, besides hand-books on art and literature, and didactic books for girls. Keder, kil'der, (Nils or Nicholas,) a Swedish an- tiquary, born at Stockholm in 1659. He wrote his auto- biography, and several treatises upon the ancient medals of the North. He was ennobled in 17 19. Died in 1735. Ked'ney, (John Steinfort,) D.D., an American clergyman, born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, February 12, 1819. He graduated at Union College in 1838, and at the General Theological Seminary of New York in 1841, and took priest's orders in the Episcopal Church in 1843. I" 1871 be became professor of divinity in the Seabury Divinity School at Faribault, Minnesota. His principal works are " Catawba River, and other Poems," (1847,) and "The Beautiful and the Sublime," an able treatise on aesthetics, (1880.) Many of his poems are marked by much power and originality. Prof Kedney is one of the instructors in the Concord Summer School of Philosophy. Keen, (William Williams,) M.D., an American physician, born in Philadelphia, January 19, 1837. He graduated at the Philadelphia High School in 1853, at Brown University in 1S59, and at Jefferson Medical Col- lege in 1862. He served with distinction as an army- surgeon, and then studied his profession in Europe for two years. He afterwards conducted a school of anat- omy in Philadelphia, and published various professional papers and treatises. Keene, keen, (Edmund,) an English prelate, born at Lynn in 17 13. In 1752 he was raised to the see of Chester, and in 1770 to that of Ely. He was distinguished for his learning and benevolence. Died in 1781. Keen'er, (John Christian,) D.D., a Methodist divine, born in Baltimore in 1819, graduated at Wes- hyan University in 1834. He wrote a work entitled "The Post-Oak Circuit." He became a bishop in 1870. Kee-Tse or Ki-Tse, kee-tsuh, [written in French, Ki-TsEU,] a Chinese philosopher, who lived in the twelfth century B.C. He became the adviser of the emperor Woo-Wang, the founder of the third Chinese dynasty. See Pauthier, "Chine ancienne;" "Nouvelle Biographic G&^- rale " Keferstein, ka'fer-stin', (Christian,) a German geologist, born at Halle in 1784. He published, besides other works, " Geognostic Observations on the Basaltic Structure of Western Germany," (1820,) in which he successfully maintains the volcanic nature of basalt, and "The Natural History of the Earth," Died in 1866. Kehrein, ka'rin, (Joseph,) a German scholar, born at Heidesheim, October 20, 1808. He was a distinguished teacher, and a man of kindly and genial nature. He wrote "Love and Psyche," (1834, in verse, from Apu- leius,) "Lives of the Saints," (1842,) and many other works, chiefly educational. Died March 25, 1876. Kehren, ka'ren, (Joseph,) a German historical painter, born at HUlchrath, near Dusseldorf, May 30, 18 17. Many of his works are of a religious and ecclesiastical character. Died May 12, 1880. Keightley, kit'le, (Thomas,) a historical and bio- graphical writer, born in Dublin about 1790. He pub- lished, besides other works, "Mythology of Ancient Greece and Rome," (3d edition, 1S54 ;) a " History of England," (1837 ;) a "Life of Jcihn Milton," (1855 ;) and a " History of Rome." Died November 4, 1872. Keil, kil, (Christian August Karl,) a German scholar, born at Weissenfels, May 17, 1812. He studied at Berlin and Leipsic, and held professorships of philology in Berlin. He published works on Greek onomatology, " Analecta Epigraphica," " Sylloge Inscriptionum Boeoti- carum," etc. Died December 15, 1865. € as k; 5 as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi, guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as in this. 90 (S^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KEIL 1426 KELAOON Keil, (Franz,) an Austrian geographer, born at Gras- litz, in Bohemia, June 22, 1822. He became an apothe- cary, but studied geology, and especially the structure of the Eastern Alps. Died at Marburg, March 10, 1876. His reports, charts, etc., are of very high value. Keil, kll, (JoHANN Georg,) a German scholar and litterateur, born at Gotha in 1781. He published in 1814 an " Elementary Book of the Spanish Language." In 1 8 13 he was chosen a member of the Royal Spanish Academy. He also wrote a number of lyrical poems. Died in 1857. Keil, (Karl August Gotflieu,) a German theolo- gian, born at Grossenhain in 1754. He published, be- sides other works, a "Manual of Hermeneutics of the New Testament," in German, (1810.) Died in 1818. Keilhan, kil'how, (Balthasar Matthias,) a Nor- wegian geologist, born at Birid, November 2, 1797, of a family originally German. He became professor of min- eralogy in Christiania, where he died, January i, 1858. His labours in the study of the geology of Norway were of much importance. Keill, keel, (James,) a physician, brother of John, noticed below, was born at Edinburgh in 1673. He studied medicine in his native city and at Leyden, and lectured on anatomy in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He wrote a work entitled " Anatomy of the Human Body," and several physiological treatises. Died in 1719. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Keill, (JoH.v,) a distinguished mathematician, born at Edinburgh in 1671, and educated at Oxford. In 1700 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote several works in defence of the theories of Newton against Leibnitz. In 171 1 he was chosen to decipher papers for the queen, for which position he was well qualified. He became professor of astronomy at Oxford, where he had received the degree of doctor of physic. Among his works are " An Introduction to Natural Philosophy," and "An Introduction to the True Astronomy," both of which were published in Latin and English. Died in 1721. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Keini, kim, (Franz Xaver,) a German architect, born in 1769 ; died in 1864. Keim, klm, (Theodor,) a German Protestant theo- logian, born at Stuttgart, December 17, 1825. He was educated at Tiibingen, and in i860 became professor of theology at Zurich. Among his writings are a " Life of Ambrosius Blarer," (i860,) "The Historical Christ," (1865,) "History of Jesus of Nazareth," (3 vols., 1867-72,) a briefer " History of Jesus," (1873,) ^^c. Died Novem- ber 17, 1878. Keim, klm, (William H.,) an American general, born at Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1813. He was elected a member of Congress by the voters of Berks county in 1858, and was appointed a brigadier-general in the autumn of 1861. Died at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in May, 1862. Keisar, kl'sar or kl'zar, (Willem,) a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp about 1647; died about 1693. Keiser. See Kieser, (Dietrich Georg.) Keiser, kl'zer, (Reinhard,) one of the earliest opera composers in Germany, born in Leipsic in 1673, was the author of more than a hundred operas, besides several concertos and pieces of church music. His productions were highly esteemed by Handel. Died in 1739. See " Ncuvelle Biographie G^nerale ;" Burney, " History of Music." Keith, keeth, (George,) fifth Earl Marischal of Scotland, distinguished as a munificent patron of learn- ing, and as the founder of Marischal (mar'shal) College, Aberdeen. He studied in Paris, and afterwards at Geneva, where he had the celebrated Theodore Beza for a preceptor. He succeeded his grandfather as earl marischal in 1581. During the reign of James VI. he was appointed to several high offices of state. Died in 1622. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Kfeith, (George,) hereditary Earl Marischal of Scot- land, was born in that country about 1693. He entered the army, and was appointed by Queen Anne the captain of her guards. At the death of that sovereign he made strenuous but unsuccessful efforts to have the Pretendei proclaimed in London. After the accession of George I., in 1714, his property was confiscated, and sentence of death passed against him by the British Parliament Keith escaped to the continent, and served for some time in the Spanish army. He subsequently removed to Berlin, where he spent the remainder of his days in high favour with Frederick the Great. Died in 1778. See D'.^LEMBBRT, " filoge de .Milord Mar^chal," 1779. Keith, (George,) a Scottish religionist, who at an early age embraced the principles of George Fox, in the defence of which he displayed much zeal and elo- quence. He subsequently advocated many views at va- riance with those held by the Quakers, for which he was " disowned" or excommunicated by the Society. Before his death his views again changed, and he died in the communion of the Church of England. He wrote " The Standard of the Quakers Examined," (1702,) intended as a refutation of Barclay's "Apology." See Jan.vev, '' History of Friends," vol. iii. chap. iii. ; Gough, " History of the Quakers ;" Smith, " History of Pennsylvania." Keith, (James,) field-marshal of Prussia, and brother of George Keith, (1693-1778,) was born in Scotland in 1696. Having entered the army of the Pretender, he took part in the disastrous battle of Sheriffmuir, where he was wounded. He afterwards served in Spain and in Russia, where he obtained distinction as a warrior and statesman and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-gen- eral. Soon after the accession of the empress Elizabeth he removed to the court of Frederick the Great, by whom he was created field-marshal of Prussia, and in 1749 governor of Berlin. He fell at the battle of Hochkirchen, in October, 1758. See A. Henderson, "Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keith," 1759; Varnh.\ge.v VOM Ense, " Leben des Feld-Marschalls J. Keith," Berlin, 1844; Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Keith, (Robert,) a Scottish Episcopal clergyman and antiquary, born in Kincardineshire in 1681, was conse- crated a bishop in 1727. He was the author of a " His- tory of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland from the Beginning of the Reformation in the Reign of James V. to the Retreat of Queen Mary into England," (1734.) Died in 1757. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Keith, (Sir Robert Murray,) a British diplomatist, born about 173P. He was for many years ambassador at the court of Vienna. Died in 1795. See his " Memoirs and Correspondence, Official and Familiar," etc., published by Mrs. Gillespie Smyth, 2 vols., 1849. Keith, (Thomas,) an English mathematician, born in Yorkshire in 1759. He wrote the "Complete Practical Arithmetician," a work on Trigonometry, and other works. Died in 1824. Keith, Viscount. See Elphinstone, (G. Keith.) Keitt, commonly pronounced kit, (Lawrence M.,) a politician, born in South Carolina in 1824. In 1853 he was elected a representative to Congress, and re-elected in 1855, 1857, and 1859. In 1856 he was associated with Preston S. Brooks in his assault upon Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate. He took an active part in the .Southern disunion movement of i860. He was killed in battle near Richmond in June, 1864. Kekule, keh-koo-li', (Friedrich August,) an emi- nent German chemist, born at Darmstadt, September 7, 1829. He held successively professorships at Ghent and Bonn. His principal works are the excellent " Hand- Book of Organic Chemistry," (1861 ; 3d vol., 1867,) and "Chemistry of Benzol Derivatives," (vol. i., 1867.) Kekule, (Reinhard,) a German archaeologist, born at Darmstadt, March 6, 1839. He was educated at Er- langen, Gottingen, and Berlin, and in 1870 became pro- fessor of archaeology at Bonn. He published "Greek Terra Cottas from Tanagra," (1878,) a "Life of F. G. Welcker," and many other works. _ Keiaoon, Kelaoun, or Kel^un, kSl'i-oon', (Alma- lek- Almansoor- Self- ed- Been, (or -Almansour- Saiffeddyn,) al-mtl'ek ^1-mdn-sooR' sif-ed-deen',) Sul- tan of Egypt, was brought to that country as a slave in 1240 a.D. He rapidly rose in rank, and in 1279, having a, e, i, 6, u, y, lon^; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, sJimrt; a, e, i, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon, KELIJARSLAN 1427 KELLY revolted against Almalek-al-Saeed, he was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He subsequently conquered Tripoli, and other places of importance in Northern Africa. Died in 1290. Kelij-Arsian. See Kilfj-Arslan. Keller. See Cei.larius. Keller, kel'Ier, (Georg,) a German Catholic theolo- gian, born near Bomdorf, in the Black Forest, in 1760. He became in 1806 jiastor at Aarau, where his opinions, which leaned towards Protestantism, gave great offence to the Catholic clergy. He published, among other works, "The Catholicon." Died in 1827. Keller, (GEKAun,) a Dutch auth<3r, born at Gouda, February 13, 1829. He became well known as an editor, and as author of a large number of novels, books of travel, dramatic poems, art-criticisms, etc. His books for the young are highly popular. Keller, kel'ler, (Gudkkey,) a Swiss poet, born at Zu- rich in 1819. He published in 1846 a volume of poems, which were received with such favour that the Senate of Zurich voted him a pension to enable him to prosecute his literary studies. His " New Poems" a])peared in 1851, "Green Henry," a historical romance, in 1854, and in 1856 his best-icnovvll work, "The People of Seldwyla," a collection of short stories illustrating Swiss manners. His laier books include "Zurich Novels" and "Seven Legends," (1872.) Died July 15, 1890. Keller, (Jean Balthasar,) a brass-founder, born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1638 ; died in 1702. Keller, (Joseph,) an able German engraver, bom at Linz, on the Rhine, in 181 5, became jjrofessor of en- graving at Dusseldorf .'Vmong his works are a large engraving of Raphael's " Dispute of the Sacrament," and several prints after Overbeck. Died May 31, 1873. Keller, von, fon kel'ler, (Heinrich Adelijert,) a German jihilologist, born at Pleidelsheim, WUrtemberg, July 15, 1S12. He studied at Tiibingen. and became a clergyman, and librarian of that university. He was very laborious as an editor of old texts, French and especially German. Died March 7, 1883. Keller von Steinbok, kel'ler fon stin'bok, (1< kied- Ricu LUDWIG,) a .Swiss jurist and legal writer, born at Zurich in 1799, became professor of law at Halle in 1843. Died at Berlin, September 12, i860. Kellerhoven, kel'ler-ho'ven, (Moritz,) a German painter and engraver, born at Altenrath, duchy of Berg, in 1758, became court painter at Munich about 1806. He excelled in portraits, and engraved many of his own woiks. Died in 1830. Kellermann, de, deh ki'l^R'mftN', (Franqois Chris- TOPiiE,) Duke of Valmy, a distinguished French mar- shal, of German extraction, born at Strasburg in 1735. After serving in the Seven Years' war, he was made a lieutenant-general in 1792, and was soon after appointed to command the central army on the Moselle. He gained a decisive victory over the Duke of Brunswick at Valmy in September, 1792. Having been accused of treachery by Custine and others, he was im]3risoned for ten months, and only released after the fall of Robespierre. In 1795 he became commander of the army of the Alps, and after his return to Paris was appointed inspector-general of cavalry, in 1798. He was created in 1804 senator and marshal of France, and in 1806 he obtained from Napo- leon the command of the reserve army on the Rhine, and other distinctions. On the accession of Louis XVIII. he was made a' peer, and received the grand cross of the order of Saint Louis. Died in 1820. See De Salve, "Fragments historiques sur le Mar^chal de Kel- lermann," 1807; Thiers, "Histoire du Consulat et de I'Empire:" BoTiDOUx, " Esquisse de la Carri^re militaire de F. C. de Keller- mann," 1817; "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^raie. " Kellermann, de, (Francois Christophe Edmond,) Duke of Valmy, a son of F"ran9ois Etienne, was born in Paris in 1802. He was elected to the Chamber of Depu- ties in 1839, 1842, and 1S44. Died in 1868. Kellermann, de, (Francois Etienne,) Duke of Valmy, born at Metz in 1770, was a son of General Kel- lermann, noticed above. He served as adjutant-general under Bonaparte in Italy in 1796, became a general of brigade in 1797, and contributed greatly to the victory at Marengo in 1800. About 1802 he obtained the rank of general of division. He was wounded at Austerlitz, where he directed several charges of cavalry. In 1815 he fought for Napoleon at Waterloo. Died in 1835. Kel'ley, (Benjamin Franklin,) an American gen- eral in the Union army, born in New Hampshire about 1807. He gained a victory at Philippi, Virginia, in June, 1861. In March, 1862, he was appointed commander of the "railroad district" in Northwestern Virginia. Kel'ley, (Edward,) a noted astrologer, born at Wor- cester, England, in 1555. He was an accomplice of the notorious Dr. Dee, whom he accompanied to Germany. While there, he was im]>risoned as an impostor by the emperor Rudolph ; but, having afterwards obtained his release, he won the favour of the emperor, by whom he was knighted. He, however, resumed his old practices, and was again imprisoned. In an attempt to regain his liberty, he fell from his window, and was mortally Afounded, in 1595. He wrote various works upon al- chemy and astrology. See Wood, " .A.thenE O.Konienses." Kelley, (William D.,) born in Philadelphia about 1814, studied law, and was elected as a Democrat a judge of the court of common pleas. About 1856 he became an active Republican, and was in i860 an ardent sup- porter of Lincoln for the Presidency. He was elected a member ot Congress from Philadelphia in i860, and was re-elected each successive term until his death. In Congress he uniformly acted with the radical Repub- licans. Died January 9, 1890. Kellgren, chel'sjRen, (Juhan Henrik,) an eminent Swedish poet, born in West Gothland in 1751, was edu- cated at the University of Abo, in Finland. In 1786 Gustavus III. a])]3ointed him a member of the Swedish Academy, and likewise chose him for his private secre- tary and librarian. His works, consisting of lyric poetry and four operas, were published in 1796, in 3 vols., under the title of " Samlade Skriftes." Died in 1795. See Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" N. von Ro- SENSTEiN, "J. H. Kellgrens Lefnad," 1796. Kellie, Earl of. See Erskine, (T. Alexander.) Kel'li-son, (Matthew,) an English Roman Catholic priest, born in Northainptonshire about 1560. He filled the offices of chancellor of the University of Rheinis and r^resident of the College of Douay. He wrote numerous religious and controversial works. Died in 1641. Kel'logg, (Clara Louise,) an American singer, born It Sumterville, South Carolina, in July, 1842, of New England parentage. Her father was a prominent inventor. She made her debut in 1S61, and has since sung with great applause in all the principal cities of Europe and America. She was married in 18S7 to Carl Strakoscli. Kel'ly, (Alfred,) an American lawyer, born at Mid- dletown, Connecticut, in 1787. Having removed to Cleveland, Ohio, he contributed greatly to the internal improvement of the State by canals, and was several times elected to the legislature. Died in 1859. Kel'ly, (Sir FitzruY,) a British lawyer, born in Lon- don in 1796. He was for many years a Conservative member of Parliament, and was attorney-general in 1858-59. Died September 17, 1880. Kelly, (Frances Maria,) a British actress, a niece of Michael Kelly, born December 15, 1790. She first appeared on the stage at the Drury Lane Theatre in 1799. She attained great eminence in her profession, and was an intimate friend of Charles and Mary Lamb. Died November 9, 1882. Kelly, (Hugh,) a dramatic and political wrrter, born at Killarney, in Ireland, in 1739. He removed to Lon- don, where he became the editor of several jieriodicals. He published a pamphlet entitled a "Vindication of the Administration of Mr. Pitt," and the plays of " False Delicacy," (1768,) "A Word to the Wise," (1770,) and the "School for SVives," (1774.) Died in 1777. See " Life of Kelly," prefixed to the edition of his Works, 1778. Kelly, (John,) a clergyman of the Church of Eng- land, born at Douglas, in the Isle of Man, in 1750. He translated the Bible into the Manks language, a dialect of the ancient Celtic, in which he was exceedingly well versed, and wrote " A Practical Grammar of the Ancient Gallic, or Language of the Isle of Man." Died in 1809. € as^; 9asj; ghard; gasy/G, H. K, s;uttural ; ^, nasal; ^, trilled; sasz; thasin/>4/j. (iJ^^'See Explanations, p. 2^.\ KELLY 1428 KEMPENFELT Kelly, (Michael,) a celebrated singer and musical composer, born at Dublin in 1762. At the age of sixteen he went to Naples, and received lessons there from Fineroli and Aprili. He performed with eminent success in Italy, and also in Germany, where he was a favourite with the emperor Joseph and an intimate friend of the great Mozart. He afterwards became first singer at Drury Lane Theatre, London. He wrote an interesting work entitled " Reminiscences" of his contemporaries ' and friends. Died in 1826. See "Musical Biography," London, 1814; " Monthly Review' for November, 1S25. Kelly, (Patrick,) D.D., born in Ireland, in 1820 was made (Roman Catholic) Bishop of Richmond, Virginia. In 1S22 he was translated to the see of Waterford, lie- land. Died October 8, 1829. Kemble, (Adelaide.) See Sartoris. Kem'ble, (Charles,) a brother of Mrs. Siddons and J. P. Kemble, was born in South Wales in 1775. He was educated at Douay, in France, and became an actor at the age of eighteen. In 1792 he performed at Drury Lane as "Malcolm" in " Macbeth," and continued upon the stage as a successful actor until 1840. Died in 1854. See Oxberry's "Dramatic Biography;" "Eraser's Magazine for December, 1854. Kemble, (Elizabeth,) a daughter of Roger Kemble, was born in Lancashire, England, in 1761. She made her first appearance in London in 1783. In form and expression, as well as in the applause which she re- ceived, she has been compared to her sister, Mrs. Sid- dons. In 1785 she married an actor named Whitlock, whom she accompanied to America in 1792. In this country she became a great favourite, and performed several times before General Washington. Died in 1836. Kemble, (Fra.\ces AxNNE,) often called Fanny Kemble, a popular English actress and writer, born in London in 181 1, was a daughter of Charles Kemble. She performed both tragedy and comedy with eminent suc- cess. About 1832 she accompanied her father to the United States, where she married Pierce Butler, from whom she was divorced in 1S49, and afterwards, for nearly twenty years, resided in Lenox, Massachusetts. She pub- lished a "Journal of a Residence in America," (1835,) "The Star of Seville," a drama, (1837,) "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-39," (1863,) " Records of a Girlhood," (1878,) and " Records of Later Life," (1882.) Kemble, (George Stephen,) another brother of the Kemble family, and a distinguished actor, was born in Herefordshire in 1758. He first appeared at Covent Garden in 1783, and afterwards was successively the manager of the theatres of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Drury Lane. Died in 1822. Kemble, (John Mitchell,) an Anglo-Saxon scholar and historian, son of Charles Kemble the actor, was born in 1807, and was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. For several years he was the editor of the "British and Foreign Quarterly Review." He became a member of various foreign scientific and historical societies. His chief work is entitled "The Saxons in England ; a History of the English Commonwealth till the Period of the Norman Conquest," (2 vols., 1849.) Died in 1857. See "Fraser's Magazine" for March and May, 1857. Kemble, (John Philip,) an eminent English trage- dian, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Siddons, and son of Roger Kemble, was born at Prescot, in Lancashire, in 1757. He first appeared on the stage at the age of ten years. He was afterwards educated at the Roman Catholic seminary at Douay, France. In 1776 he again went on the stage, and rose rapidly to the first rank in his profession. In 1783 he first performed as " Hamlet" in London at the Drury Lane Theatre. He subsequently became a shareholder and manager in the Covent Garden Theatre. He retired from his profession in 181 7. On this occasion a public dinner was given him, at which Lord Holland presided. On account of ill health, he then went to reside in the south of France, and after- wards at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he died in 1823. A competent and impartial critic thus states his im- pressions of Kemble as an actor : " His performances throughout evince deep study and application, joined to amazingly judicious conception. They are correct and highly-finishedpaintings, but much laboured. . . . Though my head is satisfied, and even astonished, yet my heart is seldom affected. . . . Once, I must own, however, I was completely overpowered by his acting. It was in the partofZanga. ... I could not have believed that tragic representation could so far deceive the senses and the judgment." (" Life and Letters of Irving," vol. i. p. 156.) As an actor, Kemble excelled in the highest order of tragedy. He possessed an elegant and discriminating taste, and was learned and refined. His manners were uncommonly attractive. He enjoyed a high character as a gentleman aud a man of honour. See BoADEN', " Memoirs of John V. Kemble," 2 vols., 1825. Kemble, (Priscilla,) an English actress, wife of the preceding, was born about 1755 ; died in 1845. Kemble, (Roger/) a distinguished actor, born in Here- ford, England, in 1721. In 1753 he married Sarah Ward, an actress, by whom he had twelve children. Among these were Mrs. Siddons, John Philip Kemble, Eliza- beth Kemble, and Charles Kemble, all of whom are mentioned in this work. Died in 1802. Kemeny, kgm'aii, (Sigmund,) IParon of, a Hunga- rian writer and journalist, born in 1816. In 1849 he was elected to the National Assembly at Pesth, where he advocated the revolutionary cause. The next year he became one of the editors of the " Respublica." He wrote several popular romances. Died Sept. 22, 1S75. Kem.p, (George Mickle,) the designer of the Scott monument at Edinburgh, was born at New Hall, in Scotland, about 1794. He was employed for a time as a draughtsman, and, when plans were requested for the Scott monument, he furnished one which was preferred, though he did not live to see the execution of it. Died in 1844. See Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) Kemp, (James,) D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Epis- copal diocese of Maryland, born in Scotland in 1764, came to the United States in 1787, and for more than twenty years was rector at Great Choptank, Maryland. He was bishop of that diocese, and provost of the Uni- versity of Maryland, from 1816 until his death, in 1827. Kemp, (John,) an English prelate, born in Kent about 1400, was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1452, and subsequently became lord chancellor. He had distin- guished abilities both as a primate and statesman. Died in 1454. Kemp, (Joseph,) a distinguished musical composer, and organist of the cathedral of Bristol, was born at Exeter in 1778; died in 1824. Among his productions are the anthems "I am Alpha and Omega," "A Sound of Battle is in the Land," and "The Siege of Ischia," an opera. Kempelen, von, fon k?m'peh-l§n, (Wolfgang,) a famous mechanical genius, and the inventor of the chess machine, was born at Presburg in 1734. His remarkable talent for chess-playing made him a favourite at the court of Maria Theresa, who created him an imperial councillor. In 1769 he exhibited to the empress his so-called automaton chess-player, a figure in size and appearance like a Turk, which, though opposed by the best players, was nearly always victorious ; but, after astonishing and puzzling all Europe, it was discovered that the figure concealed within it a Russian dwarf, a famous chess-player, who directed its motions. He also invented the speaking-machine, having the form of a wooden box provided with a bellows. This was made to speak words distinctly in a voice like that of a child. Kempelen wrote a treatise " On the Mechanism of Human Speech." Died in 1804. Kem'pen-felt, (Richard,) an English admiral, the son of a Swede in the English service, was born at West- minster in 1720. He was distinguished for his gallantry and activity, and in 1779 was made a rear-admiral. He went down with the " Royal George," at Spithead, Au- gust 29, 1782, a calamity touchingly commemorated by Cowper in a poem " On the Loss of the Royal George." Kempenfelt wrote some good religious poetry, of which the lyric " Burst, ye emerald gates" is the best-known. a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, till, fit; mgt; n6t; good; moon; KEMPER 1429 KENNEDY Kem'p^r, (Jackson,) D.D., LL.D., an American bishop, born in Pleasant Valley, New York, December 24, 1789. He graduated at Columbia College in 1809, took orders in the Episcopal Church in 1814, and was for twenty years a clergyman of Philadelphia. In 1835 he was consecrated a missionary bishop for the Western States. In 1859, after long and severe labours through- out a wide field, he was made Bishop of Wisconsin. Died at Delafield, Wisconsin, May 24, 1S70. Kemper, kSm'per, (Jan Melchior,) an able Dutch jurist, born at Amsterdam in 1776. He became pro- fessor of law at Leyden in 1809, and published a numbei of works on law. Died in 1824. See M. SiEGENBEEK, "Meiiioria J. M. Kemperi," 1824. Kem'per, (Reuben,) an American officer, born in Fauquier county, Virginia. He distinguished himself in various engagements against the Spaniards in Florida and Mexico, and took part in the defence of New Orleans under General Jackson. Died in 1826. Kemph, k^mf, (Nikolaus,) a German theologian and writer, born at Strasburg in 1397 ; died in 1497. Kempis, ^ S k^m'pis, (Thomas,) or Thomas Ham'- er-ken, a celebrated German ascetic writer, born at Kempen, in the diocese of Cologne, about 1380. He became an inmate of the monastery of Mount Saint Agnes, and spent much time in copying religious books. He is said to have employed fifteen years in writing a copy of the Bible. He also wrote several original treat- ises. His reputation is founded on the well-known work entitled "De Imitatione Christi ;" but it remains ar. unsettled question whether he composed or only tran- scribed it. Many volumes have been written on eacli side of this question. Died in 1471. See Brewer, "Thorns i Kempis Biograpliia," 1676; Baehring, "Thomas von Kempen," etc., 1854; Mooren, "Nachrichten iiber Thomas 4 Kempis," Crefeld, 1S55, (said to be the best of all the biographies of T. cl Kempis ;) Mai.ou, " Recherches sur le veritable Auteur de I'Imitation," 1S58 ; Hodgson, "Reformers and Mar- tyrs," Philadelphia, 1867 ; Charles Hoffmann, " T. k Kempis et ses Eciits," 1848; J. P. Silbert, " Gersen, Gerson und Kempis, oder ist Einer von diesen Dreien der Verfasser," etc., 1828; " Nouvelle Biograpliie G^n^rale." Ken, (Thom.\s,) a celebrated English prelate, born at Berkhamstead in 1637, and educated at Oxford. About 1679 he went to Holland as chaplain to the Princess of Orange. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to Cliarles II., who raised him to the see of Bath and Wells in 1684. "He was," says Macaulay, "a man of parts and learning, of quick sensibility and stainless virtue. . . . Before he became a bishop, he had maintained the honour of his gown by refusing, when the court was at Winchester, to let Eleanor Gwinn [a mistress of Charles] lodge in the house which he occupied there as a preben- dary. The king had sense enough to respect so manly a spirit. Of all the prelates he liked Ken the best." Deprived of his bishopric as a nonjuror upon the coro- nation of William III., he was regarded with the highest esteem even by his opponents. Queen Anne, upon her accession, granted him a pension. He was the author of several volumes of elaborate sermons, and of many poetical productions of a religious character. " His Morning and Evening Hymns," says the writer above quoted, "are still repeated daily in thousands of dwell- ings." He died in 171 1. See W. Hawkins, "Life of Bishop Ken," 1713; W. L. Bowles, " Life of Thomas Ken," 1830; Macaulay, " History of England," vol. i. chap, v.; "Quarterly Review" for September, 1851; Miss Strickland, ''Lives of the Seven Bishops," etc., London, 1866; " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1832. KSn'dal, (George,) an English nonconformist minis- ter, born in Devonshire, was a Calvinist. He became rector of Blissland, in Cornwall, from which he was ejected about 1662. Died in 1663. Kendal, (Margaret Brunton,) an English actress, better known by her stage and maiden name of Madge Robertson. She was born at Great Grimsby, March 15, 1849, went upon the stage in 1865, and in 1869 mar- ried Mr. Kendal, an actor, whose name was originally Grimston. Mrs. Kendal is one of the leading actresses in comedy of the recent British stage. Keu'dall, (Amos,) an able American statesman, born at Dunstable, Massachusetts, in 1789. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1811, and subsequently, removing to Kentucky, became a tutor in the family of Henry Clay. He supported General Jackson in the Presiden- tial campaign of 1829, and was afterwards appointed by him an auditor of the treasury department. He was made postmaster-general in 1835, and continued to fill that post till 1840. He began about 1844 a Life of General Jackson, of which the first volume was pub- lished several years ago. Died in 1869. See notice in the "Democratic Review" for March, 1838, (with a portrait ;) " Life of Jackson." Ken'dall, (G.,) an English missionary, who laboured m New Zealand, and opened a school there in 1816. He acquired a thorough knowledge of the language of that country, and wrote a " Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand," (1820.) He was drowned at sea in 1835. Kendall, (George Wilkins,) an American writer and journalist, born at Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1810. He removed in 1835 to New Orleans, where he became associated with Mr. Lumsden as editor of the "Picayune." In 1841 he accompanied the Santa Fe ex- pedition from Texas, of which he published an account after his return. He brought out in 185 1 a work entitled "The War between the United States and Mexico," with coloured plates of the principal conflicts. Died in 1867. Kendall, (John,) an English writer, and member of the Society of Friends, born about 1725; died in 1814. Among his works are a " Life of Thomas Story," and "Precepts of the Christian Religion." Kendi, AL See Alchindus. Ken'drick, (Asahel C.,) D.D., an American scholai and Baptist clergyman, born at Poultney, Vermont, in 1809. He graduated at Hamilton College, New York, in 1 83 1. He was afterwards appointed professor of Latin and Greek at Madison University, and in 1850 Greek professor in the University of Rochester, New York. He has published a number of religious and miscellaneous works. Kendrick, (Nathaniel,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1777, was appointed professor of theology and moral philosophy in Hamilton College (now Madison University) in 1822. His labours contributed greatly to the prosperity of the institution. Died in _i848. Ken-eal'y, (Dr. Edward Vaughan Hyde,) a British lawyer and author, born at Cork in 1819. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, and became noted as a translator of songs from foreign languages, of which he had a wonderful knowledge. His ardent zeal on behalf of "the Tichborne claimant" in 1873 gave him even greater fame. His paper "The Englishman," founded in 1874, had a very great popularity, and in 1875 he was sent to Parliament. His principal works are " Bralla- ghan," (1845,) ^"d "Goethe, a New Pantomime," (1850.) Died in London, April 16, 18S0. Keuicius, k&-nee'she-us, (Peter,) Archbishop of Upsal, Sweden, during tlTe' reign of Gustavus Adolphus, tvas born in 1555. He rendered important service to the cause of education, and owing to his efforts parish hospitals were established throughout Sweden. He wrote several theological works. Died in 1636. Ken'ly, (John R.,) an American lawyer and general, l)orn in Baltimore about 1820. He commanded a small force which was attacked at Front Royal by the army of Stonewall Jackson, May 23, 1862. He was wounded and captured in this action. Ken'na-way, (Sir John,) a British diplomatist, born at Exeter "in 1758. He became a captain of the army in India in 1780, and negotiated an important treaty with Tippoo Saib in 1792. Died in 1836. Ken'ne-dy, (Benjamin Hall,) D.D., an English scholar, a brother of the following, was born near Bir- mingham, November 6, 1804. He graduated at Saint John's College, Cambridge, in 1827, and in 1867 was ap- pointed regius professor of Greek at Cambridge. Be- sides volumes of sermons, poems, lectures, etc., he pub- lished translations from the Greek classics, and various Greek text-books. He was noted for his extensive and thorough scholarship. Died .^pril 6, 1889. Kennedy, (Charles Rann,) a brother of the pre- ceding, and a son of Rann Kennedy, a poet and divine, eas>i; ^asj; gkard; gas i ; G,YI,'K., guttural; a, nasal; v.,triUed; sasz; th as in /y^/j. (Sl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KENNEDY 1430 KENRICK was born near Birmingham, MarcJi i. iSoS, giadiiatetl at Trinity College, Cambridge, and published poems, translations, law-books, etc. He is best known as the translator (with his father) of Virgil into English blank verse. Died in 1867. Ken'ne-dj^, (Gracf,) a popular Scottish authoress, born in Ayrshire in 1782. She published several moral and religious tales of great merit. Among these we may name "Anna Ross," "The Decision," and "Jessy Allan," which have been translated into German ; also "Father Clement," (1825.) Died in 1825. Kennedy, (Ii.defonso,) a Scottish Benedictine and scientific writer, born at Muthel in 1721, was secretary to the Academy of Sciences at Munich. Died in 1804. Kennedy, (James,) a Scottish j^relate, and grandson of Robert III., was born about 1405. He was raised in 1440 to the see of Saint Andrew's, and was subsequently chosen a lord of the regency until James HI. obtained his majority. He was distinguished for the salutary re- forms which he effected among the Scottish clergy. He was the founder of the University of Saint Salvator, at Saint Andrew's. Died in 1466. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Kennedy, (John,) a physician and antiquary, born in Scotland. He wrote a treatise on the coins of the emperor Carausius. Died in 1760. Ken'ne-dy, (John,) an English author, and rector of Bradley, in Derbyshire. Among his works is "A Scrip- ture Chronology," (1752.) Died about 1770. Kennedy, (John,) D.D., a Scottish preacher, born at Killearnan, Ross-shire, August li, 1819. He received a university education, and in 1844 was ordained min- ister of Dingwall, afterwards joining the Free Church. Among his works" are "Man's Relation to God," "Days of the Fathers in Ross-shire," and " The Apostles of the North." He is one of the most eloquent of Scot- tisli pulpit orators, and in 1881 was prominent as an antagonist of the opinions of Prof. W. R. Smith. Ken'ne-dy, (John Pendleton,) an American states- man and popular writer, born at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1795. He sewed in the war of 1812, and was elected in 1820 to the Maryland House of Delegates. He was sub- sequently three times elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he actively supported the lead- ing measures of the Whig party. He was appointed secretary of the navy in 1852. He published several popular works of fiction, among which we may name "Swallow Barn, or a Sojourn in the Old Dominion," (1832,) and " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency," (1835;) also a "Life of William Wirt," besides other works. Died in August, 1870. See Griswold. "Prose Writers of America." Kennedy, (Thomas Francis,) a Scottish reform politician, born near Ayr in 1788. He entered Parlia- ment in 1818 as a Whig. His public life was devoted successfully to the reform of the Scottish administration of government. Died in 1879. Kennedy, (Walter,) a Scottish poet, born in Ayr- shire about 1450. He is chiefly known by his " Fiyting," or rhymed controversy with the poet Dunbar ; but his best extant work is " The Praise of Age." Died in 1508. Kennedy, (William,) a Scottish poet and litterateur, born at Paisley in 1799. He published in 1827 "Fitful Fancies," and in 1830 "The Arrow and the Rose, and other Poems." He resided for some years at Galveston, Texas, as British consul, and wrote a work entitled "The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas," (1841.) He returned to Great Britain in 1847, and died in 1849. Ken'n^t, (Basil.) a clergyman of the Church of England, and brother of Bishop Kennet, born in Kent in 1674, was educated at Oxford. He became chaplain to the English factory at Leghorn. He returned to England on account of ill health. He wrote various antiquarian and historical works, among which are "The Antiquities of Rome," (1696,) relating to the history of the republic, and "Lives and Characters of Ancient Greek Poets," (1697.) Died in 1715. See " Biographia Britannica." Kennet, (White,) an English prelate and author, born at Dover in 1660, was educated at Westminster School and at Oxford. In 1699 he received the degree of D.D., and in 1718 was ordained Bishop of Peterbo- rough. He was distinguished as a preacher of great eloquence and as a scholar of indefatigable industry and l^erseverance, as well as for his opposition to the High- Church party. Died in 1728. Of his numerous works we may mention " Parochial Antiquities attempted in the History of Ambrosden, Burcester, and other Ad- jacent Places in the Counties of Oxford and Bucks," (1695,) and "A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil," (1728,) relating to the reign of Charles II. See W. Newton, "Life of White Kennet," 1730; "Biographia Britannica." Ken'neth I., King of Scotland, died, after a short reign, in 606, and was succeeded by Eugene III. Kenneth EC. succeeded his father, Alpin, as King of the Scots, in 834. He carried on a successful war against the Britons, and reduced the Picts to subjection. He is said to have been the first sovereign who swayed a sceptre over all Scotland. Died about 858 a.d. Kenneth III. ascended the throne of Scotland in 970. He repelled the invasions of the Danes, established a just and efficient government in his dominions, and is said to have been the first monarch who gave Scotland a written code of laws. He was assassinated in 994. See Buchanan, " History of Scotland." Ken'uey, (Charles Lamh,) an English dramatist, critic, and journalist, son of James Kenney, and godson of Charles Lamb, was born in 1823. His principal works were "The Gates of the East,'" and "Life and Letters of Balzac." Died August 25, 1881. Kenney, (James,) an Irish poet, born in 1780. He published "Society, with other Poems," (1803,) and wrote several successful farces and plays, among them "Raising the Wind" and "Sweethearts and Wives." Died in 1849. Ken'ni-cott, (Benjamin,) a learned divine and He- brew scholar, born at Totness, in Devonshire, England, in 1 7 18. While a student at Oxford, he wrote two dis- sertations, one " On the Tree of Life in Paradise," and the other "On the Oblations of Cain and Abel," which procured for him, free of expense and before the usual period, the degree of B.A. He was soon after elected a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, became canon of Christ Church, and obtained the degree of M.A. in 1750. In 1753 he published a treatise on "The State of the Printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament," in which he unfolded his plan of collating the Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament. Although his efforts met with opposition from some of the clergy, a large sum was raised to aid him in his enterprise, and several men of learning were employed to assist him in his labours. His " Hebrew Bible," the result of these labours, was issued in 1776, with the various readings attached. Dr. Kennicott and his assistants in this valuable work con- sulted sixteen Samaritan and over six hundred Hebrew manuscripts. Died at Oxford in 1783. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Ken'npn, (Robert Lewis,) a Methodist divine and physician, born in North Carolina in 1789. He excelled in various branches of science, particularly geology, and is said to have been the first to call attention to the coal- fields of Alabama. Died in 1838. Ken'rick, (Francis Patrick,) D.D., a Catholic prelate, born at Dublin in 1797, emigrated in 1821 to America. In 1S42 he succeeded Dr. Con well as Bishop of Philadelphia. He was created Archbishop of Baltimore in 1851, and was afterwards appointed by the pope " primate of honour," having precedency over all other Catholic prelates of the country. He enjoyed a high reputation for learning, and published, among other works, "Dogmatic Theology," and "Moral The- ology," (both in Latin.) Died in 1863. Kenrick, (Peter Richard,) D.D., brother of the preceding, was born at Dublin in 1806. Having re- moved to Philadelphia, he became editor of the "Cath- olic Herald." On the death of Dr. Rosati, in 1843, he succeeded him as Bishop of Saint Louis, and in 1847 a, e, I, o, u, y,long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obseure; fdr, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; KENRICK 1431 KEOGH was made first archbishop of that city. He has founded several charitable institutions, and has been active in promoting the cause of education. K6n'rick, (William,) an English writer, noted for his quarrelsome disposition, born in Hertfordshire about 1720, published "Epistles, Philosophical and Moral," in poetry, (1759,) "A Review of Dr. Johnson's New Edi- tion of ShaUspeare," (1765,) which caused a controversy with Johnson's friends, a " Dictionary of the Eng,ish Language," and a poem called " Love in the Suds," for which he was sued for damages by Garrick, whom he had libelied in it. Died in 1779. See Baker, " Biographia Dianiatica." Ken'sett, (John Frederick,) an American land- scape-painter, born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1818. He studied in London, and in 1845 exhibited at the Royal Academy his "View of Windsor Castle." He afterwards visited Rome, where he executed several excellent pictures of Italian scenery. Among his best American landscapes may be named " Sunset in the Adirondacks," " Franconia Mountains," and " Hudson River from Fort Putnam." He became a member of the National Academy of Design in 1S49. Died in 1872. .See TuCKERMAN, " Book of the Artists." Kent, (Charles ; in full, William Charles Mark,) an English journalist and Roman Catholic author, born in London, November 3, 1823. He was educated in the colleges at Prior Park and Oscott. In 1859 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. Among his publications are "The Vision of Cagliostro," (1847,) "Ale- theia," (1850,) "Dreamland," (1862,) "A Mythological Dictionary," " Catholicity in the Dark Ages," " Foot- prints on the Road," " Pcjems," (1870,) "Corona Cathol- ica," (1880,) etc. His wife {nk Ann Young) is a suc- cessful novelist. Kent, (Edward,) Duke of, father of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, and the fourth son of George III., was born in 1767. He studied at Gottingen and Geneva. In 1790 he entered the army, and three years later assisted in the capture of Saint Lucia. In 1796 he was appointed lieutenant-general, and in 1799 was created Duke of Kent and Strathern and Earl of Dublin. In 1802 he became Governor of Gibraltar ; but, his rigid discipline producing a mutiny, he was soon after recalled. In 1818 he married a daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg. The Duke of Kent was a liberal patron of benevolent enterprises. Died in 1820. See "Life of Edward, Duke of Kent," by Erskine Neale, 1S50. Kent, (Edward,) LL.D., an American judge, born in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1802. He graduated at Harvard, and in 1825 settled as a lawyer in Bangor, Maine. lie was afterwards twice Governor of the State, and became an associate justice of the supreme court of Maine in 1859. Died at Hangor, May 19, 1S77. Kent, (J.A.MES,) a distinguished organist and musical composer, born at Winchester in 1700. He became one of the children of the Chapel Royal in London. Upon finishing his education, he was successively chosen or- ganist of Trinity College, Cambridge, and of Winchester Cathedral. He published a popular work containing "Twelve Anthems" of his composition. Died in 1776. See BuRKEV, "History of Music." Kent, (James,) an eminent American jurist, born in Putnam county. New York, in July, 1763. He graduated at Yale College in 1781, studied law, and commenced the practice of his profession at Poughkeepsie. In politics he was a Federalist. He was profoundly versed in legal knowledge. He became a resident of the city of New York about 1793, and a friend of Alexander Hamilton. In 1798 he was appointed a judge of the sui^reme court of New York, and in 1804 became chief justice. He lectured on law at Columbia College. His important decisions in law and equity have been preserved in the Reports of Johnson aiui Caines. He became chancellor in 1S14, and retired from that office in 1S23, after which he was again professor of law in Columbia College. He published "Commentaries on American Law," (4 vols., 1826-30,) which is a standard work of high authority and a production of great literary merit. Referring to this work. Judge Story remarks, "These Commentaries have already acquired the reputation of a juridical classic, and have placed their author in the first rank in the benefactors of the profession. They embody the prin- ciples of law in pages as attractive by the persuasive eloquence of their style as they are instructive by the fulness and accuracy of their learning." (" On the Con- flict of Laws.") "It will be a proud distinction to Kent and Story," says the " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1852, (p. 340,) "that they have done more than any other men to put an end to the indifference of English lawyers to the learning of their American brethren." Judge Kent had a high reputation tor virtue. He died in New York in December, 1847, leaving one son, William. See John Duek, " Discimrse on the Life of Janie.s Kent ;" " Na tioiial Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. ii. ; Ali.i BONE, "Dictionary of Authors," vol. ii. ; Duvckinck, "Cyclopasdia of American Literature," vol. i. Kent, (Maria Louisa Victoria,) Duchess of, born in 1786, was a daughter of the Duke of .Sa.xe-Coburg. She was married about 1803 to Prince Emich Karl of Leiningen, and again to the Duke of Kent in 1818. Vic- toria, Queen of England, was the issue of her second marriage. Died in 1861. Kent, (William,) the founder of the English style of landscape-gardening, was born in Yorkshire about 1685. He studied painting, which he soon abandoned for ornamental architecture. Among his best designs is that of the temple of Venus at Stowe. His fame, how- ever, rests chiefly on the great improvement he effected in landscape-gardening, by substituting the close imita- tion of nature for the stiff and formal style of the French and Dutch. Walpole has styled him "the creator of modern gardening." Died in 1748. See Walpole, "Anecdotes of Painting."* Kent, (William,) an American lawyer, son of James Kent, the eminent jurist, noticed above, was born in 1802. He was appointed by Governor Seward a judge of the circuit court of New York. Having resigned that office, he practised law in New York City. Died in January, 1861. Kent'i-gern, Saint, a Scottish ecclesiastic, became Bishop of Glasgow. He is said to have converted many of the natives to Christianity. Died about 600. Ken'ton, (Simon,) an American soldier, born in Fau- quier county, Virginia, was one of the associates of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky pioneer. He fought against the Indians on the Western frontier, and subsequently in the war of 1812. Died in 1836. See the "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished .\mericans,' vol. iv. Ken'yon, (John,) an English poet, born in Jamaica about 1783, inherited an ample fortune. He pul)lished "A Day at Tivoli, with other Poems." Died in 1856. See "Blackwood's Magazine" for December, 1S38; "North AiTierican Review" for April, 1839, (by Prescott.) Kenyon, (Lloyd,) Lord, an eminent English law- yer, and chief justice of the king's bench, was born at Greddington, in Flintshire, October 5, 1732. He be- came in 1754 a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was admitted to the bar in 1761. With too high a sense of honour to employ artifice, and having no influential friends to assist him, several years elapsed before he obtained practice. In 1779 he distinguished himself by his able defence of Lord George Gordon, on trial for treason. Three years later he was made attorney-general. In 1 788 he was appointed chief justice of the king's bench and was raised to the peerage, with the title of Lord Ken- yon, Baron Greddington. He died in 1S02, after having ama.ssed a large fortune. Lord Kenyon was generally popular, though his extremely parsimonious habits, added to his overbearing and haughty manner towards the bar- risters as well as towards his associate judges, made him no favourite v*'ith the members of his profession. As a justice, he was distinguished for his strict adherence to the letter of the law, and for his impartial severity upon offenders of every rank. See Lord Campbell, "Lives of the Chief Justices;" "Sketch of the Life, etc. of Lord Kenyon," London, 1802 ; Foss, "The Judges of England." Keogh, ke'o, (William,) an Irish lawyer, born at Galway in 1817. He published "The Practice of the €as>6; casj; ^hard; g as /; G, H, K, oy^/Zwrrt/; N,fuisa/; R,iril/ea'; sasz; thasin/'/4w. (Si^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KEPLER 1432 KER CKHERDERE Court of Chancery in Ireland." In 1856 he became a judge of the common pleas. Died September 30, 1878. Kepler, k^p'ler, or Keppler, [Lat. Keple'rus,] (JoHANN,) a celebrated German astronomer, born at or near Weil, in Wiirtemberg, on the 27th of December, 1571. His father, Henry Kepler, lost nearly all his prop- erty by becoming surety for a friend, and was reduced to the position of tavern-keeper at Elmendingen. About 1586 he entered the monastic school of Maulbronn, where he was educated at the expense of the Duke of Wiirtemberg. He continued his studies at Tubingen, which he quitted in 1591 with the degree of master. In 1594 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Gratz, in Styria. He published, under the title of "Mysterium Cosmographicum," (1596,) an account of his i'nquiries and speculations in relation to the number, distances, and periodic times of the planets. In 1597 he married a widow named Barbara von Muller. Kepler and the other Protestant professors were driven from Gratz by persecution about 1600. He visited Tycho Brahe, who then resided near Prague, and who intro- duced him to the emperor Rudolph. At the request of Rudolph, he began to assist Tycho in the formation of astronomical tables ; but his relations with that astronu- mer were not very agreeable to either. On the death of Tycho, in October, 1601, Kepler suc- ceeded him as principal mathematician to the emperor, with a salary of 1500 florins, and inherited his unpub- lished observations. He published in 1604 an important contribution to the science of optics, entitled a " Supple- ment to Vitellio." After he obtained the patronage of the emperor he resided for some years at Linz. In 1609 he produced his greatest work, "Astronomia nova, seu Physica celestis tradita Commentariis de Motibus Stellae Martis," in which he announced two of the laws which regulate the periods and motions of the planets, and which are known as Kepler's Laws. These are : i, that the orbits of the planets are elliptical ; 2, the radius- vector, or line extending from a planet to the sun, de- scribes or passes over equal areas in equal times ; 3, the squares of the periodic times of planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun. "These laws constitute undoubtedly," says Sir John Herschel, " the most important and beautiful system of geometrical relations which have ever been discovered by a mere inductive process, independent of any con- sideration of a theoretical kind. They comprise within them a compendium of the motions of all the planets, and enable us to assign their places in their orbits at anv instant of time, past or to come." "This beautiful and simple law," says Professor Playfair, in reference to the third law, "had a value beyond what Kepler could pos- sibly conceive ; yet a sort of scientific instinct instructed him in its great importance. He has marked the year and the day when it became known to him : it was on the 8th of May, 1618." His third law was discovered with infinite satisfaction in 1618, and announced in his "Harmonice Mundi," (1619,) the title and contents of which recall the ideas of Pythagoras on celestial har- mony. Kepler imagines that in this music of the spheres Saturn and Jupiter perform the bass, Mars the tenor, and the Earth and Venus the hattte-contre. He con- sidered the sun to be the source of motion as well as of light and heat. The treasury of the emperor was so exhausted by war that Kepler could not obtain the pay- ment of his salary, and often felt the pressure of poverty. After the death of Rudolph, (1612,) he was appointed professor of mathematics at Linz. His first wife having died, he married Susanna Rettinger, about 1614. In 1620 he was visited by Sir Henry Wotton, an English ambassador, who invited him to remove to England: but he declined. He expended the labour of several years on his " Rudolphine Tables," which were published in 1627 and were highly prized. Among his important works is his "Dioptrica," (1611,) in which he describes the astronomical telescope with two convex lenses. The invention of this form of telescope is ascribed to him. Kepler was so devoted to science, and had so little re- gard for riches, except those of the mind, that he used to say he would rather be the author of the works he had written than possess the duchy of Sa.xony. He died at Katisbon in November, 1630, leaving four sons and three daughters. See Drinkwater Bethune, "Life of Kepler," in the "Library of Useful Knowledge;" Brkitsciiwiikd, " Keplers Leben und Wir- l. (2;:^=See Explanations, p. 23.) KHOSROO 1436 KTELHORN Justinian, who raid the Persian monarch ten thousand pounds of gold! He afterwards carried on wars with various Asiatic nations, extending his empire as far as the Indus. Alarmed at the successes of Belisarius in Italy and Africa, he resolved to strike a sudden blow. In 540 he invaded Syria, pillaged and burned several cities, including Antioch, and took a multitude of pris- oners and an immense amount of booty. The next year he was opposed by Belisarius, one of ilie greatest gene- rals of that or of any age. The Roman commander, with a small number of ill-disciplined soldiers, succeeded in holding in check tlie innumerable hosts of Persia. But in 542 this great general was recalled, and Khosroo, having now nothing to fear, went from victory to victory. The war continued until 562, when Justinian purchased a treaty for thirty thousand pieces of gold, liostilities were again renewed under the emperor Justin, and the King of Persia met at length with a total defeat, in 578, from Justinian, the general of the emperor Tiberius. Khosroo died in 579. The long and beneficent reign of this prince is mentioned by Oriental poets as the golden age of Persia. His virtues, his wise and efficient meas- ures for the welfare of his subjects, his conquests, his liberal encouragement of literature and science, attested by the numerous colleges and libraries which he founded, all rendered it worthy of this eminent distinction. A Pehlvi translation of the celebrated Bidpay or Pilpay Fables of India was made under the auspices of this prince. He was succeeded by Hormisdas IV. See Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" MiRK- HOND, "Histoire des Snssanides," translated by De Sacy ; D'Her- BKLOT, " Bibiioiheque Orientale," article " Noiiscliirvau." Khosroo, Khosru, or Kliosrau (or Chosroes) II., surnamed Parveez or ParwIz, par'veez', i.e. the " Gene- rous," son of Hormisdas IV., and grandson of Khosroo I., was raised to the throne of Persia upon the deposition of his father, A.D. 590. He was soon after driven from his capital by the rebel Bahram, and obliged to seek the protection of Maurice, the Emperor of the East. This sovereign, with a powerful army, overthrew the rebels and reinstated Khosroo. In 602 Maurice was assassin- ated by the usurper Phocas. Khosroo immediately took up arms to avenge his death, and by a series of victories in a few years subjugated the greater part of the Greek empire, and at length appeared before the gates of Con- stantinople. Heraclius, the successor of Phocas, having vainly attempted to obtain a favourable peace, resolved oravely to meet his foe in the field. He gained repeated victories, and in five years drove the Persians out of every province which they had wrested from the einpire. Khosroo was assassinated in 628. He had married a Christian lady named Shereen, (Shirin,) distinguished for her exquisite beauty. She poisoned herself at his grave. The romantic and unchanging affection of these royal lovers, together with their tragic end, has furnished the subject of many an Oriental poem. See Malcolm, "History of Persia;" Le Beau, "Histoire du Bas-Empire." Khosroo, Khosrou, or Khosi'u I., King of Armenia, surnamed the Grea'I", a brave prince and able general, ascended the throne 198 a.d. He conquered the nations of the Khazars and Basiliens, and overran the greater part of the Persian dominions. He was assassinated in 232. Khosroo, Khosrou, or Khosru II., the second Christian King of Armenia, and a contempt)rary and ally of Constantine the Great, ascended the throne in 314. Died in 325. ISlhosroo, Khosrou, or Khosru III. was placed upon the throne of Persian Armenia by the King of Persia in 387, whilst the legitimate king Arsaces ruled that part of Armenia which belonged to the Romans. Khosroo gained several important victories over the neighbouring nations, and upon the death of Arsaces annexed Roman Armenia to his own dominions. In 392 the King of Persia, suspecting Khosroo of the design to render himself independent, took him prisoner, and placed another prince on his throne. After remaining in captivity twenty-one years, he was restored to his kingdom. His death occurred soon after. See Le Beau, "Histoire du Bas-Empire." Khoung-Fou-Tseu or Khoung-Tseu. See Con- fucius. Khowarezmi. See Al-Khowarezmi. KhuUeel. See Khaleel. Khuns, khoons, a god of the ancient Egyptians, was the son of Amen (Amnion) and Mut, He was the moon- god. Kick, kik, (Cornelis,) an artist, celebrated as a painter of flowers and portraits, was born in Amsterdam in 1635; died in 1675. See PiLKiNGTON, "Dictionary of Painters." Kidd, (John,) an English chemist, born in 1775, was professor of chemistry, or medicine, at Oxford. He wrote, besides other works, the Bridgewater Treatise "On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man." Died in 1851. Kidd, (Samuel,) an English Orientalist, born at Hull in 1801. He went as missionary to Malacca, and after his return was professor of Chinese in the University of London. He published "Illustrations of the Symbols of China," (1S41.) Died in 1843. Kidd, (William,) a pirate, born in Scotland about 1650. He is known to local tradition as Robert Kidd. In 1696 he was intrusted by the British government with the command of a privateer, and sailed from New York for the purpose of suppressing the numerous pirates then infesting the seas. He went to the East Indies, where it was believed that he began a career of piracy. He was arrested at Boston in 1699, and a large atnount of his plunder was afterwards recovered. He was soon sent to England for trial, and was executed in 1701. It has been latterly asserted that Kidd was no pirate, but only a privateer. See a " Historical Sketch of Robin Hood and Captain Kidd," by W. W. Campbell, 1853. Kid'der, ( Daniel Parish, ) D.D., an American Methodist clergyman, born in Genesee county, New York, in 1815. He graduated at the Wesleyan Uni- versity, Connecticut, and in 1836 settled as a pastor at Rochester, New York. In 1837 he went as a missionary to Brazil, where he introduced the Scriptures in the Portuguese language. He published, besides other works, " Sketches of a Residence and Travels in Bra- zil," (1845,) which was republished, with large additions, by Rev. James C. Fletcher, in 1858. Kid'der, (Richard,) a. learned English theologian, entered Cambridge University in 1649, and, after various preferments, wasappointedDeanof Peterborough in 1689. He was raised by William III. to the see of Bath and Wells in 1691, as successor to Bishop Ken. He wrote "A Commentary on the Pentateuch," a " Demonstration of the Messias," and several other works. Died in 1703. SeeMACAOLAV, " History of England," vol. V. ; Wood, "Athena Oxonienses. " Kid'der-min'ster or Kyd'er-myn'ster, (Rich- ard,) an English monk, distinguished as a preacher and scholar, was born in Worcestershire. He published a Latin treatise against the doctrines of Luther. Died in 1531. Kief'fer, (Moses,) D.D., an American divine, was born near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1814. He graduated at Marshall College in 1838, was ordained to the ministry of the German Reformed Church in 1839, and held various successful pastorates. He was president of Heidelberg College, and professor in the theological school at Tiffin, Ohio, 1855-64, and retained the professorship until 1867. He afterwards held an honorary professorship at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Kiel, (Cornelis van.) See Kii ian. Kiel, keel, (Friedrich,) a Prussian musician and composer, born at Puderbach, on the Lahn, October 7, 1821. He is a professor of music at Berlin. Kiel ranks as one of the ablest contrajiuntists of the present century. His "Canons and Fugues," his" Missa Solemnis," (1S66,) and his " Requiem," (1862,) are excellent. |D. in 1885.J Kielhoru, keel'hoKn, (Fkanz Lokenz,) a German Sanscrit scholar, born at Osnaburg, May 31, 1840. He studied at Gottingen, Breslau, London, Berlin, and Ox- ford. In 1866 he was appointed professor of Sanscrit in the Deccan College at Pooiiah, and in 1882 he became professor at Gottingen. Besides editions and translations of various texts, he published a " Sanscrit Grammar," (1870; 2d edition, 1880.) a, e, i, 6, fi, y, long; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y,s/ipr/; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fdll, fit; \wl\.\ n6t; good; moon KIELLAND M37 KILIJ-ARSLAN Kielland, kySKIind, (Alexander L.,) a Norwegian author, born at Stavanger, February i8, 1849. He was educated at the University Christiania, and became a manufacturer. He published " Garman og Worse," a romance, " Arbeidsfolk," (a novel, 188 1,) many short tales, several bright and lively pieces for the stage, and a " Life of Kristian Elster," (1882.) His earlier works are in the manner of Zola ; his later ones are better and more original. Kielnieyer, von, fon keeKmi'er, (Karl Friedrich,) a German naturalist and professor, born near Tubingen in 1765. He published a "Treatise on the Relations of Organic Forces," (1793.) Cuvier, who was his pupil, speaks of him as the founder of the modern philosophical school. Died in 1844. See Von Martius, " Denkrede aiif C. F. von Kielmeyer," 1845. Kielsen, keel'sen or ke-Sl'sen, (Frederic Chris- tian,) a Danish naturalist, born at Copenhagen in 1774, wrote on zoology and botany, a "Natural History of Birds," (1810,) and other works. Kien-Looug, (or -Lung,) ke-en'166ng, written also Kien-Long, born in 1710, succeeded his father, Yung- Tching, on the imperial throne of China in 1735. He reduced Calmuck Tartary and Thibet to subjection, and established numerous fortresses throughout his vast em- pire. It was in 1770, during the reign of this emperor, that the Torgoots, a Mongolian tribe numbering about 300,000 and inhabiting the country near the Volga, left their homes, and, travelling eastward, after incredible sufferings, finally reached the confines of China. Kien- Loong welcomed them warmly, and allotted them ample territory for their future home. As a prince, he was wise, just, and beneficent. He was noted for his love of lite- rature, and for the liberal encouragement which he gave to learned men of every nation. Died in 1799. See FoRTiA d'Urban, " Discours sur I'Empereur Kien-Long," 1841 ; Abel Ri^musat, " Nouveaiix Melanges Asiatiqiies," tome ii. ; " Nonvelle Biographic G^nerale." For an interesting account of the migration of Ae Torgoots, see De Quincey, " Narrative and Miscellaneous Papers," etc., vol. i. Kien-Lung. See Kien-Loong. Kieou, (pronounced almost kew,) a name given to Confucius in his childhood. (See Confucius.) Kiepert, kee'pCRt, (Heinrich,) a German geogra- pher, born in Berlin in 1818, published a number of excellent maps, among which are the "Atlas of Hellas [Greece] and the Hellenic Colonies," "Maps of Asia Minor," and an "Historical-Geographical Atlas of the Ancient World." Kierings, kee'rings, (Alexander,) a skilful land- scape-painter, born in Holland in 1590; died in 1646. Kierkegaard, ky§R'ke-goRd', (Soren Aabye,) an eminent Danish philosopher, born at Copenhagen, May 5, 1813. He studied at the university of that town, and became a theologian, but was never ordained. He left some thirty books, and many manuscript writings ; but his most noteworthy book is " Enten — Ellor," (" Either — Or,") a philosophical defence of Christianity. Died at Copenhagen, November ir, 1855. His "Life," by G. Brandes, (1877,) is a very brilliant and able work. Kierman, keeR'min, (Gustaf,) a Swedish patriot, born in 1702. He was elected seven times a member of the Diet. Died in 1766. Kiernander or Kjernander, kySR'nSn'der, (Johan Zecharias,) a missionary, born in Sweden in 171 1, was sent to India by the English Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Died at Calcutta in 1799. Kieser, kee'zer, (Dietrich Georg,) a German natu ralist and medical writer, born at Harburg, in Hanover, in 1779 ; died in 1862. Kiesewetter, kee'zeh--^et'ter, (Johann Christoph,) a learned German writer, born at Oberweissbach in 1666. He wrote, in Latin, many works. Died in 1744. Kiesevretter, (Rafael Georg,) a German writer on music, born in Moravia in 1773. Among his productions are treatises "On the Music of the Modern Greeks" and " On the Music of the Arabians." He was an uncle of Ambros, the historian of music. His musical composi- tions are very numerous. Died in 1850. Kiesling, kees'ling, (Johann Rudolph,) a German Protestant theologian, born at Erfurt in 1706; died in 1778. Kiesling, (Leopold,) an eminent German sculptor, born at Schoneben, in Austria, in 1770. He worked in Vienna, and became sculjitor to the court. Among his works are a bust of the Archduke Charles, and the monument of Von Hammer-Purgstall. Died in 1827. See Naglhr, "AUgenieines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Kif'fin or Kif'fen, (William,) an English merchant and preacher, born in i6i6. He amassed a large fortune by trade, and afterwards became a dissenting minister. Died in 1701. See Macaulav, "History of England," vol. ii. chap. vii. Kik'kert, (Antoon,) a Dutch admiral, born at Vlie- land in 1762 ; died about 1835. Kilbourne, kil'burn, (James,) an American pioneer, born in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1770. He organized about 1802 the Scioto Company which settled in Ohio, and was a member of Congress from 1813 to 1817. He was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. Died at Worthington, Ohio, April 9, 1850. Kilbye, kil'be, ? (Richard,) an English divine, born at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire, about 1550. He was pro- fessor of Hebrew at O.xford, and one of the translators of the liible. Died in 1620. Kilbye, (Richard,) an English minister, author of " The Burden of a Loaded Conscience." Died in 161 7. Kil-dare', (Thomas Fitzgerald,) Earl of, an Irish nobleman, born about 15 14, was a son of Gerald, Earl of Kildare. He rebelled against the King of England in 1534, and was taken prisoner, sent to England, and executed at Tyburn in 1537. Kilian, kee'le-Sn' or kil'e-an, (Bartolomaus,) a skil- ful engraver, born in Augsburg in 1630, was the son and pupil of Wolfgang, noticed below. Died in 1696. Kilian, kee'le-an, or van Kiel, (vtn keel,) (Corne- LIS,) a learned author, born in Brabant. Among his works are an " Etymology of the Teutonic Languages, or a Teutonic-and-Latin Dictionary," and several pieces of Latin poetry. Died in 1607. Kilian, (Georg Christoph,) an engraver, born at Augsburg in 1709, was a brother of Philipp Andreas, noticed below. Died in 1781. Kilian, (Lucas,) one of the most distinguished of German engravers, born at Augsburg in 1579. He eii- graved with uncommon ease and rapidity. Among his best works are "The Resurrection," by Paul Veronese, and "Christ after Death," by Michael Angelo. Died in 1637. Kilian, (Philipp Andreas,) an eminent engraver, was born in Augsburg in 17 14. Augustus IIL, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, appointed him his court engraver, and Kilian executed several designs at Dres- den, though he continued to spend most of his time at Augsburg. Among his works are the " Adoration ot the Kings," by Paul Veronese, and portraits of Francis [. and Maria Theresa. Died in 1759. See Nagler, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Kilian, (Wolfgang,) brother of Lucas, noticed above, was born in 1581. He studied engraving at Augsburg and Venice. The most important of his numerous works is the "Celebration of the Westphalian Peace in Augs- burg in 1649," which contains about fifty portraits. Died in 1662. See Nagler, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Kilij- (or Kilidj-) Arsian, kil'lij aR'slSn', written also Kelij-Arsian, I., Sultan of Iconium, began to reign in 1092. He was defeated by the crusaders under God- frey of Bouillon at Nicaea in 1097. In iioi he gained a complete victory over a large army of crusaders. Haviiig revolted against the Sultan of Persia, he was killed in battle in 1107. See Aboolfeda, "Annales." Kilij- (or Kilidj-) Arslin II, surnamed Azz-ed- Deen or Azzeddyn, iz'ed-deen', (" Splendour of the Faith,") Sultan of Anatolia,commenced his reign at Ico- nium in II 55 A.D. He carried on long and doubtful wars against the Greek empire, but finally succeeded in annexing several provinces to his dominions. He was distinguished for his skill, energy, and generosity. Died in 1 1 92. See MiCHAUD, " Histoire des Croisades." € as /J; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Q^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KJLLIGRE W 1438 KING Kil'll-grew, (Anne,) an English lady, to whom i)iy- den has addressed his most beautiful elegy, was cele- brated for her virtues and accomplishments. She was the daughter of Dr. Henry Killigrew, and was born in 1660. She excelled both as a poetess and as an artist. A volume of her ])oems was published shortly after her death, which occurred in 1685. She executed por- traits of James II. and his queen, and several historical plain tings. Set Bai.lard, "Memoirs of Several Ladies of Great Britain," etc. . " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by L. S. Costello, 1844 Killigrew, (Catherine,) the wife of Sir Henry Kil- ligrew, was born about 1530. She was distinguished for her poetical effusions and for her knowledge of the j classical and Oriental languages. She was a daughter \ of Sir Anthony Cooke, and a sister of Lord Bacon's mother. Died in 1600. Killigrew, (Dr. Henry,) a dramatist, and a brother of Sir William Killigrew, was born in 1612. He served as chaplain to the Cavaliers, and subsequently gradu- ated as D.D. at Oxford in 1642. He wrote a tragedy, "The Conspiracy," and other works. Died abo.it 1688. See Wood, "Athene Oxonienses." Killigrew, (M.a.rgaret,) wife of William Cavei-.dish, Duke of Newcastle. She wrote a life of her husband, and several philosophical works. Died in 1673. Killigrew, (Thomas,) an English dramatist, born m Middlesex in 161 1, was a page to Charles I. After the commencement of the rebellion he accompanied Charles II. on the continent, and married one of the queen's maids of honour. Upon the restoration he was made groom of the bed-chamber, and, on account of his wit and oddities, became a highly-privileged person at court He wrote several plays. Died in 1682. See Baker, " Biographia Dramatica." Killigrew, (Sir William,) a brother of the precedmg, was born in 1605. For his faithful adherence to Charles I. he was knighted at the restoration, and was soon after appointed vice-chamberlain. He wrote several plays, and two works entitled "Midnight and Daily Thoughts'" and " Artless Midnight Thoughts of a Gentleman at Court." Died in 1693. See Baker, " Biographia Dramatica." Kilmaine, kil-man', (Charles Joseph,) a general, born in Dublin in 1754, entered the French army, and served with distinction under Bonaparte in Italy. Died in 1799. Kilmarnock, Earl of. See Boyd, (William.) Kil-pat'rick, (Judson,) an American general, born in New Jersey in 1836, graduated at West Point in April, 1861. He served as captain at the battle of Big Bethel, and in the autumn of 1861 became a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. In 1862 he took part in various operations of the army of the Potomac. He was appointed a brigadier- general of volunteers in May, 1863, after which he was employed in a raid to Richmond for the release of Federal prisoners. He commanded the cavalry of Sherman's army in its march from Atlanta to Savannah, November- December, 1864. He was minister to Chili from 1865 to 1870, was reappointed in 1881, and died there December 4 of the same year. Kilwardeby, kil-wird'be, (Robert,) an English prelate, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1272, and cardinal in 1277. Died in 1279. Kil-war'den, (Arthur Wolfe,) Lord, an Irish judge, born about 1740. He was called to the bar in 1766, became attorney-general in 1789, and chief justice of the king's bench in 1798. He was massacred by a mob of insurgents in Dublin in 1803, during a revolt, of which Robert Emmet was the leader, Kim'ball, (Harriet McEwen,) an American poetess, born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She has pub- lished "Hymns," (1867,) "Swallow Flights of Song," (1874,) and "The Blessed Company of all Faithful People," (1879.) Kim'ball, (Nathan,) an American general, born in Indiana. He commanded a division of the Union army It the siege of Vicksburg, June-July, 1863, and at the battle of Franklin, November, 1864. Kimball, (Richard Burleigh,) an American writer and lawyer, born at New Lebanon, New Hampshire, in 1S18. He graduated at Dartmouth College, and sub- sequently travelled in England and on the continent. Among his principal works are "Reminiscences of an Old Man," "Cuba and the Cubans," (1850,) and "Ro- mance of Studen>t-Life Abroad," (1853.) Kim'ber, (Edward,) son of Isaac Kimber, born in 1 719, produced some historical works, and a novel en- titled " Adventures of Joe Thompson." Died in 1769. Kimber, (Isaac,) an English dissenting minister, born in Berkshire in 1692. He wrote the Lives of Bishop Beveridge and of Oliver Cromwell, (1714.) and compiled a " History of England," (1745.) Died in 1758. Kim'ber-ley, (John Wodehuuse,) Earl of, an English statesman, born in 1826, graduated at Oxford in 1847. He was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1852 to 1856, was sent as ambassador to Saint Pe- tersburg in the latter year, and returned in 1858. He was again appointed under-secretary for foreign affairs in June, 1859, resigned in August, 1861, and was lord lieutenant of Ireland from October, 1864, to July, 1866. In 1866 he was raised to the peerage, and in 1868 he was appointed lord privy seal. He was colonial secre- tary in 1870-74 and 1S80-82. In 1882 he became secretary of state for India. Kimchi, kim'kee, or Kimhi, kim'nee, (David,) aii eminent Jewish rabbi, sometimes called Redak, born at Narbonne, France, ab(iut 115S. His Gentile family name was Pkiti". He is regarded by his nation as the greatest Hebrew grammarian. In 1232, on account of his influence and vast erudition, he was appointed by the French and Spanish Jews to decide in a controversy which then existed between them in regard to the doc- trines of Maimonides. His principal works are a Hebrew Grammar, a "Dictionary of Hebrew Roots," and com- mentaries on nearly all the books of the Old Testament. Died about 1235. Kimchi, (Joseph,) a learned rabbi, the father of the preceding, flourished at Narbonne about 1 160. He wrote treatises on grammar. Kiiiaston. See Kynaston. Kind, kint, (Johann FRiEDRiCH,)aGerman//V/mz/'^;^r and poet, born at Leipsic in 1768. He wrote novels, dramas, and poems. His most famous production is the opera " Der Freischiitz," set to music by Weber. Died at Dresden in 1843. Kind, (Karl Theodor,) a German writer, distin- guished for his knowledge of the modern Greek language and literature, was born at Leipsic in 1 799. He published " Modern Greek Popular Songs in the Original and with a German Translation," etc. Died December 7, 1868. King, (Charles,) an American journalist, son of Rufus King, noticed below, was born in New York in 1789. Lie became in 1823 associate editor of the " New York American," a literary and political journal of a conservative character. He was subsequently one of the editors of the "Courier and Enquirer," in New York, and in 1849 was chosen president of Columbia College. Died near Rome in 1867. King, (Edward,) an English poet, who is said to have been the subject of Milton's monody of "Lycidas." He was drowned in 1637, aged about twenty-seven years. King, (Edward,) a learned English antiquary and lawyer, born in Norfolk in 1735. In 1767 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote, besides other works, " Observations on Ancient Castles," and a treatise on English architecture previous to the Norman con- quest. Died in 1807. King, (Gregory,) an English engraver and writer on heraldry, born at Lichfield about 1648; died in 1712. King, (Harriet E. Hamilton,) an English poetes.s, born in 1S40, daughter of Admiral Hamilton, and niece of the Duke of Abercorn. In 1863 she married Henry S. King, a publisher. Among her books of poetry are '■' Aspromonte," (1S69,) "The Disciples," (1873,) and "A Book of Dreams," (1883.) King, (Dr. Henry,) an English divine and poet, born in 1 591, became Bishop of Chichester. He wrote "A Poetical Version of the Psalms," "Poems, Elegies, Para- a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, s/iort; a, e, i, 9, obsaire; fir, fill, fAt; m5t; n6t; good; moon; KING M39 KING doxes, and Sonnets," (1659,) and various sermons and religious treatises. Died in 1669. See Wood, "Atlienae Oxonienses." King, (John,) a clergyman and writer, brother of Bishop Henry King, was born about 1596; died in 1639. King, (John,) an English theologian, born in the county of Bucks about 1559, was the father of Henry, noticed above. He became chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, and was an eloquent preacher. In 161 1 he was appointed Bishop of London. Died in 1621. King, (John,) an English divine, born in Cornwall in 1652. He preached for some time at Chelsea, and be- came prebendary of York in 173 1. Died in 1732. His son John, born in 1696, was a physician, and published an edition of the "Orestes," "Hecuba," and "Phoenissae" of Euripides, (1726.) Died in 1728. King, (John Crookshanks,) born in Ayrshire, Scot- land, in 1806, emigrated in 1829 to America, where he soon became distinguished as a sculptor. Among his principal works are busts of John Q. Adams, Daniel Webster, and other eminent Americans. Died in 1882. BZing, (John Glen,) a clergyman and writer, was born in Norfolk, England, about 1735. He was chosen in 1763 chaplain to the English factory at Saint Petersburg, and wrote " The Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church in Russia; containing an Account of its Doc- trine, Worship, and Discipline." Died in 1787. King, (John P.,) an American lawyer, born in Glas- gow, Kentucky, April 3, 1799, was elected by the Demo- cratic party to the United States Senate in 1S33 ; was again elected, but resigned, and became president (1841- 78) of the Georgja Railroad. Died March 19, 1888. King, (Matphew Peter,) an English musician and composer, born in 1773. He composed the music for various dramatic pieces, and also produced songs, glees, etc. Died in 1823. King, (Mitchell,) LL.D., a distinguished jurist and scholar, born in Scotland in 1783. He removed to Charleston, South Carolina, where he devoted himself to the study of law. He was one of the founders of the Philosophical Society at Charleston, and was appointed in 1819 judge of the city court. King, (Peter,) Lord, an eminent lawyer and high chancellor of England, born at Exeter in 1669, was the son of a grocer. His talents and application attracted the attention of his maternal uncle, the celel^rated John Locke, through whose influence he was sent to the University of Leyden. After his return to England he studied law, gained admission to the bar, and rapidly rose in his profession. He was elected about 1700 a member of Parliament for Beer-Alston, which seat he retained for several years. In 1708 he was appointed recorder of London, and was knighted. Notwithstand- ing the arduous duties of his profession, King found time to write two able theological works, which alone would have made him celebrated. They are an " Inquiry into the Constitution, Disci]5line, Unity, and Worship of the Primitive Church," (1691,) (in which he favoured the rights of the Protestant dissenters,) and the " History of the Apostles' Creed, with Critical Observations on its Several Articles," (1702.) In 17 14 Sir Peter King was created chief justice of the common pleas, and in 1725 was made lord chancellor, and raised to the peerage, as Baron King of Ockham. He was attached to theXVhig party. He resigned the seals in 1733, on account of il) health. Died in 1734. See Lord Campbell, " Lives of the Lord Chancellors ;" " Selec- tion from the Speeches and Writings of Lord King ;" Foss, " The Judges of England." King, (Peter,) Lord, an English statesman, born in 1775, was a great-grandson of the preceding. He entered the House of Lords about 1796, and became a political and personal friend of Charles James Fox. He published a "Life of John Locke," (1829.) He died in 1833, leaving a son William, Earl of Lovelace, who married Lord Byron's daughter Ada. See Lord Brougham, " Sketches of Statesmen of the IMrne o' George IIL," (second series.) King, (Peter John Locke,) an English legislator, a son of the preceding, was born at Ockham, Surrey, in 181 1. He was elected to Parliament in 1847, and ob- tained the repeal of one hundred and twenty sleeping statutes in 1856. Died Novetnber 12, 1S85. King, (Philip Parker,) an English navigator, born in the island of Norfolk in 1793. He commanded an expedition sent in 1826 to explore and survey the coasts of South America. The results were published in a "Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Ad- venture and Beagle, between the Years 1826 and 1836," (1839.) Died in 1855. King, (Preston,) an American statesman, born in Ogdensburg, New York, in 1806. He embraced the profession of law, and was a representative in Congress from 1843 to 1847, and again from 1849 to 1853. He was transferred to the United States Senate in 1853, took an active part in the senatorial debates, and, during the dis- union movement of i86o-6ii advocated a firm adherence to the principles of the Republican party. He was ap- pointed collector of the port of New York about 1864. Died at New York in November, 1865. King, (Richard,) an English divine and polemical writer, born in Bristol about 1750. Among his princi- pal works are " Letters from Abraham Plymley to his Brother Peter on the Catholic Question," and a "Treat- ise on the Inspiration of the Scriptures." Died in 1810 King, (Sir Richard,) an English admiral, born i^ Dorsetshire in 1771. He rendered important services at the battle of Trafalgar, where he fought as captain, (1805.) He became a vice-admiral in 1821. Died in 1834. King, (RuFUS,) an American statesman, born in Scar- borough, Maine, in 1755, graduated at Harvard in 1777. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 17S0, and became an eloquent pleader. In 1784 he was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, in which he offered in 1785 a resolution "Tiiat there be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the States described in the resolution of Congress of April, 1784," i.e. the Northwest Territory. He married Mary Alsop, of New York City, in 1786. He took a prominent part in the Convention which in 1787 formed the Constitu- tion of the United States, and became a leader of the Federal party. Having fixed his residence in the city of New York in 178S, he was elected a Senator of the United States in 1789. He advocated Jay's treaty in several eloquent speeches, was re-elected to the national Senate in 1795, and was appointed minister-plenipoten- tiary to Great Britain in 1796. He performed the duties of this position with much ability for eight years, and retired to private life in 1804. In 1813 he was elected a United States Senator by a legislature of adverse poli- tics. Having been again elected in 1819 or 1820, he continued in that body until 1825, and made an able speech against the extension of slavery on the occasion of the admission of Missouri. He was appointed mui- ister to England in 1825, returned about a year later, and died in April, 1827. See " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iii. King, (RuFUS,) an American general, a son of Charles King, noticed above, was born in the city of New York in 1814. He graduated at West Point in 1833, and was employed as an engineer for several years. About 1838 he became adjutant-general of New York. He after- wards edited a paper at Milwaukee. He was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in 1861, and commanded a division under Generals McDowell and Pope in the summer of 1862. He was minister at Rome from Oc- tober, 1863, to July, 1867. Died October 13, 1876. King, (Susan Petigru,) an American writer, daugh- ter of James L. Petigru, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1824. She published " Busy Moments of an Idle Woman," "Sylvia's World," and other tales. Her secujid husband was a Mr. Bowen. She died in 1875. King, (Thomas,) an actor and dramatist, born in London in 1730. Among his productions are " Love at First Sight," " A Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Rehearsal," and "Wit's Last Stake." Died in 1805. King, (T. Butler,) an American politician, born in Hampshire county, Massachusetts, in 1804. He studied law, and removed to Georgia about 1824. He was elected a member of Congress in 1839, 1841, and 1845, ^^^ ^^" came a secessionist in 1861. Died in 1864. eas/J; ^asj; ghard; gasy; G, U,yi,gutltiral; a.mual; v., trilled; sasz; thasin//;/j. (2i:^='See Explanations, p. 23.) KING 1440 KINGSTON King, (Thomas Starr,) an American Unitarian di- vine, born in New York in 1824. He became in 184S pastor of the church in Hollis Street, Boston, and in 1S60 sailed for San Francisco, where he assumed charge of the Unitarian church in that city. He had a high reputation as a lecturer, and published, among other works, "The White Hills: their Legends, Landscapes, and Poetry," (1859.) Died in 1864. See "A Tribiile to Thomas Starr King," by R. Fkothingham. King, (William,) a Protestant prelate, was born in Antrim, Ireland, in 1650. He opposed the Catholics under James H., and favoured the Revolution. In 1703 he was created Archbishop of Dublin. He wrote " The Inventions of Men in the Worship of God," (1694,) intended to reconcile the Irish Presbyterians to the Episcopal ceremonies, and a treatise, in Latin, on " The Origin of Evil," ("De Origine Mali," 1702,) which was attacked by Bayle and Leibnitz. Died in 1729. Kling, (William,) a learned and satirical writer, born in London in 1663. About 1702 he was appointed in Ire- land to the offices of judge of the admiralty, keeper of the records, and commissioner of prizes. Among his works are " Animadversions upon the Pretended Account of Denmark," (1694,) in answer to a work by Lord Moles- worth, "The Transactioneer," a satire on the Royal So- ciety, (1700,) and "Original Works in Prose and Verse," (3 vols., 1776.) A Memoir of his life is prefixed to the last. Died in 171 2. King, (William,) an English writer, born near Lon- don in 1685. Among his works are several Latin tracts on various subjects, and his autobiography, entitled "Political and Literary Anecdotes," (1819,) containing an interesting account of a number of his contemporarie.'^. He was principal of Saint Maty's Hall, Oxford. Died in 1763. See "Edinburgh Renew" for July, 1819; "Monthly Review" for February, 1819- King, (William,) born at Scarborough, Maine, in 1768, was president of the convention which framed tiie Constitution of his native State. He was afterwards elected first Governor of Maine. Died in 1852. King, (William Fletcher,) D.D., an American educator, born near Zanesville, Oiiio, Deceniber 20, 1S30. He graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1857, and for five years was tutor there. In 1S63 he became pres- ident of Cornell College, in Iowa. Klixig, (William Rufus,) an American statesman of the Democratic party, born in Sampson county, North Carolina, in 1786. In 1810 he was elected to Congress. He was United States Senator from Alabama from 1819 to 1840, being re-elected four times. He supported General Jackson in the Presidential campaigns of 1824, 1828, and 1832, and was appointed minister to France by President Tyler in 1844. He was elected president of the Senate in 1S50, and in 1852 Vice-President of the United States. Died in 1853. Kiug'lake, (Alexander William,) an English au- thor and barrister, born at Taunton in 1809, was edu- cated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar in 1837, after which he made a tour in the Levant, and published a book of travel called " Eothen," (1844,) which was highly successful. He accompanied the British army to the Crimea in 1854, and w^rote a "History of the Crimean War." In 1857 he was elected to Parliament. Died January 2, 1891. Sec " Quarterly Review" for December, 1844, and April, 1863; " Hl.ickwood's Magazhie" for March, 1863, and January, 1S69; " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1863 ; " North British Review" lor May, 1863. Klinglake, (John Alexander,) an English Liberal, born in Taunton in 1S05, a cousin of A. W. Kinglake. In his times he was considered an extreme Radical. Died in London, July ii, 1870. Kinglake, (Robert Arthur,) an English reformer and philanthropist, a brother of the historian A. W. Kinglake. He was born at Taunton in 1813. His atten- tion has mainly been given to the improvement of the condition of labouring people. He established a "Court of Reconciliation," by which suits at law are avoided and difficulties settled without cost. Mr. Kinglake is also the author of several works of merit. Kingo, king'o, (Thomas,) a Danish poet and prelate, born at Slangerup in 1634, became Bishop of Fiinen. His sacred poems were highly esteemed by his contem- l^oraries, and he has been compared by English readers to Dr. Watts. Died in 1723. See Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Kingsboiough, kingz'bcir'eh, (Edward King,) Vis- count, an English antiquary, born in 1795, '^'^^ "^ son of the Earl of Kingston. He jjublished "Antiquities of Mexico, comprising Fac-Similes of Ancient Mexican Paintings," etc., (9 vols., 1830 et seq.) Died in 1837. Kings'ley, (Calvin,) D.D., an American Methodist clergyman, born in Oneida county. New York, in 1812, became editor of the "Western Christian Advocate" in 1856. He was elected a bishop in 1864. Having made a tour round the world, he died on his return, at Jeru- salem, in 1870. Kings'ley, (Rev. Charles,) a popular English writer, born at Holne Vicarage, in Devonshire, in June, 1819. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, was ordained a priest of the Anglican Church in 1843, ^"^ became rector of Eversley, Hampshire, in 1844. About this date he married Miss Grenfell, whose sister is the wife of Froude the historian. He published in 1848 a dramatic poem called "The Saint's Tragedy." He united with his friend the Rev. J. F. D. Maurice in efforts to improve the condition of the working-men by the formation of co-operative associations. His interest in the sufferings and trials of the working-classes in large towns was manifested in his novel of " Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet," (1850,) which attracted much attention, and in " Yeast, a Problem," (1851,) he showed a similar interest in the labor question. His romance of " Hy- patia" (1853) is regarded as one of his most powerful works, and among his others the best-known are " Alex- andria and her Schools," " Sermons for the Times," {1854,) " Westward Ho !" a novel, (1855,) " Glaucus ; or, The Wonders of the Shore," "The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales," "Two Years Ago," a novel, (1856,) "The Water-Babies, a Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby," (1863,) and " Plays and Puritans," (1873.) Died Jan'. 23, 1875. Kingsley, (Henry,) an English author, brother of Charles Kingsley, was born at Holne, in Devon, in 1830, and was educated in Oriel College, Oxford, living, for several years after, in Australia. He jjublished " Recol- lections of Geoffrey Hamlyn," (1S5S,) " Ravenshoe," (1S61,) "Austin Elliott," (1863,) "'The Hillyars and the Burtons," (1S65,) " Leighton Court," (1866,) "Mademoi- selle Mathilde," (186S,) " Stretton, Hetty, and other Stories," (1869,) "Old Margaret," (1871,) "Reginald Hetheridge," (1874,) "The Grange Garden," (1S76,) and many other stories. Died May 24, 1S76. Kingsley, (James Luce,) LL.D., born in Windham, Connecticut, in 1778, graduated at Yale College in 1799, and in 1805 became professor of Hebrew, Latin, and Greek in that institution. He wrote the " Life of Ezra Stiles" in Sparks's " American Biography," and pub- lished several educational works. Died in 1852. Kiugs'mill, (Andrew,) an English Puritan minister, born at Sidmonton in 153S. He preached at Oxford and at Geneva, and published several religious works. Died at Lausanne in 1569. Kings'ton, (Elizabeth Chudleigh,) Duchess of, an English beauty, born in 1720. She was privately married to Harvey, who became Earl of Bristol, and from whom she was soon separated. In 1769 she was again married to the Duke of^Kingston. Slie was tried on a charge of bigamy, and convicted. Died in 1788. See "An Authentic Detail of Particulars relative to the Duchess of Kingston," London, 178S. Kingston, (William Henry Giles,) an English writer of fiction, chiefly for juvenile readers, was born in London, February 28, '1S14, and spent most of his youth in Portugal, .^niong his numerous works are "The Circassian Chief," (1844,) "The Prime Minister," (1S45,) "Lusitanian Sketches," "Peter the Whaler," (1S51,) "Western Wanderings," (1856,) "The Three Midship- men," "The Three Lieutenants," "The Three Com- manders," "The Three Admirals," etc., his boys' books alone numbering over one hundred and thirty. Died at Willesden, August 5, iSSo. a, c, T, 6, Q, y, long; i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; f^, fill, f^tj mSt; n6t; good; moon; KINKEL 1 441 KIRCHHOFF Kinkel, kink'el, (Johann Gottfried,) a German patriot, poet, and writer upon art, born at Oberkassel in 1815. He published in 1846 a "History of the Plastic Art among Christian Nations," and a poem entitled "Otto the Archer." In 1848 he established a journal called " Spartacus," in which he was a zealous advocate of democratic principles. Having taken part in the storming of the arsenal at Siegburg, and the insurrec- tion of the Palatinate, he was in June, 1849, taken by the Prussians and imprisoned at Spandau. In November, 1850, assisted by his friend Carl Schurz, he made his escape to England. Died November 15, 1882. See Strodtmann, " Kinkels Leben," 2 vols,, 1850; Longfel- low, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." Kinkel, (Johanna,) the wife of the preceding, born about 1807, was distinguished as an authoress and musician. Died in 1858. Kinker, kink'er, (Jan,) a Dutch author and poet, born near Amsterdam about 1760; died aljout 1825. Kiiiloch, kin'loK, (William Penney,) Lord, a Scottish judge, born at Glasgow, August 8, 1801, grad- uated at the University of Glasgow, and in 1858 was made a judge. Died October 30, 1872. He published several volumes of verse, mostly of a devotional char- acter. KinnSra, kfn'a-ra, [etymology uncertain,] sometimes improperly written Cinnara, the name given to the male dancers of Swerga, or the paradise of Indra. The Kin- naras are represented with the body and limbs of a man and the head of a horse. Kin'ney, (Coates,) an American poet, born at Crooked Lane, near Penn Yan, New York, in 1826. He went West when a boy, and has been successively school-teacher, journalist, and lawyer. He published "Keeuka, and other Poems," in 1854. His short lyric called " Rain on the Roof" has attained wide popularity. Kinsbergen, van, v3n kins'b^R'nen, (Jan Hen- DRIK,) a Dutch admiral, born at Doesburg in 1735. In 1767 he entered the Russian service under Catherine II., and soon after gained a brilliant victory over the Turks. In 1781 he assisted in the famous battle of Doggersbank, fought between the Dutch and English. He was created Count of Doggersbank by Louis, King of Holland. Died in 1820. See M. C. van Hall, "Leven en Karakter van den Admiraal Jonkheer J. H, van Kinsbergen," 1841 ; "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Kinscliot, van, vtn kins'Kot, (Hendrik,) a Belgian jurist, born near Antwerp in 1541 ; died in 1608. Kinschot, van, (Kaspar,) a Dutch writer of Latin poetry, born at the Hague in 1622 ; died in 1649. Kinsky, kin'skee, (Franz Joseph,) Count, an Aus- trian general, born at Prague in 1739, served with dis- tinction against the French in 1793-96. Died in 1805. Kinsky, kin'skee, (Ferdinand Johann Nepomqk Joseph,) Prince, an Austrian musician, known as a friend and patron of Beethoven. Died November 2, 1812. Kinson, kin'son, or Kinsoen, kin'soon, (Frans,) a skilful Flemish portrait-painter, born at Bruges in 1774 or 1770, worked in Paris and Brussels. Died in 1839. Kip, (William Ingraham,)D.D., an American prel- ate, born in New York in 181 1. He graduated in 1831 at Yale College, and was consecrated in 1853 mi.ssionary- bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in California. He published "Early Conflicts of Christianity," "The Double Witness," " The Catacombs of Rome," " Domes- tic and Religious Life in Italy," etc. Kip'ling, (Thomas,) D.D., professor of theology at Cambridge, and Dean of Peterborough, born in England about 1755. ^^ wrote "The Articles of the Church of England proved not to be Calvinistic," and various other works. Died in 1821. Kipping, kip'ping, [Lat. Kippin'gius,] (Heinrich,) a German philologist, born near Rostock about 1623, was the author of numerous works on philology, history, and antiquities. Died in 1678. See H. E. Heeren, "Oratio de H. Kippingio," etc., 1755. Kippingius. See Kipping. Kip'pis, (Andrew,) an English dissenting minister and eminent biographer, born at Nottingham in 1725. He preached for some years in London, whither he removed in 1753, and was appointed teacher in Coward's Academy for the education of dissenting ministers, in 1763. About 1780 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. His most important work is a new and enlarged edition of the " Biographia Britannica," of which he pub- lished 5 vols, in 1778-79. This work is highly esteemed, but was left unfinished, terminating at the letter F. He wrote a "Life of Captain Cook," (1788.) Died in 1795. See Rees, "Cyclopaedia." Kir'by, (John Joshua,) F.R.S., an English artist and antiquary, born in Suffolk in 1716. He published " The Perspective of Architecture," (1761,) and "A Map of Suffolk." Died in 1774. Kirby, (Rev. William,) an eminent English ento- mologist, born in Suffolk in 1759, was a nephew of the preceding. He was educated ?.t Caius College, Cam- bridge, and became curate of Barham. He studied various branches of natural history, and was one of the first members of the Linnaean Society, to which he contributed several papers. He acquired a European reputation by his work on English Bees, "Monographia Apium Anglias," (2 vols., 1802.) In conjunction with Mr. Spence, he published an excellent " Introduction to En- tomology,"' (4 vols., 1815-26.) He also wrote the Bridge- water Treatise entitled " The Habits and Instincts of Animals." Died in 1850. See J. Freeman, "Life of William Kirby," 1852; " Fraser's Magazine" for October, 1835 ; " Monthly Review" for January, 1803, and November, 1817. Kirch, kSeRK, (Christfried,) a distinguished as- tronomer and writer, born at Guben in 1694. He was a member of the Academies of Science at Paris and Saint Petersburg, and director of the Observatory in Berlin. Died in 1740. Kirch, (Gottfried,) father of the preceding, was born in Lower Lusatia in 1639. He was appointed di- rector of the Observatory and royal astronomer at Berlin. He wrote " Observations upon the Comet that appeared in Italy in 1676," (1677,) "Astronomical Tables," and " Christian, Jewish, and Turkish Calendar to the Year 1685." Died in 1710. Kirch, (Marie Margarethe Winckelmann,) an astronomer, wife of the preceding, was born in Upper Lusatia in 1670. She assisted her husband in his astro- nomical labours, and published almanacs. Died in 1720. Kirchbach, von, fon kggRK'baK, (Hugo Ewald,) a German general, born May 23, 1809. He entered the Prussian army in 1826, was a lieutenant-general in the Austrian war of 1866, and a corps-commander and full general in the French war of 1870-71. Kjr'eher, [Ger. pron. kegR'Ker ; Lat. Kirche'rus,] ( Athan asius,) a learned German Jesuit, distinguished for his talents and versatility, was born near Fulda in 1601. Having studied at Avignon, he was invited to Rome by the pope to fill the chair of mathematics in the Roman College. He wrote numerous treatises on philology, hieroglyphics, and antiquities, which display profound learning, but are deficient in sound criticism, and many of them are rather interesting than reliable. Among these may be named " Prodromus Coptus," (1636,) "CEdipus Egyptiacus," (3 vols., 1652-55,) being an ex- planation of hieroglyphics, " Mundus Subterraneus," (1665,) and "Description of Latium considered in its Ancient and Modern Aspect," (" Latium, id est nova et parallela Latii, tum veteris, turn novi, Descriptio," 1669.) He also published several valuable scientific treatises; and to him is generally ascribed the invention of the .magic-lantern. Died in 1680. See his autobiography, "Vita Kircheri," in the "Fasciculus Epistolarum Kircheri," 16S4 : Bayle, " Historical and Critical Dic- tionary ;" Nic^ron, " M^moires ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Kircher, (Conrad,) a German philologist and writer, born in Augsburg. His chief work is a Greek and He- brew Concordance of the Old Testament, (1607.) Died after 1620. Kirchhoff, kSSRK'hof, (Gustav Robert,) a German astronomer, born at Konigsberg, March 12, 1824. He held professorships of physics at Breslau, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and became distinguished for his observations and discoveries with the spectroscope. He published " Researches on the Solar Spectrum." Died in 1887. € as k; 9 as s; \ hard; g as/V G, H, Vi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. 91 (2!^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KIRCHMAIER 1442 KIRK WOOD Kirchmaier or Kirchmayer, kS^RK'mi'er, (Georg Kaspar,) a German chemist and scholar, born in Fran- conia in 1635. He wrote commentaries on several classic authors. The discovery of the art of etching on glass with fluoric acid is attributed to hin. Died in 1700. See JocHER, " Allgemdnes Gelehrten-Lexikoii ;" " Nouvella Biographic G^n^rale." Kirchmaier, (Thomas,) a Lutheran minister, born in Bavaria about 151 1. He took the Greek name of Nao Georgos. He is the author of numerous Latin poems and theological and polemical works, mostly written in the Latin language. He preached at Stuttgart, Esslingen, and Wisloch. Died in 1563. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Sax, " Ono- masticon." Kirchman, kSgRK'min, a Russian electrician, of Ger- man extraction, was professor of philosophy at Saint Petersburg. He was killed by the electric fluid, in the act of attracting it from the clouds, in 1753. Kirchmann, ke^RK'niin, (Johann,) a German au- thor and scholar, born at Lubeck in 1575, became in 1603 professor of jioetry at Rostock. He wrote a " Dis- sertation on the Funeral Ceremonies used among the Romans," (1605,) and "De Annulis," a treatise on an- cient rings. Died in 1643. See Bayi.e, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" Nic^ron, " Memoires." Kirchmann, von, fon kd^RK'mSn, (Julius,) a German philosopher and jurist, born at Schafstedt, near Merse- burg, in 1802. He was educated at Leipsic and Halle, and became prominent as a Liberal Prussian legislator, but in 1S66 was deprived of his right to act as a legal coun- sellor. Besides important legal works, (" Prussian Code of Civil Procedure," "Penal Code for North Germany," " Penal Code for the Empire," etc.,) he published " Phi- losophy of Science," " On Immortality," " .i^sthetics based on Realism," "Catechism of Philosophy," etc. Though opposed to idealism, his system is considered in- compatible with absolute materialism. Died in 18S4. ELirchner, k^RK'ner, (Theodor,) a German musical composer, born at Neukirchen, in Saxony, in 1824. His " genre pieces" for the piano-forte, in which the influence of Schumann is manifest, are his best performances. Kirgener, k^Rzh'naiR', (Joseph,) a French general, born in Paris in 1766, was killed at Markersdorf in 1813. Kirk, (Edward N.,) an American general, born in Ohio. He was a citizen of Illinois when the civil war began. He commanded a brigade of the Union army at thebattleofShiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, and was wounded at the battle of Stone River. Died July 29, 1863. Kirk, (Edward Norris,) D.D., an American Con- gregationalist divine, was born in New York in 1802. He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and became in 1828 pastor of a church at Albany. He was afterwards appointed secretary of the Foreign Evangelical Society, and in 1842 settled as pastor of the Mount Ver- non Church, Boston. Died March 27, 1874. Kirk, (Ellen W.,) an American novelist, second wife of J. F. Kirk, was born in 1842. She was a daughter of Jesse Olney. Among her writings are " Love in Idle- ness," " A Lesson in Love," " Through Winding Ways," " A Midsummer Madness," etc. Kirk, (John Foster,) an American historian, born at Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1824. His education was obtained in Nova Scotia. He was secretary and assistant to the historian Prescott from 1847 'o 1859. His principal work is the " History of Charles the Bold," (3 vols., 1863-6S.) He also edited a new edition of Pres- cott's works, with notes. In 187 1 he became editor of " Lippincott's Magazine." Kirk'al, (Edward,) an English engraver, born in Shefiield about 1700. Kirkaldy, ker-kauMe, (Sir William,) of Grange, one of the earliest Protestants of Scotland, was the son of Sir James Kirkaldy, high treasurer under the reign of James V. Sir William was implicated in the assassina- tion of Cardinal Beaton, for which he was imprisoned. He finally escaped to France, where he was distinguished as one of the most valiant and chivalrous knights in the court and army of Henry II. After his return to Scot- land, he became a leader of the Protestants. He fought bravely against the French, who had been sent over to assist the Catholics, and made Queen Mary prisoner. He vainly attempted to capture Bothwell, whom he pursued as far as the coast of Norway. About 1570 Kirkaldy espoused the cause of the queen, of whose party he became the leader. He refused to obey the mandates of the regent, and after several months of fighting, in which great ferocity was displayed on both sides, sus- tained a siege in Edinburgh Castle. He was, however, finally obliged by his soldiers to make an unconditional surrender. He, with several of his friends, was hung in August, 1573. John Knox, who had formerly been his intimate friend and fellow-sufferer in the Protestant cause, deeply deplored his change of principles and his untimely end. See " Memoirs and Adventures of Sir Wm. Kirkaldy," Edmburirli, 1849 : RonERTSON, " History of Scotland :" Chambers, " Biographi- cal Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" Froude, " History of Eng- land;" "Blackwood's Magazine" for Janiiai-y, 1S49. Kirk'bride, (Thomas S.,) M.D., an American phy- sician, born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in i8og. Having graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, he became resident physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital, at Philadelphia, and in 1840 superintendent of the Hos- pital for the Insane. He published " Rules and Regula- tions for the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane," (1850,) " The Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane," (1854,) etc. He died December 17, 1883. Kirke, kerk, (Percy,) Colonel, a British officer, notorious for cruelty, lived in the reigns of James II. ard William III. His men were called " Kirke's Lambs.' See Pepys, "Diai-y;" Macaulav, "History of England." Kirke "White. See White. Kirk'land, (Mrs. Caroline Matilda Stanseury,) an American writer, born in the city of New York, was married about 1830 to Professor William Kirkland, of Hamilton College. After a residence of nearly three years in Michigan, she published, under the assumed name of "Mary Clavers," "A New Home — Who'll Fol- low.'" (1839,) " Forest Life," (1842,) and "Western Clear- ings," (1846,) which soon obtained a wide popularity. She became editor of the "Union Magazine," in New York, in 1847. Among her other works may be named "An Essay on the Life and Writings of Spenser," (1846,) and "Personal Memoirs of George Washington," (1858.) Mrs. Kirkland's delineations of Western pioneer-life are among the most admirable of their kind, abounding in humorous incidents, shrewd sense, and picturesque de- scriptions. Died in 1864. See Griswold, " Prose Writers of America;" Duvckinck, " Cy- clopaedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; Cleveland, "Compen- dium of American Literature ;" " North American Review" foi January, 1S40. Kirkland,(JoHN Thornton,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer- ican scholar and divine, born at Little Falls, New York, in 1770. Having graduated at Harvard in 1789, he became pastor of the Congregational church in Summer Street, Boston. He was elected, in 1810, president of Harvard College. He wrote a " Life of Fisher Ames," and several other works. Died in 1840. Kirk'land, (Thomas,) an English physician ana medical writer, born in 1721. He graduated as M.D. at the University of Edinburgh. Died in 1798. Kirk'man, (Marshall Monroe), an American rail- way expert, born in Illinois, July 10, 1842. He in early life became connected with the Chicago and Northwest- ern Railroad, of which road and certain of its subsidiary lines he has long been an officer. Among his works are " Railway Revenue," "The Officer's Hand-Book," " Bag- gage, Parcel, and Mail Traffic of Railroads," " Railway Expenditures," (2 vols.,) " Hand-Book of Railway Ex- penditures," " Railway Train and Station Service," "Track Accounts of Railroads," and various other technical works. Kirk-pat'rick, (William James,) an Oriental scholar, born about 1760, was a member of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and major-general in the English army at Bengal. He wrote a " Biography of the Persian Poets," "Description of the Kingdom of Nepaul,"(i8ii,) and several other works. Died in 1S12. Kirk'wood, (Daniel,) LL.D., an American astrono- a, e, T, 0, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, s/iori; a, e, j, 9, obscure; f2.r, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; KIRK WOOD 1443 KITTO mer, born in Harford county, Maryland, September 27, 1814, was principal of the high school of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1843-48, professor of mathematics in Dela- ware College, 1851-56, in Indiana University, 1856-66, and again was called to that position in 1S67. His prin- cipal works are "Meteoric Astronomy," (1867,) and " Comets and Meteors," (1873.) He has made important discoveries in astronomical science. KirkTWOod, (Samuel J.,) an American Governor, born in Harford county, Maryland, December 20, 1813. In 1843 '^^ was admitted to the bar in Ohio, and in 1856 he was elected a State Senator of Iowa. He was Gov- ernor 01 iowa, 1860-63, ^"'^ again in 1875, United States Senator, 1860-67, and 1S76-81. In 1881 he was made Secretary of the Interior under President Garfield. Kirnberger, k^Rn'b§RG'er, (Johann Philipp,) a German musician and writer on art, born in Thuringia in 1721 ; died in 1783. Kirsten, kdSR'sten, or Kirchstein, kdSRK^stin, (Georg,) a physician and writer on surgery and anatomy, born at Stettin, in Pomerania, in 1613 ; died in 1660. Kirsten, (Michael,) a learned physician and scientific writer, born in Moravia in 1620; died in 1678. Kirsten, [Lat. Kirste'nius,] (Peter,) a distinguished physician and Oriental scholar, born at Breslau in 1577. He studied at the most celebrated universities of Ger- many, and travelled extensively in Europe. He was sub- sequently invited to Sweden by Chancellor Oxenstiern, where he was appointed physician to Queen Christina and medical professor in the University of Upsal. He is said to have been master of twenty-six languages. He wrote, among other works, an " Arabic Grammar," (1608-10,) and "Notes on the Gospel of Saint Matthew, from the Collation of Arabic, Syriac, Egyptian, Greek, and Latin Texts," (161 1.) Died at Upsal in 1640. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary';" Nic^ron. " Mdmoires." Kirstenius. See Kirsten, (Peter.) Kirwan, ker'wan, (Richard,) a distinguished chemist and geologist, born at Galway, in Ireland, about 1733, or, as others say, in 1750. He was elected president of the Royal Irish Academy, Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and member of various scientific associations on the continent. He published "An Essay on the Constitution of Acids," (1787,) which was translated by Lavoisier and refuted by him, " Elements of Mine- ralogy," (1794,) an "Essay on the Analysis of Mineral Waters," "An Estimate of the Temperature of Different Latitudes," and other scientific works. Died in 1812. See Ci;viER, "Histoire des Sciences naturelles." Kirwan, (Walter Elake,) an Irish clergyman, dis- tinguished for his eloquence, born at Galway in 1754. He was educated as a Catholic priest, but joined the Church of England in 1787, after which he preached in Dublin. Died in 1805. Kis, k!sh, (Stephen, ) a Hungarian theologian, bom at Szegedin in 1505, was a disciple of Luther. He preached at Temesvar, and published several works. Died in 1572. Kischtasp. See Gushtasp. Kisfaludy, k!sh'foh-loody, almost kish'foh-looj, (KAroly,) a celebrated dramatist, the founder of Hun- garian comedy was born at Tete in March, 1790. On account of his fiery and turbulent disposition, he was placed in the Austrian army at an early age. He served as an officer in Italy in 1805 against Napoleon, and was afterwards taken prisoner by the French. Having been exchanged, he fought in Germany in 1809. He left the army in 1810, and fixed his residence at Vienna, where he gained a lining as an artist. In 1819 he acquired a sudden celebrity by his play "The Tartar in Hungary." Soon after he produced " Ilka," a tragedy, " Stiber the Chieftain," and several other plays, all of which were received with the greatest applause. Among the most popular of his comedies are the " Student Matthias," of which the emperor Matthias Corvinus is the hero, "The Suitors," and "The Insurgents." Kisfaludy es- tablished an able and successful literary annual, entitled the "Aurora." Died in November, 1830. See T. MuNDT, "Gescliichte der Literatur der Gegenwart;" Franz Schedsl, "Kisfaludy K. filete," Biida-Pesth, 183:; "North American Review" for April, 1850, (by Mrs. Putnam.) Kisfaludy, (SAndor,) an elder brother of the pre- ceding, and one of the most eminent of the poets of Hungary, was born in the county of Szalad in 1772. He entered the army in 1793, and formed an attachment for the beautiful Rosalia Szegedy, who rejected him. He subsequently served against Napoleon in Italy, and was scurt:; fdr, fill, fit; mht; n6t; good; moon; KNILL 1449 KNOX about 1380-1400. His principal works are a chronicle of events from thf invasion of William the Conqueror, and a history of Richard II. Kuill, nil, (Rev. Richard,) an English Methodist mis- sionary, born in Devonshire in 1787. He was sent in 1816 by the London Missionary Society to India, where he spent three years, and subsequently resided si.xteen years in Russia, where he laboured with great zeal and success. Died in 1857. See Chakles M. Birrei.l, " Life of Richard Kuill, wth a Review of his Life .ind Character," uy J. .^ngell Ja.mes, London, i860. Knipperdolling, knip'per-doriing, (Bernhard,) a German fanatic, born in Miinster, was associated with the principal leaders of the Anabaptist insurrection of 1533. He was executed in 1536, with his accomplice, John of Leyden. Kiiipstr'ovius. See Knipstrow. Knipstrow, knip'stRo, or Kniepstro"w, kneep'stRo, [Lat. Knipstko'vius,] (Johann,) a German reformer, born at Sandow, in Silesia, in 1497. He distinguished himself in a public dispute against Tetzel in 15 18. In 1539 he became professor of theology at Greifswalde, and in 1547 rector of the university at that place. Died in 1556. See Mayer, "Vita Knipstrovii." Knjaschuin or Knjaznin. See Kniazhnin. ELnobelsdorf, kno'bels-doRf, (Hans Georg Wen- CESLAUS,) a distinguished Prussian architect, born in 1697, was appointed by Frederick the Great superin- tendent of the royal buildings. Among his best works are the castle of Sans-Souci and the Opera-House at Berlin. Died in 1753. Knoblauch, knob'lowK, (Karl Hermann,) a Ger- man physicist, born at Berlin, April 11, 1820. He was educated at the Berlin University, and held professor- ships of |)hysics at Marburg and Halle. ICnoblecher, knop'l^K-er, (N.,) a German mission- ary and traveller, born about 1800. In company with a trading-party, he ascended the White Nile in 1849-50 to about 4° north latitude, but was unable to reach the source of the river. KiioUer, von, fon knol'ler, (Martin,) an eminent historical painter, born at Steinach, in the Tyrol, in 1725, studied several years in Rome. Among his best works are the frescos painted from incidents in the life of Cardinal Borromeo, and a large fresco at Munich of the "Ascension of the Virgin." Knoller received a patent of nobility from the empress Maria Theresa. He worked many years in Milan. Died in 1804. See Enrico Glausen, " Memoria della Vita e delle Opere di M. Knoller," Milan, 1S38 ; Nagler, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Knolles, n5lz, (Richard,) an English writer, born in Northamptonshire about 1545. Among his works are " General History of the Turks from the Origin of this Nation until the Elevation of the Ottoman Family," (1610,) and a "Compendium of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Grammar." His " History of the Turks" was praised by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1610. Knolles or Knowles, nolz, (Robert,) a celebrated English general under the reign of Edward III., was born about 1317 ; died about 1406. See Froissart, "Chronicles." Knollis or Knowles, nolz, (Sir Francis,) an English statesman, born in Oxfordshire about 1530. He pro- moted the Reformation in the reign of Edward VI. On the accession of Elizabeth, (1558,) he was appointed chamberlain of the household and privy councillor. Died in 1596. See Turner, "History of the Reign of Edward VL," etc. Knorr, knoR, (Georg Wolfgang,) a German en- graver, born at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761. Knorr von Rosenroth, knoR fon ro'zen-r5t', (Chris- tian,) Baron, a German scholar and statesman, born near Liegnitz in 1636. He wrote an "Evangelical His- tory," and " Kabbala Denudata," an exposition of the transcendental, metaphysical, and theological doctrines of the Hebrews. Died in 1689. Knortz, knoRts, (Karl,) a German-American scholar, born at Garbenheim, Rhenish Prussia, August 28, 1841. He was educated in Wetzlar, London, and Heidelberg. In 1864 he came to America, where he became a preacher. His numerous books are mostly published in German. Among them are " Tales and Legends of the North American Indians," (1871,) German translations of Long- fellow's poems, with notes, " American Sketches," (1876,) "Little Snow-White and the Dwarfs," (1873,) "Long- fellow : Studies in Literary History," (1879,) " An Ameri- can Shakspeare Bibliography," (1877,) etc. Knott, not, (Edwaru,) an English Jesuit and con- troversial writer, whose proper name was Matthew Wilson, was born in Northumberland in 1580. Among his principal works is " Infidelity Unmasked," (1652,) in answer to Chillingworth's " Religion of Protestants." Died in 1656.- Knowler, no'ler, ? (William,) an English clergyman, born about 1700, translated part of Saint Chrysostom's works. Died in 1767. Knowles, nolz, (James,) an English editor and archi- tect, born in 1831. He was educated at University College, London, as an architect. He executed many fine buildings in and about London. He founded the Metaphysical Society in 1869, edited the "Contemporary Review," 1870-77, and in 1877 founded " The Nineteenth Century," a review, of which he was editor and owner. He published "The Story of King Arthur," (1S60.) Knovvrles, ndlz, (James Davis,) an American writer and Baptist clergyman, born at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1798. He graduated at Columbian College, Wash- ington, D.C., and in 1825 became pastor of a church in Boston. He wrote Memoirs of Roger Williams and of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, and was the founder of the "Christian Review." Died in 1838. Knowles, n51z, (James Sheridan,) a popular drama- tist and actor, born at Cork, in Ireland, in 1784. At twelve years of age he wrote his first play, and at four- teen produced an opera, "The Chevalier de Grillon." He visited America in 1835, where he performed on the stage and met with a flattering reception. Four years later, an annual pension of two hundred pounds was con- ferred upon him by the British government. Among the most celebrated of his numerous plays may be mentioned "Leo the Gipsey," "Caius Gracchus," (181 5,) " Vir- ginius," (1820,) and "The Hunchback," (1832.) Several years before his death he left the stage and became a Baptist preacher. Died in 1862. See R. H. Horne, " New Spirit of the Age," 1844 ; " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1833; "Eraser's Magazine" for April. 1836; " Blackwood's Magazine" for October, 1863; Allibone, "Diction- ary of Authors." Knowles, (Richard Brinsley,) a son of J. Sheridan Knowles, was born in Glasgow in 1820. He wrote "The Maiden Aunt," (1845,) ^ successful play, and in 1843 ^'^^ called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He contributed much to current literature, and for many years was an editor in London. He also edited and published many old manuscripts. Died January 18, 1882. Knowles, (Thomas,) an English clergyman and writer, born at Ely in 1723. He wrote "Advice to Young Clergymen," "Primitive Christianity, in Defence of the Trinity," and " Lectures for Passion Week." Died in 1802. Knowlton, n51'ton, (Thomas,) an English botanist, born in 1692 ; died in 1782. Knox, noks, (Henry,) an able American general and statesman, born at Boston, July 25, 1750, was a book- seller in his youth. He married an accomplished lady named Lucy Fluker. He took part in the battle of Bunker Hill, and in the beginning of the Revolution distinguished himself by his skill as an engineer and artillerist. In 1775 he was appointed commander of the artillery. He was raised to the rank of brigadier- general in 1776, and served under Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, January, 1777. He directed the artillery at the battle of Brandywine, Sep- tember, 1777, and at Monmouth, June, 177S. He also contributed to the defeat and capture of the British army at Yorktown, in October, 1781, soon after which he was promoted to be a major-general. He enjoyed in a high degree the esteem and confidence of General Wash- ington. He succeeded General Lincoln as secretary of war in March, 1785, before the adoption of the Consti- € as k; c as s; g hard; g as /; G, h, y:., guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2i;^^See Explanations, p. 23.) KNOX 1450 KNOX tutioii, and was appointed to the same office by President Washington in 1789. In politics he was a Federalist. lie resigned his office in December, 1794, after which he lived in Maine. He had seven or more children. He died at Thomaston, Maine, in October, 1806. See Bancroft, "History of the United States;" "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iL Knox, (IsA Craig,) a Scottish poetess, born in Edin- burgh, October 17, 183 1. Her maiden name was Craig. She published several successful volumes of poetry and prose, among them a " Little Folk's History of Eng- land," " Songs of Consolation," " Uuchess Agnes," a dramatic poem, etc. Knox, noks, (John,) the greatest of the Scottish Re- formers, was born at Gifford, in East Lothian, in 1505. He was educated at the University of Saint Andrew's, and in theology was a jjupil of John Major or Mair. He was ordained a priest about 1 530, soon after which a great change took place in his religious opinions. In 1542 he openly renounced the Roman Catholic religion, and became a zealous preacher of the Protestant doctrines, which at that time had few adherents in Scotland. The storm of persecution soon began to beat against him, and it is stated that Cardinal Beaton employed assassins to take his life. In 1547 he retired for safety to the castle of Saint Andrew's, which was occupied by a party of Protestants who had conspired against and killed Cardi- nal Beaton. During the siege of this place he preached with great power and converted many of its inhabitants. The castle at length was captured by Regent Arran and his French allies, who carried Knox as a prisoner to Rouen. He was confined nineteen months in the French galleys, and released in 1549, after which he preached at Berwick and Newcastle for several years. He was appointed chaplain to Edward VI. about 1551, and was intimate with Cranmer. In 1553 he married Marjory Bowes. On the accession of Queen Mary, (1553,) he was induced by the urgent entreaties of his friends to retire to the continent. He visited Scotland in 1555, after which he passed about three years at Geneva, where he formed a friendship with Calvin, studied Hebrew, and was employed as pastor of a church. In 1558 he pub- lished "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women." The Scotch Prot- estants in the mean time had increased in number, and the conflict between the opposing ideas had reached a crisis which required the inflexible resolution and un- flinching courage of Knox. He returned to Scotland in May, 1559, and became the master-spirit of the Refor- mation in that country, which was then ruled by Marie, the queen-regent, a French princess of the family of Guise. The Protestants raised and maintained an army for self-defence, and were animated by the vehement harangues of Knox, who thundered continually against the idolatry of the Romish Church. The Parliament in 1560 renounced the authority of the pope, and adopted a confession of faith proposed by Knox. In 1561 the young queen Mary arrived in Scotland, and had with Knox several interviews, with no satisfactory results. " At my interview with the queen," he wrote to Cecil, "she showed more artifice than I ever found in a person so young." At her instigation, Knox was accused of treason, and tried, but was acquitted, (1563.) His first wife having died, he married in 1564 Margaret Stewart, a daughter of Lord Ochiltree. The projects and influ- ence of Knox were promoted by the abdication of the queen and the appointment of Murray as regent. But in his latter years he was greatly afflicted by the assas- sination of Murray {1570) and the confusion and disorders which followed that event. He died in November, 1572. Among the Reformers of that age, Knox was distin- guished for his courage and sagacity, as well as for his earnestness and the inflexible austerity of his principles. The regent Morton, in a short funeral oration, said of him, "Here lies he who never feared the face of man." Of Knox, Froude remarks that he was "perhaps in that extraordinary age its most extraordinary man, and whose character became the mould in which the later fortunes of his country were cast." (" History of Eng- land," vol. iv. chap, xviii.) In another place he says, "No grander figure can be found in the entire history of the Reformation in this island than that of Knox. . . , The one man without whom Scotland, as the modern world has known it, would have had no existence. . . . His was the voice which taught the peasant of the Lothians that he was a free man, the equal in the sight of God with the proudest peer or prelate that had trampled on his forefathers. He was the one antagonist whom Mary Stuart could not soften nor Maitland deceive ; he it was that raised the poor commons of his country into a stern and rugged peojjle, who might be hard, narrow, superstitious, and fanatical, but who nevertheless were men whom neither king, noble, nor priest could force again to submit to tyranny." (See " History of England," vol. X. chap, xxiii. pp. 452-456 et seq.) See McCrie, "Life of John Knox," 2 vols., 1812; Burton, " History of Scotland," more particularly chap, xxxviii. ; Robert- son, " History of Scotland;" Froude, " History of England," vols. v., vii., ix., X. ; Niemeyer, " Leben des J. Knox und der beiden Marien," 1824; " Encyclopjedia Britannica;" "Westminster Re- view" for July, 1853 ; Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi- nen Scotsmen;" "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1812, April, 1852, and July, 1853. Knox, noks, (John,) an English benefactor, born about 1720, was a bookseller of London. He acquired a fortune by business, and spent much time and money m plans to improve the condition of the poor in the High- lands of Scotland, which he visited sixteen times. He wrote a " Systematic View of Scotland." Died in 1790. EZnox, (John,) a native of Edinburgh, and captain in the English navy, wrote a historical account of the campaigns, naval battles, etc. in America during the years 1757, 1759, and 1760. Died in 1790. Knox, (Loren Laertes,) D.D., an American clergy- man, born at Nelson, New York, January 8, 1811. He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1838, entered the Methodist ministry in 1S40, and held various college professorships, chiefly in the Western States. He pub- lished "Money Matters Explained to the Young," (1852,) "Evangelical Rationalism," (1879,) etc. Knox, (Robert,) of the British East India naval service, was born about 1640. In 1660 he was wrecked on the island of Ceylon, where he remained a captive twenty years. After his escape he published a " His- torical Relation of the Island of Ceylon," (1681.) Died about 1700. Kuox, (Thomas Francis,) D.D., a British divine, born in December, 1822. He was educated at Cam- bridge. In 1845 ^^ went over to the Catholic Church, and in 1849 accompanied F. W. Faber to London to found the London Oratory, where he remained until his death. One of his works, " When does the Church speak infallibly ?" attracted much notice, and was translated into German and Italian. Died March 20, 1882. Knox, (Thomas Wallace,) an American author, born at Pembroke, New Hampshire, June 26, 1835. He became a teacher, and was afterwards a journalist of Denver, Colorado ; served in the war of 1861-65, attain- ing the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and acting also as correspondent of the New York " Herald ;" travelled across Asia and Europe, Wiz Alaska and Siberia, in 1866, in the interest of a telegraph enterprise, and again trav- ersed the tropical regions of the Old World in 1877. His principal books are " Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field," (1865,) "Overland through Asia," (1870,) "Under- ground," (1873,) "Backsheesh," (1875,) "The Boy Travellers," (5 vols., 18S0-84,) "The Young Nimrods," (2 vols., 1881-82,)' etc. Knox, (ViCESiMUS,) D.D., a celebrated English cler- gyman and author, born at Newington Green, in the county of Middlesex, in 1752. The title of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania. Of his numerous works may be mentioned " Essays, Moral and Literary," (1777,) "Personal Nobility, or Letters to a Young Nobleman," "Christian Philoso- phy," (1795,) "On the National Importance of Classical Education," and "Considerations on the Nature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper." As a preacher he was very popular. He obtained the united rectories of Rum- well and Ramsden Grays in Essex, and was master of Tunbridge School, which he conducted for many years. Died in 1821. Knox, (William,) a Scottish poet, born about 1788. a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, ^, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; nioon ; KNOX-LITTLE 1451 KOEBERGER Among his poems are " The Lonely Hearth," and " Ma- riamne." Died in 1825. Kuoz-Iiittle, (William John,) a British preacher, born in the North of Ireland about 1830. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1S62. In 18S1 he was made a canon of Worcester. He is a popular pulpit orator and a High Churchman, and has published " Ser- mons" and several devotional and religious books. Knud. See Canute. Knupfer, knoop'fer, (Nikolaus,) a German paintei of battles and mythological subjects, born at Leipsic in 1603 ; died in 1660. Knut See Canute. Knutzen, knoot'sen, (Martin,) a German writer, and professor of philosophy in the University of Konigsberg, was born in that city in 1713 ; died in 1751. Knutzen, EZnuzen, or Cnutzen, knoot'sen, (Mat- thias,) an atheist or skeptic, was born in Holstein, and educated at Konigsberg. He made numerous proselytes, who, from his doctrine that reason and conscience were sufficient to guide all men, have been called Conscien- tiarians. Died after 1674. Knuzen. See Knutzen. Knyphausen, knip'how'zen, (Baron,) a German general, born in Alsace about 1730. He obtained in 1776 command of an army of Hessians who were hired by the British ministry to fight against the Americans. He took part in the battle of Brandy wine, September, 1777, and in other actions of the Revolutionary war. Died in Berlin in 1789. Kobad. See Cabades. Kobell, ko'b^I, (Ferdinand,) an able German land- scape-painter and engraver, born at Mannheim in 1 740. He worked for some years at Munich, where he died in 1799. His etchings are highly prized. Kobell, (Franz,) a German landscape-painter, brother of the preceding, was born at Mannheim in 1749. He also executed with his pen a large number of pictures, which have been greatly admired. Died in 1822. Kobell, (Franz,) a German poet and mineralogist, a grandson of Ferdinand, noticed above, was born af Munich in 1803. He published several good works on mineralogy, and popular poems. Died November 11, 18S2. Kobell, ko'b^l, (Hendrik,) a Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam in 1751. He painted landscapes, marine pieces, and naval battles with success. Died in 1782. Kobell, (Jan,) a skilful painter of landscapes and animals, born at Utrecht in 1782, was a son of the pre- •"cding. Died in 1814. Kobell, (Wilhelm,) an eminent German painter of landscapes and battles, born at Mannheim in 1766, was a son of Ferdinand, noticed above. He worked at Munich. Died in 1853. Kobenzl. See Cobenzl. Koch, koK, (Christian Friedrich,) an eminent Prussian jurist, born at Mohrin, February 9, 1798. He was bred a shoemaker, but studied law in Berlin. He wrote numerous and valuable legal works, and is justly regarded as one of the reformers of German legal administration, and one of the founders of the new Prussian legal system. Died January 21, 1872. Koch, (Robert,) a celebrated German physician, was born at Clausthal, December 11, 1843, and was bred at Gottingen. He discovered in 1882 the bacillus of tuber- culosis, and in 1883 led the cholera-expedition to Egypt and India. He soon after announced the discovery of the cholera-bacillus ; but the announcement led to much discussion, many pathologists regarding his theory as not yet established. Koch, von, fon koK, (Christoph Wilhelm,) a French Protestant and historical writer, of German parentage, was born at Bouxviller, in Alsace, in 1737. He studied at Strasburg under Schopfiin, and gained dis- tinction as a lecturer on history, public law, etc. in that city. In 1791 he represented Bas-Rhin in the Legisla- tive Assembly. He was imprisoned during the reign of terror, and became a member of the Tribunate in 1802. Among his important works are " Tableau des Revolu- tions de I'Europe depuis le Bouleversement de I'Empire Romain," (1771,) and an "Abridged History of the Treaties between the European Powers since the Peace of Westphalia," (4 vols., 1796.) Died in 1813. See ScHWEiGHAUsER, "Notice biographique de Koch." Koch, (Jean Baptiste Fr^d^ric,) a general, nephew of the preceding, was born at Nancy in 1782. He wrote " Memoirs towards the History of the Campaign of 1814," (3 vols., 1819,) and aided Jomini in his " History of the Wars of the Revoludon," (5 vols., 1819-24.) Died in 1861. Koch, (Joseph Anton,) an eminent landscape and historical painter, born in the valley of Lech, near Augs- burg, in 1768. He studied in Rome, where he fixed his residence. Among his best pieces are the " Sacrifice of Noah," " Francesca da Rimini," and the frescos from Dante in the villa Massimi. He also etched twenty plates of Italian landscapes, which are esteemed master- pieces. Died at Rome in 1839. See Nagler, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Koch, (Karl Heinrich Emanuel,) a German natu- ralist, born at Weimar in 1809. He travelled in Southern Russia, Turkey, and the Caucasus, and published, after his return, his " Journey through Russia to the Caucasian Isthmus," (2 vols., 1842,) "Wanderings in the East," (3 vols., 1846,) and a "Flora of the Levant," (" Beitrage zu einer Flora des Orientes," 1848-54.) Died May 25, 1879. Koch, (Wilhelm Daniel Joseph,) a German phy- sician and botanist, born near Deux-Ponts in 1771, be- came, in 1824, professor of botany and medicine at Erlan- gen. He published a treatise " On European Willows," ("De Salicibus Europasis," i8i8,) "Synopsis of the Flora of Germany and Switzerland," (1835-37,) and other works on botany. Died in 1849. Koch-Sternfeld, koK stSRn'fglt, (Joseph Ernst,) a German historical writer and antiquary, born at Mit- tersill in 1778. Among his works are "The Kingdom of the Longobards in Italy," (1839,) and " Historical Studies on Civilization in the Alps," (1852.) Died in 1866. Kochano-wski, ko'Ka-nov'skee, (John,) a Polish nobleman and celebrated poet, born in 1532. For his transladons of the Psalms into Polish verse he received the title of "the Pindar of Poland." His other poems were published at Warsaw, (1803-05.) Died in 1584. See Bbntkowski, "History of Polish Literature." Kochly or Koechly, koK'lee, (Hermann August Theodor,) a German philologist, born at Leipsic in 1815. He wrote, among otlier works, a valuable " History of the Art of War among the Greeks." Died in 1876. Kock, (Matthew.) See Cock. Kock, de, deh kok, (Charles Paul,) a French ro- mance-writer and dramatist, of Dutch extraction, born at Passy, near Paris, in 1794. His works, though pos- sessing little merit as literary productions, and ranking among the most immoral of French novels, enjoy great popularity both in France and other countries of Europe. Some French critics consider him an excellent painter of French manners, of Parisian roguery, rustic bonhomie, and the absurdity of the bourgeois. Died in 1S71. American Review" for April, 1S43 Kock, de, deh kok, (Henri,) a French author, a son of Paul de Kock. He was born in Paris in .1821. He has written a vast number of novels and romances, and a number of plays. His style and his subjects much resemble those of his father. Kodde, van der, vSn der kod'deh, (Jan, Adriaan, and Gysbert,) three brothers, who lived at Warmond, near Leyden, and founded a religious society, called Col- legiants, about 1620. Kodhaee or Kodhai, Al, il ko-dha'ee, (Abdallah- Ibn-Abi-Bekr-Ibnul-Abbar, ab-dil'lah ib'n J'bee b^k'r ib-nool' ib-b^R',) often called simply IbniU- (or Ibnool-) AbbSr, a celebrated Spanish Arabian author, born at Valencia, in Spain, in the thirteenth century. His style is elegant, pure, and terse. Among his writings are two biographical works on the Arabian poets and authors. Kodros or Kodrus. See Codrus. Koeberger, koo1)gRG-er, (Venceslaus,) a Flemish painter and architect, born in Antwerp about 1550. He R as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as ;'; G, H, Vi, giitturai ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Sl^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) KOECHLIN 1452 KOLETTIS studied in his native city, and afterwards at Rome, where he greatly distinguished himself. Among his paintings are the "Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian," and "Christ taken from the Cross and supported by Angels." Died in 1634, or, according to some authorities, in 1610. See Dksca.mps. "Vies des Peiiitres Flamands," etc. Koeclilin, k^k'l^N', (Daniel,) a French chemist and manufacturer of cotton, born at Miilhouse about 1785, was one of the firm of Nicolas Koechlin freres. He greatly promoted the prosperity of Miilhouse by the invention of a process of adorning printed muslins with rich designs and brilliant colours. Died April 18, 1871. Kceclilin, (Nicol.\s,) a brother of the preceding, was born at Miilhouse in 1781. He was a manufacturer of fine muslins (indiennes) at Miilhouse, and a liberal mem- ber of the Chamber of Deputies. Died in 1852. Koechly. See Kochly. Koeck, kook, (Pieter,) a Flemish painter, engravci, and architect, was born at Alost about 1500. He studied in Italy, and afterwards visited Turkey. Among his works are seven large and well-executed paintings to illustrate the manners of the Turlcs. He also rnade engravings of these pictures. Koeck was first painter to Charles V. Died in 1553. See Pii.KiNGTON, " Dictionary of Painters." Koegler. See Kogler. Koehler. See Kohler. Koekkoek, kook'kook, ( Bernard Cornelis, ) a Dutch landscape-painter, born at Middelburg in 1803, published in 1841 "Recollections and Communications of a Landscape-Painter." His works are commended for fidelity to nature and other merits. Died in 1862. See Nagler, " Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon." Koelcsey, (Francis.) See Kolcsey. Koeler. See Kohler. Koelliker. See Kolliker. Koelreuter. See Kolreuter. Koenig. See Konig. Koenigshoven. See Konigshoven. Koenigsmarck. See Konigsmarck. Koeppen. See Koppen. Koepstein. See Capito, (Wolfgang.) Koerner. See Korner. Koerte. See Korte. Koerten-Block. See Block. Koes, (F.) See Kos. Koestlin. See Kostlin. Koets, koots, (Roelof,) a Dutch portrait-pamtei, born at Zwolle in 1655. Among his works are the por- traits of William HI. of England, and of several distin- guished Flemings, Germans, and Englishmen. Died in 1725- See Descamps, " Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. Kofod, ko'fod, (Johan Ancher,) a Danish writei, born near Bornholm in 1777, published several histories and a "Conversations-Lexicon," (28 vols., 1816-28.) Died in 1829. See Ersi.ew, " Forfatter-Lexicon." Kogler or Koegler, koo'ler, ( Ignaz, ) a learnea Jesuit, born in Bavaria in 1680. In 1715 he was sent as a missionary to China, where he received many marks of distinction from the emperor Kang-Hee, (Kang-Hi.) He died in Pekin in 1746. Kohen Attar, ko'hen dt-tlR', written also Cohen Atthar and Kuhan Atthar, a learned Egyptian phy sician, lived about 11 50, and wrote on materia medica. Kohl, kol, (JoHANN Georg,) a German traveller and po]3ular writer, was born at Bremen in 1808. Among his princijial works are "Travels in the Interior of Russia and Poland," (1841,) "Travels in Styria and the Bavarian Highlands," (1842,) "Travels in England, Scotland, and Ireland," (1844,) and "Travels in the Netherlands," (1850.) He also wrote "Sketches from Nature and Common Life," (2 vols., 1851.) His fine descriptive powers and attractive style entitle him to rank among the best writers of travels in recent times. Died in 1878 See " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1841, and January, 1842; " Blackwood's Magazine" for December, 1S46. Kohler or Koehler, ko'ler, (Johann Bernhard,) a German scholar, born at Lubeck in 1742. In 1781 he was appointed to the chair of the Greek and Oriental languages in the University of Konigsberg. He wrote "Remarks on Dion Chrysostom," "Tracts on Roman Law," and several other woiks. Died in 1802. Kohler, Koehler, or Koeler, (Johann David,) a German author and antiquary, born near Leipsic in 1684. In 1710 he was appointed professor of logic at Altorf, and about 1725 was chosen professor of history at Gottingen. His numerous works relate to history, bibliography, and literature. Died in 1755. See J. M. Gesner, " Memoria Koehleri," 1755; Gatteker und J. K. KoHLHK, "J. D. Kcihlers Leben," in the last volume of his 'Miinzbelustigungen," 22 vols., 1729-55. Kohler or Koehler, (Johann Tobias,) a German numismatist, born at Altorf in 1720, was a son of the preceding. He published a "Cabinet of Ducats," ("Ducaten-Cabinet," 2 vols., 1758-60.) Died in 1768. Kohlrausch, kol'rowsh, ( Heinrich Friedrich Theodor,) born near Gottingen in 1780, published a "History of Germany." Died in Hanover, January 31 1867. Kohne, ko'neh, (Frederick,) born in Prussia in 1757, emigrated to America in 1780, and made a large fortime at Charleston, South Carolina. He died in 1829, leaving a great part of his property to the charitable institutions of Pennsylvania and -South Carolina, for the benefit of the coloured as well as the white population. Kolb. See Kolke, (Peter.) Kolb, (Georg Friedrich,) a German editor and politician, born at Spires, September 14, 1808. After his banishment (1S53-60) he edited the "Frankfurter Zeitung." He published a " Hand-Book of Compara- tive Statistics" (1858) and "The Basis of Statistics," (1862.) Died in 1884. Kolbe, kol'beh, (Adolf Wilhelm Hermann,) a German chemist, born near Gottingen in 1818. He was a pupil of Wohler, Liebig, and Bunsen, and held pro- fessorships of chemistry at Marburg and Leipsic. He published a valued treatise on organic chemistry, in which branch of the science he made important discoveries. Died in 1S84. Kolbe, kol'beh, (Karl Wilhelm,) a skilful German engraver and writer, born at Berlin in 1757. He etched numerous landscapes after his own designs, and wrote, among other works, a treatise " On the Riches of the German and French Languages, and the Capacity of both for Poetry," (1806.) Died in 1835. See his Autobiography, "Mein Lebenslauf und mein Wirken," 1825; Nagler, "AUgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon." Kolbe, (Karl Wllhelm,) a German painter, nephew of the preceding, born at Berlin in 1781 ; died in 1853. Kolbe, written also Kolb, kolp, or Kolben, kol'ben, (Peter,) a naturalist, born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, in 1675. He passed some years in Southern Africa, and wrote, among other works, "A Description of the Cape of Good Hope," (1719.) His book, containing much valuable information, was translated into the French, Dutch, and English languages. Died in 1726. See G. C. Oertel, "Dissertatio de Vita et Mentis P. Kolbii," 1758- Kolben. See Kolbe, (Peter.) Kolcsey, koKcha, (Francis,) one of the greatest of Hungarian orators, celebrated also as a poet, critic, and lawyer, was born in Middle Szolnok in 1790. At an early age he formed a friendship with Kazinczy and Paul Szemere, and in 1826 was associated with the latter as editor of a journal entitled "Life and Literature." He published in this periodical a number of critical essays, regarded as the best in the Hungarian language, the object of which was the improvement of the national literature of Hungary. He was a deputy to the Diet of 1832-36, where he was distinguished for his rare elo- quence and his unswerving course in the support of liberal principles. Died in 1838. His complete works, consisting of poems, tales, essays, and philosophical and miscellaneous writings, were published the same year. See an article on the " Language and Literature of the Magyars," in the " Foreign Quarterly Review" for September, 1828. Koler. See Kohler. Ko-let'tis or Co-let' tls, (Joan n is,) a modern Greek statesman and democrat, born near Janina in 1788, was one of the most active promoters of the insurrection of a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, Ti, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fjlr, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; KOLLAR i45> KONIGSMARCK 1821. On the accession of King Otho he was appointed minister of the interior and president of the cabinet. He became in 1844 minister of foreign aifairs, which post he held until his death, in 1847. See L. DE LoM^NiK, "M. Colettis, par un Homnie de Rien," 1842. Kollar, kol'laR, (Jan,) a distinguished ecclesiastic, poet, and antiquary, born in Northern Hungary in 1793. He endeavoured by his writings to establish a common language and feeling of nationality between the various Slavonic races in Europe. This spirit pervades all his poetry, for which he used the Bohemian language, re- garding his native Slovakian as deficient in dignity and comprehensiveness. After the revolt of the Hungarians, to whom he was bitterly opposed, he removed to Vienna, where he became professor of archaeology. Died in 1852. His principal poem is entitled " Slawy Dcera," ("Daugh- ter of Glory," 1824.) Among his prose works are "Treat- ises on the Names and. Antiquities of the Slavonic Nation," and " On the Literary Reciprocity between the Races and Dialects of the Slavonic Tribes," (1831.) See Dr. J. Bowring, "Servian Poetry;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 182S. Kolli, kol'lee, de, (Baron,) a political adventurer, born in Piedmont about 1775. He made an attempt in 1810 to release from prison the Spanish prince, (after- wards Ferdinand VH.,) but, his plan having been be- trayed, he was imprisoned four years in the castle of Saumur. Died about 1825. See " Memoirs of Baron de Kolli," by himself; " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1823. Kblliker or Koelliker, kol'le-ker, (Albert,) a Ger- man physiologist of high reputation, born about 1818. He gained distinction by his minute investigations with the microscope. Among other works, he published "Manual of Human Histology," (" Handbuch der Gewe- belehre des Menschen," 1852,) which has been translated into English by Busk and Huxley. He became professor of anatomy and physiology at Wiirzburg. Kollmann, kol'min, (August Friedrich Karl,) a German composer, born near Hanover in 1756. He was an organist in London, and wrote a "Theory of Musical Harmony," (1806.) Died in 1824. KoUontaj or Kolontaj, kol'lon-tl', (Hugo,) written also Kollontay, a Polish patriot, born in the government of Sandomir in 1750. He had the principal share in drawing up the constitution of the 3d of May, 1791, but, after the meeting of the confederation of Targowitza, was forced to leave the country. He was afterwards impris- oned for a time at Olmiitz by the Austrians. He was the author of several able political treatises. Died in 1812. Kolmar. See Colmar. Koln. See Coln. Kol-o-ko-tro'nis or Colocotronis, (Theodore,) a modern Greek patriot, born in Messenia in 1770. He distinguished himself in many engagements with the Turks, and rose to be commander-in-chief of the Pelo- ponnesus in 1823. In 1835 he was made a councillor of state by King Otho, and obtained other distinctions. Died in 1843. See QuiNET, " La Grfece moderne dans ses Rapports avec I'An- tiquit^." Kolowrat or Kolowrat-Liebsteinski, ko'lo-rit' leep-stln'skee, (Franz Anton,) a Bohemian minister of state, born at Prague in 1778. He became a member of the council of ministers at Vienna in 1825, and long had charge of the department of finances. Died in 1861. Kolowrat, ko'lo-rSt', or Kollo-wrath, kol'lo-rit , (Leopold Krakowski,) a statesman of Austria under the reigns of Francis L, Maria Theresa, Joseph H. Leopold n., and Francis H. He held the offices of minister of the interior and grand chancellor of Bohemia. Died in 1809. Kolreuter or Koelreiiter, kol'roi'ter, (Joseph Gottlieb,) a German botanist, born at Julz, on tht Neckar, in 1733 ; died in 1806. Koltzof or Kolzov, kolt'sof, ( Alexei Vasilie- viTCH,) a Russian poet, born in the government of Voronezh in 1809. His "Russian Songs and Ballads" are ranked among the best productions of the kind in the language. Died in 1842. Komnenos. See Comnenus. Konarski, konaR'skee, (Stanislas Jerome,) a Polish poet TiwAlitth-ateicr, born at Konary, near Cracow, in 1700. He founded a college of Piarists at Warsaw. He published numerous works which contributed to reform the national literature. Died in 1773. See Kkajewski, " filoge historique de Konarski," Warsaw, 17S3 Konewka, ko-ngw'ka, (Paul,) a Poksh artist, born about 1840, was noted for his skilful silhouette illustra- tions. Died at Berlin in 1871. Kong-Fou-Tse. See Confucius. Kong-Fu-Tse. See Confucius. Konig or Koenig, ko'nic, (Christian Gottlieb,) a German poet, born at Altorf in 1711 ; died in 1782. Konig or Koenig, ko'nio, (Emanuel,) a Swiss natu- ralist and medical writer, born at Bale in 1658. Among his works is " Regnum Vegetabile," (1680.) Died in 1731- Konig or Koenig, (Friedrich,) the inventor of the steam-press, was born at Eisleben, in Germany, in 1775. About 1807 he visited London, where he was aided in carrying out his plans by Bensley, Taylor, and Woodfall. In 1811 a sheet of the " Annual Register" was printed, being the first that was done by a printing-machine by which the paper was applied to the type by a revolving cylinder. In November, 1814, a number of the "Times" was printed by a steam press on the principle of Kbnig's invention : it is said to have been the first newspaper ever printed by steam-power. After his return to Ger- many, Konig, in conjunction with his friend Bauer, es- tablished at Oberzell, near Wiirzburg, a manufactory for the construction of printing-machines, four hundred of which had in 1853 been sent forth from it. After the death of Konig, in 1833, the business was carried on by Bauer. See " Nouvelle Bioa:raphie G^n^rale." Konig or Koenig, (Georg Matthias,) a German writer and scholar, born at Altdorf, in Franconia, in 1616, was appointed in 1667 professor of poetry in his native city. Among his works are a " Latin-and-German Lexi- con," (1668,) and a Biographical Dictionary of Authors, (" Bibliotheca Vetus et Nova," 1678.) Died in 1699. See Bavle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^ron, " M^moires." Konig or Koenig, (Heinrich Joseph,) a German novelist, born at Fulda in 1790. Among his best works are "The Waldenses," (1836,) "William Shakspeare," (1839,) and "The Clubbists of Mentz," ("Die Clubisten von Mainz," 1847 :) the last named, a historical romance, is especially admired. He was secretary of finance at Hanau from 1819 to 1835. Died in 1869. See N. Gretch, " H. Konig und seine Liigen ; Seitenstilck zu Nic. Gretsch und die Russische Literatur in Deutschland," 1840. Konig or Koenig, (Johann Gerard,) a botanist, and pupil of Linnaeus, born in Livonia in 1728. He visited Iceland and the East Indies, and wrote several treatises on botany, which he left in manuscript. Died at Tran- quebar in 1785. Konig or Koenig, (Samuel,) an eminent mathema- tician, son of Samuei Heinrich, noticed below, was born at BUdingen in 17 12. He was professor of mathematics at Franeker, and professor of philosophy and law at the Hague. Died in 1757. Konig or Koenig, (Samuel Heinrich,) a Swiss Orientalist and theologian, born about 1670 at Berne, where he became professor of mathematics and Oriental languages in 1731. Died in 1750. Konig or Koninck, (Solomon.) See Coninck. Konigshoven or Koenigshoven, kS'niGs-ho'ven, also known as James Twinger, an ecclesiastic, born at Strasburg in 1346. He wrote, in Latin and German, " Chronicles of Strasburg." Died in 1420. See Oberlin, " De Jacobo Twingero," etc., 1789. Konigsmarck or Koenigsmarck, von, fon ko'- nios-maRk', written also Konigsmark, [Lat. Konigs- mar'kius,] (Johann Christoph,) Count, a celebrated general, born in Germany in 1600, entered the service of Gustavus Adolphus in 1630. After the death of the King of Sweden, he defeated the Austrians in the battle of ^^'olfenbiittel. He also invaded Bohemia, and captured Prague, in 1648. He was afterwards appointed Governor € as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,guttnral; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Jl^^'See Explanations, p. 23. ) KONIGSMARCK 1454 KOPPEN of the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Queen Christina created him count and field-marshal. Died in 1663. See " Eterna Gloria J. C. Koiiigsmarkii," Holm, 1664. Konigsmarck, Koenigsmarck, or Konigsmark, von, (Maria Aurora,) Countess, a granddaughter of the preceding, celebrated for her beauty and accomplish- ments, was born in Bremen about 1670. She was the mistress of Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, by whom she had a son, Maurice Count de Saxe, afterwards famous as a French general. In 1702 she was sent by the Elector to treat with Charles XII. That monarch refused to see her; "but she returned," says Voltaire, "with the satisfaction of be- lieving that she was the only person feared by the King of Sweden." The Countess of Konigsmarck spoke several languages with great fluency and correctness. She com- posed a poem on Charles XII., written in the purest French. Died in 1728. See Cramer, " Denkwiirdigkeiten der M. A. Konigsmark," 2 vols., 1836; CoRViN-WiERSBiTZKY, "Maria Aurora Grafin von Konigsmark," 1841 : " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1S37. Konigsmarck, von, (Otto Wilhelm,) Count, son of Johann Christoph, noticed above, was born in West- phalia in 1639. He subsequently served with great dis- tinction in the French army under Turenne and with the Swedish army in Germany. In 1686 he was created generalissimo of the Venetian republic, for which he gained several victories over the Turks. Died in 1688. Konigsmark or Koenigsmark, ko'nics-maRk', (Fi- LIP Christoker,) Count, a Swedish officer, born about 1640, was a favourite lover of Sophia Dorothea, the wife of George, Elector of Hanover. This prince, it is said, caused him to be assassinated in 1694. See Saint-Simon, " Memoires;" Blaze de Bury, " Episode de I'Histoire du Hanovre." Kbnigsmarkius. See Konigsmarck. Koninck. See Coninck. Koning, ko'ning, (Cornelis,) a Dutch engraver, born at Haarlem about 1524, engraved portraits of celebrated men, including Luther and Calvin. Koning, (Jacob,) a Dutch painter of landscapes and history, born at Amsterdam about 1645. He went to Copenhagen, and worked for the King of Denmark. Koning, de, (David.) See Coninck. Koning or Koninck, de, deh ko'ning, (Philipp,) an able Dutch painter, born at Amsterdam in 1619, was a pupil of Rembrandt. He was a good colorist, and excelled in landscapes and portraits. Died in 1689. Konon. See Conon. Konrad. See Conrad. Konstantijn or Konstantyn. See Constantino the Great. Kontski, kont'skee, (Martin,) a Polish general, born in 1635, served with distinction under John Sobieski. He directed the artillery in the great battle against the Turks at Vienna in 1683. Died in 1710. Konz, (Karl Philipp.) See Conz. Kooang or Kouang, koo-ang', (almost kwang,) a Chinese statesman and celebrated historian, born in the province of .Shen-see or Chen-si about 1018 a.d. He wrote an important work on the history of China. Died in 1086. See Mailla, " Histoire gen^rale de la Chine." Kooblai (Koublai or Kublai) Khan, koo'blT' KJn, (Shee-Tsoo or Chi-Tsou, shee-tsoo,) the founder of the Mongol dynasty of China, was a grandson of Jengi- Khan. He began to reign over the north part of China about 1260, soon after which date he conquered the southern provinces and became master of a vast empire extending from the Polar Sea to the Straits of Malacca, and including Thibet, Tartary, Siam, etc. He is said to have been an able ruler. In his reign Marco Polo visited China. Died in 1294. Koogen, van der, vtn der ko'gen, (Leonard,) a Flemish painter, born at Haarlem in 1610, was also an etcher. Died in 16S1. Koolee Khan. See Nadir Shah. Koolnef, Koulneff, or Kulne-w, kool-nSf, (Yakof,) a Russian general, born in 1763. He was killed at the battle of the Drissa, in July, 1812. Koorakin or Kourakin, koo'ri-keen' or koo'rS-kin', (Alexander Borisovitch,) Prince, a Russian diplo- matist, born in 1752, was a favourite courtier of Paul L He was ambassador at Paris from 1808 to 1812. Died in 1818. Koorakin or Kourakin, (Boris Ivanovitch, ) Prince, a Russian diplomatist, born in 1677, was a brother-in-law of Peter I. He was sent to Rome on a political mission by that emperor. Died in 1727. Koornhert. See Cornhert. Kooten, van, vtn ko'ten, (Theodorus,) a Latin poet, born in Holland in 1749; died in 1S14. Kootooz or Kfttiiz, (Kothouz,) koo-tooz' or koo'- tooz',* written also Kotouz, (Mahmood Seif-ed- Deen Malek Modhaffer, mdn'mood' sif ed-deen' mo'- dhSf'fer,) became Sultan of Egypt in 1259 bv usurpation. He defeated the Tartars in Syria. He was assassinated by Bibars in 1260. Kootoozof, Koutouzof, Koutousof, or Kutfi- so-w, koo-too'zof, (Michael Laurionovitch Goleni- tchef,) a celebrated Russian commander, born in 1745, served against the Poles and the Turks, and rose to be lieutenant-general in 1789. In 1793 he was ambassador to Constantinople, and on the accession of the emperor Paul was charged with a mission to Berlin. After the assassination of that sovereign he was appointed gov- ernor-general of Saint Petersburg, and in 1805 was created commander-in-chief of the first corps of the Russian army against the French. He gained a victory over Marshal Mortier at Diirrenstein, and soon after commanded the allied army under the emperor Alex- ander at Austerlitz, (1S05.) In 1812, at the age of sixty- seven, he succeeded Barclay de Tolly as commander- in-chief of the Russian army, a few days before the battle of Borodino. For his victories over Ney and Davoust the emperor bestowed upon him the surname of Smolenskoi. He died in 1813, at Buntzlau, where a monument was erected to him. See S^GUR, " Histoire de Napoleon et de la grande .Armde :" Mikhailovskv-Danilevskv, "Vie du Feld-Mar^chal Koutouzoffi" translated from the Russian by Fizelier, 1850 ; " Nouvelle Biogra- phie Gen^rale." Kopernicus. See Copernicus. Kopernik. See Copernicus. Kopievitch, ko-pe-a'vitch, written also Kopieu- vicz, (Elias,) a Russian philologist, who was sent by Peter the Great to Holland in order to complete his studies. Among his works are a Latin Grammar for Rus- sian schools, and a Slavonic-and-German Dictionary. Died in 1701. Kopisch, ko'pish, (August,) a German poet and artist, born at Breslau in 1799; died in 1853. Kopitar, ko'pe-taR', (Bartholomaus,) a philologist, born in Carniola in 1780, was appointed first keeper of the Imperial Library at Vienna, (1843.) ^^ published in 1808 a " Grammar of the Slavonian Language in Car- niola, Carinthia, and Styria." Died in 1844. Kopp, kop, (Johann Adam,) a German publicist, born at Offenbach in 1698. He wrote, besides other works, a " History of the Law which now prevails in Germany," (" Historia Juris quo hodie in Germania utimur," 1741.) Died in 1748. Kopp, kop, (Joseph Eutvch,) a Swiss historian, born at Miinster, in Lucerne, in 1793. Among his works is a " History of the Swiss Leagues," (Bunde,) (4 vols., 1845- 57.) Kopp discredits the popular tradition of William Tell. Died October 25, 1866. Kopp, (Ulrich Friedrich,) a German antiquary, born at Cassel in 1762, became director of the court archives in 1802. His " Palaeographia critica" (1817) is much esteemed. Died in 1834. Koppe, kop'pfh, (Johann Be.njamin,) a German theologian, born at l3antzic in 1750. He published several exegetical works, and left unfinished an edition of the New Testament in Greek, (3 vols.) Died in 1791. See HoppENSTEDT, "Ueber den verstorbeuen J. B. Koppe," 1791- Koppen or Koeppen, kop'pen, (Adolphus Louis,) a Danish scholar and writer, born at Copenhagen in 1S04. In 1834 he visited Greece, where he was appointed professor of history, archaeology, and modern languages * There is some discrepancy in the mode of writing this name. Abulpharagius more frequently gives both syllables long. Sse Pocock's edition, Oxford, 1663. a, e, 1, o, u, y, lojig; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, !, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; ni^t; ndt; good; moon; KOPPEN 1455 KOSCIUSKO at the military college in ^gina. He removed in 1S46 to America, where he became in 1854 professor of history, aesthetics, and modern languages in Franklin and Mar- shall College, Pennsylvania. He has published "The World in the Middle Ages," (1854,) and other works. Koppen or Koeppen, kop'pen, (Carl Friedrich,) a German writer, born about iSoo, became assistant pro- fessor in one of the principal gymnasiums of Berlin. He published in 1848 a treatise "On the Divine Right of Kings," ("De Jure Divino,") which was condemned by the government and forbidden to be reprinted. His work entitled " The Religion of Booddha and its Origin" ("Die Religion des Buddha und ihre Entstehung," 1857) is regarded as one of the best treatises on that subject. He also published " The Lamaic System of Religion," etc., (" Lamaische Hierarchic," 1859.) Koppen or Koeppen, kop'pen, (Friedrich,) a Ger man writer on philosophy, born at Lubeck in 1775. He Decame pastor of a church at Bremen in 1804, and pro- fessor of philosophy at Erlangen in 1827. Among his works is "The Philosophy of Christianism," (2 vols.. 1813-15.) Died in 1858. Koppen or Koeppen, (Johann Heinrich Justus,) a German philologist, born at Hanover in I755. He published a Greek Anthology, (3 vols., 1787,) "Com- mentary on Homer's Iliad," (5 vols., 1787-92,) and other works. Died in 1791. Kbppen, kop'pen, (Peter,) a Russian writer, born at Kharkov in 1793, published several works on the antiqui- ties and statistics of Russia, and a valuable " Ethnograph- ical Chart of European Ru.ssia," (185 1.) Died in 1864. Koprili, kb'pre-lee, written also Coprogli and Kiu perli, (Mehemet,) an eminent Turkish commander, born at Kopri, in Asia Minor, in 1585, rose from the station of a cook to be grand vizier at Constantinople in 1656. He took Tenedos and Lemnos from the Vene- tians, and obtained other advantages over the enemies of the Sultan. As a ruler he showed great energy and prudence, and effected important reformations in the condition of the country. Died in 166 1. Koprili, (Mustafa,) surnamed the Virtuous, son of the preceding, was appointed grand vizier by Solyman HI. in 1689. Died in 1691. Koprili-Fazil-Ahmed, (or -Achmed,) ko'pre-lee fl'zil dii'med, a brother of the preceding, born in 1626, succeeded Mehemet Koprili as grand vizier. He gained several important victories over the Hungarians and the Poles, and took the island of Candia. Died in 1676. See Vox Hammer, " Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs." Kops, kops, (Jean Baptiste,) a Belgian landscape- painter, born about 1800. Koray. See Cor ay. Kordes, koR'dSs, (Bernhard,) a German writer, born at Lubeck in 1762. He lived at Kiel. Died in 1823. Koren, (Moses of.) See Moses Chorenensis. Koreuatz. See Moses Chorenensis. Korf, koRf, (Andrei,) Baron, a Russian publicist and senator, born near Mittau in 1715 ; died in 1823. Korf, (Nicholas,) Baron, a Russian minister of state under Peter HI., was born in 1710; died in 1766. Korinna. See Cortnna. Kornelisz. See Cornelisz. Korner or Koerner, koR'ner, (Christian Gott- fried,) born at Leipsic in 1756, was the father of Theo- dor Korner, and an intimate friend of Schiller. He was also a correspondent of Goethe. It was in his beautiful vineyard near Dresden that Schiller wrote " Don Car- los." Died in 1831. Korner or Koerner, (Karl Theodor,) one of the most celebrated German poets, was born in Dresden in 1791. He studied at Leipsic and Berlin, and displayed at an early age a rare poetical genius. Among his nrst productions were the popular comedies of "The Green Domino," (1812,) and "The Watchman," (1812.) He was one of the first to enlist in t4ie war against Napoleon ; and, inspired with patriotic enthusiasm and a keen sense of his country's wrongs, he produced some of the most spirited and beautiful martial lyrics in the German lan- guage. These were published under the title of "The Lyre and the Sword," (1814.) Korner was also the author of two popular tragedies, " Rosamunda," (1812,) and " Zriny," (1813.) He fell in battle near Rosenberg, in 1813, at the age of twenty-two. See F. W. Lehmann, " Lebensbeschreibung K. T. Koerner's," 1810; H. A. Erhard, "T. Koerner's Leben,"etc., 1821; H. Blazb, " Elcrivains et Poetes de I'Alleniagne," 1851 ; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Black- wood's Magazine" for October, 1820, and February, 1821. Kornraann, koRn'mJn, (Heinrich,) a German writer and lawyer, born in Wiirtemberg ; died about 1620. Korosi. See Csoma. Korosi, ko'Ro-shee, (Joszef,) a Hungarian statistician, born at Pesth, April 20, 1844. He has published many volumes regarding Hungarian populations, finances, trade, prices, railways, etc. Korte or Koerte, koR'teh, (Wilhelm,) a German writer, born at Aschersleben in 1766. He published, among other works, a "Life of Gleim," (1811,) who was his great-uncle, and a "Life of Carnot," (1820.) Died in 1846. Kortholt, koRt'holt, [Lat. Korthol'tus,] (Chris- tian,) a Lutheran theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Burg, in Holstein, in 1633. About 1665 he was appointed professor of divinity in the University of Kiel. He published numerous religious treatises, of which we may name " On the Pagan, Mohammedan, and Jewish Religions," (i666,) "Of the Three Impostors Herbert, Hobbe.s, and Spinosa," (1680,) "On the Origin and Na- ture of Christianity," and " On the State and Progress of Schools and Academies, especially in Germany." Died in 1694. See LiNDEMANN, " MemoHa C. Korthoiti," 1694. Kortholt, (Christian,) a Danish or German theo- logian, son of Sebastian, noticed below, was born at Kiel in 1709. He became professor of divinity at Got- tingen. He published "The Letters of Leibnitz," (4 vols., 1734-42,) and wrote, besides other works, (in Latin,) an "Essay on the Enthusiasm of Mohammed," (1745.) Died in 1751. See Ayrer, " Memoria C. Korthoiti," 1751. Kortholt, (Sebastian,) a son of Christian, noticed above, (1633-94,) and the father of the preceding, was born at Kiel about 1670. He was a man of great learn- ing, and wrote many literary essays. Died about 1740. Kortholtus. See Kortholt. Kortiim or Kortuem, koR'tiim, (Johann Friedrich Christoph,) a German historian, born in Mecklenburg- Strelitz in 1788, became professor of history at Heidel- berg in 1840. He wrote, among other works, a " History of the Political Constitution of Greece," and a " History of the Middle Ages," (2 vols., 1837.) Died in 1858. KortUm or Kortuem, (Karl Arnold,) a German physician and satiric poet, born at Mulheim-an-der-Ruhr in 1745, published a mock-heroic poem entitled "The fobsiad ; or. The Life, Opinions, and Deeds of Jerome Jobs the Candidate," (1784.) Died in 1824. An English translationof "The Jobsiad,"by Rev. Charles T. Brooks, was published in Philadelphia in 1863. Kosciusko, kos-se-iis'ko, [Polish, KosciuszKO, kdsh- yoo'sko,] (Thaddeus,) an illustrious Polish patriot and general, of noble family, born in Lithuania, February 12, 1746. Having studied at the military academy of Ver- sailles, he embarked about 1777 for America, where he fought with distinction at New York and Yorktown and acquired the friendship of Washington. He returned to Poland in 17S6, but, his country being soon after sub- jected to Russia, he retired to Leipsic. On the break- ing out of the revolution of 1794, he was appointed commander of the Polish army.ancl defeated the Russians with greatly superior numbers at Raclawice. For two months he defended Warsaw against the united forces of Russia and Prussia, but, overpowered at last by fresh troojjs advancing under Fersen, suffered a total defeat at Maciejowice, where he was wounded and taken prisoner in October, 1794. After two years' imprisonment, he was released by the emperor Paul, who offered him his sword, which Kosciusko refused, saying "he had no need of a sword, since he had no longer a country." When solicited by Napoleon to aid him in his ambitious schemes with regard to Poland, he steadily refused ; and the proclama- tion to the Poles, which appeared in the "Moniteur" under his name in 1806, was declared by him a forgery. c as k; 9 as s: g hard; g as/.- G, H, v., guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Ji:^==See Explanations, p. 23.) KOSEGARTEN i45t> KOl^ZEBUE Me died in 1817, at Soleure, in Switzerland, having previously written to the emperor Alexander entreat- ing him to give to Poland a free constitution. He also abolished serfdom on his Polish domain. See M. A. Jui.i.ien, "Notice sur Kosciuszko," 181S; Fai.ken- STF.iN, '■ KosciuszUo," Leipsic, 1825: L. CHonZK'O, " Histoire mili- taire, politique et priv^e de Kosciuszkn." 1837: Jur.KS Michelet, " Kosciuszko, Legeiida democratycziia," translated from the Krencli by GoDEBHSKi, 1851; "Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale ;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for Marcli, 1S35. Kosegarten, ko'zeh-gaR'ten, (Johann Gottfried LUDWIG,) son of Ludwig Theobul, noticed below, was born in the island of Ritgen in 1792. Having studied philology in Paris, he became in 1824 professor of Ori- ental languages at Greifswalde. He translated into German the Hindoo poem " Nala," (1820,) and made several versions from the Persian. He also published editions of the " Moalakat," and other Arabic works. Died in 1S60. Kosegarten, (Ludwig Theobul,) a German divine and poet, was born at Grevismiihlen, in Mecklenburg in 1758. He became in 1808 professor of history at Greifswalde, and subsequently of theology, and rector of the university. His romance of "Ida von Plessen," (1788,) as well as his "Legends" and lyric poems, enjoy a wide popularity. He also made several translations from the Danish and English : among the latter is Rich- ardson's "Clarissa." Died in 1818. See Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Koslof, kos'lof, or Kozlov, koz'lof, (Ivan Ivano- VITCH,) a Russian poet, born in 1774, made a number of excellent translations from the English. His poems, written after he became blind, are distinguished for their melody of versification and tender pathos. Among the most admired of these is "The Monk," ("Tchernets.") Died in 1838. See E. Mecherski, " Les Poetes Russes." Koslovski, (M. I.) See Kozlofski. Kos-lov'ski, (Ossip Antonovitch,) a popular Rus- sian composer, produced, among other works, a " Re- quiem" of great beauty, and composed the music for Userot's tragedy of " Fnigal." Died in 1831. Kosmas. See Cosmas. Kossuth, kosh'oot, (Louis,) an eminent Hungarian orator and statesman, born of a noble family at Monok, in the county of Zemplin, in 1802. He studied law at the Protestant college of Sarospatak, and joined the popular party in opposing the despotic policy of Austria. Having offended the government by his writings, he was impris- oned three years, (1837-40.) The Diet of 1840 refused to grant supplies during the imprisonment of Kossuth, who was consequently liberated. In 1841 he married Theresa Meszlenyi, and began to edit a daily paper at Pesth, called " Pesti-Hirlap," the tone of which was liberal, but not radical or democratic. He was elected a member of the Diet by the national party of Pesth in 1847, and acquired a high reputation as an orator. In March, 1S48, the Diet adopted a proposition made by Kossuth, the object of which was the appointment of a responsible Hun- garian ministry, as a pledge of constitutional reforms. Kossuth and others were sent as a deputation to Vienna, and obtained the assent of the emperor, then conscious of the pressure of a powerful revolutionary movement. Kossuth induced the Diet to vote the perfect equality of civil rights and public burdens for all classes, and to extend the right of suffrage. He became minister of finance in the new ministry formed in April, 1848. Al- though the benefits of these reforms were shared by the Croatians and Servians, an anti-Magyar party was soon formed in Croatia 1:^ the intrigues of Austrian agents. The Croatians, directed by Jellachich and secretly aided by Austria, revolted against Hungary, and began hos- tilities by the massacre of villagers on the frontier. In June, 1848, the Austrian court openly sanctioned the movements of the Croatian insurgents. Kossuth believed that the time had come to defend by arms the constitu- tion and the national independence. He called for the levy of 200,000 men, which was granted by the Diet. In September, 1848, Jellachich was defeated in battle, and Kossuth was elected president of a committee of de- fence. After the second insurrection at Vienna, October, 1848, the Hungarian army advanced to the assistance of the Liberals of that capital, but was repulsed at Schwechat. The Austrian general Windischgratz then invaded Hungary, took Pesth, and committed great atro- cities. A war of extermination followed, and the Austrians were defeated in several battles. In April, 1849, the Hungarians renounced allegiance to the house of Haps- burg, and chose Kossuth governor or dictator. But the intervention of Russia rendered the heroic efforts and sacrifices of the Hungarians unavailing. The victories gained by Dembinski, Klapka, and ]5em served merely to prolong the national agony. Kossuth, after a dis- agreement with Gorgey, whom he accused of treachery, resigned his office on the nth of August, 1849, and went into exile. He retired to Turkey, and was imprisoned at Kutaieh. Through the intervention of England and the United States, he was released in August, 1851. He then visited England, where he was received with en- thusiastic popular demonstrations, and made several admirable speeches in the English language. In the autumn of 185 1 he came to the United States, the citizens of which gave him a very warm and fiatiering reception. See P. C. Headlev, " Life of L. Kossuth," 1832 ; Horn, " Louis Knssutli," 1851; "Kossuth, von einem Ungarn," Leipsic, 1854; "Kossuth in England und seine Reden," etc., 1851 ; Klapka, "Me- inoiren," 1850; " L. Kossuth, Dictator von Ungarn," Mannheim, 1S49: "Hungary and its Revolutions, with a Memoir of L. Kossuth." Kosta-Ibn-Looka, (or -Luka,) kos'ta ib'n loo'ki, written also Costha-Ben-Louka, an excellent Arabian scholar and translator, born at Balbec, flourished from about 870 to 900 a.d. He translated several Greek works into Arabic, and wrote original treatises on philosophy, logic, medicine, etc. Koster. See Coster. Kos'ter or Cos'ter, (Laurens Janszoon,) a Dutch printer, born at Haarlem about 1370, is supposed by some writers to have invented the art of printing. Ac- cording to one tradition, he kept his art a secret, but it was stolen by one of his workmen, named John Fust. Died about 1440. See A. F. Didot, " Essai sur la Typographie ;" Auguste Ber- nard, " Histoire de I'Origine de I'Imprimerie." Kostlin or Koestlin, kost-leen', (Christian Rein- hold,) a German jurist and novelist, born at Tiibingen in 1813 ; died in 1856. Kostlin, kost'leen, (Julius,) an able German theo- logian, born at Stuttgart, May 17, 1826. He studied at Tubingen and Berlin, and became professor of theology at Gottingen in 1855, at Breslau in 1S65, and at Halle in 1870. He has published "The Church of Scotland," (1852,) " Luther's Doctrine of the Church," (1853,) "Faith," (1859,) "Luther's Theology," (1863,) and a valuable "Life of Luther," (1875,) which he afterwards abridged for popular use, (18S3.) Kostrof, Kostrov, or Kostrow, kos'tRof, (Ermil Ivanovitch,) a Russian poet, born in the province of Viatka ; died in 1796. Kothouz. See Kootooz. Kotouz or Kotuz. See Kootooz. Kotter or Cotter, kot'ter, (Christoph,) a German enthusiast, born in Silesia in 1585. He obtained notoriety by visions and predictions. Died in 1647. Kotzebue, von, fon kot'seh-boo, (August Fried- rich Ferdinand,) a prolific and popular German dramatist, born at Weimar in 1 761. He went to Saint Petersburg in 1 781, and was appointed president of the government of Esthonia. He produced in 1789 "The Indians in England," and "The Stranger," which were very successful. About 1800 he settled in Berlin. He wrote abusive articles against Goethe and other great German authors, who had refused to admit him into their literary circle at Weimar. Between 1802 and 1806 he made journeys in different countries of Europe, and published " Souvenirs of Paris in 1804," (2 vols., 1805.) After the battle of Jena (1806) he took refuge in Russia, and edited two journals, called "The Bee," (1808-10,) and "The Cricket," (1811-12,) in which he wrote against Napoleon. In 181 7 he was sent to Germany by the Russian government to watch and report the state and tendency of public opinion. He expressed such hostility and contempt for liberal principles and institutions that he rendered himself odious to many Germans, especially a. e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h., 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon; KOTZEBUE 1457 KRASINSKI the students. He was assassinated at Mannheim in 1819 by Karl Ludwig Sand, who was actuated by a fanatical zeal against one whom he considered a traitor to liberty. Among his dramas are "The Two Klingsbergs," a comedy, (1807,) and " Pizarro," (" Die Spanier in Peru.") His works, which were very numerous, were formerly more popular than they are at the present time. Kot- zebue possessed a ready invention and a great facility in composition ; but his productions are deficient in depth and power. See F. Cramer, "Kotzebiie's Leben," 1820; " Kotzebue, sein Leber), Wirken unci trauriges Ende," Frankfort, 1819; H. Doring, " Kotzebue's Leben," 1830; Geiser, " Kotzebue als Knabe, Jiing- ling, Mann, Schriftstellerund Exulant," 1803 ; " Literary and Political Life of Aug. Kotzebue," translated from the German ; Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale;" " Monthly Review" for January, 1801, September, 1805, and August, 1806. Kotzebue, von, (Otto,) a son of the preceding, born at Reval, in Russia, in 1787. After having made the voyage around the world with Krusenstern, he set sail again in 181 5, accompanied by Chamisso, Eschscholtz, and others. He discovered several islands in the South Sea, and the sound southeast of Behring's Strait called by his name. He published, after his return, a "Voyage of Discovery in the South Sea and to Behring's Strait, to find a Northeast Passage," {1821.) Having sailed for the third time in 1823, he made other discoveries, which are described in his " New Voyage around the World in 1823-26," (1830.) He died at Reval in 1846. Kotzeluch, kot's^h-looK', (Leopold,) a Bohemian composer and musician, bom at Welwarn in 1753. He succeeded Mozart as composer to the court at Vienna, (1792.) He composed operas, symphonies, and sonatas, which were once very popular. Died in 1814. Kouang. See Kooang. Koublai Khan. See Kooblai Khan. Kouck, kowk, (Pieter,) a Dutch painter, born in 1500 or 1 50 1, worked at Antwerp. He was patronizecJ by Charles V. Died in 1550. Kouli Khan. See Nadir Shah. Koulneff. See Koolnef. Koumas, koo'mas, ( Constantine Michael, ) a modern Greek scholar and author, was born at Larissa about 1775. He published a "Greek Lexicon," (1826,) "Elements of Philosophy," (4 vols.,) and other scientific works. Died at Trieste in 1836. Koung-Fou-Tseu. See Confucius. Kourakin. See Koorakin. Kourma or Kourmavatara. See KOrma. Koutouz. See Kootooz. Koutouzof or Koutousof, See Kootoozof. Kouwenberg, van, vtn kow'en-bSRg', (Kristiaen,) a Dutch painter of history, born at Delft in 1604; died at Cologne in 1667. Kov-a-lef sky, or Kcwalewski, (A.,) an eminent Russian enibryologist, born November 7, (O.S.,) 1840. He became professor of zoology at Odessa. He is a high authority on the anatomy and development of the ascidians, tunicata, worms, brachiopods, and the related forms of animal life. Kozlofski, koz-loFskee, or Koslovski,kos-lov''skee, (Michail Ivanovitch,) a Russian sculptor, became professor in the Academy of Arts at Saint Petersburg. Among his master-pieces are the statue of Suwarow at Saint Petersburg, and the statue of Catherine H. as Minerva. Died in 1803. Kozlov. See Koslof. Kozmian, koz'me-Sn, ? (Gaetan or Cajetan,) a Polish poet, born in Lublin in 1771. He wrote odes which were highly esteemed, — "The Georgics of Poland," — and an epic poem entitled " Stephen Czarniecki." Died in 1856. See F. MoRAWsKi, " Notice sur Kozmian," Posen, 1856. Krafft, kRift, (Adam,) a German sculptor, born at Nuremberg about 1429. Among his master-pieces are the tabernacle in the church of Saint Lawrence at Nu- remberg, the celebrated Ciborium in the minster at Ulm, and a number of beautiful bas-reliefs. Died in 1507. Krafft, (Joseph,) a portrait-painter, born at Hanau in 1787, was a brother of Peter, noticed below. He worked in Vienna. Died in 1828. Krafft, (Peter,) a German painter, and professor at the Academy of Vienna, born at Hanau in 1780. Among his works we may name " Rudolph of Habsburg" and " Belisarius." Died in 1856. Kraft See Crato. Kraft, kRift, (Anton,) a Bohemian violoncellist and composer, born December 30, 1752, at Rokitzan, near Pilsen. Died August 28, 1820. His son, Nikolaus, born December 14, 1778, was also famous as a composer and performer on the violoncello. Died May 18, 1853. Kraft, kRift, or Krafft, (Georg Wolfgang,) a Gei- man natural philosopher, born in Wiirtemberg in 1701, was professor of physics at Tubingen, and wrote several works on geometry and physics. Died in 1 754. Kraft von Toggenburg, kR^ft fon tog'gen-bSoRG', a German minnesinger. Died in 1259. Kraitsir, kRit'sir, (Charles,) a Hungarian physician and scholar, born in 1804. He emigrated to America in 1833, "^'""^ became in 1842 professor of modern lan- guages and history in the University of Virginia. He published " Glossology," and several other works. Died in Westchester county, New York, in i860. Kramer. See Cramer. Kramp, kR6N, (Chretien,) a French mathematician and medical writer, born at Strasburg ; died about 1828. Kranach. See Cranach. Krantor. See Grantor. Krantz or Crantz, kRints, (Albert,) a German his- torian and diplomatist, born at Hamburg about 1450. was employed on several important embassies to Eng, land and France. Among his principal works, which are written in Latin, are " Chronicles of the Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway," and "Ecclesiastical History of Saxony." Died in 1517. See WiLKENS, "Leben Alberlii Crantzii," 1722; Bayle, "His- torical and Critical Dictionary ;" Nlc^RON, " Mimoires ;" M6ller, " Cimbria Literata." Kranz, (David.) See Cranz. Krasheninnikof or Krasoheninnikov, kRish-en- nin'ne-kof, (Stephen Petrovitch,) a Russian natural- ist, born at Moscow in 17 13. He travelled in Siberia and Kamtschatka, and wrote a " Description of Kanit schatka," (2 vols., 1755.) Died in 1755. See Gretch, " Essai sur I'Histoire de la Litt^rature Russe." Krasicki, IcRi-s^t'skee, (Ignatius,) an eminent Polisu poet and litterateur, born at Dubiecko in 1734. Having taken orders as a priest, he rose to be Bishop of Erme- land in 1767, and in 1795 Archbishop of Gnesen. His wit and conversational powers made him a favourite with Frederick the Great of Prussia, who once said to him, " I hope, my lord bishop, you will take me into Paradise with you under your mantle." " No, sire," he replied, (alluding to the loss of some revenues:) "your majesty has made it so short that I cannot conceal any- thing contraband under it." Among his principal worlis we may name the mock-heroic poem entitled "The Mousiad," ("Myszeis,") founded on the tradition of King Popiel being devoured by rats and mice, " War of the Monks," (" Monachomachia,") and a number of fables and satires of great merit. His novel of " Pan Podstoli" is also highly esteemed. Died in 1801. See S. K. Potocki, "Essai sur la Vie, etc. de Krasicki," 1808; " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale ;" Dmochowski, " £loge de Kra- sicki," 1801. Krasinski, kR^-sin'skee, (Valerian,) Count, a dis tinguished Polish writer and scholar, born in White Russia about 1780. After the suppression of the Polish revolution of 1830 he repaired to England, where he published, among other works, a " History of the Re- formation in Poland," (2 vols., 1840,) " Panslavism and Germanism," (1848,) and " Religious History of the Sla- vonic Nations," (1851.) Died in Edinburgh in 1855. Krasinski, (Zvgmunt Napoleon,) a Polish count and poet, born at Paris, February 19, i8i2. He was an ardent patriot and anti-Russian. He published several poetical works, of which the " Undivine Comedy" (" Nieboska Komedya," 1837-48) is the most celebrated. Lord Lytton's poem of " Orval" is adapted from this work. " Iridion" is also a celebrated fiction by Kra- sinski. His writings are well known in their English translation by Martha Walker Cook. Died at Paris, February 24, 1859. € as ^; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; g, h, Vi,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23. 92 KRASZEWSKI 1458 KRISHNA Kraszewski, kRi-sh^v'skee, (Joseph Ignatius,) a Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer, born at War- saw in 1812. His works, which are very numerous, con- sist of novels, poems, travels, and historical treatises. His romances are very popular in Poland, and have in a great measure superseded the French novels. Among the best are "The Magic-Lantern," (1843,) "Ulana," (1843,) ^""^ "Sviat i Poeta." His epic poem " Ana- fielas," and a " History of Wilna," are also ranked among his best productions. Died March 20, 1887. Krateros. See Craterus. Krates. See Crates. Kratinos. See Cratinus. Kratippos. See Cratippus. Kratzenstein, kRat'sen-stin', (Christian Gott- lieb,) a German natural philosopher, mechanical inventor, and writer, born at Wernigerode in 1723, became pro- *€ssor of physics at Copenhagen in 1754. Died in 1795. Kraus, kRowss, (Christian Jakob,) a learned Ger- man writer, professor of philosophy, etc. at Kbnigsberg, was born at Osterode in 1753. He published a treatise on " Political Economy," and other works. Died in 1807. Kraus, (Franz,) a German historical painter, born in Suabia about 1704; died about 1750. . Kraus or Krauss, krowss, (Johann Baptist,) a German prelate and historical writer, born at Ratisbon in 1700. He was prince-abbot of the monastery of Saint Emmeran. Died in 1762. Kraus, (Johann Ulrich,) a German engraver, born at Augsburg about 1645 ; died in 1719. Kraus, (Martin.) See Crusius. Krause, kRow'zeh, (Georg Friedrich,) a German economist and writer on the science of forests, born at Prenzlow in 1768 ; died in 1836. Krause, (Georg Melchior,)' a German painter and engraver, born at Frankfort in 1737 ; died in 1806. Krause, (Johann Christoph,) a German historian, born at Artern in 1749. Among his works is a "His- tory of Europe," (5 vols., 1789-98.) Died in 1799. Krause,(JoHANN Gottlieb,) a German bibliographer, born in Silesia in 1684, published, besides other works, "UmstandlicheBucher-Historie,"(3 vols., 1716.) He was professor of eloquence at Wittenberg. Died in 1736. See KiRCHMAlER, " Programma ad Exequias J. G. Krausii," 1736. Krause, (Karl Christian Friedrich,) a German philosopher and masonic writer, born at Eisenberg in 1781. He devoted several works to the display of the merits of freemasonry, of which he was a zealous advo- cate. Among his other works is " Urbild der Mensch- heit," ("The Type of Humanity," 181 1.) Died in 1832. See LiNDEMANN, " Darstellung des Lebens und der Wissen- schaftslehre Krauses," 1839. Krause, (Wilhelm,) a German landscape and marine painter, born at Dessau in 1803. He has produced some excellent pictures of Norwegian scenery. Kraut, kRowt, (Wilhelm Theodor,) professor of law at Gottingen, was born at Liineburg in 1800. He wrote a number of legal works. Died Jan. i, 1873. Krauth, krawth, (Charles Porterfielu,) D.D., a Lutheran divine and accomplished scholar, the son of Dr. Charles Philip Krauth, (late president of Pennsyl- vania College at Gettysburg,) was born at Martinsburg, Virginia, March 17, 1823. He graduated at Pennsyl- vania College in 1839. Ordained in 1842, he became pastor of a church in Baltimore, and was subsequently settled at Winchester, Virginia, and Pittsburg, Pennsyl- vania. In 1859 he was called to the pastoral charge of Saint Mark's Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, where he remained four years. In 1861 he became editor of "The Lutheran and Missionary," issued in Philadelphia, and in 1864 professor of theology, church history, etc. in the Lutheran Seminary of that city. In 1868 he was elected to the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1873 became vice- provost of the same iHstitution. He published a trans- lation of Tholuck'ii "Commentary on Saint John," (1859,) " The Conservative Reformation and its Theology," (1871,) an edition of Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge," (1873,) '^"*^ 'i" edition of Fleming's "Vo- cabulary of Philosophy," to which he added a valuable Index, etc., (1877.) He died January 2, 1883. Kray, von, fon kRi' or Krajof, von, fon kRi'ol, (Paul,) Baron, an Austrian general, born at Kesmark, in Hungary, in 1735. He fought against the French in the Low Countries and on the Rhine in 1793-95, and became a field-marshal-lieutenant in 1796. In 1799 he obtained the chief command of the army, defeated Scherer twice in Italy, and took Mantua. Having failed in a campaign against Moreau in Germany in 1800, he was removed from the command. Died in 1804. See Alison, "History of Europe." KrayenhoflF, kRi'en-hof, written also Kraijenholi, (CoRNELis Roelf,) a Dutch general, born at Nymwegen in 1758, became minister of war under Louis Bonaparte. He published several excellent charts. Died about 1840. Krayer. See Crayer. Krebs, kR§ps, (Johann August,) a learned German writer, born at Heinaugen in 1681 ; died in 1713. Krebs, (Johann Tobias,) a German scholar and an- tiquary, born in Thuringia in 1718; died in 1782. Krehl,kRal, (August Ludwig,) a German Protestant theologian, born at Eisleben in 1784, became professor of theology at Leipsic in 1834. Died in 1855. Kreil, kRil, (Karl,) an able astronomer, born at Ried, in the Tyrol, in 1798, became director of the Observatory of Prague in 1845. He published a treatise "On the Nature and Motion of Comets," (1843.) Died in 1862. Kreitmayer or Kreytniayr, kRit'mTR, written also Kreittmayr, (Aloys Wigulaus,) a German statesman and jurist, born at Munich in 1705. Among his works we may name "Code of Bavarian Judicial Law,"(i75i,) and "Bavarian Civil Code." Died in 1790. See J. A. Kalb, " Biographie des Staatskanzlers A. W. voi. Kreittmayr," 1825. Kremer, kRa'mer, (Christoph Jakob,) a German historian, born at Worms in 1722. He wrote several works on German history. Died in 1777. Kremer, kRa'mer, (Peter,) an eminent Belgian painter of history and genre, born at Antwerp in 1801. Among his works are " Marius at Carthage," and " David Teniers Designing after Nature." Kresa, kRa'sd, Father, a Moravian priest and lin- guist, born in 1648; died in 1715. Kretschmann, kRetsh'min, (Karl Friedrich,) a German poet, born at Zittau in 1738, published "Songs of the Bard Ringulph," and other works. Died in 1809. Kreutzer, kRoit'ser, (Konradin,) a German com- poser of operas and songs, born in the duchy of Baden in 1782 ; died in 1849. Kreutzer, kRUt'saiR', (Rudolf,) a celebrated com- poser and musician, of German extraction, born at Ver- sailles in 1766, became violinist at the imperial chapel, and a member of the Conservatory in Paris. Among his best works are the operas of " Lodoiska" and " Paul and Virginia." Died in 1831. See F^Tis, " Biographie Universelle des Musiciens." Kreysig, kRl'zio, (Friedrich Ludwig,) a medical writer, born near Leipsic in 1770, studied medicine at Pavi'a under Spallanzani. In 1803 he was appointed physician to the Elector Frederick Augustus, afterwards King of Saxony. He became in 181 5 professor of thera- peutics and pathology at Dresden. Died in 1839. Kreysig, (Georg Christoph,) a German historian, born near Annaberg in 1697. He wrote on the history of Saxony. Died in 1758. Kreytmayr. See Kreitmayer. Krichna. See Krishna. Kriloff or Krilov. See Krylof. Krishna, Crishna, Krichna, or Krischna, kR!sh'- na, [a Sanscrit word, signifying "dark blue :" see below,] in the Hindoo mythology, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, usually regarded as the most glorious of all the manifesta- tions of that deity. It is said by the votaries of Krishna that in the other avatars Vishnu manifested only a portion of his godhead, but that in this instance he ap- peared in all the fulness of his power and glory. He was born in the kingdom of Mathura ; his mortal parents were Vasudeva and Devaki. It had been predicted that the son of Devaki should deprive Kansa, the tyrannica., king of that country, of his life and crown. Kansa there- fore sought by force and stratagem to destroy the young child ; but the parents, assisted and guided by power a, e, T, 0, u, y, lottg; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, q, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; KRITIA^ 1459 KRUMMACHER divine, succeeded in baffling all his efforts. It is related that, when Krishna was only seven years old, Indra, jealous of the popularity of the child-god, attempted to destroy the worshippers of the latter by a fearful storm of lightning, rain, and hail. But Krishna raised above them on the tip of his little finger Mount Goverdhen, the Hindoo Parnassus, thus affording complete shelter *'i his trembling followers. " Them the heavenly child Called, and with looks ambrosial smiled; Then with one finger reared the vast Goverdhen, Beneath whose rocky burden. On pastures dry, the maids and herdsmen trod : — The lord of thunder felt a mightier god," Sir William Jones: Hymn to Indra. One of Krishna's earliest exploits was the destruction of the great serpent Kaliya, (or Kalinaga,) which poisoned the waters of the river Jumna. Not long afterwards he slew his malignant enemy Kansa, having first para- lyzed him with fear. A remarkable resemblance between Krishna and the Grecian Apollo has been pointed out by Sir William Jones and other writers. "In honour of Krishna's triumph," (over Kaliya,) says Moor, "games and sports are annually held in India, as the Pythic games at stated times were exhibited in Greece. . . . Apollo and Krishna are both inventors of the flute. One was disappointed by Daphne, who was turned into the Latirus, hence sacred to Apollo; Krishna's coy nymph was transformed into the Tulasi, alike sacred to him." Krishna was pre-eminently a pastoral god, and his followers were principally milkmaids and herdsmen. Apollo was regarded as the protector of flocks and herds, (his name of Nomios theos (vofitog debi) is derived from nome, (vofi^,) a " meadow" or " pasture ;") and, when compelled to pass some time on earth, he employed him- self in tending the flocks of Admetus, King of Thessaly. The pictures of Krishna are usually painted a dark blue, (the colour of Vishnu, which see,) this colour cor- responding to the signification of his iiame. Among his other names are Bhagavat, (modern Hindoo pron. b'hiig'a-viit,) the "adorable;" Kesava (ka'sa-va) or Keshava, "having fine or beautiful hair;" GSvinda or GopAla, the "cow-herd," etc. See " Biographie Uniyerselle," (Partie mythologique ;) Moor, "Hindu Pantheon;" Coleman, "Hindu Mythology;" Sir W. Jones, "On the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India," in "Asiatic Researches," vol. i. ; see, also, the episode of the " ^Iah5bhSrata," entitled "Bhagavat Gita, "(/. lated into German, French, and Italian ; but no version, it is thought, does justice to the original. Krylof was intimate with Pooshkin, (Pushkin,) Karamzin, and other eminent writers. Died in 1844. See Pletnef, "Life of Kriloff," prefixed to his Works: "Revue des Deux Mondes" for September i, 1852; Alfred Bougeault, "Krylofii ou le La Fontaine Russe, sa Vie et ses Fables," Paris, 1852 : " Nouvelle Biographie Generate ;" also an article on the Rus- sian Fabulists, in " Eraser's Magazine" for February', 1839. Kryns or Krijns, kRlns, (Everard,) a Dutch painter of history and portraits, lived at the Hague about 1600. Kshat'ri-ya, [modern Hindoo pron. kshut'ri-ya,] written also Kshetriya and Kshattriya, the name or the second or military caste among the Hindoos. It originally included all princes and professional warriors. But at the present time there are many exceptions to this general rule : many of the Brahmans nowadays are professional soldiers. (See Brahmanism.) Kublai Khan. See Kooblai Khan. Kiichenmeister, kii'Ken-mls-ter, (Gottlob Fried- rich Heinrich,) a German physician and naturalist, born at Buchheim, January 22, 1821. He studied at Leipsic and Prague. His writings are mostly on the entozoa and other parasites, and he has also written on contagion, on water-cure, on cremation, etc. His principal work is "On the Cestoid Worms," (1853.) Kiicken or Kuecken, kiik'ken, (Friedrich Wil- helm,) a popular German composer, born at Bleckede in 1810. His songs and ballads are great favourites both in Germany and England. In 1851 he was appointed court chapel-master at Stuttgart. He produced two successful operas. Died April 6, 1882. Kuecken. See Kucken. Kuegelgen. See K(jgelgen. Kuehn. See Kuhn. Kuehne. See Kuhne. Kuehnoel. See Kuhnol. Kuenen, kii'nen, (Abraham,) D.D., LL.D., a Dutch Orientalist, of German descent, was born at Haarlem, September 9, 1S29. He studied theology at Leyden from 1846 to 1S51, and became extraordinary professor of theology there in 1852, and in 1855 full professor. Among his writings are a Latin translation of Abu Said's Arabic version from the Samaritan Pentateuch, (1851-54,) a " Historico-Critical Investigation into the Origin of the Old Testament Books," (1861-65,) "The Religion of Israel," (1874-75,) " Prophets and Prophecy in Israel," (1877,) "National Religions and Universal Religions," (1882,) and numerous other works. He is the most prominent figure in the " Leyden school" of theology, and is distinguished for his " advanced" views regarding the textual criticism of the Scriptures. Kuesel. See KOsel. Kuester. See Kuster. Kiigelgen or Kuegelgen, kii'gel-gen, (Karl ana Gerhard,) German painters, bom at Bacharach, on the Rhine, in 1772, were twin brothers, and pursued their studies together at Rome. In 1799 they visited Saint Petersburg, where they married two sisters of high rank. Karl remained in Saint Petersburg, where he was patronized by the emperor Alexander, while Ger- hard returned to Dresden. He perished by the hand of a robber near that city in 1820. His works are chiefly portraits and historical pictures. Among Karl's pro- ductions are a series of Crimean and Finnish landscapes, executed by order of the emperor. In 1823 he published "A Painter's Journey in the Crimea." Died in 1832. Kugler, kooG'ler, (Franz Theodor,) an eminent German critic and writer on art, born at Stettin in 1808, became in 1833 professor of the history of art in the a, e, I, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon* KUH 1 46 1 KURMA Academy at Berlin. About 1835 he visited Italy, and in 1837 brought out his " Hand-Book of the History of Painting from Constantine the Great to the Present Time," which was followed by his equally valuable "Manual of the History of Art," (1841,) and other simi- lar works. Died in Berlin in 1858. See " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Kuh, koo, (Ephraim Moses,) a German poet, of Jewish parentage, born at Breslau in 1731, wrote songs, odes, fables, and epigrams. He was a friend of Lessing and Mendelssohn. Died in 1790. Kuhl, kool, (Heinrich,) a German naturalist, born at Hanau in 1797; died at Java in 1821. See T. VAN Swinderen, " Bijdrasen tot eene Schets van het Leven, het Karakter, etc. van H. Kuhl," 1822. Kuhlau, koo'low, (Friedrich Daniel,) a German musician and composer, born in Hanover in 1786 or 1787. He composed operas which were popular, and music for the flute. Died in 1832. Kuhlmann, kiil'm6N',(CHARLES Fr6d6ric,) a French chemist, born at Colmar in 1803. Died in 1881. Kuhlmann, kool'min, (Quirinus,) a German vision- ary, born at Breslau in 1651. He led a wandering life, and published several extravagant writings. He was burned at Moscow in 16S9. See G. Wernsdorf, " De Fanaticis Silesiorum et speciatini de Q. Kuhlmanno," 1698. Kiihmstedt, kiim'stet, (Friedrich,) a German mu- sician and composer, born at Oldisleben, Saxe-Weimar, December 20, 1809. He wrote operas, symphonies, and oratorios ; but his fame rests on his treatises on the organ. Kuhn, koon, (Adalbert,) a celebrated German phi- lologist and mythologist, born at Konigsberg, in Bran- denburg, November 19, 1812, was a pupil of Bockh, Bopp, and Lachmann, and in 1856 was appointed a pro- fessor in the Cologne gymnasium. Among his works are " On the Primitive History of the Indo-Germanic Peoples," (1856,) "Myths, Customs, and Legends of Westphalia," (1859,) etc. Comparative mythology was his specialty. Died in 188 1. Kuhn, koon, or Kuhnius, koo'ne-ils, (Joachim,) a German philologist, born at Greifswalde in 1647. He was professor of Greek at Strasburg in 1676. Among his works is " Quaestiones Philosophicae ex Sacris Veteris et Novi Testamenti Scriptoribus," (1698.) Died in 1697. Kiilin or Cuehn, kiin, (Karl Gottlob,) a German physician, born near Merseburg in 1754, published a complete edition of the " Extant Works of the Greek Physicians," ("Opera Medicorum Graecorum quas super- sunt,") in the original, with a Latin translation, 29 vols., (1821.) Died in 1840. Kuhnau, koo'now, (Johann,) a German musician, composer, and litterateur, born at Geysing, in Bohemia, in 1667. His compositions for the clavier were es- pecially famous. He was the inveptor of the sonata as a piece in several movements not dance-tunes, and four- teen examples of this form of music are still extant among his productions. His satirical poems were ad- mired in their day. He died in Leipsic, (whither he had removed in 1682,) June 25, 1722. Kuhne or Kuehne, kU'neh, (Gustav,) a German litterateur, born at Magdeburg in 1806, published " Clois- ter Novels," (" Klosternovellen,") etc. Died in 1888. Kiihner, kii'ner, (Rafael,) a German philologist, born at Gotha in 1802, published a "Complete Gram- mar of the Greek Language," (1834,) and "Elementary Grammar of the Greek Language." Died in 1878. Kuhnius. See Kuhn. Kiihnol or Kuehnoel, kii'nol, (Christian Gott- lieb,) a German biblical critic, born at Leipsic in 1768. He became professor of theology at Giessen about 1809, and published " Commentaries on the New Testament," (4 vols., 1807-18.) Died in 1841. Kuick. See Kuyk. Kuli Khan. See NAdir Shah. Kullack or Kullak, kool'ldk. (Theodor,) a Ger- man composer, born in Posen in 1818. He received the title of pianist to the King of Prussia. Died in 1882. Kulni, koolm, (Johann Adam,) a German anatomist and physiologist, born at Breslau in 1689; died in 1745. Kulmaun, kool'mJn, (Elisabeth,) a Russian poetess, of German extraction, born at Saint Petersburg in 1808. She spoke many languages, and composed lyric poems, publiihed in three volumes in 1833. Died in 1825. Kummer, koom'mer, (Friedrich August,) a Ger- man violoncellist and composer, born at Meiningen. August 5, 1797 ; died May 22, 1879. Kummer, koom'mer, (Georg Adolf,) a German naturalist, born at Ortrand in 1786 ; died near Kakonda, Africa, in 181 7. Kummer, (Karl Wilhelm,) a German geographer, born about 1780, was a brother of the preceding. He produced globes and maps en relief. Died about 1840. Kun, van der, (Peter.) See Cun^us. Kunckel, koonk'kel, (Johann,) a German chemist, born at Rendsburg in 1630. He is said to have dis- covered phosphorus. Died at Stockholm in 1702. See MoLLER, " Cimbria Literata;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^- rale." Kundmann, koont'mJn, (Johann Christian,) a German numismatist and naturalist, born at Breslau in 1684; died in 1751. Kung, koong, or Kung-Chien-Wang, a Chinese prince, brother of the emperor Hien-Fung, (died in 1861,) and uncle of the emperor Tung-Che, (died in 1875.) Kung was born in 1835. On the accession of Tung-Che (i86i) Prince Kung was made one of the three regents, and became the real head of the govern- ment. He retained much power under the emperor Kwang-Seu, under whom he was founder and head of the foreign office, and principal secretary of state. In 1884 it was reported that Prince Kung had retired from office and committed suicide. He had long been leader of the Chinese progressive party. (The word kung is properly a title belonging to princes of the blood of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth ranks, and has been translated "duke.") Kunigunde, the German of Cunegonde, which sec- Kunrath, koon'rSt, (Heinrich,) a German chemist and alchemist, born at Leipsic about 1560; died in 1605. Kunst, koonst, (Cornelis,) a Dutch painter, born at Leyden in 1493 ; died in 1544. Kunth, von, fon koont, (Karl Sigismund,) an emi- nent German botanist, born at Leipsic in June, 1788. He was patronized by Alexander von Humboldt, who fur- nished him with the means to study in the University of Berlin, and took him to Paris in 1813. He became pro- fessor of botany at Berlin in 1819. He published, besides other works, " Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas collegerunt Bonpland et Humboldt," which treats of the plants collected in America by Bonpland and Humboldt, (7 vols., 1815-25,) "The Grasses of South America," (2 vols., 1825-33,) and an "Enumeration of all the Plants hitherto known," (5 vols., 1833-50.) Died in 1850. Kuntz, koonts, (Karl,) a skilful German painter of animals and landscapes, bovn at Mannheim in 1770, was also an engraver. He worked mostly at Carlsruhe, where he was court painter. He engraved Claude Lorrain's picture of " Abraham Sending away Hagar." Died in 1830. Kuntz, (Rudolf,) a German lithographer and painter of horses, son of the preceding, was born in 1798; died at Carlsruhe, May 8, 1848. Kunzen, koont'sen, (Friedrich Ludwig Emil,) a musical composer, born at Lubeck in 1 761, produced a number of successful operas. Died in 181 7. Kupetzky or Kupetzki, koo-pets'kee, (Johann,) an eminent German portrait-painter, born at Pesing, on the borders of Hungary, in 1667. After a residence of many years in Italy, where he was patronized by John Sobieski, he returned to Vienna. He was treated with great dis- tinction by the emperors Joseph I. and Charles VI., whose portraits he painted, as well as those of the prin- cipal nobles of the court. He painted in the style of Rembrandt, and ranks among the best artists of the time in his department. Died in 1740. See J. C. FuESSLi, " LebenG. P. Rugendasund J. Kupetzki, "1758. Kflrma, kooR'ma, called also KurmavatSra, koor- mS'va-ti'ra, {i.e. the "avatar of the tortoise,") the second of the avatars of Vishnu, on which occasion he took the form of a tortoise that he might furnish a support to Mount Mandara while the gods and Asurs churned the ocean. The mountain being the churn-stick, the €as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, •«., pUtural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (S^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) KURMAVATARA 1462 KYRLE great serpent Sesha was made use of for the string.* The churning of the ocean is one of the most famous and popular febles related in the mythology of the Hin- doos. It resulted in the production of the fourteen gems, as they are called, — namely, i. Chandra, (the moon ;) 2. Lakshmi, the incomparable consort of Vishnu; 3. Sura- devi, or the goddess of wine ; 4. Oochisrava, a won- derful eight-headed horse ; 5. Kustubha, a jewel of ines- timable value ; 6. Parijata, a tree that yielded whatever one might desire ; 7. Surabhi or Kamadhenu, a cow similarly bountiful ; 8. Dhanwantara, a wondrous phy- sician ; 9. Iravata or Iravat, the elephant of Indra ; 10. Shank, a shell which conferred victory on whoever sounded it ; II. Danusha, an unerring bow ; 12. Vish,t a remarkable drug or poison; 13. Rembha, (or Rambha,) an Apsara possessed of surpassing charms; 14. Amrita, or Amrit, the beverage of immortality. See Moor, " Hindu Pantheon." Kurmavatara. See KOrma. Kurreem Khan. See Kereem KhXn. Kuirer, koor'rer, (Jakoh Wilhei.m Heinrich,) born in Wiirtemberg in 1781, wrote "On the Art of Dyeing and Printing Cloth," (3 vols., 1848-50.) Died in 1862. Kurschner, (Conrad.) See Pellican. Kurtz, kooRts, (Johann Heinrich,) a Prussian theo- logian, born at Montjoie in 1809, became in 1850 pro- fessor of ecclesiastical history at Dorpat. He wrote a treatise on "The Unity of the Book of Genesis," and other religious works. Kurz, kooRts, (Heinrich,) a litterateur and Oriental scholar, of German extraction, born in Paris in 1805. He wrote chiefly in German. Died February 24, 1873. Kiisel or Kuesel, kii'sel, (Matihias, ) a German engraver, born at Augsburg in 1621 ; died in 1682. Kiisel or Kuesel, (Melchior,) a skilful engraver, brother of the preceding, was born at Augsburg in 1622. He engraved (with the burin) and etched portraits, sacred history, and landscapes. He resided mostly at Augsburg. Died in 16S3. Kiister or Kuester, kiis'ter, (Georg Gottfried,) a German historian, born at Halle in 1695. He wrote, besides other works, "Ancient and Modern Berlin," (3 vols., 1752-59.) Died in 1776. Kiister, (Ludolph,) an eminent German scholar, born at Blomberg, in Westphalia, in 1670. He published " Historia Critica Homeri," (1696,) and was a contributor to the "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanorum" of Grae- vius. He also published editions of Suidas (3 vols., 1705) and Aristophanes, (1710.) He was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in Paris. Died in 1716. Kiittner, kut'ner, (Karl Gottlob,) a German trav- eller, born near Delitzsch in 1755. He published several books of travel and descriptive works on England, France, and other countries of Europe. Died in 1805. Kutuzof or Kutiisow. See KoO'i'OOZOF. Kuvera or Cuv§ra, koo-va'ra, [a Sanscrit word sig- nifying "deformed," "lazy," "slow," J] the name of the Hindoo Plutus or god of riches, said to be a half-brother of the famous giant Ravana. He is said to reside in the splendid city of Alaka, and is sometimes borne through the air in a gorgeous car called Push'paka. His consort (Sakti) is called Kauveri, (kow-va'ree.) See Moor, "Hindu Pantheon." Kuyk, koik, or Kuick van "Wouterszoon, (vtn • It maybe proper to observe that in India churning is usually perforined by causing a body, termed the churn-stick, to revolve rapidly in the cream or milk, by means of a string, in the same man- ner as a drill is made to revolve. In some of the Hindoo pictures of the cluirning of the ocean, the gods are represented as standing on one side of Moimt Mandara, and "the Asurs on the other, both grasping in their hands the serpent Sesha, which is wound round the mountain. This rests upon the back of the tortoise, (Vishnu.) At the same time, the preserving deity, inconsequence of his ubiquitous character, is seen standing among the gods and grasping Sesha, and also as dancing on the top of Mandclra. (See Plate 49 in Moor's " Hindu Pantheon.") t Called Bikh in some of the modern Hindoo dialects. X The signification of the name of Kuvera has doubtless allusion to the fact that, to those engaged in the pursuit of wealth, it usually seems to come with a very slow and hobbling pace. In like manner the Plutus of the Greeks was represented as not only blind, (because he bestowed his favours with so little di.scernment,)but lame, because he seemed to come so slowly and reluctantly to tliose who sought him. w6w'ter-z6n',) (Jan,) a skilful Dutch painter on glass, born at Dort in 1530. Having opposed the Jesuits, he was charged with heresy, and burned at Dort in 1572. Kuyp. See Cuyp. Kiizing or Kiitzing, kiit'sing, (Friedrich Trau- GOTT,) a German naturalist, born in Thuringia in 1807, published, among other works, "Elements of Philo- sophical Botany." Kvasir, kvi'sjr, [etymology unknown,] a mythic per- sonage mentioned in the Norse legends. He was so wise and knowing that no one could ask him a question which he could not answer. He was, however, entrapped and slain by two dwarfs who had invited him to a feast. With his blood they iningled honey, and thus composed a mead which makes every one who drinks of it a skald, or wise man. K^wang-Seu, (" Succession of Glory,") a Chinese em- peror, born in 1871. On the death from smallpox of the emperor Tung-Che, (January 12, 1875,) Kwang-Seu, the infant grandson of the emperor Taoo-Kwang, (who died in 1850,) was selected as emperor. There were numbers of other princes nearer to the succession, but Chinese law requires that every heir must be younger than the person from whom he inherits : consequently Kwang-Seu, previously called Tsai-T'ien, was placed upon the throne, two aged princesses of the blood being made regents. Kyau, von, fon kee'ow, (Friedrich Wilhelm,) Baron, a Prussian nobleman, celebrated for his wit and blunt honesty, was born in 1654. He was a favourite of Augustus II., King of Poland, who made him adjutant- general. Died in 1733. Kyd, (Thomas,) an English dramatist, flourished about 1580, a short time before Shakspeare. His only works e.xtant are entitled "Cornelia, or Pompey the Great his fair Cornelia's Tragedy," " The First Part of Geronimo," and " The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronymo is mad again." The last-named production displays uncommon power, and is supposed to have suggested to Shakspeare some parts of " Hamlet." Kydermynster. See Kidderminster. Kyffhauser, klFhoi'zer, an ancient palace (now in ruins) of the emperors of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, is situated on a higli eminence near the village of Tilleda, in Germany. There is a popular tradition that at the Kyffhauser, in a magnificent subterranean palace, Fred- erick Barbarossa (" Red-beard") e.xists in a state of en- chantment, with his knights and squires seated round a stone table, through which his beard has grown. Once in one hundred years (or, as some say, in sixty years) he partially awakes from his enchanted sleep, and sends out some one to inquire how the time is passing. It is supposed that after a certain period he will awake and revisit his empire, and then a better time will prevail. One of Freiligrath's finest poeius, entitled " Barbaros- sa's First Awaking," ("Barbarossa's erstes Erwachen,") has reference to the above tradition. Kylian, kil'e-dn, (J.-^COB,) a Bohemian astronomer, born at Prague in 1714 ; died in 1774. Kyn'as-ton or Kin'as-ton, (Sir Francis,) an Eng- lish poet, born in Shropshire in 1587, translated Chau- cer's "Troilus and Cressida" into Latin, and was the author of a poem entitled " Leoline and Sydanis." He was the founder of the Museum Minervje in Covent Garden. Died in 1642. See Wood, "Athens Oxonienses." Kynaston, (John,) an English divine, born at Ches ter in 1728, was a Fellow of Brazennose College, Oxford. Died in 1783. Kyper, kee'per, (Albrecht,) a German medical writer, born at Konigsberg about 1605. He became first physician to the Prince of Orange, and professor of medicine at Leyden in 1648. Died in 1655. Kypke, k!p'keh, (Georg David,) a German Oriental- ist, born in Pomerania in 1724, wrote " Observationes Sacras in Novi Foederis Libros," (1755.) Died in 1779. Kyrle, kerl, (John,) an English benefactor, eulogized by Pope in the verses on the Man of Ross, was born about 1664. He was a native or resident of Ross, in Herefordshire, where he built a church and endowed a hospital. He owned an estate of ;^5oo a year. Died in 1754, aged ninety. a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, xx, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, f^ll, fit; mgt; n6t; good; moon; LAALE 1463 LABERGE L. Laale, lau'l?h, (Peder,) a Danish poet of the fifteenth century, was born at Lolland. He wrote " Latin-Danish Proverbs," ("Adagia Latino-Danica.") Lacir. See Laer, van. Labadie, Ifbt'de', (Jean,) a French Protestant min- ister, regarded by some as a mystic or a fanatic, was born at Bourg, in Guienne, in 16 10. After joining the Jesuits and obtaining success as an eloquent preacher, he turned Protestant in 1650, and was for eight years pastor of a church at Montauban. He subsequently preached at Geneva, Middelburg, etc., where he made many prose- lytes or friends, among whom were Anna M. Schur- mann and the Princess Elizabeth of the Rhine. The sect called Labadists, which he formed in Germany, continued for nearly a century. Died in 1674. See Maucduict, "Avis charitable i Messieurs de Genfeve tou- chant la Vie du Sieur Jean Labadie," etc., Lyons, 1664. La'ban, [Heb. p'7,] the son of Bethuel, lived at Haran, in Mesopotamia, about 1740 B.C. He had two daughters, Leah and Rachel, who became the wives of Jacob. (See Genesis xxi.x. and xxx.) Labanof (Labanov or Labanow) de Rostof, IS-bJ'nof deh ros'tof, (Prince Alexander,) a Russian general and writer, born in 1788, served as aide-de-camp to the emperor from 181 7 to 1828. His principal work is "Letters, Instructions, and Memoirs of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots," (7 vols., 1844.) Died Dec. 8, 1866. La Barbinais le Gentil, It btR'be'ni' leh zh5N''- te', a French traveller, born probably at Saint-Malo. He visited Chili, Peru, and China, as a merchant, about 1 715, and published "A New Voyage round the World with a Description of China," (3 vols., 1727.) Lab'a-ree, (Benjamin,) D.D., LL.D., an American educator, born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, June 3, iSoi. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1828, and at Andover Seminary in 1831. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 183 1, was professor of ancient languages in Jackson College, Tennessee, and its presi- dent from 1832 to 1837, and was president of Middlebury College, Vermont, from 1840 to 1S66. Died at Walpole, New Hampshire, November 15, 1S83. Labarraque, IS'b^'rtk', (Antoine Germain,) s French chemist, born at Oloron in 1777; died in 1850. Labarre. See Barre. Labarre, IS'bta', (Eloi,) a French architect, born in Picardy in 1764, built the Bourse and Tribunal of Com- merce in Paris, (finished about 1826.) He was admitted into the Institute in 1827. Died in 1833. Labarre, (Theodore,) a French composer, and a skilful performer on the harp, was born in Paris in 1805. He composed popular ballads and operas. Died in 1870. Labarre de Corcelles, de, deh iS'btR' deh koR'sSl', (Francois Tirecuy — t^R'kii-e',) a French liberal poli- tician, born in 1801. He was a friend of Cavaignac, who in 1848 sent him on a mission to the pope. In 1875 he became a life senator. La Barre-Duparc, de, deh It'btR' dii'ptRk', (Nico- las Edouard,) a French military writer and officer, born at Saint-Cloud in 1819. Labarthe, It'btRt', (Pierre,) a French geographer and writer, born at Dax in 1760; died in 1S24. La Bastie, de, deh It bts'te', (Joseph Bimard,) ]5aron, a French antiquary, born at Carpentras in 1703 ; died in 1742. Labat, li'bt', (Jean Baptiste,) a French monk and successful author, born in Paris in 1663. Pie went in 1694 to the West Indies as a missionary, and, having returned to France in 1706, published a "Description of the West Indies," (6 vols., 1722,) a work of some merit In 1728 he published an excellent Description of Senegal and adjacent regions, (" Relation de I'Afrique occidentale," 5 vols., 1728,) the data of which were fur- nished by De Brue. Died in 1738. Labat, (L6on,) a French traveller and physician, born at .A.gde in 1803. He cured the Shah of Persia, who gave him the title of prince. Died in 1847. Labbe, Itb, (Philippe,) a French Jesuit and volumi- nous writer, born at Bourges in 1607. He lived many years in Paris, and published several useful works on history and chronology, among which is "Chronological, Technical, and Historical Agreement," (" Concordia Chronologica, Technica et Historica," 1656.) He is chiefly known at the present time by his valuable work on Latin pronunciation, entitled "Eruditas Pronuntia- tionis Catholici Indices," which was enlarged by E. Leeds and republished in London in 1751. Died in 1667. See Nic^RON, "Memoires." Labbe de Monveron, It'bi' deh m4N'vi'r6N', (Charles,) a French philologist and advocate, born in Paris in 1582. He published, as editor, besides other works, " Glossaries of Cyrillus, Philoxenus, and other Ancient Writers," (" Cyrilli, Philoxeni et aliorum vete- rum Glossaria," 1679.) Died in 1657. Labe, It'bi', (Louise,) a French lady, known by the name of La belle CoRDifeRE, was born at Lyons in 1526, and became the wife of Ennemond Perrin, a merchant who dealt in cordage. She was learned in languages and celebrated for her beauty and ardent imagination. She composed elegies, sonnets, and a drama named "Debat de la Folie'et de I'Amour." Died in 1566. La Bedolliere, It bi'do'le-aiR', (Emile Gigault,) a French litterateur, born at Amiens in 1812. He became an editor of the " Siecle." He translated into French Fenimore Cooper's works, Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the Waverley Novels. Among his writings are a "Life of La Fayette," (1833,) a "History of the Manners and Private Life of the P'rench," (1847,) " His- tory of Italy," (1859,) "A History of the War between Germany and Italy," (1866,) "France and Prussia," (1867,) "History of the War of 1870-71," (1872,) " Ba- zaine and the Capitulation of Metz," (1873,) "General History of .\ncient and Modern Nations," (1879,) etc. Labedoyere or La Bedoy^re, de, deh Ifbi'dwl'- yaiR', (Charles Angi^lique Huchet,) Count, a French general, noted for graceful manners and chivalrous spirit, was born in Paris in 1786. He became aide-de-camp to Marshal Lannes in 1808. At Essling, in 1809, he was wounded by the side of Lannes, who was killed at the same time. He was aide-de-camp to Eugene Beauhar- nais in 1812, and distinguished himself at the Moskwa and Berezina. In 1814 he accepted from Louis XVIII. the command of a regiment stationed at Grenoble. He was one of the first officers that in 181 5 joined the stan- dard of Napoleon, who raised him to the rank of general of division ; and he was one of the last to leave the field at the battle of Waterloo. Having been arrested in Paris and tried by court-martial, he was shot, in 1815. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gendrale." La'be-o, (Quintus Antistius,) a Roman jurist, who flourished about 50 B.C. He fought for Brutus at Phi- lippi, and, after the battle was lost, died by his own hand His son, Quintus or Marcus Antistius Labeo, was 3 more eminent jurist, a man of great learning, and an inflexible republican. He lived during the reign of Au- gustus, to whom he sometimes expressed his mind with boldness. He was the founder or head of a school of law, and was the rival of Capito. He wrote Commen- taries on the Twelve Tables, and many treatises, extracts from which are preserved in the Digest. Labeo and Capito are styled "ornaments of Peace" ("decora Pacis") by Tacitus. The disciples of Labeo were called Procu- Hani, from Proculus, his successor. See AuLus Gellius, " Noctes Atticae;" C. van_ Eck, " Disser- tatio de Vita, Moribus et Studiis Q. Antistii Labeonis," 1692. Laberge, de, deh It'biRzh', (Charles Auguste,) an excellent French landscape-painter, born in Paris in 1805. He represented human nature with surprising fidelity in a picture of a "Diligence passing through a Village and announcing the Revolution of 1830." His "Country Physician" (1832) is called his master-piece. His works are finished very minutely, without impairing the general effect. Died in 1842. f. as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; %h as in this. ( 2i:^=See Explanations, p. 23. ! LABERGERIE 1464 LABOULAYE Labergerie, de, deh IS'bSKzh're', (Jean Baptiste RouGiER,) Baron, an eminent French agriculturist, born in Touraine in 1759. He published several approved historical works on the agriculture of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Gauls, also treatises on Practical Agricul- ture. Died in 1836. La-be'ri-us, (Decimus,) a Roman knight, distin- guished as a writer of mimes, was born about 107 i'..c. In the year 45 Csesar signified a wish that he should act his mimes in public. He reluctantly complied, such practice being deemed degrading, and acquitted him- self with credit, at the same time availing himself of the opportunity to turn his wit against the dictator. The prologue which he spoke on this occasion has been preserved, and is much admired. Only small fragments of his works are extant. Died in 43 B.C. Labiche, It'bish', (Eugene Marin,) a French dra- matic author, born at Paris, May 5, 1815. He studied at the College Bourbon and at the law-school, but be- came a news-reporter for the small journals. He attained great success as a writer of eccentric and extravagant comedies, farces, and vaudevilles. In 1880 he was chosen to the Academy. His plays, more than one hundred in number, were in many instances prepared by other writers with his assistance, the originality and ex- travagance being in most cases his own. Among his best-known works are " Le Chapeau de Paille d'ltalie," (1851,) and "Le Voyage de M. Perrichon." Died 1888. La-bi-e'nus, (Quintus,) was a son of Titus, noticed below. He conmianded an army of Parthians which defeated the forces of Mark Antony in Cilicia. Having been captured by the Romans, he was put to death in 39 B.C. His brother, Titus Labienus, was an eloquent orator, and an enemy of Augustus Caesar. He died in 12 A.D. Labienus, (Titus,) a Roman general, born 98 B.C., was chosen tribune of the people in 63, and prsetor a few years later. About 60 B.C. he became lieutenant of Caesar, He was the ablest general that served under Caesar in the conquest of Gaul, where he gained victories over the Treviri. He abandoned his late chief at the passage of the Rubicon, and took arms for Pompey and the senate in 49 B.C. After the battle of Pharsalia he commanded in Africa, and was killed in the battle of Munda, in Spain, in 45 B.C. See CyESAR, "De Bello Gallico ;" Dion Cassius, " Historj' of Rome." Labillardiere or La Billardiere, de, deh It'be'ytR'- de^iR', (Jacques Julien Houton,) a French botanist, born at Alengon in 1755. After he had explored Cyprus, Syria, and Mount Lebanon as a botanist, he was em- ployed as naturalist in the expedition which was sent in search of La Perouse in 1791. Having returned to Paris, he published two valuable works, viz., " Narrative of a Voyage in Search of La Perouse," (1800,) and a "Flora of New Holland," (1804-06.) The former has enriched the various branches of natural history. He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1834. See P. Flourens, " £loge de J. J. de Labillardiere,' J837. Labitte, It'b^t', (Charles,) a French critic, born at Chateau-Thierry in 1816, became professor of foreign literature at Rennes in 184O. He wrote for the "Revue des Deux Mondes" able articles on M. J. Chenier and other authors. Died in 1845. Two volumes of his "Etudes litteraires" were published in 1846. Lablache, It'bltsh', (Louis,) a celebrated singer and actor, born of French parentage in Naples in 1794. He performed many seasons in Paris and London. His voice embraced two full octaves ; it was firm and sonorous, powerful and expressive. He was successful both in the serious and comic opera. It is stated that he gave lessons in music to Queen Victoria. " He has given form and life," says M. D'Ortigue, "to the immortal types traced by musicians of genius ; he has delighted civilized Europe for nearly half a century as a tragedian full of dignity and as an inimitable buffoon." Died in 1858. See Castil-Blaze, " Biographie de Lablache;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Lablee, IS'bli', (Jacques,) a French writer of fiction and verses, born at Beaugency in 1751 ; died in 1841. La Beetle. See BoiiriE. La Borde. See Borde. Laborde, (Generai_) See Delabokde, (Henri F.) Laborde, It'bord', (Maximilian,) an American phy- sician, of French extraction, born in Edgeheld, South Carolina, in 1804. He became in i838secretary of state. In 1842 he was apjjointed professor of logic and belles- lettres in South Carolina College, and afterwards of metaphysics and physiology. Died November 6, 1873. Laborde, iS'boRd', (Vidien,) a French priest, born at Toulouse in 1680. He lived in Paris, and was patronized by Cardinal de Noailles. He published a "Treatise on the Essence, Distinction, and Limits of the Spiritual and Temporal Powers," " Familiar Conferences," and other admired religious works. Died in 1748. Laborde, de, deh It'boad', (Alexandre Louis Jo- seph,) Count, a French antiquary and litterateur, born in Paris in 1774, was a son of Jean Joseph, (1724-94.) He accompanied Lucien Bonaparte in his embassy to Spain in iSoo, after which he devoted some years to the study and delineation of Spanish monuments, scenery, etc. He published the results in a large and costly work, — " Picturesque and Historic Journey in Spain," (" Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne," 4 vols., 1807-18, with 900 engravings,) which is highly com- mended. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1822 and 1827, and risked his life for the popular cause in July, 1830, after which he became a councillor of state. Among his important works are "The Monu- ments of France classed Chronologically," (24 parts, 1816-26,) and a "Picturesque Journey in Austria," (3 vols., 1821-23.) He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1842. See " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;" "Monthly Review" for August and October, iSio. Laborde, de, (Jean Joseph,) Marquis, a French financier, born at Jacca, Aragon, in 1724. He acquired a very large fortune bv commerce, and was distinguished for his liberality. 1 le was appointed banker to the court by the Duke of Choiseul, who gave him the title of marquis. He was guillotined in 1794, on suspicion of having conspired against the dominant party. Laborde, de, (L60N Emmanuel Simon 'Joseph,) Count, a French traveller and writer on art, a son of Count Alexandre Louis Joseph, noticed above, was born in Paris in 1807. He became aide-de-camp to La Fa- yette in 1830, and was elected to the Chamber of Depu- ties in 1840. In 1842 he was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions. He produced a splendid work entitled " Travels in the East," (" Voyage en Orient," etc., con- taining four hundred views in Asia Minor and Syria, 36 parts, 1837-55,) "The Renaissance of the Arts at the Court of France," (1850-55,) and other works on art. In 1857 he was chosen director of the archives of the empire. Died March 29, 1S69. See "Nouvelle Biographie Gt$n^rale;" "London Quarterly Re- view" for June, 1837. Labouchere, IS'boo'shaiR', (Henry,) Baron Taun- ton, an English Whig minister of state, born in Lon- don in 1798, was descended from a family of French Protestants. He was returned to Parliament for Taunton in 1830, became privy councillor in 1835, and president of the board of trade in 1839. Having resigned with his party in 1 841, he was chosen chief secretary for Ire- land in 1846. He was president of the board of trade from July, 1S47, ''H February, 1852, and was colonial secretary from the accession of Palmerston, in 1855, until February, 1858. His mother was a Baring, sister of Lord Ashburton. Died in July, 1869. Labouchere, la'boo'shaiR', (Pierre Antoixe,) a French historical painter, was born at Nantes in 1807. Among his works are " The Colloquy of Geneva in 1 549 : Calvin, Beza, and Farel," and " Luther at the Diet of Worms," (1857.) Died at Paris, March 28, 1873. Labouderie, It'bood're', (Jean,) a French religious writer and abbe, born in Auvergne in 1776 ; died in 1849. Laboulaye, It'boo'li', (Edouard Ren6 Lefi^bure,) a French jurist and historical writer, born in Paris in 181 1. He acquired a high reputation by his writings, among which are a " History of the Law of Landed Property in Europe," (1839,) a " History of the United a. e, T, o, u, y, long; i, h. A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, ^, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fdr, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moor. LABO URD ONNAIE 1465 LA CHATRE States of America," (3 vols., 1855,) and an ingenious and witty \vorl< entitled " Paris in America." He trans- lated into French several of the works of Dr. Channing, (1853.) In 1845 ^^ W'ls chosen a member of the Acad- emy of Inscriptions. He was a warm friend of the Union during the great civil war, (1861-65,) and was a Liberal in French politics. Died May 25, 1883. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale. " Labourdonnaie or La Bourdonnaie, de, deh 18'- booR'do'ni', (Anne Francois Augustin,) Count, a French general, born at Guerande in 1747. In 1792 he was made a general, and, having obtained command of the army of the North, was denounced byDumouriez for obstructing his operations in Belgium, and was recalled. He afterwards commanded the army of the Pyrenees. Died in November, 1793. Labourdonnaie, de, (Franqois R6gis,) Count, a French legislator, born at Angers in 1767. In 1815 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, where for about fifteen years he was one of the chief orators of the extreme royalists. He obtained the portfolio of the interior in the Polignac ministry in 1S29, but resigned about the close of that year. Died in 1839. Labourdonnais, de, (Mah6.) See Mah6. Labourdonnais, de, deh iS'booR'do'ni', (MahS, mt'i',) a Frenchman, surnamed "The King of Chess," was born in 1795. After the death of Philidor he was probably the most skilful chess-player in France. He wrote a "Life of Mahe de Labourdonnais," (his grand- father.) Died in 1840. Laboureur, Le, leh It'boo'ruR', (Jean,) a French priest, whose works have thrown light on the history of France, was born at Montmorency in 1623. He became one of the almoners of the king. He published "Monu- ments of Illustrious Persons," (1641,) "Memoirs of Michel de Castelnau," (1659,) and other works. Died in 1675. Labrador, ia-bRi-D6R', (Juan,) a Spanish painter of the Seville school, was born in Estremadura. He painted flowers and fruits with great success. His works are highly prized in Spain. Died in 1600, at an advanced age. Labrousse, de, deh It'bRooss^ (Clotilde Suzanne de Courcelles — deh kooR'sel',) a French enthusiast, born in Perigord in 1747. She professed to be a pro- phetess. In the Revolution she advocated the popular cause. Died in 1821. LaBrousse, de, (Nicolas,) Comtede Verteillac, (deh vSR'ti'yik',) a French general, born in 1648, was killed near Mons in 1693. Louis XIV. said, "I have lost in the Count of Verteillac the best ofiicer of infantry that I have had since Turenne." La Brune, de, deh It bRiin, (Jean,) a French Prot- estant minister and writer, lived about 1690-1720. La Brunerie, de, deh IS bRiin're', (Guillaume,) Vi- comte Dode, a French general, born in Isere in 1775. He had the chief command of the engineers of the arnij which invaded Spain in 1823, and directed the fortifica- tions of Paris, (1840-45.) He was made a marshal of France in 1847. Died in 1851. See "Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." La Briiyere. See BRUvfeRE, de t.a. La Caille. See Caille, de la. La Calleja, de, di IJ kil-ya'aJ, (Andres,) a Spanish painter, born at La Riojain 1705 ; died in Madrid in 1785. La Calprenede. See Calpren^de, de la. Lacarry, It'kfre', (Gilles,) a learned French Jesuit and historian, born in the diocese of Castres in 1605, was for many years rector of the College of Cahors. He pub- lished several esteemed historical works, among which is a " History of Rome from Julius Caesar to Constan- tine I.," (1671.) Died in 1684. Lacau.ssade, It'ko'sSd', (Augusts,) a French poet and critic, born in the Isle of Bourbon in 1820. He made a good version of Ossian's poems, (1842,) and became secretary to M. Sainte-Beuve. In 1852 he published " Poemes et Paysages," ("Poems and Landscapes.") Lacaze, de, deh iS'ktz', (Louis,) a French medical writer, born in Beam in 1703. Among his works is " Idee de I'Homme physique et moral," (" Ideal of the Physical and Moral Man," 1755.) Died in 1765. Lacep^de, de, deh iS'si'pid', (Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville,) Count, an eminent French naturalist, born at Agen in 1756. He was carefully edu- cated at home by his father, who was of a distinguished family, and in early youth chose natural history as his favourite study and Buffon as his model. Having sent to Buffon an account of some experiments on electricity and received a complimentary answer, he went to Paris in 1777, and formed an intimacy with that naturalist and Daubenton. He published an "Essay on Electricity" in 1 781, and soon after became the favourite pupil of Buffon, who selected him to continue his "Natural His- tory." In 1785 Lacepede was appointed curator and sub-demonstrator in the Cabinet du Roi. He published, as a sequel to Buffon's work, in 17SS, a "Natural His- tory of Oviparous Quadrupeds and Serpents," which was commended by Cuvier. In 1791 he entered the Legislative Assembly as a moderate friend of the new regime, and during the reign of terror found refuge in the country. He obtained a chair of zoology in the Museum of Natural History in 1795, and was admitted into the Institute in 1796. His "Natural History of Fishes" (6 vols. 4t(), 1798-1803) is elegant in style, but defective in philosophy. Having been chosen president of the senate in 1801, grand chancellor of the legion of honour in 1803, and minister of state in 1804, he was very assiduous in the performance of his public duties. His "Natural History of Cetacea" (2 vols., 1804) is called his best work. After the restoration he was made a peer of France. Died in 1825. See Cuvier '' filoge historique du Comte de Lac^pJde," 1820, ViLLENAVE, "Eloge historique du Comte de Lac^pMe," 1826; Amalric, "Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M. le Comte de Lacepfede:" Querard, "La France Litt^raire ;" "Nouvelle Bio- graphie Gein5rale." La Cerda. See Cerda, de la. Lacerda e Almeida, de, di IS sSR'da i ll-ma'e-di, (Francisco Joz6,) a Portuguese traveller, explore3^arts of Brazil, and portions of Africa between 10° and 26° south latitude. Died in Africa about 179S. La Chabeau.gsiere, de, deh It sht'bo'se^iR', (Ange Stienne Xavier Poisson,) a French comic poet, born in Paris in 1752 ; died in 1820. La Chai.se or Lachaise, de, deh It shiz, (Francois d'Aix,) or La Chaise d'Aix, (Francois de,) PiRE, a French Jesuit, born in Forez in 1624. After teaching philosophy at Lyons, he obtained in 1675 the place of confessor to Louis XIV., which he kept for thirty-four years. Pie had much influence with the king, and ap- pears to have acted with moderation and prudence. Voltaire calls him a "mild person, with whom the ways of conciliation were always open." He is partly respon- sible, however, for the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Died in 1709. A large cemetery of Paris bears the name of Pere La Chaise. See Voltaire, " Sifecle de Louis XIV:" Saint-Simon, "MiS- moires;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." La Chalotais. See Chalotais, de la. Lachambeaudie, iS'shdN'bo'de', (Pierre,) a French fabulist, born at Sarlat in 1806. He joined the Saint- Simonians about 1832, and published, in 1839, " Popular Fables," (7th edition, 1849,) which gained a prize of 2000 francs from the French Academy. Died July 6, 1872. La Chambre. See Chamhre, de la. Lachapelle or La Chapelle, de, deh iS'shS'pSK, (Arm and Boisbeleau — bwa'beh'16',) a French Prot- estant minister, was born in Saintonge in 1676. After preaching in London, he became pastor of a church at the Hague in 1725. He was the editor of the last ten volumes of the " Bibliotheque Anglaise," or " Literary Journal of Great Britain," (15 vols., 1717-27,) which was commenced by Laroche, and wrote several theological works. Died in 1746. La Chapelle, de, (Jean,) a mediocre French poet, born at Bourges in 1655, became a member of the French Academy. He wrote several successful tragedies, among which was "Zaide," and "The Amours of Catullus," (1680.) Died in 172^. Laeh'a-res, [Aa^^apWi] an Athenian demagogue and tyrant, who obtained the chief power at Athens in 296 B.C. He was expelled by Demetrius in 295. La Chatre, de, deh It'shatR', (Claude,) a French general and courtier, born about 1536 ; died in 1614. € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( gj^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LA CHAUSSEE 1466 LA CROIX La Chaussee. See ChaussEe. La'-ehes, [Aa;i;)?f,] an Athenian general, commanded an expedition sent to Sicily in 427 B.C. He was one of the commanders of the army sent to Argos in 418 B.C., and was killed at Mantinea in that year. La-eh'e-sis, [Aax^crif,] a Greek word signifjring "lot" or " destiny," the name of one of the Parc^, (which see.) La Chetardie. See Ch^tardie, de la. Lachmaiin, laK'mdn, (Karl,) an eminent German critic and philologist, born at Brunswick in March, 1793. He studied at Leipsic and Gottingen. After having lectured in the University of Konigsberg, he became in 1S27 professor in that of Berlin, where he acquired a high reputation. In 1830 he was admitted into the Academy of Sciences of Berlin. He published excellent critical essays on Homer and on the " Niebelungen- Lied." Between 1S29 and 1845 he edited the works of Catullus, Tibullus, Terence, and Avianus. He published an edition of Lucretius, (1850.) He also wrote " De Choreis Systematis Tragicorum Graecorum," (i8i9,)and .nany other works. He is chiefly remembered for his important labours on the text of the Greek New Testa- ment. Died in Berlin, March 13, 185 1. See Jacob Grimm, "Redeaiif Lachmann," 1851 ; Martin Hertz, " K. Laclimann, eine Biographie," 1851 ; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Lachner, ISK'ner, (Franz,) a German musical com- poser, born at Rain, in Bavaria, in 1804. He composed symphonies, which are his chief title to fame, and sev- eral operas and oratorios. After acting as chapel-master in Vienna some years, he became royal chapel-master in Munich in 1836, and in 1852 he was chosen general di- rector of music. He ranks among the greatest com- posers of symphonies in recent times. Died in 1890. Lackemacher, ISk'keh-mlK'er, (Johann Gott- fried,) a German Orientalist, born at Osterwick in 1695 ; died in 1736. Lack'ing-ton, (James,) an English bookseller, born about 1745 ; died in 1816. See his " Autobiocraphic Memoirs," 1792. Lackmann, lak'm^n, (Adam Heinrich,) a German historian, born at Weningen in 1694 ; died in 1753. La Clede or Laclede, de, deh It'klid', (N.,) a French historian, was a friend of Voltaire. He published a " Gen- eral History of Portugal," (2 vols. 4to, 1735.) of which a Portuguese version appeared ini6 vols., (1781-97.) He died young in 1736. Laclos or La Clos, de, deh It'klo', (Pierre Am- BROISE Franqois Clioderlos-^sho'dgR'los',) a French officer, born at Amiens in 1741. He was secretary to the Duke of Orleans during the Revolution. In the army he served as marechal-de-camp under the Republic. He published a licentious romance, "The Dangerous Liaisons." Died in 1803. La Colonie, de, deh It ko'lo'ne', (Jean Martin,) a French historical writer, born at Bordeaux in 1674. He wrote a " History of Bordeaux," (3 vols., 1757.) Died in 1759. Lacombe, It'kiMb', (Jacques,) a mediocre French writer, born in Paris in 1724. Among his numerous works, in prose and verse, are a " Dictionary of the Fine Arts," (1759,) a "History of Revolutions in Russia," (1763,) and a " Dictionary of Arts and Trades," (8 vols., 1789-91.) Died in 181 1. La Condamine. See Condamine, La. Lacordaire, It'koR'd^R', (Jean Baptiste Henri,) a celebrated French preacher, and founder of a new order ot Dominicans, was born at Recey-sur-Ource (Cote d'Or) in 1802. He was educated for the law, which he re- nounced in 1823 for the church, having been converted from Voltairian views by the " Essay on Indifference" of Lamennais. In 1830 he was associated with Lanien- nais and Montalembert as an editor of the "Avenir," which was ultramontane in religion but liberal or radical in politics. His unity and co-operation with Lamen- nais ceased in 1832, after a visit to Rome with his two friends above named, and after the pope had denounced the "Avenir." In 1835 l^'^e archbishop opened to him the pulpit of Notre-Dame, Paris, where he attracted immense crowds by the novel and brilliant style of his sermons, in which he availed himself freely of the various interests and excitements of the time. ' He became a Dominican friar in 1840, and published a " Life of Saint Dominic." In 1848 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly ; but he resigned his seat in May of that year, having failed as a parliamentary speaker. He after- wards preached in Paris and other cities. He pub- lished " Considerations on the Philosophic System of Lamennais," (1834,) "Sermons (Conferences) at Notre- Dame," (3 vols., 1835-50,) "Letter on the Holy See," (1838,) and other works. In 1859 or i860 he was elected to the French Academy in place of De Tocqueville. Died in November, 1861. See Montalembert, "Vie de Lacordaire;" " Notice sur Lacor- daire," Lyons, 1843; Sainte-Beuve, " Causeries du Limdi," tome i. ; L. DE Lom^nie, "Le Pere Lacordaire," 1S44; Pierre Lohrain, " Biographie historique de Lacordaire," 1847; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale :" "Blackwood's Masjazine" for February, 1863; "Quar- terly Reviesv" tor July, 1S64 ; P^re Chocarne, " Vie du Pere Lacor- daire," (and English translation ol'the same, Dublin and New York. 1867.) Lacordaire, (Jean Theodore,) a French naturalist, a brother of the preceding, was born at Recey-sur-Ource in 1801. He travelled extensively in South America between 1825 and 1832. Among his works are ati "In- troduction to Entomology," (2 vols., 1834-37,) and a " Natural History of Insects : Genera of Coleoptera." (4 vols., 1857.) Died at Liege, July 18, 1870. Lacoste, It'kost', (Slie,) a French Jacobin, born at Montagnac, was elected to the Convention in 1792. On the 9th Thermidor, 1794, he spoke with energy against Robespierre, and procured the suppression of the revo- lutionary tribunal. Died in 1803. Lacoste, li'kost', (Marie R.,) an American poetess, born in Georgia about 1842, known as the author of " Somebody's Darling," a short poem which appeared anonymously in 1863 and achieved wide popularity. Lacour, It'kooR', (Pierre,) a French painter and archaeologist, born at Bordeaux in 1778. Lacretelle, de, deh lt'kReh-t§l', (Jean Charles Dominique,) a popular French historian, born at Metz in 1766. He was in Paris during the Revolution, and was a zealous partisan of the moderate Constitutionalists. After the fall of Robespierre he became one of the chiefs of the jeunesse dorie, and gained distinction as an elo- quent writer and editor of a political journal. On the i8th Fructidor, 1797, he was arrested on the charge of being a royalist, and imprisoned twenty-three months. He published a " History of the French Revolution," (5 vols., 1801-6,) which obtained great success, a "His- tory of France since the Restoration," (3 vols., 1829-35,) and many other works on French history. Among his best productions is a " History of France during the Eighteenth Century," (6 vols., 1808,) and "The National Convention," (3 vols., 1S25.) He was admitted into the French Academy in 181 1, and was professor of history at the Faculty of Letters from 1809 to 1848. In 1827 he was the prime mover of a protest which the French Academy made against a proposed law to subvert the freedom of the press. Died in 1855. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale;" Tastel, " Histoire des quarante Fauteuils de I'Academie Franpaise." 4 vols., 1855 ; "Quar- terly Review" for April, 1814; "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1805. Lacretelle, de, (Pierre Louis,) a French lawyer and successful writer, brother of the preceding, was born at Metz in 1751. He became a resident of Paris at an early age. He gained reputation by his "filoge de Montau- sier," by a prize essay " Sur la Prejuge des Peines infa- mantes," ("On the Prejudice against [the Families of those who suffer] Infamous Penalties," 17S4,) and other works, for which the Academy in 1786 awarded him the prize founded for the work most useful to morals. In 1 791 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, where he acted with the moderate Constitutionalists. About 1802 he was adinitted into the French Academy in place of La Harpe. After the restoration of 1S14 he was one of the editors of the " Minerve Fran9aise." He was author of "Portraits and Tableaux" and "Melanges of Philosophy and Literature," (5 vols., 1802-07.) Died in 1824 or 1825. Lacroix, It'kRwi', (Jules,) a French novelist and poet, born in Paris in 1809, published " The Parasites," (2 vols., 1S37,) " Memoirs of a Somnambulist," (5 vol.s., 1845,) and other novels. Died in 1887. a, e,T, o, u, y, /ench tragic actor, born in Perigord in 1775, made a successful dehU in Paris in 1800, and was considered by his admirers a rival of Talma. Died in 1846. Lafons, de, deh It'f^N', (FRANgois Joseph Alex- andre,) Baron de Mellicocq, a French botanist and antiquary, born at Noyon, Oise, in 1802. Lafont, lt'f(!)N', (Charles Philippe,) a popular mu- sician, born in Paris in 17S1, was appointed in 1809 first violinist to the emperor Alexander of Russia, and on his return to Paris in 1815 filled the same office at the royal chapel. Died in 1839. Lafont, (Pierre Chi^ri,) a French actor, born at Bor- deaux in 1801. Died April 18, 1873. Lafont, de, deh It'f^N', (Joseph,) a French dramatist, born in Paris in 16S6, wrote successful comedies, among which was "The Festivals of Thalia," (" Les Fetes de Thalie," 1714.) Died in 1725. Lafontaine, lt'f(!)N'tin', (August Heinrich Julius,) a popular novelist, of French origin, born at Brunswick about 1758. Having taken holy orders, he was employed as pastor or professor at Halle. He published, in Ger- man, a great number of novels, which had a temporary success and were translated into French. Among them are " The Singular Man," (" Der Sonderling,") " The Family De Halden," and "Agnes and Bertha," (1818.) Died at Halle in 183 1. His style is easy and agreeable, but his sentimentality is considered excessive. See JoHANN G. Gruber, "A. Lafontaine's Leben und Wirken," 1833; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;"" Foreign Quarterly Re- view" for February, 1834. La Fontaine or Lafontaine, de, deh It'fiN'tin', (Jean,) a famous French fabulist, born at Chateau- Thierry, July 8, 1621, was the most popular French poet of his time. He was remarkable for an easy, careless, and indolent temper, and passed the age of twenty-one before he manifested his poetical genius. He married Marie Hericart to please his father, who procured for him the office of master of waters and forests ; but he soon sold his office and separated from his wife. The Duchess de Bouillon, pleased with his first literary efforts, became his patroness and took him to Paris. He received a pension from Fouquet, and about 1662 com- posed an admirable elegy on the fall of that minister. He enjoyed for about twenty years the hospitality of Madame Sabliere, a lady of Paris, who generously pro- tected him from the effects of his improvidence and incapacity for business. His first tales appeared in 1664, and six books of Fables in 1668. Ten years later, he produced the last six books of those inimitable works. At the death of Colbert (1683,) La Fontaine and Boileau were rival candidates for the place which he left vacant in the French Academy ; and the former was successful. Moliere and La Fontaine are reckoned the two most original writers of the brilliant age of Louis XIV. Many anecdotes are related of his simplicity, ndiveti, and ab- sence of mind. "His lines," says Hallam, "have 5 proverbial truth and a humour of expression which render them constantly applicable. . . . Many of his fables are admirable : the grace of the poetry, the happy inspiration that seems to have dictated the turns of expression, place him in the first rank among fabulists." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") He died in Paris in April, 1695, having expressed penitence for the licentious passages in his tales. See I.A Harpe, " Eloge de Lafontaine," 1774 ; Walckenaek, " Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J. de La Fontaine," 1820; Marais, "Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J. de La Fontaine," 1811 ; Chamfort, " filoge de La Fontaine," 1774; Sainte-Beuvb " Portraits litt^raires," tome i., and " Causeries du Lundi," tome vii. ; Des Renaudes, "Notice sur la Vie de J. de Lafontaine," 1852; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;" Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." La Fontenelle or Lafontenelle, de, deh IS fcb.Nt'nSK, (Armand D6sir6,) a French antiquary and biographer, born in Poitou in 1784. Among his works are a " His- tory of Oliver de Clisson," (2 vols., 1826,) and the "Life and Correspondence of Du Plessis-Mornay," (with Au- guis, 12 vols., 1822-42.) Died in 1847. Lafosse, It'foss', (Philippe Stienne,) a French vete- rinary physician, wrote "The Farrier's Guide," (1766,) and a "Manual of Veterinary Medicine," (1803.) Died ir 1820. . Lafosse or La Fosse, de, deh It foss, (Antoine,) a French dramatist and poet, born in Paris in 1653, was accounted by some the first tragic poet of his time. He produced, besides other dramas, " Polyxene," (1686,) and " Manlius Capitolinus," (1698,) a tragedy, which is highly praised by La Harpe. Died in 1708. Lafosse, de, (Charles,) a French historical paintei of high reputation, born in Paris in 1636, was an undo of the preceding. He studied under Lebrun, and- in Rome. He was employed by Louis XIV. to adorn the Trianon and the Hotel des Invalides, the frescoed dome of which is called his master-piece. He was admitted into the Academy of Painting in 1683, when he exhibited the "Abduction of Proserpine." Died in 1716. See " N6iivelle Biographie Generale." Lafosse, de, (Jean Baptiste Joseph,) a skilful French engraver, was born in Paris in 1721 ; died about 1775- Lafrery, Itf'R're' or liTReh-re', (Antoine,) a French engraver, born at Salins in 15 12. He worked in Rome, where he published maps and engravings, and " Mirror of Roman Grandeur," ("Speculum Romanae Magni- tudinis," in 118 plates, 1554-73.) Died in 1577. La Fuente. See Fuente, La. La Fuente, li fwSn'ti, (AlcAntara Miguel,) a Spanish historian and lawyer, born in the province of Malaga in 181 7. He died at Havana in 1850, soon after he had been xni^A^ fiscal (attorney-general) of Cuba. His chief work is a " History of Granada," (4 vols., 1843-48.) Lagalla, IS-gdl'lS, (Giulio Cesare,) an Italian phy- sician and philosopher, born at Padula in 1576, was professor of philosophy in the Roman College from 1597 till his death. He published a "Treatise on Comets," (1613,) and "De Immortalitate Animorum," (1621,) an effort to prove that Aristotle admitted the immortality of the soul. Died in 1624. La Gallissoniere. See GALLissoNifeRE, de la. Lagaraye, de, deh It'gS'ri', (Claude Toussaint Marot,) Comte, a French chemist and philanthropist, born at Rennes in 1675. He founded infant-schools, € as k; c as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, Yi, giittural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. (JJ^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LA GARDE 1472 LA GUE RONNIE RE and hospitals for the sick and aged. He made some improvements in vegetable analysis, and pu'olished a treatise on "Hydraulic Chemistry," ("Chimie hydrau- lique," 1746.) Died in 1755. See " Les fipoux charitables, ou Vies du Comte et de la Comtesse de La Garaye," Rennes, 1782. Lagarde. See Deshouli£res. La Gardie. See Gardie, de la. La Gasca. See Gasca, de la. Lagerbring, l^'ger-bRing, (Sven or Sven Bring,) a Swedish historian, born in 1707, was for many years professor of history in the University of Lund. He published a " History of Sweden" down to 1457, (3 vols., 1769-76,) a work of much research, but defective in style and method. Died in 1788. See C. WOLLIN, "Parentation ofver S. Lagerbring," 1788. Lagerlof or Lagerloef, l^'ger-lof, (Pehr,) a Swedish scholar and writer, born in 1648, became professor of rhetoric at Upsal. He was learned in languages, and wrote Latin verse with much purity of style. He pub- lished several antiquarian treatises. Died in 1699. See JocHER, "Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon." Lagerstrom orLagerstroem, von, fon li'ger-stRom', (Magnus,) a Swedish savant, born at Stockholm in 1696, was a friend of Linnaeus. He translated French and German works into Swedish, and availed himself of his advantages as director of the East Lidia Company to collect scientific facts and specimens and to promote researches in natural history. Died in 1759. See Kryger, " Aminnelse-Tal bfver M. Lagerstroem," 1760. Lagny, de, deh iSn'ye', (Thomas Fantet,) a French mathematician, born at Lyons in 1660. He removed to Paris in 1678, was admitted into the Academy of Sciences in 1695, and chosen professor of hydrography at Roche- fort in 1697. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He published, besides other ingenious treatises, "The Cubature of the Sphere," (1703,) "which," says Fontenelle, "would prove him to be a great geometer." Died in 1734. Lagomarsini, 15-go-maR-see'nee, (Girolamo, ) an eminent Italian philologist and Jesuit, born in 1698. He was professor of rhetoric in Florence for many years, and about 1750 became professor of Greek in the Roman College. He published Latin orations (1746) and epis- tles, a poem " On the Origin of Springs," (" De Origine Fontium," 1749,) and other works. Died in 1773. See Fabroni, " Vits Italorum doctrina excelleiitium ;" Parthe- Nius, "De Vita et Studiis H. Lagomarsini," 1801. La Grange, (Antoine.) See Rivet de la Grange. Lagrange or La Grange, It gR6Nzh, (Joseph Louis,) one of the most eminent geometers of modern times, was born at Turin on the 25th of January, 1736. His parents were of French origin. He was educated in the College of Turin, where his mathematical genius was rapidly developed and was specially directed to the study of modern analysis. It has been said that all he learned seemed to be only a reminiscence of what he had before known. Having examined Euler's work on " Isoperi- metrical Problems," he sent to the author in 1755 the first essays of his " Method of Variations," which alone would immortalize his name, and which he had invented to respond to the desire of Euler. About the age of nineteen he was chosen professor of mathematics in the military college of Turin. The first volume of the " Me- moirs of the Academy of Turin" (1759) consisted chiefly of the admirable essays of Lagrange on the most im- portant and difficult points of analysis and mechanics, such as the propagation of sound and the vibration of chords. He published in 1762 some applications of his great discovery, which was afterwards called the " Method of Variations." In 1764 he gained the prize offered by the French Academy of Sciences for a " Theory of the Libration of the Moon." Invited by Frederick the Great, he removed to Berlin in 1766, and was for twenty years director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which ne enriched with numerous treatises on " Tautochronous Curves," " Numerical Equations," the " Integral Cal- culus," " Partial Differences," and on the most arduous questions of general astronomy and celestial mechanics. He was chosen a foreign associate of the Academy of Paris in 1772. The persuasion of Mirabeau and the oflTer of a pension from the king induced him to settle in Paris in 1787. He published in 1788 his magnificent work "La Mecanique analytique," ("Analytical Mechanics,") which is considered one of the master-pieces of the human in- tellect. His interest was vividly excited by the Revolu- tion, in which, however, he took no active part. In 1792 he married Mademoiselle Lemonnier. He was the first professor of geometry in the Polytechnic School, founded about 1794; and his name was the first inscribed on the list of the members of the Institute, founded in 1795. Napoleon, who highly appreciated the great talents of one so incapable of intrigue and adulation, gave him the office of senator and the titles of count of the empire and grand officer of the legion of honour. He died in April, 1813. "Among the inventors who have most enlarged the boundaries of our knowledge," says La Place, " New- ton and Lagrange appear to have possessed in the highest degree the power which, by the discovery of general principles, constitutes the true genius of science." "After Newton's discovery of the elliptic orbits of the planets," says Playfair, "Lagrange's discovery of their periodical inequalities is, without doubt, the noblest truth in phy- sical astronomy ; and, in respect of the doctrine of final causes, it may truly be regarded as the greatest of all." See Delambre, " filoge de Lagrange;" Virey et Potel, " Precis hiptorique siir la Vie de Lagrange," 1813 ; Pietro Cossali, " Elogio di G. L. Lagrange," 1813 ; Magistrini, "Discorso in Lode di Lagrange," 1819; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." La Grange, (N.,) a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1738, translated the great poem of Lucretius " De Rerum Natura," with notes, (1768,) and the works of Seneca, (7 vols., 1779.) The former passes for one of the best versions in the French language. Died in 1775. La Grange or Lagrange, de, deh It gR6Nzh, (Ade- laide Blaise FRANgois le Lievre,) Marquis de Fou- rilles, born in Paris in 1766, became general of division in 1809. Died in 1833. La Grange, de, (Adelaide £douard,) Marquis, a son of the preceding, and a member of the Institute, was born in Paris in 1796. He was an active member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1834 to 1848, and voted with the friends of Lonis Napoleon in the Assembly of 1849. In 1852 he became a senator. He wrote, besides other works, treatises on numismatics. Died January 17, 1876. La Grange, de, ( Amand Charles Louis le LifevRE,) a French general, born in 1783, served with distinction under Napoleon I. Died July 31, 1864. Lagrange, de, (Joseph,) Comte, a French general, born in 1763; died in 1836. La Grange, de, (Joseph de Chancel,) a French dramatic and satiric poet, commonly called La Grange- Chancel, was born at Perigueux in 1676. His drama of " Jugurtha" was performed with success in 1694. He produced other tragedies, among which " Aniasis" (1701) and " Ino and Melicerta" (1713) are called the best. He was imprisoned or exiled some years for three remark- able odes, named "Philippiques," (1720,) which were libellous satires against the Regent of France. " As a satiric poet," says the "Nouvelle Biographie Generate," " he has left a work which, in spite of its imperfections and crying injustice, is the monument of satire in France." Died in 1758. See "Nouvelle Eiographie G^n^rale ;" Saint-Simon, "M^ moires." Lagrene, de, deh ItgR'ni' or It'gReh-ni', (ThEodose Marie Melchior Joseph,) a French diplomatist, was born at Amiens in 1800. He went to Athens as minister in 1836, and to China in 1844. Died April 27, 1862. Lagr6n6e, iS'gRi'ni', (Jean Jacques,) a French his- torical painter, born in Paris in 1 740. He worked in Paris with success, and reproduced antique paintings by incrus- tation on marble and glass. Died in 1821. Lagr6n6e, (Louis Jean Francois,) called Ain6, a French historical painter, brother of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1724. He was surnamed "the French Albano." He studied at Rome, became Academician in 1755, and for some time was first painter to the Em- press of Russia. He afterwards worked in Paris. Died in 1805. See Renou, " Notice sur Lagren^e I'ain^," i8iS- La Gu6ronniere or Lagueronniere, de, deh It gi'- a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iort; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, Idll, fit; met; n6t; good; moonj LA GUERRE 1473 LAINEZ ro'ne-aiR', (Arthur,) Vicomte, a French political writ^and Bonapartist, born in 18 16. He becanie chief editor of Lamartine's new journal, the " Pays, in 1850. A dissension arose between him and Lamartme on the subject of a historical study on Louis Napoleon, which the former published in the " Pays," and which increased his reputation as a brilliant writer. Me was elected a deputy in 1852, and appointed a councillor of state in 1854 His pamphlet entitled "Napoleon TH. and Eng- land" (1858) produced a great sensation on both sides of the Channel. He became an editor of the " Consti- tutionncl." Died December 23, 187 S- Laguerre, iS-gaiR', (Jean, commonly called Jack,) an English musician, painter, and engraver, born in London in 1700. He was the son of Louis Laguerre, a French painter who settled in England. Died in 1748. Laguerre or La Guerre, irgaia', (Louis,) a French painter, born in 1663, was a pupil of Le Brun. He went to England about 16S4, and worked with or for Verrio. He painted "The Labours of Hercules" in Hampton Court Palace. Died in 1721. La Guiche or Laguiclie, de, deh It gJsh, (Philt- BERT,) a French general, born about 1540. He refused to execute the order of the court for the massacre of Prot- estants in 1572. He commanded the artillery at Ivry, and contributed largely to the victory. Died in 1607. His nephew, Jean FRANgois, born in 1569, was a marshal of France. Died in 1632. Laguille, It'g^I' or It'ge'ye, (Louis,) a French Jesuit, born at Autun in 1658, wrote an "Ancient and Modern History of Alsace," (2 vols, folio, 1727.) Died in 1742. Laguna, la-goo'nl, or Lacuna, la-koo'nil, (Andres,) a learned Spanish physician, born at Segovia in 1499. He obtained the confidence of Charles V., who appointed him physician of the army in Flanders. He practised in Metz, (1540-46,) and in'Rome, where he was patron- ized by the pope, who made him a count. He died in Spain in 1560, leaving numerous works, among which are Commentaries on Galen and Hippocrates, and *'Anatomica Methodus," (1535.) See N. Antonio, " Bibliotliecu Hispana Nova." Laharpe or La Harpe, It'/^SRp', (Fk6d6ric CiSsar,) a Swiss officer and republican, born in the Pays de Vaud in 1754. He was for some years preceptor of Ale.xander, afterwards Czar of Russia, and about 1 798 became the chief or most powerful director of the Helvetic Republic. He went out of power in 1800. Li 1814 he enjoyed the favour of Alexander, who was in Paris and gave him the rank of general in his army. He wrote several treatises on Swiss politics. Died in 1838. See Charles Monnard, " Notice biographique sur le Geii^rni F. C. de Laharpe," 1838 ; " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." La Harpe or Laharpe, de, deh iSV/tap', (Jean Franqois,) a celebrated French critic and dramatist, born in Paris in 1739, was educated at the College of Harcourt. He produced in 1763 the tragedy of " War wick," which was very successful, and wrote to Voltaire a letter on the dramatic art which procured him the favour and patronage of that philosopher. He composed, be- -sides other dramas, the applauded tragedies of " Me- lanie," (about 1770,) and " Philoct^te." His talents found a congenial employment in academic competitions. He wrote admirable eulogies on Fenelon, Henry IV., Lafontaine, and others, and he received several prizes from the French Academy, of which he was chosen a member in 1776. About 1786 he began to lecture at the Lycee of Paris on literature. These lectures, en- titled "Cours de Litterature, ancienne et moderne," (18 vols.,) constitute his most durable title to fame. His criticisms on French authors are much better than those on the ancient classics. "The seventeenth century," says Sainte-Beuve, "in some of its parts and some of its works, was never better analyzed," [than by La Harpe.] At the beginning of the French Revolution he was a republican. He was imprisoned a few months during the reign of terror. Died in 1803. See Sainte-Beuvb, "Causeries du Lundi," tome v.; L^ON Thiess^, "Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Laharpe," 1837; Melv-Janin, "Vie de J. F. de La Harpe," 1813 ; Daunou, " Notice sur La Harpe;" Saint-Surin, "Notice sur La Harpe," 1S22; Auger, "Vie de La Harpe," 1813; Serievs, "J. F. de La Harpe, peint par lui-meme," 1817. € as /6 • c as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as in t/iis. 93 La Haye, (French engraver.) See Delahaye. Lahire or Lahyre, \i'/ihK', (£tienne Vignoles— vin'yol',) a famous French captain or bandit. He per- formed many exploits against the English in France in the reign of Charles vIL He never obtained a verj high rank in the army. Having failed in an attempt to rescue Joan of Arc at Rouen, he was taken prisoner, but soon escaped. Died in 1442. La Hire or Lahyre, de, deh It'hh'ef, (Laurent,) an eminent French painter and engraver of merit, born in Paris in 1606. He adorned many of the churches of Paris with his works, among wtiich the "Apparition of Christ to the Three Marys" is called the master-piece. His easel-pictures are very finely finished. He received the title of painter to the king, and was one of the founders of the Royal Academy. Died in 1656. Lahire, de, (Philippe,) a French geometer, son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1640. He was admitted into the Academy of Sciences in 1678, and was employed by the government in continuing the measurement of the meridian commenced by Picard. For many years he was professor of mathematics in the College of France. He was also versed in experimental physics. Among his principal works are "Conic Sections," (1685,) a "Treat- ise on Mechanics," (1695,) ^"<^ "Astronomical Tables," (1702.) Died in 1718 or 1719. See Fontenelle, " filoge de Lahire ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^uerale." La Hontan, de, deh It dN'tSN', (Armand Louis db Dei.ondak6e,) Baron, a French traveller, born at Mont- de-Marsan about 1667. He was a private soldier in North America, 1683-93, and published three volumes of "Nouveaux Voyages dans I'Amerique," (1703-04,) which are untrustworthy. Died at Hanover in 1715. La Huerta. See Huerta. Lahyre. See La Hire. Laid'la-w, (William,) a British poet, born in 1760. died in 1845. Laignelot, lin'yeh-lo', (Joseph Franqois,) a French dramatist and Jacobin, born at Versailles in 1750, com- posed a tragedy called "Rienzi." He was an active member of the Convention from 1792 to 1795, and voted for the death of the king. Died in 1829. Laine, li'ni', (Joseph Henri Joachim,) Vicomte, an eminent French orator and statesman, born at Bor- deaux in 1767. He acquired distinction as an advocate at Bordeaux, supported the popular cause in the Revo- lution, and was for several years under the empire a member of the legislative body. In 1813, as chairman of a committee of that house, he made an important report on the state of the nation, which gave great offence to Napoleon. Having become a royalist, he was chosen president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1814 and in 181 5. He was admitted into the French Academy and appointed minister of the interior in 1816. He retired from office in December, 1818, became secretary of state without a portfolio in 1821, and was created a peer of France in 1823. He was one of the leaders of the mode- rate royalists. Died in 1835. " M. Laine and De Serres," says Lamartine, " were the two greatest characters and the two most pathetic orators of the restoration." See Lamartine, " History of the Restoration;" "Nouvelle Bio- graphie G^n^rale." Lainez, li'ni', ( Alexandre, ) a French poet and linguist, born at Chimay about 1650. After travelling several years in Europe and Asia, he became a resident of Paris. He was courted by the great for his brilliant conversation and extensive knowledge, and composed brief poetical effusions, which were admired for grace and vivacity. Died in 1710. Lainez or Laynez, IT-n&th', sometimes improperly written Leynez, (Jago or Diego,) the second general of the order of Jesuits, was born in Castile, Spain, in 1 512. About 1536 he was associated with Ignatius Loy- ola in organizing the society of Jesuits. (See Loyola.) He was deputed by the pope to the Council of Trent, where he signalized his zeal for the interests of the court of Rome. In 1558 he succeeded Loyola as gen- eral of the order. The Council of Trent having re- sumed its session, he made there a famous speech, in which he argued the necessity of a supreme head of (^[^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LAING 1474 LALAMANT the Church. Died in 1565. The polity of the Jesuits appears to have been mainly the product of the intelli- gence and subtlety of Lainez. See RiUADBNEiRA, " Vidadel P. V. D. Laynez," 1604 ; F. Soi.ier, "Vic du P. J. Laynez," 1599; F. Rainaldi, "Vita di J. Laynez," Rome, 1672. Laing, (Alexander,) a Scottish minor puet, born at Brechin, May 14, 1787. He was a flax-dresser by trade. He published " VVayside Flowers," and many songs. Died October 14, 1S57. Laing, lang, (Alexander Gordon,) Major, a resolute Scottish traveller, born in Edinburgh in 1793, enlisted in the army in 1810. In 1822 the Governor of Sierra Leone sent him on a mission to the Mandingo country. He also explored Solimana and adjacent regions. In 1824 he was raised to the rank of major, and was employed by Lord Bathurst to explore the Niger. Proceeding from the north, he arrived in August, 1826, at Timbuctoo, after having been wounded by the Tuariks. On his way to Sansanding he was murdered by his guide, an Arab sheik, in September, 1826. His journal has not been recovered. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Laing, (David,) LL.D., a Scottish antiquary and litte- rateur, born at Edinburgh in 1793. He was the original secretary of the liannatyne Club, founded by Sir Walter Scott for the printing of rare books on Scottish history and literature, and edited many of its publications. He devoted much attention to the old Scottish ballads and other antiquarian matters, and brought to light many interesting documents. He edited the works of John Knox, David Lyndsay, William Dunbar, and Robert Henryson, enriching them with many valuable annota- tions. Died October 11, 1878. Laing, (Malcolm,) an able Scottish historian and lawyer, born in Orkney in 1762. He practised law in Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the bar in 1785. In 1800 he published a " History of Scotland from the Union of the Crowns [1603] to the Union of the King- doms in the Reign of Queen Anne," which is a work of merit and remarkable for critical acumen, but defect- ive in style. He wrote a treatise against the authenticity of Ossian's poems, and a few other works. He became a member of Parliament, and he was a friend of Charles J. Fo.x. His political principles were liberal. Died in t8i8. Laing, (Samuel,) a British lawyer and politician, a nephew of the preceding, was born in Scotland in 1810. He was elected to Parliament as a Liberal in 1852, and was president of the company which owned the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, from 1850 to 1854. He was finan- cial secretary to the treasury in 1859 and i860, and was appointed chancellor of the exchequer in India in the latter year. In 1873 he was again elected to Parliament. Lair, ISr, (Pierre Aim6,) a French writer on agricul- ture, born at Caen in 1769, was noted for his Ijeneficence. Died in 1853. Laire, ISr, (FRANgois Xavier,) an eminent French bibliographer and monk, born at Vadans in 1738. Dur- ing the Revolution he saved valuable historical documents from destruction. He published a " Series of Aldine Editions," a " Specimen of Roman Typography of the Fifteenth Century," an " Index of Books from the In- vention of Printing to the Year 1500," and other works. Died in 1801. Laire, ll'reh, (Sigismond,) a German painter, born in IVvaria about 1550 ; died in Rome in 1636. Lairesse, li'ress', (Gerard,) a skilful Flemish his- torical painter and engraver, born at Liege in 1640, was a pupil of his father. He settled in Amsterdam. His facility as an artist was remarkable. He had a rich imagination, and was skilful in costume and composi- tion. His engravings are much esteemed. He died in 171 1, leaving an able "Treatise on Painting." La'is, [Aoff,] a celebrated Greek courtesan, lived at Corinth in the fifth century B.C., and was notorious for her avidity and caprice. Among her lovers was the phi- loeopher Aristippus. The citizens of Corinth erected a monument to her. Another courtesan of that name was supposed to have been a native of Sicily. She lived at Athens or Corinth about 400 B.C. Ln-118, [Gr. Autof,] a king of Thebes, and the father ofGtdipus. An oracle having declared that he should be killed by his own son, he exposed his son soon after birth on Mount Cithajron. The child was preserved by strangers, was named OEdipus, and remained ignorant of his parentage. (See CEdipus.) Lajard, li'zhiR', (Jean Baptiste F6lix,) a French antiquary, born at Lyons in 1783, went to Persia as sec- retary of embassy in 1807. He was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1830. Among his works is " Researches into the Public Worship and the Mysteries of Mithra in the East and West," (1848.) He pro- pounded a novel theory on the relations of the Greeks with the Oriental races, which has since been partially confirmed. Died in 1858. See " Nouvelle Biographic G^ndrale." Lajard, de, deh It'zhiR', (Pierre Augusts,) an able French statesman, born at Montpellier in 1757, was minister of war in 1792. During the empire he was a member of the legislative body. Died in 1837. Lajeunesse, (Marie Emma.) See Albani. La Jonchere, de, deh It zhiN'shaiR', (Etienne L6- CUYEK,) a French engineer, born in Auvergne in 1690. He projected the connection of the Saone and the Yonne by a canal, the construction of which, however, was given to another engineer. Died aboiit 1740. Lakanal, It'kt'ntK, (Joseph,) a French republican, born at Serres (Ariege) in 1762. As a member of the Convention, (1792-95,) he protected the interests of the arts and sciences. He took a prominent part in the organization of the Institute, of which he was a member. In 1814 he retired to the United States, was welcomed by Jefferson, and obtained from Congress five hundred acres of cotton-land. He was afterwards president of the University of Louisiana, and returned to France in 1833. Died in Paris in 1845. Lake, (Arthur,) a learned English preacher, born at Southampton, was appointed Dean of Worcester in 1608, and Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1616. Died in 1626. Several volumes of his sermons were published. Lake, (Gerard,) Viscount Lake, a British general, was born in 1744. Having served in the American wai and in the war against the French republic, he was ap pointed commander of the army in Ireland during the rebellion which began in 1797, and was defeated by the French at Castlebar. In 1800 he obtained the chief command in India, and in 1803 gained a victory over the Mahrattas near Delhi. He defeated them again the same year at Laswarree. Between 1804 and 1806 he waged a successful war against Holkar, and received the title of Baron Lake of Delhi, etc. He returned to England in 1807, and was created a viscount. Died in 1808. Lake, (John,) born in Yorkshire in 1624, became Bishop of Chichester in 1685. He was imprisoned, m company with six other prelates, in the Tower of London in 1688. Died in 1698. See Agnes Strickland, "Lives of the Seven Bishops." Laksh'nii, [modern Hindoo pron. liiksh'mee ; ety- mology obscure,] called also Sri,* suee, or Sliri, shRee, in the Hindoo mythology, the goddess of wealth, and the consort of Vishnu, is fabled to have sprung from the churning of the ocean. (See KOrma.) There is a striking analogy between the origin of Lakshmi and that of the Venus (Aphrodite) Anadyomene of the Greeks, who also is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea. (See Venus.) But Lakshmi, though represented as extremely beautiful, is not, like Venus, the patroness of love, but the goddess of wealth and prosperity. She is represented with four arms and arrayed with the most beautiful ornaments and gems. She is sometimes called Padma, {irova. pddtna, the "lotus,") in allusion, perhaps, to her divine beauty, and by many other names. She is sometimes identified with the beautiful Apsara Rambha (or Rembha.) See Moor's " Hindu Pantheon." Lalamant or Lallemant, Itl'mftN', (Jean,) a French physician and scholar, who lived about 1550-90, was a * I.e. " prosperity ;" also '" beauty" or " splendour." a, e, 1, o, \i, y, /ou^; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, sAort; a, §, j, 9, obscure; tar, fdll, fit; met; n6t; good; moon. LALANDE M75 LALLY native jf Autun. He produced, besides works on medi- cine, history, etc., a French version of Demosthenes' " Philippics," (1 549-) Lalande, de, d?h li'lSwd', (Jacques,) a meritorious French jurist, born at Orleans in 1622. He published "Specimen Juris Romano-Gallici ad Pandectas," (1690.) Died in 1703. Iialande, de, (Joseph JfiKdME LEFRANg.MS,) one of the most eminent French astronomers, was born at Bourg (Ain) in July, 1732, and was the only child of Pierre Lefranfais. He manifested at an early age the love of fame which was his ruling passion. He was a student in a college of Lyons when the great eclipse of July, 1748, inspired him with a determination to be an astronomer. Having been sent by his parents to Paris to study law, he attended the lectures of Messier and Lemonnier on astronomy and mathematics, and became the favourite pupil of both professors. The Academy having resolved to send an astronomer to Berlin to make observations and to second La Caille, who was stationed at the Cape of Good Hope, Lalande was selected in 1751, through the influence of Lemonnier. Returning in 1752, his labours were approved, and he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in his twentieth year. He next ascertained the diameter of the moon, and began to work on the theory of the planets, which became one of the most constant occu- pations of his life. He assisted Clairaut in computing the effect of planetary perturbations on the return of llalley's comet about 1759. He was chosen in 1760 editor of the "Connaissances lies Temps," in the plan of which he introduced impor- tant improvements, and succeeded Delisle as professor of astronomy in the College of France in 1762. For forty-six years he discharged the functions of this place with great zeal and eclat. In 1764 he published his great "Treatise on Astronomy," ("Traite d'Astronomie,") in which the theory and practical part of the science are extensively treated. He produced in 1772 a "Memoir on the Transit of Venus of 1769," and a year later a speculation on the possibility of a collision of comets with the earth, which caused a panic among the un- learned, although he had arrived at the conclusion that such a collision was very improbable. He wrote many articles for the " Encyclopedie Methodique" and the "Journal des Savants," and published "The History, Theory, and Practice of Navigation," (" Abrege de Na- vigation,'' etc., 1793.) Among his o;her works are "Astronomical Bibliography," (1803,) " Histoire celeste Fran^aise," (1801,) containing the observations of many French astronomers, and " Memoirs on the Parallax of the Moon." He died in 1807. "Though in many re- 1 spects only an astronomer of the second order," says Delambre, " he was the foremost of all as a professor, and did more than any other to promote the study of | the science." His temper was irritable, but candid and [ benevolent. See Dei.ambre, " £loge de Lalande ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Lalande, de, (Michel Jean J6r6me LEFRANgAis,) an astronomer, a nephew of the preceding, was born in Normandy in 1766. Under the direction of his uncle he : made observations in Paris, and ascertained the theory | of the orbit of Mars. He became a member of the \\\- stitute and of the Bureau of Longitudes. Died in 1839, Lalande, de, (Michel Richard,) a French com poser, born in Paris in 1657, became superintendent of music of Louis XIV. about 1683. He composed many motets. " He was," says Denne-Baron, " the most skilful French composer of religious music of his time." Died in 1726. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." La Landelle or Lalandelle, de, deh It ISN'oei', (Guillaume Joseph Gabriel,) a French novelist, born at Montpellier in 1812, wrote "The Naval Crown," (9 vols., 1848,) and other maritime novels. Lalanne, It'lin', (Jean Baptiste,) a French didactic poet, born at Dax in 1772. Lalanne, (L60N Louis Chretien,) a French civil engineer and writer, born in Paris in 1811. Ledanne, (Marie Ludovic Chretien,) a French writer, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1815, Among his works is "Curiosites litteraires," (1845.) Lallemand, Itl'mSN', (Charles FRANgois An- TOiNE,) Baron, a French general, called Lallemand A1N16, was born at Metz in 1774. He served in Spain, where he obtained the rank of general of brigade, (181 1.) During the Hundred Days he joined Bonaparte, and commanded a division at Waterloo. As a fugitive, he sought refuge in the United States, and attempted to found a colony in Texas about 1818, but failed. In 1830 he returned to France, was restored to the rank of gene- ral, and entered the Chamber of Peers. Died in 1839. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lallemand, (Claude Francois,) an eminent French medical writer, born at Metz in 1790. He was professor of clinical surgery at Montpellier from 1819 to 1823, and again from 1826 to 1845. ^'^ '^^ latter year he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and settled in Paris. He wrote, besides other medical treat- ises, an important work entitled "Anatomico-Pathologic Researches on the Brain," (5 vols., 1820-36,) which was translated into many languages. He was once called to Egypt to attend Ibraheem Pasha. Died in 1854. See Qu^RARD, " La France Litteiaire." Lallemand, (Henri Dominique,) born in 1777, was a brother of Charles Fran9ois Antoine, noticed above, and a brave jjartisan of Napoleon, who made him general of division in the Hundred Days. He fought at Water- loo, (1815,) after which he went as an exile to the United States. Died at Bordentown in 1823. Lallemand, (Jean Baptiste,) a French painter of landscapes and sea-views, born at Dijon in 17 10, worked some years in Rome, and painted several pieces for the Vatican. Died in 1802. Ij'AlleTaand, lSrm6N', (SiEGMUND,)an eminent Aus- trian painter of battle-pieces, born at Vienna, March 8, 1840. He was a soldier, and afterwards he devoted himself with great success to his specialty. Lallemandet, Itl'mSN'di', (Jean,) a theologian, born at Besangon in 1595, wrote "Philosophical Decisions," (" Decisiones Philosophicae," 1644,) and other works. Died in 1647. Lalleniant. See Lalamant. Lallemant, IJtl'mfiN', (Jacques Philippe,) a French Jesuit, born near Abbeville about 1660. He published a remarkable work, entitled "The True Spirit of the New Disciples of Saint Augustine," (4 vols., 1706 et seq.,) and " Moral Reflections, with Notes, on the New Testament," (11 vols., 1714.) Died in 1748. Lallemant, (Pierre,) a mystical French writer, born at Rheims in 1622, published " The Spiritual Testament," (1672,) and other works. Died in 1673. Lalli, Idl'lee, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian poet and diplomatist, born at Norcia, in Umbria, in 1572, was employed in several negotiations by the courts of Rome and of Parma. He acquired a high reputation by his epic poem "Titus Vespasian, or the Destruction of Jerusalem," ("II Tito Vespasiano, overo La Geru- salemme Desolata," 1629.) He also produced some popular burlesque poems, among which is "The ^neid Travestied," (1633.) Died in 1637. Lallu Lai, lul'loo lai, (called also Sri Lallu LAl and Lallu Lal Kavi,) a Brahman prose author of the present century. He was educated at Fort William College, Calcutta. His writings are in the Hindee dialects, and are of high importance. They include " Prem Sagar," (1804-10,) a history of Krishna, and " Rajniti," (1S09,) the latter a translation of the " Hitopadesa" and of a part of the " Panchatantra" into the old or poetic Hindee. His works are extremely popular in Northern India. Lally, de, deh IS'le', (Thomas Arthur,) Count, Baron of Tollendal, in Ireland, a French general, of Irish descent, born in Dauphine about 1700. For his conduct at Fontenoy, in 1745, he was made brigadier- general. He fought for the Pretender in Scotland in the same year. In 1756, while France was at war with England, he was appointed commandant-general of the French possessions in India, commissary of the king, and syndic of the French East India Company. He took Fort Saint David in 1758, and attacked Madras e as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, h, K. s^ttural; N, nasal; K, trilled; s as z; th as in t/iis. (Jt^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LALL Y TOLLENDAL 1476 LA MAR TINE without success. His plans were thwarted by the cor- rupt agents of the company. Ir. 1761 he surrendered Pondicherry to Sir E. Coote, and was taken as prisoner to England. After having been imprisoned for four years in the Bastille, he was e.\ecuted for treason in 1766. In 1778 the royal council annulled iiis sentence, the injustice f of which was generally recognized. See Voltaire, "Siede de Louis XV." Lally-Tollendal, de, deh iS'le' to'lSN'dSK, (Tro- PHIME G^KARD,) Marquis, a French orator and writer, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1 751. He devoted many years to the successful vindication of his father's memory. In 1789 he was deputed by the no- blesse to the States-General, and was one of the minority of his order who united with the Tiers-fitat and favoured reform. He emigrated to England in 1792, and returned to France in 1800. In 1S15 he entered the Chamber of Peers, where he showed himself a moderate royalist. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1816. He died in 1830, leaving many political treatises. See Qut^RARD, "La France Litteraire;" "Nouvelle Biographic Generale." La Louge or Laloiige, It 16Nzh, (Hubert or Ro- bert,) called II Fiammingo, (i.e. "the Fleming,") a skilful painter, born at Brussels, lived mostly in Italy. Died in 1709. La Loubere. See LouBfeRE, La. La Luzerne. See Luzerne, La. Lama, Id'ma, (Giovanni Bernardo,) an Italian painter of the Neapolitan school, was born about 1510. He i>ainted religious subjects and portraits with success. Died about 1580. Lani'a-ehus, [\afiaxoi,\ an Athenian general, born about 470 B.C., was the son of Xenophanes, and, accord- ing to Plutarch, was a man of great courage and honour. In 415 Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus were chosen generals of the expedition against Syracuse. The people having recalled Alcibiades, Nicias had the principal direction of the enterprise, though Lamachus was the abler general. He was killed at Syracuse in 414 B.C. Lamalle. See Dureau. Lamanon, de, deh li'mt'n6N', (Robert de Paul,) Chevalier, a French naturalist, born at Salon in 1752. He lived some years in Paris, wrote memoirs on fossil bones, etc., and accompanied the expedition of La Perouse as naturalist in 1785. He was murdered by some natives of one of the Navigator Islands in 1787. La-mar', (Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus,) an Amer- ican statesman, a son of a distinguished citizen of the same name, was born in Putnam county, Georgia, Sep- tember 17, 1825. He graduated at Emory College in 1845, and in 1847 was admitted to the bar. He was a member of Congress from Mississippi, 1856-60, served in the Confederate army, 1S61-63, and was in 1863 sent as commissioner to Russia. He held professorships in the University of Mississippi, 1866-72, and was a mem- ber of Congress, 1S72-76. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 and in 1882. In 1885 he was ap- pointed secretary of the interior. La-mar^ (Mirabeau B.,) an American statesman, born at Louisville, Georgia, in 1798. He removed in 1835 to Texas, and was elected first Vice-President in 1S36, and in 1838 President of the republic. Died at Richmond, Texas, December 19, 1859. Lamarche or La Marche, 1$ mitRsh, (Joseph Drouot,) a French general, born in Vosges in 1733. At the death of Dampierre (1793) the chief command devolved on Lamarche, until he was superseded by Custine in July, 1793. Died about 1800. La Marche, (Olivier.) See Marche, La. La Marck, (Robert.) See Marck, La. Lamarck or La Marck, de, deh It mtRk, (Jean Bakfiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,) Chevalier, a celebrated French naturalist, born in Picardy, August I, 1744. He was educated for the church at a college of Amiens, but entered the army in 1761 and fought in one campaign with distinction. Having been disabled for action by an accidental injury, he went to Paris, where he studied medicine, whicli, however, he did not prac- tise. He devoted himself to botany, in the classification of which he made some innovations, and published in 1778 "Flore Fran9aise." ("French Flora,") which opened to him the Academy of Sciences. Taking the most general conformations as the point of departure, proceeding by a dichotomic jjath, and presenting at each s\.t\> a choice between two opposite characters it was found a convenient guide. Having received a com- mission as botanist to the king, he was employed in botanical researches in Holland and Germany', from which he returned in 17S2. He extended his reputation by the article Botany in the " Encyclopedic Methodique." (about 1783.) In 1788 he became an assistant of the director of the Jardin du Koi, which was reorganized in 1793, under the name of the "Museum of Natural His- tory." Lamarck was appointed professor of zoology in that institution. His sagacious and zealous researches and writings in the department of invertebrata (which devolved on him because the other professors deemed them beneath their notice) constitute his principal title to celebrity, and raise him to the rank of a legislator in the animal kingdom. In 1809 he propounded, in his " Philosophic zoologique," several novel or absurd hy- potheses on the production of animals, — as the theory of metamorphosis or progressive development, and that of spontaneous generation. His capital work, entitled "Natural History of Invertebrate Animals," (" His- toire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres," 7 vols., 1815-22,) ranks among the noblest monuments of human science. He had published an outline of the same in 1801. Died in 1829. See CuviER, " filoge de Lamarck;" Geoffrov SAiNT-HiLArRE, "Discours prononcd sur la Tombe de Lamarck;" "Nouvelle Bio" graphie Generale;" "Monthly Review," vol. Ixv., 1811 et seq., (Appendix.) Lamare-Picquot, It'mtR^ pe'ko', (N.,) a French naturalist, born at Bayeux about 1785, travelled in the East Indies, from which he brought specimens of zoology of eight hundred and fifty-five species. Between 1841 and 1848 he explored North America. La Marmora. See Marmora, della. Lamarque, It'mtRk', (Franqois,) a French regicide, born in Perigord about 1755, was elected to the Con- vention in 1792. He was one of the four deputies who attempted to arrest Dumouriez at the head of his army in 1793, and who were by him delivered to the Austrians. Died in 1839. Lamarque, (Maximilien,) an able French general and orator, born at Saint-Sever (Landes) in 1770. He served as a general of brigade at Austerlitz in 1805, obtained command of a division in 1807, and took Capraea from the English in 1808. At the battle of Wagram, in 1809, his courage was conspicuous. He joined the standard of Napoleon on his return from Elba, and commanded with success in several actions against the Vendeans in 1815. In 1828 he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies. Died in 1832. A bloody conflict occurred between the troops and the populace at his funeral in Paris. See Louis Blanc, "Histoire de dix Ans ;" "M^moires et Sou venirs du General Lamarque," published by his family, 3 vols., 1835- 36; "Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." La Martelliere or Lamartelliere, It mtR'ti'le-aiR', (Jean Henri Ferdinand,) a French dramatic author, born at Ferrette in 1761 ; died in 1830. Lamartine, de, deh It'mtR'tin', (Alphonse,) a French poet, orator, and historian of great celebrity, was born at Macon, on the Saone, on the 2ist of October, 1792. His father served for a short time in the army as captain or major, and was imprisoned as a royalist in the Revolution. His mother's name was Alix des Roys. The name of De Prat has been erroneously given to the subject of this article by some biographers. He was educated at the College of Belley, which he left about 1809, and afterwards passed some time at home, where he read and admired Dante, Petrarch, Shakspeare, Milton, and Ossian. In 1811-12 he visited Rome and Naples. He entered the life-guards of Louis XVIII. in 1814, and when his company was disbanded on the re- turn of Bonaparte from Elba, he retired into Switzerland, where he remained during the Hundred Days. In 1820 he published a volume of poems entitled " Meditations poetiques," which excited general admiration, and of which 45,000 copies were sold in four years. This volume i, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, 11, y, short; a, e, i, q, ooscurc; tar, till, lat; met; n6t; good; moon; LAMARTTNE 1477 LAMB contained "The Lake," (" Le Lac,") a beautiful elegy, (composed in 1S17,) in which he expresses the contrast between the permanence of nature and the instability of human affairs. Lamartine was appointed in 1820 secre- tary of legation at Florence, (or, as one writer says, at Naples,) and married an English heiress named Eliza Marianna Birch. His " Nouvelles Meditations poetiques" appeared in 1823. He was charge-d'affaires at Florence for several years, ending in 1829, and was elected to the French Academy in 1830. He professed devotion to the church and the throne in his " Harmonies poetiques et religieuses," ( 1 830,) wiiich are considered by some critics as his best productions. After the Revolution of 1830 he adopted more liberal political principles, and resolved to make a change in his pursuits. He offered himself as a candidate for election to the Chamber of Deputies, but was defeated. In 1832, accompanied by his wife and daughter Julia, he visited Palestine, the favourite scene of his youthful reveries and aspirations, travelling like a prince in a vessel which he had chartered. His daughter Julia died at Beyroot. He returned in the autumn of 1833, and published, in prose, "Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensees et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient," (3 vols., 1835,) the English ver- sion of which is entitled "A Pilgrimage to the Holy Land." During his absence he had been elected by the voters of Bergues to the Chamber of Deputies, in which he maintained a position independent of party, but spoke often with success on questions of social and political philosophy. He displayed a marvellous affluence of pure sentiments and beautiful images in his poem of " Jocelyn," (1836,) announced or designed as an episode of a great poem on the progressive phases of humanity. He became the representative of Macon in the Chambei in 1837, and was classed for some years among the " progressive conservatives ;" but he censured the im- mobility of Guizot's policy, and in 1843 became a deter- mined opponent of the ministry and conservative party. The public were greatly surprised by the avowal of democratic princi])les and sympathies which he made in his eloquent and brilliant " History of the Girondists," (8 vols., 1847,) which had an important political influ- ence as a cause of the Revolution of 1848. He is cen- sured for inaccuracy as a historian, and for his imitation of a habit of many ancient writers who ascribe to historical persons Imaginary speeches. "This work," says the "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1848, "brings before us that most stirring and important period with a clear- ness and vividness that all previous descriptions, except nome of Carlyle's, have failed to realize: it presents us on the same page with distinct, highly-finished sketches of the principal actors. ... M. de Lamartine seems to us, on the whole, to have brought to the consideration of the Revolution a more candid spirit and more whole- some sympathies than any preceding writer." He kept himself aloof from the reform banquets of 1847, ^•'"^ took no part in the first two days of the ensuing revolution. On the 24th of February he entered the Chamber, and, rejecting the claims of the falling dynasty, advocated the formation of a provisional government. As a mem- ber of the government formed in that momentous crisis, he assumed the functions of minister of foreign affairs. He became at once the master-spirit and moderator of the Revolution, and repressed the spirit of anarchy and homicide by memorable demonstrations of eloquence, courage, and magnanimity. His harangue to the se- ditious and infuriated bands who demanded the red flag instead of the tricoloured (February 25) was one of the most remarkable triumphs of eloquence recorded in history. He addressed a pacific manifesto to Europe, (March 4,) and was successful in averting a general war. For some months his popularity was immense among nearly all classes. In April he was elected by ten de- partments to the Constituent Assembly which met on the 5th of May. He was the fourth on the list of the Executive Commission of Five chosen by the Assembly on the loth of May. The decline of his popularity shown by this fact is ascribed to his connection or col- lusion with Ledru-Rollin, — a collusion which he com- pared to that of the lightning-rod with the pernicious power which it averts. Lamartine and his colleagues resigned in consequence of the insurrection of June 22, which they were unable to suppress. On the 6th of October he made a remarkable speech in the Assembly, in which he advocated the election of president by the people, and said, " If the republic suc- ceeds, I have won my game (partie) against destiny. If it fails, either in anarchy or in a reminiscence of despot- ism, my name, my responsibility, and my memory will fall with it." He also expressed his foreboding that the result of the popular vote would not accord with his own choice. At the election of president in December, 1848, he received only about 8000 votes. After the coup d'etat of December, 185 1, he took no ])art in political affairs. He published in 1S49 ^ " History of the Revolution of 1848," (2 vols.,) " Les Confidences," containing memoirs of his early life, and " Raphael, Pages de la vingtieme Annee." Among his later works are a " History of the Restoration," (7 vols., 1851-52,) " Histoire des Cons- tituents," (4 vols., 1854,) and a " History of Turkey," (Svols., 1855.) Many of his works have been translated into nearly all European languages. His neglect of economy and his expensive habits involved him, many years ago, in pecuniary embarrassments, which his great literary industry and success failed to relieve. His friends in 1858 opened a national subscription in his favour ; but the results of this appeal to the public gratitude were not very satisfactory. Died in February, 1869. "There is in the most imperfect sketches of Lamartine," says an anonymous French critic, " a grand current of inspira- tion which im])arts to each passion and idea its appro- ])riate life and lustre. God and man, society and nature, religion and politics, all objects of thought and senti- ment, contribute to this resplendent focus of universal poetry." See Charles Robi.m, " Biographie de Lamartine," 1848; Cha- puvs MoNTLAViLLE, " Vie de Lamartine;" Lomkn'IE, " Galerie des C'ontemporains ;" Sainte-Beuve, " Portraits contemporains," tome i. ; LuRiNE, " Histoire de A. de Lamartine," 1S48 ; Longkei-LoW; "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" E. Frensdokip, "Lamartine," Berlin, 184S; Cokmenin, "Lamartine et le Gouvernement provi- soire," 1.S4S ; A. de Lamartine, "Trois Moisaii Pouvoir," (and Eng- lish version of the same, entitled " Three Months in Power: a Hiii;uvK, " Portraits cnnteni- porains," 1846, vol. i. ; E. Robinet, " fitudes sur I'AIjW de La- mennais," 1S35: Maijroi.i.h, " Histoire secrete dii Partie et de I'Apostasie de M. de Lamennais," 1S43: L. de UoMit.viE, " M. de Lamennais, par un Homme de Rien," 1840; " Noiivelle Biograj^hia G^n^rale ;" " Koreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1838; " West minster Review" for April, 1859. Lamennais, de, (Jean Marie Rohrrt,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Saint-Malo about 1775, was a brother of the preceding. He wrote several religious works, and became canon of the diocese of Rennes. Died in i860. La Mesnardiere, de, deh IS m.VnaR'de-aiR', (Hippo- LYTF. Jui.es Filet,) a mediocre French poet, born at Loudun in 1610; died in 1663. Laniet, de, deh lS'niy,( Adiue.n Augustin de Bussy,) a French doctor of the Sorbonne, born in 1621. He wrote " Solutions of Many Cases of Conscience," (1714.) Died in 1691. Lameth, de, deh la'mi', (Alexandre,) Count, a French revolutionist, born in Paris in 1760. In 1789 he was one of the deputies of the noblesse who united with the Third Estate to form the National Assembly, and he acted the part of a zealous patriot in that body. After the death of Mirabeau, (1791,) Barnave and the Lameths were for a short time among the master-spirits of the .\ssembly. He co-operated with his brother and La Fayette in their efforts to defend the constitution and the king alter his arrest at Varennes. He was a general in La Fayette's army when the crisis of August 10, 1792, compelled him to fly with his general, and both fell into the hands of the Austrians. Lameth recovered his liberty in 1795, '^'^^ returned to France in 1800. In 1820 he acted and voted with La Fayette in the Chamber of Deputies. He published a " History of the Constituent Assembly," (2 vols., 1829.) Died in 1829. See Thiers, "History of the French Revolution;" Qu^rard, "La France Litteraire ;" '"Nouvelle Biograjiliie Generale." Lameth, de, (Charles Malo F^ranqois,) Count, a French politician, brother of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1757. He served at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In 17S9 he was elected to the States-General, in which he acted with the popular party. He was a political friend of Barnave, and asj^ired to be a rival of Mirabeau. Changing his course in 1791, he became the friend of the king, and resisted the progress of the Revo- lution to extreme issues. He emigrated about 1793, and returned home in 1801. Under the regime of Napoleon he was a general of brigade. Died in 1832. See Thiers, " History of the French Revolution ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Gcnerale." Lameth, de, (Theodore,) a brother of the preceding,' was born in Paris in 1756. He obtained the rank of marechal-de-camp in 1791, and was in that year a mem- ber of the Legislative Assembly, in which he voted with the constitutional royalists. He defended the king and queen by his voice with courage and energy, and was an cxiie from 1792 to 1800. Died in 1854 La Metherie, de, deh It mi'tRe', (Jean Claude,) a French naturalist, born in Maconnais in 1743. He pub- lished " Principles of Natural Philosophy," (2 vols., 1787,) "Considerations on Organized Beings," (2 vols., 1805,) "Lectures on Geology," (3 vols., 1816,) and other works. He became professor of natural sciences at the College of France in 1812. Died in 1817. La Mettrie. See METfRiE, La. Lamey, la'mi, (Andreas,) a German historical writer, born at MUnster in 1726, was perpetual secretary of the .\cademy of Mannheim. He wrote, besides other works, a "Diplomatic History of the Counts of Ravensberg," (1779.) Died in 1802. Lami or Lamy, iS'me', (Bernard,) a learned French jmest of the Oratory, born at Mans in 1640. He taught philosophy and theology at Saunuir, Angers, and other places, and was a disciple of Descartes. He published successful works on religion and science, among which are a " Treatise on Rhetoric," " Elements of Geometry," (1685,) "Apparatus Biblicus," (1696,) and a "Descrip- tion of tne Temple and Holy City of Jerusalem," (in Latin, 1720.) His work called " Conversations on the Sciences" (" Entretiens sur les Sciences," 1684) was highly esteemed by J. J. Rousseau. Died in 1715. See I'ouiLi.iER, "Histoire du Cartdsianisme;" " Nouvelle Bio- graphie Gdn<5rale." Lami or Lamy, (Dom Francois,) a French Bene- dictine monk, born near Chartres in 1636. He passed his last twenty years in the abbey of Saint-Deni.s. He was noted for his skill and alacrity in disputation, and was the author of several theoh^gical works, the most remarkable of which is " On the Knowledge of One's Self," (6 vols., 1694-98.) Died in 171 1. Lami, li'mee, (Giovanni,) an Italian antiquary and litterateur of high reputation, born at Santa Croce, a village between Pisa and Florence, in 1697. He was a good classical scholar, and became professor of eccle- siastical history at Florence about 1732. From 1740 to 1770 he edited an able literary periodical named "No« velle Letterarie." He contributed much to explain or elucidate the civil and literary history of Tuscany, and published, besides other works, " Delights of Learned Men," (Delicias Eruditorum," 18 vols., 1736-69,) and the lives of many eminent Italian literati, " Memorabilia Italorum Eruditione praestantium," (3 vols., 1742-48 j Died in 1770. See his Avitobiography in the 15th volume of his "Delicia; Eru- ditorum;" FoNTANi, " Elogio di Lami," 1789; Fabroni, "Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium." Lami, (Pierre R6mi Crussolle,) a ¥re.\-\ch litt^ratetir, born in Paris in 1798; died in 1832. La'mi-a, an Athenian courtesan, renowned for wit and profusion, was the mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes about 300 B.C. Lamiee, la'm!-ee, [Gr. Ao/Jat ; Fr. Lamies, It'me',] fabulous monsters of classic mythology, sometimes rep- resented as having tlie head and breast of a wornan and the body of a ser|)eiit. They were supposed to have the power of changing their forms. Accoiding to one tradi- tion, there was a queen of Libya named Lamia, who was notorious for her cruelty and was accustomed to murder children. The name of Lamia was used to frighten children in the nurseries of antiquity. Lamies. See Lami/e. Lam'ington, (Alexander Dundas Ross Wisheart Baillie Cochrane,) Lord, formerly known as Baili.ie Cochrane, an English author, a son of Sir T. J. Coch- rane, already noticed. He was born in November, i8i6, and was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cam- ijridge. For many years (1S41-S0) he was a Conserva- tive in Parliament, and in 18S0 he was raised to the peerage. Among his works are " Poeins," (183S,) "Ernest Vane," (1849,) "Florence, the l^eautiful," (1854,) "Young Italy," (1S65,) "Francis the First," etc., (1870,) "The Theatre Fran^ais in the Reign of Louis XV.," (1879,) etc. Died February 16, 1890. Lamlein or Laemlein, Igm'lln, (Alexander,) a German painter, born at Hohenfeld, Bavaria, in 1813, became a citizen of Paris in his youth. Among his works are "The Awaking of Adam," (1841,) "The Lad- der of Jacob," (1847,) and portraits for the palace of Versailles. Died at Pontlevoy, April 25, 1871. Lamoignon, de, deh la'mwan'y6N', (Chretien Francois,) a French magistrate, eininent for his integ- rity and talents, born in Paris in 1644, was the eldest son of President Guillaume de Lamoignon. He was chosen master of requests about 1668. For twenty-five years (1673-98) he performed with honour the duties of advo- cate-general to the Parliament. He was made president (J morfier'm 1690. He was intimate with Racine, and with Boileau, who addressed to him his Sixth Epistle. In 1704 he became a member of the Academy of Inscrip- tions, after declining ■afaiiteuil in the Academic Fran false. Died in 1709. His son Guillaume, Seigneur de Malesherbes, born in 1683, became successively advocate-general, president of the Parliament of Paris, and chancellor of France, (1750.) He inaintained the virtuous reputation of his family, and died in 1772, leaving a son, who was the eininent Malesherbes. Lamoignon, de, (Chretien Francois,) a French judge, born probably in Paris in 1735. He became a, e, 1, 6, li, y, long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, f^t; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LAMOIGNON 1 48 1 LA MP ETTA I president <) viortier in 1758, and shared the exile of Par- liament in 1772. He was appointed keeper of the seals in 17S7. Died in 1789. Lamoignon, de, (Guii.laume,) an eminent judge, and first jjresident of the Parliament of Paris, was born in 161 7. His father, Chretien de I.amoignon de Kaville, was a highly meritorious magistrate. Guillaume became master of requests in 1644, and first president of the Parliament in 1658. In announcing his nomination, the king said to him, " If I had known a better man, I should have appointed him." He received much praise for the part he took in relation to the ordinances of 1667 and 1670, and in several instances preferred the claims of duty to the favour of the court. He laid the basis of an important judiciary reform in his "Decisions," ("Arrctes,") printed in 1702. Died in 1677. See Gaili.ard, " Vie de Lamoignon," 1782 ; Flechier, " Funeral Oration;" Saint- Simon, "Memoires;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gendrale." Lamoignon de BSville, lt'mwSn''yAN' deh bS'v^l', (NicoL.'vs,) the fifth son of the preceding, was born in 1648. He was ai^pointed master of requests in 1673. Died in 1724. Lamoignon-Malesherbes See Malksherbes. La Monnoye. See Monnoik. Lamont, von, fon IS'mont', (Johann,) an astronomer, born in Braemar, Scotland, December 13, 1805, was edu- cated at Ratisbon, in Germany, and became a monk. In 1S52 he was chosen professor of astronomy at Munich. Died August 6, 1879. He made valuable contributions to astronomy and to the science of magnetism. Lanioriciere, de, deh IS'mo're'se-aiR', (Christophk Louis L^on Juchauit — zhU'sho',) a French general, born at Nantes in 1806. He gained distinction as colonel of zouaves in Algeria, and became a marechal-de-carnp in 1840. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1843, returned to France in 1846, and was elected a deputy in 1847. In the Revolution of 184S he made strenuous efforts to support the Orleans dynasty. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and com- manded a division of the army in the fight against the insurgents of Paris in June, 1848. He was Cavaignac's minister of war about six months ending in December, 1848. Having shown hostility to the power of Louis Napoleon, he was arrested on the 2d of December, 18=; i, and confined a few weeks in the Castle of Ham. He be- came general-in-chief of the army of the pope in i860, and was defeated by the Sardinians at Castelfidardo. He was taken prisoner soon after this action. Died in 1865. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gt^n^rale ;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for February, 1S66. La Mothe, It mot, (N.,) a French historian, born about 16S0, was also called La Hode. He wrote " His- tory of the Revolutions of France," (1738,) and a "His- tory of Louis XIV.," (5 vols., 1740.) Died about 1740. Lamothe, de, deh It'mot', (Pierre Lamhert,) a French priest, born in 1624. He went as a missionary to Siam about 1662, and died there in 1679. La Mothe-Houdancoiirt, de, deh IS mot hoo'dSN'- kooR', (Philippe,) Due de Cardone, a French general, born in 1605, gained successes over the Spaniards, and received a marshal's baton in 1642. Having been de- feated at Lerida in 1644, he was depii\cd of command. Died in 1657. Lamothe- Langon, de, deh lt'mot'16N'g6N', (Eri- enne L60N,) Baron, a Yxt.x\z\\Utterateu7-,ho\\\ at Mont- pellier in 1786. Among his numerous works are poems, historical memoirs, and romances. Died in 1S64. La Mothe le Vayer. See Mothe, La. La Motte. See Motte, La. Lamotte, iS'mot', (Jeanne de Luz de Saint-R^my DE Valois,) Madame, an artful Frenchwoman, who acquired notoriety in the affair of the " Diamond Neck- lace," was born, probably, at Bar-sur-Aube about 1750. She became the wife of a person who styled himself Count Lamotte. Having practised with success on the credulity of Cardinal Rohan, she induced him to nego- tiate for a diamond necklace valued at about a million and a half of francs, which he designed as a present to the queen. Her husband absconded with the diamonds, which she had obtained by fraud. She was whipped and imprisoned for this offence, and died in 179^- Lamotte- (or La Motte-) Fouqiie, It'mot' foo'ki', (Caroline,) a German authoress, wife of the following, was born at Nennhausen in 1773. She published suc- ce.ssful novels entitled " Feodora," "Lady of Falken- stein," and "Ida," also "Letters on Female Education" and " Letters on Greek Mythology," which were received with favour. Died in 1S31. Lamotte-Fouque, de, deh IJt'mot' foo'ki', (Fried- rich Heinuich Kari,,) often called simply Fouque, Baron, a German ])oet and romance-writer of rare genius, was born at Brandenburg, February 12, 1777. He was a grandson of Henry Augustus Fouque. (See FoUQU^.) I laving served in several great battles of the war against Napoleon, about 1813 he retired from the army on ac- count of ill health, with the rank of major, and afterwards resided in Paris, at Halle, and on his estate of Nenn- hausen. He found a congenial sphere for his fertile imagination in the Northern traditions and the old Ger- man poetry, and produced many beautiful poems and works of fiction, among which are "Undine,"* a tale, (1813,) one of the most exquisite creations of German genius, "Corona," a poem, (1S14,) " Der Zauberring," ('The Magic Ring," 1816,) "Eginhard and Emma," a drama, and " Bertrand du Guesclin," an epic poem, (1821.) Died in 1843. See his Autobios;rai>liy. entitled " Lebensjreschichte," etc., 1840; C.F.RviNus, " Gescliiclite der Deutsclien Diclitung;" "Monthly Re- view" tor October, 1820. Lamourette, iS'moo'rSt', (Adrien,) Ai?ij6, a French ecclesiastic, born in Picardy in 1742. He became an auxiliary of Mirabeau in 1789, and wrote the address on the civil constitution of the clergy which that orator pro- nounced. In 1 79 1 he was chosen Bishop of Rhone-et« Loire, and deputed to the National Assembly. Having resisted the extreme measures of the dominant party, he was guillotined in 1794. He had published several re- ligious works. Lamouroux, It'moo'roo'', (Jean Vincent F6lix,) a French naturalist, born at Agen in 1779. He went to Paris in 1807, and was chosen professor of botany or natural history at Caen about 1810. He gave specia? attention to those marine productions which are found on the borders between the animal and vegetable king- dom, and which he described in several capital works. Ainong these is a "Description of Coral-forming Polypi or Zoophytes," (" Histoire des Polypiers coralligencs flexibles," 1816.) He also published "Lectures on Phys- ical Geography." Died in 1825. See " Notice biographique sur Lamouroux," by his brother, 1829. Lampadius, lim-pi'de-tis, (Wilhelm August,) a German chemist, called the founder of metallurgy, was born in the duchy of Brunswick in 1772. He became professor of chemistry or metallurgy at Freiberg in 1795. His principal work is a " Manual of General Metal- '^Jrgy," (3 vols., 1801-09.) Died in 1842. See Callisen, " Mediciuisches Schrll'tsteller-Lexikon ;" "Bio- graphie M^dicale." Lampe, lim'peh, (Friedrich Adolph,) a German Protestant theologian, born at Detmold in 1683. He became professor of theology at Utrecht in 1720, and published sermons and other works, among which was a " Commentary on the Gospel of Saint John." Died in 1729. Lampe, (Johann Friedrich,) a German composer of songs and operas, born about 1692, lived in London. Died in 1756. Lamperti, ISm-p^R'tee, (Francesco,) an Italian teacher of singing, born at Savona in 1S13. His success with private pupils led to his being appointed in 1850 professor of singing to the Conservatorio at Milan, where he trained many of the most distinguished operatic vocalists. He resigned in 1875. Lampetia, lam-pee'she-a, [Gr. AafiTrerirj ; Fr. Lam- p6tie, ISw'pi'te',] a daughter of Helios, whose flocks and herds she tended in the island of Thrinakia. Ulysses having been long detained on the island by stress of weather, his companions killed some of the sacred oxen, for which the offended gods afterwards sent against them a great tempest, in which all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on the piece of a mast. * Called in French Otuiine. € as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,g-nttnral; N, fiasal; K, trilled; s as a; th as in this. (2i:^^See Explanations p. 2^) L A MP E TIE 14S2 LANCJEAN ljamp6tie. See Lampftia. Lampillas, lim-peel'yis, or Llampillas, lam-peel'- yjs, (Francisco Xavier.) a Spanish Jesuit, born in Catalonia in 1731. He lived at Genoa after the expul- sion of the Jesuits from Spain in 1767. His principal work is a defence of Spanish literature against Bettinelli and Tiraboschi, "Saggio storico-apologetico della Let- teratura Spagnuola," (6 vols., 1778-81.) Died in 1810. Lamplugii, lam'ploo, t (Thomas,) an English prelate, born in Yorkshire in 1615. He became Bishop of Exeter in 1676, and was a partisan of James H. in 1688, but after his flight recognized William HI., who appointed him Archbishop of York. Died in 1691. Lampredi, lam-pKa'dee, (Giovanni Maria,) an Ital- ian publicist and writer on law, born near Florence in 1732 ; died in 1793. Lampredi, (Urban,) an Italian philologist, born at Florence in 1761 ; died in 1838. Lampride. See Lampridius. Lampridio, lim-pRee'de-o, (Benedetto,) a Latin poet, born at Cremona. After being professor of Greek in Rome, he opened a school in Padua in 1521. He composed admired odes, epigrams, and elegies. " It cannot be denied," says Tiraboschi, "that he has imi- tated Pindar happily in nobleness of ideas and in imagi- native power." Died about 1540. See Tiraboschi, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana. Lam-prid'i-us, [Fr. Lampride, liN'pR^d',] (/Elius,,) a Latin historical writer, who flourished about 310 A.D. He was one of the authors of the " Augusta Historia," to which he is said to have contributed the lives of Commodus, Diadumenus, Heliogabalus, and Alexander Severus. See Vossius, " De Historicis Latinis ;" D. W. Moller, " Dis- putatio circiilaris de A. Lampridio," 16S8. Lampson, limp'son, [Lat. Lampsonius, limp-so'ne- us,] (Dominic,) a Flemish painter and Latin poet, born at Bruges in 1532. His paintings are rare and esteemed. Died in 1599. Lampsonius. See Lampson. Lampugnani, ISm-poon-yS'nee, (Agostino,) an Ital- ian poet, born at Milan in 1588. He wrote many works which were once popular. Died in 1668. Lamy. See Lami, (Bernard.) Lana, li'ni, (Luigi,) an Italian painter, born at M6- dena in 1597. He worked in that city, and imitated Guercino with success. \W% picture of " Modena de- livered from the Plague" is called his master-piece. Died in 1646. Lana-Terzi, IJ'ni-tSRd'zee or -t^Rt'zee, (Francesco,) (or Francesco Terzi-Lana,) an Italian Jesuit and natu- ral philosopher, born at Brescia in 163 1. lie was at one time professor of philosophy in his native place, and was a diligent observer and experimenter in natural science. He published, besides a few other works, "Magisterium Naturae et Artis," (3 vols., 1684-92,) which treats of natu- ral philosophy. Died in 1687. La Nauze, de, deh It noz, (Louis Jouard,) a French scholar and writer, born at Villeneuve d'Agen in 1696 ; died in 1773. Lanc'as-ter, (Edmund,) Earl of, the son of Henry III. of England, was born in London in 1245. Edward 1. sent him with an army to conquer Guienne, but, before he could effect that purpose, he died in 1296. His son Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, was the most powerful sub- ject of his time in England. He was a mortal enemy to Piers Gaveston, whose death he procured in 1312. Having rebelled against Edward II., he was defeated and beheaded in 1322. His brother He.n'RY became his heir, and aided Queen Isabella to depose the king in 1326. He was appointed guardian of the young king Edward III. in 1327. Lancaster, (Sir James,) an English navigator, who made a voyage to India in 1591, and conducted the first expedition which the East Lidia Company sent to that region (1600-03) f^'' '^^ purpose of forming commercial relations. He made a treaty with the King of Acheen. Died in 1620. Narratives of his voyages may be found in Hakluyt and Purchas. An inlet of Baffin's Bay was named, in honour of him, Lancaster Sound. See J. Barrow, "Memoirs of the Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth's Reign." Lancaster, (John of Gaunt,) Duke of. Sec John OE Gaunt. Lancaster, (Joseph,) an Englishman, who acquired distinction as the founder of " Lancasterian Schools,' was born in London, November 25, 177S. and was a member of the Society of Friends. At about the age of twenty he opened a school in Southwark, and tried with success the system of mutual instruction. He was pa- tronized by the Duke of Bedford and other noblemen. By lectures and writings he rendered his system popular, and gave an impulse to the cause of education in Eng- land and other countries. Having become insolvent, he went to the United States about 1818, and continued to labour in the same cause. Died in New York in 183S. Lancaster, (Nathaniel,) a learned English writer, born in Cheshire about 1700. He was for some time rector of Stamford-Rivers. His principal work is an •'Essay on Delicacy," (1748,) a poem. Died in 1775. Lance, (George,) an excellent English painter of fruit and still life, was born in Essex in 1802. He re- ceived lessons in " high" or " historical" art from Haydon, and pursued his master's favourite branches of painting, until he discovered that his genius was more adapted to the treatment of fruit, flowers, game, etc. In this depart- ment he is considered to have excelled all the English oil-painters of his time. He ]5roduced some historical pieces and tableaux de i^enre. Died in 1864. Lance, (William,) an American lawyer and political writer, born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1791. He published a" Life of Washington" in Latin. Died in 1840. Lancelot, 16ns'1o', (Antoine,) a French litterateur and antiquary, born in Paris in 1675. He was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, for which he WTOte many learned antiquarian treatises. For a few years he had the office of secretary to the king, which he sold in 1725. Died in 1740. Lancelot, (Dom Claude,) an able French gram- marian, born in Paris in 1615. He became one of the recluses of Port-Royal in 1638, and was the first regent of the schools of Port-Royal, which flourished from 1646 to 1660 under the care of such men as Arnauld and Pas- cal. Lancelot was the first master of Racine. " He threw some additional lustre," says Hallam, " around Port- Royal by the Latin and Greek Grammars (1644 and 1655) which are more frequently called by the name of that famous cloister than by his own." They were used for a long time in the French schools. He published in 1660 "Grammaire generale et raisonnee," a treatise on the philosophy of all languages, which is esteemed a work of the first class. Died in 1695. See Sainte-Beuve, " Port-Royal ;" Moreri, " Dictionnaiie His- toriqiie;" Niceron, "Memoires." Lancelot of Naples. See Ladislaus. Lancelotti, lin-chi-lot'tee, written also Lauceloti, (Giovanni Paolo,) an Italian jurist, born at Peru-ia in 1511. He WTOte, in Latin, "Institutes of Canon Law," which were approved by Pope Paul IV. Died in 1591. Lancillotti, ISn-ch^l-lot'tee, or Lancelloti, Idn-ch^I- lo'tee, (Secondo,) an Italian author and priest, born at Perugia in 1575. He published in 1630 a successful work entitled "To-Day," ("L'Hoggidi,") intended to prove that the world was not morally or physically worse than it had been in ancient times. He wrote other learned works. Died in Paris in 1643. Lancilotti, l^n-che-lot'tee, (Francesco,) an Italian painter and poet, born at Florence, lived about 1500. He excelled in nocturnal scenes. Lancisi, IJn-chee'see, (Giovanni Maria,) an eminent Italian physician and scholar, born at Rome in 1654. Foi thirteen years he lectured on anatomy with eclat at the College of Sapienza, Rome. He became the chief phy- sician'of Pope Innocent XL in 1688, and served Clement XI. in the same capacity. Besides other professional works, he published, in Latin, a "Treatise on Sudden Deaths," (1707,) and one "On the Noxious Effluvia of Marshes," (17 17.) Died in 1720. See AssALTi, "Vie de Lancisi," prefixed to his treatise " De Motu Cordis;" Fabroni, "Vitas Italonim," etc. : G. IVL Crescim- BENi. "Vita di G. M. Lancisi," 1721 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Gene- rale." Lancival. See Luce de Lancival. Lancjean, l6N'zh6N', (RtMi, ) a skilful Flemish a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; LANCRE 1483 LAND ON t painter of history, born at Brussels, was a pupil of Van Dyck. Died in 1671. Lancre, IflNkR, (Pierre,) a French lawyer, and writer on demonology and sorcery, was born at Bordeaux ; died in 1630. Lancret, IfiN'kRi', (Nicolas,) a French painter, born in Paris in 1690. He imitated the manner of Watteau with success. His reputation was higher in his own time than at the present. Died in 1743. Lancrinck or Lankrink, l^n'knink, (Prospkr Henry,) a skilful landscape-painter, of German ex- traction, born about 1628. He worked in England, and was employed by Sir Peter Lely to paint the landscapes, I flowers, etc. of his pictures. Died in 1692. ' Landa, de, di Idn'dJ, (Juan,) a Spanish painter, lived at Pampeluna from 1570 to 1630. Landais or Landois, IfiN'di', (Pierre,) a French parvenu of low birth, born at Vitre, became the favourite of Francis H., Duke of Brittany, who gave him absolute power. Landais was hated by the nobles, who conspired against him and put him to death in 1485. Lande. See Lai.ande. Landelle, IfiN'd^K, (Charles,) a French historical painter, born at Laval, Mayenne, in 1S21. He obtained a medal at the Great Exposition of 1855 for his picture of the " Repose of the Virgin." Lan'den, (John,) an English mathematician, born at Peakirk in 1719. He began to write for the "Ladies' Diary" in 1744, and published in 1755 "Mathematical Lucubrations," in which various parts of high analysis are treated. In 1766 he was admitted into the Royal Society. He wTote several treatises on dynamics and the integral calculus. Among his principal works is his "Residual Analysis," (1764.) Died in 1790. Lan'der, (Frederick William,) an American en- gineer and general, born at Salem, Massachuset's, in 1822. He commanded an expedition to open a wagon- road across the plains to California in 185S. It is stated that he made five explorations across the continent, having been employed by the government to survey a route for a Pacific railroad. In July, 1861, he was ap- pointed a brigadier-general. He was wounded at Ed- wards's Ferry, October, 1861, and signalized his courage at Blooming Gap, Virginia, in February, 1862. He died at Pawpaw, Virginia, in March, 1S62, leaving a high reputation for enterprise and bravery. Lan'der, (John,) an English traveller, born in 1807. He accompanied his brother Richard in an expedition to explore the river Niger in 1830. (See Lander, Richard.) Died in 1839. Lander, (Louisa,) an American sculptor, born at Salem, Massachusetts, about 1835, studied at Rome under Crawford. Among her best works may be named statues of " Evangeline" and of " Virginia Dare," and a bust of Hawthorne. Lander, (Richard,) an English traveller, who has rendered his name memorable by solving the problem of the course of the Niger, was born at Truro in 1804. He had been employed as a servant by several gentle- men before 1825, when, hearing of Captain Clapperton's proposed expedition to Africa, he offered his services and was engaged by that officer as his confidential ser- vant, (See Clapperton, Hugh.) After performing the last otiices to his master near Saccatoo in April, 1827, he returned with the papers of Clapperton to England, where he arrived in 1S2S. The offer which he made to renew the enterprise was accepted by gov- ernment. Accompanied by his brother John, he sailed from England in January, 1830, traced the Niger from Yaoori (or Yauri) to its mouth in the Bight of Benin, and returned home in 1831. A "Journal of an Expe- dition to Explore the Course and Termination of the Niger," (2 vols.,) by Richard and John Lander, was published in 1832. The voyage from Yaoori to the mouth of the river occupied about four months, from August 2 to December i, 1830. Having undertaken another expedition to Western Africa in the service of a mercantile company, he was killed by the natives in 1835. The most prominent trait of his character was indomitable perseverance. See " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1832. Landi, lin'dee, (Costanzo,) Count, an Italian phi- lologist and numismatist, born at Piacenza in 1521 ; died in 1564. Landi, (Gasparo,) Chevalier, an Italian painter of history and portraits, born at Piacenza in 1756. He worked mostly in Rome, and became professor of paint- ing in the Academy of Saint Luke. He excelled in car- nation tints and in truth of expression. Some Italian critics considered him as one of their best painters. Among his principal works is "The Assumption of the Virgin." Died at Rome in 1830. Landi, (Giulio,) Count, an Italian writer, born at Piacenza about 1500, wrote a romance entitled "The Life of Cleopatra," (1551.) Died about 1580. Landi, (Ortensio,) a witty and extravagant Italian writer, born at Milan. He was for some time in the service of the Bishop of Trent, and passed many of his later years in Venice. He published several scandalous and paradoxical works, among which are a " Dialogue on the Death of Erasmus." (1540,) " Paradoxes," (" Para- dossi,") and the "Scourge of Ancient and Modern Au- thors," (1550.) Died about 1560. See TiRABOSCHi, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Landi, (Stefano,) an Italian composer, born in Rome, lived about 1630. He composed sacred music, and was distinguished for his inventive genius. Landini, Idn-dee'nee, or Landino, ISn-dee'no, (Christoforo,) an Italian critic and scholar, born at Florence in 1424, was reputed one of the principal orna- ments of the Platonic Academy of that city. He became professor of belles-lettres at Florence in 1457, and was chosen by Pietro de' Medici to finish the education of his two sons. He wrote several Latin poems, and es- teemed commentaries on Horace, Virgil, and Dante, Died in 1504. See GiNGUEN^, "Histoirede la Litterature Itallenne;" Negri, "Istoriade' Scrittori Fiorentini." Landini, (Taddeo,) a Florentine sculptor, who worked in Rome and was employed by Gregory XIII., Sixtus V., and Clement VIII. Died about 1594. Landino, (Francesco,) an Italian organist and com- poser, surnamed CiECO, (the " Blind,") was born at Flor- ence about 1325 ; died in 1390. Lan'do or Lan'dou, a native of Sabina, was elected pope, as successor to Anastasius III., in 913. He died in 914 A.D., and was succeeded by John X. Lando, ISn'do, (Pietro,) was elected Doge of Venice in 1539. During his reign the Venetians made peace with the Turks, and resisted the efforts of Charles V. and Francis I. to engage them in new hostilities. Died in 1545, aged eighty-four. Landon, Ion'cIAn', (Charles Paul,) a French painter and writer on art, born in Normandy in 1760. He studied in Rome as a pensioner of the king, and worked in Paris, but acquired more reputation by his writings than by his paintings. He published many magnificent illustrated works, among which are "The Lives and Works of the Most Eminent Painters of all Schools," (25 vols., 1803 ct seq.,) and "Annals of the Museum," etc., ("Annalesdu Musee et de I'ficole des Beaux-Arts," (33 vols., 1808.) Died in 1826. See QuERARD, "La France Litt^raire;" " Nouvelle Biographie Geiierale." Lan'don, (Letitia Elizaketh,) a popular English poetess, born in a suburb of London in 1802, She began to write verse about the age of thirteen, and in 1S20 became a contributor to the " Literary Gazette," under the signature of L. E. L. These poetical efforts pro- cured lor her an extensive reputation, and enabled her to support herself. She produced, anonymously, two novels, entitled " Romance and Reality" and " Ethel Churchill," and poems called "The Troubadour," "Ze- nana," etc. Her poems are chiefly of a sentimental or romantic character. In 1838 she was married to George Maclean, Governor of Cape Coast Castle, Africa, whither they went to reside. Her death, which occurred in 1839, is ascribed to prussic acid, which she was in the habit of taking as medicine. See Laman Blanchard, "Life and Literary Remains of L. E. L.," 3 vols., 1840; "Autobiography of William Jeidan," rol. iii. ; Mrs. Elwood, "Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England from ■e as .4; c as s; g hard; g as /; g, H, Vi,guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. ( Ji^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) LAND OR 1484 LAN FRANCO the Cmnmcncement of the Last Ceiuiiry,' vnl. ii., \^a,->,: Ai.i.irone, "Dictionary of Authors:" "Monthly Review" for July, 1825; "Atlantic Monthly" for March, 1865. Lan'dor, (Walter Savage,) an eminent English author, born at Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, January 30, 1775, was a son of Walter Landor, who married a rich heiress named Elizabeth Savage. He was edu- cated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Oxford, became master of an independent fortune, and followed no pro- fession except that of author. He published a volume of poems in 1795, and a poem entitled "Gebir" in 1798. In 1806 he sold his large estates, quitted England in disgust, and removed to the continent. He served as a colonel in the Spanish army against Napoleon from 1808 to 1814. In i8u he married Julia Thuillier, of Bath. He became a resident of Plorence about 1816, and occu- pied the palace of the Medici for several years. He pub- lished in 1820 Latin poems, entitled "Idyllia Heroica." His reputation was extended by his " Imaginary Con- versations of Literary Men and Statesmen," {5 vols., 1824-29,) which presented many novel and paradoxical ideas. Among his other works are "Count Julian," a poem, (1831,) "Pericles and Asjiasia," (1836,) "Andrea of Hungary," a drama, (1839,) "The Hellenics," (1847,) and "The Last Fruit of an Old Tree," (1853.) He was a friend of Robert Southey. Died at Florence in Sep- tember, 1864. See John Foster, "Walter S. Landor; a Biography," i-Sfiq; " Quarterly Review" for January, 1S24, February, 1S37, and October, 1839; " Edinburgh Review'' fur April, 1S46, and April, 1850; " North British Review" for November, 1846, and July, 1S69; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale :" R. W. Emerson, " English Traits ;" " Bio- graphical Sketches," by Harriet Martinkai; ; Miss Field, " Last Days of W. S. Landor," in the " Atlantic Monthly" for April, May, and June, 1866. t'l LantJriani, ldn-dRe-a'nee,^PAOLO Camili.o,) a painter of the Milanese school, born about 1570 ; died about 1618. Land'seer, (Charles,) an English painter, a son of John Landseer, noticed below, was born in 1799. He received lessons from Haydon, and acquired a fair repu- tation as an artist. His subjects are chiefly taken from English history and poetry. His "Monks of Melrose" (1843) gained a prize of about ;^300. He was chosen an AcadeiTiician in 1845, and keeper of the Academy in 1851. Died July 22, 1879. Landseer, (Sir Edwin,) the most celebrated modern painter of animals, was born in London in 1802, He learned to draw after nature in hjs childhood, under the direction of his father, began to exhibit in 181 7, and at the age of eighteen painted his admirable " Dogs of Saint Gothard." Between 1821 and 1830 he produced "The Prowling Lion," "The Return from Deer-Stalking," (1827,) and " Hunting of Chevy Chase." He was elected Royal Academician in 1S30, after which he exhibited " Sir Walter Scott and his Dogs," (1S33,)" Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time," "The Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner," (1837,) highly praised by Ruskin "as one of the most per- fect poems or pictures (I use the words as synonymous) which modern times have seen." His humorous picture of " Laying Down the Law" appeared in 1840. His marvellous technical skill is subordinated to the expres- sion of sentiment or pathos in a " Pastoral Scene," (1845,) "Peace" and "War," (1846,) and other works. Among his master-pieces are a portrait of a Newfoundland dog. Styled "A Member of the Humane Society," (1838,) "A Scene from the 'Midsummer Night's Dream,'" (1851,) and "The Children of the Mist," (1853.) Many of his works have been engraved. Died October i, 1873. See " Fraser's Magazine" for July, 1856. Landseer, (John,) an English engraver, the father of the preceding, was born at Lincoln in 1769. Having acquired reputation by excellent engravings of animals, after Rubens and other artists, he was chosen associate engraver of the Royal Academy about 1807. He lec- tured on art in London, and published several treatises on art, one of which is entitled " Sabsean Researches," (1823.) Died in 1852. Landseer, (Thomas,) an English artist and eminent engraver, the eldest son of John Landseer, and brother of Charles and Sir Edwin, was born in 1795. Among his most admired productions are engravings of his brother luhvin's pictures of animals, and of Rosa Bon- heur's " Horse-Fair," by the faithful reproduction of wiiich he unquestionably did much to confirm the fame of these distinguished artists. Died January 10, 1880. Landstad, lind'stild, (Magnus Brostrup,) a Nor- wegian clergyman, born in a hamlet on the isle of Maasoe, near the North Ca))e, in 1802. He published avast col- lection of peasant-songs of the North, and prepared also a great collection of hyinns and psalms, published at the expense of the government. His own verses are often tame and ])oor, but some have merit. Died in 1881. Lan'dulph, (Fr. Landulphe, IfiN'diilf',] a mediasval historian and priest, born at Milan about 1080, was a pupil of Anselm of Laon. He wrote, in Latin, a " His- tory of Milan from 1095 to 1137." Lane, (Edward William,) an English Orientalist, born at Hereford in 1801. He resided several years in P2gypt, and published an interesting and valuable work "On the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyp- tians," (1836,) and a very complete "Arabic-and-Eng- lish Lexicon," (in two Parts, 1863-65.) Died in 1876, Lane, (Henry S.,) an American Senator and lawyer, born in Montgomery county, Kentucky, in i8ir, removed to Indiana. He represented a district of Indiana in Con- gress, 1841-43, and was elected Governor of that State as a Republican in 1861. Having been chosen a Sen- atoT of the United States in i86r, he resigned the office of Governor. Died June 18, i88i. Lane, (James H.,) an American general, born at LaW- renceburg, Indiana, in 1814. He was elected to Congress in 1852, and removed in 1855 to Kansas, where he be- came a leader of the Free State party. He was elected major-general by the legislature of Kansas in 1857, and a Senator of the United States in 1861. He commanded a brigade in the first year of the civil war, but retained his seat in the Senate. Died by suicide in July, 1866. Lane, (Joseph,) an American general and politician, born in North Carolina in 1801. He distinguished him- self in the principal engagements of the Mexican war ot 1846-47, and rose to the rank of major-general. He became Governor of Oregon Territory in 1848, and was elected United States Senator from the State of Oregon in 1859. In 1S60 he was the Democratic candidate for Vice-President, John C. Breckinridge being the nomi- nee for President. Died at Roseburg, Oregon, April 9, 1881. Lane, (Sir Richard,) an English lawyer, born is Northamptonshire. He was counsel for the Earl of Strafford in 1640, and was an adherent of the king in the civil war. In 1645 he became keeper of the great seal. Died in 165 1. Lane, (Richard James,) an English lithographer, born in Hereford about 1800. Died Nov. 21, 1872. Lan'franc, [Lat. Lanfran'cus ; It. Lanfranco, l^n- fRin'ko,] a distinguished prelate. Archbishop of Canter- bury, was born at Pavia about 1005. Having embraced the monastic life, he became celebrated for ]3iety and learning. He was a counsellor of William of Normandy before his conquest of England, and in 1070 was chosen Archbishop of Canterbury. " His zeal in promoting the interests of the papacy," says Hume, "was indefati- gable." He enjoyed in a high degree the confidence of the king, who consulted him in affairs of state. He crowned William Rufus in 1087, and died in 1089, leaving several works on theology. See W. F. Hook, " Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury," vol. ii. chap. ii. : A. Charma, " Lanfranc, Notice biographique, lit- teraire," etc., 1849; "Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Lanfranco. See Lanfranc. Lanfranco, Lin-fKan'ko, or Lanfranc, Idn-fRirk', fLat. Lanfran'cus,] an Italian surgeon, born at Milan about 1250. He removed in 1295 to Paris, where he practised and lectured with a high reputation. He wrote a treatise on surgery, entitled " Chirurgia magna et parva," (1490.) Lanfranco or Lanfranc, (Giovanni,) an eminent Italian painter, born at Parma in 1581. He received lessons from the three Caracci, whom, in design and exi)ression, he imitated. He worked in Rome for the Dukes Farnese and the Borghese family, and afterwards in Naples. His painting on the cupola of San Andrea a, e, T, 0, u. y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, ohscwe; far, fdll, fit: met; n6t; good; moon; LANFRANCUS 1485 LANGE della Valle, Rome, was much admired. His works in oil and fresco are very numerous. Died at Rome in 1647. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters ;" Lanzi, " History of Fault- ing in Italy." Lanfrancus. See Lanfranc and Lanfranco. Lanfrey, loN'fRi', (Pierre,) a F'rencli historian, born at Chambery, Savoy, Octol^er 26, 1828. He was educated at Paris, and became a lawyer and man of letters. His " L'figlise et les Philosophes au XVHIieme Siecle" {1855) was a brilliant and successful attack on the church. His principal work was the " Histoire de Na- poleon I," (6 vols., 1867-76,) in which he "destroyed for- lever the Napoleonic legend." He was chosen to the Constituent Assembly in 1871, and was minister to Switzerland from 1871 to 1874. In 1876 he was made a life senator. Died at Pau, November 16, 1877. ^^^ was a moderate republican in theory, but in practical politics found himself almost continually in opposition to every party. Lang, (Andrew,) a British poet, born in Scotland in 1844. He graduated at Oxford, and became a Fellow of Merton College. With S. H. Butcher, he prepared a spirited prose translation of the Odyssey. He also made a prose translation of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. His other publications include "XXH Ballades in Blue China," (enlarged and reissued as "XXH and X Bal- lades,") a volume called "The Library," "Ballades and Verses Vaine," (18S4,) "Customs and Myth," (1884,) "Verses a la Mode," (1885,) etc. Lang, ling, (Heinrich,) a German divine, born at Frommern, November 14, 1826. He was educated at Tubingen, and published much in the interest of what is called liberal religion. He was for years a pastor in Zurich. Among his works are " An Attempt at a Chris- tian Dogmatic," (1857,) "The Life of Jesus and the Church of the Future," etc. Died December 30, 1876. Lang, (JoHANN Michael.) See Lange. Lang, ling, (Karl Nikolaus,) a Swiss physician, born at Lucerne in 1670. He practised medicine with success in his native place, cultivated natural history, and acquired fame by his work on the figured stones of Switzerland, " Idea Historias naturalis Lapidum figurato- rum Helvetiae," (1705.) Died in 1741. Lang, (Louis,) Ijorn in Wiirtemberg, Germany, in 1814, studied painting in Paris, and subsequently at Rome. In 1845 he settled in New York City, where he has executed numerous works. Lang, von, fon ling, (Karl Heinrich,) a German historical writer, born in Suabia in 1764, was appointed in 181 1 director of the archives of the kingdom at Munich, He published a " History of the Jesuits in Bavaria," and other works relative to that country. Died in 1835. See Karl Heinrich Lang, "Memoiren," 1842. Langallerie, de, deh IfiN'gSl're', (Philippe de Gen- tils,) Marquis, a French military adventurer, born at Lamotte-Charente in 1656. He gained the rank of gene- ral in the French army, and afterwards fought under Prince Eugene against the French. He died in 1717, leaving two volumes of Memoirs, (1709,) which have been translated into English. Langara, de, di lin-gi'ri, (Don Juan,) a Spanish admiral, born about 1730. He was defeated near Cape Saint Vincent in 1780 by an English fleet under Rodnev, but was in the same year made lieutenant-general of the navy. He commanded the Spanish fleet which took Toulon in 1793. Died in 1800. Langbaine, ling'ban, (Gerard,) D.D., an English scholar, born in Westmoreland about 1608. He became a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1644 keeper of the archives of the university. He edited Longinus, and left several useful catalogues, which remain in manu- script. Died in 1658. Langbaine, (Gerard,) the son of the preceding, was born at Oxford in 1656. Having collected many old plays, (nine hundred and eighty,) he published a cata- logue of the same, called " Momus Triumphans," which was improved and reprinted in 1691, with the title of "Account of the English Dramatic Poets." This work is prized for the information it affords, but has little critical merit. Died in 1692. Laugbein, lang'bTn, (August Friedrich Ernst,) a German poet and writer of fiction, born at Radeburg, near Dresden, in 1757. He became a resident of Berlin in iSoo. He published a number of romances, songs, and humorous poems, which had a transient popularity. Among his prose works are "Talismans against Ennui," "The Wings of Time," and " Ganymeda/' (1823.) He had an agreeable style, but little imagination. Died in 1835- See Brockhaus, " Conversations- Lexikon." Lang'bridge, (Frederick,) an English poet, born at Birmingham, March 17, 1849. He took orders in the English Church in 1877, ^""i '" ^^80 graduated at Saint Alban Hall, Oxford, having in 1879 been appointed to the incumbency of Glen Alia, in the North of Ireland. He has published several volumes of poetry, beside!* many songs and tales and some burlesque comedies. Langdale, Lord. See Bickersteth, (Henry.) Lang'dale, (Sir Marmaduke,) an English general, born in Yorkshire. He fought for the king in the civil war, and commanded with success at the siege of Ponte- fract Castle. He commanded the left wing at Naseby in 1645, and was defeated by Cromwell at Preston in 1648. On the restoration he returned to England in 1660, after many years of exile, and was chosen lord lieutenant of Yorkshire. Died in 1661. Lang'don, (John,) LL.D., an American statesman, born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1739. He became successively a delegate to the General Congress, member of the United States Senate in 1789, and Gov- ernor of New Hampshire several times between 1805 and 181 L He acted with the Republican party. Died in 1S19. Langdon, (Samuel,) D.D., an American divine and theological writer, born at Boston about 1723, became president of Harvard College in 1774, and resigned in 1780. Died in 1797. Lange, ling'^h, (Joachim,) a German linguist and writer, born at Gardelegen in 1670. He became pro- fessor of theology at Halle in 1709, and published, be- sides some theological works, a Latin Grammar and a Greek Grammar, which were successful. Died in 1744, Lange, [Lat. Lan'gius,] (Johann,) a learned German physician, born at Lemberg, in Silesia, in 1485. He was first physician to several Electors-Palatine. He wrote professional works which are commended. Died in 1565. Lange or Lang, ling, (Johann Michael,) a German Protestant divine, eminent as an Orientalist, born at Ezelwangen in 1664. He lived as inspector at Prentzlau from 1710 until his death, in 1731. He published a treatise "On Mohammedan Fables," (1697,) and several critical essays. Lange, feng'eh, (Johann Peter,) a German divine, born of poor parents at Sonnborn, April 10, 1802. He was educated at Dusseldorf and Bonn. He became pro- fessor of church history and dogma at Zurich in 1841, and professor of theology at Bonn in 1854. Among his more important works are "Life of Jesus," (1S44-47,) "Christian Dogmatic," (1849-52,) "The History ot the Church," (1853-54,) and the great "Bibelwerk," or " Commentary," of which there is an American transla- tion, (1865 et seq.,) edited by Dr. P. Schaff, with the aid of other scholars. Lange also wrote many evangelical hymns and poems. Died in 1S84. Lange, (Joseph,) a German philologist, born at Kai- sersberg. He published editions of Martial, Juvenal, and Persius, also " Florilegium," (1598.) Died about 1630. Lange, (Joseph,) a celebrated actor, born at Wiirz- burg, Bavaria, in 1751. He became a favourite on the theatre of Vienna, where he performed many years. Died about 1820. Lange, ling'?h, (Julius Henrik,) a Danish art-cntic and historian, born at Voringborg, June 19, 1839. He was educated at Copenhagen. He published a treatise on Michael Angelo, "The Origin of the Ionic Capital," (1878,) "The Gods and Men of Homer," (1881,) and other works. ^ ,. , ,, Lange, ling'eh, (Lars,) a Danish or Swedish traveller, born at Stockholm. Having entered the Russianservice as an officer of engineers, he was sent as minister to Pekin in 17 19, and again in 1726. Several narratives of -easyfe; 9asj; ghard; ga.s/; G,H,K,£uUurai; ii, nasal; wJrilUd; sasz; th as in i'/i/j'. iS^="See Explanations, p. 23.) LANGE i486 LANGLES these journeys were published. The Journal of Lange contains some interesting notices of the nomadic tribes of Siberia. Lange, (Ludwig,) a German antiquary, born at Han- over, March 4, 1825. He held profess," (1S58,) "The Japanese in America," (1S72,) "Recollec- tions of Curious Characters and Pleasant Places," (1881,) and "Leading Men of Japan," (1S83.) He is prominent as a landscape-painter, and is an associate of the National Academy of Design, New York. Lannei-, lin'ner, (Joseph Franz Karl,) a German composer, born at Vienna in 1802. His works consist chiefly of overtures, ballet-pieces, marches, and waltzes. Died in 1843. Lannes, Itn, (Jean,) Duke of Montebello, one of the most celebrated marshals of the French empire, was born of humble parentage at Lectoure (Gers) in 1769. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1792, and was rapidly promoted until the coup d'etat of the 9th Thermi- dor, 1794, when he was forced to retire from the army. As chef-de-bataillon, he served under Bonaparte in Italy in 1796, and was made a colonel for his conduct at Mon- tenotte. In 179S he followed Bonaparte to Egypt, where he became a general of division and rendered important service at Aboukir. His courage and capacity were very conspicuous at the battles of Montebello and Marengo, in 1800. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Por- tugal in 1801, and on his return, in 1804, was created a marshal of the empire and Duke of Montebello. Lannes commanded the left wing of the grand army in the campaign of 1805, and added to his already brilliant reputation at Austerlitz and Jena, (1806.) His military skill was e.xerted with success at the memorable siege of Saragossa, where he commanded in chief, in 1809. In the second war against Austria he contributed to the victory at Eckmiihl, (1809,) and directed the suc- cessful attack on Ratisbon, where, when his men faltered, he seized a scaling-ladder and ran forward through " the imminent deadly breach." He was mortally wounded at the battle of Aspern and Essling, in May, 1809. In the midst of the conflict. Napoleon paused to address the dying general, who said, "Adieu, Sire! Live for the world ; but bestow a few thoughts on one of your best friends, who in a few hours will be no more." The em- peror is said to have been more deeply affected by this scene than he ever was before. " Lannes was at once," said Napoleon, " the Roland of the army and a giant in cajjacity. He had been in fifty-four pitched battles. He was cool in the midst of fire, and possessed a clear, penetrating eye. Violent and hasty in his temper, some- times even in my presence, he was yet ardently attached to me. As a general, he was greatly superior to Moreau or Soult. I found him a mere swordsman ; I raised him to the highest point of art." He left a son, Napoleon Auguste, Duke of Montebello. .See Rhn^ Perin, " Vie niilitairede J. I.annes," iSio : ChXteau- NKUF, " Vie du .Mardchal Lannes," 1813 ; Thiers, " History of the French Revolution;" '' Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Lannes, (Napoleon Auguste,) Duke of Montebello, a son of the preceding, was born in 1802. He was sent as ambassador to Naples in 1838, and became minister of the marine in 1847. In 1849 he was elected to the Legislative .\ssembly, in which he voted with the ma- jority. He was appointed ambassador to Russia in 1858, and commander-in-chief of the French army at Rome about June, i8f)2. Died July 19, 1874. Lanno, It'no', (Francois Gaspard Aim6,) a French sculptor, born at Rennes in 1800. He gained the first prize in 1827 for his Mucins Scsevola. Among his works are statues of Fenelon and Pascal. Died in 1871. Lannoi. See Lannoy. Lannoy, IS'n wi', (Juliana Cornelia,) Baroness of, an eminent Dutch poetess, born at Breda in 1738. Her poetical talents were displayed in satires, odes, and epis- tles, which are admired for elegance and spirit-stirring power. She produced three successful tragedies, " Leo the Great," (1767,) "The Siege of Haarlem," (1770,) and "Cleopatra," (1776.) Died in 1782. Lannoy or Lannoi, de, deh It'nwi', (Charles,) a fiimous general of the Spanish armies, was born in Flan- ders about 1470. Having served with distinction in various campaigns, he received the badge of the Golden Fleece in 15 16, and was appointed Viceroy of Naples by Charles V. in 1521. After the death of Prosper Colonna, he commanded the imperial armies, and in 1525 gained the decisive victory of Pavia, where he exchanged swords with Francis I. Diedini527. (See AVALOS, Ferdihando d', Marquis de Pescara.) His son Ferdinand, Duke of Boyennes, born in Italy about 1 5 10, was versed in mathematics, and was reputed the inventor of the demi-cannon. He attained the rank of general of artillery in the Spanish army, and was after- wards Governor of Holland and of Gray. Died in 1579. La None. See Noue, La. Lanoue, It'noo', (Fi:Lix Hippolyte,) a French land- scape-painter, born at Versailles in 1812. He gained the first prize for landscapes in 1841. Died Jan. 22, 1872. Lansberg, lins'b^Rc', or Lanspefg, llns'pSKo', (Johann,) an ascetic German writer and monk, born at Landsberg, in Bavaria. Died in 1539. Among his chief works is a "Manual of the Christian Warfare," ("En- chiridion Militiae Christianas," 1546,) which he wrote in opposition to the " Miles Christianus" of Erasinus. Lansberg, lUns'b^Rgor lans'beRH, written alsoLaus- berghe, (Philippus,) a Dutch astronomer and geometer, born in Zealand in 1561. He was for many years pastor of the Protestant church at Ter-Goes. He published, besides other works on mathematics, a " Treatise on the Diurnal and Annual Motion of the Earth," (1630,) in which he advocates the Copernican system, and " Geom- etry of Triangles," (1631.) Died in 1632. See Bavle, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" Foppens, "Bibliotheca Belglca." Lansdo-wne. See Granville, (George.) Lans'downe, (Henry Charles Keith Fitzmau- rice,) fifth Marquis of, an English peer, born in 1S45, a son of the fourth marquis, previously noticed. He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, and suc- ceeded to his titles in 1S66. He held positions in the treasury, war, and India offices under Mr. Gladstone, and in May, 1883, was appointed Governor-General of Canada. Lansdowne, lanz'down, (Henry Petty Fitz-Mau- rice.) third Marquis of, an eminent English statesman, born in 1780, was the second son of the first Marquis. (See Shelburne.) About 1795 he was placed under the tuition of Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh, and several years later he graduated at Catiibridge. In 1802 Lord Henry Petty entered the House of Commons, where he at length became a successful debater. He was ap- pointed chancellor of the exchequer when the Whig a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mht; nfit; good; moon; LANSDOWNE 14S9 LAO-TSE ministry of Grenville and Fox came into power in 1806, but retired from t'lat office in March of the ensuing year. He married a daughter of the Earl of Ilchester in 1808. At the death of his brother, in 1809, he in- heritsid the title of marquis, and passed into the House of Lords. He cordially supported at different times the efforts to abolish slavery, spoke ably in favour of Catholic emancipation, and acted generally with the Whig party. In 1827 he was secretary for the home department under Canning for three or four months ; and during the brief ministry of Lord Goderich, which resigned about the end of 1828, he was secretary of foreign affairs. On the formation of a Whig ministry by Lord Grey in 1831, Lord Lansdowne became president of the Council, which po- sition he filled with credit until 1841. He was the leader of the opposition in the House of Lords from 1841 until 1846, when he entered the cabinet of Lord John Russell as president of the Council. He resigned in 1852. Died about February i, 1863. His son, the fourth Marquis of Lansdowne, born in 1816, died in July, 1S66. Lansdowne, Marquis of. See Shelburne, Earl OF. Lantara, ISN'tt'rt', (Simon Mathurin,) an excellent French landscape-painter, born nearMilly in 1729, or, as some say, in 1745. He worked in Paris, and passed his life in poverty, caused by his indolent and improvident habits. His manner reminds one of Claude Lorrain. He excelled in aerial perspective, and represented in a marvellous manner the different periods of the day. The skies of his pictures present a vapory tone and an ex- quisite lightness of touch. Died in Paris in 1778. See Charles Blanc, " Histoire des Peintres ;" La Chavigne- RIE, " Recherches historiques, biographiques et litteraires sur le Peintre Lantara," 1852; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lanteri, IJn-ta'ree, (Francesco,) an Italian writer, born at Briga in i8oi. Among his works is a " History of the House of Savoy," (" Storia della Monarchia di Casa Savoja," 1835.) Died in 1843. Lanthenas, IfiNt'nSs', (Franqois,) a French revolu- tionist, born in Forez about 1740. He was a member of the National Convention, and was proscribed with the Girondists in May, 1793 ; but his name was erased from the fatal list by Marat with an expression of contempt. Died in 1799. Lantier, de, deh 16N'te-i^ (Etienne Francois,) a popular French author, born at Marseilles in 1734, was called "the Anacharsis of the Boudoirs." His comedy " L'Impatient" was performed with great applause in 1778. He is ranked by some critics among the best disciples of the school of Voltaire. During the reign of terror (1793) he was imprisoned at Lyons. He after- wards produced a fictitious narrative of the " Travels of Antenor," ("Voyages d'Antenor," 1798,) which had a prodigious success and was translated into nearly all modern languages. At the age of ninety he composed a poem, called "Geoffroy Rudel, or the Troubadour." Died in 1826. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lanusse, It'niiss', (Franqois,) a French general, born at Habas (Les Landes) in 1772. As general of brigade he rendered important services at Lodi and Castiglione, and as general of division followed Bona- parte to Egypt in 1798. He commanded in the Delta during the expedition against Syria, and was killed by the English at the battle of Alexandria, or Aboukir, in March, 1801. See Adrien Pascal, " Biographies du Lieut. -G^n^ral de Lanusse et du Lieut. -G^n^ral Baron de Lanusse," 1843. Lan'yon, (Charles,) an English architect and civil engineer, born in Sussex in 1813. He designed Queen's College, in Belfast, and other edifices. Died in 1889. Lanza, ISn'zS, (Giovanni,) an Italian statesman, born at Vignale, in Piedmont, in 1815. He was a physician by profession, and between 1855 and 1873 "^^^^ many cabinet positions under Victor Emmanuel, for several terms acting as premier. He was distinguished for his attempted, but only in part successful, financial reforms. Died March 9, 1882. Lanzani, IJn-zi'nee, or Lanzano, lin-zi'no, (An- drea,) an Italian painter, born at Milan about 1648, studied under Carlo Maratta. He worked at Milan and Vienna, where he was employed by the emperor. Among his works are a Saint Charles Borromeo, and a " Holy Family," Died at Vienna in 1712. Lanzano. See Lanzani. Lanzi, IJn'zee, (Luici,) an eminent Italian antiquary and writer on art, was born near Macerata in 1732. He became a good classical scholar, and had acquired the reputation of an able professor and writer, when the suppression of the order of Jesuits, of which he was a member, opened to him a new career. He was chosen sub-director of the Gallery of Florence in 1773. In 1789 he published an " Essay on the Etruscan Language," (3 vols.,) which was highly prized by the learned. His reputation was increased by his " History of Painting in Italy from the Renaissance of Art to the End of the Eighteenth Century," (" Storia pittorica della Italia," etc., 1792 ; 3d edition, 6 vols., 1809,) which is character- ized by good taste and judicious criticism. It was trans- lated into English by Thomas Roscoe. Died in 1810. See Zannoni, " Elogio storico di L. Lanzi;" Mauro Boni, " Sa^gio di Studj di L. Lanzi," i8is; A. Cappi, " Biografia di L Lanzi," 1840; "Edinburgh Review" for September, 1828. Lanzoni, IJn-zo'nee, (Giuseppe,) an eminent Italian physician, born at Ferrara in 1663. He obtained in 1684 a professorship of philosophy at Ferrara, which he re- tained until his death. His works have been collected under the title "Opera Omnia Medico-Physica et Philo- sophica," (3 vols., 1738.) Died in 1730. La-00'o-on, fGr. Aao/cowp,] a Trojan hero, and a priest of Apollo or of Neptune, was variously represented as a son of Antenor or a son of Priam. He strenuously opposed the admission of the wooden horse into the city of Troy, and thrust his spear into that structure. While he was offering a sacrifice to Neptune with his two sons, two huge serpents, issuing from the sea, attacked them and crushed them all to death. His story was a favourite subject with the ancient poets and artists, and has derived especial celebrity from a magnificent marble group of Laocoon and his sons which is preserved in the Vatican in Rome, and which was described by Pliny as superios to all other master-pieces of ancient sculptors. Thia group was executed by Agesander, his son Athenodorus. and Polydorus. See Virgil's ".'Eneid," book ii. 41-50 and 199-233; also, Les- sing's " Laocoon." Laodameia. See Laodamia. La-o-da-nii'a or La-o-da-mei'a, [Gr. Kao5dy.£ia; Fr. Laodamie, It'o'dt'me',] a daughter of Acastus, and wife of Protesilaus, the first Greek who fell at Troy. To keep alive the memory of her husband, whom she ten- derly loved, she caused a wooden image of him to be made. Her father, in the hope of dispelling her grief, ordered it to be burned, when she threw herself into the flames and perished with it. Laodamie. See Laodamia. La-od'i-ce, [AaocJi'/c?/,] the name of several Grecian princesses, one of whom was the mother of Seleucus Ni- cator, founder of a Syrian dynasty. Another was the wife of Antiochus Theos, whom she poisoned in 246 B.C. Her son, Seleucus Callinicus, then became king. La-om'e-don, [Gr. Aao/«(5wv,] the king and founder of Troy, and the father of Priam. According to ancient legends, Neptune and Apollo were condemned to serve Laomedon for one year, and the former built the walls of Troy for a stipulated price, but after the work was finished the perfidious king refused to pay Neptune. Laomedon was killed by Hercules for another breach of faith. Laomedon, a Greek general in the service of Alex- ander the Great, enjoyed the confidence of that king in a high degree. After the death of Alexander he became governor of Syria, in 323 B.C. He was driven out by the army of Ptolemy about 321 B.C. Lao-Tse, IS'o'tseh' or la'o'tsiih', or Lao-Tseu, li'o'- tsuh^ written also Laou-Tsze andLao-Tze, sometimes called Lao-Kiun, (kyoon,) a celebrated Chinese phi- losopher or sage, who was born, it is said, in the province of Honan, 565 years before Christ, or fourteen years be- fore the birth of Confucius. He was born, we are told, with white hair and eyebrows, whence he was named ■eas k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, v:., guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as in this. 94 (ffi^°"See Explanations, p. 23.) LAO-TSEU 1490 LA PL A CE Lao-Tse, the "hoary or aged child," and Lao-Kiun, the "aged prince." His white hair seems to have been re- garded as an indication of his early wisdom. Many other marvels are told concerning his birth, which need not be related here. It seems probable that Lao-Tse was not wholly unacquainted with the religious doctrines of India, not only those of the Brahmans, but perhaps also of the Booddhists. For some years he was archivist and his- toriographer to one of the Chinese princes. He was, it is said, profoundly versed in the doctrines and institutions of the ancients. He taught the existence of a supreme Being, under the name of Tao, or the "supreme reason." His "followers are called Tao-Sse (tA'o si) or Taose, — that is, the "disciples of Reason." Instead of referring, like Confucius, to the authority of the ancient sages, he taught that we must seek for the principles of right within ourselves, in complete retirement from all worldly pursuits and thoughts. On one occasion Confucius had an interview with Lao-Tse, who cautioned him against seeking the honours of the world. Lao-Tse observed that the possessor of true wisdom seeks rather to hide than to display his riches. Confucius left him deeply impressed with his extraordinary character, and evidently regarded him as something wonderful, if not divine. We are told that after this interview Confucius said to his disciples, " It does not astonish me to see the birds fly, ^he fishes swim, or the beasts run ; I know that the fishes may be taken with nets, the beasts with snares, and that the birds may be shot with an arrow. But I cannot tell how the dragon* can fly on the wind through the clouds and raise himself to heaven. To-day I have seen Lao- Tse : he can be compared only to the dragon." The date of Lao-Tse's death is unknown. He was undoubt- edly an extraordinary man, and his influence is not yet lost in China. The following sayings of his may serve to give an idea of the cast and calibre of his mind : " He only can be called wise (or enlightened) who knows him- self; he only can be called valiant who subdues him- self; he only can be called rich who knows what is necessary." Like the Brahmans of India, Lao-Tse taught the final absorption of pure and enlightened souls into the supreme eternal Spirit, and that, "having thus become one with the supreme Reason, they will exist eternally." He inculcated universal benevolence : we ought to show kindness not only to the sincere and vir- tuous, but also to the insincere and wicked. '"Those who are holy," he says, "will treat all men as a father treats his children." The religion of the Tao-Sse, at the present day, seems closely allied to Booddhism ; and many of its votaries of both sexes, like the followers of Gautama, spend their lives in monasteries. The modern Tao-Sse are much addicted to superstitious observances, and deal largely in sorcery. They are very popular with the common people, and in some parts of the empire their influence rivals that of the Booddhists. See Pauthier, "Chine," pp. 110-120; Legge, "Life and Teach- ings of Confucius," chap, v., London, 1867, Trubner& Co. ; Brock- HAUS, " Conversations-Lexikon," article " Lao-Tse ;" LooMis," Con- fucius and the Chinese Classics," p. 278 et seg. ; J. P. A. RAmusat, " M^moire sur la Vie et les Opinions de Lao-Tseu," 1829. Lao-Tseu. See Lao-Tse. Laou-Tse or Laou-Tsze. See Lao-Tse. La Paix, the French of Eirene, which see. LapareUi, IJ-pS-rel'lee, ( Francesco, ) an Italian architect, born at Cortona in 1521. He planned the city of Valetta, Malta, and assisted Michael Angelo in the design of Saint Peter's, at Rome. Died in 1570. La Pirouse. See P6rouse, de la. La Peyrfere. See Peyr^re, La. La Peyronie, de, deh It pi'ro'ne', (Francois Gigot,) a French surgeon, born at Montpellier in 1678. He re- ceived the title of first surgeon to the king, (Louis XV.,) and wrote a "Treatise on Diseases of the Brain," (1708.) Died in 1747. La Peyroxise, de, deh It pi'rooz', (Philippe Picot,) Baron, a French naturalist, born at Toulouse in 1744. He published, besides other works, a " Flora of the Pyr- enees," (1795-1801.) Died in 1818. See Decampe, " filot;e de M. le Baron de La Peyrouse," 1819. * The dragon of the Chinese is regarded as a supernatural oj divine being. Lapham, lap'am, (Increase A.,) an American natu- ralist, born at Palmyra, New York, in 1811. He pub lished " Wisconsin : its Geography and Topography History, Geology, and Mineralogy," (1844,) " Antiquities of Wisconsin," (1855,) etc. He died Sept. 14, 1875. Lapi, IS'pee, (Niccol6,) an Italian painter, born at Florence in 1661, was a pupil of Luca Giordano. The gallery of Florence contains a "Transfiguration" by him. Died in 1732. Lapide, d., S 15'pe-di', called also Steen, (stan,) (Cornelius,) a Flemish Jesuit, born in the diocese of Liege. He wrote " Commentaries on the Bible." Died in 1657. Lapis, IS'pfess, (Gaetano,) a painter of the Roman school, born in Umbria in 1704 ; died in 1776. Lapisse, It'pJss', (Pierre I3elon,) Baron de Sainte- Hel^ne, a French general, born at Lyons in 1762, was killed at Talavera in July, 1810. Lapithae, lap'I-///ee, [Gr. Aanidai ; Fr. Lapithes, It'- p^t',] a fabulous tribe of Thessalians, whose story is intimately connected with that of the Centaurs. They were ruled by a chief named Pirithous, to whose mar- riage the Centaurs were invited. At this marriage-feast occurred the celebrated fight of the Lapithae and the Centaurs, which was a favourite subject with the ancient poets and artists. Lapithes. See Lapith>e. Lapito, It'pe'to', (Louis Auguste,) a French land- scape-painter, born near Paris in 1805. Many of his works are in the royal galleries of Luxembourg, Tuile- ries, etc. Died April 7, 1874. Laplace, It'pltss', ( Cyrille Pierre Theodore,) a French navigator, born in 1793. He commanded two scientific expeditions, of which he gave accounts in the following works: a "Voyage around the World, per- formed in 1830-31-32," (5 vols., 1833-39,) and "Circum- navigation of the Artemisia, 1837-40," (4 vols., 1845-48.) He was made a vice-admiral in 1853. Died in 1875. La Place, (Pierre.) See Place, de la. Laplace, (-Pierre Simon,) one of the greatest as- tronomers and mathematicians of any age or country, was born at Beaumont-en-Auge, (Calvados,) in France, March 23, 1749. His father was a peasant or poor farmer. After making great progress in the high mathe- matics at the Academy of Beaumont, he went to Paris, where, through the influence of D'Alembert, he became professor of mathematics in the military school about 1 768. He was chosen a membre-adjoint of the Academy of Sciences in 1773, and about that time produced a capital "Memoir on Differential Equations and the Secular In- equalities of the Planets." Addressing himself to the arduous questions of mathematical astronomy, he began to confirm the theories of his predecessors and to demon- strate in detail the principles of Newton. In 1785 he became a titular member of the Academy of Sciences, which he enriched with memoirs on pure mathematics, general astronomy, and the theory of the planets. He favoured the popular cause in the Revolution, and offered homage to the rising star of Bonaparte, who in 1799 nomi- nated him minister of the interior, thinking, perhaps, that the man who ascertained the laws of the planetary perturbations might also regulate the disturbing forces of the social and political spheres. This experiment was a failure, and Laplace was removed from that office to the sinat conservateiir in December, 1799. "He was," said Napoleon, "below mediocrity as a minister. He looked at no question in its proper point of view, but, always searching for subtleties, aimed to conduct the gov- ernment on the principles of the infinitesimal calculus." In 1796 he published important discoveries in his " Exposition of the System of the Universe," (" Exposi- tion du Systeme du Monde,") which is a kind of trans- lation into popular language, without analytical formulas, of his greater work, " La Mecanique celeste." It was the " Exposition" that procured for him the reputation of a pure and elegant writer, and eventually opened to him the Academie Franfaise in 1816. The clearness and facility with which he explains and demonstrates the great laws of astronomy render this work one of the most admirable resumes which have ever appeared. " No work of that kind existed at that time," says Parisot, "which a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; f2.r, t'S.ll, fit; mJt; nfit; good; m5on; LA PLACE 1491 LARCH ER combined the same merits in the same degree." He received the title of count in 1806. He was for many years a member, and eventually president, of the bureau of longitudes. In 1814 he voted to erect a provisional government on the ruins of Na]5oleon's empire, and he remained aloof from the Imperialist party during the Hundred Days. He was created Marquis Laplace in 181 7, and in the same year was chosen president of the Academy of Sciences. He had been chosen an associate of many foreign Academies. Among his important pro- ductions are " The Analytic Theory of Probabilities," (1812,) and a "Philosophic Essay on Probabilities," (i3i4.) The capital monument of his genius is his "Treatise on Celestial Mechanics," ("Traite de la Me- canique celeste," 5 vols., 1 799-1 825,) which will doubt- less preserve his memory to the latest posterity. Among his great discoveries are the theory of Jupiter's satel- lites, and the causes of the grand inequality of Jupiter and Saturn, and of the acceleration of the moon's mean motion. He shares the honour of proving the stability of the planetary system with Lagrange, than whom he has attained a higher celebrity by ranging over a wider field of discovery. One of his last expressions was, " What we know is but little, (pen de chose ;) that which we know not is immense." Died in 1827. See Fourier, " iSloge deLn Place;" Arago, " Biographie de La Place," (and English version of the same, published in 1859 :) " Nouvelle Riographie G^n^rale ;" Puisieux et Charles, "No- tices sur Malherbe, Laplace," etc., 1847; "Quarterly Review" for February, 1809 ; " Edinburgh Review" for January, 1S08. and Jan- uary, 1810; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for September, 1828. La Place or Laplace, de, deh It'pltss', (Charles Emile Pierre Joseph,) Marquis, a son of the great astronomer, was born in Paris in 1789. He entered the army young, and served in the cam^^aigns of Ger- many, (1809,) of Russia, (1812,) and of France, (1814.) He became a peer of France in 1827, a lieutenant-general in 1843, and a senator in 1853. Died October 30, 1874. La Place, de, [Lat. PlaC/E'us,] (Josu6,) a French Protestant theologian, born in Bretagne about 1605. He became professor of theology at Saumur in 1633. Among his works are a treatise " On the Imputation of the First Sin of Adam," ("De Imputatione Primi Peccati Adami," 1655,) in which he opposes the doctrine that the sin of Adam is imputed to all his posterity, and " An Argument for the Divinity of Christ," (1657.) Died in 1665. La Placette, IS plS'sIt', (Jean,) a French Protestant divine and moralist, born at Pontac in 1639. He emi- grated when the edict of Nantes was revoked, in 1685, and was pastor of the French church in Copenhagen from 1686 to 1 7 II. Among his works, which are highly esteemed, are " Essays on Morality," (2d edition, 4 vols., 1697,) and " Christian Morals reduced to Three Princi- pal Duties : the Repentance of Sinners, the Perseverance of the Righteous, and Growth in Grace," (1695.) Died in 1718. See Nic^RON, "M^moires;" Qu^rard, "La France Litt^raire." La Planche. See Regnier, (Louis.) Lapo, 1^'po, a Florentine architect, was the pupil of Niccol6 de Pisa, and a friend of Arnolfo di Lapo. Va- sari represents him as a German, (whose proper name was Jacob or Jacopo,) and as the father of Arnolfo ; but others have disproved both of these statements. He adorned Florence with many fine edifices, which time has destroyed. Died about 1275. Lapo, (diminutive of Jacopo,) an Italian canonist, born in Tuscany, taught canon law at Florence more than twenty years, and was chosen captain or chief of the Guelph party. He gained distinction by his researches for manuscripts of classic authors, and had the good for- tune to find Cicero's oration for Milo and the Philippics, which he sent to his intimate friend Petrarch. Died in 1381. See TiRABOSCHi, "Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Lapo Grianni, Id'po jin'nee, an Italian poet, a native of Florence, lived about 1250. See Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." Lapo, di, de IS'po, (Arnolfo,) a celebrated Italian architect and sculptor, born near Florence about 1232, was the son of Cambio, and the pupil of Cimabue in de- sign. He had the reputation of being the greatest Tuscan architect in his time. About 1294 he began to erect the church of Santa Croce in Florence. His greatest work is the church of Santa Maria del Fiore, called also the Duomo, or Cathedral, of Florence, which, however, he left unfinished. Its noble and beautiful dome was the work of Brunelleschi. Among his master-pieces of sculpture is the tabernacle of the basilica of San Paolo, near Rome. Died about 1300. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters and Sculptors." Lapointe, IS'pw^Nt', (Savinien,) a French poet, born at Sens (Yonne) in 1812, was a shoemaker in his youth. He was befriended by Beranger and Victor Hugo, with whose aid he published a volume of verses called "A Voice from Below," ("Une Voix d'en bas," 1844.) He wrote interesting "Memoirs of Beranger," (1857.) Laponneraye, iS'pon'ri', (Albert,) a French his- torical writer, born at Tours in 1808, published, besides other works, a " History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1840," (3 vols., 1840.) Died in 1849. Laporte or La Porte, de, deh It'poRt', (Hippolyte,) Marquis, a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1770. Among his works are " Ivelina," (3 vols., 1830,) and "Recollections of an Emigrant," (1843.) Died in 1852. Laporte, (Pierre Fran<;ois,) a French comedian and theatrical manager, went to London in 1824 as member and joint mairager of a company who performed French plays at the theatre in Tottenham Street. He was subse- quently manager of the King's Theatre, and introduced many famous singers and operas to the English public Died September 25, 1841. La Porte, de, (Joseph,) Abb6, a French critic and compiler, born at Befort in 1713. The most important or popular of his compilations was the " French Trav- eller," ("Voy;igeur Fran^ais,") a melange of romantic adventures and historical narratives, (42 vols., 1765-95.) Died in 1779. Laporte du Theil. See Dutheil de la Porte. Lappe, 1 Jp'peh, (Karl,) a popular German poet, born near Wolgast in 1774, published "Funereal Garlands," ;"Friedhofskranze,") and other works. Died in 1843. Lappenberg, ISp'pen-b^Rc', (Johann Martin,) an able German historian, born at Hamburg in 1794. He studied in Edinburgh, London, and Berlin, and was ap- pointed minister to the court of Berlin in 1820. In 1823 he became keeper of the archives of the senate of Ham- burg. He published, besides other works, a continua- tion of Sartorius's "Authentic History of the Origin of the German Hanse Towns," (1830,) and a valuable " History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings," (2 vols., 1834-37,) which has been translated into Eng- lish by Thorpe. Died in 1865. Lappoli, Idp'po-Iee, (Giovanni Antonio,) an Italian painter, born in 1492. He worked in Rome and at Arezzo. Died in 1552. Laprade, de, deh iS'pRtd', (Pierre Marin Victor Richard,) a French poet, born at Montbrison in 1812, was called a disciple of Lamartine. His "Symphonies" (1856) opened to him the doors of the French Academy in 1858. He died December 14, 1883. Lap-raik', (John,) a Scottish minor poet, born in 1727. He was a correspondent of the poet Burns. He pub- lished a volume of poor verses in 1788, and died at Muir- kirk in 1807. La Primaudaye, de, deh It pue'mo'di', (Pierre,) a French writer, born about 1545. Among his works was "L'Academie Fran9oise," (1577, often reprinted.) La Quintiuie. See Quintinie, de la. Larauza, It'ro'zt', (Jean Louis,) a French teacher, born in Paris in 1793. He wrote an "Elssay on the Pas- sage of the Alps by Hannibal," (1826.) Died in 1825. La Ravardiere, de, deh It rt'vtR'de-aiR', (Daniel de la Tousche,) Sieur, a French explorer, born in Poitou about 1570. He conducted an expedition to Brazil in 1611, and planted a colony on the island of Maranham ; but they were expelled by the Portuguese in 161 5. Died after 1630. Larcher, Ita'shi', (Pierre Henri,) a French littera- teur and Hellenist, born at Dijon in 1726. After trans- lating several works from the English, he published in 1767 an able work, entitled "Supplement to the Phi- losophy of History," which was designed to refute Vol- taire, from whom it drew a sarcastic reply. His chief €33 /J." 9asj; gkard; gas 7; G,K,K,£ri^ttural; N.fiasal; R,tri/led; sasz,- ihas'mtAis. (2i:^=See Explanations, p. 23.) LARCOM 1492 LARMESSIN work is a translation of Herodotus into French, with a commentary. (1786,) which is highly prized as a monu- ment of learning, but has no beauty of style. He was a member of the third class of the Institute or Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1812. See Dacier, "filoge de Larclier;" Boissomade, "Notice sur la Vie et les ficrits de M. Larcher," 1813 ; " Nouvelle Biographio Generate. " Lar'com, (Lucy,) an American poet, born at Bev- erly Farms, Massachusetts, in 1826. In early life she worked in the Lowell mills, and afterwards taught school in Illinois and in Massachusetts. Her principal original work is " Wild Roses of Cape Ann," and she has made several valuable compilations in prose and verse. Lardizabal, de, di laR-de-thi-b^l'', (Don Manuel,) a Spanish minister of state, born in Biscay about 1750. In 1814 Ferdinand VII. appointed him minister of the Indies. Soon after that date he was imprisoned for some unknown reason, and died in exile in 1823. Lard'n?r, (Dionysius,) LL.D., a distinguished scien- tific writer and editor, was born in Dublin in 1793, and educated at Trinity College. He wrote at college a "Treatise on Algebraic Geometry," (1823.) His "Popu- lar Lectures on the Steam Engine" (1828) passed through many editions. In 1828 he became professor of natural philosophy in the London Universit)', ancf projected the "Cabinet Cyclopaedia," to which Herschel, Brewster, and other eminent authors contributed. For this work, which appeared in 134 volumes, (1830-44,) Dr. Lardner wrote the treatises on hydrostatics, pneumatics, geome- try, etc. Between 1840 and 1845 '^^ delivered in the chief cities of the United States scientific lectures, which were published, and favourably received. He became a resident of Paris in 1845, ^f'^^"' which he published hand-books of natural philosophy, astronomy, and other sciences. Died in 1859. Lardner, (Nathaniel,) D.D., an English theologian of great merit, was born in Kent in 1684. He studied at Utrecht and Leyden, and became a dissenting minis- ter. From 1713 to 1729 he was chaplain in the family of Lady Treby. He began to preach to the Presbyterian congregation of Old Jewry, London, in 1723. In 1727 he published the first part of his "Credibility of the Gospel History," a work of profound reasoning and research, and one of the most successful arguments in defence of Christianity ever given to the world. Re- ferring to this work. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that it "soon wearies out the greater part of readers, though the few who are more patient have almost always been gradually won over to feel pleasure in a display of know- ledge, probity, charity, and meekness unmatched by an avowed advocate in a case deeply interesting his warmest feelings." (See his remarks on Paley in the "View of the Progress of Ethical Philosophy.") Between 1733 and 1743 he produced five more volumes of the same work. He was the author of other treatises, one of which (" Letter on the Logos," or " Word") advocates Socinian doctrines. Died in 1768. See Kippis, " Life of N. Lardner," prefixed to his complete Works, II vols., 17SS; "Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. N. Lardner," London, 1769. La Renaudiere, de, deh It reh'no'de-aiR', (Philippe Francois,) a French geographer, born at Vire, in Nor- mandy, in 1 781, was associated with Malte-Brun as editor of the "Annales des Voyages," (54 vols., 1826-39.) He published several geographical works. Died in 1845. LarenticL See Acca Laurentia. La'res, a name applied to genii, or inferior gods of human origin, worshipped by the ancient Romans. The Lares were believed to preside over houses and families, and were divided into several classes, as Lares domestici. Lares publici. Lares urbani, etc. They were supposed to be the spirits of good men who had died, and were partly identified with the Manes. (See Manes.) Lareveillere-Lepaux or Lai-^velliere-L^peatix, de, deh lt'ri'viryg-a,iR' li'p5', a French republican, born at Mortagne in 1753. He was deputed to the Con- vention in 1792, voted for the death of the king, and defended the proscribed Girondists in 1793, for which he was doomed to die, but escaped by concealing himself. In 1795 he resumed his place in the Convention, where he acquired the reputation of an effective speaker, and in October of that year was elected a member of the Executive Directory. He presided over the department of science, morals, and religion, and showed his hostility to the Catholics, who stigmatized him as a fanatic and "theophilanthropist." He acted with Barras and the majority of the Directors in the coup d'Stat of the i8th Fructidor, (September, 1797.) The Directors became divided into two parties, in which Lepaux was opposed to Barras, and, finding himself in a minority, he re- Bigned in June, 1799. Died in 1824. See, also, Thiers, " History of the French Revolution ;" " Nou- relle Biographie G^n^rale." Lareveillere-L6pea\rx, (Ossian,) a French littSra- teur, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1797. He wrote important articles for the " Nouvelle Bio- graphic Generale." He died September 27, 1876. Largilliere, ItR'zhe'ye-aiR', (Nicolas,) a skilful French painter of portraits and history, born in Paris in 1656, was called "the French Van Dyck." He worked some years in London, where he painted portraits of James II. and his queen. In 1686 he was elected a member of the Academy of Paris. He surpassed all his French rivals in portraits except Rigaud, worked with great facility, and was a good colorist. Among his works are portraits of Louis XIV. and Charles Lebrun. Died in 1746. See Charles Blanc, " Histoire des Peintres ;" Horace Wal- POLE, " Anecdotes of Painting." La Riboisiere or Lariboisiere, de, deh It're'bwi'- ze-aiR', (Jean Ambroise Baston,) a French general, born at Fougeres in 1759. He became a general of di- vision in 1807, and directed the artillery with skill at Eylau, Dantzic, and Friedland. Died in 1813. La Rive, de, deh It r^v,* (Auguste,) a Swiss natural philosopher, born at Geneva in 1801, was a son of the following. He became professor of physics in his native city, and wrote many treatises on electricity, the voltaic pile, etc. Died November 27, 1873. La Rive or Larive, de, (Charles Gaspard,) a Swiss chemist and physician, born at Geneva in 1770. He gave special attention to voltaic electricity, and about 1820 constructed a pile of five hundred pairs. He was one of the first to demonstrate the action of the electric current on the magnetic needle. Died in 1834. Larive or La Rive, de, deh It r^v, (Jean Mauduit — mo'dii-e',) a popular French tragedian, born at La Ro- chelle about 1746. He made his d^but in Paris in 1770, and for many years was a prime favourite. His voice and gestures were admirable. No actor of his time possessed in such perfection the tone of command, of disdain, of irony, and of menace. He performed " Achilles," " Spar- tacus," " Philoctetes," "Bayard," and "William Tell" with great success. He was imprisoned more than a year by the Jacobins in 1793-94- Died in 1827. See " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Larivey, de, deh It're'vi', (Pierre,) a French drama- tist, born at Troyes about 1550. He published in 1579 the "Laquais," and other comedies, which in humour are compared to those of Moliere. He was one of the first in France who chose subjects for comedy from real life, and the first Frenchman who wrote original dramas in prose. Died about 16 12. See " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." La Riviere. See RivifeRE. Lariviere, It're've-aiR', (Charles Philippe,) a French historical paiiitef, born at Paris about 1798. He obtained the grand prize in 1824, and a medal of the first class at the Exposition of 1855. Among his works is "Bayard wounded at Brescia." Died Feb. 29, 1876. Lariviere or La Riviere, de, deh It're've-aiR', (Pierre Joachim Henri,) a French lawyer and orator of the Girondist party, was born at Falaise in 1761. He was elected to the Convention in 1792, and took an active part in the struggle which resulted in the defeat of the Girondists in May, 1793. He found refuge in Calvados, and resumed his seat in 1795. Died in 1838. Larmessin, ItR'mi'sdN', (Nicolas,) a skilful French engraver, born in Paris about 1640, produced numerous portraits of illustrious men. His son, Nicolas, born in I a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, vi, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, f^ll, fit; mgt; nSt; good; moon; LARNAC 1493 LA RUE 1683, surpassed his father in the same art. He engraved portraits and history with equal success, and received the title of engraver to the king. Died in 1755. Larnac, ItR'ntk', (Francois,) a French poet, born at Nimes in 1760; died in 1840. Lar'ned, (Rev. Sylvester,) an American Presbyte- rian divine, born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1796. He studied theology at Princeton, and soon acquired a high reputation as a pulpit orator. He subsequently became pastor of a church at New Orleans, where he died during the prevalence of the yellow fever in 1820. A collection of his sermons was published in 1844. Laroche or La Roche, IS'rosh', (Benjamin,) a French poet and translator, born in 1797, produced good translations of "The Vicar of Wakefield," Shakspeare's works, (6 vols.,) Byron's complete works, (4 vols.,) and the complete works of Sir Walter Scott. He wrote a poem called "The Funeral of Liberty," (1820.) Died m 1852. Laroche, It'rosh', (Marie Sophie,) a German mis- cellaneous writer, born at Kaufbeuren in 1 73 1, was the author of "Moral Tales," " Rosalie's Letters," and sev- eral popular romances. Died in 1S07. Laroche du Maine. See Luchet, (Jean Pierre Louis.) La Rochefoucauld. See Rochefoucauld. Larochejacquelin. See Rochejaquelein. La Rochejaquelein. See Rochejaquelein. Laromiguiere, It'ro'me'g^^iR', (Pierre,) an eminent French metaphysical philosopher, born in Rouergue (now Aveyron) in November, 1756. He became pro- fessor of philosophy at Toulouse in 1784. Having removed to Paris, he was admitted into the Institute in 1796. As professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Letters, he delivered, in 181 1 and 1812, a series of lec- tures which were attended and admired by the Slite of the capital. He retained the title of professor after 1812, but ceased to lecture, and published in 1815 "Lectures on Intellectual Philosophy, or on the Cause and Origin of our Ideas," (" Le9ons de Philosophic sur les Principes de rintelligence, ou sur les Causes et sur les Origines de nos Idees," 2 vols.) This work was adopted by the government as a text-book for public instruction. Died in August, 1837. " He left a fair and pure renown," says M. Cousin, who delivered an oration at his funeral. See Daunou, " Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Laromi- guifere," 1839; MiGNET, "Notice historique sur la Vie et les £crits de Laromiguiere," 1856; Valhtte, "Laromiguiere et Tficlectisme," 1842; article by C. Mallet in the " Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Laroon, li-ron', (Marcellus,) a Dutch painter, born at the Hague in 1653, was skilful in copying the wo<-ks of great masters. He worked some years in England. Died in 1705. Larousse, H'rooss', (Pierre,) a French editor and publisher, born at Toucy, October 23, 1817. He wrote many school-books, but is chiefly known for his volumi- nous " Dictionnaire du XIXe Siecle," which had a very great success. He died January 3, 1875, leaving his great work unfinished. Larra, de, di ISr'ri, (Don Mariano Jus6,) a popular and witty Spanish author, born at Madrid in 1809. He had no profession except literature. In 1832 he pub- lished a satirical journal, "El Pobrecito Hablador," which was suppressed after the appearance of the four- teenth number, and a few years later, as chief editor of the " Spanish Review," (" Revista Espanola,") produced, under the signature of "Figaro," able articles on Span- ish politics, manners, literature, etc. He published " Macias," and other dramas. All his works bear the decided stamp of the Spanish national character. He committed suicide in 1837, before which he had been subject to deep melancholy. See "Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Larramendi, llr-rS-m^u'dee, (Manuel,) a Spanish E)hilologist, born in Guipuzcoa. He wrote on the Basque anguage. Died in 1750. Larrey, Ifri', (Claude Franqois Hilaire,) a French physician and writer, born in 1774, was a brother of Dominique Jean, noticed below. He practised at Nimes. Died in 1819. Larrey, (Dominique Jean,) Baron, a French surgeon of great merit, born near Bagneres-de-Bigorre (Haul- Pyrenees) in 1766. Having served a short time in the navy, he entered the land-army about 1792, and rendered important services by the invention of the ambulances volantes, (flying hospital.) He accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, and published a "Historical and Sur- gical Account of the Expedition to the East," (1803.) He received the title of baron about 1810, and became surgeon-in-chief of the grand army in 1812. At the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, he was wounded and taken prisoner. Under the restoration he was chief surgeon of the royal guards and of the Hotel des Invalides until he resigned in 1836. He died in 1842, leaving a high reputation for virtue and talents. He had published "Memoirs of Medicine and Military .Surgery," (1812-18,) " Collection of Treatises on Surgery," (" Recueil de Me- moires de Chirurgie," 1821,) and other excellent works. Bonaparte in his will mentions Larrey as "the mos*' virtuous man I have ever known." See Louis de Lom^nie, " Le Baron Larrey, par un Homme de Rien," 1840; J. Saint-Amour, "Notice n^crologique sur D. J. Larrey," 1844; Qu^rard, "La France Litt^raire ;" "Biographie Mddicale ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale ;" " Edinburgh Review" for March, iSig. Larrey, (FSlix Hippolyte,) a French surgeon and writer, a son of the preceding, was born about 1810. He became surgeon-ordinary to Napoleon III., and in 1858 anguage, Origin, and Antiquities of the Bretons," (1792.) See BuHOT de Kkrsers, " Histoire de La Tour d'Auvergne," 1841 ; Calohar, " Notice sur La Tour d'Auvergne," 1841 ; Roijx de RocHELLE. "Notice sur La Tour d'Auvergne," 1800; Priou, " Notice sur T. M. de La Tour d'Auvergne," 1843 ; " Nouvelle Bio- graphic G^nerale." La Tour d'Auvergne. See Turenne, and Bouil- lon. Latour du Pin Gouvernet, de, deh l^'tooR' du p4n goo'v&R'n^', (Jean Fr6d6ric,) Comte de Paulin, a French general, born at Grenoble in 1727. He was elected in 1789 to the States-General, and was minister of war from August, 1789, to November, 1790. He was executed in 1794. Latour - Maubourg, de, deh li'tooR' mo'booR', (Marie Charles C6sar Fay,) Count, a French gene- ral, born in 1758. He was one of the three commis- saries who escorted the king from Varennes to Paris in 1 791, after which he was marechal-de-camp in the army of La Fayette. He escaped with La Fayette in 1792, and shared liis long captivity in Austria. Died in 1831. Latour - Maubourg, (Marie Victor de Fay,) Marquis, a general, brother of the preceding, was born in 1766. Flaving become a general of division in 1807, he distinguished himself in Spain and Russia, and lost a leg at Leipsic, (1813.) He was minister of war about two years, (1820-21.) Died in 1850. See A. Sai.a, "Le General de Maubourg," Paris, 1S50; " Nou velle Biographic G^n^rale." La Tourette. See TouBFTTii, ue la. Latreille, If tRil' or It'tRi'ye, (Pierre Andr^,) an eminent French naturalist, surnamed "the Prince of Entomology," was born at Brives (La Correze) in 1762. While a student in the college of Cardinal Lemoine, Paris, he gained the favour of Abbe Haiiy. In 1786 he retired to his native province, where he spent all his leisure in the study of insects, having adopted the pro- fession of a priest. In consequence of the revolutionary troubles, he abandoned that profession, and applied him- self to his favourite science as his chief business. He published in 1796 a treatise " On the Generic Characters of Insects." About 1798 he was employed to arrange insects in the Museum of Paris, in which position he remained nearly thirty years. In 1814 he was chosen a member of the Institute, and in 1829 he succeeded La- marck as professor of zoology. He had published "The Natural History of Ants," (1802,) " The Natural History of Reptiles," (1802,) "A Memoir on the Sacred Insects of the Egyptians," and many other works. Latreille was the author of the entomological part of Cuvier's " Regne Animal," and of the portion of Buffon's and Sonnini's work which treats of Crustacea and insects. His capital work is " The Genera of Crustacea and Insects, arranged according to the Natural Order," (" Genera Crustaceo- casi; 5asj; ghard; gasy; g, h,k, oTiUuraJ; N, nasal; ^, trilled; sasz; thas inM/j. (S^^See Explanations, p. 23. j LA TREMOUILLE 1498 LAUDERDALE rum et Insectorum secundum Ordinem naturalem dis- posita," 4 vols., 1806-09.) Died in 1833. See " Biographie Medicale;" Qu^rard, "La France Litt^raire ;" V. AUDOUIN, "Discoiirs prononc^ siir la Tombe de M. Latreille," 1833; " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gdn^rale;" "Monthly Review," vol. ivi., 180S, (Appendix.) La Tr^moiiille. See Trimouille, de la. La Trimouille, de, deh It tRe'mool' or IS tRe'moo'y?, (Claude,) Due, a French Protestant commander, born in 1566, was a brother-in-law of the prince Henri de Conde. He distinguished himself at Ivry. Died in 1604. His son Henri, born in 1599, became a general in the service of Louis XHI. His mother was a daughter of William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Died in 1674. La'tro, (M. Porcius,) a Latin rhetorician, born about 50 B.C., was a friend of Seneca the elder. He had a high reputation as a declaimer, and was master of a cele- brated school in Rome, where Ovid was his pupil. He was called by Quintilian " imprimis clari nominis pro- fessor." Died in 4 B.C. Latrobe, It'trol/, (Benjamin Henry,) an architect, born in England in 1763. He emigrated to America in 1795, and was employed as engineer by the State of Vir- ginia. He was architect of the United States Bank in Philadelphia, and of the first Hall of Representatives at Washington. Died in 1820. Latrobe, (Charles Joseph,) an English traveller, who visited the United States and Mexico in 1832, pub- lished "The Rambler in North America," (London, 1835,) also entitled "The Rambler in Mexico." It is commended by Prescott and other competent critics. See "Quarterly Review" for September, 1835; "Westminster Review" tor January, 1837. Latrobe, li-trob', (Rev. Christian Ignatius,) an English musician and composer, born at Fulnec, Leeds, in 1758. He took orders in the Moravian Church, and in 1795 was appointed secretary to the Unity of the Brethren in England. He composed sacred music, and edited " Moravian Hymn Tunes," and " A Selection of Sacred Music from the Works of the Most Eminent Composers of Germany and Italy," (6 vols., 1806-2!; ) Died May 6, 1836. Lattaignant. See Attaignant, de l'. Lattanzio. See Lactantius. Lattre. See Lasso. Latude. See Masers. Laub, lowp, (Ferdinand,) an Austrian violinist, born at Prague, January 19, 1832. He distinguished himself at an early age, and, after making successful tours through the principal European cities, he established himself at Moscow in 1866 as head professor of the violin in the Conservatorium, and first violin at the Musikgesellschaft. Died March 17, 1875. Laiibe, low'beh, (Heinrich,) a German poet and lit- Urateur, born in Silesia in 1806. His "Tales of Travel," ("Reisenovellen,") published in 1834, resemble those of Heine, and are by some critics preferred to them. Among his other productions we may cite " The Countess Chateaubriand," a romance, (1843,) "Prinz Friedrich," and other dramas, and an interesting work entitled "The First German Parliament," (3 vols., 1849.) Died at Vienna, August i, 1884. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." L'Aubespine. See Aubespine, de l'. Laud, lawd, (William,) a celebrated Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Reading, in Berkshire, in 1573, and was educated at Oxford. He became one of the chap- lains of the king about 1615, Bishop of Saint David's in 1621, and Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1626. After the accession of Charles I. he rose rapidly into great influ- ence at court. In 1628 he was translated tn^the see of London, and became the chief minister or favourite of the king. He took part in the persecution of the Puri- tans, and was unjustly suspected of a bias in favour of popery. In 1633 he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. "Of all the prelates of the Anglican Church," says Macaulay, " Laud had departed farthest from the principles of the Reformation and had drawn nearest to Rome." "Of all men then livinsi," says Gar- diner, "he [Laud] was the least fitted to "be intrusted with political power. . . . His thorough belief in the unbounded efficacy of external forms and institutions, combined with his complete ignorance of human nature, would be suflicient to goad to madness any nation which might be subjected to his control." (" History of Eng- land from 1603 to 1616," vol. ii. chap. x. p. 41.) In 1640 he was impeached by the Commons and committed to the Tower. After he had been tried for treason, without obtaining a judicial sentence, the Commons passed an illegal and unjust ordinance for his execution, and he was beheaded in 1645. " His zeal was unrelenting," says Hume, "in the cause of religion, — that is, in im- posing by rigorous measures his own tenets and pious ceremonies on the obstinate Puritans, who had profanely dared to oppose him." Laud had many noble qualities of head and heart; but his great fault (and that of his times) was the non-recognition of the right of private judgment in a commonwealth nominally free. But in his time not one writer or other authority, great or obscure, seems to have recognized any such popular right. See "Life of Laud." by Prvnne, 1644, Hevlin, 1671, Lawson, 1S29, Baines, 1S55; Wharton, "Troubles and Trial of W. Laud, to which is prefixed the Diary of his own Life," 1794; Hume, " His- tory of England," chap. lii. ; "Retrospective Review," vol. vii., 1S23. Laudati, low-dd'tee, (Gioseffo,) an Italian painter of the Roman school, born at Perugia in 1672, was a favourite pupil of Carlo Maratta. Died after 1718. Lau'der, (Sir John,) Lord Fountainhall, an eminent Scottish lawyer, born in Edinburgh in 1646. He became a member of Parliament, and opposed the arbitrary policy of James II. Died in 1722. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Lauder, (Robert Scott,) a Scottish painter, born near Edinburgh in 1803. Among his best works are "The Bride of Lammermuir," "Trial of Effie Deans,' and other scenes from Scott. He worked mostly in London and Edinburgh. Died April 21, 1869. Lauder, (Sir Thomas Dick,) a Scottish author, born in 1784, inherited a baronetcy from his father, and lived near Edinburgh. He was one of the early contributors to "Blackwood's Magazine," and author of various works, among which are " Lochandhu," a novel, "High- land Rambles," (1837,) and a "Tour round the Coasts of Scotland." Died in 1848. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Lauder, (William,) a Scotchman, who gained no toriety by literary impostures designed to prove that Milton was a plagiarist In 1751 he published an "Es- say on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns in his Paradise Lost," in which he charged Milton with making too free use of the ideas of Grotius and others. He was convicted of having interpolated in Grotius's Latin drama " Adamus Exsul" several verses copied from an obscure version of Milton's poem. He died in Barbadoes in 177 1. Lau'der-dale', (James Maitland,) Earl of, an able Scottish \Vhig statesman, born in 1759, was the son of the seventh Earl of Lauderdale, and was first styled Lord Maitland. About 1781 he was elected to the House of Commons, where he acted as the political friend of Fox, and in 1787 was chosen one of the man- agers of the impeachment of Hastings. He inherited the title of earl in 1789, and was chosen one of the Scottish representative peers in 1790. He favoured the French republic, and opposed the war against the French which began in 1793. In 1806 he became a peer of the United Kingdom, and keeper of the seal of Scotland, and was sent by Mr. Fox to Paris with full powers to negotiate a peace, but without success. On the fall of the Whig ministry in 1807 he gave up the seal of Scotland. He died in 1S39, leaving his title to his son James. He wrote several treatises on finance and political economy. Lauderdale, (John Maitland,) Duke of, a'British courtier, born .at Lethington in 1616, was a grandson of John Lord Maitland, Chancellor of Scotland. Plis father was first Earl of Lauderdale. He was conspicu- ous among the Scottish insurgents of 1638, and began his public career as a zealous supporter of the Covenant. After the restoration of 1660 he became the prime fa- vourite of Charles II., and in 1670 was a member of that a e, T 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mgt; n6t; good; moonj LA UDIVIO 1499 LAURENBERG \ corrupt cabinet called the Cabal. " Under the outward show of boisterous frankness," says Macaulay, " he was perhaps the most dishonest man in the whole Cabal." He was created duke in 1672. In 1678 he became min- ister for Scottish affairs, which he managed in a violent and arbitrary manner. " He had the fortune, beyond any other minister," says Hume, "to maintain an ascend- ant over Charles H. during the greater part of his reign." (" History of England.") Died in 16S2. As he left no male issue, his brother inherited the earldom. See Macaulay, "History of England;" Buknet, " History of his Own Time." Laudivio, 16w-dee've-o, (Zaccaria,) an Italian poet, born near Genoa, lived about 1470. He wrote " Letters of the Grand Turk," ("Epistolae Magni Turci," 1473,) often reprinted, and "On the Praises of Wisdom and Virtue," ("De Laudibus Sapientiae et Virtutis.") Laudou, von, fon low'don, written also Laudohn and Loudon, (Gideon Ernst,) Baron, a famous field- marshal of the Austrian army, was born in Livonia in 1716. He entered the service of Maria Theresa in 1743, and for his exploits in several campaigns was rewarded with the rank of general in 1757. The next year he was made lieutenant-general, and contributed greatly to the victory of Hochkirchen over the Prussians. In 1759 he gained a complete victory at Kunersdorf, where Frederick the Great commanded in person. He was raised to the rank of field-marshal in 1778, gained several victories over the Turks in 178S, and was chosen generalissimo 'n 1789. Died in 1790. See ToLNAV, " Laiidon's Elirendeukmal ;" Johann Pezzl, " Le- bensgeschichte Laiidon's," 17^0; Fkihdkich von der Trenxk, "Denkmal und Traiierrede bei dem Grabe des Feldmarschalls Lau- don," 1790; " Leven en Heldendaden van G. E. van Loudon," 1792. Lauffer, lowf'fer, ( Jakob, ) a Swiss historian and Protestant divine, born at Zofifingen in 1688. He wrote, in German, a " History of Helvetia," (or Switzerland,) ("Helvetische Geschichte," 1736-38.) Died in 1734. Laugel, 16'zhSl', (Antoine Auguste,) a French writer, born at Strasbourg, January 20, 1830. He visited the United States in 1864, and published "The United States during the War," (1866,) "England, Political and Social," (1873,) "Great Historical Figures," (1875,) "Louise de Coligny," (1877,) "France, Political and Social," ([877,) and other works. Laugier, 16'zhe-i', (Andr6,) an able French chemist, born in Paris in 1770. In 1S09 he succeeded Fourcroy as professor of chemistry in his native city. His lectures were published with the title of " Cours de Chimie gene- rale," (3 vols., 1828.) He excelled in chemical analysis, and wrote numerous memoirs on the analysis of minerals. Died in 1832. See P. J. RoBiQUET, "Notice historique sur A. Laugier," 1832; " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gen^rale." Laugier, (Ernest,) an astronomer, a son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1812, obtained in 1841 the Lalande medal for the discovery of a comet and the cal- culation of its orbit. Died April 5, 1872. Laugier, (Jean Nicolas,) a French engraver, born at Toulon in 1785, worked in Paris. Among his works are " Leonidas at Thermopylae," and " Trance of Saint Paul," after Poussin. Died February 24, 1S75. Laugier, (Marc Antoine,) a French writer and priest, born at Manosque in 1713. He preached in sev- eral pulpits of Paris, and afterwards obtained the abbey of Ribeaute in 1757. He published, besides other works, a successful "Essay on Architecture," (1753-55,) and a •'History of Venice," (12 vols., 1759-68,) which was the best which had appeared until that of Daru was pub- lished in 18x9. Died in 1769. Laugier, de, deh 16'zhe-i', (C6sar de Bellecour,) Count, a general, was born in the isle of Elba in 1789. He is ranked among the best military writers of Italy. In May, 1848, he obtained the chief command of the Tus- can corps raised to fight against Austria. With about 5000 men he resisted 30,000 Austrians for six hours near Mantua. He was minister of war under Leopold II. in 1850 and 1851. Among his works is "Annals and Vicis- situdes of the Italian Peoples from 180 1 to 1815," (13 vols., 1829-32.) Died at Florence, March 25, 1871. Laujon, 16'zh6N', (Pierre,) a French poet, born in Paris in 1727. He composed admired songs and lyrical dramas. In 1807 he was chosen a member of the Insti- tute. Died in 181 1. See " Monthly Review," vol. Ixviii., 1812, (Appendix.) Lauman, law'man, or Laii'man, ( Jacob G., ) an American general, born in Maryland in 1813. He com- manded a brigade at the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, and a division at the siege of Vicksburg, June and July, 1863. Laumout, de, deh 16'm6N', (Francois Pierre Ni- colas Gillet — zhe'yV,) a French mineralogist, born in Paris in 1747. He discovered several minerals, and wrote memoirs which were printed in the "Annales des Mines" and other journals. Died in 1834. Launay, de,'deh lo'ni', (pRAwgois,) a French jurist, born at Angers in 1612. He was professor of French law at the College Royal, and published several legal works. Died in 1693- Launay, de, (Pierre,) a French Protestant theo- logian, born at Blois in 1573. He received the title of counsellor to the king, and taught Greek gratis at the Academy of Saumur. He wrote a "Paraphrase on the Epistles of Saint Paul," (2 vols., 1650,) and other com- mentaries on Scripture, which were highly esteemed. Died in 1661. Lauuey, de, deh 16'ni', (Bernard Ren6 Jourdan,) the last governor of the Bastille, was born in Paris in 1740, and became governor in 1776. The storming of that state prison by the populace, being the first violent symptom of the Revolution, has rendered his name historical. On the 14th of July, 1789, he repulsed the insurgents for several hours with cannon and other guns, and attempted to blow up the building by firing the magazine, but was prevented. He was massacred immediately after the capture of the place. Launey, (Emmanuel de.) See Entraigues, d'. Launitz, low'nits, (Robert Eberhakd,) a nephew of the following, was born at Riga, in Russia, November 4, 1806. He was a pupil of Thorwaldsen. He came to the United States in 1828, and was for many years devoted chiefly to monumental sculpture. Died in New York, December 13, 1S70. Launitz, von, fon low'nits, (NiKOLAUS Karl Eduard Schmidt,) a German- Russian sculptor, born at Grobin, in Courland, November 23, 1797. He was a pupil of Thorwaldsen, and worked mostly at Frankfort-on-the- Main, where he died, December 12, 1869. Launoi or Launoius. See Launoy. Launoy or Launoi, de, deh 16'nwi', [Lat. Launo'- lus,] (Jean,) a French doctor of the Sorbonne, born near Valogne in 1603, had a high reputation for learning. In 1643 '^^ '^'^^ chosen royal censor of books. He published, besides many works on theology, a " History of the Col- lege of Navarre," (1677,) and clefended the liberties of the Galilean Church against the pretensions of the court of Rome. He was noted for his zeal and sagacity in expunging the names of spurious saints from the calen- dar, and was said to have dethroned more saints than ten popes had canonized. Died in 1678. See Bavle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^ron, "Memoires;" J. Reiser, "J. Launoius Theologus," etc., 1685 Laura. See Noves, de, and Petrarch. Laura, (Filippo.) See Laurl Lauraguais, de, deh I5'rt'gi', (Louis L60N F6li- CIt6,) Comte, Due de Brancas, an eccentric French nobleman, born at Versailles in 1733. He patronized literature and science, and by his chemical experiments associated his name with those of Lavoisier and Daicet. He wrote many political treatises. Died in 1824. See " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Laurati. See Lorenzettl (Pietro.) Laurati, 16w-ri'tee,(PiETRO,) an Italian fresco-painter, born at Sienna in 1282; died in 1340. Laurel. See Laurelius. Laurelius, low-rii'le-us, or Laurel, low'rel, (Olaus,) a Swedish theologian, born in West Gothland in 1585. He became Bishop of Westeris in 1647. He published, besides other works, a "System of Theology," (1641,) which was esteemed a standard work. Died in 1670. Laurenberg, low'ren-beRo', or Lauremberg, low'- rem-b^RG', (Johann,) a poet and j^hilologist, born at Rostock in 1590. He ranked high among the poets of eas-4,- 9asj'; '%hard; ga.sj; G,ii,K, guttural; N,fiasa/; ^,trilled; sasz; %hasin///w. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LAURENBERG 1500 LAUTREC his time. Among his works are four poetical satires, (1652-70,) and "Grfficia Antiqua," a description of ancient Greece, (1661.) Died in 1658. Laurenberg, (Petkr,) a botanist and anatomist, a brother of the preceding, was born at Rostock about 1575. He became professor at Rostock in 1624, and published several works on anatomy. Died in 1639. Lau'rence or Law'rence, (Dr. Frknch,) an eminent English civilian and author, born at Bristol, graduated at Oxford about 1780. "He was," says Lord Brougham, "one of the most able, most learned, and most upright men tliat ever adorned the legal profession. . . . He united in himself the indefatigable labour of a Dutch commentator with the alternate playfuhtess and sharp- ness of a Parisian wit." He was a member of Parlia- ment about twenty years. About 1797 he was chosen professor of civil law at Oxford. He was the intimate friend and executor of Edmund Burke. He wrote some of the " Probationary Odes," and contributed largely to the epigrams and satires, in prose and verse, of "The Rolliad." Died in 1809. Laurence, (Richard,) a brother of the preceding, was born at Bath in 1760. He became professor of Hebrew at Oxford in 1814, and Archbishop of Cashel in 1822. Died in 1838. He was a great authority on the Ethiopic language and literature, and translated several of the sacred books found in that tongue. Laurencin, de, deh lo'rfiN'saN', (Jean Esp6rance Blandine,) Comte, a French poet, born near Valence in 1733 ; died in 1812. Laurens. See Du Laurens. Lau'rens, (Henry,) an American statesman, born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724. Soon after the breaking out of the Revolution he was elected a dele- gate to the General Congress, of which he subsequently became president, in November, 1777. While on his voyage as ambassador to the Hague, in 1780, he was taken by the British and imprisoned for fourteen months in the Tower of London. In conjunction with Franklin and Jay, he afterwards signed the preliminaries to a treaty with England, November, 1782. Died in 1792. See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans." Laurens, (John,) an American patriot and soldier, born in South Carolina about 1756, was a son of the preceding. He entered the army early in 1777, became an aide-de-camp to Washington, and was wounded at Germantown. It is stated that he distinguished him- self in every action of the army which W^ashington commanded. He was an intimate friend of General Hamilton. In 1781 he was sent to France on a special mission, for which he was selected by Washington. He was successful, and returned in time to take part in the victory at Yorktown, October, 1781. He was killed in a battle on the Combahee River, South Carolina, in August, 1782. Colonel Laurens is represented as having been a man of rare endowments, as blending in harmonious union the character of a gallant officer, a fine scholar, and an accomplished gentleman. Laurent. See Lawrence, Saint. Laurent, lo'rSN', (Auguste,) a French chemist, born near Langres in 1807. He became assayer of the mint at Paris in 1848, and wrote a "Method of Chemistry," (1854.) Died in 1853. Laurent, (Paul Marie,) a French historian, born in Ardfeche in 1793. His principal work is a "History of Napoleon," with 500 designs by Horace Vernet, (9 vols., 1838-42.) Died at Versailles, August 7, 1877. Laurent, (Pierre,) a skilful French engraver, born at Marseilles in 1739, worked in Paris. He excelled in landscapes and animals, and published engravings of the master-pieces of the Louvre. Died in 1809. Laurent, (Pierre Jo.seph,) a skilful Flemish mecha- nician, born at Bordeaux in 1715. He was appointed director of the canals of Flanders at the age of twenty- one, and gained reputation by the junction of the Somme with the Scheldt. He was very skilful in the fabrication of artificial limbs. Died in 1773. Laurentie, lo'r6N'te', (Pierre SiSbastien,) a French historical and political writer, born at Houga (Gers) in 1793. He edited several royalist journals in Paris, and published "Studios, Literary and Moral, on the Latin Historians," (2 vols., 1822,) and a "History of France," (1841-43.) Died at Paris, February 9, 1876. LaurentiuB, (Joannes.) See Lydus. Laurentius, (Lydus.) See Lydus. Laurentzen, 16w'rent-zen, or Lorentsen, lo'rent- sen, (Johan,) a Danish historical writer, born at Ribe. He wrote on Danish history, and produced a Danish version of the Bible, (1719.) Died about 1728. LaiTretti, 16w-ret'tee, or Laureti, low-ra'tee, (ToM- maso,) an Italian jiainter, born at Palermo, worked at Rome for Gregory XIII., and became president of the Academy of Saint Luke. His pictures of" Brutus Judging his Sons" and "Horatius Codes Defending the Bridge were much admired. Died about 1600, aged eighty. See Vasari, "Lives of the Painters;" Lanzi, "History of Painting in Italy." Lauri, low'ree, (Balthasar,) a Flemish landscape- painter, born at Antwerp about 1570 ; died at Rome in 1642. Lauri or Laura, low'rS, (Filippo,) an eminent painter of history and landscapes, son of the preceding, was born in Rome in 1623. Filippo painted in preference small cabinet pictures which were remarkable for imagination and spirit. He also painted figures for the landscapes cf Claude Lorrain. His design and composition are highly commended by E. Breton in the " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Died in 1694. His broth-tr Francesco was a promising artist when he died in 1635, aged twenty-five. See Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy." Lauria, (Roger di.) See Loria. Lauriere, de, deh 16're-aiR', (EusiBE Jacob,) a pro- found French jurist, born in Paris in 1659. He was thoroughly versed in legal science, and attained great proficiency in literature. Among his numerous works are "The Origin of the Law of Amortizement," (1692,) and " Library of Common Law," (" Bibliotheque des Coutumes," 1699.) Died in 1728. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Laurillard, lo'ri'ySR', (Charles Leopold,) a French naturalist and artist, born at Montbeliard in 1783, was a pupil of Cuvier, who employed him in the execution of his anatomical designs. He published "The Mammifera and Human Races," (1849.) Died in 1853. Laurimanus. See Lauwerman. Lauriston, de, deh lo'rJs'tfiN', (Jacques Alexan- dre Bernard Law,) Marquis, a marshal of France, was born in India in 1768, and was great-nephew of John Law, the famous projector. In i8co he became aide-de-camp to Bonaparte, and served at the battle of Marengo. He was made a general of brigade in 1802, general of division in 1805, and governor-general of Venice in 1807. Having received the title of count, as commander of the artillery of the imperial guard, he took part in several victories over the Austrians in 1809. He was sent as ambassador to Russia in 181 1, and com- manded a corps in the campaign of 1813. He was created a marquis in 1817, became minister of the royal house- hold in 1821, received a marshal's baton in 1823, and was appointed minister of state in 1824. Died in 1828. See De Courcelles, " Dictionnaire des G^ndraux Frangais ;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lauro, low'ro, (Giovanni Baitista,) a modern Latin poet, born at Perugia in 1581 ; died at Rome in 1629. Laus du Ferret. See Duperret. Lauterbach, low'ter-b^K', (Wolfgang Adam,) a German jurist, born in 1618, wrote a work on the Pan- dects, (3 or 4 vols., 1690-1714.) Died in 1678. Lauth, lot, (Alexandre,) a .skilful French anatomist, born at Strasbourg in 1S03. He published a "Manual for the Anatomist," (1829,) and other able professional works. Died in 1837. Lautrec, lo'iR^k', (Odet de Foix,) Marshal, a brave French general, was a cousin of Gaston de Foix. He was wounded at Ravenna in 1512. Just after Con- stable Bourbon had resigned the command, Francis I. ajjpointed Lautrec his lieutenant-general in Italy, (1516.) He was defeated at Bicoque in 1522, and fought by the side of Francis I. at Pavia in 1525. In 1527 he resumed a, e, T, 6, u, y,Iona';k.,h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e,\,6,\\,y,s/iort; a, e, \,q, obscure; fjir, fill, fdt; met; nftt; good; moon; LA UWERMAN 1501 LAVE A UK command of the army in Italy, and was besieging Naples, when he died of fever in 1528. See SisMONDi, " Histoire des Fraiifais." Lauwerman.low'er-man'JLat. Laurima'nus,] (Cor NELis,) a Dutch teacher and Latin poet, born at Utrecht about 1520; died in 1573. Lauzun, Due de. See Biron, (Armand Louis ie.) Lauzun, de, deh 16'zun', (Antoine Nompar de Caumont,) Duke, a French courtier and general, whose life presents remarkable vicissitudes, was born in Gascony in 1632. He became a favourite of Louis XIV., who gave him a high rank in the army before he had merited it by services. In 1671 he commanded the army which accompanied the king to Flanders. He was engaged to Vnna Maria, Duchess of Montpensier, a granddaughter of Henry IV., but the match was broken oif, and, having incurred the enmity of Madame Montespan, he was im- prisoned from 1671 to 1681, when his penalty was com- muted into exile from court. It is supposed that he was secretly married to the lady first above named. When the throne and person of James II. of England were menaced by revolution, (1688,) that king confided his wife and son to Lauzun, who escorted them to Paris and by that service regained the favour of Louis XIV. He commanded the French army sent to Ireland to fight tor James II., was defeated at the battle of the Boyne in 1690, and returned to France about the end of that year. Died in 1723. "His life was like a romance," said La Bruyere, "except that it lacked probability." See La BruyAre, "Caractferes;" Saint-Simon, "M^moires;" Dangeau, "Journal ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gdni^rale ;" Delort, "Histoire de la Detention de Fouquet, de Pellisson et de Lauzun,'' 3 vols., 1829; "Quarterly Review" for January, 1822. Laval, IS'vtl', (Anne Adrien Pierre de Mont- morency,) Due de Laval, born in Paris in 1768, was the son of the Due de Laval. He was sent as ambas- sador to Spain in 1814, to Rome about 1820, and to Vienna in 1828. In 1829 he was transferred to the court of Saint James. Died in 1837. Lavalette, de, deh li'va'l^t', (Pere Antoine,) a French Jesuit, born in 1707. He was chosen superior- general of the missions of South America in 1754. He engaged in mercantile speculations which resulted in a disgraceful bankruptcy. This affair was one of the causes or pretexts of the abolition of the order of Jesuits in France in 1 762 ; for the order refused to pay the debts of Lavalette, as directed by the courts. Lavalette, de, (Charles Jean Marie F^lix,) Mar- quis, a French diplomatist, born at Senlis in 1806. He was minister-plenipotentiary to the Sublime Porte from 1851 to 1853, and was raised to the dignity of senator in the latter year. In 1865 he was appointed minister of the interior. He became minister of foreign affairs in December, 1868. Died May 2, 1881. La Valette, de,(jEAN Parisot.) See Valette, de la. Lavalette, de, (Marie Chamans,) Count, a favour- ite officer and minister of Bonaparte, was born in Paris in 1769. He entered the army in 1792, and obtained the grade of captain at Areola in 1796. Soon after this date, Bonaparte employed him in important missions, and gave him for his wife fimilie de Beauharnais, a niece of Josephine. During the Egyptian campaign (1798) he was one of Bonaparte's favourite attendants. In 1800 he was called to preside over the post-office department, first with the title of commissary, and soon after with that of director-general. At the restoration of 1814 he retired to private life, but on the return of Napoleon from Elba he resumed his functions as post- master-general on the 20th of March, 181 5. In the same year he was arrested by the agents of Louis XVI 1 1, and condemned to death. Just before the day of execution, Madame Lavalette visited him in prison, and remained in his place while he escaped disguised in her dress. By the aid of Sir R. Wilson and other Englishmen, he reached Flanders safely. He was pardoned by the king in 1822, and died in 1830, leaving two volumes of me- moirs of his life, (1831.) His wife was tried and acquitted, but became permanently insane in consequence of the exertion and excitement. See Lavalette, " M^moires et Souvenirs," 2 vols., 1831, and " Notice biographique sur le Comte de La Valette," Paris, 1830. La Vallee, It vt'li', (Joseph,) Marquis de Bois- Ro- bert, a French writer, born at Dieppe in 1747. Among his works is a piquant journal called " Semaines cri- tiques," (4 vols., 1797.) Died in London in 1816. See the "Monthly Review," vol. Ixxxv., i8i8, (Appendix.) Lavall6e, (Th^ophile Si^bastien,) a French histo- rian, born in Paris in 1804. He published a "History of the French from the Time of the Gauls to 1830," (3 vols., 1839 ; loth edition, 1854,) and other works. He died at Versailles, August 29, 1866. La Valliere. See Valli^re, de la. Lavardiu, de, deh li'vtR'diN', Marshal, a French general, whose proper name was Jean de Beaumanoir, was born in Maine in 1551. He fought as second in command of the Catholic army al Coutras in 1578, but entered the service of Henry IV. in 1595, and was then made a marshal of France. He was riding in the carriage with the king when the latter was assassinated in 1610. Died in 1614. Lavardin, de, (Henri Charles de Beaumanoir,) Marquis, was a great-grandson of the preceding. In 1687 he was sent as ambassador to Rome, with a large retinue of armed men, for the purpose of maintaining a claim to certain privileges or franchises which the pope refused to grant. (See Innocent XI.) Lavardin en- tered Rome as a victor at the head of an army, but was excommunicated, and returned to France in 1689. Died in 1701. Lavater, la^vi-ter or It'vt'taiR', (John Caspar,) a celebrated Protestant minister and writer on physiog- nomy, born at Zurich in 1741. He was educated for the church, which profession was congenial to his character. In 1763 he made a journey to Berlin with Henry Fuseli the artist. He produced in 1767 his admirable " Swiss Songs," and in 1768 an ingenious work entitled "Pros- pects into Eternity," ("Aussichte in die Ewigkeit") He was ordained a deacon in 1769, and a few years later became pastor of a church in Zurich. His sermons were much admired, and widely diffused by the press ; but he was censured by some for a tendency to paradox, superstition, and mystical theology. In 1775-78 he pub- lished, in German, his celebrated "Physiognomic Frag- ments for the Promotion of the Knowledge and Love of Mankind," ("Physiognomischen Fragmente zur Be- fdrderung der Menschenkenntniss und Menschenliebe," 4 vols.) This is the result of multiplied and curious observations generalized into an ingenious system. He was the author of numerous religious and moral works in prose and verse, among which are "Pontius Pilate," (1782,) and two poems, "The Messiah" (4 vols., 1783-86) and "The Human Heart," (1789.) He was a friend of Goethe, with whom he corresponded. In the commo- tions which followed the French Revolution he displayed courage and firmness in opposing the French party, (though not with carnal weapons ;) and at the capture of Zurich by Massena, in September, 1799, he was shot in the street by a soldier. After suffering from the wound more than a year, he died in 1801. His character was eminently honest and noble. "Lavater's spirit," says Goethe, in his Autobiography, "was altogether im- posing. Near him, you could not resist his decided in- fluence ; and I had to submit to observing brow and nose, eyes and mouth, in detail, and to weighing their relations and proportions to each other. . . . Many times in my after-life I had occasion to think about this man, who is one among the most excellent with whom I have ever attained to so intimate a relation." See Meister, "J. C. Lavater," 1802; Gessner, "Lavater's Lebensbeschreibung," 3 vols., 1802; Goethe, " Briefe an Lavater." 1833; BoDEMANN, "Life of Lavater," 1856: P. L Heisch, "Me- moirs of J. C. Lavater," London, 1842; C. L. Haller, " Denkmal auf Lavater," 1801 ; F. W. Jung, " Erinnerungeu an Lavater," 1812; F. Herbst, "Lavater nach seinem Leben und Wirken," 1832. Lavater, (Louis,) a Swiss Protestant clergyman, born in 1527. He lived in Zurich, and wrote many theological and other works, among which is a curious treatise on spectres, apparitions, etc., (1570.) Died in 1586. Laveaux, It'vo',(jEAN Charles Thibault,) a French grammarian, born at Troyes in 1749. He published, besides other works, a " Dictionary of the French Lan- guage," (1826.) Died in 1827. ■e as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as /; G, h, K.,guttural; n, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in tkis. ( g:^=See Explanations, p. 23.) LAVELEYE 1502 LAW Laveleye, de, deh ISv'li', (Emile Louis VicroR,) a Belgian economist, burn at Bruges, April 5, 1822. He was educated at Paris and Ghent, and in 1864 became professor of political economy at the Liege University. Among his works is a treatise on the Proven9al litera- ture, (1844,) " Histoire des Rois francs," (1847,) "La Question de I'Or," (i860,) " Questions contemporaines," (1863,) " Essai sur I'Economie rurale," (1863,) "fitudes d'ficonomie rurale," {1864,) " Essais sur les Formes du Gouvernement," (1872,) " De la Propriete," (a work of great merit, 1874,) and " Elements d'Economie publique," (1882.) Lavergne, de, deh It'viRn', (Louis Gabriel L6once Guilhaud — ge'16',) a French economist and writer, born at Bergerac in 1S09. Among his works are a "Memoir on the Rural Economy of France," (1857,) and many important articles in the " Revue des Deux Mondes" on Spanish history, literature, etc. Died Jan. 18, i88o. La-ver'na, [Fr. Laverne, lt'v§Rn',] in Roman my- thology, was regarded as the patroness of thieves and impostors. Laverne. See Laverna. La Verne, de, deh It v§Rn, (Leger Marie Phit.tppf Tranchant — trSN'shSw',) Comte, a French tactician and writer on the art of war, born near Vesoul in 1769. Among his works is a " History of General Suwarow," (1809.) Died in 1815. Laves, li'v^s, (Georg Ludwig Friedrich,) an emi- nent German architect, and chief director of buildings for the kingdom of Hanover, was born at Uslar in 1789. In 1852 he finished the new theatre at Hanover, which is regarded as his best work. Died April 30, 1864. Lavialle, It've-tl', (Pierre Joseph,) D.D., a bishop, born at Lavialle, France, in 1820. He studied with the Sulpitians at Paris, was ordained at Louisville, Ken- tucky, in 1844, became in 1849 professor of theology in Saint Thomas's Seminary, and in 1856 president of Saint Mary's College. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Louisville. Died at Nazareth, near Bardstown, Ken- tucky, May II, 1S67. Lavigerie, Cardinal. See Allemand-Lavigerie. Lavigne, de, deh It'vfen', (Anne,) a French poetess, born at Vernon, in Normandy; died in 1684. La Ville de Mirmont, de, deh It v^l deh m^R'miN', (Alexandre Jean Joseph,) a French dramatic poet, born at Versailles in 1782. His drama "Le Libere" (1835) gained the Montyon prize of the French Acad- emy. Died in 1845. La Villemarque, de, deh It vfel'mtR'ki', (Theodore Claude Henri Hersart — hiR'stR',) Vicomte, a French philologist, born at Quimperle in 1815. He published "The Popular Songs of Bretagne," (1839,) with a French version, and other works. Lav'ing-ton, (George,) a learned English prelate, born in Wiltshire in 1683. He became a canon of Saint Paul's, London, in 1732, and Bishop of Exeter in 1747. He published, besides sermons, " The Enthusiasm of the Methodists and Papists Compared." Died in 1762. La-vin'i-a, [Fr. Lavinie, It've'ne',] a daughter of Latinus, King of Latium, and his wife Amata, who promised her to Turnus. She was married to .^neas instead of Turnus because an oracle had declared that she should be the wife of a foreign prince. She was the mother of yEneas Sylvius. See Virgil, " jEneid," book vii. Lavinie. See Lavinia. Lavocat, It'vo'kt', (Antoine,) a French mechanician and inventor, born near Nancy in 1707; died in 1788. Lavoisier, It'vwi'zeji', ( Antoine Laurent, ) an illustrious French chemical philosopher, and the chief founder of modern chemistry, was born in Paris on the 26th of August, 1743. After leaving the College Maza- rin, where he obtained high honours, he pursued with zeal the study of astronomy, mathematics, and especially chemistry. In 1766 he gained the prize offered by the Academy of Sciences in 1763 for an improved method of lighting the streets of Paris, and in 1768 was chosen an associate of that institution. About this period he entered the public service as farmer-general, in order to obtain the funds required for his scientific researches, to which he devoted the greater part of his time. He acquired durable celebrity by the discovery of a new chemical theory of combustion, (called the anti-phlo- gistic,) which was partially developed in 1773 in a work entitled "Physical and Chemical Essays," ("Opuscules physiques et chimiques,") and which forms a great epoch in the science of chemistry. In a memoir which he read to the Academy in 1775, he announced that calcination and combustion are the results of the union of a "highly respirable gas" (oxygen) with combustible bodies, and soon after proposed the theory that the heat produced during combustion was disengaged from that respirable air. "These two propositions," says Cuvier, "belong to Lavoisier in his own right, and form the basis and fundamental character of the new chemical theory." In 1776 he was appointed to superintend the fabrication of saltpetre and gunpowder, of which he greatly improved the quality. Co-operating with other French chemists, he rendered an important service by reforming the chemical nomenclature, and published in 1787 "Method of Chemi- cal Nomenclature," ("Methode de Nomenclature chi- mique,") in which a simple, systematic, and expressive terminology was substituted for the absurd or fanciful terms of the alchemists. He displayed his admirable talent for explaining the truths which he had discovered in his "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry," ("Traite elementaire de Chimie," 2 vols., 1789.) He invented the pneumatic cistern, die gasometer, and other chemical apparatus. His glorious career was prematurely closed by an unjust suspicion against the farmers of the revenue, although in this service he had acquitted himself with great honour and success. In the reign of terror La- voisier and many of his colleagues were condemned to death on frivolous charges, one of which was that they moistened with water the tobacco of which they had the monopoly. His request for a resjjite of a few days, in order to finish some important experiments, was refused, and he was executed in May, 1794. About that time he had published two volumes of a large and important work on chemical philosophy, entitled "Memoires de Chimie," which remained unfinished. See article on Lavoisier, by Cuvier, in the " Eiographie Univer- selle;" Fourcroy, " Notice sur Lavoisier," 1796; J.J. Le Francois DE Lalan'de, " Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Lavoisier," 1796; Dr. F. Hoefek. article in the " Nouvelie Biographic Gen^- rale;" Kik^evskv, " Histoire des Legislateurs-Chlniistes : Lavoisier, Berthollet, H. Davy," 1S45. Law, (Ed.mund,) D.D., an eminent English metaphy- sician, born in Lancashire in 1703, was the father of Lord Ellenborough. He was educated at Cambridge, and, while a student there, published a translation of King's "Essay on the Origin of Evil," with notes, and an "En- quiry into the Ideas of Space and Time." He became rector of Graystock, Cumberland, in 1737, and arch- deacon of Carlisle in 1743. Soon after this date appeared his admired " Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ." He was appointed master of Peter-House, Cambridge, about 1755, professor of casuistry in 1764, and prebendary of Durham in 1767. In 1769 he was made Bishop of Carlisle. He published in 1777 an edition of the works of Locke, with a life of the author, of whom he was a disciple. He belonged to the rational and liberal school of theology. Died in 1787. Law, (Edward.) See Ellenborough. Law, (John,) of Lauriston, a famous Scottish pro- jector and financier, was born at Edinburgh in 1671, and inherited an estate called Lauriston. About 1694 he went to London, where, by means of his handsome figure and graceful address, he gained admission into fashionable society, and supported himself by gaming. Having killed a man in a duel, he fled to the continent, where he followed the trade of a gambler with great success in Paris, Venice, Genoa, etc. About 17 15 he persuaded the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, to favour a scheme by which he proinised to greatly im- prove the financial condition of the kingdom. In 17 16 he obtained a charter for a general bank of issue and discotint, under the name of Law & Company. In connection with this bank he formed the Mississippi Company, with a capital of one hundred million francs, and with the exclusive right of the trade between France and Louisiana, China, India, etc. The stock of these a, e, T, 0, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, "j, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fdr, fill, fit; niSt; ndt; good; moon; LAW 1503 LA WRENCE companies was bought up with avidity, and the former was soon erected into the Royal l^ank, with the privilege ofcoining gold and silver. The hope of enormous profits P infatuated the public so generally that the stock of the company rose to twenty times its original value. In January, 1720, Law was appointed contrSletir-giniral oi finances, {i.e. prime minister.) The fall of his baseless fabric was sudden and ruinous in 1720, when the public confidence began to fail, and the notes of his bank fell to one-tenth of the nominal value. Law was compelled to leave France; and he died poor at Venice in 1729. His system is often called the " South Sea Bubble." See John Philip Wood, " Memoirs of John Law of Lauriston," 1824 ; A. CocHUT, "Law, son Syst&me et son fipoqiie," 1853; Le- VASSBUR, " Recheiches sur la Systfeme de Law," 1857; Theodore ViAi,, "J. Law et le Systfeme du Papier-Monnaie de 1716," 1849; J. Heymann, "Law und sein System," 1853; Chambers, "Bio- graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Law, (William,) a pious and mystical English au- thor, born at King's Cliff, Northamptonshire, in 1686. He became a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, but forfeited his fellowship by refusing to take the re- quired oath at the accession of George L in 1714. He lived some years as tutor in the family of Gibbon, (father of the historian,) to whom he was related, and was after- wards chaplain to Miss Hester Gibbon at King's Cliff. He adopted the mystical doctrines of Jacob Bohme, (or Behmen,) which he inciilcated in his "Way to Know- ledge," "Spirit of Love," and "Letters." Mr. Law published many other works, of which the most popular is his "Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life," (1729.) This was praised by Ur. Johnson and by Gibbon. " In mere dialectical skill," says Macaulay, " he had very few superiors." Died in 176K See Richard Tighe, "The Life and Writings of the Rev. Wil- liam Law," 1813. La'wes, lawz, (Henry,) an eminent English composer, born probably at Salisbury in 1600. He was one of the gentlemen of the royal chapel, and clerk of the cheque to Charles I., in whose service he continued until 1649. He composed the music for Milton's "Comus," (per- formed in 1634,) in which the poet compliments him as one " Whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. And sweetened every musk-rose of the dale." In 1653 he published " Ayres and Dialogues," consisting of songs, duets, and trios. " Milton probably took lessons fin music] from him." (Masson.) Died in 1662. Lawes, (Sir John Benneit,) Bart., an English agriculturist, born at Rothamsted, Herts, December 28, 1814. He was educated at Eton, and at Brasenose Col- lege, Oxford. In 1834 he undertook (in connection, after 1843, with Dr. J. \\. Gilbert) that course of experi- mental farming at Rothamsted which has made his name everywhere famous. He has also conducted extensive works for the manufacture of artificial fertilizers. The published results of the labours of Lawes and Gilbert are widely recognized as of very great importance to agri- culture. LaTwes, (William), a brother of Henry Lawes, was a skilful musician and composer, and was one of the gentlemen of the royal chapel. He fought for the king in the civil war, and was killed at Chester in 1645. He composed music for Sandys's paraphrase of the Psalms, and many other works. Law'less, (John,) an Irish agitator and orator, born in Dublin in 1772, was often called "honest Jack Law- less." Died in London in 1837. La-wrless, (Valentine.) See Cloncurry. Law'rance, (John,) a judge, born in Cornwall, Eng- land, in 1750. He emigrated in 1767 to the city of New York, where he practised law, and rose to distinction in his profession. He was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation in 1785-87, and represented the city of New York in the Congress of the United States from 1789 to 1793. In 1794 he was appointed a judge of the district court for New York. He was elected a Senator of the United States for New York in 1796, and resigned his seat in 1800. He was a Federalist, and a personal Iriend of Alexander Hamilton. Died in New York in November, 1810. La'w'rence, (Abbott,) an eminent American mer- chant and philanthropist, born in Groton, Massachusetts, in 1792. As the partner of his brother, Amos Law- rence, he acquired a large fortune, a portion of which was invested by them in the cotton-factories of Lowell, which owes its prosperity chiefly to these enterprising merchants. He was elected to Congress in 1839, and in 1843 was appointed one of the commissioners to settle the northeast boundary question with Great Britain. He was United States minister to England in 1849. He died in 1855. Among his numerous and munificent do- nations was that of $100,000 to Harvard University to found the scientific school called by his name. He also bequeathed the sum of 1(550,000 towards erecting model lodging-houses. See Appleton, "Life of Abbott Lawrence;" Hunt, "Lives of American Merch.ints." Lawrence, (Amos,) a distinguished philanthropist, brother of the preceding, was born at Groton, Massa- chusetts, in 1786. Having acquired an immense fortune as a merchant, he spent a great part of it in various charities and donations to public institutions ; and the amount of his benefactions is estimated at $700,000. Among the colleges to which he gave large sums were Kenyon College, Ohio, Williams College, and the Theo- logical Seminary at Bangor, Maine. He died in 1852, and his "Life and Correspondence" was published by his son in 1855. Law'rence, (Edward Ai.kxander,) D.D., an Amer- ican divine, born at Saint Johnsbury, Vermont, October 7, 1808. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834, and at Andover Seminary, was ordained to the Congre- gationalist ministry in 1839, was a professor in the theo- logical school at East Windsor, Connecticut, 1854-65, and published various theological writings. Died af Marblehead, Massachusetts, September 4, 1S83. Lawrence, (Eugene,) an American author, born in New York city, October 10, 1S23, graduated at the New York University in 1842, and studied at the Harvard Law School. Among his works are " Lives of British Historians," (1855,) "Historical Studies," (1873,) ^'<^- He has contributed largely to periodical literature. La^wreuce, (George Alfred,) an English novelist, born in 1S27. He was educated at Rugby, and at O.x- ford, where he graduated with honours in 1848. Called to the bar in 1852, he abandoned law for literature after the success of his first novel, "Guy Livingstone." This was published ancnymously in 1857, and was followed by "Sword and Gown," "Barren Honour," " Anteros," etc He also published a volume of " Ballads." Died September 23, 1S76. Law'rence, (Sir Henry Montgomery,) an English ofiRcer, born in Ceylon in 1806, served with distinction in the campaigns of the Sutlej. He was appointed presi- dent of the board of government in the Punjaub about 1850, and chief commissioner of Oude in 1857. He rendered important service by the defence of Lucknow against the mutinous Sepoys, and was killed during the siege of that city in July, 1857. See J. W. Kaye, "Lives of Indian Officers," London, 1867; " Fraser's Magazine" for December, 1857 ; "North British Review" for May, 1S60. Lawrence, (James,) an American naval officer, of distinguished bravery, born at Burlington, New Jersey, in 1 781. He served under Commodore Decatur in the Mediterranean, and was afterwards appointed succes- sively to the command of the Vixen, the Wasp, the Argus, and the Hornet. In 1813 he captured the Peacock from the British after a short engagement, and was soon after made post-captain, and commander of the frigate Ches- apeake. On the 1st of June, 1813, he encountered near Boston the British frigate Shannon, and afler a severe contest, in which he was mortally wounded, his vessel was boarded and taken by the English. It was on this occasion that he uttered the memorable words, " Don't give up the ship." The remains of Captain Lawrence were subsequently removed to Trinity church-yard, where a monument has been erected to him. He left a widow and two children. He had been in command of the Chesapeake only a few days, and was a stranger to the crew, who were not well disciplined. eas^; Qasj; %hard; gas/; g, H, Yi,^ittural; fi, nasal; vl, trilled; sass; thasinM/j. (2i:^^See Explanations, p 23.) LA WRENCE 1504 LAYA Lawrence, (John,) an English agriculturist, born at Colchester in 1756, became a merchant in London. He published a "Philosophical and Practical Treatise 01. Horses," and several treatises on rural economy. Died about 1836. Lawrence, (Sir John Laird Mair,) an English administrator of great ability, a brother of Sir Henry M. Lawrence, was born in 1810. He entered the civil service of the East India Company about 1830, and became chief commissioner of the Punjaub soon after the conquest of that country. He was knighted for his services in the suppression of the mutiny of 1857, and was appointed Governor-General of India in November, 1863. In 1869 he was made a peer, with the title of Baron Lawrence of the Punjaub and Grately. Died June 27, 1879. La"wrence, (Jonathan,) an American poet and law- yer, born in New York in 1807. He died in 1833, leaving a number of poems and prose essays. See Griswold, "Poets and Poetry of America." Law'rence, [Lat. Lauren'tius; Fr. Laurent, lo'- tSn'; It. Lorenzo, lo-r&n'zo; Ger. Lorenz, lo'rints,] Saint, a martyr, born in Rome in the third century, was in 257 appointed by Pope Sixtus treasurer of the Church. In consequence of edicts issued against the Christians by Valerian, he suffered martyrdom in 258. It is said he was burned to death on a gridiron. See Mrs. Jameson, "Sacred and Legendary Art." Lawrence, (Stringer,) an English general, born in 1697, commanded in India for many years. Died in 1775. Lavyrence, (Thomas,) an eminent English physician, born in Westminster in 17 11. Pie became a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1744, and was president of the same from 1767 to 1774. He wrote a "Life of Wil- liam Harvey," and several medical treatises in Latin. He was an intimate friend of Dr. Johnson. Died in 1783. La'wrence, (Sir Thomas,) a celebrated English por- trait-painter, born at Bristol in 1769. His artistic talents were marvellously developed in early childhood, when he was also remarkable for his memory, musical voice, and personal beauty. It is stated that he drew with a crayon accurate likenesses of eminent persons about the age of six years. In 1782 he became a pupil of Prince Hoare at Bath, and soon acquired the grace, inspiration, and delicacy of manner which rendered him unrivalled among contemporary English artists in the expression of female beauty. He removed to London in 1787, and was admitted as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791. In 1792 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as first painter to the king. From that time he was abun- dantly patronized at the rate of one hundred guineas for a full-length portrait. In 1797 he painted a portrait of Mrs. Siddons, which is one of his master-pieces. Be- tween 1814 and 1820 he painted, by order of the prince- regent, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Austria, Pope Pius VII., Wellington, and many famous generals and statesmen. He received the honour of knighthood in 1815, and visited Vienna and Rome in 1819. On the death of Benjamin West, in 1820, Sir Thomas was elected president of the Royal Academy. Died in 1830. He excelled in the art of imparting ideal beauty to his sub- jects without departing from the reality. Among his master-pieces are portraits of Benjamin West, John Kemble, Curran, Lord Erskine, Lady Cowper, and the Duchess of Sutherland. See D. E. Williams, "Life and Correspondence of Sir T. Law rence," 3 vols., 1831 ; Charles Blanc, " liistoire des Peintres ;" Bryan, "Dictionary of Painters;" "Edinburgh Review" for De- cember, 1831. Lawrence, (William,) F.R.S., an English surgeon, born about 1785. He became professor of anatomy and surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons, London, about 1816, and delivered "Lectures on the Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man," which attracted much attention. Among his works are " Anatomico- Chirurgical Descriptions and Views of the Nose, Mouth, Larynx, and Fauces," a "Treatise on Ruptures," (5th edition, 1838,) and a "Treatise on Diseases of the Eye." Died in 1867. Lawrence, (William Beach,) an American jurist, born in New York city, October 23, 1800. He graduated at Columbia College, New York, in 1818, was admitted to the bar in 1823, and was secretary of the United States legation in London from 1826 to 1828. After 1S32 he took a very prominent position at the New York bar. In 1850 he removed to Rhode Island, of which State he was acting Governor in 1851. Plis principal works are a translation of MarboiS's " History of Louisiana," (1830,) " Law of Charitable Uses," (1845,) ^ very valuable anno- tated edition of Wheaton's "International Law" (1S55,) a (French) "Commentaire sur les Elements du Droit international," (1868-73,) "Administration of Equity Jurisprudence," (1874,) etc. Died March 26, 1881. LaTv'spn, (Cecil Gokkon,) an English landscape- painter, born at Chelsea in December, 185 1. He ex- hibited many paintings at the Grosvenor Gallery and the Royal Academy. Died June 10, 1882. Law'son, (George,) a learned Scottish divine, born in West Linton in 1749; died in 1820. His memory was so extraordinary that he knew nearly the whole of the Bible by heart. It was his own belief that if the Holy Scriptures should be destroyed he could restore them all from his memory, with the exception of two or three chapters in the Old Testament. See the " Sketch of Professor George Lawson" in the " Watdi- maii and Reflector," 1S67. Law'spn, (Henry,) F.R.S., an English savant, born at Greenwich in 1774. He erected an observatory at Bath, and published a " History of the New Planets," (1847.) Died in 1858. Lawson, (Sir John,) an English admiral, born at Hull, became a captain before the end of the civil war. He co-operated with Monk in the restoration of Charles II., and was made rear-admiral. About 1664 he and De Ruyter were sent with combined fleets into the Medi- terranean in order to chastise the pirates of Barbary. He was killed in a battle against the Dutch in 1665. See Campbell, "Lives of the British Admirals." Lawson, (John,) a native of Scotland, emigrated to America, where he became surveyor-general of North Carolina. He was captured and put to death by the Indians in 1712. He published "A New Voyage to Carolina," etc., (1709.) Law'tpn, (Alexander R.,) an American officer, born in Georgia about 1820, became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army in 1861. Las:, (Rev. William,) an English astronomer, born in 1751. He became professor of astronomy and geometry at Cambridge in 1795. Died in 1836. Laxmann, Idks'min, (Adam,) a Russian officer, who in 1792 was sent by his government to Japan for- the purpose of opening commercial intercourse with the Japanese. He failed in this object, and wrote a succinct narrative of his journey. Lay, (Benjamin,) an eccentric philanthropist, born in England, became a resident of Abington, Pennsylvania. He was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of slavery in the United States, and the coadjutor of Franklin and Benezet. He was a member of the Society of Friends, in which he bore a faithful testimony against the practice of slaveholding, then prevalent among them. He resolutely refused to partake of any food or wear any clothing which was wholly or in part produced by the labour of slaves. Died in 1760. See "Life of Benjamin Lay," by R. Vaux, Philadelphia, iSis. Lay, (Henry Champlin,) D.D., an American bishop, born in Richmond, Virginia, December 6, 1823. He graduated at the University of Virginia in 1842, and at the Episcopalian Theological Seminary near Alexandria in 1846, and was consecrated Bishop of Arkansas in 1859. In 1868 he was translated to the new diocese of Easton, Maryland. Among his writings are " Letters to a Man bewildered among Many Counsellors," and "Studies in the Church." Died September 17, 1885. Laya, It'yt', (Alexandre,) a French jurist and writer, was born in Paris in 1806. He published a work on English law, "Droit Anglais, ou Resume de la Legis- lation Anglaise," etc., (2 vols., 1845,) and " Studies on the Life of M. Thiers," (2 vols., 1846.) Laya, (Jean Louis,) a French dramatist, father of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1761. His comedy " The Friend of the Laws" was received with great i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LAYA 1505 LEACH favour in 1793, but was proscribed by tlie terrorists. He wrote various other worlcs, and was chosen a mem- ber of the French Academy in 1817. Died in 1833. See "Notice biographique sur J. L. Laya," Paris, 1833; "Nou- velle Biographic Gen^rale." Laya, (LlioN,) a French dramatist, son of the pre- ceding, was born in Paris in 1809. He produced many popular comedies, among which are " Emma, or the Guardian Angel," (1844,) and "An April Fool," ("Un Poisson d'Avril," 1845.) Died September 5, 1872. Lay'a-mon, or Law'f-nian, an English priest of Ernley, (now Arley Regis,) in Worcestershire, who in the early part of the thirteenth century wrote the Old- English clironicle of" Brut," an enlarged and free trans- lation of VVace's "Brut d'Angleterre." This work is important as the principal literary monument in the English language of that period. Lay'ard, (Austen Henry,) an Orientalist and anti- quary, a grandson of the following, was born in Paris, of English parents, in March, 181 7. lie visited Asia Minor, Persia, etc. about 1840, and a few years later discovered the ruins of Nineveh near Mosul. Under the auspices of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, and in conjunction with M. Botta, he made extensive excavations at Nimroud, where he found monuments marked with cuneiform inscriptions, and colossal embleniaWc figures in the form of winged bulls and lions, — memorials of a civilization which existed before the commencement of profane his- tory. These sculptures, bas-reliefs, etc. are now deposited in the British Museum. Mr. Layard returned to England in 1847, •1"'^ published an account of his researches in " Nineveh and its Remains," (2 vols., 1849.) He resumed the enterprise in 1849, and i)ublished a second work, entitled " Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Baby- lon, with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert," (1853.) In 1852 he was elected a member of Parliament. He was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs from August, 1861, to June, 1866. In December, 1S68, as a member of the Liberal party, he was appointed commis- sioner of public works under Mr. Gladstone, and ambas- sador to Spain in 1869. In 1877 he was sent as ambassa- dor to Constantinople, and in 1878 received the order of the Grand Cross of the Bath. Layard, (Charles Peter,) an English divine, of French descent, born about 1748, was grandfather of the preceding. He obtained the Seatonian prize for poetry at Cambridge about 1774. In 1800 he was appointed Dean of Bristol. Died in 1803. 'Layens, de, deh ll'ens or It'ySN', ( Mathieu, ) a Flemish architect of Louvain. He designed the Hotcl- de-Ville of Louvain, an excellent specimen of what is termed ogival architecture. Died in 1484. Laynez. See Lainez, (Jago.) Lays, or Lay, li, (Francois,) a French vocalist, born at La Barthe de Nestes, in Gascony, February 14, 1758. From 1780 to 1822 he was one of the principal singers at the Grand Opera in Paris. Died March 30, 183 1. Lazare. See Lazarus. Laz'a-rus, [Gr. Au^apoc ; Fr. Lazare, li'ztR' ; It. Laz- ZARO, la't'si-ro,] one of the personal friends of Christ, and a brother of Mary and Martha. The Saviour wrought one of his most memorable miracles by recalling Lazarus to life after he had been dead four days. See John xi. and xii. Laz'a-rus, (Emma,) an American poet, born in New York city, July 22, 1849, of a Hebrew family. Her prin- cipal books are " Admetus, and other Poems," (1871,) " Alide," a prose tale, (1S74,) " Poems and Ballads from Heine," (1881,) "Songs of a Semite," (1882.) D. 1887. Lazarus, lit'si-rils, (Moritz,) a German (Jewish) philosopher, born at Filehne, Prussian Poland, Septem- ber 15, 1824. He was educated at Berlin, and in i860 was elected to a professorship in the University of Berne, of which in 1864 he became rector. In 1873 he was appointed professor of philosophy in the University of Berlin. His works include "The Life of the Soul," (2 vols., 1877,) "Ideal Problems," (1878,) "The Origin of Morals," " Ideas in History," etc Lazeri,iad-za'ree, .'' (Pietro,) an Italian writer on eccle- siastical history, l)(jrn at Sienna in 1710; died in 1780. Lazius, ISt'se-fts, (Wolfgang,) a German antiquary, born at Vienna in 15 14, practised medicine in that city. About 1550 the emperor Ferdinand appointed him his physician. He published, besides other works, " On the Migrations of Nations and Origin of Languages," etc., (" De Gentium aliquot Migrationibus, Linguarumque Initiis," etc., 1557.) Died in 1565. See Nic^RON, " M^moires ;" Sax, " Onomasticon." Lazzarelli, IJt-sJ-rel'lee, (Giovanni Francesco,) an Italian satirical poet, born at Gubbio in 1621. His principal works are " La Cicceide," a personal satire, and " Cosmopoli," (1691.) "He was," says Tiraboschi, "among the small number of poets who did not follow the bad taste of his age." Died in 1694. Lazzarelli, (Luigi,) a Latin poet, born at San Seve- rino in ^50. He wrote " The Cup of Hermes," (" Crater Hermetis,") and " Bombyx," a poem on silk-worms, (1518.) Died in 1500. Lazzari. See Bramante, (Donato Lazzari.) Lazzarini, IJt-si-ree'nee, (Domenico,) an Italian poet, born near Macerata in 1668. He composed a few dramas, sonnets, and other poems. Died in 1734. Lazzarini, (Giovanni Andrea,) a skilful Italian painter and elegant writer, was born at Pesaro in 1710, and became a canon of the church. His master-piece is a " Virgin with Saint Catherine," (at Gualda,) some figures of which Lanzi pronounces "truly Raffaelesque." He wrote a "Treatise on the Art of Painting," which was often reprinted. Died in 1786, or, as others say, in 1801. " Lazzarini was perfectly master of good painting as well as good writing," says Lanzi ; "easy, yet always studied in every part ; at once noble and graceful, . . yet free from affectation and parade." See MoNTANARi, " Biografia del Canonico G. A. Lazzarini," 1836; Lanzi, "History of Painting in Italy;" Fantuzzi, " Notizie del Canonico Lazzarini." Lazzarini, (Gregorio,) an Italian painter of history, born at Venice in 1655. He excelled in design and colouring. His " S. Lorenzo Giustiniani" was greatly admired. He was one of the best Venetian painters of his time. Died in 1730 or 1740. See Lanzi, "History of Painting in Italy." Lazzaro. See Lazarus. Lea, lee, (Henry C.,) publisher and author, a son of Isaac Lea, and a grandson of Mathew Carey, was born in Piiiladelphia, September 19, 1825, and succeeded to the business of the celebrated publishing-house of Mathew Carey & Sons. Mr. Lea wrote " Superstition and Force — Essays on the Wager of Law, the Wager of Battle, the Ordeal and Torture," (1866,) "A Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church," (1867,) "Studies in Church History," etc., (1869,) and a " His- tory of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages," (3 vols., 1887-88.) Lea, (Isaac,) LL.D., an American naturalist, born at Wilmington, Delaware, in 1792. He became in 1821 the partner of his father-in-law, Mathew Carey, a [jromi- nent publisher in Philadelphia. His "Observations on the Genus Unio" came out in 1827, and was followed by "Contributions to Geology," (1833.) ^^^ ^^^ P"^" lished "Fossil Footmarks in the Red Sandstones of Pottsville," " Synopsis of the Family of Naiades," and other scientific treatises. He was elected president of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in 1858. Mr. Lea's contributions on conchology to the "Trans- actions" of the American Philosophical Society are esteemed among the most valuable that have appeared on that subject. Died December 8, 1886. Lea, (Thomas Gibson,) a botanist, a brother of the preceding, was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 17S5 ; died in 1844. Leach, leech, (William Elford,) an eminent Eng- lish naturalist and physician, born at Plymouth in 1790. He took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh about 1812, and was appointed curator of the natural history depart- ment of the British Museum in 1813. Thenceforth he devoted his time to the study of natural history, espe- cially zoology. In 1815 he published the first part of his excellent " History of the British Crustacea," which was never completed. He largely promoted the intro- duction into England of the natural system wiiich La- € as >^; 5 as s; g hard; g as// G, H, K, gttttural; N, nasal; r, Iri. led; s as s ,• th as i n this. ( 95 ee Explanations, p. 23.1 LEAD 1506 LEBEA U marck and Cuvier had adopted. About 1 821 he resigned the place of curator, on account of ill health. Died in Italy in 1836. Lead or Ledde, l§d, (Jane,) an English mystical writer, born in 1623, was a disciple of Jacob Bohmen. She wrote a number of works, among which is "The Wonders of the Creation in Eight Different Worlds, as they were revealed to the Author," (1695.) Died in 1704- See Lee, "Life of Jane Lead." Lead'er, (Benja.min Williams,) an English painter, born at Worcester, March 12, 1831. His pictures are numerous and very popular, his principal subjects being mountain-scenes. Leake, leek, (Sir John,) an English admiral, born in Surrey in 1656, was the son of Captain Richard Leake, noticed below. He served with distinction in the battle of La Hogue, in 1692, and displayed skill as commander at Gibraltar in 1705. He commanded the fleet which took Alicante, Majorca, etc. in 1706. In 1707 he was made an admiral and chosen commander-in-chief of the fleet, and in 1709 became a lord of the admiralty. Died in 1720. See S. M. Leake, " Life of Sir John Leake," 1750. Leake, (John,) an English physician, born at Ain- stable. He practised with success in London, and ex- celled in obstetrics. He wrote treatises "On Puerperal Fever," the "Diseases of Women," etc. Died in 1792. Leake, (Richard,) an English naval officer, born at Harwich in 1629. He displayed great courage in a battle against the Dutch in 1673, and was appointed master- gunner of England. Died about 1690. Leake, (Stephen Martin,) a nephew of Sir John, noticed above, was born in England in 1702. He ob- tained a high office in the Heralds' College, and pub- lished a "History of British Coins," (1726,) and a "Life ^f Sir John Leake," (1750.) Died in 1774. Leake, (Colonel William Martin,) an English trav- eller, distinguished by his researches in the antiquities Df Greece, was born in 1777. Having obtained the rank Df lieutenant-colonel in the army, he commenced about iSoo his travels in Asia Minor, the Morea, and other parts of Greece. He returned to England in 1810, and afterwards published a number of valuable works, — viz., " Researches in Greece,"(i8i4,)"Topography of Athens," (1821,) "Travels in the Morea," (1830,) "Travels in Northern Greece," (1835,) and "Numismata Hellenica," a catalogue of Greek coins, (1854.) By his thorough research and critical sagacity he has done more, probably, than any other traveller to illustrate the history and geography of ancient and modern Greece. Died in i860. See "Quarterly Review" for July, 1814. Le-an'der, [Gr. kziav&poq ; Fr. L6andre, li'SNdR',] a youth of Abydos, and a lover of Hero. He swam across the Hellespont every night to visit Hero at Sestos. As he was once attempting to cross in a storm, he was drowned. (See Hero.) Leander, [Fr. L6andre,] Saint, Archbishop of Sev- ille, in Spain, was a brother of Saint Isidore. He was a zealous opponent of Arianism. He died about 600 A.D., leaving a work " De Institutione Virginum," ("On the Education of Virgins.") Leandre. See Leander. Leang-Oo-Tee, (or -Ou-Ti,) li'ing' oo'tee. Emperor of China, and founder of the Leang dynasty, usurped the throne about 502 A.D. Through devotion to the doc- trines of Fo and the mysticism of the Bonzes, (priests of Fo or Booddha,) he neglected the care of the empire. He died in 549, soon after he had been dethroned by one of his officers, Heoo-King. Leao. See Leo. Leao, la-6wN', or Liao, do, do le-owN', (Duarte Nunez,) a Portuguese historian, born at Ev'ora in 1608. Lea'por, (Mary,) an English poetess, born in North- amptonshire in 1722, was the daughter of a gardener, and received the usual education of the lower class. At her death, in 1746, she gave her father several poems which she had kept secret, and which have considerable merit. One of them is called "The Temple of Love." Lear, leer, (Tobias,) a diplomatist, born at Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, about 1760. He became pri- vate secretary to General Washington in 1785, and negotiated a jjeace with Tripoli in 1805. Died in i8i6. Le-ar'-ehus, [Gr. A.eapxoi ; Fr. L^arque, li'tRk',| an ancient Greek statuary of Rhegium, lived about 600 or 700 i!.c. Pausanias states that he saw at Sparta a bronze statue of Jupiter executed by Learchus. Learque. See Lpiarchus. Leathes, (Stanley,) D.D., an English divine, born at Ellesborough, Bucks, March 21, 1830. He was edu- cated at Jesus College, Cambiidge, graduating in 1852, was ordained in 1856, and was appointed Hebrew pro- fessor in King's College, London, in 1S63. He has written various theological and religious books, including "The Witness of the Old Testament to Christ," (Boyle Lectures, 1868,) "The Gospel its own Witness," (Hul- sean Lectures, 1873,) "Religion of the Christ," (Bamp- ton Lectures, 1877,) and " The Foundations of M(jraliiy," (1S82.) Lebaillif,leh bt'yif, (Alexandre Claude Martin,) a French natural philosopher, born at Saint-Fargeau in 1764. He constructed excellent micrometers and elec- trometers, and invented a sideroscope. Died in 183 1. Lebailly, leh-bt'ye', (Antoine Francois,) a French fabulist, born at Caen in 1756. He published a collec- tion of fables in 1784, and another in 1811. They are praised for wit, imagination, style, and good morality. He also wrote operas, etc. Died in 1832. Lebarbier, leh-btR'be-i', (Jean Jacques Franqois,) a French historical painter, born at Rouen in 1738, worked in Paris. Lie was a member of the Royal Academy. Died in 1826. Lebas or Le Bas, leh-bi', (Jacques Philippe,) an eminent French engraver, born in Paris in 1707. He was for a long time the most popular of French engravers. In 1743 he was admitted into the Academy of Painting. He engraved many works of Teniers, Wouwerman, and Vernet, and some of his own designs, whicn are also admired. In 1782 he received the title of engraver to the king. Died in 1784. See Basan, "Dictionnaire des Graveurs." Lebas or Le Bas, (Jean Baptiste Apollinaire,) a French engineer, born in the department of Var in 1797. He superintended the removal of an obelisk from Luxor, Egypt, to Paris in 1836, and published an account of that difficult enterprise. Died January i, 1873. Le Bas, (Louis Hippolyte,) a French architect, born in Paris in 1782. He was a member of the Institute His principal works are the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, commenced about 1825, and the prison of L?- Roquette, Paris. Died June 12, 1867. Lebas, (Philippe,) a French archaeologist, son of the succeeding, was born in Paris in 1794. He became in 1S20 the preceptor of Louis Napoleon, (late emperor,) returned to France in 1828, and in 1842 was sent on a scientific mission to Greece and Asia Minor. The results of this mission were published by order of the government in his "Antiquarian Journey in Greece and Asia Minor," (" Voyage archeologique en Gr^ce et en Asie Mineure," about 12 vols., 1847 et seq.) Died i86o. Lebas, (Philippe FRANgois,) a French Jacobin, born near Arras in 1765. He became the devoted personal friend and partisan of Robespierre, and voted for the death of the king in the Convention. As the commis- sary of the Convention in the departments of the Rhine, he seconded Saint-Just in the direction of the army, and arrested several generals. At his own request, he was included in the decree against Robespierre on the 9th Thermidor, 1794, and killed himself on the same day. See Thiers, "History of the French Revolution." Lebeau or Le Beau, leh-bo', (Charles,) a learned French historian, born in Paris in 1701. He obtained the chair of eloquence in the College of France in 1752. and was chosen perpetual secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1755. He published Latin verses, ("Car- mina," 3 vols., 1782,) and a "History of the Lower Em- pire from the Time of Constantine the Great," (" liistoire du Bas-Empire en commen^ant a Constantin le Grand," 22 vols. i2mo, 1757-79,) which is a judicious and accu- rate resume of the Byzantine historians, but is faulty in style. Having been left unfinished by Lebeau, it was a, e, i, 6, u, y, long: i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, g, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; m^t; n6t; good; moon; LEBEA U '507 LEBRUN completed by Ameilhon and published In twenty-seven volumes. A revised edition was published by Saint- Martin and Brosset, (21 vols., 1836.) Died in 1778. See Charles F. Dupuis, " Lloge de C. Lebeau," 1779; " Nou- velle Biograpliie G^n^rale ;" " Monthly Review" lor July and August, 1770. Lebeau, (Jean Louis Joseph,) a Belgian minister of state, born at Huy in 1794. He was minister of foreign affairs from April, 1840, to April, 1841. Died in 1865. See L. DH LoMi^NiE, "M. Lebeau, parun Homme de Rien," 1844. Lebedef, l^b'eh-dgf, (Guerasim or Herasim,) a Russian traveller and Orientalist, born in 1749. He passed some years at Madras and Calcutta, and pub- lished a " Grammar of the Pure and Mixed East Indian Dialects," (London, 1801.) Died after 1815. Lebeed, Lebid, or Lebyd, 15b-eed', a popular Ara- bian poet, born about 530 a.d. He had acquired a great reputation when, at the age of ninety, he was converted to Islamisin by Mohammed, whom he followed in his flight to Medina. Under the reign of Omar he settled at Koofah, where he died about 673 a.d., at the extra- ordinary age of one hundred and forty-five. Another account states that he died in 662, aged about ninety. His poems are said to abound in original ideas. See De Sacv, "Notice sur le Poete Lebyd;" D'Hcrbelot, " Bibliothfeque Orientale;" Caussin de Perceval, "Essai sur I'Histoire des Arabes." Leberecht, von, fon la'beh-r§Kt', (Karl,) a German engraver of medals, born at Meiningen in 1749. He settled in Saint Petersburg in 1775, and became in 1800 director of the Russian mint, or Cour des Monnaies. Died in 1827. Le Berriays, leh bi're'i', (Ren^,) a French horticul- turist, born near Avranches in 1722, wrote a valuable "Treatise on Gardens," (2 vols., 1775.) Died in 1807, Lebert, leh'b^R', (Hermann,) a celebrated patholo- gist, born at Breslau, Silesia, June 9, 1S13. He was educated at Berlin and Zurich, where he graduated as M.D. in 1834. During a large part of his career he lived in Paris. He became professor of medicine at Zurich in 1853, and was principal medical professor at Breslau, 1859-74. Most of his writings are in French. The best-known is "Traite d'Anatomie pathologique," (1855-60.) Died at Bex, Switzerland, August i, 1878. Lebeuf, leh-buf, (Jean,) a French antiquary and priest, born at Auxerre in 1687. In 1740 he was chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, for which he wrote many memoirs. He published several dissertations on French history. Died in 1760. Lebid. See Lebeed. Leblanc or Le Blanc, leh-bl3N', (FRANgois,) a French numismatist, born in Dauphine ; died in 1698. Leblanc or Le Blanc, (Jean Bernard,) Abb6, a mediocre French writer, born at Dijon in 1707. He published various works, two of which had a transient popularity, viz., "Abensaid," a tragedy, and "Letters of a Frenchman on the English Nation," (3 vols., 1745.) Died in 1781. Leblanc, (Louis,) a French surgeon, born at Pon- toise, practised at Orleans about 1770. Le Blanc or Leblanc, (Marcel,) a French Jesuit, who was sent to Siam in the reign of Louis XIV. He was taken prisoner by the English, and not released until 1690. He wrote a "History of the Revolutions of Siam," (1692.) Died at Mozambique in 1693. Le Blanc, (Nicolas,) a French chemist, born at Issoudun in 1753, was attached as a surgeon to the household of the Duke of Orleans. He discovered about 1790 a method of obtaining soda from sea-salt, and thus rendered an important service to the industrial arts. Died in 1806. Le Blanc, (Thomas,) a French author, born at Vitry in 1599, vvrote many works for the promotion of religion and morality. Died in 1669. Leblanc de Castillon, leh-bl6N' deh kts'te'yiN', (Jean FRANgois Andr6,) a French magistrate, born at Aix in 1 719, was eminent for his legal knowledge and eloquence. Died in 1800. Leblanc de Gnillet, leh-bl6N' deh ge'yi', (Antoine Blanc,) a French dramatist, born at Marseilles in 1730, He produced, besides other works, two tragedies," Manco Capac," ( 1 763,) and " The Druids," ( 1 772. ) Died in 1 799. Leblond, leh-blAN', (Auguste Savin ien,) a French naturalist and writer, born in Paris in 1760. Among his works is a "Dictionary of Celebrated Men of Antiquity and Modern Times," (2 vols., 1802.) Died in 1811. Leblond or Le Blond, (Gaspard Michel,) a French antiquary and ecclesiastic, born at Caen in 1738, lived in Paris. He was keeper of the Mazarin Library, and a member of the Institute, and wrote several treatises on medals. Died in 1809. Leblond, ( Guillaume, ) a French mathematician, born in Paris in 1704. He was selected in 1751 by Louis XV. to teach mathematics to the princes-royal. He published " Elements of Fortification," " Elements of Tactics," and other works. Died in 1781. Leblond, (Jean Baptiste,) a French naturalist, born at Toulongeon in 1747. He travelled in South America many years between 1767 and 1802, and published "Travels in the Antilles and South America," (1813.) Died in 1815. Leboeuf, leh-buF, (Edmond,) a marshal of France, born at Paris, November 5, 1809. He served in Al- geria, in the Crimea, and in Italy, and became war-min- ister in 1869, and a marshal in 1870. He was one of the persons directly responsible for the Franco-German war of 1870-71, and was both war-minister and chief of staff in the earlier part of that war. As a corps-com- mander under Bazaine, he behaved with great gallantry. Died in 1888. Lebon or Le Bon, leh-bAN', (Jean,) a French medi- cal writer, born in Champagne, was physician to Charles IX. He published numerous works, (1554-76.) Lebon, (Joseph,) a French revolutionist, who ren- dered his name infamous by his cruelties, was born at Arras in 1765. He became a partisan of Robespierre and a member of the Convention in 1793. He was executed in 1795. Lebon, (Philippe,) a French chemist and engineer, born near Joinville in 1769. He is said to have invented the use of gas for illumination. Died in 1804. Lebossu, leh-bo'sii', (Ren6,) a French writer, born in Paris in 163 1. He joined the canons-regular of Saint- Genevieve in 1649, and taught the humanities in various schools. He published a "Treatise on Epic Poetry," (1675,) which was praised by Boileau as one of the best works on poetry that have appeared in the language. Died in 1680. Le Boucq, leh book, (SiMON,) a French antiquary, born at Valenciennes in 1591. He wrote on the history and antiquities of Valenciennes. Died in 1657. Le Bouvier, leh-boo've-i', (Gilles,) a French chroni- cler, born at Bourges in~i386, wrote a "History of Charles VII. of France." Died about 1460. Lebret, la'bR^t or leh-bRi^ (Johann Friedrich,) born in Wiirtemberg in 1732, wrote a " History of Ger- many," (1772,) and other works. Died in 1807. Lebreton or Le Breton, leh-bReh-tN', (AndrA FRANgois,) a French bookseller, born in Paris in 1708, He was the publisher of Diderot's "Encyclopedic," commenced in 1751, and took the liberty to suppress or modify furtively some passages which were offensive to the court and clergy. Diderot was extremely angry when he detected the fact. Died in 1779. Lebreton, (Joachim,) a French littcratmr, born in Bretagne in 1760 ; died at Rio Janeiro in 1819. Lebreton, (Theodore,) a French poet, born at Rouen •n 1803. He was befriended by Beranger and Lamar- tine, and published a collection of ])oems, "Leisure Hours of a Workman," (" Heures de Repos d'un On vrier," 1837.) Died December 12, 1883. Lebrixa, (Antonio de.) See Nebrissensis. Lebrun or Le Brun, leh-bruN', (Anne Charles,) Duke of Piacenza, (Plaisance,) a French general, born in Paris in 1775, was the eldest son of the statesman C. F. Lebrun. He was aide-de-camp of Desaix at Marengo, (1800,) distinguished himself at Jena, (1806,) and became a general of brigade in 1807. He was an aide to Napo- leon at Eylau and Wagram in 1809, and was made a general of division in 1^12. During the Hundred Days he took the field for Napoleon. He inherited the title €as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,guitural; N, nasal; r, hilL-d; s as z: ih as in this. (fl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LEBRUN 1508 LECCHI of duke in 1824. In 1852 he was appointed a senator. Died in 1859. See " Biographic des Membres du S(Jiiat," 1852. Lebrun or Le Brun, (Anioine Louis,) a French poet, born in Paris in 1680, wrote verses in Latin and French. Among his best works is a collection of fables, (1722.) Voltaire imputed to Lebrun the authorship of the satire for which the former was confined in the Bastille. Died in 1743. Lebrun or Le Brun, (Charles,) a celebrated French painter, born in Paris in March, 1619. He was a pupil of Vouet in Paris, and afterwards studied six years with Poussin at Rome. In 1648 he was admitted into the Academy of Painting, and, having acquired a high repu- tation, he became first painter to Louis XIV. in or before 1662. He displayed his genius as a painter, and his ex- traordinary powers of invention, in a series of pictures of the battles of Alexander the Great, which are among his most admired productions. "The Family of Darius" is called his master-piece. He was appointed president of the Royal Academy and director of the Gobelin manufactory, and exercised a sort of dictatorship in the arts for many years. He published a " Treatise on Physiognomy." 'Died in 1690. See FiuBiEN, "Vies des Peintres ;" Charles Blanc, " His- toire des Peintres;" Bavle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary," Lebr\in or Le Brun, (Charles FRANgois,) Duke of Piacenza, a French statesman and author, born in Nor- mandy in 1739. He was versed in ancient and modern languages. He composed many discourses and edicts for his patron Maupeou during his contest with the par- liaments. In 1776 he published an esteemed version of Homer's " Iliad." Elected to the States-General in 1789, he acted with the moderate friends of reform. Lebrun became one of the ablest members of the Coun- cil of Elders in 1796, and was appointed Third Consul by Bonaparte in 1799. Fie enjoyed the confidence of the First Consul, (who afterwards designated him as one of the best writers of France, and a man of strict probity.) He was appointed chief treasurer in 1804, and made Duke of Piacenza (Plaisance) in 1808. In 1810 he was chosen Viceroy or Lieutenant-General of Holland, the throne of which Louis Bonaparte had just resigned. The Dutch were pleased with his modest temper and methodical habits. F"rom 181 1 to 1813 inclusive he was Governor- General of Holland. He published an admired version of Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," and other works. Died in 1824. See Makie du Mesnil, " M^moire sur le Prince Lebrun, Due de Plaisance," 1S28; Thiers, " History of the French Revolution;" " Opinions, Rapports et Choix d'ficrits politiques de C. F. Lebrun," preceded by a "Notice biographique" by his son Charles, 1S28; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Lebrun, (Denis,) a French jurist, became an advo- cate in the Parliament of Paris in 1659 ; died in 1706. Lebrun, leh-bruN', (Francesca, nSe Danzi,) a Ger- man vocalist, born in Mannheim in 1756. As early as 1772 she was engaged in opera at Mannheim, and she subsequently made the tour of the principal European cities, achieving everywhere a brilliant success. Died at Berlin, May 14, 1791. Lebrun, (Jean ]3aptiste Pierre,) a French picture- dealer, critic, and amateur, born in Paris in 1748. He is said to have been the best connoisseur of paintings in Europe. His wife, in her " Souvenirs," says he ruined her fortune by his passion for gaming and other vices. They lived separately many years. Died in 1813. He published a " Gallery of Flemish, Dutch, and German Painters," containing two hundred plates. Lebrun, leh-bruw', (Karl August,) born at Halber- Stadt, in Germany, in 1792, acquired celebrity as an actor, and wrote several successful drainas. Died in 1842. Lebrun, Madame, {nie Marie Louise Elisabeth Vig^e — ve'zhk',) a French lady, eminent for her beauty and her skill as a portrait-painter, was born in 1755. In 1776 she was married to J. B. P. Lebrun, a painter and dealer in pictures. She became a fashionable artist, and was welcomed in aristocratic society as an accomplished woman. Between 1779 and 1789 she painted several portraits of Marie Antoinette. Her soirees were thronged with people of rank and celebrity. After her return to Paris, in 1801, she painted Lord Byron, Madame de Stael, etc. In 1835 she published well-written "Souvenirs" of her life. The number of her portraits is over six hundred. Died in 1842. See the " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1837. Lebrun, ( Pierre, ) a French theologian, born at Brignolles in 1661, was professor in several colleges. He wrote, among other works, a "Critical History ot Superstitious Practices which have seduced the People," (1702.) Died in 1729. Lebrun, (Pierre,) a French lawyer, born at Mon*-- pellier in 1761. He wrote agreeable verses, and was the author of the version of Horace's " Ars Poelica" published by Count Daru, who was his brother-in-law. Died in 1810. Lebrun, (Pierre Antoine,) a popular French lyric and dramatic poet, born in Paris in 1785. In 1805 he received a pension for his " Ode to the Grand Army." His tragedy " Ulysses" was received with favour in 1814. After the restoration he produced " Joan of Arc" and other odes, and a poem on the death of Napoleon, (1821,) which was much admired. His drama "Marie Stuart" (1820) had a great success, and is called his capital work. In 1828 he was elected to the French Academy in place of Fran5ois de Neufchateau. From 1831 to 1848 he was director of the royal printing-estab- lishment, and in 1839 he was admitted to the Chamber of Peers. He became a senator in 1853, and a grand otiicer of the legion of honour in 1868. Died May 27, 1873- Lebruu, (Pierre Henri H^l^ne Marie Tondu,) a French Girondist, born at Noyon in 1763. He was ap- pointed minister of foreign affairs in August, 1792, and was executed in 1793. Lebrun, ( Ponce Denis £couchard, ) a popular French lyric poet, born in Paris in 1729, was called Le- brun Pindare, (piN'dtR',) or the French Pindar, In early life he began a poem on Nature, which was never finished. He composed a number of beautiful odes before the Revolution, and during the Republic favoured the popular cause. He was patronized by the Conven- tion, and afterwards by Napoleon, who in 1801 granted him a pension of 6000 francs. In 1803 he produced a National Ode on the prospective invasion of England. "Although he excelled in epigram," says Marie J. Che- nier, "and though he displayed remarkable beauties in poems which he left unfinished, he will owe chiefly to his odes his durable reputation, and will pass to pos- terity as one of the three great French lyric poets."* La Harpe judged him less favourably. He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1807. Lebrun de Charmettes, leh-bRuN' deh shlR'mSt', (Philippe Alexandre,) a French poet and historian, born at Bordeaux in 1785. Among his works are a "History of Joan of ^rc," (4 vols., 1817,) and "L'Orle- anide," a poem, (2 vols., 1819.) Lecamus. See Camus, Le, (Antoine and Etienne.) Lecanu, leh-kt'nii', (Louis Ren6,) 5 French chemist, born in 1800, published numerous works. Died 1871. Lecat, leh'kS', (Claude Nicolas,) an eminent French surgeon, born in Picardy in 1700. He settled about 1733 at Rouen, where he lectured on anatomy and practised with success. In 1744 he founded a Royal Academy at Rouen. He was a skilful lithotomist, and published several treatises on that branch of surgery. He wrote a "Treatise on the Senses," (1740,) and other professional works. Died in 1768. See L. A. Valentin, " filoge de Lecat," 1769 : Monfalcon, m the "Biographie Mi^dicale ;" Haller, " Bibliotheca Chirurgica:' "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lecchi, lek'kee, (Giovanni Antonio,) an Italian mathematician, born at Milan in 1702. He obtained in 1739 the chair of mathematics in Pavia, where he taught with great success for twenty years. Pie was afterwards appointed by Maria Theresa mathematician of the court at Vienna. He published, besides other works, "Ele- ments of Geometry," (1753,) a "Theory of Light, including Optics," (1759,) and a "Treatise on Hydrostatics," (1765.) Died in 1776. See TiPALDO, " Biogmfia degli Italian! illustri." • J. B. Rousseau and Malherbe being the other two. a. e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, iix; mkv, n6t; g(30d; niooti; LECENE 1509 LECLUSE Lecene, !eh-sin', (Charles,) a learned French Prot- estant theologian, born at Caen about 1647. He retired to Holland in 1685, and afterwards to London, where he attempted to found an Arminian church, but failed, because he was suspected of holding Socinian views. He made a French translation of the Bible, (1741,) which deviates too much from the literal sense, and wrote several works on theology. Died in London in 1 703. Lechevalier or Le Chevalier, leh sheh-vt'le-i', (Jkan Bapi'ISTE,) a French traveller and savant, born near Coutances in 1752. In 1784 he went to the Levant as secretary of Choiseul-GoufHer, ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, and made diligent researches in the plain of Troy, which attest the accuracy of Homer's descriptions. He published his " Voyage de la Troade," (1798 or 1800,) and a "Voyage to the Propontis and the Euxine," (1800.) Died July 2, 1836. Leck'y, (William Edward Hartpole,) a British philosopher, born near Dublin, March 26, 1838. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1859. He pub- lished in 1865 a " History of the Rise and Infiuence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," (London, 2 vols.) " We closed them," says the " Edinburgh Review," (April, 1865,) "with the conviction that Mr. Lecky is one of the rriost accomplished writers and one of the most ingenious thinkers of the time." He also wrote a " History of European Morals, from Augustus to Charlemagne," (1869,) "The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland," published anonymously in 1861 and repub- lished in 1871-72, and " History of England in the Eigh- teenth Century," (vols. i. and ii., 1878, iii. and iv., 1882.) Le Clair, leh-kleR', (Jean Marie,) a French violinist and composer, born at Lyons in 1697. He began life as a ballet-master, but was induced by the famous Somis to take up the violin, and his compositions for that in- strument enjoy a high reputation. He was assassinated at Paris, October 22, 1764. Le Clear, (Thomas,) an American portrait-painter, born in Oswego county. New York, March il, 1818. He was chosen to the National .'\cademy in 1863. Died at Rutherford Park, New Jersey, November 26, 1882. Leclerc or Le Clerc, leh-klaiR', (Daniel,) a Swiss physician, born at Geneva in 1652, was a brother of Jean the eminent critic. He practised with distinction in Geneva, became a counsellor of the republic, and published, besides some other works, a "Complete Surgery," (1695,) and a "History of Medicine," (1696,) which was translated into English. Died in 1728. Leclerc, (David,) a Swiss Protestant theologian, born at Geneva in 1591 ; died in 1654. Leclerc, (David,) a skilful Swiss portrait-painter, born at Berne in 1680, worked many years in Frankfort, and painted portraits in oil and miniature of numerous German princes. Died in 1738. Leclerc, leh-klaiR', (Gabriel,) a French physician, practised in Paris. He became physician-in-ordinary to Louis XIV., and published between 1694 and 1706 several professional works, one of which is entitled "Convenient Medicine," ("La Medecine aisee.") Leclerc, [Lat. Cler'icus,] (Jean,) an eminent Swiss critic and divine, born at Geneva in 1657. He became a champion of Arminianism, and removed to Holland in 1683. After preaching for a short time in the church of the Remonstrants in Amsterdam, he obtained in that city the chair of philosophy and Hebrew, which he retained until his death. In 1686 he commenced the " Biblio- theque Universelle," the first of those three celebrated series of reviews to which he owes much of his fame, and which was issued monthly until 1693. It was fol- kiwed by the "Bibliotheque Choisie," (1703-13,) and the 'Bibliotheque ancienne et moderne," (1714-27.) "These journals," says Hallam, "enjoyed an extraordinary in- fluence over Europe, and deserved to enjoy it. . . . He is generally temperate and judicious, and displays a very extensive erudition." ("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") He published many other valuable works, among which are "Ars Critica," (2 vols., 1696,) "Par- rhasiana," (2 vols., 1699-1701,) and a "Commentary on the Bible." Died in 1736. See J. Clerici, "Vila et Opera ad Annum 171 1 Amici ejus Opus- culum." Leclerc, (Jean Baptistb:,) a French legislator and writer, born at Angers in 1756. He was a member of the Convention, (1792-95,) and of the Council of Five Hundred, (1795-99.) He wrote "Pastoral Poems." (1786,) and other literary works. Died in 1826 See " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Leclerc, (Jean Louis.) See Buffon. Leclerc, (Joseph Victor,) a French classical scholar, was born in Paris in 1 789. He obtained the chair of Latin eloquence at the Faculty of Letters in 1824, and was ad- mitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1834. Ho published, besides some original works, "The Thoughts (if Plato," in Greek and French, (1818,) and "The Cora plete Works of Cicero," with a French version, (30 vols., 1821-25.) I^i^d November 12, 1865. Leclerc, (Laurent,) a French priest, born in Paris in 1677, was a son of Sebastien Leclerc the engraver. He published, besides other works, "A Critical Letter on Bayle's Dictionary." Died in 1736. Leclerc, (Michel,) a French poet and advocate, born at Albi in 1622. His principal work is "Virginia the Roman Girl," (" Virginie Romaine," a tragedy, 1645.) He was a member of the French Academy. Died in 1691. Leclerc, (Nicolas Gabriel.) See Clerc. Leclerc, (Oscar,) known as Leclerc ThoUin, an agriculturist, born in Paris in 1798, was a son of Jean Baptiste, noticed above, and a nephew of Andre Thoiiin. He published treatises on agriculture. Died in 1845. Leclerc, (Sebastien,) a skilful French designer and engraver, born at Metz in 1637, removed to Paris in 1665. In 1672 he was chosen professor of perspective in the Academy of Painting. His works were nearly all designed by himself. Louis XIV. appointed him engraver of his cabinet and professor in the £cole des Gobelins. Leclerc published a "System of Vision," (" Systeme sur la Vision," 1679,) and an esteemed treat- ise on Architecture, (1714.) Died in 1714. See Vallemont, " Eloge de M. Leclerc Dessinateur,"etc., 1715; QuERARD, "La France Litt^raire." Leclerc or Le Clerc, (S6bastien,) a good his- torical painter, born in Paris about 1684, was a son of the preceding. He was chosen a member of the Royal Academy about 1704. Died about 1765. Leclerc or Le Clerc, (Victor Emmanuel,) a French general, born at Pontoise in 1772. He served at the siege of Toulon, (1793,) where he formed a friendship with Bonaparte, and distinguished himself in the Italian cam- paign of 1796. He followed Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, and promoted the success of the coup d'etat of i8th Bru- maire, 1799. Soon after this event he married Pauline Bonaparte, with the consent of her brother, the First Consul, who in 1801 gave him command of a large armament (35,000 men) sent to subjugate the revolted negroes of Hayti. He obtained some successes, and sent Toussaint L'Ouverture as a captive to France ; but his army was wasted by the yellow fever, of which he died in November, 1802. See Thiers, "History of the French Revolution," and "His- tory of the Consulate and the Empire ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Leclerc des Essarts, leh-klaiR' di zi'stR', (Louis Nicolas Marin,) a French general, brother of the pre- ceding, was born at Pontoise in 1770. For his services at Eckmiihl, Wagram, etc., in 1809, he received the title of count. He commanded a division in Russia in 1812, where he distinguished himself by his courage and skill. Died in 1820. See "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Leclercq or Le Clercq, leh-kl^Rk', (ChriStien,) a French missionary, born in Artois about 1630. In 1655 he was sent to Canada, where he laboured many years. After his return to France he published "The History of the French Colonies in New France, and of Lasalle's Expedition to Explore the Mississippi," (1691.) Leclerq, (Michel Theodore,) a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1777. He published "Dramatic Pro- verbs," (4 vols., 1823-26,) which were very popular. Died in 1851. Lecluse or L'^cluse, de, deh li'kliiz', written also « as.^." 9as j; ghard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; #h asin/Ziw. (2[^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LECLUSE LECTIUS LlJscluse, (Chari.es,) ll.at. Car'olus Clu'sius.J a savant, who made important contributions to the science of botany, was born at Arras in 1526. He studied at Louvain, Wittenberg, and Montpeilier. At the last-named place he graduated as physician in 1555. After travelling many years in France, Spain, etc., for botanical informa- tion, he was director of the emperor's garden at Vienna from 1573 to 1587. He published, in Latin, a "Descrip- tion of the Rare Plants of Spain," (1576,) and a "De- scription of the Rare Plants of Austria," (1583,) both of which were afterwards united in his " Rariorum Plan- tarum Historia," ("History of the Rarer Plants," 1601,) with figures. In 1593 he became professor of botany at Leyden, where he died in 1609. He was endowed with a great memory and a rare sagacity, and excelled in description. He left a work on foreign animals and plants, entitled " Exoticorum Libri Decern, quibus Ani- malium, Plantarum, Aromatumque Historiae describun- tur," (1605.) See Haller, " Bibliotheca RD'anica ;" NicfeoN, " M^moires ;" fitOY, " Dictionnaire de la Midecine;" Morren, "Ala M^moire de C. de L'Escluse, un des P^res de la Botanique," etc., Liege, 1853. L6cluse, de, (Fleury,) a French Hellenist, born in Paris in 1774. Among his works is a " History of Greek and Latin Literature," (2 vols., 1837.) Died in 1845. Lecocq, leh-kok', (Alexa.ndre Charle.s,) a French musical composer, born in Paris, June 3, 1832. In 1857 he entered a competition to produce the music for an operetta, " Le Docteur Mirade," and was bracketed with Bizet. Other operettas followed ; but his first real suc- cess was gained in 1868 with " Fleur de The." Since that time he has been one of the favourite French com- posers of light, gay, and brilliant music, and has pro- duced a number of comic operas, the best-known of which are "La Fille de Madame Angot," (1872,) "Giro- fle-Girofla," (1874,) and "La Marjolaine," (1877.) Lecointe. See Cointe, Le. Lecointe-Puiraveau, leh-kwiNt' pu-e'rt'vo', (Mi- chel Mathieu,) a French legislator, born at Saint- Maixent about 1750, was an active member of the Con- vention, (1792-95.) Died in 1825. Lecointre, leh-kwiNtR', (Laurent,) a French regi- cide. He voted for the death of the king in the Con- vention, and instigated the execution of the queen. Died in 1805. Lecointe or Le Comte, leh-k6Nt'', (F6lix,) a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1737, was a pupil of Falconet. He was received as Academician in 1771. By order of the king, he executed statues of Fenelon and Rollin. He is classed in the second rank of French sculptors. Died in 1817. Lecomte, (Jules,) an able French litterateur, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1812. He edited several journals, and published "Letters on French Authors," (1837,) a "History of the Revolution of 1848," {1850,) and "The English Pontoons," (" Les Pontons Anglais," a maritime novel, 5 vols., 1850-52.) Died in 1S64. Lecomte, (Louls,) a French Jesuit, born at Bor- deaux, was one of six mathematicians sent as mission- aries to China in 1685. He laboured some years in the mission of Shensee, (Chensi,) and, having returned to France, published in 1696 "Memoirs on the Present State of China," which was censured by the Faculty of Theology. Died in 1729. Lecoiite, leh-k6Nt', [Lat. Con'tius,] (Antoine,) a French jurist, born at Noyon, was a cousin-german of Calvin, but an opponent of his doctrines. He lectured on law at Orleans and Bourges, and left several legal works. Died in 1586. Le Conte, le-k6nt, (John,) an American naturalist, and officer in the corps of United States engineers, was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1784. He pub- lished "Descriptions of the Species of North American Tortoises," "Monographs of the North American Spe- cies of Utricularia," etc., and other works. Died in 1861. Leconte, (John L.,) M.D., a son of the preceding, born in New York in 1825, was a distinguishecf entomol- ogist. He published numerous treatises, etc., on ento- mology, among which is one " On the Classification of the Carabidse of the United States." Died Nov. 15, 1883. Leconte, (John,) M.D., an American naturalist and physician, born in Liberty county, Georgia, in 1818. He became in 1856 professor of natural and mechanical philosophy in South Carolina College, and in 1869 pro- fessor in the University of California. D. April 30, 1891. Leconte, (Joseph,) M.D., brother of the preceding, was born in Liberty county, Georgia, in 1823. From 1856 to 1859 he was professor of chemistry and geology in South Carolina College, and in 1869 he became pro fessor of geology and natural history in the University of California. Besides several works on education and the fine arts, he wrote a work on " The Mutual Relations of Religion and Science," and papers on "The Agency of the Gulf Stream in the Formation of the Peninsula of Florida," on " The Correlation of Vital Force with Chemical and Physical Forces," on " The Phenomena of Binocular Vision," on "The Ancient Glaciers of the Sierras," on " The Great Lava-Flood of the Northwest," and on "The Structure and Age of the Cascade Moun- tains." Leconte de Lisle, leh-k5Nt' deh \h\, (Charles Marie,) a French poet, born in the Isle of Bourbon in 1820. He produced " Poemes antiques," (1852,) " Poesies nouvelles," (1854,) and "Poemes barbares," (1862,) be- sides translations of classic authors. Le Conte, (Lewis,) M.D., an American scientist, born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, August 4, 1782. He graduated at Columbia College in 1799, and became a resident of Georgia- He was eminent as a chemist, zoologist, botanist, and mathematician. Died January 9, 1838. Lecoq or Le Coq, leh-kok', (Henri,) a French nat- uralist, born at Avesnes (Nord) in 1S02. He wrote treatises on geology, chemistry, and botany. His most important work is " Studies on the Botanical Geography of Europe," (7 vols., 1854-57.) Died August 4, 1871. Le Coq, (Thomas,) a beneficed cleric of Falaise, in Normandy, who in 1580 produced "Cain," a play or mystery of unusual merits. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, leh-kok' deh bwi'bo'dR5N', (Paul Emile FRANgois,) a French chemist, born at Cognac, in 1838, of a Protestant family. Possessed of great wealth, he devoted himself to chemical researches. He discovered the metal "gallium," and named it with a double reference to his country (Latin "Gallia") and to his own name, (Lecoq, in Latin "Gallus.") He published " Spectres lumineux. Spectres prismatiques," (1874,) etc. Lecoq, von, fon leh-kok', (Karl Christian Erd- MANN Edler.) an able German general, born at Toigr.i in 1767. He fought for the French at Wagram in 1S09, and commanded a division of Saxon troops in the Rus- sian campaign of 1812. After 1815 he received the chief command of the Saxon army. Died in 1830. Le Courayer or Le Courrayer. See Courayer, I e. Lecourbe or Le Courbe, leh-kooRb', (Claude Joseph,) a French general, born at Lons-le-Saulnier in 1760. In 1799 he defeated the Austrians in Switzerland. Having been selected by Moreau to command the right wing of his army in 1800, he distinguished himself at Hochstadt and other places. On account of his attach- ment to Moreau, he was deprived of command in 1804- Died in 1815. Lecouvreur or Le Couvreur, leh-koov'rUR', (Adri- ENNE,) a popular French actress, born near fipernay about 1690. She excelled in tragedy, and was a great favourite in Paris from 171 7 until her death. Voltaire and other poets offered poetical homage to her talents. Died in 1730. See Sainte-Beuve, "Causeries du Lundi." Lect, l§kt, [Lat. Lec'tius,] (Jacques,) a learned Swiss jurisconsult, born in 1560, at Geneva. He obtained a chair of law in that city in 1583, and the next year was chosen a member of the council of state. In the critical times which followed he showed firmness and ability. He wrote several legal works, an edition of" Poetae Graeci veteres Carminis heroici Scriptores," (1606,) and short Latin poems, "Poemata Varia," (1609.) Died in 1611. LectiuB. See T ect. a, e, 1, o, u, y, long: k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, s/tort; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, f^t; mSt; n&t; good; moon; LECURIEUX 1511 LED YARD Lecurieux, leh-ku're'uh',( Jacques Joseph,) a French historical painter, born at Dijon in 1801. Among his works are "Saint Louis at Daniietta," and "Mary of IJurgundy." Le'd?, [Gr. A^f5a,] the wife of Tyndareus, King of Sparta, and mother of Castor, Pollux, Helen, and Cly- temnestra. According to the popular legend, two of these were the offspring of Jupiter, who, when he visited Leda, assumed the form of a swan. Le Dain, leh dix, (Olivier,) a Flemish barber, who became a favourite of Louis XL of France. He was hung by Charles VHI. in 1484. Ledebour, von, fon laMeh-booR',(KARL Friedrich,) an eminent German botanist, born at Stralsund in 1785. He was professor of botany at Dorpat from 181 1 to 1836, and, after a journey to the Altai Mountains, published " Flora Altaica," (4 vols., 1829-34.) His " Flora Rossica" (3 vols., 1842-51) is regarded as the best work that has appeared on the flora of Russia. He also published " Illustrations of New Russian Plants, in five hundred coloured plates," (5 vols., 1829-34.) Died in 1851. Ledebur, von, fon la'deh-booR', (Leotold Karl WiLHELM August,) a German writer, born at Berlin in 1799, published a number of geographical, historical, and antiquarian works. Died November 17, 1877. Ledeganck, la'deh-gSnk, (Karel,) a Belgian poet of remarkable talents, born in 1S05 ; died in 1847. Lederlin, leh-d§R'liN', (Jean Henri,) a French philologist, born at Strasburg in 1672. He published editions of the "Onomasticon," by Pollux, of /Elian's History, (1713,) and of other works. Died in 1737. Ledermiiller, la'der-mul'ler, (Martin Frobenius,) a German, distinguished for his researches with the micro- scope, was born at Nuremberg in 17 19. He published " Microscopic Studies," (1759,) and " Microscopic Amuse- ments," ("Mikroskopische Gemiiths- und Augenergot- zen," 3 vols., 1760-64,) often reprinted. Died in 1769. Ledesma, de, di li-Des'm^, (A1.0NZ0,) a Spanish poet, born at Segovia in 1552. He was a disciple of Gongora, and, notwithstanding the obscurity and othei defects of his poetry, acquired a high reputation. Lope de Vega, in his "Laurel d'Apollo," mentions him in favourable terms. He published "Spiritual Thoughts," ("Conceptos Espirituales," 1600-16,) and other poems. Died in 1623. See TiCKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Ledesma, de, (Jos6,) a Spanish painter, born at Bur- gos in 1630; died in 1670. Ledieu, leh-de-uh', (FRANgois,) Abb6, a French ecclesiastic, born at Peronne, was private secretary to the celebrated Bossuet, Bishop \of Meaux. He wrote " Memoirs of the Life and Works of Bossuet," (4 vols., 1856.) Died in 1713. Ledochowski, iSd'o-Kov'ske, (Miecislas Halka,) Cardinal and Count, a Polish prelate, born of a noble family at Gork, October 29, 1822. He studied at War- saw, entered the Lazarist order, and finished his studies at Vienna and Rome, where he became a domestic prel- ate and prothonotary to Pius IX. and was attached to several foreign nunciatures. In 1861 he was appointed Archbishop of Thebes and nuncio to Belgium, and in 1866 became Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen and Primate of Poland. For his strenuous resistance to the German laws interfering with church liberty he was imprisoned, 1874-76, and was heavily fined, and then banished. In 1875 he was created a cardinal-priest. In 1884 he resigned the episcopate. Ledoux, leh-doo', (Claude Nicolas,) a French architect, born at Dormans in 1736. The most remark- able monuments of his invention are the Barrieres of Paris. He published a "Treatise on Architecture." Died in 1806. Ledran, leh-dRfiN', (PIenri Franqois,) an eminent French surgeon, born in Paris in 1685, became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He wrote, besides other professional works, a "Treatise on Lithotomy," (1730,) "Observations on Surgery," (1731,) and "Practical Re- flections on Gunshot Wounds," (1737.) Died in 1770. Ledru, leh-dRii', (Andr6 Pierre,) a French priest and naturalist, born in Maine in 1761, was employed as botanist in Baudin's expedition to the Canaries and the Antilles in 1796. He wrote several works. Died about 1825. Ledru, (Nicolas Philippe,) a French experimentei in natural philosophy, born in Paris in 1731, was a grandfather of Ledru-Rollin. He made discoveries in magnetism. Died in 1807. Ledru-Rollin, le-dru' roKlin or leh-dRii' ro'liN', (Alexandre Auguste,) a distinguished French socialist and radical republican, born in Paris in 1808. His family name was Ledru, to which he added that of RoUin. He became an advocate about 1830, and was employed as counsel for the defence in many political trials between 1832 and 1848. In 1841 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies by the voters of Mans, and became the chief orator of the extreme gauche, or ultra-democrats. As a tribune and popular agitator he was distinguished for his audacity and vehemence, but had not much influence in the Chamber. He founded " La Reforme," a political journal, and took a prominent part at the reform ban- quets of 1847. During the Revolution of February, 1848, he entered the Chamber when the regency of the Duchess of Or- leans was under discussion. By the exertion of great physical force he occupied the tribune, and, amidst the violent tumult, spoke against the regency. He was chosen by acclamation as a member of the provisional govern- ment, and became minister of the interior. (See Lamar riNE.) His measures in this capacity were not approved by the majority of his colleagues. He was censured for an attempt to proscribe the defeated party ; but he is said to have saved the government from the violence of the insurgents on the i6th of April. At the election of five members of the executive commission by the Assembly in May, he was the lowest of the successful candidates, receiving four hundred and fifty-eight votes out of about eight hundred. He owed this election to the influence of Lamartine. He lost his popularity with the masses, and retired from power in June, 1848, when Cavaignac became dictator. In December, 1848, Ledru-Rollin re- ceived only 370,119 votes for president, having failed to obtain the support of the socialists. He was the chief of the "Mountain" in the Assemblies of 1848 and 1849, to the latter of which he was elected by five departments, and made eloquent speeches against the government. In June, 1849, he demanded the impeachment of the president, and, when this was refused, called on his partisans to rise in arms. The few who obeyed this call were quickly dispersed by the troops, and Ledru-Rollin escaped to England, where he remained many years. In his absence he was condemned to deportation. He pub- lished a book "On the Decline of England," (2 vols., 1850,) and united with Kossuth and Mazzini to form a revolutionary committee for the promotion of the demo- cratic cause in Europe. Among his publications is " French Jurisprudence," etc., (" Jurisprudence Fran- 9aise, ou Repertoire du Journal du Palais," 8 vols., 1843-48.) Availing himself of the general amnesty, he returned to France in 1870. Died December 31, 1874. See N. Gallois, " Vie politique de Ledru-Rollin." 1850: " Black- wood's Magazine" for August, 1850 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Gini- rale." Leduc or Le Due, leh-diik', (Jan,) a Dutch paintei and engraver, born at the Hague about 1638, was a pupil and skilful imitator of Paul Potter. He painted interiors, guard-rooms, robbers, etc. About 1671 he entered the army, in which he obtained the rank of captain, and abandoned his art. Led'wich, (Edward,) an Irish antiquary, born in 1739, became vicar of Aghaboe. He published a valu- able work entitled "The Antiquities of Ireland," (1794,) and a few other treatises. He offended many of his countrymen by denying the truth of the legend of Saint Patrick. Died in 1823. Led'yard, (John,) a celebrated American traveller, born at Groton, in Connecticut, in 1751. At an early age he took passage as a common sailor on a vessel bound for Gibraltar, and thence repaired to London, where in 1776 he set sail with Captain Cook on his third voyage around the world. After his return, in 1780, he ■e as k; 9 as s; g hard: g as_/; G, H, K, guttural; n, nasal; R, (rilled: s as z; th as in this. ( ee Explanations, p. 23. ) LEDYARD 1512 LEE published a journal of the voyage, including an account of the circumstances attending the death of Captain Cook. Having projected an expedition to the Arctic regions, he set out in 1786, and, after a journey of great hardships, he arrived at Irkootsk in January, 1787. Here he was arrested as a spy by order of the empress, and forbidden again to enter Russia. He ne.xt went to Lon- don, where he was most kindly received by Sir Joseph Banks, and in June, 1788, under the ])atronage of the African Association, set out on a voyage of discovery to Central Africa. He reached Cairo in August, but, while making prej^arations for his journey, was attacked by a fever, of which he died. The news of his death was heard with deep regret by his friends in England, who had formed the highest opinion of his qualifica- tions for the arduous task of African exploration. He was described by Mr. Eeaufoy, secretary of the African Association, as "adventurous beyond the conception of ordinary men, yet wary and considerate, and appeared to be formed by nature for achievements of hardihood and peril." See Sparks. "Lite of Ledyard," in his "American Biography;" "Pursuit ol Kiiovviedi;e under Difficulties," vol. ii. ; "Quarterly Re- view' tor July, 182S, (by Southev ;) " North American Review" for October, 1S28 ; Cleveland, "Compendium of American Litera- ture." Ledyard, (William,) Colon?:l, an American officer, born in Connecticut about 1750, commanded at Fort Griswold during the attack made by the British in 1 781. He was brutally stabbed by the English commander. Major Bromfield, after he had delivered up to him his sword. He was an uncle of the distinguished traveller John Ledyard. Lee, (.Alfred.) an American theologian, born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1807, was consecrated Protestaiit Episcopal Bishop of Delaware in 1841. He published a " Life of the Apostle Peter," and a " Life of Saint John." In 1S84 he became presiding bishop of his church. Died April 12, 1887. Lee, (Anne,) founder of the sect called Shakers, was born at Manchester, in England, in 1735. Having re- moved to America, she settled near Albany, New York where she gathered a number of proselytes around her She taught many strange doctrines, — among others, that all marriage is sinful, and is to be shunned under all circumstances. She was usually styled by her fol- lowers "Mother Anne." She died in 1784. Among the ))rincipal settlements made by her followers are those at New Lebanon, near Albany, and at Harvard, Massa- chusetts. See Allen's "American Biographical Dictionary." Lee, (Arthur,) an American statesman and revolu- tionist, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1740, was a brother of Richard Henry Lee. He studied medi- cine in Edinburgh, and subsequently became a student of law in London. He there published a number of eloquent political essays, under the name of "Junius Americanus," in which he advocated the cause of the American people. He was sent as minister to France in 1776; and, in conjunction with Franklin and Deane, he negotiated a treaty with the French. He was recalled in 1779. After his return he was elected to Congress in 1782, and was subsequently made a counsellor of the supreme court of the United States, and a member of the board of treasury, (1784.) He was never married He was a good classical scholar, and an intimate friend of Sir William Jones. Died in 1792. See R. H. Lee, "Life of Arthur Lee," 2 vols., 1829; "North American Review" for April, 1830 ; " Encyclopedia Americana." I,ee, (Charles,) adistinguished officer in the American Revolutionary war, was a native of Wales. Having served for a time in the British army, he removed to America. He was appointed major-general by Congress in June, 1775. In 1776 he was appointed to the chief command ^f the Southern colonies. He was surprised and taken [irisoner by the English while marching through New Jersey to join Washington in Pennsylvania, (December, 1776;) but after the surrender of Burgoyne, in October, 1777, he was exchanged. Having disobeyed General Washington's orders at the battle of Monmouth, in 1778, he was tried by a court-martial, and suspended from service for a year. Died in 1782. General Lee was the author of several political works. See "Encyclopaedia Americana." Lee, (Edward,) an English prelate, born in Kent in 1482. He became chaplain of Henry VHL, who em- ployed him in several diplomatic missions. In 1529 he was sent to Rome to negotiate for the divorce of the king, and in 153 1 was appointed Archbishop of York. He opposed the doctrines of Luther, but favoured the innovations which Henry VIII. made in the Church. He wrote " Epicedia Clarorum Virorum," and other works in Latin. Died in 1544. Lee, (Eleanor Percy,') an American poetess, born near Natchez, Mississippi, June 16, 1817. Her maiden name was Ware. With her sister, Mrs. C. A. Warfield, (q. v.,) she published a volume of poems in 1843. Died October 14, 1849. Lee, ( Eliza Buckminster, ) an American writer, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Buckminster, was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Among her principal works are " Sketches of a New England Village," and " Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago." She also translated the "Life of Jean Paul Richter," and other books, from the German. Died June 22, 1864. Lee, (FiTZ-HuGH,) an American general, a nephew of General Robert E. Lee, a grandson of Henry (" Light- Horse Harry") Lee, of Revolutionary fame, and a great- grandson (on his mother's side) of George Mason the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, was born in Vir- ginia in 1835. He graduated at West Point in 1856, and at the outbreak of the civil war became general of cavalry in the Confederate army. He was elected Governor of Virginia in 18S5. Lee, (Francis Lightfoot,) an American statesman snd patriot, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in October, 1734, was a younger brother of Richard Henry Lee. He inherited a large estate, and married a daugh- ter of Colonel John Tayloe in 1772. He was elected to the General Congress in 1775, and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Having been re-elected, he continued to serve in Congress until 1779. He was too diffident to gain distinction as a debater, but took an active part in legislative business. Died without issue, at Richmond, in 1797. He was eminent for conversa- tional powers, and was a general favourite in society. Lee, ('Frederick George,) D.D., D.C.L., an English divine, born at Thame, Oxfordshire, January 6, 1832. He graduated at Saint Edmund's Hail, Oxford, with high honours, studied divinity at Cuddesden College, and re- ceived priest's orders in the Established Church in 1856. He is a High Churchman of the extremest school. He has published several volumes of religious poetry, and a large number of devotional and theological books and brochures. Lee, (Frederick Richard,) a popular English land- scape-painter, born at Barnstaple about 1800. He began to exhibit at the Royal Academy about 1S24, and was chosen an Academician in 1838. He is most successful in river-scenery and in landscapes where trees are promi- nent objects. Among his works are "The Mill," "The Storm on the Lake," "The Avenue of Shobrooke Park,' " The Bay of Biscay," etc. Died at Cape Town, June 4, 1879. Lee, (George Alexander,) an English vocalist, manager, and musical composer, born in London in 1S02. In 1825 he appeared as a tenor-singer at the Dublin Theatre, and in 1826 at the Ilaymarket Theatre in London. He was successively manager of several London theatres. He comjjosed music for many dra- matic pieces, and also produced songs and ballads that were popular in their day. Died in 1S51. Lee, (George Washington Custis,) a son of General Robert E. Lee, was born at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, September 16, 1S32. He graduated at West Point Mil- itary Academy in 1854, served, 1S54-61, in the United States army, and, 1S61-65, in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, attaining the rank of general. He was professor of military engineering at the Virginia Military Institute, 1865-71, and in 1871 was chosen president of Washington and Lee University. a, e, i, o, u, y, /<'«;■■,• A, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, 1'l, y, s/ior(; a, e, j, g, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon. LEE LEE Lee, (Hannah F.,) an American novelist and mis- cellaneous writer, born at Newburynort, Massachusetts. Her "Three Experiments of Living," published in 1838, passed through numerous editions both in America and Europe. Among her works are " tjrace Seymour," "Eleanor Fulton," "Luther and his Times," and a "History of Sculpture and Sculptors." Died in 1865. Lee, (Harriet,) an English writer of fiction, was born in London in 1756. In partnership with her sister Sophia, she taught school for many years (1780-1803) at Bath. After publishing "Clara Lennox" and other novels, which are now neglected, she produced between 1797 and 1805 five volumes of the "Canterbury Tales," which were very successful. Diedini85i. Lord Byron, referring to " Kruitzner" in Lee's " Canterbury Tales," (from which he took the subject of his " Werner,") says, " I am not sure it ever was very popular ; . . . but I have generally found that those who had read it agreed with me in their estimate of the singular jjower of mind and conception which it develops. . . , Amongst those whose opinions agreed with mine upon this story I could mention some very high names." (See Preface to the tragedy of " Werner.") Lee, (Henry,) an eminent American general, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in January, 1756. His father, Henry Lee, was a first-cousin of Richard Henry Lee. He became a captain of cavalry in 1776, joined the main army in September, 1777, and performed several daring exploits. He captured a British fort at Paulus Hook in July, 1779. He was raised to the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel about 1780, after which year he served in the army of General Greene as an officer of cavalry. He rendered important services at Guilford Court-House, March, 1781, and at the attack on Fort Ninety-Six. His legion of cavalry also contributed to the victory at Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781. He was appointed a dele- gate to the General Congress in 1786, and was elected Governor of Virginia in 1791 or 1792. He was again a member of Congress in 1799, and was selected by Con- gress to pronounce a eulogy on Washington, whom he characterized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." He wrote about the yeai 1809 valuable "Memoirs of the War in the Southern States." In 1814 he was severely injured by a Baltimore mob, against which he fought to defend a printing-office and editor. He never recovered from this injury, and died in Georgia in March, 1818, leaving four sons, — Henry, Charles C, Robert E., (the famous general,) and Sidney Smith. He was often called Light -Horse Harry. In a letter to Henry Lee, General Greene wrote, "Everybody knows I have tlie highest opinion oi you as an officer. . . . No man in the progress of the campaign had equal merit with yourself." See DuvcKiNCK, " Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. i. ; " Encyclopedia Americana." Lee, (Henry Washington,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer- ican bishop, born at Hamden, Connecticut, July 24, 1S15, became a teacher, and took orders in the Episcopal Church in 1839. In 1854 he was consecrated Bishop of Iowa. Died at Davenport, Iowa, September 26, 1874. Lee, (Jesse,) an American Methodist divine, born in Virginia in 1758, was for many years a chaplain to Congress. Died in 1816. Lee, (John,) D.D., a Scottish professor of divinity, born about 1780. He became principal of the University of Edinburgh about 1840, and afterwards professor of divinity there. Died in 1859. Lee, (Leroy Madison,) D.D., an American clergy- man of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born at Peters- burg, Virginia, in 1808. He published several religious works, and in 1836 became editor of the Richmond "Christian Advocate." Died April 21, 1882. Lee, (Luther,) D.D., an eminent American divine of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Scho- harie county. New York, in 1800. He was editor of the "New England Christian Advocate" and "The True Wesleyan." He became president and professor cf the- ology in Michigan Union College in 1856. He has pub- lished, among other works, "Slavery Examined in the Light of the Bible," and "The Immortality of the Soul." Lee, (Mary E.,) born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1813, was the author of "Tales from History," and made a number of translations from the French, Italian, and German. Died in 1849. See Griswold, "Female Poets of America." Lee, (Nathaniel,) an English dramatist, born about 1658. After he had appeared as an actor on the London stage without success, he composed thirteen tragedies, two of which — viz., "Alexander the Great" and "Theo- dosius" — obtained public favour. He was confined in Bedlam for insanity in 16S4, and released about 1688. Died in 1691. His imagination is extravagant, and in- clined to bombast. " Among our modern English poets," says Addison, "there is none who was better turned foi tragedy than Lee, if, instead of favouring the impetuosity of his genius, he had restrained it within proper bounds." See "Retrospective Review," vol. iii., 1821. Lee, (Rachel Fanny Antonina,) an eccentric Eng- lish authoress, originally named Dasiiwood, was born about 1770. She wrote an "Essay on Government," which was commended by Wordsworth. Died in 1829. See De QuiNCEV, "Autobiographic Sketches," chap. iv. Lee, (Richard Henry,) an American statesman and orator, and one of the signers of the Declaration of In- dependence, was born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, in 1732. He was educated in England, and, after his return, was elected about 1757 to the House of Burgesses in Virginia. He married Miss Aylett in early life. In 1765 he eloquently defended the resolutions against the Stamp Act, introduced by Patrick Henry, He was a delegate from Virginia in 1774 to the Conti- nental Congress, and took a prominent part in the pro ceedings of that body. The memorial to the people of British America, authorized by the Continental Congress, is attributed to his pen. In June, 1776, he introduced into Congress the measure declaring the ccjlonies free and independent States, which motion he supported by a most eloquent and powerful speech. Mr. Lee was again elected to Congress in 1778 ; he became president of that body in 1784, and was elected a United States Senator from Virginia in 1789. Like most other Vir- ginians, he disapproved the Federal Constitution. Died in 1794. See Goodrich, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of In- dependence ;" " Memoirs of the Life of R. H. Lee," by his grand- son, R H. Lee, 2 vols,, 1825 ; " Nortli American Review" for April, 1826, (by Edward Everett.) Lee, (Robert,) D.D., a theologian, born at North Dur- ham in 1804, was a minister of the Established Church of Scotland. He became professor of biblical criticism in the University of Edinburgh in 1846. Died in 1868. Lee, (Robert Edward,) a celebrated American general, a son of General Henry Lee, noticed above, was born at Stratford, Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1806. His mother's name was Anne Carter. He graduated at the head of his class at West Point in 1829, and married in 1832 a daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, who was the adopted son of General Washington. He obtained the rank of captain in 1838, and served in the Mexican war (1846-47) as chief engi- neer of the army of General Scott, by whom his conduct was highly commended. For his services in Mexico he was raised to the rank of brevet colonel. He was superintendent of the Academy at West Point from September, 1852, to April, 1855. By his marriage he became proprietor of the Arlington House, on the Poto- mac, where his family resided when the civil war began. He was appointed a colonel of cavalry in March, 1S61. On the 2Cth of April, 1861, he resigned his commission by a letter to General Scott, to whom he wrote, " My resignation would have been presented at once, but for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from a service to which I have devoted all the best years of my life." About the 21st of April he was appointed major- general in command of all the forces of Virginia. In July ensuing, his rank was fixed as brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and he took command of a force in Northwestern Virginia. He was opposed to General Rosecrans in this campaign, the results of which were € as ^.- c as J.- g hard; g as ;; G, H, K, giittural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as a; th as in this. ( 2i^=See Explanations, p. 23. ) LEE 1514 LEECH rather favourable to the Unionists ; though no impor- tant battle was fought. About December, 1861, he was ordered to take charge of the coast-defences of South Carolina and Georgia. He returned to Richmond in March, 1862, and on the 3d of June took the chief com- mand of the army destined to defend the capital. On the 26th of June he attacked the army of General McClellan at Mechanicsville. The conflict was renewed on the 27th at Gaines's Mill, where both armies suffered heavy losses. Having been attacked at Savage's Sta- tion on the 29th, the Union army retired to Malvern Hill, close to the James River. Lee's army was defeated at Malvern Hill, July i, losing about 6500 killed and wounded. General McClellan was, nevertheless, soon after compelled to retreat, and to abandon t'le siege of Richmond. The seat of war having been transferred to the northern part of Virginia, General Lee gained a victory over General Pope at Bull Run, or Manassas, on the 29th and 30th of August, and invaded Maryland about the 4th of September. He commanded in person at the great battle of Antietam, September 17, where he had, according to Pollard, about 70,000 men. His loss at South Mountain and Antietam is reported to have been 1842 killed and 9399 wounded, besides several thousand prisoners. General Lee retired to Virginia on the i8th, but was not pursued, and occupied a strongly- fortified position at Fredericksburg, where General Burnside attacked him on the 13th of December and was repulsed with heavy loss. On the 2d and 3d of May, Generals Lee and Hooker fought a great battle at Chancellorsville, where the former had the advantage ; but the losses were nearly equal, and the retiring Union army was not pursued. Having been largely reinforced, he assumed the offensive with an army of about 95,000 men, and crossed the Potomac on the 24th of June, 1863, for the invasion of Pennsylvania. Marching against Harrisburg, he was confronted at Gettysburg by the Union army, commanded by General Meade and posted on a range of hills. The Union army acted on the defensive in the battle of Gettysburg, which began on the 1st of July and was renewed on the 2d without a decisive result. On the 3d, General Lee made several desperate assaults, which were repulsed, and the Unidn army was finally victorious. According to the report of General Meade, the Federals took here 13,621 prisoners, including the wounded. General Lee retired in the night of the 4th of July, through the rain, and returned to Virginia. His army was not engaged in any great battles during the ensuing winter. The campaign of 1864 was opened about the 4th of May by General Grant, who crossed the Rapidan and advanced towards Richmond. A severe and indecisive battle ensued at the Wilderness on the 5th and 6th of May. General Grant continued to approach his objective point by a series of flank movements, alternating with great battles at Spottsylvania Court-House, May 9-12, at the North Anna River, May 23, and Cold Harbour, June 3. In these battles General Lee acted mostly on the defensive in fortified positions, and his losses were probably less than those of Grant. General Grant, how- ever, referring to those battles, says, " Bloody and terrible as they were on our side, they were even more damaging to the enemy." Having crossed the James River about June 15, the Union army commenced the long siege of Petersburg, near which several actions were fought in July and August. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) In February or March, 1865, General Lee was appointed commander-in-chief of all the Confederate armies. During the winter of 1864-65 the army of Virginia had been mostly inactive, and greatly trammelled by the necessity of defending Richmond and Petersburg. About the 30th of March the armies operating against these cities began to move, and to cut the Danville and Southside Railroads, by which Lee's army received supplies. The right wing of his army was defeated by General Sheridan at Five Forks on the 1st of April, and General Grant made a general and successful assault on the works at Peters- burg on the 2d. General Lee evacuated Richmond and Petersburg in the night of April 2, and retreated towards Danville with about 35,000 men. He was pursued by the cavalry under General Sheridan, who attacked him on the 6th near the Appomattox River and took about 6000 prisoners. He received pacific overtures from General Grant on the 7th, and surrendered his army at Appomattox Court-House on the 9th of April, 1865. It was then agreed by the contracting parties that "each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their jiaroles and the laws in force where they reside." Soon after the end of the war. General Lee became president of Washington College, at Lexington, Virginia. Speaking of the character of Lee as a general, Mr. Greeley remarks that he knew how to make the most of a good defensive position, "the single point in which (but it is a vital one) his admirers can justify their claim for him of a rare military genius. No other American has ever so thoroughly appreciated and so readily seized the enormous advantage which the in- creased range, precision, and efficiency given to musketry by rifling have insured to the defensive, when wielded by a commander who knows how speedily a trench mav be dug and a slight breastwork thrown up, which will stop nine-tenths of the bullets." ("American Conflict," vol. ii. p. 581.) He died, at Lexington, October 12, 1870. See " Southern Generals," (anonymous,) New York, 1865 ; E. A. PoLLARO, " Lee and his Lieutenants, "1867. Lee, (Samuel,) an English nonconformist minister, born in London in 1625. He preached in London for some years, and emigrated to New England about 1686. He published several religious works, among which is "The Temple of Solomon." Died in 1691. Lee, (Samuel,) D.D., an eminent English Orientalist, born at Longnor, in Shropshire, in 1783. He learned the trade of a carpenter, which he followed for some years, during which he studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, etc. About 1817 he took the degree of B.A. a*: Cambridge, and entered holy orders. He was chos*;- professor of Arabic at Cambridge in 1819, and professor of Hebrew about 1832, after which date he obtained the rectory of Barley. He published a Hebrew Grammar, (1830,) a "Hebrew, Chaldaic, and English Lexicon," (1840,) an " Inquiry into the Nature, Progress, and End of Prophecy," (1849,) and other works. Died in 1852. Lee, (Samuel P.,) an American naval officer, born in Virginia, became a midshipman in 1825. He commanded the Oneida in the battle against the forts below New Orleans in April, 1862, and in 1863 commanded the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He became com- modore in 1866 and rear-admiral in 1870. Retired in 1S73. Lee, (Sarah,) (Mrs. Bowdich,) an English writer born about 1800, was the wife of T. E. Bowdich, whom she accompanied to South Africa. She wrote "Stories of Strange Lands," (1825,) a " Memoir of Baron Cuvier," (1833,) and other works. She was married again to a Mr. Lee. Died in 1856. Lee, (Sophia,) an English dramatist and novelist, born in London in 1750, was a sister of Harriet, noticed above. She began her literary career in 1780 'by the "Chapter of Accidents," a comedy, which was success- ful, and was followed by novels entitled "The Recess," (1785,) and "The Life of a Lover." In 1796 she com- posed " Almeyda, Queen of Granada," a tragedy, of which Mrs. Siddons performed the principal r^/^ with applause. She wrote two of the "Canterbury Tales" published by her sister, and other works. Died in 1824. See BoADEN, "Life of Mrs. Siddons," chap. vi. p. 103. Lee, (Thomas,) a Virginian planter, distinguished for his talents, was president of the Council of Virginia. He was the father of Richard Henry, Francis Lightfoot, and Arthur Lee. Died in 1750. Lee, (ThOiMas,) an American jurist, born at Charles- ton, South Carolina, in 1769. He was appointed by President Monroe judge of the United States district court for South Carolina in 1823. Died in 1839. Lee, (Thomas Bland,) an American politician, born in Virginia about 1762. He was a member of Congress from 1789 to 1795. Died in 1827. Leelj, lap, (Johann,) a German sculptor, born at Menimingen in 1790; died about 1856. Leech, (John,) an English artist and caricaturist, born in London about 1816. He is chiefly known as the a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, s/iort; a, e, i, 9, obscure; ftr, fill, ftt: m&t; n6t; good; moon LEECH 1515 LEFEVRE designer of the humorous figures which illustrate the London " Punch." His sketches are excellent as works of art, though drawn with rapidity and haste. He pub- lished " Picf-nes of Life and Character," and "The Rising Generation," (1848,) which disphiy a rare percep- tion of the varieties of character and tlie keenest sense of the ludicrous. Died in 1864. See the "North British Review" for March, 1865. Leech, (Samuel V.,) D.D., a Methodist clergyman, born at Albany, New York, March 17, 1837. He was educated in the seminary at Cooperstown, New York, and at Evanston, Illinois, graduating from his theological course in 1S57. He held important pastorates at Annap- olis, Martinsburg, West Virginia, Baltimore, and Albany, and did much work ft)r denominational journals. Among his writings are " The Drunkard," (1S62,) " Round Lake Letters," (1874,) a "Reply to IngersoU," (1881,) etc. Leech'nian, (William,) a learned Scottish theolo- gian, born in Lanarkshire in 1706. He was professor of theology at Glasgow for seventeen years. His lectures in defence of revealed religion against Voltaire and Hume are commended. He published a collection of sermons, and a work " On the Nature, Reasonableness, and Ad- vantages of Prayer," (1743.) Died in 1785. Leeds, Duke of. See Danby, Earl of. Leemani3, la'mins, (Conrad,) a Dutch archaeologist, born at Zalt Boemel in 1809, published an extensive work "On the Egyptian Monuments of the Museum of Leyden," (1835-52.) Leepe, van der, vSn der la'peh, (Jan Antoon,) a Flemish landscape-painter, born at Brussels in 1664, excelled in marine views. His execution is easy, his touch light, and his colour good. Among his works is a "Flight into Egypt." Died in 1720. Lees, (Edwin,) an English botanist and author, born at Worcester, May 12, 1800. Among his works are "Affinities of Plants and Animals," "Pictures of Na- ture," "The Botany of Worcestershire," (1868,) "The Forest and Chace of Malvern," (1877,) "Scenery and Thought," (1880,) etc. Died October 28, 1887. Lees, (Frederic Richard,) an English total-absti- nence writer and speaker, born near Leeds, March 15, 181 5. He has published many volumes on religion, criti- cism, health, and physiology, and especially on temper- ance. Lee'ser, (Isaac,) a Jewish theologian and religious writer, born in Westphalia in 1806, emigrated to Amer- ica, and became in 1829 rabbi of the principal synagogue of Philadelphia. Died in 1868. Leeu, Leuw, or Leeu^w, van der, vtn der 15 or luh, (Gabriel,) a Dutch painter of animals, born at Dort in 1643. He worked at Amsterdam, Paris, Naples, and Rome with success, and adopted the Italian manner. His touch was grand and decided. His works represent flocks of sheep, herds of cattle, etc. Died in 1688. Leeu or Leeu-w, van der, (Pieter,) a painter of land- scapes and cattle, a brother of the preceding, was born about 1645. His style resembles that of Van der Velde, He was a good colorist, and painted with facility. Died about 1705. Leeuw orLeuw^, van der, vtn der 16 or luh, (Wil- LEM,) a Flemish engraver, born at Antwerp in 1600. He engraved many works of Rubens, among which is " Daniel in the Lions' Den," and several works of Rem- brandt, including " David Playing on the Harp." Died about 1665. Leeuwen, van, vtn luh' wen or lo'wen, ( Simon,) a Dutch jurist, born at Leyden in 1625 ; died in 1682. Leeuwenhoeck. See Leuvvenhoek. Leeves, leevz, (Rev. William,) an English composer, born in 1749, was the author of the air of " Auld Robin Gray." Died in 1828. Lefebure, leh-fi'biiR', (Louis Henri,) a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1754. He wrote a prize essay against lotteries, besides several treatises on music and botany. Died in 1839. Lefebure de Fourcy, leh-ft'biiR' deh fooR'se', (Louis,) a French mathematician, born at Saint Do- mingo in 1785. He succeeded Lacroix as professor in the Faculty of Sciences in Paris, and published "De- scriptive Geometry," (4th edition, 1843,) a"d "Analytit Geometry," (1827.) Died March 12, 1869. Lefebure- Wely, leh-fi'buR' vi'lfe'. (Louis James Alfred,) (real name Lefebvre,) a French musician and composer, born in Paris, Novetnber 13, 181 7. He was best known as an organist, but he was also a versa- tile and prolific composer. Died December 31, i86q. Lefebvre. See LEFivRE. Lefebvre, leh-fivR^ or leh-fgvR', (Charlemagne Th6ophile,) a French traveller, born at Nantes in 181 1, became an officerin the navy. He wrote " Travels in Abyssinia," (6 vols., 1845-50,) a scientific work oi much merit. Died July 6, i860. Lefebvre, (Francois Joseph,) Duke of Dantzic, a Prench marshal, born at Ruffach, in Alsace, in 1755. He was rapidly promoted in the war which began in 1792, and became a general of division in January, 1794. He con- tributed greatly to the victories of Fleurus (1794) and Altenkirchen, (1796.) In August, 1799, he was appointed by the Directory commander of the military division of which Paris was the head-quarters. On the i8th Bru- maire he acted as lieutenant of Bonaparte, to whom he rendered important services in that coup d''etat which made him dictator. He was made a marshal of the emjiire in 1804, commanded the foot-guards at the battle of Jena, and was rewarded for his success at the siege of Dantzic in 1S07 by the title of Duke of Dantzic. In the Austrian campaign of 1809 his skill and courage were conspicuous at Eckmiihl and Wagram. He com- manded the imperial guard in the Russian campaign of 1812, and defended France at Montmirail, etc. in 1814- On the return of Bonaparte from Elba, Lefebvre ac- cepted a place in his Chamber of Peers, and conse- quently was excluded from that of Louis XVIII. in 1816. He was reinstated in his military rank in 1S19. Died in 1820. He had the reputation of being one of the best generals of the army, uniting great intrepidity with superior judgment, and had the faculty of animating his men as if by an electric influence. "His military genius," says Marshal Suchet, "found on the scene of action, and without any previous combination, extraor- dinary resources to decide the victory. See Thiers, " History of the French Revolution," and " Hibt..ry of the Consulate and the Empire;" De Courcellhs, "Dictioinuire des Gen^raux Frangais;" " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Lefebvre, (Tanneguy.) See LEFfeVRE. Lefebvre or Lefevre, (Valentin.) See F^bre, Le. Lefebvre de Cheveru.s, (Jean Louis Anne Made- leine.) See Cheverus. Lefebvre - Desnouettes, leh - f^vu' d^' noo' fit', (Charles,) Count, a French general, born in Paris in 1773. ^^ entered the army in 1792, and was chosen one of Bonaparte's aides-de-camp in 1800. As colonel he distinguished himself at Austerlitz in 1805. He be- came a general of division in 1808, commanded the chas- seurs of the emperor's guard in 1809, and was employed near Napoleon's person in Russia, (1812.) At the first restoration he was retained in his command by Louis XVIII. ; but he joined the standard of Bonaparte in March, 1815, and fought at Waterloo. Having been condemned to death by a council of war, he escaped to the United States in 1816. He perished in the wreck of the Albion packet-ship, as he was returning to Europe, in April, 1822. Lefevre. See Caumartin, Dacier, F^vre, Le- febvre, and Faber, (Jean.) Lefevre, (Charles Shaw.) See Eversley. Lefevre or Lefebvre, (Claude.) See Fi;vRE, Le. Lefevre, leh-fivR', (Jean,) a French astronomer, born at Lisieux, became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1682. He edited the "Connaissances des Temps" from 1684 to 1701. Died in 1706. Lefevre, (Jean Jacques,) a liberal French publisher, born at Neufchateau in 1779, settled in Paris in his youth. He published excellent editions of many Greek, Latin, and French classics, for some of which he wrote notes. Died in 1858. Lefevre, (Nicolas,) an able French chemist, emi- grated to England in 1664 at the invitation of Charles II., who gave hira the direction of a laboratory in his €as/j; 9asj; %hard: gzs ;': G,H,K. guttural: fi, nasal; R,tnlled; sasz; ihas'miAis. (^i^^See Explanations, p. 23. LEFEVRE 1516 LEGENDRE palace. He wrote "Theoretical and Practical Chem- istry," (1660.) Died in 1674. Ijeffevre, (Pierre Fkanc^ois Alexandre,) a French dramatist and poet, born in Paris in 1741, produced tragedies entitled " Zuma," (1776,) and "filisabeth de France," (1783,) also "Gustavus Vasa," an epic poem. Died in 1813. Lefevre, (Pierre Paul,) a bishop, born April 30, 1804, at Roulers, Belgium. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1831 at Saint Louis, Missouri, and in 1841 was consecrated Bishop of Zela and administrator of the diocese of Detroit. Died at Detroit, March 4, 1869. Lefevre, (Robert,) a French i)ortrait-painter, born at Bayeux, in Calvados, in 1756, removed to Paris in 1784. Having acquired a high reputation, he painted portraits of Napoleon and Josephine, which were so much admired that more than twenty copies W'ere or- dered by various cities, courts, and other parties. About 1815 he received the title of first painter to the king. Died in 1830. Lefevre or Lefebvre, leh-ftvR', (Tannegui or Tan- NEGUY, ttn'ge',) [Lat. Tanaquil'lus Fa'ber,] an emi- nent French scholar and critic, born at Caen in 1615, was the father of the renowned Madame Dacier. He was appointed by Cardinal Richelieu inspector of the royal printing-establishment in Paris. After the death of Richelieu he joined the Protestants, and was chosen a professor in the Academy of Saumur about 1655. He published annotated editions of Lucretius, (1662,) Lon- ginus, (1663,) Horace, (1671,) Virgil, and other classics, and translated into French several Greek works. Died in 1672. See F. Graverol, " M^nioires pour servir i la Vie de T. Le- ftvre," 1686; Nic^RON, "Memoires;" MM. Haag, "La France Drotestanle ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Lefevre de la Boderie, leh-fivR' deh It bod're', (Guy,) a French Orientalist, born near Falaise in 1541. He co-operated with Arias Montanus in the Polyglot Bible of Antwerp, for which he edited and translated into Latin the Syriac version of the New Testament, (1572.) He also wrote some poems. Died in 1598. Lefevre d'^taples, leh-f^vR' di'tapl', [Lat. Fa'ber Stapulen'sis,] (Jacques,) an eminent French scholar and theologian, born at Etaples about 1455. He was condemned as a heretic by the Sorbonne, but was justi- fied by P^rancis L, who employed him as preceptor to his son. Lefevre produced the first complete French version of the Bible, (1530.) His version is used in the French Protestant churches. He wrote commentaries on the works of Aristotle. Erasmus expressed veneration for his character, ( singidarem vites sanctimoftiam veneror.) Died in 1537. See C. H. Graf, " Essai sur la Vie et les Merits de J. Leftvre d'Etaples," 1S42; Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Haag, " La France protestante :" " Nouvelle Biographie Gendrale." Lefevre de Saint-Remy, leh-fivR' deh s^n ri'me', (Jean,) a French chronicler, born near Abbeville about 1394 ; died in 1468. Lefevre-Deumier, leh-flvR' duh'me-i', (Jules,) a French poet, born alaout 1804. He Ijecame private librarian of President Louis Napoleon in 1849, ^"d librarian at the Tuileries in 1852. Died in 1857. Leflo, leh-flo', (Adolphe Charles Emmanuel,) a French general, born at Lesneven in 1804. He was sent as ambassador to Russia in 1848, was banished in 1852, but returned to France in 1859. He took an active part in the defence of Paris in 1870, and was ambassador to Russia from 1871 to 1879. Lefort or Le Fort, leh-foR', (Fran<;ois,) a Swiss general, was born at Geneva in 1656. He entered the Russian service, and fought several campaigns against the Turks before the peace of i68i. He rendered valu- able service to the Czar Peter in his contest with Sophia, his sister and rival ; and when that prince triumphed, in 1689, Lefort became his favourite and chief minister, a dignity which he merited by his virtues and talents. He gave wise counsels to the young autocrat, and was the author of many of the reforms which marked that reign. Lefort was appointed general-in-chief and admiral about 1693. Died in 1699. Lefranc. See Pompignan. Lefranc, (Martin.) See Franc, Le. Lefranc, leh-fuftN', (Viciok,) a French advocate and writer, born at Garsin in 1809. Lefrangais. See Lalande. Lefren, la'fRen or llffufen, (Lars Ulof,) a Swedish Orientalist, born in 1722; died in 1803. Lefuel, leh-fvi-Sl', (Martin Hector,) a French archi- tect, born at Versailles in 1810. In 1853 he succeeded Visconti as architect of the structures by which the Louvre is joined to the Tuileries. He designed the fa9ades and distributed the interiors of this work, whicli was finished in 1857. He designed the palace of the Universal Exposition of 1855. Died January i, 1881. See "Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Legallois or Le Gallois, leh-gS'lwi', (Julien Jean CitsAR,) a French physiologist, born near Dol, in Bre- tagne, in 1770. In 1801 he took the degree of M.D., and wrote an able treatise entitled " Is the Blood iden- tical in all the Vessels through which it passes .'" He merited a high rank among physiologists and experi- menters by his "Experiments on the Principle of Life, especially on that of the Movements of the Heart and on the Seat of this Principle," (1812.) Died in 1814. See BoissEAU, in the " Biographie M^dicale;" "Nouvelle Bio- graphie G^n^rale." Le Gallois, (Pierre,) a French bibliographer, born in Paris. He published a "Treatise on the Finest Libra- ries of Europe," (1680,) and " Academic Conversations," (1674.) Legare, pronounced leh-gree', (Hugh Swinton,) an American statesman and scholar, of Huguenot descent, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, January 2, 1797. He graduated at the South Carolina College about 1815, after which he pursued his studies in Paris and Edin- burgh. He was well versed in Greek and other lan- guages. He also studied law, and gave much attention to juridical philosophy. In 1830 he was elected attorney- general of South Carolina. He contributed many able articles to the " Southern Review," and was an adherent of the Union when nullification was agitated in his State. Having served as charge-d'afi'aires at Brussels for about three years, he returned home in 1836, and was elected by the voters of Charleston a member of Congress, in which he served one term, (1837-39.) As a la%vyer he stood high in his profession. In 1840 he advocated the election of General Harrison to the Presidency by several eloquent speeches in New York, Virginia, etc. He was appointed in September, 1841, attorney-general of the United States under President Tyler. He died at Boston in June, 1843. Among his writings are an "Essay on Classical Learning," an " Essay on Roman Literature," and "The Constitutional History of Greece." "The impression left by his collected writings," says R. W. Griswold, " is that his mind was of the first order, but that it did not hold in that order a very prominent place." See Griswold, " Prose Writers of America," and a Memoir pre- fixed to Legare's collected works, 2 vols., 1S46. Legare, (Bullen,) (Mary Swinton,) sister of Hugh .S. Legare, noticed above, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1800. She has acquired distinction as an artist. Legazpi, de, di li-gith-pee', (Miguel Lopez,) a Spanish commander, born at Zubarraja. He went to Mexico in 1545, and cominanded an expedition sent in 1564 against the Philii>pine Isles, which he conquered about 1565-70. Died in 1572. Legendre or Le Gendre, leh-zhfiNdR', (Adrien Marie,) an eminent French geometer, and one of the most profound analysts of his time, was born at Tou- louse in 1752. He was educated at Mazarin College, Paris, and in early life obtained a chair of mathematics in the Ecole militaire of that city. Having written a prize essay on the balistic problem, and a memoir on the attraction of spheroids, (1782,) he was admitted into the Academy of Sciences in 1783. He was associated in 1787 with Cassini and Mechain in the operation to connect the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by a series of triangles. In 1794 he published his admirable " Elements of Geometry," which has been extensively used as a text-book in various languages, and has done more to popularize his name than any other work. He was a member of the bureau of longitudes, and from a, e, T, o, u, y, long: i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, o, obsaa-e; fjlr, fill, f4t; m§t; n6t; good; moon; LEGJiJy/VKlL 1517 LEGOYT 1807 to 1815 an honorary councillor of the Imperial University. In 1807 he produced an important work called "Exercises on Integral Calculus," etc., ("Exer- cices de Calcul integral sur divers Ordres de Transcen- dantes," 3 vols.,) which contains his discoveries on the subject of elliptic functions. This subject was more fully developed in his "Traite des Fonctions elliptiques et des Integrales Euleriennes," (3 vols., 1827.) He also made valuable additions to the theory of numbers, on which he published an essay. Died in 1833. Laplace, Lagrange, and Legendre formed a mathematical trium- virate, which the French consider entitled to pre- eminence among European geometers of that age. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale;" "Memoir of Legendre" in the "Report of the Sinilhsonian Institution" for 1867, translated from the French of ^lie ds Beaumont; "North American Re- view" for July, 182S. Legendre, (Louis,) a French historian, born at Rouen in 1655. He became a canon of the church of Notre-Dame, Paris, and published, besides other works, a " History of France, ending at the Death of Louis XIII.," (3 vols., 1718.) Died in 1733. Legendre, (Louis,) a subaltern demagogue of the French Revolution, born in 1756. He was deputed in 1792 to the Convention, in which he voted with the "Mountain." "He was," says Lamartine, "the most courageous friend of Danton, and was by turns the agitator and moderator of the people." The next day after the arrest of Danton, Legendre openly defended him in the Convention by a speech. Died in 1797. Legendre, (Nicolas,) a French sculptor, born at fitampes in 1619, worked in Paris. His subjects are chiefly religious. Died in 1671. Le Gentil. .See La Barbinais. Legentil de la Galaisiere, leh-zh6N'te' deh It gt'- l^'ze-aia', (Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean Bap- TISTE,) a French astronomer and traveller, born at Coutances in 1725. In 1769 he went to Pondicherry to observe the transit of Venus, but failed, because the sun was hidden by clouds. He published a "Voyage in the Indian Seas," (1779,) which contains valuable observa- tions on monsoons, currents, and tides, and information respecting the manners, religion, and science of the Hindoos. Died in 1792. See Jean Dominique Cassini, " filoge de M. Legentil," 1810. Leger, li'zhi' or li'zhaiR', (Antoine,) a Protestant divine, born in Savoy in 1594. He was professor of theology and Oriental languages at Geneva from 1645 until his death, in 1661. He published a Greek edition of the New Testament, (1638.) L6ger, (Antoine,) a son of the preceding, was born in Geneva in 1652, and was ordained a minister. He filled the chair of philosophy for twenty-four years at Geneva with eminent success. He published several scientific treatises and many sermons. Died in 1719. Leger, (Jean,) a cousin of the preceding, was born in Savoy in 1615. He was a pastor of a church of the Waldenses, and, having escaped from the massacre of 1655, he went to France, and solicited the interventitm of the court for his countrymen. In 1663 he became pastor of a Walloon church in Leyden. He wrote a " History of the Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont," (the Waldenses, 1669.) Died about 1670. See " Abr^g^ de la Vie de Jean Leger, ^crite par lui-menie," at the end of his " History of the Waldenses." Leger, Saint. See Saint-Leger. Legge, Igg, (George,) Lord Dartmouth, an English admiral, born about 1648. He distinguished himself in the war against the Dutch in 1671, was made Baron of Dartmouth in 1682, and admiral in 1683. At the acces- sion of James II., in 1685, he was appointed master of the horse and general of the ordnance. He commanded the fleet in 1688, and made an ineffectual effort to pre- vent the landing of the Prince of Orange. After taking the oath to William HI., he joined a Jacobite conspiracy in 1690. "He laid a plan," says Macaulay, "for betray- ing Portsmouth to the French." He was arrested for treason, and sent to the Tower, where, after a short confinement, he died of apoplexy in 1691. Legge, (James,) LL.D., an eminent British scholar, born at Huntly, in Scotland, December 20, 1815. He was educated at Aberdeen and London, went to Malacca and Hong-Kong as a missionary, and in 1876 was ap- pointed professor of Chinese at Oxford. He has pub- lished annotated translations of several important Chinese cla.ssics, and is author of "The Notions of the Chinese respecting God and Spirits," (1S52,) " Life of Confucius," and "The Religions of China," (1880.) Leg'gett, (William,) an American journalist and miscellaneous writer, born in New York in 1802. In 1828 he founded in his native city a literary gazette en- titled "The Critic," which was subsequently united with "The Mirror." To these journals he contributed a num- ber of spirited tales and sketches, afterwards published under the titles of "Sketches of the Sea" and "Tales by a Country .Schoolmaster." He married Elmira Waring in 1828, and became associated with Mr. Bryant as editor of the "Evening Post" in 1829, and in 1836 estab- lished " The Plaindealer," (issued weekly,) which soon acquired a high reputation for its independent spirit and the distinguished ability with which it was conducted. He was appointed a diplomatic agent from the United States to the republic of Guatemala in April, 1838, but, while preparing for his departure, died suddenly, on the 29th of May, 1838. Two volumes of his political writings, with a Memoir, were published by his friend Mr. Theodore Sedgwick, who says, in his preface, " It i« not the suggestion of a too fond affection, but the voice of a calm judgment, which declares that, whatever puljlic career he had i)ursued, he must have raised to his memory an imperishable monument." See R. W. Griswold, " Poets and Poetry of America ;" DuYO KINCK, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; "Quarterly Review," 1828; "Democratic Review" ior January, 1840, (with portrait.) Legillon, leh-zhe'ydN', (Jean FRANgois,) a Flemish painter, born at Bruges in 1739; died in Paris in 1797. Legipont, leh-zhe'p6N', (Oliver,) a learned monk and writer, born at Soiron, in Limburg, in 1698 ; died in 1758. Le Glay, leh gli, (Andr6 Joseph Ghislain,) a French historian, born at Arleux in 1785. Died in 1863. Legnani, l&n-yj'nee or lin-yi'nee, (Stefano,) an Italian painter, also called Legnanino, born at Milan in 1640, was a pupil of Cignani and Carlo Maratta. H« painted frescos at Milan. Died in 1715. See E. Corazzi, " Elogio storico di S. Legnani," 1720. Legobien, leh-go'beJ^N', (Charles,) a French Jesuit, born at Saint-Malo in 1653, became secretary of the missions to China. He published, about 1702, a collec- tion of letters from missionaries in China, etc., entitled "Lettres edifiantes et curieuses ecrites des Missions etrangeres." This interesting publication was continued by Duhalde. Died in 1708. Le Gonidec, leh go'ne'dSk^ (Jean Franqois Marie,) a French philologist, born at Conquet, in Bretagne, in 1775. He published a good " Dictionnaire Bretou- Fran9ais," (1821.) Died in 1838. Legote, li-go'ti, (Pablo,) a Spanish painter, born about 1600 ; died at Cadiz about 1670. Legouv6, leh-goo'vS.', (Ernest Wilfrid,) a French poet and novelist, born in Paris in 1807. He obtained a prize of the French Academy for his poem " On the In- vention of Printing," (1829,) and produced several dramas. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1855. See Qu^RARD, "La France Littdraire." Legouve, (Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste,) a French dramatic poet, father of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1764. He produced "The Death of Abel," (1792,) which was very successful, and other tragedies. He be- came a member of the Institute in 1798. His tragedy "Henry IV. of France" (1806) displays dramatic skill and elegant diction. He composed several popular poems, one of which is entitled "Female Merit," ("Me- rite des Femmes," 1800.) Died in 181 2. See " Notice of Legouv^," prefixed to his works, by BouiLLV and Malo, 1826; QuArard, "La France Litt^raire ;" " Nouvelle Bio- graphie Geudrale." Le Gouz. See Gouz. Legoyt, leh-gwd', (Alfred,) a French economist and statistician, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1815, became €as^; 9asj; %hard; gzsj;G,n.K..^ttural; n,nMsal; k, trilled; sasz; thasin//4»j. (g^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LEG RAIN 1518 LEIBNITZ chief of the bureau of general statistics, and published, besides other works, " I>a Fiance statislique," (1843.) Legrain or Legiin, leh-gR^N', (Jean Baptistk,) a French historian, was born in Paris in 1565. He held some office at the court of llcnry IV., and was master of requests of the queen Marie de Medicis. He wrote a History of the Reign of Henry IV., ("Decade contenant la Vic et les Gestes," etc., 1614,) and "The History of Louis XIII. from 1610 to 1617," (1618.) Died in 1642. Legrand or Le Grand, l?h-gRftN', (Antoine,) a French writer and monk, born at Douay, lived about 1650-80. He was professor of philosophy and theology in Douay, and was a disciple of the Cartesian philosophy, on which he wrote several treatises. He published a "Sacred History from the Creation to Constantine the Great," (1685,) and other works. Le Grand, (Baptiste Alexis Victor,) a meritorious French engineer and administrator, born in Paris in 1 791. He became engineer-in-chief of the first class, and in 1834 was appointed director-general of bridges, roads, and mines. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies five times. It is stated that no person con- tributed more to the success of the vast plan conceived in his time to increase the riches of France by facility of transport. His moral dignity, public spirit, and various merits are highly commended by M. Villemain, who calls him a true mode] of the able and zealous adminis- trator. Died in 1848. See Villemain's article in the " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Legrand, (Claude Just Alexandre,) a French general, born in the department of Oise in 1762. As general of division, he commanded under Moreau at Hohenlinden, (iSoo,) and served at Austerlitz, (1805.) He maintained his reputation at Jena (1S06) and at Wagram, (1809.) He commanded the second corps- d'armee at the Berezina, (1812.) Died in 1815. Legrand, (Jacques Guii.laume,) an eminent French architect, born in Paris in 1743, was a pupil of Clerisseau, whose daughter he married. After he had travelled in Italy and acquired a pure taste, he was employed as architect of several public edifices in Paris, among which are the Halle aux Bles, (Corn-Market, 1783,) Halle aux Draps, (Cloth-Market, 1786,) and Theatre Feydeau, (1790.) Molinos was associated with him in these works. Legrand published a " Comparison between Ancient and Modern Architecture," (1799,) and wrote an "Essay on the History of Architecture," (1809.) Died in 1807. See "Nouvelle Biographie Gi^n^rale." Legrand, (Joachim,) a French historian and abbe, born at Saint-Lo in 1653, was a person of great erudi- tion. He was secretary of legation in Spain about 1702, and was afterwards employed in the foreign office. He published a " History of the Divorce of Henry VIII. of England," (1688,) and a few other historical works. Died in 1733. Legrand, (Louis,) a French theologian, born in Bur- gundy in 171 1. He became professor or mathr Jfs Etudes m the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, and published, besides other works, a " Treatise on the Incarnation of th= Word," (1751.) He composed the censures which the Faculty of Theology published against Rousseau's "Emile" (1762) and Buffon's " fipoques de la Nature." Died in 1780. Legrand, (Marc Antoine,) a French dramatist and actor, born in Paris in 1673. He composed a number of popular comedies, among which are "The Blind Clairvoyant," (1716,) and " Rbi de Cocagne," 1719. Died in 1728. Legrand d'Aussy, leh-gRfiN' do'se', (Pierre Jean Kai'TI.ste,) a French litterateur, born at Amiens in 1737. He wrote, besides otlier works, " Fabliaux, or Tales of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries," (1779.) In 1795 he was chosen keeper of the French manuscripts of the National Library. Died in 1800. Legranzi, li-guln'zee, or Legrenzi, li-gR5n'zee, (Giovanni,) an Italian composer, born near Bergamo about 1625; died about 1690. Legras, lehgid', (Antoine,) a French scholar and writer, born in Paris about 1680. He published, besides other works, "The Works of the Fathers who lived in the Time of the Apostles, with Notes," (1717.) Died in 1751. Legraverend, leh-gRtv'RftN', (Jean Marie Ema- nuel,) a French jurist, born at Rennes in 1776, published a "Treatise on Criminal Legislation in France,'' (1816,) and other approved works. Died in 1827. Legrenzi. See Legranzi. Legrin. See Legrain. Legris-Duval, leh-gue' dii'vSK, (Ren6 Michel,) a Frencii priest, born in Bretagne in 1765, was a zealous and efficient promoter of benevolent institutions. Died in 1819. Legroing de la Maisonneuve, leh-gRwiN' deh It mi'zo'nuv', (Franqoise Th^r^se Antoinette,) Countess, a French authoress, born in Lorraine in 1764, She wrote "Zenobia," a novel, (1800,) an "Essay on the Education of Women," (1801,) and a " History of the Gauls and of France from the Flarliest Times to the End of the Reign of Hugh Capet," (1830.) Died in 1837. Legros or Le Gros, leh-gRo', (Nicolas,) a French Jansenist theologian, born atRheimsin 1675. He passed the last twenty-five years of his life in Holland, to which he retired for refuge from persecution. Among his works are a French translation of the Bible, (1739,) which is esteemed for fidelity, and a "Manual for tlie Christian," (1740.) Died in 1751. Legros, (Pierre,) a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1666. He studied in Rome, where he executed many admired works. His statue of Saint Dominic is reckoned among the master-pieces of the Basilica of Saint Peter. He also adorned the chateau of Versailles. He sacri- ficed less to the depraved taste of the time than most other French artists. Died in Rome in 1719. Le Guaspre. See Dughet. Lehmann, la'min, (Christian Gottfried Wil- HELM,) a German scholar, born at Halberstadt in 1765. He published a " Summary of the Natural History of Man," (1799.) Died in 1823. Lehmann, (Heinrich,) a skilful German painter of history and portraits, born at Kiel in 1814. He became in youth a resident of Paris, where he obtained medals of the first class in 1840, 1848, and 1855, and was em- ployed by the emperor to adorn the palace of Luxem- bourg. Died in April, 1882. Lehmann, (Johann Georg,) a German topographer born in 1765, invented about 1793 a new method of sur veying, since called by his name. Died in 181 1. Lehmann, (Johann Georg Christoph,) a German botanist, born about 1794, was professor of botany at Hamburg. He wrote monographs of several genera, and other works. Died in 1861. Lehmann, (Johann Gottlob,) a Ge man philoso- pher, who acquired a European reputation as a mine- ralogist. In 1 761 he removed from ]5eih'n to Saint Petersburg, in compliance with an invitation from the empress, who gave him a place in the Academy of that city. He published a work on mineralogy for the use of schools, (1759,) and ot\ier treatises on that science. Died in 1767. Lehmann, (Rudolf,) a painter, and a brother of Heinrich, was born at Hamburg in 1819. He worked mostly in Rome, and received medals at the Sulon of Paris. Many of his works represent the manners, cos- tumes, and scenery of Italy. Lehnberg, lan'b§RG, (Magnus,) an eloquent Swedish writer and pulpit orator, born in 1758, became Bishop of Linkfiping. Died in 1809. Lehoc, leh-ok', (Louis Gr^goire,) a French littira tetir, born in Paris in 1743. Among his works is "Pyr- rhus," a tragedy, (1807.) Died in 18 10. Lehrberg, laR'b^RG, (Aron Christian,) a Russian scholar, born at Dorpat, in Livonia, in 1770. He re- moved to Saint Petersburg, and wrote " Inquiries into the Early History of Russia," (1814.) Died in 1813. Le Huerou, leh hii-i'Roo', (Julien Marie,) a French historian, born at Prat in 1807. He wrote on the history of the Franks, Gauls, etc. Died in 1843. Leibnitz or Leibniz, von, fon llb'nits or llp'nits, I Lat. Leibnitz'ius, I (Gottfried Wilhklm,) Baron, a German philosopher and mathematician of the first a, e, T. o, u, '^,long; i, k. A, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, \\, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; ilx, fAll, f4t; m^t; ndt; good; moon; LEIBNITZ 15 19 LEIDY order, pre-eminent among the moderns as a universal genius, was born at Leipsic on the 6th of July, 1646. He was a son of Friedrich Leibnitz, professor of moral philosophy at Leipsic. After learning Latin and Greek at the school of Saint Nicholas, he entered the University of Leipsic at the age of fifteen, and studied law, philoso- phy, mathematics, etc. He acquired a profound know- ledge of the works of Plato and Aristotle, whose systems he endeavoured to harmonize. In 1666 he produced a remarkable treatise on the combination of numbers and ideas, " De Arte Combinatoria," and took the degree of doctor of laws at Altorf. He accepted in 1667 the office of councillor of state at Frankfort, and published his "New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurispru- dence," (" Nova Methodus discendae docendaeque Juris- prudenticC," 1668,) an ingenious and profound essay on Roman law, which raised him to the first rank of philo- sophic writers. Attracted by a tendency to universality in science, he meditated the plan of an encyclopaedia, which became one of his favourite projects, and produced in ra])id .succession works on politics, religion, and philosophy, in Latin and French, — for he scarcely ever wrote in his mother-tongue. He advanced new and bold theories of motion in his "Theory of Concrete Motion" ("Theoria Motus concreti") and "Theory of Abstract Motion," ("Theoria Motus abstracti," 1671.) In 1672 he visited Paris, where he met Cassini and Huyghens, and declined to enter the Academy of Sciences with the condition that he should abjure the Protestant religion. Proceeding to London, he formed an acquaintance with Newton, Boyle, and others, and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1676 he removed to Hano\er, having been appointed by the Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg his coun- sellor {Hofraik) and librarian. About this time he made the great discovery of the infinitesimal calculus, nearly identical with Newton's method of fluxions. Many years later an acrimonious controversy was carried on between the friends of these two rivals, respecting the priority of claim to this discovery. A committee of the Royal Society of London (about 1705) decided in favour of Newton ; but M. Biot maintains that Leibnitz anticipated Newton in respect to publicity by a letter to Oldenburg in 1676, and accords to both the honour of the original invention. Leibnitz developed the power of this calculus with a marvellous felicity in its applica- tion to the theory of curves, to mechanical problems, etc. In 1682 he became editor of the "Acta Eruditorum" of Leipsic, a journal which he rendered celebrated. He wrote in 1693 a treatise on geology, entitled "Protogaea," "which," says Hallam, "no one can read without per- ceiving that of all the early geologists Leibnitz came nearest to the theories which are most received in the English school at this day." He was appointed presi- dent of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin in 1702, with- out being required to change his residence or to retire from the service of the Elector of Brunswick. Charles VI. of Germany gave him the titles of baron and of aulic councillor, but could not prevail on him to enter his service. Between 1690 and 1700 he was engaged in a long epistolary negotiation with Bossuet in order to re- store the unity of the Catholic and Protestant churches. He crowned his career as author by his great work entitled "Essay of Theodicea on the Goodness of God, the Liberty of Man, and the Origin of Evil," ("Essai de Th^odicee sur la Bonte de Dieu, la Liberte de I'Homme, ct rOrigine du Mai," 1710.) According to his system, God is the supreme Reason of the universe, the first and last term in the series of efficient causes, as in that of final causes. In forming the world He has realized the ideal models of truth, beauty, and perfection which existed eternally in His mind. To the parallelism estab- lished in the divine mind between the reign of efficient causes and that of final causes, corresponds another har- mony, of a superior order, between the kingdoms of nature and of grace. From the infinite perfection of the divine attributes he deduces the celebrated theory of Optimism, — that among all possible plans of creation the Almighty has chosen the best, the one which combines the greatest variety with the greatest order, — in which matter, space, and time are most wisely economized. He died at Hano- ver, November 14, 17 16. Among his important works is one entitled "New Essays on the Human Understand- ing," ("Nouveaux Essais sur I'Entendement humain," about 1 765,) in which he controverts the opinions of Locke. Another of his works is called " Pre-Established Har- mony," ("Harmonie pre-etablie.") His "Monadologie," (1714,) in which his metaphysical system is developed, is one of the most remarkable monuments of his intel- lectual power. "There was only one man in the world," says Hallam, "who could have left so noble a science as philosophical jurisprudence for pursuits of a still more exalted nature and for which he was still more fitted ; and that man was Leibnitz himself" (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") He was never married. His disposition was cheerful, his manners were affable, and his habits temperate. A complete edition of his works has recently been published by Foucher de Careil, Paris. See FoNTENELLE, " filoge de Leibnitz;" J. A. Eberhard, "Cbaracteristik des Freiherrn von Leibnitz," 1817; Lamprecht, "Leben des Freiherrn G. W. von Leibnitz," 1740; Hissmann, "Veisucli iiber das Leben des Freihemi von Leibnitz," 1783; Db Jaucourt, " Vie de Leibnitz," 1734: Guhrauer, "G. W. von Leib- nitz, Biographic," 2 vols., 1845; G. Schilling, "Leibnitz ala Denker," 1846; Jean Svlvain Baillv, " £loge de Leibnitz," 1769; John M. Mackie, " Life of G. W. Leibnitz," Boston, 1S45; Emil F. VoGEL, "G. W. von Leibnitz," Leipsic, 1846; Dr. F. Hoefer, article in the "Nouvelle Biogvaphie G^n^rale;" Biot, article in th» " Biographie Universelle ;" "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1846 "Atlantic Monthly" for June, 1858. Leibnitzius. See Leibnitz. Leicester, Earl of. See Dudley, (Robert,) and MON TFOKT, DE, (SiMON.) Leicester, lls'ter, of Holkham, (Thomas William Coke,) Earl of, an eminent English agriculturist, was the son of Wenman Roberts, of Norfolk, and was born in 1752. His father assumed the name of Coke when he inherited the estates of his uncle Thomas Coke, who was Earl of Leicester and a descendant of Sir Edward Coke. From 1776 to 1832 he represented the county of Norfolk in Parliament, and was a constant supporter of the Whig party. He owned a very large and highly- cultivated estate at Holkham, and became distinguished for his liberality and zeal in the improvement of agricul- ture. After the death of the Duke of Bedford (1802) he was reputed to hold the highest place among English cultivators. In 1837 he was raised to the peerage, as Earl of Leicester of Holkham. The last name of this title was annexed to distinguish him from another Earl of Leicester. Died in 1842. Leich, llK, (Johann Heinrich,) a German philolo- gist, born at Leipsic in 1720, became professor of phi- losophy at that city in 1748. He wrote the "Life and Reign of Constantinus Porphyrogenitus," and several other works. Died in 1750. Leichner, llK'ner, (Eccard,) a German naturalist and physician, born in Tliuringia in 1612. He practised at Erfurt, where he died in 1690. Leichner, (Johann Georg Heinrich,) a German painter, born at Erfurt in 1684; died in 1769. Leichhart, liK'h^Rt, (Ludwig,) a German traveller, born at Trebatsch, in Prussia, October 23, 1813. He went to Australia in 1S41, and there conducted several •mportant explorations. He was either murdered c died of starvation on one of these journeys in 184S. Leidy, li'de, (Joseph,) M.D., LL.D., a distinguished American naturalist, of German extraction, born in Philadelphia, September 9, 1823. He graduated as M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and the same year commenced the practice of his profession, but soon abandoned it for more congenial pursuits. In 1846 he was chosen to the position of chairman of the curators in the Academy of Natural Sciences. From 1846 to 1852 he gave private courses of lectures on anatomy and physiology, and in 1853 he was elected professor of anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he held until his death. Besides anatomy, human and comparative, he devoted much attention to natural his- tory, more especially zoology and palaeontology. Tiie third volume of the "Catalogue of Scientific Papers." published by the Royal Society of London, gives a list of one hundred and eleven of his published papers up to i860. Among the most important of these are the "Flora and Fauna within Living Animals,*' and the € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. ( ee Explanations, p. 23. LEIGH 1520 LEJAY " Ancient Fauna of Nebraska," both published by the Smithsonian Institution. Subsequently, besides publish- ing an " Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy," he largely added to his list of scientific papers, among the most imjKjrtant of these being the " Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States," published in the " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," (1865,) "The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska," (4to, with 30 plates,) published as the seventh volume of the "Jour- nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences" of Philadelj^hia, and the " Fresh-Water Rhizoi)ods of North America," (1879,) |)ublished under the auspices of the government. In 1866 he received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard University. Died April 30, 1891. leigh, lee, (Benjamin Watkins,) an American jurist and statesman, born in Chesterfield county, Virginia, in 1781 ; practised law at Richmond. He was elected a Senator of the United States in 1834 or 1835, and signed his seat in 1837. I^ied in 1849. Ijeigh, lee, (Charles,) F.R.S., an English naturalist, Dorn in Lancashire about 1650. He practised medicine in London and other cities, and published several works, the most important of which is a "Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak of Derbyshire," (1700.) Leigh, (Sir Edward,) an English writer and biblical scholar, born in Leicestershire in 1602, was educated for the law. In the civil war he favoured the popular cause, and was a member of Parliament, from which he was expelled in 1648 by the extreme opponents of the king. He displayed much learning in his " Critica Sacra, or the Hebrew Words of the Old and the Greek of the New Testament," (1639,) and published a "Treatise of Divinity," (1646,) and other esteemed religious works. Died in 1671. Leighton, la'ton, (Alexander,) a Scottish clergy- man, born at Edinburgh in 1568. He was professor of moral philosophy in that city for several years prior to 1613, when he removed to London and obtained a lec- tureship. For libellous or offensive expressions against the king, queen, and the bishops in his book called " Zion's Plea," (1629,) he was punished by the Star Chamber with mutilation, the pillory, and long imprison- ment. He was released in 1640, and died about 1646. Laud appears to be responsible for the cruel treatment of Leighton. Leighton, (Alexander,) a Scottish author, born at Dundee in 1800. He is said to have written nearly all " Wilson's Tales of the Borders," and published " Ro- mance of the Old Town of Edinburgh," and several volumes of sketches. Died December 24, 1874. Leighton, la'ton, (Sir Frederick,) an English painter, born at Scarborough, December 3, 1830. He was edu- cated on the Continent, painting in Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. His "Cimabue," the first of his pictures shown in England, (1854,) was one of his best, and is truly a great work of art. His pictures are very numerous, and are often on classical, scriptural, dramatic, mediaeval, or literary subjects. In 1878 he was knighted and made president of the Royal Academy. Leighton, (John,) an English artist, born in West- minster, September 12, 1822. His reputation rests largely upon his illustrative designs, and especially on his work as an art-educator. Leighton, (Robert), a British divine of eminent merit, born in London about 1612, was the son of Alex- ander Leighton, (1568-1646.) About 1641 he became minister of the Presbyterian church at Newbottle, near Edinburgh. Finding that his moderation was unaccept- able to the contentious spirit and fierce zeal which then prevailed, he retired from the pulpit, and was chosen principal of the University of Edinburgh. When Charles II. resolved to restore Episcopacy in Scotland, (about 1661,) Leighton was made Bishop of Dumblane. About 1670 he became Archbishop of Glasgow. His conduct was more conciliatory than that of the other bishops. He had a high reputation as a preacher, and published sermons and other works, which are greatly esteemed. His commentary on the first epistle of Peter was often reprinted. In 1674 he resigned his archbishopric, prob- ably from an abhorrence of the violent con lest which disturbed the Church and State. Died in 1684. See John N. Pearson, " Life of R. Leighton," 1.S32 ; Gkorgk Jerment, "Remains of the Life of R. Leighton," i8o8 : Bdh.nbt, "History of liis Own Time;" '"R. Leighton ein apostolischet Mann," etc., Berlin, 1S34; Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Leighton, (Rohert,) a Scottish poet, born at Dundee, February 20, 1822, entered upon a business life, residing in his later years in Liverpool. His principal book was "Rhymes and Poems," (1855.) His most famous poem is "The ]5apteesment of the Bairn," published in a later collection, (1875.) Died May 10, 1869. His brother Wil- liam (born at Dundee, February 3, 1841 ; died at Liver- pool, April 22, 1869) was also a poet of much promise. Leiningen, li'ning-en, [Fr. Linange, li'nflNzh',J a great family of German princes and counts, having as branches the families of Leiningen-Billigheim, Leiningen- Neudenau, Alt-Leiningen-Westerburg, Neu-Leiningen- Westerburg, etc. Leiningen, von, fon li'ning-en, (Charles,) Prince, a German prince, born in 1804, was a half-broiher of Victoria, Queen of England. Died in 1856. Leinster, lin'ster or leen'ster, (William Robert Fitzgerald,) Duke of, an Irish peer, born in 1749, entered the British House of Lords in 1776, and acted with the Tories. Died in 1805. Leisewitz, ll'zeh-tiv'its', (Johann Anton,) a German dramatist, born at Hanover in 1752, wrote a pojiula/ tragedy, entitled "Julius von Tarent." Died in 1806. Leisler, lls'ler, (Jacob,) an adventurer and revolu- tionist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in Germany, emi- grated to America in 1660, and became a resident of Albany. He was appointed one of the commissioners of the court of admiralty in 16S3. In 1689 he was the leader of a mob which seized the fort and public funds of New York, "for the preservation," as he said, "of the Protestant religion." Having declared himself for the Prince of Orange, he strengthened the fort, and was proclaimed by his adherents commander-in-chief of the province. Sloughter having been soon after appointed Governor of the colony, Leisler was arrested, and exe- cuted in 1 69 1. See a " Life of Jacob Leisler," by C. F. Hoffman, in Sparks's "American Biography," vol. iii. 2d series. Leisma.nn, lls'min, (Johann Anton,) a German painter, born at Salzburg in 1604, He settled in Venice, painted landscapes and battles, and had a high reputa- tion. His manner is said to resemble that of Salvator Rosa. Died in 1698. Leitner, lit'ner, (Gottlieb Wilhelm,) iPh.D., a celebrated linguist, born at Pesth, in Hungary, October 14, 1840. He studied in Brusa, Constantinople, Malta, and King's College, London. When fifteen years old, he was a first-class interpreter in the British service in the Crimea. In 1861 he was made professor of Arabic and of Mohammedan law in King's College, London. He afterwards was principal of the Lahore Government Col- lege, the Lahore Oriental College, registrar of the Punjab University, (which he founded,) etc. He published many books on linguistic, archaeological, historical, and ethno- logical subjects, mostly regarding Asia, and especially the northwest of India. He is said to speak, write, and read twenty-five languages. Leith, leeth, (Sir James,) a British general, born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1763. He served as major- general under Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, and took part in the battle of Corunna, in 1809. He was appointed commander of the forces in the West Indies in 1814. Died in 1816. Lejay, leh-zhi', (Gabriel Francois,) a French Jes- uit, born iti Paris about 1660. He was eminent as a professor of rhetoric in Paris, where Voltaire was his pupil. He published, besides other works in Latin, " Bibliotheca Rhetorum," (" Library of Orators," 1725,) which is said to be a valuable systematic treatise on eloquence. Died in 1734. Lejay or Le Jay, (Gui Michel,) a Frenchman, known by the Polyglot Bible which bears his name, was born in Paris in 1588. He expended the labour of severteen years and a large patrimony in the publication of his a, e, I, o, u, y, long: i, h, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short: a, e, j, q, obscure; far, fill, fit; m6t; nSt; gwd ; moon; LEJEUNE 1521 LELUT "Bible in Hebrew, Samaritan, Clialdee," etc., ("Biblia Hebraica, Saniaritana, Chaldaica, Grseca, Syriaca, I atina, Arabica," 1645,) which is a master-piece of typography. Lejay was assisted in editing this work by Morin, Gabriel Sionita, and other learned men. He was made a privy councillor. Died in 1674. See " Noiivelle Biograpliie G^n^rale." Lejeune, leh-zhun', (Claude,) a famous French musician and composer, born at Valenciennes about 1540. ' He received the title of composer to Henry IV. Died about 1600. I»e Jeune, (Jean.) See JexTne, Le. Lejeune or Le Jeune, (Louis Fran<;ois,) Baron, a French general and painter, born at Strasburg in 1771;. For his conduct at Austerlitz he was made chef-de-batail- lon in 1805. He obtained the rank of general of brigade at Borodino in 1812, and is said to have saved the army of Oudinot at Hoyerswerda. He painted, besides other subjects, "The Battle of Marengo," (1801,) "The Battle of Lodi," (1804,) and "The Battle of the Moskwa," (1824.) Died in 1850. Lejeune, (Paul,) a French missionary, born in 1592, laboured in Canada for many years. He published a descriptive work on Canada and its native tribes, (7 vols., 1640.) Died in 1664. Lejeune-Dirichlet, (Gustav.) See Dirichlet. Lekain, leh-k^N', (Henri Louis,) a famous French actor, born in Paris in 1728. He was patronized by Voltaire, who discerned in him the germ of great talent while he was acting in a private troupe. He made his debut in 1750, and attained a celebrity scarcely equalled by that of any actor of modern times except Garrick. Lekain was most successful in tragedy and in the ex- pression of deep emotion. Voltaire designated him as the only truly tragic actor. In the latter part of his career he performed at Berlin, by request of Frederick the Great. Died in 1778. See " Memoires de Lekain," published by his son, 1801 : F. J. Talma, "Memoire sur Lekain et sur I'Art dramatique," 1827; Voltaire, "Correspondance;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^a^rale;" "Monthly Review," vol. xxxvi., 1801, (Appendix.) Le Keux. leh-kooks, .? (Henrv,) a skilful English engraver, born in 17S8. He engraved some works of Turner and Prout, illustrations of Sir Walter Scott's Poems, etc. Died in 1868. Le Keux, (John,) an English architectural engraver, a brother of the preceding, was born in London in 1783 or 1784. He excelled in the engraving of Gothic ar- chitecture, the principles and details of which he had diligently studied. His works have contributed much to the diffusion of a taste for the Gothic style in England. He engraved part of Britten's "Cathedral Antiquities," and of Pugin's "Antiquities of Normandy" and "Gothic Specimens," and other works. He died in 1846. Le Laboureur, (Jean.) See Laboureur, Le. Le'land, (Charles Godfrey,) an American littira- teiir, born at Philadelphia in 1824. He published in 1855 "The Sketch-Book of Meister Karl" and "The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams," a translation of Heine's " Pictures of Travel," (" Reisebilder," 1856,) '" Sun- shine in Thought," (1862,) "Legends of Birds," (1S64,) "Hans Breitmann's Ballads," (1867-70,) "The Music- Lessons of Confucius, and other Poems," (1870,) "Gau- deamus," (1871,) "The Egyptian Sketch-Book," (1873,) "The English Gypsies and their Language," (1873,) "English Gypsy Songs," (1875,) "The Minor Arts," (1880,) and "The Gypsies," (1882.) Lel'and or Laylonde, la'lgnd, (John,) an eminent English antiquary and linguist, born in London soon after 1500. He learned the ancient and modern lan- guages at Oxford and Paris. Having entered into holy orders, he became chaplain to Henry VIII., who em- ployed him as librarian and in 1533 gave him the title of his antiquary, with orders to explore the antiquities of England. He spent about seven years in collecting materials for history, and in 1545 compiled his "Account of British Authors," (" Commentarii de Scriptoribus Bri- tannicis.") He became insane in 1550, and died in 1552, leaving many manuscripts, which were deposited in the Bodleian Library. His " Itinerary" (9 vols.) was edit&i by Hearne in 1710. Leland, (John,) an English dissenting minister, born in Lancashire in 1691. He became pastor of a Presby- terian congregation in Dublin in 1716. In 1733 ^^ pub- lished an "Answer to Tindal's 'Christianity as Old as the Creation.'" He wrote other approved treatises in defence of Christianity, and in 1754 published his chief work, a " View of the Principal Deistical Writers that have appeared in England in the Last and Present Cen- tury." Died in 1766. See the "Monthly Review" for March, 1754, March, 17SS1 and June, 1764. Leland, (John,) an American Baptist divine, born at Grafton, Massachusetts, in 1754. He published nume- rous sermons, and essays on various subjects. Died ir» 1841. Leland, (Thomas,) a classical scholar and historical writer, was born in Dublin in 1722. He took orders, and became eminent as a preacher. In 1756 he produced the first volume of an excellent translation of Demos- thenes' Orations, which was finished in 1770. He was appointed professor of oratory in Trinity College in 1763. His principal works, besides the above-named, are a " History of the Life and Reign of Philip of Macedon," (175S,) a "Dissertation on the Principle of Human Elo- quence," (1764,) and a "History of Ireland," (1773.) Died in 1785. See the " Monthly Review" for August, 1758, and September and November, 1773. Leleux, leh-luh', (Adolphe, ) a popular French painter of genre, born in Paris in 1812. Among his works are "The Spanish Smugglers," and "The Return from Market," (1847.) Leleux, (Armand,) a painter of genre, etc., a brother of the preceding, was born in Paris in 181 8. Lelewel, li-la'vel,? (Joachim,) one of the most emi- nent Polish historians of modern times, was born at Warsaw in 1786. He conspired with the insurgents at Warsaw against Constantine of Russia in November, 1830, and was proposed for dictator; but Chlojncki was preferred. Lelewel held several high offices in the new government for a short time, until the victories of the Russians drove him into exile in 1831. After 1833 he resided at Brussels. Among his most popular works are a " History of Poland," (1829,) a " History of Poland under Stanislas Augustus," (1831,) and "Poland of the Middle Ages," (1846-51.) He published (in French) an important work on "Mediaeval Geography," (1852,) and various other books. Died in 1861. See L. Chodzko, "Notice biographique sur J. Lelewel," 4th edition, 1834. Lelli, lel'lee, (Ercole,) an Italian painter and modelleT of the Bolognese school, born in 1702. He excelled in the art of anatomical preparations. Died in 1766. Leloir, leh-lw5R', (Louis Auguste,) a French painter, born in Paris, March 15, 1843. He became one of the most graceful and refined of recent French painters, ranking very high as a draughtsman, a colourist, and a designer. Died in 1SS4. Lelong, leh-lAN', (Jacques,) a French priest and bibliographer of high reputation, born in Paris in 1665, was learned in languages and literary history. He be- came librarian in the Maison Saint-llonore, at Paris, Among his principal works are "Bibliotheca Sacra; or, Syllabus of nearly all Editions and Versions of the Scriptures," (2 vols., 1709,) and "Bibliothequehistorique de la France," (1719,) containing a catalogue of works which treat on French history, with notes. An enlarged edition of the latter was published by Fevret de Fon- tette, (5 vols., 1768-78.) Died in 1721. Le Lorradn, l?h lo'riN', (Louis Joseph,) a French engraver and mediocre painter, born in Paris in 1715; died in Saint Petersburg in 1760. Lelorrain or Le Lorrain, (Robert,) a French sculp- tor, born in Paris in 1666, was a pupil of Girardon. He was chosen a member of the Royal Academy in 1701. His works display good talents, but are censured for mannerism. Died in 1743. L^lut, li'lU^ (Louis Francois,) a French physician, born in Haute-Saone in 1804. He wrote able treatises on psvchology, insanity, etc. Died January 25, 1877. € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; *h as in this. 96 (Jj^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) LELY 1522 LEMEKY Le'l^, (Sir Peter,) or Van der Faes, v5n der fSs, a successful portrait-painter, of Dutch descent, was born at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617. He removed to Lon- don in the reign of Charles I. lie excelled in the repre- sentation of female beauty, and became one of the most fashionable artists of that time. After the restoration in 1660, he received the title of first painter to Charles II., the beauties of whose court were the subjects of his master-pieces. His works are generally censured for immodesty. Died in 1680. See Bkvan, "Dictionary of Painters;" Walpolk, "Anecdotes of Painting." Lemaire, leh-mSR', (Henri,) a French novelist, born at Nancy in 1756. He wrote, besides other works, "The French Gil Bias, or Adventures of Henri Lanfon," (3 vols., 1792.) Died in 180S. Lemaire, leh-mSR', (Jacques,) a Dutch navigator and merchant, who was director-general of a company which in 16 1 5 sent an expedition to find a new route to the Pacific Ocean. He discovered the strait which bears his name and separates Staten Land from Terra del Fuego, in 1616, doubled Cape Horn for the first time, and sailed to the East Indies. He died at sea in 1616. C. Schouten was captain of the ship which made this voyage. See A. G. Chotin, "Notice sur J. Lemaire, Navigateur." Lemaire, (Jean,) a Belgian poet and historian, born in Hainault about 1473. He entered the service of Margaret of Austria as librarian. His principal work is entitled " Illustrations of the Gauls," (" Illustrations des Gaules," 1512.) Died about 1548. Lemaire, (Nicolas £loi,) a French classical scholar and Latin poet, born at Triancourt (Meuse) in 1767. He was chosen professor of Latin poetty in the Faculty of Letters, Paris, in 1811. He composed Latin verses with remarkable facility. Among his productions is a Latin "Ode on the Birth of the King of Rome," (1S12.) He acquired reputation among classical literati by the pub- lication of all the best Latin authors, in 154 vols. 8vo, under the title of " Bibliotheca Classica Latina." This is said to be the best collection of the classics that exists. Died in 1S32. See " Notice sur N. E. Lemaire," Paris, 184a. Lemaire, (Philippe Henri,) a French sculptor, a member of the Institute, was born at Valenciennes in 1798. He gained the first prize in 1821, and studied in Rome. His design for the froiitott or ])ediment of the church of Madeleine, Paris, was preferred in 1S36. This vast composition is called his capital work. Died 1880. Lemaire, ( Pierre Auguste, ) a French classical scholar, a nephew of Nicolas Eloi, noticed above, was born at Triancourt in 1802. He edited Lucan, Lucre- tius, and other classic authors. Died in 1887. Lemaistre, leh-mitR', (Antoine,) a French advocate, born in Paris in 1608, was a brother of Lemaistre de Sacy. He acquired a great reputation by his eloquence, and afterwards retired to the cloister of Port-Royal. He was a friend of Pascal, and a nephew of Arnauld d'Andilly. Referring to his published forensic speeches, Hallam says, " Lemaistre is fervid and brilliant ; he hurries us with him. Both Lemaistre and Patru do great honour to the French bar." He was one of the translators of the Port-Royal New Testament. Died in 1658. See Philippe Simon Dupin, "Notice sur A. Lemaistre," 1822; Voltaire, " Siecle de Louis XIV;" Fournel, "Histoire des Avo- cats;" " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gdn^rale." Lemaistre, (Jean,) a French magistrate, who in 1591 was nominated first president of the Parliament of Paris by the chiefs of the League. At a critical period in the contest between the League and Henry IV. he procured a decree of Parliament in favour of the latter, (1593.) Died in 1596. Lemaistre de Saci or Sacy, leh-mitR' deh sS'se', (Isaac Louis,) a French Jansenist theologian, born in Paris in 1613, was a nephew of Antoine Arnauld le Grand. He was ordained a priest in 1650, and became confessor or principal director of the recluses of Port- Royal. He was confined in the Bastille two years, (1666- 68,) during which he made a French translation of the Old Testament. He w^as one of the translators of the New Testament of Mons, (1667,) which was often re- printed. In consequence of renewed persecution, he left Port-Royal in 1679. He published French versions of several works, among which were the fourth and sixth books of the ".iCneid." Died in 1684. See Fontaine, "M^moires sur Port-Royal;" Sainte-Beuve, 'Port-Royal," tome ii. ; Lelong, " Bibliothfeque sacr^e;" "Nou- velle Uiographie G^nerale." Lemaitre, leh-mitR',(FR^D6Ric,) a celebrated French actor, born at Havre in 1800, was called "the Talma of the Boulevards." He was successful in tragedy and com- edy, and excelled in the romantic drama. Died in 1876. Le'man, (Rev. Thomas,) an English antiquary, born \\\ 1751 ; died in 1827. Le Maout, or Lemaout, leh-mt'oo', (Jean Emma- nuel Marie,) a French botanist, born at Guingamp, De- cember 29, 1799. He published various works on botany, and, with M. J. Decaisne, prepared a well-known "Gen- eral Treatise on Botany," (1S67.) Died June 23, 1877. Le Marchamt, leh mtR'shfiN', (Jacques,) a Flemish historian, born at Fumes in 1537, wrote several works on the history of Flanders. Died in 1609. Lemare, leh-mtR', (Pierre Alexandre,) a French grammarian, i)orn in Franche-Comte in 1766, published several successful works on grammar. Died in 1835. Lemazurier, leh-mt'zii're-a', (Pierre David,) a French writer, born at Gisors in 1775; died in 1836. Lembke, l^mp'keh, (Johann Philipp,) a German painter and engraver, born at Nuremberg in 1631, painted battles, sieges, and hunting-scenes with success. He was invited to the court of Sweden by Charles XL, who gave him the title of painter to the king. Died in 1721. Lemchen. See Lemnius, (Simon.) Lemene, li-ma'ni, (Francesco,) Count, an Italian poet, born at Lodi in 1634. He composed many elegant Latin verses, but his principal poen.s were written in the Italian language. He had a rich and poetic imagination, and contributed much to reform the poetry of his country. Died in 1704. See ToMMASo Ceva, " Memorie di alcune Virti del Signer Conte F. di Lemeiie," 1706; Tiraboschi, "Storiadella Letteratura Italiana." Letnens, van, vtn la'mens, (Balthasar,) a Flemish painter of history, born at Antwerp in 1637, worked in London. Died in 1 704. Lemercier, leh-m§R'se-i', (Jacques,) a French archi- tect, born at Pontoise about 1600. By order of Cardinal Richelieu, he built about 1635 the church of the Sor bonne at Paris, and the Chateau Richelieu. He obtained the title of chief architect to the king. Among his most admired works are the church of the Annonciade at Tours, and that of Saint-Roch in Paris. Died in 1660. See Fontenav, "Dictionnaire des Artistes;" "Nouvelle Biogra- pliie Gen^rale ;" Quatrem^re de Quincy, " Vies des plus celibre* Aichitectes." Lemercier, (Louis Jean N^POMUcfeNE,) a popular French poet and dramatist, born in Paris, April 21, 1771. He was a republican in the Revolution and through all the changes which followed. His tragedy of "Agamemnon," in verse, (1797,) procured for him a triumph of which the annals of the theatre offer few examples. He afterwards produced "Ophis," "Louis XL," (182 1,) and other successful tragedies. He was chosen a member of the French Academy in 1810. He wrote a poem entitled "The French Ages," (1803,) and many other works. Talleyrand is reported to have said that Lemercier conversed better than any other man in France, Died in 1840. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Lemery, lim're', (Louis,) a skilful physician and chemist, a son of Nicolas, noticed below, was born in Paris in 1677. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, for which he wrote many memoirs. For thirty- three years he was physician to the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Died in 1743. Lemery, (Nicolas,) M.D., a French chemist, born at Rouen in 1645, was educated a Protestant. In 1672 he settled in Paris, where he lectured on chemistry with (clat, and published a "Course of Chemistry," ("Cours de Chimie," 1675,) which was very successful. It was often reprinted, and was translated into many languages. After suffering much persecution for religion, he abjured a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, long; i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, ti, ^, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon- LEMIERRE 1523 LEMONTEY Calvinism in 1686. He was received into the Academy of Sciences in 1699. Died in 1715. See Paul Antoine Cap, "filoge de N. Ldmery," 1838; J. Ton- net, " Notice sur N. Ldmery," 1S44 ; Fontkneli.e, " Eloge de N. Ldnery," 1715; "Nouvelle Biograpliie Gdndrale." Leniierre, leh-me-aiR', (Antoine Marin,) a French dramatic poet, was born in Paris in 1723. He produced in 1758 " Hypermnestre," a tragedy, which was com- pletely successful. His tragedies " William Tell" (1766) and "The Widow of Malabar" (1770) were often per- formed with applause. I le composed a poem on Painting, (1769,) which contains several fine passages. He was chosen a member of the French Academy in 1781. Died in 1793. See Pkrrin, " Notice de Lemierre," prefixed to an edition of his works, Paris, 3 vols., 1810; "Nouvelle Biographic Gdndrale." Leniire, leh-ni6R' or leh-meeR', [Lat. Mir^'us, ] (AuBERT,) a Flemish compiler, born at Brussels in 1573. He studied for the clerical profession, and became vicar- general at Antwerp in 1624. He published, besides other Latin works, "Eulogies of Eminent Belgian Authors," (1602,) and "Annals of Belgium," ("Rerum Belgicarum Annales," 1624.) Died in 1640. See Nic^RON, " Mdmoires ;" Foppens, " Bibliotheca Belgica." Lemire, leh-m^R', (Noel,) a French engraver, born at Rouen in 1724, was a pupil of Lebas. He engraved landscapes, portraits, etc., and excelled in vignettes. "The Partition of Poland" (designed and engraved by him) is called his master-piece. Died in 1801. Lemmens. See Lemnius. Lemnius, l^m'ne-us, or Lemmens, l§m'm5ns, (LiE- viN,)a Dutch physician and philosopher, born at Zierikzee in 1505. He practised in his native place, and acquired a European reputation by his skill. He wrote, in elegant Latin, " De occultis Naturae Miraculis," ("The Secret Wonders of Nature," 1559,) and other scientific or moral works, which were very successful. Died in 1568, See Harderwijck, "Jets over L. Lemnius," 1843; M. Adam, "Vitae Medicorum Germanorum." Lemnius, l§m'ne-Cis, (Simon,) a Swiss poet, whose proper name was Lemchen, (Ifm'Ken,) was born in the Grisons. He studied at Wittenberg, whence he was banished by the influence of Luther or Melanchthon about 153S, probably on account of his writings. He published Latin epigrams and other verses. Died in 1550. Lemoine, leh-mwin', (Antoine,) a French officer, a brother of D'Iberville, was born at Montreal in 1683. He became Governor of Cayenne, where he died about 1730. (See Iberville, d'.) Lemoine or Lemoyne, leh-mwin', (Charles,) a Drother of the preceding, was born in 1656, at Montreal, of which he afterwards became governor. Died in 1729. Lemoine or Lemoyne, (Stienne,) a French Prot- estant divine and Orientalist, born at Caen in 1624, wrote " Varia Sacra." Died in 1689. Lemoine, (Francois,) an eminent French historical painter, born in Paris in 1688, was a pupil of Galloche. He was admitted into the Royal Academy in 17 18, in consideration of his " Hercules and Cacus." He made a short visit to Italy in 1723, and at his return was chosen professor of painting in the Academy. His master- piece is "The Apotheosis of Hercules," (1736,) an oil- painting, which adorns a ceiling in the palace of Ver- sailles, and is said to be the largest in Europe, (64 feet by 54.) He excelled in composition, and had probably a higher reputation than any French painter of his time ; but his design was incorrect. In 1736 he became first painter to the king, and in the next year committed suicide. See Bryan, " Dictionary of Painters. * Lemoine, (Jean,) a French cardinal and canonist, born at Crecy. He founded in Paris the college which bears his name. Died in 1313. Lemoine, (Joseph,) brother of Charles, noticed above, was born in lilontreal in 1668. In 1 7 19 he took Pen- sacola from the Spaniards. Died in France in 1734. Lemoine or Lemoyne, (Pierre.) a French poet and Jesuit, born at Chaumont, in Bassigny, in 1602. He took part in the dispute between the Jesuits and Jan- senists. His principal work is a bombastic epic poem en- titled " Saint Louis, or the Holy Crown recovered from the Infidels," (1653,) which obtamed little favour with the public. His " Devotion Made Easy" (" La Devotion aisee," 1653) was criticised by Pascal in the eleventh of his " Provincial Letters." Died in 167 L Lemoine, (Sauvolle,) brother of Joseph, noticed above, was born in Montreal about 1671. He accom- panied his brother D'Iberville on his western expedition, and was appointed by Louis XIV. governor of the colony of Louisiana in 1699. Died in 1701. Lemoine d'lberviUe. See Iberville, d'. Lemoinne, leh'mwin', (John Emile,) a French editor, born in London, October 17, 1815. For many years he was chief director of the "Journal des Debats." In 1S75 '^^ ^'^^ elected to the Academy, and in 1880 he was made a life-senator and minister to Belgium. He published "Etudes critiques et biographiques," (1862,) and other volumes, made up chiefly from his review-arti- cles, which have won for him a European reputation. Lem'on, (George William,) an English gramma rian, born in 1726. He published an "Etymological English Dictionary." Died in 1797. Lemon, (Mark,) an English dramatist, humorist, and editor, born in London in 1809. He produced a large number of farces, melo-dramas, etc., among which are "The Serious Family" and "The Ladies' Club." Several of his plays are quite popular. He became editor of the London " Punch" soon after its first pub- lication, and literary editor of the "Illustrated London News." Died in May, 1870. Lemonnier, leh-mo'ne-i', (Anicet Charles Ga- briel,) a French painter,"~was born at Rouen in 1743. Among his works are " Cleombrotus" and the "Death of Antony." Died in 1824. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gdndrale." Lemonnier, (Guillaume Antoine,) a French abbe and littlrateur, born in 1 721, produced French trans- lations of Terence and Perseus, and wrote a volume of " Fables and Tales." Died in 1797. Lemonnier or Le Monnier, (Louis Guillaume,) a French physician and botanist, born in 171 7, was a brother of Pierre Charles, noticed below. He succeeded Bernard Jussieu as professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi in 1777, and received the title of first physician to the king about 1 780. He was for some time chief phy- sician of the army. He rendered considerable service to the science of botany, and wrote several treatises which were inserted in the collection of the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1799. See Chai-LAN, " Essai historique sur la Vie de L. G. Lemonnier," 1800. Le Monnier, (Pierre,) a French astronomer, born m Normandy in 1675. He was professor of philosophy at the College of Harcourt, and published a work called " Course of Philosophy," (" Cursus Philosophise," 6 vols., 1750.) Died in 1757. Lemonnier or Le Monnier, (Pierre Charles,) a distinguished French astronomer, born in Paris in 171 5, was a son of the preceding. He was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1736, and assisted Mau- pertuis and Clairaut in measuring a degree of the me- ridian at Tornei, within the polar circle, in 1736-37. In 1746 he ascertained the inequalities of Saturn caused by the attraction of Jupiter, and in 1748, during an eclipse, measured the diameter of the moon on the disc of the sun. He was for many years a professor of physics in the College of France. He published " Histoire ce- leste," (1741,) "Astronomic Institutes," ("Institutions astronomiques," 1746,) a good elementary work on astronomy, "Nautical Astronomy," (1771,) and othei treatises on astronomy, navigation, etc. Died in 1799. SeeLALANDE, " Bibliographie;" " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gdndrale.' Lemontey, leh-mAN'ti', (Pierre Sdouard,) an ablo French historical writer and lawyer, born at Lyons in 1762. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1 791. During the empire he gained the confidence of Napoleon, who ordered him to write tlie " History of France in the Eighteenth Century." He publjshed in 1818 an "Essay on the Monarchical Sy?>\.tm ( Etablisse- vient) of Louis XIV.," and was admitted into the French € as /6; 9 as J, g hard; g zs,j; G, h, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as 2; th as in ihis. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23. ' LEMOS 1524 LENIENT Academy in 1819. Died in 1826. In 1832 appeared his "History of the Regency and the Minority of Louis XV.," a part of his unfinished " History of France." See ViLLEMAiN, " Discours prononc^ aux Fun^railles de Lemon- tey;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^ierale;" Passeron, "Notice sur Lemontey." Lemos, la'm6s, (Tomas,) a Spanish theologian, born in Galicia, was professor at Valladolid in 1594 when the Thomists and Molinists began a controversy about grace. He took a prominent part in favour of the former, and wrote many works, one of which was entitled " Panoply of Grace," (" Panoplia Gratiae," 1676.) Died in 1629. Lemos, de, di la'mis, (Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro,) Count, a Spanish statesman, born at Madrid about 1564. He became president of the Council of the Indies in 1603, and Viceroy of Naples about 1610. lie was a patron of Cervantes. Died in 1634. Lemot, leh-mo', (Franqois Fr6d6ric,) a French sculptor, born at Lyons in 1773. Having gained the grand prize about 1790, he went to Rome with a pension. He afterwards worked in Paris, and was chosen a mem- ber of the Institute. Among his admired works arc statues of Henry IV., Lycurgus, Leonidas, Brutus, and Cicero. Died in 1827. See J. S. Passeron', " Notice sur Lemot" Lemoyne. See Lemoine. Lemoyne, leh-mwan', (Camille Andr£,) a French poet, born at Saint-Jean-d'Angely in 1S22. He studied law, but became a printer. He published " Stella Maris — Ecce Homo — Renoucement," etc., (i860,) " Les Roses d'Antan," a novel, (1865,) " Une Idylle normande," (1874,) etc. His poetry is remarkable for its careful finish and refinement. Lemoyne, leh-mwtn', (Je.\n Baptiste,) a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1704; died in 1778. Lemoyne, (Jean Baptiste Moyxe,) a French com- poser, born in Perigord in 1751. He composed " Phedre," (1786,) and other successful operas. The poem of "Phedre" was written by Hoffman. Died in 1796. L'Empereur. See E.mpereur, L'. Lempriere, l§m'pre-er or Igm-preer', (John,) D.D., a teacher and classical scholar, born in the island of Jersey about 1760. He published in i7S8an excellent classical dictionary, which has enjoyed a wide popularity and is still in e-xtensive use. After acting as master of the grammar-school at Exeter, he obtained the rectory of Meeth, in Devonshire, about 181 1. He also ])ub lished a "Universal Biography," (1808.) Died in 1824. Lem'u-res, [Fr. L6mures, li'miiR',] a name applied by the ancient Romans to spectres or departed spirits, which, as they believed, returned to the world. If benefi- cent, they were called Lares; and if malign, Larvte. .Some authors, however, considered the Lemures and I^rvce as identical. To propitiate them or counteract their influence, solemn rites were annually performed. Leneeus, le-nee'us, (Pompeius,) a grammarian, born at Athens, lived about 50 B.C. He was once a slave of Pompey the Great, who liberated him. He defended Pomjiey against the charges of Sallust. Lenain. See Tillemo.nt. Lenau, la'now, (Nikolaus,) an eminent poet, born in Hungary, August 15, 1802. His family name in full was NiEMBSCH von Strehlenau, (neempsh fon stRa'- leh-now'.) After he left the University of Vienna he studied law, medicine, and natural sciences, and visited the United States in 1832. He produced about 1832 a collection of lyric poems in German, which had great success. He also wrote several epic poems, among which is "The Albigenses," ("Die Albi^enser," 1841.) He is ranked by the "Nouvelle Biograpliie Generale" among the first lyric poets of Germany. Died in 1850. See Uffo Horn-, " N. Lenau, seine Ansichten und Tendenzen," 1838; Theodor Opitz, " N. Lenau; ansriihrliche Characteristik des Dicliters," 1850; L. A. Frankl, "Zu Lenau's Biograpliie," 1854. Lenclos or L'Enclos, de, deh IfiN'klo', (Anne; commonly called Ninon,) a French' courtesan, celebrated for her wit and beauty, was born in Paris in 1620. She was courted by many men of high rank and of eminent talents, with whom she formed liaisons. Among her female friends were Madame de Maintenon and Madame de La Fayette. She was never married. It appears that venality was not one of her vices. Her letters are marked by an elegant simplicity of style. Moliere is said to have had such a high opinion of her literary taste that he often consulted her. Died in 1706. See Bret, "M^moire sur Ninon de L'Enclos," 1750; Guyon db SARDifeuE, " Vie de Ninon de L'Enclos;" L. Damours, " Lettres de Ninon de Lenclos au Marquis de Sevign(5, augmentees de sa Vie," 2 vols., 1752, (translated into English, London, 1761.) Lenet, leh-nA', (Pierre,) a French historian, born at Dijon, was devoted to the Prince of Conde during the war of the Fronde. He wrote " Memoirs of the Civil War which began in 1649," (2 vols,, 1729.) Died in 1671. Le Neve, leh-neev', (John,) an English antiquary, born about 1679. He published " Fasti Ecclesiae Angli- canae." Died about 1740. Le Neve, (Peter,) an English antiquary, born in 1662, became Norroy king-at-arms. Died in 1729. Lenfant, 16N'f6N', (Alexandre Charles Anne,) a French Jesuit, eminent as a preacher, was born at Lyons in 1726. He preached in Paris and other cities, and was reputed one of the most eloquent pulpit orators of his time. He was one of the victims of the massacre in Paris in September, 1792. Lenfant, (Jacques,) a French Protestant divine of great merit, born at Bazoche in 1661. He was educated at Saumur and Geneva, and in 1689 removed to Berlin, where he preached forty years. About 1705 he became chaplain to Frederick William of Prussia, and in 1724 was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences. He was the author of many valuable works, among which are a " History of the Council of Constance," (2 vols., 1714,) a "Preventive against Reunion with the See of Rome," (1723,) and a "History of the Wars of the Hussites and of the Council of Basle," (2 vols., 1731.) In partnership with Beausobre, he produced a French translation of the New Testament, with notes and a learned introduction by Lenfant, (1718.) Died in 1728. His histories are admitted to be impartial and moderate. See NiCERON, "Memoires;" Haag, "La F"rance protestante." Leng, (John,) an English scholar, born at Norwich in 1665. He became chaplain to George I., who ap>- pointed him Bishop of Norwich in 1723. He pub- lished "The Clouds" of Aristophanes, (1695,) and a good edition of Terence, (1701.) Died in 1727. Lengard. See Lennard. Lengerke, von, fon l?ng'er-keh, (Alexander,) a celebrated agricultural writer, born at Hamburg in 1802. Among his principal works is the "Agricultural Con- versations-Lexicon," (4 vols., 1835-38.) Died in 1853. Lengerke, von, ( Casar, ) a learned theologian, brother of the preceding, was born at Hamburg in 1803. Mis principal works are "Commentaries on the Prophet Daniel and the Psalms." Died in iS^iS- Lenglet-Dufresnoy, IftN'gl.V dii'fRi'nwS', (NicoL.'^s,) a French abbe, noted as a voluminous and sarcastic writer, was born at Beauvais (Oise) in 1674. He was several times confined in the Bastille for his freedom or impru- dence as a writer. He displayed great erudition in his numerous works, which are chiefly historical. Among his most important works are "Method for the Study of History" (2 vols., 1713) and "Method for the Study of Geography," (4 vols., 1716.) He also wrote a "His- tory of the Hermetic Philosophy," (3 vols., 1742,) and edited the works of various authors. Died in 1755. See MiCHAULT, " Memoire de Lenglet-Dufresnoy," 1761 ; Qvk- RARD, "La France Litteraire;" "Nouvelle Biograpliie Generale." Lengnich, ISng'niK, (Gottfried,) a Prussian his torian and publicist, born at Dantzic about 169c. He published a "History of Polish Prussia from 1526 to 1748," (9 vols., 1723-48,) "The Public Law of Poland," (1742,) and other works. Died in 1774. Lengnich, (Karl Benjamin,) a German numismatist and antiquary, born at Dantzic in 1742 ; died in 1795. Lenhossek, de, deh l§n-hosh'gk, ? (Michael,) a Hungarian physician, born at Presburg in 1773. He obtained the title of first ])hysician of Hungary, and published many able professional works. Died in 1840. Lenient, leh-ne-4N', (Charles F£lix,) a French critic, born at Provins, November 24, 1S26. He was educated in the great schools of Paris and held proles- a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, sAori; a, ?, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; nSt; good; moon; LENNARD 1525 LENOX sorships of rhetoric and French poetry in the Ecole normale. He wrote two admirable historical treatises (1859, 1S66) on " Satire in France." Len'nard or Lengard, ISng'gard, (Sampson,) an English antiquary, who fought under Sir Philip Sidney at Zutphen. He translated from the French Charron's "La Sagesse," and other works. Died in 1633. Lenne, lA'ni', (Peter Joseph,) born at Bonn in 1789, acquired a high reputation throughout Germany for his skill and taste in landscape-gardening. Died in 1866. Lennep, van, vSn len'nep, (David Jacob,) a Dutch poet and philologist, born at Amsterdam in 1774. He became professor of eloquence at Leyden, and was eminent as a classical scholar. He wrote philological essays and elegant verses, and published editions of Hesiod and of Ovid. Died in 1853. See KoENEN, " Lijkrede op D. J. van Lennep," 1853. Len'nep, van, (Henry John,) D.D., an American missionary, born at Smyrna, Asia Minor, March 8, 1815. He graduated at Amherst College in 1837. From 1840 to 1859 he was chiefly engaged as a Congregationalist missionary in Turkey. He published "Travels in Asia Minor," "Bible Lands," "Ten Days among Greek Brig- ands," etc. Lennep, van, (Jacob,) a celebrated novelist, a son of D. J. van Lennep, was born at Amsterdam in 1802. He chose the profession of the law, in which he attained eminence. Among his early productions are poems entitled " National Legends," (" Vaderlandsche Legen- den.") In 1830 he produced "The Village on the Frontier," a political farce, which had immense success. He published many popular novels, among which are "Our Forefathers," (" Onze Voorouders,") and "The Rose of Dekama." He translated into Dutch some plays of Shakspeare, and poems of Byron and Tennyson. He died August 26, 1868. Lennep, van, (Jan Daniel,) a Dutch linguist and critic, born at Leeuwarden in 1724. He was professor of Latin and Greek at Groningen from 1752 to 1768. He gained a high reputation by a work "On the Analogy of the Greek Language," and by his "Etymology of the Greek Language," ("Etymologicum Linguae Graecas,") (published by Scheide, 2 vols., 1790.) Died in 1 771. See Sax, "Onomasticon." Lenngren, l^n'gR5n,(ANNA Maria,) a Swedish writer, originally named Malnistedt, (mSlm'stSt,) born at Upsal in 1754, was the author of poems of a humorous character. Died in 1817. See Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." Len'noz, (Charlotte,) an ingenious authoress, born at New York in 1720, was the daughter of Colonel Ram- say, lieutenant-governor of that place. She went to Eng- land in her youth, and appears to have been dependent on her literary talents for support before and after her marriage with Mr. Lenno.x. She wrote "The Female Quixote," (1752,) " Henrietta," a successful novel, (1758,) and other works of fiction. In 1753 she published " Shakspeare Illustrated," a collection of tales on which the plays of that dramatist are founded, translated from various languages. She enjoyed the friendship of Dr. Johnson, who expressed a high opinion of her works. Died in 1804. Lennox, (Lord William Pitt,) an English novelist •and writer on sporting matters, born in 1799. He was a younger son of the fourth Earl of Richmond. Among his numerous works are "Compton Audley," (1S41,) "The Tuft-Hunter," (1843,) "The Story of my Life," (1857,) " Merrie England, its Sports and Pastimes," (1857,) "Drafts on my Memory," (1865,) etc. Died February 18, 1881. Lenoble, leh-nobK, (Eustache,) a French litterateur, born at Troyes in 1643. He wrote many works in prison, where he was confined for forgery, and acquired some popularity as a gay, sprightly writer. Among his works are " Political Dialogues," (1690,) and "The School of the World." Died in 1711. Lenoir, leh-nwSR', (Alexandre,) a French antiquary and artist, born in Paris in 1761. In the Revolution he saved from destruction many monuments and works of art found in convents and churches. He was chosen keeper (adniinistrateur) of the Museum of French Monu- ments in 1801. He published, besides other works, a "History of Painting on Glass," (1804,) and a "History of the Arts in France proved by Monuments," (iSic,) Died in 1839. See " Noiivelle Biographic G^n^rale." Lenoir, (Alexandre Albert,) an architect, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1801. He was architect of. the museum formed by the union of the Palais des Thermes with the Hotel de Cluny. Lenoir, (Etienne,) a Frenchman distinguished for his skill in the fabrication of astronomical and mathe- matical instruments, was born at Mer in 1744. He fur- nished the instruments for the expeditions of La Perouse and Baudin, and those used by the savants whom Bona- parte took to Egypt in 1798. Died in 1832. Lenoir, (Nicolas,) called Le Romain, a French architect, born in Paris in 1726. He was employed as an architect by Voltaire at Ferney. Died in 1810. Lenormand, leh-noR'm6N', (Marie Anne Ade- laide,) a French fortune-teller, born at Alen9on in 1772. She wrote, besides other works, " Memoirs of the Em- press Josephine," (1829,) which has been translated into English. Died in 1843. See F. GiRAULT, " Mademoiselle Le Normand.sa Biographie, ses Predictions," etc., 1843. Lenormant, leh-noR'm6N', (Charles,) a French antiquary, born in Paris in 1802. He accompanied Champollion to Egypt in 1828, and was chosen a substi- tute of Guizot as professor of history in Paris in 1835. He wrote an " Introduction to Oriental History," (1838,) and other works. Died November 24, 1859. Lenormant, (FRANgois,) an eminent French archae- ologist, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris, Jan- uary 17, 1837. He began his archasologistic studies when very young. In 1874 he was made professor of archaeology in the National Library. Among his works are " Lettres assyriologiques et epigraphiques," (4 vols., 1871-72,) " Les premieres Civilisations," (1S74,) " Etudes accadiennes," (1875,) "Etude sur quelques Parties des Syllabaires cuneiformes," (1877,) " Les Origines de I'His- toire d'apres la Bible," etc. Died December 9, 1SS3. Lendtre, leh-notR', (Andr6,) a French architect and designer of the royal gardens, was born in Paris in 1613. He displayed his inventive genius in adorning the park and garden of Versailles for Louis XIV., and designed or embellished other royal gardens at Chantilly, Saint- Cloud, and the Tuileries. In 1675 the king granted him letters of nobility. Died in 1700. "The gardens of the Tuileries and of Versailles," says the " Biographie Universelle," " will always be the master-pieces of the style invented by Lenotre." See, also, Mor^ri, " Dlctionnaire Historique ;" " NouvelI.e Bio- graphie G^nerale." Lenourry, leh-noo're', (Denis Nicolas,) a learned French monk, born at Dieppe in 1647. He devoted many years to a work entitled "Apparatus ad Bibliothe- cam maximam Patrum Veterum,"etc., (2 vols., 1694-97,) which contains critical dissertations on the works of the Fathers. Died in 1 724. Len'ox, (James,) the founder of the Lenox Library in New York, was born about iSoo. He was the son of a wealthy merchant of New York, of Scottish birth. James Lenox made a splendid collection of rare books. In 1870 this collection was turned over to a corporation and was made the nucleus of a free library. Mr. Lenox also built for the library a handsome building, worth, with the land it occupies, one million two hundred thou- sand dollars. The building was finished iii 1877. Mr. Lenox died in 1880. Lgn'ox, (Maithew Stuart,) Earl of, a Scottish nobleman, was the father of Lord Darnley. In 1544 he was driven out of Scotland by the hostility of the regent Arran, and went to the court of Henry VHI., who gave him his niece Margaret Douglas in marriage. He was invited to return to Scotland with his son in 1564. In 1570 he was chosen Regent of Scotland by the party which was hostile to Queen Mary. Her partisans sur- prised him at Stirling in 1572, and, perceiving that his friends were likely to rescue him, instantly put him to death. * as >6; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, h. k. ^ttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; I as z; th as in this. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LENS 1526 LEO Lens, IJns or 15n, (Andreas Cornelis,) a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 1739. He worked in Brus- sels, and painted history and portraits. He excelled in design, colouring, and chiaroscuro. Died in 1822. See De Stassart, "A. C. Lens," 1846. Lens, (Bernard,) a Belgian painter and engraver, excelled in miniature. He became court painter to George H. of England. Died in 1741. Lenstrom orLenstroem, l^n'strom, (Karl Julius,) a Swedish writer, born at Gefle in 181 1. He became professor of philosophy at his native place, and pub- lished, besides other works, a " History of the Theories of Art," (2 vols., 1839,) and a "History of Swedish Poetry," (1840.) Lenthal or Lenthall, l?nt'al, ? (William,) an English statesman and lawyer, born in Oxfordshire in 1591. He was returned to Parliament in 1639, and in 1640 was chosen Speaker of the Commons by the popular or re- publican party. When the king attempted to arrest Hampden, and four other members, in the House, and asked Lenthal if they were present, he prudently re- plied, " I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place, but as the House, whose servant I am, is pleased to direct me." In 1653 he ceased to be Speaker, the Parliament having been violently dissolved by Crom- well, but was elected by the new House to the same office in 1654. He also acted as Speaker for a short time in 1660, before Charles H. was restored. Died in 1682, or, according to some authorities, in 1662. See Hume, "History of England;" Clarendon, "History of the Rebellion." Len'tu-lus, the name of a noble Roman family, a branch of the gens Cornelia, which produced several distinguished men. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a man of corrupt character but popular manners, was chosen consul in 73 B.a, and was afterwards ex- pelled from the senate for some misconduct. He was an accomplice in Catiline's conspiracy, and was per- suaded by the soothsayers that he was the third member of the Cornelia gens destined by the fates to have the chief power in Rome. By the orders of Cicero and the senate, he was put to death in 62 B.C. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther was consul in 57 B.C., when he promoted the recall of Cicero. In the civil war he took arms for Pompey, was made prisoner and liberated by Caesar, but fought for Pompey at Phar- salia, and fled to Rhodes. Nothing further is known respecting him. Lentulus, Ign'too-lus, (Cyriacus,) a German publi- cist, born at Elbingen about 1620. He published, in Latin, "Arcana of Kingdoms and Republics," (1653,) and "The Absolute Prince," (1663,) which, with his other works, form an ample commentary on Tacitus. Died in 167S. Lenz, lints, (Heinrich Friedrich Emil,) a German physician, born at Dorpat in 1804, He was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences at Saint Peters- burg in 1834, and was afterwards professor of medicine at the university in that city, and numbered among b-s pupils the imperial princes. Lenz, (Jakob Michael Reinhold,) a German poet and intimate friend of Goethe, born in Livonia in 1750. He became insane in consequence of an unrequited passion for Frederica Brion, who has been celebrated by Goethe. He wrote several comedies. Died in 1792. See A. Stober, "Der Dichter Lenz und Friederike von Sesen- heim," 1842. Lenz, (Karl Gotthold,) a German philologist and writer, born at Gera in 1763 ; died at Gotha in 1809. Leuz, (Oskar,) an Austrian geologist, born in 1S48. Since 1874 he has made extensive explorations in West Africa, Lenz, (Samuel,) a German historian, born at Stend^l in 16S6 ; died about 1760. See Hugh, " S. Lenz's Leben," 1758. Le'o [Fr. L60N, I^'An'] L, Fla'vl-us, Emperor 01 Constantinople, was a native of Thrace. At the death of Marcianus, in 457 a.d., he held a high rank in the army, by which he was proclaimed emperor through the influ- ence of Aspar, who designed to make him only a nominal monarch. Having gained a victory over the Huns, he sent an expedition against Genseric in Africa, which was unsuccessful. He is represented as an able ruler. He died in 474 a.d., having named as his successor his grandson, Leo, an infant, who died after a nominal reign of a few months. Zeno, the father of Leo II., then began to reign. See Gi BBON, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" Lb Bk/ u, " Histoire du Bas-Empire," edited by Saint-Martin. Leo H., born about 470 a.d., succeeded Leo I. in 474, and died the same year. Leo IIL, called Isau'ricus, one of the most able emperors of the East, was born in Isauria, of obscure parentage. In the army of Justinian II. he rose to the highest rank. When Anastasius II. was dethroned, in 716 A.D., Leo and Theodosius aspired to succeed ; and the former prevailed in 717. The first important event of his reign was his great victory over the .Saracens, who hnd besieged Constantinople for two years, (718-19.) The prosperity of his reign was soon blasted by a dis- pute about the use of images, which Leo prohibited in 727, and which the Greek patriarch and the pope defended. Thus began the schism of the Iconoclasts, which convulsed the empire with persecutions, revolts, and great calamities to the end of his reign, and caused the final separation of the Latin from the Greek Church. He died in 741 a.d., and was succeeded by his son, Constantine Copronymus. See Gibbon, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" Le Bbau, "Histoire du Bas-Empire;" Theophanes, "History;" " NouveU* Biographie Generale." Leo IV., Emperor of Constantinople, born in 751 A.D., was the son of Constantine Copronymus, whom he succeeded in 775. His wife was the ambitious Irene. He was a zealous Iconoclaf*:, and is charged with perse- cuting the orthodox or image-worshippers. He died in 780, leaving the throne to his minor son, Constantine VI. See Cedrenus, " History." Leo v.. Emperor of the East, is called the Armenian, because his father was a native of Armenia. Supported b) the army, which he had corrupted, he rebelled against Michael Rangabe, and usurped the throne, in 813 a.d. He defeated the Bulgarians, who invaded his dominions, in 814. He was a zealous Iconoclast, and violently per- secuted the image-worshippers, who appear to have been the majority. He was assassinated in 820 a.d., and Michael the Stammerer became emperor. Leo VL, surnamed THE Philosopher, Emperor of the East, born in 865 a.d., was the son of Basilius the Macedonian, whom he succeeded in 886. He exiled the patriarch Photius. His empire was invaded by the Sara- cens, who gained several victories. After a weak and inglorious reign, he died in 911, and was succeeded by his son, Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Leo was more successful as an author than as a ruler. He wrote an esteemed treatise on Tactics, a poem on the desolation of Greece, moral discourses, and other works. See Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" Lk Beau, "Histoire du Bas-Empire ;" Fabricius," BibliothecaGraca." Le'o [Fr. LfioN, 1^'6n'; It. Leone, li-o'ni ; Sp. Leon, ii-An'; Port. Leao, li-6wN'] L, Pope, called the Great, an ambitious and able pontiflf, was a native of Rome, and was chosen bishop of that see in 440 a.d., as successor to Si.xtus III. His talents and learning had . been approved in several important missions. In 445 he reversed the decision of Hilaire, (Hilarius,) a French bishop, on a question of discipline. It was the con- stant aim of his policy to promote the supremacy of the Bishops of Rome. He pronounced against the heresy of Eutyches, which was condemned in the cecumenic Council of Chalcedon in 451. Tradition informs us that Attila, marching against Rome in 452, was persuaded by the prayers of Leo to spare that city. He failed to prevent the pillage of Rome by the Vandal king Genseric in 455. He died in 461 a.d., leaving many sermons and epistles, which are valuable for the light they throw on the history of the age. Hilarius I. was his successor. See P. DE Mornav, " Histoire pontificale," 1612 ; P. Dumoulim, "Vie et Religion de deux bons Papes, Leon I et Gr^goire I," 1650^ I a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, sAori; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mSt; nflt; good; moon; LEO 1527 LEO Leo H., Pope, a native of Sicily, succeeded Agathon in 682 A.D. He is praised for virtues and learning by Catholic writers. He died in May, 6S4, and was suc- ceeded by Benedict H. Leo IIL, a Roman by birth, was chosen pope in 795 A.D., in place of Adrian I. His first act was the recog- nition of his subjection or allegiance to Charlemagne, to whom he sent the keys of Saint Peter's. In 799 he was attacked by a band of conspirators, and escaped with several wounds. Charlemagne visited Rome in 800, and was crowned by the pope as Emperor of the Romans, with the title of Augustus. Thus the Western Empire was restored, after it had been subverted three hundred and twenty-five years. Leo died in 816 A.D., and was succeeded by Stephen IV. See J. G. Fader, "Dissertatio de Leone III. Papa Romano." 1748. Leo IV., a native of Rome, was chosen pope in 847 A.D., in place of Sergius II. He bravely defended Rome against the Saracens, who, however, pillaged the basilica of Saint Peter. He built a suburb of his capital, which was named Leonina. His character is said to have been good. He died in 855, and was succeeded by Benedict III. The fabulous female pope Joan was supposed by some writers to have been the successor of Leo IV. See Baronius, "Annales." Leo v., a native of Ardea, was elected pope in 903 A.D., after the death of Benedict IV. About two months after his election he was deposed by his rival Christopher, and died in prison, according to one account, in 903. Leo VL succeeded John X. in 928 a.d., when the Church was in a deplorable state and Italy was filled with disorder. After a reign of seven months, he died, in 929, and was succeeded by Stephen VII. Leo VIL was chosen pope after the death of John XL, in 937 A.D. He has the reputation of a wise and pious pontiff. His reign was not marked by important events. He died in 939, and Stephen VIII. then became pope. Leo VTIL was elected pope in 963 A.D., in place of John XII., who had been deposed by a council. John returned, expelled Leo from Rome, and held the place until his death, in 964. The Romans then elected Bene- dict V. ; but Leo was restored by the emperor Otho. He died in 965, and was succeded by John XIII. See Platina, "Vitas Pontificum Romanorum." Leo IX., originally Bruno, bRoo'no, was born in Alsace in 1002, and was a cousin-german of the emperor Conrad the Salic. He was noted for learning, and be- came Bishop of Toul. In 1049 he succeeded Damasus II. He held frequent councils, and laboured zealously to reform the morals of the clergy Having raised an army to oppose the Normans, he was defeated by them and made prisoner, but was at last released. He died in 1054, and was succeeded by Victor II. See F. X. Hunkler, " Leo IX. und seine Zeit," 1851 ; MuRA- TORi, " Rerum Italicarum Scriptores," vol. iii., 1733. Leo X., (Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici — di m?d'- ee-chee,) celebrated as a munificent patron of literature and the arts, the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, (the Magnificent,) was born at Florence in 1475. He was created a cardinal at the age of thirteen. In 1512 he was made prisoner by the French at Ravenna, but soon regained his liberty. Julius II. having died. Cardinal de' Medici was elected pope, March 11, 1513, and assumed the name of Leo X. He announced his patronage of literature by choosing two eminent authors, Bembo and Sadolet, as his apostolical secretaries. The pontificate of Leo is a memorable epoch in religion, politics, and the fine arts. In 15 15 he negotiated and signed, with Francis I. of France, an important concordat, which remained in force nearly three centuries and gave to the king the right of nominating bishops in his own dominions. One of the most momentous acts of his administration was the im- mense issue and sale of indulgences,which were authorized in 1517, (ostensibly for the completion of the cathedral of Saint Peter's,) and which impelled Luther to denounce the corruptions and defy the power of the Church of Rome. (See Luther.) He is censured by many Catho- lics for his lenity towards Luther. By violence and craft he annexed Urbino and Perugia to the Papal State. In 1521 he made a treaty with Charles V., and became the ally of that prince in a war against Francis I. The capture of Milan had just been achieved by the allies, when Leo died in December, 1521, not without suspicion of poison. He was succeeded by Adrian VI. It is generally admitted that Leo was rather worldly and luxurious as the head of the Church. His fondness for buffoonery gave much offence to the stricter Catholics. As a temporal ruler he is considered more meritorious. Under his auspices Michael Angelo obtained celebrity at Florence and the splendid works of Raphael were completed in the Vatican. He restored its alienated revenues to the Roman University, in which one hundred professors received salaries, founded a Greek college at Rome, and liberally patronized poets, scholars, and artists. The part of the sixteenth century in which learn- ing and art flourished most remarkably is generally designated as the "age of Leo the Tenth." SeeW. RoscoE, " Life of Leo X.," 3d edition, i?4o; A. Fabroni, " VitaLeonisX.," 1797; Audin, " Histoirede L^onX," 1844; Paulo Giovio, "Vita Leonis X.," 1651 ; Artaud de Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes," vol. iv. : Bavle, " Historical and Critical Dictionary:" Guicciardini, " Istoria d'ltalia ;" Ranke, "History of the Popes;" " Edinburgh Review" for January', 1806; "Monthly Review" for October and November, 1806. Leo XI., (Cardinal Alessandko de' Medici — di m§d'e-chee,) was advanced in years when he succeeded Clement VIII. on the ist of April, 1605. He died on the 27th of the same month, probably from the fatigue of the coronation. He had been legate to France under Clement VIII., and had the reputation of a virtuous and moderate prelate. Paul V. was his successor. Leo XII., (Cardinal Annibale della Genga — del'ld j^n'ga,) was born in the district of Spoleto in 1760. Having acted for some years as nuncio in Germany and France, he became a cardinal in 1816. In September, 1823, he succeeded Pope Pius VII. He proclaimed a jubilee in 1825, and made reforms in the civil administration. His biographers give him credit for political prudence. In a circular letter of 1825 he denounced the Bible Socie- ties. He died in February, 1829, and was succeeded by PiusVIIL See P. RuDONi, "Leone XII. e Pio VIII.," 1829; C. Schmid, "Trauerrede auf Leo XII," 1829; Artaud de Montor, "Histoire du Pape L(5on XII.," 2 vols., 1843; Cardinal Wiseman, "Recol- lections of the Last Four Popes." Leo XIII., Pope, (Gioacchino Pecci,) was born March 2, 1810, at Carpineto, in Central Italy. He was descended from an old patrician family, and studied at Viterbo and at the Collegio Romano. He graduated in law and theology, and acquired a strong enthusiasm for the philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He was named by Gregory XVI. one of his chaplains in 1837, became Bishop of Damietta in 1843, ^^^ nuncio to Bel- gium from 1843 to 1846, was made Archbishop and Bishop of Perugia, 1846, was created a cardinal-priest in 1S53 by Pius IX., became papal camerlengo in 1S77, and was chosen pope February 21, 1878. He had been a friend and favourite of Gregory XVI., who is said to have re- served him for the cardinalate. Though a strong advo- cate of the papal claims to temporal dominion, Leo is looked upon as a man opposed to radical measures and extreme views. By the bull ".(Eterni Patris" he estab- lished and defined the authority of the philosophical and theological writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He also authorized the publication of a great part of the records of the papal court. This publication began in 1884, and promises to afford matter of great value to the writers and students of history. Leo, an astronomer, who lived at Constantinople. He was invited to Bagdad by the caliph Al-Mamoon, but the emperor refused to part with him. He was ap- pointed Archbishop of Thessalonica, but was deprived of that office, for his opposition to image-worship, in 849 a.d. Leo [Gr. Aewv] of Byzantium, [Fr. L^on de By- ZANCE, 1Ji'6n' deh be'zSNss',] a philosopher, who lived about 350 B.C., was a disciple of Plato. He was sent as ambassador to Philip of Macedon. His writings have not come down to us. Leo of Modena, a celebrated Jewish rabbi, whose proper name was Juda Arid or Arje, (aR'yi,) was born €as/6; 9asj; %hard; gas/; G,ii.K,f7(tiura!- N nasal- v.. trilled- Sass: ^h as in /;(;>. (2[^=See Explanations, p. 2^.) LEO 1528 LEONI at Venice about 1572, and lived mostly in that city. He wrote verses in Hebrew and Italian, and published, be- sides other works, a Hebrew dictionary, and an "Ac- count of the Rites and Customs of the Jews," (1637.) Died about 1650. See Wolf, " Bibliotheca Hebraica." Leo OF Orvieto, [Lat. Leo Urbeveta'nus,] an Italian chronicler, who flourished about 1320. He wrote, in barbarous Latin, a chronicle of the emperors, ending in 130S, and a chronicle of the popes, ending in 1314. Leo, la'o, (IIeinrich,) an eminent German historian, born at Rudolstadt in 1799. lie obtained about 1828 the chair of history at Halle, which he filled for twenty- five years or more. In 1830 he published a " Manual of Medieval History" and a "History of the Italian States," (5 vols.,) which were received with favour. He was an adversary of the Liberal or radical party in politics. Among his other works is a "Guide to Universal His- tory," (" Leitfaden der Universal-Geschichte," 1838-40.) He died at Halle, April 24, 1878. Leo, la'o, (Juan,) surnamed Africa'nus, a Moorish geographer, born at Granada, was a child when his pa- rents, flying from the victorious Spaniards, took him to Africa in 1491. He travelled extensively in Africa and Asia, was taken captive by Christian corsairs, and pre- sented to Pope Leo X. about 15 17. He abjured Islam- ism, and wrote, in Arabic, a " Description of Africa," (1526,) which was published by Ramusio in 1550 and was for a long time the best work on that subject See Casiri, " Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana." Leo, la'o, (Leonardo,) an eminent Italian composer, born in Naples in 1694, was a pupil of Scarlatti. He composed admired Italian operas, but acquired a more durable reputation by his " Miserere," " Dixit Dominus," and other pieces of sacred music, in which a grand effect is produced bv means comparatively simple. He was the master of Piccini and of other excellent composers. His death is variously dated 1742, 1745, or 1755. See F^.Tis, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens;" " Nouvelle Blographie G^nerale." Leo AUatius. See Allatius. Le'o Di-ac'o-nus, a Byzantine historian, was born at Caloe, in Ionia, about 950 A.D., and became a lesident of Constantinople. He wrote a narrative of events from 959 to 975, which is called a valuable supplement to the JByzantine history. Leo the Grammarian, one of the Byzantine his- torians. He wrote about 1013 (as a continuation of Theophanes) a history of Leo V. and seven succeeding emperors, entitled "Chronographia Res a recentioribus Imperatoribus gestas complectens," from 813 to 929. Leo the Great. See Leo I., Pope. Leo Judae. See Juda, (Leon.) Leo Pi-la'tus or Leon'tius (le-on'she-us) Pila'tua [Fr. L60NCE Pilate, li'iNss' pe'lat',] a Greek scholar, who taught Greek at Florence, and is said to have been the first who translated Homer into Italian or Latin. He was killed by lightning at sea about 1364. See HoDius, "De Grjecis illustribus ;" Petrarch, "Epistola;," V. and vi, Leo Urbevetanus. See Leo of Orvieto. Le-o-eh'a-res, [Acw.YupT^f,] an excellent Greek sculp- tor, flourished at Athens in the fourth century before Christ. "His master-pieces were the " Rape of Gany- mede," a statue of Apollo wearing a diadem, and one of Jupiter Tonans, which was placed in the Capitol of Rome. He executed, in gold and ivory, portrait-statues of King Philip and Alexander the Great. Died after 338 B.C. Le-od'a-mas, [Aew(5a|Uaf,] an Athenian orator of high reputation, was a disciple of Isocrates, and flourished about 400-350 B.C. Leon, the French for Leo, which see. Leon, W-b\\' , (Diego,) a Spanish general, born in 1804. In the civil war which began in 1S33 he fought for the queen against Don Carlos. He was reputed the best general of cavalry in Spain. In 1840 he became a partisan of Christina in her contest with Espartero, and was appointed by her captain-general of Madrid. He conspired against Espartero, was made prisoner, and executed in 1841. Leon, (Ponce de.) See Ponce de Leon. L^on de Saint-Jean, li'flN' deh s4n zhftN, or Leo of Saint John, a French theologian, born at Rennes in 1600. He wrote "Studium Sapientiae universalis." Died in 1671. Leonard, li'o'ntR', (Nicolas Germain,) a French poet, born at Guadeloupe in 1744, came to France in early youth. He wrote a poem on the seasons, and several idyls, (1766.) Died at Nantes in 1793. Leonard de Limousin, W'q'w^k' deh le'moo'ziN', or Limosin, le'mo'ziN', a French painter and enamel- ler, born at Limoges about 1500. He was director of a manufactory of enamels which Francis I. founded at Limoges. His works are admirable in design and colour. He copied the master-pieces of Raphael, Giulio Romano, and other Italian painters. Died about 1580. Leonardi, li-onaR'dee, or Leonardoni, li-o-naR- do'nee, (Francesco,) an Italian painter, born at Venice in 1654, excelled in portraits. Died at Madrid in 171 1. Leonardo, li-o-naR'do, (Augustin, ) a Spanish painter and friar, born at Valencia about 1580. He painted history and portraits with success in Seville and Madrid. Died about 1640. Leonardo (or Lionardo, le-o-naR'do) da Pisa, li- o-naK'do di pee'si, called also Lionardo Pisano (pe-s4'no) and Leonardo Bonacci (bo-nSt'chee) or Fibonacci, (fe-bo-nit'chee,) an Italian mathematician, who flourished about 1200. He was probably the first who introduced into Europe the Arabic numeration and the knowledge of algebra, which he derived from the Saracens. He wrote in 1202 an arithmetic called " Liber Abaci," which was published in 1857. See GuGLiELMlNl, " Elogio di Lionardo Pisano," 1813. Leonardo da Vinci. See Vincl Leonarducci, li-o-naR-doot'chee, (Gaspare,) an Ital- ian poet, born at Venice in 1685. His principal poem is " Providence," ("La Providenza," 1739.) Died in 1752. Leonatus. See Leonnatus. Leonbruno, li-on-bRoo'no, (Lorenzo,) a painter of the Mantuan school, born in 1489; died about 1537. See Prandi, " Notizie spettanti la Vita di L. Leonbruno," 1823. L^once. See Leontius. Leonce Pilate. See Leo Pilatus. Leone. See Leo. Leonelli, li-o-nel'lee, (Zecchini,) an Italian mathe- matician and architect, born at Cremona in 1776; died in 1847. Leouhard, von, fon la'on-haRt', (Karl Caesar,) an eminent German geologist, born near Hanau in 1779. He studied at Gottingen, and in 1818 was appointed professor ofgeology at Heidelberg. Among his numerous works we may name his "Topographical Mineralogy," (3 vols., 1805-09,) and "Geology, or Natural History of the Earth," (8 vols., 1836-45,) which have been trans- lated into English, French, and Dutch. Died in 1863. Leonhardi, li-on-haR'dee, (Johann Gottfried,) a German physician, born at Leipsic in 1746. He became physician to the Elector of Saxony. Died in 1823. Leonhardt, la'on-haRt, (Gerhard Adolhh Wil- HELM,) a German jurist, born at Neustadt, Hanover, June 6, 181 5. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and was made minister of justice for Hanover in 1S65, and chief justice of Hanover (under the Prussian riginie) in 1867. Soon after this he was made minister of justice for Prus- sia. As head of the committee on justice in the council of the federal empire, he made a new criminal code for Germany. Died at Hanover, May 7, 1880. Leoni, li-o'nee, (Giacomo,) a Venetian architect, who removed to England. Died about 1746. Leoni, (Leone,) a skilful sculptor and engraver of medals, born at Arezzo, in Tuscany. He was patronized by Charles V., for whom he worked at Brussels and Madrid. He made marble statues of Charles and his empress, and a colossal bronze statue of the former at Madrid. Died about 1592. His son PoMPEio was also skilful in the same arts, and was enriched by the favours of Philip II. of Spain. Pompeio died at Milan in 1660. See CicoGNARA, "Storia della Scultura." Leoni, (Luigi,) an Italian painter, sculptor, and en- graver, surnamed Padovano, was born at Padua in a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6. same, less prolonged; a, e, !, 6, 11, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m6t; n6t; good; moon. LEONI 1529 LEOPOLD 153 1. He practised his three arts at Rome with nearly equal success. His paintings are landscapes and his- torical pieces. Died in 1606. Leoni, (Ottavio,) surnamed IL Padovano or Pado- VANINO, the son and jjupil of the preceding, was born in Rome about 1576, and became one of the most famous portrait-painters of his time. He was chosen principal of the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. Died about 1630. See Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy." Leoniceno, li-o-ne-cha'no, [Lat. Leonice'nus,](Nic- COl6,) an eminent Italian physician, born at Lonigo, in the Vicentine, in 1428. He was professor of medicine or philosophy at Ferrara, and gained a high reputation by his writings. He was the first who translated Galen's work into Latin. Among his works is a treatise "On Syphilis," (" De Morbo Gallico," 1497.) Died in 1524. See Paolo Giovio, " Elopia Virorum illustrium ;" Tiraboschi, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Leonicenus. See Leoniceno. Le-on-i-ce'nus Om-ni-bo'nus, [It. Ognibu6no di LoNiGO, on-ye-boo-o'no de lo-nee'go,J an eminent Ital- ian grammarian, born at Lonigo about 1420. He lived in Venice, where it is supposed he taught rhetoric. He published a Latin "Treatise on Grammar," (1473,) ^"<^ Commentaries on Lucan, Cicero, and other classics. See Fabricius, " Cibliotheca Latina niedias et infim^ .(Etatis." Leonico, li-on'e-ko, (Tommaso Niccol6,) an Italian classical scholar, born at Venice in 1456. He translated some works of Aristotle and other ancient Greeks. Died in 1531- Le-on'I-das, [ htuvlfiaq, ] a heroic king of Sparta, renowned for his invincible courage, patriotic devotion, and noble and tragical end, was the son of Anaxandrides. He succeeded his brother, Cleomenes I., in 492 B.C. When Xerxes invaded Greece with his countless myriads, in 480, the Greek Congress resolved to defend the ]5ass of Thermopylae, and Leonidas commanded tiie small band to which that task was confided. With about 4000 men, he resisted the Persian army for several days, until a treacherous Greek guided 10,000 of the enemy through a secret path over the mountain. Leonidas, j^erceiving that his position was turned, dismissed all his men ex- cept 300 Spartans and about 1000 other Greeks. The S])artans maintained their post until they were all slain. The Persians are said to have lost there 20,000 men. The monument raised on the grave of the Spartans bore this inscrijition : "Go, traveller, and tell at Lacedcemon that we fell here in obedience to her laws." He left a son, Pleistarchus, who became king. See Herodotus, books v. and vii. ; Grote, " History of Greece ;" Justin, book ii. ; P. Eckerman, " Dissertatio de Virtute Leonidje," 1762. Leonidas II., King of Sparta, the son of Cleonymus, ascended the throne in 256 B.C. He factiously opposed the reforms of Agis IV., his colleague, who wished to restore the regulations of Lycurgus. After having been deposed for a short time, he regained his power in 240, and procured the death of Agis. In 236 B.C. he died, and was succeeded by his son, Cleomenes HI. Leonidas of Tarentum, a Greek poet, born at Tarentuni, flourished about 275 B.C. He wrote about one hundred epigrams, which are preserved in the Greek Anthology and are much admired. See Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Grasca." Leonio, li.-o'ne-o, (Vincenzo,) an Italian poet, born at Spoleto in 1650. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Arcades, and contributed by his precept:- and example to reform Italian poetry. Died in 1720. Leonnat. See Leonnatus. Le-on-na'tus or Le-o-na'tus, [Gr. Arowdrof ; Fr. L60NNAT, li'o'nt',1 a Macedonian general of Pella, ac- companied Alexander the Great in his invasion of Persia in 334 B.C. He was one of the officers employed about that king's ]3erson and on occasions requiring entire confidence. In the attack on Malli the life of Alexander was saved by the personal bravery of Leonnatus and Peucestas. At the death of his chief he obtained the satrapy of Phrygia Minor, and was soon urged by An- tipater to aid him against the revolted Greeks, For this purpose he marched with an army into Thessaly where he was killed in battle in 322 B.C. Le-on-ti'a-des, [Gr. Afovrmdr/f , | a leader of the oli garchical party which, aided by the Spartan army, ob- tained the mastery at Thebes about 382 B.C. He was killed in his own house by Pelopidas in 379 B.C. Leontief or Leontiew, li-on'te-§f', (Alexis Leon- TiEViTCH,) a Russian savant, who obtained in 1779 the title of aulic councillor, and held other high offices. He was deeply versed in the Chinese literature, and trans- lated into Russian several Chinese works on history, geography, etc. Died in 1786. Leontium, le-on'she-um, [Gr. Afoitwv,') an Athenian courtesan, the disciple and mistress of Epicurus. She acquired some distinction as a philosopher, and corn- loosed in answer to Theophrastus a work on philosophy, the style of which is praised by Cicero as written "scito quidem sermone et Attico."* Among her various lovers was Metrodorus, the disciple and intimate friend of Epi- curus. Leontius, le-on'she-us, [Gr. Aeovtioc; Fr. L160NCE, li'ANSs',] Emperor of iTTe East, was born about 650 A.n. He became a general, and gained several victories. In 695 A.D. he rebelled against Justinian II., and usurped the throne. He was deposed by Apsimerus in 698, and in 705 A.D. was put to death by Justinian, who had recovered his power. See Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Leontius of Byzantium, called Sciiolas'ticus, an ecclesiastical writer, lived about the end of the sixth century. He wrote "De Sectis," and other works. Leontius Pilatus. See Leo Pilatus. Leopardi, IJi-o-paR'dee, (Ai.essandro,) an excellent Italian sculptor and architect, born at Venice. Among his works are the mausoleum of Doge Andrea Vendra- mini, (Venice,) and the three bronze columns in the Piazza di San Marco, on which the standards of the re- public were suspended. The elegance and proportions of these are equally admirable. Died in 1515. See CicoGNARA, "Storia della Scultura;" Ticozzi, "Dizionario." Leopardi, (Giacomo,) Count, an eminent Italian poet and philologist, born at Recanati, in the Papal States, in June, 1798. Between 18 18 and 1820 he won a place among the first lyric poets of Italy by camoni "To Italy," and "On the Monument which Florence was about to erect to Dante." In 1822 he removed to Rome, where he produced an excellent criticism on the publication of the "Chronicon" of Eusebius by Mai and Zohrab, (1823.) His poems, published collectively under the title of "Canti," (1831,) contain passages of great eloquence and pathos. His prose essays, " Operette morali," (1827,) are esteemed among the finest models of Italian prose which the present century has produced. Died in Naples in 1837. " We believe," says the " Quar- terly Review" for April, 1850, "it may be said without exaggeration that he was one of the most extraordinary men whom this century has produced, both in his powers and likewise in his performances, achieved as they were under singular disadvantages. For not only did he die at thirty-eight, almost 7iel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita, but likewise 'Heaven's unimpeached decrees,' in his case, nearly ' Made that shortened span one long disease.' With a life thus limited, . . . Count Giacomo Leopardi amassed great stores of deep and varied learning, proved nimself to be po.ssessed of profound literary judgment, exquisite taste, and a powerful imagination, and earned in his own country the character summed up in the words of one of his editors, as sommo filologo, sonivto poeta e jomnto Jilosofo." Leopardi sympathized with the efforts to liberate Italy from foreign domination. See MoNTANARi, " Bif>grafia del Conle Leopardi," 1838; Sainte- Beuve, " Portraits conteniporains," tome iii. ; " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale;" "Encyclopedia Britannica ;" " Fraser's Magazine" for December, 1S48. Le'o-pold [It. Leopoldo, li-o-pol'do] I., often called Leopold the Great, [Ger. Leopold der Grosse, la'- o-polt d§K gRos'seh ; Lat. Leopol'dus Mag'nus,] Em- peror of Germany, of the house of Austria, the second son of Ferdinand III. and of Maria Anna of Spain, was born in June, 1640. He became King of Hungary in 1655, * I.e. "In a skilful and elegant style." € as -6; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, Y.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as «; th as in this. (2l^=See Explanations, p. 23.) LEOPOLD 1530 LEOPOLD and King of Bohemia in 1657. After the death of his father, and a competition with Louis XIV. of France, Leopold was elected emperor on the i8th of July, 1658. The Turks, having invaded Hungary with a large army, were def?ated at Saint Gothard in 1664, and I.eopold then made with them a truce of twenty years. In 1674 he commenced war against Louis XIV., which, after indecisive campaigns on the Rhine, was ended by the treaty of Nymwegen in 1678. The Hungarians, driven by his despotic measures to revolt, chose Tekeli as their leader in 1682, and were aided by a Turkish army of 200,000 men, wliich besieged Vienna in July, 1683. So- bieski. King of Poland, saved the capital by a decisive victory over the Turks in September of that year. The Austrians, commanded by Prince Eugene, finished the war by a victory at Zenta in 1697, in which year also a second war against France was ended by the peace of Ryswick. The claim of his family to the throne of Spain, vacated by the death of Charles II. in 1700, involved Leopold in another war with Louis XIV. He renewed his alli- ance with England and Holland in 1701. His army, commanded by Prince Eugene, gained several victories in Italy in 1701-02, and shared the triumph of the allies at Blenheim in 1704. Before the termination of this long war of the Spanish succession, he died, in May, 1705, and was succeeded by his son, Joseph I. He had had three wives, the first of whom was a Spanish prin- cess, Margarita Theresa. His prosperity is ascribed to the merit of his ministers and generals, rather than to his own abilities. Among the important events of his reign was the recognition of Ernest Augustus of Hanover, in 1692, as an Elector of the empire. See "Life of Leopold L," London, 1706; Mencke, "Leben Leopolds L," 1707 ; Wagner, " Historia Leopold! Magni," 1719-31 ; RiNCK, "Leben nnd Thaten Leopolds des Grossen," 1708; Reina, "Vita ed Imperio di Leopoldo I.," 1710; " Nouvelle Biographie General e." Leopold II. OF Germany, the second son of the empress Maria Theresa, was born May 5, 1747. At the death of his father, Francis I., in 1765, he inherited the grand duchy of Tuscany, which he ruled twenty-five years in a wise and liberal spirit. During this period he made many reforms in the administration. He sup- pressed the Inquisition, abolished the penalty of death, and co-operated with Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia, in the reformation of monastic discipline, which caused an angry contest between him and the court of Rome. On the death of his brother, Joseph II., February 20, 1790, Leopold became heir of the Austrian monarchy, which was then not in a prosperous condition. The Low Coun- tries were in revolt, Hungary was discontented, Turkey and Prussia were hostile, and France was estranged from Austria by the Revolution. He quickly reduced the Low Countries to obedience by an army, and pacified his other subjects by a conciliatory policy. In 1791 he concluded peace with Turkey at Sistova, and was elected Emperor of Germany. The alarming progress of the French Revolution induced him to form an alliance with Prussia at Pilnitz, in 1791, for the restoration of Louis XVI. Hostilities were about to begin, when he died suddenly on the ist of March, 1792, leaving the repu- tation of an able and just ruler. His wife was Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles HI. of Spain. He was succeeded by his son, Francis II., (of Germany,) who in reference to Austria is styled Francis I. See "Leben Leopolds IL," Prague, 1791 ; Foucault. " Histoire de Leopold II," 17Q1 ; Alxinger, "Ueber Leopold II.," 1792; Sartori, " Leopoldinische Annalen," 2 vols., 1792; J. B. Schels, "Leopold II.," 1837. Leopold I., King of Belgium, Duke of Saxony, and Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was born at Coburg in 1790. He was a son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saal- feld, was a brother of the Duchess of Kent, and uncle of the British queen Victoria. In May, 1S16, he married the princess Charlotte, daughter of George IV. and heir- apparent to the throne of Great Britain, who died in childbirth before the end of that year. He refused the crown of Greece, offered to him in 1830. On the 4th of June, 1831, he was elected King of the Belgians, who were separated from Holland by the revolution of 1830. Hostilities were renewed by the Dutch, and a French army came to the aid of the Belgians. In 1832 Leopold married Louise Marie Therese. a daughter of King Louts i'hilippe. He was quite popular among his subjects, towards whom his policy was marked by liberality and a scrupulous regard for their constitutional rights. He died in December, 1865, and was succeeded by his son, Leopold II. See L. Hvmans, " Histoire du Rigne de Leopold I," 1864 ; Ras- TOUL DE MoNGEOT, "Leopold I, Roi des Beiges, sa Vie militaire et politique," 1850; Theodore Ji;ste, "Leopold, Roi des Beiges," ;86S; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" "Quarterly Review" for April, 1869; "Gentleman's Magazine" for May, 1866. Leopold II., King of tlie Belgians, son and successor of Leopold I., was born at Brussels, April 9, 1835. ^"^^ is a grandson of Louis Philippe, King of France, and a near relative of the reigning families of Great Britain and Coburg-Gotha. As Duke of Brabant, he was an active legislator before his succession (in 1865) to the throne. His wife, Queen Charlotte, is a niece of Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria. Of his three daughters, the eldest, Louise, his heir-apparent, is married to prince of the Saxe-Coburg line ; the second, Stephanie, is the wife of Rodolph, prince-imperial of Austria. Leopold I., Duke of Austria, was born in 1157. He served under Richard I. of England at the siege of Acre. In 1 193, to gratify his avarice and to revenge an insult he fancied he had received from Richard, he arrested him at Vienna on his homeward journey and threw him into prison. He received a large sum of money for the transfer of the royal captive to the emperor Henry VI. Died in 1194. Leopold II., Duke of Austria, born in 1292, was the third son of Albert I., Emperor of Germany, who was killed in 1308, leaving his dominions in joint-tenancy to his sons. Leopold ruled Suabia, Alsace, and Switzer- land. His brothers, Frederick and Louis of Bavaria, were competitors for the imperial throne. In 13 15 Leo- pold attacked the Swiss, (who favoured the cause of Louis of Bavaria,) and was defeated at Morgarten. In 1325 a treaty was made between the two parties, and it was agreed that Louis and Frederick should reign jointly. Leopold died about 1326. See LiCHNOwsKV, " Geschichfe Hauses Habsburg." Leopold III., Duke of Austria, the son of Albert II., was born about 1350. He became ruler over Suabia, Tyrol, etc. War having broken out between him and the Swiss cantons, he was defeated and killed in 1386 at the famous battle of Sempach, where Arnold of Win- kelried decided the victory by throwing himself on the Austrian spears and breaking the phalanx. See KuRZ, "Oestreich unter Albrecht III." Leopold I. OF Tuscany. See Leopold II., (Em- peror.) Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, was born at Florence in 1797, and was a son of Ferdinand III., whom he succeeded in 1824. He conceded a constitution to Tuscany in 1847. In consequence of the triumph of the democratic party, he retired from Florence, but was restored by the Austrian army in July, 1S49. He was forced to abdicate by the revolutionary movements of the spring of 1859, and Tuscany was annexed to Sardinia. He published a fine edition of the works of Lorenzo de' Medici, (4 vols., 1S25.) Died in 1870. Leopold OF Anhalt-Dessau. See Anhalt-Dessau. Leopold OF Lorraine. See Lorraine. Leopold, la'o-pold', (Carl Gustaf,) an eminent Swedish poet, born at Stockholm in 1756. In 1778 he composed an "Ode on the Birth of the Prince-Royal Gustavus Adolphus," and in 17S8 he became private secretary of Gustavus HI., who treated him with much favour and confidence. He produced two successful tragedies, "Odin" (1790) and "Virginia," and sang the oiartial exploits of the Swedes in several admired odes, llewas appointed secretary of state in 1818. Died in 1829. See Magnus af Pontin, " Minne af C. G. Leopold," 1S30; Ehrenstroem, "Notice biographique sur M. de Leopold," 183S; Skjoeldebrand, "Tal vid C. G. af Leopolds Graf," 1829; Long- fellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." Leopold Frledrich, la'o-polt' fReed'riK, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, was born in 1794. On the death of his grandfather, in 1817, he succeeded to the government, and in 1853 to that of Anhalt-Kothen. Died in 1871. a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, %, j, 9, obscure; fdr, f^ll, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LEOPOLD 1531 LEPIDUS Leopold Friedrich Franz, la'o-polt' fReed'riK fRints, Duke of Dessau, born in 1740. In 1758 he assumed the government, and distinguished himself by his able administration and his patronage of learning and the arts. He died in 181 7, and was succeeded by his grandson, the subject of the preceding article. Leopoldo. See Leopold I., Emperor of Germany. L^osthene. See Leosthenes. Le-os'the-nes, [Gr. Afwo^ti'w ,• Fr. L^osTHfeNE, li'- os'tAn',] an Athenian general, who makes his first ap- pearance in history about the time of the death of Alex- ander the Great, 324 B.C. He was attached to the party of Demosthenes, and seems to have had a high repu- tation, as he was chosen commander of the combined Greek army in the Lamian war, the object of which was to liberate Greece from the Macedonian yoke. He de- feated Antipater in Thessaly, and besieged him in Lamia. At this siege Leosthenes was killed, in 323 B.C., after which success deserted the Athenian arms. See Grote, "History of Greece;" Thirlwall, "History of Greece." L^otaud, li'o'to', (Vincent,) an able French geome- ter, born in the diocese of Embrun in 1595- He was a professor at the College of Dole. Among his works are " Elements of Practical Geometry," (" Geometrica; practicae Elementa," 1631,) and "Cyclomathia," etc., (1663.) Died in i_672. Le-o-tyeh'i-des, [Gr. AE(jrv,t£<57?f; Fr. L^otychide, li'o'te'kW,] a Spartan king, the son of Menares, suc- ceeded Demaratus, who was deposed about 491 B.C. Leonidas L was his colleague in the government. He obtained command of the Greek fleet, and shared with Xanthippus the honour of the signal victory over the Persians at Mycale in 479 B.C. Having been accused of receiving a bribe from some Thessalians, he was banished }n 469, and died in exile at Tegea. See Herodotus, *' History," books vi., viii., and ix. Leowitz, la'o-<^its', [Lat. Leovi'tius,] (Cyprian,) a Bohemian astronomer, born near Hradisch in 1524; died in 1574. Le Pedge, leh-p^zh', (Thomas,) a French religious writer, born in Lorraine in 1597 ; died in 1658. . Lepaute, leh-p5t', (Jean Andr^,) a French clock- maker, born at Montmedy in 1709. He lived in Paris, and was celebrated for the perfection of his works. He made time-pieces for many public edifices of Paris, and for the most of the observatories of Europe. He pub- lished a "Treatise on Clockwork," (Horlogerie.) Died in 1789. His wife, nee Nicole Reine idtable de Labriere — i'ttb'K deh It'bRe'aiR', born in Paris in 1723, acquired distinction as an astronomer. She was a friend of Clai- raut and Lalande, whom she assisted in the calcula- tions on the return of Halley's comet, (1757.) She was the author of " Observations" inserted in the "Connais- sances des Temps," of "Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets," and of several memoirs on astronomy. Died in 1 7S8. LepautreorLep6tre,leh-potR', (ANTOiNE,)aFrench architect, born in Paris in 16 14. He was first architect of Louis XIV. In 1652 he published an esteemed work entitled "The Architecture of A. Lepautre." He had an excellent talent for decoration, and abounded in new inventions. The church of Port-Royal, in a suburb of Paris, was designed by him. Died in 1691. See MoR^Ri, "Dictioiinaire Historique." Lepautre, (Jean,) a brother of the preceding, born m Paris in 1617, was a skilful designer and engraver. He designed and etched many subjects which are ad- mirable models for architects and other artists. Died in 1682. Lepautre, (Pierre,) a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1660, was a son of Antoine, noticed above. He studied and worked in Rome for fifteen years, and then returned to Paris, where he obtained success, though his works are defective in taste. His chief production is the group of .flLneas and Anchises, at the Tuileries. Died in 1744. Lepaux. See LAKtvEiLLfeRE. LePaya de, deh leh pi'e', (Ren6, ) Sieur Plessis- Villeneuve, a gay and witty French versifier, born at Nantes or Fougeres in 1636. He was for many years director-general of the salt-tax (gabelle) in Dauphine and Provence. He was noted for his (^(7;wwc'/'j. His "Friend- ships, Loves, and Little Loves" ("Amities, Amours et Amourettes," 1664) had a great success. He published many letters, sonnets, etc. Died in 1690. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" MoRiRl. Dictionnaire Historique." Lep^e, (Abb6.) See fip^E, de l'. Lepekhin or Lepechin, l§p-eh-Keen' or 15p-eh-Kin', (Ivan Ivanowitch,) a Russian naturalist, born about 1740. He was charged by Catherine II. to explore Russia, and published the results in a " Journal of Travels through the Various Provinces of the Russian Empire," (3 vols., 1771-80.) Died in 1802. Lepelletier, leh-pll'te-4', (Claude,) a French theolo- gian, born in Franche-Comte about 1670, became canon of Rheims. He wrote polemical treatises against the Jansenists, and many religious works. Died in 1743. Lepelletier or Le Pelletier, (Jean,) a French an- tiquary and merchant, born at Rouen in 1633. He wrote, besides other works, a " Treatise on Noah's Ark," (1704.) Died in 1711. Lepelletier (or Le Peletier, leh peh-leh-te-i') de Saint-Fargeau, leh-p^l'te-i' deh s^N'fSR'z'ho', (Louis Michel,) a French revolutionist, born in Paris in 1760, was president h mortier of the Parliament of Paris, and was the owner of an immense fortune. He became a partisan of the new regime, and in 1792 was an influen- tial member of the Convention. It appears that he had given the royalists reason to expect he would favour lenity in the king's trial, but was impelled by the ter- rorism of the Jacobins to vote for death. For this act he was assassinated by Paris, a royalist, in January, 1793. See Thiers, " History of the French Revolution ;" F^Lix Le- pelletier, "Vie de M. Lepelletier," 1793. Le Pere, leh paiR, (Jean Baptiste,) a French archi- tect, born in Paris in 1761. He accompanied the expe- dition to Egypt in 1798, and was directed by Bonaparte to draw up a plan for the restoration of the canal across the Isthmus of Suez. Died in 1844. Lipicie, li'pe'se-i', (Bernard,) a skilful French en- graver and painter,"was born in Paris in 1698. He went to England, and engraved Raphael's Cartoons at Hamp- ton Court. He afterwards worked in Paris, and became secretary of the Academy in 1740. His manner is broad and mellow, and his design correct. Died in 1755. Lepicie, (Nicolas Bernard,) a French historical painter, son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1735. He was a pupil of C. Vanloo, became professor in the Royal Academy, and received the title of painter to the king. His works are marred by the faults which prevailed in the French school at that time. Died in 1784. Lep'i-da Do-mi'ti-a, (do-mish'e-a,) a Roman lady of great personal beauty but infamous character. She was the daughter of Drusus, and aunt of the emperor Nero. Lep'i-dus, the name of a celebrated Roman family of the patrician gens Emilia. Marcus ^milius Lepi- Dus was elected consul in 187 B.C., pontifex maximus in 180, and censor in 179. He was six times chosen by the censors princeps Seimtus. Died about 152 B.C. Th» triumvir of the same name was his lineal descendant Lepidus, (Marcus ^milius,) a Roman orator, a grandson of the preceding, was consul in 137 B.C. In the next year he commanded in several battles in Spain, and was defeated. Cicero represents him as the greatest orator of his age. Lepidus, (Marcus .(^milius,) the father of the tri- umvir, was prastor in Sicily in 81 B.C. In 79 he was chosen consul by the partisans of Marius, and attempted to nullify or repeal the measures of Sulla, who had just died. A violent contest ensued between the factions. In 77 Lepidus was declared by the senate a public enemy, and was defeated in battle by Pompey near Rome. He died about 76 B.C. Lepidus, (Marcus vEmilius,) the Triumvir, was praetor when the civil war broke out between Pompey and Caesar, in 49 B.C. He joined the party of Caesar, who, at his departure for Spain, left Lepidus in charge c as >6; 5 as s; g hard; g as^/V G, H, K,gutiural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in tkLt, ( g^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LEPIDUS «53* LERMA of the capital. In 48 he obtained the province of Nearer Spain, with the title of proconsul, and in 46 became the colleague of Caesar in the consulship. He was master of the horse when Caesar was killed, in 44 B.C. When the senate and Antony came to an open ru|)ture, Lepidus joined the latter with an army, and in October, 43, he united with Antony and Octavian to form the famous triumvirate. He ]jut his own brother on the list of the proscribed who were sacrificed by this coalition. In the division of provinces, Spain and Narbonese Gaul were allotted to Lepidus, who remained in Italy, while the other two led their army against Urutus. After their victory at Pliilippi, Octavius and Antony ceased to treat him as their equal, and deprived him of his provinces in 42, but gave him a command in Africa. When the triumvirate was renewed, however, (37 B.C.,) he was nominally included in it. In 36 he failed in an attempt to recover power, and, being deserted by his troops, sur- rendered to Octavius, who spared his life but banished him from Rome. He died in 13 B.C. See Dion Cassius, "History of Rome;" Appian, " Bellum Civile;" Merivale, "The Romans under the Emperors." Lepidus, (Marcus ^Iimilius,) a son of the preceding, formed a conspiracy, in 30 B.C., to kill Augustus on his return to Rome after the battle of Actium. Maecenas detected the plot, and sent Lepidus to Augustus, who put him to death. Lepidus, (Paulus ^milius,) a brother of the tri- umvir, became aedile about 55 B.C., praetor in 53, and consul in 50. After the death of Caesar, 44 B.C., he acted with the aristocratic party in opposition to the triumvirs. Died about 40 B.C. Leplat, leh-plt', (Josse,) a Belgian jurist and canonist, born at Malines in 1732; died in 1810. Lepois. See Pois, Le. Le Poittevin, leh pwSt'viN', a successful French painter of landscapes, genre, and marine pieces, was born in Paris in 1806. His proper name is Edmonde MoDESTE Eugene Poidevin. He gained a medal of the first class in 1836. Died August 6, 1870. Le Pievost d'Iray, leh pRi'v5' de'ri', (Chretien- Simeon,) a French poet and antiquary, born in Nor- mandy in 1768. Among his works is a "History of Egypt under the Romans," (1816.) Died in 1849. Leprince orLe Prince, leh puiNss, (Jean,) a French painter, born at Metz in 1733. He worked several years in Saint Petersburg, where he adorned the imperial palace. He returned to France many years before his death, which occurred in 1781. Le Prince de Beaumont, leh prdxss deh bo'm^N', (Marie,) a sister of the preceding, was born at Rouen in 1 71 1. She was divorced from M. Beaumont in 1745, and removed to London, where she was employed as governess or teacher for many years. She published many useful and successful juvenile books, moral tales, etc. Her "Magazine for Children" (" Magasin des En- fants," 1757) was often reprinted and translated. She was author of a popular "Magazine for Young Ladies," "The Modern Mentor," (1772,) "Complete Education," etc. About 1764 she went to reside at Annecy, in Savoy. Died in 17S0. Lepsius, l?p'se-ils, (Karl Peter,) a German anti- quary, born at Naumburg, on the Saale, in 1775, was the father of Karl Richard, noticed below. He studied law, and obtained several civil offices under the Saxon and Prussian governments. He published a "Treatise on the Mediaeval Architectural Monuments of Saxony and Thuringia," and a few other works. Died in 1853. Lepsius, (Karl Richard,) a German philologist and antiquary, highly distinguished for his Egyptian re- searches, was a son of the preceding. He was born at Naumburg, in Prussian Sa.xony, December 20, 1813, and received his first instruction from his father. He pursued his studies in the Universities of Leipsic and Gottingen, giving special attention to languages and phi- lology. In 1834 he published " Palaeography as an Aid to Pliilology," which obtained a prize from the French Institute, and was followed by an " Essay on the Affinity of the Semitic, Indian, Ancient Persian, Egy|)tian, and Ethiopian Languages," (1835.) In 1836 he visited Rome, where he formed an intimate friendship with Bunsen, and wrote a "Letter to Rosellini on the Hieroglyphic Alphabet," (1837,) which attracted great attention. lie visited England in 1838, and afterwards became a resi- dent of Berlin. He produced a treatise on the " Etrurian andOscan Dialects," (1841,) and "Obituary of the Egyp- tians," ("Das Todtenbuch der Aegypter," 1842.) Lep- sius having projected a great historical and antiquarian work on Egypt, the King of Prussia was induced by Bunsen and Humboldt to send to Egypt an expedition under his direction. Assisted by artists of various sorts, he investigated the antiquities of that country from 1S42 until 1846. On his return he was chosen a pro- fessor in the University of Berlin, and in 1849 produced the first volume of his "Chronology of the Egyptians." He published the interesting and important results of his late expedition in a splendid work entitled "The Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia," (" Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien," 1849-59.) Among his prin- cipal works are "Letters on Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai," (1852,) "Universal Linguistical Alphabet," (1855,) "The Assyrian Eponymes," (1869,) and " The Babylonian Tables of Senkereh," {1877.) Died in London, July 12, 1884. Lep'ti-nes, [Gr. AetttIvtic; Fr. Leptine, l^p'tii/,] a Syracusan commander, was a brother of Dionysius the Elder. He contributed greatly to the defeat of the Carthaginians at Syracuse about 396 B.C. He was killed at the battle of Cronium, in 3S3 B.C. Lequien, leh-ke-iN', (Michel,) a learned French monk, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1661. Among his works are a "Defence of the Hebrew Text, and of the Vulgate," (1690,) and "Oriens Christianus," (3 vols., 1740,) an account of the churches, patriarchs, etc. of the East, which is commended. Died in 1733. Lequien de la Neuville, leh-ke-4N' deh 1$ nuh'v^K, (Jacques,) a French historian, born in Paris in 1647. He accompanied the French ambassador to Lisbon in 1713, and there composed his principal work, a " History of Portugal," (2 vols., 1700-20.) Died in 1728. Leray, leh-ui', (Francis Xaviek,) D.D., an arch- bishop, born at Chateaugiron, France, April 20, 1825. lie removed when eighteen to the United States, was educated at Rennes and at Baltimore, in 1852 was or- dained a Catholic priest, served chiefly in Mississippi, and held professorships in the colleges at Vincennes, Spring Hill, and Baltimore. In 1S77 he was consecrated Bishop of Natchitoches, was api)ointed coadjutor of New Or- leans in 1879, and in 1SS3 succeeded Dr. Perche as archbishop of that see. Leray, leh-rV, (Theodore Constant,) a French admiral, born at Brest in 1795 ; died in 1849. Lerche, l^R'Keh, (Johann Jakob,) a German natu- ralist, born at Potsdam in 1703; died at Saint Peters- burg in 1780. Lerchenfeld, l^R'Ken-fglt', (Maximilian,) Baron OF, a German statesman of liberal opinions, born at Munich in 1779 ; died in 1843. Lerdo de Tejada, IgR'do dk taiii'Di, (Sebastian,) a Mexican president, born at Jalapa, April 25, 1S25. He studied at Puebla, and at the College of San Ildefonso, Mexico. He became an advocate in 1853, was a judge of the high court, 1S55-57, became foreign minister and premier in 1S57, was minister of justice and of foreign affairs in 1863, shared in the work of destroying Maxi- milian's empire, became chief justice in 1868, and was elected president in 1872. He was re-elected in 1876, but was soon after exiled. Died April 21, 1889. Lerebours, leh-reh'booR', (Noel Jean,) a French optician, born in Normandy in 1762. He made tele- scopes of superior quality, and other optical instruments. Died in 1S40. Leri, de, deh leh-re', (Jean,) a French Protestant minister, born in 1534. He laboured in Brazil about two years, (1556-58,) and published "An Account of his Voyage to Brazil," (1577.) Died in 1611. Lerma, de, di l^u'mi, (Francisco de Ro.xas (01 RojAS) DE Sandoval,) Duke, a Spanish statesman of moderate ability. He was equerry to Don Philip, who in 1598 became king as Philip HI. and appointed the subject of this article prime minister. He was then created Duke of Lerma, having previously been called a, e, 1, 6, u, y, Io»^; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LERMINIER 1533 LEROY Marquis of Denia. He equipped a large fleet which was ordered to cruise on the English coast, but was destroyed by a storm, after which he made a peace on terms favourable to England. For twenty years he retaiiied the favour of the king, and had entire control of the government. His policy was mild, pacific, and prudent in some respects, but was not successful in relation to finances. He was supplanted in 1618 by his son, the Duke of Uzeda. Died in 1625. See Watson, *' History of Philip II.;" Motley, " United Nethei^ lands," vol. iv. chap, xlvin. Lerminier, l§R'me'ne-4', (Jean Lotris EuofeNE,) a French publicist and lawyer, born in Paris in 1803. He obtained in 183 1 a chair of legislation in the College of France, where his eloquent lectures were much admired by the ardent youth. Among his works are "The Phi- losophy of Law," (2 vols., 1831,) and a "History of the Legislators and Constitutions of Ancient Greece," (2 vols., 1852.) He wrote the article "Guizot" in the "Nou- velle Biographic Generale." He was remarkable for animation of style, vigour of images, and nobleness of expression. Died in 1857. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lerminier, (Th^odoric N^lamond,) a French phy- sician, born at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme in 1770. In 1808 he was appointed physician par qtiartier for the service of the imperial household. He attended Na- poleon in the campaigns of Spain, Russia, (1812,) and Sa.xony, and gave jjroof of great professional talent and courage. Died in Paris in 1836. L'Ermite. See Ermite, L'. Lermontof,Lermontov, or Lermonto'w, l§R'mon- tof, (Mikhail Ivanovitch,) a popular Russian poet, born in 181 1, became an officer in the guards. In 1837, by a poem "On the Death of Pushkin," he offended the emperor, who ordered him to join the army of the Cau- casus. While serving there in the army, he wrote "The Circassian Boy," and other popular poems, and a suc- cessful novel, called "A Hero of our Own Time," (1840.) He was killed in a duel in 1841. Like Byron, he ex- presses his own character and feelings in his writings, and is the principal person in the tales or pictures which his imagination produces. See Saint-Ren^ Taillandier, "Le Poete du Caiicase," in the "Revue des Deux Mondes" for February i, 1855; "Nouvelle Bio- graphie Gdndrale. " Lernaean Hydra. See Hydra. Lernout, ICR'noo', (Jean,) [Lat. Ja'nus Lernu'tius,] a Latin poet, born at Bruges in 1545. He was made prisoner by the English in 1587, and detained five years. His "Carmina," odes, epigrams, etc., published in 1579, are said to have considerable merit. Died in 1619. Lernutius. See Lernout. Leroi. See Leroy. Leroux, leh-roo', (Jean Jacques,) a French physician, born at Sevres in 1749. Having been elected to a high municipal office in Paris in 1 790, he exposed his life in his efforts to defend the royal family, for which he was proscribed. Died in 1832. Leroux, (Pierre,) a French socialist, born in Paris in 1798. He founded, in partnership with Madame George Sand, the "Revue Independante." His principal work is "On Humanity: its Principle and its Prospects," (" De I'Humanite : de son Principe et de son Avenir," 2 vols., 1840.) Died April 12, 1871. Leroy, leh-RwS', (Charles,) a French physician, born in Paris in 1726, was a son of Julien, noticed below. He published two valuable works, viz. : " Memoirs and Ob- servations on Medicine," and " Melanges of Philosophy, Chemistry," etc., (1771.) Died in 1779. Leroy, (Jean Baptiste,) a natural philosopher, born ji Paris, was a son of Julien, noticed below. He became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1751, and wrote several memoirs on electricity. Died in 1800. Leroy, (Jean Baptiste On^sime,) a French dramatic writer, born it Valenciennes in 1788. He produced suc- cessful comedies. Died February 18, 1875. Leroy or Le Roy, (Julien,) a French watchmaker, born at Tours in 1686. He settled in Paris, and ac- quired a European reputation by the excellence of his workmanship. He obviated the changes of temperature by a mechanism of compensation, invented horizontal clocks, and made many improvements. in the art. In 1739 he received the title of horloger to the king. Died in 1759. His sons Charles, Jean Baptiste, Julien David, and Pierre are noticed in this work. Leroy or Leroi, (Julien David,) a French architect, son of the preceding, was born in Paris about 1726. Having visited and studied the ancient models in Greece, he published in 1758 an excellent work entitled "Ruins of the Finest Monuments of Greece," which contributed greatly to reform the vitiated taste that prevailed in France before its appearance. The lectures which he gave for forty years as professor of architecture finished the revolution which that book commenced. He wrote, also, " Observations on the Edifices of Ancient Nations,*' (1767,) and other works. Died in 1803. See Gabet, " Dictionnaire des Artistes." Leroy or LeRoy,[Lat. Re'gius,](Louis,) an excellent French classical scholar, born at Coutances. He trav- elled much in his youth, and on his return home gained distinction by translations of Demosthenes' " Philippics" and of some works of Plato. He was an old man when he obtained the chair of Greek in the College Royal in 1572. Among his works are a "Life of Budaeus," in elegant Latin, (1540,) "The Origin and Excellence of the Art of Government," (TArt folitiqtte,) (1567,) and "The Vicissitude and Variety of Things," (1576.) He is reputed one of the first French writers who attained harmony in prose. Died in 1577. See Nic^RO.v, "Mdmoires;" Teissier, "filoges." Leroy, (Pierre,) a French satirical writer, who lived about 1590, was a canon of the cathedral of Rouen. He was one of the principal authors of a very popular satire and master-piece of pleasantry, entitled "Menippean Satire on the Virtue of the Spanish Catholicon,"("Satyre Menippee de la Vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne," 1593,) " which," said Voltaire, " was as profitable to the cause of Henry IV. as the battle of Ivry." Leroy, (Pierre,) a skilful watchmaker, born in Paris in 1 71 7, was the son of Julien, noticed above. He was chiefly noted for the perfection he attained in marine time-pieces, and received a prize from the Academy for the best method of measuring titne at sea. He has the credit of discovering the isochronism of spiral springs. He published several remarkable treatises on his art, — one called "Etrennes chronometriques pour I'Annee 1760." Died in 17S5. Leroy-Beaulieu, leh-RwS' bo'Ie-uh', (Pierre Paul,) a French economist, born at Saumur, December 9, 1843, He was educated at the Lycee Bonaparte, and at Rome, Bonn, and Berlin. In 1878 he entered the Chamber of Deputies. His essay " On tlie influence of the moral and intellectual condition of labourers upon their %vages" (1867) received great attention. He is the author of many papers on politics, taxation, colonization, free trade, (which he defends,) finance, labour, etc. In 1878 he waa chosen to the French Institute. Leroy d'Etiolles, leh-RwS' di'te'ol', (Jean Jacques Joseph,) a French surgeon, born in Paris in 1798, js distinguished as the inventor of instruments used in lithotrity. This invention was also claimed by M. Ci- viale; but a committee of the Academy of Sciences awarded a prize to Leroy d'fitiolles "for having first made known [in 1822] the instruments which he had invented." He died August 25, i860. Leroy de la Corbinaye, leh-Rwi' deh It koR'be'ni', (Charles,) a French lexicographer, born at Saint-Brieuc in 1690. lie published a valuable "Treatise on French Orthography, in the Form of a Dictionary," (1739,) which is praised for accuracy, method, etc. Died in 1739. Leroy de Saint- Arnaud, leh-RwS' deh sAwt ^R'no', (Arnaud Jacques,) a French general, born in Paris about iSoo. He distinguished himself in Algeria, and obtained the rank of marechal-de-camp in 1847, and that of general of division in 1851, as a reward for his suc- cessful operations against the Kabyle tribes. Having become minister of war in October, 1851, he promoted the ccnip d'etat of December 2, and was made a marshal of France in December, 1852. He obtained the chief command in the Crimean war, which began in 1854, € as /i; 5 as j; | hard; g asy; G, 11, Vi,g»ttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2i!^°^See Explanations, p. 23.! LERY 1534 LESCOT and, although suffering severely from disease, displayed his usual energy and skill at the battle of the Alma, September 20, 1854. He was obliged by the state of his health to resign the command, and he died on the 29th of September, 1854. See DuPHRREi. Sainte-Marie, "M. le G^n^ral Leroy de Saint- Arnaud," 1852; Charras, " Les trois Mar^chaux MM. de Saint- Arnaud, Magnan et Castellane," 1851. L6ry, li're', or L^ri, (Jean,) a French Protestant and traveller, born at Margelle in 1534. He went as a mis- sionary to Brazil in 1556, and returned in 1558. He published, in French and in Latin, "A Narrative of a Voyage to Brazil," with a good description of that re gion, (1578.) Died in 1611. Le Sage or Lesage, leh stzh, (Alain Ren^,) a cele- brated French romancer and dramatist, born at Sarzeau, near Vannes, (Morbihan,) May 8, 1668. He was the son of a lawyer, was educated at the College of Vannes, and is supposed to have been employed several years in the collection of taxes. In 1692 he went to Paris to study law and philosoj^hy. There his handsome figure and his intelligence and fine literary taste procured for him free access to the most polished and aristocratic society. In 1694 he married Mademoiselle Huyard, of Paris, and was admitted as advocate of the Parliament, but soon relin- quished all other pursuits that he might devote himself to literature. He studied Spanish, and improved his style by translating or imitating several Spanish come- dies. His corned) "Don Caesar Ursin," imitated from Calderon, was a failure; but his "Crispin Rival de son Maitre" ("Crispin the Rival of his Master") was per- formed with brilliant success in 1 707. In the same year he produced "Le Diable boiteux," {i.e. "The Lame Devil," popularly called in English "The Devil on Two Sticks," and sometimes "Asmodeus,") a romance, the idea and name of which he derived from a work of Luis Velez de Guevara. By its satire on all conditions, its nervous style, and its truthful portraits, this book attained great popularity. He increased his reputation by an original prose play called "Turcaret," which exposed the iniqui- ties of the ti-aitants and other agents of the revenue. These parties offered him one hundred thousand francs to suppress the piece ; but he refused the bribe, and it was performed with immense applause in 1709. It is superior to any play which he imitated from the Spanish. In 1715 Le Sage published two volumes of his most celebrated work, "Gil Bias de Santillane," which is perhaps a more universal favourite than any other novel, and owes its success to its admirable and natural pictures of human life in all its conditions and all its phases. It has been translated into all the languages of Europe. Voltaire and others attempted, without success, to convict him of borrowing or purloining the story from some Spanish writer. Their charges have been refuted by Fran9ois de Neufchateau. He employed the period between 1713 and 1738 chiefly in writing comic operas and other pieces, which were exhibited at the fair of Saint-Germain and were extremely popular. He pub- lished "Roland I'Amoureux," (1717-21,) an imitation of "Orlando Innamorato," and "The Adventures of Guz- man d'Alfarache," (1732,) an amusing novel, superior to the Spanish work of which it is a version or imitation. In 1735 he produced a dialogue full of witty, wise, and original thoughts, entitled " A^Day of the Parcae," (" Une Journee des Parques,") and finished the last volume of "Gil Bias." After composing several other works and enjoying a large share of domestic happiness, he died at Boulogne in November, 1747. He had the reputation of a high-minded and honourable man. His eldest son, who assumed the name of MoNTM^NlL, became a famous play-actor. See AuDiFFRET, " Notice sur A. R. Lesape," 1822 ; Sir Walter Scott, " Biograpliical Notice of Le Sage," (in his Miscellaneous Works:) Malitourne, "Elogede Le Sage," 1822: Sainte-Bhuve, " Causeries du Lundi,"tome ii. ; Henri Patin, " filoge de Lesage," 1822; TiCKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" Villemain, " Littdrature Fran?aise du dix-huiti^ine Siecle," tome i, ; Sai.mt- Marc Giraroin, " Eloge de Lesage," 1S22; " Nouvelle Biographic Gdn^rale;" "Edinburgh Review" for April, 1807. Le Sage or Lesage, (Bernard Marie,) a French revolutionist, was a member of the Convention in 1792, and voted for the death of the king. As a Girondist he was proscribed and outlawed in 1793, but escaped by flight. Died in 1796. Le Sage or Lesage, (George Louis,) a Swiss phi- losopher, born at Geneva in 1724. He studied medicine, but did not practise it. His favourite studies were nttural philosophy, mathematics, and mechanics. In 1750 he be- came a teacher of mathematics at Geneva. He published an "Essay on Mechanical Chemistry," (1758,) an inge- nious treatise called "Newtonian Lucretius," ("Lucr^ce Newtonien," 1782,) and "Fragments on Final Causes," and left many works in manuscript. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and corresponded with D'Alembert and other eminent savants. Died in 1803. See P. PR^vbsT, " Notice sur la Vie de G. L. Lesage," 1803 ; "Nouvelle Biographic G^ndrale." Le Sage (or Lesage) de Montm^nil, leh stzh deh mAN'mi'nfel', (Ren6 Andr6,) a son of the author of "Gil Bias," was horn in Paris in 1695. He made his debut on the stage in 1726, and performed various r6Us in comedy with success. He soon became one of the most cele- brated French actors of that time. His private character is said to have been noble. Died in 1743. Les-bo'nax, [XeaSCrvu^,] a Greek sophist and rheto- rician of Mitylene, who lived in the first century B.C., in the time of Augustus. He was the father of Polemon, the preceptor of Tiberius. His philosophic works have not come down to us ; but we have two orations of some merit, which are ascribed to him. Another Lesbonax, a Greek grammarian, is supposed to have lived in a later period. He was author of a small work on grammatical figures, liepl 2 \;»?^aT(jv, which is extant See SuiDAS, "Lesbonax." Lescaille, li'kSI' or li'kt'ye, (Catherine,) a Dutch poetess, born at Amsterdam in 1649, was called "the Sappho of Holland." She wrote tragedies, — " Genseric," "Cassandra," "Herod and Mariamne," etc Died in 1711. See MoR^Ri, " Dictionnaire Historique." Lescaille, (Jacques,) a Flemish or Dutch poet and publisher, born in 1610, was the father of the preceding. Died in 1677. Lescale. See Scaliger. Lescallier, li'kt'le-i' or li'ktl'yi', (Daniel,) a French officer of the marine, born at Lyons in 1743. He wrote a " French-English Vocabulary of Marine Terms," (1777,) and "Travels in England, Russia," etc., (1800.) Died in 1822. Lescarbot, li'ktR'bo', (Marc,) a French writer and lawyer, born at Vervins. He contributed to form the first French colony in Canada, and, having returned to France, published in 1609 a " History of New France." Lescene-Desmaisons.LVsin'dk'mi'zAN', (Jacques,) a French historical writer, born at Granville in 175c. He published in 1781 a " History of the Last Revolution in Sweden," and in 1789 a " Political History of the French Revolution." Died in 1808. Leschassier, li'sht'se-i', (Jacques,) a French jurist, born in Paris in 1550; died in 1625. Leschenault de La Tour, lish'no' deh It tooR, (Jean Baptiste Louis Claude Theodore,) a French naturalist and traveller, born at Chalons-sur-Saone in 1773. ^^ travelled in Hindostan about five years, (1816- 21.) Among his works is a " Treatise on the Vegetation of New Holland." Died in 1S26. Les'-ehes [A£(j;t;7?f] or Les'cheus, [At(T;i;£wc,] a Greek poet, born in the island of Lesbos, lived about 700 or 600 B.C. He is the reputed author of a poem called "The Little Iliad," ('Wiag iiLKpa.) L'Escluse. See L'ficLUSE. Lesconvel, de, deh li'k6N'v§l', (Pierre,) a French writer of fiction, born about 1650; died in Paris in 1722. Lescot, l^s'ko', (Pierre,) an eminent French archi- tect, born in Paris about 15 10. Little is known of his life, except that he was ablSe of Clagny. He designed the Louvre, which was begun about 1 541. The part of this palace called the Fa9ade de I'Horloge is considered a master-piece. Another specimen of his good taste is the Salle des Caryatides, in the same edifice. "He will ever be regarded," says the "Biographic Universelle," "as one of the greatest architects of France." Died in 1571. See Quatrem^re de Quinc\', "Vies des plus illustres Archi- tectes;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." a, c, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iort, ■" "Nouvelle Biographie Generale. '; a, e, j, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; LESCUN 1535 LESLIE Lescun, de, deh ISs'kuN', (Thomas de Foix,) Sei- gneur, a French general, was a younger brother of Lautrec. Me was made a marshal of France in 1521. After fighting the armies of Charles V. at several places in Italy, he was mortally wounded at Pavi'a in 1525. Lescure, de, deh LVkiiR', (Louis Marie,) Marquis. a French royalist and Vendean chief, was born in 1766, and was a cousin of Larochejaquelein. He was the most scientific officer in the Vendean army, and was noted for his cool bravery. He distinguished himself at Fontenay and Torfou, and was mortally wounded at Tremblaye in October, 1793. "His humanity," says Alison, "was angelic. Alone of all the chiefs in that memorable struggle, it could be said with truth that his glory was unstained by human blood." (" History of Europe.") See Madame de la Rochejaquelhin, "M^moires." Lescurel, de, deh la'kii'rel', (Jehannot,) a French poet, who probably lived in the earlier part of the four- teenth century. Nothing is known of his life. His ex- tant ballades and rondeaux are of singular grace and elegance. Lesdiguieres, de, deh li'de'ge-aiR', (FRANgots de Bonne,) Duke, a distinguished French marshal, born in Dauphine in 1543. He fought for the Protestants in the civil war which began about 1562, and obtained the chief command of the Protestant army in 1575. He was one of those who most effectually aided Henry IV. in obtaining the throne. In 1608 he was rewarded with the rank of marshal and a dukedom, and about 1610 com- manded the army in Italy, where he defeated the Span- iards. He was accused by some writers of conspiring with other Protestant leaders to form a republic after the death of Heniy IV. ; but he refused to fight against the court in the civil war that began about 1620. In 1622 he abjured Calvinism, and was appointed Con- stable of France. Died in 1626. Henry IV. once said he would acknowledge his own inferiority to no captain in Europe except Lesdiguieres, See Louis Videl, "Vie du Mar^chal de Lesdiguieres," 163S; Brant6me, "Vies des grands Capitaiiies ;" DeThou, " Historia sui Temporis;" J. C. Martin, "Histoire abr^g^e de la Vie de F. de Bonne," 1802; " Nouvelle Biographic G^ndrale." - Leseur, leh-zUR', (J ean Baptiste CicfiRON,) a French architect, born near Rambouillet, October 5, 1794. His principal books are " History and Theory of Architec- ture," and a valued " Chronology of the Kings of Egypt." Died in 1SS3. Leseur, leh-zuR', (Thomas,) an able French geometer, born at Rethel in 1703. He became a professor of ma- thematics in the College of Sapienza, in Rome. There he formed an intimacy with F. Jacquier, whom he as- sisted in two works, viz., a " Commentary on Newton's Principia" and "Elements of the Integral Calculus," (1748.) Died in 1770. Leske, l^s'keh, (Nathaniel Gottfried,) a German naturalist, born at Muskau in 1757; died in 1786. Lesley. See Leslie, (Alexander.) LesTey, (John,) Bishop of Ross, a Scottish Catholic prelate, chiefly noted for his zeal and fidelity in the service of Maty Queen of Scots, was born in 1527. He escorted Mary from France to Scotland in 1561, and was soon after appointed Bishop of Ross. When Queen Mary was detained as a prisoner in England, and com- missioners were ordered to examine her cause in 1568, Lesley was one of the commissioners whom she chose to defend her. Having taken part in the matrimonial intrigue between Mary and the Duke of Norfolk, he was imprisoned in the Tower in 1571, and released in 1573. He passed the remainder of his life in exile. He wrote a Latin work "On the Origin, Customs, and Achievements of the Scotch," (1578,) eloquent arguments in defence of Queen Mary, and other works. Died in 1596. See RoBEKTsOiV, "History of Scotland;" Laing, "History of Scotland;" Burton, "History of Scotland," vol. iv. chap. xli. ; Froude, "History of England;" Chambers, "Biographical Dic- tionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Les'ley, (J. Peter,) an American geologist, born in Philadelphia, September 19, 1819, graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 183S, and at the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1844. He was engaged upon the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1839-41, became pastor of a church near Milton, Massachusetts, in 1847, but in 1850 devoted himself to the profession of a geolo- gist In 1873 ^^ was appointed professor of geology in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1S74 was put in charge of the State geological survey. Among his works are " A Manual of Coal," etc., (1856,) "The Iron-Manu- facturer's Guide," (185S,) "Man's Origin and Destiny," (1867, 18S2,) "A Catalogue raisonne of the American Philosophical Society's Library," (1S84,) " History of the First Geological Survey of Pennsylvania," (1875,) etc. In 1S84 he became president of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science. Les'lie (ISs'le) or Lesley, (Alexander,) Earl of Leven, an eminent Scottish general. He served some years under Gustavus AdoljDhus of Sweden, who pro- moted him to the rank of field-marshal. In 1628 he defended Stralsund with success. Having returned home in 1639, when the Covenanters were preparing to resist Charles I., he was chosen general-in-chief of their army ; but before any battle was fought a treaty of peace was made. War was renewed in 1640. Leslie defeated the king's army at Newburn, and another treaty followed. He commanded the large Scottish army which, in Jan- uary, 1644, marched to assist the English Parliament Having effected a junction with the army of Fairfax, he led a division at Marston Moor, (1644,) where he was driven off the field, though his allies gained the victory. In May, 1646, Charles I. delivered himself up to the army of Leslie, then encamped at Newark. On account of his great age, he resigned his command in 1650. Died in i66l See Hume, " History of England;" Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Leslie. (Charles,) a British polemical writer on politics and religion, was born in Ireland about 1650. He took orders about 1680 in the Anglican Church, and gained distinction as a disputant against the Catholics. In the Revolution, however, (1688,) he was a staunch Jacobite and nonjuror, at the sacrifice of his preferment in the church. He wrote several controversial works against the Jews, Deists, Socinians, and other sects. In his "Snake in the Grass" he attacked the Society of Friends. After the death of James II., Leslie joined the court of the Pretender in France. He died in Ireland in 1722. His most esteemed work is a "Short and Easy Method with the Deists," (1694.) Dr. Johnson pronounced him the only one of the nonjurors that could reason. See Burnet, "History of his Own Time;" MoRiRi, "Diction- luire Historique." Leslie, (Charles Robert,) an eminent English his- torical painter, born of American parents in London in 1794, was a brother of Eliza Leslie the authoress. After passing twelve years in Philadelphia with his parents, he removed in 1813 to London, where he was instructed in the study of art by West and AUston. Among his first successful works was " Sir Roger de Coverley going to Church," (1820.) He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1S21, and Royal Academician in 1826. His subjects are mostly of a homely and familiar char- acter, illustrative of the works of Shakspeare, Moliere, Cervantes, and other humorous writers. Among his most admired productions are his illustrations of "Don Quixote." He was also successful in portraits. In 1847 he was chosen professor of painting in the Royal Acad- emy. He published a "Life of John Constable," (1843,) and a " Hand-Book for Young Painters," (1855.) Died in 1859. "The more I learn of art," says Ruskin, "th£ more respect I feel for Mr. Leslie's painting as such Given a certain quantity ot oil-colour to be laid with one touch of the pencil so as to produce at once the subtlest and largest expressional result possible, and there is no man now living who seems to me to come at all near Mr. Leslie, his work being in places equal to Hogarth for decision." See Ruskin, "Modem Painters;" C. R. Leslie, "Autobio- graphic Recollections," edited by Tom Taylor, Boston, 1865; ■Qii.irierly Review" for April, i860; "North .'Vmericau Review" for Janu.iry, iS6i. Leslie or Lesley, (David,) an able Scottish general After serving with distinction under Gustavus Adolphus €as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; %h as in this. (E^^'See Explanations, p. 23.; LESLIE 1536 LESSER />{ Sweden, he returned to Scotland about 1642. He had obtained the rank of major-general when he fought against Charles I. at Marston Moor in 1644. The suc- cess of this action was ascribed chiefly to Cromwell and Leslie. In 1646 he defeated Montrose at Philiphaugh. On the resignation of the Earl of Leven, (1650,) Leslie was chosen commander-in-chief of the Scottish army raised to restore Charles IL He intrenched his army between Edinburgh and Leith, and prudently declined Cromwell's offer of battle. Leslie followed the PLnglish army to Dunbar, where they were reduced to extremi- ties for want of provisions. Against his own judgment, he was induced by the clergy to descend from his ad- vantageous position and offer battle. The result was a signal defeat of the Scotch, September 3, 1650. Leslie was second or third in command at Worcester in 1651. In the retreat from this battle he was made prisoner, and was confined in the Tower until 1660. He received the title of Lord Newark in 1661. Died in 16S2. See Hume, "History of England;" Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" Clarendon, " History of the Rebellion." Leslie, (Eliza,) an American writer, sister of Charles Robert, noticed above, was born in Philadelphia in 1787. She was the author of numerous tales and sketches, which display uncommon powers of humour and satire and acquired extensive popularity. Among the principal of these are "Pencil Sketches, or Outlines of Character and Manners," (1833,) "Atlantic Tales," "The American Girl's Book," and "Althea Vernon," (1841.) She also published "The Domestic Cookery Book," the "Beha- viour Book," and other similar works. Died in 1858. See "North American Review" for Octnber, 1833. Leslie, (George Dunlop,) an English painter, a son of C. R. Leslie, noticed above, was born in London, July 2, 1S35. He became a Royal Academician in 1S76. His pictures are mostly of a cheerful and domestic kind. Le.slie, (Henry David,) an English musician and composer, born in London, June iS, 1822. In 1856 he founded the Choral Society in London which bears his name. His compositions are numerous and varied in nature. Leslie, (John,) born in Scotland about 1570, was the father of Charles Leslie, (1650-1722.) He spoke Latin and several modern languages. He was appointed Bishop of Raphoe in 1633, and built a strong castle, which he defended against Cromwell in the civil war. He is said to have been the last in Ireland to submit to the victor. In 1661 he became Bishop of Clogher. Died in 1671. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Leslie, (Sir John,) an eminent Scottish geometer and natural philosopher, born at Largo, in Fifeshire, in 1766. He was educated at Saint Andrew's and Edinburgh, and became a resident of London in 1790. In 1793 he pro- duced a translation of Buffon's " Natural History of Birds," which was very favourably received. About 1795 he invented the Differential Thermometer. He published in 1804 his ingenious "Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat," for which the Royal Society awarded him the Rumford medal. In 1805 he was elected professor of mathematics in the Uiiiversity of Edinburgh, although the clergy formally protested against his election, because he had com- mended Hume's "Theory of Causation." He succeeded Playfair as professor of natural philosophy in Edinburgh in 1 819, and contributed much to the perfection of the apparatus and experiments of that department. He wrote many scientific articles for the " Encyclopaedia Britannica" and "Edinburgh Review." Among his separate publications were " Elements of Geometry," etc., (1809,) and "Elements of Natural Philosophy," (1823.) He wrote an interesting and excellent "Dis- course on the Progress of Matheinatical and Physical Sciences during the Eighteenth Century," which is one of the preliminary dissertations in the first volume of the new edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." His treatise on " Heat," above noticed, indicates a remarka- ble original genius, and constitutes an era in the history of that branch of science. Died in 1832. Leslie, (Thomas Edward Cliffe,) an able econo- mist, born in the county of Wexford, Ireland, probably in 1827. He was educated at King William's College in the Isle of Man, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1846. He was called to the English bar, and in 1853 was appointed professor of jurisprudence and political economy in the Queen's College, Belfast, but he lived chiefly in London and on the Continent. His principal works are "The Land System of France," (2d edition, 1870,) "Essays in Political and Moral Phi- losophy," (1879,) and a volume on "Land Systems." He prepared a work on the economic and legal history of England, the manuscript of which was unaccountably lost in 1S72. He is recognized as the founder of th« historic school of political economists. Died at Belfast, January 27, 1882. Lespinasse. See Espinasse, de l'. Lespinasse, ISs'pe'nts', (Augustin, ) Count, a French general, born at Preuilly in 1737. In 1796 he fought under Bonaparte in Italy, and directed the artil- lery at Mantua, Castiglione, and Areola with great skill, and obtained the rank of general of division. Died in 1816. Lesquereux, li'keh-Ruh', (Charles L60,) a Swiss- American botanist, born at Fleurier, near Neufchatel, November 18, 1806. He was educated at the College of Neufchatel, was a professor at Eisenach, and later the head of a college at Chaux de Fonds. When twenty- five years old, he became totally deaf. He was director of the exploitation of the peat-bogs of Neufchatel. In 1848 he was brought to the United States by Prof. Agassiz. Besides two volumes on peat-bogs, (in French, 1844, 1845,) '^^ published " Musci American!, " (with W. S. Sullivant, 1856, 1S65,) "Manual of the Mosses of North America," (with T. L. James, 1SS4,) and a large number of monographs and reports on the fossil botany of North America, chiefly published in connection with the various State and United States surveys. D. 18S9. Lessart, de, deh li'siR', (Antoine de Valdec ) a French minister of state, born in Guienne in 1742. He was appointed minister of the interior about January i, 1791, and minister of foreign affairs in December of that year. His policy offended the dominant party, which unpeached him in March, 1792. He was imprisoned, and perished in the massacre of September, 1792. See Thiers, "History of the French Revolution." Les'sel, (Franz,) a Polish musician and composer, born at Pulawy, on the Vistula, about 17S0. He was one of Haydn's favourite pupils. His compositions em- brace church and chamber music, songs, symphonies, cantatas, etc. Died March, 1839. Lesseps, de, deh li'sSp', (Ferdinand,) a French diplomatist, born at Versailles in 1805. He became consul at Cairo about 1833, and in 1842 was appointed consul at Barcelona. During the bombardment of this city by Espartero. Lesseps performed perilous acts of humanity, for which he received testimonials of honour from several governments. He was minister at Madrid from April, 1848, to February, 1849. In May, 1849, he was sent to Rome to negotiate a peace between the popular party and the French army. He was recalled in disgrace in June of that year, because he was too favourable to the Roman republic. He projected the construcrion of the ship-canal across the Isthmus of Suez, which, under his superintendence, was completed, at a cost of nearly sixty millions of dollars, and opened in November, 1869. In 1880 he undertook the formation of a company for the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Lesseps, de, (Jean Baptiste Barth^lemt,) a French traveller and civil ofiicer, born at Cette in 1766. As interpreter he accompanied La Perouse's expedition in 1785, and on their arrival at Kamtchatka (1787) was sent home by land with despatches, etc. He published a Journal of his Travels from Kamtchatka to France, (1790.) Died in 1834. Lesser, l§s'ser, (Friedrich Christian,) a German naturalist and theologian, born at Nordhausen in 1692. He became pastor of a church in Nordhausen in 1739. a, e, 1, o, u, y, /on£-; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/ior£; a, 5, j, 9, obscure; fir, fHU, f4tj mSt; n6t; good; moon; LESSER 1537 LESTOILE Lesser, de, (A. Creuz6.) See Creuz6 de Lesser. Lessing, ISs'sing, (Gotthold Ephkaim,) an eminent author, regarded as the father of the new era of German literature, was born at Kamentz, in Upper Lusatia, in 1729. When twelve years old, he was sent to the high school at Meissen, where he distinguished himself by his application and his rapid acquisition ot knowledge. Being destined by his parents to the ministry, he entered, at the age of seventeen, the university at Leipsic. While here, his taste for general literature and his fondness for the theatre caused him to neglect, and ultimately to abandon, the study of theology, that he might devote himself wholly to his favourite pursuits. Not to mention several dramas of minor importance, Lessing brought out in 1755 "Miss Sarah Sampson," a tragedy, which was received by the German public with extraordinary favour, and was translated into other languages. In 1757 he commenced, in concert with Mendelssohn and Nicolai, the publication of the " Bibliothek der schonen Wissenschaften," (literally, the " Library of the Beautiful Sciences,") — a literary journal of great merit. He pub- lished in 1766 his " Laocoon, or the Limits of Poetry and Painting." This work has exerted a great and per- manent influence on the science of criticism in Germany, both in literature and art. In 1768 appeared the " Dra- maturgie," — another critical work, in which Lessing opposes the French and defends the English drama. He completed in 1772 his "Emilia Galotti," which has been styled "the master-piece of German tragedy, as the ' Laocoon' is the master-piece of German criticism ;" and in 1775 he brought out his "Minna von Barnhelm," regarded as the most perfect of his comedies. His last important work was "Nathan the Wise," ("Nathan der Weise,") — a sort of controversial drama in iambic verse, directed against religious intolerance. Our limits will scarcely permit us to do more than allude to his various minor productions, nearly all of which, in a greater or less degree, bear the decided impress of an earnest, independent, and original mind. We may, however, mention his "Letters on Literature," (" Lite- raturbriefe,") his " Education of the Human Race," ("Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts,") and especially his " Fables," so rich in wit and original thought : many of these have a literary ajjplication. One of the great objects for which Lessing earnestly laboured was to build up a national literature. The Germans had previously, to a great extent, neglected or despised the rich native resources of their own tongue. Lessing sought by precept and example to re- call his countrymen from the almost exclusive study of the French, recommending in preference the English dramatic models, as superior in themselves and better adapted to the genius of the German people. In 1760 Lessing was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and soon after accom- panied General Tauen/.ien, Governor of Silesia,, as his secretary, to Breslau, where he resided five years. During this period he became addicted to gambling; but this vice does not appear to have materially interfered with his application to literature. In 1770 he obtained the office of head librarian of the Wolfenbiittel Library. Soon after, he discovered and published the famous " Wolfenbiittel Fragments," (on the discrepancies of the gospel narratives,) by Reimarus, who, however, at that time was not known as the author. This publication brought upon Lessing much censure and reproach : he was accused of a deliberate design to undermine Chris- tianity. If, however, we may believe his friend Herder, he gave those "Fragments" to the public " purely for the interests of truth, for the sake of freer inquiry and of examination and confirmation on all sides." A candid examination of Lessing's own writings will, we are per- suaded, go far to justify, if not fully to confirm. Herder's opinion. The extraordinary activity and incessant appli- cation of Lessing's mind at length wore out his physical constitution. He died at Brunswick 1781, aged fifty-two. SeeE. P. Evans, "Life and Works of G. E. Lessing," from the Ger- man of Adolf W. T. Stahr, 2 vols., i867;Danzel, " G, E. Lessing, sein Leben und seine Werke," 1850 ; C. G. Lessing, " G. E. Lessing's Leben," etc., 3 vols., 1793; Doring, "G. E. Lessing's Biograpliie," 1853; DiLLER, " Erinnerungen an G. E. Lessing," 1841 ; Schink, " Characterislik G. E. Lessing's," 1S25; Grossmann, "Lessing's Denkmal," 1791 ; A. Tolhausen, " Klnpstnck, Lessing, and VVie- land," London, 184S; H. G. Graeve, " G. E. Lessing's Lebensge- scliichte," etc., iSzg; F. Schi.egel, "Characteristics and Criticisms" (" Characteristiken und Kritiken") on Lessing,'" 1801; "Charac- teristics of Men of Genius," by E. P. Whipple, 1840; "Black- wood's M.^gazine" for November, 1826, (by De Quincey ;) Hedgk, "Prose Writers of Germany," 1847 ; " Biographie Universeile." Lessing, (Karl Friedrich,) an eminent German painter, and grand-nephew of the celebrated critic, was born at Wartenberg in 1808. He studied architecture for a time, but soon yielded to his stronger attraction for painting. In 1825 he finished his picture of "The Church-Yard," which excited great admiration. He soon after studied historical painting under Schadow at Dusseldorf. In this department he produced in 1829 "The Battle of Iconium," and completed other illustra- tions of the life of Frederick Barbarossa, left unfinished by Cornelius. His next productions, representing scenes from Burger's " Lenore" and Uhland's " Royal Mourn- ers," display great originality and poetic fancy. Among his master-pieces we may also name " Huss before the Council of Constance," "The Robber and his Child," and a "Scene in the Eifel," with several other exqui- site landscapes. Lessing, while retaining many of the peculiar excellencies of the ideal or romantic school, avoided the formality of style into which it has sometimes degenerated. Died June 5, 1880. See Nagler, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Lessing, (Karl Gottheif,) a German dramatist, born in 1740, was a brother of the great author. He published several comedies, and a " Life of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing." Lessius, les'se-us, (Leonard,) a Flemish Jesuit, born at Brechtan, in Brabant, in 1554. He lectured on the- ology with Sdat at Louvain from 1585 until 1623. He wrote several popular works, among which are one "On Justice and other Cardinal Virtues," (1621,) and another " On the Power of the Pope." He was charged with favouring semi-Pelagianism. Died in 1623. Lessmann, l^s'min, (Daniel,) a German litterateur, born at Soldin in 1794. He wrote lyric poems, and a number of novels and tales. He died in 1831, it is supposed by suicide. Lesson, li's6N', (Ren6 Primev^re,) a French natu ralist, born at Rochefort in 1794. Among his numerous works are a "Manual of Ornithology," (2 vols., 1828,) and a "Supplement to the Works of Buffon," (" Coin- plement des CEuvres de Buffon," 10 vols., 1828 et seq.) Died in 1849. See Am^u^e LEpfevRE, " £loge historique de R. P. Lesson," 1830. LSs'ter, (Charles Edwards,) an American littera- teur, born in New London county, Connecticut, in 1815. He published the "Life and Voyages of Americus Vespucius," "Artists of America," and various other works, and made several translations from the Italian. Died January 29, 1890. Lestiboudois, Igs'teTDoo'dwi', (Jean Baptiste,) a French botanist, born at Douay in 1715; died in 1804. His grandson, Th^mistoCLES, born at Lille in 1797, was a physician and writer on botany, etc. Died in 1876. Lestocq or Lestoq, ISs'tok', (Johann Herman,) a surgeon, born of French parents in Hanover about 1695. He removed in 1713 to Saint Petersburg, and became surgeon to Peter the Great. In 1725 he was appointed surgeon to the princess Elizabeth. He was the master-spirit of the plot or revolution which made her empress in 1741. For some years afterwards he was treated with much favour, and took an influential part in affairs of state; but in 1750 he was disgraced and exiled. He was recalled by Peter HI. in 1762. Died in 1767. Lestoile or L^toile. See Etotle, de \.\ €as>S;5asj; %hard: gz%j: G, H, K,jptft/im/: s, luisdl; K,tri.l,il; sas s. th .n.> in ////f. (S^^^'See Explanations, p. 23.) 97 r ESTRANGE 1538 LETTE L'Batrange, ISs-tranj', (Sir Roger,) an English par- tisan writer, born in Norfolk in 1616, was a zealous royalist in the civil war. Having been detected in a plot to surprise Lynn, he was sentenced to death as a s])y in 1644, but obtained a respite, and escaped in 1648. After passing a few years in exile, he returned in 1653 and obtained from Cromwell a release from the sentence. In the reign of Charles II. he was censor of the press. He translated the works of Josephus, Seneca's "Morals," and /Esop's Fables, and wrote many popular political tracts. I lis ."^tyle is censured for vulgarity, and his works abound in slang. After the restoration he edited several political journals. " His yTlsop's Fables," says Hallam, "will present everything that is hostile to good taste." ("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died in 1704. See "Biographia Britannica." Lesueur or Le Sueur, leh-sii'uR', (Charles Alex- andre,) a French naturalist and designer, born at Havre in 1778. He explored with Peron the coasts of Aus- tralia, and wrote many memoirs on mollusca, etc. Died in 1846. Lesueur, (Cic^RON Jean Baptiste,) a French archi- tect, born near Rambouillet in 1794, became a member of the Institute. He published a "Chronology of ^he Kings of Egypt," (1848-50.) Died December 26, 1883. Lesueur, (Eustache,) an excellent painter of history, surnamed "the French Raphael," was born in Paris in 161 7. He was a pupil of Vouet. He excelled in com- position, expression, and chiaroscuro. Among his works are "Saint Paul Preaching at Ephesus," "The Annun- ciation," "The Life of Saint Bruno," (in 22 pictures,) and "The Death of Tabitha." The first is called a master-piece of invention and style. He died prema- turely in 1655. See Charles Blanc, "Vies des Peintres Fran<;ais,"and "fitude sur E. Lesueur," 1845; Louis Vitet, " E. Lesueur, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," 1S53 ; L. DussiEux, " Nouvelles Reclierches sur la Vie d'E. Lesueur," 1832. Lesueur, (Jean,) a French historian and Protestant minister. He wrote a "History of the Church and Em- pire from the Birth of Christ," (1672.) Died in 1681. Lesueur or Le Sueur, (Jean Francois,) a cele- brated French composer, born near Abbeville about 1760. Having gained reputation by his motets and masses, he was chosen chapel -master of Notre-Danie, Paris, in 1786. His opera "La Caverne" (1792) was very successful. In 1804 he became chapel-master of Napoleon, and produced "The Bards," (" Les Bardes,") an opera, which was greatly applauded. He was chosen a member of the Institute in 181 5. He composed other operas, an "Essay on Sacred Music," and a "Treatise on Ancient Music," which are highly commended. Died in 1837. See F^Tis, "Biographic Universelle des Musicians;" "Nouvelle Biographie Geiidrale." Le Sueur, (Nicolas,) a French philologist, born in Paris about 1540, became president of the Chamber of Inquests in the Parliament of Paris. He made a good translation of Pindar's Odes into Latin verse, (1575.) Died in 1594. Lesueur, (Nicolas,) a French engraver of cameos, born in Paris in 1690; died in 1764. His uncle Pierre, born at Rouen in 1636, was one of the best engravers on wood of his time. Died in 1716. Leszczinski. See Stanislas. L6tanduere, de, deh li'tfiN'dii'aiu', (Henri Fran- cois Deshereiers,) Marquis, an able French naval oflficer, born at Angers in 1682. He was made ckefcTes- cadre m 1745. In that year he captured four English frigates near Brest. Died in 1750. Letellier. See Louvois, Courtanvaux, de, and :Estr6es, d', (Louis C6sar.) _ 'LeteUier, leh-ti'le-i', a French painter, born at Rouen in 1614, was a nephew and pupil of the celebrated Poussin. His favourite subjects were devotional. He excelled in expression and linear perspective. Among his best works are a "Holy Family," an "Ascension," and an "Annunciation." Died in 1676. LeteUier or Le Tellier, (Michel,) a French states- man, born in 1603. By the patronage of Mazarin, he was appointed secretary of state for the war department soon after 1642. During the troubles of the Fronde he was an adherent of Mazarin. The latter having with- drawn from France about 165 1, Letellier was employed as minister by the queen-regent during the short period of his absence. In 1677 he was appointed chancellor of France. He sealed with alacrity the fatal edict against the Protestants which in 1685 revoked the edict of Nantes. Died in 1685. Louvois, the minister of Louis XIV., was his son. See Voltaire, "Si&cle de Louis XIV:" Choisv, "Mfenio'res." LeteUier, (Michel,) a French Jesuit, born at Vire, in Normandy, in 1643. He edited Quintus Curtius foi the use of the dauphin (in iistim Delphini) in 1678, and wrote against Jansenism. In 1709 he became confessor to Louis XIV., with the privilege of presenting subjects for benefices. D'Alembert and others accuse him of giving the king perfidious counsels. At tlie death of Louis XIV. (1715) he was exiled. Died in 1719. See Voltaire, " Sifecle de Louis XIV;" Saint-Simon, "M^- moires ;" "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Le'tdie, [A^^t/,] a Greek word signifying "forgetful- ness" or " oblivion," and forming the name of one of the streams of Hades. See Pluto. Lethiere, leh-te-aiR', (Guillaume Guillon, ) an eminent French landscape- and historical painter, was born in Guadeloupe in 1760. He studied in Rome, and worked in Paris with success. Among his works are "The Death of Caesar," "The Judgment of Paris," and "Homer reciting his Poems." Died in 1832. Lethington. See Maitland, (William.) Leti, la'tee, (Gregorio,) an Italian historical writer, born at Milan in 1630. He went to Geneva, turned Protestant, and opened a school in 1660. In 1669 he published a "Life of Sixtus V.," which is his most popular work. His satirical humour involved him in difficulties, which compelled him to leave Geneva in 1679. He passed some time at the court of Charles II. of England, and was ordered to quit that kingdom in 1682. He died in Amsterdam in 1701, leaving many histories and biographies, which are unreliable. See Nic^RON, "M^moires." Leto. See Latona. Leto, (PoMPONio.) See Pomponius L>etus. Letourneur, leh-tooR'nUR', (Charles Louis Fran- cois HoNOR^,) a Director of the French republic, was born in Basse-Normandie in 1751. He was deputed to the Convention in 1792, and voted with the Girondists for the death of the Icing. He was one of the members of the Executive Directory elected in October, 1795 or 1796. He was exiled as a legicide in 1816, and died in 1817. See Thiers, " History of the French Revolution." Le Tourneur, (Pierre.) See Tourneur, Le. Letronne, leh-tRon', (Jean Antoine,) an eminent French antiquary and critic, born in Paris in 1787, was remarkable for sagacity, mental activity, and variety of acquirements. After returning from his travels in Italy and other countries, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1816. In 1823 he published a " Historical Essay on Egypt during the Domination of tha Greeks and Romans." He wrote able articles for the "Biograjjhie Universelle" and "Revue des Deu.x Mondes." He was appointed professor of history in the College of France about 1831, and keeper of the archives of France in 1840. Among his principal works is "A Collection of the Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Egypt," (2 vols. 4to, 1842-48.) He proved that the zodiac of Denderah belonged to the time of the Roman emperors, thus exploding the theory of Dupuis. Died in 1848. See BuRNOUFet QuATREMfeRK, " Discours prononct?s anx Fun^- railles de Letronne," 1848; Walckenaer, " Eloge de Letronne," 1850; Edmond Garnier, " Notice sur Letronne ;" Alfrkd Maury, "Notice sur Letronne," 1S49; " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Letrosne, leh-tRon', (Guillaume Francois,) a French advocate and economist, born at Orleans in 1728. He published a treatise in favour of free trade in grain, and other works on political economy. Died in 1780. Lette, let'teh, (Wilhelm Adolph,) a Prussian econ- I a, e, 1, o, ii, y, long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, s/tori: a, e, i, o, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mgt; n5t; good; moon; LETTERIS 1539 LEUWENHOEK omist and liberal politician, born at Kienitz in 1799. He was elected to the legislative assembly of Prussia several times between 1850 and 1856. Died in 1868. Letteris, ISt-ti'ris, (Maximilian,) a Polish poet, born at Ziolkiev, September 13, iSoo, of a Jewish family. He was educated at the University of Vienna, where he was for many years a proof-reader. He published some translations from Racine, besides lyric poems, chiefly in Hebrew and German. His masterpiece is " lien Abuyah." He died in great poverty at Vienna, June 4, 1871. Lettice, Ict'tiss, (John,) an English poet and clergy- man, born in Northamptonshire in 1737. His poem on the conversion of Saint Paul gained a prize at Cam- bridge in 1764. He attained eminence as a i)nlpit orator. In 1785 he was presented to the living of Peasemarsh, Sussex. He was author of " Faliles for the Fireside," (1812,) "Strictures on Elocution," (1821,) sermons, and other works. Died in 1832. Lett'som, (John Coakley,) an English physician, born in the West Indies, near Tortola, about 1744. His parents were members of the Society of Friends. He studied in Edinburgh, Paris, and Leyden, and in 1769 settled in London, where, through the influence of Dr. Fothergill, he obtained a large practice. He acquired an extensive scientific reputation, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1771. Besides several profes- sional treatises, he published "The Natural History of the Tea-Tree," (1772,) the "Naturalist's and Traveller's Companion," (1774,) and a "Life of Dr. Fothergill," {1783.) Died in 1815. See "Memoirs of J. C. Lettsom," by T. J. Pettigrew, 1817- Desgenettes, in the " Biographie Al^dicale." Leu, loi, [Fr. pron. luh,] (Johann Jakoh,) a Swiss writer, born at Zurich in 1689. His most important work is a " Universal Dictionary of Switzerland," {2C vols., 1746-63,) which treats of the civil, religious, literary, and natural history of that country. Died in 1768. Leuchtenberg, Duke of. See Beauharnais, de, (EuGfeNE.) Leuchtenberg, de, deh loiK'ten-b^Rc', (Karl Au- gust Nai'Ol6on,) Prince, the eldest son of Eugene de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, was born at Milan in 1810. His mother was Augusta Amelia, daughter of the King of Bavaria. He passed his youth in Bavaria, About 1834 he was made the first peer of Bavaria by his uncle, Louis I. He married Maria, Queen of Por- tugal, in January, 1S35, and was created Duke of Santa Cruz, but died before the end of the year. Leucippe. See Leuciitus. Leu-cip'pus, [Gr. Aci'/cOTTfjf; Fr. Leucippe, luh'sip',] a famous Greek philosopher, who is generally reputea the author of the atomic philosophy. He was a disciple of Zeno of Elea. The time and place of his birth are unknown ; but, as he was the teacher of Democritus, he probably lived earlier than 450 B.C. Different accounts state that he was born at Elea, Abdera, or Miletus. His works, if indeed he left any, have not come down to us. His doctrines are supposed to have been similar to those of Democritus. See RiTTER, " History of Philosophy ;" Diogenes Laertius. Leuckart, loik'dRt, (Karl Georg Friedrich Ru- dolph,) a German naturalist, born at Helmstedt, October 7, 1823. He was educated at Gottingen. He was pro- fessor of comparative anatomy at Giessen, 1855-70, and in 1870 was called to a similar chair at Leipsic. He has published numerous works, mostly on helminthology. Leuckfeld, Ioik'f?lt, (Johann Georg,) a Germai. historian, born in Thuringia in 1668; died in 1726. Leu'con, [Afr/cuv,] an Athenian poet of the old comedy, was a contemporary and rival of Aristophanes. Leu-coth'e-a, (or Ui-ko'the-a,) [Gr. AevKodia; Fr. Leucoth^e, luh'ko'ti',] i.e. "White Goddess," a name given to Ino, which see. Leucoth^e. See Leitcothea. Leunclavius, loin-kLVve-fts, (Johann,) an excelleii German scholar, whose proper name was Lowenklau or Loewenklau, (16'<^en-klow',) was born at Amel- bauern, in Westphalia, in 1533. He was well versed in Greek, Latin, and public law. A large part of his life was passed at the courts of the Duke of Savoy and of other princes. He published editions with Latin versions of Xenophon, (1569,) Dion Cassius, Zosimus, (1579,) Pro- copius, and other Greek authors. Scaliger, Bayle, and others praise him highly as a translator. He wrote a few original works, among which was a " History of the Moslems," (" Musulmanicae Historiae Libri XVIII.," 1595.) Died at Vienna in 1593. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^ron, "Memoires;" M. Adam, "VitK Philosophorum Germanorum." Leupold, loi'polt, (Jakob,) an ingenious Saxoti mechanician, born at Planitz in 1674. He excelled iii the fabrication of mathematical and philosophical instru- ments. The Elector of Saxony appointed him a membei of the Council of Mines. He published in 1723-27 an important work called "Theatre of Machines," ("Thea- trum Machinarum,") which treats of machines, statics, hydrostatics, mechanical sciences, etc. Died in 1727. See Tettei.bach, " Lebensbeschreibung J. Leupolds," 1735. Leupoldt, loi'polt, (Johann Michael,) a German physician, born at Weissenstadt, Bavaria, in 1794. He published a number of treatises on pathology, physi- ology, and hygiene, and a "General History of Medi- cine," (1S25.) Died August 21, 1S74. Leuret, luh'ri', ( Franqois,) a French physician, born at Nancy in 1797. Having given special attention to mental maladies, he acquired distinction by his " Psy- chological Fragments on Insanity," (1834,) and othei works, among which is one "On the Moral Treatmeni of Insanity," (1840.) He became chief physician of the Bicetre in Paris. Died in 185 1. See U. Trelat, " Notice stir F". Letiret," 1851 ; Charles He- 3UET, " Notice biograpliiqiie siir la Vie du Docteur Leuret," 1832. Leusden, lus'den, [Lat. Leusde'nius,| (Jan,) a Dutch |)hilologist, eminent as a Hebrew scholar, was born in 1624, at Utrecht. He studied the Oriental lan- guages in that city and Amsterdam. In 1649 he obtained the chair of Hebrew at Utrecht, which he held until his death. He ex])lained many curious Biblical questions in three works, entitled " Hebrew Philologist," (" Philo- logus Hebrzeus," 1656,) " Philologus Hebraso-Mixtus," (1663,) and " Hebrew-Greek Philologist," ("Philologus Jlebraeo-Graecus," 1670.) Among his other works are "Scholia .Syriaca," "Compendium Biblicum," (1674,) and a Greek edition of the New Testament, (1675.) Died in 1699. See Nic^ROM, "Memoires ;" Burmann, "Trajectum Eriiditum ;" G. DE Vries, "Oratio in Obitum J. Leusdenii," i6gg. Leusdenius. See Leusden. Leutholf. See Ludolphus. Leutinger, loi'ting-er, (Nikolaus,) a German his- torian, born in Brandenburg in 1547. He published about 1587 a "History of Brandenburg." Died in 1612. Leutze, loit'seh, (Emanuel,) a distinguished his- torical painter, born at Gmiind, in Wiirtemberg, in 1816. At an early age he accomjianied his father to Philadelphia, where his talents attracted the notice of Mr. Carey, by whose assistance he was enabled to visit Europe. ' He studied at Dusseldorf under Lessing, and ibout 1S42 jiroduced his "Columbus before the Council at Salamanca," which gave him a high reputation. Among his pictures, many of which illustrate American history, we may mention "The Landing of the North- men," "Washington Crossing the Delaware," "John Knox and Mary'Stuart," " Washington at Princeton," and "Columbus before the Queen." Died at Washing- ton in July, 1868. See H. T. Tl'ckerman, "American Artist Life," 1S67, and 'Book of tlie Artists." Leuwenhoek, van, vSn luh'wen-hook', (Antoon.) sometimes written Leeuwenhoek or Leeu-wenhoeck, a celebrated Dutch naturalist, born at Delft in 1632. He first acquired reputation by his skill in the fabrica- tion of microscojjes. By his successful use of the micro- scope in researches into the intimate structure of the human system and the composition of animal fluids, he afterwards obtained celebrity as an anatomist and physi- ologist. He communicated many of his discoveries to the Royal Society of London, of which he was chosen a Fellow in 16S0. He discovered the so-called animalcules € as k; 9 as s: g hard: g asy; o, H, v., guttural : N, nasal: k, trilled; s as 2; th as in tltis. (^[^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LEVA 1540 LEVESQUE in the spermatic fluid in 1677. About 1690 he proved the continuity of the arteries with the veins, and success- fully combated the prevalent hypothesis of the fermen- tation of the blood. He described with accuracy the structure of the lamina which compose the crystalline lens of the eye. In 1698, Peter the Great, passing through Delft, requested the favour of seeing Leuwen- hoek and his microscopes, which was accorded. Died in 1723. Leuwenhoek's works were printed in the "Philosophical Transactions," (London.) Four vol- umes of his collected works were published at Leyden in 1724, under the title of "Opera Onmia." See I. VAN Haastert, *'A. van Leeiiwenlioeck, vereerend Her- daclit in eene korte Levensschets," eic, 1S23; Halbhrtsma, " Dis- sertatio historico-medica de A. Leeiiwenluieckii Meritis," etc., 1843. Leva. See Leyva. Le Vacher de Chamois. See Charnois, de. Le Vaillant. See Vah.lant, Le. Leval, leh-vtl', (Jean Francois,) a French general, born in Paris in 1761. As general of division, he ob- tained success at Philipsburg in 1799. He took part in the battle of Jena, in 1806. Died in 1834. Levasseur, leh-vt'sUR', a French anatomist, who wrote about 1540. "He appears," says Ilallam, "to have known the circulation of the blood through the lungs, as well as the valves of the arteries and veins, and their direction and its purpose, — treading closely on an anticipation of Harvey." Levasseur, (Jean Charles,) a French engraver, born at Abbeville in 1734. He engraved some works of Boucher, Lemoine, Vanloo, etc. Died about 1810. Levasseur de la Sarthe, leh-vS'suk' deh li sSrI, (Rex6,) a French Jacobin, born in Maine in 1747, voted in the Convention of 1792 for the death of the king, and was a violent enemy of the Girondists. Died in 1834. See AcHn,i.E Roche, " Mi^tnoires de R. Levasseur," 2 vols., 1S29 Levassor, leh-vt'soR', (Michel,) a French historian and priest, born at Orleans. About 1675 he became a Protestant, and emigrated to Holland. He afterwards removed to England, and ])ublished a " History of Eu- rope in the Reign of Louis XHL," (10 vols., 1700-11.) Voltaire calls him " un declamateur odieux," (" an odious declaimer,") and says he was thought to be erroneous in nearly all his judgments. Died in 1718. Levati, li-vS'tee, (Carlo Amhrogio,) an Italian writer, born at Biassono in 1790. Among his works is a "Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Women of all Ages and Nations," (3 vols., 1822.) Died in 1841. Levau or Leveau, leh-v6', (Louis,) a French archi- tect, born in 1612. He built the Hotel Lambert and Hotel Colbert, at Paris. He obtained the title of first architect to Louis XIV., by whose order he added to the chateau of the Tuileries the Pavilions de Flore and de Marsan. Died in 1670. See QuATREMiRB DE QuiNCV, " Viris des phis ilhistres Aichi tectes." Levavasseur, leh'vt'vS'suR', (Louis Gustave,) a French poet, born at Argentan, November 9, 1819. Among his writings are "Poesies fugitives," (1S46,) "Farces et Moralites," (1850,) "Etudes d'apres Na- ture," (1864,) "Dans les Herbages," (1S76,) etc. Some of his best work is in the old Norman manner. Le Vayer. See Mothe, La. Leven, Earl of. See Leslie, (Alexander.) L6v6que, li'vSk', (Pierre,) an able French mathe- matician, born at Nantes in 1746. To a sound judgment he added extensive acquirements in various sciences and languages. He published "The Navigator's Guide," (1779,) which was praised by Lalande, and other nautical works. He was elected to the Institute in 1801. Died in 1814. See Dei-ambre, " filoge de LdvSque," 1816: " Nouvelle Bio- Rraphie Gt!n^r.ile." Le'ver, (Sir Ashton,) an English naturalist, born near Manchester. He formed a museum of natural his- tory. Died in 1788. Le'ver, (Charles James,) a popular Irish novelist, was born in Dublin in 1806. He j^ractised medicine a few years, but abandoned that profession when he be- came editor of the " Dublin University Magazine," about 1S42. He wrote a multitude of novels, among which are "Harry Lorrequer," (1840,) "Charles O'Malley, (1841,) "Tom Burke of Ours," (1844,) "The Daltons," (1S52,) "The Knight of Gwynne," (1854,) and " Daven- port Dunn," (1859.) After 1845 he resided for many years at Plorence. In 1858 he was aj^pointed vice-consul at Spezzia, and was transferred to Trieste in 1867. He died at Trieste, June i, 1872. Lever, (Thomas,) an elocpient English divine, born in Lancashire. He was ordained a Protestant minister in 1550. On the accession of Mary (1553) he retired to the continent. He afterwards dissented from the Angli- can Church, from a partiality to Calvinism. He pub- lished sermons, and other religious works. Died in 1577. L6v'e-rett, (Frederick Percival,) an American scholar, born at Boston in 1803. He published a " Lexi- con of the Latin Language," an edition of Caesar's " Com- mentaries," and other educational works. Died in 1836. Leverett, (Sir John,) born in England in 1616, emigrated to America, where he was elected in 1673 Governor of Massachusetts. He was made a baronet by Charles II. Died in 1679. Leverett, (John,) grandson of the preceding, born in Boston in 1662, became president of Harvard University in 1708. He was a distinguished jurist and scholar, and a Fellow of the Royal Society. Died in 1724. Lev'?-ridge, (Richard,) an English singer, song writer, and musical composer, was born about 1670. He published two volumes of his own songs, and composed the music for many of Purcell's songs. Died in 1758. Leverrier or Le Verrier, leh vA're-A', (Urdain Jean Tosei'H,) an eminent French astronomer, born at Saint-L6 (La Manche) in March, 181 !. He entered the Polytechnic School about 1830, and after leaving it de- voted himself with success to chemistry and mathematics. He became a tutor (repetitciir) in the Polytechnic School, and in 1S39 wrote two treatises on astronomy, which pro cured for him the friendship of Arago. In Januarj^, 1846, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences. Before that date he had undertaken to rectify the tables of Uranus, the orbit of which was subject to perturba* tions from an unknown cause. Conjecturing this cause to be a planet, he calculated its orbit, mass, and position, and announced the results in a memoir to the Academy of Sciences in June, 1846. The planet was observed by telescope near the place indicated, byGalle, of Berlin, in September of that year, and received the name of Nep« tune. Leverrier acquired a just celebrity by this great discovery, and was appointed professor of astronomy in the Faculty of Sciences, Paris. In 1849 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Having supported Louis Napoleon's policy, he was chosen a senator in 1852. He succeeded Arago in 1853 as astronomer to the bureau of longitudes and director of the Imperial Observatory. He published, besides other works, " Annales de I'Oo servatoire de Paris," (1856.) About i860 he presented to the Institute an interesting memoir on Mercury. He ob- served a movement of the perihelion of that planet which suggested the existence of a small planet between Mer- cury and the sun. In 1870 he was removed from the posi- tion of director of the Observatory. Died Sept. 23, 1877. See " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gen^rale ;" " Biographie des Membres du Senat," 1852. Le Vert, leh vert, (Octavia Walton,) an American writer, born in Georgia about 1820. She published "Souvenirs of Travel," (1857,) and contributed to Eng- lish and American periodicals. Died March 13, 1877. L6vesque, li'vtk', (Pierre Charles,) a French his- torian and translator, born in Paris in 1736. He became professor of belles-lettres in Saint Petersburg in 1773. In 1780 he returned to Paris, and published his "His- tory of Russia," (" Histoire de Russie," 6 vols., 1782,) which is esteemed a classic work. lie afterwards was chosen a professor in the Royal College and a member of the Institute. In 1795 he produced a successful trans- lation of Thucydides. He wrote other historical works, and translated some of the writings of Plutarch and Xenophon. Died in 1812. See Dacier, " l5lo.c;e de L^vesqiie;" "Nouvelle riiogrnphie Giln^rale ;" " Monthly Review," vol. liv., 1S07 c/ j^./., (.Appendi.x.) L^vesque de Burigny. See Buriony, de. Ldvesque de la Ravaliere, li'vfk' deh IS rS'vS'- a, e, i, 5, u, y, lon^; i, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, c, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, oh at re: far, fill, fit; niSt; n6l; good; moon; L EVES QUE 1541 LE HJS le-aiR', (Pierre Alexandre,) a French writer, born at Troyes in 1697. He was chiefly known by his edition of the poems of Thibault de Champagne, King of Na- varre, (1742,) which was accompanied by an " Essay on the Revolutions of the French Language from Charle- magne to Saint Louis." Died in 1762. Levesque de Pouilly, li'vik' deh poo'ye', (Louis Jean,) a French litUratcur, born at Rheims in 1691. He was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1722. He corresponded with Fontenelle, Voltaire, and Lord Bolingbroke. His principal work is the "Theory re- specting the Agreeable Sentiments," ("Theorie des Sentiments agreables," 1747,) revised and enlarged in 1749. Died in 1750. His son, Jean Simon, (1734-1820,) wrote a "Life of Chancellor L'Hopital," (1764,) and a work called "Theory of the Imagination," (1803.) Le'vi, [Heb. '1/ ; Gr. Am,] a Hebrew patriarch, a son of Jacob and Leah, was born in Mesopotamia about 1750 B.C. He died in Egypt, aged one hundred and thirty-seven, leaving three sons, one of whom was the grandfather of Moses. See Genesis xxix., xxxiv., xlix., and Exodus vi. 16. Levi, (David,) a learned Jew, born in London in 1740. He published, besides other works, " Lingua Sacra, or a Grammar and Dictionary of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Talmudic Dialects," (3 vols., 1789.) Died in 1799. Levi, la'vee, (Leone,) a writer on commerce and commercial law, born of Jewish parents at Ancona, July 6, 1821. He became in 1852 professor of commercial law in King's College, London. Among his works is an important treatise on " The Commercial Law of the World," (4 vols., 1850-52,) also a " History of British Commerce," (1872,) etc. Died May 8. 1888. Levieil, leh-ve-il', (Pierre,) a French painter on glass, was born in Paris in 1708. He restored the painted windows of Notre-Dame, and wrote a com- plete technical " Treatise on Painting on Glass." Died in 1772. Levieux, leh-ve-uh', (Renaud,) a French painter ol history, born at Nismes about 1630. By correctness of design and brilliancy of colour he merited a place among artists of the second order. LSv'ing-stpn, (Tames,) Earl of Callendar, a Scottish officer, fought for Charles I. in the civil war. Died in 1672. L^vis, de, deh li've' or li'viss', (FRANgois,) Due, marshal of France, was born in Languedoc in 1720. He succeeded Montcalm, who was killed at Quebec in 1759, and took up his winter-quarters at Montreal. He de- fended Canada several months ; but he was forced by want of stores to capitulate to the English about 1760. He was made a marshal in 1783. Died in 1787. Levis, de, (Pierre Marc Gaston,) Due, a son of the preceding, was born about 1760. In 1789 he was de- puted to the Constituent Assembly, in which he favoured moderate reforms. He emigrated in 1792 to England, and returned in 1800. He acquired literary distinction by his "Maxims and Reflections" (i8o8) and "Souve- nirs and Portraits," (1813,) and wrote several other works. In 1816 he became a member of the French Academy and of the privy council. Died in 1830. See Le Bas, "Dictionnaire encyclcpddique de la France." Levita. See Elias Levita. Levitschnigg, la'vit-shnik', (Heinrich,) a populai Austrian poet, born at Vienna in 1810, was the author of a number of lyric and romantic poems. Died in 1862. Levizac, de, deh leh-ve'zik', (Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz,) Abb6, a French grammarian, born in Langue- doc. Having been driven into exile by the Revolution, he emigrated to London, where he taught French. He published in 1797 a "Grammar of the French Lan- guage," which was extensively used by persons to whom the French is a foreign tongue. He wrote other educa- tional works. Died in 1813. Levret, l^h-vRi', (Andr6,) a French surgeon, born in Paris in 1703, had a high reputation for skill in accouche- ments. He was called to court to attend the dauphiness, mother of Louis XVI. He wrote excellent works on obstetrics, among which is "The Accoucheur's Art demonstrated by Physical and Mechanical Principles," (" L'i.\rt des Accouchements demontre par des Principes de Physique et Mecanique," 1753.) Died in 1780. Levy, la'vee, (Juxius,) a German (Jewish) novelist, poet, journalist, and ethnographer, born at Rodenberg, July 6, 1831. His pseudonym is Julius Rodenberg. His most successful works are feuilletons and light romances. Lewald, la'^Jlt, (Fanny,) a popular authoress, and a relative of the writer noticed below, was born at Konigsberg in 1811. Her principal works are novels, tales, and sketches of travel. She was married to Adolf Stahr, the author, about 1854. Died in 1889. Le-wald, (Johann Karl August,) a German littera- teur, born at Konigsberg in 1792. He produced a number of dramatic works, novels, and tales, and in 1835 founded a journal entitled " Europe, or Chronicle of the Educated World." Died at Munich, March 10, 1871. See "Aquarelle aus dem Leben," 4 vols., 1837. Lewenhaiipt. See Lowenhaupt. Lewes, lu'iss, (George Henry,) a popular English author, distinguished for his learning and versatility, was born in London in 1817. He studied medicine, but soon exchanged that profession for literature, in which his labours have been very abundant and diversified. He contributed many literary, historical, scientific, and phi- losophical essays to the " Edinburgh," " Westminster," and other quarterly reviews. He also wrote articles for Blackwood's and Eraser's Magazines and the " Penny Cyclopaedia." Among his principal separate works we may mention "Biographical History of Philosophy," (1845,) " Rose, Blanche, and Violet," a novel, (1848,) "Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences," (1853,) "The Life and Works of Goethe," (1855,) which is one of his most popular productions, and "Sea-Side Studies," (1858.) He is the author of a successful tragedy, "The Noble Heart," (1850,) and of other dramas. In 1865 he became for a short time the chief editor of the " Fortnightly Review." Died November 30, 1878. See " British Quarterly Review" for July and October, 1864. Lewis or Ludwig, lood'^iG, (Karl August,) t. King of Bavaria, born in August, 1786, was the son of Xing Maximilian Joseph. He married in 1810 the princess Thereseof Saxe-Hildburghausen. Before his accession he built the Glyptothek, a splendid museum for the master- pieces of sculpture. He became king in 1825, and made economical reforms in the government. His reign is remarkable for the great impulse given by his liberality and taste to the fine arts, especially architecture. He assembled in his capital many scholars and artists, and adorned Munich with numerous fine edifices, among which are the Odeon, the Pinakothek, the royal palace, university, and several churches. He built the famous Walhalla at Ratisbon, (Regensburg,) and made a canal which bears his name. In 1829 he published a collection of poems. The latter part of his reign did not correspond with the beginning. He excited disaffection by restoring convents and restricting the political and religious liber- ties of his subjects. The influence of Lola Montez over the king was another cause of offence. Stimulated by the revolution in France, (1848,) the Bavarians revolted, demanding reforms, in consequence of which he abdi- cated in March, 1848, in favour of his son, Maximilian 11. Otho, ex-King of Greece, was his second son. Died at Nice in February, 1868. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lewis IL, (Otho Fkiedrich Wilhelm,) King of Bavaria, was born at Nymphenburg, August 25, 1845. In 1864 he succeeded his father, Maximilian II. His mother was of the royal house of Prussia. The king in 1866 took part with Austria in the war against Prussia, but after the defeat of his armies he took the Prussian side. He was ostensibly the first to propose the new German empire with William of Prussia at its head. In that empire Bavaria was merged, but retained a nearly autonomous position. The king, becoming insane, com- mitted suicide June 14, 1886. Lewis, (Kings of France.) See Louis. Lew'is or Louis, loo'is, [Ger. Ludwig, lood'<^5G ; €as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this, (fl^^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LEWIS 1542 LEWIS Lat. LuDOVi'cus.J I., King of Germany, styled i.E Ger- MAN'IQUE, (or German'icus,) the third son of Louis le Debonnaire, was born in 806, and became King of Ba- varia in 817 A.D., when his father divided his dominions among his three sons. Having revolted against his father, he seized Saxony, and assumed the title of King of Germany. In alliance with Charles the Bald, he defeated his brother, Lothaire I., at Fontenoy in 841. He died in 876 A.D., leaving three sons, Carloman, Lewis, and Charles. See H. LuDEN, "Gescliichte des Deut<;c1ien Volkes," 12 vols., 1825-37 ; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Lewis (Ludw^ig) II. or III. of Germany was the second son of the preceding, whom he succeeded in 876. The same year he defeated his uncle, Charles the Bald, who had invaded his kingdom. Me died at Frankfort in 882, while waging war with the Normans. Lewis (Ludwig) III. or IV., called the Infant, (DAS Kind,) born in 893 a.d., was the son of the emperor Arnulph, and became King of Germany in 900. He died in 912, and was the last prince of the race of Charlemagne in Germany. Lewis IV. or v., Em])eror of Germany, born in 1286, was the son of Lewis, Duke of Bavaria, and Matilda, who was a daughter of the emj^eror Rudolph of Haps- burg. After the death of Henry VII. (13 14) Lewis and his cousin, Frederick of Austria, were rival candi- dates for the throne, and both claimed to have been elected. A long civil war was the result, in which the Ghibelines fought for Lewis and the Gueljihs for Frede- rick, who was taken prisoner in 1322. Lewis released him after he had signed an act of renunciation of the empire, and was crowned at Rome in 1328. About this time he was e.vcommunicated by Pope John XXII., against whom he retorted the charge of heresy. In 1346 Clement VI. issued a bull against Lewis, and attempted to transfer the crown to Charles IV. ; but Lewis defended himself until his death, in 1347. See Conrad Mannekt, "Kaiser Ludwig IV.," 1S12; N. liuR- GUNDUS, " Historia Bavarica, sive Ludoviciis IV.," etc., 1636; J. ScHLRTT, " Biographie vuii Kaiser Ludwig deni Bayer," 1822; KoT- £Ei!UE, "Geschichte Kaiser Ludwigs IV.," 1S12. Lewis I., surnamed the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, born in 1326, was the son of Charobert, whom he succeeded on the throne of Hungary in 1342. He waged successful wars against the Venetians and against Joan, Queen of Naples. After the death of his uncle Casimir, in 1370, he was elected King of Poland. He died in 13S2, leaving three daughters, one of whom was married to Sigismund, Emperor of Germany. He is said to have been a just and wise ruler. See BoNFlNius, " De Rebus Hiiiigaricis;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Lewis II. of Hungary and Bohemia was born in 1506, and succeeded his father, Ladislaus VI., in 1516. Owing to his youth and the factious conduct of the nobles, his power was only nominal. In 1521 he mar- ried Mary, a sister of the emperor Charles V. His kingdom was invaded by the Turks, and his army com- pletely defeated at Mohacs, where Lewis was killed in 1526. He left no issue, and Ferdinand I. of Austria became master of Hungary. Lewis, (Kings of Italy and Spain.) See Louis. Lewis iSp. Luis, loo-iss'| L of Spain, the eldest son of Philip v., was born in 1707. Philip V., having fallen into a melancholy mood, retired to the solitude of Saint Ildefonso, and resigned the crown to Lewis, who was proclaimed in January, 1724. A few months after his accession he died of smallpox, and Philip V. resumed the cares of royalty. Lewis [Ger. Ludwig, lood' e, T, o, r, y, lotig; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, Ti, 5', short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, f^t; mSt; n6t; good; moon; VHOPITAL 1545 LIDERTAS tal," 1814: Bayle, " Historical and Critical Dictionary;" De Thou, "Historic sui Teniporis;" M. Cki-:sson, " £lo;;e historiqiie de M. de L'Hoijital," 1S50; Taillandier's article in the "Noiivelle Bio- graphie Geiidrale. " L'Hdpital, de, (Michel Hurault,) Seigneur de Belesbat, was a grandson of the preceding. He was chancellor of Henry of Navarre before the latter became King of France, (1589.) He was also employed by Henry as ambassador to Holland and Germany, and wrote two able political treatises "On the State of France," (1588- 93.) Died in 1592. Ii'H6te or Lhdte, lot, (Nestor,) an artist and anti- quary, born of French parents at Cologne in 1804. He was a member of the commission sent in 1828 to ex- plore Egypt ur.dcr the direction of Champollion, who empli^yed him as draughtsman. In 1838 he made fur- ther explorations and illustrations of Egypt, for the purpose of rendering more complete Champollion's posthumous work on the monuments of that country. Died in Paris in 1842. Lhoyd, loid, written also Lhuyd and Llw^yd, (HuMPllKY,) a learned British antiquary, was born at Denbigh, in Wales. He wrote a "History of Cambria from Caradoc," "On Moiia, the Island of the Druids," (" De Mona Druidum Insula,") and other works. Died about 1570. See Wood, " Atlienje Oxonienses." Lhuyd, commonly pronounced loid, (Edward,) an eminent Welsh antiquary, born in Carmarthenshire about 1665. He became keeper of the Ashmolean Mu- seum in 1690. He jjublished a catalogue of the figured fossils of the Ashmolean Museum, called "Lythophylacii Britannici Iconographia," (1699,) and a treatise on British antiquities, " Archaeologia Britannica," (1707.) Died in 1709. Iiiadieres, le't'de^iR', (Pierre Charles,) h French litterateur, born at Pan in 1792. He composed several dramas, and other mediocre works in prose and verse. Died in 1858. Liais, le'4', (Emmanuel,) a French astronomer, born at Cherbourg in 1826. He was appointed an assistant in the Observatory of Paris in 1852, but removed to Brazil, where he was appointed director of the Imperial Observatory. Besides valuable reports and papers on mathematics and astronomy, he published several vol- umes on Brazil and its resources. Liancourt, de, deh le'dx'kooR', (Jeanne dk Schom- berg,) Di;chess, a French lady, distinguished for her talents and piety, born in 1600, was the daughter of Henri de Schomberg, marshal of France. She became the wife of the Due de Liancourt. Her house was frequented by Pascal, Arnauld, and other recluses of Port-Royal. Died in 1674. See J. J. BoiLEAU, " Vie de Madame de Liancourt," 1698. Liano, da, di le-S'no, (Teodoro Felipe,) a Spanish painter, born at Madrid in 1575, excelled in miniatures, and was surnamed the Little Titian. He was a friend of Lope de Vega. Died in 1625. Liard, le'lR', an eminent French engineer, born in Lorraine in 1747. His principal work is the important canal which connects the Rhine with the Rhone. It was commenced about 1805 and completed in 1832. Died in 1832. Liban, lee'bin, [Lat. Liba'nius,] (George,) a Polish classical scholar, born at Liegnitz m 1490. He taught Greek at Cracow. Died in 1550. liibanius. See Liban. Li-ba'nl-u3, \ Gr. Aifiavwf, | a celebrated heathen sophist and rhetorician, born at Antioch in 314 a.d. He studied with Diophantes of Athens and others. After he had taught rhetoric for several years at Constanti- nople and Athens with success, he settled in 354 at An- tioch, where he opened a school, which became very celebrated. Among his pupils were Saint Basil and Saint Chrysostom. He accepted the office of quaestor from the emperor Julian, who was his friend and ad- mirer. He died probably about 390 a.d., leaving many works, which are still e.xtant, and display a brilliant imagination. They consist chiefly of declamations on events of Greek history, and have been designated bj Giboon as " the vain and idle compositions of an orator who cultivated the science of words." But this is re- garded by other eminent critics as too harsh a judgment. See his Autobiography, entitled Bc'o? ij Adyos wepi r^? cavroC ruxis; EuNAPius, "Vita Sophistarum ;" Kabricius, " Biblioiheca Grarca;" J. G. Bekger, " De Libanio Disputationes sex," i6q6; C. Petersen, " Coinmentatio de Libanio Sophista," 1827 ; " Nou- velle Biographie G^nerale." Libavius, le-bd've-fis, (Andreas,) a German physi- cian and chemist, born at Halle. He was chosen rector of the gymnasium of Coburg in 1605. He gained repu- tation by works on chemistry, in which he endeavoured to refute the reveries of Paracelsus. His "Alchymia recognita emendata et aucta" (1597) was the best manual of chemistry which had appeared at that time. Died in 1616. See Freher, " Theatrum Eruditorum;" Linden, "De Scriptori- bus Medicis." Libelt, lee'bSlt, (Karol,) an able Polish writer oi. philosophy and politics, was born at Posen in 1806. He fought with distinction against the Russians in the Polish insurrection which began in 1830. For his share in a democratic conspiracy he was imprisoned at Berlin in 1846, but was leleased by the revolution of 1848. Soon after his release he was chosen a member of the Slavonic congress of Prague. While a prisoner in Berlin in 1847 he wrote "The Maid of Orleans." Among his works are excellent philosophical and critical essays, "Filo- zofia i Krytyka," (1845-50.) Died June 9, 1875. See Bkockhaus, " Conversations- Lexikoii." Li'ber, a name applied by the Romans to the B^: chus or Dionysus of the Greek mythology. Liber was an ancient Italian divinity. See Bacchus. Lib'e-ra, in the Roman mythology, was the wife of Liber, and was supposed to preside over the culti- vation of the vine. She was sometimes identified with Proserpine. Liberate da Verona, le-bi-r3.'li di v4-ro'n3, a painter of the Venetian school, born at Verona in 145 1. He was one of the most excellent artists of his country at that time. His painting of the "Epiphany" is said to be still visible at Verona. Died in 1536. Lib-er-a'tus, a deacon of the Church of Carthage. He was sent to Rome about 535 by a council of African bishops. Libere. See Liberius. Liberi, lee'bi-ree, (Pietro,) Cavaliere, an eminent Italian painter, surnamed Libertino, (le-b§R-tee'no,) born at Padua in 1605, was a pupil of Padovanino. He pursued his studies in Rome, Parma, Venice, etc., and formed a style in which the characteristics of several schools were united. " He was regarded," says the " Bio- gra])hie Universelle," "as the most skilful draftsman of the Venetian school." Among his master-pieces are the " Massacre of the Innocents," at Venice, "The Gene- ral Deluge," "Noah coming out of the .^rk,"" The Judg- ment of Paris," and several pictures of Venus nude. His style was sometimes grand and sometimes graceful. It is said that when he worked for connoisseurs his manner was bold and free, but for other patrons he finished his work with much care and precision. Died in 1687. See GuAi.DO Priorato, "Vita del Cavaliere P. Liberi," i8i!s, RtDor.Ft, "Vlte del Pittori Veneti ;" Winckelmann, " Neue* Mahler-Lexikon." U-be'ri-us, [Fr. LiFfeRE, le'baiR' ; It. Liberio, le- ba're-o,] a native of Rome, was elected pope in 352 or 353 A.D., and succeeded Julius I. He favoured the orthodox in the controversy with the Arians ; and, the Council of Milan having condemned Athanasius in 355, he refused to sanction that act. For this cause he was banished by the emperor Constantius to Bercea. After an exile of two years, he recovered his see in 358, by signing the formula of Sirmium, a modification of Arianism. He refused to subscribe the confession of the Council of Rimini, (359,) where the Arians again prevailed. He died in 366 a.d., and was succeeded by Damasus I. See Bakonius, "Annates:" Larroque, "Dissertatio de Liberio Romano," 1670. Lib'er-tas, [Fr. Libert^, le'b^R'ti',] the goddess of liberty worshipped by the ancient Romans. She was « as ^; 9 as s; g hard; g as// G, h, K^gttttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2i:^="See Explanations, p. 23.) LIBERTE 1546 LICINIANUS represented as a matron, holding in one hand a broken sceptre and in the other a pike surmounted by a cap, (pileus.) Libert^. See Lihertas. Iiibertino. See Liberi. Libes, lib, (Antoine,) a French savant, born at Beziers in 1752. For many years he taught the physi- cal sciences in the College Charlemagne, Paris. He discovered that pressure is one of the elements of the intensity of electric tension developed by contact, and published, besides other works, " The Physical and the Moral World," (1815.) Died in 1832. Li-beth'ri-dei, [Gr. A«5»7%'(5ef,] a name of the Muses, which they derived from Mount Libethrius, or from a well called Libethra, in Thrace. (See Mus^.) Lib-i-ti'na, [Fr. Libitine, leTje'tin',] a Roman god- dess, supposed to preside over funerals. All things needful for funerals were kept for sale in her temple. The business of an undertaker was also called libitina. Libitine. See Libitina. Li'bon or Li'bo, [Gr. Aj'fiwv,] a Greek architect, a native of Elis, flourished about 450 B.C. He built near Pisa or Olympia, in the Doric style, the magnificent temple of CJiympian Jove, 245 feet long by 100 wide. In the vicinity of this the Olympic games were celebrated, and the master-pieces of art were accumulated for many ages. It contained a celebrated statue of Jupiter by Phidias. See QuATREM&RE DE QuiNC\', "Jupiter Olympieii." Libri, dai, dS-e lee'bKee, (Girolamo,) a Venetian painter and illuminator, born at Verona in 1472, was one of the most skilful artists of his time. Among his works are a " Deposition from the Cross," and " The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden." He painted many books for the Church, and excelled in miniature. Died in 1555. His son Francesco was a promising painter, who died young. IjiDri-Carnicci,lee'bRee kJr-root'chee, (Guillaume Brutus Icilius Timol^on,) Cou.nt, an Italian mathe- matician, born at Florence in 1803. He became a pro- fessor of mathematics at Pisa in 1823, and emigrated to France in 1830. Having been naturalized as a French citizen, he was admitted into the Institute in 1833, and was appointed inspector-general of the libraries of France. On a false charge of purloining books of great value from the public libraries, he was condemned in 1850 to imprisonment for ten years ; but he had pre- viously escaped to London. His principal work is a "History of Mathematical Sciences in Italy," (4 vols., 1838-41,) which is highly commended. Died in 1869. See " Nouvelle Biographle Geiierale." Liburnio, le-booR'ne-o, (Niccol6,) an Italian gram- marian, born at Venice in 1474, became a canon of San Marco, in that city. Died in 1557. Liceti, le-cha'tee, or Liceto, le-cha'to, (Fortunio,) an Italian physician and professor, famous in his time as a Peripatetic philosopher, was born at Rapallo, near Ginoa, in 1577. He became professor of philosophy at Padua in 1609, and professor of medicine in 1645. ^^ published a treatise on the nature of monsters, (1616,) and other works, the majority of which are now justly neglected. He had more erudition than judgment. Died in 1657. See Uavle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^ron, " Memoires." Lichnowsky, von, fon IjK-nov'skee, (Eduard Ma- ria,) Prince, a German historian, born in 1789. He wrote a "History of the House of Hapsburg," (4 vols,, l8'56-44,) which is commended. Died in 1845. Lichno'wsky, von, (Feli.x,) Prince, a Prussian general, son of the preceding, was born in 1814. He fought for Don Carlos in Spain about 1839. In German politics he was a conservative or absolutist. He was killed by a mob at Frankfort in 1848. See KosTLiN', "Auerswald und Lichnowsky," 1853. liichtenau, von, fon liK'teh-now', (Wilhelmine Enke,) Countess, bom at Potsdam in 1754, was the daughter of a poor musician. She became the mistress of the crown -prince of Prussia, Frederick William. After his accession to the throne, in 1786, she was a powerful and influential person until the death of the king. Died in 1820. See her " Autobiograjihic Memoirs," iSoS. Lichtenberg, liK'ten-bSRc', (Georg Christoph,) a German savant and witty author, born near Darmstadt in July, 1742. He studied at Gottingen, and made great progress in nearly all deijartments of knowledge. In 1770 he was appointed professor of philosophy and exact sciences at Gottingen. He visited England, where he associated with the most eminent literati. He wrote excellent scientific articles for two periodicals of Gottin- gen, — "The Magazine of Science and Literature," (1780- 85,) and "The Almanac," (1778-99,) which owed their great success chiefly to him. The charms of his style contributed greatly to the diffusion of a taste for the sciences. He particularly excelled in what in English is called "humour." Among his most popular works is his "Ample Commentary on the Engravings of Hogarth," which he began to publish in 1794, and left unfinished at his death. It abounds in wit and satire, and displays much insight into human nature. His autobiography is said to be the most candid and piquant ever written. Died at Gottingen in 1799. " He is," says Stapfer, "gay without the least trace of levity, versatile and profound without ceasing to be solid and clear." (" Biographic Universelle.") See his Autobiography, in an edition of his works, Gottingen, 9 vols., 1800-1806; ■■ EJogiiim Lichtenbergii," by Kastner, 1799; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;" Heinrich Doping, " Lebens- umrisse von Karl August von Sachsen-Weirnar, J. D. Falk, Lich- tenberg," etc., 1840; "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1804; "Foreign Quarterly Review" for January, 1836. Lichtenstein, liK'ten-stln', (Martin Heinrich Kari.,) a German physician and naturalist, born at Hamburg in 1780. About 1802 he became physician to the Governor of Cape Colony, Africa, and in 1810 published "Travels in Southern Africa," (2 vols.,) a valuable contribution to natural history. In 1813 he was appointed director of the Zoological Museum of Berlin, which, under his care, became one of the largest in Europe. His favourite pursuit was ornithology. Died in 1857. See Callisen, " Medicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon," (Supple- ment.) Lichtenstein, von, fon liK'ten-stTn', (Johann Jo- seph,) Prince, a general, the head of one of the most noble families of Austria, was born in Vienna in 1760. After serving in several campaigns against the French, he negotiated the conditions of peace at Presburg in 1805. He distinguished himself at Essling and Wagram in 1S09. Died in 1836. Lichtenstein, von, (Joseph Wenzel,) Prince, an Austrian general, born in Vienna in 1696. His services in the campaigns of 1733 and 1734 were rewarded with the rank of lieutenant-general. Having been made field- marshal, he commanded the army in Italy in 1746, and gained a victory at Piacenza. He was afterwards em- ployed with success in diplomatic affairs. Died in 1772, Lichtenstein, von, (Ulric,) one of the early Ger- man poets, was born about 1199. His principal poem, entitled " Frauendienst," though possessing no great literary merit, is a valuable monument of the manners of that time. Died about 1275. Lichtwer, liKt'uer, (Magnus Gottfried,) one ot the most popular German fabulists, was born at Wurzen in 1719. He published the first edition of his " Fables" in 1748, and in the next year removed from Wittenberg to Halberstadt, where he obtained a canonicate. In 1758 he produced another edition of the " Fables." The jerman critics rank him as a fabulist with Lessing and Gellert, whom perhaps he surpasses in piquancy of style and talent for narration. Died in 1783. See EiciiH.oi.z, "Lichtwer's Leben," 1784; Hirsching, " His- torischliterarisches Handbuch." Li-cinl-a, (or IT-sin'e-a,) the name of the wife ui C. Gracchus. Also the name of the wife )f Maecenas, said to have been distinguished for her conjugal tenderness. Li-cin-i-a'nu8 Gra'ni-us, a Roman historian, who lived probably in the first century B.C. In 1853 Mr. Pertz, of Berlin, discovered a portion of his " Annals" a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obsaire; far, fill, iix; niSt; ndt; good; mooui LICINIO 1547 LIEBIG among some ISyriac manuscripts brought from the desert of Nitria in 1847. Licinio, le-chee'ne-o, (Bernardino,) a painter of the Venetian school, born at Pordenone, was one of the best pupils of Pordenone, who was his relative. He painted portraits and Madonnas. He was living in 1540. Liciuio, (Giovanni Antonio.) See Pordenone. Licinio, (Giulio,) called IL Romano, (il ro-mi'no,) an Italian painter, born about 1500, was a nephew of Pordenone. Died at Augsburg in 1561. Li-cin'i-us, (or le-sin'e-us,) (Flavius Valerius,) (called by some writers Pub'lius Fla'vius Gale'rius Valeria'nus Licinia'nus,) a Roman emperor, born in Dacia about 263 a.d., was originally a peasant. He rose to the rank of general in the army, and gained the favour of Galerius, who in 307 made him a partner in the empire, with the title of Augustus. In 313 he married Constantia, sister of Constantine the Great, and, having defeated Maximin, became master of all the Eastern provinces. A war soon ensued between him and Con- stantine, which ended in the complete defeat of Licinius at Chalcedon, near Byzantium, in 323. He was put to death by order of the victor in 324 A.D. He was noto- rious for cruelty and other vices. See Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Li-cin'J-us CSl'vus, (Caius,) an eminent Roman orator and poet, son of C. Licinius Macer, was born in 82 B.C. Cicero thought his style was too laboured, but admitted that he had wit, judgment, and much learning. His style was eulogized by Quintilian as grave, chaste, and sometimes vehement. As a poet he was usually ranked with Catullus, and was very popular. His works are all lost except fragments of his poems, which con- sisted of elegies and epigrams or lampoons. He died about the age of thirty-five. See Weichert, " De C. Licinio Calvo Oiatore et Poeta," 1825; Pliny, " Natural History," vii. and xxxiv. Licinius Macer. See Macer. Li-cin'i-us Sto'lo, or, more fully, Ca'ius Licln'ius CaPvus Sto'lo, a Roman legislator, of plebeian family, who effected important changes in the constitution of Rome. In 375 B.C., he and his friend L. Sextius La- terantis were chosen tribunes of the people, and pro- posed the enactment of these laws: ist. That in future one of the two consuls chosen annually should be a jjle- beian, and that no more military tribunes should be appointed ; 2d. That no citizen should ])ossess more than five hundred acres (jugera) of public land. These innovations were strenuously resisted by the patricians for about ten years, a period of anarchy, during which Camillus was chosen dictator. The land in question had been acquired by conquest, and had been a])pro- priated by the patricians. The laws above named were passed in 366, and Licinius was elected consul in 364 B.C. He was re-elected in 360, and was fined ten thou- sand as.ses in 356 for the violation of his own agrarian law. See NiEBUHR, " History- of Rome :" Livv, " History of Rome," books vi. and vii. ; " Nouvelle liiographie Generale." Li-ci'nus Por'cius, (por'she-us,) a Roman poet, men- tioned by Aulus Gellius, lived about 120 B.C. Lick, (James,) an American business-man, born at Fredericksburg, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, August 25, 1796. He went to South America in 1821, and to California in 1S47, where he acquired great wealth. He died at San Francisco, California, October i, 1876, leaving by will some five million dollars to various public uses, chiefly educational. He founded the Lick Observatory. Licquet, le'ki', (Francois Isidore,) a French litte- rateur, born at Caudebec, Normandy, in 1787. He wrote, besides several dramas, a " History of Normandy," (2 vols., 1835,) a work of merit, which was completed by Depping. Died in 1835. Lid'dfl, (Duncan,) a Scottish physician and mathe- matician, born at Aberdeen in 1561. He became pro- fessor of mathematics at llelmstedt in 1591,. after which he was first physician at the court of Brunswick. Having returned to Scotland in 1607, he founded a professorship at Aberdeen. He was author of several medical works, one of which is called " Ars Medica," (1607.) Died :n 1613. Lid'd^U, (Rev. Henry George,) an English scholar, born in 1812. He became chaplain to the prince-consort about 1845, and Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1855. He produced, in conjunction with Mr. Scott, an excel- lent "Greek-English Lexicon," (1843,) on ^^^ basis of the Greek-German Lexicon of Passow, and wrote a "History of Rome." Liddell, (Sir John,) F.R.S., a British physician, born at Dumblane in 1 794. He served as surgeon in the royal navy, was knighted in 1850, and was appointed director- general of the medical department of the royal navy about 1854. In 1859 he became honorary physician to Queen Victoria. Died May 28, 1868. Lid'don, (Henry Parry,) D.D., an English clergy- man, born in 1829. He graduated in 1850 at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1864 he became a prebendary of Salisbury, and in 1S70 canon residentiary of Saint Paul's. He was ]jr(ifessor of e.xcgesis at Oxford, 1870-82, and was noted as one of the first pulpit orators of his time. He published " The Divinity of our Lord," (Bampton 1-ectures for 1866,) "Some Elements of Religion," and other works. Died September 9, 1890. Lideu, le-dnn', (Johan Henkik,) a Swedish writer, iiorn at Linkoping in 1741, was struck in the prime of life with palsy, which deprived him of the use of his limbs. He composed a " History of Swedish Poets," and several literary memoirs. Died in 1793. See Wallin, " Aminnelse-Tal iifver J. H. Lid^n," 1797. Lidner, lid'ner, (Bengt,) a Swedish poet, born ni 1759, resided some time in Paris. His chief work, "The Countess Spastara," is commended for eloquence and pathos. Died in 1793. Lidskialf, (Hlidskial£) See Odin. Lie, lee, (Jonas Laurits Idemil,) a Norwegian poet and novelist, born at Ecker, near Drammen, November 6, 1843, ^^^ ^"" '^^ 3 lawyer. He studied at the Uni- versity of Christiania, and was admitted to practise law at the higher courts. He published " Digte," (" Poems," 1S64,) various novels, " Den Fremsyne," (" The Clairvoy- ant," 1S70,) "The Pilot and his Wife," (1S74,) " Rutland," (1881,) " Life's Slaves," (18S3,) " Grabows Kat," (a play, 1880,) and other very successful works. Liebault, le'i'bo', (Jean,) a French writer on medi- cine and agriculture, born at Dijon about 153"^; died in 1596. Liebe, lee'beli, (Christian Sigismond,) a German numismatist, born in Misnia in 1687. He was a large contributor to the "Acta Eruditorum." Died in 1736. Lieber, lee'ber, (Francis,) a German historical and political writer of distinguished ability, born at Berlin, March 18, 1800. He served against the French in 1815, and was present at the battles of Ligny and Waterloo. Being imprisoned some years after for his liberal opinions, he was released through the influence of Nicbuhr, and sought refuge in 1827 in the United States. In 1829 he edited the "Encyclopaedia Americana," (13 vols.,) taking for its basis Brockhaus's " Conversations- Lexikon." (pub- lished at Leipsic, in Germany.) Among his numerous and popular works are " Reminiscences of Niebuhr the Historian," (1835,) "Manual of Political Ethics," (1838,) " Laws of Property : Essays on Property and Labour," (1842,) and "Civil Liberty and Self-Government," (2 vols., 1853; 2d ed., enlarged, 1859 ; 3d ed., 1874.) He was professor of history and political economy in the University of South Carolina from 1838 to 1856, and in 1857 was elected professor of history and political science in Columbia College, New York. Died October 2, 1872. See Allibone, " Dictionary of Authors;" Duvckinck, " Cyclo- paedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; " North American Review for January, 1832. Lieber, (Thomas.) See Erastus. Lieberkuhn, lee'ber-koon', (Joh.\nn Nathaniel,) a German anatomist, born at Berlin in 1711, practised in that city. He was very skilful in the art of injections. He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society of Lon- don. Died in 1756. Liebhard. See Camerarius, (Joachim.) Liebig, von, fon lee'bic, (Justus,) Baron, one of the greatest chemists of the present century, was born at Darmstadt, in Germany, in May, 1803. He entered the cas/J; 9asj; ghard; g^k.sj;G,u,'«., guttural; N, nasal; R,trtlli-d; sass; ihasintkis. (g^^'See E.xplanations, p. 23.) LIEBKNECKT 1548 LiGNE University of Bonn in 1819, and in 1822 went to Paris, where he became acquainted with Humboldt and Gay- Lussac. Favoured by the influence of Humboldt, Liebig obtained in 1824 the appointment of professor of chem- istry in the University of Giessen. He founded there the first model laboratory of Germany, which became very celebrated and made that university the central point of attraction to the chemical students of Europe. Although his services have been great in every dejiart- ment of chemical science, he owes his celebrity chiefly to his discoveries in organic chemistry. He produced in 1840 an important work entitled "Organic Chem- istry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology," ("Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologic.") Mis principal worlvji, besides the above, are "Animal Chemistry, or Chemistry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology," (1842,) "Researches on the Chemistiy of Food," (1849,) and a "Dictionary of Chemistry," (5 vols., 1S37-51,) in which he was assisted by Wohler. He received the title of baron in 1845, ^"<^ accepted the chair of chemistry at Munich in 1852. In 1848 Liebig and Professor Kopp began to issue an annual report on the progress of chemistry. His " Familiar Letters on Chemistry" (1844) are much admired, and are well adapted to render the science popular. His principal works above named have been translated into English and French. Died April 18, 1873. See " Nouvelle Biograpliie Gen^rale ;" " Quarterly Review" for June, 1842; "North American Review" for July, 1841, April, 1842, and October, 1842. Liebkiiecht, leep'kn^Kt', (Johann Georg,) a Ger- man antiquary, born at Wassungen about 1680, wrote, besides other works, "Discourse on the Great Deluge," (" Discursus de Diluvio Maximo," 1704.) Died in 1749. Liemaecker or Liemaker, lee'ma'ker, (Nikolaas,) a skilful Flemish painter, surnamed RoosE, was born at Ghent in 1575, and was a friend of Rubens. Among his works, which are mostly of large dimensions, are "The Last Judgment," and "The Transfiguration." Died in 1646. Iiieoo- (or Lieou-) Pang, le-oo' pSng, a Chinese emperor, the founder of the dynasty of Han, was born about 250 B.C. He was proclaimed emperor in 202. One of his generals, named King-Poo, having revolted, a battle was fought, in which Lieoo-Pang gained the vic- tory, but received a wound of which he died in 195 B.C. Lieutaud, le-uh'to', (Joseph,) a skilful French physi- cian, born in 1703, at Ai.x, in Provence. He was elected to the Academy of Sciences m 1752. Li 1774 he was appointed first physician to Louis XVL He published, besides other professional works, " Synopsis of Univer- sal Medical Practice," (" Synopsis Universal Praxeos Medica:," 1765,) a work of much merit. Died in 1780. See Co.vuoRCET, "filoge de Lieutaud," 1780; Laspervolle, " E!loge historique de M. Lieutaud," 1781 ; "Nouvelle Biographie G^ii^rale." Lieven, de, deh lee'ven, (Dorothea,) Princess, a Russian lady, of German extraction, celebrated for her diplomatic talents and political intrigues, was born in 1784. Her maiden name was Benkendorf. She went to London about 1812 with her husband, who was Russian ambassador at that court, and acquired much influence by her conversational powers. After 1838 ehe resided in Paris, where her salon was frequented by many diplomatists, statesmen, etc. She was often called the " Egeria of Guizot." Died in 1857. Lieveu, von, fon lee'ven, (Johan Henrik,) Count, a Swedish general, born in Livonia in 1670. After the defeat of Charles at Pultowa, in 1709, Lieven was sent by the council of regency on a mission to that king, then in Turkey. Died in 1733. Iiievens, lee'vens, (Jan,) |Lat. Johan'nes Livine'- lUS,] a Flemish Hellenist, born about 1546. He was canon of Antwerp. He edited and translated some works of Chrysostom and Gregory of Nyssa. Died in 1599. See Paquot, "M^moires." Lievens or Livens, (Jan,) an eminent Dutch painter and engraver, born at Leyden in 1607. About 1630 he went to England, and painted i)ortraits of the royal family. He afterwards worked at Antwerp, chiefly on historical subjects, and acquired a high reputation. As an engraver he is said to rival Rembrandt. Died in 1663. SeeDESCAMPs, "Vies des Peintres Flaniaiids, Hollandais," etc. Ligario, le-gi're-o, (Pietro,) an Italian painter, born in the Valtellina in 1686; died in 1752. Li-ga'rI-us, (Quintus,) a Roman officer, who fought for Pompey in the civil war, and after the battle of Phar- salia renewed the war against Caesar in Africa. He was pardoned by the victor, but was forbidden to enter Italy. When his friends made efforts to restore him to citizen- ship, they were opposed by Tubero, who became his public accuser in a trial before the dictator, in 45 or 46 B.C. On this occasion Cicero pronounced his admirable oration "Pro Ligario." Plutarch informs us that Caesar had resolved to condemn Ligarius, but that in the course of the speech his colour often changed, his frame trembled, and a verdict of acquittal was obtained from him through the transcendent powers of the orator. See Plutakch, "Life of Cicero." Liger, le'zhi', (Louis,) a French writer on agricul- ture, born at Auxerre in 1658. He published several mediocre but useful works. Died in 1 717. Light'foot, (John,) an English divine, eminent as a biblical commentator, was born in Staffordshire in 1602. He was an excellent Hebrew scholar. In 1630 he be- came rector of Ashley, and in 1642 obtained the living of Saint Bartholomew, in London. He was identified with the Presbyterians during the civil war. About 1644 he was chosen master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, and was presented to the living of Great Munden. In Rabbinical literature he had few, if any, superiors. He published " Horae Ilebraicae et Talmudicae," (1658,) and many Latin commentaries on the Scriptures, one of which is called " Harmony of the Four Evangelists," (1644-50.) Died in 1675. See " Brevis Descriptio Vita J. Lightfooti," 1699; NiciRON, " Mdmoires." Lightfoot, (John,) F.R.S., an English botanist, born in Gloucestershire in 1735. He was educated for the church, became chaplain to the Duchess of Portland, and obtained the livings of Sheldon and Gotham. In company with Pennant, he explored the Hebrides about 1772, and published in 1777 a valuable "Flora of Scot- land," (" Flora Scotica," 2 vols.,) with excellent figures. His herbal was purchased by the king, and was after- wards consulted with profit by Sir J. E. Smith. Died in 1788. See Pennant, " Life of J. Lightfoot." Lightfoot, (Joseph Barber,) D.D., an English bishop and eminent liiblical scholar and critic, was bora in Liverpool in 1828. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1851, took orders in 1854, became a pro- fessor of divinity at Cambridge in 1867, canon of Saint Paul's in 1S71, Margaret professor at Cambridge in 1875, Bishop of Durham in 1879. He has published revised texts, with notes, etc., of Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, (1S69; 4th edition, 1874,) Philippians, (1S70; 3d edition, 1873,) »"<^ Colossians, (1875,) and of Saint Clement's Epistles to the Corinthians, (1869,) an essay on New Testament Revision, (1S71,) and other works of high value. As a scholar Dr. Lightfoot (to use the lan- guage of the late Dr. Ezra Abbot) "has no superior among the Germans in breadth of learning or thoi"OUgh- ness of research." [Died December 21, 1S89.] Lignac, de, deh lin'ytk', (Joseph Adrien le Large,) a French abbe and author, born of a noble family of Poitiers. He wrote " Letters to an American on Buffon's Natural History," (1751-56, 4 vols.,) and a few othci works. Died in 1762. Ligne, de, deh \l\\ (Karl Joseph,) Prince, an able Austrian general and witty author, born at Brussels, May 12, 1735, was the son of a field-marshal in the Aus- trian service. He served with distinction in the Seven Years' war, (1755-62,) and was made a general-major in 1765. In 1782 he was ambassador to Russia, and was highly favoured by Catherine II. He conmianded a corps at the capture of Belgrade in 1789. He obtained the rank of field-marshal in 1808. His generous and chivalrous character rendered him the idol of his army. He died at Vienna in 1814, leaving interesting memoirs. a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 0, olisiun:; fir, fill, fit; mSt; nSt; good; nioon; LIGNJVILLE 1549 LILLY letters, and other works, (in French,) which contain curious anecdotes and piquant passages. Madame de Stael published in 1809 a volume of "Letters and 'riiniights of Prince de Ligne." He had published "Military, Literary, and Sentimental Miscellanies," ("Melanges militaires, litteraires et sentimentaires," 34 vols., 1795-1811.) According to Madame de Stael, " he was the only foreigner that became a model in the French style, instead of an imitator." See " Letters and Reflections of the Austrian Field-Marshal Prince de Ligne ;" Soubiran, " Biographie du Prince C. de Ligne," 1807; Saintf. IjKUVE, "Caiiseries du Lundi;" " Nouvelle Bio- graphie Gen^rale." Ligniville, de, deh IJn'ye'vil', (Reni6 Charles Eli- sabeth,) CoMTE, a French general, born in 1757; died in 1813. Lignon, l^n'yiN^, (firiENNE Fr^d6ric,) a French engraver, born in Paris in 1779 ; died in 1S33. Lig'on,? (Richard,) an English traveller, who emi- grated to Barbadoes in 1647 and returned to England in 1650. He published "A True and Exact History of Barbadoes," a work of some value. He was the overseer of the female slave Yarico, wliose story is narrated in his book and furnished Steele a subject for the eleventh number of the " Spectator." Ligonier, lig'o-neer', (John,) EIarl, an eminent gene- ral of the British army, was born of Protestant parents in France in 1678, and emigrated to England in early youth. He fought at Blenheim,(T704,) Ramillies.and Malplaquet, (1709,) and commanded the infantry at Fontenoy, (1745.) In 1746 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in Flanders. He displayed great skill and courage at Laffeldt in 1747, but was there made prisoner. He became an English peer, with the title of Earl Ligo- nier, in 1766, and was a field-marshal and privy coun- cillor at his death, in 1770. See MM. Haag, "La France protestante." Ligorio, le-go're-o, (Pirro,) an Italian architect, painter, and antiquary, born in Naples about 1530, or, as others say, 1498. lie was appointed by Paul IV. architect of the Vatican and of Saint Peter's Church, which Michael Angelo had previously superintended. The latter left Rome about that tiine. Ligorio, having deviated from the plan of Michael Angelo, which he was ordered to follow, was discharged in 1568. He then was employed as architect by Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara. He died about 1580, leaving in manuscript voluminous writings on antiquities and architecture, which are praised by Muratori. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy;" "Nouvelle Biograpliie Gen^rale." Ligozzi, le-got'see, (Jacopo,) an eminent Italian painter of history, born at Verona in 1543, was a pupil of Paul Veronese. He painted both in fresco and in oil. Having acquired a high reputation at Verona, he re- moved to Florence, where he received the title of painter to the grand duke Ferdinand. Among his master-pieces are "The Four Crowned Saints," at Imola, and the " Martyrdom of Saint Dorothea," at Pescia. His smaller pictures are highly finished. Died in 1627. See LANzr, "History of Painting in Italy;" Ticozzi, "Dlziona- rio ;" Lomazzo, "Idea del Tenipio della Piltura." Liguori, da, da le-goo-o'ree, (Alfonso Maria,) an Italian priest and casuist, born at or near Naples in 1696. He founded in 1732 an order of missionaries to convert or instruct the lower classes, and named it the Order of the Most Holy Redeemer. In 1762 he was ajipointed Bishop of Saint Agatha dei Goti. He wrote, besides other approved works, a " Moral Theology," ('755>) which was often reprinted. Died in 1787. See GiATTiNi, "Vita del beate A. M. Liguori," 1815 ; G. Ki.oth, " Leben des heiligen A. M. Liguori," 1835 : " Life of Saint A. M. de Liguori," London, 2 vols., 184S. Lil'burne, (John,) an English Puritan enthusiast and radical agitator, was born in Durham in 1618. He was accused before the Star Chamber in 1637 of distributing setlitious pamphlets, and was condeinned to be whipped and imprisoned. He was released in 1640, and obtained ;^20oo damages. In 1644 he fought bravely against the king at Marston Moor, where he led a regiment. He afterwards attacked Prynne, Lenthal, and others in pam- phlets, for which he was committed to Newgate. He was one of the master-spirits of the " Levellers," and a stubborn o])ponent of Cromwell's authority. In 1651 he was tried for treason and acquitted by the jury. He became a Quaker a few years before his death, which occurred in 1657. Hume designates him as "the most turbulent, but the most upright and courageous, of human kind." (" History of England.") See, also. Clarendon, "History of the Rebellion;" "Monk's Contemporaries," by GuizoT, London, 1S65. Lilieblad, lee'le-eh-blSd', or Liljenblad, leel'yen- hl3d', (GusTAVUS,) a Swedish scholar and linguist, born at Strengnes in 165 1. He was for many years professor of Oriental languages at Upsal, and wrote, in Latin, a "History of Egypt," (1698.) Died in 1710. See Gezeliu.s, " BiograpMskt-Lexicon." Lilienberg or Liljenberg, lee'le-§n-b§Rg', (Erik GusTAF,) Baron of, a Swedish general, who served in the French army at Laufeld and in other battles. Died in 1770. Lilienkrantz or Liljenkrantz, lee'le-en-kRjnts', or Liliecrantz, lee'Ie-eh-kR^nts', (Johann,) Count de, a Swedish financier, born about 1730. On the accession of Gustavus HI. (1771) he was appointed minister of finances, which he managed with success for many years. Died in 1815. See Geyrr, " Histoire de la Suide." Lilienthal, lee'le-gn-tSl', (Michael,) a learned Prus- sian philologist, born at Liebstadt in 1686. He was for many years professor of theology in the University of Konigsberg. He was the principal editor of the "Erlautertes Preussen," (1724-28,) a highly-esteemed literary journal, and published, besides other works, "Historical and Literary Selections," ("Selecta His- torica et Literaria," 1711-19.) Died in 1750. See HiRSCHiNG, "Historisch-literarisches Handbuch;" Meusel, "Lexikon." Lilieuthal, (Theodor Christian,) a Gerinan theo- logian and writer, a son of the preceding, was born a* Konigsberg in 1717; died in 1782. Lilio, lee'le-o, or Lilli, 161'lee, (Andrea,) an Italian painter, born at Ancona in 1555. He worked at Rome for Sixtus v., and at Ancona. Died in 1610. Lilio, (LuiGi,) [Lat. Aloy'sius Lil'ius,] an Italian physician and astronomer, born in Calabria. He is remembered only for the part he had in the refonn of the calendar under the auspices of Gregory XIII. He applied the epacts to the cycle of nineteen years, and, by adding one day to the end of each cycle, he arrived at an approximative equation of the solar and lunar years. He died in 1576, just after he had finished the work. His method was approved by the pope in \^%i Lilio Giraldi. See Giraldi. Lilius. See Lilio. Liljenblad. See Lilieblad. Liljenkrantz. See Lilie.nkrantz. Lil'lo, (George,) a successful English dramatist, born in 1693, became a jeweller of London. He holds a high rank among English dramatists of the second order. "The Fatal Curiosity," a tragedy, (1737,) is called his master-piece, and is constructed with remarkable skill. His "George Barnwell" and "Arden of Feversham" were also popular. Died in 1739. See " Biographia Dramatica ;" Campbell, "Specimens of the British Poets." Lil'ly, written also Lily and Lyly, (John,) an English dramatic writer, born in Kent about 1553. He wrote several dramas, which were performed with success, and flourished as a wit at the court of Elizabeth. About 1580 he published " Euphues : the Anatomy of Wit," which became very popular with that pedantic generation for its affected and dainty style, called "Euphuism." "It deserves notice," says Hallam, "on account of the influ- ence it is recorded to have had upon the court of Eliza- beth and over the public taste." He was the author of a famous satirical pamphlet against Martin Mar-Prelate, called " Pap with a Hatchet." Died about x6oo. See "The Dramatic Works of John Lyly, with some Accouni of his Life," etc., by T. W. Fairholt, 185S; "Quarterly Review' for April, :86i. € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asyV g, h, Yi,g7(ttin-al; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z: th as in this. { Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LILLY 1550 LINCOLN Lilly, (William,) a famous English astrologer, bom in Leicestershire in 1602. In early life he was employed as a servant in London. He began to study astrology in 1632, and acquired fame as a fortune-teller. He pro- fited by the credulity of Charles L, who consulted him on political affairs in the civil war. Some agents of the popular party also patronized him. lie i)ublished an- nually an almanac, called " Merlinus Anglicus Junior," (1644-81.) His character is represented by Butler under the name of " Sidrophel." Died in 1681. See "Life and Times of" W. Lilly," by himself, 1715; "Retro spective Review," vol. ii., 1S20. Lil'y or Lil'ly, (William,) a distinguished English schoolmaster, born at Odiham, in Hampshire, about 1468. After studying languages in Greece and Rome, he settled in London in 1509, and opened a grammar- school. He appears to have been the first who taught Greek in London. In 1512 he became master of Saint Paul's School, just founded by Colet. He published, besides Latin poems, " Brevissima Institutio seu Ratio Granimatices cognoscends," (1513,) commonly called "Lily's Grammar," which was for a long time more used in English schools than any other Latin grammar. He was intimate with Erasmus. Died in 1523. See Warton, " History of Poetry." Iiima, de, di lee'md, (Luiz Caetano,) a Portuguese historian and grammarian, born in Lisbon in 1671 ; died in 1757. Limayrac, le'mi'rtk', (Paulin,) a French htterateicr, born at Caussade in 1817. He became chief editor of *La Patrie," a daily paper of Paris, in 1858. Died 1868. Limborch, van, vtn lim'boRK', written also Iiim- borg, (Hendrik,) a Dutch painter, born at the Hague in 1680, was one of the best pupils of Adrian van cler Werf, of whose works he made fine copies. Died in 1758. Limborch, van, (Philipi'US,) a learned Dutch theolo- gian, was born in Amsterdam the 19th of June, 1633. He was one of the principal sujiportcrs of the Remonstrant or Arminian doctrines, which were condemned by the Synod of Doit in 1619. After preaching fir ton years at Gouda, he became in 1668 pastor and professor of theology at Amsterdam. He corresponded for a long time with John Locke. His most important work is "'I'heologia Christiana," (16S6,) "a system of divinity and morals which," says Hallam, "is the fullest delinea- tion of the Arminian scheme." He wrote a "History of the Inquisition," (1692.) Died in 1712. See Leclerc, "Oratio funebris in Obitum P. Limborcli," 1712; Van der Hoeven, " Dissertationes II. de J. Clerico et P. a Lim- borch," etc., 1843; Nic^RON, " Memoires." Limbourg, van, vtn lim'bSoRc', (Jan PuiLiprus,) a Flemish medical writer, born near .Spa in 1726. He practised at Spa with great success. Died in 181 1. Limburg-Brouvrer, van, vtn lim'biiRH bRow'er, (PlETEK,) a Dutch jJoet, born in 1795 ; died in 1847. Limerick, Eari. of. See Donga.n. Limnaeus or Limnaus, lini-na'us, (Johanx,) a Ger- man publicist, born at Jena in 1592. lie was preceptor of the Margrave of Anspach and of Albert of Branden- burg, who afterwards employed him as chancellor and privy councillor. He wrote an esteemed work on "The Public Law of the Romano-Germanic Empire," (3 vols., 1645-57,) and an "Account of the French Monarchy and Constitution," (" Notitia Regni Gallias," 2 vols., 1655.) Died in 1663. See Strebel., " Leben und Scliriften des Staatslehrers J. Lim- naus," 1741. Limousin or Limosin. See Leonard de Limousin. Liu. See Linus. Liu, van, vtn l!n, (Hans,) a Dutch painter of genre, who flourished about 1650, was surnamed Si'iLHElD. He excelled in battle-pieces, and painted horses better than any other Dutch artist e.xcept Wouwerman. Linacre, lin'a-ker, written also Linacer (or Liua- ker) and Lynacer, (Thomas,) an eminent English physician and scholar, born at Canterbury about 1460. He learned Greek of Demetrius Chalcondylas at Flor- ence, and studied medicine at Rome. After his return to England he lectured on medicine, and taught Greek at Oxford for several years, until Henry VIII. emjjloyed him as physician and preceptor of Prince Arthur. He was the jirincipal founder and first president of the Col- lege of Physicians, London. At an advanced age he took orders, and obtained the rectory of Mersham, a prebend in York Cathedral, and other benefices. He was an ex- cellent classical scholar, and a correspondent of Erasmus. He translated several of Galen's works into Latin, and wrote "On the Correct Structure of Latin Prose," (" De Emendata Structura Latini .Sermonis,") which Hallam calls "the first-fruits of English erudition," and which must, he says, have been highly valuable. Died in 1524. See "Lives of British Physicians," London, 1857; IiAVle, " His- torical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^RON, "Memoires." Linant, le'nSN', (Michel,) a French litterateur, born at Louviers in 1708. Voltaire, who was his friend, spoke highly of his taste and imagination. Linant lived in Paris, and was employed as tutor to the sons of M. Helicrt. He wrote odes, epistles, and other short poems, which gained several prizes of the French Academy. He also ]3ublished an edition of Voltaire's works, (1738.) Died in 1749. Liuck, link, (Johann Hetnrich,) a German natu ralist, born at Leipsic in 1674; died in 1734. Lincke, link'eh, (Joseph,) a Prussian violoncellist and composer, born June 8, 1783, at Trachenberg, in Silesia. Died March 26, 1S37. Lincoln, link'on, (Aeraha.m,) the sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin county, Ken- tucky, (iij a part now included in Larue county,) the I2th of February, 1809. His ancestors were of English descent ; they are supposed to have originally emigrated to America with the followers of William Penn. A little before the middle of last century they resided in Berks county, Pennsylvania, whence a part of the family vemoved in 1750 to Virginia. About the year 1780 Abraham Lincoln, the grandfather of the subject of this notice, settled in Kentucky, where not long after he was stealthily shot by an Indian. He left three sotis, of whom the eldest, Thomas Lincoln, married and settled in Har- din county in 1806. Abraham Lincoln was his second child and oldest son. His childhood was passed in the midst of hardship and toil. When he was scarcely eight years old, his parents removed to Spencer county, Indiana. It was a difficult and wearisome journey, and he ever afterwards retained a vivid recollection of the trials and hardships which he passed through on that occasion. Before he was eleven years of age, he ex- perienced a bitter and irreparable loss in the death of his mother. Under her guidance he had learned to read and prize the Bible, and to her influence, there is reason to believe, he was largely indebted for the develop- ment of those rare and noble moral traits which have conferred upon him, if not a brilliant, at least a spotless and ever-enduring fame. Among the books which, as a boy, he particularly valued, was a Life of Washington ; and it is not improbable that the contemplation of such a character, which united to plain and practical common sense moral qualities of the highest order, may have contributed not a little to that combination of straight- forward simplicity and moral grandeur for which Lin- coln was afterwards distinguished. The " Pilgrim's Progress" was also one of his favourite books ; and its influence upon his style may perhaps be traced not merely in his preference for forcible and racy Saxon words, but also in that homely directness of expression by which all his speeches and writings are characterized. On the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, in the early part of 1832, Lincoln promptly volunteered for the defence of the frontier settlements, and was chosen captain of his company. The war, however, having been speedily brought to a close before he had an opportunity of meet- ing the enemy, he returned to the pursuits of peace. In the political contest which took place between General Jackson and Henry Clay in the autumn of 1832, he zeal- ously espoused the cause of the latter, for whom he had felt an enthusiastic admiration froin his boyhood. He himself was a candidate for the State legislature; and, although unsuccessful, he received in his own pre- cinct two hundred and seventy-seven votes out of the two hundred and eighty-four which had been cast; that <, e, I, o, u, y, long: i, k., A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, s'nort: a, e, i, o, oosnre: far, fill, fdt; m^t; n6t; good; moon; LINCOLN 1551 LINCOLN is, thirty-nine fortieths of the whole number. In 1834 he was again a candidate for the legislature, and was elected. He was re-elected in 1836. In March, 1837, he gave proof of the uprightness as well as independ- ence of his character by recording his protest on the journal of the House against some extreme ])ro-slavcry resolutions which had been passed by the Democratic majority in the legislature. At that time the expression of any anti-slavery sentiments was extremely unpopular in every jiart of the United States, but perhaps nowhere north of Mason and Dixon's line was it more so than in Illinois. Lincoln and another member who shared his views declared in their protest that "they believe that the institution of slavery is founded in injustice and bad policy." Having been again elected to the legislature in 1838, he became the acknowledged leader of the Whigs in the House, and received the entire vote of his party for the speakership, which he lost by only one vote. He had been admitted to the bar in 1836, and in April, 1837, he established himself permanently in Springfield and commenced the practice of law in earnest, with John T. Stuart as his jiartner. In November, 1842, he mar- ried Miss Mary Todd, daughter of Robert S. Todd, Esq., of Lexington, Kentucky. Having accepted the nomi- nation for Congress in 1846, he was triumphantly elected, being the only Whig out of the seven representatives sent by Illinois to the national legislature. During the time that he was in Congress he uniformly gave his voice in favour of freedom, voting against laying on the table without consideration the petitions for the abolition of slavery, and always supporting the doctrines of the Wilmot Proviso whenever any measure of this kind was before the House. The passage of the Nebraska bill in May, 1854, involving the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, gave everywhere fresh interest and ar- dour to the contest between freedom and slavery. A United States Senator was to be chosen by the Illinois legislature. Lincoln had been nominated by the Repub- lican party as their candidate for the Senate of the United States. Judge Douglas, confessedly the ablest politician and best debater among all the Democratic leaders of the West, was the opjjosing candidate. Lincoln chal- lenged his opponent to a series of public discussions respecting the views and policy of the two contending parties. That political contest first fully revealed the versatility, depth, and comprehensiveness of Mr. Lin- coln's mind. Even some of those belonging to the party of Judge Douglas admitted that the latter was inferior to his opponent both in learning and in argument, — in short, in every essential qualification for the discussion of those great principles which were then agitating the country froin one extremity to the other. As the elec- tion of United States Senator depended on the legisla- ture, and not on a direct vote by the peojjle, Douglas was the successful competitor; but the extraordinary ability displayed bv Lincoln in the discussion above re- ferred to, led to his nomination by the Republican party in i860 as their candidate for the Presidency. No Presi- dential contest involving issues so momentous had ever before occurred. . The general election then about to take place was to decide the all-im]5ortant question whether the blighting influence of slavery should be allowed to extend to every part of the republic, or should thenceforward be restricted to the territory which it already possessed. Never before had any Presidential election so strongly excited all the hopes and fears of the patriot, all the affections and passions of the people. It took place on the 6th of Noveinber, i860. Lincoln received the electoral votes of all the free States except New Jersey, which was divided, giving him four votes and Douglas three. Breckinridge received the votes of all the slave States except Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, and Missouri ; the three fonner voted for Bell, the last for Douglas. Lincoln received in all one hun- dred and eighty electoral votes, Breckinridge seventy-two, Bell thirty-nine, and Douglas twelve. No sooner was the result of the election known than several of the Southern States made preparations for formally separating themselves from the Federal Union. South Carolina took the lead in the secession movement. The legislature convened in November and passed an act calling a State convention to meet on the 17th of December. It met accordingly, and on the 20th an ordinance was j^assed unanimously dissolving the union till then "subsisting between South Carolina and other .States under the name of the United States of America." Ft was evident, from the language of the leading men in that convention, that the ordinance of secession was not the result of any sudden excitement or hastily-adopted resolution, but was the deliberate fulfilment of a settled and long-cherished purpose. "The secession of South Carolina," said Mr. Rhett, "was not the event of a day." It was "a matter which had been gathering head for thirty years." Mr. Inglis said that most of them had had it "under consideration for the last twenty years." " So far," says Raymond, "as South Carolina was con- cerned, there can be no doubt that her action was de- cided by men who had been plotting disunion for thirty years, not on account of any wrongs her people had sus- tained at the hands of the Federal government, but from motives of personal and sectional ambition, and for the pur]iose of establishing a government which should be permanently and completely in the interest of slavery." (" Lincoln's Administration," chap, i.) Following the example of South Carolina, Mississippi passed an ordi- nance of secession on the 9th of January, 1861,* Florida January 10, Alabama Januaiy II, Georgia January 18, Louisiana January 26, Texas February i. Thus, more than a month previous to the expiration of Mr. Buch- anan's term of office, seven States had done all that lay in their power to dissolve their connection with the Union. Delegates appointed by the conventions of the seceding .States met at Montgomery early in February, and formed a new Confederacy, of which Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected Piesident, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. Not long after, Mr. Stephens, in an elaborate speech addressed to the people of Savannah, attempted to vindicate the course of the seceders in setting up a new government in oppo- sition to that of the United States. On that occasion he said that the prevailing ideas of Jefferson and "most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were that the enslavement of the African was a violation of the laws of nature, that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally, politically. . . . These ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. . . . Our new government was founded upon exactly the opposite ideas ; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery, subordmation to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first in the history of the world based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth." While President Buchanan took the ground that the Federal government had no right to coerce the seceding States, several members of the cabinet had not neglected the opportunities which their official position afforded, of promoting the interests of the Southern Confederacy. The secretary of war, John B. F"loyd, took care to make such a disposition of the Federal arms and ammunition that in case the new administration should be disposed to adopt a more decisive policy it would find its energies paralyzed by a total want of the material o*" war, while the revolted States, in case of necessity, m'ght readily possess themselves of that very material whii.h had been thus adroitly placed beyond 'the reach of fie Federal government. An official report from the ordnance department, dated January 16, 1861, shows that during the year i860 115,000 muskets had l>een removed from Northern armories and sent to Southern arsenals by a single order of the secretary of war ; and it was claimed for him, by one of his eulogists in Virginia, that, while a member of President Buchanan's cabinet, Mr. Floyd "thwarted, resisted, and forbade" certain measures which, if carried into effect, would have rendered the formation of the Southern Confederacy impossible. It was under such circumstances as these — with seven • Tliese dates, and most of the others in this article connected with the events of the rebellion, are taken from Greeley's "American Conflict." € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi,pittnral; N, nasal: R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. (2[^='See Explanations, p. 23. ) LINCOLN 1552 LINCOLN of the most influential of the United States in open re- volt, and several others on the eve of secession, — with timorous indecision at the head of the government, and secret treason lurking not only among the members of the cabinet, but also among the officers of the army and navy — that Abraham Lincoln, on the nth of Feb- ruary, 1 861, left his Western home and proceeded to Washington to take into his hands the reins of govern- ment. Ilis brief parting words to his friends at Spring- field reveal at one view the simple, manly earnestness of his character, and that humble but unfaltering trust in God by which he was sustained through all the perils and darkness which surrounded his administration. " My Friends : No one not in my position can appreciate the sadness I feel at this parting. To this people I owe all that I am. Here I have lived more than a quarter of a century ; here my children were born, and here one of them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you again. A duty devolves uj^on me which is, perhaps, greater than that which has devolved upon any other man since the days of Washington. He never would have succeeded except for the aid of divine Providence, upon which he at all times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without the same divine aid which sustained him; and on the same almighty Being I place my reli- ance for support ; and I hope you, my friends, will all pray that I may receive that divine assistance, without which I cannot succeed, but with which success is certain. Again I bid you all an affectionate farewell." A rumour was current some time before the President- elect left his home in Illinois, that he would never reach the national capital alive. An attempt was made (Feb- ruary II) on the Toledo and Western Railroad to throw from the track the train on which he was ; and after- wards, just as he was leaving Cincinnati, a hand-grenade was found to have been secreted on the car. A plot had likewise been formed to take his life during his passage through Baltimore on his way to Washington. Mr. Seward and General Scott, having been informed of that fact, arranged it that Lincoln should pass through Baltimore several hours earlier than had at first been proposed. The plans of the conspirators were thus friistrated, and the President-elect reached Washington in safety on the morning of the 23d of February. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1861. In his ad- dress on that occasion he mildly but distinctly and firmly announced his purpose to "take care that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States." "I trust," he adds, "this will not be regarded as a menace. . . . There need be no bloodshed or violence ; and there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and jilaces belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and imposts ; but, beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people, anywhere. . . . The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favourable to calm thought and reflection. . . . Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our resjjective sections from each other, nor build an impass- able wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other ; but the different parts of our coun- try cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face ; and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make the inter- course more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? . . . The Chief Magistrate DERIVES ALL HIS AUTHORITY FROM THE PEOPLE ; AND THEY HAVE CONFERRED NONE UPON HIM TO FIX TERMS FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE States. . . . His DUTY IS TO ADMINISTER THE PRESENT GOVERNMENT AS IT CAME INTO HIS HANDS, AND TO TRANSMIT IT UNIMPAIRED BY HIM TO HIS SUCCESSOR. " My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well up-on this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time ; but no good object can be frustrated by it. . . . " In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. . . . You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ' preserve, protect, and defend' it." Mr. Lincoln did not deny that the laws of the Federal gov- ernment, and even the Constitution itself, might perhaps bear unequally and hardly upon some sections of the country; but he thought that all grievances of this kind would be far more likely to be ])roperly redressed through a calm and friendly appeal to the sense of justice in the people than by violence or war. It was enough, however, for the slave-holding party that he denied not merely the expediency but the right of any State or sectional combination of States to se- cede. This was considered equivalent to a declaration of war ; and active preparations for the coming struggle were at once commenced throughout the seceded States. The moderate, reasonable, and conciliatory tone of the Inaugural had, it cannot be doubted, a most happy effect, not only in uniting and consolidating, so to speak, the public sentiment of the North, but also in encouraging all those in the border States who, whatever may have been their views in relation to slavery, had not yet cast off all attachment to the national flag and the Federal Union. Fort Sumter, in the harbour of Charleston, was occupied by a United States garrison, under the com- mand of Major Anderson. General Beauregard, on the part of the Southern Confederacy, demanded its sur- render. To this demand, which was made on the nth of April, Major Anderson at once replied that his "sense of honour and his obligations to his government prevented his compliance." Early on the 12th an attack on the fort was commenced, and kept up with the utmost fury with shells and red-hot cannon-balls, in consequence of which Major Anderson, after a gallant resistance of thirty-three hours, was at length obliged to evacuate the place, which he did on the morning of the 14th. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first aggressive act committed on either side. It produced a deep and intense excite- ment throughout the Northern States, breaking down for a time all party distinctions, and uniting the whole people in an earnest, unfaltering purpose to support the government.* The President, justly regarding this un- provoked attack upon a United States fort as the com- mencement of actual war, issued on the next day (April 15) a proclamation directing both Houses of Congress to meet in extra session on the 4th of July following, and calling out "the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000," for the pur- pose of supjjorting the authority and enforcing the laws of the Federal Union. It was not, however, merely for maintaining the authority of the government that troops were needed, but for the defence of the national capital itself. The President of the Southern Confederacy had declared, more than a month before, that whenever war should commence the North and not the South should be the battlefield ; and the recent attack on Fort Sumtei was a sufficient proof that no veneration for the national flag nor any lurking scruples of any kind would be likely to prevent the carrying out of that threat if it were pos- sible to accomplish it. All the Northern States responded to the demand of President Lincoln with the utmost alacrity and zeal. Massachusetts — be it said to her immortal honour — was the first in the field. The next day after the issue of the proclamation, her Si.xth regiment left Boston for the national capital. Two more regiments set out within forty-eight hours. The Sixth regiment was attacked (April 19) in Baltimore by a nu)b carrying a secession flag, and several of the soldiers were killed or severely wounded. Gov- ernor Hicks having united with Mayor Brown, of Balti- * Tlie verv next day after Major Anderson liad evacuated the ruins of Fort Sumter, a leading journal of New York (the " Tribune") aptW and forcibly observed, " Fort Sumter is lost, but freedom is saved. . It is hard to lose Sumter: it is a consolation to know that is losing it we liave gained a united people." a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e. T. o. u, y. short: a, e, j, 9. obscure: fir, fill, fAt; niit; nfit; good; moon; LINCOLN 1553 LINCOLN more, in urging, for prudential reasons, that no more troops should be brought through that city, it was ar- ranged that those needed for the defence of Washington should in future be sent thither by way of Annapolis. On the 19th of April President Lincoln issued a procla- mation blockading the ports of the seceded States. The excitement caused by the bombardment of Fort Sumter, which tended so powerfully to unite public sentiment at the North, appeared to have produced a still greater effect in the Southern States, where the enthusiasm of the people was inflamed almost to frenzy by what seemed the brilliant success of the Confederates, in re- ducing so quickly a fortress which was regarded as one of the strongest in the United States, though it was at that time feebly garrisoned and supplied with provisions for a few days only. Yielding to this whirlwind of ex- citement, the legislature of Virginia, on the 17th of April, (three days after the taking of Fort Sumter,) passed an ordinance of secession by a vote of 88 to 55. Not long after, the State Convention of North Carolina, elected during the excitement which followed the cap- ture of Sumter, passed unanimously an ordinance of secession. The most active preparations were made on both sides for the contest which was now inevitable. In the seceding States more than a hundred thousand trooj^s had been raised, of which the larger portion had been marched towards the Northern border. The greatness of the force arrayed against the government made an additional sup- ply of troops necessary for the security of the national capital. A second proclamation was issued on the 3d of May, calling into the United States service a large number of volunteers, and greatly increasing the force both of the army and navy. The difficulties surrounding the new administration were rendered still more for- midable by the jjrecipitate action of the French and English governments, which, as soon as information was received that hostilities had actually begun in America, determined, in concert, to acknowledge the Southern Confederacy as a belligerent power. In accordance with the proclamation of the 15th of April, Congress met in extra session, July 4, 1861. In the message which on that occasion the President ad- dressed to the Senators and representatives, after re- viewing the condition of the country and explaining the course of the government, he proceeds to say, — "It is thus seen that the assault upon and reduction of Fort Sumter was in no sense a matter of self-defence upon the part of the assailants. They well knew that the garrison in the fort could by no possibility commit aggression upon them. They knew, they were expressly notified, that the giving of bread to the few brave and hungry men of the garrison was all which would on that occasion be attempted, unless themselves, by resisting so much, should provoke more. They knew that this government desired to keep the garrison in the fort, not to assail them, but to maintain visible possession, and thus to preserve the Union from actual and immediate dissolution, trusting, as before stated, to time, discussion, and the ballot-box for final adjustment ; and they assailed and reduced the fort for precisely the reverse object, to drive out the visible authority of the Federal Union and thus force it to immediate dissolution. ... In this act, discarding all else, they have forced upon the country the distinct issue, 'immediate dissolution or blood.' "And this issue embraces more than the fate of these United States. It presents to the whole family of man the question whether a constitutional republic or democracy — a government of the people by the same people — can or cannot maintain its territorial integrity against its own domestic foes. . . . "It was with the deepest regret that the Executive found the duty of employing the war-power in defence of the government forced upon him. He could but per- form this duty or surrender the existence of the govern- ment. . . . As a private citizen, the Executive could not have consented that these institutions should perish ; much less could he, in betrayal of so vast and so sacred a trust as these free people have confided to him. He felt that he had no right to shrink, or even to count the chances of his own life, in what might follow." There were a few members in both Houses who in- sisted that any employment of the war-power against the rebels was unconstitutional ; but the general senti- ment of Congress fully sustained the President in the course he had taken. On July 15, Mr. McClernand, a Democratic member from Illinois, offered a resolution ]5ledging the House to vote any amount of money and any number of men necessary to suppress the rebellion and restore the authority of the government. This reso- lution was adopted with but five dissenting votes. The spirited action of Congress seemed to inspire the people everywhere throughout the North with renewed hope and confidence. Towards the latter part of June, a large rebel force had occupied a strong position on Bull Run Creek, near Manassas. It was resolved on the part of the Federal government to attack and drive back this force ; and the belief was generally entertained that a single decided success on the part of the Union armies would put an end to the war. The Federal forces, com- manded by General McDowell, made an attack upon the position of the rebels on the 21st of July ; but they met with a disastrous defeat, and were driven back in great disorder towards Washington. Then, for the first time, the Northern States realized the greatness of the conflict which was before them. They then understood how great were the advantages possessed by the Con- federates in consequence of their having been for years preparing for war. No inconsiderable portion of their troops had been thoroughly disciplined under excellent officers, while many of the Northern troops had scarcely any discipline at all. Add to this that a large proportion of the best and most experienced officers in the regular army of the United States had resigned their commis- sions and joined the Confederate cause. All the prin- cipal Confederate officers, with scarcely an exception, had been educated at the national military academy at West Point, and had afterwards held important positions in the regular army. It may suffice to cite the names ot Generals Joseph E. and Albert Sydney Johnston, Jeffer- !>on Uavis, the President of the Southern Confederacy, and General Robert E. Lee, regarded, at the time of the breaking out of the rebellion, as by far the ablest officer in the United States army. General Scott having become through age and infirmities unequal to the duties of the field. But the disaster of Bull Run damped the hopes of the Unionists for a moment only. After the first surprise was over, its effect was to rouse the courage and determination of the people to the highest point. Vol- unteers flocked by thousands to join the national army. From the time of Lincoln's inauguration, through all the anxious months of the spring and summer of 1861, Gene- ral Scott had retained his position as commander of the armies of the United States, and had given the govern- ment the benefit of his wisdom and experience and the support of his great influence and unwavering loyalty. At length, on the 31st of October, in consequence of ill health and advancing age, he applied to the secretary of war to be released from active service. He was accord- ingly placed upon the list of retired officers of the army of the United States, but retaining his full pay, according to a special provision passed by Congress in the summer session. At the recommendation of General Scott, Gene- ral McClellan, who had obtained marked distinction by his success during the summer of 1861 in clearing Western Virginia of rebel troops, was called to Wash- ington and appointed to the command of the Federal forces. He at once commenced a thorough reorganiza- tion of the army, and before many months brought it into a state of high and efficient discipline. Unfortunatelv, his sympathies were rather with the moderate slak'e- holders than with the staunch supporters of the govern- ment, and, when it became necessary to sacrifice slavery in order to save the republic, he could not nerve himself to the task. In a war of a different kind, requiring simply vigilance, skill, and the spirit of conciliation, he might have earned enduring laurels. But the Confederates had gone too far to be won back by conciliation. As nothing could satisfy them short of breaking up the Union, so nothing was left for the Federal government, if it would escape general disruption and utter ruin, but to suppress the rebellion by force of arms. € as k; 9 as s; g hard: g asy; G, H, Vi,^tttitral; N, nasal; r, trilled: 5 as s.- th as in this. 98 iSi^^See Explanations, p. 23. LINCOLN 1554 LINCOLN 'I'he forces under the immediate command ot (jencral McClellan having remained inactive during most of the winter of 1S61-62, President Lincoln issued on the 27th of January, 1862, an order that on the 22d of P"ebruary a general movement against the insurgents should be made by the land and naval forces of the United States. Gene- ral McClellan at first objected, in a letter to the secre- tary of war, to the plan of operations which he had been directed to pursue. At length, on the 13th of March, a council of war was held, in which it was decided to ad- vance against Richmond from Fortress Monroe. The army was conveyed by water down the Potomac and Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of James River. Soon after tlie commencement of the campaign. General McClellan began to complain that he was not jiroperly supported by the Executive at Washington. Advancing into the heart of a hostile country, where his enemies, by means of the railroads, which they could completely control, might concentrate, at a very short notice, all their available force at or near the point of threatened attack, it behooved him, undoubtedly, to use great circumspec- tion. Unhappily, the extreme precautions which he took iigainst a doubtful or contingent peril had no other effect than to surround him with real dangers of the most for- midable character. His movements were so slow and hesitating that the Confederates not only had time to assemble their forces from distant points and erect ex- tensive fortifications, but even to raise and discipline large reinforcements of fresh troops. Had he early in April advanced with his army against Yorktown, he would have met with a feeble resistance, and might, in all probability, have pushed on at once to the conquest of Richmond. But he decided to approach it by a regular siege ; extensive earthworks were thrown up, and the campaign was protracted into the hottest part of the summer. His troops, compelled to encamp among the swamps adjacent to theChickahominy, perished in great numbers from disease. At last, after a series of sangui- nary but indecisive conflicts, the army was forced to retreat. It was moved in August from James River by water to Aqui'a Creek, on the Potomac, some forty miles below Washington. About the same time the army of General Pope, after several daj's of hard fighting near Manassas and Centreville, was driven back with heavy loss upon Washington. There was perhaps no darker period during the whole war than that in which the summer of 1862 came to a close ; and we may safely say that no one throughout the land felt more deeply the reverses and sufferings of his countrymen than President Lincoln. 'On the 2d of September, General McClellan took ton.mand of all the available troops for the defence of the capital. General Lee, having crossed the Potomac (September 5) into Maryland, was attacked and de- feated by McClellan at Antietam on the l6th and 17th of September. He retreated into Virginia, and was not pursued. Early in October McClellan was ordered to cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drive him southward ; but, having delayed his advance for about three weeks, he was removed from his command, by an order dated November 5. General Burnside, who succeeded McClellan as commander of the army of the Potomac, attacked (December 13) General Lee, then occupying a strongly-fortified position at Fredericks- burg, and was repulsed with severe loss. Again, on the 2d and 3d of May, 1S63, General Hooker was worsted by General Lee in a very hard-fought battle at Chancel- lorsville. The great and repeated disasters experienced by the Union armies from the beginning of the war, but more particularly those of the summer of 1862, appear to have prepared the people of the Northern States for the ado])tion of a more radical policy on the part of the government. At first it had been the aim of the Execu- tive to preserve the Union with all the provisions of the 'Constitution as it was originally adopted. But, the slave- holders having by their rebellion forfeited all claim to the protection of that instrument, it might become ex- pedient or necessary to assail them on the side where they were confessedly weakest, — viz., through the institu- tion of slavery. President Lincoln had been censured by some for not taking a more decided position on the subject of slavery at the commencement of the war ; but he had very strong reasons for the line of policy which he had hitherto thought proper to pursue. So powerful was the influence, so plausible the arguments, brought by the Confederates to bear upon the border States, that it was only with the greatest difficulty that Maryland Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri could be ]5revcnted from following Virginia and North Carolina and joining the rebellion. If, then, the Federal government, with those States standing neutral or divided, was able to re- establish its authority only after years of conflict and the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, what might have been the issue had those four po]5ulous and warlike States from the very commencement of the war iiecn closely and firmly united with the Confederacy? Had President Lincoln at once, on the breaking out of the rebellion, attempted the overthrow of slavery, there is reason to believe that all the above-named States would have arrayed themselves against the government, and the theatre of war, instead of being almost exclusively confined to the territory of the slave States, would, in all probability, have been extended to the adjacent free States, — to Pennsylvania and Ohio, if not still farther. Nor would this have been the only misfortune ; such an attempt would, it can scarcely be doubted, have divided the people in many of the free States, and prevented them from giving the government that cordial and united support so indispensable to the Union cause in such a crisis. The ccnscientious and anxious desire evinced by the President to respect the constitutional rights of every section of the country, if it produced no favourable influ- ence upon the minds of the Confederates, had at least the effect of gaining over to his cause multitudes of his political opponents in the Northern as well as in the bor- der States ; so that tens of thousands who had op])osed his election in i860 became, before the close of his first Presidential term, of the number of his most cordial suj'jporters. He considered it, indeed, to be not merely ex])edient, but to be his imperative duty, to weigh care- fully all the circumstances by which he was surrounded. A religious or moral reformer may very properly content himself with merely proclaiming and expounding great truths, and then leave the minds of men to embrace them, as they may be prepared to do so. But he who, being placed at the head of a government, neglects to consider the question whether his measures are prac- ticable, or whether they are or are not adapted to the actual condition and wants of the people, can have no claim to the name of statesman, although he may pos- sibly merit that of a far-seeing reformer or philanthropist. To some, who were urging him to issue at once a proclamation of emancipation, intimating that they fel. assured it was the will of God that he should do so. Lincoln replied, "I hope it will not be irreverent for me to say that, if it is probable that God would reveal his will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it might be supposed he would reveal it directly to me ; for, unless I am more deceived in myself than I often am, it is my earnest desire to know the will of Providence in this matter ; and if I can learn what it is, I will do it" At another time he said, "There are 50,000 bayonets in the Union army from the border slave States. It would be a serious matter if, in consequence of a proclamation such as you desire, they should go over to the rebels. . . . Every day increases their Union feeling." He dili- gently sought every ojiportunity of informing himself re- specting the condition of public sentiment, especially in regard to the question of emancipation. A great change in the minds of the people had undoubtedly taken place in this respect, not only in the North, but also in several of the slave States. After mature deliberation, being at length satisfied that the welfare of the country would be promoted by such a measure, and that public senti-- ment would sustain it, he issued (September 22, 1S62) a proclamation of emancipation, in which it was declared that on the first day of January, 1S63, "all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United .States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free ; and the executive government of the United States, a. e, i, 6, u, y. /^«^.- i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, J/4(7r/; a, e, j, q, obscure ;^r, fill, fit; met; n6t;g6r;d; moon- LINCOLN LINCOLN including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, oi any of them, in any efforts they may make for theii actual freedom." After the battle of Chancellorsville the tide of success seemed to turn in favour of the Union cause. This is not the place to go into any detailed accoimt of the movements of the different armies. It may suffice briefly to notice a few of the principal battles which constituted, so to speak, turning-points in the history of tiie war, and which had an immediate and important influence ir bringing it to a close. On the 3d of July, 1863, the army of the Potomac, under General Meade, defeated the rebel forces, com- manded by General l.ee, in a great battle (which had lasted three days) near Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania. On the 4th of the same month, General Grant cap- tured Vicksburg, after a long and most obstinate defence on the part of the garrison, and in spite of the strenuous efforts of the Confederate general Joseph E. Jolinston to raise the siege. The number of Confederate troops paroled at Vicksburg was about 27,000, of whom only 15,000 were fit for duty. "This," says Mr. Greeley, " was the heaviest single blow ever given to the muscu- lar resources of the rebellion ; and no other campaign in the war equals in brilliancy of conception and general success in execution that which resulted in the capitula- tion of Vicksburg." As Commander Farragut, su] ported by a land-army under General Butler, had already (April, 1862) taken possession of New Orleans, the conquest of Vicksburg gave to the Unionists the command of the Mississippi throughout its entire length. The Courage, skill, and, above all, the tmconquerable energy displayed by General Grant in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, seemed to point him out to the government as pre-eminently qualified to conduct a wai in which a wise foresight, an untiring vigilance, and an indefatigable activity were equally necessary to success. There was another point also wherein, to adopt the language of Mr. Greeley, "his fitness for the chief command was decided, if not pre-eminent; and that was an utter disbelief in the efficacy of any rose-watet treatment of the rebellion." On the ist of March, 1864, in compliance with a recommendation of Congress, the President appointed General Grant lieutenant-general of the armies of the United States. When he presented General Grant with his commission, Mr. Lincoln ad- dressed him with these words : " The nation's apprecia- tion of what you have already done, and its reliance upon you for what still remains to be done, in the existing great struggle, are now presented with this commission, constituting you lieutenant-general of the armies of the United States. With this high honour devolves upon you also a corresponding responsibility. As the country herein trusts you, so, under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add that with what I here speak for the nation, goes my own hearty personal concurrence." In the autumn of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was a second time elected President of the United States, General McClel- lan being the opposing candidate. Lincoln received the votes of all the Northern States except New Jersey and Delaware. General Grant, having taken immediate command of the army of the Potomac, commenced early in May the ever-memorable campaign of 1864 against Richmond. After many severe and bloody conflicts, and the display of consummate military skill on the part of the rival com- manders, and an obstinate bravery on the part of their troo]5s, rarely paralleled in the history of warfare, Gen- eral Lee was at length (April 2, 1865) forced to abandon the defence of Richmond, which was evacuated the fol- lowing night, and on the 9th of April he surrendered to General Grant with all his army. On the 17th of the same month, General J. E. Johnston, commander of the southern division of the Confederate army, then in North Carolina, entered into terms of capitulation with Gen- eral Sherman, according to which all the Confederate troops still remaining in the field were to lay down their arms and return to their respective States. Thus the war of the rebellion was brought to a close. But, before the final arrangement between Sherman and Johnston was completed, the universal joy of the Northern States was changed into bitter mourning by the death of Presi- dent Lincoln, who was cut off in the very hour of triumph by the hand of an assassin. A desperate band of con- spirators, of whom John Wilkes Booth, a native of Maryland, was the ringle.nder, had for some time enter- tained the design of seizing the President and making him a prisoner. Finding no opportunity to carry their purpose into effect, they resolved at length to take his life. The great object of Lincoln's administration — the restoration of the authority of the government — having been at last accomplished, on the evening of the 14th of April he sought at Ford's Theatre a brief relaxation from the duties and cares of his high office. Booth, being an actor by profession, had free admittance to the theatre. While the President's attention was absorbed by the scene before him, the assassin a]ipro3ched him from behind, unperceived. To make sure of his victim. Booth discharged his pistol when the muzzle was not more than a few inches from the head of the President, who, as the ball entered his brain, sank slightly forward with- out uttering a sound ; and, although he continued to breathe for several hours, he was evidently wholly un- conscious from the time that he received the fatal wound until his death, which occurred at half-past seven on the morning of the 15th. Mr. Lincoln had often received anonymous letters threatening him with death ; but his thoughts were too much occujiied with the affairs of the nation to permit him to feel anxiety for his personal safety ; and, indeed, it was impossible for him, as ho intimated to some of his friends who urged him to be more on his guard, to render his life secure without adopting precautions alike rej^ugnant to his own feel- ings and to the universal usage of his country. We believe it is no exaggeration to say that, since the dawn of history, no more upright or conscientious ruler than Abraham Lincoln ever presided over the destuiies ot a great nation ; nor has there been any more free from every taint of selfish ambition or personal resentment. Among the many eminent men who, in their writings or public speeches, have attempted Xo portray the char- acter and commemorate the virtues of President Lincoln, we know of none who has been more successful than Mr. Emerson. The admirable fitness of his remarks must be our apology, if any be needed, for giving the following extracts from his discourse delivered at the funeral services held in Concord, Massachusetts, April 19, 1865 : "A plain man of the people, an extraordinary for- tune attended him. Lord Bacon says, 'Manifest virtues procure reputation; occult ones, fortune.' He offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion, which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy foi him to obey. Then he had what farmers call a 'long head ;' was excellent in working out the sum for himself, — in arguing his case and convincing you fairly and firmly. . . . He had a vast good nature, which made him tolerant and accessible to all. . . . Then his broad good humour, running easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted and in which he excelled, was a rich gift to this wise man. It enabled him to keep his secret, to meet every kind of man, and every rank in society, ... to mask his own purpose and sound his comimnion, and to catch with true instinct the temper of every company he ad- dressed. His occupying the chair of state was a triumph of the good sense of mankind and of the public conscience. This middle-class country had got a middle-class Presi- dent at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies, but not in powers ; for his powers were superior. This man grew according to the need ; his mind mastered the prob- lem of the day; and as the problem grew, so did his comprehension of it. Rarely was a man so fitted to the event. ... It cannot be said that there is any exagger- ation of*his worth. If ever a man was fairly tested, he was. There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander, nor of ridicule. . . . Then what an occasion was the whirlwind of the war! Here was place for no holiday €as k: 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z: th as in this. (fl^="See Explanations, p. 23.) k LINCOLN ;56 LINDE magistrate, no fair-weather sailor : the new pilot was hurried to the helm in a tornado. In four years — four years of battle-days — his endurance, his fertility of re- sources, his magnanimity, were sorely tried and never found wanting. There, by his courage, his justice, his even temper, his fertile counsel, his humanity, he stood a heroic figure in the centre of a heroic epoch. He is the true history of the American people in his time — the true representative of this continent — father of his country, the pulse of twenty millions throbbing in his heart, the thought of their minds articulated by his tongue." "The name of Lincoln," says the eminent historian Merle d'Aubigne, "will remain one of the greatest that history has to inscribe on its annals." "This man," observes Henry Martin, " will stand out in the traditions of his country and the world as an incarnation of the people, and of modern democracy itself." See Raymond, "Life and Administration of President Lincoln,' 1864; Greeley, "American Conflict," 2 vols. 8vo, Hartford, 1864-66; Dr. J. G. Holland, "Life of A. Lincoln," 1865; and the noble and eloquent tribute to the memory of Lincoln in Mrs. Stowh's " Men of our Time," Hartford, 1868. Lincoln, (Benj.xmin,) an American general, born in Hingham, Massachusetts, in January, 1733. lie was originally a farmer. In 1776 he was appointed a major- general of militia, and joined the army of Washington with reinforcements in February, 1777. In this year he was appointed major-general by Congress, and was or- dered to join the Northern army, commanded by General Gates. In October, 1777, he received a wound which disabled him for nearly a year. He was appointed to the chief command of the Southern department about September, 1778, and defended Charleston against Gen- eral Prevost in the spring of 1779. In October of that year General Lincoln and Count D'Estaing made an unsuccessful assault on Savannah. He was besieged by Sir Henry Clinton in Charleston, which he was com- pelled to surrender in May, 1780. He afterwards com- manded a division at the siege of Yorktown, in October, 1781. He had the reputation of an able and prudent general. In October, 17S1, he became secretary of war. lie retired from this office about the end of 1784, and was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in 17S7 by the Federalists. Died at Hingham in 1810. See a " Life of Benjamin Lincoln," by Fkancis Bowen, in Sparks's "American Biograpliy," second series, vol. xiii. ; "Na- tional Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. ii. Lincoln, link'pn, (Edward Clinton,) Earl of, an English admiral, born in 1512, was the only son of Thomas Lord Clinton. He was appointed lord admiral for life in 1550. In 1557 he commanded a division of the English army at Saint-Queniin. On the accession of Elizabeth (1558) he was retained in the office of lord admiral. In the peaceful reign that followed he had little opportunity to acquire renown. He was created Earl of Lincoln in 1572. Died in 1584, leaving the title to his son Henry. A Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, married the daughter of Henry Pelham, who was prime minister about 1750. In 1768 he inherited the title of Duke of Newcastle. Died in 1794. Lincoln, (Enoch,) a lawyer, brother of Levi, noticed below, (1782-186S,) was born at Worcester, Massachu- setts, in 1788. He represented a district of Maine in Congress from 1819 to 1826, and was Governor of that State in 1827-29. Died in 1829. He wrote several poems, including one entitled "The Village," (1816.) Lincoln, (John Larkin,) LL.D., an American scholar and critical writer, born at 15oston in 1817. He was appointed in 1844 professor of the Latin language and literature in Brown University. He published an edition of Horace for the use of schools. Lincoln, (Levi,) an American jurist and statesman, born in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1749, graduated at Harvard College. He practised law at Worcester, and became one of the most eminent lawyers in the State. In 1799 he was elected a member of Congress. He was a Democrat or Republican in party politics, and was attorney-general under Jefferson from 1801 to December, 1S05. In 1807-08 he was Lieutenant-Governor«)f Mas- sachusetts. Died at Worcester in 1820. Lincoln, (Levi,) a lawyer, a son of the preceding, was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 17S2. He was chosen Governor of his native State in 1825, being supported by both parties, and was a member of Con- gress during three terms, (1835-41.) Died in 1868. Lind, (James,) an English physician, born about 1716, published a valuable "Treatise on the Scurvy," (1753,) and " Essay on the Diseases to which Europeans are exposed in Hot Climates," (1768,) which were often reprinted. Died at Gosport in 1794. Lind, (Jenny,) a celebrated Swedish vocalist, born at Stockholm in 1820, was the daughter of a teacher of languages. She began to sing on the stage alxjut the age of ten years, and performed in vaudevilles with success. At the age of sixteen she became the prime favourite of the Stockholm Opera, where she made her debut as Agatha in " Der Freischiitz." In 1841 she became a pupil of Garcia, the celebrated singing-master in Paris, where she met Meyerbeer, who engaged h;r for the Opera of Berlin. She sang in Berlin in 1844 a.id 1845, exciting great and unabated enthusiasm. After performing in several capitals of Germany, she visited London, where she was greeted with the warmest ap- plause, in 1847 ^"d the two ensuing years. Having made an engagement with P. T. Barnum to sing in the United States, she arrived at New York in Sei)tember, 1850. Her concerts in this country excited enthusi- astic admiration, and were repeated in the chief cities of the Union until 1852, when she returned to Europe with Otto Goldschmidt, a skilful pianist, to whom she had been married in 1851. In private life she ever main- tained an enviable reputation, and while in the United States gave many thousand dollars for charitable pur- poses. After her marriage she occasionally appeared in charitable concerts. Died November 2, 1887. See N. P. Willis, " Memoranda of the Life of Jenny Lind ;" J. A. Becher, "J. Lind: Skizze ihres Lebens," etc., 1847; "Memoir of J. Lind," London, 1847; Hans Christian Andersen, "True Story of my Life ;" the same notice in the " Living Age" for No- vember, 1850. Linda. See Lindanus. Lindanus, lin-dd'nus, or Linda, -lin'di, (William Damasus,) a Roman Catholic prelate, noted as a cos- troversialist, was born at Dort, Holland, in 1525. He was remarkable for the severity with which he per- formed the office of Inquisitor of the faith. In 1562 he was appointed by Philip II. Bishop of Ruremond. His most popular work was "Evangelical Panoply," ("Panoplia Evangelica," 1563.) Died in 1568 or 1588. See A. Havensius, "Vita G. Lindani," 1609. Lindau, lin'dow, (Paul,) a German critic and drama- tist, born at Magdeburg, June 3, 1839. He studied at Halle, Leipsic, Berlin, and Paris. Besides miscellaneous works, he has published "Moliere," (1S72,) " Beaumar- chais," (1875,) "Alfred de Musset," (1877,) several vol- umes of essays and criticisms, and many comedies, highly valued for their refinement of tone. Lindberg, Hnd'beRC, (Jacok Christian,) a Danish theologian and numismatist, born at Ripen, Jutland, in 1797. He published a "Treatise on Cufic Coins," (1830,) a "Hebrew-Danish Hand-Lexicon," (1835,) and able works on theology, etc. Died December 10, 1857. Lindblom, lind'blom, (Jacob Axel,) a Swedish prel- ate, born in Ostrogothia in 1747. He was professor ot belles-lettres in the University of Upsal, and published a " Latin-Swedish Dictionary" before he became Bishop of Linkoping, (1789.) He was afterwards chosen Arch- bishop of Upsal. Died in 1819. See Hedborn, " Aminnelse-Tal iifver J. A. Lindblom," 1819. Linde, von, fon lin'deh, (Justin Ti.motheus Bal- thasar,) a German jurist, born in Westphalia in 1797. published numerous legal treatises. Died in 1870. Linde, vfon, fon lin'deh, (Samuel Gottlob,) an emi- nent Polish lexicographer, born at Thorn in 1771. About 1803 he became rector of the Lyceum and chief librarian of the University in Warsaw. In 1807 he produced the first volume of his great " Dictionary of the Polish I-an- guage," (6 vols.,) regarded as the best work of the kind. From 1833 to 1838 he was director of the gymnasium of W^arsaw. He wrote a " Historical Outline of the Literature of the Slavonic Races," (1825.) Died at War- saw in 1847. See Saint-Mauricb Cabanv, "S. T. de Linde," etc., 1853. a, e, T, o, u, y, /-al; N, luisal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. ee Explanations, p. 23.) LIONNE 1560 LIFS Lionne, de, deh le'on', (Hugues,) Marquis de Bernv, a French statesman and diplomatist, born at Grenoble in 161 1. He was sent as ambassador to Rome in 1655. He succeeded Mazarin in i66i as minister of foreign affairs, which he directed with great ability for ten years^ Died in 1671 See Saint-Simon, " Menioires :" Sismondi, " Histoire des Fran- Cais." Lionnet. See Lyon net. Liotard, le'o'tiR', (Jean firiENNE,) a Swiss portrait- painter, surnamed THE TuRK, because he adopted the Turkish costume, was born at Geneva in 1702. In 1725 he went to Paris, where he acquired reputation by his skill in crayon and enamel miniatures. He worked four years in Constantinople, (1738-42), painting Turkish cos- tumes, etc. He afterwards painted portraits of the royal families of Austria and France. Died in 1790. See Nagler, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Liotard, (Jean Michel,) a twin-brother of the pre- ceding, born at Geneva in 1702, was an engraver, and one of the best pupils of Benoit Audran. He engraved the great cartoons of C. Cignani in Italy, and afterwards worked in Paris. He returned to Geneva, where he died about 1760. Liotard, (Pierre,) a French botanist, born near Grenoble in 1729, was originally a poor peasant. He acquired a good knowledge of the plants of the Alps, and was employed as guide by J. J. Rousseau and ■ d for some years with Rousseau. Died in 1796. Desfontaines. He corresponded Liouville, le'oo'vil', (Joseph,) an able French mathe- matician, born at Saint-Omer in 1809. He became in 1839 a member of the Institute. He wrote several im- portant treatises, and edited for a long time a journal of ])ure mathematics called by his name. Lipano, de, di le-pi'no. Countess, was the title assumed by Caroline, Queen cf Naples, after the death of Murat, her husband. See Bonaparte, (Carolinf Marie.) Liparini, le-pi-ree'nee, (Ludovico,) an Italian painter of history, born at Bologna in iSoo ; died in 1856. Lipenius, le-pa'ne-iis, (Martin,) a learned German bibliographer, born in Brandenburg in 1630, was rector of gymnasiums at Halle and Stettin. He compiled "Bibliotheca Juridica," (1679,) "Bibliotheca Realis, etc. Philosophica," (2 vols., 1682,) "Bibliotheca Realis The- ologica," (2 vols., 1685,) and other works. Died at Lubeck in 1692. See J. H. VON Shelen, "Vita M. Lipenii," edited by Jenichen, 1737; Nic^RON, " M^moires." Lipinski, le-p^n'skee, (Charles,) a celebrated Polish violinist, born at Radzin in 1790. He received the title of first violinist to the Emperor of Russia. Died 1861. Lippert, lip'p^Rt, (Philipp Daniel,) a German artist and glyptographer, was born at Meissen in 1703. He published " Dactyliotheca ; or, A Collection of Two Thousand Prints of Antique Gems." Died in 1785^ Lippe-Schaumburg, von, fon lip'peh showm'booRG, (Friedrich Wilhelm,) Count, a German general, born in London in 1724. He served several campaigns in the Austrian army, and afterwards travelled in Italy. He obtained the chief command of the British troops sent in 1 761 to aid Portugal, which he defended with success against the Spaniards. Died in 1777. See Brockhaus, " Conversations- Lexikon." Lippi, lip'pee, (Annibale,) a Roman architect, wiio lived in the sixteenth century. Lippi, (FiLiPPO,) one of the most celebrated of the old Italian painters in oil and fresco, born at Florence in 1412. was a pupil of Masaccio. Before he was of age he was captured by pirates and enslaved in Africa. His master was so pleased with a portrait of himself, drawn with a coal on the wall, that he gave the artist his liberty. Lippi then returned to Florence, and adorned the churches and convents of that city, and of Spoleto, Prato, etc. Among his master-pieces are a Madonna, in oil, "The Life of Saint Stephen," "The Death of San Bernardo," in oil, at Prato, two " Annunciations," and "The Coronation of the Virgin," in fresco. He excelled in invention, design, and colouring, and is ranked among the greatest painters before Raphael. Died in 1469. See Vasari, " Lives of the P.iinters;" Lanzi, " History of Paint- ing in Italy;" Baldinucci, " Notizie ;" Ticozzi, "Dizionario." Lippi, (FiLiPPO or Filippino,) son of the preceding, was born at Florence in 1460, and became an excellent painter. He studied with Sandro Botticelli, and worked chierty in Florence and Rome. He was distinguished for his good taste and correctness of design, and was perhaps the first painter among the moderns who treated costumes and other accessories with propriety. Amtasa/; R,iri//eJ; sasz; thasin//;/r. (2^=*See Explanations, p. 23 ) LISTER 1^62 LITTRE Lister, (Sir Matihkw,) an English physician, born in Yorkshire about 1565. He became president of the College of Physicians, London, and pliysician to Charles I. Died in 1657. Lister, (Thomas Henry,) an English author and gentleman, born about 1800, was the son of Thomas Lister, Esq., of Armitage Park. He obtained the offirt of registrar-general of births. He published two novels, entitled "Granby," (1826,) and " Herbert Lacy," and a " Life of Lord Clarendon the Historian." lie married the sister of the Earl of Clarendon, known as the au- thoress of " Sketches of the Contemporaries of Lord (Ihancellor Clarendon." Died in 1842. In 1844 his widow became the wife of Sir George Cornewall Lewis. He was a brother-in-law of Lord John Russell. Lis'ton, (John,) a popular English comedian, born in London in 175'6, appeared on the London i,tage about 1805. He excelled in low comedy, and acted many years at the Haymarket, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane Theatres. Died in 1846. Lis'ton, (Robert,) F.R.S., an eminent Scottish phy- sician, born in 1794. About 1S17 he began to practise in Edinburgh, where he attained great eminence as a surgeon. In 1833 he published his " Principles of Sur- gery." He removed to London in 1834, practised with success, and became professor of clinical surgery in University College. Died in 1848. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement ) Liszinski, le-shfen'skee, (Casimir,) a Polish philoso- pher, who was beheaded in 1689 on a false charge of heresy or atheism. Liszt, list, (Franz,) a Hungarian musician, and the most celebrated pianist of recent times, was born at Rai- ding in 181 1. He was instructed by Czerny and Salieri at Vienna, and afterwards repaired to Paris, where his perfx)rmance made a great sensation. About 1S23 ht visited England, and was received with equal enthusiasm. Having, after his return to Paris, heard Paganini, he re- solvedto obtain the same mastery over the piano which that great musician had gained over the violin ; and it is generally allowed that he succeeded. He visited the principal cities of Europe, and everywhere excited the warmest admiration. Though he produced many com- positions, he chiefly excelled as a performer. Liszt was distinguished for generosity, and gave largely to charitable and useful institutions. In 1848 he was ap- pointed leader of the orchestra in the imperial chapel at Weimar. In 1865 he became a cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. Liszt had several natural children, one of whom (Cosima, whose mother was the Countess d'Agoult) was married first to Von Biilow and then to Richard Wagner. Another daughter married £mile Ollivier. He was the author of a " Life of Frederick Chopin." Died July 31, 1886. See L. Rellstab, " F. Liszt: BeurtheiliiiiKen, Berichte, Lebens- skiz/.e," 1842; GusTAV Schilling, " F. Liszt: sein Leben und Wirken," 1844; F. Kempe, " F. Liszt;" Richard Wagner, "Apho- ristische Memoiren," etc., 1852. Lith'gow, (William,) a traveller, who traversed on foot a large part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and pub- lished in 1614 an entertaining narrative of his travels. At Malaga he was arrested as a spy and heretic, and tortured by the Inquisition. Lithov, lit'hov, .' (Gustavus,) a Latin poet, born In Sweden in 1692. In 1734 he published "Heroic-Mis- cellaneous Poems," ( Poemata heroico-miscellanea." ) His "Panegyric on Charles XII." (1720) produced a great sensation. Died in 1753. Lit'olff, (Henry Charles,) an English pianist and comijoser, born in London, February 6, iSiS. His father, an Alsatian, had settled in London as a violinist He has given concerts in the principal European cities, and, after many wanderings, finally settled in Paris. Litta, l^t'ti, (PoMPEO,) Count, an Italian historical writer, born in Milan in 1781. He entered the French army in 1S04, fought at Austerlitz, (1805,) and, having obtained the grade of chef-de-bataiHoit, left the service in 1814. In iSighe began to publish at Milan his famous and costly work, " Celebrated Italian Families," which was continued until his death, and contains accounts of seventy-five families. It is considered remarkable for historical accuracy. Died in 1852. See Bkockhaus, "Conversations-Lexikon." Little. See Moore, (Thomas.) Lit'tle, (Henry,) an American general, born at Bal- timore, served in Mexico in 1846, and entered the Con- federate army in i86l He was killed at the battle of (ilka, in 1862. Lit'tle, (William,) an English historian, called Nau itRiGENSis, was born at Bridlington, Yorkshire, in 1 136. He became a monk of Newborough Abbey,'and wrote a ■' History of England from the Conquest to 1 197," which !S a work of merit. Little, (W. J. Knox.) See Knox-Little. Lit'tle-dale. (Richard Frederick,) LL.D., a British clergyman, born at Dublin, September 14, 1833. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1854, and in 1856 took orders in the English Church. He published a large number of works, controversial, liturgical, and other. He was of the extreme High-Church party, but was a zealous anti-Romanist. Died January 11, 1890. Lit'tle-j6hu, ( Abra.m Newkirk,) D.D., an American bishop, born in Florida, New York, December 13, 1824, graduated at Union College in 1845, took orders in the Episcopal Church, 1848, 1849, and was consecrated Bishop of Long Island (the first of that title) in 1869. He has made large and important contributions to cur- rent religious literature. Lit' tie-ton, (Adam,) an English divine, eminent a.t a philologist and Orientalist, was born in Shropshire in 1627. He became chaplain to Charles II., rector of Chelsea, and prebendary of Westminster. His Latin Dictionary (1679) was esteemed and often reprinted. He published many sermons, and other works. Died in 1694. Littleton, (Edward,) Lord, lord keeper of the great seal of England, born at Munslow, Shropshire, in 1589, was a lineal descendant of the jurist Thomas Littleton. After finishing his studies in the Inner Temple, he soon rose to the summit of his profession. In 1626 he entered Parliament, where he was at first a zealous adherent of the popular party, but afterwards went over to the court with Wentworth and others. He was made chief justice of the common pleas in 1640, and reluctantly accepted the great seal in January, 164L He was then raised to the peerage, as Lord Littleton. The vacillation which he displayed in the contest between Charles I. and the Parliament is ascribed to lack of moral courage ; but be was suspected of perfidy by the royalists and by the king. In 1642 the king, then at York, ordered Falkland to de- mand the great seal from the " traitor." Littleton soon joined the court at York, and, through the intercession of Lord Clarendon, was retained in office until his death, in 1645. "He was," says Lord Campbell, "a man of excellent private character." See Lord Campbell, " Lives of the Lord Chancellors of En^ land," 1846; Foss, "The Judges of England." Littleton, (Edward,) an English poet. He was presented to the living of Maple Durham about 1727, and was afterwards chaplain to the king. He was author of Verses on a Spider, and other poems. Died in 1734. Littleton, Lord. See Lyttleton. Littleton or Lyttleton, (Thomas,) a celebrated English judge and jurist, born probably about 1420, was the son of Thomas Westcote, of Devonshire, and Eliza- beth Littleton. He studied in the Inner Temple. In 1455 he was appointed king's Serjeant, and rode the northern circuit as judge of assize. After the triumph of the house of York, he received a pardon from Edward IV., about 1462, and was retained in the office of king's sergeant. He was ajipointed a judge of the court of common ple.as in 1466, and created a knight of the Bath in 1475. He died in 1481, leaving three sons, from whom the lord keeper Lyttleton and other eminent men de- scended. His treatise on " Tenures," written in Norman French, is regarded as the principal basis of the laws of property in Great Britain. Sir Edward Coke wrote a celebrated commentary on Littleton. Littre, le'tKi', (Maximilien Paul Emile,) a French philologist, born in Paris in 1801. He was an editor of the " National," a democratic journal, from 1831 to 1851 and published a translation of Hippocrates, (8 vols. a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, ?, j, 9, obscure; fdr, fill, fit; ni6t; n6t; good; moon; LITTROW M LIVINGSTON 1S39-52,) a translation of Strauss's " Life of Jesus," (1839-40,) " History of the French Language," (1862.) an admirable " Dictionary of the Frencli Language," (1863-73,) "Medicines and Medical Men," (1873,) ^^C- In 1867 he established a new review, •' La Philosophic Positive." In 1871 he became professor of history and geography in the Polytechnic School, and was elected a member of the French Academy. Died June 2, 1881. Littrow, lit'tRof or lit'tRo, (Joskph" Johann,) an eminent astronomer, born in Bohemia in 1781. He was appointed professor of astronomy at Cracow in 1807, and at Kazan in 1810. In 1819 he became director of the Observatory of Vienna, which he greatly imjjroved, and lectured on astronomy with success in that city. He published many valuable scientific works, among which are "Theoretic and Practical Astronomy," (1822-26,) " Dioptrics," (1830,) and " The Wonders of the Heavens," (1853.) The last is called one of the best popular books on that subject. Died in 1840. Littrow, (Karl Ludwig,) a son of the preceding, was born at Kazan in 181 1. He succeeded his fathei as director of the Observatory of Vienna in 1842. The Annals of this observatory which have appeared since his appointment are esteemed among the most valuable astronomical registers. In 1847 Littrow and W. Struve were employed to connect Austria and Russia by trian- gulation. Littrow died at Vienna, November 16, 1877. Lit-y-er'sei, [Or. \irvzpo)]r,\ a son of Midas, King of Phrygia, was killed by Hercules. Liutprand. See Luitprand. Liutpraudus. See Luitprand. Livens. See Li evens. Liverani, le-vi-ra'nee, an Italian theologian, born at Castel-Bolognese in 1S23, published in 1861 a work against the temporal power of the pope. Liv'er-more, (Auiel Abisott,) au American Unita- rian divine, born at Wilton, New Hampshire, in i8n, became in 1850 pastor of a church at Cincinnati, and in 1S63 president of a theological school at Meadville, Pennsylvania. He has published a number of works in prose and verse, including several commentaries. Livermore, (Mary Ashton,) an American writer, born at Boston, Massachusetts, December 19, 1S21. Her maiden name was Rice. Her husband was D. P. Livermore, a Universalist preacher. During the war of 1861-65 she was very prominent in the work of sanitary relief, both in the field and in the Northern cities. After the war she edited the " Woman's Journal," and became distinguished as a public speaker. Liv'er-pool, (Charles Jenkinson,) first Earl of, a British statesman, born in Oxfordshire in 1727, was the son of Charles Jenkinson. In 1761 he entered Par- liament, and was appointed by Lord Bute under-secretary of state. After the retirement of Lord Bute, in 1763, he acquired the favour of the king, and incurred much popular odium as the chief of the secret cabinet. He became one of the lords of the treasury in 1767, was secretary of war under Lord North from 1778 to 1782, and was afterwards president of the board of trade in the ministry of the younger Pitt. He was created Lord Hawkesbury in 17S6, ancl Earl of Liverpool in 1796. In 1758 he had published a "Discourse on the Conduct of Great Britain with respect to Neutral Nations." He died in 1808, leaving his title to his son, who became premier. Liverpool, (Robert Banks Jenkinson,) Earl of, a conservative British statesman, eminent for his pru- dence and prosperity, born in 1770, was the son of the preceding. He was educated at Oxford. In 1790 he entered Parliament as a political friend of Pitt. He dis- tinguished himself by his candour in debate, by abilities more solid than brilliant, and by his persistent hostility to innovation or reform. About 1796 he received the title of Lord Hawkesbury, and married a daughter of the Earl of Bristol. He became foreign secretary in the ministry of Addington in March, iSoi, and made peace with Napoleon by the treaty of Amiens in 1802. In 1804 he accepted the office of home secretary under Pitt, who had returned to power. The ministry having been dissolved by the death of Pitt, in 1806, Lord Hawkesbury was requested by the king to form a new ministry; but be declined the task. He took office as home secretary in the cabinet of the Duke of Portland in 1807, and suc- ceeded to his father's earldom in 1808. In June, 1812, he obtained the place of first lord of the treasury, or premier, vacated by the death of Percival, which he re- tained until he was prostrated by a stroke of apo]:)lexy in February, 1827. "He presided over the councils of England," says Brougham, " for a longer time than any other, excepting Walpolc and Pitt. It happened to him that the years during which the helm of the state, as it is called, were intrusted to his hands, were those of the greatest events, alike in negotiation, in war, in commerce, and in finance, which ever happened to illustrate or to checker the annals of Europe. ... So long and so little interrupted a course of official prosperity was never, perhaps, enjoyed by any other statesman." Brougham also represents him as remarkable for discretion and as a model of safe mediocrity. He is censured for op- posing the abolition of the slave-trade, and for the part he took in the persecution of Queen Caroline. Died in December, 1828. See Brougham. "Statesmen of the Time of George III.;" " Momnirs of the Public Life of Lord Liverpool," London, 1827. Liv'i-a, [Fr. Livie, le've',] or, more fully, Livl-a Dru-sil'la, a Roman emjjress, born in 58 k.c, was first married to Tiberius Nero. After becoming the mother of Tiberius and Drusus Gcrmanicus, she was married in 38 n.C. to the emperor Augustus, over whom she acquired an ascendency which she retained until his death. She persuaded him to adopt her son Tiberius as his successor. By his last will he appointed Livia and Tiberius his heirs, and directed her to assume the name of Julia Augusta. She was a woman of superior talents. Died in 29 A.D. See J. D. KoEHLER, "Dissertatio de Livia .Augusta," 171s; Tacitus, "Annales," i. and v. ; " Nouvelle Bioj;raphie Generale." Liv'i-a Liv-ilTa, a granddaughter of the preceding, was the sister of Germanicus. She became the wife of her cousin Drusus, the son of Tiberius, and was sus- pected of poisoning her husband in concert with Sejanus. She was put to death for that crime, by order of Tiberius, about 30 A.D. Livie. See Livia. Livineius. See Li evens, (Jan.) Liv'iiig-ston, (1]rockholst,) an American jurist ana soldier, born in New York in 1764, served with distinc- tion in the Revolutionary war, and subsequently rose to be a judge of the supreme court of the United States. He was a son of William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey. Died in 1823. Livingston, (Edward,) an eminent American juri.st and statesman, born in Clermont, Columbia county. New York, on the 26th of May, 1764, was a son of Robert Livingston, a judge of the supreme court of New York. His mother was Klargaret Beekman. He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 17S1, studied law, and began to practise in the city of New York about 1785. He married Mary McEvers, of New York. After he had acquired great eminence as an advocate, he was elected a member of Congress in 1794 by the Democrats. He was re-elected in 1796 and in 1798. In iSoi he was appointed district-attorney of the United States for the State of New York, and elected mayor of the city of New York for two years. In the autumn of 1803 he became a public defaulter in consequence of the mis- conduct of one of his clerks. He made an assignment of his property, resigned his ofticcs, and removed in 1804 to New Orleans. Having lost his first wife, he married a Creole, named Louise Moreau de Lassy, in 1S05. He enjoyed great professional success in New Orleans, and paid in full the debt which he owed to the government. He was involved in a long controversy and litigation about the title to some land, called the Batture, which he purchased in New Orleans. President efferson was one of his adversaries in this dispute; out Livingston gained his cause. At the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815, he acted as aide-de-camp to General Jackson, who was his intimate friend. In 1821 he was authorized by the legislature of Louisiana to revise the system of criminal law. He acquired celebrity by his "System of Penal Law or Criminal Codes," pub- lished in i8j3, in which he opposed capital punishment. ^zsk; <^zss; %hard: gas i: G, h, Vi, gttttiiral ; N. lusal: \k.tr.lLui: sasg; th as \nthis. (g^^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LIVINGSTON 1564 LIVY "This volume," says the " Edi^l)ur^h Review" for July, 1864, " is a perfect treasure-house of juridical and legis- lative schemes and suggestions, doctrines and contri- vances ; and its indirect influence has been immense." M. Villemain declared the "System" to be "a work without examijle from the hand of any one man. . . . The lapse of time has deepened and strengthened the foundations of his fame." He represented a district of Louisiana in Congress froni 1S23 to 1829, and was elected a Senator of the United States by the legislature of that State in the latter year. In April or May, 1831, he was appointed secretary of state by President Jackson. Having re- signed this office in May, 1833, he was immediately appointed minister-plenipotentiary to France, where he is said to have "hit the happy medium between firm- ness and conciliation in diplomacy." He returned home about the end of 1835, and died at Rhinebeck, New York, in May, 1836. He had several children. See a " Life of Edward Livingston," by Charles Havens Hunt, with an Introduction by George Bancroft, 1864; "National Por- trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. ; " North American Review" for October, 1S36. Liv'ing-ston, (John,) a Scottish Presbyterian divine, born in 1603. Having declined to take the oath of alle- giance in 1663, he was banished, and retired to Rotter- dam, where he died in 1672. See Cham HERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" A. GUNN "Memoirs of J. Livingston," New York, 1829. Livingston, (Rev. John H.,) an American divine of the Dutch Reformed Church, born at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1746. Having studied at Yale College and in Holland, where he received the degree of D.D., he became, on his return, pastor of the Dutch Church in New York. He was appointed professor of theology at Queen's College, New Jersey, in 1807, and president of that institution in 1810. Died in 1825. Living.ston, (Philip,) an American revolutionist, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, born at Al- bany in 1716. He graduated at Vale College in 1737, and in 1759 was elected a member of the General Assem- bly of the colony from the city of New York. In 177c he was one of the committee appointed to correspond with the celebrated Edmund Burke, then agent for the colony of New York. He was elected a member of the Congress of 1774 and 1776. Died in 1778. Livingston, (Robert,) the first possessor of the Livingston Manor, New York, was born in Scotland in 1654. He emigrated to New York about 1672, and ob- tained a grant of a large tract of land near the Hudson River. He was the ancestor of several eminent men named Livingston. He had three sons, Philip, Robert, and Gilbert, from the second of whom the statesmen Robert R. and Edward Livingston were descended. Livingston, (Robert R.,) an American statesman, born in New York in 1746, was a brother of Edward Livingst(jn, the great jurist. He graduated at King's College, New York, in 1765. He was a descendant of Robert, noticed above. As a mcntber of the Congress of 1776, he was appointed one of the committee to draw u]) the Declaration of Inde[)endence. He became chan- cellor of the State of New York in 1777, w.is secretary for foreign affairs about two years, (1781-83,) and in 1801 was sent as minister to France, where he was very favourably received by Napoleon and assisted in the negotiation for the purchase of Louisiana. He returned home in 1805, after which he aided Robert Fulton in the introduction of steam-navigation, and promoted improvements in agriculture. Died in February, 1813. See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Tol. iv. Livingston, (William,) an American jurist, brother of Phili|j, noticed above, was born in New York in 1741. Having removed to New Jersey, he was elected to the first Congress from that State in 1774. He became Governor of New Jersey in 1776, which office he filled for fourteen years. He was a nieinber of the Convention which framed the Constitution, (1787.) He was the author of a " Review of the Military Operations in North America from 1753 to 1758;" also of several political works, and of a poem entitled "Philosophical Solitude." Died in 1 790. See " Memoir of William Livingston," by Theodork Sedg- wick, Jr. Liv'ing-stone or Liv'ing-ston, (David,) a Scottish missionary, distinguished as an explorer of Africa, was born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, March 19, 1813. He worked in a cotton-factory in his youth. Having studied medicine and theology, with an intention to labour as a missionary, he was sent by the London Missionary So- ciety to South Africa in 1840. He laboured and trav- elled in the interior of Africa for sixteen years, and made important discoveries for which the Geographical Society awarded him a gold medal. He returned to Eng- land in 1856, and published an interesting work entitled "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," etc., (1857.) In 1858 he again went to Africa, as consul at Quilimane or Kiilimane, with a view to explore the river Zambesi, to promote the production of cotton, and to open commercial intercourse with the natives of that region. He returned to England in 1864, and about the end of 1865 published a "Narrative of an Expedition tu the Zambesi, 1858-64." He set out again for Africa in 1865, explored a portion of the continent westward from Zanzibar, and, after enduring great hardship, succumbed to an attack of dysentery, and died on the south shore of Lake Bangweolo, May i, 1873. ^'^ "Last Journals" were published in 1874. See "Quarterly Review" for January, 1S66 ; "Westminster Re- view" for January, iS66; " Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1858 Livin Menus, lee'vin ma'nus, ? a skilful Dutch painter, born at Amsterdam in 1630, worked for many years at Florence, where he died in 1691. Livius, (Titus.) See Livy. Liv'i-us Au-dro-ni'cus, a popular Roman drainatist and actor, who becan his career as an author about 240 B.C. The place of Iiis birth is unknown. He is regarded as the earliest dramatic writer of Rotne. He composed both tragedies and comedies, of which only small frag- ments now remain, and was the sole performer of his own plays, which were used in schools in the time of Horace. He was a writer of industry and learning rather than original genius. See Professor Sellars, " Roman Poets of the Republic," chap, iiu Livonniere, de, deh le'vo'ne-aiK', (Claude Poc- quet — po'ki',) a French jurist, born at Angers in 1652 ; died in Paris in 1726. Livoy, de, deh le'vwi', (Pere Timoth6e,) a Ficnch friar and litth-ateur, born at Pithiviers in 1 715. He pub- lished, in 1767, a "Dictionary of French Synonyms." Died in 1777. Liv'y, [LaL Liv'ius,] (Titus,) [It Tito Livid, tee'to lee've-o ; Fr. Tite Live, t^t l^v.J a celebrated Roman historian, was born at Patavium (now Padua) in 59 B.C. Ancient writers furnish us few particulars of his life, except that he was patronized by Augustus and became a person of consideration at court, lie ai)pears to have passed the greater ]3art of his lime in Rome. Niebuhr favours the opinion that he was in early life a teacher of rhetoric. His great history of Rome, from the origin of the city to the year 9 B.C., was called by him "Annales," and was comprised in one hundred and forty-two books, of which thirty-five have come down to us entire, — viz., the first, third, and fourth decades, and five books of the fifth decade. We have also epitomes, by an unknown hand, of one hundred and forty books. The first book was probably published or written between 29 and 25 B.C. His dialogues on philosophy and politics, which, according to some writers, procured him the favour of Augustus, are not now extant. The great jiopulari'y of his history must be ascribed to the excellence and beauty of his style and his wonder- ful powers of description. The numerous orations by which the history is diversified are models of eloquence. "The painting of the narrative," says Macaulay, in his essay entitled " History," in the "Edinburgh Review," " is beyond description vivid and graceful. The abun- dance of interesting sentiments and splendid imagery in the speeches is almost miraculous." But he was desti- tute of many qualifications essential to a historian of the a, e. I, o, u, y, loiii;. 4, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, shorl; a, e, j, (?, obscure; fir, fill, fit; \\\h\; iifit; good; moon: LJASALFAR 1^6: LOBAU first order. Incapable of broad philosophic views, and indisposed to profound research, he was more studious to exalt the national glory and produce a picturesque effect than to compose a true history. He made little ^ use of public documents, and was not familiar with the antiquities of his country. His work is also deficient in the explanation of the original constitution of the state, the contests between the orders, the progress of civilization, and other domestic affairs. Livy was married, and had two or more children. Died at Padua in 17 A.D. See N. Machiavei.li, "Discorso sopra !a prima Decada di Tito Liv-io," 1533, (translated into English by E. D acres, 1636;) D. W. MoLLER, "Disputalio circularis de Tito Livio," 16S8; A. M. Mene- r»HELLi, "Vita di Tito Livio," 1835; G. F. Tommasini, " Vita Titi Livii," 1630; J. C. Hand, " De Tito Livio Oratore," 1773. Ljasalfar. See Elves. Llanos de Valdez, li'nis di vai'dSth, (Don Sebas- tian,) a Spanish painter, born at Granada about 1602; died after 1670. Llanover, Lord. See Hall, (Benjamin.) Llewellyn or Llywelyn, ioo-Sl'in, I., Prince of Wales, began to reign about 1 190, and married a daughter of John, King of England. The latter afterwards invaded Wales and forced him to do homage. Llewellyn waged war against Henry III. about 1228. Being harassed by the rebellion of his youngest son Griffith, he made, in 1237, a treaty with Henry, and purchased peace by acknowledging himself the vassal of that king. He died in 1240, and was succeeded by his son David. Llewellyn H. was the son of Griffith, and successor of his uncle David. He renewed the homage to Henry III., but conspired with the Earl of Leicester against him in 1263. Llewellyn and his allies were defeated at Evesham in 1265. In 1276 he was summoned by Edward I. to come and do homage ; but he declined. Wales was then invaded and conquered by Edward in 1277. Llewellyn, having again revolted, was killed in battle in 1282. Llorente, Io-r5n'ti, (Bernardo Germano,) a Span- ish painter, born nt Seville in 16S5 ; died in 1757. Llorente, (Don Fell\,) a Spanish painter, bom at Valencia in 1712, was successful in history, landscapes, and portraits. Died in 17S7. Llorente, (Don Juan Antonio,) a learned Spanish historian, born near Calahorra, in Aragon, in 1756. Having been ordained as a priest, he was chosen vicar, general of the see of Calahorra in 1782. Favoured by Florida-Blanca or the king, he was appointed in 1789 secretary-general of the Inquisition, of which he became a determined adversary. In 1794 the Grand Inquisitor directed Llorente, whose opinions were known to be liberal, to write an exposition of the abuses of the In- quisition. In 1808 he embraced the party of the French invaders, was admitted into the council of state by Kinq Joseph, and promoted the suppression of the Inquisition in 1809. On the expulsion of the French from Sj^ain, in 1814, he went as an exile to Paris, where he published in 1817 his "Critical History of the Spanish Inquisi- tion," which was his great work. It is said by Prescott to be the only authentic account of that institution. He also wrote " 1 listorical Notices of the Basque Provinces," (1806-8.) Died in 1823. See Prescott, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella," vol. i. parti. ; his autobiographic Memoirs, " Noticia biografica o Memorias para la Historia de su Vida," iSiS ; J. A. Mahul, " Notice biographique Eur Don J. A. Llorente," 1823; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" " Monthly Review," vol. xci., 1820, (Appendix.) Lloyd, loid, (Charles,) an English banker, eminent as a scholar and philanthropist, born in Birmingham in September, 1748, was a member of the Society of Friends. He was conspicuous as an advocate of the abolition of the slave-trade, and was a man of great in- fluence in the community. He was an uncle of Thomas F. Buxton, and father of Anna Braithwaite. Died in 1828. Lloyd, (Charles,) an English bishop, born in Buck- inghamshire in 1784. He was appointed regius professor of divinity ir. Oxford in 1822, and Bishop of (Oxford in 1827. Died in 1829. Lloyd, (Charles,) an English poet, born in Birming- ham, was a son of Charles Lloyd, banker, noticed above, and was a friend of Coleridge, Lamb, and Southey. In 1796 he went to Bristol, and lived in the same house with Coleridge. Lloyd produced, besides other poems, "Nugae Canorae," ("Sounding Trifles," 1819,) "Desul- tory Thoughts in London," (1821,) and "The Duke of Ormond," a tragedy, (1822.) He translated the tragedies of Alfieri into English. Died in 1839. See De Quincev, " Literary Reminiscences," vol. ii. ; " Monthly Review" for May, 1816, July. 1S20, and July, 1823. Lloyd, (David,) a British biographer, born in Merio- nethshire in 1625. He took orders, and successively held several benefices. Among his principal works is "The Statesmen and Favourites of England since the Reformation," (1665.) Died in 1691. Lloyd, (Edward,) an English tenor-singer, born in London in 1845. ^^ ^^^ considerable reputation as an oratorio and concert singer. Lloyd, (Henry,) a British officer, distinguished as a writer on tactics, was born in Wales about 1725. He served in the Seven Years' war, first in the Austrian army and afterwards in that of Prussia. About 1770 he obtained the rank of major-general in the Russian army, and was employed in a war against the Turks, but was suspected of being a secret agent of the English government Suddenly quitting the Russian service, he went to Gibraltar, and gave valuable counsel to General Elliott respecting the siege of that fortress. He died at Huy in 1783, leaving an " Introduction to the History &f the War between the King of Prussia and the Empress Maria Theresa," (1781,) a " Memoir on the Invasion and Defence of England," (1798,) and other works. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lloyd, (Nicholas,) a British writer, born in Flint- shire in 1634. He obtained the living of Newington, Surrey, in 1672. In 1670 he published a " Historical, Geographical, and Poetical Dictionary," which was once esteemed. Died in 1680. Lloyd, (Robert,) an English poet, born at West- minster in 1733. He became an usher in the West- minster School, and a companion of Churchill, Colman, etc. His health and fortune were injured by dissipated habits. He composed an admired poem, "The Actor," (1760,) "The Capricious Lovers," a comic opera, and other works. Died in 1764. See Newton, " Life of R. Lloyd ;" Kenrick, " Life of Lloyd," '774- Lloyd, (William,) a pious and learned English bishop, born in Berkshire in 1627. He was appointed Bishop of Saint Asaph in 1680, and was one of the bishops imprisoned by James II. in 1688 for refusing to publish in their churches the declaration of indulgence to Catholics and dissenters. He became almoner to William III., Bishop of Lichfield in 1692, Bishop of Worcester in 1699 or 1700, and almonei to C^ueen Anne a few years later. He furnished Burnet valuable mate- rials for his history, and wrote several religious treatises. Died in 171 7. See Burnet, " History of his Own Times;" Macaulay, '" His- tory of England ;" M iss Strickland, " Lives of the Seven Bishops," London, 1866. Llywelyn. See Llewellyn. Loaysa, lo-i'sS, (Garcias,) a Spanish cardinal and eloquent preacher, born at Talavera a'wt 1480. About 1524 he became confessor to Charles V. He was after- wards Bishop of Seville, and president of the Royal Council of the Indies. Died in 1546. Loban, de, deh lo'b5', (Georges Mouton — moo'- iAn',) Count, a P'rench general, born in Phalsbourg in 1770. He entered the army in 1792, became aide-de- camp of Joubert in 1798, and aide-de-camp of Bonaparte in 1805. His services were rewarded by the rank of general of division in 1807. He displ.iyed great courage at Eckmiihl, Aspern, and Loi^au in 1809, and received the title of (^ount de Lobau. In the invasion of Russia (1812) he was aide-major-general of the imperial guard. He fought at Lutzen and Bautzen in 1S13, and was taken prisoner at Waterloo in 181 5, aftei which he passed many years in retirement. During the revolution of 1830 he favoured the cause of Louis Philippe, who appointed him commander of the national guard in December, 1830, and gave him a marshal's baton in 1831. Died in 1838. eaSiJ; ^asj; gkard: gzsj : G,H. K.!;uttural: a, nasal; V.,trillcd: sass; thasin/^/j. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) LOBB 1566 LOCK Lobb, (Theophilus,) an English physician, born in London in 1678. He practised with success in that city, and wrote medical works, among which are a "Treatise on the Small-Pox," (1731,) and "Medical Practice in Curing Fevers," (1735.) Died in 1763. Lobe, lo'beh, (Johann Christian,) a German mu- sical composer, born at Weimar in 1797. He produced in 1833 "The Princess of Granada," an opera. His theoretic works are highly esteemed. Died July 27, 1881. Lobeck, lo'bdk, (Christian August,) one of the most thorough and acute jjhilologists and antiquaries of recent times, was born at Naumburg, in Prussia, in 1781. He became professor of ancient literature and eloquence at Konigsberg in 1814. He published valuable editions of the " Ajax" of Sophocles, (1810,) and of Phrynicus, (1820.) Among his other most important works is " Pa- thologic Linguae Grsecae Elementa," (1853.) Died in i860. See " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^iale." Lobeira or Lobeyra, de, di lo-ba^-ri, written also Loveira, (Vasco,) a celebrated Portuguese author, was born at Oporto about 1360. He was knighted by King John I. of Portugal on the battle-field of Aljubarrota in 1386, and died in 1403. He was the author of the famous romance " Amadis de Gaul," which is now seldom read. The earliest edition now known was printed in 1519. It passed for the best of the romances of chivalry until the satire of Cervantes rendered them all unpopular. See Ticknor's " Spanish Literature," vol. L chap. xi. p. 221 et seox\\ in Paris in 1801. He published translations from the German, tales, cri- tiques, a "History of Ancient Literature," (1825,) and other works. Died in 1854, Loew, lo^, (Franz Hermann,) a German entomolo- gist, born at Weissenfels, July 19, 1807. He was edu- cated at Halle, and became eminent as a teacher. His entomological labours were of great importance, and there is no higher authority on the Diptera (his specialty) than his writings afford. Died at Halle, April 21, 1879. Loevren. See Lowen. Loe-wendahl. See Lowendahu Loewenhaupt. See Lowenhaupt. LoeTveuhielm. See Lowenhielm. Loevcenklau. See Leunclavius. Lofft, (Capel,) an English writer on various subjects, born in London in 1751, was a gentleman and lawyer. He patronized the poet Bloomfield, advocated the abo- lition of the slave-trade, and wrote political pamphlets, dramas, verses, etc. He died in France in 1824. Lofling or Loefling, lofling, (Peter,) a Swedish botanist, born at Tollforsbruch in 1729. He was a favourite pupil of Linnjeus, by whose mediation he was appointed botanist to the King of Spain in 1751. He accompanied as naturalist an expedition sent by the Spanish government to South America in 1754. After brief explorations of the districts of Cumana and Guiana, he died in 1756. His " Excursion in Spain" ("Iter His- panicum") was published in 1758 by Linnaeus. Lofn, lot'^n, or Lov'na, \ixoxt\ lof, "praise," also " leave," "favour :" compare the German Zt^/^ and Ver- laub,\ in the Norse mythology, a goddess, who is espe- cially favourable to lovers, by whom she is principally worshipped. Power is given to her to unite those who love each other, whatever obstacles may stand in the way. From a root cognate with her name the Swedes derive their forlofaa and the Germans their verloben, signifying to "betroth." See Thorpe, " Northern Mythology ;" Mallet, " Northern Antiquities," vol. ii., Fable XVIII. Lof tus, (Dudley,) an Irish lawyer, versed in Orien- tal lore, was born near Dublin in 1618. He became a master in chancery and a judge of the prerogative court. He translated several works from the Syriac, and made the Latin version of the .^thiopic New Testament which was published in Walton's Polyglot. Died in 1695. Lof'tus, (William Kenneti",) an English archaeolo- gist, born at Rye about 1820. He explored the sites of ancient cities on the Euphrates and Tigris, and pub- lished a valuable work entitled " Travels and Researches in Chaldsea and Susiana," etc., (1857.) Died in 1S58. Lo'gau, a celebrated Indian chief, of the tribe of the Cayugas, whose original name was Tah-gah-jute, was born about 1725. His family having been murdered by a party of white men, he avenged himself by waging a destructive war on the Western settlers, in which the Indians were at length defeated. He was killed in 1780 in a skirmish with a party of Indians. Logan's regard for the whites caused him to be called by his country- men " the Friend of the White Man." A granite monu- ment was erected to his memory at Fair Hill Cemetery, near Auburn, in Cayuga county. New York. Logan, (George,) an American physician and philan- thropist, born near Philadelphia in 1753, was a grandson of James Logan, noticed below. He was an earnest advocate of peace, and went to France in 1798 in order to prevent a war between France and America. He represented Pennsylvania in the Senate of the United States from 1801 to 1807. He acted with the Repub- licans, and was denounced by the Federalists for his voluntary services in France. Died in 1821. Lo'gan, (James,) a colonial statesman and author, born at Lurgan, Ireland, in 1674, was a member of the Society of Friends. He was master of the Greek, Latin, French, and German languages. In 1699 he accompanied William Penn to America as his secretary. Under the patronage of William Penn he was much employed in public affairs. He was appointed secretary of the pro- vince in 1701, after which he became chief justice and president of the council. He acted as Governor about two years after the death of Governor Gordon, in 1736. Among his works is a Latin treatise on the generation of plants, "Experimenta et Meleterhata de Plantarum Generatione," (1739.) He produced a good version of Cicero " De Senectute," (1744.) He collected a library of about 3000 volumes, which is known under the name of the Loganian Library and is included in the Philadelphia Library. Died near Philadelphia in October, 1751. See a "Memoir of James Logan," by W. Armistead. Lo'gan, (John,) a Scottish divine and poet, born at Soutra in 1748. He was appointed minister of Leith in 1773, and became an eloquent and popular preacher. He delivered in Edinburgh lectures "On the Philosophy of History," which were published in 1781. In this year he published a volume of admired poems, chiefly lyrical, among which is an "Ode to the Cuckoo." Having given offence to his church by writing " Runnimede," a tragedy, (1783,) he removed to London in 1785. There he wrote a pamphlet entitled " Review of the Charges against Warren Hastings," advocating the cause of Hastings. It led to the celebrated trial of Stockdale, his publisher. Died in 1788. His sermons were published in 1790, and are highly esteemed. See "Life of Logan," prefixed loan edition of his poems, 1805, Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Logan, (John A.,) an American general, born in Jackson county, Illinois, in February, 1826. He studied law, which he practised with success until he was elected a member of Congress by the Democrats of the ninth district of Illinois, in 1858. In i860 he was again elected to Congress. Having raised a regiment of volunteers, he was appointed colonel of the same in September, i86r, and was wounded at Fort Donelson, February, 1862. He became a brigadier-general in March, 1862, and a major-general about the end of that year. He served with distinction in the campaign against Vicks- burg. which ended July 4, 1863. In October, 1863, he obtained command of the fifteenth army corps, with which he contributed to the victories gained by Sherman between Chattanooga and Atlanta, after McPherson was killed. He commanded the army of the Tennessee in a battle near Atlanta, July 22, 1864. He also led a corps of Sherman's army in the march from Savannah through South Carolina and North Carolina in February and March, 1865. In 1866 he was elected to Congress as a Radical. He was one of seven members selected, March 2, 1868, to manage the impeachment of President John- son, and was re-elected to Congress in 1868. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1871, and re- 1 elected in 1877 and in 1885. Died December 26, 1886. cas-4; 9asj,- ghard; gasy; g,H, K,guUuraI; n, nasal; K,trilled; sass; th as in //i/.y. (Jt^^See Explanations, p. 23.) 99 LOGAN 1570 LOKl liOgan, (Sir William Edmond,) a distinguished geol- ogist, born at Montreal, Canada, in 1798. About 1842 he was appointed to superintend a geological survey of Canada. He received the gold medal of honour at the Paris Industrial Exhibition of 1855, and in 1856 the Wollaston palladium medal. He died June 22, 1875. Logau, von, fon lo'gow, (Friedkich,) IJaron, a Ger- man poet, born in Silesia in 1604. He passed the latter part of his life in the service of the Duke of Liegnitz, and died in 1655, leaving a great number of epigrams, which were highly praised by Lessing and are remark- able for irony and pathos. Loges, des, di lozh, Madame, a Protestant French lady, whose maiden name was Marie Bruneau, (bRii'- no',) was born at Sedan about 1584. Her house in Paris was frequented by Malherbe and other eminent wits, attracted by the charm of her conversation. Died in 1641. Log'gan, (David,) an eminent engraver and designer, born at Dantzic about 1635. He became a resident of London, where he published Engravings of the Colleges of Oxford, ("Oxonia Illustrata,") and similar illustra- tions of those of Cambridge. After the restoration of 1660, he engraved portraits of Charles H., and of many dukes, earls, prelates, etc. of his time. Died in 1693. See Strutt, " Dictionai-y of Engravers." Lohaia, Ibii, ib'n lo-hl'a, or Ibn-Lahia, ib'n IS-hee'a, a Moslem doctor, born about 710 a.d. He was appointed Cadee of Egypt in 771, and died about 790. The tra- ditions transmitted through him are of great authority among Egyptians. Silvestre de Sacy attaches importance to the historical traditions derived from him. Lohenstein, von, fon lo'en-stin', (Daniel Caspar,) a German writer, born at Nimptsch, in Silesia, in 1635. He founded a literary school which corrupted the na- tional taste, and wrote tragedies and other poems. " He was always tumid," says Hallam, "and striving at some- thing elevated, so that the ' Lohenstein swell' became a byword with later critics." (" Introduction to the Litera- ture of Europe.") Died in 1683. See Passow, " D. C. von Lohenstein, seine Trauerspiele," etc., lSS2. Lolier, von, fon lo'her, (Franz,) a German author, born at Paderborn, October 15, 1S18. He studied in several universities, and travelled extensively in America and Europe, and afterwards received a professorship at Munich. He published " Princes and Towns of* the Times of the Hohenstaufens," (1S46,) " History of the Germans in America," (1848,) "Naples and Sicily," (1864,) "A Reckoning with France," (1870,) "Nature and History of Alsace," besides legal works, books of travel, etc. He also wrote " General Spork," a genial story, and other works in verse and prose. Lohr or Loehr, loR, (Johann Andreas Christian,) a German writer, born at Halberstadt in 1764, published several popular works for children. Died in 1823. Lohur^sp, lo'hoo-risp', written also Lohrasp, a Persian king, who was (according to the " Shah Nameh") the father of Gushtasp. He is supposed to have reigned about 550 B.C. According to the Arabian chronicles, his army took Jerusalem. See J. Atkinson's " Abridgment of the Shah NSmeh of Fir «laus!," London, 1832. Loir, IwSr, (Nicolas Pierre,) a skilful French painter, born in Paris in 1624. After a visit to Rome, he returned in 1649, was received as Academician in 1663, and was patronized by Louis XIV., who gave him a pension of four thousand francs. He worked with facility, and was successful in history and landscapes. The picture of "Cleobis and Biton drawing the Chariot of their Mother" is called his master-piece. He etched about one hundred and fifty pieces of his own and of other artists. Died in 1679. His brother Alexis, born about 1640, had a high reputation as an engraver. He engraved several works of Poussin, Lebrun, etc. Died at Paris in 1713. See Nagler, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Loiseau de Mauleon, Iwi'zo' deh mo'li'AN', (Alex- andre J6r6me,) an eloquent French advocate, born in Paris in 1728. He was a friend of Rousseau, who ad- vised him to defend good causes exclusively. "He fol- lowed my counsel," says Rousseau, " and has found the advantage of it. His defence of M. de Portes is worthy of Demosthenes." Died in 1771. See Rousseau, "Confessions." Loisel, lwS'z§l', (Antoine,) a French jurist, born at Beauvais in 1536. He wrote, besides other legal works, "Institutes coutumieres," (1607,) a treatise on common law. Died in 1617. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Iwiz'luR'di'IdN'shflN', (AiJGUSTE Louis Armand,) a French Orientalist, born in Paris in 1805, gave special attention to the Sanscrit. His most important work is "The Book of the Laws of Manu," (" Manava-Dharma-Sastra," 1832.) Died in 1840. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, (Jean Louis Au- GUSTE,) a French botanist, born at Dreux in 1775, was the father of the preceding. He obtained a diploma as physician in 1805. Among his works are a " Flora Gal- lica," (2 vols., 1806-7,) and "Le Nouveau Duhamel," or "Treatise on Trees and Shrubs cultivated in the Open Air in France," (7 vols., 1812-19.) Died in 1849. Loison, 1wI'z6n', (Louis Henri,) a French general of division, born in Lorraine about 1770, received the grand cross of honour for his conduct at Austerlitz, (1805.) Died in 1816. Lojsalfar. See Elves. Lok or Loke. See Loki. Loki, lo'ke, or Loke, lo'keh, written also Lok, [from the old Norse logi, (Ger. Lohe,) "flame," allied to the Latin luc-eo, to "shine," and to the Scottish lug, "fire;" probably so named because he united the subtlety and untrustworthiness (or treachery) of fire with its destroy- ing properties,] in the Norse mythology, the god of evil and deceit, corresponding in the main with the Ahriman of the Zoroastrians. He is of Jotun (giant) descent, but was received among the gods, and in the beginning was a foster-brother of Odin. From his association with the /Esir, he is often styled AsA-LoKl or Asaloke. He is called by various appellations ; among others, the Slan- derer or Accuser, — epithets exactly corresponding to the Greek dtaGoXog, (Latin Diah'olus.) He is the enemy and mocker, as well as tempter, of gods and men. As proof of his subtlety, he often changed his sex, assuming on different occasions the form of a mare, a cow, an old woman, etc., as well as that of the gods. The J^svc often made use of his cunning and strength ; but still more frequently they had cause to rue those very powers em- ployed against themselves. Professor Petersen furnishes perhaps the most philosophical and most satisfactorj account of Loki and his various attributes that can any- where be found. Among other things, he observes that "Asaloke forms an antagonism (viodsattuftg) to all the other gods. He is the [principle of] evil exerting itself in every direction. He runs in the veins of mankind as sensuality. He is the destructive [power] of nature in air, in fire, and in water. In the bosom of the earth [he shows himself] as volcanic fire; in the sea as a devour- ing serpent ; in the lower world ( nnderverden ) as pale Death. He is not confined to any one part of nature, but, like Odin, pervades it all. . . . And all that he is in [external] nature, the same is he in the mind of man : shrewdness, but also cunning and falsehood at the same time ; spirit, but likewise craft, deceit, and malice. . . . And in each of these forms he continually becomes worse and worse ; according to the old proverb, that ' every- thing grows worse as it grows older.'" ("Nordisk My- thologi," pp. 355-6.) ..,,,, Through the deceitful malice of Loki, Balder, the beautiful and good, was slain by the hand of his blind brother Hoder. (See Balder.) By the female Jotun Angurboda, Loki was the father of the wolf Fenrir, of the World-Serpent, (or Midgard's Ormr,) and of Hela, the goddess of death. He is also fabled to have been (by a change of sex) the dam of the horse Sleipnir. The yEsir, exasperated on account of the death of Balder, determined at length to take vengeance on Loki. He had fled to the mountains, and there built himself a house which was open on four sides, whence he could see everything that happened throughout the world. By day he often transformed himself into a salmon, and hid himself in a waterfall. The gods, learning his hiding. a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, f4t; m6t; n6t; good; moon: L OK MAN 1571 Z OMBARD place, attempted to catch him with a net ; he sprang over the net, but Thor caught him by the tail. This is the reason, we are told, why the salmon has so thin and pointed a tail. Having thus captured Loki, the gods bound him with magic cords to three sharp stones. A venomous snake was then hung above his head, so that the poison might continually drip on his face. But his faithful wife Sigyn (sig'in) stands by him and catches the falling venom in a cup. When the cup is full, while she is emptying it the poison falls upon his face, which makes him hjwl with anguish and writhe his body so that the whole earth tren>bles. Loki will break loose from his bonds at Ragnarock,* (the " twilight or evening of the gods,") when he will become the leading spirit among the enemies of the ^sir. He is not only the leader of Fenrir and the other progeny of evil, but he is said to steer the fatal ship Naglfar which conveys the sons of Muspel over the ocean. In the final conflict he will encounter Heimdall, and they will slay each other. Frey falls under the sword of Surt. Tyr slays and is slain by the dog Garm. Odin is devoured by the wolf Fenrir, which in turn is killed by Vidar. Thor slays the world- serpent, but dies immediately afterwards from the effects of its venom. Then Surt scatters fire over the earth, and the whole world is consumed. (See Fenrir.) We are told, however, that this destruction is not to last forever. A new earth, forever green and beautiful, will rise out of the sea. Vali and Vidar (the slayer of Fen- rir) will survive the conflagration, and will be joined by Modi and Magni, the sons of Thor and Balder, and Hoder will return from the realms of Hela. The sun before her destruction bore a daughter more beautiful than herself. As successor to her mother, she will pursue her appointed path through the renovated world. A new race shall fill the earth, and all evil come to an end. See Keyser, " Religion of the Northmen," translated by Pen- nock, pp. 101-104 ; Thorpe, "Northern Mythology," vol. i. ; Mai,- LET, " Northern Antiquities," vol. li.. Fable XVI., also XXX. to XXXIII. inclusive; Petersen, " Nordisk Mythologi." Lokm^ or Locin3.n, lok'mtn', written also Loq- m&n, an ancient Arabian sSge, celebrated for his wis- dom, and supposed to be the author of a collection of popular Oriental fables. He is mentioned in the Koran, and is regarded as a contemporary of David and Solo- mon. Ofie Arabian writer tells us that Loknian (who is called "the oldest sage") was an Abyssinian slave be- longing to an Israelite in the time of King David, and that he was a tailor by trade. Another writer says he had read more than 10,000 wise sayings and maxims, but none finer than those of Lokman. It is related that Lokman, being asked whence he had learned his wisdom, replied, " From the blind, who do not set down their feet until they know the place ;" and when asked from whom he had learned good manners, tie said, " From the ill-mannered, because I avoid everything offensive in them." Coincident traditions suggest the possible, if not probable, identity of Lokman and .^sop. "Many passages of his history," says Silvestre de Sacy, "seem evidently borrowed from the life of /Esop." "Nothing in his fables is characteristic of Arabian genius ; and they have received the name of Lokman only because he was renowned for wisdom." They were edited and translated into Latin by Erpenius in 1615. See Hammer-Purgstall, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber," vol. i. p. 31 et seg. Lola Montez, lo'li mon'tSz, (Maria Dolores Por- Ris Gilbert,) a famous female adventurer, was born about 1820, at Limerick. At an early age she made her dihut at Paris as a danseuse, and by her beauty and genius attracted many admirers. About 1846 she went to Munich, where she captivated the king, Louis, who gave her the title of Countess of Lansfeld. After several ministers had been discarded by her influence, her enemies prevailed in 1848, and she retired from Bavaria. She was afterwards married twice, and lived in England and the United States, where she lectured with success in various cities. She published a volume of lectures, and was the reputed author of a work called " The Arts * Derived, according to Keyser, from Regin. the " ruling powers," «nd hence "gods," and R'dkkr, "darkness," also " twilight." of Beauty, or Secrets of a Lady's Toilet." She died in New York in 1S61. See " Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1848. Loli, lo'lee, (Lorenzo,) an Italian painter and en- graver, born at Bologna in 1612, was a pupil of Guido Reni. His most admired works are etchings, after Guido, Sirani, etc. Died in 1691. Lol'lard or Lol'hard, (Walter,) a person of whom we have little information, except that he was burned to death as a heretic at Cologne in 1322. His followers or fellow-believers, called "Lollards," were a numerous sect in England many years after his death. Their doc- trines appear to have been similar to those of the Prot- estants. The term Lollard was applied to the disciples of Wickliffe by their opponents. In the reign of Henry V. (1414) the Lollards were persecuted, and revolted without success. (See Couham, Lord.) Lolli, loKlee, (Antonio,) an Italian violinist, born at Bergamo in 1728 ; died in 1802. Lol'li-a Pau-li'na, a Roman empress, whose beauty captivated Caligula. She was married to him in 38 A.n., but was soon discarded by the capricious emperor. She was put to death in 49 a.d. by the order of Agrippina, who was prompted to this act by jealousy. Lol-ll-a'nus, [AoX/ljavof,] a Greek sophist and writer on rhetoric, born at E])hesus, lectured at Athens in the reign of Hadrian, (117-138 a.d.) See Kayser, "P. Hordeonius Lollianus geschildert," etc., 1841. LolUo, lol'le-0, (Alberto,) an Italian orator and poet, born at Florence in 1508. He published elegant orations and letters, and several poems, among which is "Arethusa," a pastoral drama, (1563.) Died in 1568. Lol'Ii-us, (M.,) a Roman general in the service of Augustus. He was defeated in Gaul by the Germans in 16 B.C. Died in 3 a.d. Lolnie. See De Lolme. Lom'ax, (John Tayloe,) an American lawyer, born in Caroline county, Virginia, in 1781, was appointed in 1826 professor of law in the University of Virginia. Lomazzo, lo-mSt'so, (Giovanni Paolo,) an Italian painter and able writer on art, was born at Milan in 1538. He was appointed by Cosimo de' Medici keeper of his vast gallery of pictures in Florence. He was versed in belles-lettres and various sciences, and ac- quired a profound theoretical and practical knowledge of the fine arts. Having become blind in the prime of life, he composed his "Trattato della Pittura," (1584,) " the most complete treatise on painting," says the "Bio- graphie Universelle," " that has hitherto appeared." His praises were sung by the first Italian poets of his time. He also published " Idea (or Image) of the Temple of Painting," ("Idea del Tempio della Pittura," 1591.) Died about 1600. See Lanzi, "History of Painting in Italy;" Winckelmann, " Neues Mahler-Lexikon ;" Ticozzi, "Dizionario." Lombard, liw'btR', (Claude Antoine,) a French surgeon, born at Dole in 1741; died in 1811. Lombard, (Jean Louis,) a French artillerist, born at Strasburg in 1723, was learned in languages, etc. He published a translation of Robins's " Principles of Ar- tillery," (1783,) and other esteemed works on gunnery. Died in 1794. Lombai'd, lom'baRt, (Johann Wilhelm,) a Prus- sian politician, born at Berlin about 1767. He was ap- pointed minister of foreign affairs about 1800. He favoured the French interest by promoting the neutrality in which Prussia persisted until 1806. Died in 1812. Lombard, 16N'btR', [Lat. Lombar'dus,] (Lambert,) an excellent Flemish painter and architect, born at Liege about 1500. He studied in Italy under Andrea del Sarto, and returned to his native city. In his school of design were formed several eminent artists, among whom was Frans Floris. His style is Italian. Among his master- pieces is an oil-painting of the " Last Supper." Died in 1565- See Vasari, "Lives of the Paniters;" Dominicus Lampsonius, (or Lampson,) " Lambert! Lombardi apud Eburones Pictoris Celebes rimi Vita," 1565. Lombard, (Petek.) See Peter Lombard. Lombard, (Theodore,) a French poet, born at An- nonay in 1699; died about 1770. « as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. ^ttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LOMBARD 1572 LOMONOSOF Lombard de Langres, 16iN'btR' deh 16NgR, (Vin- cent,) a French litthateiir, born at Langres about 1765. He wrote "Neslie," (1798,) and other poems, and "Me- moirs of the French Revolution," (2 vols., 1823.) Died in 1830. Lombard!, lom-baR'dee, (Alfonso,) an Italian sculp- tor, was born at Ferrara in 1487. He had an excellent talent for portraits. Among his works were portraits of Bembo, Ariosto, and Charles V., and a group in terra cotta representing the "Death of the Virgin." Died in 1536. See G. Baruffaldi, "Vita di A. Lombard!," 1839; Vasari, "Lives of the Painters and Sculptors;" Cicognara, "Storiadella Scultura." Lombard!, (Carlo,) an Italian litterateur, born at Rimini, became a Protestant, and a professor of philoso- phy and medicine at Marburg, where he died in 1669. Lombard!, (Giovanni Domenico,) called L'Omino, an Italian painter, born at Lucca in 1682 ; died in 1752, Lombard!, (Girolamo,) an Italian sculptor, born at Ferrara, lived about 1550. He was employed, under the direction of Sansovino, on the church of San Marco, Venice. Lombard!, (Girolamo,) an Italian philologist, born at Verona in 1707 ; died in 1792. Lombardo, lom-baR'do, (Pietro,) a Venetian archi- tect and sculptor. He made the monument raised to Dante at Ravenna in 1482, and designed the church of Santa Maria de' Miracoli at Venice. Among his works ir the tower for the clock on the Piazza San Marco. Died about 1520. His sons Antonio and Tullio were able sculptors and architects. The latter designed the church of San Salvator, Venice. His finest works as a sculptor were two marble bas-reliefs in the Chapel del Santo at Padua. Died in 1559. See Cicognara, " Storia della Scultura." Lombardo, (Sante,) an architect and sculptor, born at Venice in 1504, was a nephew of Tullio. Among his works was the Scuola di San Rocco at Venice. Died in 1560. Lombardo, (Tommaso,) an Italian sculptor, born at Lugano, lived about 1530. Lombardus. See Lombard, (Lambert.) Lombart, l6N'btR', (Pierre,) a French engraver, born in Paris in 1612. Among his works are twelve portraits, after Van Dyck, a " Nativity," after Poussin, and a " Penitent Magdatene," after Titian. Died in 1682. Lombert, liN'baiR', (Pierre,) a French translator, born in Paris, was an associate of the Port-Royalists. He produced French versions of the works of Saint Cyprian, (2 vols., 1672,) and of Saint Augustine's "City of God," (2 vols., 1675.) Died in 1710. Lomeier, lo'mi'er, written also Lomeir, (Jan,) a learned Dutch philologist, born at Zutphen in 1636. He became minister of the church in that town in 1674, and professor of belles-lettres there in 1686. He published a curious treatise "On Libraries," (" De Bibliothecis," 1669,) and a work on ancient history and philology, en- titled "Dierum Genialium." Died in 1699. See Sax, "Ononiasticon." Lomen!, lo-ma'nee, (Ignazio,) an Italian writer on rural economy, born at Milan in 1779 ; died in 1838. Lom6nie, de, deh lo'mi'ne', (Henri Auguste,) Count de Brienne, a French statesman, born in Paris in 1594. At the age of twenty he obtained the reversion of the office of secretary of state, which his father had held. In 1624 he was sent to England to draw up the articles of the marriage between Henrietta of France and the Prince of Wales. He retired from office in 166 1, and died in 1666. Lom^nie, de, (Louis Henri,) Count de Brienne, the son of the preceding, was born in 1635. About the age of twenty-six he resigned the office of secretary of foreign affairs, and became a priest of the Oratory. He wrote poems, memoirs, and other works, which have some literary merit. He was expelled from the order of the Oratory for eccentric or improper conduct, and was deranged many years. Died in 1698. See " Mdmoires de L. H. de Lom^nie," 2 vols., 1720. Lom^nie, de, (Louis Leonard,) a French author, born in Haute-Vienne in 1818. He began his literary career by a series of biographies, entitled "Gallery of Illustrious Contemporaries, by a Man of no Account," (" Galerie des Contemporains illustres, par un Homme de Rien," 10 vols., 1840-47,) which procured for him an honourable reputation for good taste, discretion, and other merits. Many of these biographies have been published separately. Among his works is " Beaumar- chais and his Times : Studies on French Society," (2 vols., 1855.) Died April 2, 1878. Lom^nie de Brienne, de, deh lo'mi'ne' deh bRe'?n', (firiENNE Charles,) a French cardinal and minister of state, born in Paris in 1727. He was appointed Arch- bishop of Toulouse in 1763. In 1770 he was elected to the French Academy. In May, 1787, he succeeded Calonne as contr&leur-general of finances, without abili- ties adequate to the crisis. An exciting contest arose between the court and the Parliament of Paris, which was exiled from the capital and deprived of political power. In 1788 he was invested with the title of prime minister and made Archbishop of Sens. In this year, yielding to the importunate appeals of the people, then in a state of great excitement, he convoked the States- General for May, 1789. Having been so unsuccessful as a financier that he was compelled to suspend payments, he was dismissed on the 24th of August, 1788, and Necker became premier. He was one of those in the new regime who took the oath as a constitutional bishop. Died in 1794. See Droz, " Histoire du Rfegne de Louis XVI ;" " Nouvelle Bio- grnphie G^nerale." Lomi, lo'mee, (Artemisia,) an Italian painter, born at Pisa in 1590, was a daughter of Orazio Lomi, and a pupil of Guido. She had a high reputation as a portrait- painter, and painted some historical works, among which is "Judith and Holofernes." She died in London or Naples about 1644. Lorn!, (Aurelio,) an Italian painter, born at Pisa in 1556, is called one of the chiefs of the school of Pisa. He painted frescos and oil'paintings in Rome, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, etc. Among his admired works are a Saint Jerome and "Adoration of the Magi." Died in 1622. See Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy;" Baldinucci, "No- tizie." Lomi, (Baccto,) an Italian painter, an uncle of the preceding, born at Pisa, lived about 1 570-1600. He worked at Pisa with success, and founded a school. Lomi, (Orazio,) an Italian painter, called Genti- leschi, a brother of Aurelio, noticed above, was born at Pisa about 1563. He worked in Rome, where he was employed by Agostino Tassi to paint figures. About 1623 he removed to London, where he was patronized by Charles I. Among his works are a " Repose in Egypt," and an "Assumption." Died in London in 1646. Lomm, lom, [Lat. Lom'mius,] (Josse,) one of the most skilful physicians of his time, was born at Buren, in Holland, in 1500. He practised at Tournai and at Brussels, whither he removed about 1557. In his " Medi- cinal Observations" (" Observationes Medicinales," 1560) many diseases are accurately described. He wrote other works, in Latin of uncommon purity. Died after 1562. Lommius. See Lomm. Lomonosof, Lomonossov, Lomonosov, or Lom- onosow,lom-o-no'sof, (Michael Vasilievitch,) a cele- brated Russian poet, born at or near Kolmogory, in the government of Archangel, in 1711, is called the father of modern Russian literature. He was the son of a serf, whom he assisted in the business of a fisherman until his thirst for knowledge led him to Moscow, and thence to Saint Petersburg, in 1734. He became learned in an- cient and modern languages and in abstract and natural sciences. In 1746 he was appointed professor of chem- istry, and in 1760 rector of the gymnasium and Uni- versity of Saint Petersburg. He rendered the Russian language more polished and more rich by his multifarious productions, in prose and verse, on grammar, history, chemistry, rhetoric, etc. His poem entitled " Petriade" (an unfinished epic, of which Peter the Great is the hero) is one of his most popular works. He also pro- a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, f^U, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; LONDE 1573 LONGFELLOW duced two volumes of odes, religious and secular, and! an abridged " History of Russia." He was made council- lor iif state in 1764. Died in 1765. Polevoi has published a work entitled " M. V. Lomonossov," (1836,) which is said to be a biography blended with fiction. See, also, G. Geitlin, " Dissertatio de Mentis literariis Lomo- nossovii," 1829; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" " Foreign Quar- terly Review" for July, 1839. Loude, 16Nd, (Charles,) a French medical writer, born at Caen in 1798. His " Elements of Hygiene" (1827) has been frequently translated. Died in 1862. Londe, de la, dch It 16Nd, {Francois Richard,) a French poet, born at Caen in 1685 ; died in 1765. Londerseel, lon'der-sal', (AssuR,) a Dutch landscape- painter and engraver, born at Amsterdam in 1550. Londerseel, van, vtn lon'der-sal', (Jan,) a Flemish engraver, born at Bruges about 1580. Lpn'don-der'r;^, (Charles William Stewart,) third Marquis of, born in Dublin in 1778, was a son of Robert the first Marquis, and a half-brother of Lord Castlereagh. His mother was a daughter of Lord Chan- cellor Camden. He entered the army in 1793, became colonel and aide-de-camp to the king in 1803, and dis- tinguished himself in Portugal under Sir John Moore. He served as adjutant-general under Sir Arthur Wel- lesley for several years in the Peninsula. In 1813 Sir Charles was envoy-extraordinary to the court of Berlin, and was officially attached to the head-quarters of l?er- nadotte. Much importance is ascribed to the efforts and menaces by which he induced Bernadotte to co- operate with the allies at Leipsic. He was raised to the peerage, as Lord Stewart, in 1814. and was one of the plenipotentiaries sent by England to the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Having married a daughter and heiress of Sir Harry Vane Temiiest in 1819, he assumed the name of Vane. He succeeded his half-brother as Mar- quis of Londonderry in 1822, and obtained the rank of general in 1837. In politics he was an ultra-conserva- tive. He was author of a " History of the Peninsular War," (1813.) He died in 1854, leaving two sons, Wil- liam Robert, who inherited the title, (died November 25, 1872,) and George, the fifth marquis, (born April 26, 1821 ; died November 6, 1884.) See T. P. Fitzgerald, "Life of Lord Londonderry:" "Bio- graphical Sketches," by Harriet Martinrau. Londonderry, Marquis of. See Castlereagh. Londonio, lon-do'ne-o, ( Francesco, ) an Italian painter of animals, born at Milan in 1723 ; died in 1783. Long, (Edward,) an English writer, born in Corn- wall in 1734. He emigrated in 1757 to Jamaica, where he was ajjpointed a judge. Having returned to England in 1769, he published a "History of Jamaica," (1774,) and several minor works. Died in 1813. Long, (George,) an eminent English scholar and editor, born at Poulton, Lancashire, in 1800. Having been educated at Cambridge, he became professor of ancient languages in the University of Virginia in 1824, and professor of Greek in the London University in 1826. About this time he became a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge," under whose auspices he edited the " Pe\iny Cyclopaedia," with great ability, from 1832 to 1843. He afterwards edited for the same society a " Biographical Dictionary," which was discontinued at the end of the letter A. He con- tributed many articles to Smith's "Classical Dictionary," edited Cicero's Orations, and published, besides other works, "France and its Revolutions," (1850,) and "The Decline of the Roman Republic," (5 vols., 1864-74.) He translated into English the "Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus." He was one of the pro- fessors in the college at Brighton from 1849 to 1871. Died August 10, 1879. Long, (Roger,) F.R.S., an English astronomer, bom in the county of Norfolk in 1680. He became Lowndes professor of astronomy at Cambridge in 1749, and after- wards obtained the rectory of Bradwell. He wrote a "Treatise on Astronomy," of which the first volume was published in 1742 and the second in 1764. Died in 1770. Long, (Stephen H.,) an American engineer, born at Hopkinton, New Hampshire, in 1784. About 1816 he set out on a tour for exploring the western frontier from Texas to the sources of the Mississippi, and published in 1824 his "Expedition to the Source of Saint Peter'a River, Lake of the Woods," etc. Died Sept. 4, 1864. Long, (Thomas,) an English clergyman, born at Exe- ter in 1621. About 1660 he obtained a prebend in Exeter Cathedral, from which he was ejected as a nonjuror in 1688. He wrote a " Vindication of the Primitive Chris- tians in Point of Obedience to their Prince," (1683,) and other polemical works. Died in 1700. Long, Le. See Lelong. Longchamps, de, deh 16N'sh6N', (Pierre,) a Fren»-'>. writer, born probably at Rochelle. He translated the Elegies of Propertius into French prose, and wrote " Memoirs of a Nun," and other works. Died in 1812. Longepierre, de, deh li*>Nzh'pe-aiR', (Hilaire Ber- nard DE Requelf.ynf.,) Baron, a French poet, born at Dijon in 1658. He was an excellent Greek scholar, and produced poetical versions of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, and Moschus. His tragedy of " Medea," says Voltaire, although too full of declamation, is supencr to Corneille's "Medea." Died in 1721. Longet, liN'zhy, (FRANgois Achille,) a French physician and physiologist, born at Saint-Germain-cn- Laye in 1811. He published " Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System," (2 vols., 1843-46,) and a " Com- plete Treatise on Physiology," (1850-55.) He became consulting physician of the emperor. Died in 1871. Long'fel-low, (Henry Wadsworth,) an eminent American poet and scholar, born at Portland (Maine) the 27th of February, 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, soon after which he was appointed pro- fessor of modern languages and literature in that institu- tion, with the understanding that he should have the privilege of spending some time in Europe in order more fully to qualify himself for his new position. He left home in 1826, and spent four years abroad, chiefly in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. In 1835 he suc- ceeded Mr. George Ticknor in the chair of modern languages and belles-lettres at Harvard. The same year he visited Europe the second time ; and, after making an extensive tour through Denmark, Sweden, Germany, etc., he entered upon the duties of his professorship in 1838. In 1839 ajjpeared his romance of " Hyperion," and a collection of his poems, entitled " Voices of the Night," which attracted great attention and raised him at once to the first rank among American poets. In 1841 he published "Ballads, and other Poems:" his charming drama of "The Spanish Student" appeared in 1843. This was followed by his "Poets and Poetry of Europe," (1845,) "The Belfry of Bruges, and other Poems," (1846,) and "Evangeline," (1847,) one of the most admired of all his productions. It has been pro- nounced (and we think justly) "the most perfect speci- men extant of the rhythm and melody of the English hexameter." It was followed by "The Golden Legend," (1851,) "The Song of Hiawatha," (1855,) perhaps the most popular of all his works, " The Courtship of Miles Standish," (1858,) "Flower de Luce," (1866,) "New England Tragedies," (1868,) "The Divine Tragedy," (1872,) "Three Books of Song," (1873,) "Aftermath," (1874,) "The Hanging of the Crane" and "The Masque of Pandora," (1875,) " Keramos," (1878,) " UltimaThule," (first part, 1881 ; second part, — " In the Harbour," — 1882.) A posthumous drama, " Michael Angelo," appeared in 1883. Of his prose writings, besides " Hyperion," al- ready referred to, we may mention "Outre-Mer : a Pil- grimage beyond the Sea," (1835,) " Kavanagh," a novel, (1849,) and his contributions to the " North American Review." He also published a careful and scholarly translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy," (3 vols., 1867- 70,) and edited a series of volumes entitled " Poems of Places." Longfellow resigned his chair at Harvard n 1854, and was succeeded by Lowell. In 1868-69 he tra '- elled in Europe, and was everywhere received wi'h marked attention, the degree of D.C.L. being conferri d on him by the Universities of both Oxford and Can- bridge, England. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 24, 1882. As a poet, Longfellow is characterized by tenderness and depth of feeling, to the expression of which the pic turesque and graceful simplicity of his language ofter « as ii; f as s; g hard; g as j; o, H. Yi^gtittural; n, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; %h as in this. (jg^See Explanations, p. 23 LONGHENA 1574 LONGOLIUS Poet ture imparts an indescribable charm. He seldom or never attempts to excite admiration by far-sought conceits, by wild or lofty flights of imagination, or by the exhibition of dark and terrible passions. He relies chiefly for his success on asimple and direct appeal to those sentiments which are common to all mankind, — to persons of every rank and of every clime. It is, in fact, to his command over those feelings which are universal in the human heart, that we must ascribe the extraordinary popularity of his Indian story of " Hia- watha." It is, perhaps, not too much to say that he is not merely the first but the only writer who has suc- ceeded in giving a deep and living interest to a story of Indian life. Restricted as he necessarily was by the nature of the subject, — by the extreme simplicity, not to say meagreness, of the character of our aborigines, — he has yet produced a poem which not only comes home to the hearts of the masses of the people, but which must ex- cite the admiration of the cultivated reader who will take into consideration the inherent difficulties of the task, and the limits and restrictions which the poet, in selecting such a subject, had necessarily to impose upon himself. The form of the verse is in admirable keeping with the simplicity of the story. " But, unhappily for the poet," as has been observed, " this is the very measure to attract the parodist," and, immediately upon the issue of the poem, countless parodies were made upon it. Those, however, who can appreciate the intrinsic merits of true poetry find much that is beautiful and excellent in the '•Song of Hiawatha." Several different translations of it have been made, — one by the distinguished German poet Freiligrath, — and it has been read and admired m every part of Europe. See Allfbone, "Dictionary of Authors ;"Grirwold," Poets and ry of America ;"DuvcKiNCK, "Cyclopedia of American Litera- vol. ii. : "North American Review" for January, 1840, July, 1S42, July, 1S45, and January, 1848 : " Fraser's Magazine" for March, 1848 : " British Quarterly Review" for January a^nd April, 1S64. Longhena, lon-ga'nS, (Baldassare,) an Italian archi- tect, worked at Venice about 1640. Longhi. See Lunghi. Longhi, lon'gee, (Alessio or Alessandro,) a Vene- tian painter and engraver, born in 1726 ; died about 1790. Longhi, (Giuseppe,) a celebrated Italian engraver, born at Monza, in Lombardy, in 1766. He was a pupil of Vincenzo Vangelisti. He worked mostly at Milan, where he became professor in the Academy of Fine Arts. His works are admired for the magical effect of the chiaro- uuro. He was an excellent draftsman. Among his master-pieces are "The Marriage of the Virgin," after Raphael, " The Magdalene," after Correggio, a " Gala- tea," after Albani, and "The Last Judgment," after Mi- chael Angelo. He published " La Calcographia," (1830,) an able treatise on engraving. Died in 183 1. See F. LoNGHiTNA, " Notizie biografiche di G. Longhi," 1831 ; Sacchi, " Biografia di G. Longhi," 1S31 ; Tipaldo, " Biografia degli Italian! illustri;" G. Beretta, "Vita del Cavaliere G. Longhi," 1837- Longhi, lon'gee, or Lunghi, loon'gee, (LUCA,) an Italian painter, born at Ravenna in 1 507, always resided in that city. He excelled in portraits, and also painted some subjects of sacred history with success. Died in 1580. " His conceptions," says Lanzi, " are sweet, varied, and graceful, with a powerful union of colours." His daughter Barbara was also a painter. See Vasari, "Lives of the Painters." Longhi, (PiETRO,) an Italian painter of masquerades, dances, and other gay or familiar scenes, born at Venice in 1702 ; died in 1762. Longin. See Longinus. Longino. See Longinus. Longinus. See Dlugosz. Lon-gi'nus, [Gr. Koyylvoq; Fr. Longin, liN'zh^N'; It. Longino, lon-jee'no,] a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic, was born probably in Syria, and flourished in the third century. Some ancient writers call him Longinus Cassius, or Dionysius Cassius Longinus. He was a pupil of his uncle Phronto of Emesa, and was a Platonist in philosophy. He opened at Athens a school of philosophy and rhetoric, which became very celebrated. The famous Porphyry was one of his pupils. After passing many years at Athens, he accepted the invitation of Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, to reside at her court. He taught her Greek, and served her as councillor or prime minister during her war against Au- relian, Emperor of Rome. The latter, having captured Palmyra, put Longinus to death in 273 A.D. Longinus was the first to whom was applied the phrase, often re- peated since, "a living library," and is considered the greatest philosopher of his age. He wrote many critical and philosophical works, none of which have come down to us except his admirable "Treatise on the Sublime," (Ilept 'Ti/;TOf,) which Boileau translated into French and called a "master-piece of good sense, learning, and elo- quence." Some writers, however, have doubted — but with little reason, it would seem — whether Longinus was the real author of this work. (See, on this subject, the arti- cle "Longin" in the "Nouvelle Biographic Generale.") It has been truly said that to be a good critic one must be something of a poet. This qualification Longinus possessed in a pre-eminent degree. Pope, addressing him, says, "Thee, bold Longinus! all the Nine inspire, And bless their critic with a poet's fire ; An ardent judge, who, zealous in his trust, With warmth gives sentence, yet is always just ; Whose own example strengthens all his laws, And is himself that great sublime he draws." Essay on Criticism, part ill Of Longinus's "Treatise on the Sublime," several gooO. French translations have been made, — one by the cele- brated critic and poet Boileau, (1674.) It has also been translated into German by Schlosser, and into English by W. Smith. See D. RuHNKEN, " Dissertatio de Vita et Scriptis Longini," 1776; P. Ekerman, "Dissertatio de D. Longino Cassio," 1750; L. Vaitcher, " Etudes critiques sur la Traits du Sublime et sur les iScrits de Longin," 1854; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" " Monthlv Review" for May, 1779. Loug'land or Lang'land, (John,) an English bishop, born at Henley in 1473. He became confessor to Henry VIII., and Bishop of Lincoln, in 1520. On the question of the divorce of Queen Catherine he gave the king such counsels as were most agreeable to the latter. His sermons were published. Died in 1547. Longland, Langelande or Langley, (William,) an early English poet, a native of Shropshire, was a con- temporary of Chaucer, and a disciple of Wickliffe. He was the reputed author of a celebrated poem called the "Visions of Piers Plowman," (1369.) It is a satire directed against the vices of the clergy and other pro- fessions, and displays considerable fancy and oiiginality. Long'man, (Thomas Norton,) an English merchant and publisher, born about 1770, was honourably and widely known as the head of the great publishing-firm of Longman & Company, Paternoster Row, London. He published works for Scott, Wordsworth, and Thomas Moore. Died in 1842. Longmuir, long'nuir, (John,) LL.D., a Scottish Free Church clergyman, born near Stonehaven, November 13, 1803. He graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1825. Besides many volumes of prose and verse, he prepared several dictionaries, and was one of the editors of the enlarued " Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary." Longobardi, lon-go-baR'dee, (Niccol6,) a Jesuit, born in Sicily in 1565. He went to China as a mission- ary in 1596, and wrote a "Treatise on Confucius and his Doctrine," (" De Confucioejusque Doctrina Tractatus.") Leibnitz published a new edition of this work, with notes. Died at Pekin in 1655. Longolius. See Longueil. Longolius, long-go'le-Hs, (Johann Daniel,) a Ger- man scientific writer, born at Meissen in 1677 ; died in 1740. Longolius, (Paul Daniel,) a learned German writer, born near Dresden in 1704. He was rector of the gym- nasium of Hof for forty-four years, and was one of the editors of the " German Encyclopjedia, or Universal Lexicon," of Zedler, (Leipsic, 1731-50.) He also pub- lished editions of Pliny the Younger, and of Aulus Gellius. Died in 1779. See G. W. Kirsch, "Vier Programme von P. D. Longolii Leben," 1779-81 ; " Life of Longolius," prefixed to his " Notitia Hermuu- dorum maximaeque Partis Germaniae," by Ernest:, 1793. a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, i"i, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mfet; n6t; good; moon; LONGOMONTAN 1575 LONI \ Longomontan. See Longomontanus. Longoniontanus, lon'go-mon-ti'niis, [Fr. Longo- montan, liN'go'mdN'tfiN', ] (Christian,) a Danish astronomer, born in 1562 at Langsberg, (Jutland,) of which place he assumed the name, Latinizing it, accord- ing to the custom of the time. He was the son of a poor labourer, whose family name was Severin. He obtained the favour of Tycho Brahe, whom he assisted in calculations and observations at Huen, or Hoene, from 1589 to 1597. From 1605 to 1645 '^^ ^^^s professor of mathematics in the Academy of Copenhagen. He died in 1647. Among his principal works are "First Part of a Mathematical System," (" Systematis Mathema- tici Pars L," 161 1,) "Danish Astronomy," (" Astronomia Danica," 1622,) " Pentas Problematum Philosophise," (1623,) and "Invention of the Quadrature of the Circle." See Nic^RON, "M^moires;" L. Scavenius, "Programma Lon- gomontani." Longp^rier, de, deh 16N'pi're-i', (Henri Adrien Pr6vost,) a French antiquary, born in Paris in 1816, wrote treatises on numismatics, etc. Died in 1882. Long'street, (Augustus Baldwin,) son of William, noticed below, was born in Augusta, Georgia, in 1790. He became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was appointed president of the South Caro- lina College in 1857. He died September 9, 1870. Longstreet, (James,) an able American general, born in South Carolina in 1821, graduated at West Point in 1842. He served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and was breveted major for his conduct at Molino del Rey. In 1852 he obtained the rank of captain. He resigned his commission about June, 1861, commanded a brigade in the Confederate army at Bull Run, July 21, and be- came a major-general soon after that date. He took part in the battles near Richmond in May and June, 1862, and commanded the right wing of General Lee's army at Antietam, September 17. Having been raised to tiie rank of lieutenant-general, he commanded a corps at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2-3, 1863. In the Sep- tember ensuing he joined the army of General Bragg, under whom he served at Chickamauga, September 19- 20. He commanded a force which General Bragg sent against Bnrnside in October, 1863 ; and he attempted to take Knoxville in November, without success. In the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, he was severely wounded, but resumed his command during the siege of Petersburg. At the close of the war he unreservedly accepted the situation, and was subsequently appointed by President Grant surveyor of the port of New Orleans. In 1880-81 he was minister to Turkey. Longstreet, (William,) an American inventor, born in New Jersey, removed to Georgia. He obtained a patent for an improvement in the cotton-gin. Died in 1814. Lougueil, de, deh liN'guI' or l6N'guh'ye, (Lat. Lon- GO'lius,] (Christophe,) an eminent French scholar, born at Malines in 1490. He practised law in Paris, and was chosen conseiller an parlenient. Afterwards he removed to Padua, and devoted himself to literature. He was one of the Latin scholars whose fastidious purity Erasmus ridiculed in his "Ciceronianus," and who affected to use no terms which were not found in Cicero's works. He was author of discourses against Luther, of "Letters to Bembo and Sadolet," etc. Died in 1522. See PoLUs, "Vita Longnlii ;" Paolo Giovio, " Elogia Virorum illiistrium;" Nic^ron, "M^moires;" Foppens, " Bibliotheca Bel- gica." Longueil, de, deh liN'guI', [Lat. Longo'lius,] (Gil- RERT,) a Dutch philologist, born at Utrecht in 1507. He taught school at Deventer and Cologne, and practised medicine. He published a " Latin-Greek Lexicon," (1533,) and notes on Ovid, Plautus, and Cicero. Died at Cologne in 1543. Longueil, de, (Joseph,) a French engraver, born at Givet in 1736; died in 1792. Longuemar, de, deh l6Ng'mtR', ( Alphonse le Tour6,) a French geologist and antiquary, born at Saint-Dizier about 1800; died in i88i. Longuerue, de, deh liNg'rii', (Louis Dufour,) Abb6, a French ecclesiastic, eminent for learning, was borr at Charleville in 1652. He was deeply versed in languages, history, philosophy, etc., and wrote many works, but published none. His friends, however, pub- lished for him an " Essay on the Antiquities of Chaldea and Egypt," "Description of France, Ancient and Mod- ern," (1719,) "Annals of the Arsacidae," (1732,) and other works. Died in 1733. See MoR^Rt, " Dictionnaire Historique," edition of 17S9; " Nou- velle Biographic G^n^rale." Longneval, liNg'vtl', (Jacques,) a French Jesuit born near Peronne in 1680. He taught rhetoric and theology in various colleges, and was author of the first eight volumes of a " History of the Galilean Church," (1730-49,) which was continued by Fontenay and others. Died in 1735. Longueville, liNg'v^K, (Edme Paul Marcellin,) a French Hellenist, born in Paris in 1785 ; died in 1855. Longueville, de, deh IdNg'vfel', (Anne Genevieve de Bourbon - Conde — deh booR'biN' kfiN'di', ) Duchess, a French lady, distinguished for beauty, tact, and talent, was born at Vincennes in 1619. She was a sister of the great Conde, and was married to the Due de Longueville, noticed below, in 1642. The enmity between the parliaments and Mazarin gave rise to the faction or conspiracy of the Fronde, of which she became the heroine. Her nonchalance and languor were agree- ably diversified by surprising and splendid awakenings of genius. She exercised great influence over the chiefs of the Fronde, and had a liaison with La Rochefou- cauld, who was one of the leaders of that party. When her husband and brothers were imprisoned by Mazarin in 1650, she escaped to Stenay, the head-quarters of Turenne, whom she induced to join the party of tho Fronde. With his aid she effected the release of her three friends in 1651, and returned to Paris in triumph. Peace was made between the Frondeurs and the court in 1659, after which she ceased to meddle with politics. She became devout, and spent much time in her latter years at the cloister of Port-Royal. Cardinal Mazarin once said, " We have three women in France who would be competent to govern or overturn three great king- doms, namely, the Duchess de Longueville, the Princess Palatine, and the Duchess de Chevreuse." Died in 1679. See BouRGOiNG de Villefore, "Vie de Madame de Longue- ville," 1738; V. Cousin, "La Jeunesse de Mme. de Longueville." 1853; La Rochefoucauld, "M^moires;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Longueville, de, (Charles Paris d'0rl6ans,) Due, a son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1640, inherited the brilliant qualities of his mother. He served in the army of his uncle the Prince of Conde, and was killed at the passage of the Rhine in 1672, when the Polish deputies were on their way to offer him the crown of Poland. Longueville, de, (Henri,) Due, a French general, born in 1595, was the son of Henri d'Orleans, a prince of the blood, and was a grand-nephew of Henry IV. Iii the reign of Louis XIII. he distinguished himself by military exploits in Italy, etc. He married the sister of the Prince of Conde in 1642, and supported the party of the latter in the time of the Fronde. Died in 1663. Lon'gus, [Aoyyof,] a Greek sophist or author, of whom little or nothing is known. He is supposed to have lived in the fourth or fifth century of our era, and to have been the author of an ingenious prose romance entitled n.oi/iEviKu Ta Kara Adcppiv koL XXotiv, (" Pastorals relating to Daphnis and Chloe,") sometimes called "Loves of Daphnis and Chloe." It is admired for a charming, elegant style, and other literary merits. In 1810 Paul Louis Courier found at Florence a manuscript of Longus which supplied a hiatus of all the other manuscripts. He published a complete edition of the original and a corrected edition of Amyot's French version. See Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Grsca;" Dunlop, "History ol Fiction;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Long'worth, (Nicholas,) an American cultivator, born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1782. Having removed to Cincinnati, he devoted himself to the culture of native grapes and the manufacture of wine, by which he acquired an immense fortune. Died in 1863. Loni, lo'nee, (Alessandro,) an Italian painter, born at Florence in 1655, was a pupil of Carlo Dolce. Died in 1702. € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as ;; G, H, Vi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^^See Explanations, p. 23.) Z O NICER 1576 LOPE Lonicer, lo'nlt-s?r, [Lat. Lonice'rus,] (Adam,) a German physician and naturalist, born at Marburg in 1528, was a son of Johann, noticed below. He obtained in 1554 the place of pensioned physician of Frankfort, which he occupied thirty-two years. He published several treatises on medicine, and a Latin work on Plants, Animals, and Minerals, called " Naturalis Historias Opus Novum," (1551-55.) which was often reprinted. Died in 1586. His son, Johann Adam, born in 1557, was a physician of Frankfort. He published Latin poems, and a treatise on the chase, called " Venatus et Aucupium." Lonicer, [Lat. Lonice'rus,] (Johann,) a German scholar, born in Mansfeld in 1499. From 1527 until his death he was professor of Greek and Hebrew at Mar- burg. He made good Latin translations of several Greek authors, among whom were l^indar, Isocrates, and De- mosthenes. He was a friend and correspondent of Melanchthon. Died in 1569. See M. Adam, "Vitje Philosopliorum Germanorum " Lonicerus. See Lonicer. Lonjumeau. See Gaillard de Lonjumeau. Lonnrot or Loennrot, lon'rot, (Elias,) a Finnisli philologist, born in the district of Helsingfors in 1802. He became a zealous student of the national literature of Finland. About 1835 he discovered and published the famous Finnish poem of "Kalevala," which is said to resemble the "Hiawatha" of Longfellow. He suc- ceeded Castren as professor of Finnish at Helsingfors in 1852, and published several collections of old legends, proverbs, etc., with a view to revive the use of the Finn- ish language. Died in March, 1884. Lous'dale, (Henry,) an English physician and writer, born at Carlisle in 1816. He gained distinction by his researches in the toxicology of prussic acid and other subjects. Died July 23, 1876. Lonsdale, (William Lowther,) Earl of, an Eng- lish peer, born in 1787. He was postmaster-general from 1841 to 1845. and was lord president of the council in the cabinet of Lord Derby in 1852. Died March 4, 1872. Loo. See Vanloo. Loo'mis, (Elias,) an American astronomer and phy- sicist, born in Tolland county, Connecticut, in 181 1, graduated at Yale College in 1830. He became pro- fessor of natural philosophy at the Western Reserve College, Ohio, in 1837, in the New York University in 1844, and in Yale College in 1866. He made valuable contributions to the discussion of the subjects of mag- netism, astronomy, and meteorology, and published sev- eral text-books of mathematics, astronomy, and the natural scie»ices. Died August 15, 1889. Loon. See Van Loon. Loon, van, vtn Ion, (Theodore,) a Flemish painter, born at Brussels about 1630. His design was correct, and his colouring excellent. After working with Carlo Maratta at Rome, he returned to Brussels, where he con- firmed his reputation by many historical paintings in the manner of Maratta. Some of the churches of Rome and Florence are adorned with his works. Died in 1678. Loop, (Henry A.,) an American artist, born at Hills- dale, New York, September 9, 1831. He studied art in New York under H. P. Gray, in Paris under Couture, and in Italy. He was chosen to the National Academy in 1S61. He won distinction alike by his portraits and ideal works. Among the latter are *' Undine," (1863,) "Improvvisatrice," (1869,) "The Italian Minstrel," (1869,) "Echo," (1879,) "Love's Crown," (1882,) and "The Summer Moon," (1884.) Loop, (Jennette S. Harrison,) an American artis,t, born at New Haven, Connecticut, March 5, 1840. Her studies and instructors were much the same as those of her husband, H. A. Loop. Among her ideal groups are "Baby Belle," "Little Runaway," "A Bouquet for Mama," and " Blowing Bubbles ;" but her greatest dis- tinction is as a portrait-painter. Her portraits take rank among the best ever painted in America. She was chosen an associate of the National Academy in 1875. Loopolof, Loupolov, or Lupolow, loo'po-lof, (Prascovia,) a Russian heroine, born in 1784, was a daughter of an officer exiled to Siberia. She performed on foot the journey from Tobolsk to Saint Petersburg, and obtained a pardon for her father. Her adventures form the subject of Madame Cottin's " Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia." Died in 1809. Loos, los, [Lat. Callid'ius,] (Cornelis,) a Dutch Catholic theologian, born at Gouda about 1545. He was persecuted for opposing the prevalent superstitious notions respecting magic in his book " De vera et falsi MagiS," (" On True and False Magic,") and for con- demning the practice of burning those called witches. He wrote other works. Died in 1595. See "Callidius," ir Bavle's "Historical and Critical Diction- ary;" Nic^RON, "Mdnioires." Loosjes, los'yes, (Adriaan,) a Dutch poet and novel- ist, born at Haarlem in 1761, was a dealer in books. He passed his life in his native city. Among his works are novels entitled "John De Witt" (1805) and "Susanna Bronkhorst," (6 vols., 1806,) and a poem called "The Last Campaign of De Ruyter." Died in 1818. See " Hulde aan de Nagedachtenis van A. Loosjes," by P. H. Peerlkamp, C DE KoNiNG, A. VAN derWilligen, and H. Meijer, i8i8. Loots, lots, (Cornelis,) a Dutch poet, born at Am- sterdain in 1774; died about 1850. See Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe." Lope de Rueda, lo'pi di roo-a'ol, a Spanish actor and dramatic author, born at Seville about 1500. He was the leader of the first troupe of strolling players in Spain, and was praised by Cervantes as an actor and writer. His plays were dialogues between a few shep- herds. Died in 1564. Lope de Vega Carpio, lo'pi di va'gi kaR'pe-o, (Felix,) a celebrated .Spanish poet and dramatist, born at Madrid on the 25th of November, 1562, was a con- temporary of Cervantes and .Shakspeare. His father was a hidalgo, (gentleman,) but rather poor. Felix began lo write verses in early childhood, and composed dramas about the age of twelve. While a student at the Uni- versity of Alcald, he found a powerful patron in the Duke of Alva, whose service he entered, and at whose request he wrote his "Arcadia," a pastoral heroic poem, which first revealed his superior genius. It was first printed in 1598, though finished many years earlier. He quitted the service of Alva, and married Dona Isabel de Urbino. Having in a duel wounded his antagonist, he fled from Madrid, and passed a few years in Valencia. His grief for the death of his wife is assigned as his motive for becoming a soldier. In 1588 he enlisted as a private volunteer, and, with ardent zeal for what he deemed a holy cause, took part in the expedition of the Invincible Armada, during which he wrote his admired poem the " Beauty of Angelica," (" Hermosura de An- gelica,") a continuation of Ariosto's "Orlando." Re- nouncing martial pursuits in 1590, he returned to Madrid, where he began to write for the stage, and by his mar- vellous fertility of invention rapidly acquired fame and affluence. He lequired only a single day to compose a versified drama. This astonishing facility enabled him to produce two thousand original dramas, consisting of spiritual plays, historical comedies, and dramas of in- trigue, called De Ccipa y Esfmia, (" Of the Cloak and Sword,") which were performed with immense applause. There is scarcely an example on record of an equal popularity. His name became a synonym for the super- lative degree, and it was the fashion to say a Lope dia- mond, a Lope dress, etc., to express the splendour or perfection of those articles. He was styled the " Centre of Fame," the " Darling of Fortune," the " Phoenix of Ages," etc. Among his drainas we may mention " The Beautiful Deformed," ("La Hermosa fea," ) "The Prude," (" La Dama melindrosa,") " The Certain for ;he Doubtful," (" Lo Cierto por lo Dudoso,") and "Es- trella de Sevilla," or " Don Sancho Ortiz." In richness of invention, vivacity of dialogue, and variety of ideas he is perhaps unsurpassed by any dramatist. For the sake of trying the public taste, he published, without his name, a poem entitled " Soliloquies on God," which was received with much favour. After the death of his second wife he became a priest, (1609,) but continued to write for the stage. He also wrote epic poems, entitled "Circe," "Andromeda," and "Jerusalem Delivered," a, e, i, o, u, y, long: i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, s/tori; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m^t; n6t; good; moou; LOPES 1577 LORENZINI which are considered much inferior to his dramas. Died in 1635. (For some very interesting remarks on Lope de Vega, particularly in reference to the marvellous fertility of his genius, see Prescott's " Miscellanies," pp. 137-139.) See MoNTALVAN, " Kama postlninia a la ViHa y Miierte del Lope de Vega Carpio," Madrid, 1636; Lord Holland, "Some Account of the Life of Lope de Vega Carpio," 1817 ; Larramendi, " Planto funebre en la Muerte de L. F. de Vega Carpio," 1635: Ticknor, " History of Spanish Literature;" N. Antonio, " Bibliotheca His- pana Nova;" Sedano, " Parnaso Espaiiol ;" Fauribl, "Lope de Vega," in the "Revue des Deux Mondes," September i, 1839, and September 15, 1S43; Longfellow, "Poets and Poetrj' of Europe;" Enk von der Burg, " Studien iiber Lope de Vega," Vienna, 1839. Lopes, lo'pes, (Fernando,) a Portuguese historian, horn about 1380; died in 1449. His Chronicles are of hicjh literary and historical importance. Lopez. See Avala, de, Gomara, and Castanheda. Lopez, lo'pSth, (Alonzo,) a Spanish critic, born at Valladolid. He practised medicine with such success that he received the title of physician to Maria of Castile, daughter of Charles V. He published in 1596 "Ancient Poetical Philosophy," ("Philosophia antiqua poetica.") Lopez, lo'pes or lo'p^th, (Carlos Antonio,) a Para- guayan ruler, the father of F. S. Lopez, noticed below. He was born at Asuncion, November 4, 1790, and in 1840 succeeded Francia as dictator, ruling the country with skill and energy till his death, September 10, 1S62. Lopez, (Francisco,) a Spanish artist, who became painter to Philip HI. about 1602, and adorned the Prado with frescos. He was living in 1638. Lopez, lo'pes or lo'p^th, (Don Francisco Solano,) an able South American general and political leader, born about 1826. He was elected in September, 1862, President of Paraguay, as the successor of his father, Don Carlos Lopez. He declared war against Brazil in 1865, and commanded his army in person with various success. He was killed in battle or retreat April i, 1870. Lopez, (Iago or Diego,) a Spanish painter, born at Toledo about 1465 ; died about 1530. Lopez, (Don Joaquin Maria,) an able and eloquent Spanish statesman, born at Villena in 1802, was a zeal- ous adherent of the constitutional party. In 1836 he became minister of the interior under Calatrava. He resigned in March, 1837. He was prime minister for a short time in 1843. Died in 1855. Lopez, (Jos6,) a Spanish painter, born at Seville about 1650, was a pupil of Murillo. Lopez, lo'pSs or lo'p^th, (Narcisso,) an American revolutionist or filibuster, born in Venezuela in 1799. He served some time as an officer in the Sj^anish army, and in 1849 organized in the United States an expedition lox the conquest of Cuba, which failed. He renewed the enterprise in August, 1851, was captured, and garroted at Havana the same year. Lopez, (Pedro,) a Spanish painter, was a pupil of Greco. His chief work is the "Adoration of the Magi," (dated 1608,) at Toledo, which is much admired. Lopez de Lerena, lo'peth di li-ra'nd, (Don Pedro,) a Spanish financier, born at Val de Moro in 1734. He was appointed in 1785 secretary of state for the finances, which he managed with success until his death, in 1792. Loqman. See Lokman. Loras, Io'r^', (Matthias,) D.D., a liishop, born at Lyons, France, in July, 1792. He became in early man- hood a priest, and head of the theological school of Lar- gentiere. In 1829 he went to New Orleans, and thence to Mobile in 1830. In 1837 he was consecrated Catholic Bishop of Dubuque, the first of the title. Died at Du- buque, February 18, 1858. Bishop Loras was eminent for zeal, learning, and charity. Lorch, loRK, written also Lorich, (Melchior,) a Danish painter and eminent engraver, born in Sleswick in 1527. He visited many foreign countries, and died in Rome in 1586. Among his works are engravings of Luther, of Albert Diirer, and of the Deluge. Lord, (John,) LL.D., an American lecturer, born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, December 27, 1810. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1843, ^"^ became a Congregationalist minister, and later won distinction as a popular lecturer on historical subjects. He wrote a "History of the United States," "Modern History,'' " Points of Historv," etc. ' Lord, (Nathan,) D.D., an American Congregational divine, born at Berwick, Maine, in 1792. He graduated at Bowdoin, and in 1828 became president of Dartmouth College. Died in 1870. Lordon, loR'd6N', (Pierre JiSrome,) a French histori- cal painter, born in 1780, worked in Paris. Died in 1838. Loredano, lo-ri-di'no, (Giovanni Francesco,) a mediocre Italian poet and littSrateur, born at Venice in 1606. He became a senator, and obtained other high offices. About 1630 he founded the academy of the In- cogniti. He wrote numerous works in verse and prose, among which are " The Agreeable Jests," (" Gli Scherzi geniali," 1632,) " L'lliade giocosa," a burlesque of the "Iliad," (1654,) and "Amorous Tales." Died in 1661. See A. Lupis, "Vita di G. F. Loredano," 1663; G. Brunacci, "Vita di G. F. Loredano, Senatore Veneto," :662. Loredano, (Leonardo,) was Doge of Venice from 1501 until 1521, when he died, at the age of ninety. His administration was disturbed by the wars which were consequent on the League of Cambray, and was a period of disaster to the republic. He waged war against a powerful coalition consisting of France, Germany, and the pope. He was one of the greatest doges of Venice. Lorentz, lo'r^nts, (Johann Friedrich,) a German iTiathematician, born at Halle in 1738; died in 1807. Lorentz or Lorenz, lo'r6N', (Joseph Adam,) a French surgeon, born in Alsace in 1734; died in 1801. Lorenz. See Lorenzo and Lawrence. Lorenz, lo'r^nts or lo'rdN', (Jean Michel,) a French historical writer, born at Strasburg in 1723, became pro- fessor of history in his native city, and of eloquence in 1784. He published, (in Latin,) besides other works of merit, a "Life of Saint Paul," (" Annales Paulini," 1769,) a "History of Ancient Gaul," and "Rudiments of Ger- man History," (1776.) Died in i8oi. See MM. Haag, "La France protestante." Lorenzetti, lo-r§n-zet'tee, or Lorenzetto, lo-r§n- zet'to, (Ambrogio,) sometimes called Ambrogio di Lorenzo, an old Italian painter, born at Sienna about 1260, was a pupil of his father Lorenzo, and was a brother of Pietro. His birth is variously dated about 1257, 1277, and 1300. Ambrogio and Pietro worked together in Sienna, and were among the greatest artists of their time. The works of Ambrogio are nearly all destroyed ; but some of his frescos are still visible in Sienna. He was, says Vasari, universally admired. Died in 1340, 1348, or 1360. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy;" Baldinucci, " Notizie." Lorenzetti, (Pietro,) a brother of the preceding, worked in Sienna, Florence, Rotne, and Pisa, and, ac- cording to Vasari, surpassed Cimabue and Giotto. In the Campo Santo of Pisa is preserved his picture repre- senting the " Life of the Fathers in the Desert," in fresco. He painted several Madonnas, which have been de- stroyed. He is sometimes called Lauratl His last works are dated 1355. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy." Lorenzetto. See Campanaio. Lorenzi, lo-rSn'zee, (Bartolommeo,) an Italian poet and Jesuit, born near Verona in 1732, had an excellent talent for improvisation. Died in 1822. Lorenzi, (Battista,) an Italian sculptor and engraver, born in Tuscany in 1528; died in 1593. Lorenzi, (Francesco,) an Italian painter, born at Verona in 1719 ; died in 1783. Lorenzi, (Stoldo di Gino, stol'do de jee'no,) an Italian sculptor, born at Settignano about 1540. Lorenzini, lo-r§n-zee'nee, (Francesco Maria,) an Italian poet, born in Rome in 1680. He acquired a .high reputation as a poet, and was remarkable for the energy of his style. In 1728 he succeeded Crescimbeni as president of the Academy of Arcades. He was the author of satires, epigrams, dramas, and other poems in Italian and Latin. Died in 1743 See Fabroni, " Vitje Italorum." Lorenzini, (Giovanni Antonio,) an Italian engraver, born at Bologna in 1665. He engraved the works of Andrea del Sarto and other Italian masters. Died in 1 740. Lorenzini, (Lorenzo,) an Italian geometer, born at •e as k; 5 as j; g hard: g asy; G, H, yi,gntti(ral; N, ttasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as in this. ( Ji^^See Expl an ations, p. 23. ) LORENZO 1578 LORRAINE Florence in 1652. For some political offence he was imprisoned at Volterra twenty years, ending about 1700, and in this period wrote an able work on conic sections. Died in 1721. Lorenzo. See Lawrence, Saint. Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici. Lorenzo the Magnificent. See Medici, (Lo- renzo de'.) Loret, lo'ri', (Jean,) a French rhymer, born in Nor- mandy. He began to issue in 1650 a weekly newspaper, called "Gazette en Verses burlesques," which was very successful. From 1656 to 1665 it was published under the title of "Muse historique." Died about 1665. Lorge, loRzh, (Jean Thomas Guillaume,) a French general, born at Caen in 1767 ; died in 1826. Lorges. See Durfort, de, (Gui Alphonse.) Lorgna, loRn'yi, (Antonio Maria,) an Italian mathe- matician, born at Verona about 1734. After obtaining the rank of colonel of engineers, he became professor in the military school of Verona. He had the reputation of being one of the best geometers of Italy. Died in 1796- Among his works are treatises on Statics and Mechanics, and "Essays on Mathematics and Physics." ("Opuscula Mathematica et Physica," 1770.) See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale. " Loria, di, de lo're-S, or Lauria, 16w're-S, (Roger.) an able Italian admiral, born at Loria, (or Lauria.) In 1282, as admiral of Peter II., King of Aragon and Sicily, he defeated the fleet of Charles I. of Naples near Mes- sina. He gained a naval victory over the French near Barcelona in 12S5, and another over the Neapolitans before Castellamare in 1287. Having entered into the service of Jayme of Aragon, he defeated the Sicilian fleet at Cape Orlando in 1299, and again in 1300. Died in 1305. Sismondi considers him the greatest admiral that Italy has produced. See QuiNTANA, "Lives of Celebrated Spaniards;" Sismondi, "Histoire das R^publiques Italiennes;" Giovanni Villani, " Isto- rie Florentine." Lorichon, lo're'shiN', (Antoine Constant Louis,) a French engraver, born in Paris in 1800. Lorieux, lo're-uh', (Auguste Julien Marie,) a French writer and lawyer, born at Croisic in 1797. He wrote a " History of the Reign of Charles X.," and a "Treatise on the Royal Prerogative in France and Eng- land," (1840.) Died in 1842. Lorin, lo'riN', (Jean,) a French theologian, born at Avignon in 1559; died in 1634. Lo'ring, (William W.,) an American major-general, born in North Carolina about 1815. He took arms against the Union in 1861, and was employed in the defence of Vicksburg in the spring of 1863. After the war he entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt, and was made a pasha. Died in New York, Dec. 30, 1S86. Lorinser, lo'rin-ser, (Karl Ignaz,) a German medi- cal writer, born in Bohemia in 1796 ; died in 1853. Loriot, lo're'o', (Antoine Joseph,) a French me- chanician, born near Pontarlier in 1716. He gained a wide reputation by his ingenious and useful inven- tions, among which were a loom for ribbons, machines for working mines, and a new mortar or water-proof cement which bears his name. Died in 1782. Loriot, (Pierre,) a French jurist, born at Salins, be- came professor of law at Leipsic in 1550 ; died about 1568. Loriquet, lo're'ki', (Jean Nicolas,) a French Jesuit and historical writer, born at fipernay in 1760. He published many school-books in which history was ex- purgated or falsified to promote sectarian and partisan opinions. He stated in one of his works that "In 1809 the Marquis of Bonaparte, as lieutenant-general of the Kingof France, entered Vienna at the head of an army." Died in 1845. Loris-Melikoff. See Melikoff. Loritz. Sec Glareanus. Lorme, de. See Delorme. Lome, (John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell,) Marquis of, the eldest son of the Duke of Argyll, was born in London, August 6, 1845. I" 1871 he was married to Louise, a daughter of Queen Victoria. He was Governor-General of Canada, 1878-83. He has published "A Trip to the Tropics," (1867,) "Guido and Lita," (a poem, 1875,) "The Psalms in Verse," {1877,) "Canadian Pictures," (1884,) etc. Lorrain, (Claude.) See Claude Lorrain. Lorrain, Le, (Robert.) See Lelorrain. Lorraine. See Charles II., Charles III., Fran- cis I., Guise, Harcourt, (Henri,) and Mayenne. Lorraine, lor-ran' or lo'rin', (Antoine,) Duke of, the son of Rene II., was born at Bar-le-Duc in 1489. He succeeded his father in 1508, and married Renee de Bourbon, a French lady. He maintained a neutrality in the war between Charles V. and Francis I., and reigned mostly in peace, except some bloody contests with the German Protestant?. He died in 1544, leaving the duchy to his son, Francis II. Lorraine, Cardinal. See Guise, (Charles de.) Lorraine, lo'rin', (Charles IV.,) Duke of, the son of Francois, Comte de Vaudemont, was born in 1604, and succeeded his uncle Henry (whose daughter he had mar- ried) in 1624. Louis XIII. of France invaded Lorraine in 1632, and took without much resistance Nancy (the capital) and several fortresses. In the Thirty Years' war, which began about 1620, Charles fought for the German empire, contributed to the victory over the Swedes at Nordlingen in 1634, and as an ally of Spain fought against the French in several ensuing campaigns. By the treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) Lorraine was re- stored to him, but France retained the duchy of Bar. In 1662 he appointed Louis XIV. his heir, but soon took arms against him, and became a general in the imperia' army. Died in 1675. See DoM Calmet, " Histoire de Lorraine ;" C. A. Begin, " His- toire des Duches de Lorraine et Bar," 1834 ; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lorraine, (Charles V.,) Duke of, an able general and statesman, born at Vienna in 1643, was the nephew of the preceding. He was the son of Francis, (a brother of Charles IV.) At the death of Charles IV. the duke- dom was claimed by the subject of this article, and by the French king, who had possession ; but Charles was recognized as duke by the other powers of Europe. Having entered the Austrian service, he was made a general in 1672, and distinguished himself at Senef in 1675. His reign over Lorraine was only nominal. He was chosen generalissimo of the imperial army in 1676. In 1678 he married a sister of the Austrian emperor, and was restored by the treaty of Nymwegen to his duchy, with the condition of ceding Nancy to France ; but he refused to accept these terms. He rendered signal services to Austria in the war against the Turks which began in 1683, and commanded a corps against the French in 1689. He died in 1690, leaving his title to hi.s son, Leopold I. See Jean de la Brunb, "Vie de Charles V," 1691 ; C. Fres- CHOT, " Vita di Caroli V.," 1692 ; Dupont, " Abreg^ historique de la Vie de Charles V," 1701. Lorraine, (Henri,) Duke of, surnamed the Good, born at Nancy in 1563, was the son of Charles III. and Claude, daughter of Henry II. of France. He married Catherine de Bourbon, a sister of King Henry IV., and in 1608 succeeded his father. He died in 1624, leaving the duchy to his nephew, Charles IV. Lorraine, (Leopold I.,) Duke of, born at Innspruck in 1679, was the son of Charles V. By the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, he recovered Lorraine, with the con- dition that he should not repair the dismantled forts ncr keep an army. He married Elizabeth Charlotte, niece of Louis XIV. He showed himself a wise ruler, and improved the condition of his dominions, which had been desolated by long wars. In reference to him, Voltaire says, " One of the petty sovereigns of Europe has done the most good to his people." He died in 1729, and was succeeded by his son Francis, who married Maria Theresa of Austria, and exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany. He was the last Duke of Lorraine. Lorraine, (Ren6 II.,) Duke of, born in 145 1, be- came duke in 1473. His mother was a daughter of Rene of Anjou, and heiress of the duchy of Lorraine. His dominions having been invaded by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, Rene, with his Swiss allies, defeated Charles at Morat in 1476. The next year he gained another a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, s/iori; at, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m6t; ndt; good; moon, LORRAINE 1579 LOTH A IRE famous victory near Nancy, where Charles was killed in battle. He formed an alliance with Venice, and in 1480 was appointed captain-general of that republic; but on the death of Louis XI. of France he left the service of Venice to urge his claims to Anjou and Provence, which he failed to obtain. He died in 1508, leaving two sons, Antoine, who was his heir, and Claude, the first Duke of Guise. See DoM Calmet, "Histoire de Lorraine." Lorraine, de,(CHARLES I.) See Charles de France. Lorraine, de, (Charles H.) See Charles H., Duke of Lorraine. Lorraine, de, (Charles IH.) See Charles IH., called the Great. Lorraine, de, deh lor-ran', (Charles,) an Austrian general, called Prince Charles of Lorraine, born at Luneville in 1712, was the second son of Duke Leopold L, and a brother of Francis L of Austria. He commanded the Austrians in the war between Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, by whom he was defeated at Czas- lau in 1742. In 1744 he forced Frederick to evacuate Bohemia, married a sister of Maria Theresa, and was appointed Governor of the Low Countries. At the be- ginning of the Seven Years' war he was commander of the Austrians, and gained a victory over the Prussians at Breslau in 1757 ; but, having been completely defeated in the great battle of Leuthen, in the same year, he re- signed his command. Died in 1780. Lorraine, de, (Francois,) grand-prieur of France, was born in 1534, and was a son of the Duke of Guise. After serving with distinction in naval war against the Turks, he was made general of the galleys, and com- manded several expeditions. Died in 1563. Lorris, de, deh lo'r^ss^ (Guillaume,) a mediaeval French bard, born at Lorris, on the Loire. He was the author of the "Romance of the Rose," ("Roman de la Rose,") a remarkable poem, which had a great influence on French literature. The subject is the art of love, and is treated in an agreeable style. He is supposed to have died about 1240. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lorry, lo're', (Anne Charles,) a French physician, born at Crosne in 1726. He practised in Paris, and attained the highest rank in his profession. He became docteur-regent oi tht faculty, and attended Louis XV. in his last illness. He published a valuable treatise " On Cuta- neous Diseases," (1777;) also an edition of the "Apho- risms" of Hippocrates, and other works. Died in 1783. See Vicq-d'Azyr, " £loge de Lon-y ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Lort, (Michael,) an English writer on theology, born in 1725. He became professor of Greek at Cambridge about 1759. Died in 1790. Lortic, loR't^k', (Andr^,) a French Protestant min- ister and writer, born at Saintonge, lived between 1650 and 1700. Died in London. Lortzing, loRt'sing, (Albert August,) a German composer, born in Berlin in 1803; died in 1851. Losada, lo-si'Dd, (Diego,) a Spanish officer, wh«i conquered the native tribes of Venezuela, and founded Santiago de Leon. Died in 1569. Losaua, lo-si'nd, (Matteo,) an Italian priest, born in Piedmont in 1738. He published useful treatises on rural economy, insects, etc. Died in 1833. Loscher or Loescher, lo'sh^r, (Valentin Ernst,) a German theologian, born at Sondershausen in 1672. He taught theology at Wittenberg for many years, and published there a monthly journal of theology and lite- rature, (1701-20,) which had great success. Died in 1749. Loschge, losh'geh, (Friedrich Heinrich,) a Ger- man physician and writer, born at Anspach in 1755; died in 1840. Losel or Loesel, lo'zel, (Johann,) a German bota- nist, born at Brandenburg in 1607. He became pro- fessor of anatomy and botany at Konigsberg, and died in 1656, leaving in manuscript a " Flora Prussica," — a mere catalogue of plants, — which Gottsched published n 1703. Losenko, Io-s§n'ko, written also Lossenko, (Ivan,) an eminent Russian painter, born about 1720. He was director of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg. Among his works is " The Parting of Hec- tor and Andromache." Died in 1773. Loskiel, los-keeK, (George Henry,) a bishop, born in Courland, November 7, 1740. He became a Moravian missionary, and in 1802 was consecrated a bishop, after which time he was also pastor at Bethlehem, Pennsyl- vania. He published a " History of the Mission to the Indians of North America," etc. Died February 23, 1814. Los'sing, (Benson John,) an American historian and engraver, born in Dutchess county. New York, in 1813. He published numerous illustrated works, among the most important of which are "The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution," (2 vols., 1850-52,) "The Life and Times of Philip Schuyler," (2 vols., i860,) a " Life of Washington," (3 vols., i860,) a " Pictorial History of the Civil War in the United States," (3 vols., 1866-69,) "Pictorial History of the War of 1812," (1869,) " His- tory of the United States for Children," {1875,) "Dic- tionary of American History," etc. Died June 3, 1891. Lot, [Heb. D1^; Fr. Loth, lot,] a Hebrew patriarch, who lived about 1900 B.C., was the son of Haran, and nephew of Abraham. He resided in Sodom until he was warned by angels of its impending destruction. See Genesis xi., xii., xiii., xix. ; II. Peter ii. 7. Lotario. See Lothaire I. Loten, lo'ten, (John or Jacob,) a Dutch landscape- painter, who excelled in wild, rocky scenery, and storms. He worked mostly in England, where he died in 1681. Loth. See Lot. Loth, lot, or Loti, lo'tee, [in Italian, LoTTi,] (Johann Karl,) a German painter, born at Munich in 1632. He acquired a high rank among the realists, whom the Ital- ians call "Naturalist!." Among his chief works are " The Death of Abel," and a " Nativity." He received the title of first painter to the emperor Leopold I. Died at Venice in 1698. Lothaire, lo-thair', [Fr. pron. lo't^R' ; Lat. Lotha' Rius ; Ger. LoTHAR, lo-tiR'; It. LoTARio, lo-tS're-o,] I, Emperor of the West or of Rome, born abou. 795 a.d., was the eldest son of Louis le Debonnaire. His father as- sociated him with himself in the empire in 817, and made him King of Italy in 822. Pepin and Louis, brothers of Lothaire, received respectively Aquitaine and Germany. At the death of his father, in 840, he claimed supremacy as emperor ; but his brothers, Louis the Germanic and Charles the Bald, united to dispute his title, and defeated him at the great battle of Fontanet, (now Fontenailles,) in 841. By the treaty of Verdun (843) Lothaire retained Italy, with some provinces of France. His capital was Aix-la-Chapelle. He died in 855 a.d., leaving three sons, Louis, Charles, and Lothaire, among whom the empire was divided. See AsTRONOMUS, " Vita Ludovici Pii ;" Fauriel, " Histoire de la Gaule mdridionale," tome iv. ; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lothaire [Lat. Lotha'rius ; Ger. Lothar] IL or III., Emperor of Germany, sometimes called Lothaire OF Saxony, was born in 1075. He was the son of Geb- hard. Count of Arnsberg. After the death of Henry V. he was elected emperor, in 1125. Conrad, Duke of Franconia, protested against the election, and was crowned at Milan by his partisans. About 1132 Lothaire marched to Rome and restored Pope Innocent II., who had been expelled by his rival Anaclete. He was crowned at Rome by Innocent, and performed acts of homage to the pope which were afterwards cited as an evidence that the empire was a fief of the Roman See. He died in 1137, and Conrad III., above named, became emperor. In the reign of Lothaire the Diet of the empire asserted its exclusive right to impose taxes and make war or peace. See Gervais, "Geschichte Deutschlands unter Kaiser Heinrich V. vind Lothar III.," 2 vols., 1842; Mascov, " Commentarii de Rebus Imi>erii Roniano-Germanici sub Lothario II.," 1753; Jaff^, "Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar von Sachsen," 1843. Lothaire, lo-thair'or lo't^R', King of France, the son of Louis d'Outremer, was born in 941 a.d., and suc- ceeded his father in 954. His reign was disturbed by •€ as k; 5 as .f; g hard; g asy; G, H, y:., guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as 2; *h as in this, (^I^^See Explanations, p. 23.) LOTH A IRE 1580 LOUIS contests with powerful vassals, among whom was HuG;h Capet, and he waged war with Otho II. of Germany. He died in 986, and was succeeded by his son, Louis V. See "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Lothaire, King of Italy, was the son of Hugh of Provence, who admitted him to a share of the royal power in 931. He reigned alone a few years, and died in 950, leaving an only child, Emma, who was married to Lothaire of France. His successor was Berenger II. Lothaire, King of Lorraine, was the second son of the emperor Lothaire I. In 855 he inherited the country Bituated between the Rhine and the Meuse, which was called Lotharingia, — Callid Lorraine. He weakened the royal power by yielding to the encroachments of the clergy, and by other impolitic measures. Died in 869 a.d. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Lothar. See Lothaire. Lotharius. See Lothaire. Lotharius, Cardinal. See Innocent III. Lotich, lo't5K, (Johann Peter,) a German physician and Latin poet, born at Nauheim in 1598, was a nephew of Peter, noticed below. He lived at Frankfort, where he died in 1669. He was the author of Latin epigrams and of several historical and medical works. See Nlc^RON, "Mdmoires." Lotich, [Lat. Lotich'ius,] (Peter,) a celebrated German poet, born at Schluchtern, Hesse-Cassel, in 1528, was called Secundus, to distinguish him from his uncle of the same name. He fought for the Protestant League of Schmalkalden, and afterwards entered the civil service of the Elector-Palatine. He became pro- fessor of medicine at Heidelberg in 1557, and died in 1560. He owes his fame to Latin elegies and other poems, (1551,) which were highly praised by eminent critics. "Lotich," says Hallam, "is a very elegant and classical versifier, and perhaps equal in elegy to any Cisalpine writer of the sixteenth century." (" Intro- duction to the Literature of Europe.") See Johann Hagen, "Vita Petri Lotichii Secundi," 1586; Nic^- RON, " Memoires ;" M. Adam, " Vitae Germanorum Philosophorum." Lotichius. See Lotich, (Peter.) Lotta. See Crabtree, (Lotta.) Lotteri, lot-ta'ree, (Angelo Luigi,) an Italian mathe- matician, born in tlie Milanese in 1760. Among his works is "The Principles of the Differential and Integral •Calculus," (1788.) Died at Milan in 1839. Lotti. See Loth. Lotti, lot'tee, (Antonio,) an Italian composer, born at Venice about 1665 ; died in 1740. Lotti, (Cosimo,) a Florentine painter and architect, was noted for mechanical ingenuity, and made several automata at Florence. About 1628 he was invited by Philip IV. to Madrid, where he built the theatre Buen Retiro. Lottin, lo't^N', (AuGUSTiN Martin,) a French book- seller, born in Paris in 1726. He published a "Return from Saint-Cloud by Land and Sea," a facetious work. Died in 1793. Lotto, lot'to, (Lorenzo,) an excellent Italian painter, \,as born at Venice about 1490. He worked chiefly at Bergamo, and had the reputation of being one of the best painters of the Venetian school. Among his master- pieces are several Madonnas at Bergamo. His first works are dated about 151 5, and his last about 1560. "His master-pieces," says Lanzi, "place him almost on a level with the first luminaries of the art." See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters ;" Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy;" Ridolfi, " Vite degli illustri Pittori Veneti." Lotze, lot'seh, (Rudolph Hermann,) an eminent German philosopher, born at Bautzen, Saxony, May 21, 1817. He was educated at Zittau and Gottingen, and in 1838 graduated as doctor of jjhilosophy and of medicine. He afterwards lectured on philosophy at Leipsic, and in 1844 was made professor of philosophy at Gottingen, where for nearly forty years he lived a laborious and uneventful life. Died at Berlin, July i, 1881. Among his works are " Metaphysics," (1841,) and " Logic," (1843,) and later works (1S74 and 1S79) with the same titles, forming jjarls of his uncompleted " System of Philos- ophy," "General Pathology and Therapeutics as Me- chanical and Natural Sciences," (1842,) " General Physi- ology of the Organic Life," (1851,) " Medical Psychology, or Physiology of the Soul," (1852,) " Ili.story of /Esthetics in Germany," (1868,) etc. But his greatest work is the " Microcosmus," (3 vols., 1856-64.) Lotze is one of the ablest of the recent opponents of materialism. Several of his treatises have been translated into English. With- out founding a new school of thought, Lotze exerted, and still exerts, a wide and wholesome intellectual and moral influence ; but his usefulness as a teacher has been limited by the frequent obscurity of his diction. Louandre, loo'flNdR', (Charles Leopold,) a French litterateur^ born at Abbeville in 1 813. Loubere,de la, debit loo'baiR', (Antoine,) a French geometer, born in Languedoc in 1600. He taught va- rious sciences in the colleges of the Jesuits, and pub- lished several learned mathematical works. Died in 1664. Loubere, de la, (Simon,) a nephew of the preceding, was born at Toulouse in 1642. He was sent as envoy to Siam in 1687. After his return he published a work " On the Kingdom of Siam," (1691,) which is praised for fidelity and judicious observations. He was elected to the French Academy in 1693. Died in 1729. Loubon, loo'b^N', ( Charles Joseph Emile, ) a French painter of history and landscapes, born at Aix in 1809. Died at Marseilles, March i, 1863. Louchet, loo'sh^', (Louis,) a French Jacobin, who became a member of the Convention in 1792. He was the first who ventured, on the 9th Thermidor, 1794, to move the arrest or trial of Robespierre. Lamartine calls him an obscure representative. Died in 1815. Loudon, (Gideon Ernst.) See Laudon. Loudon, low'don, (Jane,) the wife of J. C. Loudon, noticed below, and daughter of Thomas Webb, was born near Birmingham in 1808. She was married in 1381, before which she had published a novel called "The Mummy." She gave efficient aid to her husband in his literary enterprises, and after his death published new editions of some of his works. She also wrote "The Ladies' Flower-Garden," ( 1841,) "Botany for Ladies," (1852,) "Gardening for Ladies," and other esteemed works. Died in 1858. See "Autobiography of William Jerdan," vol. iv. chap. xvii. Loudon, (John Claudius,) an eminent Scottish writer on horticulture and agriculture, was born at Cambuslang in 1783. Having learned the business of a landscape-gardener, he removed to London in 1803. A few years later he rented a farm, on which he tried new modes of cultivation with success, and soon acquired an easy fortune. After visiting various countries of Europe, he returned to London, and published "The Encyclopaedia of Gardening," (1822,) which had a very large sale. He afterwards produced " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," (1825,) and "Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture," (1832.) The last was especially popular. He was editor of the "Gardener's Magazine," commenced in 1826, and of the "Magazine of Natural History," (1828-36.) His industry and ex- tensive learning were displayed in an expensive work on the trees and shrubs of Britain, entitled " Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum," (1838.) Died in 1843. See " Memoir of J. C. Loudon," by his wife, 1845 ; Chamber:., " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ," " Edinburgh Re- view" for July, 1839. Louet, loo'i', (Georges,) a French jurist, born at Angers about 1540; died in 1608. Lough, luf, (John Graham,) an English sculptor, born at Greenhead, in Northumberland. He produced about 1827 an admirable statue of Milo for the Duke of Wellington, and went to Italy in 1834. After his return home, in 1838, he exhibited " Ophelia," " Hebe banished," "The Roman Fruit-Girl," a statue of Victoria, (1845,) and a statue of Prince Albert, (1847.) Among his greatest works is a colossal marble group of " Satan subdued by the Archangel Michael," (1851.) Died 1876. Loughborough, Lord. See Wedderburn. Louis, loo'iss, [It. Luigi, loo-ee'jee,] L, King of Etru- ria, born at Parma in 1773, was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. In 1795 he married Maria Louisa, a daughter of Charles IV. of Spain. By a treaty between a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, f^ll, fit; mit; n6t; good; moon; LOUIS 1581 LOUIS the Spanish court and Napoleon in 1801, Louis acquired Tuscany in exchange for Parma, and the name of the former was changed to Etruria. He died in 1803, leaving a son, Louis IL Louis, loo'iss, [Fr. pron. loo'e' ; Ger. Ludwig, lood'- ^io ; Lat. LuDovi'cus,] the name of many kings of France. Louis I., surnamed le D^bonnaire and THE Pious, [Lat. Ludovi'cus Pi'us ; Ger. Ludwig der Fromme,] Emperor of the West, and King of France, the son and successor of Charlemagne, was born at Casseneuil in 778 a.d. Two elder brothers having died before their father, Louis became heir of all the vast dominions of Charlemagne in 814 ; but his character was too feeble to maintain the integrity of the empire. He had three sons, Lothaire, Pepin, and Louis, whom about 820 he made his colleagues in the government, giving Italy to the first, Aquitaine to the second, and Bavaria to the third. After this division another son, Charles the Bald, was born to him. His sons Lothaire and Pepin revolted in 830, and deposed him. He was compelled to do public penance, and confined in a con- vent. By the efforts of his sons Louis and Pepin, he was restored to thi^ throne a short time before his death^, which occurred in 840. See Frantin, "Louis le Pieux et son Sifecle," 2 vols., 1840; Franck, "Ludwig der Fromme," 1832; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale. " Louis II., surnamed le BfecuE, leh big, {i.e. "the Stammerer,") King of France, the son of Charles the Bald, was born in 846 a.d. He succeeded his father in 877. He propitiated his turbulent nobles by granting to them many duchies, earldoms, and seignories. He died in 879, leaving three sons, Louis, Carloman, and Charles the Simple. See MiCHELET, " Histoire de France." Louis III., King of France, born about 863, was the eldest son of Louis H. In 879 the kingdom was divided between Louis and Carloman, the former of whom re- ceived for his share Neustria. He gained a victory over the Normans who invaded France, when he died, with- out issue, in 882 a.d., aged about twenty, and Carloman became sole king of France. See MiCHELET, " Histoire de France." Louis IV., surnamed d'Outremer (dootR'maiR') because he had visited England in infancy, was the son of Charles the Simple. He was born in 920 a.d., and crowned king in 936. Among the events of his reign was a war between him and Hugh, the father of Hugh Capet. He died in 954, and was succeeded by his son, Lothaire II. See SiSMONDl, " Histoire des Franipais." Louis v., King of France, surnamed le Faineant, (i>, "the Idle" or "Do-Nothing,") the son of Lothaire II., was born about 966. He inherited the title of king in 986, and died in 987, without issue, being the last king of the Carlovingian dynasty. Hugh Capet was elected as his successor. See MiCHELET, "Histoire de France." Louis VI. of France, surnamed le Gros, (leh gRo,) was the son of Philip I. and of Bertha. He was born in 1078, and became king in 1 108. Before his accession the royal power had been much reduced by the preva- lence of the feudal system, and in his reign many sei- gneurs asserted by arms the sovereign power over their fiefs. He waged war against Henry I. of England for the possession of Normandy, but was not successful. He is represented as a brave and generous prince, and is honoured for the establishment of communes and municipal governments, by which he promoted the politi- cal influence of the third estate. He died in 1137, and was succeeded by his son, Louis VII. See SiSMONDi, "Histoire des Frangais;" Michelet, "Histoire de France." Louis VII., King of France, surnamed le Jeune, ("the Young,") born in 11 20, was the son of Louis VI., whom he succeeded in 1137. He married Eleanor, heiress of the Duke of Aquitaine. Having been anathe- matized by the pope, he became penitent, and, in order to expiate his sins, he joined the second crisade to Pal- estine in 1 147, and was followed by a large army of Frenchmen and others. After many defeats and disas- ters, by which he lost nearly all his men, he returned in 1 149. His wife Eleanor, having been divorced in 1152, married Henry II. of England, who by this marriage acqiiired Guienne and Poitou. War ensued between Louis and Henry, but no decisive advantage was gained by either. He died in 1180, and was succeeded by his son, Philip Augustus. See MiCHEi.ET, "Histoire de France;" Micuaud, " History oI the Crusades ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Louis VIII., surnamed Cceur-de-Lion, (kuR'deh- le'6N',) the son of Philip Augustus, was born in 11 87, and ascended the throne in 1223. His wife was Blanche of Castile. He recovered by arms Poitou and several places which the English held in France. Instigated by the pope, he led a crusade against the Albigenses, and waged an unjust war against the Count of Toulouse, who was denounced as a heretic. At the end of the first campaign he died, in 1226, leaving the throne to his son, Louis IX. See Rymer, " Foedera, " i 704 ; Vaissette, " Histoire g^n^rale du Languedoc," 5 vols., 1730-45. Louis IX., or Saint Louis, King of France, was born in 1215, and succeeded his father, Louis VIII., in 1226. His mother, Blanche of Castile, was regent during his minority, and defended his throne with wisdom against Thibaut de Champagne and other barons who were leagued with him. Louis married Margaret of Pro- vence in 1234. In 1244 he recovered from a dangerous illness, and made a vow to conduct a crusade against the infidels. Having raised a large army, he departed in 1248, and in the next year entered Egypt. There his army was ravaged by disease, and defeated at Mansourah by the Saracens, who took Saint Louis prisoner. By paying a ransom he obtained his liberty, and pursued his course to Palestine, where he remained about three years. He returned to France in 1254, and employed himself in improving the condition of the people by wise laws. His foreign policy was pacific towards European nations, but his zeal against infidels urged him to another crusade in 1270. He first directed his operations against Tunis, but before he had reached that place he died, near Carthage or Tunis, in August, 1270. He was canonized in 1297. He was succeeded by his son, Philippe le Hardi. " Louis was," says Voltaire, " in all respects a model for men. His piety, which was that of an anchorite, did not deprive him of royal virtues. He made a profound policy agree and concur with exact justice ; and perhaps he is the only sovereign who merits this praise." See G. de Nangis, "Vie de Saint-Louis;" Joinville, "Vie de Saint-Louis;" Filleau de la Chaise, "Histoire de Saint-Louis," 2 vols., 1688; Bury, "Histoire de Saint-Louis," 1775; Michelet, " Histoire de France ;" Michaud, " History of the Crusades;" ViL- leneuve-Bargemont, "Histoire de Saint-Louis, Roi de France," 3 vols., 1836; "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Louis X., surnamed le Hutin, (leh hii'tiw',) King of France, the son of Philippe le Bel, was born in 1289, and became king in 13 14. He married Clemence, a daughter of the King of Hungary. Among the chief events of his short reign was his unfortunate expedition against Flanders. He died, without male issue, in 13 16, and his brother, Philippe le Long, was his successor. See SiSMONDi, " Histoire des Frangais." Louis XL, King of France, born at Bourges in 1423, was the son of Charles VII. He married Charlotte, a daughter of the Duke of Savoy. His ambitious and un- scrupulous character was early manifested by revolts against his father. He became king in 1461, soon after which the Duke of Burgundy and other nobles formed against him the " League of the Public Good." Besieged in his capital by the army of this league in 1465, he in- duced them to retire and disband by the large conces- sions of a treaty which he intended to violate at his own convenience. By crafty policy, superior abilities, and vigorous measures, he greatly increased the royal power at the expense of the nobles, many of whom fell victims to his cruelty. His inveterate enemy, Charles the Bold of Burgundy, having been killed in battle at Nancy in 1477, Louis availed himself of the occasion to seize his large domains, but was resisted with partial success by Maximilian of Austria in a war of several years. Louis €as ^; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K,gnttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( 2!:^="See Explanations, p. 23. ) LOUIS 1582 LOUTS had made peace with Edward IV. of England in 1475. He died in 1483, leaving (he throne to his son, Charles VIII. The reign of Louis XI. is remarkable for the multitude of important events, and for the complete revolution which the monarchy then passed through. Post-offices were first established by him in France. See CoMiNES, " M^moires contenant les Choses advenues durant le R4gne de Louis XI," 1523 : tlie same in English ; Duci.os, " His- toire de Louis XL" 1745; Jean de Troves, " Chronique scanda- leuse ;" Mathieu, " Histoire de Louis XL" i6"o ; Kasin, " De Rebus gestis Carol! VIL et Ludovici XL;" Michei.et, "Histoire de France;" "Nouvelle Bioijraphie G^nerale." Louis XII. of France, born at Blois in 1462, was the son of Charles, Duke of Orleans, and Marie of Cleves. At the accession of Charles VIII. (1483) he was the first prince of the blood. Before that date he had been compelled to marry Jeanne, the daughter of Louis XI. In 1495 he attended his cousin, Charles VIII., in his expedition against Naples, and in 1498 became the suc- cessor of that king, who left no issue. lie married Anne de Bretagne, the widow of the late king, thus securing the province of Bretagne for the crown. His army con- quered the duchy of Milan, and brought Duke Francis Sforza a captive to France in 1500. He resolved, also, to prosecute the claims of his family to Naples, then ruled by Frederick of Aragon. In 1501 Louis and Fer- dinand of Spain agreed to partition between themselves the kingdom of Frederick, who, finding resistance im- possible, retired to France and received a pension from Louis. The quarrel that ensued between Louis and Ferdinand ended in 1503 by the expulsion of the French from Naples by Gonsalvo de C6rdova. The pope, Julius II., having formed a league against Louis, the French were defeated at Novara in 1513 and driven out of Italy. At the age of fifty-three he married Mary, a sister of Henry VIII. of England. He died on the ist of Janu- ary, 1 5 15, leaving two daughters, Claude and Renee. He was succeeded by Francis I. Louis XII. gained the affection of his subjects by reducing the taxes and pro- moting justice, and received the surname of "Father of the People." See Jean d'Auton, "Histoire de Louis XIL" i6is; Clauds DE Seyssel, "Les Louanges du bon Roi Louis XIL" 1508; Jay, " Histoire de Louis XII :" Brant6me, " ffiuvres;" A. Varillas, "Histoire de Louis XII," 1688; Sismondi, "Histoire des Fran- ?ais ;" P. L. Ginguen^, " filoge de Louis XII," 17S8. Louis XIII. of France, the son of Henry IV. and of Marie de Medicis, was born at Fontainebleau on the 27th of September, 1601. He succeeded his father May 14, 1610, under the regency of his mother, was de- clared of age in 1614, and married Anne of Austria, a daughter of Philip HI. of Spain, in 1615. Soon after that date Marie de Medicis was exiled from court, and the Duke de Luynes became the royal favourite. In 1620 Louis marched against his Protestant subjects, who had been provoked into a revolt. During the progress of this war Richelieu obtained the favour and confi- dence of the king, who made him prime minister in 1624. As Louis was very deficient in political ability Richelieu was the master-spirit of the government from that time until his death. Among the memorable events of this reign was the capture of Rochelle from the Prot- estants, (1628,) after a siege of about a year. The great talents and policy of Richelieu were directed with suc- cess to the subjection of the Huguenots, the establish- ment of absolutism in France, and the abatement of the overgrown power of Austria. During the Thirty Years' war the French armies obtained frequent successes against the Spaniards and Imperialists, and extended the boundaries of France by the conquest of Roussillon, Alsace, and the duchy of Bar. Louis died in May, 1643, leaving the crown to his son, Louis XIV. His character was timid, and not adapted to win the favour or admira- tion of the French. He is said, however, to have given proof of personal courage in several battles. SeeMALiNGRE, " Histoire de Louis XII I," 1646; Ch. Bernard, "Histoire de Louis XIII," 1646; J. Howell, "Life of Lewis XIII.," 1646; Le Vassor, "Histoire du Rfegne de Louis XIII," 1700-11; Bazin, "Histoire de France sous Louis XIII," 1837: " Nouvelle Biographle Gendrale." Louis XIV.,surnamed le Grand, (leh gRflN,) or " the Great," often called even by English speakers Louis QuATORZE, (loo'e' kt'toRz',) the eldest son of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria, was born on the i6th of September, 1638. At the age of five he ascended the throne, in 1643, under the regency of his mother, who was a daughter of Philip III. of Spain. During his minority the government was directed by Cardinal Mazarin, (which see,) a for- eigner, whose ministry was very unpopular, and who was involved in a civil war, against a faction called La Fronde, from 1648 until 1653. In 1649 Louis and his mother were driven out of the capital by the Frondeurs, of whom Conde was the chief. The Thirty Years' war was ended in 1648 by the peace of Westphalia, on terms favourable to France ; but Spain, refusing to unite in this treaty, con- tinued the war against the French until the treaty of the Pyrenees, (1659,) when Louis married Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. At the death of Mazarin, in 1661, Louis resolved to be his own prime minister, and was fortunate in obtaining the services of so able a financier as Colbert. France was then without doubt the greatest and most compact power in Europe. To the arduous duties of his new position the king brought imposing and popular persona, qualities, and political talents of a high order. His am- bition was to make France prosperous and the monarchy absolute. His policy was briefly summed up in his fa- mous saying, "L''£tat, c'est moil" ("The State — that is myself!") The death of Philip IV. of Spain, in 1665, furnished him a pretext for the extension of his domin- ions towards the Rhine. In exchange for the dowry promised to his queen, which the Spanish court neglected to pay, he claimed Flanders and Franche-Comte, which he invaded with success in 1667. The emperor Leopold and the Dutch aided the Spaniards against him until the treaty of Nymwegen, (1678,) by which Louis retained Franche-Comte and a large part of Flanders. In the mean time the administration had been reformed and centralized by Louis, and the taxes had been reduced and the revenue increased by Colbert. In 1670 Louis made a secret treaty with Charles II. of England, whose alliance he jjurchased by a pension. Commerce, manu- factures, arts, literature, etc. were liberally encouraged in his reign ; but the intolerant zeal of the king betrayed him into one very unjust and impolitic measure when, in 1685, he revoked the edict of Nantes, which had se- cured the religious liberty of Protestants. His Catholic zeal, however, did not deter him from a serious quarrel with the pope, on the question of franchises, in 1687. About this time he secretly married Madame de Main- tenon, a lady of obscure origin but eminent merit. (See Maintenon.) A second general war broke out in 1688, between Louis on one side, and Spain, Austria, England, and the Prince of Orange on the other. Louis failed in his attempt to restore James II. of England, and found a formidable adversary in James's successor, William III. After many sieges and indecisive actions in Flanders, the war was suspended by the treaty of Ryswick, (1697.) By the will of Charles II. of Spain, (1700,) Philip, Duke of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV., was appointed heir to the Spanish throne. This occasioned a great European coali- tion against the French king, and the long war of the Spanish succession, in which he had to contend against the English and Austrians, under Marlborough and Eu- gene, who won great victories at Blenheim, Malplaquet, etc. ; but the French prince Philip remained master of Spain, and hostilities were ended by the treaty of Utrecht, in April, 17 13. After a reign of seventy-two years, he died, on the ist of September, 1715, and was succeeded by his great-grandson, Louis XV. The age of Louis XIV. was the most brilliant in the liter.iry history of France, and he was a very judicious as well as a very munificent patron of literary merit. He preserved his equanimity in his successes and his reverses. "No sovereign," says Macaulay, in his review of Du- mont's " Recollections of Mirabeau," " has ever repre- sented the majesty of a great state with more dignity and grace. . . . He was not a great general ; he was not a great statesman ; but he was, in one sense of the words, a great king. Never was there so consummate a master of what our James I. would have called king-craft. Though his internal administration was bad, though the military triumphs of his reign were not achieved by a. e, i, 6, ii, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fdt; m6t; n6t; good; moon; LOUIS 1583 LOUIS himself, though his later years were crowded with de- feats, ... he succeeded in passing himself off on his people as a being above humanity." See Voltaire, " Sifecle de Louis XIV," 1752 ; Pellisson, " His- toire de Louis XIV," 1749 ; Dangeau, "Journal de la Gourde Louis XIV;" " Letters of Madame de Maintenon ;" J. de Larrev, " His- toire de France sous le Kfegne de Louis XIV," 1718-22 ; Capefigue, " Louis XIV, son Gouvernement," etc., 6 vols., 1S37; Saint-Simon, " Memoires;" G. P. R. Jamks, " The Life and Times of Louis XIV.," 4 vols., 1838 ; Lord Bolingbroke, " Si^cle politique de Louis XIV," ■>. vols., 1754 ; " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Louis XV. of P'rance, the great-grandson of Louis XIV., was born at Fontainebleau the 15th of February, 1710. His father was the virtuous Duke of Burgundy, and his mother was Maria Adelaide of Savoy. Louis became king on the ist of September, 17 15, the Duke of Orleans, a nephew of Louis XIV., being then appointed regent. The minority of Louis was a period of scan- dalous corruption in morals and politics. Among the ruinous errors of the regent's administration was his ^ adoption of the financial system of the famous projector Law. (See Law, John.) In 1723 the king was declared of age, the Duke of Orleans died, and the Duke of Bourbon became prime minister. In 1725 Louis married Marie Leczinska, daughter of Stanislas, the dethroned king of Poland, and in the next year Bourbon was super- seded by the eminent statesman Cardinal Fleury, who had been preceptor of the young king and had merited his confidence. By his prudent and pacific administra- tion Fleury restored some degree of order and prosperity in the state, and arrested the downward progress of the monarchy. A war which began between the French and Austrians in 1733 was waged on the Rhine and in Italy until 1735, when Lorraine was ceded to France by the treaty of Vienna. Against the advice of Fleury, Louis joined in 1741 the iniquitous coalition against Maria Theresa of Austria, and sent an army into Bohemia. The English then declared war against France. In 1743 Cardinal Fleury died, and Louis resolved to dispense with a prime minister. Among the principal events of this war was the battle of Fontenoy, (1745,) where in presence of Louis his army defeated the English under the Duke of Cumberland. Hostilities were suspended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 174S. About this period Louis ceased to take an active part in the govern- ment, and abandoned himself to scandalous vices in the harem called the "Pare aux Cerfs." Rival claims of the French and English in Canada were the cause or pretext of a war which began in 1755, and the French court was at the same time involved in the Seven Years' war as the ally of Maria Theresa. The disasters and disgraces of this war increased the un- popularity of the king, who was stabbed by a fanatic named Damiens in 1757, but only slightly hurt. The French were defeated by Frederick the Great at Ross- bach (1757) and at Minden, (1759,) and in various naval battles by the English. After losing Canada and other colonies, the French court signed the treaty of Paris in 1763, and ended a war the odium of wliich was thrown on Madame de Pompadour. Under the auspices of the Due de Choiseul, then chief minister, the order of the Jesuits was suppressed about 1762. Louis died in May, 1774, leaving the kingdom impoverished, oppressed, and demoralized. He was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI., whose father, the dauphin, had died in 1765. See Lacretelle, " Histoire de France pendant le dix-huiti^nie Sifecle," s vols., 1809; Bauer, " Ludwig XV., Kbnig von Frank- roicli," 1804; Voltaire, "Histoire du Si^cle de Louis XV;" Db TjCQUeville, "Histoire philosophique du Rfegne de Louis XV," 1847; Maurepas, "Memoires," 1791 ; M. Capefigue, "Louis XV et la Soci^td du XVIIIe Siecle;" Carlyle, " French Revolution." Louis XVI., the grandson of Louis XV., was born at Versailles, August 23, 1754. He was the second son of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Marie Josephe of Saxony, and received at his birth the title of Due de Berry. In 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, a daughter of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria. He ascended the throne in 1774, and appointed Turgot minister of the finances, wliich were then in great disorder. Turgot, a man of probity and ability, undertook wise and exten- sive refonns ; but these were resisted by the nobility and clergy, and he was dismissed from ofiice in 1776. Necker then became contrSleur-general, or prime minister. (SeeNECKER, J.) In 1778 the French court recognized the independence of the United States, declared war against England, and sent a fleet and army to fight for the new republic. Peace was restored between France and Englandin 1783, and the French soldiers returned hoine enthusiasts for liberty. Necker having resigned in 1781, Calonne was ap- pointed contr6leur-general. He not only failed to supplj the deficit in the revenue, but increased the public dis- tress by his prodigality, and called an Assembly of Nota- bles in 1787. In this year Calonne was superseded by Lomenie de Brienne, who also was found incompetent to guide the state through that great financial and politi- cal crisis, and advised the king to convoke the States- General, which had not been assembled since 1614. Louis recalled Necker to the place of prime minister about September i, 1788, and convoked the States-Gene- ral at Versailles in May, 17S9. This event was the signal for the explosion of passions, ambitions, and resentments which had accumulated and fermented during a long period of misrule. The popular cause derived great advantage from Necker's ordinance that the number of the deputies of the Third Estate should be equal to the sum of all the noblesse and clergy. After a contest between the Third Estate and the other orders on the question whether they should vote together or separately by orders, the Third Estate prevailed, and took the name of the National Constituent Assembly. Necker having been dismissed in July, 1789, the populace of Paris de- stroyed the Bastille a few days later. Thenceforth the progress of revolution was rapid and irresistible. The Assembly made a great and sudden change in the po- litical and social condition of France by the abolition of tithes, titles of nobility, feudal privileges, and inveterate abuses. The landed estates of the Church, comprising nearly one-third of France, were confiscated. The king, who was disposed to make large concessions and lacked firmness to resist popular aggressions, remained as a hostage of the old regime in the hands of the nation. The position of Louis became so irksome and perilous that he attempted, in June, 1791, to escape with his family from Paris, but was arrested at Varennes and compelled to return. He then accepted the new consti- tution, which proclaimed liberty, equality, and universal suffrage.^ In March, 1792, a Girondist ministry was formed, in which DuiTiouriez and Roland were the chief ministers, and v^far was declared against Austria and Prussia. By the insurrection of August 10, the Jacobins, led by Danton and Robespierre, effected the total sub- version of the monarchy and initiated the reign of terror. Louis was confined in a prison called the Temple, after being subjected to indignities and outrages from the mob. He was tried for treason by the National Convention, which met in September, 1792, defended by Deseze and Tronchet, and condemned to death, the vote being 387 for death and 334 for banishment or detention. He was executed January 21, 1793, and died with tranquil forti- tude. He left a son, Louis, styled the Seventeenth, and a daughter, Elizabeth. His virtues were better adapted to a private station than to a throne. See Ga.ssier, "Vie de Louis XVI," 1814 ; Durdent, "Histoire de Louis XVI," 1817; J. Droz, "Histoire du Rigne de Louis XVI," 3 vols., 1839-42 ; Falloux, " Louis XVI," 1840; Capefigue, "Louis XVI, son Administration," etc., 4 vols., 1844; Soulavie, "Memoires du Rfegne de Louis XVI," 6 vols., iSoi ; Thiers, "History of the French Revolution;" Lamartine, "History of the Girondists," 1847; Carlyle, "French Revolution;" "Last Years of the Reign and Life of Louis XVI.," by Francis Hue. Louis XVIL of France, the second son of Louis XVI., was born in 17S5. He became dauphin at the death of an elder brother in 1789, and was recognized as king in January, 1793, by the French royalists and several foreign courts, but was closely confined by the Jacobins. The cruel treatment which he received from his jailers hastened his death, which occurred in prison in June, 1795- See A. DE Beauchesne, "Lite, Sufferings, and Death of Louis XVIL," translated by W. Hazlitt. Louis XVm. of France, born at Versailles in No- vember, 1755, was the third son of the dauphin, and younger brother of Louis XVI. He received at his birth the names of Louis Stanislas Xavier, and the title € as k; 5 as j; g hard; g zs>j; G, H, Vi,giittural; N, tiasal; k, tritled; s as z; th as in this. (2l^='See Explanations, p. 23.) LOUIS 1584 LOUIS of Count de Provence. He was also styled Monsieur during the reign of Louis XVI. In 1771 he married Marie Josephine de Savoy. He favoured the Revolu- tion in its first stages, and by his influence determined that the Third Estate should send to the States-General as many deputies as both of the other orders. He re- mained in Paris until the flight of the king to Varennes, in June, 1 791, when he escaped by another route. During the republic and empire he resided at Verona, Mitau, Warsaw, and Hartwell, England. In April, 1814, he returned to France and ascended the throne vacated by Bonaparte. He hastened to accept a constitutional charter which his ministers presented. By the escape of Napoleon, his daring march to Paris, and the defec- tion of the army, Louis was forced to fly on the 20th of March, 1815, and retired to Ghent. (See Bo.naparte.) He was again restored by the allied armies in July, 18 1 5, at one of the most disastrous epochs in French history. " The king must have had," says Lamartine, "great courage or a great thirst of power, to accept a throne and a nation buried under so many ruins." Louis dismissed Talleyrand, and selected for prime minister the Uuc de Richelieu ; but M. Decazes, minister of police, was his chief favourite. The majority of the Chamber of Deputies were extreme royalists, and main- tained an opposition to the ministry. Several Bona- partists were executed, and others banished. On Sep- tember 5, 1 816, the king dissolved the Chamber, and by this coup d'etat gained much popularity. The next elec- tions resulted in favour of the moderate royalists. In December, 1818, a new liberal ministry was formed, and Decazes became prime minister. (See Decazes.) The ultra-royalists, with Villele as premier, came into power in February, 1820, and passed an electoral law less favourable to the liberal party. In 1823 the French court sent an army into Spain, and supported the cause of absolutism, as an ally of Ferdinand VII. Louis died in September, 1824, without issue, and was succeeded by his brother, Charles X. " His qualities," says Michaud, "were rather brilliant than solid." He had respectable literary attainments and an easy elocution. He is re- puted the author of the saying, " Punctuality (exactitude) is the politeness of kings." See Alphonse de Beauchamp, "Vie de Louis XyiII,"i82i; Lacretelle, "Histoire de France depuis la Restauration," 4 vols., 1829-36; Lamartine, " History of the Restoration ;" " M^moires de Louis XVI H," (anonymous,) Paris, 1832; Chateaubriand, "M^moires d'Outre-Tombe ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale;" Eyre Evans Crowe, " History of Louis XVIII. and Charles X.," 2 vols., 1854; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for January, 1833. Louis, (Kings or princes of Germany.) See Lewis. Louis [It. Luigi, loo-ee'jee] II., King and Emperor of Italy, the son of Lothaire I., was born about 822 a.d. He became the colleague of his father in 850, and at the death of the latter, in 855, inherited the throne of Italy. Among the events of his reign were battles which he fought with various success against the Saracens whc invaded Italy. He died in 875, leaving a daughter Ermengarde, who was married to Boson, King of Aries. They had a son, who was styled Louis III. See Muratori, " Annali d'ltalia;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Louis (Luigi) III., King or Emperor of Italy, sur- named THE Blind, born about 879, was a grandson of the preceding. He was a son of Boson, King of Arle.s and Ermengarde. In 900 he was invited to Italy by several barons, and was crowned in place of Berenger, who took Louis prisoner in 905 and put out his eyes. Died in 929. Louis (Luigi) of Tarentum, King of Naples, born in 1320, was a grandson of Charles the Lame. He was a cousin of Queen Joan of Naples, who married Louis in 1346, after she had strangled her husband Andrew. Died in 1362. Louis (Luigi) II., King of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusa- lem, born in 1377, was a son of Louis I. He was crowned by the pope in 1389, and obtained possession of Naples, from which he was expelled by Ladislaus in 1399. Died in 141 7. Louis (Luigi) III., of Naples, Duke of Anjou, born in 1403, was a son of the preceding. He inherited his father's title to the throne of Naples, which, however. was occupied by Alfonso of Aragon. He invaded Italy, and conquered a large part of the kingdom, but died m 1434, before his enterprise was finished. Louis [Port. Luis, loo-^ss'] I., King of Portugal, bcrn in 1838, began to reign at the death of his brother, Pedro v., in November, 1861, before which he was the Duke of Oporto. He married Maria Pia, a daughter of Victor Emmanuel of Italy, in 1862. Died Oct. 19, 18S9. Louis (Luigi) I., King of Sicily or of Naples, Count of Provence, Duke of Anjou, etc., born in 1339, was a younger son of Jean II. of France. At the instigation of Pope Clement VII., Queen Joan of Naples adopted Louis as her successor in 1380, but his title was disputed by Charles of Durazzo, who afterwards became King of Naples. Died near Bari in 1384. Louis [Sp. Luis, loo-iss'] of Aragon, King of Sicily, born in 1338, was the eldest son of Peter II., whom he succeeded in 1342. Died in 1355. Louis, Dauphin of France, the son of Louis XIV. and Maria Theresa, was born in 1661, and was called MoNSEiGNEUR. His education was directed by Bossuet, who wrote for him his "Discourse on Universal His- tory." The dauphin, however, had a great aversion to study, and appears to have had only moderate abilities. He married Marie Christine of Bavaria, and became father of the Duke of Burgundy and of the Duke of Anjou, who was afterwards Philip V. of Spain. In 1688 Louis XIV. placed him at the head of the army of the Rhine, under the direction of Vauban. As commander of the army in Flanders in 1694, the dauphin received credit for a march which protected Dunkirk. His last years were passed in compulsory idleness. Died in 17 11. Louis, Dauphin of France, the son of Louis XV,, was born in 1729. His virtues, talents, and attainments are highly commended by M. Michaud, Jr. In 1747 he married Marie Josephe of Saxony, by whom he had three sons, who became kings, viz., Louis XVI., Louis X VTIL, and Charles X. He was excluded by his father from all participation in the government. Died in 1765. Louis, loo'e', (Antoine,) a celebrated French sur- geon, born at Metz in 1723. He settled in Paris at an early age, and acquired a high reputation by his writings on surgery. He wrote many able surgical articles for the " Encyclopedie." He was for many years the oracle and counsel of the tribunals in questions of medical jurisprudence. Died in 1792. See " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Louis, (Louis Dominique,) Baron, a successful French financier, better known as Abb6 Louis, was born at Toul in 1755. He emigrated to England in 1792, and returned about the end of 1799. During the empire he became administrator of the treasury, councillor of state, and a baron. From April, 1814, until August, 1815, he served Louis XVIII. as minister of finance. He was re- called to the same office in 1818 by Decazes, and resigned in November, 1819. He was also appointed minister of finance by Louis Philippe in 1830. Died in 1837. See " Souvenirs sur le Baron Louis," Paris, 1842 ; Comte db Saint-Cricq, "filoge de Baron Louis," 1838; "Nouvelle Bio graphic Gendrale." Louis, (Pierre Charles Alexandre,) a French physician, born at Ai (Marne) in 1787. Among his works is " Researches on Typhoid Fever," (2 vols., 1828.) Died at Paris, August 24, 1872. Louis Napoleou. See Napoleon HI. Louis Philippe, loo'e' fe'lfep', Duke of Orleans, Kmg of the French, often called "the Citizen King," was born in Paris on the 6th of October, 1773, and was the eldest son of Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, who was stvled Philippe Egalite. His mother was Louise Marie de Bourbon, a daughter of the Due de Pen- thievre. His early education was directed by Madame de Genlis, who taught him liberal principles and formed him to habits of prudence and self-control. During the life of his father, who was e.\ecuted in 1793, he was styled the Duke of Chartres. About 1790 he entered the army as colonel, and merited two civic crowns by saving the lives of two priests in an imeute. He favoured the popular cause in the Revolution, and served in the firet campaign against the Austrians in 1792. In November a, e. i. 6. u, y. long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, sAort; a, e, j, o, obscure; (Ir, till, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon: LOWIS 15S5 LOUVEL of that year he commanded the centre at Jemmapes, and was, says Lamartine, the favourite lieutenant of Dumouriez, the general-in-chief. Having been sum- moned to appear at the tribunal of the committee of public safety in April, 1793, he escaped across the Bel- gian frontier with Dumouriez, in whose conspiracy with the Austrians he was implicated. He afterwards wan- dered as an exile and in disguise through various coun- tries and strange vicissitudes, and was for some months (1794) professor in the College of Reichenau, under the name of M. Chambaud. In 1796 he came for greater safety to the United States, where he travelled more than a year. From 1800 until 1808 the Duke of Orleans re- sided in England. He married Maria Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand, King of Naples, in 1809. At the restora- tion of the Bourbons (1814) he returned to France, and was reinstated in his hereditary honours and possessions. When the escape of Bonaparte from Elba became known at Paris, Louis XVIII. appointed the Duke of Orleans commander of the army of the North ; but he soon re- signed this place. He took little part in public affairs until the revolution of July, 1830, had dethroned Charles X., and a provisional government was formed, under the direction of La Fayette, Lafitte, Guizot, Thiers, and others. A powerful party then urged the claim of Louis Philippe to the throne, while others wished a republic. The scale appears to have been turned by La Fayette, (who did not consider France yet prepared for a republic,) and the crown was offered to the Duke of Orleans by the Deputies and Peers, on the 9th of August, and accepted, with a remodelled constitution. The king called into his cabi- net the Due de Broglie, Count Mole, M. Guizot, and Lafitte. He was soon after recognized by the great powers Qf Euro])e. In October, 1830, M. Lafitte became premier, and in March, 183 1, was superseded by Casimir Perier. The first part of this reign was disturbed by riots and conspiracies of the Carlists and republicans, and several attempts were made to assassinate the king. In October, 1832, a new ministry was formed, of which Marshal Soult was premier and Guizot and Thiers were members, the majority being Doctrinaires. Frequent changes of the ministry afterwards occurred, by which Count Mole, the Due de Broglie, Thiers, and Guizot were successively raised to the olifice of prime minister. In October, 1836, Louis Napoleon made at Strasbourg an abortive attempt to dethrone Louis Philippe, for which he was banished to the United States. Louis Philippe followed a pacific policy, and waged no wars against the great European powers ; but his army made important conquests in Algeria. His reign, however, though successful, was not generally popular. It was stigmatized as reactionary, tem])orizing, "egotistical." The peace which had been the chief meiit of this reign was at last imperilled by the impolitic mar- riage of the king's son, the Duke of Montpensier, to the eventual heiress of the Spanish crown. Electoral reform became the rallying-cry of a plan of agitation concerted by a coalition of republicans, Bonapartists, and royalist!) in 1847. The forcible opposition of the ministry to this open agitation at reform banquets caused a collision be- tween the troops and the Parisian populace on February 24, 1848. Unwilling to authorize a great slaughter of the people, the king then abdicated in favour of his grandson. Count of Paris; but the republic proclaimed by Lamartine, Arago, and others prevailed. Louis Phi- lippe escaped in disguise to England, where he was kindly received. He died at Claremont, England, in August, 1850, leaving four sons, styled the Due de Nemours, the Due de Montpensier, the Prince de Joinville, and the Due d'Auniale. SeeBouDiN, " Histoirede Louis Philippe," 1847; I.. G. Michaud, "The Public and Private Life of Louis Philippe," in French, 1S49; NouvioN, "Viede Louis Philippe," 1849; G. N. Wright, "The Life and Times of Louis Philippe," 1842; Louis Blanc, "Histoire de dix Ans," (1830-40.) Paris, 1842; Alfred E. Douglas, "Life and Times of Louis Philippe, ex- Kingof the French," 184S; Guizot, " Memoires pour servir k I'Histoire de mon Temps;" " Nouvelle Bidgraphie Gdnerale." Louis Quatorze. See Louis XIV. Louisa (or Luise) Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie, Queen of Prussia, the daughter of the Duke of Mecklen- burg-Strelitz, was born at Hanover in 1776. She was married in 1793 to the prince-roval, who in 1797 became King Frederick William III. After becoming the mothei of several children, she died in 1810. Her beauty and accomplishments are highly praised. See Charlotte Richardson, " Memoirs of the Private Life of Louisa, Queen of Prussia," 1847; J. F. Schink, "Louise Preus- sens Schutzgeist," 1817; "Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Louise de Lorraine, loo'^z' deh lo'rin'. Queen of France, born in 1554, was the daughter of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont. In 1575 she was married to Henry HI., who treated her with neglect. Died in 1601. Louise de Savoie, loo'^z' deh st'vwi'. Regent of France, born at Pont d'Ain in 1476, was the daughter of Philip, Duke of Savoy. She married Charles of Or- leans, and had a son who became king as Francis I. On his departure to Italy, in 1515, he appointed her regent of the kingdom. She caused the loss of the Milanese by appropriating to herself the money destined to pay the troops, and by her unjust treatment provoked Constable Bourbon to join the enemy. She obtained the regency again in 1524, and retained it during the captivity of the king. In 1529 she negotiated with Mar- garet of Austria the treaty of Cambray between Francis I. and Charles V. Died in 1532. See Marillac, "Vie du Conn^table de Bourbon ;"" Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." Louise d'Orleans, loo'^z' doR'li'fiN', (Marie Th6- RiSE Caroline Isabelle,) Queen of Belgium, born at Palermo in 1812, was a daughter of Louis Philippe of France. She was married to Leopold, King of Belgium, in 1832. Died in 1850. SeeT. Schellinck, " Een Engel in den Hemel of Leven van H. M. Louise Marie," etc., 1850: Morren, "Heliotrope; Immortality de Louise Marie, Reine des Beiges," 1850. Louise (or Luise) Ulrike, loo-ee'zeh 661're-k§h, Queen of Sweden, born at Berlin in 1720, was a sister of Frederick the Great of Prussia. She became ac- quainted with Voltaire, who wrote verses in praise of her agreeable qualities. In 1744 she was married to Prince Adolphus Frederick, who became king in 1751. She founded an Academy of Belles-Lettres at Stockholm in 1753. Died in 1782. Gustavus III. was her son. Loup, loo, [Lat. Serva'tus Lu'pus,] Abbe of Fer- rieres, is regarded as the most polished writer that France produced in the ninth century. He was born in the diocese of Sens in 805. He was employed by Charles the Bald in important missions, and corresponded with the most eminent men of his time, including several kings. His letters are prized for the light they throw on the events of that period. See "Gallia Christiana;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Loupolov, See Loopolof. Louptiere, de la, deh It loo'te-aiR', (Jean Charles de Relongue — reh-loNg',) a French poet, born in the diocese of Sens in 1727 ; died in 1784. Lourdoueix, looR'doo'y,(SoPHiE Tessier,) a French writer of fiction, born in Paris in 1793. She married M. Lourdoueix, an editor of the " Gazette de France.'' Among her works is "The Son of his Works," (" Le Fils de ses CEuvres," 2 vols., 1845.) Died in 1859. Loureiro, de, di lo-ra^-ro, (Joao,) a Portuguese bot- anist, born about 171 5. 'He practised medicine many years in Cochin China and China, and returned to Por- tugal after an absence of thirty-six years. His " Flora of Cochin China" (1790) described many new genera, and was esteemed a valuable contribution to botanical science. Died in 1796. Loutherbourg, loo't^RTjooR', or Lutherburg, loo'- t§R-bo6RG', (Philippe Jacques,) a skilful French land- scape-painter, born at Strasburg about 1735, was a pupii of Casanova. After working some years in Paris, he removed in 1771 to London, where he painted decora- tions for the Opera. He excelled in landscapes, battle- pieces, and views on the sea-coast. His execution is remarkable for facility and vigour. He etched some of his own designs. He died in London about 1812. See Nagler, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Louvard, Ioo'vIr', (Francois,) a French Jansenist and polemical writer, born in Maine in 1661 ; died in 1739. Louvel, loo'vSl', (Pierre Louis,) a French assassin, born at Versailles in 1783, was a saddler by trade. Prompted by party spirit and enmity to the Bourbons, € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, grtttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; *h as in this. 100 (2®^See Explanations, p. 23.) LOUVERTURE 1586 LOVELACE he assassinated the Due de Berry, February 13, 1820. This act caused great political excitement, and led to the resignation of the prime minister Decazes. Louvel was executed in June, 1S20. Louvertxire. See Toussaint L'Ouverture. Louvet, loo'vi', (Pierre,) a' mediocre French histo- rian, born at Beauvais in 161 7. He wrote histories of Languedoc, Aquitaine, and Provence. Died about 1680. Louvet, (Pierre,) a French antiquary, born near Beauvais about 1570; died in 1646. Louvet de Couvray, loo'vi' deh koo'vRi', (Jean Baptiste,) a French Girondist orator, born in Paris in 1760. He was elected to the Convention in 1792, and Decame a prominent member of the Girondist party. In October, 1792, he attacked Marat and Robespierre in a bold and effective speech. He was proscribed with the Girondist chiefs about June i, 1793, but escaped by flight to Normandy. In April, 1794, he entered Paris, where he concealed himself until the fall of Robespierre. In 1795 he resumed his seat in the Convention, from which he passed into the Council of Five Hundred. He pro- duced several successful romances, comedies, and polit- ical tracts. Died in 1797. In reference to the above- named speech, which is inserted in his " History of the Girondists," Lamartine says, "Louvet was one of those men whose political destiny is composed of a single day; but this day conquers futurity for them, because it asso- ciates with their name the memory of a sublime talent and a sublime courage." See Lamartine, "History of the Girondists ;" Thiers, " His- tory of the French Revolution ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Louviers, de, deh loo've-i', (Charles Jacques,) a French writer, was appointed a member of the council of state by Charles V. in 1376. He is supposed to be the author of the famous "Dream of the Orchardist," ("Songe du Vergier,") the aim of which is to prove that the pope has no temporal power over princes. The book is in the form of a dialogue. Louville, de, deh loo'vfel', (Charles Auguste d'Al- lonville — dt'l^N'v^l',) Marquis, a French diplomatist, born in 1668. In 1701 he was chosen gentleman of the chamber to Philip V. of Spain, who afterwards employed him in missions to Paris and Rome. Died in 1731. Louville, de, (Jacques Eugene d'Allonville,) Chevalier, a French astronomer, born in the Chartrain in 1671, was a brother of the preceding. He devoted himself to astronomy, and erected an observatory near Orleans. Having been admitted into the Academy of Sciences, he contributed to it " New Tables of the Sun," "Observations on the Obliquity of the Ecliptic," etc. Died in 1732. See FoNTENELt.E, " £loge de M. Louville." Louvois, de, deh loo'vwi', (Camille Letellier,) Abb6, born in Paris in 1675, was a son of the celebrated minister of war. He was included by Baillet among 'he "enfants celebres," and was elected to the French Academy in 1706. He added 30,000 books to the Royal Library. Died in 1 718. Louvois, de. Chevalier. See Estr^es, d', (Louis C6sAR Letellier.) Louvois, de, (FRANgois Michel Letellier,) Mar- quis, a powerful French minister of state, born in Paris in 1641, was a son of Michel Letellier, chancellor of France. In 1654 his father, who was then secretary of war, obtained the reversion of that office for Louvois, who, having qualified himself by diligent studies and gained the favour of the king, became sole minister of war in 1666. While Colbert managed the finances and increased the resources of France, Louvois contributed greatly to the military successes of Louis XIV. He supplanted Colbert in the favour of the king, and in- stigated Louis to persecute the Protestants. By the counsels of this unscrupulous and haughty minister, who was then extremely powerful, the edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685, and the Palatinate was wasted by fire and sword in 1689. The atrocity of the latter measure excited general horror. His insolence at last exhausted the patience of the king. In 1691 Louvois excited the anger of Louis by proposing to burn Treves, and would have been dismissed if he had not died suddenly in the same year. He is censured for having caused the derangement of the finances, and for fomentmg the ag- gressive martial ambition of his master. "He was the greatest adjutant-general, the greatest quartermaster- general, the greatest commissary-general," says Macau- lay, "that Europe had seen. He may, indeed, be said to have made a revolution in the art of disciplining, dis- tributing, equipping, and provisioning armies." His son, the Marquis of Barbesieux, was his successor as minister of war. See Chamlav, "M^moires pour servir i I'Histjire du Marquis de Louvois;" Saint-Simon, " M^iiioires ;" Dangeau, "Journal;" Voltaire, " Sifecle de Louis XIV ;" Sismondi, " Hiitoire des Fran- gais ;" "Nouvelle liiographie G^n^rale." Louvrex, de, deh loo'vRi', (Mathias Guillaume,) a Belgian jurist and historian, born at Liege in 1665 ; died in 1734. Lovat, liiv'at, (Simon Fraser,) Lord, a Scottish Jacobite conspirator, born near Inverness about 1676. At the death of Lord Lovat, who was chief of the Fraser clan, Simon Fraser made unsuccessful attempts to obtain the title and estates. To evade the penalty of some crime, he passed over to France about 1700, and turned a Roman Catholic. Having entered the service of the Pretender, he was sent to Scotland in 1702 to incite the Highlanders to rebellion ; but he betrayed his trust, and acted the part of informer agai-nst the Jacobites. For this offence he was confined in the Bastille several years. In 1715 Fraser fought against the cause of the Stuarts at Inverness, and was rewarded with the estates of the Erasers and the title of Lord Lovat. In the rebellion of 1745 he was detected in treasonable acts against Kinp George, for which he was executed in London in 1747. See Arbuthnot, "Life of Simon Fraser," 1746; Foster, "Me- moirs of Lord Lovat," 1746 ; "Memoirs of Lord Lovat," by him- self, 1797 ; John Hill Burton, " Lives of Lord Lovat and Duncar Forbes," 1846; "North British Review" for May, 1847. Love, liiv, (Christopher,) a Presbyterian theologian, was born at Cardiff, Wales, in 1618. He began to preach in London in 1644, after which he was a member of the Assembly of Divines. After the death of Charles I., he entered into a conspiracy called Love's Plot, the design of which was to restore Charles II. For this cause he was executed in August, 1651. His Sermons, and other works, were published in three volumes. Love, (James.) the assumed name of a dramatist and actor, who was a son of Mr. Dance, a London architect. A satire against Walpole having appeared under the title "Are these Things so.''" he wrote an answer, en- titled "Yes, they are: What then ?" for which Walpole gave him a present. He acted at Drury Lane from 1762 until his death, and wrote " Pamela," and other come- dies. Died in 1774. Loveira. See Lobeira. Love'joy, (luv'joi,) (Elijah P.,) an American clergy- man and opponent of slavery, born at Albion, in Maine, in 1802, graduated at Waterville in 1826. He began to edit at Alton, Illinois, about 1836, an anti-slavery paper, called "The Alton Observer." His press was twice de- stroyed by a pro-slavery mob. While defending his premises at Alton against a third attack, he was sho*- and mortally wounded, in November, 1837. Lovejoy, (Owen,) a brother of the preceding, was born at Albion, Kennebec county, Maine, in 181 1. He was employed as minister of a Congregational church at Princeton, Illinois, from 1S3S to 1854, and was elected a member of Congress by the Republicans of the third district of Illinois in 1856. He was re-elected in 1858, i860, and 1862. He was a radical opponent of slavery. Died at Brooklyn, New York, in March, 1864. Love'lace, (Ada Augusta Byron,) Countess of, the only child of the poet Lord Byron, was born in 181 5. She was married to the Earl of Lovelace, who was a son of Lord Peter King. Died in 1852. Lovelace, (Richard,) an English poet, born in Kent in 1618. He fought for the king in the civil war, and rose to the rank of captain. Having spent his fortune in the royal cause, he entered the French service in 1646. On his return to England in 1648, he was impris- oned for political reasons. In 1649 he was released, and published a volume of poems, consisting of odes, sonnets, etc., addressed to " Lucasta." Some of these are admired for grace and vigour. He died poor in 1658. a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; k, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, \, o, \\, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good ; moon : LOVELL 1587 LOWELL Lovell. luv'el, (Mansfield,) an American general, born in Washington, District of Columbia, October 20, 1822, graduated at West Point in 1842. He lived in New York city when the civil war began. In October, 1861, he took command of the disunion army at New Orleans. After the Union fleet had passed the forts below the city, he evacuated New Orleans, which he transferred to the custody of the mayor on the 25th or 26th of April, 1862. Died in New York, June i, 1884. Lover, luv'er, (Samuel,) an Irish novelist, poet, and painter, born in Dublin in 1797. He acquired in his youth a good reputation as a portrait-painter, and afterwards became a successful author. Besides numerous ballads and dramas, he produced " Legends and Stories of Ire- land," and a novel entitled " Handy Andy," (1842,) and " Rory O'Moore," a song. Among his later publications is "Metrical Tales, and other Poems," (iSsjo.) Died in July, 1868. Lovering, liiv'er-ing, (Joseph,) born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, December 25, 1813, graduated at Harvard College in 1833, and in 1838 was made professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in that college. He published a great number of scientific memoirs, etc. Lov'i-bond, (Edward,) an English poet, was born in Middlesex, and inherited an easy fortune. He con- tributed several essays to "The World," a popular pe- riodical, and was the author of various poems, among which "The Tears of Old May-Day" (1754) is highly praised. Died in 1775. Lo villi. See Luinl Lovir, (George,) a Scottish naturalist, born in Forfar- shire in 1746. He became a clergj-man in Pomona, one of the Orkney Isles, in 1774. He wrote "Fauna Or- cadensis," (1813,) which treats of the animals of the Orkney and Shetland Isles. Died in 1795. Low, (W^ill Hicok,) an American artist, born at Albany, New York, May 31, 1853, studied in Europe, 1873-77, under C. Duran and J. L. Gerome. He became a teacher of life and antique drawing in the National Academy, New York. Among his pictures are " Rev- erie," (1876,) a portrait of Emma Albani, (1877,) "Skip- per Ireson," (1881,) "Arcades," (1882,) and "Telling the Bees," (1884.) He also attained distinction as a deco- rator and illustrator. LSw'der, (Charles Fuge,) an English clergyman, born at Bath, June 22, 1820. He was educated at King's College, London, and at E.xeter College, Oxford, grad- uating in 1843. H^ ^^^^ ordained a priest of the Estab- lished Church in 1844. His principal work was that of a missionary in the East of London, in which region he accomplished much good. He was an extreme ritualist. Died at Zell-am-See, Tyrol, September 9, 1880. Lowe or Loe'we, lo'^eh, the name of a German femily, distinguished in various dejjartments of art. August Leopold Lowe, born at Schwedt in 1767, was the composer of a popular opera entitled "The Island of Temptation." Died in 1816. His son Ferdinand, born in 1787, acquired a high reputation as a tragedian. Died in 1832. His daughter Sophie, born in 1815, became one of the most celebrated vocalists in Germany. She was married about 1840 to Prince Frederick of Liechtenstein. Died November 29, 1866. Her brother, Francis Louis Feodor, (born in 1816, died in 1890,) distinguished himself as an actor and a poet. Julia Lowe, aunt of the preceding, born in 1790, was very successful as an actress at Vienna. She died about 1850. Lo'we, 15, (Sir Hudson,) a British general, born in Ireland about 1770. He served many campaigns in Egypt, Italy, Germany, etc., and obtained the rank of major-general in 1814. In 1815 he was selected to be the jailer of Bonaparte in Saint Helena. He was cen- sured by many French and English writers for arbitrary, rude, and illiberal treatment of the captive, who in 1816 refused to see him or have any further intercourse with him. Died in 1844, See a " History of the Captivity of Napoleon, from the Letters of Sir Hudson Lowe," etc., by W. Forsyth, 4 vols., 1S53. Lowe, (Johann Karl Gottfried,) a German com- poser, born near Halle in 1796. His works include operas, sonatas, ballads, and oratorios : of the last we may name "The Seven Sleeoers." Died in 1869. Loy^re, (Peter,) a Scottish medical writer, practised medicine in Paris. He wrote a " Discourse on Chi- rurgery," and other works. Died in 1612. Lowe, (Robert,) an English financier and eminent orator, born at Bingham in 1811. He graduated at Ox- ford in 1833, and practised as a barrister in Australia from 1843 to 1850. In 1852 he was returned to Parlia- ment for Kidderminster. He was appointed vice-presi- dent of the education board in 1859, but was removed a few years later. He was a leader of the Adullamites, (nominal Liberals, who opposed the Reform Bill of Rus- sell and Gladstone in 1866,) and was one of the ablest and most brilliant debaters in Parliament. He supported Gladstone's motion for the disestablishment of the An- glican Church in Ireland, and held the office of chan- cellor of the exchequer from 1868 to 1873, when he was appointed to the Home OflSce. He was created LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1867, and D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870. He was elected a member of Parliament for the Univer- sity of London in November, 1868. In 1880 he received the title of Viscount Sherbrooke. Low'ell, (Charles,) D.D., an American divine, a son of Judge Lowell, noticed below, was born at Boston in 1782. He became minister of the West Congregational Church in that city about 1806. He travelled exten- sively in Europe and the East, returning home in 1840. Among his publications are two volumes of sermons, (1855.) Died January 20, 1861. Lowell, (Colonel Charles Russell,) an American officer, born in Boston in 1835, was a nephew of the poet, J. R. Lowell. He graduated at Harvard in 1854 with the first honours. He served as captain of cavalry in the peninsular campaign in 1862, and commanded a body of cavalry which protected Washington in the summer of 1863, after which he served under General Sheridan and commanded a brigade. He had thirteen horses shot under him. He was killed at the battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, October 19, 1864. He was a young man of great promise. Lo'well, (Francis Cabot,) brother of John Lowrll, (the second of the name,) born at Newburyport in 1775, was one of the principal founders of the city of Lowell, to which he gave his name. He was a merchant and manufacturer of cotton. Died in 181 7. Lo^well, (James Russell,) a distinguished American poet, critic, and scholar, the son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, noticed above, was born February 22, 1819. Having graduated at Harvard in 1838, he entered the law school uf that institution, where he remained two years, and was admitted to the bar in 1841 ; but he soon abandoned the profession, that he might devote himself wholly to literature. He published in 1844 a volume of poems containing a " Legend of Brittany," " Pro- metheus," and a number of smaller pieces. In 1848 appeared a second collection of poems, and in a small volume (separately) "The Vision of Sir Launfal." In the same year he also published the "Biglovv Papers," a witty and humorous satire, written in the "Yankee" dialect, on the events of the Mexican war, and a "Fable for Critics," a charmingy'^^ d'esprit, which, in the words of Professor Bowen, is "a very witty review article done into rhyme."* It is not too much to say that the best parts of this poem (which, by the way, is very unequal) are scarcely surpassed either in wit or in felicity of ex- pression by anything of a similar kind in the English lan- guage. In the summer of 185 1 Mr. Lowell visited Europe, and returned home after an absence of somewhat more than a year. In the winter of 1854-55 he delivered in Boston a very popular course of lectures on the British poets. Professor Longfellow having, in 1854, resigned the chair of the modern languages and belles-lettres at Harvard, Mr. Lowell was appointed his successor in January, 1855. On the establishment of the "Atlantic Monthly" in 1857, Professor Lowell became the editor, — a position which he held about five years, — and under his auspices this magazine acquired a wide and deserved popularity. Among his noteworthy poetical produc- tions we may mention " Under the Willows, and other Poems," (1869,) and "The Cathedral," (1870.) Besides * See " North American Review" for January. 1849. eas.t; gasj; ghard; g2is j; G,H,K, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled; sass; thasin/'/4w. (2i:^="See Explanations, p. 23.) L O WELL isSS LOWITZ the various collections of his poems referred to above, he published several volumes of his jjrose writings, en- titled "Among my Books," (1S70; second series, 1876,) and "My Study Windows," (1871.) Among the poets of America, Lowell is distinguished by the great range, as well as by the versatility, of his powers. He seems equally at home in the playful, the pathetic, or the meditative realms of poetry. And we always rise from the perusal of his productions with the impression that he has not put forth all his strength, but that something still higher would not have been beyond the reach of his genius. In 1877 he was appointed United .States minister to Spain, and from 1879 until his removal by President Cleveland in 1885 he was minister to England. In 1S83 he was chosen lord rector of St. Andrew's University, and while in England he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Edinburgh. Died August 12, 1891. See Allibone, " Dictionary of Authors." LoTwell, (John,) an American statesman, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1743. He began to practise law in Boston about 1777. As a member of the convention whfch formed the Constitution of Massachu- setts in 1780, he efficiently promoted the liberation of slaves held in that State. He was elected a member of Congress in 1781, and appointed a judge of the dis- trict court of Massachusetts in 1789. He had three sons, John, Francis C, and Charles. Died at Roxbury in 1802. Lo'well, (John,) an able lawyer and political writer, born at Newburyport in October, 1769, was a son of the preceding. He graduated at Harvard College in 1786, practised law at Boston, and acquired a high reputation. About 1803 he visited Europe. He was a Federalist, wrote much for the public journals, and exerted great influence in New England, but declined to enter the public service. He published twenty-five or more pam- phlets, mostly political, and was one of the founders of the Boston Athenffium and the Massachusetts General Hospital. He was distinguished for his colloquial powers. Died at Boston in 1840. Lowell, (John,) the founder of Lowell Institute, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1799, and was a son of Francis Cabot Lowell, noticed above. Having lost his wife and children about i83i,he travelled extensively in Europe, Syria, and Egypt. He died at Bombay in March, 1836, leaving by his will about 1^250,000 to main- tain in Boston annual courses of gratuitous lectures on various subjects. Lowell, (John,) LL.D., an American jurist, born in Boston, October 18, 1824, graduated at Harvard College in 1843, ^^^s a United States district court judge, 1S65-78, and a United States circuit court judge for Massachusetts, 1878-84. He published two volumes of United States Reports, and wrote especially upon bankruptcy. Lowell, (Maria White,) an American poetess, the wife of James Russell Lowell, noticed above, was born at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1821. She was married to Mr. Lowell in 1844. She died in 1853. She is described as having been singularly beautiful both in person and character. A volume of her poems appeared in 1855. See Griswold's " Female Poets of America." Lowell, (Mary.) See Putnam, (Mrs. Mary.) Lowell, (Robert Traill Spence,) son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, noticed above, was born in Boston in 1816. He was ordained a clergyman of the Episcopal Church in 1842, and subsequently became rector of Christ Church, Duanesburg, New York. He published a novel entitled "The New Priest in Conception Bay," and a collection of poems Died September 12, 1891. Lbweu or Loewen, 16'^en, (Johann Friedrich,) a German poet and writer of fiction, born at Klausthal in 1729 ; died in 1771. Lbwendahl or Loewendahl, 16'<^en-dSl', written also Loevendahl, (Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar,) a celebrated general, born at Hamburg in 1700, was a great-grandson of Frederick HI. of Denmark. He entered the service of Russia in the reign of Anne, about 1736, and as general of artillery gained victories over the Turks and Tartars. In 1743 he passed into the French service as lieutenant-general, and in 1745 commanded the reserve corps at Fontenoy. As second in command under Marshal Saxe, he took many towns in Flanders in the same year. For the capture of Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1747, he was rewarded with a marshal's baton. He died in 1755. See Carl C. Rothe, " Grev von Loevendals Liv og Levnet,' 1750; M. Ranft, " Leben und Thaten des Grafen von Lowenthal " 1754; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Low^enhaupt or Loew^enhaupt, lo'^en-howpt', (Adam Louis,) Count, a skilful Swedish general, born in 1659. He was appointed Governor of Riga in 1706. On his march to join the army of Charles XII., who had invaded Russia, he was attacked by the Czar Peter at Liesna in 1708, and lost about 4000 men, but pursued his course. He displayed great courage at Pultowa, July, 1 709, and when Charles fled to Turkey the command of the Swedish army devolved on Lowenhaupt, who was forced to capitulate in 1709. He was kept as a prisoner in Russia until his death, in 17 19. LoTvenhaupt or Loe^v^enhaupt, von, fon lo'^en- howpt', (Carl Emil,) Count, a Swedish general, born in 1692. War having been declared against Russia, he was chosen general-in-chief of an army sent to invade Finland in 1742. His success was hindered by dissen- sions among the Swedish officers, and he surrendered at Helsingfors, in September, 1742. The anti-war party having become dominant, he was tried for that reverse, and executed in 1743. Lowenhielm or Loewenhielm, lo'wen-he-&lm', (Carl Gustaf,) Count of, a Swedish statesman, was the chief of the party of "Caps." His party having gained the ascendency in 1765, he was then made min- ister of foreign affairs. He wrote several memoirs for the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1768. Lowenhielm or Loew^enhielm, (Gustaf Carl Frederik,) Count of, a Swedish diplomatist, born at Stockholm in 1771. He served in the army, and obtained the rank of general. He represented Sweden at the Congress of Vienna, (1814,) and was Swedish minister at the court of Paris from 1818 until 1856. He wrote several military treatises, and a remarkable work on the organization of government. Died in 1856. Lbwenklau. See Leunclavius. Lowenthal, lo'^en-tll, (John Jacob,) a celebrated Hungarian chess-player and writer on the game, born in 1810, at Buda-Pesth. He went to London in 1851 to partake in a chess tournament, and from that time perma- nently resided in England. He published " Morphy's Games," "Book of the Chess Congress," (1864,) and "Transactions of the British Chess Association," (1867- 69.) Died July 20, 1S76. Lower, low'er, (Mark Anthony,) an English anti- quarian writer, born at Chiddingly, Sussex, in 1813 ; died March 22, 1S76. LSw'er, (Richard,) F.R.S., an eminent English anatomist, born in Cornwall about 1630. He became a friend and coadjutor of Dr. Willis, whom he assisted in his work on the " Anatomy of the Brain." In 1661 he confirmed the Harveian theory by experiments on the transfusion of blood. He practised medicine in London many years, and WTOte, besides other works, a "Treatise on the Heart, on the Motion of the Blood," etc Died in 1691. Low^er, (Sir William,) an English dramatist, born in Cornwall ; died in 1662. Lovrltz, lo'^its, (Georg Moritz,) a German astrono- mer, born near Nuremberg in 1722. He became pro- fessor of mathematics at Gottingen about 1755, and was afterwards director of the observatory at that place. In 1766 he removed to Saint Petersburg, and was admitted into the Academy of Sciences, by which he was employed in astronomical observations. He was killed by some rebels at Dmetriefsk in 1774. He had written several memoirs on astronomy. His son Tobias, born at Gottingen in 1757, became one of the most eminent members of the Imperial Acad- emy of Saint Petersburg, and professor of chemistry. Died in 1804. a, e,T,6,ii,y,/o«_^;i,t, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, \i,y,s/tort;a., e,\,q,obsaere; fdr, fJU, fit; mht; nftt; good; moon; LOWMAN 1589 LUBBERT Low'man, (Moses,) a learned English divine, born in London in 16S0. About 1710 he settled at Clapham, where he preached many years to a congregation of Dis- senters. He wrote a " Rationale of the Ritual of the Hebrew Worship," and ether works. Died in 1752. Lowiides, lowndz, (Rawlins,) born in the British West Indies in 1722, settled at Charleston, South Caro- lina, where he rose to eminence as a statesman and law- yer. He was elected president or Governor of South Carolina in 1778. Died in 1800. Lo-wndes, (William Jones,) an eminent American statesman, a son of the preceding, was born at Charles- ton, South Carolina, on the 7th of February, 1782. He studied law, and married a daughter of General Thomas Pinckney. In 1810 or 1811 he was elected a member of Congress for a district of South Carolina. He was an eloquent debater, and was eminent for his wisdom and logical acumen. He is said to have been modest and unambitious. He continued to serve in Congress about eleven years, and was chairman of the committee of ways and means from 1818 to 1822. It appears that he was a general favourite, and was reputed to stand in the first rank of American statesmen. His health having failed, he sailed for Europe, but died on the voyage in October, 1822. See " Encyc'iopjedia Americana," (Supplement.) Lowndes, (William Thomas,) an English bibliog- rapher, lived in London. He published, about 1834, " The Bibliographer's Manual," which is highly esteemed. Died in 1843. Low'ry, (Wilson,) a skilful English engraver, born at Whitehaven in 1762, became a resident of London. He contributed to the perfection of his art by several important inventions, and acquired a high reputation, especially as an engraver of architecture and mechanism, in which he was unsurpassed. He engraved many figures for Rees's "Cyclopaedia." Died in 1824. Lowth, low^h, (Robert,) an English bishop and emi- nent writer, born at Winchester in 17 10, was the son of William Lowth, noticed below. He was educated at Ox- ford, and became eminent as a biblical scholar. Having been chosen professor of poetry at Oxford, (1741,) he delivered " Lectures on the Poetry of the Hebrews," (in Latin,) which were published in 1753, and often reprinted. This work was highly esteemed by the most eminent critics. He was appointed Bishop of Saint David's in 1766, translated to the see of Oxford in the same year, and to that of London in 1777. Among his most impor- tant works is an excellent "Translation of the Prophet Isaiah," (1778.) Died in 1787. See P. Hall, "Life of Bishop Lowth," 1834 ; " Memoirs of the Life of Robert Lowth," London, 1797; "Monthly Review" for February and March, 1779, and April, 1780. Lo'wth, ( Simon,) an English theologian, born in Northamptonshire about 1630. He was vicar of Saints Cosmas and Damian-on-the-Blean. He published " Let- ters between Dr. G. Burnet and Simon Lowth," (1684,) and other writings. Died in 1720. Lowth, (William,) a scholar and commentator, the father of Robert, noticed above, was born in London in 1661. He was chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester, and became rector of Buriton about 1700. He wrote several highly esteemed works, among which are " Di- rections for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scrip- tures," (1708,) and a "Commentary on the Four Greater Prophets," (4 vols., 1714-26.) Died in 1732. Lowther, (William.) See Lonsdale, Earl of. Loyd, loid, (Lewis,) an English banker, born in 1768. He was a partner of the banking-house of Jones, Loyd & Co., London, and was distinguished as a financier. He died in 1858. His son, Samuel J. Loyd, received the title of Lord Overstone. Loyer, Le, leh Iwi'yi', (Pierre,) a French lawyer, born in Anjou in 1550, was learned in antiquities and Oriental languages. He wrote a curious work on de- monology, entitled " On Spectres, Angels, and Demons distinctly manifesting themselves to Men," ("Quatres Livres des Spectres, Anges et Demons se montrant sen- siblementaux Hommes,") and other works. Died in 1634. Loyola, loi-o'la, [Sp. pron. lo-yo'ld,] (Ignatius,) originally Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde, (di ri-kSKdi,) often called Saint Ignatius, (ig-ua'she-us ;) [Fr. Saint- IgnaCE, s^N'tin'yts'; It. Sant' IgnazTo, sant in-yit'- se-o,] a celebrated Spanish reformer, and the founder of the order of Jesuits, was born of a noble family at Loyola Castle, in Biscay, in 1491. He received from nature an ardent, imaginative temperament, and in youth was the very prototype of the hero of Cervantes, an enthusiastic votary of chivalrous romance. After signal- izing his gallantry in several campaigns, he received about 1520, at the siege of Pampeluna, a wound which made him a cripple for life. During the tedious con- finement which followed, his attention was directed to the mysteries of religion. Ascribing his recovery to a miracle of grace, he dedicated himself to arduous re iigious enterprises and to the service of the Blessed Vir- gm. He became a popular preacher, and was renowned for his penances and vigils. In 1523 he performed a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, from which he returned to Spain in 1524. He passed several ensuing years at Al- cala and Salamanca in the study of grammar, philosophy, etc., which he had neglected to learn in his youth. In 1528 he became a student in the University of Paris, where he found several congenial spirits, among whom were Francis Xavier and James Lainez. With these he formed in 1534 a religious society devoted to the educa- tion of youth, the renovation of the Catholic Ciiurch, and the conversion of the infidels. After they had digested the polity and peculiar maxims of the new order, Paul III. gave it his formal sanction in 1540, and Loyola was chosen superior or general (with absolute power) of the order, which was styled the Society of Jesus. Loyola thenceforth remained in Rome, and witnessed the extraordinary success of his efforts. "Under his rule," says Macaulay, "the order grew rapidly to the full measure of its gigantic powers. With what vehemence, with what policy, with what exact discipline, with what dauntless courage, with what self- denial, with what unscrupulous laxity and versatility in the choice of means, the Jesuits fought the battles of their Church, is written in every page of the annals of Europe during several generations. In the Order of Jesus was concentrated the quintessence of the Catholic spirit; and the history of the Order of Jesus is the history of the great Catholic reaction. This order pos- sessed itself at once of all the strongholds which com- mand the public mind, — of the pulpit, of the press, of the confessional, of the academies. . . . Nor was it less their office to plot against the thrones and lives of apos- tate kings, to spread evil rumours, to raise tumults, to inflame civil wars, to arm the hand of the assassin." (See Review of Ranke's "History of the Popes.") It does not appear, however, that Loyola was responsible for the corruptions referred to in the above quotation. His chief work is "Spiritual Exercises," (" Exercicios espirituales," 1548,) in which he gives rules and counsels for the guidance of believers. He died in 1556, and was canonized as a saint by the pope in 1622. See RiBADENEiRA, " Vida de S. Ignazio," 1570; G. P. MaffeIj "De Vita et Moribus Ignatii Loyolae," 15S4; Stein, "Vita Ignatii Loyolje," 1598; P. Bouhours, " Vie de Saint-Ignace," 1679; BoM- bina, "Vita S. Ignalii," 1615; M. Wai.pols, " Life of Saint Igna- tius," 1617; Isaac Taylor, " Life of Ignatius Loyola;" Bartoli, " Histoire de la Societe de Ji^sus ;" Gretser, " Apologia pro Vita S. Ignatii," 1599-1604 ; Genei.i.i, " Leben des Ignatius von Loyola," 1S4S; "Retrospective Review," vol. ix., 1824. Loyseau. See Loiseau. Loyseau, Iwi'zo', (Charles,) a French jurist, born at Nogent-le-Roi in 1566; died in 1627. Loysel. See Loisel. Loyson, (Charles.) See Hyacinthe. Loyson, Iwi'zAN', (Charles,) a French poet, born in Mayenne in 1791, was maitre des confirences in the Normal School. He published, in 1819, a volume of elegies and epistles, which abound with beautiful verses. "He approaches Lamartine," says Sainte-Beuve, "in elevation and spiritualisme of sentiments." Died in 1820. Lu'a, [from hio, to "purge" or "purify,"] a Roman goddess, who presided over things purified by lustra- tions. By some she is identified with Ops or Rhea. Lubbert, liib'bert, orLuthbert, liit'bgRt, (Sibrand,) a learned Dutch Calvinist, born in Friesland about 1555. He was for many years professor of divinity at Franeker, and was deputed to the Synod of Dort about 1618. He € as k; 9 as .f; g hard; g as /; G H, Vi,guttut -./; N, ?iasal; K, trilled; s as z; th as in this. { Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) LUBBOCK ^59° LUCAS wrote controversial works against Socinus, Arminr.is, and Grotius. Died in 1625. Lub'bpck, (Sir John,) an English banker and savant, a son of Sir John William, noticed below, was born in London in 1834. In 1870 he was elected to Parliament as a Liberal from Maidstone. Besides several scientific memoirs, he is the author of two important works, " Pre- historic Times," (1865,) and "The Origin of Civilization ; or, The Primitive Condition of Man," {1870.) Lubbock, (Sir John William,) Bart., an English mathematician and astronomer, born in London in 1803, was educated at Cambridge. About 1830 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, which he served as treas- urer for many years. He contributed to the " Philosophic Transactions" treatises on the "Tides," "On Meteor- ology," " Researches in Physical Astronomy," etc. In 1833 he produced a work "On the Theory of the Moon and on the Perturbations of the Planets." Died in 1865. Lubersac, de, deh lii'bSR'stk', (N.,) a French writer and amateur of art, born in Limousin in 1730; died in 1804. Lubert, de, deh lii'baiR', Mademoiselle, a French romance-writer, born in Paris about 1 7 10. She com- posed successful romances and fairy-tales, one of which is entitled "Princess Rose-Colour and Prince Celadon." Voltaire complimented her with the title of "Muse et Grace." Died about 1780. Lubieniecius. See Lubieniecki. Lubieniecki, loo-be-en-e-lts'kee, written also Lu- bienetski or Lubienietski, (Christopher,) a painter, of Polish extraction, born at Stettin in 1659. He settled in Amsterdam, where he painted portraits and history. Died in 1729. Lubieniecki or Lubienietski, [Lat. Lubienie'- cius,] (Stanislas,) a Polish Socinian and astronomer, was born at Cracow in 1623. He became minister of a church in Lublin, and wrote a "History of the Polish Reformation," (1685.) He was exiled from Lublin for his opinions in theology, and died at Hamburg in 1675. His reputation rests chiefly on his "Theatrum Cometi- cum," (1667,) which gives an ample account of four hundred and fifteen comets which appeared from the Deluge to his own time. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary." Lubieniecki or Lubienetski,(THEODORE,) a painter and engraver, born at Cracow in 1653, was a brother of Christopher, noticed above. He became a resident of Berlin, where he painted landscapes and historical pic- tures. A Socinian treatise which he wrote having been burnt by the hangman, he resigned his place, and re- turned to Poland, in 1706. Died in 1720. Lubin, lii'biN', (Augustin,) a French monk, born in Paris in 1624. He received the title of geographer to the king, and published, besides other learned works on ancient and sacred geography, " Plates of Sacred Geography," ("Tabulae Sacrae Geographicse," 1670.) Died in 1695. Lubin, loo'bin, (Eilhard,) a German philologist, born in Oldenburg in 1565. He became in 1595 pro- fessor of belles-lettres at Rostock, where he died in 1621, leaving, besides other works, a "Key to the Greek Laii- guage," ("Clavis Linguae Giaecae," 1622,) and notes on Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. Lubin, (Jacques,) a French engraver, born in Paris m 1637; died about 1695. Lubis, lU'b^ss', (E. P.,) a French political writer, born in 1806, published a " History of the Restoration," (in French, 6 vols., 1836.) Died in Paris in 1859. Liibke, lUb'keh, (Wilhelm,) a German art-historian, born in Dortmund, January 17, 1826. He was professor of art-history at Zurich, 1861-66, when he was called to a professorship in the art-schools of Stuttgart. He is the author of several inaportant works on the history of art. Lublink, liib'link, (Jan,) a Dutch writer, bom at Amsterdam in 1735. He translated into Dutch Thom- son's " Seasons" and Young's " Night Thoughts," and wrote other works. Died about 1815. Lubomirski, loo-bo-m^R'skee, (Stanislas Hera- CLiiTS,) a noble Polish writer, born about 1640. He became grand marshal of Poland, and defended the national independence with his pen and sword. One of his works is a political treatise called "Consultations; or. On the Vanity of Counsels," ("Consultationes, s>" de Vanitate Consiliorum," 17CSD.) Died in 1702. Luc, the French for Luke, which see. Luc, Saint. See Luke, Saint. Luc, de. See Deluc. Luc de Bruges. See Lucas Brugensis. Luca. See Luke. Luca, loo'ki, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian jurist and prelate, born at Venosa in 1614. He published "Theatre of Truth and Justice," ("Theatrum Veritatis et Tustitiae," 7 vols., 1697,) which treats on canon and civil law and was highly esteemed. Died in 1683. Luca or Lucae, loo'tsi, (Samuel Christian,) a German anatomist, bom at Frankfort in 1787; died in 1821. Luca, de, di loo'kS, (Antonino Saverio,) an Italian cardinal, born at Bronte, Sicily, October 28, 1805. He was bred in the seminary of Monreale, and at Rome; where he was a secretary, and an editor, and afterwards acted as an ablegate, and as censor of the Academy of the Catholic Religion. He was also appointed an hon- orary professor in the Roman University, a consultor for the Propaganda and the Index, and a supernumary secret cameriere. In 1845 '^^ ^^'^^ consecrated Bishop of Aversa, in 1853 was appointed Archbishop of Tarsus and nuncio to Bavaria, and in 1856 nuncio to Austria. In 1863 he was created a cardinal-priest, and in 1878 a cardinal- bishop, and Bishop of Palaestrina. He was head of the apostolic deanery, vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, etc. Died in 1884. Luca, von, fon loo'ki, (Ignaz,) a German historian and political writer, born in Vienna in 1746; died in 1799. Luca Santo, loo'ki sin'to, or Saint Luke, a Flor- entine painter of the eleventh or twelfth century. He is supposed to have painted the Madonnas which were ascribed to Saint Luke the Evangelist. Lucain. See Lucan. Lu'can, (George Charles Bingham,) Earl of, a British general, a son of the Earl of Lucan, was born in London in 1800. He succeeded to the earldom about 1840. In 1854-55 he served in the Crimea in command of a division of cavalry, and took part in the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman. He became colonel in the Life-Guards in 1S55, and was made lieutenant- general in 1S58, and general in 1865. Died in 1S88. Lu'can, [Lat. Luca'nus; Fr. Lucain, lii'kiN' ; It. LuCANo", loo-ki'no,] (Marcus Ann/EUS,) a Roman epic poet, born at Corduba, (Cordova,) Spain, in 38 A.D., was a nephew of the philosopher Seneca. He was educated at Rome. His early poems procured him the favour of Nero, who appointed him quaestor and augur and con- descended to appear as his rival in a literary contest. Lucan gained the prize, but at the same time lost the favour of the tyrant, whom he had formerly addressed with gross adulation. Nero forbade him to read any more poems in public. Lucan, with Piso and others, conspired against the life of Nero; the plot was detected, and the poet was put to death in 65 A.D. His fame rests on a poem entitled " Pharsalia," which treats of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, and displays great beauties with great defects. Among the latter is an inflated, declamatory style. Corneille and Voltaire were warm admirers of Lucan. " His genius," says Villemain, re- ferring to his early death, " had only time to produce grandeur, without naturalness or truth." Among his merits are exalted imagination, intense energy, and impressive diction. See Karl H. Weise, " Vita Lucani," 1S35 : Jacob Palmer "Apologia pro Lucano," 1704: Voltaire, " Essai sur la Poesie epique :" J. G. Meusel, " Dissertaiiones II. de Lucano," 1767; Smith, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography." Lucano. See Lucan. Lucauus. See Lucan. Lucar, (Cyril.) See Cyril-Lucar. Lu'cas, (Charles,) an Irish physician, patriot, and politician, born in 17 13. He was a popular member of the Irish Parliament, and an opponent of the court. Died in 1771. a, e, i, 0, u, y, lo7tg; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, f^ll, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon; LUCAS 1591 LUCIAN Lu'cas, (Charles.) an English musician and com- poser, born at Salisbury, July 28, 1808. He produced " The Regicide," (an opera,) symphonies, anthems, songs, etc. Died March 30, 1869. Lu'cas, (Frederick,) an English lawyer and editor, was born in Westminster in 1812. About 1840 he was converted to the Roman Catholic faith, and soon after became editor of "The Tablet," a newspaper published in London. Having removed to Dublin, he was elected to Parliament in 1852, and distinguished himself by his zeal to promote the political power or privileges of the Irish Catholics. Died in 1855. Lucas, lii'ka', (Hippolyte Julien Joseph,) a French poet and writer of fiction, born at Rennes in 1807. He produced in 1834 two volumes of verse and prose, entitled "The Heart and the World." Among his numerous works' is a " Philosophic and Literary His- tory of the French Theatre." Died Nov. 14, 1878. Lucas, (Jean,) a French poet and Jesuit, born in Paris about 1650. He wrote a Latin poem entitled "Actio Oratoris," (1675,) which treats on gesture and elocution. Lucas, (Jean Andr6 Henri,) a French mineralo- gist, born in Paris in 1780 ; died in 1825. Lucas, (Jean Jacques Etienne,) a French naval officer, born at Marennes in 1764. In 1803 he obtained command of the Redoutable. At the battle of Trafalgar (1805) his ship grappled with Nelson's flag-ship, the Vic- tory, and one of his crew gave Nelson a mortal wound. Lucas was taken prisoner in this action. Died in 1819. Lucas, (Jean Marie Charles,) a French economist, born at Saint-Brieuc in 1803. He wrote "On the Re- form of Prisons," (3 vols., 1836-38,) and other works. He was admitted into the Institute in 1836. Lucas, (Margaret.) See Cavendish, (Margaret.) Lucas, (Paul,) a French traveller, born at Rouen in 1664, was in early life a dealer in jewels. He visited Upper Egypt, Syria, Persia, etc., and published " Voyage to the Levant," (1704.) Having received a commission from Louis XIV. to collect medals and other monu- ments of antiquity, he again explored ihe Levant, (1705- d8,) and published a narrative of his journey. In 17 19 he produced his best work, entitled a " Journey in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt," (performed in 1 715-16.) Many of his stories are exaggerated and absurd. Died in 1737- See MoR^Ri, " Dictionnaire Historique;" " Nouvelle Biographie Oen^rale." Lu'cas, (Richard,) a learned British divine, born in Radnorshire in 1648. He settled in London about 1684, and became prebendary of Westminster in 1696. He published an " Enquiry after Happiness," and " Prac- tical Christianity," which are highly commended, and other works. Died in 171 5. Lucas, Saint. See Luke, Saint, Lucas, (Samuel,) an English journalist and miscel- laneous writer, born at Bristol in 1818. He was editor of the " Press" and of " Once a Week." He contributed to the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews. Died in 1868. Lu'cas Bru-gen'sis, [or Luc de Bruges, liik deh briizh,] (Francois,) a Flemish theologian and excellent linguist, born at Bruges in 1549. He published, besides other works, "Concordances of the Vulgate Edition of the Sacred Books," (" Sacrorum Bibliorum Vulgatas Editionis Concordantia;," 1617; and 5 vols., 1712.) Died 'n 1619. Lucas van Leydeii See Leyden. Lucas von Cranach. See Cranach. Lucatelli. See Locateli.i. Lucca, look'ka, (Pauline,) an Austrian operatic singer, born at Vienna, of Jewish parents, in 1842. At an early age she entered the chorus of the opera at Vienna, and in 1859 created a sensation by her manner of leading the Bridesmaids' Chorus. In the same year she made her debut at Olmutz, in the character of "El- vira" in " Ernani," and at once established herself as a popular favourite. Attracting the attention of Meyer- beer, the composer, he secured for her an engagement in Berlin in 1861. Here she was appointed court singer for life, but severed her connection in 1872. During this period she also sang in London and Saint Petersburg, and achieved a Contmental reputation. In September, 1872, she visited the United States, where she remained for two years. She then returned to Europe, and, after making a tour of all the principal cities in Germany except Berlin, finally settled in Vienna. Lucca married Baron Rahden in 1865, but was shortly afterwards divorced from him. Lucceius, luk-see'us, (Lucius,) a Roman orator and friend of Cicero, flourished about 60 B.C. Lucchesini, look-ki-see'nee, (Cesare,) an Italian philologist, born at Lucca in 1756, was a brother of the marquis, noticed below. He acquired a European reputation by his numerous works on philology, among which is " The Sources of Ancient and Modern Lan- guages." Died in 1832. See TiPALDO, " Biografia degli Italian! illustri." Lucchesini, (Giovanni Lorenzo,) an Italian Jesuit, born at Lucca in 1638. He wrote, besides other works, a refutation of Machiavel's workon Politics, (1697.) Died about 1 7 10. Lucchesini,(Gi0VANNi ViNCENZO,)an Italian scholar, born at Lucca in 1660. He lived in Rome, and obtained from Clement XII. the high office of secretary of briefs. He published an edition of Demosthenes' Orations, with notes and a good Latin translation, and a "History of Europe from 1678 to about 1735." Died in 1744. See Fabroni, "Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium." Lucchesini, da, da look-ki-see'nee, (Girolamo, ) Marquis, an able diplomatist, born at Lucca in 1752. He removed to Berlin in the latter part of the reign of Frederick the Great, who appointed him his librarian and reader. He was sent as minister of Prussia to Vi- enna in 1793, and to Paris in 1802. After the battle of Jena (1806) he negotiated a truce with the victor ; but it was not ratified by the Prussian court. Soon after this event he returned to Lucca. He wrote a work called " On the Causes and Effects of the Confederation of the Rhine," (1819.) Died in 1825. See TiPALDO, "Biografia degli Italiani illustri." Luce, the French of Lucius, (Pope,) which see. Luce de Lancival, liis deh 16N'se'vMl', (Jean Charles Julien,) a French litterateur, born in Picardy in 1764. He was chosen professor of belles-lettres in the Prytanee, a college of Paris, about 1797. Among his best productions are a poem called "Achilles at Scyros," (1805,) and "Hector," a tragedy, (1809,) which Villemain pronounces "truly Homeric." Died in 1810. See ViLi.EMAiN, notice in the " Magasin Encyclop^dique ;" H. Grellet, " Luce de Lancival: Notice biographique," 1857. Lucena, de, di loo-sa'na, (Joao,) a Portuguese writer, born at Trancoso about 1548. He was professor of phi- losophy at Ev'ora, and author of an excellent "Life of Francis Xavier," (1600,) often reprinted. Died in 1600. Lucena, de, (Vasco Fernandez,) Count, a Portu- guese historian and statesman, born about 1410. He translated Quintus Curtius into French for Charles the Bold of Burgundy. He received the title of chancellor of Portugal. Died about 1500. Lu-ce'ri-us, [" light-bringing,"] a surname of Jupi- ter, which see. Luchet, lii'shi', (Auguste,) a French litterateur and democrat, born in Paris in 1806. He was sentenced in 1842 to an imprisonment of two years for one of his works. He died March 9, 1872. Luchet, de, deh lii'shi', (Jean Pierre Louis,) Mar- quis, a prolific French author, born at Saintes about 1740, was styled Marquis de la Roche du Maine. He published many superficial works. His " Literary His- tory of Voltaire" (1782) furnishes some curious details. Died in 1792. Luchetto da Geneva. See Cambiaso, (Luca.) Lucian, loo'shee'us,] (Jacques Corneille,) a Flemish scholar and Benedictine monk, born at Ghent about 1570. He produced many Latin poems. Died in 1629. Luminaeus. See Lumene van Marck. Lump'kin, (Joseph Henry,) brother of Governor Lumpkin, noticed below, born in Oglethorpe county, Georgia, in 1799, became professor in the Lumpkin Law School at Athens, in his native State. Died in 1867. Lumpkin, (Wilson,) an American statesman, born in Pittsylvania county, Virginia, in 1783. He was twice elected Governor of Georgia, and became a United States Senator in 1838. Died December 28, 1870. Lttma'd^n, (Matthew,) a distinguished Scottish Orientalist, born in Aberdeenshire in 1777. He was chosen professor of Persian and Arabic in the College of Calcutta in 1805. In i8io he published an excellent "Grammar of the Persian Language," and in 1813 an "Arabic Grammar." About 1820 he returned to Great Britain. Died in London in 1835. His brother Thomas, an officer, published a Journey from Merut, India, to London, (1822.) See Zenker. "Bibliotheca Orientalis." Lu'na, [Fr. Lune, liin,] the Moon, a goddess wor- shipped by the Greeks and Romans. Luna, loo'ni, (Fabrizio,) an Italian lexicographer, born at Naples, is said to have been the compiler of the first Italian dictionary, called "Vocabulary of Five Thousand Tuscan Words," (" Vocabulario di cinque mila Vocabuli Toschi," 1536.) Died in 1559. Luna, de, di loo'na, (Don Alvaro,) a Spanish cour- tier and poet, who became the chief favourite and min- ister of John II. of Castile. In 1423 he was made Con- stable of Castile. Through the enmity of the grandees, he was exiled in 1427, and again in 1439. In 1445 }^^ was recalled, and obtained command of the army, with which he defeated the malcontents. Having lost the favour of the king, he was executed in 1453. See a well-written biography, entitled " Cronica del Condestable Don Alvaro de Luna," by an anonymous contemporary writer, pub- lished in 1546, and " Histoire de Alvaro de Luna," Paris, 1720. Lund, loond, (Carl,) a Swedish writer on law, born at Jonkoping in 1638, published, besides other works, a " History of the Law of Sweden." Died in 1715. Lund, (Daniel,) a Swedish professor of Hebrew, born in 1666; died in 1747. Lunden. See Lundin. Liin'din or Lun'den, (Sir Alan,) an ambitious Scot- tish politician, was born in Forfarshire. He married a natural daughter of Alexander II., and in 1243 was chosen lord justiciar of Scotland. Having opposed the coronation of the minor son of the late king, he was dismissed from office about 1250. He was afterwards pardoned, and held the same office for several years. Died in 1275. Liin'dy, (Benjamin,) an American philanthropist, born in Sussex county. New Jersey, in 1789. He founded in 1815 an anti-slavery association, called the "Union Humane Society," and subsequently became editor of the "Genius of Universal Emancipation," originally published at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, but_ removed^ to Baltimore in 1824. He was also active in promoting lectures on slavery and in advocating abstinence from the products of slave-labour. Died in 1839. See the " Life, Travels, etc. of Benjamin Lundy," by Thomas Earle; Greeley, "American Conflict," vol. i. pp. 111-115. Luneau de Boisjermain, lu'no' deh bwS'zhSR'- m3.N', (Pierre Joseph Francois,) a mediocre French writer, born at Issoudun in 1732. He became a school- teacher in Paris, and published several educational works on history and languages. He also edited the works of Racine, (1768.) Died in 1801. Lunghi, (LucA.) See Longhi. Lunglai, loon'gee, (Martino,) an Italian architect, born in the Milanese. He was employed in Rome by Pope Gregory XIII., erected the Campanile of the Capi- tol, and built the elegant palace of Prince Borghese. « as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (Jt^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) Z UNGHI 1596 LUTHER His last works were built about i6co. His grandson, Martino, was an architect, and worked in Rome, Naples, and Milan. Died in 1657. See QuATREMiKE DE QuiN'CY, " Dictioniialre d' Architecture," and "Vies des Architectes c^Iebres." Lunghi, written also Longhi and Longo, (Sii.i.A GlACOMO,) an Italian sculptor, born at Vigiu, in the Milanese ; died about 1625. Lungo, del, del Joong'o, (Isidoko,) an Italian critic, born at Montevarchi, December 20, 1841. He studied at Cortona, Florence, Sienna, and Fisa, and held profes- sorships in Faenza, Casale, Sienna, and Florence. He published "Versi," (1858,) "Dino Compagni e la sua Cronica," (1S78-80,) "DelT Esilio di Dante," (1881,) etc. Lunig, loo'niG, (Johann Christian,) a German com- piler and publicist, born in 1662. He published valua- ble works entitled "Archives of the German Empire," (24 vols., 1713-22,) "Diplomatic Code of Italy," ("Codex Italiae Diplomaticus,"4 vols., 1725-35,) and "Diplomatic Code of Germany," (" Codex Germanise Diplomaticus," 2 vols., 1733.) Died in 1740. Lunt, (George,) an American lawyer and miscella- neous writer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts. He was appointed in 1849 district attorney for Massachu- setts. He published several volumes of Poems, and wrote two novels, besides works on social and political subjects. He was born in 1803 ; died May 17, 1885. Lunt, (William Parsons,) an American poet and miscellaneous writer, born at Newburyport, Massachu- setts, in 1805. He officiated as a Unitarian minister in New York, and afterwards in Quincy, Massachusetts. Died March 20, 1857. Lupercalia. See Pan. Luperci. See Pan. Lu-per'cus, an ancient deity, who was worshipped by the Italian shepherds as the guardian of their flocks against wolves, and sometimes identified with Pan. Lupi, loo'pee, (Antonio Maria,) a learned Italian Jesuit and antiquary, born at Florence in 1695 ; died in 1737- Lupi, (Mario.) an Italian historian, born at Bergamo in 1720 ; died in 1789. Lupin, von, fon loo-peen', (Friedrich,) Baron, a German writer and mineralogist, born at Memmingen in 1771 ; died in 1844. See his Autobiography, (" Selbstbiographie,") 2 vols., 1844-47. Lupoli, loo'po-lee, (Vincenzio,) an Italian canonist and jurist, born near Aversa in 1737, published several works on law. Died in 1800. Lup'set, (Thomas,) an English scholar, born in Lon- don about 1496. He obtained the chair of rhetoric at Oxford, and corresponded with Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. He published a "Treatise on Charity," and other religious works, and translated parts of the writings of Cyprian and Chrysostom. Died in 1532. Lup'tpn, (Donald,) an English biographer, of whom little is known. He published in 1637 a " History of the Modern Protestant Divines," (translated from the Latin,) and "The Glory of their Times; or. The Lives of the Primitive Fathers," (1640.) Lu'pus, or "Wolf, w61f, (Christian,) a Catholic theologian, born at Ypres in 1612. He became a pro- fessor of theology at Louvain, and published several works on dogmatic theology. Died in 1681. Lupus Servatus. See Loup. Luque, de, di loo'ki, (Hernando,) a Spanis'i bishop of Peru. He was a priest of Panama when, in 1525, he associated himself with Pizarro and Almagro in an ex- pedition for the conquest of Peru. De Luque furnished the money for this enterprise. Died in 1532. See Herrera, " Historia general de los Viajes en las Indias Occi- dentales :" Prescott, " History of the Conquest of Peru," vol. ii. Lurine, lii'rin', (Louis,) a French writer of fiction, satire, etc., born in 1816. He contributed many articles to the jjublic journals. Died November 30, i860. Luscinius, loSs-see'ne-tis, (Othmar,) a litterateur, whose proper name was Nachtigall, (niK'te-gil,) was born at Strasburg about 1480. He removed from Augs- burg to Hale in 1526, and afterwards lodged with Eras- mus at Freyburg. He edited some works of Lucian and Martial, and published various other works. Died about 1535- Lusli, (Sir Robert,) an English legal writer, born at Shattesbury, October 25, 1807. His best-known work was "The Practice of the Superior Courts of Law at Westminster," (1840.) He was appointed one of the judges of the Queen's Bench in 1865, and in 1875 became a judge of the High Court of Justice. Died December 27, 18S1. Liish'ing-ton, (Right Hon. Stephen,) D.C.L., an eminent English civilian and statesman, born in London in 1782, was the son of 6ir Stephen Lushington. He was educated at Oxford, and called to the bar in 1806. Between 1807 and 1841 he represented Yarmouth, II- chester, the Tower Hamlets, and other places, in Par- liament, voting for the abolition of the slave-trade (1807) and for other liberal measures. He also contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery. He was one of the counsel for the defence in the trial of Queen Caroline, (1821.) In 1838 he was appointed a judge of the admi- ralty, and privy councillor. Died January 20, 1873. Lusignan; (Guy de.) See Guy de Lusignan. Lusignan, de, deh lii'z^n'yflN' or loo-sfen-yin', (Ste- fano,) a descendant of the royal family of Cyprus, was born in that island in 1537. He became a priest, and emigrated to Italy in 1571. He wrote a "History of Cyprus from the Time of Noah until 1572," and other works. Died about 1590. Lussan, de, deh 1U's6n', (Marguerite,) a French novelist, born in Paris in 1682. In 1730 she published the " Story of the Countess de Gondes," which was suc- cessful. She also wrote " The Life of the Brave Crillon," (1757,) and several historical romances. Died in 1758. See Qu^RARD, "La France Litteraire " Lussi, loos'see, (Melchior,) a Swiss general and diplomatist, born at Stanz in 1529 ; died in 1606. Lutatius Catulus. See Catulus. Luthbert. See Lubbert, (Sibrand.) Lu'ther, (Martin,) [Ger. pron. maR'tin loo'ter; Lat. Marti'nus Luthe'rus; It. Martino Lutero, maR- tee'no loo-ta'ro ; Sp. Martin Lutero, maR-tit/ loo- ta'ro,] the great leader of the Reformation in Germany, was born at Eisleben, the loth of November, 1483. He was the son of Hans Luther, a miner. His mother's maiden name was Margarethe Lindemann. At the age of fifteen he was sent to the Latin school at Eisenach, then under the direction of Trebonius. In 1501 he en- tered the university at Erfurt. While here, he found in the university library a rare and precious book, — a Latin Bible, — which became an object of extraordinary interest to him. About this time a severe attack of ill- ness, and, soon after, the sudden death of one of his intimate friends, (caused, as some historians state, by a stroke of lightning,) produced such an impression on the mind of young Luther, that he made a solemn vow to become a monk, and in July, 1505, he entered the Augustine convent at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained a priest, and in the following year, through the influence of Staupitz, (the provincial of his order, and subsequently vicar-general,) he was appointed professor of philosophy in the University of Wittenberg. Luther's visit to Rome, made in 1510, in fulfilment of a previous vow, opened to him new views of the character and condition of the Romish Church. In 1512 he was made licentiate and doctor of divinity, and began about this time to declare openly his views of scriptural theology, which he ex- plained according to the system of Saint Augustine, resting the doctrine of justification solely on faith in the sacrifice of the Saviour. In 1517, Tetzel, a Dominican monk, received from the pope, (Leo X.,) through the Archbishop of Magdeburg, a commission for the sale of indulgences. With a view to increase the demand for his merchandise, Tetzel asserted, what few or none of the other Catholics appear to have ever claimed, that the indulgences not only released the purchasers from the necessity of penance, but absolved them from all the consequences of sin both here and hereafter. Indignant at what he regarded as an insult to reason and religion, Luther drew up his celebrated ninety-five propositions, in which he set forth in the strongest language the theo- a, e, !, 5, u, y, long; i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obsatre; Qr, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; LUTHER 1597 L CITHER logical unsoundness as well as the pernicious effects of Tetzel's doctrine of indulgences. This publication in- volved Luther in violent controversies. Among the most conspicuous of his opponents was Dr. Eck, (in Latin, Eckius or Ecciits,) professor of divinity at Ingol- j stadt. But the cause of the Reformer steadily gained I ground, and among the number of his favourers was ' Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony, — one of the most powerful princes of Germany. Leo having sum- moned Luther to plead his cause at Rome, the Elector i interposed, and it was arranged that the examination or trial should take place at Augsburg, before Cardinal Cajetan, (Caietano,) the legate of the pope. The car- dinal having refused to enter into any discussion with Luther, at the same time insisting that the latter should submit himself unreservedly to the authority of the papal see, Luther, fearing — perhaps with too much reason — the fate of John Huss, secretly withdrew from Augsburg, leaving an " appeal to the pope when he should be better informed." Soon after Leo issued a bull in support of the doctrine of indulgences ; where- upon Luther appealed from the pope to a general council of the Church. With a view to restore tranquillity to the Church, Leo ; bent his chamberlain Miltitz — a Saxon by birth, and a man of great tact and intelligence — as nuncio into Ger- many. By kindness and flattery, Miltitz obtained from Luther (March, 1519) a promise that he would submit to the authority of the pope and discontinue the con- troversy respecting indulgences, on condition that his adversaries should also preserve silence on the subject. Dr. Eck, however, would not permit the controversy to slumber. He soon after challenged Carlstadt, one of Luther's disciples, to a public dispute at Leipsic ; so that Luther himself was again almost unavoidably involved in the contest. The result was a confirmation of his former views of the fallibility of the pope and the errors of the Church, which found expression in several publi- cations, and especially in a work entitled " De Captivi- tate Babylonica Ecclesiae," (" On the Babylonian Cap- tivity of the Church.") Leo had, a short time previously to this publication, issued a bull condemning forty-one propositions which had been selected from the works of Luther, and directing the bishops to search diligently for the writings in which those errors were contained, and to have them publicly burned. Luther resolved to anticipate the blow, and at the same time to render the breach between himself and Rome forever impassable. Attended by a crowd of doctors, professors, and students, he proceeded to a spot fixed on for the purpose, without the walls of Wittenberg, near the east gate, and there burned before the assembled multitude the bull, with the accompanying decretals and canons relating to the pope's supreme authority. Up to this period, it would appear that the reverence for the Church in which Luther had been educated had always exercised a controlling influence upon his mind ; for, although he denounced in the boldest manner the abuses of the ecclesiastical power, he had ever mani- fested a profound respect for the sovereign pontiff him- self. But now he broke through all restraint, and not only denied the authority of the pope, but he assailed him with all the fierce invective and vituperation which were so common in that age. After this additional provocation, it was not to be ex- pected that the thunders of the Church should slumber. Not content with merely excommunicating Luther and laying every place which should harbour him under an interdict, Leo urged the newly-elected emperor, Charles V.', to come forward as the champion of Catholicism and inflict upon the arch-heretic and his adherents the punishment due to their apostasy. But the Elector of Saxony, to whom Charles had been indebted for his new dignity, interposed a second time, and so far prevailed that it was determined the cause of Luther should be tried before the Diet of the empire. The Diet assem- bled at Worms early in the year 1521. It was the wish and intention of the legate Aleander and the other advocates of the papal cause that Luther should not be present at his own trial. But the majority of the Diet, whether influenced by friendship for the Reformer or by the desire to preserve the appearance of justice in their proceedings, insisted that Luther should not be con- demned unheard. The emperor was prevailed upon to grant him a safe-conduct, (dated March 6, 1521.) The greater number of Luther's friends earnestly dissuaded him from going to Worms. Even Spalatin, the secretary and confidential adviser of the Elector Frederick, sent him a pressing message exhorting him on no account to enter that city. Luther replied, " Were there as many devils in Worms as tiles upon the roofs of the houses, still would I enter," (" Wenn so viel Teufel zu Worms waren als Ziegel auf den D'achern, doch wollt' ich hinein.") He arrived in the city on the i6th of April, and appeared before the Diet the following day. When asked if he was the author of the works produced against him, containing the passages which had been condemned, he replied in the affirmative. On being again asked whether he was prepared to retract the objectionable doctrines contained in them, he answered that, as this question concerned the word of God, the Christian faith, and the salvation of souls, it was of great importance that he should not speak rashly, lest he should offend against the word of God : he therefore desired that time might be allowed him for consideration. The next day he was again brought before the Diet. While he ad- mitted that in some instances he might have written with less humility and more violence than became his ecclesiastical character, he refused to retract anything that he had said, unless it could be shown to be con- trary to the Scriptures ; at the same time, he boldly repeated and defended several of his positions which had been objected to. Hereupon Charles and the other favourers of the Catholic cause refused to hear him any further. He was commanded to leave Worms. He accordingly returned to Saxony. As he was journeying on the borders of the Thuringian Forest, he was sud- denly seized by a number of warriors in masks, and hurried off to the solitary castle of Wartburg, where his ecclesiastical habit was exchanged for the dress and sword of a knight. This whole proceeding was a stratagem of Frederick to protect the Reformer against the designs of his enemies. Luther had previously been apprised of the scheme. He remarks, in one of his letters, that he scarcely knew himself in his strange disguise. Immediately after the departure of Luther, Aleander, the Papal legate, prevailed on Charles to give the edict against him the sanction of the imperial signature and seal. It was declared, in the name of the emperor, that, as soon as the term of his safe-conduct had expired, Luther should be seized and held in durance until they should be informed how to deal with him. Luther remained in the castle of Wartburg about ten months. He left it in March, 1522, and returned to Wit- tenberg in order to rebuke the excesses into which some of his former disciples had fallen. In 1524 he laid aside the monastic dress; and in 1525 he married Catharina von Bora, who had once been a nun. Luther completed his German version of the Old Testament in 1534; his translation of the New Testament had appeared in 1522. These translations, by their extensive circulation, as well as by the force and beauty of the language, have exerted a most important influence upon German literature, which may almost be said to date its origin from their com])osition. Frederick the Wise, Luther's faithful friend and pro- tector, died in 1525, and was succeeded by his nephew John, who was an open and devoted adherent of the great Reformer. During the latter portion of his life, Luther was held in the highest consideration by most of the princes of Germany, where his doctrines continued to spread, and finally, even during his lifetime, extended to Moravia, Bohemia, Denmark, and Sweden. He died at Eisleben, the i8th of February, 1546, in the sixty-third year of his age. Among Luther's voluminous works, his translation of the Bible, already mentioned, is the most important. Besides his controversial writings, he has left numerous letters, sermons, etc. His " Table- Talk," ("Tischreden,") which is, says Carlyle, "the most interesting now of all the books proceeding from him," consists of sayings and anecdotes collected by Luther's friends after his death. € as k; 5 as J," g hard; g as/; G, n, K, guttural; N, nasal; r, trilled; s as z; th as i n this. 1 Jl^^See Expl an ations, p. 23. ) L UTHER 1598 LUTZOW Although the character of Luther was especially dis- tinguished by ardent zeal and unconquerable courage, yet on important occasions he could exercise the greatest moderation as well as discretion. The intrepidity with which he faced the dangers that threatened him at Worms is not more deserving of our praise than the admirable prudence and tact which he displayed in his defence on that memorable occasion. The fierce invective and coarse vituperation for which his controversial writings have been censured, are palliated by the consideration that such was the almost universal custom of that age. If his opposition was violent, it was not malignant or un- forgiving. When his bitterest enemy, Tetzel, — the man who had excited Luther's fiercest indignation, — was in misfortune and disgrace, forsaken by all his friends, he received from his generous adversary a letter of con- dolence and consolation. As a reformer, Luther sought to introduce such changes only as he deemed to be im- peratively demanded ; and to the last he clung to some of the doctrines of his early faith which were rejected by all or nearly all the other Protestants. He was always an advocate of peace where peace could be had without the sacrifice of any great principle ; and, so long as he lived, he steadfastly opposed, both by his counsels and by his influence, those religious contests which after his death desolated Germany. "Justification by Faith" formed the great central doc- trine in Luther's system of theology, as unconditional election and reprobation was the central idea of that of Calvin. The great aim of the latter would seem to have been to prove the utter and absolute helplessness of man ; and, in the march of his inexorable logic, he some- times appears equally regardless of the hopes of man- kind and of the justice of God. Luther, while ascribing everything in the act of conversion to the grace of God, seems not so completely to close the door to human aspirations, — taking for his motto, " If thou canst believe — all things are possible to him that believeth." Luther is described as a man of low stature but hand- some person, with a lively complexion and falcon eyes. His voice was clear and of great power. On behold- ing his picture, Melanchthon is said to have exclaimed, " Each one of thy words was a thunderbolt !" (" Fulmina erant singula verba tua.") Carlyle says of him, "No more valiant man ever lived in that Teutonic kindred whose character is valour : the thing he will quail before exists not on this earth or under it." " He was," observes Heine, "not only the greatest, but the most German, man of our history. In his character all the faults and all the virtues of the Germans are combined on the largest scale. He had qualities which are very seldom found united, which we are accustomed to regard as irrecon- cilable antagonisms. . . . He was not only the tongue, but the sword, of his time. Sometimes he was wild as the storm that uproots the oak, and again he was as gentle as the zephyr which dallies with the violet," In a not dissimilar strain, Carlyle contrasts the wild, unconquerable energy with the affectionate tenderness of Luther's character: "A most gentle heart withal, full of pity and love, as, indeed, the truly valiant heart ever is." Alluding to Luther's fondness for music, he adds, "Death-defiance on the one hand, and such love of music on the other, — between these two, all great things had room." Those who may desire to see a less favourable view of the great Reformer's character and influence, are referred to the article "Luther" in the "Nouvelle Biographie Generale," from the pen of the editor. Dr. Hoefer, See D'AuBiGN^, "'History of the Reformation;" Michelet, "Memoires de Luther," 2 vols., 1835; Melanchthon, "Life of Luther," ("Vita Lutheri;") Johann Mathesius, "Historiavon Dr. M. Luther's Anfang, Lehr, Leben," etc., 1565 : Immanuel Vega, " De M. Lutheri Vila et Miraculis," 15S6: AL Dres.ser, " Historia M. Lutheri," 1598 ; T. Havnk, " Life and Death of Martin Luther," 1641 : C. JuNCKER, "Vita Lutheri," etc., 1699; C. M. Seidel, " Er- bauliches Leben Dr. M. Luther's," 1718; J. Colerus, " Lutherua Redivivus," 1718; J. Cochlaeus, " Commentaria de Actis et Scriptis M. Lutheri," 1549: N. Taillepied, " Histoire de la Vie de M. Lu- ther," 1577 ; Glocerus, " Historia vonderLehre, Leben, etc. Dr. M. Lutheri," 1586; J. D. Herrenschmidt, "Vita Dr. ^L Lutheri," etc., 1742; C. J. Wagenseil, " Lebensgeschichte Dr. M. Luther's," 1782 J TisCHER, " Leben, Thaten und Meinungen Dr. M. Luther's," 1783; F. G. ZiMMERMANN, " Memoria Dr. M. Lutheri," 1808; A. Bower. " Life of Dr. M. Luther," 1813; Ukert. "Dr. M. Luther's Leben," 1S17 ; H. MuEi.t.ER, " Dr. M. Luthers Leben und Wirken," 1817 ; Stang, " M. Luther, sein Leben," etc., 1S35 ; G. Pfizer, " M. Luther's Leben," 1836; J. E. Riddle, "Luther and his Times," 1837 ; John Scott, " Luther and the Lutheran Reformation," 1S38; AUDIN, "Histoire de la Vie de M. Luther," 2 vols., 1839; Hannah Lee, " Life and Times of M. Luther," Boston, 1839; M. Meurer, " M. Luther's Leben," 3 vols., \^\h; Carl JOrgens, "M. Luther s Leben," 3 vols., 1847 ; R. Ferguson, " Luther: his Times, Charac- ter, and Works," 1848: F. VV. Genthe, "Leben und Wirken Dr. M. Luther's," 1842: Ignaz Dollinger, "Luther: eine Skizze," 1S51 ; E. Haag, "Vie de M. Luther," 1840; Jander, "Luther's Leben," etc., 1S53; N. M. Petersen, "M. Luther's I.evnet," 1840; J. A. Cramer, "Luther und Melanchthon," 1817; Paul Seidel, " Historia und Geschichte des Vaters Dr. M. Lutheri," 1581 ; Carl R. RiCHTER, "Geschichte Dr. M. Luther's," 1817; K. F. A. Kahnis, " Lutherische Dogmatik," 2 vols., t86i-68; Dr. C. P. Krauth, " The Conservative Reformation and its Theology," etc., 1870; Carlyle, "On Heroes and Hero-Worship;" Hedge, "Prose Writers of Germany;" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1839; and the recent " Life" by Kostlin. and that by Plitt. Luther, (Paul,) a chemist, son of the preceding, waa born at Wittenberg in 1533. He became physician to Augustus, Elector of Saxony, and to his successor, Chris- tian. Died at Leipsic in 1593. Luther, (Karl Theodor Robert,) a German as- tronomer, born April 16, 1822. He discovered twenty small planets or asteroids between 1852 and 1875. Lutherburg. See Loutherbourg. Luti, loo'tee, or Lutti, loot'tee, (Benedetto,) an excellent .Italian painter of history, born at Florence in 1666, was a pupil of Gabbiani. He worked chiefly in Rome, and was patronized by Clement XI. According to Lanzi, many connoisseurs designated him the last master of the Florentine school. Among his merits are forms delicate and graceful, and a skilful distribution of colours and shadows. He painted in oil, in fresco, and in pastel. Among his master-pieces are an "Annun- ciation," "San Ranieri taking the Habit," and "The Prophet Isaiah," in the Lateran, Died in 1724. See Lanzi, " History of Painting in Italy ;" Ticozzi, " Diziona rio;" WiNCKELMANN, " Neues Mahler- Lexikon." Lutke, loot'keh, (Feodor Petrovitch,) a Russian navigator and explorer, born at Saint Petersburg in 1797. In 1821 he was commissioned to explore Kamschatka, in 1822-24 he made several voyages in the Arctic re- gions, and in 1826-28 he commanded an exploring ex- pedition round the world, in which he was accompanied by a scientific staff. He was made an admiral in 1856, and a count in 1866. Died in August, 1882. Luton, lii'tiN^ (Louis,) a French chemist and painter on glass, born in Paris in 1757 ; died in 1852. Luttrell, Colonel. See Wilkes, (John.) Lut'trell, (Henry,) an English poet, wit, and man of fashion, born in 1770. He is said to have been a natural son of Lord Carhampton. He published " Advice to Julia, a Letter in Rhyme," (1820,) and " Crock ford House," (1S27,) but was best known as a brilliant talker in London society. Died in 185 1. Lut'trell, (Narcissus,) an English political writer, who kept a diary of public events during the Revolution of 1688 and subsequent years, which Macaulay often quotes and calls a valuable manuscript. Died about 1732. His diary was published in 1857. See "North British Review" for November, 1857. Lutz, loots, (Wilhelm Meyer,) a German musician and composer, born at Mannerstadt, Kissingen, in 1829. In 1848 he went to England, where he has since resided. He has produced many operas and operettas, chief among which are "Faust and Marguerite," (1855,) "Zaida," (1868,) "Legend of the Lys," (1873,) ^'c. Liitzelburger or Luetzelburger, ISt'sel-booRc'er, sometimes erroneously written Leutzelburger, (Hans,) also called Hans Frank, a Swiss wood-engraver, of whom very little is known, lived about 1520-40. Among the most important works attributed to him is the " Dance of Death," (usually ascribed to Holbein,) " Illus- trations of the Old Testament," a portrait of Erasmus, and "The Sale of Indulgences." See Nagler, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon." Ltitzow or LuetzQ-w, liit'so, (Ludwig Adolf Wil- helm,) a Prussian general, born in 1782. In 1813 he commanded a free corps of " black chasseurs" against the French. Died at Kerlin, December 6, 1834. a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LUTZOW 1599 LUZAC Liitzow, von, fon liit'so, (Theresa von Struve,) Madame, a German authoress, born at Stuttgart in 1804. She wrote several novels and books of travel. Died in Java in 1852. Luvigini, loo-ve-jee'nee, Luisini, loo-e-See'nee, or Luisino, looesee'no, [Lat. Luisi'nus,] (Francesco,) an Italian scholar, born at Udine in 1523. He was pre- ceptor of the son of Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. Among his works is a " Latin Commentary on Horace's Art of Poetry," (1554.) His poetical talent is praised by Muret and Giraldi. Died in 1568. Luvigini or Luisino, (Luicr,) a brother of the pre- ceding, born at Udine, was a physician at Venice. Among his works is a version of the "Aphorisms" of Hippocrates, in Latin hexameters, (1552.) Lux, looks, (Adam,) a German republican, born at Mentz about 1770. He was sent to Paris in March, 1793, to solicit the annexation of his country to France. He witnessed with sympathy and admiration the conduct of Charlotte Corday at her execution. A few days later he published an apology for that heroine. For this and other offences he was executed in November, 1793. Luxdorf, looks'doRf, (Bolle Willum,) a Danish writer and lawyer, born in the island of Seeland in 1716. He cultivated Latin jjoetry with success. Died in 1788. Luxembourg, liik'sSN'booR', (Christian Louis de MoNTMORENCi,) Prince de Tingri, a French general, born in Paris in 1675, was the fourth son of the great Mar- shal Luxembourg. For his services at Oudenarde and Lille (170S) he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general. He commanded at Ettlingen in 1734, and was made a marshal of France in the same year. From that time he was called Marshal de Montmorenci. Died in 1746. See PiNARD, " Chronologie militaire." Luxembourg, de, deh liik'sSN'booR', (Charles Francois Fr6d6ric de Montmorenci,) Marshal, born in 1702, was a grandson of the first Marshal Lux- embourg. He was aide-de-camp of Louis XV. in the war of 1 741, and, having served with distinction in Ger- many, became a marshal of France. He gave a home to J. J. Rousseau at Montmorenci. (See the notice of his wife, below.) Died in 1764. See Rousseau, "Confessions." Luxembourg, de, written also Luxemburg, (Fran- cois Henri de Montmorenci,) Due, a celebrated mar- shal of France, born in Paris in 1628, was a son of the Count de Montmorenci-Bouteville, and a cousin-german of the great Prince de Conde. For his conduct at Lens in 1648 he was made marechal-de-camp. From devotion to the Prince of Conde, he served several campaigns against France between 1653 and 1659, during which period Conde commanded the Spanish army. Having received a pardon from the king in 1660, he married the heiress of the house of Luxembourg, and assumed that name. In 1672 he obtained command of an army which invaded Holland and took several towns. His skilful retreat from Utrecht to Charleroi in November, 1673, raised him to the rank of the first captains of that age. In 1674 he commanded the right wing of Conde's army at Senef, and in 1675 received a marshal's baton. He gained victories over the allies in Flanders in the cam- paign of 1677, which was followed by a long peace. Having incurred the enmity of Louvois, he was confined in the IBastille fourteen months on a charge of sorcery. In 1690, Louis XIV., against whom Austria, Spain, and England had formed a coalition, gave the chief com- mand of his army to Marshal Luxembourg, who, since the death of Turenne and Conde, was the ablest of his generals. He defeated the allies at Fleurus in 1690. In the campaign of 1691 he defeated William III. of England at the great battle of Steenkerke. He was victo- rious over the. same enemy and leader at Neerwinden, or Landen, in 1693. He died in January, 1695, after which the army of Louis gained few victories. "Even the admirers of William III.," says Macaulay, "were forced X.o own that in the field he was not a match for Luxembourg," whose "judgment was clearest and surest when responsibility pressed heaviest on him and when difficulties gathered thickest around him." "He gained immense renown at William's expense ; but he had not the art of improving a victory, while William, of all gen- erals, was best qualified to repair a defeat." (" History of England," vol. iv. chap, xix.) See Beaurain, " Histoire militaire du Due de Luxembourg," 1756; "Memoirs of Marshal Luxemburg," written by himself, 1758; VoLTAiRH, "Siicle de Louis XTV;" Saint-Simon, "M^moires;" Drsormbaux, " Histoire de la Maison de Montmorenci," vols. iv. and V. ; L. Artoing. " Le Maieclial de Luxembourg," 1853; " NouvelU Biographie Gf^nerale." Luxembourg or Luxemburg, de, (Louis,) Comtc de Saint-Pol, an ambitious French general, born in 1418. He fought against Louis XI. at Montlheri about 1464, but was soon after won over by the high office of Con- stable of France, and married the queen's sister, Marie de Savoie. He was called the pivot of the principal intrigues of that time. His perfidy provoked Louis XL and Charles the Bold to declare him their common enemy. He was beheaded in 1475. See CoMiNES, " M^moires ;" Sismondi, " Histoire des Franpais ;'' " Nouvelle Biograpliie Generale." Luxembourg, de, (Madeline Ang^lique de Neuf- ville-Villeroi — deh nuf'vM' v^l'Kvva',) Mar6chale- DucHESSE, born in 1707, was agranddaughter of Marshal Villeroi. She was married to Marshal C. F. de Luxem- bourg in 1750. About 1758 this couple gave Rousseau an asylum at Montmorenci. Rousseau has commemo- rated in his "Confessions" her charming conversation and liberality. Her rank and talents gave her great social influence in Paris. Died in 1787. Luxembourg-Ligni, de, deh liik'sSN'booR' lin'ye', (Waleran,) Comte de Saint-Pol, was born in 1355, of one of the most illustrious families of Europe. While fighting for the French king, he was taken prisoner by the English in 1374- He married Matilda, a sister of Richard II. of England. Having been chosen Con- stable of France in 1412, he defeated the Armagnacs in battle. Died in 1417. Luxemburg. See Luxembourg. Luyken or Luycken, loi'ken, (Jan,) a Dutch en- graver, born in 1649, lived in Amsterdam. He etched, after his own designs, many admired works, which dis- play a fertile invention. The "Death of Coligny" is called his best production. Died in 17 12. Luynes or Luines, de, deh lii-^n', (Charles d'Al- BERT,) Due, the favourite of Louis XIII. of France, was born in Languedoc in 1578. As the companion of Louis in youth, he acquired an ascendency over him, and about 1616 he became his most powerful minister. His cupidity and ambition excited many enemies, among whom was the king's mother ; but through his influence she was sent into exile. In 1621 he was appointed Con- stable of France, and declared war against the Hugue- nots. It appears that Louis had resolved to discard him ; but before that purpose was effected Luynes died, in December, 1621. He was a brother of Marshal Chaulnes, noticed in this work. See Bazin, "Histoire de Louis XIII;" Bassompierre, "M^- moires ;" Sismondi, "Histoire des Frangais ;" "Nouvelle Biogra- pliie Generale." Luynes, de, (Honor^ Th:6odoric Paul Joseph d'Albert,) Duo, a French antiquary, born iii Paris in 1802, was a liberal patron of arts and sciences. He was admitted in 1830 into the Academy of Inscriptions, to which he contributed many valuable treatises on antiqui ties and medals. Died at Rome, December 14, 1867. Luyts, loits, (Jan,) a Dutch philosopher and astrono- mer, born at Horn about 1660, became professor of physics at Utrecht. He was an opponent of the Cartesian philosophy. Died in 1721. Luz, liiz, .? [Lat. Lu'curs,] (Louis,) a Swiss Protest- ant theologian, born at Bale in 1577. He wrote a " His- tory of the Jesuits," (1626,) and other works. Died in 1642. Luzac, lu'zik', (Ei.ias,) a Dutch philosopher and jurist, born near Leyden in 1723. He published in 1756 " Researches into the Principles of Human Knowledge." His "Riches of Holland," (1778,) a history of Dutch commerce, is highly esteemed. Died in 1796. Luzac, (Jan,) a philologist and publicist of great merit, born at Leyden in 1746. He practised law in his native place. In 1775 he became chief editor of the "Gazette de Leyde." From 1785 until 1796 he was professor of Greek in Leyden University. He corre- €as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, Yi,gutturi.ii; n, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ((J^^See Explanation.s. i). 2X. I L UZA C 1600 LYCURGUS S])oiided with Washington and Jefferson, the former of whom wrote, "America is under great obligations to the writings and actions of sucli men as you." Among his works are " Socrates as a Citizen," ("De Socrate Cive,") dedicated to John Adams, of Massachusetts, and "Attic Readings," ("Lectiones Atticse," 1809.) He was killed by an explosion of gunj^owder at Leyden in 1807. See SiEGENBEEK, " Notice sur la Vie et lesTravaux de J. Luzac." Luzac, (Steven,) the uncle of the preceding, was born at Leyden in 1706. He became in 1738 proprietor and editor of the "Gazette de Leyde," which is described as a model of accuracy and wisdom, and possessed much historical value. Died in 1787. Luzan, loo-thin', (Don Ignacio,) a Spanish critic, poet, and literary reformer, born at Saragossa in 1702. About 1750 he was appointed director of the mint, a councillor of state, and minister of commerce. To coun- teract the vicious poetical style of Gongora, he wrote his celebrated " Art of Poetry," (" La Poetica, o Reglas de la Poesia en general," 1737,) which is said to have been effectual in rectifying the national taste. He pro- duced several admired poems, one of which is "The Judgment of Paris." Died in 1754. See TiCKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature:" Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Luzarches, de, deh lu'ztRsh', (Robert,) a French architect, designed the magnificent cathedral of Amiens, which was commenced in 1220 and finished in 1269. Luzerne, de la, deh It lii'ziRn', (Anne C6sar,) Chevalier, a French diplomatist, born in Paris in 1741. In 1779 he was sent as minister to the United States, where he had much influence, and performed with credit the duties of a position which the absence of instructions made more responsible. He left the United States in 1783. He was ambassador from France to London from 1788 until his death, in September, 1791. Luzerne, de la, (C^sar Guillaume,) a learned prel- ate, born in Paris in 1738, was a brother of the pre- ceding. He became Bishop of Langres in 1770, and was elected to the States-General in 1789. He emigrated in 1791, returned in 1814, and was made a cardinal in 1817. Among his numerous works is " Considerations on Divers Points of Christian Morality," (5 vols., 1795.) Died in 1S21. See Qu^RARD, "La France Litt^raire." Luzerne, de la, (C6sar Henri,) Count, a French minister of state, born in Paris in 1737, was a brother of the preceding, and a nephew of Malesherbes. He was appointed minister of the marine in X787. The hostility of the dominant party caused him to resign in 1790. He emigrated in 1791, and died in Austria in 1799. Luzzatto, loot-sit'to, (Philoxene,) a Jewish linguist, a son of S. D. Luzzatto, was born at Triest, July 10, 1829. He mastered twelve or more languages, and pub- lished various treatises, chiefly on Sanscrit, Assyrian, and other ancient tongues. Died January 25, 1854. Luzzatto, (Samuel David,) a Jewish scholar, born at Triest, in Austria, August 22, 1800. In early life he wrote against the Cabbalists and published some vol- umes of Hebrew verse. In 1829 he was made professor of biblical literature in the Rabbinical College of Padua. He wrote various theological treatises, commentaries, etc., and left a nearly complete Italian version of the Old Testament. Died at Padua, September 30, 1865. Lyceus, ll-ee'us, [Gr. AnaiOf, from Avu, to " free" or " loosen,"] a surname given to Bacchus, because he (wine) frees the mind from care ; though some say it is because he loosens the limbs of his votaries, rendering them un- able to walk. (See Bacchus.) Ly'all, (Sir Alfred Comyns,) K.C.B., an English writer, born at Coulston, Surrey, in 1835. He was edu- cated at Eton, and at Haileybury College, was appointed home secretary in India in 1873, foreign secretary in 1878, and Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces in 1882. He published "Asiatic Studies," (1882,) etc., and is a singularly able and original writer in prose and verse. Lycambes. See Archilochus. Ly-ca'on, [Gr. Av/cuwv,] a fabulous king of Arcadia, and a son of Pelasgus. He and his numerous sons were notorious for impiety and cruelty The poets feigned that Jupiter in disguise once visited Lycaon, who offered him human flesh to eat, for which offence he was changed into a wolf Lycius, lish'e^s, [Av/cwf,] a Greek sculptor, born in Bosotia, lived ab^t 425 B.C. According to Pliny, he was a pujiil of Myron. Lyconiede. See Lycomedes. Lycomede, le'ko'mid', the assumed name of Giu- seppe Maria Arrighi, (ar-ree'gee,) a Corsican writer, born in 1768. He published, in Italian, a "Historical Essay on the Civil and Political Revolutions of the Kingdom of Naples," (3 vols., 1812.) Died in 1834. Lyc-o-me'des, [Gr. AvKO/if/i^rig ; Fr. Lycomede, le'- ko'mid',] a king of Scyros and of the Dolopians, was the father of Deidamia, who became the mother ot Pyrrhus by Achilles. The poets relate that young Achilles was committed to his care by Thetis to prevent him from going to the Trojan war. Lycomedes is said to have murdered Theseus, who sought refuge at his court. Lycomedes, [Gr. Avko/it/^tjc] an Arcadian general, was one of the founders of Megalopolis, (370 B.C.) He defeated the Spartans in 369, and took Pellene. He was murdered about 366 B.C. Ly'con, [Ar/cwv,] an Athenian orator, who acquired notoriety as one of the accusers of Socrates. He was banished with Anytus for this offence. Lycon, a Greek philosopher, born at Laodicea, lived about 300 B.C. He was the successor of Strato, and for about forty years was the head of the Peripatetic school of Athens. He had a high reputation for eloquence. See RiTTER, "History of Philosophy." Lj^c'o-phron, \AvK6(bpui>,] a Greek poet and gram marian, born at Chalcis, in Euboea. He lived at the court of Ptolemy Philadeljjhus, in Alexandria, from 280 to 250 B.C. He was one of the seven poets who were styled the " Pleiades." The numerous tragedies which he wrote have all been lost, but his lyric poem called "Cassandra," or "Alexandra," has come down to us. It is very obscure and enigmatical, but is admired as a prodigy of learning and valued as a treasury of facts and traditions. SeeOsiANDER, " Bemerkungen zu Lycophron," 1826: Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Grsca ;" Volker, " De Lycophronis Cassandra," 1820; "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Ly-cor'tas [AvKoprad of Megalopolis, an Achaean general, was the father of Polybius the historian, and a friend of Philopoemen. He was sent as ambassador to Rome in 189 B.C. Died after 168 B.C. Lycosthenes, le-kos'ti-nes, (Conrad,) the Greek name of Conrad Wolffhart, a scholar, born in Alsace in 1 5 18. He became minister of a church in Bale in 1545, and published a curious work on "Prodigies," (" Prodigiorum Chronicon,") a new edition of Gesner's "Bibliotheca," and other works. Died in 1561. Ly-cur'gus, [Gr. AvKovpyog;Fr. Lycurgue, le'kiiRg',] in classic mythology, a king of Thrace, who is said to have been a persecutor of Bacchus, and to have been punished with madness. According to another tradition, Jupiter deprived him of sight. Lycurgus, [Gr. Avmi'pyoc : Fr. LVCURGUE, le'kiiRg'; Ger. LVKUKGUS, le-kooR'goos,] a famous Spartan law- giver, who belongs to the period anterior to authentic history. Plutarch begins his biography with the remark that nothing certain can be said concerning him. Accord- ing to Aristotle, he lived more than 850 years B.C. He is supposed to have been the son of King Eunomus, who was succeeded by another son, Polydectes. At the death of the latter, Lycurgus refused the crown, and defended the right of Charilaus, a posthumous son of Polydectes. He visited many foreign countries, whose institutions he studied, and^ after a long absence, returned to Sparta, where he made social and political changes of the most radical kind. His constitution was considered by the Greeks as the model of a perfect aristocracy, but con- tained a strong democratic element. The executive power was divided between two persons called kings. A remarkable feature in his system was the equal division or community of property, which existed to an extent unequalled in any other country in ancient or modern a, e, 1, 6, u, y, /on^; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iort; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, lit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; LYCURGUS 1601 L YMAN times. The interference of the state with domestic affairs and relations was carried to a great excess. His laws were Dased on the idea that men are made for the government, rather than the government for men. He is said to have prohibited the use of gold and silver money, and abol- ished all professions among the Spartans except that of arms, assigning all mechanical and menial employment to the slaves, (Helots,) who appear to have l^een treated with great severity. Having imposed on the people an oath that they would not alter his laws during his ab- sence, he went into voluntary exile, from which he never returned. Tradition informs us that he vanished myste- riously from the earth. The Spartans erected a temple to him, and paid him divine honours. According to one legend, he ordered his ashes to be cast into the sea after his death, fearing that if his body were conveyed to Sparta the Spartans might think themselves absolved from their oath. See Plutarch, "Life of Lyciirgus ;" Grote, "History of Greece," vol. ii. chap. vl. ; Plato, " De Legibus ;" K. O. Muller, "Die Dorier ;" Aklstotle, " Politica :" Thirlwall, " History of Greece ;" Weichhrt, " Questionum Lycurgearum Specimen," 1S44 ; J. Wegelin, " Politische und nioraiische Betrachtungen iiber die Spartanische Gesetzgebuiig des Lycurgus," 1763; " Nouvelle Bio- graphic Generale." Lycurgus, an eminent Athenian orator, born about 400 B.C., was the son of Lycophron. He is said to have studied philosophy under Plato, and eloquence under Isocrates. For about fifteen years he presided over the public revenue with a high reputation for integrity and financial ability. In the contest with Philip of Macedon he supported the democratic party. He was one of the orators whom Alexander required Athens to deliver up to him in 335 k.c. This demand was firmly refused. Fifteen of his orations were extant in the time of Plu- tarch, and only one (that against Leocrates) has come down to us. His style is noble rather than elegant. Died in 323 is.c. See Nlssen, " Disseitatio de Lycurgi Oratoris Vita," 1833; G. A. Blume, "Navratio de I.ycurgo Oratore," 1S34; Plutarch, "Vitse Decern Oratorum." Lyde. See Joyner, (William.) Lyd'gate, (John,) an old English poet, born about 1375, became a monk of the abbey of Bury Saint Ed- mund's. He was ordained a priest in 1397, after which he travelled on the continent. On his return, he opned at the abbey above named a school, in which he taught languages, rhetoric, and versification. He acquired a high reputation as a poet. Among his numerous works are "The Story of Thebes," "The Fall of Princes," and the "History, Siege, and Destruction of Troy." Died about 1460. See Warton, " History of English Poetry." Lyd'i-at, (Thomas,) an English chronologer and mathematician, was born at Okerton in 1572. He be- came rector of Okerton about 1612. During the civil war he suffered persecution for his loyalty to Charles I., and he died very ]30or in 1646. His adversities are commemorated in these verses of Dr. Johnson : " If dreams yet flatter, once again attei>d: Hear Lydiat's life and Galileo's end." Among his works (in Latin) are a Censure of Scaliger's Chronology, ( " Emendatio Temporum contra Scalige- rum," 1609,) " The Period of the Sun and Moon," and "The Measurement of the Solar Year." See Bayle, " Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Wood, "Athe- nae Oxonienses;" Niceron, "Memoires." Lydius, lid'e-us, (Jakob,) a Dutch scholar of the seventeenth century, was a minister of Dort. He pub- lished " Belgium Gloriosum," and other works. Ly'dus, a son of Atys and Callithea, was the sup- posed ancestor of the ancient Lydians. Lydus, [Gr. kv&oq,\ the surname of Joannes Lau- KENTlus, ['I(jdw7/f AavpffTtof,] a Greek historical writer, born at Philadelphia, in Lydia, about 490 A.D. He was employed many years in various official functions in the imperial palace at Constantinople. He resigned his offices about 550, and afterwards wrote many works, some of which are lost. An important treatise, " On the Magistrates of the Roman Republic," is still extant. See Photius, " Bibliotheca ;" Fabricius, " Bibliotheca Graeca ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Lye, il, (Edward,) an English philologist and clergy- man, born at Totness in 1704. Soon after he left college he obtained the living of Houghton Parva, and in 1750 became vicar of Yardley Hastings. He acquired dis- tinction by his researches into the Saxon language and literature. In 1743 he published the " Etymologicon Anglicanum," which Francis Junius had left in manu- script. His chief work is his "Anglo-Saxon and Gothic Dictmnary," (1772.) Died in 1767. Ly'ell, (Charles,) a Scottish botanist, born about 1767, resided at Kinnordy, Forfarshire. He was the father of the geologist of the same name. Died in 1849. Lyell, (Sir Charles,) an eminent British geologist, a son of the preceding, was born at Kinnordy, in Forfar- shire, in November, 1797. He graduated at Oxford in 1821, and studied law, but soon relinquished the prac tice of that profession in order to devote his time to geology. About 1826 he began to contribute to the "Transactions of the Geological Society" a series of papers which display superior powers of observation and comparison, and in 1830 published the first volume of his important work, " Principles of Geology," (3 vols., 1830-33,) which was very favourably received. It reached the fif^th edition in 1837. He afterwards divided the work into two parts, one of which was published under the title of "Elements of Geology," (1838.) In a subsequent edition the name was changed to " Manual of Elementary Geology." It is generally admitted that his work contributed much to place geology on a philo- sophical basis as an inductive science. Having visited the United States in 1841, he lectured on geology at Bos- ton, and after his return published " Travels in North America, with Geological Observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia," (2 vols., 1845.) ^^^ also wrote many treatises on the geology of America, which were printed in the " Transactions" of the Geo- logical Society, and in other journals. In 1845 he made another excursion to the United States, the result of which was a " Second Visit to the United States," (2 vols., 1849.) Both of these books of travel contain much to interest the general reader. Mr. Lyell was knighted in 1848. He was elected president of the Geological Society in 1836, and again in 1850. He published in 1863 "The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation." He was formerly prominent among the opponents of the "development" or Darwinian theory; but later in life he changed his views in that respect. Died February 22, 1875. See " Nouvelle Biographic Generale ;" " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1839, and July. 1863 ; " Quarterly Review" for July, 1849, and October, 1S51 ; " North British Review" for February, 1851 ; " North American Review" for October, 1845. Ly'fprd, (William,) an English clergyman, born in Berkshire about 1598. He became a Calvinistic minister at Sherborne, Dorsetshire, and wrote several works, one of which is called " Principles of Faith and of a Good Conscience." Died in 1653. Lykurgos, le-koor'gos, (Logothetis,) a modern Greek patriot, born in the island of Samoe in 1772. Soon after the breaking out of the war of independence in Greece, (1821,) he was chosen commander-in-chief of the army in Samos. He was also appointed civil and military governor of the island, which office he held till 1826. He afterwards became a senator under the new monarchy of Greece. Died in 1850. See Brockhaus, " Conversations- Lexikon." Lykurgus or Lykurgos. See Lycurgus. Lyle, (Thomas,) a Scottish poet, born at Paisley in 1792. He is remembered for the song " Kelvin Grove," which is still popular. Died in 1859. Lyly, (John.) See Lilly, (John.) Ly'man, (Phineas,) an American officer, bom at Durham, in Connecticut, in 1716. He served with dis- tinction against the French in Canada under General Johnson, Abercrombie, and others, and attained the rank of major-general. Died in 1775. Lyman, (Theodore,) an American naturalist, born in Waltham, Massachusetts, August 23, 1833. He grad- uated in arts at Harvard College in 1855 and in the sci- € as k; 9 as a; g hard: g asy,- G, H, K., guttural ; N, tiasal; R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. ( loi see Explanations, p. 23.) LYMAN 1602 LYON entific school in 1S58, was a lieutenant-colonel and aide on the staff of General MeaJe, 1863-65, and fishery com- missioner of Massachusetts, 1865-82. He published the "Reports" of the Massachusetts Fishery Commission, 1865-82, "The Ophiuroidea of the Challenger Expe- dition," (4to, 18S2,) and numerous papers, chiefly on the lower orders of marine zoology. In 1883 he was elected to Congress as an Independent. Lyman, (Thkodore BENEDicr,) D.D., an American bishop, born at Brighton, Massachusetts, November 27, 1815. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1837, and at the General Theological Seminary, New York, in 1840, took priest's orders in 1841, lived in Europe from i860 to 1870, being founder and incumbent of an Episcopal church in Rome, and in 1873 was con- secrated Assistant Bishop of North Carolina, and suc- ceeded Dr. Atkinson as diocesan in 1881. Lyna. See Hlin. Lynacer. See Linacre. Lynar, von, fon lee'naR, (Friedrich,) Count, a German statesman and scholar, born in Lower Lusatia in 1708. He held several high offices in Denmark between 1740 and 1749. He wrote political treatises, "Travels in Germany," etc. Died in 1781. Lyncee. See Lynceus. Lyn'9eTis, [ Gr. KvyKtvQ ; Fr. Lyncee, lix'si', ] a king of Argos, was a son of ^gyptus, and married Hypermnestra, one of the Danaides. She saved his life when her forty-nine sisters killed their husbands. (See Danaides.) Lynceus, one of the Argonauts, was a son of Apha- reus, and celebrated for his keenness of sight. He was killed by Pollux. Lynch, (Johx,) a learned Irish priest and writer, born at Galway about 1600. He took refuge in France in 1652, and returned to Ireland after the restoration, (1660.) He wrote a historical work in Latin, entitled " Cambrensis Eversus," {1662,) and other works. Died in 1674. Lynch, (Patrick Nieson,) D.D., an American bishop, born at Cheraw, South Carolina, March 10, 1S17. He studied in the Catholic seminary at Charleston, South Carolina, was trained in theology (1834-40) at the Propa- ganda in Rome, became a priest and a divinity-professor of Charleston, and was made vicar-general under Bishop Reynolds in 1850. In 1858 he was consecrated Bishop of Charleston. Died February 26, 1882. Lynch, (Thomas,) one of the signers of the Declara- tion of American Independence, was born in Prince George's Parish, South Carolina, in 1749. He gradu- ated at Cambridge, England, and soon after his return was appointed to the command of a company in the first South Carolina regiment of provincial regulars. He was elected to the Congress of 1776. While on a voyage for his health, he was lost at sea in 1779. Lynch, (William F.,) an American naval officer, born in Virginia about 1805. He set out in 1847 on an expedition to explore the shores of the Dead Sea, of which he published an interesting account, entitled " Narrative of the United States Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea," (1849.) Died in 1865. Lyncker, von, fon Hnk'er, (Nikolaus Christoph,) a German jurist, born at Marburg in 1643. He was a member of the aulic council at Vienna, and wrote many legal works. Died in 1726. Lynde, lind, (Sir Humphry,) an English author, born in Dorsetshire in 1579. He was a member of Parliament for several years. He published "Ancient Characters of the Visible Church," and " Via Tuta, or the Safe Way," which was often reprinted. Died in 1636. Lynd'hurst, (John Singleton Copley,) Lord, an eminent English statesman, born at Boston, Massachu- setts, in 1772, was the son of the distinguished painter John S. Copley, who took him to England about 1775. He was educated at Cambridge, and chose the profes- sion of law. Having gradually risen to be the leader of the Midland circuit, he was elected to Parliament as a Tory in 1818, and appointed solicitor-general in 1819, when he was also knighted. Sir John became attorney- general in 1824, and was returned to Parliament by the University of Cambridge in 1826. After opposing the bill for Catholic emancipation, he accepted the office of lore! chancellor in the Liberal ministry of Canning in April, 1827, and was raised to the peerage, as Baron Lyndhurst. Having been retained in his office by the Duke of Wel- lington, he voted in concurrence with his colleagues for Catholic emancipation in 1829. In November, 1830, the Liberal party, under Earl Grey, came into power, and Lord Lyndhurst was deprived of the great .seal ; but in 1831 he was appointed chief baron of the exchequer. He made an able speech against the Reform bill in 1832. In the court of exchequer he displayed eminent judicial qualifications. He was again lord chancellor during the brief ministry of Sir Robert Peel in 1834. In August, 1841, Sir Robert became premier, and Lord Lyndhurst lord chancellor, of a new Conservative ministry, which was deprived of power by the triumjjh of the Whigs in 1846. After that date, until near his death, he was one of the most prominent orators of his party in the House of Lords. He advocated the prosecution of the Russian war (1854-56) in several eloquent speeches. Died in 1863. See Lord Campbell, "Life of Lord Lyndhurst," i86<); Foss, ' The Judges of England," vol. ix. ; " Biographical Sketches from the Note-Book of a Law Reporter," by W. H. Bennett, London 1867. Lyndsay. See Lindsay. Lyne, (Joseph Leycester,) an English clergyntan, born in London, November 23, 1837, best known as Father Ignatius. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond, and in i860 was ordained in the Established Church. He assumed the name of " Ignatius of Jesus," and founded Llanthony Abbey (Anglican) in Wales, adopting a Benedictine rule for the monks and nuns of his community. He has published hymns, poems, " Tales of Llanthony," "Brother Placidus," "Leonard Morris," "Tales of the Monastery," etc. Lynedoch, iTn'doK, (Thomas Graham,) Baron, a British general, born in Perthshire in 1750. Having obtained the rank of general, he served under Sir John Moore in Portugal in 1808-9. He gained a victory at Barossa in 1811, and commanded the left wing at the battle of Vitoria, in 1813. He was raised to the peerage in 1814. Died in 1843. Lyu'-TO-ood, L^nd'TWOod, or Lin'-c70od, (Wil- liam,) an English canonist, and Bishop of Saint David's. Died in 1446. Ly'pn, (George Francis,) an English navigator, born in Sussex in 1795, entered the navy in his youth. In 1818-19 he was the companion of J. Ritchie in an expedition into the interior of Africa, of which he pub- lished an account in 1821. Captain Lyon commanded one of the ships in Parry's voyage to the Northern Ocean, (1821-23,) and kept a journal, which was pub- lished. Both of the works above named are commended Died in 1832. See "Quarterly Review" for April, 1821. Ly'on, (Mary,) a meritorious teacher, born at Buck- land, Massachusetts, in 1797, was the founder of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in that State. It was opened in 1837, and soon acquired a very high reputa- tion and extensive patronage. " She presided for years over an admirable school," says Allen. Died at South Hadley in 1849. See Dr. Humphrey's " Life of Mary Lyon," and " Recollectiona of Mary Lyon," by Miss F. FisK, Boston, 1866; Allen's "Amer- ican Biographical Dictionary." Lyon, (Matthew,) born in Wicklow county, Ireland, in 1746, emigrated to America, where he served in the Revolutionary war and distinguished himself as a poli- tician of the Democratic party. Died in 1822. Lyon, (Nathaniel,) an able American general, born at Ashford, Windham county, Connecticut, in July, 1819, graduated at West Point in 1841. He served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a captain in 1851. Early in 1861 he was placed in command of the United States Arsenal at Saint Louis, where he rendered im- portant services to the cause of the Union. He captured a large band of secessionists at Camp Jackson, Missouri, in May, and was appointed commander of the depart- ment of Missouri in June, 1861. He defeated the insur- gents at Booneville, June 17, after which he marched to Springfield. He commanded an army of about 6000 a, e, \, o, u, y, loit;;: i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, s/iofS; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mit; ndt; good; moon: LYONNET 1603 LYSIPFUS men which engaged a superior force at Wilson's Creek, where he was killed, August 10, 1861. His loss was deeply lamented as a national disaster. He left by will about thirty thousand dollars to the public treasury. See Tenney, "Military History of the Rebellion;" "Last Po- litical Writings, etc. of Nathaniel Lyon," New York, 1861. Lyonnet, le'o'ni', (Pierre,) a skilful anatomist, natu- ralist, and engraver, of French origin, was born at Maes- tricht in 1707. He studied law, and was employed at the Hague as secretary and translator for Latm and French by the government. About 1760 he published an " Anatomical Treatise on the Caterpillar which eats the Willow," which, says Cuvier, "is among the master- pieces of human industry." Tiie engravings are ex- quisitely neat and delicate. Died in 1789. See P. H. Marron, "Notice biographique sur P. Lyonnet,' i7qs: JouRDAN, in the "Biographie Medicale," vol. vi. ; " Nou- velle Biographie G^ndrale." Lyonnet, (Robert,) a French physician, born at Puy-en-Velay. He became physician to Louis XHI., and published a treatise on the Plague, (1639.) Ly'ons, (Edmund,) Lord, a British admiral, born near Christchurch, Hants, in 1 790. He entered the navy about iSoi. In 181 1 he performed a daring exploit when he captured by storm the Dutch fort Marrack in the island of Java. He became a post-captain in 1814, after which a long peace followed. In 1828 he com- manded a vessel at the blockade of Navarino. He was knighted in 1835, and appointed minister-plenipotentiary to the court of Athens, where he remained until 1849. At the beginning of the war against Russia, (1853,) Sir Edmund was appointed second in command in the Black Sea. His ship, the Agamemnon, was engaged with the enemy on the shore at the battle of Alma, in September, 1854. He planned a successful expedition against the forts on the Sea of Azov, and became commander-in- chief of the fleet in June, 1855. He was raised to the peerage, as Baron Lyons of Christchurch, in 1856. Died in 1858. Lyons, (Israel,) a Polish Jew, taught Hebrew in the University of Cambridge, and published a Hebrew Grammar. Died in 1770. Lyons, (Israel,) an English botanist and mathema- tician, born at Cambridge in 1739, was the son of the preceding. He published a "Treatise on Fluxions," and a work on the plants growing near Cambridge. At the invitation of Sir Joseph Banks, he went to Oxford about 1762, and lectured there on botany. The bureau of longitude selected him to accompany Captain Phipps towards the North Pole in 1773. Died in 1775. Lyons, (Richard Bickerton Pemell,) Lord, a son of Edmund, noticed above, was born in 1817, and inherited the title of baron in 1858. He was ambassador to the United States from 1859 to 1865, and to Con- stantinople from 1865 to 1867, when he was sent to Paris in the same capacity. He was made a viscount in 1881. Died December 5, 1887. Lyra, de, deh le'rS', (Nicolas,) a French monk and exegetical writer of high reputation, born at Lyre in the thirteenth century. He was a good Hebrew and Greek scholar. He wrote a commentary (jn the Bible, " Postillse Perpeture," which was esteemed and often reprinted. The first edition appeared at Rome in 1472, (5 vols.) Died in Paris in 1340. Lys. See Lis. Ly-san'der, [Gr. x\vaav^(>oq ; Fr. Lysandre, le'- e6NdR' ; Ger. Lysandros, le-zan'dRos,] one of the ablest generals and statesmen of ancient Sparta, makes his first appearance in history near the close of the Pelopon- nesian war. In 407 B.C. he was chosen commander of the fleet, with which he gained a victory over the Athe- nians at Notium in that year. He made himself very popular with the Persian allies of Sparta, and he de- feated the Athenian fleet in a decisive battle at ^Egos- potami in 405. In 404 he captured Athens, and changed its democracy into an oligarchy ruled by thirty archons, (usually called the Thirty Tyrants.) He was then the most powerful man m Greece, but soon found an able rival in Agesilaus, who became King of Sparta in 398 B.C. and thwarted his ambitious designs. Lysander meditated a revolution in Sparta by the abolition of hereditaiy royalty. Before his design was matured, he was appointed commander of an army sent against the Thebans, and was killed in battle at Haliartus in 395 B.C. In Plutarch's "Lives" Lysander is brought into comparison with the Roman Sulla. See Xenophon, " Hellenica ;" Cornelius Nepos, "Vita Lysan- dri ;" W. Vischek, " Alcibiades und Lysandros," 1845; Plu-tarch, "Life of Agesilaus;" Thirlwall, " History of Greece." Lysandre. See Lysa.nder. Lysandros, the German of Lysander, which see. Lyschanderor Lyscander, lis-kSn'der, (Claudius Christophorsen,) a Danish chronicler, born in 1557. He wrote a "Chronicle of Greenland," in Danish verse, (1608,) and flattered the national vanity in a fabulous work on the genealogy of the Danish kings, entitled " Synopsis of Danish History," (" Synopsis Historije Danica:," 1622.) Died in 1623. Lyser, lee'zer, originally Leonhardt, la'on-haRt', (Caroline,) a German authoress, born at Dresden in 181 7. Among her works are fugitive poems, " Sketches of Character for German Matrons and Maids," (1838,) and "Albert Diirer," a drama, (1840.) Lyser, (Michael,) a German anatomist, born at Leipsic about 1650. He published a good manual of anatomy, entitled "Culter Anatomicus," (1653.) He shares with Bartholin the honour of the discovery of the lymphatic vessels. Lyser or Lyserus, (Polycarp.) See Leyser. Lysias, lish'e-as, [Avai'of,] one of the ten Athenian orators, was born at Athens in 458 B.C., and was the son of Cephalus, in whose house Plato placed the scene of his famous dialogue " On the Republic." From 443 until 411 he lived at Thurium, in Italy, from which he was expelled by the victorious Spartans at the latter date. He then returned to Athens, where his property was confiscated by the Thirty Tyrants, who would have put him to death if he had not escaped, 404 B.C. Soon after that date he united with Thrasybulus in the exj^ulsion of the Thirty, and opened a school of rhetoric in Athens. His orations, amounting to more than two hundred, were mostly composed after his return to Athens, (411.) Thirty-four of these have come down to us. Lysiaa died at Athens about 37S B.C., leaving a high reputation as a writer of orations, only one of which, it is said, was spoken by him. His diction is eminently graceful, pure, and perspicuous. " He resembles," says Quintilian, " rather a pure fountain than a great river," ("puro fonti quam magno flumini propior.") See Plutarch, "Vitae Decern Oratoi-um ;" Franz, "Dissertatio de Lysia Oratore Attico," (in Greek,) 183S; Suidas, "Lysias;" L. Horlscher, " Dissertatio de Lysia Vita et Dictione," 1837 Ly-sic'ra-tes, [AvCTiKpar???,] an Athenian, who lived about 335 B.C., and whose name has been preserved by means of a beautiful choragic monument built for him at Athens. It has been commonly called "the Lantern of Demosthenes," from a tradition that he used it as a place of study. Ly-sini'a-ehus, [Gr. Avai/iaxog ; Fr. Lysimaque, le'ze'mtk',] King of Thrace, was born in Macedonia about 355 B.C. In his youth he was so distinguished for courage and strength that Alexander the Great chose him as one of his body-guards. In the division of provinces at the death of Alexander, (323,) Lysimachus obtained Thrace and some adjacent districts. In 315 he joined Seleucus, Cassander, and Ptolemy in a coali- tion against Antigonus. Lysimachus marched into Asia Minor, formed a junction with Seleucus, and fought a battle at Ipsus in 301 B.C., where Antigonus was defeated and killed. By this victory he acquired the northwest- ern part of Asia Minor. Demetrius of Macedon having been defeated and dethroned by the allied armies of Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, and Seleucus, the first annexed Macedon to his dominions in 286. He was soon after involved in a war with Seleucus, and was killed in battle at Corupedion in 28r B.C. See Arrian, "Anabasis;" Ju.stin, " History," books xiii., xv., and xviii. ; Diodorus Siculus, books xviii., xLx., and xx. Lysimaque. See Lysimachus. Lysippe. See Lysippus. Ly-sip'pus, a Greek poet of the old comedy, born lu Arcadia, flourished about 434 B.C. eas k; g as s: g hard; g a.sy; g, h, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (ffi^^See Explanations, p. 23.; LYSIPPUS 1604 MAAS Lysippus, [Gr. Avanrnoc; Fr. Lysippe, le'zJp',] a Greek statuary of great celebrity, was born at Sicyon, and flourished in the reign of Alexander the Great, about 330 B.C. He formed his style by the imitation of nature, without much respect to the conventionalities of the schools. His statues and groups, according to the best authorities, were some fifteen hundred in number, all or nearly all of which were of bronze. None of his works are known to be extant, though several well-authenticated copies are to be seen. Among his master-pieces, de- scribed by Pliny, Pausanias, and others, were colossal Statues of Zeus and Hercules, a statue of Time or Oppor- tunity, (Kaipof,) and several images of Alexander the Great, who is said to have issued an edict that no one should make his statue but Lysippus. See Pliny, "Natural History," book xxxiv. ; Pausanias, i., ii.i vi., and ix. : Sillig, " Catalogus :" Nagler, "Allgememes Kunst- ler-Lexikon ;" "Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Ly'sis, [Ai)<7ff,] an eminent Greek philosopher, born at Tarentum, lived about 400 B.C. He is said to have received lessons from Pythagoras. Having been driven from Italy by persecution, he settled at Thebes, and be- came the teacher of Epaminondas. See RiTTHR, " History of Philosophy;" Diogenes Laertius. Lysistrate. See Lysistratus. Ly-sis'tra-tus,[Fr. Lysistrate, le'ze'stRtt',] aGreek statuary of Sicyon, was a brother of Lysippus, and flour- ished about 425 B.C. He is said to have been the first who used gypsum moulds in the formation of wax figures. Ly'sons, (Daniel,) an English physician, practised at Bath,*where he died in 1800. He had published several medical treatises. Lysons, (Rev. Daniel,) an English topographical writer, born at Rodmarton in 1760, was a nephew of the preceding. He published a valuable work entitled " The Environs of London," (1792-96,) and became rector of Rodmarton. In partnership with his brother Samuel, he published another excellent topographical work, " Great Britain," ("Magna Britannia," 1806-22.) Died in 1834. Lysons, (Samuel,) an English antiquary, brother of the preceding, was born at Rodmarton in 1763. He was one of the directors of the Society of Antiquaries. About 1804 he was chosen keeper of the records of the Tower of London. His principal work is " Great Britain," ("Magna Britannia," 1806-22,) in which he was aided by his brother Daniel. Died in 1819. Lyte, (Henry,) an English botanist, born in Somer- setshire in 1529. He published, in 1578, an English version of Dodoen's "History of Plants," with many engravings. Died in 1607. Lyte, (Henry Francis,) a British hymn-writer, born at Ednam, Scotland, June i, 1793. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, entered the Anglican Church, and held curacies in Ireland, and at Brixham, in England. His health was never robust. He died at Nice, Novem- ber 20, 1847. Among his works are "Tales in Verse," (1826,) "Poems, chiefly Religious," (1833,) "The Spirit of the Psalms," (1834,) and a fine biography of Henry Vaughan, the Silurist. He is chiefly remembered as the author of several popular hymns. Lytle, ll'tel, (William Haines,) an American gene- ral, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1826. He served as colonel in Western Virginia in 1861, and was wounded at Perry ville, Kentucky, in October, 1862. He was killed at the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, 1863. Lyt'tle-ton or Lyt'tel-tpn, (Charles,) an English antiquary, born at Hagley in 17 14, was a brother of Lord George, noticed below. He became Bishop of Carlisle in 1762. Died in 1768. Lyttletou or Lytteltou, (George,) Lord, an Eng- lish author and statesman, born in 1709, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Lyttleton, of Hagley, in Worcester- shire, and a descendant of the great jurist Littleton. About 1730 he entered Parliament, where he became a successful speaker and acted with the opponents of Walpole. He was afterwards secretary to Frederick, Prince of Wales, and in 1744 was appointed a lord of the treasury. In 1747 he published "Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of Saint Paul," a work of superior merit. He was chancellor of the exchequer for several months in 1756, and resigned that othce (for which he was not well qualified) when Pitt became prime minister. In 1759 he was created Baron Lyttleton. He was author of a popular work entitled "Dialogues of the Dead," (1760,) of a valuable "History of Henry II.," and of several poems, "which," says Dr. Johnson, " have nothing to be despised, and little to be admired." Died in 1773. See JOHNKON, " Lives of tlie Poets," Phillimore, "Life of Lord Lyttleton," 1845; "Quarterly Review" for June, 1S46 ; "Monthly Review" for April and May, 1772, and December. J774. Lyttleton, (Thomas.) See Littleton. Lyttleton, (Thomas,) Lord, a son of Lord George, noticed above, was born about 1744. The day of his death is said to have been announced to him three days before it occurred, by means of a dream or vision. Died in 1779. Lyt'ton, (Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton,) Earl of, an English poet, only son of Edward Bulwer, Baron Lytton, the celebrated novelist. He was born November 8, 1831, and was educated at Harrow and Bonn. He entered the diplomatic service in 1849, and did duty at Washington, Florence, Paris, the Hague, Constantinople, Vienna, Belgrade, Copenhagen, Athens, Lisbon, and Madrid. While secretary of embassy at Paris in 1873 he succeeded to the titles of his father, and soon after was made minister plenipotentiary at the French capital. In 1874 he was made minister at Lisbon, and from 1876 to 1880 was Viceroy of India. He published, under the pseudonym of " Owen Meredith," several volumes of verse, including " Clytemnestra," (1855,) "The Wan- derer," (1859,) " Lucile," (i860,) "Poetical Works," (1867,) "Orval," (1869,) "Fables in Song," (1874,) etc. He also published a "Memoir of Julian Fane," (1871,) "The Ring of Amasis," (a romance, 1863,) "Life and Letters" of his father, (1883,) and a collection of Servian songs. Lyveden, llv'den, (Robert Vernon Smith,) Lord, born in London in 1800, was a nephew of the famous Rev. Sydney Smith. He represented Northampton as a Liberal member of Parliament from 1831 to 1859, and was secretary at war in 1852. Died February 10, 1873. M. Maan, mflN, (Jean,) a French historian and eccle- siastic, born at Mans, became canon ot Tours in 1648. Maanen, van, vtn mJ'nen, (Cornelis Felix,) a Dutch statesman, born at the Hague in 1769. After the accession of King William he was made president of the Assembly of Notables, and minister of justice, (1815.) His unpopular measures contributed to bring about the Belgian revolution, and in 1830 he resigned his office. Died in 1843. Maas, mSs, (Arnoult van Aart,) a Dutch painter and engraver, born at Gouda about 1620, was a pupil of D. Teniers. Died after 1650. See PiLKiNGTON. "Dictionary of Painters." Maas or Maes, mis, (Dirk or Diedrik,) a Dutch painter, born at Haarlem in 1656, was a pupil of Berg- hem and Huchtenburgh. He excelled in battle-pieces and hunting-scenes. Died in 1715- See PiLKiNGTON, " Dictionary of Painters;" Descamps, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, HoUandais," etc. Maas or Maes, mis, (Godfried,) a skilful Flemish painter of history, born at Antwerp in 1660, was a pupil of his father. He was chosen a director of the Academy in 1682, and acquired a fair reputation as an artist. He died in 1722, or, according to some authorities, about 1710. . Maas or Maes, (Nicolaas,) an eminent Dutch painter a, e, T, 6, u, y, /o)t£-: k, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iort; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mgt; ndt; good; mdlm; AIAASS 1605 MA CAUL AY of genre and portraits, born at Dort in 1632, was a pupil of Rembrandt. In his youth he imitated the manner of that master with success. He afterwards adopted a different style. About 1678 he removed to Amsterdam, where he applied himself chiefly to portraits and became a fashionable artist. Died in 1693. See Descamps, " Vies des Peintres Flaniaiids, Hollandais," etc. Maass, niJss, (Johann Gebhard Ehrenreich,) a German philosopher and savant, born near Halberstadt in 1766. He became professor of philosophy at Halle in 1798, and published, besides other works, " Essays on the Imagination," {1792,) the " Passions," (1805-07,) and the "Sentiments," (181 1.) Died in 1823. Mabellini, mi-b§l-lee'nee, (Giovanni Battista Carlo Maria,) an Italian Hellenist, known in France by the name of Akb6 Mablin or Mabi.ini, was born in Piedmont in 1774. He was professor of Greek in Paris, where he died in 1834. Mabil or Mabille, mi-beeK or mt'bM', (Pierre Louis,) a learned writer, of Italian extraction, was born in Paris in 1752. He made a good translation of Livy into Italian, and published " Mabiliania," "The Influence of Poetry on the Customs of Nations," (1804,) and othei works. Died in 1836. See TiPALDO, " Biografia degli Italiani illustri;" Catullo, " Cenni biografici del Cavaliere P. L. Mabil," 1836. Mabillon, mt'be'y^N', (Jean,) a very learned French author, born in the diocese of Rheims in 1632, became a Benedictine monk. In 1685 he visited Italy, by order of the king, to collect manuscripts and historical documents, and on his return published his " Museum Italicum," (1687-89.) His "Treatise on Monastic Studies" (1691) was received with favour. Among his most important works is a treatise on Diplomatics, (1681.) Died in 1707. See Chavin dk Malan, " Histoire de Mabillon," 1843; J. La- BOUUERiE, "Notice sur Dom Mabillon;" Thierry Ruinart, " Abr^g^ de la Vie de Dom J. Mabillon," 1709; " Nouvelle Bio- graphie Geiierale." Mably, de, deh mt'ble', (Gabriel Bonnot,) Abb6, a French historical writer, born at Grenoble in 1709, was a brother of Etienne Bonnot de Condillac. He became a resident of Paris in his youth, and produced in 1740 his "Parallel between the Romans and French in Respect to Government," which was very successful. In 1743 he negotiated a secret treaty with Prussia against Austria. Among his numerous works are " Observations on the Romans," (1751,) and "Observations on the His- tory of France," (1765.) Died in 1785. See L. Harth^lemy, "Vie priv^e de Mably," 1791 ; Brizard, " filoge de Mably," 1787; P. C. L^vesque, " Eloge historique de I'Abb^ de Mably," 1787 ; Qu^rard, "La France Litteraire." Maboul, mS'bool', (Jacques,) a French pulpit orator, Bishop of Alet, born in Paris about 1650; died in 1723. Mabuse, mt'biiz', or Maubeuge, niD'huzh', (Jan,) a famous Flemish painter, whose family name was Ges- 3ART or Gassaert, was born at Maubeuge in 1499. He is said to have studied in Italy. _He worked in Middel- burg and in London, where he painted portraits of the royal family in the reign of Henry VIII., and historical pictures, which are still admired. Among his master- pieces was a "Descent from the Cross," which was de- stroyed by lightning at Middelburg, and "The Wise Men's Offering," now owned by the Earl of Carlisle. His habits were very intemperate and prodigal. Died about 1562. See Descamps, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. ; Pi^rart, "Recherches historiques sur Maubeuge," 1853. Mac-ad'am, (John Loudon,) a Scottish surveyor, noted for his improvement in roads, born September 21, 1756. He lived in America, 1770-83, takingan active part against the colonies, and making and losing a fortune in the war. He constructed the first macadamized roads, near Bristol, about 181 5, and explained his system in his •'Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads," (1819.) In 1827 he was made general surveyor of the metropolitan roads, and afterwards re- ceived a grant of ;^io,ooo for his services. Died in 1836. See "Annual Register," 1836; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale;" Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Sup- plement.) Macaire. See Macarius. Mac-a-nal'l^, (David Rice,) an American Methodist divine, born in Granger county, Tennessee, in 1810. He ha.'i published "Sketches of the Life and Character of Mrs. Ramsay," and other biographical works. Mac-Ar'dell, (James,) an excellent English engraver in mezzotinto, born about 1710. He engraved portraits of many eminent contemporaries, and subjects after Rem- brandt, Van Dyck, Murillo, and other masters. Among his works are " Moses on the Nile," after Van Dyck, and an "Assumption," after Murillo. Died in 1765. Of MacArdell Basan observes that he "was one of the best engravers in mezzotinto that England ever produced." See Strutt, article "Ardell" in his "Dictionary of Engravers." Macarel, mt'kt'rSKj (Louis Antoine,) a French jurist, born at Orleans in 1790. He published, besides other works, " Elements of Administrative Jurispru- dence," (1818.) Died in 1851. Ma-ca'ri-us, [Gr. Ma/capwf ; Fr. Macaire, mt'kSR',] an eminent ascetic or hermit of Egypt, born about 300 A.D., has been canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church. Fifty extant Greek homilies are ascribed to him. Died about 390 A.D. Another Saint Macarius, called Junior, lived at Alexandria in the fourth century, and was noted for his ascetic piety. He is supposed to be the author of a work called the " Rule of Saint Macarius." See Tii.i.EMONT, " M^moires ;" Ceillier, " Histoire des Auteurs sacres;" Schatteman, "Leven van den H. Macarius," 1623; Gen- NADius, "De Viris illustribus." Mac-ar'thur, (Duncan,) an American soldier and statesman, born in Dutchess county. New York, in 1772. He served in the war of 1812, and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. He was elected Governor of Ohio in 1830. Died in 1840. Mac-Ar'thur, (John,) a general, born in Scotland about 1826, emigrated to Illinois about 1850. He com- manded a brigade of the Union army at Shiloh, April, 1862, and at Corinth, in October of the same year. MacArthur, (John,) a distinguished architect, born at Bladenoch, in Wigtonshire, Scotland, May 13, 1823, came to Philadelphia when only ten years of age. He learned the business of a carpenter, and studied drawing and architecture in his evenings. In 1848 he was awarded the first premium for his plan of a new House of Refuge, and was given the entire charge of the erection of the building. Among the prominent buildings erected by him in Philadelphia, we may name the Continental Hotel and Jayne's splendid mansion at the corner of Nineteenth and Chestnut streets. He was architect for the war department during the war, and after its close for the navy department, for which he built the Naval Hospital at Philadelphia, and other similar works. Mac-art'ney, (George,) Earl of, a statesman, of Scottish descent, born near Belfast, Ireland, in 1737. He was elected to Parliament in 1768, and appointed chief secretary for Ireland in 1769. In 1775 he was chosen Governor of the island of Granada, which the French captured from him in 1779. From December, 1780, to 1786, he was Governor of Madras. He was appointed Governor-General of India, as successor to Warren Hastings, but declined on account of ill health. His most remarkable public service was his embassy to China, where he arrived in August, 1793, being the first English ambassador to that court. He refused to pros- trate himself before the emperor, according to Chinese etiquette. Though he failed to obtain a commercial treaty, he maintained his reputation as an able negotiator. He was raised to the peerage as a baron in 1776, and was made Earl of Macartney in 1794. He died in 1806, after which appeared a "Journal of the Embassy to China in 1792-94." See an "Account of the Public Life, etc. of Lord Macartney," by John Barrow, 1807; "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Macaulay, ma-kaw'le, (Catharine,) an English authoress, whose maiden name was Sawbridge, was born in Kent in 1733. She was married to Dr. George Macaulay, of London, about 1760, and published a " History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Elevation of the House of Hanover," (1763,) which is favourable to republicanism. In 1785 she visited Washington at Mount Vernon. She wrote several po- htical treatises. " Her history," says T. B. Macaulay, f as k: q as s; g hard; g as/.- G, H, Vi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (JJI^^See Explanations, p. 23.) MACAULAY 1606 MACAULAY "is more distinguished by zeal than either by candour or skill." Died in 1791. See Wilkes, " Life and Letters ;" " Monthly Review" for March 1765, May, 1769, and August, 1771. Macaulay, (Thomas Babington,) Baron, an emi- nent English scholar, critic, and historian, was born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire, October 25, 1800. His father, Zachary Macaulay, was a native of Scotland, of Highland descent ; his mother, vSelina Mills, the daughter of a bookseller of Bristol, was of a Quaker family. His home education was religious and somewhat austere. Mrs. Hannah More, who was intimate with his parents, has given in her letters many interesting particulars of the future historian. From his earliest childhood he was passionately fond of poetry, — so much so that he could hardly be prevailed on to read prose. Later, however, we find him deeply interested in history, and warmly discussing with a friend of his own age the respective merits of Marlborough and other eminent commanders. (See " Letters of Hannah More to Zach- ary Macaulay, containing Notices of Lord Macaulay's Vouth," i860.) When about twelve years of age, he was placed under the instruction of Mr. Preston, with whom he laid the foundations of his acquaintance with the classics. At eighteen he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he greatly distinguished himself, having twice won the chancellor's medal for English verse, — the first time for a poem on " Pompeii," in 1819, the second for one on "Evening," in 1820. He graduated as B.A. in 1822, and soon after was chosen a Fellow of his college. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. "The Battle of Ivry," one of the most universally admired of his shorter poems, was published in "Knight's Quarterly Magazine" in 1824. In 1825 he contributed to the " Edinburgh Review" an article on Milton, which at once placed him in the foremost rank of the most distinguished essayists of the age. This was the commencement of that splendid and fascinating series of review-articles, the publication of which maybe said to form an era in the history of literature, when for the first time the critical or historic essay threatened to bear away the palm of popularity from the most brilliant works of fiction. Macaulay entered Parliament in 1830,35 a representa- tive of the borough of Calne. While at Cambridge he had distinguished himself as an orator, and he now more than justified the high expectations which his friends had formed of his parliamentary career. His speeches on the Reform bill (in 1830-32) established his fame as an able and eloquent speaker. It is said, however, that, owing to his rapid and somewhat monotonous delivery, his speeches were more efi"ective and convincing when they appeared in print than when spoken in the House of Commons. One of his most remarkable efforts was his great speech (1833) on the bill for the renewal of the charter of the East India Company. He was soon after made a member of the supreme council of India, and placed at the head of the law commission to prepare a new code for the government of that country. Although it was found impossible to carry into immediate effect many of the reforms which he sought to introduce, his efforts in this cause have not been without important results. Since the government of India was transferred to the imperial crown, his code has been made the basis of the legal system of the country. His sojourn in India (from 1835 to 1838) had made him acquainted with its history and with the character of its various peoples ; and to the knowledge thus acquired in a field hitherto untrodden by him, we are indebted for two of his most effective and most brilliant essays, — those on Clive and Warren Hastings. Having returned to England in 1838, he again entered Parliament, as a representative of the city of Edinburgh, and soon after received the appointment of secretary at war in the Melbourne ministry. On the fall of the Whigs in 1841, he went into the opposition. When they returned to power in 1846, he was made paymaster-gene- ral. He had been regularly re-elected from Edinburgh until 1847, when, owing to an unusual combination of different party elements, he was defeated. The mor- tification of this repulse stung him very deeply. He resolved to devote the remainder of his life to studious retirement. He seems to have felt, indeed, that his proper vocation was the |)ursuit of literature, apart from the excitements of the political arena. One of the im- portant results of his withdrawal from public life was his being able to apply himself without interruption to the composition of his great work, the " History of Eng- land," the first two volumes of which made their appear- ance near the close of 1848. Never before in the annals of literature was any work of history welcomed by the public with such enthusiastic admiration. His work was read by tens of thousands with as much eagerness and delight as a fresh novel by Scott or Bulwer would have been. In 1849 Macaulay was chosen lord rector of the University of Glasgow. Not long after, in a speech which he made in that city, he took a formal leave of political life, explaining at the same time the principles by which he had sought to guide his course while he was con- nected with the government. Among other things, he said on that occasion, " I cannot accuse myself of having ever been untrue either to the cause of civil or religious liberty, or to the cause of property and law. I reflect with pleasure that I bore a part in some of those reforms which corrected great abuses and removed just discon- tents. I reflect with equal pleasure that I never stooped to the part of a demagogue, and never feared to confront what seemed to me to be an unreasonable clamour." In 1852 the people of Edinburgh, as some atonement for the injustice which they felt had been done him five years before, again returned Macaulay to Parliament, without his having so much as offered himself as a candidate or having made the smallest effort to procure his re-elec- tion. Although he took his seat in the House of Com- mons, his declining health did not permit him to take any active part in the debates. During the whole time that he was in the House he spoke but twice : on both occasions he was listened to with the most respectful and eager attention. An imperfect and extremely in- accurate collection of his speeches having been printed without his sanction, a correct edition was by his au- thority issued in 1854. In 1856, on account of ill health, he resigned his seat in Parliament. In 1855 the third and fourth volumes of his History made their appearance. They were welcomed as warmly and read as eagerly as the two former had been. It was his original purpose to bring his History from the accession of James II. down to a time within the memory of persons still living. But in the last volume he had only reached the peace of Ryswick, in 1697. After his decease another frag- mentary volume was published, including an account of the death of William IIL In 1857 Macaulay was raised to the peerage, with the title of Baron Macaulay of Rothley. Although his health continued to decline, he still applied himself to his literary labours until very near the time of his death. His disease was an affection of the heart, of which he died suddenly on the 28th of December, 1859. Besides the various productions of his pen already referred to, he contributed a series of valuable biogra- phies to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." Not content with his acknowledged mastery in the different depart- ments of prose, he became again in 1842 a candidate for poetic laurels, and gave to the world his "Lays of Ancient Rome," of which it is scarcely too much to say that, for a combination of picturesqueness, simplicity, and power, there is nothing of the kind superior to tliem in the English language. It is, however, as a writer on history that the name of Macaulay is destined to take its most distinguished place and descend to the remotest posterity. Already, in his essays, he had proved his mastery in this depart- ment of composition. A perfect history, according to his ideal,* would not be content with merely recording wars and revolutions, the lives of kings and heroes, but would include literature and the arts, manners and usages, the progress of civilization, — in short, the whole life of the nation ; not of the aristocracy only, but of the people in every rank and condition Referring to Mac- * See his essay on " History," in the " Edinburgh Re\'ie\v," 1828. a, e, 1, 6, u,y,/r'«^;i, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short ;^,&, i, o, obscure ;iit.t, fill, fit; m6t;nflt;good; moon; MA CAUL AY 1607 MACCABEES aulay's historic essays, Dean Milman well observes, " The variety of topics is almost as noticing to the variety of information on every topic." Of the style he remarks, " It was eminently his own. ... Its characteristics were vigour, animation, copiousness, clearness, — above all, sound English, now a rare excellence. . . . His English was pure both in idiom and in words ; pure to fastidious- ness ; not that he discarded or did not make free use of the plainest and most homely terms, . . . but every word must be plain English, — nothing that approached real vulgarity, nothing that had not the stamp of popu- lar use or the authority of sound English writers." That Macaulay possessed in a pre-eminent degree many of the highest attributes of a great historian, none will deny. In that power of imagination by which he was enabled to clothe the dead past with all the activity and fulness of life, he was scarcely, if at all, inferior to the most gifted writers of fiction. In the extent and variety of his knowledge, in the quickness and strength of his intellect, by which he was able to grasp with facility the most difficult jiolitical and moral problems, in his thor- ough acquaintance with all the springs of human action, in the vividness of his descriptions, in the animation and sustained interest of his nairative, in the clearness, force, and brilliancy of his style, in his command, in short, over every species of eloquence, whether declama- tory, argumentative, or poetical, he has, even among the greatest masters of historical composition, few, if any, superiors. He is, however, it must be confessed wjth regret, deficient in one important or rather essential qualification, — impartiality. His feelings were so intense, his attachments and aversions so strong, that, where these chanced to enter into the subject to be weighed, the balance was too seldom held with an equal hand. Macaulay's great work has been compared to a vast painting, in which the different figures correspond to prominent historic characters. It may be said that as in his style he too often sacrifices simplicity to his love of antithesis, so in his history he is too apt to exagger- ate, for the sake of effect, the lights and shadows of his portraits. In relation to his conversational powers. Dean Milman observes, "In the quiet intercourse with the single friend, no great talker was more free, easy, and genial than Macaulay. There was the most equable interchange of thought ; he listened with as much courtesy as he spoke with gentle and pleasant persuasiveness. In a larger circle, such as he delighted to meet and assemble around him to the close of his life, a few chosen in- timates, some accomplished ladies, foreigners of the highest distinction who were eager to make his acquaint- ance, his manners were frank and open. In conversation in such a circle, a commanding voice, high animal spirits, unrivalled quickness of apprehension, a flow of language as rapid as inexhaustible, gave him, perhaps, a larger share, but a share which few were not delighted to yield up to him. His thoughts were like lightning, and clothed themselves at once in words. . . . And the stores which his memory had at instantaneous command ! . . . With these came anecdotes, touches of character, drollery, fun, excellent stories excellently told." "Lord Macaulay," observes the same writer, "was never married ; his strong domestic affections were chiefly centred in his sister — happily married to his frienci Sir Charles Trevelyan — and her family. Her children were to him as his own, and cherished with almost parental tenderness. As a friend he was singu- larly steadfast. He was impatient of anything dispar- aging of one for whom he entertained a sincere esteem. In the war of political life he made, we believe, no lasting enemy; he secured the unswerving attachment of his po- litical friends, to whom he had been unswervingly true." All Macaulay's works have been reprinted in Germany. His " History" has been translated into French, the first two volumes by M. Jules de Peyronnet, the second and third by M. Amedee Pichot. See a " Memoir of Lord Macaulay," written for the Royal Society (or Maicli, 1S43, April, 1849, and April, i868 ; " Blackwood's Maga- zine" for April, iS4g, August and September, 1856, July and August, 1S59 ; " North British Review" for May, 1856, and November, i860 ; " Fraser's Magazine" for February, 1S56 ; J. Paget, "New Examen ;" Tkevelvan, "Life of Lord Macaulay " Macaulay, (Zachary,) F.R.S., an English philan- thropist, of Scottish descent, born about 1768, was the father of Lord Macaulay, the historian. He was a zealous coadjutor of Wilberforce in the abolition of the slave-trade, in which cause he laboured many years. Died in 1838. His father, John Macaulay, minister at Inverary, is mentioned in Dr. Johnson's "Tour to the Helirides." Mac-Au'ley, (Catherine E.,) an Irish lady, eminent for benevolence and piety, born in the county of Dublin in 1787. She was educated a Catholic. Having lost her parents in early life, she was ado])ted by Mr. Cal- lahan, a wealthy gentleman, who at his death, in 1822, left her his entire fortune. She founded in 1827, in Baggot Street, Dublin, an institution designed as a temporary home for poor women out of employment, and a school for children. It was afterwards called the Institute of Our Blessed Lady of Mercy, having for its object the care of the sick. She became in 1831 superior of the Order of the Sisters of Mercy. This order has been introduced into Great Britain, the United States. .\ustralia, and South America. Died in 1841. See " Life of Catherine MacAulev," by a member of the Order of Mercy, New York, 1866. Mac-beth' or Macbeda, mak-ba'tha, a king ot Scotland, who, according to the common tradition, was a cousin of King Duncan, and originally Thane of Gla- mis. About 1040 Macbeth assassinated Duncan and usurped the throne. Malcolm, the lawful heir, tied to England, and, having returned with an army, defeated Macbeth, who was killed in 1056 or 1057. The story of Macbeth's usurpation would seem to possess scarcely any positive historic basis. " However he may have gained his power," says Burton, " he exer- cised it with good repute, according to the reports nearest to his time. It is among the most curious of the an- tagonisms that sometimes separate the popular opinion of people of mark from anything positively known about them, that this man, in a manner sacred to splendid in- famy, is the first whose name appears in the ecclesiastical records both as a king of Scotland and a benefactor of the Church. . . . ?Te had a wider dominion than any previous ruler, having command over all the country now known as Scotland, except the isles and a portion of the western highlands." (" History of Scotland," vol. i. chap. X.) The legend of Macbeth forms the subject of one of Shakspeare's most celebrated tragedies. See HoLiNSHED, "Chronicles of Englande, Scotlande," etc.: Buchanan, " Historia Scotica. " Mac-Bride', (David,) an eminent surgeon, born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, in 1726, settled in Dublin in 1749. Besides other works, he published an "Intro- duction to the Theory and Practice of Medicine," (1772,) which is much esteemed. Died in 1778. Maccabaeus, (Judas.) See Judas. Mac-Cabe', (Edward,) an Irish cardinal, born at Dublin, February 14, 1816, was bred at Maynooth, and made a priest in 1839. In 1877 he became bishop and assistant to Cardinal Cullen, to whom he had for several years been a vicar-general. In 1879 he became Arch- bishop of Dublin, and in 1882 he vvas created a cardinal- priest. Died at Kingstown, Ireland, February 10, 18S5. MacCabe, (William Bernard,) an Irish journalist, born in Dublin, November 23, 1801. For many years he was connected with the press of Dublin and London, and was (1847-51) Uruguayan consul at London. Be- sides various books translated from the Italian and Ger- man, he published a " Catholic History of England," (1848-54,) novels entitled "Bertha," (1851,) " Florine," "Agnes Arnold," (i860,) "Adelaide," etc., and other works. Mac'ca-bees, [Gr. MaKKaScuoi; Fr. Maccabees, mS'- kt'bi',] a celebrated Jewish family, which attained the royal dignity in Judea. The surname MaccaB/EUS, from the Hebrew Makkab, a " hammer," was first given to Judas for his victories over the King of Syria, about 165 B.C. His family and descendants were also called Mac- cas^; 9asj; gkard; gas/;G, \i,Vi, guttural; "H, nasal; k, trilled; sasz; thasin/ziw. (2]^r*See Explanations, p. 23.) MACCALL 1608 MACCLELLAN cabees or Asmonaeans. Jiidas, who was the son of Mattathias, had three hrotliers, John, Simon, and Jona- than, noticed in this work. See Apociyplial Book of Maccabees; Josephus, " Antiquitates Judaicse." Mac-CaU', (Gkokgf. A.,) an American general, born in Philadelphia in 1802, graduated at West Point in 1822. He took Command of a division or corps called the Penn- sylvania Reserves, about May, iS6i,and commanded the same at Mechanicsville and Gaines's Mill, June 26-27, 1862. He was taken prisoner June 30 of that year. Died in February, 1868. Mac-Car'thy, {Uknis Florenck,) an Irish author, born at Cork in 1820. He was appointed professor of poetry in the Catholic University of Dublin, and in 1871 was made the recipient of a literary pension of one hun- dred pounds per annum. Among his works are trans- lations from Calderon"s dramas, (1S53,) " Ballads, Poems, and Lyrics," (1850,) " Under-Glimpses," (1857,) "The Bell-Founder, and other Poems," (1857,) "Shelley's Early Life," (1872,) etc. He also edited a " Book of Irish Ballads," (1S46.) Died April 7, 1882. MacCarthy, (Justin,) an Irish author, born at Cork. November 22, 1830. He received a good education, and became a journalist of Liverpool (1853) and London, (i860.) He passed several years in the United States. In 1S79 he was returned to Parliament as a Home-Ruler, representing the county of Longford, and in 1880 was re-elected with no opposition. Among his works are "The Waterdale Neighbours," (1867,) "My Enemy's Daughter," (1869,) "Lady Judith," (1871,) "A Fair Saxon," (1873,) "Linley Rochford," (1874,) "Dear Lady Disdain," (1875,) "Miss Misanthrope," {1877,) "Con Amore," (1881,) " A History of Our Own Times," a work of much merit, (1878-80,) "The E])och of Reform," (1S82,) " A Short History of Our Own Times," and a " History of the Four Georges," (1884.) Mac-Caul', (Rev. Alexander,) an English Hebraist and writer on theology, was born about 1800. He be- came prebendary of Saint Paul's, London, in 1845. Died in 1S63. MacCheyue, mak-shan', (Robert Murray,) a Scot- tish divine, born at Edinburgh in 1813. He studied theology under Dr. Chalmers in the university of his native city, and in 1836 was ordained minister of Saint Peter's, Dundee. His earnest and faithful labours were instrumental in converting great numbers during the memorable revival of 1839. He died in 1843, leaving a number of hymns of great beauty. See "Memoir and Remains of Robert M. McClieyne," by Rev. A. A. BoNAR, 1844; Rev. Robert Steel. " lUirning ajid Shining Lights," 1864; Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) Macchi, mJk'kee, (Mauro,) an Italian political writer, born at Milan in 1815. He was a moderate Lib eral in politics. Died in 18S0. Macchiavelli or Machiavelli, de, di ma-ke-l-veK- lee, often Anglicized as Machiavel, mak'e-a-vgl, [Lat. Machiavel'lus ; Fr. Machiavel, mt'she't'vSl',] (Nic- col6 di Bernardo, ) a famous Italian statesman, diplomatist, and writer, whose character abounds in enigmas and paradoxes, and from whose name has been derived a synonym of perfidious policy, ( Mackiavellism. ) He was born at Florence on the 3d of May, 1469. In 1499 he was appointed secretary of the Ten who managed the diplomatic affairs of the republic. He retained this office about fourteen years, during which he was em- ployed in many foreign missions to France, etc., and acquitted himself with great dexterity. In 1510, for the third time, he was sent to France, and negotiated an alliance with Louis XII. He zealously exerted his talents and influence to maintain the independence of Florence, but without success. In 15 12 the Medicis obtained sove- reign power in Florence by the aid of the pope and the emperor, and Macchiavelli was banished from the city, but forbidden to leave the country. He passed several ensuing years in retirement, and during this period com- posed a treatise on the "Art of War," and his important work entitled "The Prince," ("Del Principe," or "De Principatibus,") which has entailed a large portion of conventional infamy on his name. It was written for the private use of Lorenzo de' Medici, and not designed foi publication. "Few books," says Hallam, "have been more misrepresented. His crime, in the eyes of the world, was to have cast away the veil of hypocrisy." ("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") About 1520 he was recalled into public service by Leo X., and was employed on several missions, the last of which was to the army of the league against Charles V., (1526.) He died at Florence in June, 1527. His last work was an excellent, luminous, and picturesque history of Florence, (" Storie Florentine," 1525,) the style of which is greatly admired. He was also author of several comedies of some merit, and of valuable " Discourses on Livy." "The character of Macchiavelli," says Macaulay, "was hateful to the new masters of Italy. His works were misrepresented by the learned, misconstrued by the ignorant, censured by the Church, abused with all the rancour of simulated virtue by the minions of a base despotism and the priests of a baser superstition. . . . The name of a man whose genius had illuminated all the dark places of policy, and to whose patriotic wisdom an oppressed people had owed their last chance of emancipation, passed into a proverb of infamy. . . . The terms in which he is commonly described would seem to import that he was the tempter, the evil principle, the discoverer of ambition and revenge, the original inventor of perjury," etc. " His History of Florence," says Hal- lam, "is enough to immortalize the name of Machiavel. Seldom has a more giant stride been made in any de- partment of literature than by this judicious, clear, and elegant history." ("Introduction to the Literature ot Europe.") See Galanti, " Elogio di Niccol6 Machiavelli," 1779; Bal- DELLi, "Elogio di Niccol6 Machiavelli," 1794: PeriAs, "Histoire de N. Machiavel," 1823 : Artaud de Montor, " Machiavel, ."^on G(5nie et ses Erreurs," 1833 ; Macaulay's " Essays," article " Ma- chiavelli ;" T. MuNDT, "Macchiavelli tind der Gang der Euro- paisrhen Politik," 1852; Ginguen^, "Histoire de la Litt^rature Italienne;" Gervinus, " Historische Schriften ;" F. W. Ebeling, " N. di Bernardo de Macchiavelli's politisches System," etc., 1850; " Nouvelle Biographie (Senerale ;" " Edinburgh Review" for Septem- ber, 1816, p. 2og, (by Sir James Mackintosh;) "Edinburgh Re- view" for March, 1827; " North American Review" for July, 1835. Macchietti, mSk-ke-et'tee, (Giroi.amo,) an Italian painter, surnamed del CROCiFissAjo,(kRo-che-fis-sa'yo,) (because, as we are told, his master painted crucifixes,) was born at Florence about 1540. He worked at Florence and Rome, and painted history and portraits with great success. Among his master-pieces was a picture of the " Adoration of the Magi." See Vasari, "Lives of the Painters." Mac-Clel'lan, (George,) M.D., an eminent American surgeon, born at Woodstock, Windham county, Con- necticut, in 1796. He graduated at Yale College in 1815, and studied medicine in the University of Penn- sylvania, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1819. He founded about 1826 the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, in which he became professor of surgery and a very popular lecturer. He was one of the first in the United States to introduce the system of clinical instruction into the medical schools. He was particu- larly distinguished as a bold and successful surgical operator. Died in 1847. See S. D. Gross, "American Medical Biography," i86i ; Samuel G. Morton, "Biographical NoticeofDr. George McClellan," 1849; W. Darrach, " Memoir of Dr. George McClellan," 1847. MacClellan, ( George Brinton, ) a distinguished American general, the son of the preceding, was born in Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He entered the Military Academy at West Point in 1842, and graduated there in the summer of 1846, standing second in general rank in a large class. He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant of engineers in 1847, and was breveted captain for his services at the capture of Mexico. In the spring of 1855 the governinent sent to the seat of war in the Crimea a military commission to examine the military systems of the European powers, etc. Captain McClellan was one of the three officers selected for this mission. He re- turned home in April, 1856, and gave the results of his observations in a valuable report to the war department. He resigned his commission in the army in 1857, and was appointed chief engineer of the Illinois Central Railroad. In May, 1861, he took command of the Union forces a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m§t; nSt; good ; moon ; MA CCLERiYAND 1609 MACCLURE In Western Virginia, which defeated the enemy at Rich Mountain and Cheat River in July. A few days after the battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) he was, at the re- commendation of General Scott, appointed commander of the army at Washington. He reorganized that army and brought it into a high state of discipline. When General Scott retired from active service, November i, 1861, McClellan was appointed to the command of the armies of the United States. About the end of January, 1862, the President ordered that a general movement should be made by all the armies on the 22d of February. Having been relieved from the command of all the de- partments except that of the Potomac, McClellan began to move towards Richmond about the loth of March. He conveyed his army by water down the Potomac and Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of James River. Soon after the opening of this campaign he began to complain that he was not properly supported by the President. He commenced active operations about the 5th of April, by the siege of Yorktown, which the insurgents evacuated on the 3d or 4th of May. On the next day he fought an indecisive battle at Williamsburg, from which he slowly followed the retiring enemy to the Chickahominy. According to his biographer and admirer, Mr. Hillard, "the mind of McClellan was constantly burdened with a conviction that his troops were not numerous enough." He had about 95,000 men at Yorktown. The Union army was attacked at Fair Oaks on the 31st of May by General J. E. Johnston, who was repulsed with heavy loss. According to Hillard, McClellan was confined to bed by illness during this battle. His army remained nearly inactive in the swamps of the Chickahominy for about three weeks, during which he lost great numbers by sickness. Active hostilities were renewed by the enemy on the 26th of June, and then began the Seven Days' battles, at Mechanicsville, Savage's Station, White Oak Swamp, Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill, (July I, 1862,) the result of which was that the Union army was compelled to retreat and abandon the con- quest of Richmond. He wrote to Secretary Stanton, June 28, "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly thac I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this army." In July, 1862, he wrote the President a letter on the policy which ought, in his view, to be adopted in the conduct of the war. "Military power," he wrote, "should not be allowed to interfere with the rela- tions of servitude. ... A declaration of radical views, especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our present armies." In August his army left the peninsula, and was moved by water from the James River to Aqui'a Creek About the 2d of September he was appointed general-in- chief of the army which had been commanded by Pope and had been driven back to Washington. General Lee, having crossed the Potomac into Maryland, was pursued by McClellan, who gained a victory at Antietam Creek on the i6th and 17th of September, 1862. The Union army lost in this battle 11,426 in killed and wounded, and was unprepared or unable to pursue Lee, who retired to Virginia on the i8th of September. On the 6th of October McClellan was ordered to cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drive him south ; but he delayed his advance for about three weeks, and was removed from command by an order dated the 5th of November and received on the 7th. In August, 1864, he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the Presidency by the Convention at Chicago. He received at the election only twenty-one electoral votes, cast by the States of Kentucky, Delaware, and New Jersey. He resigned his commission as major-general of the regular army, November 8, 1864, and made a long visit to Europe, from which he returned in 1868. He subse- quently was appointed superintendent of docks and piers in the city of New York, a position which he resigned in 1872. In 1877 he was elected Governor of the State of New Jersey. Died October 29, 1885. Mac-Clernand, (John A.,) an American general, born in Breckinridge county, Kentucky, in 1812. He removed to Illinois, and served as a member of Congress from that State from 1843 ^^ 1861. He commanded a brigade at Fort Donelson, February, 1862, and a division at Shiloh, April 6 and 7 of that year. He succeeded General .Sherman as commander of an army in Missis- sippi in January, 1S63, and directed a corps at the siege of Vicksburg in May. He was removed from this com- mand before the end of that siege. Macclesfield, Earl of. See Parker. Mac-Clint'pck, (Sir Francis Leopold,) a successful Arctic explorer, born at Dundalk, Ireland, in 1819. He entered the navy about 1831, and obtained the rank of lieutenant in 1S45. In 1848 and 1849 he served under Sir James Ross in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. He distinguished himself by his enterprise, skill, and energy in several subsequent expeditions for the same purpose, and performed remarkable feats in sledge-travelling. In 1857 Captain McClintock received command of the " Fox" screw-steamer, fitted out by Lady Franklin for a final effort to obtain tidings of the lost navigator. In the winter of 1858-59 he and his officers performed extensive sledge-journeys, and in May found at Point Victory, on King William's Island, the record of Franklin's death and the remains of the last sur- vivors of his party. (See Franklin, Sir John.) Soon after his return, September, 1859, he was knighted, and received various honours and rewards. He published a " Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin," (i86o.) He became vice-admiral in 1877. Mac-Cliut'ock, (John,) D.D., an eminent American scholar and Methodist divine, born in Philadelphia in 1814, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1835. He was professor of Greek and Latin in Dickinson College at Carlisle, became editor of the "Methodist Quarterly Review" in 184S, and conducted the same with great ability for eight years. In 1857 he was appointed pastor of Saint Paul's Church, in the city of New York, where he acquired distinction as a pulpit orate r. He accepted in i860 the charge of the American Chapel in Paris. During the civil war he rendered important services to the cause of the Union by his pen and voice, and his home in Paris became a rallpng centre for pa- triotic Americans. Having returned home about 1865, he resumed his literary labours, and was selected in 1867 to organize the Drew Theological Seminary. His most important work, in which he was assisted by Dr. W. Strong, is a "Theological and Biblical Cyclopaedia," in 10 vols., of which only three volumes were published before his death, which occurred March 4, 1870. Mac-Clos'key, (John,) l).D.,an American cardinal, born in Brooklyn, New York, March 20, 1810. He was trained in the college and seminary at Emmittsburg, Maryland, was ordained a priest in 1S34, and studied two years at Rome. In 1844 he was consecrated Bishop of Axiere and made coadjutor of the Bishop of New York. In 1847 he was installed Bishop of Albany, where his administration was brilliantly successful. In 1864 he was promoted to be Archbishop of New York, and in 1875 was created a cardinal-priest. Died in 1S85. MacCloskey, (William George,) D.D., an Ameri- can bishop, born in Brooklyn, New York, November 10, 1S23. He graduated at the college in Emmittsburg, Maryland, in 1847, and became a professor in Saint Mary's Theological Seminary, (Roman Catholic,) was in 1S59 appointed president of the American College in Rome, and in i868 was consecrated Bishop of Louis- ville, Kentucky. Mac-C'lure'' or Maclure, (Sir Robert Le Mesu- RIER,) a navigator, was born at Wexford, Ireland, in 1807. After serving many years in the navy, he accom- panied Sir James Ross in search of Sir John Franklin in 1848. On his return, in 1849, he was raised to the rank of captain. In 1850, as captain of the Investigator, he was directed to renew the enterprise by advancing eastward from Behring's Strait. He entered a strait which he named the Prince of Wales Strait, and, after his ship was frozen fast, he pursued the exploration by sledges until he reached Melville or Barrow's Strait, in the winter of 1850-51. This is called the first discovery of the Northwest Passage. In the next season he dis- covered a second passage, on the north side of Baring Island. In 1853 he was extricated from a perilous situ- ation by Captain Kellet, who arrived at Melville Island C as /i; 9 as j; g hard; g as ;V G, H, Vi, g^Mural : N, nasal; R, trilled; s as g; th as in this. (2:^='See Explanations, p. 23. ) MACCLURG 1610 MACCULLOCH from the east; but lie was forced to abandon the Iiuls- tigator. On his return home he received a reward of ^5000 for his discoveries. Died October 17, 1873. See OsBORN', " Narration of the Discovery of the North-West Passage," 1856. Mac-clurg', (James,) an American physician, born at Ilanipton, Virginia, in 1747, was tlie author of a treatise " On the Human Bile," which was translated into several languages. Died in 1825. Mac-Coll', (Malcolm,) a British author, born at Glen- finan, county of Inverness, Scotland, March 27, 1838. He was educated at Edinburgh, Trinity College, Glenal- mond, and the University of Naples, and became a cler- gyman of the English Chtirch. He wrote "Science and Prayer," "The Reformation in England," "Lawlessness, Sacerdotalism, and Ritualism," " The Eastern Question," and a number d books on political subjects. Mao-con'nel, (John L.,) an Anierican lawyer, born in Illinois in 1826; died in 1862. He published "Tal- bot and Vernon," and other sketches of Western life. Mac-Cook', (Alexander McDowell,) an American general, born in Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1831, grad- uated at West Point in 1852. He served as colonel at 15ull Run, July 21, 1861, and as brigadier-general of vol- unteers at Shiloh in April, 1862. He became major- general, and held a command at the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, at the battle of Stone River, January 2, 1863, and at Chickamauga, September 19 and 20 of the latter year. He was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general March 13, 1865, and becaine colonel aide- de-cani]) to the general June 11, 1875. MacCook, (Henry Christopher,) D.D.,an Ameri- can naturalist, born at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 3, 1837. He graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn- sylvania, in 1859, and studied at the Allegheny Theo- logical Seminary, entered the Presbyterian ministrj', and in 1869 became pastor of a church in Philadelphia. His religious books include "Object and Outline Teaching," (1871,) a "Teacher's Commentary," (2 vols., 1871-72,) "The Tercentenary Book," (1873,) ^^^- His scientific works include "Mound-Making Ants," (1S77,) "Agri- cultural Ants of Texas," (1880,) "Honey and Occident Ants," (1882,) "The Tenants of an Old Farm," (1884,) etc. Dr. MacCook is the highest living authority on the ants and spiders of the New World. MacCook, ( Robert L., ) an American general, a cousin of the preceding, was born in Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1837. He was a lawyer before the war. He served as colonel at Mill Springs, Kentucky, January, 1862. He was murdered by guerillas near Salem, Ala- bama, in August of the same year. Mac-cord', (David J.,) an American jurist, born in Saint Matthew's parish, South Carolina, in 1797, con- tributed a number of essays to the " Southern Review" and " De Bow's Review." Died in 1S55. MacCord, (George Herbert,) an American painter, born in New York city, August i, 1848. Among his best-known works are "Sunnyside," (1876,) "Wintry Night, Fifth Avenue," (1878,) " The Ice-Harvest," (1884,) etc. In 1883 he was elected an associate of the National Academy. MacCord, (Louisa S.,) an American poet, a daughter of the statesman Langdon Cheves, and wife of David J., noticed above, was born in South Carolina in 1810. She published "My Dreams," a volume of lyrics, (184S,) and "Caius Gracchus," a tragedy, (i.8_5i.) Died in 1880. Mac-Cor'mic, (Charles,) a historical writer, born in Ireland in 1744, wrote "The Reign of George III. to :783," and other works. Died in 1807. Mac-Cor'mick, (Cyrus Hall,) an American in- ventor, born at Walnut Grove, in Rockbridge county, Virginia, February 11, 1809. He won great fame and wealth by his improved reaping-machines, the first of which was patented in 1834. In 1847 he became a resi- dent of Chicago, where he died in 1884. He founded a Presbyterian theological seminary in that city in 1859. Mac-Cosh', (James,) D.D., an eminent Scottish writer on theology and metaphysics, was born in Ayrshire about 1810. He became a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and about 1852 professor of logic at Belfast, Ireland. Among his works are " The Method of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral," (1850,) ''The Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated," (i860,) "The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural," (1862,) "Examination of Mr. J. S. Mill's Philosophy," (1866,) "Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation," (in conjunction with Dr. Dickie,) (1869,) " Christianity and Positivism," (1871,) "The Scottish Philosophy, etc.," (1874,) "A Reply to Tyndall's Belfast Address," (1875,) and "The Emotions," (1880.) At the earnest invitation of the trustees and other friends of Princeton College, New Jersey, he held the office of president in that insti- tution from 1868 to 1 883, to the jirosperity of which his naine and influence gave a new impulse. Maccovius. See Makowski. Mac-Cown^ (John Porter,) an officer, born in Ten- nessee, served in the Mexican war in 1847, and became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army in r86i. MacCrea, mak-kra', (Jane,) a daughter of a Scottish clergyman in New Jersey, was murdered in 1777 by the In- dian allies of Burgoyne, near Fort Edward, on the Hudson, MacCrie, mak-kree', (Thomas,) an eloquent Scottish Presbyterian writer, born at Dunse, i)i Berwickshire, in 1772. He belonged to "the most straitest sect" of his religion, styled " Anti-Burghers," a part of the Secession Church. About 1795 '^^ '^''^^ ordained minister of a con- gregation in PZdinburgh. In 1811 or 1812 he published a " Life of John Knox," which obtained great popularity. His "Life of Andrew Melville" (1819) displays, with warm sectarian partiality, much learning and ability. He after- wards produced, besides other works, an interesting " History of the Progress and Suppression of the Re- formation in Italy," (1827.) Died in 1835. In reference to his " Life of Knox," Lord Jeffiey says, " We do not hesitate to pronounce it by far the best piece of history which has appeared since the commencement of our critical career. It is extremely accurate, learned, and concise, and at the same time very full of spirit and animation." See " Edinburgh Review" for July, :Si2; Chambers, "Biogra- phical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) MacCrie, (Thomas,) D.D., LL.D., a Scottish divine, a son of the foregoing, was born at Edinburgh in 179S. He became a professor of theology in the Presbyterian College in London. Among his works are " Sketches of Scottish Church History," (1841,) a new translation of Pascal's " Provincial Letters," a " Life of Thomas McCrie," (his father,) etc. MacCuUagh, mak-kiil'laH, (James,) a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher, born in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1809, was educated in Trinity College, Dublin. He was chosen a Fellow of that college in 1832, and professor of natural philosophy in 1843. f^^ gained distinction by his researches in the wave theory of light, and other subjects, on which he wrote several treatises. In 1846 he received the Coplev medal of the Royal Society for his contributions to th"* science of light. He died, by suicide, in 1847. MacCulloch, mak-kul'loh, (Benjamin,) an American general, born in Rutherford county, Tennessee, in 1814 He served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and took arms against the Union in 1861. He commanded at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, August 10, 1861, and was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, March, 1862. See Tenney, " Military History of the Rebellion," 1865. MacCulloch, mak-kul'loh or mak-kul'loK, (Hora- tio,) a skilful Scottish landscape-painter, born in Glas- gow in idob, worked iu Edinburgh. Died June 15, 1867. MacCulloch, mak-kul'lgh, (John,) F.R.S., a Brit- ish geologist and naturalist, born in Guernsey in 1773. He studied medicine, which he practised for a short time. About 181 2 he began to make a scientific survey and exploration of Scotland in the service of the govern- ment, and while thus einployed he examined the geology and mineralogy of that region. He became well versed in many natural sciences and in several arts. In 1821 he published a "Geological Classification of Rocks," etc., and in 1824 "The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, in a Series of Letters to Sir W. Scott." For many years, ending in 1832, he was employed in the geological and mineralogical survey of Scclland. Hfl a, e, T, o, ii, "^Jong; k, k, \ same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; ftr, fill, fit; m6t; nSt; good; moon; MACCULLOCH 1611 MACDONOUGH afterwards published the results of this survey in an excellent mineralogical map. Died in 1835. MacCulloch, (John Ramsay,) an eminent Scottish writer on political economy and commerce, was born in Wigtonshire about 1789. He edited the "Scotsman" in Edinburgh for a few years, and contributed many articles to the "Edinburgh Review." About 1828 he removed to London and became professor of political economy in the new university. He wrote many works, which are highly esteemed. Among these are "The Principles of Political Economy," (1825,) a valuable "Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Naviga- tion," (1832,) and a " Dictionary, Geographical, Statis- tical, and Historical," etc. About 1838 he became comp- troller of the stationery office, London. Died in 1864. MacCuUoch, mak-kuKloh, (Hugh,) an American banker and statesman, born at Kennebunk, Maine, in 181 1. He studied in Bowdoin College, and in 1835 be- came a lawyer at Fort Wayne, Lidiana. He was later a bank-president. From 1863 to 1865 he was United States CDinplroller of the currency. He was secretary of the treasury from 1S65 to 1869, and in 1870 became a banker in London. In 1884 he was again appointed secretary of the treasurv. He published " Men and Measures of Haifa Cent'ury," (18SS.) Macdiarmid, mak-der'mid, ? (John,) a Scottish author, born in Edinburgh about 1790. In 181 7 he became editor of the "Dumfries Courier," which, under his direction, was an excellent and successful journal for many years. He published a "Life of Cowper,'" " Sketches from Nature," "The Scrap-Book," and a few other works. Died in 1852. Macdiarmid, (John,) a Scottish author, born m Perthshire in 1779. He settled in London, where he edited "The Saint James's Chronicle." He was authoi of an " Inquiry into the System of Military Defence," and " Lives of British Statesmen." Died in 1808. See Disraeli, "Calamities of Authors;" Chambers, " Biograph- i;al Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen " Mac-don'ald, (Alexander,) a Scottish Jacobite poet, born at Dalilea, in Moidart, in 1701. He was a school- master, but served as an officer in the Young Pretender's army. Among his works are a Gaelic vocabulary, (1741,) a volume of Gaelic poems, and several collections of verse in English. Died at Santaig about 1780. Mac-don'ald, (Andrew,) a Scottish poet, born at Leith ab^ut 1755. He was an Episcopal clergyman in Glasgow fcr a few years. He wrote " Velina," a poem, and a tragedy called " Vimonda," which was performed with success in Edinburgh. Having retired from the clerical profession, he removed about 1786 to London, where he was reduced to extreme poverty. Died in 1788. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" Disraeli, " Calamities of Authors." Macdonald, [Fr. pron. mtk'do'ntl',] (Etienne Jacques Joseph,) Duke of Tarentum, an able French marshal, was born of a Scottish family at Sancerre in 1765. For his conduct at Jemmapes (1792) he was made a colonel. In 1793, as general of brigade, he served under Pichegru in Flanders. He was made a general of division in 1795 or 1796, and joined the army of Italy in 1797. In February, 1799, he succeeded Championnet in the chief command at Rome, where his operations were success- ful. He commanded at the great battle of Trebbia, (June, 1799,) where the superior numbers of the allied forces under Suwarow were victorious. In November, 1800, he led an army to Italy by the celebrated passage of the Spkigen, which, says Alison, "was perhaps the most wonderful achievement of modern war." (" History of Europe.") He was sent as ambassador to Denmark in 1802, and returned in 1804. After this he passed about five years without employment, having, it is supposed, offended Bonaparte by his public expressions in favour of Moreau. Having received command of a division in 1809, he displayed great skill and courage at Wagram, (July, 1809,) where Bonaparte gave him a marshal's biton on the field of battle. Soon after this event he was created Duke of Tarentum. In the Russian cam- paign of 1812, Marshal Macdonald commanded the tenth corps. He contributed to the victories of Lutzen and Bautzen, (1813,) and served the emperor with fidelity to the last in the campaign of 1814. When Napoleon was about to abdicate, he expressed his grateful sense of Macdonald's services, and presented to him a Turkish sabre. Having declared his adhesion to Louis XVIIL, he refused to serve his former master during the Hun- dred Days, and in 1816 was appointed grand chancellor of the legion of honour, and commander of a military division. He died in 1840, leaving his title of duke to an only son. See Thiers, "Histoire du Consulat et de I'Empire;" Jomini, "Precis des Operations militaires ;" Thibaudeau, "Histoire ds Napoleon ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Macdonald, ( Flora, ) a Scottish heroine, born in one of the Hebrides in 1720. After the battle of Cul- loden, (1746,) the Pretender Charles Edward Stuart he- came a fugitive, and was hunted from place to place b'- the king's troops until he was rescued by the courageous exertions of Flora, who conducted him (disguised as her female servant) to the Isle of Skye. She was imprisoned a few months for this offence. About 1750 she was mar- ried to Macdonald of Kingsburgh. They emigrated tc the United States of North America about 1774, and afterwards returned to Skye, where she died in 1790. See the "Autobiography of Flora Macdonald," Edinburgh, 1869. MacDonald, (George,) a distinguished Scottish nov- elist, born at Huntly, in Aberdeenshire, in 1824. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen and in the college at Highbury, London, and was for a time a min- ister of the Independents, but afterwards joined the English (Episcopal) Church as a layman. He has pub- lished some volumes of poems, and many stories, in- cluding " David Elginbrod," (1862,) " Robert Falconer," ( 1868,) "The Princess and the Goblin," (1871,)" The Mar- quis of Lossie," (1S77,) "Castle Warlock," (1882.) etc. Some of his works are for children, and all are written with some religious or didactic purpose. Macdonald, (Hugh,) a Scottish author, born ai Glasgow in 181 7. He was a block-printer, but became a journalist. He wrote " Rambles about Glasgow," " Days at the Coast," and a volume of genial " Poems," (1863.) Died March 16, 1S60. Macdonald, (James,) a Scottish hymn-writer, born Culcreuch, Stirlingshire, September 18, 1807. He was educated at Glasgow University, and became a proof- reader and schoolmaster. Died May 27, 184S. Macdonald, (James,) M.D., an American physician, born at White Plains, New York, in 1803. He pub- lished an " Essay on the Construction and Management of Insane Hospitals," and other similar works. Died in 1849. Macdonald, (John,) F.R.S., a Scottish officer and writer, was the son of Flora, above noticed, and was born at Kingsburgh in 1759. He passed many years in the military service of the East India Company, and became a captain in the corps of engineers. About 1800 he re- tamed to England. He published a valuable "Treatise on Telegraphic Communications," (1S08,) and wrote many articles on magnetism and other sciences, some of which were inserted in the " Gentleman's Magazine." He translated from the French several works on military tactics. Died in 1831. See "GentltMian's Magazine," 1S31 ; Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) Macdonald, (Sir John Alexander,) a statesman, born in Sutherlandshire, Scotland, January 11, 1815. He went in childhood to Canada, and in 1835 became a lawyer of Kingston. He at once became a recognized leader among the Canadian Conservatives. He held many important public offices, and in 1878 was made minister of the interior and premier of the Dominion. He was knighted (K C.B.) in 1867. Died in 1891. Macdonald, (Laurence,) a Scottish sculptor, born in 1798, passed the greater part of his mature life at Rome. His subjects are mostly taken from the Greek and Roman mythology, and are treated in the pure classical style. Died March 4, 1878. Macdonald, (William Bell,) a Scottish scholar, born in 1807. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, wrote a " Coptic Grammar," and made a trans- lation of " Faust." Died at Glasgow in 1862. Macdonough, mak-don'ph, (Thomas,) an American commodore, born in New Castle county, Delaware, in c as k: 5 as s; g hard; g as j; G, H, Yi,guttural; N, Ttasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. (^[^^See Explanations, p. 23.,' MACDOUGAL 1612 MACFARLANE 1784. As commander of the American fleet on Lake Champlain, he gained a splendid and decisive victory over the British in September, 1814, in an action of little more than two hours. For this service he was promoted to the rank of captain. Died in 1825. Macdougal, mak-doo'gal, (Alexander,) an Amer- ican officer, born about 1730, distinguished himself in the war of the Revolution, rose to be major-general, and commanded at the battle of White Plains, (1776.) He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1781. Died in 1786. Mac-DoTw'eil, (Irvin,) an American general, born in Franklin county, Ohio, about 1818, graduated at West Point in 1838. He served in the Mexican war, (1846- 47,) and became a captain in 1847. I" May, 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general of the regular army. He commanded the Union forces at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. In April, 1862, he took command of the department of the Rappahannock. He commanded a corps of the army of General Pope, and took part in several battles near Manassas in August, 1862. In 1864- 65 he was commander of the department of the Pacific, and became commander of the fourth military district (Mississippi and Arkansas) in 1867. He was subsequently transferred to the department of the Pacific. He became major-general in 1872; retired in 1882; died in 1885. MacDo'well, (James,) an American statesman, born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, in 1796. He was Gov- ernor of Virginia from 1842 to 1845, and a member of Congress from 1845 to 1851. Died in 1851. MacDowell, (Mrs. Katherine S.,) born in Missis sippi in 1853. She was married about 1S69, and in 1871 removed to Boston, Massachusetts, to enter upon a liter- ary life. Her principal works (" Like unto Like" and " Dialect Tales") attained great and well-deserved suc- cess. Her " Suwanee River Tales" appeared in 1884. Died at Holly Springs, Mississippi, July 22, 1883. Mac-D6"w'ell, (Patrick,) a skilful sculptor, born at Belfast, in Ireland, in 1799. After he had served sev- eral years as an apprentice to a coachmaker of London, he became a self-taught sculptor. His marble statue of a "Girl Reading" (183S) was greatly admired, and procured for him liberal patronage. In 1844 he pro- duced a marble group called " Love Triumphant." He was elected a Royal Academician in 1846. Among his master-pieces are "Psyche," "Eve," "Early Sorrow," and "The Day-Dream." Died December 9, 1870. Mac-duff', (John R.,) D.D., a Scottish clergyman, born at Bonhard, in Perthshire, in iSiS. He was edu- cated at the Edinburgh High School and University. In 1842 he became a minister of the Church of Scotland, and soon acquired fame as a pulpit orator. Among his works are " Memories of Patmos." " Sunsets on Hebrew Mountains," "Memories of Bethany," and "The Gates of Praise," the last a collection of poems. Mac-Duf'fie, (George,) an American lawyer and politician, born in Columbia county, Georgia, about 1788. He was a member of Congress from 1821 to 1835, supported Jackson for the Presidency in 1828, and was elected Governor of South Carolina in 1834. He gained distinction as a public speaker, and took an active part in the debates of Congress, in which he advocated State rights and the policy of J. C. Calhoun. In 1843 he was elected a Senator of the United States by the legislature of South Carolina. He resigned his seat in 1846, on account of ill health. Died in 1851. Mace, (Frances Laughton,) an American poetess, born at Orono, Maine, in 1836. She has contributed to the leading magazines, and one of her poems, " Only Waiting," published anonymously in 1854, has achieved a wide popularity. Mace, mt'sk', (FRANgois,) a French ecclesiastic and biblical writer, born in Paris about 1640. He wrote "La Science de I'ficriture sainte," (1708,) and othei works. Died in 1721. Mac^, (Jean,) a French author, born in Paris, April 22, 181 5. He was bred at the College Stanislas, (1825-35,) but became a private soldier. He has written much for the popularization of science, and laboured for the establishment of schools and libraries for the people. He was expelled from France as a republican in 1851. Many of his books treat of popular education, of phys- iology and health, etc He has also written fairy-tales of much merit. Mace, mas, (Thomas,) an English musician, born in 1613, published a book called "Music's Monument," (1676.) Died in 1709. See BuRNEV, " History of Music." Macedo, de, di mS-sa'do, (Antonio,) a Portuguese Jesuit, born at Coimbra in 1612. He wrote a " History of tfcie Portuguese Popes and Cardinals," (1663.) Died in 1693. Macedo, de, (Francisco,) a Portuguese monk ana prolific writer, born at Coimbra in 1596, was a brother of the preceding. Died at Padua in 1681. See Bayle, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nic^RON, "Memoires;" N. Antonio, " Bibliotheca Hispana Nova;" "Nou- velle Biograpliie Gen^rale." Macedo, de, (Joz6 Agostinho,) a distinguished Portuguese poet and critic, born at Ev'ora about 1770. He adopted the profession of a priest, and became a popular preacher in Lisbon. He edited the official Gazette of Lisbon, and wrote several political tracts. About 181 1 he produced an epic poem called "Gama." A revised edition appeared with the title "The Orient," ("O Oriente.") He was also author of poems entitled "Meditation" ("Meditacao") and "Newton." Died in 1831. Mag'e-don, [Ma/ce(5(jv,] said to have been a son ot Jupiter and Thyia, and a brother of Magnes. From his name that of Macedonia is supposed to be derived. Macedon'icus, a surname of Q. C/ECILIUS Metel- Lus. See Metellus. Ma9-e-do'ni-us, [Gr. MaKcdoviOf,] the founder of a heretical sect called Macedonians. He was a leader of the Semi-Arians, and was chosen Patriarch of Constan- tinople by the Arians about 341 A.D. ; but the Catholics refused to recognize him. In 360 he was deposed. He afterwards denied the divinity or personality of the Holy Spirit, and found followers,who composed a separate sect. See TiLi-EMONT, " Memoires ;" Saint Augustine, " De Hasresi- bus;" Saint Athanasius, " Historia Arianoruni." MacEntee, mak'en tee, (Jervis,) an American land- scape-painter, born at Rondout, New York, July 14, 1828. His pictures are very frequently autumn scenes of great but melancholy beauty. He also painted the figure with success. He was a member of the National Academy. Died January 27, 1891. Macer. See Calvus, (C, Licinius Macer.) Ma'cer, (.(Emii.ius,) a Roman poet of Verona, was contemporary with Virgil. He wrote a poem or poems on Birds, Snakes, and Medicinal Plants. His works are not extant. Died in 16 B.C. Macer, (/Emilius,) a Roman jurist, who lived in the time of Alexander Severus. He wrote several legal works, of which extracts are given in the "Digest." Among the titles of these are " De Appellationibus" and " De Re Militari." Macer, (C. Licinius,) a Roman historian, born about no B.C., was the father of C. Licinius Calvus, and a leader of the democratic party. He became praetor about the year 70. His history of Rome, entitled "An- nales," or " Rerum Romanorum Libri," is referredto by Livy with respect. Having been impeached by Cicero, and convicted under the law "De Repetundis," in 66 B.C., he committed suicide. See Liv^-, "History of Rome," books iv., vii., ix., and x. Mac-far'lan, (James,) a Scottish poet, born in Glas- gow, "April 9, 1832. He published several volumes, chiefly of meritorious verse. After a short life of great poverty and hardship, he died at Glasgow, November 6, 1862. (See his "Complete Poems," with a memoir, by H. B. MacPhail.) Mac-FarTand, (Francis Patrick,) D.D., an Amer- ican bishop, born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, April 6, 1 819. He was educated in the Roman Catholic insti- tutions of Emmittsburg, Maryland, and in 1845 was or- dained to the priesthood, after which he held various theological professorships. In 1858 he was made Bishop of Hartford, Connecticut. Died October 12, 1874. Macfarlane, mak-far'len, (Charles,) a British au- thor, who published, besides other works, " Our Indian a. e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, 6, ?ame, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, shoi-t; a, e. j, 9, obscure; f3r, fill, f4t; mSt; nftt; good; moon; MA CFARLANE i6i MA CHIN Empire," (2 vols., 1844,) "The French Revolution," (4 vols., 1845,) and, in conjunction with George L. Craik, "The Pictorial History of England," (8 vols., 1849,) which is highly esteemed. Died in 1858. Macfarlaiie, (Robert,) a Scottish writer, born in 1734. He published a " History of the Reign of George III.," edited the " Morning Chronicle," London, and is said to have assisted Macpherson in the preparation of Ossian. Died in 1804. Mac-far'ren, (George Alexander,) an eminent English musical composer, born in London in 1813. He became a professor in the Royal Academy of Music, and produced many successful operas, sonsjs, duets, etc. Among his principal works are "The Devil's Opera," (1838,) "Don Quixote," (1846.) "King Charles H.," (1849,) " Robin Hood," (i860,) and " Jessie Lea," (1863.) Died in 1887. Mac-fer'rin, (John Berry,) an American Method- ist divine, born in Rutherford county, Tennessee, in 1807, became editor of the "Southwestern Christian Advocate," Nashville, in 1840. Died May 10, 1887. Mac-Gee', (Thomas D'Arcy,) a Canadian journalist, born in Carlingford, Ireland, April 13, 1825. He was editor of a Catholic paper in Boston, Massachusetts, 1842 -45, a politician and journalist of Dublin, 1845-48, and an editor of Irish-American papers in New York, 1848-57. In 1857 he removed to Montreal, where he became a journalist and member of Parliament, filling several posi- tions in the Colonial ministry. Among his works are a "Catholic History of North America," (1855,) " History of Ireland," (1863,) and " Poems," (1870.) He was mur- dered by a Fenian at Ottawa, April 7, 1868. MacGeohegan, mak-gi'he-gan or mak-gi'nan, (James,) an Irish priest, born near Mullingar in 1698. He is chiefly remembered for his " History of Ireland," (1758,) written originally in French. Died in 1764, Mac-Gill,' (James,) born at Glasgow, Scotland, Oc- tober 6, 1744, went in early life to Canada, acquired great wealth, and served in the war of 1812 as a brigadier- general of provincial troops. He founded McGill Uni- versity at Montreal, where he died, December 19, 1813. Mac-Gill', (John,) D.D., an American bishop, born in Philadelphia, November 4, 1809. He graduated from a college at Bardstown, Kentucky, and practised law with success. He then studied divinity at Rome and Balti- more, and in 1830 became a Roman Catholic priest. In 1850 he was consecrated Bishop of Richmond, Virginia, where he died, January 14, 1872. Mac-gil'li-vray,(ALEXANDER,) born in Coosa county, Alabama, about 1740, became chief of the Creek Indians on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, in which he sided with the British. Died in 1793. Mac-gil'li-vray, (William,) a Scottish naturalist, born in the Isle of Harris in 1796. He became con- servator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, and subsequently professor of civil and natural history in Marischal College, Aberdeen. He was distinguished as a zoologist, and also cultivated botany and geology. His principal work is a " History of British Birds," (3 vols.,) two volumes of which were published after his death. Among his other works is a "History of British Quadrupeds." Died in 1852. See "Brie/ Biographies," by Samuel Smiles; "North British Review" for May, 1853. Mac-greg'or, (John,) a British statistician and economist, born at Stornoway, county of Ross, in 1797. He published a work entitled " British America," (1832,) and became assistant secretary of the board of trade in 1840, and a member of Parliament about 1847. Among his works is " The Progress of America from the Dis- covery of Columbus to the Year 1846," (2 vols., 1847.) Died in 1857. MacGregor, (John,) a British author, born at Graves- end, January 24, 1825. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1851. He published " A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe," (l866,) "The Rob Roy in the Baltic," " A Voyage Alone in the Yawl Rob Roy," " The Rob Roy on the Jordan," stc. Mac-Guffey, (William Holmes,) an American Presbyterian clergyman, born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1800. He graduated at Washington College, Pennsylvania, in 1826, held various professorships in Miami University, Ohio, and was chosen president of Cincinnati College in 1836, and of Miami Univ«-sity in 1839. He was professor of moral philos- ophy in the University of Virginia, 1845-73. His school- books are still extensively used. Died at Charlottesville, Virginia, May 4, 1873. Machado. See Barbosa-Machado, Mac-Hale', (John,) D.D., an Irish archbishop, born at Tubbernavine, county of Mayo, March 6, 1 791. Edu- cated at Maynooth, he became in 1814 a Roman Cath- olic priest, and a professor of dogmatic theology at Maynooth. In 1825 he was made Bishop of Maronea in partibus, in 1834 Bishop of Killala, and in the same year was promoted to be Archbishop of Tuam. He was active in Irish politics, a great church-builder, and a hearty opponent of secular education. Among his works are " Evidences and Doctrines of the Catholic Church," (1827,) a translation of part of the Bible into Irish, and other works in the Irish language. Died November 8, 1S81. Ma-ehanl-das, a tyrant of Sparta, was killed by Philopoemen in 207 B.C. Ma-eha'on, [Ma;tauv,] a celebrated Greek physician, a son of .^sculapius. He is said to have served as surgeon at the siege of Troy, and, according to some authors, was one of the Greek heroes inclosed in the wooden horse. See Virgil's "^neid," book ii., 1. 263. Machault, de, deh mt'sho', (Guillaume,) a French poet, born about 12S4, of a noble family of Champagne. He was a court officer to Philip the Fair, to King John of Bohemia, and to other princes. He left a vast num- ber of ballades, a long poem called "Voir dit," (written in 1362,) and " La Prise d'Alexandrie," a rhymed chron- icle. Died about 1377. Machault, de, deh mS'sho', (Jacques,) a French Jesuit, born in Paris in 1600. He wrote "The History of Japan," (" De Rebus Japonicis," 1646,) and a work on the Indian and Persian Missions. Died in 1680. Machault, de, (Jean,) a Jesuit and writer, born in Paris in 1561, was an uncle of the preceding. Died in 1629. Machault d'Arnouville, mS'sho' dtR'noo'vil', (Jean Baptiste,) an able French financier and statesman, born in 1701. He was appointed coiitr6leur-general of the finances in 1745, and received in addition the office of keeper of the seals in 1750. In order to divide the imposts more equally, he encroached on the pecuniary privileges of the clergy, and thus made powerful enemies. In 1754 he was removed from the control of the finances, but was placed at the head of the marine. He was dis- missed finally from office in 1757. Died in 1794. See Martin, " Histoire de France :" Bresson, " Histoire finan- ci^re de la France ;" " Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale." Machebeuf, mSsh'buf, (Joseph Projectus,) D.D., a bishop, born at Riom, in France, jTanuary 11, 1812. He was educated at the College of Riom and at Cler- mont-Ferrand, graduating in arts in 1830, and in theology in 1836, in which year he was oraained a Roman Catholic priest. In 1839 he came to the United States, and was a pastor in Sandusky, Santa Fe, and Denver. In 1868 he was consecrated Bishop of Epiphania and appointed Vicar-Apostolic of Colorado. Machet, mt'shi', (G6rard,) a French cardinal, bom at Blois about 1380. He was confessor to Charles VII., and presided over the examination of Joan of Arc in March, 1429, (while the king was yet doubtful whether to trust her predictions,) when he declared that the advent of a liberatress was announced by prophecy, and that he had read it in books. Died in 1448. See H. Gr^goire, " Histoire des Confesseurs," 1824. MachiaveL See Macchiavelli. Machin, mak'in, ? (John,) F.R.S., a British mathema- tician, was made professor of astronomy in Gresham Col- lege in 1713. He wrote "On the Laws of the Moon's Motions," a " Solution of Kepler's Problem," and a treat- ise "On the Curve of Quickest Descent." Died in I7SI. See Ward, "Livesof the Professors of Gresham College," 1740. e as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, 11, k. ^tttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as s; th as in this. ( 2!^="See Explanations, p. 23.) MA CHON 1614 MACKENZIE Ma'-ehon, [Ma;\'wv,| a Greek comic poet, born at Corinth or Sicyon, lived at Alexandria between 300 and 260 B.C. According to A then sens, he was one of the best poets of the "Pleiad." His works are lost, except small fragments. Machy, de, dehmt'she^ (Pierre Antoine,) al^'rench painter and engraver, born in Paris in 1722 ; died in 1807. Macias, mS-Mee'Js, one of the most admired Span- ish poets of his age, lived in the fifteenth century, and was surnamed Ei. Enamorado, ("the Enamored,") in reference to an unhappy ]>assion which inspired his best poetical effusions. He had many imitators among Spanish poets. He was assassinated by a man whose motive was jealousy. Maciejowski, niit-se-i-yov'skee, (Wenceslaus Alexander,) a Polish historian and jurist, born in 1792. He published an excellent work entitled " Historya Pra- wodawstw Slowianskich," (4 vols., 1885), which treats of the political and civil institutions of the Slavonic nations. Died February to, 1883. Macllvaine, mak-il-van', (Charles Pettit,) D.D., LL.D., an eminent American divine and writer, born at Burlington, New Jersey, in 1798. lie was appointed professor of ethics and chaplain in the Military Academy at West Point in 1S25. In 1832 he was consecrated Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio. His lectures on "The Evidences of Christianity," deliv- ered in New York in 1831, and published in 1832, have nad an extraordinary success, and have been republished in London and Edinburgh. He died March 12, 1873. Macllvaine, (Joshua Hali,,) D.D., an American Presbyterian divine, born at Lewes, Delaware. March 4, 1815. He graduated in 1837 at Princeton College, where he also studied divinity. He was professor of belles- lettres at Princeton, 1860-70. His principal books are " The Tree of Knowledge," " Wisdom of Holy Scrip- ture," and a treatise on the Apocalypse. Mac'In-tosJi, (John,) an American soldier of the Revolution, was a native of Georgia; died in 1826. His son, James S. Macintosh, served with distinction in the war of 1812 and in the Mexican war, and was mor- tally wounded at the battle of Molino del Rey, in 1847. Macintosh or Mackintosli, (Lachlan,) born near Inverness, Scotland, in 1727, emigrated to Georgia, where he rose to the rank of brigadier-general in the American army. He was elected to Congress in 1784. Died in 1806. Seethe "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Tol. iii. Macintosh, (Maria J.,) an American writer, born at Sunbury, Georgia, in 1803. She has published "Jessie Graham," "Praise and Principle," (1845,) "Charms and Counter-Charms," (1848,) etc. Died February 25, 1878. Mac'in-tyre, (Duncan,) called Donacha Ban, {i.e., " Fair Duncan,") a Scottish (Gaelic) poet, born at Druim- liaghart, in Argyll, March 20, 1724. Much against his will, he served in the royal army at the battle of Falkirk, (I745-) His excellent poems were first published in 1790. Died at Edinburgh in May, 181 2. Mack von Leiberich, m<\k fon lI'beh-rlK', (Karl,) Baron, an Austrian general, noted for his ill success, was born at Neuslingen in 1752. He served as quarter- master-general against the French in 1793. In 1794 he was sent to London to concert with the English minis- ters the operations of the war. The court of Naples having in 1798 requested that of Austria to send a gene- ral to command the army against the P'rench, Mack was Belected. He was quickly defeated by Championnet, and sought refuge from the rage of the Neapolitans in the French camp, (1799.) In 1805 he obtained com- mand of the Austrian army, which was invested by Na- poleon in person at Ulm. On the 20th of October he ignominiously surrendered his army of 30,000 men as prisoners. Mack was tried by court-martial, and pun- ished by imprisonment for several years. Died in 1828. See Thiers, " Histoire du Consulat et de I'Empire;" Alison, " History of Europe:" " Nouvelle Biographie G^uerale." Mac-kaiP, (William W.,) an American general, born in the District of Columbia about 1818, served with distinction in the Mexican war of 1846-47, and became in 1861 a brigadier-general in the Confederate army. Mackau, mS'ko', (Ange Ren6 Armand,) a French admiral, born in Paris in 1788. He was minister of the marine from Tuly, 1843, ^o May, 1847. Died in 1855. Mac-kay% (Charles,) a Scottish poet and writer of songs', was born at Perth in 1814. He published "The Salamandrine," a poem, (1842,) " Legends of the Isles," (1845,) "Voices from the Crowd," (1846,) including a popular song called " The Good Time Coming," " Voices from the Mountains," (1847,) "Town Lyrics," (1848,) "Egeria, or the Spirit of Nature," (1850,) "The Lump of Gold," (1855,) "Under Green Leaves," (1857,) "A Man's Heart," (i86o,) " Studies from the Antique, etc.," (1864,) and prose works entitled "Memoirs of Extraor- dinary Popular Delusions," (1841,) and "Lost Beauties of the English Language," (1874.) Died in 1889. Mackay, ma-kl', (Rokert,) oftener called Rob Donn, {i.e., " Black Robert,") and Robert Calder, a Highland bard, born at Durness in 1714. He was a herdsman and drover, afterwards a steward to Lord Reay, and in 1759 enlisted in the army, but, f»om his high reputation, was not permitted to do military duty. Died in 1788. His poems arejimong the best in Gaelic literature. Mac-Kean', (Thomas,) an American patriot and signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1734. In 1765 he rep- resented the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, in Delaware, in the so-called Stamp-Act Congress. He was elected to the Congress of 1774 from Delaware, in which post he continued till 1783. He had been appointed in 1777 i)resident of the State of Delaware, and chief justice of Pennsylvania. He was Governor of the latter State from 1799 to 1808. Died in 181 7. He was a political friend of Jefferson. See Goodrich, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde- pendence ;" " National Portrait-Gallery ofDistinguished Americans," vol. iv. MacKean, (Thomas J.,) an American general, born in Bradford countv, Pennsylvania, about 1810, graduated at West Point in 1831. He became a brigadier-general about November, 1861, and commanded a division at Corinth, October 4, 1862. MacKean, (William W.,) an American commodore, born in Pennsylvania in 1801, was a nephew of Governor Thomas McKean, noticed above. He was appointed commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in 1861. Died in 1865. Mac-Kee'ver, (Isaac,) an American commodore, born in Pennsylvania in 1793. He distinguished himself in the war of 1812, and in 1851 commanded the squadron on the coast of Brazil. Died in 1856. Mackeldey, mak'kel-di', (Ferdinand,) a German jurist, born at Brunswick in 1784. He became first pro- fessor of law at Bonn in 1818, and published a "Manual of the Institutes of Roman Law of the Present Time " (1814.) Died in 1834, Mac-Kel'lar, (Thomas,) an American poet, born in the city of New York in 1S12. He became a printer, and removed to Philadelphia in 1833. On the death of Mr. Johnson, in i860, Mr. Mackellar succeeded him as the head of the type-foundry of L. Johnson & Co., (now of MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan,) perhaps the most ex- tensive establishment of the kind in the United States. He has published several small volumes of poems, some of which have been warmly commended by N. P. Willis, W. C. Bryant, and other competent critics. See Allibone's "Dictionary of Authors." Mac-ken'dree, (William,) born in King William county, Virginia, in 1757, entered the ministry about 1788. He \\"as chosen a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1808. Died in 1835. Mac-ken'zie, (Sir Alexander,) an enterprising Scotchman, born at Inverness about 1755. I" ^^^ youth he emigrated to Canada, and became a clerk in the service of the Northwest Fur Company. From 1781 to 1789 he spent eight years in trading with the Indians at Lake Athabasca, and in the latter year discovered the river which bears his name, and traced it from its source to its entrance into the Arctic Ocean, where he arrived in July, 1789. In 1792 he led another exploring party westward to the Pacific. On his return to England, in 1801, he published his "Voyages from Montreal to the i, e, T, o, u, y, /onc^; i, k, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, li, y, short; a, e, j, o, obsaire; fir, fill, fit; mSt; nSt; good; moon; MACKENZIE 1615 MACKINTOSH Frozen and Pacific Oceans," which, says Chateaubriand, "is a work of great merit." Died in 1820. See Chateaubriand, "Voyages en Anidrique ;" Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" Monthly Review" for July and August, 1802. Mackenzie, (Alexander,) a statesman, born at Logierait, Perthshire, Scotland, January 28, 1822. He became a business-man and journalist in Canada West, and held prominent offices in Ontario. In 1867 he en- tered the Parliament of the Dominion, and was premier and minister of public works from 1873 ^'^ 1878. Mac-ken'zie, (Alexander Slidkll,) an American naval officer and miscellaneous writer, born in New York in 1803. Having visited Euroj^e in 1825, he published, soon after his return, his "Year in Spain," which was received with great favour. In 1835 he made another voyage to Europe, the result of which was his two works entitled " The American in England" and " Spain Re- visited." While commander of the Somers, in 1842, he ordered the mutineer Spencer and two of his associates to be hanged from the yard-arm of the vessel, which act was publicly approved by a high court of inquiry after his return. He died in 1848. Besides the above-named works, he wrote a "Life of Paul Jones," in Sparks's "American Biography." See DuYCKiNCK, " t'ycIopuEdia of American Literature," vol. ii. Mackenzie, (Charles Frazer,) a Scottish mission- ary, born in Peebleshire in 1825. He went to Southern Africa in i860, and began to labour near the Zambesi River. He died in Africa in January, 1862. Mackenzie, (Donald,) a merchant, born in Scot- land in 1783. He became in 1809 a partner of John Jacob Astor in the fur-trade, and made an overland journey to the Pacific. Died in 1851. Mackenzie, (George,) Earl of Cromarty, a Scottish politician and writer, born in 1630. He was appointed justice-general in 1678, and a lord of session in 1681. In 1685 he was created Viscount Tarbat, and in 1703 Earl of Cromarty. He was secretary of state for Scot- land from 1701 to 1704. He wrote, besides other works, "Synopsis Apocalyptica," (1708,) and an "Account of the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie against James VI.," (1713.) Diedini7i4. See Walpolk, "Royal and Noble Authors;" Chambers, "Bio- graphical Dictionar\' of Eminent Scotsmen." Mackenzie, (Sir George,) a Scottish lawyer and writer, born at Dundee in 1636. He attained eminence in his profession, and about 1661 was appointed justice- depute, or judge. He published " Religio Laici," a treat- ise on religion and morality, (1663,) "Moral Gallantry," (1667,) " Institutions of the Laws of Scotland," (1684,) and other works. From 1674 to 1685 he was employed as king's advocate, and in this period had some agency in the persecution of the Covenanters, who designated him "the bloodthirsty advocate." Died in 1691. See " Life of Sir G. Mackenzie," prefixed to his works ; Burnet, " History of his Own Times;" Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Mackenzie, ( George, ) a Scottish physician and writer, who practised in Edinburgh with success, and published " Lives and Characters of the Most Eminent Writers of the Scottish Nation," (3 vols., 1708-22.) Died in 1726. Mackenzie, (Henry,) an eminent Scottish novelist and essayist, born in Edinburgh in 1745. In his youth he obtained the office of attorney in the Scottish court of exchequer. In 1771 he published, anonymously, "The Man of Feeling," a novel, which is his principal work, and was generally admired. He edited "The Mirror," a periodical resembling the " Spectator," which was first issued in 1779, and was discontinued the next year. More than one-third of the articles in this popular work were written by him. He afterwards produced "The Man of the World," a novel, several political treatises favourable to the Tory party, "The Prince of Tunis," and other dramas. He contributed many essays to "The L/iunger," a successful periodical, of which he was editor in 1785-86. In 1804 he obtained the lucrative office of comptroller of taxes for Scotland. Died in 1831. See Sir Walter Scott's Miscellaneous Prose Works; "Nou- velle Biographic Gdn^rale;" Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" Allibone, " Dictionary of Authors." Mackenzie, (Robert Shelton,) D.C.L., a writer and journalist of much ability, boin in Limerick county, Ireland, in 1809. He was editor successively of the " Liverpool Jomnal" and various f/ther British periodi- cals, and in 1852 settled in America, where he became literar^ and foreign editor of the Philadelphia " Press." He published "Lays of Palestine," (1828,) "Life of Curran," (1855,) "Tressilian, or the Story-Tellers," (1857,) a "Life of Charles Dickens," (1870,) and many other works. Died November 21, 1881. Mackenzie, (William Lyon,) a Canadian journalist and politician, born at Dundee, Scotland, in 1794. He emigrated to Canada in early life, and became the editor of a paper. He was the leader of a party which took arms against the government in December, 1837, and was quickly dispersed. He took refuge in New York. Died in 1861. Mackey, mak'ee, (Alkert Gallatin,) an American physician and journalist, born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1807. He published a "Text-Book of Masonic Jurisprudence," etc. Died in 1881. Mackey, mak'ee, (John,) an Englishman, who, as an agent of William III., watched the movements of the Jacobite exiles after the revolution of 1688. He wrote a "Picture of the Court of Saint Germain," (1695.) Died in 1726. See " Memoirs of the Secret Services of John Mackey," London, 1833. Mackie, mak-kee', (John,) a Scottish physician, born in Fifeshire in 1748, published, besides medical treatises, " A Sketch of a New Theory of Man." Died in 1831. Mackie, (John Milton,) an American writer, born at Wareham, Massachusetts, in 1813. He has written a "Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz," (1845,) "Life of Schamyl, the Circassian Chief," (1856,) and contrib- uted various articles to the "North American Review." Mac-kin'non, (Daniel,) Colonel, a British officer, born in 1791. He commanded a regiment of Coldstream Guards at Waterloo, and wrote a "History of the Cold- stream Guards." Died in 1836. See Chambers, " BiographicalDictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) Mackinnon, (Henry,) a British general, born near Winchester in 1773. He served many campaigns against the French. He distinguished himself in several actions in Spain, obtained command of a brigade in 1809, and was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812. Mack'in-tosh, (Sir James,) an illustrious British author, orator, and statesman, was born at Aldourie, near Inverness, on the 24th of October, 1765. He was the son of Captain John Mackintosh, of the army, and Marjory Macgillivray. At King's College, Aberdeen, which 'he entered in 1780, he profited by the congenial society of Robert Hall, who was his fellow-student and intimate friend. He studied medicine in Edinburgh, and, having obtained his diploma, in 178S removed to London, where he married Catherine Stuart in 1789. His fluent elocution, admirable temper, and refined manners procured his admission into the best society. He had a "boundless literary ambition," and a most capacious and accurate memory. In defence, or rather ardent eulogy, of the first reforms of the French Revolution, he produced, in answer to Burke's famous "Reflections," his "Vindi- ciae Gallicae," (1791,) which raised him into sudden celebrity and caused him to be warmly caressed by Fox, Sheridan, and other chiefs of the Whig party. About this time he renounced medicine and became a student of law. He was called to the bar in 1795, gave special attention to public law, and practised with success in the home circuit. In 1799 he delivered a series of lectures "On the Law of Nature and of Nations," which were highly applauded by the most eminent judges of all parties as a noble monument of intellectual power and wisdom. He expressed in these lectures more conserva- tive views than those of his "Vindicia; Gallicae." In 1803 he gained a high reputation for forensic eloquence by his defence of M. Peltier, a French emigrant, who was tried for a libel on Bonaparte, and was acquitted. This speech was translated into French by Madame de Stael. He accepted the office of recorder of Bombay, where he arrived in 1804, and was appointed judge of the admiralty court in 1806. Sir James returned to € as /6; 9 as s; g ha7-d; g as/; G, H, \!i,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. { ^^^See Explanations, p. 23. | MACKLIN i6i6 MACLEAN England in i8i2, and was elected to Parliament by the Whigs in 1813. He won and maintained a high place among parliamentary speakers. From 1818 to 1824 he was professor of law and politics in the college at Hai- leybury. He contributed to the " Edinburgh Review," and wrote an important " Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy," which appeared among the pre- liminary essays of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." In 1830 he accepted office as commissioner for the affairs of India under the ministry of Earl Gray. He made a powerful and luminous speech in the House on the Re- form bill in 183 1. He wrote a " History of England," a work of great merit, which was published in "Lardner's Cyclopaedia," (1831.) He died in May, 1832, leaving unfinished a "History of the Revolution in England in i688," which was published in 1832. "We have no hesitation," says Macaulay, "in pronouncing this frag- ment decidedly the best history now extant of the reign of James II. . . . The intellectual and moral qualities which are most important in a historian, he possessed in a very high degree. He was singularly mild, calm, and impartial in his judgments of men and of parties." The same critic adds, " He distinguished himself highly in Parliament. But nevertheless Parliament was not ex- actly the sphere for him. The effect of his most success- ful speeches was small, when compared with the quantity of ability and learning which was expended on them." " It would be difficult," says Mr. Whipple, " to men tion any writer whose name has been connected with the literary journals of the nineteenth century, who has carried into the task of criticism so much fairness and moderation as Mackintosh. His nature was singularly free from asperity and dogmatism. To a large under- standing and boundless stores of knowledge he united candour and even humility in their employment. . . . The beauty of his character will long continue to exert an influence in insensibly moulding the minds of scholars and statesmen." (See article on "British Critics" in the "North American Review" for October, 1845.) See "Memoirs of the Life of Sir James Mackintosh," edited by his son, Robert J. Mackintosh, 2 vols., 1835: "Historical Char- acters," by Sir H. L. Bulwer, London, 1868: " Encyclop.Edia Britannica;" Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale;" "Edinburgh Re- view" for October, 1S35, (by Jeffrey ;) " British Quarterly Re\'iew" for November, 1846; "North American Review" for October, 1832, (by A. H. Everett;) and the very elaborate article on "Mackin- tosh" in Allibone's "Dictionary of Authors." Mac-klin', (Charles,) a popular Irish actor and dramatist, (whose family name was McLaughlin,) was born at Westmeath in 1690. He appeared on the Lon- don stage in 1725, and did not retire until 1789. He excelled in the r6le of "Shylock," and wrote, besides several other plays, a successful comedy called> "The Man of the World." Died in 1797, at the age of 107. See J. T. KiRKMAN, " Memoirs of Charles Macklin," 1799; Wil- liam Cooke, " Memoirs of C. Macklin," 1804 ; " Monthly Review" for November and December, 1799. MacKnight, mak-nit', (George,) M.D., an American poet, born at Sterling, New York, in 1840. He has published " Life and Faith," a collection of religious sonnets, of a high order of merit, (1878.) MacKnight, mak-nit', (James,) an eminent Scottish Presbyterian divine, born at Irvine in 1721. He became minister at Maybole in 1753, ^""^ published his " Har- mony of the Gospels," (1756,) which is esteemed an ex- cellent standard work and has been often reprinted. In 1763 he produced "The Truth of the Gospel History," which was received with favour. From 1772 until 1778 he preached in Lady Yester's parish in Edinburgh, and during the remainder of his life he was minister of the Old Church of that city. In 1795 he published a " Lite- ral Translation of all the Apostolic Epistles," a work of high reputation. Died in 1800. See "Life of J. Macknight," by his son; Chambers, "Bio- graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." MacLachlan, mak-liK'lan, (Alexander,) a Scottish- Canadian poet, born at Johnstone, in Renfrewshire, Au- gust 12, 1818. He removed in 1841 to Canada. Among his works are " Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect," (1855,) "Lyrics," (1858,) "The Emigrant," etc., {1861,) " Poems and Songs," (1874,) etc. Maclachlan, (Ewen,) a Scottish philologist and poet, born at Torracalltuinn, Lochaber, in 1775, graduated at the University of Saint Andrew's. He died March 29, 1822. He compiled a learned and laborious Gaelic dictionary, and wrote poems in Gaelic, English, Latin, and Greek. Maclane, mak-lan', (Archibald,) an Irish clergyman, born at Monaghan about 1722. He preached for the Anglican Church of the Hague about fifty years, ending in 1796. He published a volume of sermons, and trans- lated Mosheim's "History of the Church," (1765.) Died in 1804. MacLane, mak-lan', (Louis,) an American states- man, born at Smyrna, Delaware, in May, 1786. He gained distinction as a lawyer, and represented Delaware m Congress from 181 7 to 1827. In the latter year he was elected a -Senator of the United States by the legis- lature of Delaware. He served as minister to England about two years, (1829-31,) and was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Jackson in April or May, 1831 ; but, not approving, it is said, of the removal of the deposits from the United States Bank, he was in 1833 removed from the treasury and made secretary of state, which position he resigned in June, 1834. In 1845 he went to England as ambassador. After the question of the boundary of Oregon was settled, he returned home. Died in October, 1857. See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. Mac-lar'en, (Charles,) a Scottish journalist and geologist, born about 1783. He was chief editor of the " Scotsman" (a leading political journal of Edinburgh) from 1820 to 1847. ^^ published, besides other works, "The Geology of Fife and the Lothians," (1839.) Died in September, 1866. Mac-Lar'en, (William Edward,) D.D.,an American bishop, born in Cieneva, New York, December 13, 1831, graduated in 1851 from the college at Washington, Penn- sylvania, was a journalist, 1852-57, studied theology in the Presbyterian Seminary at Pittsburg, and became a Presbyterian clergyman. In 1S72 he took orders in the Episcopal Church, and in 1S75 he was made Bishop of Illinois. Mac-lau'rin, (Colin,) an eminent Scottish mathe- matician, born at Kilmodan in 1698. He obtained the chair of mathematics in Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1717. In 1720 he published '' Geometria Organica sive Descriptio Linearum Curvarum universalis," Jt treatise on curve lines, which is said to have excited the admira- tion of Newton. In 1725 he was appointed assistant of Professor Gregory in the University of Edinburgh, where he remained about twenty years. While he was em- ployed in fortifying Edinburgh against the Pretender's army, in 1745, he contracted a disease which hastened his death. He shared with D. Bernoulli and Euler the prize awarded in 1740 by the Academy of Paris for a memoir on Tides. He was the author of several original and profound works, among which are a " Treatise on Fluxions," (1742,) and a "Treatise on Algebra," (1748.) Died in 1746. See MoNTucLA, " Histoire des Math^matiques ;" Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Maclaurin, (John,) a Scottish lawyer, bom in Edin-" burgh in 1734, was a son of the preceding. He became a judge about 1787, when he received the title of Lord Dreghorn. He wrote an " Essay on Literary Property," a drama entitled " Hampden," and several other works in prose and verse. Died in 1796. See " Life of Lord Dreghorn," prefixed to his works. Mac-La-wi', (Lafayette,) an American general, born in Georgia in 1821. He commanded a division of Gen- eral Lee's army. Mac-lay', (Archibald,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born in Scotland in 1778, emigrated to America in 1805, and became pastor of a church in Ne<\' York. He was thirteen years general agent of the American and Foreign Bible Society. Died in 1S60. Maclay, (Micklucho.) See Micklucho-M.-\clay. MacLean or Maclean, mak-lan', (John,) an Ameri- can statesman and jurist, born in Morris county. New Jersey, in March, 1785. He removed with his father to Ohio about 1798, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and i, e, I, o, u, y, ^«^; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, i"i, y, .f/4:7r/; a, e, \,q, obscure; far, f^li, fit; ni§t; n6l; good; moonj MACLEAN 1617 MA CMULLEN began to practise at Lebanon. In 1812 he was elected a member of Congress, in which he acted with the Democrats, and supported the war against England. He was again elected by a unanimous vote in 1814, was a judge of the supreme court of Ohio from 1816 to 1822, and became postmaster-general in 1823. He filled this office with great credit and ability until March, 1829, during which period he introduced many improvements and brought the department into a state of the highest elificiency. He declined a place in the cabinet of Presi- dent Jackson, and was appointed a judge of the supreme court of the United States in 1829. He dissented from the decision of the court in the Dred Scott case, as given by Chief-Justice Taney in 1857, and opposed the exten- sion of slavery. At the Republican National Convention of 1856 he received one hundred and ninety-six votes as a candidate for the Presidency of the United States. Died in Cincinnati in April, 1861. See the " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iv. Maclean, (Mrs. L. E.) See Landon, (L. E.) MacLehose, mak'le-hose, (Agnes,) a friend and cor- respondent of Burns, was born in 1759. Her maiden name was Craig. During a long separation from her husband, she carried on (between 1787 and 1792) a very sentimental correspondence with ]}urns. lier letters, often reprinted, are signed "Clarinda." Died at Edin- burgh, October 22, 1841. Mac-Lel'lan, (Isaac,) an American poet, born at Port- land, Maine, about iSio. Among his works we may mention "The Fall of the Indian, (1830,) and "The Year, and other Poems," (1832.) See Griswold, "Poets and Poetry of America;" Cleveland, "Compendium of American Literature." Mac-Len'nau, (John Ferguson,) a Scottish social philosopher, born at Inverness, October 14, 1S27. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and at Cam- bridge, and in 1857 was passed as an advocate at Edin- burgh. His principal works are " Primitive Marriage," (1865,) a "Life of Thomas Drummond," (1867,) and "Studies in Ancient History," (1876.) His works are highly original, and are of recognized value. Died June 14, 1881. Macleod, mak-lowd', (Alexander,) D.D., born in the island of Mull in 1774, emigrated to the United States, and became in 1861 pastor of a Reformed Pres- byterian church in New York. He was the author of an " Ecclesiastical Catechism," " Negro Slavery Unjustifi- able," "The Life and Power of True Godliness," and other religious works. Died in 1833, MacLeod, mak-lowd', (Henry Dunning,) a Scottish political economist, born in Edinburgh in 1821. He studied at Eton, Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and in 1849 became a barrister of London. Among his works are "Theory and Practice of Banking," (1856,) "Elements of Political Economy," (1858,) and a "Dictionary of Political Economy." MacLeod, (John,) a Scottish surgeon, born at Bun- hill in 17S2. He became in 181 7 surgeon of the Alceste, which conveyed Lord Amherst to China, and in 1818 published "The Voyage of the Alceste along the Coast of Corea," etc. . I)ied in 1820. See WALeKENA«!R, " Collection des Relations des Voyages." MacLeod or Macleod, (Rev. Norman,) a Scottish divine, born at Cainpbelton in i8i2. He became min- ister of Loudon in 1838, of Dalkeith in 1843, and of the Barony Parish, Glasgow, in 185 1. He published, among other works, "Home Education," and "The Earnest Student," and was editor of a monthly periodical called "Good Words." Died June 16, 1872. Macleod, (Xavier Donald,) a son of Alexander, noticed above, born in New York in 1821, published numerous works in prose apd verse, among which we may name a " Life of Mary Queen of Scots," (1857,) and a poem "Entitled "The Saga of Viking Torquil." Died in 1865. Maclise, mak-leess', (Daniel,) a popular historical painter, born at Cork, Ireland, in 181 1. He went to London in 1828, and became a student in the Royal Academy, where he quickly won several prize medals. He gained a high reputation by his "Vow of the Ladies and the Peacock," (1835,) and "Merry Christmas in the Baron's Hall," (1838.) In 1840 he was elected an Academician. Among his admired productions are "The Sleeping Beauty," (1841,) "The Play Scene in Hamlet," (1842,) "Noah's Sacrifice," (1847,) and " Shak- speare's Seven Ages," (184S.) He is regarded as one of the most original of English painters of the present time. Died in April, 1870. Maclure. See Macclure. Mac-lure', (William,) an eminent naturalist, and pioneer of American geology, born at Ayr, in Scotland, in 1763. Having made an extensive scientific tour in Europe, he removed to the United States, and about 1S06 entered upon a geological survey of that ci^untry. In the accomplishment of this task, he visited nearly every State and Territory in the Union, and crossed and recrossed the Alleghanies fifty times. An account of his tour was published in the "Transactions of the .Ameri- can Philosophical Society," (1809.) In 181 2 Mr. Maclure became one of the first members of the Academy of Natural Sciences just founded at Philadelphia, and was elected president of that institution in 18 17. He con- tinued to fill this post for twenty-two years, and the "Jour- nal" of the Academy was begun under his auspices. His donations of books to the Academy amotinted to nearly fifteen hundred volumes, comprising valuable works on natural history, antiquities, etc., and he gave the sum of $20,000 towards the erection of the building on Broad Street, finished in 1840. Died in 1840, at San Angel, in Mexico, whither he had gone on account of his health. See " Memoirs of \Vm. Maclure," by SAMt;EL G. MoRTOH. MacMahon, mtk'mt'6N', (Marie Edme Patrick -Maurice,) Due de Magenta, a French marshal, of Irish extraction, born in 1808, was a son of a peer of France. He served in Algeria from 1830 to 1850. In 1852 he became a general of division. In the siege of Sebastopol he commanded the division which took the Malakoff by assault on the 8th of September, 1855. He commanded the second corps-d'armee in the Italian campaign of 1859, and took a prominent part in the battle of Magenta. This service was rewarded (June 5, 1859) by the rank of marshal of France and the title of Due de Magenta. He also contributed to the victory of Solferino, June 24, 1859. In the war with Prussia he was defeated at Worth (Au- gust 6, 1870) and at Sedan, (September i,) where he was severely womided. He put down the revolution of the Commune in 1871, and was President of France, 1873-79. Mac-Mas'ter,(GuY Hu.MPHREYS,)an American poet, born at Clyde, New York, January 31, 1829. He gradu- ated at Hamilton College in 1847, ^"^ became a lawyer. He was county judge of Steuben county, New York, from 1864 to 1S71, and from 1878 to 1S84. In 1884 he was made surrogate of the same county. He wrote "Carmen Bellicosum," etc. Died September 13, 1887. MacMaster, (John Bach,) an American author, born in Brooklyn, New York, June 29, 1S52. He graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1S72, and studied civil engineering. He was an instructor first in his alma mater and then in Princeton College, and in 1883 was chosen professor of history in the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of a "History of the People of the United States," (vol. i., 1883.) MacMichael, mak-mi'kel, (Morto.n,) an able Ameri- can editor and orator, born in Burlington county. New Jersey, in 1807, was sheriff" of the county of Philadelphia from 1843 to 1846. In 1845 he becaine proprietor and chief editor of the "North American and United States Gazette." He was mayor of Philadelphia from 1865 to 1868. Died January 6, 1879. MacMicliael, mak-mi'kel, (William.) an English physician, born in 1784. He published a "Journey from Moscow to Constantinople," (1819.) Died in 1839. Mac-milTan, (Hugh,) D.D., LL.D., a Scottish divine, born at Aberfeldy, September 1 7, 1833. He was educated at the Edinburgh University, and became a distinguished Free Church minister. He published "Bible Teach- ings in Nature," (1866,) "First Forms of Vegetation," "Holidays on High Lands," "The True Vine," and ni.iny other popular religious books. Mac-MulTen, (Joh.\,) D.D., a bishop, bcnn at Bally- iiahiiich, Ireland, March 8, 1833. He was taken in 1S37 ■c as /&.• 9 as /; g hard; g as ;; G, H, yi, gtittural ; N, ttasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) 102 MACNAB 1618 MACPHERSON to Canada, and in 1843 to Chica,e;o, graduated at Saint Mary's College in 1S53, studied at Rome, and was ordained in 1858 to the Catht)lic priesthood. He became presi- dent of Saint Mary's University, and in 188 1 was made Bishop of Davenport, Iowa. Died July 4, 18S3. Mac-Nab', (Sir Allan,) an officer in the British ser- vice, born in Canada in 1798. He studied law, and was elected to the legislature of Canada West. During the insurrection of 1837 he commanded near Niagara, and sent over the falls the steamboat Caroline, which had been captured from the insurgents. He was the prin- cipal minister during part of the period in which Lord Elgin governed Canada, (1846-54.) He was knighted for his services in the rebellion above mentioned. Died in Canada in August, 1862. MacNaghten, mak-naw'ten, (Sir William,) a British officer in the civil service of the East India Company, was sent as envoy to .Shah Soojah about 1840, and was assassinated at Cabool by Akbar Khan in 1841. Mac-Nal'ly, (Leonard,) an Irish barrister and dram- atist, born in Dublin in 1752. He wrote "Fashionable Levities," a successful comedy, and several operas and farces, also "The Rules of Evidence." Died in 1820. Mac-nee', (Sir Daniel,) a Scottish portrait-painter, born at Fintry in 1S06. He was of humble origin, and was in the main self-educated. He was knighted in 1876. Died at Edinburgh, January 18, 1882. Mac-neil', (Heciur,) a Scottish poet, born near Rosli'n in 1746. He passed many of his early years in the West Indies, probably as overseer, and returned to Scotland about 1788. He published "The Harp," (1789,) "Scotland's Skaith," (1795,) which was much admired, and other poems. Died in 1818. See Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Mac-neil', (John,) an American general, born in New Hampshire in 1784, served with distinction at the battle of Chippewa in 1814. Died in 1850. Macneile, mak-neel', (Rev. Hugh,) D.D., an Irish Protestant clergyman, born in the count^tl:j;of] of Philadelphia, called the Sophist, a Byzantine historian, lived about 600 A.D. Fragments of his works are extant. See Cave, " Historia Literaria." Malchus, von, fon mai'Kfis, (Karl August,) Baron, a German writer, born at Mannheim in 1770, was ap- pointed minister of the interior in the kingdom of West- phalia in 1813. He published several works on political economy. Died in 1840. Malcolm (miKkprn) I., King of Scots, the son of Donald IV., succeeded his cousin, Constantine III., in 938 A.D. He was killed by some of his own subjects who had revolted ; but the date of this event is not known. Malcolm II., King of Scotland, was the son of Ken- neth HI. He began to reign in 1003, and resisted seve- ral hostile incursions of the Danes witn success. He died in 1033, leaving two daughters, one of whom was the mother of Duncan I. Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore, (" Great Head,") was the son of King Duncan, whose virtues and tragical fate are commemorated in Shakspeare's " Macbeth." When Duncan was killed, in 1040, Malcolm escaped to England. (See Macbeth.) He returned with an army, defeated Macbeth, and ascended the throne in 1057. About 1090 a war commenced between William II. of England and Malcolm, who was killed in battle at Aln- wick Castle in 1093. His sons Alexander and David became kings. See Burton, "History of Scotland," vol. i. chap. xi. Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, was born about 1140, and succeeded his grandfather, David I., in 1 153. He made peace with Henry II. of England by ceding to him Northumberland. ITe died in 1165, and was succeeded by his brother William. See Burton, " History of Scotland," vol. ii. chaps, xiii., xiv. ; Buchanan, " Renim Scolicarum Historia." Malcolm, mil'kom, (James Peller,) an engraver and antiquary, born in Philadelphia about 1768. He visited Europe in his youth, and became a student in the Royal Academy of London. He published " Lon- dinum Redivivum ; or, The Ancient History and Modern Description of London," (1802-05,) "Seventy Views taken within the Compass of Twelve Miles round Lon- don," (181 1,) and other works. Died in 1815. Malcolm, m41'kom, (Sir John,) G.C.B., a British general and eminent historian, born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, in 1769. In his youth he went to India as a cadet in the army of the Company. After performing an important political mission to Persia, (1799,) he was appointed to the presidency of Mysore in 1803. He was minister-plenipotentiary to the court of Persia in 1809 and 1810. Having collected information respect- ing Persia, he went to England in 1812, and published a valuable "History of Persia" (1815) from the earliest times to the date of publication. He returned to India in 181 7, obtained the rank of brigadier-general, and, as second in command, distinguished himself at the battle of Mehidpoor, where Holkar was defeated. For several ensuing years he governed Malwa and the adjacent provinces in a manner which is highly commended. He returned to England in 1821, with the rank of major- general, was appointed Governor of Bombay in 1827, and resigned that post about the end of 1830. Sir John published, besides other works, a " Political History of India," (from 1784 to 1823,) and left a "Life of Lord Clive," which appeared in 1836. He was a brother of Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm. Died in 1833. See J. W. Kaye, " Life and Correspondence of Sir John Mal- colm," 2 vols., 1856; "Qiianerly Review" for April, 1816, and Juiy, 1823 ; " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1S12, and April, 1857 ; " Nou- velle Biographic Geiierale ;" Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Malcolm, (Sir Pulteney,) G.C.B., a British admiral, born near Langholm, Scotland, in 1768, was a brother of the preceding. He entered the navy in 1778, fought against the French in the West Indies, and was made a post-captain in 1794. He escorted the army of Sir Arthur Wellesley to Portugal in i8o8, and obtained the rank of rear-admiral in 1813. In 1816 and 181 7 he was commander-in-chief of the Saint Helena station, where his duty called him into intercourse with Bonaparte, who expressed himself much pleased with his manners and conduct. He was promoted to the rank of full admiral in 1837. Died in 1838. See Chambers, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.) Mal'com, (Howard,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born in Philadelphia in 1799, was one of the founders of the American Tract Society and of the American Sunday- School Union. In 1835 he visited India and China, and on his return published " Travels in South-Eastern Asia," (1839.) He published a "Dictionary of the Bible," which had an extensive circulation, and other religious works. Died March 25, 1879. Malczewski, mil-ch6v'skee, written also Mal- czeski, (Antoni,) an excellent Polish poet, born in Vol- a, e, T, 5, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less jMolonged; a, e, 1, 6, Ti, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; ilx, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon; MALDACHINI 1635 MALET hynia about 1792, was a son of a general in the Russian service. He received a French education, and entered the army in i8u. Having quitted the army in 1816, he travelled for some years, and is said to have been the first Pole that ascended Mont Blanc. His reputation is founded on a single poem, entitled "Maria; a Tale of the Ukraine," (Warsaw, 1826,) which is one of the most popular poems in the Polish language. He died poor at Warsaw in 1826. See BiELOwsKi, "A. Malczewski," etc., 1S43. Maldachini - Pamfili, mSl-dd-kee'nee pSm-fee'lee, (Donna Olimpia,) an Italian woman, noted for her am- bition, vices, and political influence, was born at Viterbo in 1594. She was married to a man whose brother, J. B. Pamfili, was elected pope in 1644 and assumed the title of Innocent X. Died in 1656. Mai'den, (Henry,) an English writer, born about 1800, graduated at Cambridge in 1822. He became professor of Greek in University College, London, about 1830. Died July 4, 1876. Maldonado, mil-do-nl'no, (Lopez,) a Spanish poet of the sixteenth century, was contemporary with Cer- vantes, who mentions him with eulogy. See Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Maldonado, (Lorenzo Ferrer,) a navigator, who was born probably in Spain. He wrote a narrative of a voyage which he made, or pretended to have made, from the Atlantic to the Pacific through Behring Strait in 1588. The majority of geographers have discredited his story. See F. DB Navarrete, " Historia de la Nautica." Maldonat, mil-do-nit', [Lat. Maldona'tus,](Juan,) a celebrated Spanish theologian, born in Estremadura in 1534. Having entered the order of Jesuits, he went to Paris about 1564, and and acquired a high reputation as a professor of theology. He is said to have been a person of great talents, learning, and piety, and to have written Latin with much purity. He wrote, besides other works, "Commentaries on the Four Evangelists," (1596,) which, says Hallam, "have been highly praised by theologians of the Protestant side." Died in 1583. See Prat, " Maldonat et I'Universite de Paris," 1857; Bavle, " Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Nicekon, "Memoires." Maldonatus. See Maldonat. Malebranche, mtl'bR6Nsh',[Lat. Malebran'chius,J (Nicolas,) a French metaphysical philosopher of great eminence, was born in Paris on the 6th of August, 1638. His habits in youth were retired and studious. He became a priest of the Oratory in 1660, and was a zealous Carte- sian in philosophy, which was his favourite study. In 1674 he produced the first volume of his admirable and original "Search for Truth," (" Recherche de la Verite,") which was quickly and highly appreciated. New and enlarged editions of it rapidly followed. The general design of this work is to demonstrate the harmony of the Cartesian philosophy with revealed religion. His style is eminently pure, perspicuous, and elegant, having, says Fontenelle, " all the dignity which the subject requires, and all the grace or ornament which it could properly receive." "He was," says Hallam, "a warm and almost enthusi- astic admirer of Descartes, but his mind was independent, searching, and fond of its own inventions ; he acknow- ledged no master, and in some points dissents from the Cartesian school. . . . The fame of Malebranche, and. Still more, the popularity in modern times of his ' Search for Truth,' have been alTected by that peculiar hypothe- sis, so mystically expressed, the seeing all things in God, which has been more remembered than any other part of that treatise." " He bears a striking resemblance," adds the same critic, " to his great contemporary Pascal. Both of ardent minds, endowed with strong imagination and lively wit, sarcastic, severe, fearless, disdainful of popular opinion and accredited reputations. . . . But in Malebranche there is a less overpowering sense of religion ; his eye roams unblenched in the light before which that of Pascal had been veiled in awe. He has less energy, but more copiousness and variety." (" Intro- duction to the Literature of Europe.") "This ingenious philosopher and beautiful writer," says Mackintosh, " is the only celebrated Cartesian who has professedly handled the Theory of Morals. . . . The manner in which he applied his principles to the particulars of human duty is excellent. He is perhaps the first phi- losopher who has precisely laid down, and rigidly ad- hered to, the great principle that virtue consists in pure intentions and disfositions of mi7id, without which actions, however confonnable to rules, are not truly moral." He was involved in a long and intemperate controversy with Arnauld on the theory of ideas and on the doctrine of grace. In 1687 he combined all the parts of his system, and developed them more fully, in " Conversations on Meta- physics and Religion," ("Entretiens sur la Metaphysique I et la Religion.") He was author of other religious and I mystical works, among which are " Christian and Meta- physical Meditations," (1683,) and a "Treatise on Mo rality," ("Traite de Morale," 1684.) He gave proof of his profound attainments as a geometer by a "Treatise on the Communication of Motion." Died at Paris in October, 1715. See Fontenelle, " filoge de Malebranche ;" Mackintosh, "View of the Progress of Ethical Philosophy;" J. E. Erdmann, "Malebranche, Spinoza und die Sceptiker und Mystiker des sieb- zehnten Jahrhimderts," 1836; Karl Relstag, " Dissertatio de Malebranchio Philosopho," 1846; Nic^ron, "Memoires;" " Nou- 1 velle Biographie Gen^rale." ! Malebranchius. See Malei?ranche. Maieguzzi-Valeri, mS-li-goot'see vS-la'ree, (Verc- nica,) Countess, one of the most learned and gifted women of Italy, was born at Reggio, Lombardy, in 1630. She wrote a drama called " Innocence Recognized." Died in 1690. M^'ek-Ibn-Anas, mS'lek ib'n in'as, the chief or founder of one of the four Moslem sects which are ac- counted orthodox, was born at Medina in 714 A.D. His doctrines, of which he published an explanation, were generally adopted by the Mussulmans of Spain, Egypt, and Barbary. Died about 795. See Hammer-Pi'rgstall, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber;" " Nmivelle Biographie G^n^rale." Malek-Shah. See Malik-Shah. Malela. See Malala. Malermi, m^-lCR'mee, or Malerbi, mi-l&R'bee, (Nic- col6,) an Italian translator, born in Venice in 1422. He produced (1471) the first Italian version of the Bible that was ever printed. Malesherbes, de, deh mSl'ziRb', (Chretien Guil- laume de Lamoignon — It'mwtn'ydN',) a meritorious French judge and philanthropist, born in Paris in 1721, was a son of Chancellor de Lamoignon. At the age of twenty-four he was chosen a counsellor in the Parliament, and in 1750 became president of the Cour des Aides. He was directeur de la librairie, or censor of books, from 1750 to 1768, and was praised for his liberality or indul- gence by Rousseau, Voltaire, and the Encyclopaedists. He acquired great popularity by his defence of the Parlia- ment against the ministry about 1772. In 1775, having been indicated by the public voice, he was appointed a colleague of Turgot in the new ministry, as minister of the king's household and of the police, but he resigned in 1776, when Turgot was dismissed. He was elected to the French Academy in 1775, though he had not pro duced any purely literary work. He was author oi treatises on rural economy and finances, and of a "Me- moir on the Liberty of the Press." When Louis XVI. was arraigned by the Convention in 1792, Malesherbes generously offered to him his services as counsel, which were accepted. This act of fidelity having rendered him suspected by the terrorists, he was executed in April, 1794. His virtues are warmly eulogized by both royal- ists and republicans. See Delisle de Sales, "Memoires sur la Vie publique et priv^e de Malesherbes," 1803; Gaillard, "Vie ou filoge hislorique de Malesherbes," 180^; J. B. Dubois, " Notice sur Lamoignon-Males- herbes," 1S06 ; BoissY d'Anglas, " Essai sur ia Vie, etc. de Males- herbes," 2 vols.. 1818 ; C P. DuPLESSis, "filogede Malesherbes," 1820; DupiN aTnb, " filoge de Lamoignon-Malesherbes," 1841; Sainte-Beuve, "Malesherbes," in " Causeries du Liindi," tome ii. Malet, de, deh mt'li', (Claude Francois,) a French general and conspirator, born at Dole in 1754. About 1806 he was dismissed from the service, and went to Paris, where he plotted against Bonaparte, and was im- prisoned from 1808 to 1 81 2. Having formed another conspiracy, he announced at the barracks, in Paris, on €3&k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( Jg^=See Explanations, p. 23. ) MALEVJLL 1636 MALLEOmS the 24th of October, 181 2, that Bonaparte had died in Russia, and that he (Malet) had been appointed gov- ernor of Paris by the senate. By forged orders he im- posed on the prefect of Paris, made Savary prisoner, and shot General Hullin. At this crisis his audacity was baffled by Laborde, who made him prisoner. Malet and his accomplices were shot, after a summary process, in October, 1812. See Lafon, " Histoire de la Conspiration du General Malet," 1814; DouRiLLE, " Histoire de la Conspiration de Malet," 1840. Mal'e-vill or Mel'vill, (Geoffrey,) a Scottish states- man, became lord justiciary of Scotland in 1171. He is said to have been the first who held that office. Maleville, de, deh mtl'viK, (Jacques,) Marquis, a French jurist, born in Perigord in 1741. He aided Por- talis and others in framing the Civil Code, about 1800, and wrote an " Analysis of the Discussion of the Civil Code," (4 vols., 1805.) Died in 1824. Maleville, de, (L60N,) a French advocate and poli- tician, born at Montauban in 1803. He was minister of the interior for a short time in December, 1848. He was a moderate royalist, and a devoted friend of Thiers. Died March 29, 1879. Colonel de Maleville, a brother of the preceding, born at Domme in 1813, was killed at Solferino in 1859. Malezieu, de, deh mSl'ze-yh', (Nicolas,) a French scholar, born in Paris in 1650. He was a friend of Fene- lon and Bossuet, whose influence procured for him the place of preceptor of the Due du Maine. He after- wards taught mathematics to the Duke of Burgundy, was elected to the French Academy in 1701, and pub- lished "Elements of Geometry for the Duke of Bur- gundy," (1715.) Died in 1729. Maimatre or Malfiliatre, de, deh mtl'fe'iatR', (Jacques Charles Louis,) a French poet, born at Caen in 1733. He composed a poem on the "Transla- tion of Elijah to Heaven," and another called " Narcissus in the Island of Venus," (1769,) which is said to possess great beauties. Died in 1767. See De Baudrh, " Discours sur la Vie, etc. de Malfilatre," 1825 ; La Harpe, "Cours de Litti^rature." Malgaigne, mtl'gin', (Joseph FRANgois,) a French medical writer and surgeon, born in Paris about 1806. He published, besides other works, a "Treatise on Sur- gical Anatomy and Experimental Surgery," (2 vols,, 1838.) Died in 1865. Malherbe, de, deh mt'liRb', ( Francois, ) a dis- tinguished French lyric poet, born at Caen about 1555. He served several campaigns in the civil wars of the League, and married Madeleine de Carriolis in 1581. In 1587 he composed his first work, " The Tears of Saint Peter." An " Ode to the Queen Marie de Medicis" (1600) was the foundation of his fame. He came to Paris a few years later, and enjoyed the patronage of Henry IV. during the life of that prince. Malherbe was called the poet of princes and the prince of poets. He died in 1628. " He was," says La Harpe, " the first [French] model of the noble style, and the creator of lyric poetry. He has its enthusiasm, its movements, and its tournures." " Mal- Mcrbe," says Hallam, " gave a polish and a grace to the iyric poetry of France, which has rendered his name cele- brated in her criticism. In general, we find in his poems neither imagery nor sentiments that yield us delight." Comparing him with Horace, the same critic remarks, "He is far from deficient in that calm philosophy which forms the charm of the Roman poet." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") SeeKoux-ALPH^RAN, " Recherches sur Malherbe et sa Famille," 1840; "Malherbe, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," by M. dk Gournav, 1852 ; SAiNTE-BEitVE, "Causeriesdu Lundi," tome viii. ; " Nouvelle Biographie Gdnerale." Malhouet. See Malouet. Malibrau, mS'le'bR6N', (Maria FelicitA,) a cele- brated singer and actress, born in Paris in 1808, was the daughter of Manuel Garcia, a Spanish tenor singer. She made her d3ut in London in 1825, and in 1826 visited New York, where she married M. Malibran, a banker. After he had become a bankrupt, she separated from him and went to Paris, where she performed with complete success in 1828. In Italy, England, and Germany she also obtained triumphs almost unexampled in the his- tory of artistes. Her voice was a mezzo-soprano of great volume. She was very successful as an actress. She died in England in 1836, soon after a second marriage with M. de Beriot, a violinist. See FiiTis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens;" "Memoirs of Madame Malibran," by the Cot;NTEss OF Merlin. Malik (mil'ik) or Melik, m^l'ik. El Adel, 61 a'del, I., (Seif-ed-Deen Aboobeker Mohammed, or Saif- Eddyn Aboubekr Mohammed, sif ed-deen' S'boo- bSk'er mo-hS.m'med,) Sultan of Egypt and Damascus, born at Baalbec in 1139, was a brother of the famous Saladin. He gained victories over the crusaders in 11 74 and 1187. In 1201 he became Sultan of Egypt. He extended his dominions by conquest in Syria. Died in 1218. 1 See Weil, "Geschichte der Chalifen," vol. iii. Malik-Shah, mJl'ik shSh, written also Malek- (Malec- or Melek-) Shah, a famous Seljookide sove-" reign, the son of Alp-Arslan, whom he succeeded in 1072. Under Malik-Shah the Seljookian empire reached its highest point of power and glory. His character, like that of his father, appears to have been singularly noble. His succession to the throne had been disputed by his brother Toortoosh, (Tourtousch.) Before giving battle j to his rival, he asked his minister, Nizam-ool-Moolk, as they came out of the mosque together, what he had prayed for. " I have prayed," answered the minister, " that God would give you the victory over your brother." "And I," said Malik-Shah, "that God would take away my life and crown, if my brother is worthier to reign than I." Perhaps the only stain upon the character of this great prince is his having, at the instigation of his Sul- tana, the Khatoon Toorkan, removed from ofiice his minister, the illustrious Nizam-ool-Moolk,* to whose wise administration the empire was chiefly indebted for its long-continued prosperity. Nizam-661-Moolk died soon after by the dagger of an assassin. Malik-Shah survived his minister only a few months. He died in 1092. "There is no instance," says Sir John Malcolm, "in Persian history, of so vast an empire enjoying so long a period of tranquillity. The kingdom he inherited, which extended from the plains of Tartary to those of Syria, was, during the twenty years of his reign, only disturbed by a short contest with his uncle and brother. . . . Agri- culture was promoted, learning was encouraged ; an as- sembly of astronomers from every part of Malik-Shah's wide dominions were employed for several years in re- forming the calendar." See Malcolm, " History of Persia," vol. i. chap. viii. Malinche or Malintzin. See Marina. Malingre, mt'l^NgR', (Claude,) a French histo- rian of little merit, born at Sens about 1580. He wrote several works on French history, which were not suc- cessful. Died about 16^3. Mallalieu, mal-la-lu% (Willard Francis,) D.D., an American Methodist bishop, born at Sutton, Massaclui- setts, December 11, 1828. He graduated at the Wes- leyan University in 1857, became a preacher in the same year, and for some time was presiding elder at Boston. In 1884 he was chosen a bishop. Mal'la-ry, (Charles,) a Baptist minister, born in Poultney, Vermont, in 1801, removed to Georgia. He was one of the founders of Mercer Theological Seminary, at Penfield, Georgia. Died July 31, 1864. Mallary, (Rollin Carlos,) a lawyer, a brother of the preceding, was born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1784. He was a member of Congress from 1819 until his death, in 1831. Mallemans, mtl'mftN', (Jean,) a French writer, noted for singular and extravagant opinions, born at Beaune in 1649, was a brother of Claude, noticed below. He wrote a " History of the Church before the Reign of Jovian," (1704,) and other works. Died in 1740. Mallemans de Mes.sanges, mtl'mSN' deh mi'sSNzh', (Claude,) a French savant, born at Beaune in 1653. He was professor of philosophy for thirty-four years at the College du Plessis, Paris. He published " A Physical Treatise on the World," and other works. Died in 1723. Malleolus. See Hammerlein. * This name, the only one liyvhich he was known, signifies the "regulator of the state or kingdom." A, e, T, 5, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, i"i, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; tlr, fill, fdt; m6t; nSt; good; moon; MALLERY 1637 M ALONE Mallery, de, deh mtl're', (Charles,) a Flemish en- graver, born at Antwerp in 1576. His son Philip, born in 1600, was a skilful engraver. See F. Basan, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs." Mallet, mt'14', (Charles Auguste,) a French phi- losopher, born at Lille in 1807. He published, besides other works, " Etudes philosophiques," (2 vols., 1837- 38,) which gained a prize of the French Academy. He wrote numerous articles in the " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Died March 28, 1876. Mal'let or Malloch, mal'loK, (David,) a Scottish poet and dramatist, born at Crieff, in Perthshire, about 1698, was the son of James Malloch. He removed to London about 1724, and changed his name to Mallet. In 1728 he produced "The Excursion," a poem, and in 1731 " Eurydice," a tragedy. He became intimate with Pope, who procured him a situation as travelling tutor. His tragedy " Mustapha" (1739) was performed with ap- plause. About 1740 he was appointed under-secretary to Frederick, Prince of Wales. Among his other worka are " Amyntor and Theodora," and a " Life of Bacon." He is censured for acting as the venal agent of Boling- broke in an attempt to blast the memory of Pope, (1749.) Died in 1765. "As a writer," says Dr. Johnson, "he cannot be placed in any high class. His dramas had their day, — a short day, — and are forgotten : his blank verse seems to my ear the echo of Thomson." See Johnson, " Lives of the Poets ;" Ruffhead, " Life of Pope ;" BosWELL, " Life of Johnson ;" Disraeli, " Quarrels of Authors :" Chambers, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Mallet, (Edme,) a French litterateur, born at Meluri in 1713. He published an "Essay on the Study of Belles-Lettres," and translated into French Davila's " History." Died in 1755. Mallet, mil'let, (Fredrick,) a Swedish writer on science, born in 1 728, was for many years professor of mathematics at Upsal. He published many treatises between 1752 and 1774, and co-operated with Bergman in a general description of the earth. Of this work Mallet wrote the astronomical part. Died in 1797. Mallet, mt'l^', (Jacques Andr^,) called Mallet- Favre, a Swiss astronomer, born at Geneva in 1740, was a favourite pupil of Daniel Bernoulli. He became pro- fessor of astronomy at Geneva about 1770, and built an observatory there. He wrote memoirs on astronomy, mechanics, etc. for the Academy of Paris and the Royal Society of London, of which he was a member. Died in 1 790. See PicoT, " filoge de J. A. Mallet," 1790. Mallet, (Paul Henri,) a Swiss historian, born at Geneva in 1730. He taught French to the Prince-Royal of Denmark, (Christian VII.,) and returned to Geneva in 1760. He was appointed professor of history in the Academy of that city. Among his works (in French) are "Monuments of the Mythology and Poetry of the Celts," (1756,) "Memoirs on the Literature of the North," (6 vols., 1760,) and a "History of Denmark," (3 vols., 1777,) which is highly esteemed and has been translated into English, German, etc. Died in 1807. His " Introduction a rilistoire de Danemark" was translated into English, under the title of "Northern An- tiquities," which is one of the most valuable works on Northern mythology. See SiSMONDi, " De la Vie et les ficrits de P. H. Mallet," 1807 : Haag, "La France protestante ;" "Nouvelle Biographie Gini- rale;" "Monthly Review" for March, 1771. Mal'let, (Robert,) a British engineer and seismolo- gist, born at Dublin, June 3, 1810. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1830. His numerous reports, papers, and catalogues on earthquakes (prepared by him with the aid of his son. Dr. J. W. Mallet) are of high importance. He invented several seismometers. His largest independent work is "First Principles of Obser- vational Seismology," (2 vols., 1862.) Died in London, November 5, 1881. Mallet-Dupan, mt'lk' dii'pftN', (Jacques,) a distin- guished publicist and editor, born at Geneva in 1749. He became a resident of Paris in 1782, and editor of a journal called " Mercure historique et politique," which was very successful. In the Revolution he defended the royalist cause, and in 1792 was compelled to suspend the publication of the " Mercure," of which he had written the political editorials. He then became an exile, and in 1799 began to issue, in London, the " Mer- cure Britannique," which was ranked among the ablest political journals of that time. Died in England in 1800. See " M^moires et Correspondance de Mallet-Dupan," Paris, 1851 ; Sainte-Beuve, " Causeries du Lundi ;" " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale ;" "Edinburgh Review" for April, 1852. Mallet-Prevost, mt'li'pRi'vo', (Henri,) a scientific Swi.ss writer, born at Geneva in 1727. He published a valuable " Metrologic Manual, or Repertory of Weights, Measures, and Coins of Various Nations," (1802,) and a "Description of Geneva," (1807.) Died in i8ii. He was a brother of Paul Henri Mallet, noticed above. Malleville, de, deh mtl'vil', (Claude,) a French minor poet, born in Paris in 1597, was one of the first members of the Academic Fran9aise. " He seldom produced a finished piece," says Hallam, " though not deficient in spirit and delicacy." His poems are son- nets, one of which is called " The Fair Early-Riser.'' ("La belle Matineuse.") Died in 1647. Mallinkrot, von, fon mil'lIn-kRot', (Bernard,) a German philologist, was dean of the chapter of Miinster. He wrote, besides other works, a treatise " On the Rise and Progress of the Art of Printing." Died in 1664. Mallio, mil'le-o, (Michele,) an Italian writer of verse and fiction, born at Sant' Elpidio in 1756; died in 1831. Malloch. See Mallet, (David.) Mal'lpck, (William Hurrell,) an English authoi, a nephew of the historian Froude, was born in Devon- siiire in 1849. He graduated with high honours at Balliol College, Oxford. Among his principal works are " Every Man his Own Poet," (1872,) "The New Republic," (1876, a satirical work which for a time attracted great attention,) "The New Paul and Virginia," (1877,) "Is Life Worth Living?" (1879,) "Poems," (1880,) "A Romance of the Nineteenth Century," (1881,) and "Social Equality," (1882.) Mal'lo-ry, (Stephen R.,) an American Democratic politician, born about 1810. He was elected a Senator of the United States by the legislature of Florida in 1850, and re-elected in 1856. He served as secretary of the navy of the Confederate States from March, 1861, to 1865. Died at Pensacola, November 9, 1873. Malmesbury, Earl of. See Harris, (James.) Malmesbury, mJms'ber-e, (James Howard Har- ris,) third Earl of, a British Tory statesman, a grand- son of the first Earl of Malmesbury, was born in 1807. He succeeded to the earldom at the death of his father, in 1841, before which he was styled Lord Fitzharris. In February, 1852, he was appointed secretary of foreign affairs in the Derby ministry, which was dissolved in December of that year. He again became foreign secre- tary under Lord Derby in 1858, and on the formation of the Liberal ministry in June, 1859, was succeeded by Lord John Russell. He edited the " Diaries and Official Correspondence of the First Earl of Malmesbury," (1844.) From 1866 to 1868 and from 1874 to 1876 he was lord keeper of the privy seal. Died May 17, 1889. Malmesbury, (William of,) an old English histo- rian, who is supposed to have been born in Somerset- shire about 1095. He became a monk in the monastery of Malmesbury, where he held the office of librarian. His principal works are a " History of England fron? 4';o to 1127," ("De Gestis Regum Anglorum,") "Recent History," (" Historia Novella,") wherein he relates events of which he was an eye-witness, and a " History of the English Prelates," (" De Gestis Pontificum." ) These are highly prized for accuracy, veracity, and critical judg- ment. He died in or after 1143. Malmstrom or Malmstroem, mSlm'stRom, (Elis,) a Swedish poet, born in 1816. He published a collection of elegies entitled "Angelica," (1840,) and an epic poem of "Ariadne." Died at Stockholm in June, 1865. Malombra, ml-lom'bRS,(PiETRO,) a Venetian painter, born in 1556. He was successful in portraits and in historical pictures. Died in 1618. Ma-lone', (Edmund,) an Irish critic, chiefly distin- guished as an editor and commentator of Shakspeare, was born in Dublin in 1741. Having inherited an easy fortune, he removed to London and devoted himself to €.3&k; 9asj,- ^hard: gas/; G, h, Yi, guttural ; N, nasal; v., trilled; sasz; th zsmthis. (JJI^^'See Explanations, p. 2^.) MALORY 163S MALTZAN /iterature. He associated with Dr. Johnson, Burke, and other eminent authors. In 1790 he published his edition of Shakspeare, with commentaries. lie excelled Stee- vens, a rival commentator, in candour and love of truth ; but "neither seems," says Hallam, "to have had a full discernment of Shakspeare's genius." Malone published an edition of Sir Joshua Reynolds's works, with a Me- moir of his Life, (1797,) and other works. He died in 1812, leaving unfinished an improved edition of Shak- speare, since published, (1821.) See Tames IIoswhm., " Diographical Memoir of Edmund Ma- lone;" Sir Jamks Prior, "Life of Edmund Malone," i860; "Monthly Review" for September, 1793. Mal'9-ry, (Sir Thomas,) a Welsh or English knight, born about 1430. He is noted as the compiler and trans- lator (from the French) of the English " Morte Darthur," begun about 1461 and finished about 1470. He was probably a priest. His book was printed by Caxton in 1485. It is a noble prose epic, and its appearance marks an epoch in the history of English literature. Malou, mt'loo', (Julius,) a Belgian statesman and leader of the Catholic party, born at Ypres in 1810; died in 1886. He became minister of finance in 1845. Malouet orMalhouet, mt'loo'i', (Pierre Victor,) a French statesman, born at Riom in 1740. In 1789 he was elected to the States-General, where he became prominent as a liberal royalist and co-operated with Clermont-Tonnerre. He took refuge in England in 1792, returned about 1802, and was chosen a councillor of state in 1810. Died in 1814. See " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Malouin, mt'loo-^N', ( Paul Jacques, ) a French chemist and physician, born at Caen in 1701. He be- came professor of chemistry in the Jardin du Roi, Paris, in 1745, wrote many articles on that science for the " Encyclopedic," and published an esteemed work on "Medical Chemistry," (1750.) He was a member of the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1778. See CoNDORCET, " filoge de P. J. Malouin ;" " Biographie M^di- cale." Malpighi, mJl-pee'gee, (Marcello,) [Lat. Marcel'- LUS Malpig'hius,] a celebrated Italian anatomist and naturalist, born near Bologna in 1628. Having gradu- ated as a physician in 1653, he became professor at Pisa in 1656, and at Messina about 1664. He published, be- tween 1661 and 1665, treatises "On the Lungs," ("De Pulmonibus,") " On the Tongue," (" De Lingua,") anc "On the Brain," (" De Cerebro.") Malpighi was the first who used the microscope in the study of anatomy. In 1670 he returned to Bologna, and wrote an important work on the anatomy of plants, "Anatome Plantarum," (1675,) a science which was first cultivated by Grew and Malpighi. He made discoveries in the structure of the skin and glands. In 1691 he was chosen chief physician to Pope Innocent XII. He died in Rome in 1694. See Regis, "Vita Malpif;hii," prefixed to his "Opera posthuma," 1698; Fabroni, "Vitas Italorum doctvina excellentiuni ;" G. Atti, " Notizie biografiche di M. Malpiehi," etc., 1847: Nic^ron, " M^- nioires;" Cuvier, " Histoire des Sciences naturelles ;" " Nouvell'' Biographie Generale." Malpighius. See Malpighi. Malsbiirg, mils'booRO, (Ernst Friedrich Georg Otto,) Baron, a German litteratem; born at Hanau in 1786, translated Calderon's dramas into German, and published a number of religious poems. Died in 1824 Mait'by, (Edward,) an English theologian, born at Norwich in 1770. He became Bishop of Durham in 1836, and published several volumes of sermons. Died in 1859. See the " Monthly Review" for March, 1820. Malte-Brun,mault'brun'ormSrteh-briaN',(CoNRAD,) a Danish author and geographer of great merit and celeb- rity, was born at Thister, Jutland, in 1775. His original name, Malthe Conrad Bruun, (bRoon,) was changed by the French into Malte-Brun, by which he is now universally known. He had a great facility for learning languages, and wrote French with an ease and elegance which perhaps no other foreigner ever acquired. In his snthusiasm for liberty, he wrote some political articles, for which he was banished in 1796. He composed several admired odes ; that on the death of Count Bernstorf is esteemed one of the finest in the Danish language. Induced partly by admiration of Napoleon, he became an adopted citizen of France about 1800. In 1806 he was engaged as one of the editors of the "Journal des Debats" of Paris, for which he wrote, during many years, able articles on foreign politics, history, languages, science, etc. Malte-Brun and Eyries edited in 1808 the " An- nals of Voyages of Geography and of History," ("Annales des Voyages de la Geographic et de I'PIistoire.") Be- fore this period he had devoted his attention chiefly to the science of geography, in which he surpassed all his predecessors by his happy union of philosophy with a highly poetic imagination. In i8ic he published the first volume of his great work, " A System of Universal Geography," (" Precis de la Geographic universe!!'.-,") the plan of which was too vast for one man to execute The sixth volume was finished in 1825. Exhausted with excessive labour and study, he died in December, 1826, leaving his task unfinished. The language of this work is graphic, picturesque, and at times highly poetical. In order to complete the plan, two more volumes were sub- sequently added by M. Huot. There is a good English version of Malte-Brun's Geograpliy, by J. G. Percival, tht American poet and savant. See BoRV de Saint-Vincent, " Notice biographique sur M. Malte-Brun," 1827; Querard, "La France Litteraire ;" Ersi.ew, " Forfatter- Lexicon ;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generate." Malte-Brun, (Victor Adolphe,) a geographer, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in i8i6. He became professor of history at Pamiers in 1838. Me published a new edition of his father's Geography, (8 vols., 1852-55.) Died in 1889. Mal'thus, (Thomas Robert,) an English political economist, distinguished as the author of the Malthusian theory, was Ijorn near Dorking, Surrey, in 1766. He graduated as M.A. at Cambridge in 1797, took orders, and settled in a parisli near his native place. In 1798 he controverted the theories of Godwin and others on the progress and perfectibility of human nature, in his " Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society." Much attention was excited by his fundamental principle, that population tends to increase in geometrical progression, and that the supply of food and other necessaries of life can only be increased in an arithmetical progression. After ex- ploring several countries of Europe in search of facts to confirm his system, he published in 1803 an enlarged edition of his essay. His principles were approved by many statesmen and political economists. From 1805 until his death he was professor of modern history and political economy in the college at Haileybury. He was author of an " Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent," (1815,) " Principles of Political Economy," (1S20,) and other works. Died in 1834. See Ottek, "Memoir of Mnkhus;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generale;" "Edinburgh Review" fur January, 1837; "Monthly Review" for December, 1803. January, 1S04, and May, 1821. Maltitz, mSl'tits, (Franz Friedrich,) Baron, a Russian statesman, of German extraction, born in 1794, was appointed minister-plenipotentiary of Russia at the Hague. He was the author of poems and dramas, (in German,) and wrote a continuation of Schiller's " Deme- trius." Maltiz, mll'tits, (Apollonius,) ^litterateur zx\A diplo- matist, of German extraction, born in 1795, was ambas- sador from the Russian court to Lisbon. He wrote tales, plays, epigratns, and poems. Died March 2, 1S70. Maltiz, mil'tits, (Gotthilf August,) Baron, a German writer, born at Konigsberg in 1794, published several dramas, and a political satire entitled " Pepper- Corns," (" Pfefferkorner.") Died in 1837. Mai'tpn, (Thomas,) an English geometer and artist, born between 1735 and 1750, lived in London. He published about 1776 a "Complete Treatise on Per- spective," which is highly commended. He also pub- lished various engravings, designed by himself, among which were " Views of London." Died about 1802. Maltzau, von, fon mait'san, (IIeinrich Karl Eck- HARDT Hellmuth,) Baron von Wartenburg-Penzlin, a German traveller and ethnologist, born near Dres- den, September 6, 1826. He studied law in Jena. He travelled largely in North Africa, Arabia, etc., and pub- a, e, i, 6. u. y, long; i, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; tar, fill, fitj met; ndt; good; moon; MALUS 1639 MANARA lished "Three Years in the North-West of Africa," (1863,) " Meine Wallfahrt nach Mecca," {1865,) " Reise in Tunis unci Tripolis," (1870,) "Reise in Arabien," (1873,) and other works, containing much valuable lin- guistic and scientific material. Died by suicide at Pisa, February 22, 1874. Malus, mt'liis', (Etienne Louis,) an eminent French optician and military engineer, was born in Paris in 1775. He became a student of the Polytechnic School about 1794, and, aided by the tuition of Monge, made great progress in mathematics. "Of all the pupils who then attended that school," says Biot, " he showed himself the first in application and talents." In 1798 he accom- panied as engineer the army to Egypt, and was employed at the sieges of Jaffa, Cairo, etc. He returned to France in 1801, devoted his leisure to analytic optics, and pub- lished an exxellent "Traite d'Optique." In 1808 the Institute proposed a prize for a memoir on the double refraction of crystals. Malus won this prize, after a mul- titude of experiments, in which he happened to make one of the most important discoveries of physical science, — viz., the property or phenomenon which he named the "polarization of light." He was elected to the Institute, and in 1811 received the Rumford medal from the Royal Society of London for the discovery just named. He was chosen examiner for physics and geome- try at the Polytechnic School. " While thus surrounded," as Biot observes, " with numerous friends who appre- ciated his genius, honoured with eminent positions to which his talents, services, and probity had raised him, already celebrated for great discoveries," etc., he died prematurely, in February, 181 2. See Arago, " Notices biographiques," vol. iii. ; "Nouvelle Bio- graphie Generale." Malvasia, mSl-vS-see'i, (Carlo Cesare,) a learned Italian antiquary, born at Bologna in 1616, was versed in law, medicine, and theology. He became professor of law in the University of Bologna, and published, be- .sides numerous other works, one on the Bolognese painters, " Felsina Pittrice, Yite e Ritratti de' Pittori Bolognesi," (1678.) Died in 1693. See Crespi, " Vita di C. C. Malvasia." Malvenda, mil-v§n'dd, (Tomas,) a learned Spanish Dominican, born at Xativa in 1566, was a good Hebrew scholar. He lived at Rome and Valencia. He wrote a "Commentary on the Old Testament," with a literal Latin version, and a "Commentarius de Paradise," ("Account of Paradise.") Died in 1628. Malvezad, mSl-vSt'see, (Virgilio,) Marquis, an Italian author, born at Bologna in 1599. He served in the Spanish army, and was sent as aiiibassador to Eng- land by Philip IV. of Spain. He wrote, besides other historical and political works, "A Life of Romulus," and a "Life of Tarquin the Proud." Died in 1654. Malvoisine. See Mawmoisine. Malzel or Maelzel, melt'sel, (Johann Nepomuk,) a German mechanician, noted for ingenuity, was born at Ratisbon in 1772. He made an automaton, called the Panharmoiiicon, which could play many instruments at once, and invented a metronome, which is useful to musi- cians. He afterwards lived in the United States. Died at sea, July 21, 1838. Mamachi, mi'mi-kee, (Tommaso Maria,) a monk, born in the isle of Scio in 1713. He went to Rome in 1740, and became professor in the College of the Propa- ganda. He wrote " On the Oracles of the Heathen," (1738,) and "Christian Antiquities," ("Origines et Anti- quitates Christianse," 4 vols., I749-55-) Died in 1792. Mambelli, mdm-bel'lee, (Marcantonio,) an Italian grammarian, born at Forli in 1582 ; died in 1644. Mambrun, mdN'bRiiN', (Pierre,) a French critic and Latin poet, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1600. He became a Jesuit, and taught philosophy at Caen and theology at La Fleche with a high reputation. Taking Virgil for his model, he composed Latin eclogues, an epic poem called " Constantinus," (1658,) and an " Essay on Epic Poetry." His epic obtained a transient favour vith the public. Died in 1661. Mameli, mi-ma'lee, (Goffredo,) an accomplished poet, called "the Italian Korner," was born at Genoa in 1826, and was killed at Rome in 1849 while fighting the French. The patriotic song " Fratelli altalia" is his most celebrated piece. Ma-mei'cus [Gr. Md/ifp/cofJ was tyrant of Catana when Timoleon invaded Sicily in 344 B.C. He formed an alliance with Hicetas and the Carthaginians against Timoleon, by whom he was defeated and executed about 338 B.C. Mamiani, ma-me-i'nee, (Terenzio della Rovere,) Count, an Italian philosopher and poet, born at Pesaro about 1802. He produced "Nuove Poesie," (1836,) and " Dialoghi di Scienza prima," (1846.) He was minister of the interior and president of the ministry at Rome from May to July, 1848. In politics he was a moderate Liberal, and opposed to the temporal power of the pope, on which he published an able work, " Del Papato," (1851.) Pie became minister of public instruction under Victor Emmanuel in i860, was ambassador to Greece in 1861, and minister to Switzerland in 1865. Died in 1885. Mammaea, mam-mee'a, or Mamasa, ma-mee'a, (Ju- lia,) a Roman lady or princess, born at Emesa, was the daughter of Julia Maesa, and the aunt of Elagabalus. She became the wife of Gessius Marcianus and the mother of Alexander Severus, whose moral education she guarded with watchful diligence. Severus having been chosen emperor in 222 A.D., she acted as regent during his minority. She and her son were assassinated by the partisans of Maximin in 235 a.d. See Dion Cassius, " History of Rome." Mamoou, Mamoun, or Mamiin, Al, il-ma'moon', ( Abool- (or Abul-) Abbas-Abdallah, i'bool' ab'bSs' jb-dil'lih,) the seventh Abbasside caliph, was born at Bagdad in 786 A.D., and was the son of Haroun-al- Raschid. After defeating his brother Alameen in battle, he ascended the throne in 813. His reign was disturbed by rebellions excited by princes of the race of Alee and others. He enforced by persecution the dogma that the Koran was created and not eternal, which was considered heretical by many of the Moslem doctors. While he was prosecuting a war against the Greek emperor The- ophilus in Cilicia, he died, in 833, leaving his extensive empire to his brother Motassem. Mamoon was cele- brated as a patron of science and literature, and was praised by Eastern writers for his talents and liberality. He founded colleges, collected Greek and Hindoo manu- scripts, which were translated at his expense, and invited the scholars and savants of all nations to his cai^ital, (Bagdad,) then the great centre of learning and science in the world. See Hammer-Purgstall, "Lit»-ratiir;;escliiclite der Araber;" Aboolfeda, " .\nnales Moslemici ;" Ei.macin, "Historia Sara- cenorum :" Conde, "Historia de la Doniinacion de los Arabes;" Weil, " Gescliichte der Chalifen," vol. ii. chap. vii. ; Casiri, " Biblio- 'heca Arabico-Hispana." Mamoun. See Mamoon. Mamun. See Mamoon. Ma-mu'ri-us Ve-tu'ri-us, a worker in brass at Rome in the time of Numa, was employed to make other shields exactly like the one which was said to have fallen from heaven. He asked no other reward but that his name might be sung at the feast of the An- cilia, (shields.) Ma-raur'ra, a Roman knight, was the commander of the engineers in Julius Caesar's army in Gaul. He amassed a large fortune. Man or Maan, min, (Cornelis,) a Dutch portrait- painter, born at Delft in 1621. Having studied and worked in Rome and Venice some years, he settled at Delft. He was a good colorist, and his style is said to nave resembled that of Titian. His portraits of surgeons and physicians in the Surgeons' Hall of Delft are highly praised. Died in 1706. See Descamps, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc. Manaigo, mJ-nl'go, (Silvestro,) a historical painter, born in Venice about 1680. Manara, vcA-vA.'x^, (Prospero,) Marquis, an Itali;m writer, born at Taro, near Parma, in 17 14. He became a councillor of state, and afterwards prime minister i>f the Prince of Parma. He translated into Italian verse Virgil's "Georgics" and " Eclogues," and wrote sonnets, eclogues, and other short poems. Died in 1800. See Antonio Cerati, " Elogio di P. Manara," 1801. :as/&; 9asj; ghard; g as ;; G, H, K, .?7f the same year. In the spring of 1848, Mr. Mann was .elected to Con- gress, as successor to J, Quincy Adams, who had died in February of that year. His first speech in the House of Representatives was in advocacy of the right and duty of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories. He says, in a letter dated December, 1848, "I think the country is to experience serious times. Interference with slavery will excite civil commotion at the South. Still, it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel." In another letter, dated January, 1850, he says, "Dark clouds overhang the future ; and that is not all : they are full of lightning." Again, " I really think if we insist upon passing the Wilmot Proviso for the territories that the South — a part of them — will rebel. But / would pass it, rebellion or not. / consider no evil so ,ip-eat as that of the extension of slavery." On the 7th of March, 1850, Webster delivered his great speech against the Wilmot Proviso. This led to an open rupture between him and Mann. Through the influence of Webster's friends, in the following November Mann failed by a single vote to obtain a re-nomination in the Whig convention. He, however, appealed to the people as an independent can- didate, and was triumphantly re-elected. In September, 1852, Mr. Mann was chosen jjresident of Antioch College, at Yellow Springs, Ohio. On the same day he was nominated for Governor of Massachusetts by a convention of the Free Democracy (otherwise called the Free-Soil party) assembled at Lowell. Although not elected Governor, his popularity was shown by his vote running far ahead of that of the other Free-Soil candi- dates. He accepted the presidency of Antioch College, which under his able management attained a large measure of success. But the labours and anxieties of that responsible position proved at length too much for his health, never strong, and now undermined by a life of the most intense and unremitting activity. He died August 2, 1859. The immediate cause of his death was doubtless the extraordinary and unceasing mental effort called forth at the college commencement in July, 1859. His address to the graduating class on that occasion* is an eloquent resume of the great principles by which his life was governed, and forms an appropriate close to the labours of this heroic and gifted philanthropist. His widow survived him many years, dying February 11, 18S7. See "Life of Horace Mann," by his wife, Boston, 1S65. Mann, min, (Theodore Augustin,) Abb6, a Flem- ish writer and antiquary, born about 1740, resided at Brussels. He published a " Tableau of the Coins, Weights, and Measures of Different Nations," (1779,) a 'Description of Brussels," (1785,) and other works. Died at Prague in 1809. Manne, de, deh mtn, (Louis Charles Joseph,) a French librarian, born in Paris in 1773. He became in 1820 keeper of the Bibliotheque Nationale, in which he classified 300,000 volumes. Died in 1832. His son Edmond succeeded him as librarian. Manners. See Rutland, Duke of. Maimers, (John.) See Granby, Marquis of. Man'ners, (John James Robert,) Lord, a second son of the Duke of Rutland, was born in 1818. He * Printed in his " Life," pp. 554-575. entered the House of Commons in 1841, and identified himself with the Tory party. He was first commissioner of the board of works for a short time in 1858-59, and obtained the same position in the Derby cabinet in July, 1866. He resigned in December, 1868. He was post- master-general from 1874 to 1880. Manners, (Roisert,) Lord, a younger son of John, Marquis of Granby, was a brother of the fourth Duke of Rutland. He died of wounds received at a battle in the West Indies in August, 1782. where he commanded the ship Resolution. Manners, (Robert William,) Lord, an English general, born in 1781. He entered the army in 1 798, served Wellington as aide-de-camp in the Peninsular war from 1808 to 1813, and was wounded at Waterloo, (1815.) In 1830 he obtained the rank of major-general. Pie was frequently elected to Parliament. Died in 1835. Mannert, min'n^Rt', (Konrad,) a German writer, born at Altdorf in 1756, was the author of a "History of the Vandals," (1785,) "History of Bavaria," (1826,) ar.d other works. Died in 1834. Manni, m3n'nee, (Domenico Maria,) a distinguished Italian antiquary and printer, born at Florence in 1690. He published new editions of early Italian works, which he enriched with prefaces, notes, etc., and wrote valuable dissertations on the history of Florence. His " Historic Observations on the Seals of the Middle Ages" (30 vols., 1739-86) is a work of merit. Died in 1788. See ToMiTANO, " Elogio di D. M. Manni," 1789. Manni, (Giannicola,) an Italian painter, born at Perugia about 1478, was a pupil of Perugino. Died in 1544- Man'ning, (Henry Edward,) a Roman Catholic prelate, born in London in 1809, graduated at Oxford. He took orders in the Anglican Church, and became Archdeacon of Chichester in 1840. In 1851 he entered the priesthood of the Catholic Church. He was ap- pointed Archbishop of Westminster in 1865. Among his works are "The Unity of the Church," (1843,) and "The Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes," (i860.) He took a prominent part in the CEcumenical Council which held its sessions in Rome from December, 1869, to May, 1870, and he maintained the dogma of papal infalli- bility. He was created cardinal in 1875. Man'ning, (James,) D.D., an American Baptist di- vine, born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in 1738, was the first president of Brown University, Rhode Island. Died in 1791. Manning, (Owen,) an English antiquary, born in Northamptonshire in 1721. He became Vicar of Godal- ming and rector of Pepperharrow, (1769.) He wrote the " History and Antiquities of Surrey," and completed Lye's " Saxon Dictionary." Died in 1801. See W. Bray, " Life of O. Manning," prefixed to the first volume of his " Antiquities of Surrey." Manning, (Thomas,) an English linguist, born in Norfolk in 1774. He resided for a long time in Thibet, and accompanied Lord Amherst to China in 1816. Died in 1840. Mannini, min-nee'nee, (Jacopo Antonio,) an Italian painter, born at Bologna in 1646; died in 1732. Manno, min'no, (Francesco,) an Italian painter, born at Palermo in 1754 ; died in 1831. Mannory, mt'no're', (Louis,) a French advocate, born in Paris in 1696. lie published " Voltairiana," (174S,) and " Plaidoyers et Memoires," (18 vols., 1759.) Died in F777. Mannozzi, min-not'see, (Giovanni,) an excellent Italian fresco-painter, born at San Giovanni, near Flor- ence, in 1590, was sometimes called Giovanni da San Giovanni. He was a pupil of Rosselli. In 1621 he went to Rome, where he painted, in rivalry with Guide's "Aurora," a picture of "Night in a Chariot." Having returned to Florence, he painted "The Judgment of Paris," "Aurora and Tithonus," etc. The picture of " The Patronage of the Arts and Sciences by Lorenzo de' Medici" is called his master-piece. Died in 1636. See Baldinucci, " Notizie ;" Ticozzi, " Dizionario ;" " Nouvell Biographie Generale." Man'nyng or Man'ning, (Robert,) an English i, 6, u, y, long^ i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fdi , tdll, tdt; met; n6t; good; moon; MANOEL 164: MANSOOR monk, was also called Robert de Brunne. He lived in the reign of Edward I. and Edward II., and was a canon in the monastery of Brunne or Bourne. He trans- lated into English rhyming chronicles from the " Brut d'Angleterre" and "Roman le Rou." Manoel. See Manuel. Manoel of Portugal. See Emmanuel, Manoncourt. See Sonninl Manrique, min-ree'ki, (Jorge,) a Spanish poet, born about 1420. His reputation is founded on his moral poems, which are highly commended. Died about 1485. See TicKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Mansard or Mansart, mSN'stR', (Francois,) an excellent French architect, born in Paris in 1598. He restored the Hotel Toulouse, and erected the chateaus of Berny and of Choisy-sur-Seine, and several churches in Paris. The Chateau de Maisons, a few miles from Paris, is one of his most admired works. His designs are remarkable for nobleness and majesty. He invented the curb-roof called "Mansard." Died in 1666. See FoNTENAV, " Dictionnaire des Artistes." Mansard or Mausait, (Jules Hardouin,) a cele- brated architect, born in Paris in 1645, was a son of Jules Hardouin, a painter. His mother was a sister of F. Mansard, noticed above. He studied the art with this uncle, and assumed his name. Having obtained the favour of Louis XIV., he designed the most im- portant architectural works of his reign. He had a rare opportunity to display his genius in the chateau or royal palace of Versailles, which, though imposing in dimen- sions and rich in ornaments, fails to satisfy the require- ments of good taste. He built the Hotel des Invalides, — in the grand dome of which he attempted to rival Sir Christopher Wren, — the Chateau de Marly, the Place Vendome, and other public works. In 1699 he was chosen superintendent of buildings, arts, and manufac- tures. Died in 1 708. See QuATREM&RE DE QuiNCY, " Vies des plus c^l^bres Archi- tectes;" Fontenay, " Dictionnaire des Artistes;" Jean Duchesne, "Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de J. H. Mansart," 1805. Mansart. See Mansard. Man'sel, (Rev. Henry Longueville,) a prominent English writer on metaphysics and theology, logic, etc., was born at Cosgrove, in Northamptonshire, in 1820. He became professor of moral and metaphysical philos- ophy at Oxford about 1859, and regius professor of ecclesiastical history in 1867. Among his works is "The Limits of Religious Thought Examined," (1858,) which has attracted much attention and no little criti- cism and has passed through a number of editions. In this treatise he takes as the basis of his argument Sir William Hamilton's position that "the unconditioned is incognizable and inconceivable ;" and the work is justly regarded as one of the most important applications of the Hamiltonian philosophy to questions of religion. He edited Sir W. Hamilton's works on logic and meta- physics. He also contributed to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," a valuable treatise on metaphysics, after- wards published separately. He was appointed Dean of Saint Paul's, London, in 1868. Died July 30, 1871. Mansfeld, von, fon mins'fSlt, (Ernst,) Count, one of the greatest generals of his time, born in 1585, was the natural son of Peter Ernst, noticed below. After fighting for the King of Spain and the Emperor of Ger- many, he left their service about 1610, and became an enemy of the house of Austria. He avowed himself a convert to the Reformed faith, and in 1618 was chosen general-in-chief of the Bohemian insurgents. In the service of Frederick, whom those insurgents had elected king, he fought many battles, and defeated the Bavarians in 1622. He afterwards marched into Flanders and re- pulsed the Spaniards at Fleurus. Having raised another army to attack Austria, he was defeated by Wallenstein in 1626, and died near Zara in the same year. He was one of those generals who are as formidable after defeat as before. See "Acta Mansfeldica," 1624; Niemann, " Geschichte der Gra fen von Mansfeld," 1834; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Mansfeld, von, (Peter Ernst,) Count, an able German general, born in 1517. In his youth he entered the army of the emperor Charles V. After serving in several campaigns, he commanded an army against the French in 1552, and in 1569 led another army to aid Charles IX. against the Huguenots. He distinguished himself at the battle of Moncontour. He succeeded the Duke of Parma as Governor-General of the Low Coun- tries in 1592. Died in 1604. See Schannat, " Histoirc dii Comte de Mansfeld," 1707; Mo- R^Ri, " Dictionnaire Historique ;" Motley, " United Netherlands." vol. i. Mans'field, (Edward D.,) LL.D., an American author, born at New Haven, Connecticut, August 17, 1801. He graduated at West Point in 1819, and at Princeton Col- lege in 1822. Removing to Cincinnati, he practised law, and for many years was a prominent journalist. He published a " Political Grammar," a " Treatise on Con- stitutional Law," " Life of General Scott," a " History of the Mexican War," and various educational and legal works. Died October 27, 1880. Mans'field, (Jared,) an American mathematician, born at New Haven, Connecticut. He became pro- fessor of natural philosophy in the Military Academy at West Point. He published several scientific works. Died in 1830. Mansfield, (Joseph King Fenno,) an American general, born at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1803, graduated at West Point in 1822. He served as captain in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a colonel in 1853. He commanded the department of Washington in June and July, 1861, and directed a corps at the battle of Antietam, where he was killed, September 17, 1862. He was a brigadier-general in the regular army. See Tenney, "Military History of the Rebellion." Mansfield, Lord. See Murray, (William.) Man-si, mSn'see, (Giovanni Domenico,) a learned Italian prelate, born at Lucca in 1692. He translated into Latin Calmet's " Dictionary of the Bible" and the " Commentary" of the same author, and edited several works of theology. One of the most important of his works was an edition of the " Collection of Councils," ("Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio," 1757 et seq.,) in which he was aided by N. Coleti. He was appointed Archbishop of Lucca in 1765. Died in 1769. See Zatti, "Vita di D. Mansi," 1772. Manso, man'so, or Manzo, min'zo, (Giovanni Bat- TiSTA,) Marquis de Villa, an Italian author, eminent as a patron of literature, was born in Naples about 1560. He expended part of his fortune in founding in Naples the Academy degli Oziosi. He was intimate with the poet Tasso, who commemorated their friendship in his dialogue entitled "II Manso." Milton, who had been his guest in Naples, addressed to him in complimentary terms a beautiful Latin poem or eclogue entitled " Man- sus." Manso wrote the " Life of Torquato Tasso," (1619,) and several poems. Died in 1645. See Tiraboschi, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Manso, min'so, (Johann Kaspar Friedrich,) a German scholar and historian, born in the duchy of Gotha in 1759. He published a "Life of Constantino the Great," (181 7,) and a number of poems and an- tiquarian treatises. Died in 1826. Man'son, (George,) a Scottish water-colour painter, born at Edinburgh, December 3, 1850. He worked with success as a designer and wood-engraver, but after 187 1 gave his attention entirely to painting. Died at Lymp- stone, in Devon, February 27, 1876. Mansoor, (Aboo-Amir-Mohammed.) See Al- Mansoor. Mansoor, Mansour, Man90ur, or Mansfir, Al,* ai mansooR', (Aboo-Jaafar- (or Djafar-) Abdallai, a'boo ji'far Sb-dil'lah, the second Abbasside caliph of the Arabian empire, succeeded his brother As-Seffah (ot Al-Saffah) in 754 A.D. About 765 he founded Bagdad, which thenceforth was the capital of the empire for five centuries. He waged war with success against the Turcomans and the Greeks of Asia Minor, but lost Spain, which was taken possession of by the Omeyyads. He is said to have united superior talents with great • Al M.xnsoor signifies " the Victorious." : as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H. K. ^ttural; N, nasal; R. trilled: s as s; %h as in this. 1 2[^='See Explanations, p. 23.) MANSTEIN 1646 MANTUANO cruelty and other vices. He died in 775 A.D., leaving the throne to his son Mahdee, (or Mahdi.) See Wf.il, "Geschichte der Cliallfen," vol. ii. chap. ii. Manstein, von, fon mln'stin, (Christoph Her- mann,) an able general and historical writer, born in Saint Petersburg in 171 1. In 1745 he entered the ser- vice of Prussia, and a few years later becajne a major- general. He was employed by Frederick the Great in important political affairs, and took part in the battle of Prague, (1757.) Me was killed in a skirmish the same year. He left "Historical, Political, and Military Me- moirs of Russia," (in French, 2 vols., 1772.) This work has been translated into English. See HuBER, "Vie de Manstein," prefixed to his "M^nioires." Mansueti, min-soo-a'tee, (Giovanni,) an Italian painter, born in Venice al^out 1450; died after 1500. Maut, (Richard,) an English bishop and commen- tator, born at Southamjnon in 1776. In conjunction with D'Oyly, he prepared an edition of the Bible, with notes, (1817.) He became Eishop of Down and Connor about 1823. He wiote, besides other works, a " History of the Church in Ireland." Died in 1848. See Berens, " Memoir of the Lite of Bishop Mant," 1849. Mantegna, mdn-t§n'yS, (Andrea,) an eminent Italian historical painter and engraver, born at Padua about 1430, was a pupil of F. Squarcione, who adopted him as a son. After he had worked at Padua and Verona, he went to Milan, where he painted the " Triumph of Julius Cjesar," which Vasari esteemed his master-piece, and which was purchased by Charles I. of England. It is now at Hampton Court. He painted several frescos in the Vatican at Rome, and worked soine years in Man- tua, where he was patronized by the Marquis de Gon- zaga. Among his most admired oil-paintings is the "Delia Vittoria," (1495,) (a picture of the Marquis of Mantua rendering thanks to the Virgin for his victory at Fornovo,) which still retains its beauty. He was probably the first engraver of his time. Died in 1506. See Vasari, "Lives of the Painters;" Lanzi, "Historj' of Painting in Italy;" Ridolfi, "Vite degli illustri Pittori Veneti ;" LoMAZZo, " Idea del Tempio del'a Pittura ;" Mrs. Jameson, "Me- dioirs of Earlj- Italian Painters;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." Mantegna, (Bernardino,) a painter of the Mantuan school, born in 1490, was a son and pupil of the pre- ceding. Died in 1528. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters." Mantegna, (Francesco,) an able Italian painter, son 3f Andrea, noticed above. He was a pupil of his father, and completed several works which the latter left un- finished at Mantua. It is stated that he was the first master of Correggio. Died after 1514. Mantegna, del, d&l mSn-t^n'y?., (Carlo,) an Italian painter, was a relative and pupil of Andrea Mantegna, noticed above. In 15 14 he was master of a school of Artists in Genoa. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters." Man'tell, (Gideon Algernon,) an eminent English geologist and palaeontologist, born at Lewes, in Sussex, in 1790. He adopted the medical profession, which he practised many years at Lewes. A mine near that place offered him a rich field for observations in geology, to which his attention was early directed. He collected from the Wealden formation and the chalk a museum oi specimens of e.xtinct reptiles, fishes, and plants, which wa? afterwards bought by the trustees of the British Museum for ;^50oo. About 1825 he discovered the Iguanodon, an e.xtinct reptile about sixty feet long, and in that year was elected to the Royal Society. He also discovered three other genera of the colossal Dinosaurian reptiles. In 1822 he published "The Fossils of the South Downs." He removed to Clapham in 1839, and a few years later to London. He not only enriched the science by his discoveries, but was unsurpassed by any English geolo- gist of his time as a lecturer and a popular expounder of geological facts. His most important works are "On the Iguanodon," "The Geology of the Southeast of England," (1S38,) "The Wonders of Geology," (1838,) and "The Medals of Creation," (1844.) Died in 1852. See Agassiz and Strickland, " Bibliographia Zoolrgiae el Geologias." Manteuffel, min'toiffel, (Otto Theodor,) Baron, a Prussian statesman, born at Liibben in 1805. He was appointed director in the ministry of the interior in 1846, and minister of the interior about November, 1848. Many of the notes and diploinatic circulars of 1848 and 1849 were written by him. He was president of the council of ministers from December, 1850, to December, 1858. Died November 26, 1882. See G. Hhskkiel, "O. T. Manteuffel: ein Preussisches Lebens- bild," 1851. Manteuffel, von, fon min'toif-fel, (Edwin Hans Karl,) Baron, a German general, horn at Magdeburg, February 24, 1809. He entered the Prussian army in 1827. He attained the rank of major-general in 1858, and in 1861 was made adjutant-general and lieutenant- general. He commanded a large force of German troops in the Danish war of 1864, a contest which he is believed to have stirred up intentionally. During the Austrian war of 1S66 he was actively and successfully employed in Hanover, Saxony, and Franconia ; and in the Franco- German war of 1870-71 he was one of the most brilliant corps-commanders. In 1879 he was named imperial lieutenant (or governor) of Alsace-Lorraine, ranking as field-marshal general and adjutant-general of the German anny, and as principal aide-de-camp general of the imperial staff. Died June 17, 18S5. Mantica, mSn-tee'kS, (Francesco,) an Italian prel- ate and jurist, born at Pordenune in 1534, published "Decisiones Romanas," (1618.) Died in 1614. Man'to, [Gr. Mai'-w,] a ])rophetess, daughter of Tire- sias, was taken prisoner by the Argives at Thebes, and was dedicated to Apollo, under whose auspices she is said to have uttered oracles at Delphi. She was some- times called Daphne. She became the wife of Rhakius or Rhacius, and the mother of Mopsus. ] Man'tpn, (Thomas,) an English divine, born in i Somersetshire in 1620. He obtaitted the living of Stoke Newington in 1643, and afterwards preached at Covent Garden in London. He was eminent for eloquence and learning, and was appointed chaplain to Cromwell in 1653. In 1660 he became a chaplain to Charles XL, but was ejected froin his church in London for non- conformity in 1662. Several volumes of his sermons, lectures, etc. were published. Died in 1677. Mantouan, Le. See Mantuano. Mantovano. See Mantuano. Mantuan, mSn-too-Sn', or Mantuano, m Jn-too-i'no, ( Battista, ) or Battista Spagnuoli, (spin-yoo-o'lee,) a Latin poet, once of great celebrity, was born at Mantua in 1448. He had great facility as a versifier, but was de- ficient in taste, and his works, consisting of eclogue.s, silva, etc., are now entirely neglected. "He was, and long continued to be," says Hallam, "the poet of school-rooms. Erasmus says that he would be placed by posterity not much below Virgil." He was, however, surpassed as a Latinist by several of his contemporaries. He lived in an age when Latin composition was in great vogue, especially in Italy. He was a Carmelite friar. Died in 1516. Mantuano, min-too-i'no, (Adamo Ghisi,) an able engraver, born at Mantua about 1530, was a son of Giovanni Battista, noticed below. He engraved aftet Michael Angelo, Giulio Romano, and other masters. Mantuano, (Giorgio Ghisi,) born at Mantua about 1522, was a skilful engraver and painter. He worked many years in Rome, and engraved the finest works of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and other masters. Among them are "The Last Judgment," after Angelo, and the " Holy Family" and "School of Athens," after Raphael. He was living in 1578. His sister, Diana Mantuana, a skilful artist, en- graved several works of Raphael about 1570-80. Mantuano, [Fr. Le Mantouan, leh mdN'too'ftN',) (Giovanni Baitista Bertano,) an Italian painter, scul]5tor, engraver, and architect, the father of the pre- ceding, was born at Mantua about 1500. He was the head of a family which ])roduced several artists, and whose proper name was Ghisi. He was the pupil of Giulio Roinano. His engraving of the "Burning of Troy" is highly praised. See Vasari, "Lives of tlie Painters." Mantuano, (Teodoro.) See Ghisl a, e, 1, 6, u, y, /ish Fikmin Didot, article in the "Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Manuzio. See Manutius. Man'wood, . 23. ) MANWOOD 1648 MA RAN A Manvcood, (Sir Roger,) probably the father of the preceding, was chief baron of the court of exchequer. Died in 1593. Manzi, mSn'zee, (Gulielmo,) an Italian litterateur, born at Civita Vecchia in 1784. He made a good Italian version of Lucian, (1819,) and wrote a "Discourse on the Spectacles, Festivals, and Luxury of the Italians of the Sixteenth Century," (1818.) Died in 1821. See TiPALDO, " Biojrrana -legli Italiani illustri :" Rossi, " Elogio storico di G. Manzi," 1822. Manzi, (Pietro,) an Italian writer, born at Civita Vecchia in 1785, was a brother cf the preceding. He published " The Conquest of Mexico," {1817,) and other vrorks. Died in 1839. Manzo. See Manso. Mauzolli, min-zol'lee, or Manzoli, min-zo'lee, (PiE- TRO or Pier Angelo,) a Latin poet, born at Stellata, on the Po, in Italy, flourished about 1510-40. He was bet- ter known by his assumed name, Palingenio or Palin- ge'nius Stella'tus. The events and circumstances of his life are unknown. He wrote a long moral poem, entitled " Zodiac of Life," (" ZodiacusVitae," Bale, 1537,) the books of which are named from the signs of the zodiac. " It is not very poedcal," says Hallam, " but by no means without strong passages cf sense and spirit, in a lax Horatian metre. The a^ithor has said more than enough to incur the suspicion of Lutheran- ism." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") See Gerdes, " Historia Reformationis ;" "Paling^ne," in Bayle's " Historical and Critical Dictionarj-." Manzoni, min-zo'nee, (Alessandro,) a celebrated Italian novelist and poet, was born at Milan, March 8, 1784. His father bore the title of count, and his mother was a daughter of the Marquis Beccaria, the eminent jurist and writer. About 1805 he made a long visit to Paris, where he formed an intimate friendship with Fauriel and produced a poem on the death of Carlo Imbonati, (1806.) He married Henriette Louise Blondel, of Geneva, in 1808, and became a zealous member of the Roman Catholic Church. Soon after this event he produced several hymns on the Nativity, the Passion, the Resurrection, etc., which have much literary merit. His next work was a tragedv, called " II Conte di Car- magnola," (1820,) in which the three unities are not ob- served. This drama was warmly applauded by Goethe. He published another tragedy, entitled " Adelchi," and an admirable ode on the death of Napoleon, " II cinque Maggio." His capital work is the historical novel of " I promessi Sposi," (3 vols., 1827,) an English version of which has appeared under the title of " The Betrothed Lovers." It presents a vivid picture of Italian society of the seventeenth century. The style is natural, elo- quent, and beautiful. Manzoni became a senator of the kingdom of Sardinia in i860. Died May 22, 1873. See Louis DE Lom^N'IE, " M. Manzoni, par un Homme deRien," 1842; Sainte-Eel'VE, "A. Manzoni; Fragment biographique," 1845; Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Nouvelle Biosn'aphie Generale;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for July and November, 1827; "Blackwood's Magazine" for August, 1826; "North American Review" for October, 7840. Manzoni, (Francesca,) an Italian poetess, born in the Milanese in 17 10, was versed in the Greek and Latin languages. Died in 1743. Manzuoli, min-zoo-o'lee, (Tommaso,) an able Italian painter, born near Florence in 1536, was also called Maso da San Friano. He adorned several churches of Florence. His master-piece is the " Visitation," which is preserved in the gallery of the Vatican. Died in 1575. See Vasari, "Lives of the Painters," «tc. Mapes, map,? or Map, (Walter,) an old English author, born in the Welsh marches about 1 1 50. He became a favourite of Henry II., who sent him on a mis- sion to the King of France and gave him several bene- fices. In 1 196 he was appointed Archdeacon of Oxford. He wrote satirical Leonine Latin poems, among which is an ode which begins " Meum est propositum in taberna mori." In Latin prose he wrote a curious and interesting work called " De Nugis Curialium." He was the re- puted author of several romances in French or Anglo- Norman, among them the "Quest dti Saint Graal," and certain other Round Table legends, svhich give him a very high rank in mediaeval literature. Maphseus. See Maffei and Maffeo. Ma'ple-spn, (Marie,) better known by her maiden name of Marie Roze, a French singer, born in Paris in 1850. She was educated at the Conservatoire of Paris, and early went upon the operatic stage, where her fine abilities as a singer and her versatility as an actress won her great applause. She married Mr. J. H. Mapleson, a distinguished English manager of the opera. Mapletoft, ma'pel-toft, (John,) an English physician, born in Huntingdonshire in 163 1. He was appointed professor of medicine in Gresham College, London, iii 1675. About 1680 he took holy orders. He translated into Latin Sydenham's "Observations," at the request of the author, and wrote "The Principles and Duties of the Christian Religion." Died in 1721. Mapp, mtp, [Lat.MAP'pus,] ^Marc,) a French bot- anist and physician, born at Strasburg in 1632. He wrote a mediocre " Description of the Plants of Alsace." Died in 1701. Mappus. See Mapp. Maquet, mS'k^', (Auguste,) a French novelist, born in Paris in 1813. He was author in part of " Monte- Cristo," and of other works which were published under the name of Alexandre Dumas. Died January 9, 1888. Mar, Earl of. See Erskine, (John.) M&ra, mi'ra, a famous deva of the Hindoo mytholog), mentioned in the history of Gautama, (which see.) Mara, mi'ri, originally named Schmelling, (Eliza- beth,) a celebrated German singer, was born at Cassel in 1749. She was a pupil of Paradisi, and became the wife of J. Mara, a violoncellist of Berlin. Between 1784 and 1787 she appeared four times as first vocalist at the Handel Commemoration, and was greatly admired. She afterwards performed with applause in Paris and Berlin, She sang in four languages. Died in 1833. Mara, de, deh mt'ri', (Guillaume,) a priest and Latin poet, born in the diocese of Coutances, France about 1470; died about 1530. Maracci. See Marracci. Maracci, mi-rit'chee, or Marracci, mir-rSt'chee, (Giovanni,) an Italian historical painter, born at Lucca in 1637, was a pu]Dil of Pietro da Cortona. Died in 1704. Marais, mt'ri', (Marin,) a French musical composer, was born in Paris in 1656. Among his works is an opera entitled "Alcyone," {1706.) Died in 1728. Marais, (Mathieu,) a French jurist and writer, born in Paris in 1664. He wrote some articles for Bayle's " Historical and Critical Dictionary," and a " Life of La Fontaine," (181 1.) Died in 1737. Marais, des. See Regnier-Desmarais. Maraldi, mS-rai'dee, (Jacques Philippe,) an as- tronomer, born at Perinaldo, in the county of Nice, in 1665, was a nephew of Giovanni Domenico Cassini, under whom he studied astronomy in Paris. About 1700 he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. He spent many years in astronomical observations, and in forming a Catalogue of the fixed stars, which he left in manuscript when he died, in 1729. See Fabroni, "Vits Italorum doctrina excei'ientium ;" KiNTB- NELLE, " £loge de Maraldi." Maraldi, (Jean Dominique,) a nephew of the pre- ceding, was born at Perinaldo in 1709. He became assistant astronomer at the Paris Observatory, and made many observations, which were inserted in the collection of the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1788. Maran, mt'rSN', [Lat. Mara'nus,] (Dom Prudent,) a learned French Benedictine monk, born at Sezanne in 1683. He wrote a " Dissertation on the Semi-Arians," and edited the works of Saint Cyprian. Died in 1762. Marana, ma-ri'na,(GiovANNi Paolo or Giampaolo,) an Italian writer, born at Genoa about 1642. He was imprisoned four years (1670-74) for a political reason. About 1682 he removed to Paris, and obtained a pen- sion from the king. In 1684 he published, in French, the first volume of " The Turkish Spy," (" L'Espion Turc,") which was very successful. " The Turkish Spy," says Hallam, " is no ordinary production, but contains as many proofs of a thoughtful, if not very profound, mind, as any we can find. It suggested the Persian Letters to Montesquieu." He published a second volume in 1686. Died in 1693. a, e, i, 0, u, y, long; k, h., 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; nftt; good ; moon; MARANGONI 1649 MARC A \ Marangoni, m^-r5n-go'nee, (Giovanni,) an Italian antiquary, born at Vicenza in 1673. He wrote a learned treatise on the Flavian Amphitheatre, and "Thesaurus Parochorum." Died in 1753. Maransin, mt'rflN'siN', (Jean Pierre,) Baron, a French general, born at Lourdes in 1770; died in 1828. Maranta, mS-r^n'ta, (Bartolommeo,) an Italian bot- anist and physician, lived at Venosa, in the kingdom of Naples. He assisted Ferrante Imperato in writing his "Natural History," and wrote an esteemed elementary work on botany, entitled " Methodus Cognoscendorum Medicamentorum simplicium," (1559.) "The author," says Hallam, " is independent, though learned, extremely acute in discriminating plants known to the ancients, and has discovered many himself." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died about 1554. See TiRABOscHi, " Storia della Letteiatura Italiana." Maranus. See Maran. Marat, mt'rt', (Jean Paul,) a leader in the French Revolution, was the son of an Italian named Mara, and was born near Neufchatel, in .Switzerland, in 1743. He practised medicine in Paris before the Revolution with great success, becoming in 1777 a court-physician, but in 1 786 he resigned his place. He published many treatises on electricity, optics, etc. In 17S9 he aroused the popu- lace by his journal "The Friend of the People," (" L'Ami du Peuple.") He was as a consequence for a long time compelled to live in sewers and cellars to escape the officers of the law. Among the Jacobin leaders he ap- pears to have been the most determined and ferocious enemy alike of the royalists and Girondists, whose in- sincerity he denounced and for whose half-measures he expressed great contempt. In 1792 he was elected to the Convention, and, uniting with Danton and Robespierre, formed the famous triumvirate of the reign of terror. He became a self-constituted public accuser before the com- mune and the Convention. In May, 1793, the majority of the Convention ordered his arrest for alleged outrages committed against that assembly. He was tried, but was acquitted by the tribunal and brought back to the Convention in triumph. "The hesitation of Danton," says Lamartine, "and the temporizing of Robespierre, raised Marat at this moment to the apogee of his popu- larity and power. He shrugged his shoulders at the names of Danton and Robespierre, expressing his doubts of their capacity to guide the Revolution." He was assassinated by Charlotte Corday in his own house in July, 1793. (See Corday, Charloite.) Perhaps no man in all history has been more unanimously condemned than Marat. The perfect agreement in regard to his ciiaracter among his contemporaries of the most diverse and even opposite opinions on other subjects, furnishes the strongest probability that that condemnation was entirely just. That he preferred the gratification of his malignant passions to the pursuit of wealth or of ordinary pleasures is no proof of any very exalted disinterested- ness. History furnishes many examples of men who, dominated by one supreme passion, have been indifferent to every other consideration. We find very little force or reason in the recent attempts to rehabilitate the repu- tation of Marat. The only charitable view of his char- acter that can rationally be maintained is to suppose that his mind, more especially his moral nature, was deeply diseased. For the credit of humanity, we may hope that he was not fully responsible for his conduct. Maratta, ma-rit'ti, or Maratti, mS-rit'tee, (Carlo,) an Italian painter, born at Camurano, in the March of Ancona, in May, 1625, enjoyed in his time the reputation of being one of the best painters in Europe. He became a pupil of Andrea Sacchi and a devout student of Ra- phael's works, and chose Rome as his permanent resi- dence. He was employed by Clement IX. and by four other successive popes, and received the title of painter- ordinary to Louis XIV., for whom he painted a picture of Daphne. His Madonnas are admired for modest dignity and amiable expression. He preferred to paint pictures for galleries and altars, rather than large works. Maratta also excelled in the art of etching. He was the last great painter of the Roman school. Died in 1713. See Bellori, "Vita del Cavalier Maratti," 1732. Maratta or Maratti, (Maria,) a daughter of the preceding, was a painter and a poetess. She was mar- ried to G. Zappe, the poet. Maratti. See Maratta. Maraviglia, mi-ri-vfel'ya, (Giuseppe Maria,) an Italian philosopher and moralist, born at Milan. His Latin name was Mirabilia. Died in 1684. Marazzoli, mS-rSt-so'lee, (Marco,) an Italian com- poser of operas and oratorios, born at Parma; died in 1662. Marbach, maR'b^K, (Johann,) a German Protestant theologian, born at Lindau in 1521. Among his works is " The Faith of Jesus and of the Jesuits," (" Fides Jesus et Jesuitarum.") Died in 1581. Marbeau, mtR'b5', (Jean Baptiste Franqois,) a French writer on social economy, born at Brives in 1798. He founded in 1844 charitable institutions called Crhhes, for infants whose mothers serve as labourers out of their own houses. Died October 10, 1875. Mar'beck, (John,) an English composer of cathedral music, was organist of Windsor in the reign of Henry VIII. He composed the notes to the Preces and Re- sponses used in the English cathedrals. Having iden- tified himself with the Protestant cause, he was con- demned to be burned for heresy about 1545, but was pardoned, — perhaps on account of his musical skill. He published a "Book of Common Prayer Noted," (1550.) and a "Concordance." Died in 1585. Marbeuf or MarbcEuf, mtR'buf, (Louis Charles Ren6,) Marquis, a French general, born near Rennes in 1712. He commanded in Corsica against Paoli, by whom he was defeated in 1768. Died in 1786. Marbois, mlR^bwi', ( Franqois de Barbe— deh btR'bi',) Marquis, called also Marquis de Marbois, a French statesman and writer, born at Metz in 1745. About 1780 he was charge-d'affaires and consul-general to the United States. In 1792 Louis XVI., who esteemed him for his probity, sent him on an embassy to Vienna. He was elected in 1795 to the Council of Elders, in which he spoke often and with ability. In September, 1797, he was, with others, deported to Guiana by the Directory. Bonaparte appointed him director of the treasury, or min- ister of finance, in x8oi. Marbois was dismissed in 1805, but in 1808 became first president of the Cour des Comptes, (Chamber of Accounts, or exchequer.) He held this office about thirty years. He was keeper of the seals and minister of justice in 181 5 and 1816, and received the title of marquis in 1817. He wrote numerous moral, political, and historical works, among which are "The Conspiracy of Arnold against the United States," (1816,) an'd a "History of Louisiana," (1828.) Died i" 1837. See Antoine Passy, " Notice sur le Marquis de Barbe-Marbois, 183S; " Nouvelle Biographic Gen^rale." Marbot, mtR'bo', (Antoine Adolphe Marcellin.) a French general, born at Altillac in 1781 ; died in 1844. Marbot, (Jean Baptiste Antoine,) a general, born at Altillac in 1782, was a brother of the preceding. Na- poleon left him a legacy of one hundred thousand francs. Died in 1854. Mai'C, the French for Mark, which see. Marc, mSRk, (Charles Chretien Henri,) a physi- cian, born at Amsterdam in 1771, settled in Paris in 1798. About 1818 he became physician to the Duke of Orleans, who, on his accession as Louis Philippe, in 1830, gave him the title of first physician to the king. He wrote, besides other works, a " Treatise on Insanity," (" De la Folic," etc., 2 vols., 1840,) and published several able medical treatises. Died in 1841. See Pariset, " filoge de C!i. Ch. H. Marc," i«42; REVEii.Lii- Parisse, "Notice sur C. C. H. Marc," 1842. Marc, Saint. See Mark, Saint, and Marcus. Marc Antoine, the French for Mark Antony. See Antonius, (Marcus.) Marc Antonio. See Raimondl Marc Aurel, the German for Marcus Aurelius. Marc Anrele. See Aurelius, (Marcus.) Marca, de, deh mtR'kt', (Pierre,) an ambitious and learned French prelate, born in Beam in 1594. At the request of Cardinal Richelieu, he wrote his famous f: as k: 9 as j; g hard; g 2S,j; G, H, K.,gnttural; N, tuxsal; r, trilled; s as z.- th as in this. 104 (g^^See Explanations, p. 23. : MARCEAU 16^0 MARCELLUS treatise on the lil^erty of the Gallican Church, entitled "De Concordia Sacerdotii et Imperii," (1641,) which offended the court of Rome. He %vas made Bishop of Toulouse in 1652, minister of state about 1658, and Archbishop of Paris in 1661. Among his works is a " History of Beam." Died in 1662. See Dr Facet, "Viede Pierre de Marca :" Bompart, " filoge de Marca," 1672. Marceau, mtR'so', (FRANgois S^verin Desgra- viERS,) a Frencli general, born at Chartres in 1769. He entered the army in 1786, and became a general of brigade at the age of twenty-two. In 1793 he obtained the chief command of the army sent against the Ven- deans, whom he defeated at Mans. In 1795 and 1796 he commanded a division on the Rhine and in the Palati- nate, where he gained advantages over the Austrians. He was killed in battle near Altenkirchen in 1796. Kleber, who was his friend, said, " I have never known any general so capable as Marceau to change the plan of battle on the spot with sang-froid and judgment." ?ee Claude Desprez, "Kleber et Marceau," 1837; Lavall^ "Eloge historique du General Marceau," 1797; Sergent-Mar- CKAU, " Notice sur le General Marceau," 1820. Marcel. See Marcellus I., Bishop of Rome. Marcel, mlR's^K, (Etienne,) a French partisan chief and agitator of reform, was provost of the merchants of Paris when King John was defeated and made prisoner at Poitiers, in 1356. He became the leader of the popular party in its contest with the dauphin Charles, who acted as regent. Marcel was predominant in Paris, and con- trolled a majority in the States-General, which refused to vote supplies for the war unless their grievances should be redressed. A revolution was effected which rendered the government almost republican. Having given the command of Paris to Charles the Bad, of Navarre, he was betrayed by him, and was assassinated in 1358. See Naudet, "Conjuration d'fitienne Marcel," etc ; FroIssart, "Chronique;" Sismondi, " Histoire des Frangais." Marcel, (Guillaume,) a French chronologist, born at Toulouse in 1647. He negotiated a treaty with the Dey of Algiers in 1677. He published valuable "Chro- nological Tablets," and a " History of the Origin and Progress of the French Monarchy," (1686,) which is commended for accuracy in dates. Died in 1708. Marcel, (Guillaume,) a French writer and priest, born about 1612. He wrote Latin and French verse, etc. Died in 1702. Marcel, (Jean Joseph,) an eminent French Orien- talist and historian, born in Paris in November, 1776. He went to Egypt in 1798 as a member of the scientific commission, and, having returned to France in 1801, was selected as one of the redactetcrs of the "Descrip- tion of Egypt." He was director of the national printing department ( imprimerie ) from 1802 to 1814. Among his numerous works are "Melanges Orientaux," (1833,) a " History of Egypt from the Arabian Conquest to the French Expedition," (2d edition, 1844,) and a "Scien- tific and Military History of the French Expedition »n Egypt," (with Louis Reybaud,) (10 vols., 1830-36.) iJied in 1854. See Belin, "Notice sur J. J. Marcel," in the "Journal Asi- atique," 1854; " Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Marcel, maRt'sel, (N.,) a German painter of flowers, fruits, etc., born at Frankfort in 1628; died in 1683. Mar-cel'la, a Roman lady, was a daughter of C. Marcellus and Octavia, who was a sister of the emperor Augustus. She was married first to M. V. Agrippa, divorced in 21 B.C., and married again to a son of Mark .A-ntony the triumvir. Mafcellin. See Marcellinus. Mar-cel-li'nus, [ Fr. Marcellin, mtR'si'l^N', ] Saint, a native of Rome, succeeded Caius as Bishop of Rome, or pope, in 295 a.d. During his tenure of that office the Church was persecuted by Diocletian. He died in 304 or 305, and was succeeded by Marcellus I. See Artaud de Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes Romains." Marcellinus Ammianus. See Ammianus. Marcellis, mar-sel'lis, (Otho,) a Dutch painter of flowers and animals, was born in 1613. He worked with success in Paris, Rome, and Amsterdam. Died in 1673. Marcello, maR-chel'lo, (Benedetto,) a celebrated Italian composer and poet, born of a patrician family at Venice in 1686, was a pupil of Gasparini. He studied law, and was for fourteen years a member of the Council of Forty. He gained distinction as a poet by a number of sonnets and canzoni. His capital work is a collection of psalms, entitled " Estro poetico-armonico Parafrasi iopra i 50 primi Salmi," (1724.) These were received with universal enthusiasm throughout Europe, and mer- ited for the author the appellation of the Pindar and Michael Angelo of musicians. Died in 1739. See BuRNEV, "General History of Music;" Fetis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens ;" F. Fontana, "Vita di B. Marcello," 178S; F. Caffi, "Delia Vita e del Comporre di B. Marcello," 1830: "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Marcello, (Pietro,) an Italian biographer, lived at Venice about 1500, and wrote " De Vita Principum et Geslis Venetorum," (1554.) Mar-cel'lus [Fr. Marcel, mtR'sSK; It. Marcello, maR-chel'lo] I., Bishop of Rome, was a Roman by birth, and was elected in 308 a.d. His efforts to maintain strict discipline are said to have caused a schism and sedition among the believers. He died in 309 or 310, and was succeeded by Eusebius. Marcellus IL, Pope, born at Fano in 1501, was named Marcellus Cervius. He was elected pope in April, 1555, after the death of Julius III. About three weeks after his election he died, and was succeeded by Paul IV. See A. Bower, " History of the Popes;" Artaud de Montos, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes Romains." Mar-cel'lus, (Caius Claudius,) a Roman consul, who married Octavia, the sister of Octavius Caesar. He became consul in 50 B.C., before which he had at- tached himself to the party of Pompey. While in this office he made a motion in the senate to deprive Caesar of his command, but did not succeed. He remained in Italy during the civil war, and shared the clemency of Caesar after the victory of the latter. Died about 40 B.C. Mar-cel'lus, [It. Marcello, maR-chel'!o,](DoNATO,) an Italian physician, born at Mantua. He wrote " De Historia Medica mirabili," (1586.) Marcellus, (Marcus Claudius,) a Roman general, celebrated as the conqueror of Syracuse, born about 266 B.C., was the greatest member of a consular plebeian family which produced several eminent men. In 222 he became consul, (with Cn. Cornelius Scipio,) defeated the Insubrians on the Po, and obtained the honour of a triumph. After Hannibal had invaded Italy in the second Punic war, Marcellus was chosen praetor for the year 216 B.C., in which the battle of Cannas was fought. He was not present at this battle. The command of the forces which escaped from that defeat having devolved on him, he repulsed the attack of Hannibal on Nola, and was the first that checked his victorious progress. 1 le was elected for the third time consul for the year 214, with the great Fabius Maximus as his colleague. His most famous exploit was the conquest of Syracuse, which, though defended by the genius of Archimedes, he took, after a siege of two years and some months, in 212 B.C. He again obtained the consulship in 210 B.C., with the com- mand of the army in Italy, and fought an indecisive bat- tle with Hannibal at Numistro. Marcellus and Hannibal commanded the respective armies at Canusium, (209,) where the Romans claimed the victory. Marcellus was elected consul for the fifth time in 208 B.C. Having advanced to reconnoitre near Venusia, he fell into an ambuscade, and was killed in the skirmish with the advanced posts of Hannibal, in that year. Plutarch has drawn a parallel between Marcellus and Pelopida.s, "who," he says, "were both men of heroic strength, and were equal in courage and magnanimity." Polybius denies that Marcellus ever defeated Hannibal. See Plutarch's "Lives;" Aurf.lius Victor, "De Viris illus- tribus;" Liw. "History of Rome," books xxii.-xxvii. ; Polybius, "History;" "Nouvelle Biographie Generaie." Marcellus, (Marcus Claudius,) a Roman general, was a son of the preceding. He was wounded in the skirmish in which his father was killed. He was elected a, e, i, 6, u, y, long: i, k, b, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; mgt; n6t; good; moon; MARCELLUS i6^i MARCH AND praetor in 198 B.C., and consul in 196, when he com- manded in Cisalpine Gaul and defeated the Insubrians. In 189 he was censor. Died in 177 B.C. Marcellus, (Marcus Claudius,) a son of the pre- ceding, obtained the consulship in 166 B.C. He was chosen consul again in 155, and gained a victory over the Ligurians. In 152 he obtained a third consulship, with command of the army in Spain, where he subdued the Celtiberians and founded Corduba, (Cordova.) He perished by shipwreck in 148 B.C. Marcellus, (Marcus Claudius,) the friend of Cicero, and the subject of the admirable oration " Pro M. Mar- cello," was a descendant of the great Marcellus. He had a high reputation as an orator. Elected consul in 52 B.C., he urged the senate to extreme measures against Cffisar. In the civil war he was an adherent of Pompe} and the senate. He fled from Rome in 49, and joined the army in Epirus. After the ruin of his cause at Phar- salia, he exiled himself to Mitylene. Overcome by the warm intercession of the senators, Caesar granted him a pardon in 47 B.C. On this occasion Cicero expressed his thanks to the dictator, and his high estimate of the merit of Marcellus, in the oration which bears his name. Marcellus was on his homeward journey when he was assassinated, near Athens, by P. Magius, one of his at- tendants, ab(jut 46 B.C. St^e Ciciiuo, "Pro M. Marcello;" Drumann, " Gescliichte Roms;" Oreli.i, " Onomasticon Tullianum." Marcellus, (Marcus Claudius,) was the son of C. Claudius Marcellus, noticed above, and Octavia. About the year 25 B.C. he was adopted by his uncle, the empe- ror Augustus, who gave him his daughter Julia in mar- riage. He was a youth of promising talents, and was a general favourite. He died in his twentieth year, in the autumn of 23 B.C. His memory was embalmed by Vir- gil in a beautiful ])assage of his epic poem, (book vi., v. 872, etc.,) which was recited by the poet in the presence of Octavia and Augustus. (See Octavia.) See Plutarch, "Marcellus;" Tacitus, "Annales." Mar-cel'lus Em-pii'i-cus, a Latin writer, born at Burdigala, (Bordeaux.) He was mag-ister officionim in the reign of Theodosius the Great, (379-395 a.d.) He was author of a pharmaceutical work, " De Medica- mentis Empiricis, Physicis," etc. Mar-cel'lus Si-de'tes, a native of Side, in Pam- phylia, lived about 140 A.D. He wrote a long Greek medical poem, of which fragments are extant. Mar-cel'lus Ul'pi-us, a Roman jurist, who flourished about 150 A.D., and was a legal adviser of the emperor Antoninus Pius. He was author of thirty-one books of " Digesta," six books on the " Leges Julia et Papia," and one book of " Responsa." About one hundred and fifty excerpts from his works are found in the "Digest." He is often quoted as high authority by Ulpian, Paulus, and other jurists. See M. Tydeman, " De Marcelli Vita," 1762 ; J. T. Seger, " Ul- pius Marcellus," 1768. Marcellus, de, deh mSR'si'liiss', (Marie Louis Jean Andk6 Charles Demartin du Tirac — deh- mtR'tiN' dii te'rtk',) Comte, a French writer, critic, and diplomatist, born in Guienne in 1795. During a mis- sion to the Levant, in 1820, he brought away the statue of Venus of Milo. He published "Souvenirs of the Levant," (1839,) " Popular Songs of Greece," (1851,) and "Chateaubriand," (1859.) Died in 1865. Marcet, mar'sSt' or nitR'si', (Alexandre,) F.R.S., ft skilful Swiss physician and chemist, born at Geneva in 1770. Having been exiled for political reasons, he settled in London about 1797, and acquired a high reputation as a practitioner and a lecturer on chemistry. In 1815 he returned to Geneva, where he was elected to the supreme council. His princijjal work is an " Essay on the Chem- ical History and Treatment of Calculous Disorders," (181 7, in English.) Died in 1822. Marcet, (Jane Haldimand,) a popular writer on science, wife of the preceding, was born at Geneva in 1785. She published "Conversations on Chemistry," (in English,) which passed through many editions, and "Conversations on Political Economy," (1816.) "Every girl," says Macaulay, "who has read Mrs. Marcet's dia- logues on political economy could teach Montague or Walpole many lessons on finance." Died June 28, 1858. See a notice of Mrs. Marcet, by Professor De la Rive, in the " Uibliothique Universelle," new series, 1S58, vol. iii. ; Harriet Martin'IiAU, " P.iographical Sketches," London, i86g. Marcgraf, maRk'gRif, or Marggraf, maRc/gRif, (Georo,) a German naturalist, born at Liebstadt in"i6io, was author of a "Natural History of Brazil," (in Latin,) pub ished at Leyden in 1648. "The descriptions of Mai cgraf," says Hallam, "are good, and enable us to identify the animals. They correct the imperfect notions of Gesner, and add several species which do not appear in his work." Died in Guinea in 1644. March, maRch, (Ausias or Osias,) a Spani.sh poel, born at Valencia. He imitated Petrarch with success, and wrote many short poems on love, morals, etc., which were printed in 1543. Died in 1460. See TicKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature." March, (Daniel,) D.D., an American divine, born at Millbury, Massachusetts, July 21, 1816. He graduated at Yale College in 1840, was ordained in 1845, ^"f gunpowder." Mar'cy, (Oliver,) LL.D., an American instructor, porn in Coleraine, Massachusetts, February 13, 1820. He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1846. In 1862 he became professor of natural history in the University at Evanston, Illinois, and acted as its president fi-om 1876 to 1881. He was for some time a geologist in the United States territorial surveys. Mar'cy, (Randolph B.,) an American general, born in Massachusetts about 1812, graduated at West Point in 1832. He became a captain in 1846, and colonel in 1861. He served as chief of staff of the army of the Potomac in 1862, under General McClellan, was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general in 1865, and became inspector-general in 1878. Died November 22, 1887, Matey, (William L.,) a distinguished American statesman of the Democratic party, born at Southbridge, Massachusetts, in 1786. Having graduated at Brown University in 1808, he studied law at Troy, New York. He entered the army as lieutenant on the breaking out of the war of 1812, and distinguished himself in several engagements in Canada. About 1820 he became editor of the "Troy Budget," a Democratic journal, and in 1823 was elected comptroller of the State. He became a United States Senator in 1831, and was chosen Governor of New York in 1832, 1834, and 1836. He was a candi- date in 1838, but was defeated by Mr. Seward. He was appointed by President Polk secretary of war in March, 1845, and displayed much ability in this position, which was rendered more arduous by the occurrence of the Mexican war. He retired from office in March, 1849, after which he passed four years in private life. H" supported General Cass in the Presidential election ot 1848, and was secretary of state in the cabinet of Presi- dent Pierce from March 4, 1853, ^o March 4, 1857. During this period he gained a high reputation as a diplomatist. He died at Ballston Spa on the 4th of July, 1857. Mar-do'ni-us, [Gr. Mapdovtof,] an able Persian gen- eral, was a son-in-law of Darius Hystaspes. In 492 B.C. he commanded a large armament sent by Darius against the Grecian states. Having lost a great part of his fleet in a storm, he returned without success. In 481 he held a high command in the expedition which Xerxes led against the Greeks. After the Persians had been defeated at Salamis, (480 B.C.,) Xerxes returned home, leaving 300,000 men under Mardonius, who captured Athens without much resistance. He was defeated and killed at Plataea in 479 B.C. by the army of Pausanias. Marduk, a great deity of the old Babylonians, iden- tified by the Greeks with Zeus, but in many respects resembling Mercury. The planet Mercury was also called Marduk. Mare, de la, deh It mtR, (Nicolas,) a French magis- trate, born near Paris in 1639. He wrote a "Treatise on the Police," ("Traite de la Police," 4 vols., 1707-38.) Died in 1723. Mare, de la, (Philibert,) a French historical writer born at Dijon in 1615. He wrote " De Bello Burgundico,' (1641,) and other works. Died in 1687. Marec, mi'rgk', (Pierre,) a French legislator, bon- at Brest in 1759, vras a moderate member of the Conven tion, (1792-95.) He rendered valuable services in the committees of finance and marine. Died in 1828. Mar^chal, mt'ri'shtl', (Ambroise,) D.D., a bishop, born at Ingre, in France, in 1768, studied law and the- ology, and in 1792 was ordained a priest and removed to the United States, held theological professorships in Baltimore, in Georgetown, and (1803-12) in France, re- turning in 1812 to the United States. In 1817 he was consecrated Archbishop of Baltimore, where he died, January 29, 1828. Marechal, mt'ri'shtl', (Georges,) a French surgeon, born at Calais in 1658. He was appointed in 1703 first surgeon to Louis XIV. He wrote several valuable treat- ises on surgery. Died in 1736. Marechal, (Laurent Charles,) a French painter on glass, born at Metz about 1800, adorned many of the grand churches of France with windows of painted glass. Marechal, (Pierre Sylvain,) a French litteratmr, born in Paris in 1750, is said to have been an atheist. He published a " Dictionary of Atheists," (1800,) and many other works. His chief production is " Travels of Pythagoras in Egypt, Chaldea, India," etc., (" Vovages de Pythagore en Egypte," etc., 6 vols., 1799,) which dis- plays much learning and research. Died in 1803. Marenco, md-rSn'ko, (Vincenzo,) an Italian poet, born near Mondovi in 1752. He wrote "Osiris, sive De Legum Origine," (1797,) and other poems. Died in 1813. Marenzeo, md-rln'ze-o, (Luca.) an eminent Italiai. composer, born at Brescia about 1550. His works are principally madrigals, which are esteemed models of ten- derness and harmony. Died in 1599. Marescalchi, mi-res-kai'kee, (Ferdinando,) an Italian diplomatist, born at Bologna in 1764. He was employed in 1803 to negotiate a treaty between the Italian republic and the court of Rome. Died in 1816. Marescalco, mi-rgs-kSl'ko, (Pietro,) sometimes called La Spada, a painter of the Venetian school, born at Feltre, lived about 1500. Marescot, de, deh mt'rSs'ko', (Armand Samuel,) Count, a skilful French military engineer, born at Tours in 1758. He was appointed first inspector-general by Bonaparte in 1800, and was made a count in 1804. Died in 1831. € as /&; 9 as s: g hard; g asy; G, h, yi,giMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this, (2®=See Explanations, p. 23.) MARESIUS 1654 MARGARET Maresius. See Dksmarets, (Samuicl.) Marestier, mt'r^s'te-i', (Jean Baptistf.,) an able French engineer and naval architect, born at Saint-Ser- van about 1780. He constructed the first steamboat used by the military marine for the service of seaports. He published a "Treatise on the Steamboats of the United States," etc., (1824.) Died in 1832. Maret, mi'r,y, (Hugues,) a learned French physician and writer, born at Dijon in 1726. He was a corre- sponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, and a friend of the celebrated chemist Guyton de Mor- veau. One of his sons was the Duke of Bassano, noticed below. Died in 1786. Maret, (Hugues Bernard,) Duke of Bassano, an able French statesman and diplomatist, born at Dijon in 1763. He studied law in Paris, and in 1789 reported the debates of the National Assembly in a daily " Bul- letin." This was soon united with the " Moniteur," which owed its success to the reports of Maret. Under the new regime he was rapidly advanced in the dej^art- ment of foreign affairs, and was sent on missions to England and Naples in 1793. On his way to Naples he was arrested by the Austrians, and confined in a dun- geon about two years. From 1800 to 181 1, as secretary- general, or secretary of state, he directed the home department with great credit, had a large share of Bona- parte's confidence, and accompanied him in his cam- paigns. In 181 1 he was appointed minister of foreign afi'airs, and received the title of Duke of Bassano. On the return of Bonaparte from Elba, Maret became again his secretary. He was restored to the rank of a peer of France in 1831, and in 1834 was minister of the interior for a short time. He had been admitted into the Institute (Academie Fran^aise) in 1803. Died in 1839. See " Nouvelle Biographie Gdnerale ;" Las Cases, "Memorial de Sainte-Helene." Maret, (Jean Philibert.) a French surgeon, born at Dijon in 1705 ; died in 1780. Marets, des. See Desmarets. Marezoll, mS'r§t-sor, (Gustav Ludwig Theodor,) a German jurist, born at Gottingen in 1794. He was the author of several legal works. Died in 1873. Mar'ga-ret of Anjou, [Fr. Marguerite d'Anjou, mtK'gR^t' dfiN'zhoo',] a daughter of Rene of Anjou, Duke of Lorraine, was born in Lorraine in 1429. She was married in 1445 to Henry VI., King of England, and, in consequence of his imbecility, had the principal share in the government. In the ensuing contest be- tween the houses of York and Lancaster, her troops were several times victorious over the former ; but they suffered a fatal defeat at Towton in 1461. After several unsuccessful efforts to repair her fortunes, Margaret was again defeated and made a prisoner at Tewksbury by Edward IV. in 147 1. She was ransomed by the French king, Louis XI., and passed the remainder of her life in France, where she died in 14S1. See Agnes Strickland, "Lives of the Queens of England;' .A.bb6 Provost, " Histoire de Mnrciierite d'Anjovi," 2 vols., 1750; Louis Lai.lkmand, " Maraueiite d'Anjou- Lorraine," 1853; J. J. Rov, " Histoire de Marguerite d'Anjou," 1857. Margaret of Austria, [Ger. Margarethe von Oestreich, maR-g^-ra'teh fon ost'riK,] daughter of Max- imilian, Emperor of Germany, and Mary of Burgundy, was born at Ghent in 1480. She was betrothed when a child to Charles VIIT. of France. But he refused to keep the engagement, and married in 1491 Anne, the heiress of Brittany. Margaret was married in 1497 to Don Juan, Infant of Spain, son of Ferdinand and Isa- bella, who survived but a few months. She was again married in 1501 to Philibert the Handsome, Duke of Savoy, who died in 1505. In 15 17 Margaret was ap- pointed by her father ruler of the Netherlands, in which post she displayed signal ability. She had a part in the League of Cambray, formed in 1508 by the principal European powers against Venice. She died in 1530, leaving a number of works in prose and verse, including her "Correspondence," which was published in 1839, (2 vols.) See Munch, "Leben Margarethes," 1833; Altmevkr, "Vie de Marguerite d'Autriche," in the "Revue Beige," 1839; P. J. d'Avoine, " Essai historique siir Marguerite d'Autriche," 1849. Margaret of Austria. Duchess of Parma, born at lirussels in 1522, was a natural daughter of Charles v., Emperor of Germany. She was married in 1533 to Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, and after his death to Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. In 1599 she was appointed Governor of the Netherlands by Philip II. of Spain. This difficult post she occupied till 1567, when she resigned it to the Duke of Alva. The cele- brated Alexander Farnese, afterwards Dilke of Parma, was her son and only child. See MoTLKv, " History of the Dutch Republic;" Prescott, "Histoi7 of Philip IL ;" Schiller, "Geschichte des Abfalls der Niederlande." Margaret, [Danish, Margarethe, maR-gJ-ra'teh,] daughter of Waldemar III., King of Denmark, born at Copenhagen in 1353, was married in 1363 to Haquin, King of Norway. In 1376 she was appointed Regent of Denmark during the minority of her son Olaus, then but five years old. On the death of Haquin, in 1380, she be- came Queen of Norway, and, her son dying in 1387, the Danes also acknowledged her as their sovereign. Soon after this, Margaret engaged in a war with Albert, King of Sweden, against whom his subjects had rebelled. Her army defeated the Swedes and captured Albert, (1388,) who obtained his liberty only by renouncing the crown of Sweden. At an assembly of the estates of the three kingdoms, held at Calmar in 1397, the famous treaty called "the Calmar Union" was formed. By this it was agreed that Sweden, Denmark, and Norway should in future be united under one sovereign, and Eric VII., nephew of Margaret, was appointed her successor. Died in 1411. See SuHM, " Historie af Danmark;" Magnus, "Gothorum His- toria ;" Wichmann, " Margarethe Dronning til Danmark Norge og Sverrig," 1824. Margaret [Fr. Marguerite, mtR'gRdt'] of France, daughter of Francis I., born in 1523, was distinguished for her learning and accomplishments and her patron- age of literature. She was married in 1559 to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy. Died in 1574. See Brant6me, "Vies des Dames illustres;" MSzerav, "His- toire de France." Margaret of France, or of Valois, [Fr. Margue- rite DE Valois, mtR'gR^t' deh vtl'wi',] a daughter of Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis, was born in 1553. She had respectable talents, but little virtue. In 1572 she was married to Henry of Navarre; but love apparently had no part in this fatal alliance. During the festivities that followed the marriage, the perfidious court of Charles IX. ordered the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. She had lived separately from her hus- band some years before he became Henry IV. of France, and their union was formally dissolved about the year 1600. Died in 1615. See MoNGES, " Histoire de la Reine Marguerite de Valois," etc., 1777 ; BrantSme, "Vies des Dames illustres " Margaret, Queen of Navarre, originally Margaret of Augouleme, [Fr. Marguerite d'Angouleme, mtR'gR^t' d6N'goo'!#m',| daughter of Charles, Count of Angouleme, and Louise of Savoy, and sister of Francis I., was born in 1492. She was married in 1509 to Charles, Duke of Alen^on, who died in 1525, and in 1527 she became the wife of Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre. She was distinguished for her beauty, talents, and supe- rior culture, and exercised great influence in the govern- ment of her brother, Francis I., to whom she was warmly attached. The mildness and toleration she displayed towards the Protestants, and particularly her protection of Calvin, brought upon her the imputation of heresy from the Catholic party. She was the author of nume- rous works in prose and verse, among which may be named the " Heptameron," a collection of tales in the style of Boccaccio's " Decamerone," and a devotional treatise entitled " Mirror of the Sinful Soul." She died in 1549, leaving a daughter, Jeanne d'Albret, afterwards the mother of Henry IV. of France. See BrantAme, "Vies des Dames illustres;" Sismondi, "His- toire des Franfais ;" Miss Freer, "Life of Marguerite, Queen of Navarre," 1855 ; Victor Dur.\nd, " Marguerite de Valois el la Cour de Francois I," 2 vols., 184S ; Margaret of Provence. See Marguerite. Margaret, Saint, [Lat. Sanc'ta Margari'ta ; Fr. Sainte-Marguerite, s^Nt mSR'gR^t',] a virgin of An* a, e, T, o, u, y. long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, li, y, shoi't; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, till, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; MARGARET i6 io MARIA tioch, supposed to have suffered martyrdom in 275 A.D. According to tradition, she was solicited in marriage by Olil^rius, governor of Antioch, and on her refusal was tortured and put to death by his order. This legend has formed the subject of Milmau's " Martyr of Antioch," and of numerous works of art. See P.AiLLET, "Vies des Saints;" Mrs. Jamhson, "Sacred and Legendary Art." Margaret, Saint, daughter of Edward, a Saxon prince, and sister of Edgar Atheling, was b(;rn in 1046. She was married about 1070 to Malcolm III., King of Scotland, and died a few days after the death of her husband and son, who fell in battle in 1093. See Saint /Elrkd, "Vita Sanctae Mar^arii.T; ;" Raillet, " Vies des Saints." Margaret of Scotland, daughter of James I., was married in 1436 to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. Died in 1445. See SisMONDi, " Histoire des Frangais;" DuCLOS, " Histoire da Louis XI." Margarit, maR-gi-rit', or Marguerit, de, di maR- gi-rfet', (J(.«6,) Marcjuis d'Aguilar, a Spanish soldier, born in Catalonia in 1602, was a prominent leader in the insurrection of that province against the Spanish government in 1640. He was afterwards appointed Governor of Catalonia bv Louis XIII. Died in 1685. Margarit or Marguerit, de, (Juan,) a Spanish car- dinal, born at Girona about 1415, rose to be chancellor of Aragon. He wrote a historv of Spain, entitled " Para- lipomenon Hispaniae." Died in 1484. Margarit, (Pedro,) was educated at the court of Ferdinand V. He sailed with Christopher Columbus in 1492, and discovered the archipelago to which he gave the name of Marguerite Isles. Mcirgaritone, maR-gS-re-to'ni, an Italian painter, scul])tor, and architect, born at Arezzo about 1236. His pictures were executed in fresco on wood and on copper, and he sculptured in wood as well as marble. His monument to Pope Gregory X., in the cathedral of Arezzo, is ranked among his best works. Died about .See Vasari, '" Lives of the Painters, Sculptors," etc. ; L.\NZi, " History 01 Painting in Italy." Margeret, mlRzh'ry, (Jacques,) a French officer, born in Burgundy. He entered the Russian service, which he exchanged about 1610 for that of Poland. He wrote an "Account of the Russian Empire, etc. from 1590-1606," (in French, 1607,) which was translated into Russian. Marggraf, maRg'gRif, (Andreas Sigismund,) an eminent German chemist, born in Berlin in 1709. He was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1738, and director of the class of physics about 1762. He was an ingenious and sagacious experimenter, and wrote many able treatises or meiiioirs, which were inserted in the records of the Academy of Berlin. He made the important discovery that sugar can be procured from the beet. Died in 1780. See F. HoEFER, " Histoire de la Chimie ;" " Nouvelle Biogra- phie G^iierale." Marggraf, (Georg.) See Marcgraf. Margoliouth, maR-go'le-oot, (Moses,) a British divine, born in London, of Jewish parents, December 3, 1820. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1844 was ordained a priest of the Anglican Church. He published a " History of the Jews," " Principles of Modern Judaism," " Rabbinical Hermeneutics," etc. Died March i, 1881. Margon, de, deh mtR'giN', (Guillaume Plantavit de la Pause,) Abb6, a French satirist, born near Beziers about 1685. He wrote several controversial works, dis- tinguished for their virulence and bitter personalities, and directed alternately against the Jesuits and the Jan- senists. Died in 1760. Marguerie, mtRg're', (Jean Jacques,) a French mathematician and writer, born near Caen in 1742. He served as lieutenant in the navy agaitist the British in 1778-79, and was killed near Grenada in 1779. Marguerit. See Margarit. Marguerite. See Margaret. Marguerite de Provence, mlR'gR^t' deh pRo'- v6nss', daughter of Raymond Berenger, Comte de Pro- vence, born in 1221, was married in 1234 to Louis IX., King of France, commonly called Saint Louis. She accompanied him in his expedition to Egypt, and while in Damietta gave birth to a son. She died in a convent in 1295. See JoiNviLLK, "Mdmoires ;" Guillaume de Nangis, "Vie de .Saint-Louis." Marguerittes, mtR'gRit', (Jean Antoine Teissier,) a French dramatist and royalist, born at Nimes in 1744, was a deputy to the Constituent Assembly. He was executed by the terrorists in 1794. Margunius, maR-goo'ne-iis, or Margunio, maR- goo'ne-o, (MAXIMU.S,) a modern Greek prelate and scholar, born in the island of Candia about 1525. He founded a printing-office at Venice, where he published numerous editions of the Greek classics, remarkable for their accuracy. In 1585 he was appointed Bishop of Cerigo. He wrote " Anacreontic Hymns," and several ecclesiastical works. Died in 1602. Marheineke, maR-hT'neh-keh, (Philipp Konrad,) a German Protestant theologian of high reputation, born at Hildesheim in 1780, became successively professor of theology at Erlangen, Heidelberg, and Berlin. He pub- lished a " History of the Reformation in Germany," (4 vols., 18x6,) " Christian Symbolics," and several philo- sophical works, in which he favours the system of Hegel Died in 1846. Maria, the Latin of Mary and Marie, which see. Ma-ri'a of Austria, a daughter of the archduke Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Aragon, was born at Brussels in 1503. She was married in 1521 to Louis II., King of Hungary and Bohemia, and after his death was appointed by her brother, Charles V., ruler over the Netherlands. Soon after the abdication of the emperor she resigned her office and retired to Spain, where she died in 1558. See Lanz, " Correspondenz Karls V. ;" Brant6me, "Vies des Dames illustres." Maria, mS-ree'i, II., (da Gloria, diglo're-a,) daugh- ter of Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, and Leopoldine, Archduchess of Austria, was born at Rio Janeiro in 1819. Her father succeeded to the throne of Portugal in March, 1S26, but renounced his right in favour of Dona Maria, Her uncle Don Miguel usurped the throne about May, 1828, and was supported by the absolutist party. A civil war ensued, Don Miguel was defeated, and Dona Maria became queen about September, 1833. She married Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary in April, 1836, Her reign was disturbed by emeutes and insurrections. She died in November, 1853, and was succeeded by hei son, Pedro V. Maria, ml-ree'S, (Giovanni,) an Italian painter and architect, surnamed Falconetti, born at Verona in 1458. He formed a lasting friendship with the celebrated Louis Cornaro, in whose household he lived for twenty-two years. Died in 1534. Maria, di, de mS-ree'S, (Francesco,) a Neapolitan painter, born in 1623, was a pupil of Domenichino. Died in 1690. Ma-ri'a El-e-o-no'ra of Brandenburg, daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. She was married in 1620 to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, whom she accompanied in his campaigns in Germany. Died in 1655. See Geijer, " History of Sweden," (translated by Turner.) Maria Leszczynska, mj-ree'i ISsh-ch^ns'ski, daughter of Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, was born in 1703, and was married in 1725 to Louis XV. of France. Died in 1768. Maria Louisa, ma-ri'a loo-ee'za, [Fr. Marie Louise, mt're' loo'iz',] daughter of the emjieror Francis I. of Austria and Maria Theresa of Naples, was bom at Vienna in 1791. She was married in 1810 to Napo- leon I., Emperor of France, to whom she bore a son in March, 181 1. On the abdication of Napoleon, in 1814, she retired to Vienna, and in i8i6 the allied powers gave her the duchy of Parma. She was pri- vately married to Count Neipperg, her chamberlain. Died in 1847. See " Nouvelle Biographie G^ndrale." •e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K.,guUurdl; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; th as \ntkis, (Si^^See Explanations, p. 23. _ MARIA i6q6 MARICHI Maria Louisa Augusta, (Catherine,) Empress of Germany, was a daughter of Charles Frederick, Grand- Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and grand-daughter of Paul I., Czar of Russia. She was born September 30, 181 1, and in her youth was associated with Goethe at Weimar. In 1829 she married William, the future king of Prussia, and the first emperor of Germany in the new regime. The empress Augusta was noted for benevolence, and for her love of art and letters. Died January 7, 1890. Maria Theresa, mJ-ree'a ti-ra'sJ, |Fr. Marie Th6- KESE, mS're' ti'ri//,] daughter of Philip IV. of Spain, was married in 1660 to Louis XIV. of France. (See Louis XIV.) Maria Theresa, ma-ri'a te-ree'si, [Fr. Marie Th6- Ri:sE, mt're' ti'riz' ; It. Maria Teresia, md-ree'^ ti- ra'se-d,] daughter of Charles VI., Emj^eror of Germany, and Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, was born in May, 171 7. She was married in 1736 to Francis, Duke of Lorrame. Charles VI., who died in 1740, ap- pointed her heir to his hereditary thrones, in accordance with the act called the Pragmatic Sanction, but her claims were disputed by the Electors of Saxony and Bavaria and by the Kings of Prussia, Spain, and .Sardinia, each of whom claimed some portion in the name of the Austrian princesses with whom they were connected. Maria Theresa immediately repaired to Vienna, where she received the homage of the Austrian states, and thence proceeding to Presburg was crowned Queen of Hungary in 1741. She received offers of assistance from Frederick II. of Prussia on condition of her ceding to him Lower Silesia, but she firmly refused. Her capital being soon after threatened with a siege by the Elector of Bavaria and his French allies, the queen convoked the Hungarian Diet at Presburg, where, with her infant children, she said to the deputies that, "being assailed by enemies on every side, she had no hopes except in their loyalty, and she had come to place under their protection the daughter and son of their kings." The Hungarian nobles responded with enthusiasm to this apijeal, and diew their swords, exclaiming, " We will die tor our king, Maria Theresa !" ("Moriamur pro rege nostro, Maria Theresia !") The French and Bava- rians were soon driven out of her hereditary states by the forces under General Kevenhuller and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In 1742 a treaty of peace was concluded between Maria Theresa and the King of Prussia, by which the latter obtained Silesia. The Elector of Bavaria, who had been previously chosen Emperor of Germany under the name of Charles VII., having died in 1745, Francis, the husband of Maria Theresa, was elected to that dignity. In 1746 the Imperialists gained important victories in Italy, and defeated the P'rench and Spaniards at Piacenza. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, put an end to the war of the Austrian succession, leaving the empress in possession of all her hereditary estates except Silesia. The Seven Years' war, carried on by Prussia against France, Russia, and Austria, terminated in 1763, leaving the boundaries of Austria and Prussia the same as before. The emperor Francis having died in 1765, his son Joseph was elected Emperor of Germany ; but Maria Theresa still retained the principal share in the government of her hereditary doiiiinions. She is said to have refused to take any part in the partition of Po- land (1772) until prevailed upon by the representations of Joseph II. and Prince Kaunitz. Among the important reforms of her reign was the abolition of the torture (1776) and of feudal service. She also abolished the Inquisition at Milan, and suppressed the order of Jesuits. Slie died in November, 1780, and was succeeded by her son, Joseph II., as King of Hungary. See Paolo Prisi, " Elogio di Maria Teresia," 1783; Sabatier DK Castres, "Abre?^ de la Vie de Marie 'I'her^se," '1773 ; RiCH- TER, " Lebens- uiid Staatsgeschichte Marian Theresiie," 3 vols., 174s; Duller, "Maria Theresia und ilire Zeit," 1S44; Rauten- STRAUCH, " Biographic der Kaiserin Maria Theresia," 1780; Rkn- VHR, " Maria Theresia und Friedrich der Grosse," 1831 ; Wolf, 'Oestreich unter Maria Theresia," 1855; " Nouvelle Biographie G^ni^rale." Marialva, mi-re-aTva, (Dom JoXo Coutinho — ko-t^n'yo,) Count, a Portuguese officer, fought under Alphonso V. against the Moors in Africa, and was killed while assisting in the capture of Arziila, in 1471. Marialva y Menezes, mJ-re-Sl'vi e mi-na'zSs, (Antonio Luiz,) Count de Castanhede. an able Portu- guese general and statesman, born about 1627. In 1659 he gained a signal victory over the Castilians at Elvas, and soon after became principal minister of state, Marquis of Marialva, and lieutenant-general of the armies of the kingdom. Died about 1668. See Laclede, " Histoire de Portugal." Ma-ri-am'ne, [Gr. Ma/3ta//vj?,] a beautiful Jewess, a granddaughter of the high-priest Hyrcanus II., became in 38 B.C. the wife of Herod the Great, who, when he departed from his capital to meet Octavian, gave secret orders that she should be put to death in case he did not return in safety. This secret having been revealed to her, she received him coldly on his return, and excited his jealousy, which was increased by the intrigues of Herod's sister Salome, who suborned the royal cup- bearer to testify that Mariamne designed to poison the king. She was put to death in 29 B.C. This story is the subject of one of Voltaire's tragedies. See JosKPHUs, " History of the Jews;" Smith, " Dictionary oi Greek and Roman Biography." Mariana, de, di mi-re-3.'ni, (Juan,) an eminent Spanish historian, born atTalavera in 1536. He studied at Alcala, and, having entered the order of Jesuits, was appointed professor of theology in their college at Rome, (1560.) He returned to Spain in 1574, where he passed the remainder of his life in retirement, devoted to literary pursuits. He published in 1599 his "Treatise on Roy- alty," ("De Rege et Regis Institutione,") in which he maintains that it is lawful in certain cases to put a king to death. This work caused a great sensation, particu- larly in France, where it was denounced by the Sorbonne, and soon after the assassination of Henry IV. it was publicly burned by order of the Parliament. In 1592 he brought out his great work entitled " Historia de Rebus Hispanias," (" History of Spain,") which was received with great favour and was soon after translated by him into Spanish. His Latin style is characterized by great elegance and animation, and has been compared to that of Livy ; while his Spanish history is generally esteemed the most admirable work of the kind in the language. " Noble, ]jure, and rich without diffuseness, it unites with rare felicity," says a French critic, "the picturesque vivacity of the chroniclers with the dignity of history ;" and Ticknor, in his " History of Spanish Literature," observes, " Its admirably idiomatic style, so full yet so unencumbered, so pure and yet so rich, renders it, if not the most trustworthy of annals, at least the most remarkable union of picturesque chronicling with sober history that the world has ever seen." Mariana also published a treatise "On Weights and Measures," "On Death and Immortality," and other learned works, in Latin, and an essay entitled "De las Enfermedades de la Compaiiia y de sus Remedios," ("On the Disorders of the Society [of Jesuits] and their Remedies," 1625,) in which he boldly exposes and condemns the errors of the Jesuits. Died in 1623. See Ticknor, " History of Spanish Literature ;" Tamajo (or TamavoI de Vargas, "Vida del P. Juan Mariana;" N. Antonio, " i;ibliotneca Hispana Nova;" Acosta, " Vida de Mariana;" F. BuCHHOLZ, "J. de Mariana, oder Entwickelungs^eschichte eines Jesviiten," 1804; Bouterwek, "Histoire de la Lut^rature Espa- gnole;" and L. Joi;bert's excellent article in the "Nouvelle Bio- graphie G^n^rale." Mariani, mS-re-S'nee, (Camillo,) an Italian sculptor and painter, born at Vicenza in 1565 ; died in 161 1. Mariani, (Giovanni Maria,) an Italian painter, born at Ascoli about 1650. Among his master-pieces is a " Ba])tism of Saint James," at Rome. Ma-ri-a'nus Sco'tus, a Scottish chronicler, born in 1028, is said by Matthew of Westminster to have been a relative of the Venerable Bede. His principal work is a " Universal Chronicle from the Creation to the Year 10S3," (in Latin.) Died in 1086. See Vossius, "De Historicis Latinis." Marichi, ma-ree'chl, a celebrated Hindoo sage 01 demi-god, was, according to one account, the son of Brahma, — according to another, the son of Bhrigu. He was the father of Kasyapa. By some he is considered as the god of "light," which appears to be the etymo. logical signification of his name. a, e,T,o,ri,y,^«.i'Vi,fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, .f//*;;-/; a, e, j, Q,ol'saere; fir, fill, fit; mfet; nfit; good; moon MARIE 1657 MARIGNOLLI Marie, the French for Mary, which see. Marie, mS're', (Alexandre Thomas,) a French ad- vocate and republican, born at Auxerre in 1795. ^^^ was minister of public works from February to June, 1848, and minister of justice from July to December jf that year. He was elected to the Corps Legislatif in 1S63. Died in 1870. Marie Adelaide de Savoie, mt're' t'di'ljt'id' deh s^'vwi', daughter of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, burn at Turin in 1685, was married in 1697 to the Duke of ]>urgundy, grandson of Louis XIV. of France. She died in 1712, leaving one son, afterwards Louis XV. See Saint-Simon, "M^moires de Louis XIV," etc.; Madame DE Maintenon, "Lettres." Marie Amelie de Bourbon, mt're' t'mi'le' deh booR'bAN', Queen of France, born near Naples in 1782, was a daughter of Ferdinand L, King of the Two Sici- lies. She was married in 1809 to the Duke of Orleans, afterwards King Louis Philippe. After his death she retired to England, where she resided at Claremont, near London. Died in 1866. Marie Anne Christine Victoire de Baviere mi're' tn kR^s'tfen'vfek'tw^R'deh bt've-aiR', daughter of Ferdinand, Elector of Bavaria, was born at Munich in i6fio. In 1680 she was married to Louis, the Dauphin of France, son of Louis XIV. She died in 1690, leaving three sons. Marie Antoinette Josfephe Jeanne d'Autriche, mt're' dN'twa'n&t' zho'zif zhtn do'tRish', (commonly called simply Marie Antoinette,) born at Vienna in 1755, was the daughter of Maria Theresa and the em- peror Francis I. of Germany. She was married in 1770 to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XVI. High-spirited and energetic, she strove during the revolutionary troubles to inspire the king with her own courage ; but her counsels often led him into greater difiiculties. It was her misfortune and the misfortune of France that she resisted all those reforms which might have prevented or moderated the violence of the Revo- lution. Possessing extraordinary personal charms and great vivacity of disposition, the freedom of her manners was often misconstrued by her enemies ; but their accu- sations are generally believed to have been groundless. During the terrible scenes which followed the captivity of the royal family, she displayed the greatest firmness and dignity, showing on all occasions more concern for her husband and children than for herself. After the fall of the Girondists, Marie Antoinette was condemned to death by the Jacobins, and executed in Octobe', 1793. (See Louis XVI.) See Madame Campan, " Memoirs of the Court of Mare Antoi- nette ;" " M^moires de Mademoiselle Berlin sur la Reine Marie Antoinette ;" Madame Vig^e-Lebrun, "Souvenirs," 1835 ; Thiers, "Histoirede la Revolution Fran^aise ;" Lamartine, "History of the Girondists ;" Weber, " Memoires concernant Marie Antoinette," 1822. Marie Clotilde Adelaide Xaviere de France, mS're' klo'tild' t'di'lt'ed' zi've-aiR' deh fR6Nss, sister of Louis XVI., born at Versailles in 1759, was married in 1775 to the Prince of Piedmont, afterwards Charles Emmanuel, King of Sardinia. Died in 1802. Marie de Bourgogne. See Mary of Burgundy. Marie de France, mS'Ree' deh fR6Nss, a poetess who probably lived in France in the first half of the thirteenth century, and who wrote " Lais," (lays,) of which fourteen are extant, also a collection of fables called " Ysopet," and a description of Saint Patrick's purgatory in verse. Her style is good, and her dialect Norman, with a few English words. Marie de Guise. See Mary of Guise. Marie de I'lncarnation, nit're' deh liN'ktR'nS'- ^e-6N', a French missionary, whose original name was GuYARD, born at Tours in 1599, visited. Canada in 1639, where she made many converts among the Indians, and founded a convent of her order. Died in 1672. See " Vie de la Mfere Marie de I'lncarnation," by P. Ch/.rlk- VOIX. Marie de Lorraine. See Mary of Guise. Marie Madeleine. See Magdalene. Marie de Medicis, mt're' deh mi'de's^ss', or Maria de' Medici, mS-ree'S di mSd'e-chee, the daughter of PVancis, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the archduchess Joan of Austria, was born at Florence in 1573. She was married in 1600 to Henry IV. of France. She had moderate abilities, but exorbitant ambition ; and her ob- stinacy and violent temper were the source of constant dissension between her and her husband. On the dealh of Henry she became regent, for which office she proved herself utterly incoinpetent. Having given offence to her subjects by her partiality for unworthy favourites, she was deposed and imprisoned, but, effecting her escape, again took part in the government. She introduced Richelieu into the administration, who soon possessed himself of the highest power, and induced her son, Louis XIII., to imprison her (1630) at Compiegne. Aftei a second escape, she died at Cologne in 1642. See Mis.s Pardoe, "Life of Marie de' Medici;" Richkliku, " Memoires ;" Sismondi, " Histoiredes Krangais ;" Ruau, " Tableau de la Regence de Marie de Medicis," 1615. Marie d'Orleans, mt're' doR'li'Sw', (Marie Chris- tine Caroline Adelaide FRANgoisE L6opoldine de Valois, mt're' kR^s'tin' kt'ro'lin' t'di'li'id' fRdN'swJz' li'o'pol'd^n' deh vtl'wJ',) Duchess of Wiirtemberg, born at Palermo in 1813, was the youngest daughter of Louis Philippe, King of France. Having early mani- fested a love for the arts, she studied sculpture and de- sign under Ary Scheffer. Among her works the statue of Joan of Arc is the most generally admired. She was married in 1837 to Duke Alexander of Wiirtemberg. Died in 1839. Marie Therese. See Maria Theresa. Mariette, mt're'St', (Auguste Edouard,) a cele- brated French archaeologist, born at Boulogne in 1821. Having acquired a knowledge of Egyptian hieroglyphics he was charged in 1850 with a scientific mission to Egypt, where he discovered the site of the city of Mem- phis and disinterred the temple of Serapis and a ne- cropolis of vast extent. In this were found the granite sarcophagi of the bulls of Apis, hewn out of a single stone, fifteen feet long, nine in width, and the same in height. He also removed the sand from the colossal Sphinx, which was cut entire from a rock. He published "The Serapeum at Memphis," illustrated, (1857-66,) "Researches in Egypt, Nubia, and the Soudan," (1867,) "The Egyptian Papyruses in the Museum at Boulac," (2 vols., 1871-73,) " Deir-el-Bahari : Topographical, His- torical, and Ethnographical Documents gleaned in that Temple," (1877.) He died January 19, 1881. Mariette, (Pierre Jean,) a French painter, born in Paris in 1694, wgs one of the most distinguished ama- teurs of his time, and became director of the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. He was a member of the Academy of Painting in Paris, and of the Academy of Design at Florence. He published, among other works, a " Treat- ise on the Engraved Gems of the Royal Cabinet." Died in 1774. See DuMESNiL, " Histoire des plus c^lfebres Amateurs Frangais," 1.856; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Marignano, mJ-rfen-y5'no, written also Melegnano, [Fr. Marignan, mt'r^n'ydN',] (Gian Giacomo,) Mar- quis de Medichino, a celebrated Italian soldier, born at Milan in 1497. He entered the service of the emperor Charles V., who sent him in 1540 to reduce the city of Ghent, of which he was afterwards ap]5ointed governor. He took an active part in the siege of Metz, in 1552, and was subsequently employed by the grand duke Cosimo de' Medici to suppress the revolt in the republic of Sienna, where he ravaged the country and was guilty of great barbarity towards the inhabitants. Died in I5y5. See De Thou, " Historia sui Temporis;" Brant6me, "Vies des grands Capitaines;" Sismondi, "Histoire des Rtjpubliques Italiennes;" Mi.saglia, "Vita del .Marchese di Marignano," 1605; Robertson, " History of Charles V.," book xi. Marignie, de, deh mt'rin'ye-i', (Jean Etienne Francois,) a French litterateur, borrTin Languedoc about 1755, was one of the most zealous defenders of Louis XVI. in the National Convention. He published a num- ber of dramas and political treatises. Died about 1830. Mcirignolli, de, di mS-r6n-y61'lee, (Giovanni,) known also as John of Florence, a Franciscan monk of Italy, born about 1288. In 1338 he was one of four clerics sent from Avignon by Pope Benedict XII. to the Khan of Cathay, (China.) In 1342 they arrived at Pekin, in 1348 went to Malabar, in India, and in 1353 Marignolli € as k; c as s; g ka}-d; g as /; G, H, Yi, guttural ; N, nasal; R, (rilled; s as 2; i\\ as in this. ( Ji^^See Explanations, p. 2 5. ) MARIGNY 1658 MARIO was again at the papal court. He was afterwards made Bishop of Bisigiiani), and thereafter was a chaplain to the emperor Charles IV., who caused him to write " Moniimenta Historica Bohemise," in which he curiously interpolated stories of his adventures in the East. The passages of this description were put together and trans- lated by H. Yule, (1866.) Marigny, de.deh m^'r^n'ye', (Abel FRANgois Pois- son — pwd'siN^) Marquis, a French architect, born in Paris in 1727, was a brother of Madame de Pompadour, through whose influence he was appointed in 1751 di- rector-general of the royal buildings. Died in 1781. Marigny, de, (Enguerrand,) a French statesman, filled several high offices under Philippe le Bel, and attained the rank of prime minister. Soon after the ac- cession of Louis X., he was condemned to death on the false accusations of his enemies, and executed about 1315. Marigny, de, (Francois Augier,) a French Orient talist and historian, born about 1690. He produced a " History of the Twelfth Century," (5 vols., 1750,) and a "History of the Arabs under the Government of the Caliphs," (4 vols., 1750.) Died in Paris in 1762. Marigny, de, (Gaspard Augustin Ren6 Bernard,) ci French ofticer, born at Lu9on in 1754, was one of the royalist chiefs in the Vendean war. He was condemned to'death by his own party for alleged neglect of duty, and executed in 1794. Marigny, de, (Jacques Carpentier, ) a French priest, noted for his wit, born near Nevers. He wrote several poems, and Letters, {1678.) Died in 1670. Marillac, de, deh mt're'ySk', (Charles,) an able French negotiator, born in Auvergne about 15 10. He was chosen Archbishop of Vienne, and conducted suc- cessfully some important negotiations in Germany and Rome. He was at the head of a small number of French bishops known by their tendency to a philosophic spirit. Died in 1560. Marillac, de, (Louts,) a nephew of the preceding, was born in Auvergne in 1572. He served with distinc- tion in the armies of Henry IV., and was made a mar- shal of France in 1629. Being afterwards suspected of conspiring against Cardinal Richelieu, he was executed, on a charge of peculation, in 1632. See " Procfes du Mareclial de Marillac," etc., 1633; Richelieu, "Journal." Marillac, de, (Michel,) a French statesman, brother of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1563. He was appointed by Cardinal Richelieu keeper of the seals, (1626.) Having subsequently incurred the enmity of the cardinal, he was imprisoned at Chateaudun in 1630, where he died in 1632. Marin. See Marinus of Tyre. Marin, mt'riN', a French mechanician, and a native of Lisieux, invented the air-gun, which he exhibited in the presence of Henry of Navarre. Marin, (FRANgois Louis Claude,) a French littira- teur, born in Provence in 1721. Among his principal works is a " History of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt," etc. Died in 1809. Marin, (Michel Ange,) a French ecclesiastic and devotional writer, born at Marseilles in 1697. ^^^ pub- lished " Lives of the Hermits of the East," (3 vols. 4to, 1 761,) and numerous other works. Died in 1767. Marina, mS-ree'nl, Malinche, mi-lfen'chi, written also Maliutzin, the daughter of a Mexican chief, born about 1505, was sold as a slave, and subsequently fell into the hands of Cortez, whom she accompanied in all his expeditions. She possessed rare beauty and talents, and, from her knowledge of the Spanish as well as Mexican languages, was of great service as an inter- preter. After the death of Cortez, she was married to Don Juan de Xamarillo, a Spanish officer. Marina has been celebrated by the Spanish poet Moratin in his " Noves de Cortes." See Bernal Diaz, " Historia de la Conquista de! Mexico;" Prkscott, " History of the Conquest of Mexico," book ii. Marina, md-ree'nl, (Don Francisco Martinez,) a Spanish political writer of the liberal party, born about 175'-. He published the " Theory of the Cortes," (1821,) " Discourse on the Origin of the Spanish Monarchy," etc., and other works. Died in 1833. Marinali, m3.-re-na'lee, (Orazio,) an Italian sculptor, born at Bassano in 1643 ; died in 1720. Marinari, m3,-re-nVree, (Onorio,) a Florentine painter, born about 1660, was a pupil and imitator of Carlo Dolce. Died in 1715. Marinas, de las, dA lis ma-ree'nSs, (Enriquez,) a Spanish painter, born at Cadiz in 1620, was celebrated for the excellence of his marine views, from which he derived his surname. Died in 1680. Marinella, ml-re-nel'lS, or Marinelli, mi-re-neKlee, (LUCREZIA,) an Italian poetess, born at Venice in 1571. She wrote, besides other works, " Life of the Virgin Mary," (" Vita di Maria Vergine," 161 7.) Died in 1653. Marineo, mS-re-na'o, (Lucio,) a Sicilian scholar and historian, born at Bidino about 1460. He became chap- lain and historiographer to Ferdinand V. of Spain, and was also distinguished by the favour of the emperor Charles V. He wrote several works on Spanish history, (in Latin.) Died about 1535. Marini, mS-ree'nee, (Benedetto,) an Italian painter, born at Urbino, lived about 1625. Marini, (Gaetano Luigi,) an Italian antiquary, born at San Arcangelo in 1740. He wrote several valuable works, one of which is entitled "Acts and Monu- ments of the Rural Brothers," etc., (2 vols., 1795.) Died in 1815, Marini or Marino, md-ree^no, (Giambattista,) an Italian poet, born at Naples in 1569, was a friend of Tasso. He produced " Adonis," and many other poems, which were greatly admired by his contemporaries, bwt are marred by affected conceits and extravagant meta- phors. He passed several years in Paris, and received a pension from Queen Marie de Medicis. Died in 1625. See B.MACCA, "Vita del Cavalier Marino," 1625; F. Chiaro. "Vita del Cavalier Marino," 1636; Loredano, "Vita del Cavalier Marino," 1633; Camola, "Vita di G. B. Marini," 1633; Popfk, "Vita J. B. Marini," 1771 ; Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" " Lives of the Italian Poets," by the Rev. Henry Steb- EING, London, 1S31. Marini, (Giovanni Ambrogio,) an Italian writer, born at Genoa about 1594. He wrote two popular romances, entitled " II Caloandro fedele" and " Quarrels of the Desperadoes," (" Le Gare de' Desperati.") Died about 1650. Marini, (Giovanni Antonio,) a Piedmontese phy sician and writer, born in 1726 ; died in 1806. Marini, (Giovanni Filippo,) an Italian Jesuit and missionary, born near Genoa in 1608. He resided four teen years at Tonquin, and published a valuable work entitled "A New and Curious Account of the Kingdoms of Tonquin and Laos," (1666.) Died in 1677. Marino. See Marini, (Giambattista.) Marinoni, m^-re-no'nee, (Giovanni Giacomo,) an Italian mathematician, born at Udine in 1676. He was appointed court mathematician by the emperor Leopold I., and drew a plan of Vienna and its environs. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Military Science at Vienna in 1 71 7, and subsequently built at his own expense an observatory, which is esteemed one of the best in Europe. He published several scientific works. Died in 1755. Ma-ri'nu.s, [Gr. MopZvof,] a native of Samaria, studied philosophy at Athens under Proclus, whom he succeeded as a teacher in 485 A.D. His only work extant is a " Life of Proclus." See Vossius, " De Historicis Grscis." Ma-ri'nus, Saint, fit. San Marino, sin m3.-ree'no, Fr. Saint-Marin, s^n nit'r^N',] an ecclesiastic of the fourth century, was a native of Dalmatia, and lived as a hermit near Rimini, in Italy. The miracles said to have been wrought at his tomb drew thither many pilgrims, who in time built a town called San Marino, which for ten centuries has formed the centre of a little republic. See Baillet, "Vies des Saints." Marinus of Tyre, [Fr. Marin de Tyre, mt'riN deh t^R,] a Greek geographer, who lived about 150 a.d His works were highly esteemed by his contemporaries, but none of them are extant. See Ukert, "Geographie der Griechen und Romer." Mario, mi're-o, (Giuseppe,) Marchese di Candia, an Italian operatic singer, born at Cagliari, Sardinia, in a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, ii, 3^, sJiort; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m§t; n6t; good; moon ; MARIO 1659 MARIVETZ 1810, of a noble but impoverished family. In 1830 he acceptod a commission in the Sardinian army, but ten- dered his resignation in 1836, and, when it was not ac- cepted, he escaped to Paris. His exquisite tenor voice gained him a great reputation in amateur circles, and he was reluctantly induced to accept the munificent offers of the director of the Paris Opera. Under the assumed name of Mario, he made his first public appearance De- cember I, 1838, in the rd'.e of " Robert le Diable." His success was immediate. In 1839, while still attached to the Paris Opera, he sang for a brief period in London, and was greeted with favour. In 1840 he passed over to the Italian Opera, and for several years he sang each season in both Paris and London. In 1849 he went to Saint Petersburg. In 1854-55 he accompanied Grisi on a tour through the United States. He had been living with Grisi for some years, and on the dissolution of her first marriage was legally united to her. On June 18, 1871, he took his farewell of the operatic stage at Co- vent Garden, London. In 1872 he again visited the United States on a concert tour. Died at Rome, Decem- ber 11, 1S83. Mario Niizzi. See FioRi, de', (Mario.) Marion, mt're'6N', (fii.iE,) a leader of the Camisards in France, born in 1678, was the author of several re- ligious works and so-called prophecies. Mar'J-on, (Francis,) a celebrated American general of the Revolution, was born in South Carolina in 1732. Soon after the breaking out of the war he entered the army, and assisted in the defence of Sullivan's Island aga nst the British in 1776. The enemy having taken possession of Georgia and besieged Charleston, Marion raised a brigade of soldiers, at the head of whom he carried on for more than three years a guerilla warfare, often attended with brilliant successes, and bafiiing all the attempts of the British generals to effect his capture. Died in 1795. See the " Life of General Marion," by P. Horry and M. L. Weems, and the " Nalional Ponrait-Gallery of Distinguished Ameri- cans," vol. iii. Marion Delorme. See Delorme. Marion -Dufresne, mS're'ix' dii'frfn^ (Nicolas Thomas,) a French navigator, born at Saint-Malo in 1729, sailed on a voyage of discovery to the South Sea in 1771. Soon after landing at New Zealand, Marion was treacherously murdered by the natives, together with the greater part of his men, (1772.) Marion du Mersan, mt're'i.N' dii m§R's6N', (Th6o- PHiLE,) a French antiquary and dramatist, born in 1780, published a great number of popular comedies and prose essays on various subjects. Died in 1849. Mariotte, mt're'ot', (Edme, ) an eminent French mathematician and physicist, was a resident of Dijon. He was one of the earliest experimental philosophers in France, and discovered the law of elastic fluids called by his name. Among his principal works are his " Dis- course on the Nature of Air," (1676,) "Treatise on the Movement of Waters," (1690,) "Experiments on the Colours and Congelation of Water," and an " Essay on Logic," which is highly commended by Condorcet. Died in 1684. See Condorcet, "filoges des Academicians," etc. ; " Nouvelle Biographic Gdn^rale." Mariti, mS-ree'tee, (Giovanni,) an Italian traveller and writer, born at Florence in 1736, visited the isle of Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine, and published in 1769 an account of his journey, which was translated into French, German, and Swedish. Died in 1806. Maritz, md'rits or mt'r^ts', (Jean,) a Swiss mecha- nician, born at Berne in 1711, invented a machine for boring and turning cannon. For this service he was ennobled by the French government. Died in 1790. Mariucoia. See Marozia. Ma'ri-us, (Caius,) a Roman general, distinguished for his splendid talents, indomitable energy, and unprin- cipled ambition, was born near Arpinum (now Arpino) in 157 B.C. His parents were poor and plebeian. He served under Scipio Africanus at the siege of Numantia, and was chosen tribune of the people in 119. He ob- tained the praetorship in 115, though strongly opposed by the patrician party, and about the same time married Julia, an aunt of Julius Caesar. Having accompanied Metellus as legate and second in command into Africa, (109 B.C.,) he won such popularity by his skill and bravery that he was elected consul for 107 B.C. and intrusted with the command of the Jugurthine war. He defeated Jugurtha, who was made prisoner in 106. In 104 B.C. Marius was again chosen consul, as being the only one capable of defending the state from the threatened in- vasion of the Teutones and Cimbri. He defeated the barbarians at Aix, (Aquae Sextije,) in Gaul, in 102 li.c. Having been elected consul the next year, for the fifth time, Marius, in conjunction with Catulus, gained a sig- nal and overwhelming victory over the Cimbri in the plain of Vercellae, (Vercelli.) By the aid of the tribune Saturninus, Marius became consul for 100 B.C., in spite of the determined hostility of the patricians. During this consulate an agrarian law was passed, and Metellus Numidicus was exiled for refusing to conform to it. On the expiration of his term of office, Marius went to Asia, under the pretext of sacrificing to Cybele, but really in order to excite Mithridates to a war with Rome, that he might again distinguish himself in his congenial element. In"90 B.C. both Marius and Sulla entered the service of the consuls Octavius and Cinna in the Marsian or Social war ; but, jealous of the reputation of his rival, the former soon resigned. Sulla, having become consul in 88 B.C., obtained the command in the Mithridatic war, u]ion which Marius, assisted by his friends, caused a law to be passed transferring it to him. He was soon driven from the city by Sulla and his adherents, and forced to take refuge in Africa. When Sextilius, Gov- ernor of Libya, sent him orders to leave the country, on pain of being treated as an enemy, Marius replied to the messenger, "Go tell him that you have seen the exile Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage." The next year, while Sulla was absent in Greece, Marius, joined by the consul Cinna, entered Rome and ordered a general massacre of the opposite party. Among the patricians who perished was M. Antonius, the orator so highly praised by Cicero. Marius and Cinna became consuls, (86 B.C.,) but the former was attacked by a fever, of which he died the same year. See Plutarch, "Life of Marius;" George Long, "Life of Marius," London, 1S44; M^RIM^e, " £tudes sur I'Histoire Ro- maine/'etc. ; Sallust, "Jiigunha;" F. Weii.and, " C. Marii sep- ties Coiisulis Vita," Berlin, 1S45 : P- Ekerman, "Dissertatio de C. Mario septies Consule," 1742; Smith, " Dictionai7 of Greek and Roman Biography;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^nerale." Marius, (Caius,) nephew and adopted son of the pre- ceding, took refuge, after the proscription of his uncle, with Hiempsal, King of Numidia. He was made consul in 82 B.C., and signalized himself by many acts of in- justice and cruelty. Having been defeated by Sulla, he caused himself to be killed by one of his officers. Marius, ( Marcus Aurelius, ) one of the Thirty Tyrants of Gaul, was, on the death of Victorinus the Younger, chosen emperor by the army. He was assas- sinated about 268 A.D., after a reign of a few months. Marivaux, de, deh mt're'vo', (Pierre Carlet db Chamblain,) a French novelist and dramatic writer born in Paris in 1688. His principal works are his ro mances entitled "Marianne" and "Le Paysan parvenu," which enjoyed great popularity at the time, and were among the first novels which delineated real life and manners. He also wrote a number of comedies. The affected style and false sentiment of these productions have given rise to the term marivaudage. "Never," says La Harpe, " did any one turn common thoughts in so many ways, each more affected than the last ;" and Voltaire, admitting that Marivaux knew "the paths to the heart," maintains that " he was ignorant of the high- road." He was elected to the French Academy in 1743, having Voltaire for a competitor. Died in 1763. See Voltaire, " Correspondance avec D'Alembert ;" Grimm, " Correspondance litteraire;" La Harpe, "Lyc^e;" Villemain, " Histoire de la Litterature Frangaise au dix-huitifeme Siicle ;" Sainte-Beuvb, " Causeries du Lundi;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale." Marivetz, de, deh mt're'vi', (Etienne Clement,) Baron, a French savant, born at Langres in 1728, pub- lished several treatises on physics, etc. He was executed, by order of the Revolutionary Tribunal, in 1793. € as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; *h as in this. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23.) MARJOLIN 1660 MARLBOROUGH Marjolin, mti zho'l^N', (Jkan Nicolas,) a French writer and surgeon, born in 1780; died in 1850. Mark, (Gr."Map«of; Lat. Mar'cus; It. Mar'co; Fr. Marc, mtRk,] Saint, the Evangelist. He was a companion of Saint Peter in his travels, (see I. Peter v. 13,) and is supposed to have planted the Church at Alex- andria. The early Christian writers believed that he was the interpreter of Saint Peter, and that he wrote his Gospel in Greek, under the direction and with the appro- bation of that apostle. Saint Augustine thought it was an abridgment of the Gospel of Matthew. According to tradition^ he suffered martyrdom in Egypt in 68 A.D. By many critics he is identified with John surnamed Mark, who was a companion of Paul and Barnabas in their mission to the Gentiles about 45 A.D., (Acts xii. 12, 25, xiii. 13, XV. 37,) and who was in Rome with Paul in 63 A.D. Mark'ham, (Clement RoiiErts,) an English geog- .apher and "author, born at Sliilingfleet, Yorkshire, July 20, 1830. He was a naval officer from 1844 to 1851, entered the civil service in 1855, and afterwards was employed in the India Office. He visited the Arctic regions in 1850-51, travelled extensively in Peru, (1852,) and introduced successfully the culture of cinchona-trees into India, (1860-61,) carrying the plants from South America. He was attached to the British army in Abys- sinia, 1867-68. He has written several works relating to South America and India, besides works of travel, etc., and a "Quichua Grammar and Dictionary," (1863,) "Life of Lord Fairfax," (1870,) "Memoir of the Countess of Chinchon," (1875,) "Peruvian Bark," (1880,) etc. Markham, mark'am, (Gervase,) an English soldier and miscellaneous writer, born in Nottinghamshire about 1570, served in the royalist army in the civil war. He was the author of a tragedy entitled " Herod and Antipater," "The Poem of Poems, or Sion's Muse," etc., and other works. Died about 1655. See Warton, " History of English Poetry;" Langbaine, "Dra- matic Poets;" Drake, " Shakespeare and his Times." Mark'land, (Jeremiah,) an eminent English scholar and critic, born in Lancashire in 1693. He published editions of the " Sylvas" of Statins (1728) and the "Supplices" of Euripides, which are esteemed master- Dieces of acute criticism. He also assisted Dr. Taylor (n preparing his editions of Demosthenes and Lysias, and published " Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus," etc., in which he attempts to prove them spu- rious. Died in 1776. See Nichols and Bowyer, "Literary' Anecdotes." Markof, maR'kof, Markov, or Markow, (Arcadi IvANOViTCH,) Count, a Russian diplomatist. On the accession of Alexander I, he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to France, (1800.) Marlborough, mil'biir-iih, (popularly called in French Malbrouk, mSl'brook'; Sp. Mambru, mim- broo',) Duke of, originally John Churchill, an English general, whose military genius and triumphs have been equalled by those of few men of modern times, was born at Ashe, in Devonshire, June 24, 1650. He was the son ot Sir Winston Churchill and of Elizabeth Drake. His education was rather defective. He received from nature an eminently handsome person, a bland temper, and all the qualities essential to a successful general and cour- tier. In 1672, with the rank of captain, he served in the army which fought in alliance with France against the Dutch. His bravery in this and the ensuing campaigns attracted the favourable notice of Turenne and Louis XIV. At the peace of 1678 he returned to England, and married Sarah Jennings, whose talents and impe- rious temper enabled her to exert an important influence over his political conduct. He was the favourite attendant and confidential agent of the Duke of York before his accession as James XL, in 1685 ; and soon after that event he was raised to the peerage, as Baron Churchill of Sandridge. Having contributed to the defeat of Monmouth at Sedge- moor, he was made a major-general. His wife was the favourite of the king's daughter. Princess Anne, over whom she had a complete ascendency. In the combi- nations and intrigues which preceded the revolution of 1688, Lord Churchill acted with deep duplicity. After secretly committing himself to the cause of William of Orange, he professed his devotion to James in Novem- ber, 1688, and, a few days later, deserted to the stronger party. He was created Earl of Marlborough on the accession of William III., (1689,) and made a lord of the bedchamber. He commanded the English forces employed against the French in the Low Countries in 1689, and led a suc- cessful expedition against Cork and Kinsale in Septem- ber, 1690. While he was thus trusted by William and hated as an arch-traitor by the Jacobites, he opened a treasonable correspondence with the dethroned king, who was at Saint Germain's. According to Macaulay, he undertook to corrupt the army, with which his bril- liant successes and winning manners rendered him a favourite in spite of his sordid avarice. The country being apprised of this plot, he was deprived of his offices in January, 1692, and committed to the Tower a few months later. Though he was quickly admitted to bail, he passed the next four years in disgrace. About the end of 1696 he was restored to his military rank and command, and admitted to the privy council. (Respecting Macaulay's charges against Marlborough, see J. Paget's "New Examen," 1861, and the "Quarterly Review" for April, 1868.) In 1701, William took Marlborough to Holland, gave him command of his army, and invested him with ample powers to negotiate with the allies in relation to the im- pending war of the Spanish succession. He displayed here the sagacity and address of a consummate diplo- matist. The accession of Queen Anne, in March, 1702, opened to him a brilliant career of glory abroad and power at home. He became commander-in-chief of the allied army, and at the end of the campaign in Flanders, December, 1702, was created Duke of Marlborough. About this time he and Prince Eugene began to act in concert, and formed a cordial friendship, which greatly promoted the success of the allies. Among their most celebrated achievements was the decisive victory at Blen- heim over the French marshal Tallard, August 13, 1704. Marlborough gained a great victory at Ramillies in 1706, and shared with Eugene the triurniph at Oudenarde in 1708. The allies also claimed the victory over Mar- shal Villars at Malplaquet, (1709,) although their loss amounted, it is said, to 25,000 men. During these foreign transactions, Godolphin, the duke's personal and political friend, had been the head of the English Tory ministry. The Tories, who had the warm sympathy of the queen, wished to discontinue the war, and fomented intrigues against Marlborough. His duchess, a zealous Whig, with much importunity pre- vailed on him to coalesce with the Whigs, who insisted on prolonging the war. The fondness of the queen for the Duchess of Marlborough was at length turned into violent aversion. The Tories obtained a complete as- cendency in 1 7 10, and Marlborough was dismissed with disgrace from all his employments at the end of 171 1. On the accession of George I. (1714) he was restored to favour, and again became captain-general and master of the ordnance. He died in 1722, leaving his titles and estate to the male heirs of his daughter, who was mar- ried to Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland. (See Spencer.) See CoxE, "Memoirs of John, Duke of Marlborough," 3 voli., 181S; Sir A.Alison, "Life of Marlborough," 1S47 ; Macaulay, "History of England;" Thomas Ledyard, "History of John, Duke of Marlborough," 3 vols., 1736; John Campbell, "Military History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough," 2 vols., 1736; Charles Bi;cke, "Life of John, Duke of Marlborough," 1839; J. F. HuGUEs DuTEMs, " Histoire de J. Churchill," etc., 3 vols., :8o6-oS, written by the order of Napoleon I. ; George Murray, "History of the Duke of Marlborough;" Abraham db Vrver, " Historie van J. Churchill," etc., 4 vols., 1738-40; " History of Prince Eugene and Marlborough," by Dumont and Rousset, translated frorti the French, 1736. Marlborough, (Sarah Jennings,) Duchess of, the wife of the preceding, born in 1660, was celebrated for her beauty, ambition, and political influence. She was brought up from childhood with the princess Anne, who regarded her with romantic fondness, combined with the deference which the weak feel for superior minds. Im- patient of the restraints of etiquette, Anne, in conversa- a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, h, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon; MARLIANI 1661 MARMONTEL tion and correspondence with her favourite, assumed the name of Mrs. Morley, and addressed her friend as Mrs. Freeman. In 1678 Miss Jennings was married to Colo- nel Churchill, in whom she found an uxorious husband. " History," says Macaulay, " exhibits to us few specta- cles more remarkable than that of a great and wise man who could carry into effect vast and profound schemes of policy only by inducing one foolish woman, who was often unmanageable, to manage another woman who was more foolish still. . . . To the last hour of her hus- band's life, she enjoyed the pleasure and distinction of being the one human being who was able to mislead that far-sighted and sure-footed judgment, who was fer- vently loved by that cold heart and servilely feared by that intrepid spirit." Having been supplanted in the royal favour by Mrs. Masham, she was dismissed from court in 1 710, and became an inveterate misanthrope. Died in 1744. See " Memoirs of Eminent EngTishwomen," by Louisa S. Cos- TELLO, London, 1S44. Marliani, maR-le-S'nee, (Bartolommeo,) an Italian antiquary, born at Milan. He wrote "Topography of Rome," (" Urbis Romae Topographia,") and other works. Died about 1560. Marlorat, mtR'lo'rt', (Augustin,) a French Prot- estant theologian, born at Bar-le-Duc in 1506. He be- came minister of the Reformed Church at Rouen in 1560, and acquired a great influence by his talents. He wrote commentaries on Scripture, and other works. He was put to death at Rouen in 1563. See Haag, " La France protestante." Marlowe, mar'lo, (Christopher,) an English drama- tist, born at Canterbury in 1564. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1587. He afterwards devoted himself to dramatic writing, and, according to some authorities, became an actor. He was addicted to low vices, and was killed in a quarrel with a footman in 1593. The principal dramas known to be his are " The Jew of Malta," " Edward the Second," and " The Tragical History, etc. of Dr. Faustus:" the last-named was the original of Goethe's celebrated " Faust." Marlowe is characterized by the French critic Villemain as a genius, whose rude dramas, disorderly as his life, contain splendid beauties and a gloomy audacity, the influence of which has not been lost upon Shakspeare. His " Faust" is less elegant and less ironical than that of Goethe, but every thing that the pathos of such a subject can effect — the fever of doubt in a superstitious imagination, the boldness of impiety in a despairing heart — stamps this work with the impress of extraordinary power. His " Edward II." was greatly admired by Charles Lamb, who says that one of its scenes moves pity and terror beyond any scene, ancient or modern. See Warton, " History of English Poetry ;" Campbell, " Speci- mens of the British Poets;" Villkmain, "Melanges litt^raires ;" Drake, "Shakspeare and his Times;" "Retrospective Review," vol. iv., (1821.) Marmier, mtR'me-i', (Xavier,) a French litterateur and traveller, was born at Pontarlier in 1809. He pub- lished, among other works, " Studies on Goethe," " Poetic Sketches," and " History of Literature in Denmark and Sweden," (1839,) and made numerous translations from the English and German. Mar'mi-on, (Shakerly,) an English dramatist, born in Northamptonshire in 1602. His principal works are the comedies of " Holland's Leaguer," " A Fine Com- panion," and "The Antiquary." Died in i6m See Baker, "Biographia Dramatica ;' Wood, Athena Oxo- nisnses." Marmitta, maR-m^t'td, (LuDovico,) an Italian gem- engraver, born at Parma. Among his master-pieces is a cameo representing a head of Socrates. He lived about 1500. Marmol, de, di maR-mol', (Luis Caravajal,) a Spanish writer, born at Granada about 1520, accom- panied the emperor Charles V. in his African campaigns. He wrote a "General Description of Africa," (1599,) and a " History of the Rebellion, etc. of the Moors of Granada," (1600.) See TicKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" Prrscott, " History of Philip II.," vol. iii. book v. Marmont, de, deh mtR'm6N', (AucasTE Fr6d6r[c Louis Viesse,) Duke of Ragusa, a celebrated French marshal, born at Chatillon-sur-Seine in 1774, received his military education at the artillery school of Chalons. He accompanied Bonaparte as aide-de-camp in the Ital- ian campaign of 1794, and, as general of brigade, took part in the invasion of Egypt in 1798. He fought with distinguished bravery at the battle of Marengo, (1800,) obtained command of a division, and was appointed inspector-general of artillery about 1802. Having as- sisted at the capture of Ulni, in 1805, Marmont became in 1806 general-in-chief of the army in Dalmatia, and gained a signal victory over a superior force of Russians and Montenegrins at Castelnuovo. In 1807 he carried out a system of public works, the most important of which was a line of road-way two hundred and ten miles in length ; and for this service he was created Duke of Ragusa. Soon after the battle of Wagram (1S09) he was made a marshal of France, and appointed Governor- General of the Illyrian provinces. As commander of the second corps, in 1813 he took part in the battles of Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic, and closed the cam- paign of 1814 by his engagement near Paris with the allied army of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, (March 30.) Though contending against a greatly superior force, Marmont and Mortier refused to capitulate until au- thorized to do so by Joseph Bonaparte. In April, 1814, Marshal Marmont, after stipulating with Prince Schwar- zenberg for the withdrawal of the French troops into Normandy, entered the service of the allies. He subse- quently filled several high offices under the Bouibons, Being called upon to suppress the revolt of July, 1830, he brought great opprobrium upon himself by his failure in this difficult task ; his name was struck off" the army list, and he was exiled. He died at Venice in 1852, leaving " Memoires du Due de Raguse," (8 vols., 1856.) See Thiers, "History of the Consulate and of the Empire;" Vaulabelle, " Histoire des deux Restaurations;" Bourrienne, "Memoires;" Lamartine, "History of the Restoration;" Mau- DUIT, "Demiers Jours de la grande Armee ;" L. de Lom^nie, "M. le Mar^chal Marmont, par un Homme de Rien," 1844: Sainte-Beuve, "Causeries du Lundi," tome vi. ; "Nouvelle Bio- graphic G^n^rale;" " Quarterly Review" for June, 1845 ; "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1857. Marmontel, mtR'miN'lSK, (Jean FRANgois,) a cele- brated French critic and miscellaneous writer, born in Limousin in 1723, His family was poor, and he was educated in the Jesuits' College at Mauriac, but he did not enter their order. At an early age he acquired the friendship and patronage of Voltaire, on whose recom- mendation he visited Paris in 1746, and published the same year a translation of Pope's " Rape of the Lock." He brought out in 1748 his "Dionysius the Tyrant," ("Denys le Tyran,") which was soon followed by " Aris- tomene" and "Cleopatre," three tragedies, which had considerable success at the time. His "Moral Tales" ("Contes moraux," 1761) were received with extraor- dinary favour, and were translated into the principal languages of Europe, including Danish and Hungarian. They are written with great elegance and animation; though their morality is often questionable. About this time Marmontel was imprisoned for a short time in the Bastille, on a false accusation of having satirized a person of rank. He published in 1763 his "Poetic^ue Fran9aise," and in 1767 his political romance of " Beli- saire," which obtained great popularity and has taken its place among the classics of the language. The empress Catherine II. ordered a translation of it into Russian, and versions of it appeared in nearly all the European languages. Some pa.-5Sages in the book, how- ever, which favoured toleration, were denounced by the Sorbonne, and the work was condemned by the Arch- bishop of Paris, as containing impious and heretical propositions. In the exciting controversy which followed, Voltaire took an active part, and published several witty and caustic pamphlets in defence of his protege. Mar- montel was soon after appointed historiographer of France. Among the most important of his other works we may name " Les Incas," a romance, dedicated to Gustavus III. of Sweden, the comic operas of " Le Hu- ron," "Sylvain," and "Zemire et Azor,"and the tragedy of " Les Heraclides," which is highly commended by La € as k; t as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. ^ttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( jJ^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) MARMORA 1662 MAROT Harpe. His "Elements de Litterature" (6 vols., I7»7) is also ranked among his best productions. In 1783 Marmontel succeeded D'Alembert as perpetual secretary of the French Academy. Me lived in retirement in the country during the greater part of the Revolution, and died in 1799, leaving " Memoires" of his life. He had married about 1778 the niece of Abbe Morellet. See Voltaire, " Correspondance :" Saint-Surin, "Notice sur Marmontel," 1824: La Harpe, " Lycde ;" Grimm, "Correspon- dance littdraire;" Vii-lenave, "Notice sur les Oiivrages de ^Iar- niontel," 1820: Sainte-Beuve, "Canseries du Lnndi," tome iv. ; Morellet, " Eloge de Marmontel," 1S05; " Nouvelle Biograpliie G<5n^rale;" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1806; "Monthly Review" for November and December, 1805. Marmora, della, del'ii maR'mo-ra, (Alberto Fer- rero — fer-ra'ro,) Counp, a Sardinian general and savant, born in 1789. He entered the French army, and rose to be military commander in the island of Sardinia in 1849. He published "Travels in Sardinia; or, Statis- tical, Physical, and Political Description of that Island." Marmora, della, (Alessandro Ferreko,) brother of the preceding, born in 1799, fought in the war for Italian independence in 1848, and became a major-gene- ral. He died in the Crimea in 1855. Marmora, della, (Alfonso Ferrero,) an Italian general and statesman, brother of the preceding, was born in Turin in 1804. He was appointed minister of war by the King of Sardinia in November, 1849, resigned in February, 1855, and the same year took command of the Sardinian forces in the Crimean war, after which he again served as minister of war. He was president of the Council of Ministers from July, 1859, to July, i860. In September, 1864, he became minister of foreign affairs and president of the Council of iVIinisters in the kingdom of Italy. He was succeeded by Ricasoli in June, 1866, took command of the army, and was defeated by the archduke Albert of Austria, at Custozza, in July of the same year. Died at Florence, January 8, 1878. Marmora, della, (Carlo Ferrero,) Marquis, Prince of Masserano, eldest brother of the preceding, was born in 1788. Having been made lieutenant-general and sen- ator of the kingdom of Sardinia, he accompanied Charles Albert as first aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 1848 and 1849. Died in 1854. Marne, de, deh m3.Rn, (Jean Baptiste,) a Flemish Jesuit and historian, born at Douai in 1699, wrote a " History of the County of Namur," which has a high reputation. Died in 1756. Marne, de, or Demarne, (Jean Louis,) a painter, born at Brussels in 1744. He was reduced to the neces- sity of working at the porcelain-manufactory of Sevres, and fell into a mannerism called the ntaiiilre porcelaine. His early style was much more graceful. Died in 1829. Marner, maR'ner, (Konrad,) a German minnesinger, flourished about 1250-70. Mariiesia or Mariiezia. See Lezay-Maknesia. Marnix de Saint-Aldegonde, van, van mtr'niks' deh s^N'ttrdeh-g6Nd', (Philippe,) an eminent Flemish writer and Protestant Reformer, was born at Brussels in 1538. He studied at Geneva, where he acquired the friendship of Calvin and adopted his faith. In 1566 he drew up the celebrated formulary of the Flemish nobles against the Inquisition. As burgomaster of Ant- werp, he defended that city in 1584 against Alexander, Duke of Parma ; but he was forced to capitulate in 1585. He was the author of a " Picture of the Difference be- tween the Christian Religion and Popery," and "The Romish Bee-Hive." He also translated the Psalms into Dutch verse, and was engaged on a Flemish version of the Scriptures when he died, in 1598. " He was," says Motley, "a man of most rare and versatile genius. Scholar, theologian, diplomatist, swordsman, orator, poet, pamphleteer, he had genius for all things, and was eminent in all." See Motley, " History of the United Netherlands," vol. i. chap, iii. ; Strada, " De Bello Belgico:" Johannes Prims, " Leven van P. van Marnix," 1782; Dresselhuis, " F. van Marnix, Heer van Mont Saint-Aldegonde," 1832; Willem Broes, " F. van Marnix, Heer van Saint-Aldegonde," etc., 2 vols., 1S3S-40. Marc, the cognomen of Publius Virgilius Maro. (See Virgil.) Maro, (John.) See Maron, Saint. Marochetti, mi-ro-ket'tee, (Charles,) Baron, a celebrated Sardinian sculptor, born at Turin about 1805. After executing several works in Paris, among which was an equestrian statue of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, he went to London in 1848. Under the patron- age of the court and the nobility, he jiroduced a colossal equestrian statue of Richard Cceur-de-Lion, (1851,) a bust of Prince Albert, an equestrian statue of Queen Victoria at Glasgow, (1S54,) a statue of Lord Clyde, (1867,) and several groups of statuary. He was elected a Royal Academician in 1866. Died in December, 1867. Marochetti, (Vincenzio,) an Italian scholar, father of the preceding, was born in Piedmont about 1768. He was appointed advocate to the court of cassation in Paris. Died in 1820. Maroli, ma'ro-lee, (Domenico,) a Sicilian painter, born at Messina in 1612. He was killed in the revolu- tion of Naples, (1676.) MaroUes, de, deh mt'rol', (Michel,) a French littl- rateur, born in Touraine in 1600, was Abbe de Villeloin. He made translations from Juvenal, Statins, and other classics, which were much esteemed at the time. He made a valuable collection of prints, which were added to the royal cabinet. Died in 1681. See Nic^RON, "Mdmoires;" M. de Marolles, "Memoires," 1656, (and in 3 vols., 1755.) Ma'roii, Saint, written also Maroun, an anchorite of the fourth century, resided in Asia Minor. He is supposed by some writers to have been the founder of the Maronites, while others ascribe the origin of that sect to another of the same name, living in the seventh century. Maroncelli, m3.-ron-chel'lee, (Piero,) an Italian pa- triot, musician, and poet, born at Forli in 1795. He published in 1819 a hymn, for which he was imprisoned a short time. He was again arrested in 1820, and con- demned to twenty years' imprisonment in the fortress of Spielberg, where his intimate friend Silvio Pellico was confined at the same time. They were at first sepa- rated, but at the end of three years were permitted to enjoy each other's society. They were released in 1830, Maroncelli having previously suffered the amputation of one of his legs, in consequence of a disease contracted in the prison. Died in New York in 1846. See Silvio Pellico, "My Prisons;" "Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale." Marone, mi-ro'ni, (Andrea,) an Italian improvisa- tore, born in the Friuli in 1474, was celebrated for his skill in improvising Latin verse on any given subject. Died in 1527. Maroni, da, di ml-ro'nee, or Maron, mi-ron', (Theresa,) a sister of the celebrated Raphael Mengs, was distinguished as a painter of miniatures. Having accompanied her brother to Rome, she was there mar- ried to the Chevalier da Maroni, an artist. Died in 1806. Maroof- (or Marouf-) el-Karkhi, ma-roof h\ kaR'- Kee, one of the founders of the Soofees, (Soufis,) or Mussulman mystics, born near Bagdad about 750 : died about 815. See Hammer-Purcstall, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber." Maroof- (or Marouf-) Mohammed-ben-Abdel- Khalik, mi-roof mo-him'mSd b^n Jb'dSl KS'lik, an Arab lexicographer of the ninth century. His principal work is an Arabic Lexicon, in which words are explained in Persian. Marot, mS'ro', (Cl6ment,) a French poet, born at Cahors in 1495, was a son of Jean, noticed below. He was patronized at the court of Francis I., and became a page to his sister, Margaret of Valois. He was impris- oned in 1526 on a charge of heresy, and during his con- finement composed his " Enfer," (" Hell,") an allegorical satire, and prepared a new edition of the "Roman du Rose." After his release he visited Geneva, where he professed Calvinism ; but he was subsequently obliged to leave the place, on account of some misdemea- nour, and, having renounced his new faith, accompanied Francis I. in his Italian campaign of 1535. He was the author of numerous lyric poems, epigrams, etc., which were greatly admired for their grace and vivacity ; and the style Marotique has been imitated by La Fontaine a, e, i, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, li, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; f3.r, f^ll, fit; mSt; nftt; good; moon; MAROT iot)3 MARS and other French writers. His version of the Psalms was very popular at the time. Died in 1544. See AuGUis, "Vie de Marot," prefixed to an edition of his works, 5 vols., 1823: Bayi-E, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" Jan Suet, "Leven en Bedrijf van C. Marot," 1655; Sainte-Heuve, " Tableau de la Po&ie Frangaise an seiziinie Siicle :" " Nouvelle Biographie Generale ;" Nic^ron, "M^moires;" Longfellow, "Poets and Poetry of Europe." Marot, (DANrF.L,) son of the architect Jean Marot noticed below, was born in Paris about 1660. He be- came architect to William, Prince of Orange, whom he accompanied to England in 1688. Marot, (Fran(^ois,) a French painter, born in Paris in 1667 ; died in 1719. Marot, (Jean,) a French poet, born near Caen in 1463, was i^atronized by Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VHI. He subsequently accompanied Louis Xn. in his expedition to Venice and Genoa, of which he wrote an account. Died in 1523. See Sainte-Beuve, "La PotSsie Fran?aise au seizifeme Slide." Marot, (Jean,) a French architect and engraver, born in Paris about 1630. He furnished the design for the principal fa9ade of the Louvre. Although a Protestant, he was appointed royal architect. Died in 1679. Maroto, mS-ro'to, (Don Rafael,) a Spanish Carlist general, born at Conca in 1785. On the death of Zu- mala-Carreguy, he was appointed to the chief command in Biscay, and soon after defeated Espartero at Arrigoria. In 1839 he concluded with the queen's party the treaty of Bergara. Died in 1847. Maroun. See Maron. Maroutha. See Marutha. Marozia, mJ-rot'se-i, or Mariuccia, mi-re-oot'chS, a Roman lady, celebrated for her beauty and profligacy, was the daughter of the famous Theodora. She was successively married to Duke Alberic of Tuscany, Guido, Marquis of Tuscany, and Hugo, King of Italy and Aries. In 928 she caused Pope John X. to be murdered, and afterwards raised three others to the tiara, among whom was her son by Pope Sergius III. Her son Alberic hav- ing revolted against her, she was imprisoned for the -emainder of her life. Mar-pes'sa, [Gr. Mupnriaaa ; Fr. Marpesse, mtR'- {.^ss',] a daughter of Evenus, beloved by Apollo. See Homer's "Iliad," book ix. Marpurg, maK'pooRG, (Frtedrich Wilhelm,) an eminent writer on music, born at Seehausen, in Prussian Saxony, in 1718. Among his principal works are "Treat- ises on Fugue," " Critical Introduction to the History of Music," (1754,) and " Rudiments of Theoretic Music," (1760.) Died in 1795. See P'Atis, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens." Marquard. See Freher, (MARouARn.) Marqiiet, m^R'k.V, (Francois Nicolas,) a French botanist, and physician to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, was born at Nancy in 1687. He wrote several medicai and botanical works. Died in 1759. Marquette, mtR'kSt', (Jacques,) a celebrated French missionary and discoverer, was born in Picardy. He travelled and laboured several years in Canada and other regions. The first Europeans who are certainly known to have discovered and explored the Mississippi River were Father Marquette and M. Joliet, who in 1673 con- ducted a small exploring party from Quebec. Entering the great river at the mouth of the Wisconsin, they de- scended in canoes nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas, or to latitude 34°, which they reached in July, 1673. They were deterred from pursuing the voyage by reports that the river below was infested by armed savages, and they returned in canoes to the mouth of the Illinois, which they ascended. Marquette wrote a narrative of this expedition, which was published in Paris in 1681. " He writes," says Professor Sparks, " as a scholar and as a man of careful observation and practical sense. In every point of view, this tract is one of the most interesting among those that illustrate the early history of America." Having resumed his missionary labours among the Miamis on Lake Michigan, he died there in 1675. See Charlevoix, " Hi.stoire de la Nouvelle France ;" MoR^Ri, "Dictionnaire Historique ;" Sparks, "American Biography," vol. X., ist series. Marquis, mtR'ke', (Alexandre Louis,) a French botanist, born at Dreux in 1777. He published " Frag- ments of Botanic Philosophy," and other works. Died in 1828. Marracci, mar-rSt'chee, (LuiGi,) an Italian priest, eminent as an Oriental scholar, was born at Lucca in 1612. He became professor of Arabic in the College della Sapienza, Rome. His principal work is an excellent edition of the Koran in Arabic, with a Latin version, (1698.) "This," says Hallam, "is still esteemed the best." ("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died in 1700. See Nic^RON, "Mdmoires." Marrast, mt'ris', (Armand,) a French republican journnlist and political writer, born in Haute-Garonne in 1801. Soon after the revolution of 1830 he became associate editor of the " Tribune," the organ of the ultra- Liberal party. He was imprisoned in 1834 on a cliarge of being implicated in the " Conspiracy of April," but he soon effected his escape, and repaired to England, where he married Lady Fitz-Clarence. On his return to France he succeeded Armand Carrel (1836) as prin- cipal editor of " Le National," -a popular daily journal, which he conducted with great ability for nearly twelve years. After the abdication of Louis Philippe, (1848,) Marrast became successively secretary of the provisional government, mayor of Paris, and president of the Con- stituent Assembly. He made valuable contributions to the " Paris Revolutionnaire" and other works. Died in 1852. See Regnault, "Armand Marrast," in " Le Slide," 1839; "Nouvelle Biographie Gdn^rale." Marre, van, vin maR, (Jan,) a Dutch poet, born at Amsterdam in 1696. His principal works are tragedies entitled "Jacqueline of Bavaria" and " Marcus Curtius." Died in 1763. Marrier, mt're-i', (Martin,) a learned French Bene- dictine monk, born in Paris in 1572. He published "Bibliotheca Cluniacensis," (1614.) Died in 1644, Marron, mt'r6N', (Marie Anne Carrelet,) Ba. ronne de Meillonaz, a French artist and dramatic writer, born at Dijon in 1725. She was a friend and corre- spondent of Voltaire. Died in 1778. See Voltaire, " Correspondance." Marron, mt'rAN', (Paul Henri,) a Protestant divine, of French extraction, born at Leyden in 1754. He be- came pastor of a church in Paris in 1788, and favoured the Revolution. He contributed numerous valuable articles to the " Biographie Universelle," and published other works, on various subjects. He died in 1832, leaving a large collection of engraved portraits, which were purchased by Louis Philippe. See Haag, " La France protestante " Marryatt, (Florence.) See Ross-Church. Mar'ry-at, (Frederick,) a popular English novelist and naval officer, born in London in 1792. He entered the service as midshipman under Lord Cochrane in 1806, and distinguished himself during the three follow- ing years in numerous engagements in the Mediterra- nean and off the French coasts. He was made a captain in 181 5, and in 1821 commandrd the Rosario, which brought to the English government the news of the death of Napoleon. He assisted in the attack on Ran- goon in 1823, and in the expedition against the Malays in 1824. He published, besides other novels, " Peter Simple," (1834,) "Jacob Faithful," (1834,) " Japhet in Search of his Father," (1836,) "Mr. Midshipman Easy," (1836,) and " Masterman Ready," (1841.) Among his works is " Valerie," an Autobiography, and a " Diary in America," (6 vols., 1839.) Died in 1848. See " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1839. Mars, [Gr. 'Ap7/f, (Ares;) It. Marte, maR^ti,] the name of the Roman god of war, was a contraction of Mayors. He was supposed to be a son of Ju])iter and Juno, and was identified with the Ares of Greek my- thology. According to Ovid, he was a son of Juno, but had no father. He was worshipped with extraordinary honours by the Romans, of whom he was one of the tutelary deities. Homer and other poets relate thai Mars fought for the Trojans at the siege of Troy and was wounded by Diomede. He was called Gradivus, € as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Yi,gtittural; n, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2l^="See Explanations, p. 23. MARS 1664 MARSHALL Quirinus, Mavors, Salisubulus, Mamers, Enyalus, and Camulus. The amours of Mars and Venus are very celebrated. Me was said to be the father of Romulus, Remus, Cupid, Harmonia, and Meleager. Ares was one of the twelve great Olympian gods of the Greeks, and was especially worshipped in Thrace. According to tradition, he fled to Egypt during the contest between Typhon and the gods, and changed himself into a fish. Having killed a son of Neptune, he was prosecuted before the Areopagus (Mars Hill) at Athens, and was acquitted. Mars was believed to love war for its own sake, and to delight in carnage. He is usually repre- sented as a grim soldier in full armour, — sometimes as driving furiously in a war-chariot. Mars, marz or mtus, (Anne FRANgoiSE Hippolyte Boutet Monvel— boo'ti' m6N'vel',) Mademoiselle, a celebrated French actress, born in Paris in 1779. She was the daughter of Monvel, a popular actor at the Theatre Fran9ais, and an actress named Mars, and was earlv trained for the stage. She excelled in genteel comedy.'in which she was considered unrivalled among the actors of her time. She retired from the stage in 1S41. Died in 1847. See A. LiKEi'X. "Mademoiselle Mars; Notice biographique," 1847; L. Fusn., "Notice sur Mademoiselle Mars," 1847; R. de Beauvoir, " Meinoires de Mademoiselle Mars," 2 vols., 1849; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Marsais, du. See Dumarsais. Marsand, maR-sind', (Antonio,) an Italian littera- teur, born at Venice in 1765. He published an excellent edition of Petrarch's poems, with a memoir, and several original works on various subjects. Died in 1842. Marschall von Bieberstein, maR'shil fon bee'ber- stin', (Friedrich,) Freiherr, a German botanist, born in 1766, removed to Russia, where he became a council- lor of state. He published "Flora Taurico-Caucasica," (1808-19.) Died in 1826. Marscliner, maRsh'ner, (Heinrich,) a German com- poser and musician, born at Zittau in 1795, was appointed chapel-master at Hanover. Among his most popular works are the operas of " The Vampyre," " The Templar and the Jewess," and " Hans Heiling." Died in 1861. See F^Tis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens." Mars'den, (William,) an eminent Orientalist, of English extraction, born at Dublin in 1754. Having en- tered the service of the East India Company, he sailed in 1771 to Bencoolen, Sumatra, where he was appointed principal secretary to the government and devoted him- self to the study of the Malay language. He returned in 1779 to England, and was soon after elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He published in 1782 his "His- tory of Sumatra," which was very favourably received and was translated into French and German. He was subsequently appointed chief secretary to the board of admiralty, with the war salary of ;C4000 per annum. Having resigned this post in 1807, he brought out in 1812 his "Grammar" and "Dictionary" of the Malay language, which are esteemed standard works. He also made an excellent translation of the "Travels of Marco Polo," with a commentary, and wrote a description of Eastern coins, entitled " Numismata Orientalia Illus- trata," (1823.) He gave up his pension to the gov- ernment in 1831, and soon after presented his valuable collection of coins and medals to the British Museum, and his library to King's College. Died in 1836. Marsh, (Anna Caldwell,) Mrs., an English au- thoress, born in Staffordshire about 179S. Among her most popular works are "Tales of the Woods and Fields," (I S36,) "Ravenscliffe," "Mount Sorel," (1S43,) and "Emilia Wyndham," (1846.) Died October 5, 1874. Marsh, (Catherine,) an English writer, born at Col- chester about 1815. Among* her works are " Memorials of Captain Hedley Vicars," "English Hearts and Eng- lish Hands," and "Light for the Line, or the Story of Thomas Ward," which have gained extensive popularitv. Marsh, (Dexter,) an American geologist, born in 1806, made a large and choice collection of specimens of fossil footprints, obtained chiefly in the Connecticut valley. Died in 1853. Marsh, (George Perkins,) LL.D., an American phi- lologist, born at Woodstock, Vermont, March 15, 1801. He was appointed minister to Turkey in 1849, in 1852 was sent on an embassy to Greece, and in 1861 was ap- pointed minister to Italy. His chief published works are a "Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language, compiled and translated from the Grammar of Rask," (1838,) "Lectures on the English Language," (1861,) "The Origin and History of the English Language,'' (1862,) "Man and Nature," (1864,) enlarged and re-written, and issued in 1874 under the title of " The Earth as Modified by Human Action." He died July 24, 1882. His wife, Caroline C. Marsh, has published a number of poems and made translation? &om the German. Marsh, (Herbert,) a learned English theologian, born in London in 1757. He became professor of di- vinity at Cambridge in 1807, and rose to be Bishop of Peterborough in 1819. He published several religious and controversial treatises, and translated Michaelis'a " Introduction to the New Testament" into English. Died in 1839. Marsh, (James,) an English chemist, born in 1789, was the inventor of an apparatus, called by his name, which detects the presence of arsenic in liquids, how- ever minute the quantity. Its utility and certainty were verified by Orfila and other toxicologists. Died in 18^6. Marsh, (James,) D.D., a distinguished American scholar and divine, born at Hartford, Vermont, in 1794. He was appointed professor of classics at Hampden- Sidney College, Virginia, and in 1826 president of the University of Vermont. He translated from the German Herder's " Spirit of Hebrew Poetry," and contributed religious and philosophical essays to the "Christian Spectator" and other journals. Died at Colchester, Vermont, July 3, 1842. Marsh, (Narcissus,) a learned prelate, born in Wilt- shire in 1638, became successively Archbishop of Dublin and of Armagh. He wrote an " Essay on an Introduc- tion to the Theory of Sounds," which was inserted in the " Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society. Died in 1713. Marsh, (Othniel Charles,) an eminent American palaeontologist, born at Lockport, New York, October 29, 1831. He graduated at Yale in i860, studied (1862- 65) at Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg, and in 1866 was ap- pointed professor of palaeontology in Yale College. Pro- fessor March is distinguished for the astonishing number and great importance of his discoveries of new species of extinct vertebrate animals, very largely from the Rocky Mountain region. He is author of some one hundred and fifty valuable scientific papers, and of " Odontomithes," (410, 1880.) Mar'shall, (Charles Kimb.\ll,) an American Meth- odist divine, born at Durham, Maine, in 1812, became pastor of a church at Natchez, Mississippi. Mar'shall, (Emma, «/^Mart±a,) an English novelist, born near Cromer about 1832. Of her very numerous tales, "Mrs. Mainwaring's Journal" (1874) and "Life's Aftermath" (1876) are among the best-known. Marshall, (Humphrey,) an American soldier and law3'er, born in Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1812. He graduated at West Point in 1832, but left the army in 1S33, and became a prominent lawyer and politician, being twice sent to Congress. He was a colonel of vol- unteer cavalry in the Mexican war, and a major-general in the Confederate service, 1861-65. Died at Louisville, March 28, 1872. He was a grandson of Humphry Mar- shall, noticed below. Marshall, (Humphry,) an American botanist, was a resident of Pennsylvania. He published in 17S5 his " Arbustum Americanum," or catalogue of the trees and shrubs of America, which was translated into Fre:>ch. He was born in 1722, and died in i8or. I See W. Darlington, "Memorials of John Bartram and H. Marshall," 1849. I Marshall, (John,) an eminent American jurist and statesman, born at Germantown, Fauquier county, Vir- I ginia, on the 24th of September, 1755. He was the i eldest son of Colonel Thomas Marshall and Mary Keith, I who had fifteen children. He never attended a college. but he was well educated under the care of his father. He enlisted in the army in 1776, became a captain in a, e, T, o, u, y, long; i, h, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, li, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon ; MARSHALL 1665 MARSOLLIER Miiy, 1777, and served at the battles of Brandywine, September, 1777, Germantown, and Monmouth, June, 1778. Having resigned his commission in 1781, he be- gan to practise law, and was chosen a member of the House of Delegates in 17S2. In 1783 he married Mary Willis Ambler, of York, Virginia, and became a resi- dent of Richmond. As a member of the Convention of Virginia, in 1788, be advocated the adoption of the Federal Constitution by several powerful speeches. He contributed more to the adoption of this Constitution by Virginia than any man except James Madison. He became identified with the Federal party, and cordially supported the administration of Wabhington. His reputation was widely extended by a speech in the Assembly of Virginia in favour of the treaty negotiated by John Jay with (jreat Britain in 1794. In 1797 he was associated witii General Pinckney and Mr. Gerry in a special mission to the French Directory. His incli- nation or interest induced him to decline several high offices, but, at the special request of General Washing- ton, he became a candidate for Congress, and was elected, in 1799. He made a great speech in Congress, defend- ing President Adams for his surrender of Thomas Nash, alias Robbins, who was claimed by the British govern- ment as a fugitive from justice. This speech settled forever the question whether such cases should be decided by the executive or the judiciary. "That argu- ment," says R. \V. Griswold, "deserves to be ranked among the most dignified displays of human intellect." He was appointed secretary of state by President Adams in May, 1800, and displayed great diplomatic ability in liis correspondence with Rufus King, minister to Eng- land. On the 31st of January, 1801, he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States. He performed the functions of this high office for thirty- four years, and rendered important services by the just and liberal principles according to which he construed the Constitution. His profound learning and wisdom, his moral courage, and his high-toned virtue secured for him universal respect and confidence. His services as an expounder of constitutional law are commended by Judge Story in the following terms: "If all others of the chief justice's judicial arguments had perished, his luminous judgments on these occasions would have given an enviable immortality to his name." In 1804 he published a "Life of George Washington," (5 vols.,) which is highly esteemed. Judge Marshall was distin- guished for his benevolence, modesty, urbanity, and simplicity. He was a devout believer in Christianity, and was happy in his domestic relations. He died in Philadelphia (whither he had gone for medical advice) in July, 1835. "To one who cannot follow his great judgments," says R. W. Griswold, "in which at the same time the depths of legal wisdom are disclosed and the limits of human reason measured, the language of just eulogy must wear an appearance of extravagance. In his own profession he stands for the reverence of the wise rather than for the enthusiasm of the many." See Gkiswold, "Prose Writers of America:" Judge Joseph Story, notice of Jolin Marshall, in the " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished .'\inericans," vol. i. ; Horace Binnev, " Kulogy on the Lite and Character of John Marsliall ;" "North American Review" tor Jannary, 1S28, and January, 1S36. Mar'shall or Mareschal, (Thumas,) an English scholar, born in Leicestershire about 1621. He became successively rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, chaplain- in ordinary to the king, and Dean of Gloucester, (i6Si.) He was distinguished for his knowledge of the Oriental tongues and of the Anglo-Saxon, and published " Ob- servations on Two Ancient Versions of the Gospels, — the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon," (in Latin, 1665,) also a " Life of Archbishop Usher." Died in 1685. See Wood, "Athens Oxonienses." Marshall, (Thomas Francis,) an American lawyer, a nephew of Chief-Justice John Marshall. He was born at Frankfort, Kentucky, June 7, 1801, and became a highly successful lawyer of Louisville. He was also a judge and a member of Congress. As a political orator and wit he had great fame. Died at Versailles, Ken- tucky, September 22, 1864. Marshall, (Thomas William M.,) an English theo- logical writer, born in 1S15. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican Church. In 1845 he became a Roman Catholic, and iii his " Comedy of Convocation" and " My Clerical Friends and their Relations to Modern Thought" (1873) he showed himself a vigorous satirist of his former re- ligious associates. Among his other works are " Chris- tian Missions, their Agents, their Methods, and their Re- sults," (1862,) "Catholic Missions in Southern India," (1865,) and "Protestant Journalism," (1874.) Died at Surbiton, Surrey, December 14, 1877. Marshall, (William Calder,) a Scottish sculptor, born in Edinburgh in 1813, was a pupil of Chantrey. He visited Rome about 1836, and settled in London in 1839. Among his chief works are " Sabrina," "Una and the Lion," the "Dancing-Girl Reposing," (1846,) which gained a prize of five hundred pounds, and a statue of Sir Robert Peel. Marshall, (William Humphrey,) an English bota- nist and agricultural writer, born in 1745. He published a number of works which contributed greatly to the im- ])rovement of agriculture in England. He also wrote " The American Grove ; or, Catalogue of the Trees, etc. of the United States." Died in 1818. Marsh'am, (Sir John,) an English chronologist, born in London in 1602. He embraced the cause of the royalists in the civil war. He was the author of a work entitled " Chronologicus Canon /Egyptiacus, Ebraicus," etc., (1672,) in which he attempts to reconcile Egyptian chronology with the Hebrew Scriptures, by supposing four collateral dynasties of EgyjJtian kings reigning at the same time. This theory has been adopted by several eminent scholars. Died in 1685. See Wood, "Athena Oxonienses;" Shuckford, "Sacred ara Profane History." Marsh'man, (Joshua,) an eminent English divine and Orientalist, born in Wiltshire in 1767. Being sent by the Baptist Missionary Society to India in 1799, he became a proficient in the Chinese, Sanscrit, and Bengalee languages. He translated the four Gospels into Chinese, and assisted Dr. Carey in preparing a Sanscrit Grammar and a Bengalee-and-English Diction- ary. He also translated the works of Confucius, and wrote a " Defence of the Deity and Atonement of Jesus Christ, in Reply to Rammohun Roy," (1822.) Died iu 1837- See Cox, " History of the Baptist Missionary Society." Marsigli, maR-stl'yee, (Luigi Ferdinando,) a dis- tinguished Italian naturalist and mathematician, born at Bologna in 1658. He served in the Austrian army against the Turks in 1683 and in several succeeding campaigns, and was made a colonel in 1689. He was one of the founders of the Society of Sciences and Aits at Bologna, (1712,) to which he gave a very valuable scientific collection. He afterwards visited England, where he acquired the friendship of Newton and Halley and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was the author of "Physical History of the Sea," (1725,) a descri]Dtion of the shores of the Danube, entitled " Danu- bius Pannonico-Mysicus," etc., (1726, 7 vols, fob, finely illustrated,) "The Military State of the Ottoman Em- pire,'' (1732,) and other works. He had been elected in 1725 a member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris. Died in 1730. See QuiNCY, " M^moires snr la Vie dii Conite de Marsigli," 1741 ; FoNTENELLE, " Eloges des Academiciens ;" Fabroni, " Vita: Ita- lorum doctrina excellentium ;" G. Fantuzzi, "Memoria della Vita del Conte Marsigli," 1770; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Marsilio (maR-see'le-o) [Lat. Marsil'ius] of Padua, an Italian jurist, sometimes called Menandrino, born at Padua. He was patronized by the emperor Louis of Bavaria, in whose favour he wrote his " Defensor Pacis," an attack on the papacy, for which he was excommuni- cated in 1327. Died in 1328. Marsilius. See Marsilio. Marsilius Ficinus. See FiciNO. Marsin. See March in. Marso, maR'so, [Lat. Pisci'nus,] (Paolo,) an Italian savant, said to have been born at Piscina. He wrote a commentary on the " Fasti" of Ovid, published in 1485, and several Latin poems. Marsollier, mSK'so'le-i', (Jacques,) a French writer. € as <6; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, v.,guUtiral; n, imsoI; r, trilled; s as z; «;h as iu this. ( Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23. ) 105 MARSOLLIER 1666 MARTHA born in Paris in 1647, was author of a "History of the Inquisition and its Origin," (1693,) and several other works. Died in 1724. See Nic^KoN, " Memoires." Marsollier des Vivetierea, mSn'so'le-i' di v^v'- te-ain', (BenoTt Joseph,) a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1750, produced numerous comic operas, which had great popularity. Died in 1817. Mars'ton, (Juii.v,) an English dramatist, was the author of tragedies entitled "Antonio and Mellida," " Sophonisba," and " Antonio's Revenge," and several comedies ; he was also associated with Ben Jonson and Chapman in writing "Eastward, Ho !" His comedy of "The Malecontent" is esteemed his best work ; but he is said to have borrowed a great part of it from Webster. Died in 1634. Mar'stpn, (Philip Bourke,) an English poet, a son of Westlaiid Marston, was born in London in 1S50. He early lost his sight, finally becoming totally blind. In youth he became the devoted friend of Swinburne and D. G. Rossetti, and later was intimate with Oliver Madox Brown, a precocious artist. His principal works are "Song Tide," (1871,) "All in All," (1874,) and " Wind Voices," (1S83.) Died in 1887. Marston, (Westland,) an English poet and drama- tist, born in Lincolnshire in 1819. He wrote "The Patrician's Daughter," " The Heart and the World," and several other popular dramas. Died Jan. 5, 1890. Marstrand, min'strind, (Wilhelm Nikolas,) a Danish painter, born at Copenhagen, December 24, 1810. He became a professor and director in the Copenhagen Art Academy, and was noted as a historical and genre painter. Died March 20, 1873. Marsupius. See Marsuppixi. Marsuppini, maR-soop-pee'nee, [Lat. Marsu'pius,] (Carlo,) an Italian scholar, sometimes called Are- TINO, born at Arezzo about 1399. He was appointed professor of rhetoric at Florence in 1434, and secretary of the Florentine republic in 1444. He translated into Latin hexameter verse Homer's " Batrachomyomachia," and wrote a number of Latin poems. Died in 1453. See TiRABOSCHi, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Mar'sus, (Domitius,) a Roman poet under the reign of Augustus, was a friend of Virgil and Tibullus. Among his extant works is a poem entitled " Cicuta," and a number of fragments have been collected by Broek- buisen in his edition of Tibullus. See Weichert, " De Domitio Marso, Poeta." Marsy, mtR'se', (Gaspard and Balthasar,) brothers and distinguished French sculptors, born at Carftbray, the former in 1625 and the latter in 1628. Among their master-pieces are the figures of the Baths of Apollo, representing the " Tritons showering the Horses of the Sun," and the group of" Latona and her Children.'" Both brothers were members of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Balthasar died in 1674, and Gaspard in 1681. See Len-oir, "Musee des Monuments Franjais." Marsy, de, deh mlR'se', (Francois Marie,) a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1714. He published, among other works, a " History of Mary Stuart," and a Latin poem entitled " Painting," (" Pictura,") which was much admired. Died in 1763. See La Harpe, " Cours de Litterature." Mcir's^-as, [Gr. Mapoiaf,] a personage of the Greek mythology, was called by some authors a Satyr, and a son of Olympus. According to tradition, he found a fiute which Minerva had thrown away, (because her face was distorted by playing on it,) and challenged Apollo to a trial of skill in music, on the condition that the victor might do what he pleased with the van- quished. Apollo gained the victory, and flayed Marsyas alive. This story was a favourite subject of ancient poets and artists. Martainville, mtR'tiN'vfel', (Alphonse Louts Dieu- DON'n6,) a litterateur ■a.wA journalist, of French e.xtraction, born at Cadiz in 1776. He became associate editor of several political journals of Paris. He wrote a number af bold and witty satires on the Jacobins, and several popular comedies. Died in 1830. Martange, de, deh mtR'tflNzh', (N. Bonnet,) a French general and writer, born at Beauce in 1722, served in the Austrian army in the Seven Years' war. He wrote several poems and tales. Died in 1806. Marteiihe, mtR'til' or mtR'ti'ye, (Jean,) a French Protestant, born at Bergerac in 1684, was condemned in 1702 to the galleys at Dunkirk, where he spent seven years. Died in 1777. m See "The Htitjnenot Galley- Slave," New York, 1867: " QuarterW H Review" for July, 1S66. ^ Martel, (Charles.) See Charles Marteu Martel, mta'tdl', (Francois,) a French surgeon, bom at Perigueux in 1 549. He became first surgeon to Henry IV. Died about 1610. Martel, maR-t^l', (Geronimo,) a Spanish historian, wrote a valuable work entitled " Forma de celebrar Cortes." He became royal historiographer in 1597. See Prescott, "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," voL I pirt i. Marteliere, de la, deh It mtRt'le-aiR', (Pierre,) a celebrated French lawyer, was born at Bellesme in the sixteenth century. He published a number of pleas, one of which, in favour of the University of Paris against the Jesuits, was very much admired. Died in 1631. MarteUi, maR-tel'lee, (Lunovico,) an Italian poet, Dorn at Florence in 1499. He wrote lyric poems, and "Tullia," a tragedy. Died in 1527. See GiNGUEN'^, " Histoire litteraire d'ltalie." MartelliorMartello, maR-tel'lo, (PiETRO Giacomo,) an Italian litterateur, born at Bologna in 1665. He wrote poems and dramas, which were popular at the time. Died in 1727. See FAP.Rr.Ni, "Vits Italorum doctrina exce'lentiiim ;" "Vita di Martelli," {v\Titten by himself,) m Caixxjera's "Raccolta," vol. iL Martelly, de, deh mtR'ti'le', (Honor6 FRAxgois Richard,) a French actor and dramatist, born at A:x in 1751, jjublished a comedy entitled "The Two Figaros," and other works. Died in 1S17. Martene, mlR'tix', (Dom Edmoxd,) a learned French ecclesiastic, of the order of Benedictines, born in the diocese of Dijon in 1654. In 1708 he visited the abbeys and cathedrals of France, in order to procure materials for a new edition of the "Gallia Christiana." He also published a "Collection of Old Authors and Historical Monuments," (1700,) in Latin, and, conjointly with his friend Durand, "Literary Travels of Two Benedictines of Saint-Maur," (1717.) Died in 1739. See Tassin, " Histoire litteraire de la Congregation de Saint Maur." Martens, maR'tens, written also Mertens, [Lat. Marti'xus.] (Thierry,) a P'lemish printer, born at Alost about 1450, is said to ha%-e introduced the art of printing into the Netherlands. He exercised his profession at his native town, and subsequently at Louvain and Ant- werp. He printed in Roman characters, hitherto un- known, and his editions of the classics were highly prized. Martens was an intimate friend of Erasmus, who com- posed a Latin epitaph upon him. Died in 1534. See Maittaire. "Annaies Typographica; ;" March and, "His- toire r!e rimprimerie ;" F. \. van Iseghem, " Biographic de Thierry Martens," j?52; Theodore Juste, "Notice biographique sur T. Martens," 1849. Martens, von, fon maR'tens, (Georg Friedrich,) a German jurist, born in Hamburg in 1756. Among his works, which are chiefly written in French, we may name his " Collection of Treaties," (1791,) and " Summary of Modern European Law," (1821.) Died in 1821. Martens, von, (Karl,) a nephew of the preceding, was born about 1 790. He was employed as a diplomatist by the King of Prussia. He published, besides other works in French, "Causes celebres du Droit de Gens," (1827,) and " Guide diplomatique," (1832.) Died in 1863. Martensen, maR'ten-sen, (Hans Lassen,) a Danish theologian, born at Flensborg in 1808. He became Bishop of Seeland in 1S43, and court preacher at Copen- hagen in 1845. His principal works are "Christian Baptism," "A Plan for a System of Moral Philosophy," and a treatise on Christian I)i)ctrine. Died Feb. 4, 1884. Mar'tha, [Gr. 'Sh'ipda ; Fr. Makihe, mtst,] a sister of Mary and Lazarus of Retiiany. See John xi. : Lm1<<> \- a. e. i. o. u. V. lonz: i. ^, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; filr, fill, fdt; m^t; n6t; good; moon. MAR THE 1667 MARTIN Marthe, niSut, (Anne Biget — be'zhi',) a French nun, called Sister Mariha, born at Besan9on in 1749, devoted herself during the Revolution to the relief of the sick and wounded, and of prisoners of all nations. Died in 1824. Marti, maR'tee, [Lat. Marti'nus,] (Manuel,) a Spanish scholar and poet, born near Valencia in 1663. He published a collection of poems, entitled " Amalthea Geographica," and made several translations from the Latin. Died in 1737. See Mayan, "Vita Knianuelis Maru'ni," 1735. Martial, mar'shej,!, [Fr. Martiat., mtR'se'iK; Lat. Martia'i.is ; It. Mar/.iale, niaRt-se-a'li,| or, more fully, Mar'cus Vale'rius Maiiiia'lis, a famous Latin epi- grammatic poet, born at Bilbilis, in Spain, about 40 a.!)., went to Rome at the age of twenty-two, and resided there thirty-five years. The events of his life are very imper- fectly known ; but it appears that he devoted his atten tion chiefly to poetry. Some epigrams which he wrote on the occasion of the public spectacles given by Titus about the year 80, procured him the favour of that prince. He was also patronized by Domitian, who made him a tribune and a Roman knight. He was intimate with Juvenal, Quintilian, and Pliny the Younger. About 98 A.D. he returned to his native place, where he died a few years later. Fourteen books of his " Epigrams" are still fixtant, and are much admired by some eminent critics, such as Scaliger, Lipsius, and Malte-Brun. The latter thinks his writings are among the most interesting monu- ments of Roman literature, though many of them offend against good taste and pure morality. Probably no poet ever estimated his works more justly than he did in the following line : "Sunt bona, sum qii^dam mediocria, sunt plura mala." ("Some are good, some indifferent, and more arp bad.") See Crusius, "Life of Martial," in " Lives of the Roman Poets," 1726; Lessing, "Vermischte Schriften :" A. P^RiCAtJD, " Essal sur Martial," 1816 : Fabricius. " Bibliotheca Latina :" " M. V. Mar- tialis als Mensch und Dichter," Berlin, 1843 ; " Martial and his Times," in the '"Westminster Review" for April, 1853. Martial d'Auvergne. See Auvergne, d', (Mar- tial.) Martialis. See Martial. Martianay, miR'se't'ni', (Dom Jean,) a French Benedictine monk and theological writer, born in 1647 ; died in 1717. Martignac, de, dehmtR't^n'ytk', (^tienne Algay,) a French litterateur, born at Brives-la-Gaillarde about 1620. He published " Memoirs of Gaston, Duke of Orleans," and made translations from Horace, Juvenal, and other classics. Died in 1698. See Voltaire, " SiWe de Louis XIV." Martignac, dp, (Jean Baptiste Sylv^re Gaye,) A'^icomte, an able and eloquent French statesman under Charles X., was born at Bordeaux in 1 776. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1821. As the head of the ministry that came into power in Januarv, 1828, he held the office of minister of the interior, and sought to unite conflicting parties for the support of the throne ; but, unable to effect this object, and forsaken bv the king and the court, he resigned his place in August, 1829, and was succeeded by Polignac. On the trial of the latter, Martignac became his eloquent defender in the Chamber of Peers. He died in 1832, leaving a "Historical Essay on the Spanish Revolution," and other works. See Capefigi^e, " Histoire de la Restauration ;" Chateaubriand, " M^moires d'Oiitre-Tombe ;" L. de Lom^N'IE, " M. de Martignac, par un Homme de Rien," 1S42 ; " Nouvelle Biosjraphie Gdnerale." Martigny, mtk'tiu'y^', (Joseph Alexandre,) Abh^, a French archasologist, born at Sauverny, April 22, 1808. His principal work is the celebrated " Dictionnaire des Antiquites Chretiens," (1865; much enlarged, 1877.) Martigues, mSR't^g', (S"6rastien de Luxemhourc.,) Viscount, a brave French officer, who assisted at the siege of Metz, (1552,) and in the capture of Calais by the Duke of Guise, (1558.) He was killed in 1569. Mar'tin (Lat. Marti'nus] I. succeeded Theodore as pope in 649 A.D. Having condemned the Monothelites, he was banished by the emperor Constans II., who favoured that sect, to the Thracian Chersonesus, where he died in 6^5 a.d. Martin IL, or Marinus L, succeeded John VIII. as pojje in 882 A.D. Died in 884, and was succeeded by Adrian HI. Martin IIL, or Marinus II., born at Rome, suc- ceeded Stephen VIII. in 942, and died in 946. His successor was Agapetus II. Martin IV.," (Cardinal Simon de Brion — deh bRe'(!)N', (or Brie — bRe,)) a native of Touraine, in France, succeeded Nicholas HI. in 1281. He adhered to the cause of Charles of Anjou, and when, after the Sicilian Vespers, that sovereign lost his power in Sicily, Martin excommunicated Peter of Aragon, who had been chosen king of that country. He died in 1285, and was suc- ceeded by Honorius IV. Martin V. (Cardinal Onio Colonna — ko-lon'nS) was elected pope in 141 7, in the place of John XXIII., deposed by the Council of Constance. In 143 1 he called a council at Bale, in Switzerland, for the purpose of effecting a reform in the Church, and sent Cardinal Julian Cesarini as his legate. He died soon after, and was succeeded by Eugene IV. See Artaud dk Montor, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes Remains " Martin, son of Martin, King of Aragon, ascended the throne of Sicily in 1399. He married in 1401, as his second wife, Blanche, daughter of the King of Navarre. He died in 1409, and the kingdom of Sicily was united to that of Aragon by his father, who survived him. Martin, surnamed Gallus, a French ecclesiastic of the thirteenth century, was a missionary to Poland, and wrote a history of that country, {" Chronica Polonorum,") a valuable work, and the earliest one written on that subject. Mar'tin, (Alexander,) born in New Jersey about 1740, served as a colonel in the war of the Revolution, and was chosen Governor of North Carolina in 1782. Died in 1807. Martin, mtR'tdN', (Andr6,) a French ecclesiastic, born in Poitou in 1621. He was one of the earliest advocates of the Cartesian philosophy, and wrote "Christian Moral Philosophy," (" Philosophia Moralis Christiana.") Died in 1695. Mar'tin, (Benjamin,) an English mathematician, born in Surrey in 1704. He was the author of "The Philo- sophical Grammar," (1735,) "New System of Optics," (1740,) and other scientific works. Died in 1782. ,. Martin, (Benjamin Nicholas,) D.D., LL.D., an American scholar, born at Mount Holly, New Jersey, October 20, 1816. He graduated at Yale College in 1837 and at Yale Divinity School in 1840, held various Congregational and Presbyterian pastorates, and was professor of philosophy and logic in the University of the City of New York, 1852-83. He made large con- tributions to current periodical and review literature. Died in New York, December 26, 1883. Martin, (Bon Louis Henri,) an eminent French historian, born at Saint-Quentin in 1810. He has pub- lished a "History of France from the Earliest Times to 1789," (18 vols., 1838-53; revised edition, 1855-60,) "Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century," (1S4S,) a " Life of Daniel Manin," (1859,) " Russia and Europe," (1866,) "Studies in Celtic Archaeology," (1871,) "The Napoleons and the Frontiers of France," (1874,) etc. He was elected Senator in 1871, and in 1878 became a member of the Academy. Died December 14, 1883. Martin, (Christian Reinhold Dietrich,) a Ger- man jurist, born near Gottingen in 1772, was the author of several legal works. Died in 1857. Martin, (Claude,) a French soldier, born at Lyons in 1732. He accompanied General Lally to India, and sub- sequently entered the English service. Having amassed a large fortune, he built a magnificent palace near Luck- now. He died in 1800, leaving numerous bequests for charitable purposes. See G. ^LARTIN, " £loge historiqiie de C. Martin," 1830. Martin, (Claude,) a learned French Benedictme monk, born at 'I'ours in 1619, published several devo- tional works. Died in 1696. Martin, (David,) a French Protestant theologian, born at Revel in 1639. He published a " History of « as >&; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, Vi,guttural; n, nasal; R, t7-illed; s as s; th as in this. (Jl^^See Explanations, p. 23.) MARTIN 1668 MAR TINEA U the Old and New Testament," " Treatise on Natural Religion," and otlier works, which enjoy a high reputa- tion. Died in 1721. See Nici5ron, " Mdnioires." Martin, (Francois,) an agent of the East India Com- pany, born in France. In 1674 he formed a colony a( Pondicherry, of which city he afterwards became gov- ernor. Died about 1725. Martin, (Edme,) a French jurist, born near Sens about 1714, became professor of canon law in Paris. Died in 1793. Martin, (Francois Xavier,) LL.D., born at Mar- seilles, France, in 1764, emigrated about 1785 to North Carolina, and subsequently settled in Louisiana. He attained a high reputation as a jurist, and published His- tories of Louisiana and North Carolina. Died in 1846. Martin, (Gregory,) an English Catholic theologian, was a native of Sussex. He became professor of Hebrew at Douai, and subsequently at Rheims. His principal work is an English translation of the Bible, which appeared in 1610. Died in 1582. Martin, (Lady Helen,) an English actress, the wife of Sir Theodore Martin, was born in 18 16, and is best known, under her maiden name, as Helen F'aucit. Siie went upon the stage in 1836, and very soon took high rank as an actress of great power and versatility. She was married in 1851. Martin, (Henky Newell,) M.D., Dr.Sc, a distin- guished biologist, born at Newry, Ireland, July i, 1848. He studied at University College, London, received from the University of London the degrees of B.S. in 1870, M.B. in 1871, and doctor of science in 1872, and pro- ceeded to Christ College, Cambridge, where in 1S74 he graduated B.A. In 1876 he became professor of biology in the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, and in 1883 he delivered the Croonian Lecture before the Roya! Society of London. He assisted in pre]3arnig Huxley's "Elementary Biology," (1876,) and published "The Human Body," (1881 ; abridged edition, 1S83.) With W. A. Moale, he prepared the " Hand-Book of Vene brate Dissection," (3 parts, 1S81-84.) Martin, (Jean Bai'TISTF.,) a French painter, surnamed DES Batailles, ("of battles,") born in Paris in 1659. On the death of Van der Meulen, in 1690, he was ap- pointed by Louis XIV. to paint his battles. Died in 1735. Martin, (Jean Blaise,) a celebrated French vocalist born in Paris in 1767. He held tlie place of tenor sole in the imperial chapel under Napoleon and his succes- sors, Louis XVIII. and Charles X. Died in 1837. Martin, (John,) an English painter, born in North- umberland in 1789. He studied under Bonifacio Musso, and in 1815 obtained the prize at the British Institution for his picture of " Joshua commanding the Sun to stand still." This was followed by "The Fall of Babylon," (1818,) "Belshazzar's Feast," ( 1821,) "The Deluge," (1826,) "The Fall of Nineveh," (1828,) and other works on similar subjects, which enjoyed great tem- porary popularity. He published in 1828 "A Plan for supplying with Pure Water the Cities of London and Westminster." Died in 1854. See "Autobiography of John Martin," in the " Atlienseum," 1854; " Nouvelle Biographie Generale." Martin, (Louis Aim^,) a French litterateur, born at Lyons in 1 781, became professor of rhetoric, history, etc in the Polytechnic School, Paris, about 1815. He was an int'mate friend of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, whose widow he married. Among his principal works are his "Letters to Sophia on Physics, Chemistry," etc., (1810,) "Collection of Tales, etc' in Verse and Prose," (1813,) and an "Essay on the Life and Works of ]5ernardin de Saint-Pierre," (1820.) Died in 1847. See Lamartine, " Discours prononcd sur la Tonibe de M. X\mi Martin;" Querakd, "La France Lilteraire." Martin, (Luther,) an American lawyer, born about 1745. He was a delegate from Maryland to the conven- tion which in 1787 formed the Constitution of the United States. In this body he advocated the sovereignty and equality of the States, contending that a small State should send as many members to Congress as a large State. Died in 1826. Martin, (Marc.aret Maxwell,) born at Dumfries, Scotland, in 1807, emigrated to America, and was mar- ried in 1836 to the Rev. William Martin, a Methodist divine. Siie has published " Methodism, or Christianity in Earnest," and other religious works. Martin, (Nicolas,) a French poet, born at Bonn, in Prussia, in 1814. His mother was a sister of Karl Sim- rock the poet. Among his works is " Le Presbytere, Ejiopee domestique," (1856.) Died in 1877. Martin, (Pierre,) an admiral, of French extraction, born in Canada in 1752. In 1795 he maintained a prolonged fight with a superior English fleet under Ilotham, and was soon after made vice-admiral. Died in 1820. Martin, (Robert Montgomery,) an English writer, born in Tyrone county, Ireland, abi:)ut 1803. He published, besides other works, "The Colonies of the British Em- pire," (1834-38,) and "The Indian Empire: its History, Topogra])hy," etc.. (1S58-61.) Died in 1870. Martin, [Lat. Marti'nus,] Saint, an eminent eccle- siastic of the fourth century, was a native of Pannonia. He was converted to Christianity at an early age, and was made Bisho]5 of Tours about 360 A. D. He founded the abbey of Marmoutier, near the river Loire, and he also established a mon?_stery at Ligug^, near Poitiers, 5aid to be the oldest institution of the kind in France. Died about 396. See Gervaise, "Vie de Saint-Martin," 1699; Mrs. Jameson, "Sacred and Legendary Art;" A. Dui'UV, " Histoire de Saint Martin," 1852. Martin, Saint, born in Hungary, became Archbishop of Braga, in Portugal, and founded a number of monas- teries in Galicia. He was the author of several theo- logical works, in Latin. Died in 5S0 a.d. Martin, (Sarah,) an English philanthropist, born near Yarmouth in 1791, was distinguished for her labours in the cause of prison-reform. Died in 1843. Martin, (Theodore,) a British writer, born in Edin- burgh in 1816. He became a resident of London about 1846. In conjunction with Professor Aytoun, he pro- duced a version of Goethe's poems and ball.nds, (1858,) and a book of humorous verse entitled "Tlie l>on Gaul- tier Ballads." He also translated various works of Hor- ace, Heine, Oehlenschlager, Hendrik Hertz, Catullus, etc., and wrote a "Life of the Prince Consort," and a "Life of Lord Lyndhurst," (1884.) In 1875 he was made an LL.D. of Edinburgh, and in i58o he was kniglued. Martin, (Thomas,) an English antiquary, born in Suffolk in 1697. He was the author of a " History of Thetford," published after his death by Gough, (1779,) and was a contributor to Le Neve's " Monumenta Angli- cana." Died in 1771. Martin, (Thomas Henri,) a French philosopher, born at Bellesme, in Orne, in 1813. His "Studies on the Timseus of Plato" (2 vols., 1841) obtained a prize of the French Academy. He also published a "History of the Physical Sciences in Antiquity," (2 vols., 1849.) Died at Rennes in 1884. Martin, (William,) an English naturalist, born in Nottinghamshire in 1769. He published " Figures and Descriptions of Petrifactions in Derbyshire," and other scientific works. Died in 1810. Martin, (William D.,) an American jurist and poli- tician, born in South Carolina in 1789; died in 1833. Martin, de, deh mlR'tdN', (Jacques,) a French writer, born in the diocese of Mirejwix in 1684. He published, among other works, a " History of the Gauls and of "heir Conquest.s," etc., and "The Religion of the Gauls.'' Died in 1751. Mar'tin-dale, (John Henry,) an American general, born at Sandy Hill, New York, about 1815, graduated at West Point in 1835. He was a lawyer before the civil war. He commanded a brigade at the battles of Gaines's Mill, June 27, and Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. He commanded a division of General Grant's army in the summer of 1864. In November, 1866, he was elected attornev-general of New York. Died Dec. 13, 1881. Mar'tine, (George,) a Scottish physician, born in 1702, accompanied Lord Cathcart to America, wnere he died in 1743. He ]iublished "Commentaries on the Anatomical Tables of Etistachius," (in Latin,) and othei works. Martineau, mar'te-no, (Harrift,) an English mis- a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; i, fe, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, 1'l, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, till, fit; m^t; nSt; good; moon; MARTJNEAU 1669 MARTINI cellap.eous writer, born at Norwich in 1802, was de- scended from a Frencli Huguenot family. Being left in limited circumstances on tlie death of her father, she devoted herself to literature as a means of support, and published, in 1823, "Devotional Exercises for the Use of Young People," which was succeeded by a number of popular tales, among which we may name "Christmas Day," "The Rioters," (1826,) "Mary'Campbell," (1827,) "The Turn-Out," and "My Servant Rachel," (1828.) Her "Traditions of Palestine" came out in 1831, and were soon followed by a series of tales illustrating po- litical economy, which were received with great favour and were translated into French and German. In 1835 she visited the United States, where she spent about two years, and published, after her return, " Society in America," (1837,) and " Retros])ect of Western Travel," (1838.) Her novel of " Deerbrook" appeared in 1839, and in 1840 the romance of "The Hour and the Man." Her health becoming impaired about this time, she was obliged to suspend her literary labours. After her re- covery she published, besides other works, " Life in a Sick-Room," (1845,) ^""^^ " Forest and Game Law Tales," (1845.) Among her later iniblications are a " History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace," (2 vols., 1850,) "Letters between Miss Martineau and Mr. H. G. Atkinson," etc., (1857,) and " Biographical Sketches," (London, 1869.) She was also a contributor to the " West- minster Review" and other literary journals. Died June 27, 1876. Her Autobiography was published posthu- mously in the fall of the same year, having been written principally in the early part of 1855. Martineau, (James,) a Unitarian divine, brother of the preceding, was born at Norwich, in England, about 1805. He became professor of moral and metaphysical philosophy in Manchester New College, London, in 1853, and in 1858 associate pastor of the Unitarian Chapel in Little Portland Street. Among his principal works are "Rationale of Religious Liquiry," (1839,) "Endeavours after the Christian Life," (1843,) and " Studies of Chris- tianity," (1858.) Mr. Martineau occupies a prominent position both as theologian and philosopher, being the representative on the one hand of Unitarianism as op- posed to Trinitarian orthodoxy, and on the other of Theism and Spiritualism as opposed to the materialistic tendencies of the age. See the " 15ritisli Quarterly Review" for October, 1859. Martinelli, mau-te-nel'lee, (Domenico,) an Italian architect and painter, born at Lucca in 1650. Among his best works is the palace of Prince Lichtenstein at Vienna. Died in 1718. MartinellL (Tommaso,) an Italian cardinal, born at Lucca, February 3, 1827. In 1873 he was created a cardinal-priest and made prefect of the Congregation of the Index. Martinengo, maR-te-nSn'go, (Girolamo Silvio,) Count, an Italian poet, born at Venice in 1753, pub- lished a translation of Milton's "Paradise Lost" (" II Paradiso Perduto") into Italian verse. Died in 1834. Martinengo, (Tno Prospero,) a learned Italian ecclesiastic, born at Brescia, published a nun ber of devotional poems, in Latin and Greek. Died in 1595. Martinengo-Coleoni, maK-te-n^n'go ko-li-o'nee, (Giovanni EnoRE,) an Italian otificer and diplomatist, born at Brescia in 1754, entered the French service. Died about 1830. Martinet, mtK'te'ni', a F"rench officer, who lived about 1660-80 and introduced great improveinents into military tactics and the organization of the army. .See Voltaire, " Si^cle de Louis XIV." Martinet, mtR'te'ni', (Jan Florens,) a Dutch divine and writer, born about 1735, was pastor of the Men- nonite church at Zutphen. Died in 1796. Martinet, (Louis Achille,) a French engraver, born in Paris in 1806, gained the grand prize in 1830. He engraved several works of Raphael and other old masters. Died December 9, 1877. Martinetti, maR-te-net'tee, (Giamba'ITISTA,) an Ital- ian architect, born at Bironico in 1764 ; died in 1829. Martinez, mar-tee'nSth, (Domingo,) a Spanish painter, born at Seville in 1690 ; died in 1750. Martinez, (Gkegorio,) a Spanish landscape-iiainter. born at Valladolid, worked at Madrid. Among his best works is a " Holy Family with Saint Francis d'Assisi." Died about 1610. Martinez, (Jos6,) a Spanish painter, born at Sara- gossa in 1612, became painter to King Philip IV. Died in 1682. Martinez, (Sebastian,) a Spanish painter, born at Jaen in 1602. On the death of Velasquez he became first painter to King Philip IV. Among his master- pieces are a " Nativity" and a " Saint Jerome." Died in 1667. Martinez, (Tomas,) a Spanish painter, was a native of Seville. He imitated successfully the style of Mu- rillo. His " Mater Dolorosa" is esteemed a master- piece. Died in 1734. Martinez del Barranco, maR-tee'nSth del bSr-rin'- ko, (Bernardo,) a Spanish painter, born at Cuesta in 1738 ; died in 1791. Martinez de la Plaza, maR-tee'nSth di IS plS'thJ, (Luis,) a Spanish poet, born at Antequera in 1585 ; died in 1635. Martinez de la Rosa, maR-tee'n§th di 15 ro'sS, (Francisco,) a celebrated Spanish poet, orator, and statesman, born at Granada in 1789. On the breaking out of the war of 1808, he ably defended the cause of the patriots both by his tongue and pen. About 181 1 he was sent on a mission to London, where he published his first poem, entitled " Zaragoza." After his return to Spain he wrote his tragedy "The Widow of Padilla," (" La Viuda de Padilla,") and the comedy of " The Consequences of Holding Office," (" Lo que puede un Empleo,") which were brought out on the stage at Cadiz while that city was besieged by the French, and were received with enthusiasm. In 1812 he was chosen a deputy to the Cortes. On the restoration of Ferdinand, in 1 814, he was imprisoned six years in the fortress of Gomera, on the African coast. In 1821 he obtained an office in the ministry ; but, being accused of want of zeal by the Liberal party, he retired to Paris. Having re- turned to Spain, he became prime minister in 1834, and drew up the " Estatuto Real," granting a new constitu- tion. He was obliged to resign his post in 1836, and resided for a time in Paris and London. In 185 1 he was chosen president of the Chamber of Peers. Among his most popular productions are the dramas entitled "The Conspiracy of Venice" and " CEdipus," "The Girl at Hoine and the Mother at the Masquerade," a comedy, and "El Arte poetica," a didactic poem. He also published a historical work, called "El Espiritu del Siglo," ("The Spirit of the Age,") in 10 vols., and the romance of " Isabel de Solis." Martinez held the post of perpetual secretary at the Spanish Academy. Died in February, 1862. See James Kennedy. " Modem Poets and Poetry of Spain :" Longfellow, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" Lomenie, " Galerie des Conteniporains ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1838. Martini, maR-tee'nee, (Antonio,) an Italian preiate, born at Prato in 1720, was created Archbishop of Flor- ence in 1 781. He published an Italian translation of the Old and New Testaments, and several original works. Died in 1809. Martini, maR-tee'nee, (Cornelis,) a Belgian writer on logic and metaphysics, born at Antwerp about 1567; died in 162 1. Martini, maR-tee'nee, (Ferdinand Heinrich Wil- HKi.M,) a German naturalist, born in the duchy of Gotha in 1729. Among his works are the first three volumes of a "Systematic Cabinet of Shells," (" Conchylien- Cabinet," 10 vols., 1768-88.) Died in 1778. Martini, (Georg Heinrich,) a German archaeologist, born in Misnia in 1722. He wrote on Greek and Roman antiquities. Died in 1794. Martini, (Giamuattista,) an eminent Italian musi- cian and composer, sometimes called Padre Martini, born at Bologna in 1706. His compositions are chiefly of a religious character, and p assess great merit ; but his reputation rests principally > .w his " History of Music" (3 vols., 1757-81) and "Ess-.y on Counterpoint," (1775.) He has been styled "the n-ost profound harmonist, and the best acquainted with l!ie art and science of music, in Italy." Died in 17S4. « as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. s^ttitral; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as t; th as in this. ( 2[^="See Explanations, p. 23. ) MARTINI 1670 MARTYN Martini, (Giuseppe,) an Italian musician, a native of Milan, visited England, where he was patronized by Frederick, Prince of Wales, lie was an excellent jjcr- former on the hautboy, and composed a number of con- certos and sonatas, which are greatly admired. Died in 1750. Martini, (Jean PaulEgidius,) often called Martini IL Tedesco, ("the German,") a German musician and composer, whose original name was Schwa rizen dork, born at Freistadt in 1741. In 1767 he went to Paris, where he was patronized by the Duke of Choiseul and the Prince of Conde. He brought out in 1771 his opera of "The Lover of Fifteen," (" L'Amoureux de quinze Ans,") which had a brilliant success; it was followed by "Henri IV," " Sapho," "Annette et Lubin," and other works of the kind, which had great popularity. Martini was also distinguished for his improvements m military music. Died in Paris in 18 16. See F^Tis, " Kiographie Universelle des Musicieiis;" " Nouvell^ Biographie Generale." Martini, (Martino,) a Jesuit missionary, born at Trent in 1614, visited China, and published after his return a " History of the Tartar War in China," (" De Dello Tartarico in Sinis,") which was translated into the principal European languages ; also an excellent map of China, ("Atlas Sinensis,") and a "History of China previous to the Christian Era," (in Latin.) Died in 1661. Martini, (Matthias,) a German philologist, born in Waldeck in 1572, published a good "Lexicon Philo logicum" (1623) of the Latin language. Died in 1630. Martini, (Vincenzo,) a celebrated Spanish composer, born at Valencia in 1754. He visited Italy and Germany, where his operas were received with great favour, and in 1788 took up his residence at Saint Petersburg. He was appointed director of the Italian Opera in that city by the emperor Paul I. Among his best works we may name " Ipermnestra," " L'accorta Cameriera," ("The Prudent Chambermaid,") and " La Cosa rara," from which Mo- zart borrowed a portion of his " Don Giovanni." Diei' in 1810. See F^TIS, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens." Martini, di, de mar-tee'nee, or Martino, mar-tee'no, an Italian painter, sometimes called Simone di Mem- mi, and Simon of Sienna, was born in Sienna about 1280. He was a pupil of Giotto, and a friend of Petrarch, for whom he painted a portrait of Laura. Among his master-pieces are the frescos in the church of Santa Maria Is^ovella at Florence. Petrarch dedicated two sonnets to Martini, who was esteemed one of the greatest painters of his time. Died in 1344. See Vasari, " Lives of the Painters," etc. Martiniere, de la, deh It mlK'te'nej^iR', (Antoine AUGUSTIN Bruzen — bRii'zSN',) a French writer, born at Dieppe about 1680, was appointed first geographer to Philip v.. King of Spain. His works are numerous and valuable. Among the most important we may name " The Historical, Geographical, and Critical Dictionary," (10 vols., 1726,) and a "Life of Moliere." Died at the Hague about 1748. See " Biograpliie Universelle." Martiniere, de la, (Pierre Martin,) a French phy- sician and traveller, born at Rouen, accompanied the expedition sent by the King of Denmark to the Arctic regions in 1653, and published, after his return, his " New Voyage to the North," etc., (1671.) Martino. See Martini, (di.) Martinet, mtR'te'no', (Henri,) a French mecha- nician, born in Paris in 1646, was patronized by Louis XIV., who employed him to make the clocks for Ver- sailles and the Trianon. Died in 1725. Martins, mtR'tiN', (Charles FRio^Ric,) a French botanist, born in Paris in 1806, became professor of botany at Montpellier in 1847. He published several scientific works, among which we may name his treatise "On Vegetable Teratology," and "Botanical Journey in Norway, ' (1841.) Died March 7, 1889. Martinus. See Martens and Marti. Mar-ti'nus Po-lo'nu8 or Bo-he'mus, a Polish chronicler and ecclesiastic, born at Troppau, in Silesia. He became chaplain and confessor to Pope Clement IV. and several of his successors, and was appointed in 1273 Archbishop of Gnesen. He wrote a valuable work, entitled "Chronicon de Sumtnis Pontificibus," ("Chron- icle of the Popes.") Died in 1278. See Nic^KON, "Meinoires." Martirano, maR-te-rS'no, (Coriolano,) an Italian litterateur, born at Cosenza, was Uishop of San Marco, in Calabria. He wrote a number of dramas. Died in '557- Martire, (Pieiro.) See Peier Martyr. Martius, von, fon maRt'se-iis, (Karl Friedrich Philipp,) an eminent German botanist, born at Erlangen in 1794. He studied medicine in his native city, and in 1817 joined the scientific expedition sent by the Austrian and Bavarian governments to Brazil. After his return he published, in 1824, his "Brazilian Travels," a work very attractive in its style, and full of valuable infor- mation concerning the natural history of that country. In 1832 he brought out his "N